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LECTURES ON THE Dominion of Canada AS A FIELD FOR EMIGRAriON, INCLUDING I •• Forty Years in Toronto," the «' Half-way House" (between the "Atlantic" and the "Pacific") of the British Empire in her March Round the World. DELIVERED iN GREAT BRITAIN IN 1889, With Maps, Geographical, Geological and Topographical, Ii.r.us- TRATING THE CLIMATE AND Re>OURCES OF THE COUNTRY. Also Interviews and Correspondence on the " National Policy " versus «' Free Trade as it is in England." BY CONYNGHAM CRAWFORD TAYLOR, 5^- (Fellow of the Imperial Imtitnte), m W Au.'horof "Toronto 'Called Back,"' aw-i "Toronto and Emigration.' ♦ >l » H » TORONTO : WILLIAM BRIGGS, Publisher, Whsley Buildings, 66441 / fi'-j L '"I ^<' CrC D ^ '■'?% PREFACE. In my numerous visits to Great Britain since 1850 as a buyer and importer, I never missed an opportunity of recommending Canada in preference to the United States to persons intending to emigrate. I have the satisfaction of knowing that many took my advice, and can point to them or their descendants who to-day are valuable citizens of the Dominion. In 1889, havinnr three months for rest and recreation in the Old Oou itry, and making my headquarters in Lancashire, where I had resided for years, and with an intimate acquaint- ance in the manufacturing districts of Lancashire and York- shire, I could not let the opportunity pass of addressing meetings publicly, giving the benefit of my experience, which, on that account, was more fully appreciated than anything given from hearsay or stereotyped and ephemeral literature. The result was that these lectures were reported verbatim by the press, and had an immense circulation amongst a population of ten millions, one paper alone being circulated in 250 towns and villajjes. Having already published a pamphlet of 200 pages con- taining "reminiscences" of my trip, and having distributed 300 copies gratuitously in addition to scores of volumes of " Toronto ' Called Back,' " I have brought down the present 1 PUEt'ACE. pamphlet to smaller dimensiona, and confined myself to the subject indicated on the " title page." Being an importer from 1849 to 1875, with a revenue tariff of 12J per cent, ad valorem, gradually rising to 17^ per cent., for incidental protection to incipient manufactures, and after- wards for aix years representing in Canada and the United States the great Free Trade firm of Manchester, of which Mr. T. B. Potter, M.F., the coteniporary of Cobden and Bright, and chairman of the Free Trade League, was the head, I be- came perfectly familiar with the tariffs of the three countries. At the close of the American war, I saw the manufactures of the United States, under an average tariff" of 6Q per cent., develop in a most extraordinary manner, completely excluding every line of foreign goods that came into competition with theirs, and threatening to crush out the young industries of Canada. From that time I saw that protection for Canailian industries was an absolute necessity, and this was years before the National Policy had a.ssumed a definite shape. It has always appeared to me wonderful that, with .so slight an increase from the revenue to a protective tariff", Canadian industries have .shown such a marvellous development, at once giving employment to our own artisans, and providing a home market for the agriculturist, and keeping vast sums of money in the country that otherwise would have gone to British or foreign manufacturers. 88 Avenue Road, C. C. Taylor. Toronto, Sept. ^Oth, 1895. LJ . L l_l I J^WWPI LECTURES . ON THE DOMINION OF CANADA AS A FIELD FOR EMIGRATION. ■M—WM—P 4 LECTURES ON THE DOMINION OF CANADA, '1?l 11 ! M Emigration and Immigration. Every patriotic colonist will voluntarily become an emigra- tion agent. If not, it shows either dissatisfaction with the country of his adoption, or a selfish, dog-in-the-manger feeling, to deprive others of the benefits he himself enjoys. Having decided to make Toronto my home, my first attempt at pro- moting emigration was to go back to England within two years of my arrival, and one year after establishing myself in busi- ness as the youngest man who had ever ventured into the importing trade. As a result of the visit, I formed a partner- ship with Mr. James Stevenson, then living in London, and with a cash capital of £1,000 sterling added to my own, was, with the exception of Messrs. Bryce, McMurrich & Co., who had a connection with the Glasgow firm, the largest capital that up to that time had ever been brought bv a business firm into Toronto. On my next visit, I paid the passage of a young man in Manchester, who continued in my employment for seven years, married a wife in Toronto, and left a family of sons and daughters, who hold respectable positions in Toronto to-day, and contribute materially to the revenue of the city. Shortly after this, I was requested by a leading wholesale merchant to meet a gentleman in Belfast, and advise him as to removing to Toronto. The result of that interview was the establishment of a business in Toronto which has continued for many years, and which yielded in taxes to the city as much as $1,000 in one year. I give these as facts, not in the way of boasting, but to contradict statements as to the undesirability of encouraging immigration except of the farming classes, and to show what may be done by individual effort. Toronto has been built up by men who, with a few exceptions, had nothing but their brains and muscles. I might add to these instances many others, but only givt one more. A young man followed my example in coming to Canada, and settled in a neighboring I fr( it si del .1 < po s th( ■i IS ■A EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. 27 city, with a wife and two children. The late J. G. Bowes, at that time Mayor of the city, and, like myself, in the wholesale dry goods trade, wanted a young nan to join a house about to go into the dry goods trade, but having no knowledge of the business, he asked me whether I knew of a suitable person, stating at the same time that my recommendation would be sufficient. I wrote to the party ; he camv. to Toronto, and although none of the parties had ever seen or heard of each other, the partnership was formed, and from that circumstance has resulted a well-known firm of " brothers," engaged in large business transactions and handling large amounts of capital. The original firm is now one of the largest in the trade, with 4 several branches. And in addition to that, the transaction was m intimately connected with the establishment of the largest wholesale business in Ontario, the history of which my limits will not permit of my entering into. Besides all this, numbers of letters of introduction to us were given to young men in England, from time to time, many of whom have been induced to settle here ; the last only a few weeks ago having succeeded in find- ing employment as a clerk with the " John Doty Engine Co.," to whom I had the pleasure of showing the letter which intro- duced the young man to me. These statements confirm my introductory remarks in the first page of " Toronto ' Called Back,' " where I say : " Since the writer's first trip to Europe from this city, he has influenced a number of families to make it their home, and they, in turn, have influenced others ; and should, in the future, any cnpitalist, manufacturer, or any other desirable citizen of any other city or country, be induced to adopt Canada, and especially Toronto, as his future place of residence, and contribute in any way to its wealth and popula- tion, his object will be attained. " Ye men who in meetings and in parks air your theories on political and municipal economy, and pander to the tastes of ^ the ignorant to gain popularity, whose knowledge of the world is bounded by your residence on the one side and the Toronto Bay on the other, let us see your record for forty years ! What have you done to build up our great city, and what are ■'fi' ■m 28 TORONTO "CALLED BACK " AND EMIGRATION. you doing now ? There is not a man amongst you who, if he migrated to-morrcw, could not be replaced by a score of a mere useful class to the community. If you cannot show a good record you had better cease your opposition, and devote your energies to promote a healthy emigration, or give way to the enterprising, the unselfish, the loyal and the patriotic, who have made this " wilderness " of Toronto " blossom as the rose." These have been the progressive, the truly liberal who, while a few croakers and grumblers have, Diogenes-like, sat in tlieir little tubs — and some such have always, I regret to say, found their way into our Git}' Council — have liberally promoted every enterprise, and built up our proud and beau- tiful city not only without the aid of the croakers, but in spite of their nanow ideas. Having given three years of my spare time to the , raise and, I hopf, the benefit of my adopted city, I felt I could not lose the opportunity of my visit to circulate the information gained by forty years' residence in Canada ; and while there were great attractions on every hand which, with less expense and much more personal gratification, I might enjoy, I decided to devote all my spare time to the object of enlightening as many as possible as to the attractions of our city, and its wonderful growth and progress, from personal knowledge. This I found to be the key to the great interest of others on the subject, as it was considered reliable. Difficulties of Emigration Agents. Never during the past fifty years has the question of emi- gration been beset with so many difficulties as it is to-day. The first great exodus of people from Ireland to America took place in 1847. After the potato famine, the depletion, then commenced, continued till the population of Ireland fell from nine millions to about five millions. While a great many died from starvation, notwithstanding the generous help and sympa- thies of England and America, yet the loss from that cause would soon have been made up by the natural increase of the popu- lation. Of those four millions, comparatively few found their way I ■1 a DIFFICULTIES OF EMIGRATION AGENTS. 29 i to Canada. The graves on Grosse Isle, the quarantine station, testify to the numbers who had died on the voyage, and the writer distinctly remembers the haggard and miserable appear- ance of those who reached Toronto, and yet those who survived were soon absorbed in the population. * This class, both in the United States and Canada, would be classed as paupers, and numerous restrictions are imposed against their entrance amongst us, while it is an undoubted fact that from that class numbers of wealthy families in the United States have descended. Admitting the objections to any further immigration such as that referred to, not only from* Ireland but from the continent of Europe, from which millions of the very scum of society were once freely welcomed to the States, the question arises, from what classes are the millions of acres in this new country to be filled up, and the resources of the country developed. It may be laid down, as a general rule, that no person who is comfortably off and well-to-do in the Old Country will expatriate himself as a matter of choice, with the exception of some who, looking away ahead and not seeing the prospect of having their family enjoying the same comforts as they now enjoy, will summon resolution to break off tlie tender and sacred ties of association with home and kindred, and in view of prospective advantages, make sacrifices for the present. No person can witness the parting scenes at railway stations, where friends separate never more to meet in this world, as the writer has often witnessed, and even during his late visit, and not be struck with the sense of the " wrench " that must be endured by those whose circumstances compel them to emigrate, parting from all that has been sacred from childhood. "The village church among the trees, Where once the marriage vows were given, With merry peul that swelled the breezo, ,, . Pointing with tapering spire to heaven." These, and a thousand like associations, make the idea of breaking off all these ties a matter of serious and sad con- templation. :• * : ' " ; ;' ^ffmrmtmnmrnm 80 TORONTO "CALLED BACK" AND EMIGRATION. M ill I w Every person who knows anything of the question for forty or fifty years, will admit that the United States has been filled up with millions who were induced to leave home and Father- land by the most exaggerated statements of the advantages the country offered, and as ell was " good fish that came into their net" at that time, it is no wonder the country filled up in a marvellous manner, while Canada still had the character of being a land of ice and snow, of wolves, bears and wild Indians. Referring to that time, a German writer said : " Several works on the United States have appeared in Germany as guides for emigrants. These books have obviously been written by parties employed by speculators, whether land or ship owners, perhaps by the American Government itself. These works are widely circulated in pamphlet form by agents specially selected for their aptness in making ad captandum appeals to the masses of the people and in spreading far and wide tiie most fabulous versions of Republican institutions and Republican prosperity and wealth. The happiness of each man dwelling under his own fig tree, and governed by laws of his own making, was dwelt on with due emphasis. By employing these deceptive means, the Americans induced large bodies to leave, but now suffer from the bitter consequences of their error in diverting the stream of emigration fr.om its natural and usual course, and directing it solely to their own channel. For Germany itself the loss has been a gain — as it has been an especial boon that so many impure elements have been swept away from her shores, so many dangers removed, that threatened her prosperity in a political, religious and social point of view." The effect of this state of things was, chat in 1852 the New York Tribune stated that ' on an average there were 100,000 souls in that city (about one-fourth of the population) desirous of procuring work who were unable to obtain it." What would be said of the Ontario or Dominion Governments to-day if they, by imprudence and recklessness, caused such a state of things ? The danger is now that we may err on the other extreme, and not use every legitimate effort to promote emigration when the circumstances of the DIFFICULTIES OF EMIGRATION AGENTS. »1 Old Country, especially of Great Britain and Ireland, render the effort a hundred-fold more difficult than before the present time of unexampled prosperity at home. You are now met everywhere with the statement: "The class of people we can spare you will not take, and the classes you want we cannot spare." Any statements that either the Provincial or Dominion Gov- ernments, or the Steamship Companies, are using undue influence to bring undesirable emigrants from Europe are both false and malicious. Mr. Dyke, of Liverpool, the Dominion agent, said not long ago, " It is hard to induce people to go that do not want to go." The first thing to do is to inform the people who think of emigrating as to the prospects the country affords and the advantages offered by her great resources to the industrious workman and the rich capitalist alike, as one will naturally follow the other. As all such persons wishing for information go direct to the public libraries, it is of the greatest importance that these should be furnished with facts and figures in which implicit confidence can be placed, and at the same time remove all ignorance and prejudice that may have previously existed. With this information, the next step will be to the Emigration Agent for details as to locality, preparation for the journey, and all other necessary instructions. In this way alone can the tide be turned towards our own shores, and the capital now being invested in foreign countries find a lodgment in this great Dominion. 1 do not hesitate to say it would pay any one individual, having large interests in Toronto, to distribute suitable literature in Great Britain to the extent of thousands of dollars, while for the city the problem of the smallest amount of taxes on the largest assessment, by so doing, would soon find a solution. There is a class of persons, who may be regarded as paupers in pocket, and adventurers in spirit, who, on leaving home to " push their fortune," are perfectly indifferent as to what part of America they come to, and probably do not know any distinc- tion between Canada and the United States. This class does not appear to meet with much favor at present. ^■l.^^: ■mm 32 TORONTO "CALLKD BACK" AND EMIGRATION. iil!! As you rise higher in the scale of intelligence anrl approach the class who have means, and think their capital would be better employed in Canada than the United States, you must otfier them such reliable information as will enable them to compare and weigh, and study such facts and figures as will convince their judgment and lead them to a wise decision. Such persons will seek out suitable literature, in the shape of books from libraries and Mechanics' Institutes, take them home and at the fire-side consult with their families before deciding on a step so fraught with importance, and involving, as it does, the future well-being of the whole family. These better classes, whether of farmers, skilled artisans, or capitalists, are naturally the most desirable, and, at the same time, the most difficult to obtain, and here my patriotism became enough of an inspiration as to lead me to offer such information as I knew I possessed, and which no one from Toronto was at all likely to give from personal knowledge, so that the announce- ment of my subject of " Forty years in Toronto, Canada ;" its marvellous growth and progress, with the development of its manufacturing industries, illustrated with railway, geological, and other maps, showing the great Dominion from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, wiih Toronto as the " Half-way House" between England and China, Japan, and Australia, on the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the great inter-oceanic high- way, connecting the British Empire, seemed to attnict attention, and secured extensive reports through the press. If any person doubts my patriotism, I have only to say I undertook this work at a sacrifice of much time and pleasure, as well as money. That while I have paid tens of thousands of dollars into the city treasury, I have never received one dollar of favor during forty-two years, and do not expect any profit from the time and labor expended during my leisure hours, for the past four years. Those who have read my book will find all this already stated. On the voyage over, I took the opportunity of conversing DIFFICULTIES OF EMIGRATION AGENTS. 38 f with a number of the steerage passengers, to find out their reasons for returning to the Old Country. One old Yorkshire- man, who had lived in Winnipeg, told me that he could not endure the cold in winter, and was returning to Australia, where he had lived before. ■ Another, a pale-faced, consumptive-looking man, said he had lived in Montreal, was a chair maker by trade, but as chairs were nearly all made by machinery in Canada, could get better wages for liand-made work in England, moreover, he had turned his attention more to " working for the Lord," which he explained by sayiuLj he belonged to the Salvation Army. One said he was going home for a wife, but I found the great bulk were going over for the trip, and some were bound for the Paris Exhibition, with the intention of returning to Canada. Through the kindness of the Ontario and Dominion Govern- ments and the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, I provided myself with maps of the Dominion^ geological maps and all trade and navigation returns ; statistics relating especially to the trade of Toronto, maps of the city, views of public build- ings, etc. With all these helps for illustration, and backed up by the fact of forty years' residence — and above all, that I repre- sented no emigration agency, political party, or government — my introduction through my book secured for me everywhere the most attentive hearing, and led to the numerous interviews with members of the press. Nor did I intend to press upon these gentlemen any argu- ment in favor of Protection versus Free Trade, but simply to give facts as to the wonderful growth and progress of Toronto and Canada, and the development of her manufacturing indus- tries, as my book professes to give. As was to be expected, this great prosperity was attributed to other causes, such as the settlement of the North- West, and the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway, but through all no enemies were made ; nearly all being Free Traders, the most I could do was to beg that Canada be excused by her rich parents if she appeared to act in any unfriendly manner as to her tariff' regulations, on the ground that it was not from antagonism to muii..