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The facts bearing upon the first two divisions of my sul)ject are sufficiently clearly defined in the records of tlie Depart- ment of Agriculture, which is also the Department of Statistics of the Dominion Government. Pauperism, however, as it is understood in the United Kingdom and among European nations, has, fortunately for Canada, no existence. I do not mean to say that we have no poor needing assistance. No considerable communities are without orphans, whose parents have left them without means of support ; or old and infirm men and women, who have passed the period of life in which they can work for themselves, yet who have not succeeded in making provision from their savings for their declining years ; or even some men who, from lack of energy or thrift, or evil habits, seem to prefer to be fed than to work. But the proportion borne by these classes to the population is very small. A detailed record of tlie main facts in regard to the popu- lation of Canada, from the earliest European settlement to the present time, may be found, in the volumes of the Canadian census for the two decennial periods of 1871 and 1881, com- piled under the careful and learned superintendence of Dr. Tach^. I am also indebted for notes on the population' of Canada used in this paper to the able and painstaking Historical Archivist of the Dominion of Canada, Mr. Douglas Brymner. CANADIAN ECONOMICS. Under the French R«^giiiie, Canada was part of La Nouvelle France, the larjijer title inchuling Louisiana and other terri- tories on the continent of America. The Provinces composing the Dominion of Canada may be tlius descril)ed : . (1) Quebec. After the conquest Ly Great Britain (17o9-G0), ratified by treaty in 17G3, Canada included the Province of Quebec and part of the Province of Ontario. This territory in 1791 was divided into the two Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. Reunited in 1842, they were known as Canada West and East. At the confederation of the Dominion (18G7) tliey were again divided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. (2) Ontario is thus co-extensive with the old Province of Upper Canada or Canada West. (3) Nova Scotia is the English name for part of Acadie, which included, speaking generally, the three Maritime Provinces, its territorial extent, however, shifting with the vicissitudes of warfare. (4) New Brunswick, at first a part of Nova Sc:>tia, and subsequently called the County of Sunbury, was separated and constituted as a distinct Province in 1784. (5) Prince Edward Island, originally named St. John's Island, having been ceded by France in 1763, was separated into a distinct Province in 1770. (6) British Columbia, including Vancouver Island and the adjacent mainland, remained until a recent period under the rule of the Hudson's Bay Company. (7) The North- West Territories, covered by the charter of the Hudson's Bay Company, comprise Alberta, Assiniboia, Athabasca, Saskatchewan and Keewatin. (8) Manitoba was organized into a Province from these territories immediately after their transfer to Canada. These several Provinces and Territories are now united in the Dominion of Canada, which embraces all British North America, with the exception of the Island of Newfoundland. LOWE ON POPULATION. 8 The area of the Dominion (not including Newfoundland) according to the census measurements, is 3,4<70,275 square miles, with a water area of about 140,000 square miles, making a total of over 8,010,000. The Dominion thus extends over the larger half of the continent — the area of the United States, without Alaska, being 2,9-J8,5!)8 square miles; that of Alaska, .577,.'i00 : making a total of :},o 10,1)78. The extent of the territories of the Dominion of Canada, of the United States, and of the continent of Europe, is therefore nearly equal. I. Population. The most convenient method of presenting the facts bearing upon the population of Canada, is to give a table of the several settlements and censuses from 1605 to ISJSl, with the authorities in each case, in reliance upon which the figures are given. I think it is also advisable to add to this table a further statement of the populations and ratios of increase in certain districts of the United States, for the purpose of comparison with the provinces of the Dominion, for the reason that there has probably been no fact in our