CIHM 
 
 ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Coltection de 
 
 Series 
 
 microfiches 
 
 (Monographs) 
 
 (monographies) 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques 
 
 (6)1QQQ 
 
Technical md Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original 
 copy available for filming. Features of this copy which 
 may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of 
 the images in the reproduction, or which may 
 significantly change the usual method of filming are 
 checked below. 
 
 □ 
 
 / 1 Coloured covers / 
 Couverture de couieur 
 
 u 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 
 a 
 
 D 
 
 Covers damaged / 
 Couverture endommaqee 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated / 
 Couverture restauree et/ou pelliculee 
 
 Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 Coloured maps / Cartes geographiques en couieur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) / 
 Encre de couieur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 Coloured plates and/or illustrations / 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couieur 
 
 Bound with other material / 
 Relie avec d'autres documents 
 
 Only edition available / 
 Seule edition disponible 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along 
 interior margin / La reliure serree peut causer de 
 I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge 
 interieure. 
 
 Blank leaves added during restorations may appear 
 with'n the text. Wnenever possible, these have been 
 omitted from filming / II se peut que certaines pages 
 blanches ajoutees lors d'une restauration 
 apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela etait 
 possible, ces pages n'ont pas ete filmees. 
 
 Additional comments / 
 Commentaires supplementaires: 
 
 L'Instituf a microfilme le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 
 ete possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- 
 plaire qui sont peut-etre uniques du point de vue bibli- 
 ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, 
 ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la metho- 
 de normale de filmage sont indiques ci-dessous. 
 
 Coloured pages / Pages de couieur 
 
 I I Pages damaged / Pages endommagees 
 
 Pages restored and/or laminated / 
 Pages restaurees et/ou pelliculees 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed / 
 Pages decolorces, tachetees ou piquees 
 
 Pages detached / Pages detachees 
 
 Shov/through / Transparence 
 
 Quality of print varies / 
 Qualite inegale de I'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary material / 
 Comprend du materiel sjpplementaire 
 
 Pages wfiolly or partially obscured by errata slips, 
 tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best 
 possible image / Les pages totalement ou 
 partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une 
 pelure, etc., ont ete filmees a nouveau de fafon a 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 Opposing pages with varying colouration or 
 discolourations are filmed twice to ensure the best 
 possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des 
 colorations variables ou des decolorations sont 
 filmees deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image 
 poss:bl3. 
 
 D 
 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 This item Is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below / 
 
 Ce document est filme oU taux de reduction indique ci-dessous. 
 
 iriy 
 
 
 
 '4y 
 
 
 
 
 1 .°.y 
 
 
 
 OOv 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12x 
 
 16x 
 
 20x 
 
 24x 
 
 28x 
 
 32x 
 
The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks 
 to the generosity of: 
 
 National Library of Canada 
 
 Lexemplaire film^ fut reproduit grace A la 
 g6nArositd de 
 
 Bibliothcque nationalc du Canada 
 
 The images appearing here are the best quality 
 possible considering the condition and legibility 
 of the original copy and in keeping with the 
 filming contract specifications. 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covers are f'Imad 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page wi';h a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copies a."- filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printi • illustrated impres 
 sion, and ending on the It ' rage with a printed 
 or illustrated impressio.i. 
 
 The last recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol — •> (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Ttiose too large to be 
 entirely included m one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frame'* as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le 
 plus grand som, compte tenu de la condition c! 
 de la nertetA de rexomplairo film6, et en 
 conformity avec les conditions du contrat de 
 filmage. 
 
 Les exemplaires oriyinaux dont la couverture en 
 papier est impfimAe sont fiimes en commencant 
 par le premier plat et on termmant soit par la 
 dernidre page qui comporte une empremte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second 
 plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires 
 originaux sont filmAs en commenqant par la 
 premiere page qui comporte une empremte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par 
 la derni^re page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinie. 
 
 Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la 
 derniire image de chaque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbole — •- sigmfie "A SUIVRE . ie 
 symboie V sigmfie "FIN". 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent etre 
 filmSs i des taux de reduction diff^rents 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour etre 
 reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 ^ panir 
 de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche ^ droite. 
 et de haul en bas, en prenant le nombre 
 d'images n6cessaire Les diagrammes suivants 
 illustrent la m^thode 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHA8I 
 ANSI and ISO TfSI CHART N, 
 
 1.0 
 
 
 *^Ui 
 
 
 t U£ 
 
 I.I 
 
 " 4'' 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.4 
 
 
 1 == 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 ^ -APPLIED irVMGE 
 
YOUR OWN LAWYER 
 
 AND CONVEYANCER; 
 
 OR, 
 
 TREASURES OF THE LAW OFFICE. 
 
 OIVINO IN I'ONCIHE KuUM INK MKllCASTIl.F (111 
 
 Business Laws of Canada and Newfoundland, 
 
 The Technical Points and Main Features of the Law, 
 WITH NUMEROUS HINTS, CAUTIONS, WARNINGS and SUGGESTIONS, 
 
 Tr>i;KTHKI: u ITir IttV V\|<iuIS 
 
 LEGAL AND BUSINESS DOCUMENTS IN 
 GENERAL USE, 
 
 KCkMINC f WORK OF 
 
 READY -REFERENCE FOR MAGISTRATES, CONVEYANCERS, 
 
 PROFESSIONAL AND BUSINESS MEN, LANDOWNERS, 
 
 CONTRACTORS, Etc 
 
 LAWYERS will also find it convenient as a well-classified 
 condensation of most vital legal points. 
 
 7HIKD EDITION. TWENTIETH THOUSAND. 
 REVISED AND ENLARGED, 
 
 BY A BARRISTER-AT-LAW. 
 
 Edited and Published by 
 
 W. H. ANGER, B.A., 
 
 TORONTO, 1901. 
 
19' 
 
 NOTICE TO PURCHASERS. 
 
 TiiK »|pcci»l clmracttir nf this Mihinie .md lliu ninny tlinusjuid CDpii's alrejuly solil 
 iniiliL' it ilisinilile that it shuuld iiirniiiMently ivnmin in thu humU iif itn [lurchivterii ii 
 trustwonliv \K-in\ s^ukU'. 
 
 If puiuliiiwrH will forwiiril liy curd thi'ir Niinie and I'ust-nrtico mldross to the 
 Iiutilisher, wlnwu name stands un the title |uiue of the lionk, to ho entered in a liej^ister, 
 they niiiy ohtjiiii f.u- a fee of ton cents each year alK)ut the first of June, after the close 
 of the Dominion Parliament, printed sheets <?ivin({ the new lo^islation, ainl whatever 
 changes may have heen made aH'ectini; any point in the hook. 
 
 The sei'tions, or points, thus all'ecteil will he reprinted so as to ho irisoitiil m llie 
 })Oi)k at the proper place, ','iviin; the law as it is after the chanL;e. 
 
 The point as it f.irmorly stood, hoing preserveil, will serve to show hy comparison 
 the exact nature ami extent of the change, thus making it as dear as the day. 
 
 The tirst corrections will !>« i.ssuoil .lime. 1".K)1 ; notice of which will ho f(jrwarded, 
 when rc.idy, to each suhscriher who has registered. As there are two former edition.s, 
 please state when forwardins; your name the date of the hook yoii have [lurchased. 
 
 Agents have no financial interest in forwarding names for registration, therefor.- 
 suhscriljers themselves must .send their names if they desire them to he entered. 
 
 Kiiterwl ai.-v-orilinjt lo Act of the IVirli-imenl ot C.iniuU, in th,; \\-dr one thou^an.l tiiiiu liuriilrt-tt nnd one, hy 
 VViLLlAM Hn.M'.T Asumt, ut the DiiKirlnitnt ot A.-riniliuri'. 
 
I'Rl'I-ACl: 
 
 TilK gubject treated in this v.iluiiif i» iiiin to wliicli no clans of p«rsoii» in 
 Ciiniuitt cnn Ix- indifferent, for no man can profierly discharge the duties he owes 
 to the pul)lic, or to himself, or to his f.wnily, without in some decree possessiiii; a 
 (ii'tinito knowltMJKe of th.' laws by whith all are bound ami tli« oblijjations resting 
 u|M)n each as an individual. The mercantile laws of Canada have j^rown up 
 with the lentury and every citizen is j>resunii.i i,, Ijc- fai liliar ■• iili tliera. 
 
 There is no g<X)d reason wliy every itit.-llig.-nt busin.ss ■ind professional 
 man should not understand particularly the laws of niitnu-t, agreement, 
 guaranty, negotiable paper, chattel mortgages, niort;,'aj,'e8, l;ni<ll..nl uii 1 tenuiit, 
 wills, etc., as fully and clearly as any judco or lawyer in the land, for they 
 belong to business life just as much jw <loes the knowleiige of the (|ualities and 
 values of g(X)ds and commodities. 
 
 "Your Own r*vwyer and ConveyanoT " is m.t inteniie.l tn ni.ike lawversout 
 of laymen, nor even to take the place of a lawyer in oa.ses where a lawver is 
 actually needed, but it In intended to furnish its readers with such a detailed, 
 sy.steniatic compilation of those. Inisiness laws witli uhiili every person in 
 community comes in daily conUct that will enable them to iut intellii^ently .md 
 promptly in the conduct of their business and avoid makin.;,' tlioss needless 
 mistakes which involve loss and lead to mine iis liti;:ali(in. It is doubtless tin- 
 only [.nrely l;iu- honk )nil.li^hed m C.uiad.i that i^ uiiiten from the >tiLnilpnint ol 
 the layman, fjivini; the information that laymen new!, detailed and (liir.i, free 
 from tecimi.al language .md the nn-iiiieval phraseology employe<l in llie .Statutes. 
 Tlje success that has atlitided the publieation and sale of the two previous 
 large editions of this work is siillirienl evidenre tliat it is mcetin:; the i,'cner;U 
 and increasing demand on the part of business and professional men for a more 
 accurate and critical knowled;,'^ of those laws that confront th.-m in evervdav 
 life, 'ri..' ni.cn will) thinks it his duty ..r a \irtne In remain ii,'nnijint, .if liis le;,Ml 
 rights anil oliligations so that lawyers and court ollicials mav thrive at his 
 e.\i)pnse is not addressed in these pages, but all others are itnited in enter 
 within and examine for themselves the contents of this, the third and ei.larged 
 edition of this wnrk, wliidi h.i~, licrn prepared with i^reat care and bv the best 
 of t.ilent. 
 
iXDi'X ro rii Ai'i i.Rs. 
 
 fOeneral Imltx nl Itiirk i,f Book. ) 
 
 ACiKl'IAMK 
 CHATTEL M<)I{T<!A(;KS 
 COLLKlTKtX (»F DKHTS 
 CUNTKACTS . 
 
 Cnp'i |;|(,|l I' 
 
 1)1 K HlI.I.s (>IU)KI{S. UKl'KIITS 
 
 Gl'ARANTY AND M KKrVsllIl' 
 
 • JiAKDiNCi A(;AiN">r I i;ai 1) 
 
 INIfOKSKMIlNI'S 
 INSuIAKNT DKI'.TdUS 
 INTRoDrCToftV 
 
 .Ji'INr MiM'K (uMl'AMKS .. 
 l.\Nli|."Uli AMI TKN ANT 
 MAKKli li Uii.MKNs rUDl'KUlA Kh 
 MASTKl! AM) >KU\ ANT 
 MKCIIAMCS' 1.1 K.\ \rr 
 
 Ml iRTi; \i;i;s 
 
 MJ.iri'lAIU.K I-\I'KK 
 
 I'MtlNKUSlllP 
 
 I'A^MKNTS .. 
 
 PRINCll'Al. AM) AilKNT 
 
 PUnl'KK'iV 
 
 IlKCKIl'TS 
 
 STATITK nr I. IMITATIONS .. 
 
 WII.l.S 
 
 in.- 
 
 47 
 
 HO 
 
 183 
 
 U 
 
 17!> 
 j 
 
 123 
 
 71 
 
 1!»2 
 !>0 
 32 
 
 148 
 2!« 
 6C 
 
 103 
 «3 
 76 
 
 ltl7 
 
INTRODlJCrORY. 
 
 I' Law is ii rulo 111 iiciiori A" 111 this vulmm' iim-iiiniliDiiul uinl 
 iiituriiiitioiiui liiw will not lie (ii'iiii with, liiw will he "Icliiu'il as ciiibrii- 
 citi;; 111! those rules (jf iicliciii, wh'lher written nr iinwrittei'., wiiieh havi* 
 heeii I'stahlishi'd hy the cDiiiiimtiity for the ^uiiluiice of its inhiihitiuits. 
 
 'i Legislative Bodies In'Ire.it I'.ntain the Iiii]» ri.il I'mliiiiueiit, 
 iliehlilill;; the Hoii^e ot Uoiiiinons iiinl House ot li<irds. Ill (.'ailiuhl, till* 
 DoMiiiiioii I'arlijiiiieiit, iiichuliii;,' the liousu of C'oiiimon.s ami Seiiato, ami 
 till' Le<;islative Asseiiihly of each of the IVoviiires. In tlie I'nitoii States, 
 Coiij^ress iiml Si'niite, unci the viirioiis State Lef^islatures. 
 