^tt\iw!f^fmfmm 34 TORONTO "CALLED BACK AND EMIGRATION. I m !!iiii|; liiii' Jill 11 1 ii i ''I' the Mother Country, but as protection against a hostile :lei^hbor, they had been framed. Notwithstanding this precaution, it was impossible to exclude the tariff question from the discus- sion of emigration, interwoven as the Free Trade principle is with the whole fibre of Lancashire and Yorkshire interests, and the attempts of the " Fair Trade " party, with Mr. C. H. Hibbert, Mayor of Chorley, as the moving spirit in the Man- chester Chamber of Commerce, and with whom I have still a pleasant correspondence, the Free Trade feeling predomin- ates to such an extent that both parties, Conservative and Liberal, are united on the question. Mr. Philips, editor of the Manchester Examiner and Times, whom I reminded of the change in the politics of his paper, said: "Yes, we are Liberal-Unionists now, but as much in favor of Free Trade as ever," and as my correspondence will show our discussion on the subject I need not further refer to it here. The Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, Mr. Elijah Helm, said to me : " The plunder and robbery of the feudal barons of England were not to be compared for infamy with the robbery of the people by the United States Government in taking customs revenue of sixty per cent, out of the pockets of the people." My object was to give such information as might lead to turn the tide of capital from the United States, which to the great bulk of the people "America " means, almost ignoring the exis- tence of Canada as a field for the investment of capital, and to show Toronto as the great centre for investors in which to decide as to their destination amongst our great mineral and agricultural districts where to choose, and that Toronto was the greatest commercial centre in the greatest province of this great Dominion, and whether as tourists, travellers, capitalists or manufacturers seeking investments, or retired military, profes- sional, sporting or businesss men seeking a future home, Toronto possessed every attraction that could be desired for the present and the brightest prospects for the future. And with these views, I selected the centre of the most populous, as the most wealthy, district of England, or for that t :i t MANCHESTER, 85 I matter, in the world. The district within a radius of forty miles around Manchester, contains a population of over seven millions ; and one newspaper alone, which reported all I had to say, has a circulation in 250 towns and villaj]jes. Travelling from Liverpool by the old familiar route through Wigan, and in sight of my old place of residence, indicated by the black cloud perpetually hovering over St. Helen's, with its great plate glass works, its sro Hing furnaces, chemical works, and the immense manufactory of Beecham's Pills, I soon found myself at the beautiful residence of friends at Heaton Grove, near Buiy, and just nine miles from Manchester, with trains by four different routes every few minutes, I was in the very heart of the manufacturing district of Lancashire, and here I made the centre of my future excursions amongst towns already familiar from previous residence. Being fully alive to the touchiness of all Lancashire people on the qvustion of Free Trade, and their natural objection to our policy of- Protection, I knew I should have to guide my ways with discretion ; and if I expressed my opinions freely, I would be literally " bearding the lion in his den," I leave to my readers to judge as to iny actions and words. To meet the leading men of every b.anch of trade, one of the first places to visit is the Manchester Exchange. Manchester. The Manchester Royal Exchange is undoubtedly the greatest emporium of commerce in the world, and the hall is the largest ever constructed and used for purely commercial purposes. The capital invested in the building is £^00,000 ($1,500,000). It is a vast and noble building, constructed in the Italian style of architecture. The main entrance is approached by steps to the height of fifteen feet above the street level, thence leading through a magnificent portico containing four hundred and sixty square feet, which is inclosed within twelve massive stone pillars, about sixty feet in height. At the ncjrth-east end of the building there is a stately tower one hundred and eighty feet high, and containing a fine clock. Above us the roof is ^B 36 TORONTO "CALLKD BACK AND EMIQIUTION. i::iil ii; 11^ crowned by three great domes, panelled with stained glass, the central one reaching to the unusual altitude of one hundred and twenty-five feet from the floor level, those on either side to forty-five and sixty feet respectively. Around is an unob- structed area of forty thousand square feet, consisting of a vast nave, flanked on either side with Corinthian columns of Irish red marble and three spacious aisles, or arcades. At the further end of the building, about thirty-five feet above the floor level, there is an ornamental semicircular balcony, into which the Master of the Exchange escorts distinguished visitors, in order that they may witness the extraordinary sight pre- sented at the time of " High 'Change." Extending down the whole of the left wing, and some fifteen feet above the floor level, there is a commodious reading gallery, framed and enclosed from floor to roof with gla'^s panels, which looks into and commands a view of the hall below; and it is from this gallery that the best observations can be made, and where the babel of noise is so hushed that you might almost suppose you were in a separate building. This reading-room is supplied with newspapers from all parts of the world, and one hundred and six magazines of monthly issue are always on the tables. Ranoin'' along both sides of the building are a series of " drums," containing latest telegrams, latest commercial, political and general information from all parts of the world, latest quotations in general produce, iron, corn, and copper imports and exports, and reports from all foreign exchanges. There are twenty telephones and a telegraph office, while high above the main entrance doors are to be seen, in large letters, the opening price of " consuls," the " bank rate" of the day, and the opening and closing " estimate " of the total sales of cotton at Liverpool during the day. For the purpose of general observation, let us enter tne Exchange at about half-past one to ^v.'v^ o'clock in the afternoon, along with the hurried and impetuous multitude, who are now rajjidly flowing into the building, and by two o'clock we may find ourselves in an assemblage of between six ami seven thousand persons, all moving about and transacting dr wa Hlli MAMCHESTIIK. 37 13, the d and ide to unob- a vast Irish t the re the y, into isitora, t pre- tifteen eadiiig 16 hall )ns can at you This i of the r issue ries of )olitical latest mports lere are ove the npening opening verpool n, let us k in the Ititude, by two veen six nsacting 3J "'4 business, without any visible medium beyond the ceaseless hum and roar of human voices. There is not the gesticulation and facial contortion of the Paris Bourse, or the frenzied excitement witnessed in Wall Street, New York, but there is a suppressed intensity and earnestness of purpose visible in every face. Here are buyers from Greece, Turkey, India, and Australia, the transactions being on an enormous scale. Hundreds of thousands of pieces of shirting for Calcutta have been ordered in the morning, the goods sold there, and the order repeated five times by telegraph in one day. Here are the agents for the sale of raw cotton, representing Liverpool or American firms, with the buyers tVom all the spinning towns in the district, the town of Oldham alone using one-sixth of all the cotton produced in the world, while the town of Blackburn is the largest cotton manufacturing town in the world. These .spinners and weavers of cotton are all represented. Next in order are the spinners and manufacturers of linen, silk, jute, worsted, and multitudinous mixed fabrics. These are supple- mented by the dyers, printers, finishers, and bleachers. These are again augmented by dealers in coal, iron, timber, copper, steel, and their resultants in the form of machinery, etc. Besides all these, there is quite a small army of agents for life, fire, and marine insurance, stock and financial brokers, tlealers in agricultural and other produce, such as indigo, flax, chemicals, drysaltery, etc., ad infinitum. The extent of the business transacted is something enormous, and cannot be estimated in detail. In the article of cloth, the total sales have reached to twelve million yards in one day ; and of yarn, which if reduced to single threads, would be long enough to girdle the globe sixteen hundred times successively, or be equal to five thousand times its equatorial or polar diameter, or reach from this planet to the moon one hundred and eighty times in succession, or be equal to nearly twenty thousand times that luminary's linear diameter ; or, to continue the com- parison, it would be sufiicient in length to reach almost half way to the sun, or be equal to over fifty times its diameter. Taking the sales of raw cotton in Liverpool at the moderate ILUULLflUII as TORONTO "CALLED BACK" AND EMIGRATION. lllllll'l W'' III m IP!' total of ten thousand bales for the day (all paid for in cash), and adopting the assumption that this quantity is sold in the shape of yarn and cloth on the same day, and averaging these bales at 300 pounds each, we get 3,000,000 pounds of cotton; at the usual production of yarn from this quantity it amounts to 75,600,000,000 yards, which divided by 1,760 gives nearly 43,000,000 miles of yarn. In this great rendezvous I met gentlemen with whom I wished to converse on Canada, and as an illustration of the views generally entertained as to emigration, just give one instance of the opinion of a large manufacturer from Haslingden. He said, "We can invest one hundred millions in Canada if the benefits can be shown, but we do not want to let our people go. They all have employment and good wages." On my remarking that I knew a large amount of Lancashire trade had been lost by the Protective policy of the United States, he replied, " It does not matter to us, as long as we can find a market for what we produce, and as to Protection, we defy the world. Trade has never been so good in England &s it is to-day." He then invited me to visit his mills, and informed me that he had families in his employment whose aggregate wages amounted t) £200 a year. The fathers 0,000). It was opened by the Prince and Princess of Wales, on June 5th, 1873. Close by is the Public Library, to which my first visit was paid, and being only a few minutes by rail from my temporary home in Bury, I paid frequent visits to this library and other places. My first interview with Mr. Waite, the librarian, was a most agreeable one, the mention of my name in connection with "Toronto 'Called Back,'" secured me every attention, and I soon found myself in the hands of a reporter from the Bolton Evening News, the result of which appeared in that paper as follows : A CANADIAN IN BOLTON. emigrants' prospects. Mr. Conyngham Crawford Taylor, of Her Majesty's Customs, Toronto, who is at present staying with relatives at Heaton Grove, near Bury, who are leading people there, has paid several visits to Bolton within the last few days. He is the author of a recent work entitled " Toronto * Called Back* from 1888 to 1847, and the Queen's Jubilee," in which he records the rapid growth and progress of the city. The book, which has been commended by many eminent men in Canada and this country, is dedicated to the Hon. John Beverley Robinson, Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario. As the views of the future of our Canadian dominions cannot fail to interest the commu- nity, in the opinion of one so well qualified to judge as Mr. Taylor, we have pleasure in retailing them to our readers. There is no doubt at all, said he, in reply to our inquiry as to his opinion of the value of the work advocated by the National '.'•«,' A CANADIAN IN BOLTON. 47 Association for Promoting State Colonization, there is ample room in Canada for fifty millions of people. We want all the settlers we can get, especially those who have a little capital. Such people will get grants of land, which will become a splen- did heritage for their children. The soil is most prolific, need- ing only energy, industry and sobriety. Liquor is not admitted at all into some of the settlements. In Manitoba, amongst the Indians and in the Temperance Colonization Society's district, as well as in the North- West Territories, drink is entirely prohibited, and the settlers are prospering and getting rich. Every alternate block of one hundred and sixty acres is reserved by the Qovcrninent, so as to give the adjacent settler a chance, if he desires at a future time, of adding that much by purchase to his land. Lots of these men have bought up these adjoining plots. The present popu- lation of Canada is nearly five millions, and, as I have said, there is room for ten times that number. The Canadian Pacific Railroad is three thousand miles long, and extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The Dominion, as well as all our Pro- vincial governments, are exceedingly careful not to encourage anything like pauper emigration. We do not, like our United States friends, take all the riff-raff we can get hold of. Govern- ment has stopped assisting emigrants, and allow emigration to take its natural course. I have seen Mr. Byrne, the Ontario Emigration Agent at Liverpool, and he rather favors taking more active measures for promoting emigration. We hear emi- gration discouraged., Mr. Taylor ? Yes, our visitor replied, there is a class of men who try to stop emigration, saying there is no more room for emigrants of the artizan and laboring classes, especially in the towns and cities. They think more people will lead to increased competition and the bringing down of wages. Sir Charles Tupper, Bart., the Canadian Commissioner in London, advocates the emigration of a respectable class of working men. Mr. Taylor is a fair trader, but he sees that exclusive deal- ing won't do in regard to opening out and developing the re- sources of his adopted country,and in his "Toronto 'Called Back'" says : " Never in the last forty years was there a better pros- pect for skilled or unskilled labor than presents itsslf at the present moment, and no better proof of this could be given than in the success of the very men who would now stay the tide of emigration by a kind of dog-in-the-manger policy. During these forty ^ ^ars there never was a time when such statements were not made as might have deterred thesfi ■i' . 48 TORONTO "CALLED BACK" AND EMIGRATION. very men or their forefathers from landrnfj on our shores. . , Are our towns and cities to cease growin^^ ? Is our popula- tion i^oini^ to decrease ? Who will dare to }> 'edict such a thin;; in the face of such unparalleled progress, whiU^ the pro>^pects of the future are even more encoura^inir ?" The trades orfjaniza- tion, however, says Mr. Taylor, does not attempt to influence anybody against settling on land in the North-West. Poverty in Canada ? I have seen more poverty, Mr. Taylor assured us, in the streets of a few English towns in the last few weeks than I observed in Canada in the whole fifteen years since I was here before. L Jgffars in Canada are arre.sted. In Toronto we have provision made for every class of need by a charitable organization. There is no such thing as want known in the country. The only paupers are those whom we call trJ>.ixjDS. Families in need are visited by committees of ladies and gentlemen. Districts are mapped out, and every house is visited, and cases of need are reported on to the Board of the House of Industry. That is the only poor-house we have. Invalids and cripples are permanently lodijed in the House of Industry. There are not more than eighty people of this character on an average out of 180,000 people. Casuals who say they are out of employment are taken in for one night. First of all they are bathed, and for their food and lodging they are expected to split some timber, and in ninety cases out of a hundred they do not come again. SOBER TORONTO. We had your Pishop of Rochester at Toronto two years ago. He stated that if you in England had accomplished what we have done, closed the liquor places from seven o'clock on Saturday till six o'clock on Monday morning, he could hardly estimate the good results that would follow. At Bury, on Sunday night, as I walked from the parish church, there were crowds fjoinjT into the taverns. In the church I could count seven women for one man. Our Toronto men go to church as well as the women. A man seen going into a tavern in Toronto on Sunday, even had he a chance, would be considered a lawless character. W^e have a sober city. The sending out of children to Canada, Mr. Taylor says, has been attended with the greatest success. Your street arabs could all be comfortatily placed in Canada. I have the testi- mony of Mr. Owen, Dr. Barnardo's agent, who has been for his third batch this season, that they turn out well. Dr. Stephen- son, Miss Rye and Dr. Barnardo are exceedingly careful in A CANADIAN IN BOLTON. 