history more grossly mis- understood, not only among our own people, but also in the United States and in the United Kingdom, than the actual relative progress which has taken place in the provinces of Canada, as compared with similar progress in those of the United States having fairly corresponding positions. I think that the New England States and their progress may fairly be compared with the Provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia ; while, proceeding further west, the prosperous State of Ohio would make a fair subject of comparison with the Province of Ontario. The fact will appear from the tables which I subjoin, that, when this selection is made, the comparisons are in favour of the Prov- inces and against the United States. I think it should also be pointed out, when comparisons are made between the increases of the population of Canada and CANADIAN ECONOMICS. the very remarkable increases of that of the United States, that tliese last include the several annexations of Louisiana and Texas, and the subsequent cession of New Mexico and Califoi-nia, with their considerable populations — the compari- sons of increases beinfjf always made with the original popu- lation of the thirteen old States only. In considering the facts established by the comparisons of increases and ratios, in the tables hereinafter given (page 10), it is important to bear in mind, in order to appreciate their full significance, the extent of territory wdiich is now open in Canada for settlement, and with which connection has been made by rail, from the sides of both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The total area of the Dominion, as appears from the census figures, is 3,470,257 square miles, not including the M'ater areas, which would add about 140,000 square miles, making a total of over 8,610,000 square miles ; in other word.s, an area nearly as large as the whole of the Continent of Europe, and larger than that of the United States and Alaska combined. Out of this extent of territory the comparatively newly settled provinces of Manitoba and British Columbia, and the provisional districts and unexplored territories, com- prise no less than 8,049,50.5 square mile.«. the southern frontier of which is in the latitude of Paris, having an isothermal line ci'ossing the continent diagonally in a north-westerly direction from the south-east frontier of Manitoba to the heiglit of land. Roughly speaking, this line also divides two great geological formations, as well as climatic conditions, the southern half of which otters attraction to the agriculturist, while the northern undoubtedly contains much mineral wealth. Vast coal meas- ures underlie both, as the Rocky Mountains are approached. The climatic conditions are favourable for the growth of the cereals and the grasses, the conditions of northern European industry, and also for the vigorous development of the northern European races. The following is a tabulated statement of the records of the population of Canada from the earliest times, with the authori- ties : LOWE ON POPULATION. g a" '^ .2 c -y , a I o •«1 5 ^ 1 « •s = "^ «'i ;z; 00 .c c .- g ,., « O rH §* ijSaJS "Is 2 ^gm'Sce to io^^^^^-SS 2 o.§ S.S d d 6 E S S = o'S d o "^ '.. O CU^JC wuw , fc! Ph (z: o HH a CO as O P 2 Q 2 H Jj; s s s X n o El ^w o w u S^ H ^ 00 o 2^ a: o ^ o £ >^ O 2 u CO HH > ! ! !^ 9 ^ g * l-H W -t; > o 1-3 . o o Ph « i 1 -!MO.rj!M_^C5(M • S 06 ^ ^ I- & ijvl ?-, i; .-^ !5 W H u a CO H« §g 1 - X X 00 X 00 00 c JV 5 H CANADIAN ECONOMICS. S o ta H a *1 K ! u 13 ri 01 d - - to .S _ _ .- SJQQQQ a«Qa c to o o o o O O to B o o .5 o o o o o JTJ ^H ^^ f *i f^ ^H ^1 ^^ ^H s5 fi to ' 'J! U 7) fc- " ' 05 1(5 ' CO 15 ; «o CO . CO t-- CO 00 00 o M CI -t -f "-'5 CO cc 01 o re 10 i^ ai oi (^^ |^^{?ll^^(^lW'^^|^^(^^c^e<5t<5MWM^5•* 1,134 1,244 00 e<5 CO o u a 00 Oi eoiocOrHiocor-iNco'* 'HVH X 050»CiOOOO>-t>-t'H COOOSSOi— liMCC'^CCr-Oi— llM1, s x> 1^ 4) m Si 2 S d 3 c - 5 5i a c 0) a "^ 4J c w o w W OW S 0.2U a. 5 ~ C U uJ Ja * a a -li ^ o 5- 7^ « T! TJ •-. 5 -3 .= - :2 ^- "* y5 cS -^ :^^ X i-i S a a <" S ** 'St* •?•■ S. J -- 2 6 * -- ^-l S * >C CO OS O -f »o iffl o o lo 50 t~ t^ t- t- t> C» t^ I^ 1^ t^ 1 . 