 Hut hesiiles these j;ieat ie;^'islative hodics, in each cotnitry there are 
 various other minor corjn mil ions possessing extensive legislative powers. 
 Every c.\*y, Ijwn, county, towiiship, ami incoriiorated villau'-' has power to 
 imss iiy-laws which have the full force ol statute law within the'ir 
 .H'rlHcliction. 
 
 Incorporated companies, hxijjes, and various associations workin^j 
 under (Jovernment charter, also have pc^wer lo pass hy-laws, and adopt 
 'onstitutions or measures that hind their n.einhers in all thinj;s pertaiimi;; 
 to the association ,as firmly as they wou'd he hy the national laws. 
 
 Therefore, as ineiiihers of such iissociatioiis we must not for:,'"t tliat 
 wi- ,ue rei|uired in all matters pertaininj,' to them to comply with th«ir 
 rej^'ulations. ,ind in case of any supposed wroiijj we must tir.it exh;iu--t the 
 machinery which they proviile fur the n'dress of our j,'rievance before we 
 take tlie ca.se to court tor suit. 
 
 '•i Divisions of Law. (1 » Common Ijiw ; (2) Statute Law 
 ISi'M.l.v these two j^nui 1 divlsioiis of the law there are various other 
 divisions useii because of the ditrerent objects to which the law a[iplies, as 
 follows: Civil F/iw, Ciiiiiiiial Law. Mercantile I^aw, Marine Law, Con- 
 stitutional l.,iw and li.lrrii.'iti'iiial Law. 
 
 4 The Common Law is wh.it is called the unwritten law. It had 
 its uri^'in in tie' eaily days of IJritain. The various races from which 
 have sprun;^' the' En;^lish pi.'ople brought with them, when they invaded 
 an<l settled in the country, their respective customs and ruhs of action 
 which, after the various Provinces became united under one ;,'Overnmont, 
 causi'd cr)nsiderable confusion for a time, until a uniform b<jdy of law was 
 estalilislied for the whole kinj,'doiii, and tlius called the I'umiiinn hnr. 
 Owiiii,' to the f,-ict th;it but l'"W of tie- e.arlv inhabitants were al'le to read 
 
6 
 
 CONTRACTS. 
 
 or writi', tin- laws wci'i- I'm- a Imij.' tiinr sinijily juvscrviil in incinuiA-. 
 licncf C!illf(l the uinvritttn Inn: TIr. t.ini tinvnU^n ilnes not now iiiiply 
 in the Name si-nse that it ili<i then, bicauso I'Vcry j)riiicii)lf ol' tlie cuiniic'v 
 litir has Ion;; since found its way into i)rint thron;;li ih<; thousands of 
 vohnnes of ro|iorts ;;ivin^' tlie ruling's and ilucisions of the various courts, 
 thus furnishin<r pncedi'Uts for <,'ui(hinco in all futuiv cases equal to any 
 written law as to uniformity and detinitem'ss. 
 
 a. Statute Law is sometimes called the writ'en law, in contradis- 
 tinction to the iniu-ritlni or common l.iw. It is a law that has h.en 
 formally written out and introduced into Parliament as a Bill, whieh 
 being passed, becomes a law of the land under the name of Statute Law. 
 
 (• Uniformity of Laws. Tin' laws in (inat Britain. Canada, the 
 L nited Statis .ui.l .W wl'oundland are very .similar, owin^' to the f ■ :t that 
 all the States of the Union, excpt Louisiana, and all the Provinces in tlie 
 J)oniinion, except Quebec, adopted the old common law of Kn<rland. tlius 
 makiiij: it the fundamental law of the Kn^'lish-speakinj: world: and it 
 prevails in all cases where it Ikis not been abro^'ated or modified by .St.itiite 
 Law. 
 
 Louisiana an<l (^)uel.ec adopted the old French law; therefore jieople 
 havni^' deidintrs in (,)uebec must keej) that fact in view. For instance, a 
 promissory note (.utlaws in Quel' in live years from maturity or last 
 psynieiit, whereas in all the other I'nn inces it i^ six years. 
 
 flLU'TKi; I 
 
 <'<L\TKACTS. 
 
 < Detinition of Contract. " A contract is an agreement between 
 two or UKjre persons upon .-^nmrinif ci>i)skh.m1'ii,n to do or not to do some 
 particular thing." Contracts are the basis of all busine.ss transactions 
 A man buys a carriage, it is a contract; he hires a man, leases a farm, 
 borrows money on a note, each one is a contract. A railroad or steamboat 
 company agre.s to carry .-)00 tons of eoal, it is a contract. Vou write 
 a letter asking a pei-son to come and clerk for vou at s:i() per month he 
 accepts and conies, it is a contract. So contracts include all busines.s 
 transactions, whether great or small. 
 
 r r „**• '^^'■^P Classes of Contracts, d) Simple; (2) T'nder Seal- (.S) 
 Of uecord. 
 
 1. Simple Contracts inelnd.- [iromi.s.sory notes, drafts, ehe(|ues buvin"- 
 and selling, erecting buildings, hiring, an.l all the manifold tran.sactions 
 taking place each day in community, except those agreements under 
 seal, as deeds, mortgages and bond.s. 
 
 2. Contract : Under Seal must of nocessitv be in writing. TIhv do 
 not iv.ptire a cnskhruti,,!, to make them valid, Th,, s,.al iii.ii<'ates 
 
('(INIKAirs. 
 
 ; -4 
 
 illsi.) 
 to other 
 
 .i-mitrr a.'lilirrution iiii.l -oleiiinity in .■vrculiiij; -^iK'li coulracts. and a 
 person is lu-usuiiieil to ' it»T iiito'thciii with a full kno\vl..l;,a' of then- 
 contents, honee <i,.ba>-re.l from aft.rwanl pleading' " insutlicient coiisiderii- 
 
 :',. Coiitracts of Iteconl arc tlir iMtrii-- in tin- rolls of a court of its 
 |il'Ofce(lil)j^s. 
 
 <.». Oral Contracts are tho-f made by spoken words, and an- usually 
 called verbal. 'I'heV are liiudiii^' for the sale of personal property for any 
 amount uiidei- S4(>! h\U worthless for ^<40 ami upwards. In yueheo, 
 l^riti.sh Columhia, Manilol.a, North-West Territories and Newfoundland 
 the amount is g!."iO, and in Prince Kdwani I.sland, ^:iO. They an- 
 I'ood for a lease of prope-rty for under three years, Ijut in reijanl ti 
 thiu'js they are limited in timi' to one year. 
 
 10 Written Contracts may be print, d or writt-n, or partly printed 
 and partly wriltiii. They may be formal, usin>,' the lej^al pln-aseolo;:y con- 
 tainin;.: the details of thewhole ccmtract, what was to he done, wlien, where 
 an.l how to be don.-, an.l the consideration (Jr they may be informal, 
 merely eonf^'ined in letters that hav.- passed between the parties. 
 
 11 Written Contracts and Verbal Agreements. As a u.sual thin,- 
 a written a;ireemenl cannot i'e atfeeted by a contemporaneous oral agree- 
 ment. If the written instrument purports to embody the whole contract 
 the court would not be inclined to receive other evidence to .show that 
 the intention of the parties was ditferent. Hut if the writin;L; does not 
 give evidence of containing the whole agreement, or shows evident on)is- 
 sions, then in that ca.se evidence would lie received to prove a contempo- 
 raneous verbal agreement. It would then be for the court m- jmy to s.-iy 
 whethei- such other matters were a ]>art of the agreement or not. 
 
 Vi- Express Contracts are those where the agreement is distinctly 
 stated and the things to Ix' ilone or not to be done detinitely declared. 
 Example; A farmer purchase.s a .self-binder for S^KiO, to lie delivered 
 on or before tie- ."ah .|,-iy of June, and to be paid for on tie- .''tli d.-iy of 
 October. Here tie- tei-nis ai-e all expressed. 
 
 i:t. Implied Contracts an- thost- when- tie- t.-rms an- not d.-linitely 
 stated, but are jiresumed to be understood. Kxamph- ; A customer h-ave.s 
 his order with a groct-r to hav«' delivered at his residence tive dozen of 
 eggs and •■?-2 worth of sugar. Nothing is said about the jiriee of eggs 
 or the number of pounds of sugar sold for a dollar, or anything about 
 payment, l)Ut the parties theni.selves and the l.iw prestnnes a tacit und.-r- 
 sta'nding as to the prices and the time of payment. 
 
 They are as biniling as express contracts are, but may sonn-times be 
 more ditlicnit to pro\ (- 
 
 14. Executed Contracts an' those whi(-h are completed at the 
 moment the agreement is ma<le. Example : A person enters a carriage 
 shop, buys a carriagi- and pays for it: the contract is tinisne^l. 
 
 15. Executory Contracts are those which are not completed .-it the 
 time the .-e'-reetni-nt is made. Kxanijile: A person leaves his onh-r for a 
 
'^ CONTKACTS. 
 
 ciirriaire to ho co'upU'ttMJ in tw.. inuiiths; ,,r lir laivs it ii..w aii.l a^T. . • to 
 \my \uv It at a crrtai.i ,lat,' in the fiituiv. 'I'h,. contniet is not coniplrtr,] 
 until the carna;;,. is tinishf,! and the purchase price pai.i. The lar.'er part 
 ot contracts are i,i tliis class. " 
 
 l«. Illegal Contracts are utterly void f.om the l,(MMni,in,r .iii.l can- 
 iiut l>e entun-1. ■! Imv have iH, lrj:al effect except in s.)7ar as a Darty to 
 them may incur a penalty. An ille-al contract is where tli.- thin.r u 1„. 
 perh.rme, 1 or not to he perforiue.i. is f>rl,i.l,l..M hy law, u.s for instance- 
 Iosmu;,r;r|e jroo.ls into the country, or l.uyiri;,' a lottery ticket In all 
 sucli cases it either party has perfonne.l his j.art of the contract he can- 
 not comi,el the other to perform his, and if cither party has pai.l money 
 he cannot recover it back, as the contract is iv^anled as m holly vicious 
 aiKl no c.uirt would attempt to enforce it. 
 
 liut ille^jality does not always appear "on the face" of a contract and 
 in such owes It mast he estahlislied hy evidence, and in such cases also if 
 mouthy luul been pai.l hy the innocent party it could he recovered hack 
 
 In a contract containin^r more than one promise that were entirely 
 dKst.nct, so that one could he perform..d without the other, and it turned 
 out that <;nc. was ille-al, the ille-al promise would fall, but the others could 
 Oe entorce<l. 
 
 1 I'l- Y°'^ Contracts are those which from their bej;innin.r have no 
 
 Jejral el ect -xcept in so tar as a party to them may incur a penairy They 
 
 do not bind either party. Kxamples : " i . .> 
 
 (1) A contract iiLide on Sunday : (2) contracts a.'ainst public policy ■ 
 
 .} contracts ,n restraint of tra-Ie: (4) contracts in restraint of marriage" 
 
 o) contracts to obstruct the course of ju.stice: (6) to lead an immoral iPfe' 
 
 (O contracts with alien enemies in time of war: (8) all illegal contracts 
 
 are void. " 
 
 The ^'round upon which actions could b,. entered to recover back 
 
 money paid by one of the parties to the other on contract that was null 
 
 and void, but iiot ille-al, would be "failure ..f consideration." It would 
 
 ■ethe s;nne where the purchaser did not receive the -oods or property 
 
 Ijoujjht. t f J 
 
 IH Those Against Public Policy. The policy of every community 
 or state is to advance the public -oo,l, hence whatever contracts are 
 op,.osed o the ^'enera ^^,od are said to injuriously atlect .niblic j.olicy 
 and are, therefor-, void. Ahh.u- sueh may be mentioned: 
 
 sell n„'J' I?f ^''^^ '" ^"^""^'"^ Of Trade; as where a merchant would 
 
 km., It Hould he void, because lawful trade is co.iMdered for the pub'ic 
 
 . Hi y *: K' '"■, '" 'Vr"''"," """ "^ '"'•^''"■■^■'^' '^« it wouM only be a 
 
 pa.tial lestraint of trade Partial re'straint, however, if the nature of the 
 ca.se makes ,t ,,uestionable, can only be determine.l \.v the ,ourt .ifter 
 reviewin^r all the circuinstannes in that particular case ' 
 
 i he a;,n-eement that thu.s binds a merchant not to ongas,. i>> a certain 
 line ot business aj,.a,n, or ,n a particuh.r locality, should c" ntain a fixed 
 
IdXTKAr'Is. 
 
 9 
 
 sum iis iliiiiia;,'c,s t'ur ;i liifiich ut tin' contract, ullirrw is.' it woiil ! he Irft 
 for the Jviry to riml tlie (Jaiii!ij,'cs. 
 
 All coiiihini's as aiiioiii; inaiiul'.ictunTN liy wiiicli jirires arr l'orc'f<l ii[) 
 arc illiMritl. ()r;,'aiiiz('il strikus by wliich tlir aL-timi dl' others is to be 
 eoerci'il arcalsn illegal. 
 