49 making their selections. Dr. Barnardo has nine agents travelling among the boys' homes, and his testimony is that they can only find five per cent, who are reported as having turned out ill or have run away, and only one and a-half per cent, prove criminals. CANADIAN LOYALTY. Mr. Taylor believes the Canadians far more loyal to the Crown than we are in the Old Country. They honor the Queen's Birthday as a great event, but in England he finds the people don't even know when it is. There is no disposition to join the United States. The feeling against annexation is growing every day. Mr. Taylor holds that the Canadians will never consent to let in American goods without tariff. Cana- dians having their own communication from the Atlantic to the Pacific, were the Americans to adopt retaliatory tarifis, they would only be cutting their own throats. At present a large portion of the goods go through New York. THE CANADIAN TARIFF. Well, you ask about Free Trade. We have to protect our- selves against United States competition. You say England has prospered under Free Trade. Yes, but it is through the opening up of new markets. CHEAP BREAD. What do you say about cheap bread, Mr. Taylor ? Oh, give us a chance of sending you breadstufis. Give us a differential creams crossed by rustic bridges, and approaching the highest ground by steps cut out of the solid rock, amidst foliage of the richest, evergreens and flowering shrubs, you stand on a height from which the town is seen lying at your feet, with surrounding villages nestling in the richest pasture land ; while towards the west you get a view of the river Ribble at Lytham, the celebrated sea-side resort, close to the English Channel, and away to the great town of Preston. My first visit in Blackburn was to the library and museum, where I was cordially received by Mr. Geddes, the librarian, BLACKBURN. fil since deceased, who kindly referred to the interest tftken in " Toronto * Called Back,' " and having seen some of the leading men of the town, and having asked Mr. Councillor Gregson, a pronounced Free Trader and advanced Liberal, to act as chairman at a meeting, who having kindly consented, I ventured to address a public audience for the first time in my life. Before doing so an interview took place which is here noticed. From the Blackburn Express and Slnnr/ard (Fair Trade), August lut, 18S0. Our readers who take an interest in fiscal matters will be well repaid for any time expended upon it by a perusal of a short account of an interview with Mr. Taylor, of the Toronto Customs, which we give in another column, in which Mr. Taylor unreservedly expresses his opinion upon vexed fiscal questions. As an outsider he may be reckoned to be posted up in the game, and he unhesitatingly gives the opinion that Great Britain would be a gainer if she put an end to the present system of keeping an open market at home whilst all the markets of the world are closed against her. In any event, however, the Fair Trade policy has been the salvation of the Dominion, and that the working people have benefited by it is illustrated by one luminous fact. In 1878 the number of deposi- tors in the Post Office Savings Banks of the country was 25,535, and the amount of their' savings $2,754,484.03 ; in 1883 the depositors numbered 61,059, and the deposits totalled up to $11,976,237.31 ; while last year the depositors were 101,963. and the deposits reached $20,689,032.62. These figures certainly speak of vigorous health and a strong bounding pulse. A colonist's view of free trade. The other day Mr. Conyngham Crawford Taylor, of Her Majesty's Customs, Toronto, who is just now on a xi^it to England, having arrived in this country by the Sardinian, from Montreal, called at the offices of this journal. He is making his stay in Lancashire for a short time, and is .v present with relatives at Heaton Grove, near Bury. Mr. Taylor is the author of a work entitled Toronto " Called Back " from 1888 to 1847, and the Queen's Jubilee, in which is detailed the wonderful growth and progress of Toronto, and especially the development of its manufacturing industries. The work is now 52 TORONTO "CALLED BACK AND EMIGRATION. * in an enlarged and revised edition, and is having a considerable circulation in this country. In an agreeable interview we gathered the following particulars in regard to Canada and her protective policy, from Mr. Taylor : — How long have you had a position in the Customs ? Close upon seven years. I first went to Canada in 1847. Of course your position in the Toronto Custom house gives you unusual facilities for observing the growth and develop- ment of Canada ? That is so. I have the whole trade at my fingers' ends, and possess in the very nature of things unlimited information on the subject. Generally, then, you could say what condition the trade of the country is in at the present time ? Yes, and I can say Canada is exceedingly prosperous, and has been specially so since the National, called the Protective, policy was introduced eight years ago. Toronto alone in that period has doubled its population, springing from 90,000 to 180,000. In what way do you consider the protective tariff has assisted in the development of Canadian industry ? Prior to the adoption of the protective policy we were the victims of the United States manufacturers, who flooded the Dominion. This compelled us to protect our own products as our only hope of salvation. It is in the fostering, and the consequent development of home manufactures, that we have benefited by Protection. You did not find the system of an open market beneficial to the country ? i Quite the contrary. Now, not only is our manufacturing interest protected, but our operatives are protected from foreign labor. In the United States is there anything like a bounty system upon goods sent into Canada ? Perhaps not, but there is a good deal of dishonest invoicing of goods coming into Canada from the States, in order to get them in at a low rate of duty, and seizures are consequently made in consequence. What kind of goods did you find they were sending that militated against your own industries ? Everything almost, woollen and cotton goods, watches, clocks, agricultural implements, cutlery, furniture and pianos, of which we have six large factories in Toronto, employing hundreds of hands, and turning out about fifty pianos a week. N' 1 ' 1 , I- I -A M c ;:' O n !«1 ■< as u H U "A BLACKBURN. 53 M » fe o M c P O P< OS 1^1 ■< 9S Ed H as a is S So far as Toronto itself is concerned, can you call to mind any new trades that have sprung up into being since you adopted the new tactics ? The new trades as a direct result of our protective policy are very numerous indeed. The growth of iiiuUnlr.i«o is especially noticeable in regard to blanket mills, carriage works, and premises for the making of agricultural implements. We make our own stationary engines and elevators for hotels and other high buildings. Do you make hardware and machinery such as is generally used on farms ? Yes, we make all our own agricultural implements. Have you spinning and weaving mills ? Yes, both, and hosiery manufactories besides. Had you any of these manufactures previous to 1881 ? None to speak of. You know, of course, that in this country there is a very strong division of opinion between Fair Trade and Free Trade ? That is what I want to get at. You have been interested in trade and commerce all your life ? When I went to Toronto I was the youngest importer in the city. You are quite convinced, so far as Canada is concerned, that the Fair Trade policy has been the salvation of the Dominion ? I am certain of it. That, indeed, is a point on which both parties are agreed. The Opposition would not think of altering the tariff, in any material degree, the feeling is so strong in its favor. Like all other people holding your opinions, you think that Free not Fair Trade universally applied would be the best thing ? Certainl}', all over the world. You do not think, on the other hand, that a nation adopting a Free Trade policy, when all the neighboring nations were on the other tack, would have anything like a fair chance ? It could not possibly. We think that England cannot main- tain her trade, excepting by opening up new markets. What do you think, as an outsider, would be the best thing England could do commercially fur the welfare of its einormously excessive populations ? ► ' I certainly think she ought to protect herself, especially against the United States and the Germans. You are of opinion that the States and Germany simply 64 TORONTO "CALLED BACK AND EMIGRATION. English markets a sort of happy hunting make our ground ? Precisely so. Before you went into the Customs, you acted as agent in the States as well as in Canada ? For an old Manchester house, and my journeys used to extend from New York to St. Louis in the west. I found a ready market until such times as the Americans raised their taiitf, which became entirely prohibitory except for goods that they did not manufacture. The effect of the Morill tariff (with you individually when you were a trader used as a kind of vade Tnecum I suppose), would be to ruin a lot of people in England ? Yes ; we were accustomed to say they were taking the bread out of the Ei.nrlish mouth every day. You have no idea of coming back to this country to retire ? None whatever. I have my family in Toronto, and I like Canada very much. Toronto has become a beautiful city. What are the principal questions agitating you just now ? The only subject in any sense of a burning character is the Jesuit question, which is merely local, and don't amount to anything serious. What of Imperial Federation ? We are going ahead splendidly in that direction. Thus for a few minutes the conversation ran on, until finally Mr. Taylor rose, and, with an exchange of courtesies, departed. From the Northern Da'dy TeUgraph {Free Trade), August 17th, 1889. "FORTY YEARS IN TORONTO." Last night, Mr. C. C. Taylor, of her Majesty's Customs, Toronto, author of " Toronto ' Called Back,' " delivered an address in the Exchange Lecture Hall, Blackburn, on "Forty Years in Toronto ; its wonderful growth and progress." Coun- cillor Gregson presided. Amongst those present were Messrs. J. Quail and W. H. Burnett, and Mrs. Lewis. Mr. Taylor, after a passing reference to the orderliness and sobriety of Blackburn, went on to refer to a " very able article " which had appeared in the Northern Daily Tele-graph, which reminded him of a countryman of his, who, meeting an acquaintance, said, " When m BLACKBURN. 55 I saw you first, I thought it was yourself ; but when you came nearer I thought it was your brother ; but by this and by that, when I see you close, you are neither of you." (Laughter). He had come into personal contact with Daniel O'Connell, Isaac Butt, Smith O'Brien, and later, with William O'Brien, but he never knew he was a Home Ruler until he came to Blackburn. He, however, thought that if the circumstances of the two countries — Ireland and Canada — were precisely alike, and Roman Catholics and Protestants were on good terms with each other, and all were equally loyal to the Imperial Govern- ment, a modified form of Home Rule — always guarding against any attempt at separation — might safely be granted to Ireland, her local affairs to be legislated upon by bodies similar to the Provincial Governments of Canada. (Hear, hear.) Mr. Taylor proceeded to describe his journey forty years ago to Toronto, the growth of the population of that town from 20,000 to 200,000, and the development of the city until it attained the title of the " Queen City of the West." Incidentally he referred to the wresting of Canada from the French, remarking that at this moment no class or nationality were more loyal to Great Britain than the French population of the Dominion. In no country in the world was there a better system of national education than in Canada, where splendidly equipped schools were open equally to rich and poor alike without money or price (Applause.) A mass of statistics were quoted to prove that Canada — and particularly Toronto — had progressed at a faster rate than the United States or its chief cities. During a forty years' observation of the tariffs of Great Britain, Canada, and the United States, he had seen Great Britain become the workshop of the world, commanding an export trade with all nations under a free policy. Up to a certain point that had been a wonderful success, but this point was reached when the United States and other countries, in order to build up their own manufactures, imposed a prohibitory ta.'iff excluding English goods, and at the same time took advantage of England's liberality to send their goods to England entirely free. Up to 1878 the Canadian tariff' was used for revenue purposes oidy, but when an ad valorem duty of 20 per cent. whs imposed for the protection of incipient manufactures, the improvement was soon perceptible in the impulse given to manufactures, and the faliing-off' of imports from the United States, against which the protective principle was mainly directed. A small disloyal party were endeavoring to bring about a commercial union with the States, which involved the 56 TORONTO "CALLED BACK AND EMIGRATION. m exclusion of British goods ; but Canada would spend her blood and treasure to maintain inviolate the bonds which bound her to the Mother Country. (Applause.) As showing the importance of the Canadian trade to England, he had prepared a statement showing the value of goods taken by Toronto alone from Lancashire and Yorkshire in one year. Of manufactured iron they imported from these counties $591,879 worth, or $5 worth per head of the city's population ; of cotton goods, $981,410, or a guinea a head ; of carpets, $345,369, or $2 per head ; of woollens, $2,188,730, or $12 per head— altogether $4,107,388, or £4 10s. for every man, woman, and child in Toronto. The lecturer also referred to the progress of the temperance senti- ment in Canada, and the probability that in several of the provinces prohibitory acts would be passed. (Applause.) The Chairman remarked that it was apparent new countries had an advantage over old ones like England, in being able to move more rapidly. But even Canada would get rid of a clog on her progress if she entirely abolished drink in the Dominion. (Hear, hear.) Mr. W. H. Burnett proposed a vote of thanks to the lecturer, and in doing so, remarked that he did not think this country was over-populated, and he was in favor of Free Trade, if other nations could be induced to adopt it. Mr. J. Quail, in seconding it, said that Canada undoubtedly had a future before it, but whether that future would be clouded by what he considered to be the fatal policy to which its statesmen had committed themselves in the matter of tariffs, or not, it was not for him to say. But he would say that, be its fiscal policy what it might, a young country with the millions of untrodden acres and the small population of Canada, must necessarily increase in wealth and prosperity much more rapidly than an old country like Great Britain, where there was a certain amount of congestion in the centres of population. He did not believe England was over-populated, but it was suffering, in the first place, from our vicious land system, and also from the liquor traffic. (Hear, hear.) There were other questions relating to labor and trade which also prevented us from progressing as we ought to do. Still, notwithstanding foreign tariffs and the fact that even Canada had put up a tariff wall against the Mother Country — not a particularly generous thing to do — the States and Canada even now took our woollens and cottons and irons, which he maintained was a tribute to the success of Free Trade. (Hear, hear.) He would like to have asked whether the greater development of Canada than the States, while the latter had the high tariff, did not tell f BLACKBURN. 57 in favor of a low tariff, and consequently towards Free Trade ? (Hear, hear.) Was not the prosperity of Canada, too, largely due to the Federation of the provinces twenty-two years ago, and the opening of the Canadian Pacific Railroad ? (Mr. Taylor: Part- ly.) He denied that the lecturer's statistics proved that the development of Canada was due to the tariff system, and asked if the workers got a fair share of the wealth that was produced or whether only capitalists derived benefit from the fertility of the country ? The resolution having been carried, Mr. Taylor replied briefly that the effect of Free Trade would be to flood Canada with Yankee goods and ruin the trade of the Dominion. He declined, however, to say that the protective policy was solely re "sponsible for the prosperity of the country. There was a project on foot for an Imperial Federation of all the Colonies. If England would only give Canada a little advantage in the way of discriminating against foreign countries, they would be happy to meet them. Mr. Quail: What can you want better than free ports ? Mr. Taylor : We want you to exclude foreigners who will not reciprocate. (Laughter and applause.) The meeting terminated with a vote of thanks to the Chairman. From the Evening E.vpre>is and Standard {Fair Trade), August 16th, 1889. THE GROWTH OF THE CITY OF TORONTO AND THE DOMINION. Last evening in the lecture room of the Exchange Hall, Mr. C. C. Taylor, of Her Majesty's Customs, Toronto, Canada, delivered a lecture on "Toronto 'Called Back' from 1888' to 1847." Councillor W. Gregson occupied the chair, and briefly introduced Mr. Taylor to the meeting. The lecturer, after a few preliminary remarks, said that next to Toronto, he had not seen a more orderly place than Blackburn. The absence of drunkenness struck him very forcibly. Speaking on the politics of the home country, and comparing them with those of Canada, he said that he thought a modified form of Home Rule could be safely granted, always guarding against any attempts at separation. Home local affairs should be legislated upon as the Provincial Government and Legislature did in Canada. As he was in an atmosphere saturated with Free Trade principles and ideas, he might find himself impregnated with the same if he remained in Lancashire, and yet he did not see why, in the land where British fair-play is proverbial, there should exist any feeling of opposition for anything " fair," even if it should be " Fair Trade," and he certainly thought it ought at least to 58 TORONTO "CALLED BACK AND EMIGRATION. ii ■'■I: be an open question, as it was with his countrymen. In his frequent visits to England, he found very few persons who had not some interest or connection with Canada either socially, commercially, or personally. He had found that there existed a strong bond of sympathy between England atid her most loyal colony. He might mention, before describing the Dominion of Canada and his adopted city, Toronto, that he did not repre- sent any Government party or emigration agency, but was alone responsible for any statement he might make. His object was chiefly to inform those who had not yet taken any interest in the progress and prosperity of Canada, and especially in the premier province, of Ontario and the city of Toronto, as a field for manufacturers and capitalists, leaving the question of agri- culture to those who were so extensively circulating informa- tion as to the wonderful capabilities of the Dominion to supply Great Britain with all the productions necessary for her millions of inhabitants. He would like to correct a very erroneous impression that prevailed amongst many in this country, that the United States mean America, and America the United States. A short time ago a gentleman who visited Toronto, representing the Railway Mission, on his return to England, kindly sent him a copy of the paper called the Rail- way Signal, and also a calendar for 1889, giving railway statistics in which the miles of railway in "America" weie given, and also the number of miles in " Canada," as if Canada was not in America at all, and their Yankee friends owned and monopolized the title of Americans. They, as British Americans, owning the largest share of the continent, begged to enter a protest against the.se assumptions, and hoped their English friends would bear the fact in mind. A simple statement of facts and figures was all he should give, leaving them to judge as to whether the prosperity of Canada and Toronto was attri- butable to their commercial policy or not. It was no small matter of encouragement that Canada was at present enjoying the presence of a Lancashire nobleman, who in a dignified and popular manner represents Her Majesty the Queen. The Right Hon. Lord Stanley of Preston proved already to be a fit successor to the list of illustrious men, who since 1847, he had seen preside over the country's destiny, from Lord Elgin, followed by Lords Monk, Lisgar, DufFerin, Lome, and Lans- downe. His first impre&sion of Toronto corresponded with the idea formed from a visw given in the London Illustrated News. The wonder appeared to be that a small dull place should be dignified with the title of a city. To a person leaving BLACKBURN. 