1^ 1^ J, "^ ~ — — i-( — I rH CANADIAN hCONDMlCS. a W o M > o o o M P o O w t a o m H <) Q • » oT n) a ii * PM U • « Estim RoU. ^"1 Si p— ( *-* 'iu PL4 QJ ^ ^ ^ « V w J g ca ij 3j a d cS r« ,^ . |U r§ stim ouch stim ssesfe S -•3 s 3 d d d d d d S a QQ qQQQ-ft-JO=QOaQa Kffly-i; Uh u U o W O o H H. a O a < o fO 0^ H C) U H O u CO o »^ r-l «0 to OS ■* tC iM l> t- O ~ re r-l o" t-' 'S I—' lO "^ ^ t- 00 >C 50 (N ■^ CO i-H ifj c ■;? -1< X_ rH_ t- >!i ■^ t-' co" :s w" X r. i-H « -o rH rH m (N "M CO ifs o CS 5! w ao 5^ •I* lO --l^ X ^1 "^ 00 1— t ^^ o -t< *t< o I'f i-T t-T -tT f-" — " Si C: Cl -^ t— 5s Ci O ffj M M CC « SS -I* 00 •HVBA 00 CO l^ -H -"It t~ iM ■^ l.O tC !>. 0»OQrH'Hr-((MSq(N(MC o o o o o o o o o OS cc o O O .5 (0 Q i5 -" s § o u u n 09 o u ■£ a . , so o' 10 55 mS l-H If '.— . o . 09 . a "-- - ' — — s • CO «■• ^ n X CO oi ^r t"' C p CI ^ 4> rj a 5? *1 -5 •- '.S _a C5 ^ ' -? S .-< in 3 • 5S C5 a ; «2 ; ^ ! • o lO t-- c ! eo «l X J 1^ * : -M 10 1 _ -»l 1 CO ■ • -f t~ w 1?) 10 o . . t^ O O . . C-. «5 JO . . » t- t^ o ■ ^ fH iH <33 00 « . >J? 00 lO • •OS ■ »H d >-< « — oo • • X •o c; : '^ JO "fj X . •J^1 !2 •■-p -1^ c' jo" I -1< -n -^ . t- 1-1 co_ I— I r-T 5; . . •X t^ tH >-l 1 C- • • . {C '.■^ -M C5 o X . .5*1 . .CO . X x" o . I-( CO I-l § -1< C5 CO CO CD JO o • S : 10 >o" : §§ CO j X o o X • X CO o 5 00 a D 00 00 a -1 I-l r-l r- 5 X Cf5 X lO If X 0! I— 1 w 00 C a > iH X 1 a*-* •3^ N-= O" s — .t: « o o M i: >. i 5 »="a rt ~^ 1* •/) 3S5f 5§S a.5£.H£ M2 •^ > -, « "^ *.j X .3 .T i 4) t- 0) «S i 5^ ti— O.S *j J , s *- .ti 3 oil i'^'2'i: 2 t^-e^- a a; =3 ^ g-er-S-ii a 2:;= a)C«S a .3 ii " — U oj « fc..t; c-'Bja'r: a 2 a S a~t:5 ^ - - 3 - cj-t- i 5 i rt '^ ♦J" i< 4) _ !» Co J 2:3"3j ao«3 H 2 *- 3 O .- o c a ^.a_«ii 5^; •w " > 0) -. « 2 a -^ ♦J 'C -■ j2 ^ j-i 4J aj a "•>■"; .• ^ o^ cs 2'2 a jj ►■ « j^ V u 03 aj w p^ a^ *.y s*/ 10 CANADIAN ECONOMICS. COMPABATH'E GrOWTH OF UNITED StATES AND CANADA. {The calculations in Oie foUoicimj tables are made from the rext preceding date.) States and Provinceb. 1790 POPUIiATION. 1800 Rate Population. Increase. Cent. Maine New Hampshire 96,520 141,899 378,717 68,825 238,141 85,416 151,719 183,762 423,245 69,122 251,002 154,465 45,365 55,199 41,863 44,528 297 12,861 69,049 57- 29- Mas lachusetts 12- Rhode Island 0-4 Connecticut 5- Vermont 81- Ohio Illinois Michigan Quebec 161,311 Nova Scotia States 1810 Ra^k PER Cent. 51- 16- 11- 11- 4- 41- 409- 1817 Rate AND Provinces Population. Increase. POPUHTION. Incbeabe. Cent. Maine 228,706 214,360 47'2,040 77,031 262,042 217,713 230,760 12,282 4,762 76,986 30,598 48,795 7,909 11,040 63,248 185,395 New Hampshire. . . , Massachusetts ! Rhode Island. . . Connecticut Vermont Ohio Illinois Michi^'in Quebec Nova Scotia 81,355 y States 1820 Rate PER Cent 1822 Rate AND Provinces. Population. Increase. Population. Increase. Cent. Meme 298,335 244,161 523,287 83,059 275.202 235,764 581,434 55.211 8,896 69,630 29,801 51.247 6,028 13,160 18,051 350, o74 42,929 4,134 .so- il- 11- 8- 5- 8- 152- 349- 87- New Hampshire. .. . Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Vermont Ohio Illinois Michigan Quebec 427,465 266,164 165- Nova Scotia LOWE ON POPULATION. 11 ► 1824 POPULAIION. 1830 Ratk Population iNOREABE. Cent. Maine 399,455 209,328 010,408 97,199 297,075 280,052 937,903 157,445 31,039 101,120 25,107 87,121 14,140 22,473 44,888 350,409 102,234 22,743 34- New Hampshire 10- Massachusetts 10- Rliode Island Connecticut 17- 8- Vermont 19- Ohio 01- Illinois 185- Michigan 255- Quebec Ontario 150,000 Assiniboia (Man.) New I3run8wick 74,170 Prince Edw. Island States 1831 1 Rate | PER j Cent. 1 1 1834 Rate andPbovinoes. Population. INCKEASE. Population. IMC'BEASE. Cent. Maine New Hampshire.... Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut 1 Vermont _.__ 1 _-__... . OMo ' ' Illinois 1 Michiiian ! Quebec Ontario 5,53,134 230,702 125,009 80,030 29- ! 57- 1 Assiniboia (Man.). . . New Brunswick .... Prince Edw, Island. ■ 1 1 i 119,457 45,281 01- State ^ 1840 Ra'b PER Oeni> 1841 Rate AND Provinces. POPU ATION. Increase. 102,338 15,240 127,291 11,031 12,303 11,290 581,504 318.738 180,028 Population. Inoreabe. Cent. Maine ,501,793 284,574 737,099 108,830 309,978 291,948 1,519,407 470,183 212,207 20- i 0- ' 21- 12- 4- 4- 02- 202- 571- New Hampshire .... .... , Massachusetts Rhode Island ' Connecticut Vermont Ohio Illinois Michigan Quebec Ontario 465,088 218,986 92- Assiniboia (Man.).. New Brunswick. . . . 805 150,102 30,705 30- Prince Edw. Island. , 47,042 12 CANADIAN ECONOMICS. States and Provinoeh. 