 *iO. In Restraint of Marriage. Marria;,'c is heM to Iju in *ho 
 jmhlic i^ooil, luT.ci' any contract whicii wholly restrains marriage is void. 
 Tin' ciiii'litii'i' in a hc(|\icst in a will t<i a child tiiat lie or she iloes not 
 niarrv is void, Imt, nevi'rthcless, ilie l»ci|uest is ^ood. A jiartial restraint 
 of iiiarriage, where it is reasonable, may be \alid, as where a bi'ijtu'st is left 
 to a child on the condition that marriaj;e should not be efi'ected until the 
 aj;e of twenty -one, <jr say twenty-tive years, it would be valid because it 
 would merel}' Hx a date when there would be less dan^'er (jf coutractiii;,' 
 an ill-advised uiarriaL^c. P>ut if the time fixed should be, say fifty years 
 of ai;e, it would be void, because that would be unreasonable. 
 
 A hu.sband's be(iuest to his wife on the condition that she does not 
 marry anain is le;;al because she has once been married, hence not in 
 restraint of marriaj,^'. 
 
 'il A Marriage Broker. .\ contract to pay an a<,'ent for contract- 
 in;; a desirable marria;;e is vuiil; and even the money paid upon such a 
 contract may be recovered back, if the broker is worth it. 
 
 'i'i. Contracts to Obstruct the Course of Justice are void. An 
 ai,'rcement uf a pulijic otiici.-il to lin somctliiii^' cuutrary to his duty cannot 
 be enforce<l, and nioniy promised him to use extra exertions in the 
 discharge of his duty in a particuhir coursi' cannot be recovered. 
 
 'ilt. Immoral Contracts .ire \-oid. .\ contract t- iead .an immoral 
 life is void, IJut after an immoral c<iurse has been be^iin and a note or 
 other obli;,'ation lias been i^iven as compensation for dania;,'es, the oblir;a- 
 tion can be eid'orced. Contracts to publish, sell or forward obscene litera- 
 ture are void. Contracts made on Sunday are void, becau.se that day has 
 been .set apart as a day of rest and business pursuits prohibited. All bets, 
 warrers, ^Tiiinbliiif,', lotteries, rallies, buyinr; on marj^in, and jironii.ses to pay 
 for votes, are void. (Contracts to defraud the Government by sinuij;<;linf:f, 
 or to ;;ive an incorrect invoice, are void, and money promised for such 
 service cannot be collected. If money is j)aid in any "f ilie.se cases it can- 
 not be recovi/red back. 
 
 'i4. Voidable Contracts are tliosi' which take their full and propt r 
 Icijal effect unless they are set aside by .someone entitled to do .so. 'I'hey bind 
 both ))arties unless set aside. The party defrauded may void the contract 
 if he chooses, or he may allirm it and compel the other party to perform 
 it. !'or ex.annile, see following section. 
 
 'i."». Fraudulent Contracts are \-oidabh — not void. A definition 
 
 ci'UiKit be 1,'iven th.it would cover all the forms of fraud, but the foUowin;; 
 will make sufliciently clear what would constitute fraud: A statement of 
 facts that the ]iarty making' the statement knows to lie false. A conceal- 
 ment of facts that arc ksKJwn to one and not readily discernible by tho 
 
CdNTHAf IS. 
 
 (jtli'i, aii'l yrt Mich ns should In- ivv.alc'l. Tlir iiiisr(j)ri.'Sflit!itii)ii must 
 itrtiiiilli/ (In; in in opluf to iiiiikf )i Ciisi' ol' fmud. To sustain an action 
 of ilccL'it tiicii; must lie proof of fraud— fraud that actually dcccivi's — and 
 nothinj; short of tliat will sutlicc Frau<l is jirovLii when it is known that 
 a faisL' represontation has liocn inmle, citlier ( I ) knowingly, or (2) without 
 Indiff in its truth, or (:{) recklessly, candtss whether it lietrue or false. A 
 mere e.xpression of an opinion which turns out to lie unfoundi'l will not 
 invalidate a contract. There is a diflerence lietween a man savin;; that 
 an article is worth so much, and .sayin;; he paid so much for it. 
 
 Kxample of mis-st!iteinent of fact : A person scdliiiira horse to.niotlier 
 .md represeiitin;; him to lie ;,'i'ntle in harness and true tu dr,n\ wlim as a 
 matter of fact he was not. This would be fraud. The fraud may be 
 practised by one party upon another to induce him to make a contract ; or 
 by two or more persons to defraud a third party. 
 
 As stated above, a fminlulent contract is voidabh' but not void. Tie- 
 party who has been <lefrauded may void the contri'Ct if he wishes, or he 
 may affirm it and compel the other party to perform it. If he wishes to 
 void it, two thin;;s are neces.sar^- : ( 1 ) He nmst not accept any bmetit 
 derived from it. or coiitiiuie to act under it after he h.is discovered the 
 fraud. (2) He nuist ;;ive ])rumpt n(nice of the fi-aud after he has 
 discovired it. The dishonest party cainiot dis-athrm the contract, but in 
 all eases is liound to carry it out if the other party demands it. If both 
 })arties practise fraud, neither one can enforce the contract a;,'ainst the 
 other. A jiroini.ssory note obtained throujrh fraud cannot be C(jllecteil by 
 the party who obtained it, but upon comint; into hands of a tiiird ]),utv, 
 before maturity, for value, ami who did not know of th.' fraud, would be 
 v;ilid and i^'ood a;^';iinst the maki-r. 
 
 'Hi. Fraud by Insolvent Persons \n insolvent person n-pres. ntin;,' 
 himself as vi,l\. m in ni-.lrr id ulitaiii mio.ls on credit, is ;;uilty of a 
 fraudulent act. The seller discoverin;,^ it. may caiicid the contract, or 
 recover the iroods if they have been shipped. An insolvent ])erson need 
 not disclose that fact to a creditor from whom hr is jiureh.isin;; ;,'oods 
 unless hr is .|uestioni-d aj< to his tinancial st.-indin;:. 
 
 'i<. Fraud by Underbidders. I 'nderbiilders at aiieiion sales, 
 employed secretly to run up prices hiirher than the real value of the 
 articles, are fraudul.'iit towards third parties. A purchaser whose bid has 
 been f<irced up by such fictitious bidding; immediately prece(lini: his last 
 bid, inay void his purchase. If underbidders are employed, and that f.act 
 publicly aniiounced before the .sale, it is not fraudulent.' The owner nuiy 
 also fix a price below which the j^'oods will not be sold, or he may reserve 
 on«' bid for himself. 
 
 'is. Sellint? Property Obtained by Fraud. A p. r.son obtaininj; 
 
 ;,'oods, or ii pt- is'^.iry iiotiv .T any other jiroperty tlirouj,di fraud, and 
 
 transferriiii; them to an innocent third party for value, trives them a -rood 
 title. ^ 
 
 'Hi Statute of Frauds and Perjuries. This hununs Statute w.as 
 pas.sed in the tw.-nty riintii ye.ir <if the rei;,'n of t"h;ules II. of Ent,'land, 
 
(■(.iNrU.UTS. 
 
 11 
 
 lIltiTrst 111 
 III rrnriiR'd 
 
 an.l Mill fxists th.To, in this country Jiii.i in tlir rnitcij Stiit.'s, with Imt 
 sliffht cliiingi'. It was di-sii;iif(l to prevent the lr.>|iient coininis.sion of 
 fruiKls an.l perjuries in re;;,ir.l to the' enforcing of o\<\ claims, iinil various 
 kin.ls of promises to answer for the <lel>t« of others, and pruvi.lin;,' thai 
 certain contracts liad to i)e in writing to bo binding. The toUowing are 
 the reiinireineiits of tlie Stattite wliich come within the scope of this work 
 as thiy have lieen varie<l by otn- statutes: 
 
 1. That leases of lanil for more than three years must be in 
 writing and under seal. 
 
 •2. Contracts for the sale of lands, or for any 
 lanils, must be in writing. 
 
 :i. Kvery agreement that by its terms is not to b. 
 within one year, must l)c in writing. 
 
 4 Kverj- s]iecial promise to answer for ilu- dilt, detault or 
 miscarriage of another, must be in writing. 
 
 ."). Every agreement, promise or undirtaking made ui.un 
 considerations of marriage. e.Kce])t mutual promises to lu.irry 
 (engagement), must be in writing. 
 
 ti. Contracts made for the sale of persoii.al property, of .-?H) 
 and uiiwards, must be in writing, unless part or all of tlie goods 
 liave been delivere.l, or a part of the purchase price paid. In 
 (,»uebec, Hritish Columbia, Manitoba, North-W.st Territories ami 
 Newfoundland the sum is .S'.O, and in Triiice Hdward Island .S!0. 
 Eachof these ( li visions will be treat. mI In ai'imipiiate eliajiters. 
 
 :W. Agreement. There can be no contract formed without an agree- 
 ment cither e.\].re.ssed or implieil. As contracts are the basis of all busi- 
 ness transactions every man who wo\d<I guanl his interests should thor- 
 oughly understand what constitutes a binding contract, and what violates 
 it. In the .letinition of a contract it was stated that "a contract w.is an 
 agreement," etc., henci' what is an agreement ' An agreement is a intitiuil 
 iissi-iit — something to which two or more per.sons gi\e tlhir assent. 
 The two miii'ls meet. A contract therefore is composed of two elements : 
 .\ proposition, and an aciviitance of the terms without any change i^r 
 moditication. E.xamjile : Brown oH'ers Jones a Crown Jewel .stove for:#2.'), 
 and .lonew says, "I >vili aeci'iit your otter," or words to that eti'ect. This 
 constitutes a'contract. It may be done orally, or liy ' tter, or by a loniial 
 document under seal. 
 
 A Prop sition i- the Iji ginning of every contract. One person 
 mak. s an offer ,'f some kind to another. If the other accepts the 
 offer in the same sense as made, then there is a contract. But if in accept- 
 ing he makes any change in the terms, there is no contract. Example : 
 One man otlers to sell a horse to another for 1*100, cash. The other l)arty 
 says he will buy the horse but will only give !*85. This is not assenting 
 to' the proposition, but is in effect a new proposition. The parties failed 
 to (Ujrei. Any other change in the terms would have the same etfect, as 
 for instance, the second party wouM say to the first that he would accept 
 the (.tier I'Ut could not pay for three months. There is no assent here — 
 no n.utiial agreement. 
 
12 
 
 CONrUACTS. 
 
 .$•,. The Assent or Acceptance nnist !„• thr mimjiIc aavi.tuncr uf tlic 
 projiositiuM withniit iitiy chiiii;,'o of t.'iins. In such case tho two iiiiii(lsiire 
 wuil (,, iii,M't, mill tli.T.' is iiiutu.il u.ss..nt, li.'tic' an a;,'iv,M.i('nt— a contract. 
 
 lili Time for Acceptance. An oral iiropusuion wliicli ,io,s not 
 uicliKlc any provision as to time c.-uscs when the parties separate If a 
 tinu' IS fixed f.,r acceptance, it must be pven within that time. An uec< nt- 
 ance may he given by an act as well us hv words, as in ca.se of all implied 
 contracts. Example: The wife or children purcliasin.r necssuries at i 
 store, the u.s.sent of the father is hn,>i:,:l and bind.s hin^ unless notice to 
 the contrary li.is ln'i-n ^iv.'n, 
 
 ;U. Assent Obtained Through Fraud is not bin.lin.' on the partv 
 who was detrau,l,-,|. .Sucii a mntiael may l.r rrscinde.l by the inn'.cent 
 party, lait ]u- must .io so immediately after he di.scovers the fraud II.- 
 must a so refuse to exercise ownersliip over the subject-matter of the 
 contractor .accept any profits arisin;; from it. 
 
 »."». Assent Obtained Through Force is not bindin.' If assent 
 IS obtain,.! iU,-uu-h threat,,! bo.hly harni, iiuprisonment, o7 anv .similar 
 Ulej;al pressure, it is void, because under ,lans.. Hut a threat to dismiss 
 ironi empl,jyment unless a certain proposition were a-'reed to bv an 
 employe,, woul.l not be (/((n-.s,«, an.l a contract ij^ne.I umfer that kind of 
 pressure or Lire- woul.l b,- e<,'al. 
 
 M Assent Through a Mutual Mistake does not bind either 
 party, because there was no actual assent <;iven. E.xample : Cmnterf.Mt 
 money innocently ptussed by one person to another in pavment of a debt 
 and receive,! as payimmt by the other party w,,ul,i be no plivnient, becau.se 
 o th,. mutual mistake. It would need to b,. returne,] proinptlv, howver 
 alt, r the ,liscovery. There is but small latitude allowed "in law for 
 mistakes. 
 
 Ill Proposition by Mail. When a proposition is mad,' bv letter 
 the contr.iet i- .•l,,-.;,! wh,.,, tt,,. l.tter of ,accepta.i,-e is placed in the post- 
 othce. A {,r,, posit i,,n that does not prescrib.. anv time for accept!ance 
 contnuies vali,l until n-vok.-d, or until a rea.sonable time lias elans.^d b,.fore 
 ncceptance. An acceptance <riven by tek-rajih closes the con'traet when 
 
 tile mi_-s,s;|M-,. ,s dehvere.l to tin- eom[>;Uiy. 
 