59 Dublin and Liverpool, as he did in 1847, it seemed as it' all the life and bustle of a business city had died out, and a dull, monotonous backwoods sort of a life had taken its place. The population was then a little over 20,000, a small wholesale business was done, and a little retail trade, chiefly on the credit system. There were no manufactures worth speaking of. The markets were supplied by farmers, who brought all their produce in their own waggons, and in the spring and fall every- thing was dreadfully fiat, the state of the roads preventing travelling. The time of sleighing was the most lively. The town presented no features of attraction, there being an absence of all public buildings of any architectural pretensions. The churches were few and small, and only two could boast of having organs. There was no theatre or music hall, so that amusements were very scarce, and social enjoyments were con- fined to the home circle. There were no rich people, as none had inherited wealth, which had all to be made by industry and perseverance. A railway had not been thought of. Such was Toronto forty years ago, more isolated than is Regina, in Assiniboia or Calgary, at the foot of the Rocky Mountains to-day, places at that time almost inaccessible and as little known in Toronto as Russian America, beyond the fact that they knew the Hudson's Bay Company had trading ports where they exchanged goods with the Indians for furs. Passing over forty years, if they left England in this year of 1889, on business or pleasure, they might journey for over 3,000 miles across the great Dominion without changing their luxurious car or getting out for a meal, the best hotels affording no greater luxury than they might enjoy en route ; while from the observation car the glories and beauties of the great country move within their reach. There were no hardships to endure.no difficulties to overcome,and no dangers or annoyances whatever. Comparisons were sometimes made between Montreal and Toronto. While the former can claim a larger population, or more venerable history in point of age, a larger shipping trade on account of its situation, most English visitors give the preference to Toronto as being more like home, being truly British in the true sense of the word. Proceeding westward over one hundred and eighty miles on Lake Ontario, the tourist enters Toronto by its beautiful bay, separated from the lake by an island, which is one of the most frequented pleasure resorts, there being several fine hotels, an English church, and several hundred private villas erected on it. The streets of the city itself are two hundred and thirty- five miles in length, including asphalt, stone, cedar blocks, and 60 TORONTO " CALLED BACK " AND EMIGRATION. M' ■.'iji macadam. They are lighted with gas and electric light. Numbers of churches of all denominations have been erected, and groups of tine public buildings. The population in 1888 was estimated at 180,000. The lecture was illustrated by means of maps and numerous other illustrations. At the close, Mr. W. H. Burnett, editor of this journal, pioposed a vote of thanks to the lecturer. In regard to the economic questions mooted, he would express no opinion, except that it was undoubtedly true that Free Trade universally carried out would be best for the people. He had no sympathy with those theories of wealth which set little store upon the human creature. A healthy industrious thrifty man in no rightly organized society could possibly be out of place, and he had no sympathy with the terrible anxiety that was manifested to get rid of what we called our "surplus population," as every citizen under a properly constituted economic system should be a wealth producer, and the country therefore that had the most people .should be the wealthiest and the most prosperous. The vote of thanks was seconded by Mr. Jesse Quail, editor of the Daily Telegraph, who controverted some of the positions taken up by the lecturer, and contrasted the tariffs of Canada and those of the United States. Was it not owing, he asked, to the fact that the Canadian tariff was lower than that of the States that Canada was more prosperous than the Great Republic ? — The lecturer briefly replied, and after a vote of thanks to the chairman, the meeting concluded. Editorial Notices. Mr. C. C. Taylor, of Her Majesty's Customs, Toronto, and author of a work previously mentioned in these columns, Toronto " Galled Back," last night addressed an audience in the Lecture Room of the Exchange Hall, Blackburn, on Canadian questions. Our brief report deals with but one aspect of the lecture. Mr. Taylor, as we have previously intimated in these columns, is an out-spoken Canadian, who has picked up his opinions in the best of all schools, experience, the tutor in which deals with nothing but facts, and makes the most abject tomfoolery of the theories of the mere faddists, who try to make facts square with their cranks, rather than seek to reduce their cranks by the incontrovertible logic of facts. In religious conviction Mr. Taylor is a Methodist, in social matters a Prohibitionist teetotaller, so our readers will learn from this how singularly Canadian politics in the individual character BLACKBURN. 61 contrasts with our own. Mr. Taylor's book from end to end is cram-full of the most valuable infornuition, given in a chatty and discursive way which is very pleasin*^, and his lecture wa-s like his book, dealing with hard facts, but illumining them with quick intelligence and a poetic imagination, which made them glow with light and interest. The lecturer in the course of his remarks dealt with many economic and other problems of the first interest to publicists — the population problei. . the teetotal problem, the Fair Trade problem, and the educational problem. Most interesting to ourselves were his remarks on the question of Fair and Free Trade. Whilst not claiming for Protection based upon Reci- procity all the remarkable piogress in Canada during recent years, he nevertheless proved to a demonstration, that it had provided employment for the people and supplied a home market for their own productions — a market formerly inun- dated by the manufactures of the United States ; and Canada had no notion of going back again to Free Trade, after having tasted the sweets of an industry protected against unfair alien competition. Quoth Mr. Taylor, "The immediate result of a reduction in the tariff would be to create a panic all over the country. Manufacturers would withdraw their capital, fac- tories would be closed, thousands and tens of thousands would be thrown out of employment, houses would be vacant, real estate would collapse, the market for agricultural produce would be curtailed, and as the United States have a surplus for exportation, that market would not absorb what at present is required at home. Canada would again be flooded with American manufactures, and the money now expended at home would go to a foreign country, where our people would be com- pelled to follow it ; and Canada would be thrown back in the march of progress, in which she is now making such rapid strides." That is a pretty formidable impeachment of one-sided Free Trade, not from one who has picked up his knowledge balanc- ing upon a tripod in a back office, and cogitating in an egotistic isolation amongst his books far from the madding crowd, but from one occupied in the very centre of trade, where the trade streams of the far west meet — as meet also the great waters of their mighty rivers — at the receipt of custom in the Dominion Custom House in the growing, pushing, restless, young, aggres- sive city of Toronto, the Canadian lake capital. It seems very strange that these young communities should be sending over to England missionaries of light and leading, destined in the ml 62 TORONTO "CALLED BACK AND EMIGRATION. long run to teach us that the true commercial gospel is that of self-interest — honestly looking after ourselves — and that high- falutin moral rot is not the kind of thing upon which they run their factories and their workshops. "Do unto others," says Mr. Taylor, " as they do to you " — and that seems to us like practical common sense, though it does not savor of the evangelic counsels. By-and-by England, like Canada and her children at tho Cape and in Australia, will begin to consider that her chief duty is to look after her own interests and her own people, and not to provide an open market for all the world, in which the foreigner takes the bread out of the mouths of her own workers. The Canadians are the most loyal of the colonial subjects of the Briti.sh Crown, and Mr. Taylor made this abundantly clear in his address. This is a verse from a poem which he quoted in his remarks : — " Dear Britain ! Great Britain, ever glorious nation ! Wliose strong arm, in peace, nigh engirdles the earth ; Canadians turn yot — aye, in proud exultation, To the Mother of Nations who gave to them birtl Oh, where be the hearts that, in traitorous illusion. Would barter for pottage a birthright so fair ? On such be the brand of dark shame and confusion. And the stew of sedition his crime-haunted lair. Heaven ! make his hope but as the ropes of sand, And One and Indivisible — this land." Mr. Councillor Gregson. Mr. Councillor Gregson, who kindly acted as chairman, is a pronounced Free Trader, and although both Conservatives and Radicals are united on the question of Free Trade, Mr. Greg- son is an out-and-out Radical, a Liberal of the Liberals. As one of the most remarkable events in his life transpired while I was residing in Bury, in 1857, I mention it to show the charac- ter of the man, for determination and perseverance, as well as zeal for his party. In that year. Parliament having been prorogued, Mr. Frederick Peel, now Sir Frederick, son of the great Prime Minis- ter (who was born in Bury, and whose birth-place I always passed on my way home, and had a monument to his memory always in sight when there), was sent by the town to support the cause of the Government. The opposition party brought 1 .1 f ■ E BLACKBURN. ' out as their candidate, Mr. R. N. Phillips, of the great firm of J. & N. Phillips, of Manchester, entirely without his consent, and in opposition to his wishes. Mr. Gregson undertook to conduct the whole canvass and to have Mr. Phillips returned to Parlia- ment, nolens volens. Meetings were held, numbering as many as 5,000 people, and were addressed at great length by Mr. Greg- son. At some of these great disturbances took place. When the nomination took place Mr. Peel was there, but Mr. Phillips did not appear. In addressing the crowd, Mr. Peel ridiculed the absence of his opponent, but Mr. Gregson nonplussed him by jumping up and audaciously declaring, " If Mr, Phillips won't have the sea* I will." This so tickled the crowd that they would not hej,r another word from Mr. Peel, and Mrs. Peel waved her hand'.c- chief from an adjacent window n vain. Mr. Phillips was dulyelectt i in spite of himself, and through the efforts of Mr. Gregson, and at the close of the poll at four o'clock in the afternoon, Mr. Wrigley, paper manufacturer, took his own carriage to fetch him into the borough, which he had so completely avoided during the contest. Ten thousand people welcomed him with hurrahs ; and this was how he first became member for Bury. I remember well the following Sunday, when he attended the Unitarian Chapel, and as he entered, the organ striking up, " See the conquering hero comes." Blackburn possesses a large skating rink, buc as ice is not a necessary factor, it is used all the year round. Being introduced to the manager, through taking a letter from his son, who holds a responsible position in this city, in the most extensive estab- lishment of its kind in the Dominion, I received great attention, and was invited to the rink. Here was a band playing during the evening, and hundreds of young people, numbers of whom had exchanged the clogs and plaid shawls for neat boots and fashionable dresses, were in full swing performing their gyrations on skates, evidently enjoying the recreation to their hearts' content. Temperance refreshments were provided, no smoking allowed, and the strictest order maintained. 64 TOROxVTO "CALLED BACK" AND EMIGRATION. SI' I III Bury. « Bury Guardian, August S4'h, 18S9. A CANADIAN IN BURY. Last weeV we gave the account of an interview with Mr Couyngham Cra,wt'ord Taylor, of Her Majesty's Customs Toronto, on the suV>ject of " Etnijrr-itlon and tli? rapid growth iind wealth of Canada." Mr. 'J'aylor, it appears, is during his sojourn in the Mother Country doing what he can tc enlighten th'i people in different districts on the character of 'Canadian citie:: and the more effective way of doing this has bc'^.n by deliverinj^- l*^ctures. A few nights ago he delivered an address at the Exchange Lbcture Hall, Blackburn, the subject being " Forty Years in Toronvo." In a conversation which we had with Mr. Taylor the other day, we gathered thpo a slight mistake had been made with reference to his remarks on the poverty existing in England. What he intended to convey was this : that he was surprised to see hundreds of boys and girls running about the streets with- out any appearance of having a certain means of livelihood, except that they thrust mctch-boxes into one's face at every turn. Again, he could not help expressing his surprise at seeing numbers of able-bodied men in the streets of Marichester and Liverpool selling things — men who ought to dig or work at some marmal employment. With reference to Free Trade and Protection, he was of opinion that these subjects were, in Canada, out of the range of politics altogether, because both parties were in favor of the present system of tariffs, or, if any change, only a modified system. We cannot conclude without saying a word in eulogy of Mr. Taylor's book " Toronto ' Called Back.' " Not only does the writer deal with amass of statistics to prove the rapid growth of the Canadian Dominion, but he furnishes in an interesting and lucid manner a contemporary history of the chief events in Great Britain and Ireland and also America, not the least entertaining portions being the account of the O'Connell movement in Ireland, and the Queen's Jubilee. i WIGAN. 65 Wigan. After Blackburn I decided to visit Wigan, for several reasons. The first, that there are combined the two great industries of cotton and iron, and having, at the request of Mr. Folkard, the librarian of the Public Library, furnished him with all the reports on mines and minerals from the Geological Department at Ottawa, and the Department of Agriculture at Toronto, I wished to add to these my personal knowledge of our resources, illustrated by geological maps with which I was provided. My former acquaintance with the town, by residing at St. Helen's and Bury, was another inducement; knowing also the great industries of St. Helen's in plate glass, chemical and smelting works, I knew that it was quite possible that the attention of some of these manufacturers might in this way be turned to Toronto. On visiting the Public Librar}^, a splendid institution, containing an immense number of most valuable books of reference, I found that, before receiving "Toronto 'Called Back,' " the only information they had about our city was a short article written by Dr. Danie) Wilson, several years ago, in the British Encyclopaedia. Under these circumstances, I ventured to advertise for a lecture, at which Mr. Alderman Ackerley, Deputy Mayor, kindly consented to preside. From the Wigan Examiner {Liberal Unionist), August 2^th, 1889. Those who did not attend the lecture on " Toronto ' Called Back,' " by Mr, Conyngham Crawford Taylor, delivered in the Public Hall, Wigan, on Monday evening, by their absence missed a great de^tl that was both interesting and instructive. A sur- prising amount of ignorance prevails in this country, even among educated people, as to the capabilities and resources of our own colonies, and it is, therefore, refreshing to have the opportunity of meeting with a gentleman so well qualified as Mr. Taylor is to enlighten us as to the position and prospects of our greatest colony — the Dominion of Canada. Mr. Taylor is connected wi^h the Canadian Customs at Toronto, and speaks from a forty years' knowledge and personal experience of the country. He is at present over here on a holiday visit, and from purely disinterested motives, for he represents neither a 66 TORONTO "CALLED BACK" AND EMIGRATION. h. s: Government party nor an emigration agency, is seizing the occasion to interest the people of the Old Country in the Province of Ontario and the city of Toronto as a field of emi- gration for manufacturers and capitalists. As to the aspect of the country agriculturally, he does not trouble himself beyond a passing allusion, as ample information on that part of the sub- ject has been spread far and wide by the Colonial authorities. His claim to speak upon the matter is undoubted. As the author of "Toronto 'Called Back 'from 1888 to 1847, and the Queen's Jubilee," a work which has run through several editions, and which has been distributed pretty freely in this country by the Toronto City Council, he has vindicated his right to speak authoritatively. At any rate, that work has won for Mr. Tay- lor, in his adopted country, a high reputation as a pleasing writer and a keen and intelligent observer of passing events. Graphically does he narrate the marvellous progress and pros- perity of Toronto during the past forty years. In that period the population has grown from 20,000 to upwards of 180,000, having, in fact, doubled itself in the last eight years, wliile the trade and commerce of the city has advanced by leaps and bounds. Buildings of architectural pretensions have sprung up in all directions, and institutions of public utility, embracing every social and educational want, have been founded by the public spirit, enterprise, and liberality of its inhabitants. There is unquestionably a grand future before Toronto. It is already a great railway centre, and also possesses an exceptionally ad\ antageous position as a centre of inland water communica- tion. To those whp have never actually travelled on the Canadian lakes it is, Mr. Taylor tells us, difficult to convey a correct idea of the vastness of these inland seas. Even the figures are not so illustrative of the immense extent as simply to state, what has often been done before, that Lake Superior would contain the whole of England. This being the upper in the great chain of lakes, and Ontario the lowest, whether for business or pleasure, the traveller can take passage on a splendid steamer and make a trip westward for a thousand miles on fresh water, while he can go as far east as the Atlantic Ocean. As a central point for manufactures, trade, literature, and fine arts, Toronto may be said to have few, if any, equals in the Dominion ; and just as the prairies of the west, and the older agricultural districts, increase in wealth and population, so will Toronto and the other towns and cities of Canada flourish in a corresponding degree. Though the greater portion of Mr. Taylor's book deals principally with the city of Toronto, the P I WIGAN. 