1844 Kate PFR Population. Increase. Cent. Maine New Hampshire Massacliusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Vermont Ohio Illinois Michigan Quebec 697,084 Ontario 143,950 26- Nova Scotia ! New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Stateh 18.T0 Rate PER Cent. 18.51 Rate ANn Province". Population.] Inoreabe. Population. Increase. Cent. Maine 583,169 81,376 317,976 33,402 994,.-)14 25(5,815 147,545 38,715 370,792 60,814 314,120 22,172 1,980,329 460,S()2 851,470 375,287 397,654 185,387 16- 12- 35- 35' 19- 7' 30- 79- 88- New HampHhire Massachusetts. Rhode Island .... Connecticut VeriTiont Oliio Illinois Michifjan Quebec 890,261 952,004 276,854 193,800 193,197 496,316 95,499 37,638 28- Ontario 109- Nova Scotia 117- New Brunswick .... 24- Prince Edw. Island. States 1860 Katk PER Cent. 1861 Bate AND Provinces, Population. 628,279 32C,,073 1,231,066 174,620 460,147 315,098 2,339,511 1,711,951 749,113 Increase. Population. Increase. Cent, Maine . 45,110 8,097 236,552 27,075 89,355 978 359,182 860,481 351,459 8-0 20 240 18-0 24 •3 180 101 880 New Hampshire. . . . Massachusetts. . . . Rhode Island Connecticut . . Vermont Ohio Illinois Michigan . Quebec 1,111,566 1,. 396,091 330,857 2.52,047 221, .305 444,087 54,003 58,247 25- Ontario 46- Nova Scotia. 19- New Brunswick. . . . 30- Prince I'^dw. Island. \ LOWE ON POPUL.VTION. 13 ► States 1870 Rate PEB Cent. ien Bate AND Provinoeh, Population. Il>0:iEA8E. 1,364 7,773 Population. Inokease. Cent, Maine 626.015 0-^ 2- New Hampshire. . . ' 318.^00 Massacluisetts 1,457,351 217,353 537,454 330,551 2,665,260 2,539,891 1,184,059 226,285 18- : 42,733 24- 77,H07 17- 15,453 5- 1 Rhode Island Connecticut 1 Vermont Ohio 325,749 827,940 434,946 14- 48- 58- Illinois 1 Michigan Quebec 1,191,516 1,620,851 387,800 285,594 1 79,950 224,760 56,943 33,547 7- ()ntario 16- Nova Scotia 17" New Brunswick .... Manitoba British Columbia. . . 10,586 " 11,388' 1,415 •' 13- I 1 Statks 1881 Hate PEB Cent. 4- 9- 1 22- 27- , 16- ' 05 20- al- 1881 Rate AND I'ilOVtNC H. Population. iNOBEABE. 22,021 •z8,691 325,734 59,178 85,246 1,735 532,802 537,980 Population. Incbea E. Cent. Maine 648,936 346,991 1,783,085 276,531 022,700 332,286 3,198,002 3,077,871 New Hampshire. . . . Massachusetts Rhode Ishuid Connecticut Vermont Ohio IlHnois Micliij^au 1,036,937 452,878 : 38- ! Quebec 1 3.59,027 107,511 14- (Ontario 1 1,923,228 440,572 321,233 65,954 49,459 302,377 52,772 35,639 .-)3,72(; 38,873 19- Nova Hcotia New Brunswick. , . . 1 13- 12- Manitoba 407- British Cohimbia. . . 307- RECAPITULATION. New England States ..... From 1850 to 18,51 " 1830 " 1S31 " 1790 " 1790 " 18.S0 " 1831 " 1840 " 1851 " 1851 " 1880 1881 1880 18S1 1880 1881 1880 1881 1880 1881 1881 increased 47- The four Provincea- Que., N. a., N. B. . Ohio -Ont., 75- 241- Ontario 712- Massachusetts . . . 371- Quebec MassacliusettB . . Quebec Maine 743' 192- 146- 29- Nova Scotia 59 ■ New Brunswick . 66- per cent. • !' 14 CANADIAN ECONOMICS. I may observe that in the selection of States and pei'iods, for the pui-pose of this comparison, very great care has been taken to select such as would make as exact analogies as possible. The populations of the States given are taken from the volumes of the United States' census, and those of the Provinces from the Canadian census. This comparison shows that the relative increase of the Canadian Provinces has not only been as rapid as that of the several States compared, but in many cases much more rapid. The Province of Ontario, as I have already intimated, ma}' be fairly couipared with the State of Ohio ; and Quebec and the Maritime Provinces, with the New England States. If we take the population of Massachusetts, the largest and most prosperous of the New England States, and the centre, so to speak, of their manufacturing industry, we have the fact that the rate of increase during the last census decenniad was 18 per cent., while that of the old Provinces of the Dominion, excluding the North-West, Avas 1807. This is, therefore, a most favourable showing, tne comparison being with a State so pre-eminent, the manufacturing industries of which have attracted a considerable French Canadian immigration. The cases of large increase of population in the Uiiited States, which liave outstripped all previously known facts, have occurred in the settlements on the Western prairies ; but we have, even now, our beginnings of this kind of marvellous increase in the Province of Manitoba, as may be seen by the short table on page J 5, which gives a comparison between Manitoba