 :W. Withdrawal of Proposition. A proposition may be with.lrawn 
 
 m^uie'vv' f;^'■^*Y' f^*-'!'*.'"'^;^' '"'^ '"■^•» K'ven. In ease a proposition 
 n..i.ie by letter ,s to be w.th,lrawn, the letter of withdrawal must be 
 rec.-ive.l by the other party before the letter of accei.tance is plmvd in the 
 poHt-office. otherwise it is too late. Witleirawal may be ma,Ie by i.-le- 
 -raph or by t.dephone, but the latter Woul,] not Iw .sale unless there were 
 a witness. 
 
 :W. Sufficient Consideration. This is a law term which laynu-n 
 who have n,n ha-l much 1,-al .xperienee are liabl.. to mi.s„n,Ierstand It 
 does not mean takui- sufficient time t,, think or c,jnsi,l,;r, but as a le,r,al 
 
CONTKACTS. 
 
 IS 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
 tfiMi it iiu'.itis the rettioii or indiimiifiit uimii wliicli the imrtics to a (.on- 
 tnict ;,'ivf their iissi-iit iiiul afrrue to he l)<)Uiul. In every biniliuf; cuiitraet 
 thereniust of necessity heii/','/"^ ninsidrration.iinA what tlie hiw .lenoni- 
 inat.'s 11 •'sutlieicnt eonsi.lrnition." It need not U' a nionetury conaidiTa- 
 tion, hut may Ik; sonntliiiit,' jjiven, or done, or j.roniised to be <riven or 
 done, hy the person niakiiif,' the promise. For tliis ,»«.sir/^/v(No» the 
 person "to whom tlie jiromise is ^iven eithiT u'ives .something;, or dues 
 something, or promises to fjive or to do something:, in tlie tuture. 
 
 There are various kin<ls of ronsiih, ■atiui,, iind as this is one of tho 
 most important fiNittins of a contract, several will here he enumerated : 
 
 ■40. rood Consideration is one based upon natural love .and affec- 
 tion that exists Ixitween near relatives. Kxample : A father may de.-d to 
 his chihl a portion of his land, and it would he valid lie could not 
 recover it afterwards even 'f he desired to <Io so. A ■ pmiui^e to give a 
 deeil some time in the future would not he binding. 
 
 A father who is in.soUeiit eimld not through natural lovi- and allef- 
 tion convey to his son a portion of his jiroperty to save it hvmi his 
 creditors. A creditor atl'ected by such a conveyance may bring an action 
 to set aside the convevanee, an<f the property be sold to satisfy the claim. 
 
 A deed thus givei'i at such a time, with natural love ami atl'eetion for 
 a consideration, wiuld 1h^ set aside on the same jirinciple th.it a chattel 
 morti,'age \ ould be that was given on the eve of bankruptcy. 
 
 41. Valuable Consideration m.iy be either a bvnetit to the p.Tson 
 mak'ng the promise, or a loss to the person to whom the promise is made. 
 It ma\^be something of value given' or promised to be given to the person 
 makit'ig the promise, or an inconvenicice to the person '<j wlioni the pro- 
 mise iiT made. Any of these wotdd constitute a sufficient consideration 
 Examples: (1) A benefit to the proaiissor— A tailor i.romise.- to make 
 a suit of clothes f(jr a person for ?"20, or for one month's labor. (2) 
 Inconvenience to the promisee — A person might lose a gold watch and tell 
 another person he would gi\e it to him if he could find it. The loss of 
 time ami inconvenience exjierieneed in hunting for it would be sufficient 
 consideration to make the jiromise binding. 
 
 4'! Mutual Promises are a valid eousidi-ration if made at the same 
 time. .\l ,1 .litfrrriit hour, even on the .saiiif day, they would not be bind- 
 ing. Examiili' : Smith promises to dig a well for Jones, arid Jones pro- 
 mises to give Smith a certain carriage when the well is dug. < )ne 
 promi.se isli consideration feir the other promi-*,", and the contract is valid. 
 
 4:1. A Conditional Pron.ise is a sufficient consideration for a direct 
 promise, but the conditional promise is not binding unless the considera- 
 tion is complied with. Kxample : A horse is purchas.Mi for ?1 20 im tlie 
 condition that he proves true in harnes.s ; Iwtli parties are bound if the 
 condition is met. but if the condition fails the purchaser is frei' to rescind 
 the contract, that is. if the horse does not pro\ ^^ to be true in harness. 
 
 44. Gratuitous Promises, or promises witlu-ut a consider.ition. are 
 not biniliii", because there is no eouivalent given. Contracts without a 
 
I i 
 
 I i)NritAri>. 
 
 cjm.si.l.ration a.v v.,i,J. If th.-re is no eo,..si,Jeratio., tl..re is no reason for 
 
 rniun.. th,. lulhh.R.nt of a t.rum.s... but the law .Iocs not, for then- has 
 U.en no e.,uivalent ren.l. n..l. Kxcept.ons . Instruments un.ler seal an 1 
 negotiate paper (which seel. 
 
 4r». Consideration as to Contracts Under S -al Contraot,s un.ler 
 
 n..ik..s i( tiiiMl. I hr seal itselt ,« said to Ik; a consideration. 
 
 4«. Consideration in regard to Negotiable Paper is prr.nnnnl 
 1 rom.ssnry „.,„■., .uveptanr,.. :„„| ..h,..,,,,-. „■ tl.,. hands of an innocent 
 
 t.on. With such paper consuleration is presun.od. and a thir.1 partv 
 ...VM,;: then, before n.atunty will colLet then.. The party to ^^•ho . 
 i.ey were ^uen without vah.e could not collect them : neither couM thin 
 ■art.es It tlK-y purcha.sed them after n.atu.ity. Aceunnnodation n es 
 
 and ae...!,t:,n.vs ar.. tl,.. nmst noted exan.j.les of this kind. 
 
 tin.. "*! ^"'"'^^'f'" Consideration. An a^r, .m.nt upon no considera- 
 tion, or .nsuthc.ent eons.denit.on. cannot be ]e;,Mll v enfo.'eed. Insufficient 
 coiLsideration, as a le;:al tenu, ,ioes not mean toc-'little cash or vah^ \ 
 person mak.nfr a contract is left toju.l-e for himself wh.th.r he receives 
 a_.s„thc.ent value or not. If a person sells a hor.se for :?i'.. that is worth 
 *.-.(). or a;;.ves to do a piece ol work for ;?!.', that is worth Si5, lie must 
 .stan.l by his bar-am. The law will not interfen- 
 
 Ins.itHcient consideration can only b.. u.sed as a j.lea in cases where 
 
 a .s,.d by the Inmd or ... cases like the followin;:: A farm.r pro,ni.s,.s his 
 hne.1 men an addition to their wa-es in consideration of their niakin^r 
 e.vtrn exertions to fj-t in the mown hay befu.-e a thnaf.nin.- storm or 7i 
 %e»sel captain promises his sailors an a<ldition to th.ir hTxed wa-es i.' 
 ti.ey will make extraordinary efforts durinj; .i storm. In either cas.. the 
 promise IS ;,ratu,tous an-l not enforceable, the employees bein.r b u. d - 
 so ac m their res,.ect.ve serviec.s. A promise to pav anothers ' ebt 
 ■ilnady inc.irre.l „, hke manner, is ^rratuit.M.s, and cannot be enforce.!. 
 
 48. Illegal Consideration is wh.re th.. act to 1... performed is f,.r- 
 hidden by law, as smu^rj^li,,^, ^„„„i, i„t„ j,,^ countrv, buying a l.',tterv 
 t.ck..t. publishing or selling immoral literatur... In' all sucl? ca.ses the 
 pa>-ty making tl.,. pn,n„s.. is not bm.nd to keep it. ,8ee Sees. IG and 17.) 
 
 wl,i,.|!*!,\"' ^°^^''''*' <^°"^'^.^'-3tion isanagreein..nt to perform somethin.^ 
 ..s , •'/ ^ :•'■'■■ ':■"'""■• " ""l--i''l'-'- ^^^■•■V">P1^' : A man might a.^e^ 
 
 as the consideration ot .son... e.^ntract, to walk from IJutfl-ilo to Montr,.,-ri in 
 
 111! m'lTt' \ : """'■' I'rS'" '"^'•' ''y ''^"' "•'' '' ^^•""''' '"■ '■'"Po.ssible . 
 
 ull.lm nt. A man might, how..ver, agree to buil.l a c.rtain hous,. in 
 
 ■ee .lays an, be- utt..rly unable to accomplish it ; still h.. woul.l " ,J 
 
 n u d "Kn iTT ,' ' ">'' '" P°'*^''^''^ '" '"^^- """ -'J "'«''^^'' 
 I nougn ,11 iianu to pi.rbmn it. 
 
CONTRACTS. 
 
 13 
 
 ."iO Moral Obligation is binilin<j in honor, hut nut in law. Hiti- ii 
 wlnii' most I pii in;ikr llii'ir iiiistiikc wlio say that coinnton si^nse is all 
 tiiat :i man iiui-ijs to f;iiiili- him in law. Cuninion .sense will tiiich a 
 Hensihlo man what imjUt t<i he <lone, hut wliat th>- law will uml. rtakr to 
 I'nfori'i.' isiniitf a ilitl'criiit thiiij,'. I.f^^al ohlii^'atioii is oiu' tliin„' aii^l nioril 
 ohli;,Mtion is aiiotlur, ami sonictimos just the- opposite. 
 
 ."•I Failure of Consideration voids the contiiu'l. Hxainpl' : A 
 p<^r.son a;,'riis to j,'ive #:i()0 i'or a certain interest in a jjateiit to manutac-- 
 tnre ;;as ami afterwanis the jiateiit is I'otiriil to lie voiil. The contract 
 cainiot he enforced, and, if a note were <;iven, it cannot he collected. 
 
 Partial failure of consideration does not void the contr.u't. and the 
 other ])arty may obtain damages only for tiie ]iart tliat f.iil' d 
 
 7*'t. Who may Contract. Persons competent to contr.ict, that is, 
 tho.se who ciui I'lhd thi iiisejves in a contr.iet. include all persons over 
 twenty-one years of n^'e, and of sound mind. 
 
 Persons not competent t(j contract then are: .Minors, iiliot , insane, 
 and persons wholly iiito.xicated ; al.so Indians, who are rej,'arded ,is wards 
 of the ( 'rown 
 
 Tt'A Minors, called in tie- Uu ii.Kjks Infiints. .-ire, in Canada, all 
 persons, male or female, undir twenty-one years of ajje. In a few of 
 the States of the United .States fi'Uiales are of a<;e at eif,'hteen years, hut 
 not .so in Canada. The law in Canaila is very fair and just in refjard to 
 niint)rH ns to their personal lialiility for debts, .uid al.so as to their jiarents 
 or ;;uardians, and business men shuuM clearly understand it. 
 
 .■»4. Minors miy Contract for Necessaries. Whaie\.T things are 
 necessary lor him in liis .-^iiilion and condition in life he niay contract foi-, 
 if he is not livin- w ith his parents or j^uanlians, who are able and willini; 
 to support him. .Minors not at home, ami supporting themselves and 
 collecting; tlh ir own wa^es, do not bind their parents even for necessaries. 
 .\ minor ])Urch.isin.,r anythin;; held to be ji necess.irv for him in his station 
 in life, and refusing,' to pay for it, the merchant from whom he puichase<l 
 the article can sue and recover from him as thou;;li \v \\ereol' a;,'e. If, 
 however, the parents should sometimes pay ]iart of tli,. minors bills fur 
 r.ece.ssaries, tiny also become liable for the whole of tieni. .Miimi-s n'lt .it 
 home and snpportinij themselves, may sue and ri'cover for waives carneij 
 by theni.selvi's no matter how youn;; they are. They are also liabh; for 
 any damaj^'e done or wron^ connnitted by them ; also for any criminal 
 ort'enee. \Va;:es of minoi-s may be ^arnishced in payment for necessaries. 
 
 TtTt. Necessaries for Minors ai-e usually reckone<l board, clothinj,', 
 education and nieiliial attendance, unless unincessary talent is called. A 
 suit of tweed clothin;; for a son of a mechanic, or any person in a similar 
 station i 1 life, would be regarded as a neces.saiy, but a fur overcoat or •> 
 gold watch would not be. A fur coat or a golil watch might be held a 
 necess.iry for the s.m of :\ pidge or bank ni 'nager. 
 
 .■i<». Luxuries for Minors would be anything btyond what th.- Law 
 classes as necessaries. I'cn- anv sueh article bought on account th<> 
 
16 
 
 t<iXTI{A<TS. 
 
 i.KTclmnt cannot c-nn,,., 1 tl,. minor to p,ty ; if. l>ow..v..r, tl.c ori-Hn-U ,.k;<1s 
 are „. Ins possesMon, ,l„. nuTcLan, hu.s-.lu. pow.r to repl.-v; n f uko 
 th-ni liiu k. Imt h- cmnut tuk.- tl.cni hiuis.'lf l.y force. 
 