67 author never misses an opportunity to impress his reader with the grandeur of Canada as a whole. Commencing at the Atlantic sea-board, Prince Edward Island is said to be the garden of Paradise; there is Newfoundland, as large as Den- mark and Hanover; Nova Scotia, as large as Switzerland ; New Brunswick, as large as Holland and Belgium; Quebec is as large as France, Ontario as large as Prussia; while in the West, British Columbia forms a splendid province on the Pacific Coast ; while between Old Canada and the Rocky Mountains, there is room for eight provinces as large as Manitoba. Lake Superior has an area of 20,000 square miles, being the largest fresh-water lake in the world. Lake Huron contains 16,000 square miles with 30,000 islands, Lake Ontario, the lowest of the range, on whose shore stands the metropolis of that great province, the premier province of the Dominion, is 180 miles long and 40 miles wide. Lake Erie has a circumference of 700 miles, and discharges the waters of the Upper Lakes into the Niagara river over the Falls, it is calculated at the rate of 700,000 tons every minute. The total area of the lakes is said to be 100,000 square miles. " The Dominion," he says^ "sits astride the civilized world. Its territories lie in the very track of one of the great lines of commerce of the future. On one side it commands the Pacific, on the other the Atlantic. It holds out one hand to the civilized West, and the other to the swarming and non-awakened East The short way from China to Europe lies through Canadian territory, and thanks to Cana- dian enterprise, it is now possible to travel from England to Australia without once leaving the shelter of the British flag. In 1867 the provinces were isolated states, now they are a nation with enormous resources, a vast commerce, a well- organized military establishment, a splendid system of railway and water communication, and every quality, except population, which is required for a great and po.verful state. Canadian enterprise and ambition have risen by leaps and bounds since the opening up of the magniticent territories of the North- West. For many years to come Canada need not tear to receive the influx from the Old World, or even from the more thickly settled portions of the New ; she still retains her supremacy in the fisheries and forests. The Canadian Pacific Railway has opened up a wheat field millions of acres in extent, and at a bound the Dominion has become one of the granaries of Europe. The ranching regions will soon come to rival Texas or Queensland in cattle. Nor are the resources of the West limited to agricul- ture and pasture. Gold and al/nost every other metal are found 68 TORONTO " CALLED BACK ' AND EMIGRATION. in abundance, and an inexhaustible supply of coal. With all these advantages, it will be impossible to stay the progress of this great and glorious country." Much of the industrial prosperity of the country Mr. Taylor attributes to the protective policy which was inaugurated in 1878, under which the trade and manufactures of the Dominion have flourished as they never did before. Mr. Taylor, however, is no bigoted Protec- tionist. He does not go the length of saying that the same fiscal policy would produce equally satisfactory results for Eng- land ; but what he does say is, that as regards Canada, Protection has been the making of the country. Mr. Taylor's book is to be found on the shelves of the Reference Department of the Free Library, and will repay perusal. The stereotyped method of book-making has not been followed in this case. The author has mapped out a path for himself, and displays a good deal of originality in his treatrnent of the various matters he touches upon. The style is gossipy, and as he handles many subjects that more ambitious authurs would think beneath their notice, he presents to our view a picture of the country which, for vividness, could scarcely be hurpassed. One thing that strikes the reader in running through its pages is the intense loyalty existing throughout the Dominion towards Her Majesty the Queen and the people of the Old Country, a fact which ought to make us proud that we have so worthy a stock to represent us and to maintain the honor and dignity of the British flag in that part of the world. , , LECTURE AT WIGAN. On Monday night Mr. C. C. Taylor, of Her Majesty's Customs, Toronto, Canada, delivered a lecture in the Public Hall, Wigan, on " Toronto ' Called Back,' from 1888 to 1847." Mr. Alderman Ackerley, Deputy Mayor, presided, and there were present on the platform Councillors Hilton and Percy. The Chairman, in opening the meeting, said the question of Canada and our colonies was a most important one, and he understood they would hear from a gentleman who had had a large experience of colonial life what that life was like. He understood he was desirous of bringing before them the great advantages they would have in going out to Canada, but he (the chairman) must tell him frankly he thought the present time was not one in which he was likely to get many recruits, because he believed that probably for the next two or three years we, in Lancashire, would have plenty of work to employ those who were willing to work. That could not always con- WIGAN. 60 tinue, and he could not disguise from himself that in this old country we were getting thick on the ground, if that was the case, it was only wise and prudent to look a little further ahead, and they would do well to consider what would happen in a few years when their children were grown up. He was afraid many of them would have considerable difficulty in placing their sons and daughters in such positions as they would wish them to have in this country, and therefore they must look abroad. In looking abroad, he was quite satisfied they could not look at any place that was likely to otfer as good a home to Englishmen as Canada. They could hardly realize the millions of acres in Canada only waiting to be fertilized. They heard a great deal of land hunger, and no doubt land was diffi- cult to get here, but they had only to cross the sea to Canada and they could get a free grant, and be heartily received and welcomed by honest and kind Englishmen, who would only be too proud to help them to make homes for themselves. That was a very fine thing to think of, and when they had families growing up they .should bear that in mind. Above fill things, let him say that too much importance was placed upon mere book learning. In days gone by book learning was something out of the common, but it was no longer so. Any of them who had a sharp active lad were proud of the education he received, but now there were many sharp active lads of education, and they should not think there was anything wrong or derogatory in a man getting his living by the sweat of his brow. He thought, suppo.sing the two men were equal, more of the man who could get his living by the labor of his hands, and as a skilled artizan, than he did of a man who was brought up to get his living as a clerk. If they had a .sharp active lad, encourage him to go abroad and make a home for himself across the sea. - The lecturer, in his preliminary remarks, .said the Wigan Free Library was a credit to the town. Ho was gratified to learn from their gentlemanly and courteous Librarian, that the Reference Library alone contained about 25,000 volumes, which incluiled a large number of very rare and valuable books. The new catalogue was a model of neatness and arrangement and ready reference, and as he had had the pleasure of sending them a variety of reports from their Geologi- cal Survey in Ottawa, through the direction of Professor Selwyn and also from the Ontario Government, he might say it would always give him great pleasure to add further contributions which might be useful to readers in this mining and manufac- 70 TORONTO "CALLED BACK" AND EMIGRATION. 111; % il I I ii! turinor district. Speaking on the politics of the home country, and comparing them with those of Canada, he thought a modified form of Home Rule could safely be granted, always jTuarding against any attempts at separation. Home local affairs should be legislated upon as the Provincial Government and Legislature did in Canada. As he was in an atmosphere saturated with Free Trade principles and ideas, he might find himself imperceptibly impregnated with the same if he remained ir Lancashire, and yet he did not see why, in the land where British fair-play is proverbial, there should exist any feeling of opposition for anything " fair," even if it should be " Fair Trade," and he certainly thought it ought at least to be an open question, as it was with his countrymen. In his frequent visits to England, he had found very few persons who had not some interest or connection with Canada, either socially, com- mercially, or personally. He had found that there existed a strong bond of sympathy between England and her most loyal colony. He might mention, before describing the Dominion of Canada and his adopted city, Toronto, that he did not represent any government party, or emigration agency, but was alone responsible for any statement he might make. His object was chiefly to inform those who had not yet taken any interest in the progress and prosperity of Canada, and especially in the premier province of Ontario, and the city of Toronto, as a field for manufacturers and capitalists, leaving the question of agri- culture to those who were so extensively circulating information as to the wonderful capabilities of the Dominion to supply Great Britain with all the productions necessary for her millions of inhabitants. He would like to correct a very erroneous impression that prevailed amongst many in this conntry, that the United States mean America, and America the United States. A short time ago, a gentleman who visited Toronto, representing the Railway Mission, on his return to England kindly sent him a copy of the paper called the Railway Signal, and also a calendar for 1889, giving railway statistics, in which the miles of railway in "America" were given, and also the number of miles in " Canada," as if Canada was not in America at all, and their Yankee friends owned and monopolized the title of Americans. They, as British Americans, owning the largest share of the continent, begged to enter a protest against these assumptions, and hoped their English friends would bear the fact in mind. A simple statement of facts and figures was all he should give, leaving them to judge as to whether the prosperity of Canada and Toronto was WIGAN. 71 was and !ans, er a !;lish b of idge was attributable to their commercial policy or not. It was no small matter of encouragement that Canada was at present enjoying the presence of a Lancashire nobleman, who in a dignified and popular manner represents Her Majesty the Queen, The Right Hon. Lord Stanley of Preston proved already to be a fit suc- cessor to the list of illustrious men whom, since 1847, he had seen preside over the country's destiny, from Lord Elgin, followed by Lords Monk, Lisgar, DufFerin, Lome, and Lansdowne. His first impression of Toronto corresponded with the idea formed from a view given in the London Illustrated News. The wonder appeared to be that a small dull place should be dignified with the title of a city. To a person leaving Dublin and Liverpool, as he did in 1847, it seemed as if all the life and bustle of a business city had died out, and ^ dull, monotonous backwoods sort of life had taken its place. The population was then a little over 20,000, a small wholesale business was done, and a little retail trade, chiefly on the credit system. There were no manufactures worth speaking of. The markets were supplied by farmers, who brought all their produce in their own waggons, and in the spring and fall everything was dreadfully flat, the state of the roads preventing travelling. The time of sleighing was the most lively. The town pre- sented no features of attraction, there being an absence of all public buildings of any architectural pretensions. The churches were few and small, and only two could boast of having organs. There was no theatre or music hall, so that amuse- ments were very scarce, and social enjoyments were confined to the home circle. There were no rich people, as none had inherited wealth, which had all to be made by industry and perseverance. A railway had not been thought of. Such was Toronto forty years ago, more isjolated than is Regina, in Assiniboia or Calgary, at the foot of the Rocky Mountains, to-da}', places at that time almost inaccessible and as little known in Toronto as Russian America, beyond the fact that they knew the Hudson's Bay Company had trading ports where they exchanged goods with the Indians for furs. Passing over forty years, if they left England in the year of 1889, on business or pleasure, they might journey for over 3,000 miles across the great Dominion without changing their luxurious car or getting out for a meal, the best hotels affording no greater luxury than they might enjoy en route, while from the observation car the glories and beauties of the great country lie within their reach. There were no hardships to endure, no difficulties to overcome, and no dangers or annoyances what- w 72 TORONTO "CALLED BACK" AND EMIGRATION. Mi Hi ever. Comparisons were sometir jS made between Montreal and Toronto. While the former can claim a larger population, or more venerable history in point of age, a larger shipping trade on account of its situation, most English visitors give the preference to Toronto, as being more like home, being truly British in the true sense of the word. Proceeding westward over one hundred and eighty miles of Lake Ontario, the tourist enters Toronto by its beautiful bay, separated from the lake by an island, which is one of the most frequented pleasure resorts, there being several fine hotels, an English church, and several hundred private villas erected on it. The streets of the city itself are two hundred and thirty-five miles in length, including asphalt, stone, cedar blocks, and macadam. They are lighted with gas and electric light. Numbers of churches of all denominations have been erected, and groups of tine public buildings. The population in 1888 was estimated at 180,000. The lecture was illustrated by means of maps and numerous other illustrations. The lecturer concluded with a brilliant description of the future of Toronto from the concluding chapter of " Toronto 'Called Back,'" of which we quote as follows: — "In addition to what has already been said in reference to the population, it is safe to say that many now living will see Toronto with half a million of inhabitants. " The advantages already described as to her position as a central point for manufacturers, trade, literature and tine arts, her means of access to so many pleasure resorts, her beautiful parks and squares, shaded side-walks, healthful climate, and her educational advantages, cannot fail to attract large numbers of wealthy retired families to reside and capitalists to invest in our city. " ' See Naples, and die !' says an Italian proverb, just as though after that there is nothing else worth living for. It may yet become a proverb to .say what is already worth saying, ' See Toronto, and live in it.' " Mr. Percy, in proposing a vote of thanks to the lecturer, said they were much indebted to him for the valuable information put at their disposal with regard to the wonderful resources of the Dominior of Canada, and the enterprising city of Toronto. There were few subjects af greater interest to the Engl' )h people than the capabilities of the colonies for providing a livelihood for our surplus population. It was, indeed, true that at the present time there was work of one kind or another for everj' man and woman in England able and willing to work, but even now the WIOAN. 73 competition in all trades and professions was so great that thousands of people in this country who might make a position for themselves elsewhere were struggling at home for oppor- tunities which never came. His great anxiety with regard to the future of England was that the population would inevitably very largely increase, and it was ahiiost certain that the means of employment would not increase in anything like a propor- tionate degree. It would be well if the rising generation would turn their attention to the West, and instead of overcrowding the soil of England and passing a miserable existence, would avail themselves of the facilities and opportunities which colonies like Canada afforded to provide comfortable homes for millions of our surplus population. (Applause.) Mr. J. Hilton, in seconding, said the lecture they had listened to must be of great interest to the people, not only in Wigan but in any part of England. The connection between Caurida and England was now so close that there were few families in this country who had not relatives in Canada. The motion was heartily passed, and the lecturer, in reply, said that if any of the citizens of that town paid a visit at any' future time to the city of Toronto, they would be sure of a hearty welcome. He moved a vote of thanks to the chairman. Mr. J. M. Ainscough seconded the motion, which was cordially adopted and acknowledged. Those pre-ent then inspected an interesting series of plans and maps illustrative of the subject under discussion. I: From H. F. Folkard, Esq, Wigan Public Free Library ^ September 7lh, 1889. Dear Sir, — I regret I was obliged to miss your very interest- ing address upon Canada and its industries. If I had been present 1 should have been glad to have said a few words on the subject, and incidentally to have mentioned how popular your book on Toronto has become amongst us. The "Encyclopaadia Britannica" article (written many years ago by Dr. Daniel Wilson, of Toronto University) was, until we received your book, the only modern reliable information we possessed upon Toronto. Your book has been consulted by all sorts of people, intending emigrants, chiefly artizans, engineers, and surveyors, and rather curiously by a good many Roman Catholic priests. 74 TORONTO "CALLED BACK" AND EMIORATION. 1 ' We have a large number of Catholic Irish in Wigan, and I surmise that the priests are looKing up information for them. , Yours truly, Henry F. FoLKARD. A remarkable feature in the management of the splendid library of Wigan is that a large number of the most popular standard works are kept in the reading-room, and may be used without any restriction or form of tickets. They have not lost a copy for several years. ' In the morning, at my hotel, I was aroused at between six and seven o'clock with a noise I had not heard for fifteen years. 1 soon recognized the peculiar clatter of clogs on the flagged pavements, and on looking out of the window, beheld a perfect stream of operatives hurrying to the various mills in that direc- tion, the girls in their working costume of linen blouses, each with a plaid wool shawl over her head — these are convenient and comfortable and easily removed, no time being lost in getting to their work. The stream continued for nearly half an hour, and numbered many thousands. jj r ■ii Sheffield. The route from Manchester to Sheffield, through Derbyshire, is very romantic, and amongst the hills is seen the reservoir, formed partly by nature, assisted by art, from which pure water from the hills is carried into Manchester, a distance of about twenty-one miles. Under a mountain pierced by * tunnel, over three miles in length, you are carried into Sheffield. Surrounded by an amphitheatre of hills in the hollow formed l>y them is Sheffield, the great workshop, where are manu- factured cutlt *y, steel and plated ware, to supply the whole civilized world. Wherever you go over this broad earth you cannot get away from your associations with this wonderful laboratory. It is said that in Birmingham a rifle or musket is turned out every minute, day and night, from year's end to ./,-.■''' id I u ). idid liar ised lost SIX lars. ged feet rec- ach Lent . in I an lire, .'oir. ater )OUt )ver ned mu- hole you rful 3t is I to n SIR WILLIAM LENG, K.C.M.G., Sheffield "Daily Tclcyraph." KHEFFIELD. 