and tlie States of Colorado, Kansas, Dakota, Minne- sota, and Illinois. I subjoin also, on page 16, an abstract of the two censuses of Canada that have been taken since the Confederation of the Dominion, giving the Area, Population and Increase. They also show the division of the Population into Males and Females, from which it may be seen that the number of males preponderates. The abstract that follows on pages 17 and 18 includes the LOWE ON POPULATION. I« Religions and Origins and Birthplaces, with the Increase of the People On page 19 I subjoin a table of comparison of the Population of Cities and Towns having more than 5,000 inhabitants^r the decennial period from 1871 to 1881. "A o w w H O CO H < H EH O W P3 O o m S fe a OS 00 SI5 CO Its «5 t^ t- S3 Ed u "-A 1/9 S a &4 K o 5 ' S S "^ ? ; S us OS_ us" 00 IN «! o Oi to O so o 00 OS CO o ao 05 o 05 § g o 05' r-l IM 50 05 05 iH C5 05 1— ( IM us 00 ■* 09 M ■^ 05 00 10 09 — < "o" oT tC to OS C-l CO 00 T-l OS TtT e<5 ,H OS -J ^ «0 CO C-) IN 00 t "N '-H 13 .2 A U Q ll S s OS IN rH 0" i-H 0: r^ W CO C HH 16 CANADIAN ECONOMICS. ^ W'*-»(C^»t»;OM !D o m rt "^ i.'i -f i.'t CO 10 rH O i-H X 1-- t^ S: « C5 s >Q *1 1.0 X -f "M i-H 01 Jq 1-H -x ?-. >re CO ,* I-H $ ^ -3O-H c2 o t-- Iff ■^ fl -^ CI i-H ■3; -« X --c c- =-. X "6 01 -^ 1^- r- CIS n * 1-^ -It iM ;S ;S Q 1 1-H iri i-H M "O rH 5C .-H 1-1 -f t- l-H ^•2 -3 C . i . ' >0 X QC t~- Ci iM lO "-I M X 00 X -l< C-. C. M X -)<_ X "M t- 'M O '0 m' — I -f "t 1— I rH X -^ " "M o i~ -H i; -1< X ".I "M '" -C 'C •^ wT Q -t<' *' -H — ' cc' 1— I IT « ?? ~ ■0 1 M IM O O X OS ■^ ^ t£ 1-t — CI W O: C>1 t^ C) 11^ O iM L~ X -f l-H O — o 5C CI -1" O ?; 'O CI O t^ 'f -* -f< t^ ".'5 M OJ W KJ J3 "S M O X t^ OS t^ -^ ?o Ot *.'5 to CS CO CS O ^ l-H (M c^ t-^'ri^C-l X i-H_^ [-^ O' w' X' — -I"' t-" 70 » ti ^ S — ' o o c s o >Ot-i-HX3i;CCI5CI5 1 i-HXOS^m-f-ti-lt ' l-H -f O 1-; X M © -f t-' r^' cT P cT cf d ■*" I Ml l-H O t" CI rt l-H JC W ~ '••^ X -1< M CI !c nf rt' x' *— " oT XX o CD o c Si w o CO o a .5 i^ a: ^ o U .S O ^ 4) a) -3 - .-S « X OS I -* I ?o O ' CI 00 l-H x_ -I"' X ; OS I ci I o o w w a H o z t-H 2 o 4) 4) 2 a- "So .a o o — ^ 35 "C -f « O X Xt-ClX~«t^M JCOCSJir-rf-M — «' « •^■" O cf — " M t- n « i: -^ ci r~ « CI 01 CI rt © o: — OS © x^ rs_ 10 i^_ x_^ ci^ X — ' oT -f X* \£ n ^ ^ -^ Tj< 1.0 t- ^H •■H O l-H -^ CI © © i^ ■^ 10 X — -i< X CI « 10 t 1< OS CI « CI — — ^ X -r --c t^ t^ X -t< © Cl l^ CI — rt CI I o' w" — ' w' i~-' c' m' CI X c CI CI -H X 10 CI X X M :C W :cX?C*^t>-CirccC t>- OS — 10 © CI •3 V O '- o a X — M OS t- -f Cl CI 5£ © X © lO © lit W CO ^ — -^ lO__X OS — "cr© x'o'x" ?H l-H i.o © CO CS :c ;s lOfMCO-ti-Tl — OS t^ -H ;; -H t- OS OS X c' ©' — ' 10 cf oT cf l-H -t 1.0 tr © lO CI X — ' t~ 10 -* IN lO w CO -^ OS CI t* l-H © ^ rH © CI o o 0. a) w 8 2 ,2 ^ {> ^ -1^ J t. o oj c c ^ ;1h ;.5 ^ CC Je 35 "S P.® - h =^CH © I •o_ •II 5 ,.^ 1'^ — - 10 10 1— pB^ CI r- X CI — CI » SC r- -11 CI l-H -it 1.0 CO t^ sc -r 10 CI ,— t^ 10 -^ 10 ^ 3F VW4 CI -71 © CO CI CI CI X CI J3 X CO -' :0 CI © ^ 10 f-H X ts X 10 CO T X ci OS io ?t ^ G « ts l-H l-H -t ^ CI rt t- 1- CI H CI CO 05 X -^ ^ 05 l-H '."S X sj • t-CI -t" © 1 .-0 lU c CI 10 X CO CO A -1" ■^" U 18 CANADIAN ECONOMICS. Ph o Ph W H O QQ o W H M p:i 1 ^ op her reign ntrie OSOt^iNpHt^Cflp— o 35 -f -M t^ X t^ — < -t( vz >H O » « OS IM rH «_ 5£| -H rt I.T O W » (M co' « »« Is as ■^ 00 >o i< iM lO "XI so O O O i-H l.r 1!^ 3; rH iC O r-l -T" -f l'- "M P-( i2 ?3 « >0 OS i« fH (M l> U)(n lH-(t b- . rH (M X » IM -f< IfJ o -t< 'tr "M ^ X -0 IH -1< t- Mt h2 !o" -h" 1 x" 1 "C r « CC OS « 1(5 ift i« in 1-1 -^f (M t- t~ sc tH CO M "E5 « C) «o CO CO O 5 i-H JO Ol o -^ o o CO -j; CJ iri ire C5 © -V "O "S M ■ 00 rH Si pH iH f^ • " O M O ~ J-- 'C CI t- -H t^*-f O 1^ r^ sB 6 O TC. ■c ri CO ro J<5 * iH 1(? i;t cs a o'C'sTi-T t-^ fi rH n ^ o -h^ ■^^ O i-T rH~ C- i-( t- 'ffl t^ 'O so fH ^ 1 iH -^ tH 31^ -^^O CC iH o 00 -s tcrfo -i;" !>■ s S"5 2J c^^ so_ i-T iH tOiDCO^J—TH-ti^C IC -f 'JD -n* t^ O -^ t- «o M ■* 5£ • -H CI CO ■M 1 '^ ?i C~t^OC0500C5« 00 iO O i-H_00 t- CO « 00 s5 o o I •" >'-tg (jfi^to" co' © o Oi ■* -* i«1 "•JtOJOStOCOittCCCC t> m M -H « x lo IN ■^ CI as t- IS 5C rH ©_ Pri Edv Isla l-H © irt m *ICC -t< C5 cc >» "t ns -*< w "O !B (S (C ^MCC^OWSJO CO 00 x_r-<_o_s; iM_C5_M (M SSI oo' zniov} nccui 00 PQ ^iH w IM (N 1.1 'Q t- M^ M •^ n3 S , _^ tB ^ . K) M 2 o T} •S 2 !*? U i-^ t— ( eS ^ jS • 01 > &.S 1 : Ms IS o '^ -^ ^ : o.-;: .»