 .".: A Minors Note, Kiven ..ven for nm>ss,iri.-.s, cann<.t l... coHw-t,.,! 
 il a nwrchant ^i>oui,| .Imn.v to tak. sucl. a not.- for ...cissari^ '^^^^ 
 
 no. s„. on tlu. not... la.t !.,• coul,l l,ol.| the note until nm™ 
 su.- on tl>.. o,„.n account, an.l pnM.nt the note as evi.lence of tl e e t H 
 coul.l no sn..unt.l the note n.ature.l. as that wouM h. th/ut ..,,,•. 
 
 p::;:;;...,;:^:::;:; irp,;";;""'"-- - >•- '-■ •■•• --<' -& 
 
 .-,S A Minor as Agent. .V muiwr muiv act .us a-^ont for another 
 
 ..■n.,n .n any capaoty, an.1 hin.l his princi.^U in ccntrilc^,::!.;' 'his 
 
 ..'halt, l.ut a nnnor cannot appoint another person as a-ent to repr se t 
 
 h.n., hecutse the other party coul.l not hin.l the minor in a contr ct anv 
 
 n.i.re than tl,,' ,mii.,r eonl.l l.in.l hii If tontiaci. an> 
 
 .-,;» A Minor May Ratify His Contract. \Vi„„ a minor con.-s of 
 
 ;:ji:i hin:;;;:^'^^^' :;::;:"";^-' ■-';■ '"•'•-•. a,e,an,i thus n.,:k:ir;;i 
 
 an.l r.in.liMir. I h.- latilicatiot. mu-t he ;n writinj; to hind hin> 
 
 ::;;:,,:ris\,i:;^,rrr™;!;™.j'lii;t™;,i:"Tu '^^'"'■''''■■-r 
 
 <»1 Parents Liable for Minnrc wi ;i .1 • .• • 
 
 .stand the nature an.l eHl.ct of a cntract '" ""''' 
 
 «» Lunatics. I'ersons who haw l„st their r,.LM,„ ,,■ , .■ .1 
 incomp.trni tu eoiitrict Hnf „mI \\ .'"•""-"." ■;^"" '^i'' iH'i'iilestlv 
 
rONTKACTs. 
 
 17 
 
 Were "li'iilinj; Willi ii p. is, m tMiiiint' iii in i-ciitiact. Nu ji.istm liiit tlio 
 lunatic <ir hi.s l<';,'iil re|iris«'iitjitivcfi can voi<l ii contract that lie lias nindo. 
 Contriicts for i|fce'<snrii-s for him tlie law huldH t)in>lin{;. 
 
 W4 Lucid Intervals In some cohus of iti>anity, i>«rsoris have 
 ititfi-vals liurin^j which they an' ]><Tfi'Ctly sanr. TlifM-'art- calloil lucid 
 iiiti'rvalH. Mini ci II tracts inadi- duriiif^ sucli periods are hiiidinj^. 
 
 <»."» Drunken Persons. A person iiutpIv stroni,'iy under tin- inllu- 
 eiii'i' of lii|Uor is iKjt lc;;,illy, allhuii^h lif may he morally, iiiconipeteiit to 
 contract. To W- relieved from liahility on a contract he may have entered 
 into, he must he wholly intoxicated, .so as U) he unahie to use his reason. 
 
 I)ruiikeiiiH"is will not nliev i. from criminal provirntion 
 
 0<». Indians. Om Indians an- u.uds i :' thr ( rown, and thus pro 
 tected from fraud and deception iiy liein;; {)laced in a similar position to 
 minors, and rendered incapable of hindinj; themselves in a contract. A 
 jierson who makes a contract with them is hound, hut the Indian is not 
 
 hound, not e\-cii for neccs.saries 
 
 <»7. Alien Enemies. Aeconlin:; to Inti-rnational Law, all lommerce 
 between two nations at war is suppre.s,sed and contracts renilered illegal 
 and Void. 
 
 iiH. Requisites of a Contract. I'lom wlmt has lir,n ;^'i\.n, the 
 rei|uisites of a valid contract may lie summeil up as follows: 1 It n.ust 
 hr possible, (2) It nuist l>e lerjal. (8) It must he maile by persons who 
 are competent to contract. 4) It must be assented to liy each anil all the 
 jiarties. (5) It reipiires n consideration, except for those under seal. 
 ((> It must be without fr.uid. (7) Some require to he in writinj;, and 
 soiiir un' r scil. 
 
 <»!►. Drawing of Contracts It is tru.' rconomy to h.nr all im- 
 [lortaiit coiitivict-- ilniwn l^y a careful lawyer, or other experienced person, 
 liut tlierr .ue iiiuiiy minor matters that should lie submitted to wriiiuj,' 
 that may U' done by any ititellij^ent layman. An : in all ca.ses a man 
 should know himself when he reads over tli>' written instnnnent whether 
 it is ri;,dit or not, and whether it contain-- th,- whole a;;rei'nieiu or not, 
 even thoui,'h he employs the knowledj^e and skill and exjierietice of a 
 solicitor or comndssioiier to do the actual work. In drawin;,' up a contract 
 it would be well to oh.serve the followiiii,': 
 
 Be very specific in namin;,' all the terms ainl coiHlitious of tlu' agree- 
 ment. .State accurately the naiiu^s iti full, residence and occupations of 
 the jiartiis to the contract, and the ditierent promises each one is to per- 
 form. If .[ p( .-son has se'-eral Christian names, include them all. A 
 j)er.son who has no trade or profession is usually called a ";;entlcman" In 
 jjivinj; the residence of the parties the smallest nninicipality must Ik' 
 mentioned, as a township, or villa;;e, or town, (jr city, thi-n the c<niiitv aiiil 
 lastly the Province. 
 
 The person ar^reeing to d(j weak or to sell an article is usually called 
 " the party of the first [)art," and the party payin;: the money the " party 
 of the second part," hut there is r.'ally no dirt'ercnce which comes tjrst. 
 
IN 
 
 CONTBACIS. 
 
 10. Signing of Contracts The iiiKti'uiiKtit mIkiuIi] Imj Hi<;ii)'il in the 
 proHitice ol II ilisiiif.r.Mti'il witmss, IT tlio iiistniiiii-iit Iuin iilninly licrii 
 Mi;;nf(l it will ln> Nutlicii'iit tor thu jutsdh to «(7.ii<;«7»'./y. \i\» sij^Miiituri' in 
 till' pri'soncf of the witncsH. Snuw rt'i|uiri-' to Ih- iiiuler moiiI. 
 
 Ill nil ilocuiiH'iits to Ih' rcgistori'ii, iw (li't'iix, niort;;ii<;t'Muii'l hills of sale, 
 it is neco8t(uiy for tin- witiioHH to verify his witin-ssin;; uiiil sii'imturi' bv 
 ftn ntli'liiN it. which is writt''i» on or iittiichcil to tin/ dociniifnt. 
 
 11. A Seal shotikl lio |iliicc'il on till importiiiit contnictH. Kwu u 
 church siihscription. or ft promissory noti- "Iniwn to run si'veriil years, is 
 Ijftter to have a scpI iittiiclu'il. It makes theiii j^imhI for twenty veiirs. 
 
 Anythin;; stu k on after tin- name will answer for a seal as'well um ti 
 rej;alar seal Ixjuj.ht for the puriiose. When any ilevici- is priiiteil or 
 written after the name or the usual letters " L.S." the seals may he put on 
 any time afterwanls Frojierly the seal shouM he t<iucheil liythe person 
 si;;nin;; hia name ami acknowli-ilj^eil to K- his Neai. In acknowleil;;int; 
 the seal, whether it is put on l>efore or after siKimture, wonls sonnthin;^ 
 like the followin;; may Ih- used : " I acknowledjre this to he my liaiiil an<l 
 seal." Some persons after sijininj; their name will with pen and ink put 
 their initials on the sen!, thus practically ideiitifyin;; it. 
 
 All corporate botlies and joint stock companies are recpjired hy law to 
 have a corporate seal, which the officers must attach to or impress on all 
 contracts siynetl hy them in order that they may he Ijindin^on the corpora- 
 tion or company. 
 
 All instruments under se'l are good for twenty years, except a mort- 
 fjage on real estate, wliuli ' ' 
 
 payment. 
 
 t'i. Signing by Mark. 
 
 atlaws in till wars after ni;iiurii\- Ml- liust 
 
 .V 
 
 mu.-'l i-i'ij(iist .sDUie othcl 
 
 illustrate the usual fcjrm 
 
 jMf^iin 
 
 I'.irty (' 
 usual f(jrm 
 
 Witness: l'ii.\i:i.Ks .Scmmkus. 
 
 wh. 
 
 It I'. 
 
 I caniint 
 ■r liiiii 
 
 si::n 
 Tli.- 
 
 W. 
 
 nil iiw n iiiuiH- 
 fiillowin;,' will 
 
 Mm 
 
 X Wl.MK.ltS. 
 
 n'tirk 
 
 A tlh- pill whilr 
 hi.s r\\ n ero.ss or 
 a witni'ss to the 
 
 A i)erson .sij,Tiin^' hi.s name thi.s way in.Hy take li.l.l 
 hi.s name is heinj; written, or he may not . he may make 
 he may not, just as he wisiies. There must, however, he 
 
 siirnaturi-, 
 
 I'.i Reading and Explaining. When a i«r.sun whu e.innoi ivud 
 is e.xecutinj; im instrument, it isrei|uired that it U' read over and explained 
 to him in the presence of the witne.s.s so that he may fully understand 
 what he is doin<;. The witness in si^minjj such an' in.strunient should 
 mention the fact in some such words as the fullowin;,': " Si>;ned, .sealed 
 and delivered, after fir.st haviuf; been read over and explamed, in the 
 presence of, Ch.vulks .Sr.MMEits." 
 
 74. Erasures and Corrections. If any such should hecome neces- 
 sary to make it should he done hefore the document is executed. In 
 making tlie corrections do not use a knife or ruh!)er, hut simply draw a 
 line through the words with pen an.l ink so that the original words may 
 be clearly seen. Then write the correct words hetween the lines, using a 
 c.iret to show where they should he read in. The witness should putTii.s 
 
tllMUAiTS. 
 
 i:» 
 
 iiiitiiils .jri til.' iimr;,'iii opixwitc .-very siu-li rnnvctioii or iiitoiliii..ntion ah 
 .•viil.iiPf ilmt they \viv iiia<i.- h.f..iv th.- ix.'cutiou of the docuiiiont. 
 
 ?."». Various Sheets Wlien u document in written on more than 
 oni- ^li.rt th.y shmil.l W laMrncl tc .j,'fth.T luul pa;;.'.! before lieini; sii'ii.'.i 
 home who are extraonlinuriiy I'urnmi will use a ril.lxm ami put iiMenlover 
 the tie of the riWx)n. The witn.sM Mometiin.s places hi.s initials on each 
 Nlieet ami iiienticnis the nuniln'r of sheets with his si;f|iature. 
 
 115 Various Documents Wlun an a;,Teement is compoHed of two 
 
 or imnu sep.uut.' lioruii.ehi.i they are usually marked with the letters of 
 th.- alphnlx't as, A, B. C.eU-., an.l referred as sch.'dule A, sch.dule \i. etc. 
 hxai'ple: Coiitriiets for the erection of liir;,'e structures are usually 
 accompanied hy j)Iiu).s and speciticationH mark..] A, H, etc., which are 
 ftttaeh.-d In and furin a part ot the a;,'reeiii.'nt. 
 
 11. Interpretation of Contracts. Alth<)Uj,'h it is supposed that 
 parties entering,' into a cntraet fully uiiderstuti-l its ti-rms, lui.l will use 
 lan;;mi;,'e in expre,ssin>,' thum that will explicitly f;iv.' their iiuaiiin.' vt 
 It often happens that such is not the ca.s.- : h.-nce crtaiii rul.'s have"i.een 
 adopted to interpret th.-ni when aiiil.i;,'iiity ueeurs. Th,' foll,,\vi,i.r niv 
 those of clii.'f inipiirtanei' 
 
 \. TilK I^■T^:^■TI.>^• of the parties at the time the contract was nuvle is 
 consi.ler.'.l, ra'Jur than the lit.'rnl m.vmin^' of the wonls. 
 
 2 CrsTo.M .\\i) rs.\.,K..f tlint jiartieular busine.ss and j.laiv uill !„■ 
 re;;ard.'d where th.' w.jr.lin;,' of th.' eontraet is doubtful. 
 
 :i. Thk tk. hnic.U- Wouds ami phrases used will be Lriv.n the mean- 
 ing; in which they are empleye.l in that partieidar busin.'s.s. 
 
 ■*. VauIATIONS HETWEEX W111TIN(! AM) I'lU NTINVi. Wlii'Ii me part (if 
 
 n contract is written and auotlu'i print. 'd, if th.'v disuirr.'.' t'..' .vritt.n 
 portion will lie accepted, 
 
 '). LiHKKAl, co.s.sTurcTiox. Wli.Te the Wording,' of a eontraet is 
 ambi;,'uuu.s, it is a nil.' of th,' courts to con.strue it liberally, s,) as to ^dve 
 effect to th.,' common s.'nsu of the a;;re.'m.>nt, I'ven somt'times r.'j.ctin.' 
 ob|ecti<mabl.' claus.s ami supplyiiiic omissions. But where the St'itutes tix 
 a .l.'tinite meaninu' to wonls, they will invariably be construe.l in that s.'nse 
 
 0. 'Jo.vsTULVTioN- AS TO TiMK. When no time is mentioned in the 
 c.ntraot tor its executi.>n. tbe pre.sumption is that it mu.st be don.; at once, 
 or 111 a reasonable time, an.l tlu' courts will .so construe it. iicconlite' to the 
 nature of the work to be done. 
 