75 year's end. In Sheffield, you have productions which are indis- pensable for human comfort, convenience and enjoyment, as well as for industrial pursuits. Who has not heard of Mappin & Webb, and Joseph Rodgers & Son, with hundreds of others whose goods have made their names as familiar as household words ? From one of these hills you look down upon volumes of lurid smoke and flames from its furnaces, as though you were looking down upon the gigantic centre of some mighty volcano, and yet Sheffield is surrounded by a most glorious moorland country. As in Staffiardshire, and all the black country, it is only a step between the blackness of desolation amongst coal pits and furnaces, and the most luxuriant vegetation and acres of flower gardens. A DISTINGUISH KD JOURNALIST. The Shej^eld Daily Telegraph is a paper of great influence and wide circulation, and its proprietor and chief editor. Sir Wm. Leng, is no ordinary man, and being a true friend of Canada, is worthy of special consideration. During my recent visit to Great Britain, I had the pleasure of meeting and being interviewed by many newspaper men, and no matter whether Conservative or Radical, Free Trade or Fair Trade, as a citizen of Toionto, I invariably met with a most cordial reception. When parting with one of the most radical Free Trade editors in Lancashire, and on the most friendly terms, he told me before leaving England to be sure and call on Sir Wm. Leng, in Sheffield, saying that although directly opposed to him in politics, I would find him on (juestions of trade to be every- thing I could desire ; I accordingly made a point of stopping there on my way to London. The otSce of the Evening Telegraph, cannot boast of any architectural pretensions, such as are found on the corners of Bay and King, or Yonge and Melinda streets, Toronto. On entering the premises you are met at the front office by a polite young lady, who amongst other duties discharges those of an inquiry office ; on presenting my card, ahe at once communi- 76 TORONTO "CALLED BACK' AND EMIGRATION. cated with Sir William, when passing a splendidly arranged suite of offices, including the advertising, subscription, and cashier's departments, I was escorted upstairs to the editor's studio. The reception 1 met with was characteristic of the gentleman and scholar. , • The appearance of Sir William is such as to give the impres- sion of great benevolence coupled with indomitable energy. The face beaming with intelligence, the massive brow, the countenance frank and open, giving the visitor at once a feeling of ease and welcome; while the heavy moustache, with a compact and well-knit frame, combined to give Sir William a military air, and you at the same time perceive in a marked degree the suav'iter in modo, as well as the idea of the fortiter in re. The studio is one befitting a man of letters, being a spacious apartment, containing a large reference library, and evory con- venience adapted to the requirements of an editor. Although devoid of the ornamentation and valuable artistic furnishings in the way of statuary, paintings, etc., of which the Toronto Evening Telegram offices can boast, and which are well known through Great Britain, from the pages of " Toronto Called Back,' " yet there is every comfort even to luxury. My first invitation was to Sir William's private residence, his servant and conveyance being at the door, and behind a splendid .stepping hcrse, and over a smooth English road, we were soon away from the din and smoke of this great " hive of industry " and inside the gates of his elegant mansion, styled Oaklands, where it stands amongst luxuriant evergreens and banks of flowers. An informal dinner, in company with Lady Leng and their charming daughters, was succeeded by a walk through the grounds, which are a picture of beauty and refined taste. Then followed an inspection of pictures in the house, to one of which especially Sir William drew my attention. This is a full-length oil portrait of himself in a massive gilt frame. From the bottom of this frame he drew out on a spring roller an address signed by forty-two peers of the realm, thirty-five mem- SHEFFIELD. 77 bers of Parliament, and about two hundred magistrates, which he informed me had been presented with a purse of six hundred guineas, in consideration of services rendered the country during 18G6 and 1867, when through his efforts the riots and bloodshed, caused by the Trades and Labor Union, were effec- tually suppressed. Returning to the office, a shorthand reporter is introduced, and I ara interviewed, with the result given in the Telegraph, which has an immense circulation, especially in Lancashire and York- shire. The printing office and composing room were next inspected, and are a model of a light and airy premises, in blue and white, with glass roof, altogether very handsome. Sir William Leng's brother has been elected as Liberal mem- ber for Dundee, formerly represented by Mr. Jenkins, of Mont- real, author of " Ginx's Baby," " Lord Bantam," and " The Blot on the Queen's Head." Mr. Jenkins has joined the ranks of the Liberal-Unionist party, but is not in Parliament. It was through the influence of Sir William Leng that a Royal Commission was appointed to inquire into the causes of the outrages perpetrated against workmen, some of whom were murdered, and from others their tools had been forcibly taken, the perpetrators visiting the houses of non-union workmen for the purpose. These visits were said to be visits from " Mary Anne," a secret term employed to denote their purpose. The Commission was presided over by Wilson Overend, Esq., Q.C., an eminent barrister residing in London, but a native of Sheffield. The result was that the Secretary of the Saw Grinders' Union, William Broadhead, was arrested, and having turned Queen's evidence, disclosed the whole plans, and the guilty parties, on confession of their crimes, were all pardoned, but Broadhead was so disgraced as to fly to the United States. His crimes, however, having been known before his arrival, he was promptly sent back to England, and finding " no r'jst foe the sole of his foot," died of a broken heart. The Union exists as strongly as ever, but, as in Canada, only interfered with when intimidation is resorted to. The above facts will explain his reference to the Trades and ii^HI TORONTO "CALLED BACK AND jfcJdIGRATlON. i Labor Council, as I presume he is of the non-union party, but on this subject we had no conversation. The presentation of a beautiful copy of Sir William's book, " The Land of the Midnight Sun," being an account of a " Holi- day Cruise in Norwegian Waters," by himself, and his photo- graph, ended this most enjoyable visit, and with pleasant memories sent me on my way once more to the great metropolis of the world, and to my old familiar hotel on King Street, Clieapside, in view of the historical Guildhall. The following is from the pen of Sir William Leng, K.C.M.G. : Forty years ago Toronto, in British Ameri(?a, was a town of twenty thousand inhabitants, with little retail business and still less wholesale trade. There were no grand buildings or rich people, and railways were not even thought of. To-day Toronto has two hundred and thirty five miles of streets, dotted with churches and fine buildings, and illuminated with gas and electric lamps. It has a population of over a hundred and pixty thousand, and it is connected with the groat railways on which one may journey for over three thousand miles across country without changing carriage. During the last eight years its population has doubled, and the increase of some of the British American cities, such as Winnipeg and Vancouver, has even been more rapid than this. The growth of the Canadian Provinces will be more rapid as their millions of acres of rich land now untilled attract the surplus population of Great Britain. How wide is the room for a transfer of population may be gathered from the fact that while the Cana- dian Provinces have thirty times the soil area of the British Isles, they have only one-eighth the population. There is no u'ore judicious advocate of emigration than Mr. Conyngham Crawi'ord Taylor, of Her Majesty's Customs, Toronto, now on a viwit to thiir country. Mr. Taylor is the author of a recent work entitled "Toronto 'Called Back,' from 1888 to 1847," in which book he describes the rapid growth and progress of the cit3\ Mr. Taylor's work is valuable because of the cheering account it gives of the prosperous condition and the brilliant prospects of the Dominion. And the appearance of the book is timely. It is well timed because a certain exclusive association desire in their exclusiveness to straiten the supply of labor in Canada by stopping the emigration of mechanics and skilled artizans from England to the Dominion. These people are would- SUKFFIELD. 79 in the ing ant is lion bor led ild- be monopolists of the Canadian labor market, and having secured admission to, and a footing in, Canada for themselves, they are so well pleased with the advantages of their position that they desite to slam the door and bolt it in the face of the surplus skilletJ labor of the Old Country. Mr. Taylor demonstrates that there is ample room in Canada for millions of new comers, and more especially for such as have, in addition to sobriety and skill, a little capital. The author of " Toronto ' Called Back'" has been forty-two years in the country, and has seen thousands of people begin life with nothing but their own energy, industry, self-reliance, and natural ability to depend upon, and rise to positions of substantial comfoit »nd of inde- pendence. The cultivation of land and the growth of manu- factures show remarkable examples of social and industrial progress. Mr. Taylor affirms that he has .seen more poverty among the waifs, strays, loafers, and casual laborers in a few English towns than he has seen in Canada during the fifteen years which have elapsed since he was last in England — a circumstance partly due to commendable stringency, and a vigilant enforcement of Canadian laws that aim at the repres- sion of medicancy and the discouragement of idling. Mr. Taylor is a decided Fair Trailer, and deems it absolutely indispensable for the growth of the manufacturing industries in Canada that such industries should have a I'air measure of protection against the rival and competitive industries of the United States. He is also an ardent Federationist. He knows that the Canadians are a loyal people, who do because of their loyalty, desire a closer union with this country. It is a remark- able circumstance tli t, notwithstanding Mr. Goldwin Smith's great ability and his persistent advocacy of a commercial union with thy '^nited States, not one Canadian in ten thousand is of Mr. Gold\ n Smith's opinion. Indeed, so signal is the failure of that ablt orofessor to form a party in favor of unrestricted reciprocity ith the United States, that no political party in Canada either does or can afiord to so much as appear to sympathize with the views so energetically urged by him. The Liberal Government of Ontario and the Conservative Govern- ment at Ottawa are working harmoniously to promote the emigration of the better class ol: working-men from England to Manitolm. Mr. Taylor's statistics have in one instance been met in this country with the captious objection that a certain emigrant to Canada has come back to this country, and has excused his doing so by telling his friends that his endeavors to find ti 80 TORONTO "CALLED BACK AND EMIGRATION. H remunerative employment in Canada had failed. Such an objection is captious, in so far as it treats the solitary exception as the rule. W^e know young men who have gone out, some to New Zealand, some to Australia, and others to the Cape* and who have returned with the same story. It is only fair to add that all who knew their habits and tendencies before they left England, expected no better of them. Indeed, in not a few instances, they were liberally assisted with money by their friends in this country in order to have them exported for a time and got comfortably out of the way. In new countries, even more so than in old, the man who succeeds is the man of independent spirit, determined will, sturdy self reliance. In British America men with these qualities may carve their way to fortune, or, at any rat<}, may earn for themselves a comfort- able living. It is no use sending our social failures to the sturdy colonies. The invigorating Canadian air will stimulate physical health, but it is no panacea for moral degeneracy. To live is to labor, even in the most favored regions, and every emigrant who leaves his country for his good, whether it be to Canada, Aust»*alasia, or South Africa, must distinctly under- stand that he is going forth to labor. He is leaving a crowded labor market for one with more room. His condition of life will be more healthful, but he cannot escape the curse that compels the children of this world to earn their bread by the sweat of their brow. It may be said that the rich toil not, neither do they spin. This is quite a mistake. The wealthy f)er.sons who are engaged in works of benevolence, in public ife, or even in managing their own estates, work hard ; while the frivolous and profligate find the constant pursuit of pleasure so laborious and exhaustive, that at the clo.se of a " brilliant season " we learn they are glad to hasten to the sea-side, the moors, or the continent, to rest and recruit ! Capital and labor are what Canada require. Any emigrant who takes either or both of these with him will succeed in colonial life, and will be made welcome by those among whom he has elected to live. LETTERS ON THE DOMINION OF CANADA AS A FIELD FOR EMIGRATION AND THE TARIFF QUESTION. The Immigration Question. To the Editor of The 'EiaviB.E : Sir, — I think it will be admitted that the question of immigration is the most important that can engage the attention of our Governments at present. Of what avail are our splendid Parliament buildings and Departments of Agri- culture if men of brain and muscle, as well as of capital, cannot be induced to come out to Canada to develop our immense, resources ? It was a common saying years ago that every able-bodied mm who left Europe to settle amongst us, although he had not a penny in his pocket, was equivalent to $1,000 added to our national wealth, I am led to these remarks on reading a recent letter from Professor Goldwin Smith, chairman of the combiu>^d associated charities of Toronto, to the editor of a paper in London, and while the facts stated are in the main correct, apart from the qualifications addressed to the conference, yet I am quite sure the letter and all such letters are most injurious to Canada generally, and Toronto in particular. Admitting all that is said about the present distress to be true, which dooa not appear to the ordinary observer, is there any reason to suppose it will continue beyond a few months ? By way of contrast with our present condition allow me to quote an extract fr-~m the British Colonist of August 4th, 1857, the correctness of which I can vouch for from personal knowledge. That paper aays : " Pass where you will you are beset with some sturdy applicant for alms. They dodge you round corners, follow you into shops ; they are to be found at the church steps, and at the door of the theatre ; they infest the entrances to every bank ; they crouch in the lobby of the post-office, assail you on every street, knock at your private residence, walk into your place of busi- ness, and beard you with a pertinacity that takes no denial. In this, nur good city of Toronto, begging has assumed the dignity of a craft. Whole families ■ally forth, and have their appointed round ; children are taught to dissemble, to tell a lying tale of misery and woe, and beg or steal as occasion ofierB." Did Em 82 our people wait till all this misery disappeared, or as it is expressed in the letter, till intending emigrants "satisfied themselves that they would find employment in Canada?" By no means, emigration from Europe went steadily on, and from 1857 to 1871 the population had increased from 45,000 to 56,000, while pessimists and croakers c mtinued to throw obstac'es in the way of emigration agents, who then, as now, did their duty faithfully and well. This is not a time to write lugubrious letters and throw discouragement in the way of these gentlemen, with whom I have had most pleasant correspondence during the last few months. Mr. Byrne, of Liverpool ; Mr. Merrick, of Belfast, formerly an M.P.P. , of Ontario ; Mr. Connolly, of Dublin, and Mr. Graham, of Glasgow, are intelligent, prudent, and judicious men, who would not advise any unsuitable person to come to Canada, nor would the agents of our splendid steamship companies so far lower their character for honor as to encourage any such course as is charged in this letter. Our emigration business is safe in their hands, and what they want is substantial support aud suitable literature to induce the best; class of capitalists and others to come out and invest their surplus wealth in our country. There never was a time (as shown by the falling off last year) when greater efforts will be necessary to induce emigration than the present. The extra- ordinary prosperity prevailing in Great Britain, the high wages (which they do not require us to tell them of), taken in connection with the misrepresentations of our own newspapers and correspondents, add immeusely to the difficulties of the emigration agents at presept. There can be no doubt that many of those securing relief at present in Toronto are tramps who are too idle or lazy to work. I just give one instance of how these persons injure the country. In August last an article app-'ared in the Manchester Examinfr and Timei, headed, in large type, "Starvation in Canada! Warning to Emigrants," and went on to state a case of a woman applying for relief from a police magistrate in Ham- mersmith, London, showing a letter from her son in Manitoba, begging her "to send him money, as he was dying for want of a meal, had to sell his clothes and was as thin as a rat." I was in the office of the High Commissioner in London conversing with Sir Charles Tupper and Mr. Coliner the day the cable despatch arrived from the Government agent in Brandon in reply to the request of Sir Charles for an explanation. It was as follows: "Johns statement is untrue in every par- ticular. Arrived here May 3 ; engaged with farmer for one year ; $6 first month, $10 per month for balance of year ; returned five days after ; would not work unless short time ; painting ; frequently had chances ; no need starving if inclined to work ; left for Winnipeg 22nd July ; had money ; left $5 with a friend ; no English lads returned that I know of." This young lad had stated that forty others had returned to England. The prominence given to this lying statement by the Manchester Examiner with such indecent haste led to other papers quoting it. Being a contradiction of my remarks as to the attractions of Canada and Toronto especially, with the 83 . approbation of Sir Charles Tupper, I undertook 'to show that such statements were utterly false, as stuvation in Canada was next to an impossibility. This paper, of which Professor Smith is said to be the Toronto correspon- dent, is utterly opposed to emigration to Canada, except of the street arabs who infest the vicinity of its offices, and is bitterly opposed to our National Policy, and generally unfriendly to Cetnarl i. Although having changed from being Liberal to be Liberal- Unionist, its free trade prejudices are still extreme. Their idea of emigration is that they cannot spare the people Canada would take, and we will not take the class they can spare. The professor speaks of "a great immigration of wealth." Perhaps he can show how many of these wealthy immigrants there are. There certainly must be few in Toronto. If he reads its history he will find that the capitalists, merchant princes and other employers of to-day were the employees of a former time, and from the ranks of the lighter and more intellectual callings, such as those of clerks and shopmen, of which, he s.iys, " the market is overstocked," although the same reports have been given for forty years, have sprung such men as Sir George Stephen, and scores of others whose names can be given. A young man having a good business training can adapt himself to the circumstances of a new country, and become an important member of society. Yours, etc., Toronto, January 28th, 1890. C. C. Taylor. The Tariff Question. To the Editor o/The Empire : Sir, — In reading the daily papers, and the variouR opinions expressed by writers, it appears as if tar fif reform was in the air, and that the reform of the tariff was the panacea for all the supposed grievances of this unhappy country. To analyze the opinions of some of these writers, it would appear that those who know least of the subject by practical experience are most pronounced and sweeping in their statements, and, no doubt, some of these newly-fledged doctrinaires would undertake to revolutionize the whole system. It is not very long ago since I heard one of these political economists state that the British North A.r.ierica Ace " must be changed," of course, to suit his individual tl'cories. This reminded me of a conversation I once had with a gentleman in the States, who did not believe ii. a monarchical form of Government ; when I quoted the Soiipture which says, '' Fear God and honor the King," he replied, " If the Bible says so, I do not belie /e the Bible." No doubt some of these iconoclasts would, in the same way, um^ertake to reform th *. British Constitu- tion the building up of which having occupied about a thousand years being no obstacle in their way, considering tliey have come on the stage in this /?