^ P S c3 \o !5 ■- -2 f^ o (X COOiSfl^n^ p- ;z 12; cc f^ P5h 1 12; o H O H 12; w o P3 W Ph W cc W P5 O I-H a .2 V Oi c3 £ u _a ce c8 a o ■3 'S o o CO V u o •fH u - o g S'3 a> u 0) 0) o n3 ■ S 01 £^ s s O ^3 •4-1 ITS ^ CO o a 00 CO 01 > o a CO a o I- en 3 . CO a •S -J" * a u*i &4 S, o •« Si : & S^ S 2.3^,a o .,H 4) d r" a •" b 3 O a v o a 3 _ a< CO n S l-i ^, a tn d O u as ^■^ OJ 5 3 :8 a 4) ■ So CO 4) i a CO ' c3 41 4> a 3 a 41 CO CO 4J CO p CO •^ 3 H _ T" tH l* 4> 3 r*^ "^ 4; ^ •5:2 o a g ■^ 4) -*^ O.S (^ CO CO -w ^ o oj-s a a S a -t^ -K a 53 S O M-l _ CO CO 4) ^^ CO a .^ -r'S ^ In a .. . -r; S •" «-i +^ ti > O a>. tn , ^-a a a 0) u 4) O 4^ !» 4) ,„ S-a -w C 4) O O) ■ S a •a o -^ 4) H S (u-« 3 '.a a s8 a i>^ 3 a " S to Q O ¥ X /iC o8.S,a JiiQ LOWE ON POPULATION. 19 POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS IIAVINO OVER FIVE THOUSAND INHABITANTS COMPARED, Nameh. Montreal Toronto Quebec Halifax Hamilton Ottawa St. John London Portland Kinf^ston Chariottetown Guelph St. ('atharines Brantford Belleville Trois Kiviei'es St. Tliomas Stratford Winnipeg Cliathani Brockville. Levis Sherbrooke Hull PeterborouKli Windsor St. Henri Fredericton Victoria St. J. Baptiste (villaj^e) Sorel Port Hope Woodstock St. Hyacintlie Gait Lindsay Moucton Pkovincks. Quebec Ontario Quebec Nova Scotia. . .. Ontario Ontario New Brunswick (Jntario New Brunswick Ontario P. K. Island.... Ontario Ontario Ontario Ontario Quebec Ontario Ontario Manitoba Ontario Ontario Quebec Quel >: Quebec Ontario Ontario Quebec Poi'nLATlON. 1871. New Jirunswick I Brit. Columbia.} Quebec ] Quebec Ontario I Ontario Quebec C)ntario i Ontario New Brunswick Totals. 107,225 .">(), ()<(2 r)i),t)'.t'.» 21>,.")S2 2(;,71(i 2i,r,j-) 2H,H()r. i.-),82(; 12,-.'20 12,107 8,H07 (>,H7H 7,H(U H,107 7,:u)r) 7,570 2,197 4,Hi:i 211 .-),87;5 r),i02 (),(•)» 1 1,4H2 i.liiV l,2oS (),(K)() 3,270 4,408 -),]14 :J,<,I82 ;i,74() o,827 4,049 1881. 140,747 H(i,4ir. (;2,4i(; ;jt),io{) .•!."),,22(i 14,0'.)1 1 1,485 !»,H!)0 ,til(i 9,5 1 C, H,(;7o H,3(i7 H,2;{9 7,985 7,873 7,ti09 7,597 7,227 (),890 <),812 (5,561 0,415 (),218 5,925 5,871 5,791 5,. 585 5,37H 5,321 5,187 5,080 5,032 494,699 641,703 N'nicrlc'l Incroaac or docroaso. I 33,522 30,323 2,747 (),5|H 9.215 5,867 •2,678 3,920 2,706 1,684 2,678 3,012 1,767 1,509 2,211 1,100 6,170 3,926 7,744 2,000 2,.-)07 9116 j 2,795 i 31 21 54 05 4 60 22 (>3 3 J • 60 27 23 *9 • 29 21 • 76 21-61 13-57 30- 43- 22' i'8- 40 79 46 61 30 ■ 26 14-53 280 91 213 83 02 27 34 05 49-13 13 -.54 63 06 2,201 2,308 212 2,655 1,46() 155 471 1,391 1,575 1,360 1,031 47-73 .54-2fi 147,004 3-49 81-19 33-25 2-75 9-21 34 93 42-04 35 53 25-46 20-71 * The indicated decrease of the population of the city of St. John is attributable to the great fire which occurred in tlie year 1877, wlicn half of the city was hiid in ashes. Great numbers were thereby driven into tlie siirroundiiiK dislvicts. and osc business and social ties were thus .severed, did not return to the city. ** The limits of the city of Hull and the towns of .St. Henri and Moncton not having been defined in 1871.no comnarison can be made. Leaving out the above city and towns, the total increase and rate per cent, are as rciirc.sented in the table. Note.— In 1871 there were in Canada twenty citie.^ and towns of .">,0(io inhabitunts and over, with a total po^)ulalion of IIIO.OIH. In 1881 the nundier of .such cities and towns hod increased to thu-ty-seven, liaving a total population of 660,010. 20 CANADIAN ECONOMICS. II. Immkjration. The Europeans who have come to Canaila within a few •generations, ami tlieir descenihints, may in the largest sense 1)0 termed tlie Inniiigration to Caruuhx. Tlu; ninnher.s and times of arrival of thos(> wlio came in our earliest history are unfortunately not matters of exact record, and the regular registration of arrivals at Quebec commenced at a compara- tively recent date. The records of the population, however, fairly indicate the periods and the volume of the distinctive early inunigrations. The features of the several great immi- grations to (/anada, and the motives which induced them, are very clearly defined and have made a verv distinct impression upon the character of th(^ present population. The first movement in point of time was that of the French immigration. Its motive was twofold : first, the spread of the Christian Religion antong the Indians, or, as they were called, the Savages of Canada; and secondly. Commercial Adventure. The first settlement took place in the Province of Acadie, now Nova Scotia, in 1 00.5. It commenced with hope, which was, unfortunately, soon to give place to the reality of disaster. The first French colonists numbered not more than fortj^-four, and being ignorant of the rigour of the climate were totally unprepared for a North American winter. They consequently suffered severely and lost a quarter of their number. The cruel misfortunes which befel these fir.