 7. COXSTKUCTION- AS T. ) I'LACK. Th,' law of th,' place where the 
 
 contract is ma.le jjoveriis its v.'di.lity, an.l if it is to be perform,',! there 
 
 als,^ It will govern its interpretation. If it is to be p,'ri',.niied in amither 
 
 •rovince or country, it must be in acconlance with the laws of that 
 
 I rovince or country, ,itlierwise it is void. 
 
 IS. Completion of Contracts. The eh-nunt of time is an important 
 i.-ature of all contra.ts A cntractor not completing his contract within 
 the time sp.'Cifie,! is liable for wdiatever damages actually occur. 
 
 In ca.se3 where no time is fixe.l lor the completion of a contract it 
 must be pi'rform,',! within a " reasonable time," accor.ling t,) tlie circum- 
 stances, which, if not mutually agreed upon, would be for the court or 
 judge to detennine. 
 
20 
 
 C()NTIIA( TS. 
 
 in. Cancelling Contracts. la mms wIutl- ;i ]ni'son 1ms l^ecn 
 imlucfd tlirouj,'li t'rmul. i^r falschoocl nr misri'prfsentatioii of any kind, to 
 eutei into a contract to imrchasf land or any kind ol' personal proja-rty, 
 he can repudiate the contract or liarjjain, and if he has paid money he 
 can ri'cover it. But he must act as soon as he discovers the fraud 
 and restore or offer to n^store t'le property in the same ronilition it was 
 in whi'.i he received it. The fraud or false representation must he of a 
 material natin-e and actiuiUy deceive. 
 
 A fiurchaser who wouM rescind a contract must tje in a position to 
 restore the property. If he treats the projierty <is his own (more tiian to 
 care for it) after di.scoverinj^ the fraud, he cannot afterwards return it and 
 recover his money. If a portion of the ;;ooils were used before the 
 discovery of the fraud it would be for the court to determine the value of 
 the portion used. 
 
 so. Breach of Contract is a I'aihire to do what was rei|uired, or 
 thedoini; of what was forbidden. Jl is necessary to have a clear idea of 
 what constitutes a binding; contract in the particular ca.se beini; considered 
 in order to know detiniteiy whether there haa been a violation or breach 
 of contract. Study tliis whole chapter well. 
 
 Ml, Remedies are the means which the law provides fijr the 
 enforcement of the rights created by the contract. Remedies are divideii 
 into two classes — civil and criminal. The criminal are for the punishment 
 of crime and the protection of .society, and are dealt wit' by Government : 
 the civil belonir to the indiviilual and enable him to entorce his personal 
 rights and ol)tain compensation for his private wrouifs. His I'emedy is by 
 suit for clamai,'e.s. There are different cla.s.ses of dama;;es: (1 Compensa- 
 tion for the actual loss sustained. (2) Nominal, wliere the failure to 
 perform the contract is not rej^arded as intentional but merely throu;,di 
 inability to do so. i'i) Lii|ui<lated, where the amount is previously ai,'reed 
 upon in case damages should be awarded. (4) Speculative, where the 
 profits that would have resulted from the performance of the contract 
 can \)n estimated, they may be recovered. (5) Exemplary, wliere for a 
 malicious violation of a contract a sum in excess if the actual loss is 
 awarded as a punishment. 
 
 H'i. Injunction. Where a person is doin<; something he contracted 
 not to do, or is infrinijinjj upon the rights of another, an order may be 
 obtained from the court restraining hiir from further action until the 
 ci'.o has been legally acljudged. This order is called an injunction. 
 
 8;t. Place of Suit. In ca.se of trial for breach of contract, the place 
 where the contract is made is where the auit will be tried. Contracts 
 made bj- letter have for their place where the letter of acceptance was 
 signed, hence there the suit should be. The place of contract in regai<l 
 to real estate is where the real estate is situated. A note not made 
 payable at any detiniti' place would be sued where it was dated, but if 
 payable at some other place, then that woulil be place of suit. 
 
 Goods ordered or soM from store or warehouse and taken by pur- 
 chaser or ship])ed from there, would have that ])lace for place of suit. 
 But goods delivered by a traveller to the retail dealer, the place of suit 
 would be there. 
 
CONTKAUTS. 
 
 21 
 
 lliit Section So of the Division Court Act of Ontario aays : "The 
 action may hf entered an<i tried in t!ie court nearest to the residence of 
 the defen(huit, irresjiectivt' of the place where the cause of action arose," 
 and tlie same perndssive jxnver is i^dven the courts in ail tlie Provinces. 
 
 Therefore suit may l)e entered eitlier where tiie cause of action arose 
 or in tlie division in wliicii t!ie defendant resides or does Ijusiness. If 
 tried where the cause of action arose tiie Judj,'nient iii.iy still lie executed 
 where the defendant resides (vr h;is priipeity. 
 
 H4 Contract to Build a House. 
 
 To More fully illustrate the opeidnj,', closini;, sifjuature, witnesses and 
 {jeneral wording; of a contract the fi)llowiii;( a:,'reenient for huildini; a 
 house i.s ijiven : 
 
 Aktici.Ks ok .\(;uKt;.MK.\T made and entered into on this "Ulh <lay of 
 September, A.l). 1900, between James Henderson jf Toronto, and Charles 
 Stunniers, of St. Catharines, it is af,'reeil in manner and form followinj,', viz. : 
 
 The said Charles Sununers, for the consideration hereinafter men- 
 ti<jned, doth foi- himself, his heirs, executors and administrators promise 
 and aj^ree to and with the .said James Henderson, his heirs, executors, 
 adniinisti'ators and assi^^ns, that he. the said Charles Sununers shall and 
 will, within the space of four months next after the date hereof, in i;ooil 
 and workmandike manner, ami accordini:,' to the best of his skill and art, 
 at Lot ti JJeiiisou Avenue, in the city of Toronto, well and substantially 
 erect, build, set up, and finish one house or me.ssuaije according to the 
 plan or draft and specifications hereiuito annexed of the dimensions fol- 
 lowing, viz. (state the iliniensioiis ) and to compose the same with such 
 stone, brick, timber, and other materials as the .saitl James Hendersor. or 
 his assigns shall jirovide and rind for the .same. In consideration whereof 
 the said J.imes Henderson doth for himself, his executors and adminis- 
 trators promise mid agree to and with the said Charles .Summers, his heirs, 
 executors, administrators and assigns, well and truly to jiay, or cause to 
 be paid tuito the siuM Charles .Snmmers or his assigns, the .sum of three 
 thousand dollars in l.iwful money of Canacla in manner following, that is 
 to say, the sum of one thousand dollars when the stone and brick work 
 an,' completed, and the remainder, two thousand dollars, thirty days after 
 the work shall be completely riiu'shed, and also that he the said James 
 Henderson, his heirs, executors administrators or a.ssigns ."hall and will 
 from time to time, as the same shall be ie(|uired at his ,uh1 their own 
 proper expense, rind and provide all the stone, brick, tile, timber, and 
 other materials necessary for making and building the said hou.se. And 
 f( r the performance of all and every one of the articles and agreements 
 above mentioned, the said James Henderson and Charles Summers do 
 hereby bind them.selves, their executors, administrators and a.ssigus each to 
 the other in the penal sum of rive hundred dollars rirmly by these Presents. 
 
 In witness whereof the saiil parties to these Presents have hereunto 
 .set their liands and .seals the day and year first above written. 
 
 Signeil. sealed and delivered ^ t tt .^ 
 
 in the presence of ' j^''^'' Hendeusox. # 
 
 F. E. MisENEu. I Chahles Simmers, ^j^ 
 
22 
 
 <;u.MU)i\(; A<!\ivsT iiiArn. 
 
 (llArTKK 1[ 
 
 Ca'AHPfXC ACAINST KIIAl l». 
 
 •o 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 C 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 <N 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 nJ 
 
 
 
 
 [i 
 
 *<i 
 
 ^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 c, 
 
 
 *^ 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 5i 
 
 
 
 
 i% 
 
 ~*-- 
 
 
 
 
 »^ 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^" 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 ■-) 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1. 
 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 V^ 
 
 •V*' 
 
 
 S: 
 
 s: 
 
 "i 
 
 •^ 
 
 :• 
 
 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 
 ~5: 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 '^^ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 V" 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 «V 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 ■< 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 *^ 
 
 •"7 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 •> 
 
 ;5 
 
 
 ■3 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 ;; 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 •^j" 
 
 ;C 
 
 
 <., 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 V. -^ 
 
 
 
 is 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 <») ^" 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' 
 
 ^ - 
 
 § ^ 
 
 i< 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■s^ ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ :i 
 
 
 .>. 
 
 u 5 
 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ; *w 
 
 
 
 --* 
 
 ■^'; 
 
 
 "-* 
 
 N.V TliL- itiiierant .swindka- is 
 oporatitij,' soniewliere, in .some line 
 
 iuv.a^-s 
 Every 
 
 Ollrlnv to 
 
 Mil' ser- 
 
 cliiss in the commuiiity lias tlii 
 Wiitcli aj,'ainst. 
 
 The folbwini,' su;,';,ffstii)ns iii,'i\ 
 vice to tanners particularly : 
 
 1. Never ;rive money or a note, excejit 
 it he to a well-known tirni. initil tht' ni'ticle 
 purchascil is in your possession aihl I'lHiud to 
 he according,' to ajfreenicnt. 
 
 2. An article or a machine havinjj heeii 
 orleriil, which, upon arrival at the fr ■i;.;ht or 
 express office is fouml to be 'lot accord'iiij,' to 
 agreement, should not he received. Ol' oul'se, 
 il' the article is according; to contract . must 
 be received if <lelivered at the place and time 
 a^reeil upon ; but if not according; to contract 
 the article should bo refused, and payment 
 therefor cannot lie enforced. 
 
 3. Always take a copy of every aj^ree- 
 lu'iit that is made in writinrr, or any order 
 ;,'iven for machinery, <,'oods, etc. Tlie a<,'ent 
 should siijii the companj-'s name, toj,'ether 
 with his own, to the copy you retain, which 
 should also be marked "cojiy." 
 
 4. In dealinj; with an a;;ent. or au\- other 
 person, where a written contract, ayveement, 
 or note is made, be assurecl of this, that 
 nothinj; but the written florii„i>-,if will Ije 
 considered in court. No matter what el.se 
 the other party promises in addition by word 
 of mouth or even in writini,', if on a separate 
 paper or not referred to specially in the 
 written contract as a part of the contiaet, it 
 is utterly worthless. 
 
 5. In <lealinf; with the aj;ent of a stranjie 
 firm, never si(,'n any lenj,'th\- document jnir- 
 portinj; to be an onler or a;;reemeiit, as such 
 documents have been a fruit ful ^ource of fraud. 
 
 S«J. Swindling Note. Tlie form of 
 swindhnf; note shown on this paf^e, which is 
 made by simply cuttin;,' oti' the ri<,'ht hand 
 end of what was sup])ose<l to lie simplv an 
 ajj;reement to sell six iian-ow>i. to be paid Un- 
 
<jl .\|:I>IM: AliAlNsr UlAl II. 
 
 23 
 
 .-iftcr tiny were soM, is an 
 old oiif At'lrr the end is 
 reinoviMl ami iIr' witru'ss' 
 name at tin.' liottmii is cut 
 (iir. it is a ri'i^ular iinti« 
 which coulil be sukl tn any 
 person who knew notliin;; 
 of the swindlr, and Ky Ur- 
 ing thus Iransl'eiTed Vi an 
 innocent liolder for value, 
 it would be coijectid. 'I'lie 
 swindle does not always 
 take this form, hut ,sonie- 
 times the note would lie in 
 tlie middle of a slieet, and 
 by cuttin;; away the top, 
 bottom and sides, a regular 
 form of note would be left. 
 This illustration, however, 
 is enough to put thought- 
 ful jier.sons on their guard 
 against aU similar forms 
 of trickery. 
 