« de Steele with advanced ideas, and have shaken off old fogyism and established precedents as relics of a bygone age. , , ,- In Canada the tariff hac been undergoing reform for over half a century, and under all political forms vi Government. The reforming of the tariff may T^ 84 be either by raising or lowering the rate of duty, according to the altered circumatances of the country, and this has been done with wonderful skill and judgment on the part of the legislators of Canada from time to time. In order to arrive at a proper conception of the position of Canada on this question, and the various opinions as to what is best, the experience of other nations must be taken into account, and first to be dealt with is the question of the so-called Free trade of (jreat Britain, which some of our theorists advise us to imitate. Unfortunately for these gentlemen free trade does not exist in Great Britain, as far as it applies to the taxation of the people. It is only the name, without the reality. A free breakfast table is entirely unknown in Great Britain, as a large portion of her revenue is derived from tea and coffee, which in one year amounts to nearly £20,000,000 sterling, or $100,000,000— both of which are free in Canada. In addition to the customs tariff there is the revenue tariff, which includes spirits, malt, beer, licenses for dogs, carriages, armorial bearings, guns, men servants, auctioneers, vendors of tobacco, wines and spirits, railway passenger duty, stamp duty for legal documents, land tax, property and income tax, post-office and telegraph profits, etc. The above yielded a revenue in 18S8, the year previous to my visit, of £89,802,254, or $449,000,000, a taxation of $12 per head of the population. The same year the revenue of Canada was $38,000,000, or about $7 per head of our population, and with this difference, that the British revenue afforded no protection to any trade or industry, while the Canadian revenue afforded protection to our industries without oppressing any class of the population, but making a home market and keeping large numbers of operatives employed. The exodus from Great Britain by those wanting employment is far and away greater than that of any nation in Europe, without including Ireland. To the above taxation has to be added the poor rates, which are a heavy burden on the owners of property. Free trade in EnglanI has had as little to do with its commercial supremacy as the last transit of Venus. The agencies which contributed to England's greatness were ( 1 ) the fact that long before they were free traders they were the greitest commercial nation the world ever saw ; (2) the energy, genius and peraeverence of her people, which developed itself in the substitution of steam for manual labor, which conceived and, out of which conception, produced the steam engine, the electric telegraph, the spinning jenny, the power loom, and the steam hammer, in fact, which brought about all these great revolutions in labor-saving and time expediting machinery which have been so great a boon to mankind ; (.3) the possession of India and the colonies. The doctrine of free trade is sountl in theory, and would have been equally sound in practice, had every nation in the world been so benefically created by nature as to be able, each in its turn, to produce something more advantageously than its neighbors. If this dream of a commercial millenium could only have been realized, there can be no question that the Enuflith people would have been happy. The income t ix would have carried no terror along with it, work hous-^s would have been empty, saving banks full, and the names of Cob)U8e8 like the Army and Navy stores in London would be able to execute orders and ship goods to private parties, who, if custom restrictions were removed, would at ouce avail themselves of the opportunity, and in this way our present splendid retail ttores would only have the "skimmed milk," while the cream would be enjoyed by houses in London, Manchester and Paris, not to speak of New York, Boston and Philadelphia. This would mean an exodus of thousands of young men and women who are earning their livelihood in these large stores, and the stiff of 4,000 employes in the Army and Navy stores in London would require a large increase to carry on what is now our business. Just as the provincial towns in England see their business carried to London by postal and telegraph facilities, by removing all customs restrictions, would the retail trade of Canada be ruined, every business would suffer. The number of vacant stores would multiply and the occupation of our tradesmen and shopkeepers would he gone. As it is in England now, watches and fine jewellery are sent on approbation to any part of the country, selections made and balance returned. Sheffield manu- facturers would supply families with cutlery and electro plate, without inter- mediate profits. The Staffordshire potteries would send china and earthenware. Merchant tailors would soon find their customers being supplied with patterns and rules for self-measurement, and the clothing delivered to any person writing to London or Manchester with only expense of carriage. Ladies' dresses, underclothing of all kinds, hosiery, gloves, handkerchiefs, table linen, carpets, all would be supplied directly to order. I have now before me the catalogue of the Army and Navy stores, comprising 1,500 pages, with illustrations of every article and price list from which selections are easily made, and of which any person can avail himself or his family. Everything from a box of pills to a wedding cake, or a bottle of pickles to a hundred guinea dinner service can 87 be ordered. Birmingham would supply stationpry and fancy goods, and so through the whole range of articles for clothing and house furnishings, no stores for supplying people at homi; would be required and a large saving would be effected by the customer. Even Santa Glaus wnuld remove his head(juarters to Germany and supply the children direct from the manufacturers. This woukl indeed be a great boon, but after all it might be asked ciii bono? when the tax collector, asking for $7.00 per capita to make up the deficiency, would come round. As in everything else there are two sides to the question, which would be felt m jst, the direct or indirect mode ? One thing is certain, the failures in Toronto and throughout the Dominion with a 124 per cent, tariflf were double what they are to-day, which I am prepared to prove by actual experience and knowledge. The producers are in every way more prosperous, while there is more money in the hands of consumers and the purchasing power of a dollar much greater than in the time of the lowest tariff for ha'f a century. In anticipation of adverse criticism, I beg to state that my opinions were formed years before the National Policy was thought of, and were fully con- firmed during six years after <;he American war, when I represented the great free-trade house of Manchester, the firm of Potters & Martin, the head being Mr. Thomas Bailey P(jtter, M.P. , the contemporary of Cobden and Bright, and then and now cliiiirman of the Cobden or Free Trade League of Kiiglmd. During that time I lo^k orders for English and German goodi from New York to St. Louis, having ".Morgan's ' tariff as a vode mecum, the average of which was 60 per cent, in gold, which alone was taken for duty, the premium being then from 16 to 30 per cent. During that pericid 1 saw our goods closed out of the United States to the extent of prohibition as far as they ere making similar goods themselves, while their manufactures increased with astonishing rapidity ; tens of thousands of skilled artisans were brought out from Europe and millions of money kept in the country that formerly went to England and Germany. During this time they were sending their goods into (ireat Britain free of duty and selling them at our very doors, tiking the bread out of the mouths of English operatives and compelling manufacturers to seek other markets for their goods. In 1889 I stated these facts publicly in Lancashire on various platforms, always selecting a radical free trader as chairman, and in every case met with the hearty thanks of the meetings for the information I gave from actual experience. In another letter 1 will show the effect that free trade, or a general reduction of the tariff, would have on the manufacturing interests, mechanics and artisans, the agricultural class and the general consumer. As I stated in Great Britain I representtd no Government or party, but all I said was on my own responsiltility. I now repeat the same, and have most abundant evidence to show the folly of speaking of our young men having to leavti home to escape a revenue averaging 20 to 25 per cent, and rush into one of more than double. Toronto, February \3th, 1890. C. C. Taylob. 88 \ . -i.i The Inadvisability of Smashing the Tariff. To the Editor of TuK Empirr. , Sir, — It might be supposed that those Canadians who are so fond of making comparison with the United Stat^a and the wonderful prosperity there enjoyed, would, for the sake of consistency as well as self interest, advocate the same fiscal arrangements that have produced such a marvelous development of their resources and built up manufacturing industries at a rate unparalleled in the world. If a tariff of 00 per cent, thus accomplished such results and increased their wealth to such an extent in a few years, would it not be wise for Canada to follow her example by doubling her present tariff, and by prohibition exclude their manufactures ? This would appear to be the logical mode of argument in discussing the question, and as it is nothing but a dream to suppose that any Government in the United States, whether Democratic or Republican, would dare to make any considerable reduction in the tariff, under their present circumstances, with untold millions of pensions to pay and a large national debt, one would suppose that Canadians would feel contented and congratulate themselves on the comparatively light burdens they have to bear, and still enjoy quite as great prosperity with one-half the taxation. It is undoubtedly true that any attempt to break down the protective tariff in the United States would, as a Philadelphia paper expresses it, be "as ineffectual as to attempt to knock down a stone wall with a rotten tomato." The facts and figures so often quoted, showing the wonderful progress made in Canada in the increase of her manufacturing establishments, the immense number of operatives employed, and the consequent diffusion of capital through all classes of the community, ought to convince any reasonable person of the wisdom of guarding these great interests with jealous care, while having a hostile and grasping neighbor ready to pounce upon our tra le and create an exodus of our people, compared with which all previous experience would be as " a drop in the bucket." The space you so kindly afford will not permit of any statistics to show the actual progress made'with only a trifling advance from a revenue tariff with incidental protection, to one which manufacturers admit to be sufficient to enable them to compete, but these are constantly published and easily referred to. If this were removed, which is well understood in England to be not from any unfriendly feeling towards the mother country, but as a matter of self- preservation from a competition at our doors, the result can be easily foreseen. To be as brief as possible, I will only quote from a report of my statement made in the Exchange hall of Blackburn, Lancashire, and other places in 1889, and endorsed by all the fair trade papers in the district. I then said : "The immediate result of a reduction in the tariff would be to create a panic all over the country. Manufacturers would withdraw their capital ; factories would be closed ; thousands and tens of thousands would be thrown out of employment. ; 1 ouses would be vacant ; real estate would collapse ; the market for agricultural produce would be curtailed, and as the Unite'd States have a surplus for exportation that market would not absorb what at present is 89 as lUgh the ig a ,te an 36 as required at home. Canada would again be flooded with American manufactures, and the money expemifd at home would go to a foreign country where our people would be compelled to follow it, and Cmada would be thrown back in the march of progresit in which she is now making such rapid strides." The Exprean and Standard, commenting on these and other statements said : " The lecturer is an outspoken Canadian who has picked up his opinions in the best of all schools, experience? the tutor in which deals with nothing but facts, and makes the most abject tomfoolery of the theories of the mere faddists, who try to make facts square with their cranks rather than seek to reduce their cranks by the incontrovertible logic of facts. It seems very strange that these young communities should be sending over to England missionaries of light and leading, destined in the long rua to teach us that the true commercial gospel is that of self-interest, honestly looking out for ourselves, and that high falutin moral rot is not the kind of thing upon which they run their factories and their workshops. " By-and-bye England, like Canada and the children of the Cape and Australia, will begin to consider that her chief duty is to look after her own interests and her own people, "ad not to provide an open market for all the world, in which tie foreigners take the bread out of the mouths of her own workers. " To show the state of the country under a 12^ per cent, tariff, I quote from Toronto "Called Back " in ISf)? : So depressed was trade in Toronto that hundreds of persons in the city who had heretofore enjoyed all the ordinary comforts of life, for the first time felt the sharp pinch of poverty. There was much suffering and want among the laboring classes with a corresponding amount of drunkenness and crime. There is good reason to believe that several persons died of sheer starvation. For the first time in her history her streets swarmed with mendicants. The Britixh ColonUl of August 4th says : " Pass where you will you are beset with some sturdy applicant for alms ; they dodge you round corners, follow you into shops ; they are to be found at the church steps and at the door of the theatre ; they infest the entrance to every bank ; they crouch in the lobby of the post office, assail you on every street, knock at your private residence, walk into your place of business, and beard you with a pertinacity that takes no denial. In this, our good city of Toronto, begging has assumed the dignity of a craft. Whole families sally forth and have their appointed rounds. Children are taught to dissemble, to tell a lying tale of misery and woe, and beg or steal as occasion offers," There was a general smash amongst business houses, one Toronto firm alone having liabilities in Great Britain of over $2,000,000, and ultimately paying Is. 9d. on the pound. These city failures brought untold disaster on the country store keepers, and at the bottom of the trouble were the farmers who, with wheat at 50 cents a bushel, and almost entirely dependant on that, there being no cheese or other products for shipment compared with the present, could not pay their debts, although they got from one to three years' credit. Of what avail was a low tariff under these circumstances? — -- - 90 ri; \,:. Being through the manufacturing districts of Great Britain that year I heard everywhere, not only of failures in Canada, but in the United States, the euormous sum of Btty millions sterling of their liabilities to British houses being unprovided for, and .Fohn Bull as usual had to bear the brunt. This was a bad lookout, as British capital to the amount of £450,000,000 was invested in the United States at that time. To show her gratitude to Great Britain after the American war she raised a tariff wall of over 60 per cent, to exclude British manufactures. Assuming that the manufacturing industries of the country could not exist without the protection at present aiforded, and the experience of the past under a revenue tariff amply proves the fact, it would follow that the value of machinery and tools employed, amounting to over $80,000,000, would be immediately jeopardised, if not rendered useless, and as the interest of the manfacturers and their operatives are insepirably connected, the collapse of the factories would be followed by the exodus of the latter to the number of 400,000, an increase in ten years of nearly 130,000. The food and clothing used by the army would be supplied by a foreign country, and by so much lessen the demand on the farmers and the merchants. Of 75,000 industrial establishments many would be closed and the dwellings of the army of opera- tives ueceasarily vacated. In view of the present conditions of things and the certain result of a radical ohe.nge in the system, it may be appropriately said ; " Look at this picture and then at th*t," It would indeed be going back to the starvation times of 1857. There is no class of people in any country in the world so lightly taxed ka the farmers of Canada. I do not intend to go into exceptional cases, such as binder twine and coal oil, which I presume are easily adjusted, but in every article of necessity and comfort, the farmer has everything his own way. In addition to a large free list of articles for his use, he has the option of purchasing every- thing required for his use and that of his family without a single cent of taxa- tion. He can clothe himself and family from top to toe, and furnish his house from the carpet on the floor to the electro-plate on his table without paying a penny of duty to the (Government while he is pocketing the proceeds of the sale of his produce from the producers of the articles he weais and with which he furnishes his home, and at tlie same time he escapes the visits of the tax collector, who would soon present his bill to make up for the deficiency in the revenue which must inevitably result from a reduction of the tariff. To those families who periodically visit the old country aud supply th^jmselves with food, clothing and furniture, thereby depriving our tradesmen and shopkeepers so far of thb means of earning a livelihood, a reduction of the tariff would be as welcome as water to a thirsty sou!, but if all restrictions were removed every consumer who could write a letter would cjually share the benefits, and the only classes outside to reap the advantage would be the express and postul departments, whoy his efiforts in this way give evidence of the gv.od impression he created. Mr. Taylor's patriotic endeavors are very praiseworthy. Our city authorities might find less eflfective methods of making Toronto favorably known than by the distribution of some of his books at the coming exhibition in Jamaica. From the " Christian Guardian," December 17th, 1890. There can be no doubt of Mr. Taylor's enthasiasm about the city of his choice, or of his competence to speak of its business advantages and prospects. Those who found so much useful information about Toronto in the former volume will find it supplemented by factH in this one. While abroad on his latest trip, Mr. Taylor did good work for Toronto in making it better known whenever the opportunity presented itself. From the " North Ender," March 28th, 1891. As a medium for advertising the city of Toronto it has no equal. So con- vinced was the late Hon. John Macdonald of its value in this respect that he strongly recommended the plan of placing a copy of the work in every British library at present unsupplied. Several hundred of the most prominent men of the city— bankers, capitalists, merchants, manufacturers, members of the Board of Trade, etc., etc. — have also expressed the same views. The opinions of the English press are als) equally favorable. From all quarters the con- fession comes that not until they had read " Toronto ' Called Back ' " did they ever liave a correct idea of the grandeur and advancement of our city. This being the character of the book, it is evident tliat its general distribution throughout Britain could only result beneficially for Toronto and the Dominion generally. And especially is it desirable that at the present juncture, when manufacturers are making arrangements to remove their plant and machinery from Great Britain to the United States, the advantages of Toronto as a manu- facturing and distributing centre should be widely proclaimed. Would it not be a good idea for the City Council to purchase four or five hundred copies of the work and have them placed in all the public libraries througu^yut the British Empire? It is absolutely certain that the results would justify the investment — a remark which, unfortunately, cannot be made of all the schemes upon which the " city fathers " are pleased to expend the people's money. 