^t colonists in Acadie appear to have hale. We come next to the period when tlie actual figures of immigration bejjan to be taken. The first records I find of immigrant arrivals by the St. Lawrence route at the port of Quebtc were between the years 1819 and 1825. Tlie num])ers recorded are large for the population and the facilities of transj)ort ther, existing; and it appears from the published details that, even at thac early period, the St. Lawrence route was used as oft'ering facilities to passengers destined for the Western United States. The following is a tabular statement of tlie arrivals : 1819 12,907 1820 .* 11,239 1821 8,0.50 1822 10,408 182S 10,258 1824 (),,')1,') 1825 9,097 Of these it was estimated, as appears from the records of th(! time, that one-third settled in Quebec, one-third in Ontario, and that one-third were passengers to the United States. This division, however, into equal parts, could have been only a very rough approximation. We now come to the records kept by the Quebec Immigra- tion Agency of the Government, which begin with tiie year 1829 and continue to the date of this paper ; they will be found on page 26. This table is interestincj as containinfj an exact record of immigrant arrivals by the St. Lawrence for a period of fifty LOWE ON POPULATION. 26 five years. We must, liowever, remark with respect to it, that the numbers given were not all settlers in Canada, large numbers of immigrants froin Europe to the United States, especially those from Germany and Norway, liaving used the St. Lawrence route on account of the facilities it afforded. Neither is it, on the other hand, a record of the total immi- gration to Canada in the period named, since many innnigrants came in at the ports of the Maritime Provinces, while others again came by tin; United States ports of Boston, Portland, New York, Baltimore, etc.' There are no means of determinini; with accuracv the num- bers of Canadian immigrants in the following table by the St. Lawrence route, nor the exact nund)er of passengers for the United States. This separation has, however, been attempted from the year 18G0. It is based upon the reports of the agents of the Department of Agriculture, who have taken the declara- tions of immigrants with respect to their intention of settling in Canada. The table will be found on page 27. I have no doubt of the carefulness with which this work has been done, and therefore of the approximate accuracy of the state?nent. There are, however, no means of keeping any record of the further movements o>' these immigrant arrivals, which, with the facility afforded by a long line of frontier and the contiguous territory of the United States, have been affected by the fluctuations of the demands for labour and rates of wages, and also l)y the attractions of the opening up of new lands for settlement. There has been, froin this cause, a considerable movement from time to time, from both sides of the frontier line. Li order to show the manner in whicli the figures in the table on page 27 are made up, I have subjoined, on page 28, a statement from the Report of the Minister of Agri- culture, giving the number of innnigrant settlers at different points in the Dominion for the years named. The inmiigration to Canada, since the special great inmii- grations to which we have referred, has been mainly from the 20 CANADIAN ECONOMICS. Tablk of Immigration at thk Port ok Qukbec. Ykaks. 1829 to 1883. 1834 " 1838. 1830 " 1813. 1844 " 1848. 1849 . . 18.50.. iHol.. 18.-)'2 . . 1853.. 18.54 . . ISiw.. IS;-))).. 18.57.. 18.-)H.. 1859.. 1800.. 18r)l.. 1802.. 18()3.. 1864.. ISfi") . . 1806.. 1867 . . 1808.. 1809.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881 . . 1882.. 1883.. Knglaiul. I Ireland. ; Scotland. (Jorniany and Norway. 