 If an occasion should 
 occur when it wotlld seem 
 ilesirable to enter into an 
 agreement requiring such 
 an instrument, it should 
 not be signed except in the 
 presence of a witness. Even 
 then, instead of signing 
 tlieir piinti'd forms, it 
 would lie safer to write 
 out the agreement on plain 
 paper, 
 
 S? Note Preventing 
 Fraud. 'I'li.' form ol ii.itr 
 shown on this jiage is the 
 best protection against the 
 frauds ainl swindles that 
 liavc cauglu even the 
 shrewdest of men that can 
 be devised. In purchasing 
 a machine or any line of 
 goods from a strange firm 
 without opportunity for a 
 suftieieiit test, write out 
 such a note as this on plain 
 ]iaper instead of using their 
 blank.s. This note is valid 
 and can be collected as 
 well as anv other form 
 
 
 ^5 \ 
 
 :-\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 -N. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 X 
 
 i ^ 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 V 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 * 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 VN.\ 
 
 V 
 
 N 
 
 I 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 .§ 
 X 
 
24 
 
 <il AI1\M\ AM) ^IHETYSHII' 
 
 l.rovi.l.Ml there IS n.) frau.i, Inu if then^ is tnuul in comi.-cti.m with the 
 tmnsactiou, it cmld not i... oollected. It is made noii-nej;utial,le. so that 
 the payee cannot transtVr it to an innocent holder forvahie to he collecte.j. 
 It can h- transferr.'d hy assij,ninieiit. hut in that easf the purchas.-r does 
 not fret any hetter title to it than had tiie ori<,'imil hoKhT, hence the maker 
 IS sate. The words •■ and not otherwise or elsewliere • are not ahsoliitcK- 
 necessary, liut (like the words "value received") it is hetter to use then", 
 as th..y are evidence that tlu'iv was a decided intention tliat tlie note 
 should not he transterred.aud that it should not 1)0 pavahle at anv other 
 l>lace than tin- one specified. 
 
 fH.\i'Ti;i; III 
 
 GL\\i;\NTv .\M) >n;i:TVsiiii'. 
 
 SH. 
 
 Guaranty or Suretyship i> a promi.se of one person to another 
 to answer lor the drht. default or misearriaj,'e of a third party. According' 
 to the Statute of Frauds already mentione.l, all such promises must he in 
 writnij,' in or-l.^r to hy I.indin;,'. An oral <,'u--'.' ee is worthless in such 
 cases. 
 
 The utmast can- must l.e observed in n . i * ) this featuiv of our 
 aw.s. In many cases nothiiii; hut a simple ivcomm. ndation is intemled 
 hy the person niakiui,' it, while a rei,'ular ;,'uaraiitee is understood hv tlie 
 other [larty. 
 
 These promises usually fall iiu.ler one or oth.'r of nv,j forms : Wh.it 
 mav l)e called an ahsolute promise and a con.litional pronii.se. By a par- 
 ticular wordiu'^of the promi.-e it is only a conditional promi.se to pav in 
 case the other party fails to do .so, and then it must Ix; in (ovV/,,./ in onler 
 to he hindiii- Tliis is a ca.s.- of answering,' for the d.'ht or default of the 
 dehtor and made hy mere wcjrd of mouth is worthless. But liv a sli-ht 
 chanjre in the wonliii;; it l)ecomes an ah.solut.,' promise to ])av the deht 
 hinisell. in which ca.se the -uarantor actually takes the place of the del.Kjr 
 In case of a deht just iM-iui; create.! as, for instance, Imvin.r .^oods at a 
 store, this promi.so is Kiudiiiir if onlv "/•-//, ami tlie mercliant"has a ri'dit 
 to and should char-e the e^uaraiitor diivct lor the iroods instead of 'the 
 l)erson receivin^^r them. 
 
 The following; illii.st rat ions will mak.' the distinction clear: 
 H!». Example of Binding Promise. A person ^^ovh with his hired 
 man l.i.-i -t..ivand -ays to tlie neichant, ■ (!ive this man jroods (to a certai" 
 aiiiounti and I will se.- it i)aid," or " I will he re.spcmsihle." This is virtu- 
 ally telhn,' the merchant to char-e the ;,'oods to him direct, and con.se- 
 i|Uentlyis not "answering' for the deht of another," hut is an ahsolute 
 promise to pay it himself. .Such a jruirantee does not need to he in writ- 
 ing: to i)e hmdinj:. It is the same as savinjr, " Charge the <^w,U to me " 
 or " 1 will pay for them." It i.s his dehf, althou^di for the heneHt of his 
 servant. Such a promise made hv word of mouth is hiiidin<T for anv 
 anvunt under S40 in Ontari... X,w lininswick. and X,)va Se.ltia (ScV 
 Sec. 31 (J.) 
 
(irAl!\NTV ANh ^ritKTYSim-. 
 
 25 
 
 In this case tlie incrcluint slioiiM cliiir;^'!' the {joods to tlie person who 
 yave the order, the ;,'Uiiraiit(>r, althouj,'h it is expected that tlie person 
 receiving; the <;oods will pay for them. But if he does not do so the 
 niercliant l(H)ks to the jjuaraiitor only, hecause he is the princijial <li'l)tor 
 and not a mere surety. His <jral or verlial autlujrity to char;;f the j;oods 
 to hiiii is Millicjiiit tn liiii'l liiiii I See following Section.) 
 
 !>0. Promise that does not Bind. An example of what may be 
 called a "con<liticiiial pi-(imisf '' : Siipposinj| lie were to say to thi' merchant, 
 "(.iivc this man ^joods up to (namiiii; the amount), and if he d(3es not pay 
 you by such a time (namin<; a date> I will my.self," or " send the bill to 
 me." This woukl bi- worthli'ss spoken by woril of m<juth, for it is 
 answering for the debt of another, ami utterly voiil unless put in writing. 
 Even if there were witiies,ses it would still be worthless. It leaves tiie 
 debt on the oilier party, the guarantor only agreeing to j)ay in case the 
 debtor fails to do .so. Every form of wording tliat may be used where 
 this is the ca.se is utterly useless, unless jMit in writing. 
 
 Suppo.se again that Smith owes Brown, anil Brown tells Jones tli.U il 
 In.' will become responsil)li' for the debt he will let it stand, and Jones 
 replies, "all right, give him time, and if he does not pay you I will," the 
 liruiiii'-" Would nut lie liindiiig uiili's~ put in writing. 
 
 lU. Letters of Recommendation, (ireat care slKjuld be taken m 
 the wording of a letter of recommrnd.uion where financial obligations are 
 to be created or l)usiness relations formed, if nothing but a simple recom- 
 mendation is inteudeil. All such phra.ses as " Ke is gooil for them," or 
 naming a certain amount and saying, " lie would be safe to that extent," 
 etc., would constitute a guarantor. The lialiility may be evaded by 
 modifying sueli expressions by, " 1 would regard him as safi' " for such an 
 amount, or " I think you would be entirely safe in giving him creilit " for 
 such an ninoUMt, or "I would trr.st him," or "I think you could trust 
 him," or " he has always paid me," etc. With any such modifying phrase 
 very nmch may be .said to the credit of a worthy person without being held 
 as a surety. Such words spoken by word of mouth would not incur any 
 liability except it could be shown there was an element of fraud in tlu-m, 
 that they were intended to deceive. It is not safe, however to use them 
 even orally without the mollifying terms here mentioned being employed. 
 
 ii'i- Consideration for Guarantee. Guarantee is a contract, and 
 
 like other contracts rei|uires a ,■:,,, snl, nitinii to support it, but not neces- 
 sarily a tinancifd one (.see Sec. 3(*). When a written guarantee is given 
 it is better to express the r(>)iii<J<'.riit!()n, although not legally nece.s,saiy. 
 It may be mendy nominal as Sl.OO, or the actual '''//i,s/'?( )'<»//!'u» amounting 
 to the full value may ]»■ expressed. (See the three following Sections.) 
 
 !>;{. Guarantee of Debt Already Incurred. 
 
 In consideration of One DolLir. the receipt of 
 'i.ereby acknowledged. I guarantei^ that the debt of On 
 and Twenty-live Dollars now owing to James Forsyth 
 Johnson shall be paiil ;it maturitv. 
 
 Forest, Aug. -imh, 1900. " ,,, , 
 
 which is 
 Hundred 
 >v Henrv 
 
26 
 
 • .lAHAMV AM) M HirvsilllV 
 
 This fru'irant.o micrnt W- ml.lresM.l tu .lanu-s F..r.svtl> .nerfly in the 
 abov.' " with'>„urs iTs,H.(.tf.,lly;'\.tc., or mmle ns 
 
 *M Guaranteeing Future Purchases. This is what wouM l,,- 
 caiii'<l a '■ci)iitiiiiiiii_' ;:iiar.ihtii-. ■ 
 
 TuuDNTd. Au^'ust 31st, 1900. 
 In consid.ratiun of Uni' Dollar, 1 h.ivhv "uarantoc- the 
 payuK-ntof all jjoods purclm.se.l hv .Inh,, Dilluir iVoni Ailml 
 iTofinan .hiring the rci.nin.ItT of thr v,-.n- IHOO sai.i i.iiirh'is.-s 
 not to excoLMl One Hundred an.l Fifty JUlars. 
 
 Walteu Jones. 
 This^riuinuitr,. mii;lit he exhausted in a sin-le purchase, or durin.r 
 the tirst month, or hy nu.norou.s purchases durin- the whole period U, 
 tiantiary 1st. ll'OI. ' 
 
 JK"». Guaranteeing a Horse. 
 
 BEitt.rx, August :il.st, 1900. 
 In consideration of ,Suventv-Hve Dollars for a hay horse I 
 herehy rrnarantee him to ho only four years ol.l, sound, .luiet in 
 liarne.ss and true to draw, 
 
 .1 \MKs S.MITH. 
 
 !M;. Guaranteeing Negotiable Paper. Where hills are subject to 
 
 proty..t ,i,:.e.\i„.,,se,„av 1 ,e .,ved and i-i'otest rendore.l unnecessary bv 
 the indorsee wntmj,' a torni of guarantee on the back oyer his .signature, a^ 
 
 For v,i/ar realveill henhn ;t„„nnita- fhr paiimevt of th<- 
 U'lt/iin not': 
 
 .fAME.s .SMrnt. 
 In thisease the -uarantn,-. .Jame.s .Smith, is liable as s,m,„ as the note 
 matures, u it is not then paid. Another form : 
 
 For rolar mriffil, Ilonlnf <jnitmnter /«( »/«,e/// of t/n ,r, th- 
 in nob', ami v.u> i-t jn-ott'nt and notice of protMt. 
 
 Jame.s S.\inii. 
 
 Sometimes they write: /„ .:.,,.:. I, roilon of one dollar I Ion hi, 
 fHoiranffr, etc. •' 
 
 Another form : 
 
 For value received, I'herehy ./aaronffe the collection of tin 
 unflnn note. 
 
 James .Smith. 
 
 In this case James Smith i.s not liable until an attempt to collect by 
 lerral i.roeess has failed. ' • 
 
 i*'i. Guarantee Insurance. There are eompanies that -uaraiuee the 
 lone.sty .■ind fidelity of j.er.sons engaged in respon.sible positwns as clerics 
 Ijookkeepeis or maiia^'ers in any m..neyed institution or corporation. 
 
 A eomi.any receiyiiij: a clerk under such iruarantee must not chaiie-,. 
 IMS employment from that for which his Kdelity was ^cuaranteed, as that 
 \vould be a breach of the contract and relea.se the "■„araiitor 
 
(ir.MtAMV ANU SIKKlVSlltl". 
 
 27 
 
 I'rivftte indiviilu.'ils ,il 
 
 iini-liine; 
 
 ^niamiitri- tlir fidelity of a elcrk 
 
 J»S. Form of Fidelity Cond 
 
 IknOW all ni>Cn Ln^ tbCs3C IPlCtrCnttJ. That w, llmry A. Stono. 
 of the Town u\' Wilhiiid, in tlu; ( (lunty of W'ullaiid, I'rovinco of t)ntiirio, 
 VKiokkociier; liolMi-t K. Dutf. of llir 'Tow nship of I'elliMiii. in tliu >aid 
 County, faniior, and Ediuuiid Miller, of the Township (jf licitie, in the 
 said County of Wellaiid, fanner, 
 
 _ Ar^ held and finnly l)ound to the Ontario Silver Co. (Limited), here- 
 inafter calleil the Company, in the sum of Three Thou.sand Dollars, to Kc 
 l)aid to the said Ontario Silver Co. (Limited) and their a.ssii^n.s, for which 
 payment, well and truly to he made, we hind (jinsfh es and every of us 
 and every two of us, ami every of our heirs, executors and ai'.inini.strators, 
 and the heirs, executors and administrators of every two of us, joiiitlv 
 and severally, hy tluse Presents, .sealed with our respective seals. 
 
 Dated this thirty-first day of Aujrust, one thousand nine hundred. 
 
 \\ HEKEA.s, the .said Company have affreetl to take the said Henry A. 
 Stone into their .service a.s I>c«kkeeper, or to act in any such other 
 capacity for the Company as Leonard JIcGlashan, of the villa^^e of 
 Stonehridj^'e, mana<.'er (jf the sai<I Company, or the Hoard of ])ire(tors of 
 the saiil Company, ma^- from time to ti?ne reipiire, or appoint, or as may 
 he from time to time a;,'reed npon with the .said Henrv A. Stone, upon the 
 .said Henry A. Stone and the said Koheit E. Dntf and Edmund Miller as 
 .sureties for him. entering: into tlu' ahove v>-ritten hond or olili^jatioii for 
 the fidelity of the s-iid Henry .\. .St. me while in such employment as 
 afores.iid. 
 
 And wiiKltKAS, it is intended and a;,'reed that this .'-■ecurhy shall he in 
 force durin<4 the whole of the time durini: which the said Henry A. Stone 
 shall he in the service of or employed hy the .said CompanV in such 
 capacity, or in any other capacity. 
 