100 From the " Mail," April 27th, 1891. A matter that will come before tbe City Council this evening ia the recom- mendation of the Executive Committee that the city purchatte some 450 copies of Mr. C. C. Taylor's work, "Toronto 'Callkd Back,' " which are now held at various points in the United Kingdom for distribution. The recommendation is one that should be accepted without hesitation, a'r no better or cheaper means of advertising this city and making its progress known in England could well be found. Several copies of Mr. Taylor's excellent book placed in every public library in the United Kingdom would be a lasting and most efifectual advertisement of Toronto's greatness and prosperity. From Ex- Alderman John Harvle. Dear Sir, — I have perused your very interesting and instructive book, entitled " Toronto ' Called Back,' " and have been much struck with the faith- ful representations it contains regarding the ♦•apid growth and progress of this city, with which I have been conversant since my settlemt-nt here in 1852. I have sent copies of it to friends in the United States and Europe, and I feel sure the liberal distribution of your valuable book on board the ocean steamers, and other public places, could not fail to be of great benefit, not only to our Queen City of the West, but also to the Province of Ontario. (Signed) John Harvik. Mr. Henry E. Johnston, Librarian Public Library, Gateshead-on- Tyne, says : " The book, Toronto 'Called Back,' has been issued thirty-three times to rei^ders, which is a very fair average of issues of our popular books." Mr. John D. Mullins, Chief Librarian, Central Free Library, Birmingham, writes : "The copy of your book, Toronto 'Called Back,' presented by the Mayor and Aldermen of Toronto, ia in demand, and as the interest in Canada is certain to increase, the demand for your book is likely to grow. On behalf of the Free Library's Committee, I shall have much pleasure in accepting a copy of the third edition for the Central Lending Department." Mr. J. Woolman, Librarian, Watford, writes : " Your book, Toronto ' Called Back,' has been issued seventeen times, and as it may be kept a fortnight it has therefore been in use for the greater part of the time since it was added to the Lending Library. There is a fair interest in Canada and Canadian aifxirs here, several large parties having emigrated thither but shortly." 101 )e8, bter fair ing F. H. Hibbert, Esql., F.S.S., Mayor of Ghorley, Lancashire, writes: " Though emigration to the Dominion of Canada has gradually increased from 7,720 in 1877 to 3i,753 in 18S8, it has in the same period increased to the United States from 45,481 to 195,986, a lamentable state of things to me, an Englishman, a state of things which can only be accounted for by the extensive information possessed by our people concerning the resources of the United States and a comparative dearth of intelligence concerning Canada. This your book will remedy. May it have an extensive circulation." From G. F. Frankland, Esq., Alderman. On board the "Carthaginian," River St. Lawrence, July 18th, 1888. Editor "Empire."— I do trust that on my return to Canada I shall not be accused of neglecting my duty for eight weeks— May and June — on a previous trip. I distributed the book, "Toronto 'Called Back,'" with the object of showing the farmers and agriculturists of England that, for a city like Toronto, there must be grand farms to build up such a commercial interest, and never once did I invite any one to leave England for the purpose of staying in the city. The lines of trade with which I am connected have introduced millions of dollars into the city of Toronto, and my desire is that we may be so understood and appreciated in the Mother Land as to give them a perfect knowledge of our resources. (Signed) G. F. Frankland. From G. F. Frankland, Esq., Alderman- In "The Queen's Jubilee AND Toronto 'Called Back'" I consider you have done a great and good work through the benefit of consolidating the wonderful advances made towards a successful future for our city. To the rea ler in Great Britain, and indeed to any European mind, it will be fascinating, and will cause much meditative thought to the earnest parent who, with a large family, has to determine where he must emigrate. Yours sincertly, (Signed) G. F. Frankland. From the " Christian Guardian," March 6th, 1889. This is an enlarged and revised edition, containing the progress of Toronto from 1886 to 1888. Mr. Taylor's excellent book has already been noticed by us. The present edition is, it is scarcely necessary to say, an improvement on the first. It contains several views not included in the first edition. We have no doubt that if the book were m"re widely circulated in Great Britain, it would make the attractions and advuatages of Toronto much better known. — '- ^ H IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V io 7 s >% .^ <> C/j fA '^ ^' 1.0 I.I 1^ 150 1^ m 1^ 1^ IIIIIM m m Ui u Ui 11^ ^ ^ im il.25 14 IIIIII.6 v} ^ /}. o /a a ^fJ> % > V] />^ '/ /A Photographic Sciences Corporation fV \ \ \ ; v-./^o ^^.If ^-^\ ^1} ■<^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 kT #? ^^ M o\ 102 From the " Canadian Manufacturer,* February Ist, 1&89. Mr. Taylor is an accomplished writer ; his narrative is couched in choice and pure language, and there is a fascination about the book that compels the reader to keep it before his eyes until every pn-je of it has been carefully read. Previous editions of this book have been circulated extensively across the water, and copies of it are to be found in all the more importaiit libraries in Great Britain. This is well, for the advantage to Toronto of its circulation among the best class of intending emigrants to Canada cannot be over- estimated, and in this connection we think it would be well if the Ontario Government would liberally supply the emigration agents with copies of Mr, Taylor's book for distribution abroad among the smaller manufacturers and capitalists who might be induced to settle in Toronto, and so help to increaae her greatness. From James Bain, Jr., Chief Librarian, Public Library. Toronto, February 7th, 1889. Dear Sir, — I am sure that a free distribution of your book in England and Scotland would do good. Too much of the matter which is distributed consists of ephemeral booklets, which are intended for agriculturists, but nothing hab been done, that I am acquainted with; in the way of showing small manufac- turers what inducements there are to remove their works to the cities and towns of our Province. At present when the growtli of large manufactories is one of the features of the day, we should do our utmost to develop the small handicrafts as a precaution against periods of distress and difHculties. Yours sincerely, (Signed) James Bain, Jr. From W. C. VanHorne, Esq., President Canadian Pacific Railway Co. MoNThEAL, March 3rd, 1889. I am greatly obliged for the copy of the third edition of your book, "Toronto 'Called Back,'" which you have been so good as to send me. I have not yet had time to read it through, but I have already found in it much valuable information, and I feel sure that your work will do a great deal of good. Yours very truly, (Signed) W. C. VanHorne. From " Saturday Ni?ht." April 13th, 1889. .Mr. Taylor's book would be invaluable for distribution amongst that large class of Old Country *olk who are not quite rich enough to live well in England, but who have sutlici tnt income to make them comfortable in Canada, and support a place in what is really our worthiest society. 103 Prom Hon. John Macdonald, Senator. The Sknatb, Canada, xMarch 12th, 1889 I quite concur in the opinion of Mr. P. Byrne, of the Ontario (Jovernment Agency Ltverpool, that "if a lil,eral supply of your book were placed in the hands of the Government agents in Great Britain, to be distributed at their discretion amongst the well to-do class of emigrants, that much benefit would olTaHo IT ? l"T-" ' ""^'' '' *"^*''^^ '''^'^ ''' -y«- ^-^ --l^ add Untario Itrust the Government may see the matter in that light, as lam persuaded the amount spent iu tlmt way would be money wisely laid out. Very truly yours, (Signed) John Macdonald. From the Rev. John Potts, D.D., General Secretary, Methodist Educational Society. Toronto, April 19th, 1889. fU " '^''ZT^n^"'''^"''' ^^""'^ '"'''' ^''^ "'" '""'^h ^'*1»« both to the aged and theyouthul of Toronto, and is not less valuable to those thinking of making Toronto the.r home. 1 would like to see this new edition havFng a large crculatton ,n the Old Cmntry, as 1 think it would direct a desirable class of emigrants to Toronto. (y^ j j^,^^ Office of High Commissioner of Canada, 9 Victoria Chambers, London, 26th September, 1889. Dear SiR,-Sir Charles Tupper directs me to inform you that he was much gratified to learn the success of your work in Ireland, and he trusts that the good results will ecjual your anticipations. With regard to your suggestion to place a number of copies of your book in the hands of the agents of the Government in Great Britain for distribution, ^.r Charles 1 upper is of the opinion that if you can induce the Minister oj Agriculture to sanction this, they could be disposed of with advantage and service to the Dominion. Yours faithfully, ARTH0R W. Reynolds, Anshtant Secretary. From Wilmot D. Matthews, Esq., President of Toronto Board of Trade. I have read with much pleasure your book, "Toronto 'Called Back '" Ihe memories it calls up are very pleasing to older residents, and being tlioroughly Canadian in sentiment, its wide distribution would certainly advance the interests of our fair city and province very materially. Yours truly, " --: -^ ~^-" '-—"■-'' {Signed) Wilmot D. Matthews. T 101 From the "Canadian Manufacturer," November 21st, 1890. Toronto " ' Callkd Back' " was widely and judiciously distributed in the /)ld Country, and is to be found in many of the public libraries in the United Kingdom ; and it is to the information contained therein, and the well known character of the author, which is a guarantee for the correctness of what is therein stated, that a great many of the most desirable class of British emigrants have directed their footsteps towards Canada, and are now con- tributing to her wealth and prosperity. The book here under cunsideration is written in a most pleasant style, in which a great deal of information is given concerning the pUces visited and the persons met during a summer vacation. As might well be imagined, in all his intercourse abroad Mr. Taylor was persistent in advancing the claims of Canada to be a most delightful and desirable country, and just the place for those who desired to better their condition to emigrate to. Copy of Letter from the Late Hon. John Macdonald. Oaklands, Avenue Road, Nov. 19th, 1889. My Dear Taylor,— I have betore expressed myself in reference to the value of your work, " Toronto ' Called Back,' " and of its special significance as a means of aH'ording immigrants most useful information. Your recent visit to Great Britain, and your kindly reception in the leading cities in which your ett'orts were devoted to making Canada better known, adds still further to its value. I hope that your effort with the Council, to induce them to take the 450 copies which you have now with the Ontario Emigration Agent in Liverpool, may be successful, that they may be placed in British libraries at present unsupplied, and also with those emigration agents who have expressed a desire to have them. Very truly yours, (Signed) John Macdonald. We fully concur in the oj)inion of Senator Macdonald as to the advantage of the further distribution of Mr. Taylor's book, "Toronto 'Called Back.'" amongst the public libraries of (Jreat Britain, and through the emigration agencies. Signed (in order received) — John Beverley Robinson, ex-Lieutenant- Governor of Ontario, W. A. Murray & Cf). Joseph Walker, of Walker & Sons, A- & 8. Nordheimer, J. E. Ellis. T. G, Mason, of Mason & Risch. Thos. Thompson & Sons. Rnbt. J. Griffith. Richard Brown, of Brown Bros. W. R. Brock. Rolph, Smith & Co. J. H. Noverre. Wyld, (irasett & Darling. R. H. Gray & Co. E. & A. (4unther. William Blight. John Leys, jun. (Rice Lewis & Son). James AJorrison. Kivas TuUy, C.E. William Briggs, D.D. C. Brough, Bank of Montreal. 105 450 igeof :k."' I'ation The Telfer Manufacturing Co. Frederick Nicholls. Manufacturers' As- sociation. McGaw & VVinnett. John Baxter ex -Alderman. J. Morrison, Uovernor British America Assurance Co. J. H. Ewart, Agent Eastern Assurance Co. C. D. Massey, The Massey Manufac- turing Co. A. H. (iilbert, ex- Alderman. James Crocker, ex- Alderman. J. C. Aikins, ex-Lieut. -CJovernor of Manitoba. Octavius Newcombe & Co. John f'otts, D.D. Edward Gurney. of E. &(/. Gurney Co., Limited. Stapleton Caldecott, of Messrs. Calde- cott. Burton & Co. Mark H. Irish. Nerlich & Co. Arthur Toronto (Right Rev. Bishop Sweatman) W. H. Beatty, of Beatty, Chadwick, Blackstock & Co. R. A. Baiton, of Barton, Son & Co. J. & J. Taylor. Robt J. Heming, J.P., ex-Alderman. Clarence J. McCuaig, of McL'uaig & Mainwaring. John F. Ellis, of Barber & Ellis Co. J. H. Mason, President Canada Perma- nent Society. J. Harvie, ex -Alderman. W. Millichamp, ex-Ah'erman. Hon. G. C. McKindsey, Senator, Hon. J as. Lougheed, Senator. Hon. Robert Read, Senator. W. 1). Perley. M.P. M. Sheard, architect. Geo. Smith & Co. , woollen manufact'rs. vSirC. S Gz.wski, K.C.M G., A.D.C. Frederick Perkins (Perkins, Ince & Co. Rev. Henry Scadding, D.D., author of "Toronto of Old." S. F. May, M.D., Education Depart- ment. J. Geo. Hodgins, LL.D., ex- Deputy Minister of Education. F. H. 'I'orrington. B. Homer Dixon, Consul of the Nether- lands. David Plews, President St. George's Society, Frederick N. Law, Commander R.N. G. A. Sweeny, Colonel. W. T. A ikons, M.D. Daniel Clark, M.D., President St. An- drew's Society. E. A. Stafford, D.D., LL.D. F. Somers, Chairman Public School Board. Sir W. P. Howland, K.C.M.G., ex- Lieut. -uoveruor of Ontario. Rt. Hon. Sir John A Macdonald,G.C.B. Hon. Thos. Grc^nway, Premier of Manitoba. Hon. Sir Thos. Gait, K.C.M.G., Chief Justice. Alfred R. Selwyn, C.M.G., LL.D., F. R.S., Director of Geological De- partment. J. Thorburn, LL.D., Librarian, Geo- logical Museum. Sandford Kleming, C.M.G., C.E. J. R. Armstrong & Co. F. Armstrong, Lie. M.B. Macfarlane, McKinley & Co. James Dobson, I. P. Thomas Lailey. J. P. Edward Bull, M D. Ontario Straw Goods Mfg. Co., per Kobt. Crean, manager. A. Nelson, proprietor Rossin House. Thos. G. Rice. F. A. Heintzman, for Heintznian Co. Hon. John Schultz, Lieut. -(Governor of Manitoba. Josepli Tait, M.L.A , ex- Alderman. J. Austin, President Dominion Bank. W. H. Pearson, Manager Gas Co. Hon. Sirl). L. Macpherson, K.C.M.G. W. T. C. N'andersmissen, Librarian, University. George Pears. W. Mulock. Q.C., M.P., Chancellor of University. Jas. Beavy, Q.C., ex M.P. , ex-Mayor, Chas. Boeckh & Sons. R. A. Wood (Stewart & Wood). Joseph McCausland & Son. J. S. Russell, Brush & Co. Hon. John E. Rose, Ju(lge. R. C. Mainwaring (McCuaig & Main- waring). Henry C'awthra. H. P. D wight, Manager G.N.W. Tele- graph Co. John I. Davidson (Davidson & Hay). F. Barlow CumlieHand. Lieut.-Col. Fred. C. Denison, C.M.G,, M.P, John Woods, ex-Alderman. 106 John W. Carter, Orand Secretary Sons of ''nglanil Society. Bryant, (iil)son & Co. Dr. Oronhyatfikha, S. C. R. of I. 0. F. John McGillivray, Q.C., Mayor of Ux- l)iiilge. Jas. Stanbury & Co. Edward Galley, ex Alderman. Jas. Lobb, ex Alderman. Wm. B Hamilton, Son & Co. R. A. Pyne, M 1). J. J. Withrow, ex-Alderman. C. E. Englisli, barrister. Robert Cuthbert. Kobort Bell, ex. MP. P., ex- Alderman. 1). Mo Michael Q.C., LL.D. Thos. Hiirbottle, Captain, Lloyds' Sur- veyor. H. Piper, ex-Alderman. Hooper & Co. Isaac C. Ciimour. Musson & Morrow. D' Alton McCarthy, Q.C., MP. R. L. Patterson (Millar & Richard). Warring Kennedy (Samson, Kennedy & Co.), ex-Alderman G. R. R. Cockburn. M.P. J. Imrie (Imrie & G'aham). R. W. Prittie. H. H. Cook, M.P. W. C. He wish. Paul Von Szeliski (representing W. H. C. Kerr). Wm. Christie. Christie Brown & Co. G. B. Smith, M.P.P. ((4. B. Smith & Partners). A. M. Smith, ex-M.P. (Smith & Keighley). Alex. W. Murdock. G. VV. M>^Lean Rose (Rose Publishing Co). Mc Master & Co. H. Blain (Eby, Blain & Co). H. N. Baird (Crane & Baird). Arthur B. Lee (Rice Lewis & Son). W. K. McNaught, Sec.-Treas. Watch Case Co. D. W. Alexander. W. D Mattliews, ex-President Board of i'rade. A. A. Allan (A. A. Allan & Co). Paul Campbell (Joan Macdonald & Co. ). D. R, Wilkie, Manager Imperial Bank. Geo. Leslie (Geo. Leslie & Son). R. Jaffray. E. Rogers, ex-Alderman. Wilkins Bros. Ji»8eph Dilworth. Miles Vokes, ex-Alderman. Benjamin Lloyd. A. W. Carrick. Geo. S. Booth, ex-Alderman. John Kay, Son & Co. A. M. Gianelli, Consul for Italy. R. H. Bowes (Meredith, Clark, Bowes &Co.). W. H. Howland, ex- Mayor. Hugh Soott, Queen City Chambers. C. W. Bunting, "The Mail." Larrett W Smith, Q.C., D.C.L. W. H. Wilson, Bank of Montreal. Jas. Brandon, ex-Alderman. Alex. Brown. ■lohn Donogh, William Ince (Perkins, Ince & Co.). J. A. Donaldson, Immigration Agent. Taylor Bros. John Moore, F.C. A., ex-Alderman, John Irwin, ex-Alderman. E. Leadley. T. C. Patteson, Postmaster. John Brown. W. B. McMurrich, ex-Mayor. D. MacLean. K. Samuel (M. & L. Samuel, Benjamin &Co.). W. J. Gage. Flett, Lowndes & Co. Joh" C. Swait, ex-Alderman. A. i,i. Boswell, ex- Mayor, H. Strathy, Manager Traders' Bank. Philip Jacobi. Frank Moses, ex-Alderman. S. F. McKinnon. H. S. Howland, Sons & Co. Gordon, Mackay & Co. W. Bryce. Standing of Gentlkmen Signing the Above Recommendation. The Premier of the Dominion. Tlie Premier of Manitoba. The Lieut. -Governor of Manitoba. 4 i^'x- Lieut. -Governors of Ontario. 4 Senators. , 5 Ex-Mayors. 4 Members of Dominion Parliament. 2 Members of Ontario Parliament. 18 Ex-Aldermen. 1 3 Members Council of Board of Trade. 36 Merchants. 28 Manufacturers. 4 Bankers. 4 Ex- Members of Parliament. 107 3 Capitalists. 7 Estate Agents. 4 Insurance Agents. 3 Hotel Proprietors. 7 Barristers and Q.C.'s. 1 Architect. 2 Artists. 1 Emigration Agent. 1 Lloyds Surveyor. Postmaster of Toronto. Bishop of Toronto. 1 Baronet. 4 Knights. 2 Judges. 3 Presidents National Societies. S.C.R. Independent Order of Foresters. 2 Ex Presidents Board of Trade. Manager North- West Telegraph Com- pany. Ex-Deputy Minister of Education. 3 Foreign Consuls. Managing Director of Mail. President Canada Permanent Society. Director of Geological Department. Manager of Gas Company. Chairman Public School Board. Commander Royal Navy. 4 Medical Doctors. 2 Justices of Peace. 1 Professor of Music. bnt. rrade. Distribution of "Toronto 'Called Back'" Three hundred copies have been distributed by the City Council amongst the public librai'ies of Great Britain and Ireland, and on board the ocean steamers, in the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Aberdeen, and Trinity and Maynooth Colleges in Ireland. At the In