43,380 28,,501 30,791 60,458 8,980 9,887 9,677 9,279 9,585 18,175 6,754 10,353 15,471 0,441 (■),481 4,846 7,780 6,877 6,317 5,013 9,296 7,235 9,509 16,173 27,876 27,183 23,710 21,712 25,129 17,631 12,456 7,720 5,927 7,500 14,113 18,647 24,426 33,6.')0 29,003 644,005 102,266 54,904 71,981 112,192 23,126 17,970 22,381 15,983 14,417 16,165 4,106 1,688 2,010 1,153 417 370 413 4,545 4,949 3,767 4,682 2,230 2,997 2,585 2,743 2,534 2,893 3,274 4,236 2,503 1,252 688 663 913 1,088 2,485 2,480 5.992 10,638 20,143 11,001 16,311 12,707 4,984 2,879 7,042 5,477 4,745 6,440 4,859 2,794 3,218 1,424 793 979 1,112 2,979 3,959 2,914 2,601 2,222 1,793 1,924 2,807 5,356 4,984 5,022 4,803 2,491 1,708 2,131 829 1 ,425 1,002 2,845 2.861 4,476 5,460 9,728 436 849 870 7,256 7,450 11,537 4,864 7,343 11,368 3,578 2,722 2,314 10,618 7,728 4,182 7,453 4,770 16,9.58 16,4,53 13,607 9,626 9,396 5,391 4,414 2,010 857 Other Countries. 485 1,889 1,346 1,777 1,219 908 701 1,100 1,184 496 857 091 261 24 214 47 12 6 3 5 11 2 6 42 .321 723 412 562 362 324 457 448 1,020 471 732 865 534,697 ! 174,346 184,284 19,564 Total. 167,699 96,357 123,800 190,304 38,494 32,292 41,076 39,176 36,699 53,180 21,274 22,439 32,097 12,810 8,778 10,150 19,923 22,176 19,419 19,147 21,355 28,648 30,757 34,.300 43,114 44,457 37,020 34,743 36,901 23,894 10,038 10,901 7,743 10,295 17,251 24,997 .30,238 44,850 45,966 1,556,896 Yearly Average. 28,307. LOWE ON POPULATION. 27 United Kingdom. The figures, however, are now beginning to show a considerable percentage of Germans and Scandina- vians, and there have been three special innnigiations within the last ten years of Mennonites, Icelanders, and Russian Jews. The Icelanders who came in 1875, to the number of 285, were followed by others, and in 1877 numbered 1,500. At first they .suffered hardships in a special colony on the west shore of Lake Winnipeg, but they have since mingled more generally with the population around them, becoming suc- cessful settlers, and attracting year l:»y year fresh accessions of their countrymen, with a well-marked prospect of continued increase. They number now about 2,500. Yeaks. Till:! iKi'aiit Pas- scngors for United States. Iiuniigraiit Settlers in Cauada. ISfiO 41,704 47,212 o8,()83 57,202 44,313 37,949 52,608 49,059 40,()49 9,214 10,916 5,640 11,226 20,560 47,112 69,025 80,692 72,274 10,091 1867 14,666 18U8 1869 12,765 18,6.30 ' . 1870 24,706 1871 27,773 1872 36,578 1873 50,050 39,373 1874 1875 27,382 1876 25,633 1877 27,082 1H78 29,807 1873 40,492 1880 38,505 1881 1882 47,991 112,458 1883 133,()24 The German Mennonites who emigrated to Canada from the north shore of the Sea of Azov in Soutliern Russia, because of restrictions upon their liberties arising from military regulations and educational laws, numbered, in 1874, 1,532 ; in 1875, 8,285 ; and three years later, 6,394. The.se people have found in Canada the freedom they desired. They are thrifty and industrious, and are rapidly increasing. The Russian Jews numbered 1,375, and came in 1882. A large proportion of these were at first unsuccessful as settlers, 28 CANADIAN ECONOMICS. ■* I'-'fO '^ ese 1^ O CO «o O t- t- 1 •»*< C« -t X C^ IQ 1-1 C O »i 't -f o c coi- y) i-ic e<5 ce N e<^ — -f irj^ fO c- --0 o- » CO co'i-^i- ■* — 'o- o i-T •^ oo f ?? 00 CO ^\ 05 X — . — ^ .u ^ -H © l.t C5 O M< O — ' to t^ CO ft (M M T T)< Tf CO 91 Cj IC lO CO o I- •* >ra M ••ji irt ce O tr. '^ ^ ' r. .. 1 •. 1 CO ,-H lO F-H "^ 00 'f c .— , rt o (N M — — » cc -H M< ?0 00 50 CO t^ • — — « 1.-5 1^ >* rt »M — !0-r W^l" tQ Oi I^ lit 00 c» O CS 00 « ■* Cl CO i~ 1.-^ -t C5 CO ufo' n c-f >0 1 l-T 1 — « rt "O O O 1^ O M< ^ Q 1,-r i^ -.r sv M ■•* -,0 o CZ) CO C- iM rt CR ".-^ cs o 00 •* lO IN 'f r-" C oo" F-H Tl rt c; JiTSg W5 i^ in 5^ o5 s rt r- Ob 1^ 0_ "O -1<_^ i~ I'. ■* CO — "t-'oT 1-" o" cT 1 o- 1 M 1* •>* (MO to-- OS IN l« t^ X O -M l-l-CO m 1^ CO o t^ cc c- :r. -M — <— t CO -f 00 GO ire i-rt M 00 rt 05 {<; r— « >-H N — MO — >* IN 05 IN t^ o '-r M i< — GO Oi l.-J oo 1.. (M -r C-. — lO ^5 CO t- o J^ «. .. 1 „ 1 CO -r :o i-i C>) lO rt r^ f™^ '>\ eriug imer- e old Gret- and from E o to ■MS'- - p York . tiers en bove en from tl 12,119), ■ (3,415) frontier >-> 1 « ^ ^ s2 S y. r3 ! ! ! ■^ -w O -^ a: fc. t- .-r- r-|tBX-t^fci^O;S =^ 1^ 3 3 S -S r- ^' ^c sAcs-aWoa-^ 'E »-i rt ^9 Bosto Nortl ler th ther t viz. : via P 00), a lenton s o a 4^ ffl c c -♦J o Quebec Suspension '. Halifax, N.e St. John, N. Portland, M Montreal, vu Manitoba an at ports ated, and Provinces, na (1,S79) Duluth (2 Gretna to ^ c c o li est c I c .Si ■4- C c 1 II H <: U O H UJ 1-5 Ph 52 as: ^J » >3 0) <