 \ow the conditions of the above written Hmid or (?)l)lij;ation is such 
 that if tlie .sai<l Henry A. Stone shall at any time hereafter,'"so lon^' as he 
 shall he in the .ser\ice oi- employment of the .said Companv, as clerk or in 
 any other capacity, faithfully, "honestly and dili;,rently perform and dis- 
 charcje the said service and all the duties which may devolve upon the 
 said Henry A. Stone as such clerk or otherwise as aforesai<l, and shall 
 whenever rei|uired, duly account to the said Leonard McGlashan, or other 
 person or per.sons for the time heiny actin;,' as Manau'er of the .said 
 Con^jiany, or to the said Board of Directors of the said Compain-. for all 
 money, ;roods and property w hatsoever for or with which the said Henry 
 A. Stone may he in any wi.se accountable for or char>,'ealile to, or by him 
 or tlieui as such clerk, or otherwise as aforesaid, ;md shall, whenever 
 ret|uired, duly pay or deliver all such moneys, rjoods and j^ropertv to him 
 or them, or in case the said Henry A. Stone, Roliert E. Duff or Edmund 
 Miller, or any of them, their or any of them, their or any of their heii-s, 
 executors or administrators shall, when riMjuired. make satisfaction to the 
 .said Leonard McGlasluui, or such other person or persons for the time 
 acting as Manarjer of the .said Company, or the [5oard of Directors of the 
 
S8 
 
 fifAUANTV ANIi Sl-KKT'i Sll II'. 
 
 said ( iiiimaiiy. i«v nil such inon.'ys, goods or i)n){).Ttv wliicli may In; lo.st, 
 iiiisiiliicod or uiilaulully .lispased of by the .said U.iuv A. Stone, or shall 
 not !«• duly nccoinited for, or paid or di'livered iis afor.'said, and shall ktop 
 the said Lfonard .Mc< llashan, or such other person or persons aforesaiil of 
 tho said (.'oinpany indi iinnhed a^jainst all lossc-^, dani.'i;,'es, and expenses 
 whatsoever by reason or in coiiseiiuence of a>iv such aet^or default of the 
 said Henry A. Stone. 
 
 And so that .iny forjjivene.s.s or fori •>■. trance on the part of the .said 
 Leonard .Mc< dashaii, or the person .,r persons afol^•said, or tli.- .said 
 Coiuiiany tipwards the said Henry A. Stone in respect of hi.s failure or 
 ne;:lect to perform such services or duties, or make such payments as 
 aloresaid shall not in any way relea.se or exonerate the said Kohert E. 
 ])uft or Edmund Miller, or either of them, their or eith.r of their respectiv.' 
 heii-s, executors or administrators in respect of their or his liahility under 
 the aUjve written Ixmd, and ,so also that the .-;,iid Kohert E.'Dutl' or 
 hiliMund MiMer, or their respective heirs, e.Kecutorsor administrators .i,,dl 
 not separately or individually he liable to pay more than Fifteen Hundred 
 ot the aUive writti'ii Bontl. 
 
 Then the above written I'.oiid or Obliiration shall be void and of no 
 
 lie void 
 remain in full force and virtue. 
 
 Henhv a. Stone. 
 
 RoliKliT K. jtlTK, 
 
 MliMlND Mlll.n; 
 
 m 
 m 
 
 ertect, or otherwise shall be and 
 
 JSiifned, Sealeil and Delivered, j 
 
 in the ])resi -.ce of - 
 
 CfKTis Arnr.STiNE. j 
 
 !>!». Creditor's Obligations to Guarantor 
 
 1. To },dve notice of di'faiilt within reasonable time after it is known. 
 
 2. Toj,'ive the {.'uarantoi, as soon as he has made .'oo,i the .iefault 
 al his ri^dits aj;ain.st the debtor, and if anv propertv of the debtor or other 
 collateral security is in his hands, to turn it over to the <,r,i;,rantor. 
 
 The ;,Miarantor. after makiii;,' <,'oo<l the default, taki^ th ■ jilace of the 
 creditor, and may recover fnaii the debtor ii..t ,,nlv th- oriuiu.il ,lebt. but 
 also all expenses and costs iiu-urri'd. 
 
 lOO. Discharge of Guarantor or Surety. 
 _ I. It the ^'uarautee is ;,Mven for a certiiiii specified time, then at the 
 expn-ation of that time the j^uaiantor is released. 
 
 2. If the -uarantor <,'ives notice that he will not be surety after a 
 Cei-tani date, he IS then relieved from any default after that time. Of 
 course this would not apply on a ne^rotiable instrument not yet c'"p or 
 any contract the time for which t(j be e.xecuted had not yet expired. 
 
 :{. Any alteration of the agreement without his knowledge or con- 
 sent will discharge the surety. The erasure or interlineation of anv 
 wm-ds that have the effect of changing the liabilit\- creates a new and 
 ditierent agreement from the one which the suivtv lia.l guaranteed 
 Siicli alterations can only be legally made by the' surety ".'ivin.r his 
 consent m writing. ' " . n i^ 
 
 4. An extension of time given bv the creditor to the debtor by 
 Vidfl <t,ji-ennn>t releases the surety unless he gives his consent. A mere 
 pmnusf to extend the time would not relea.se tlie surety, beaiuse the pro- 
 ini.se would not Ik; legally binding, and if the surety refuse.1 to allow 
 
TAVMEVTS. 
 
 •2!) 
 
 the extension the creditor coul.l still sui- the -lehtor. or accept imvunTit 
 from the suret)- an-1 invest liiin with all liis ri;.'hts iiml reiie-.lies fi^^ainst 
 tile 'ieiitor. " 
 
 In (inl.r to lie a iii.seliar;;e to the surety, the aj,'reeinent with the 
 ilel.tor mnst he one that biiuls the creditors "to an extension of time for 
 payment, so that th.-y are prevented from jiroceediii"; a;,'ainst tie- dehtor 
 themselves (hiring that time, and which coMse<|iieiitlv prevents the snretv 
 from exercisinij his ri!,'ht of pnyiii;,' th>' creditors ;uid siiiii;,' the ilelit.'r 
 ii])on the chiiiii 
 
 .V Fraud, either in respect to the contract itself, or some frau.i or 
 deception pnietis.d Ky the creditor himself or hv the dehtor with the 
 creditor's consent, hy whieh the surety was induced' to <,'n,iiantr.' the debt, 
 releases the surety from his olili:,'atiiJn. 
 
 I«|. Rig-hts Between Sureties. Whrii sivtral sureties unite in 
 a ;:uaraiity, each one is rei|uired to contrihute equallv to the satisfaction 
 of the claim should the dehtor make default. If one were found to he 
 insolvent the others wouM l)r hound to hear the hurden eiiuallv In case 
 one pai<l all, hr could recover from his co-suretii-s their e,|uitahle share of 
 the loss. 
 
 This ei|uitahle distril.utioii uf the iiahility holds unless there is an 
 aj,'reement amonj; the sureties that chanj,'es it. 'if the last surety (as with 
 mdorsors on a note) were to aild to his sijjnature, "surety for the al¥)ve 
 names," or words of siu:ilar import, he would not hecome'a co-surety, hut 
 would merely l»e liahle in ca.se the others IVil. 
 
 The respective liahilities amoiij,' indor.sers on a iiroiiii.ssory note have 
 heen noticed in tli.'it ehapter, which see. 
 
 ('li.vprHi: IV 
 
 r.WMKNTS. 
 
 Itt'i. Payments. The mnsiiivrntion in every contract is moniA' 
 unless otherwise [imvidi'd. 
 
 lO:; Payment in Money. Unless otherwise stated every debt is 
 payalile in money. If in <,'old, it must be in t,'ol(l ; if at a certain place, it 
 must be there ; if to bt; sent by letter or bv express, it must be that way. 
 If the directions are com lied with fully.'even if the other party should 
 fail to receive thi: money the debt is paid nevertheless. (3f course tlie 
 party must h<- able t urove that he actually .sent the money. 
 
 104. Payment in Property. When the ajrivement is such, any debt 
 or contract may be paid in <,'oods, or oth.r property, or in service. If 
 such articles are not tendered at the time and place agreed ujx.n, the debt 
 become.s payable in money. Or if any proj.erty other than the kin<l 
 agree.l upon is tendered, it may be refuse.] and the debt collect.-d in 
 money. 
 
ao 
 
 V\\ MKNTv 
 
 liut iH'fnr.' any ;icti"ii rs takfii tocillici the pric.- in nion.'yii .l.-niiiml 
 must l>c' niiul.' for Uair .l.-livfi-y witliin a certiiin time (a ivusonul-lf tiiiii-). 
 ami if tlicy art' not then .k-liviT.Ml suit may 1m- t-iitfiv.l for tli.' i>riff of the 
 projiorty. Tlie oiio party cannot compi'l tlio otluT to dfliyer tlio ^oucIh, 
 l.ut he may n/eovt-r tli.- prici' in moni-y us lion- stato<l, ami in a.Mition he 
 „„iy r ,\vv ,lama;;eM for tiroach of contract if ilamaj,'es actually «jccur. 
 
 HKt. Payment by Notes A promiawry note or acct'j)tancc bcinj; 
 merily a /i,»,„/.--' to pay is not an ahsolnte jiayment, ami if they arc not 
 pai'l at maturity the ileht staii-ls the same a." before. The case is .lirt'erent, 
 howev.r, if the'note of a thinl party is <,'iven in jjayment for j,'o<«ls or on 
 a >lel.t. For instance, Jones ;;ives Smith a note he lielil a^'ainst Hrown in 
 jmvuient for ;,'oo(ls or on a debt. This n(Hu pays the 'lebt. Of cotirse. if 
 .loiies imlorse.l the note so as to make himself liable when he transferred 
 it, then Smith can pr->ceed apiinst him on the note, but not for the original 
 debt. 
 
 I<M>. Counterfeit Money and Forged Paper Counterfeit money, 
 a for;;ed note or chei|Ue given am' receive.l in goo-l faith iloes not dis- 
 chari:?' a debt The person receiving it must return it to the party who 
 puiil"it to him within reasonable time. The debt still remains and may 
 bo collected as though no such payment had been made. 
 
 107. To Whom Payable. Payments should always be mud.- to the 
 pel-son m.-ntioiied in the contract, unle.ss it l)e a negotiable instrument, 
 then to the /(.»/-/'/■ only, and never to an agent unle.ss he ha.s the note to 
 deliver over. If nothing is .said, then it must be to the creditor himself, or 
 to his legal representitive, such as an agent or attorm-y. Care must be 
 exereiseXwheii making payment to his representative that saiil party is 
 authorized to receiv.- tli>' money. 
 
 I«S. Place of Payment. The manner and place of payment are 
 often drtiiiiiely -tii.ul.it-.l. :is in the following: " Payable only at A's otKce 
 in gold to ' A ' personally, and not otherwise or elsewhere." If a place of 
 ])a\Muent is stipulated it' mii.st be at that place. If no ])lace is mentioned 
 tlu-n it is the <kbtors dutv to find the residence or place of business of 
 the creditor, and pay it there to him personally or to his legal representa- 
 tive or agent. 
 
 lOU. Presumption of Payment A note, acceptance, due bill or 
 
 receii.t ill thr hands of ,i .l.l.tor is presumptive eviilence that the debt is 
 paid, and will so hold unless there is other positive evidence to the con- 
 trary. If there ha.s been a great lapse of time without any demand being 
 made the presumption is that the debt has been paid, hence the Statute of 
 Limitations. 
 
 liO. Application of Payment The person making the payment 
 has the right to make the application. Where a debtor owes more than 
 one debt to the same creditor, and they are all due. the debtor has the 
 right to say on which debt the payment shall be applio.l. If the debtor 
 does not say on which debt it should be jilaced, then the creditor may 
 apply it as he may desire. When neither the debtor nor creditor makes 
 
I'AYMKNTS. 
 
 HI 
 
 the ik|i|)lieatiuii, luit creilit in iinivl}' ;,'iv(ii t'nr ili'' n-coipt ot" wj luiicli 
 iiioney, in ciwi- tln' luwiiioss iimttiTN won- v.ttlu'd ii> court, the court would 
 up]>ly thu ])iiyiiieiit uii tht> dt-bt that is coii8i<l(.-ru<l tiic most l)Ur>lenHuinu 
 to tht« dulitor. If thi' dehtH were a Ijook account, iiii indorni-il not«, a 
 cliiittol inortpij;e niid n, Jud;,'niciit, the court would aiipiy it on thi- 
 judgment. If thi.' di'ht wen,- ii Ixjok account only, the c<iurt would apply 
 lilt' payuK'Ht on tin- i-arlii'st iti-nis. 
 
 III. Compromise- A liir;,'u dt.'ht nmy lie pfti<l liy a \tiy mucll 
 .<snialk<r oiii- win'ic tiiiTe is an a;,'rui'nu'nt to that cHi'Ct. A diaputt-d claim 
 may l^e paid liy any mumi wlu-re there is an agreement to accept such sum 
 in sjitisfactioh for the claim. The aj^reement should \x: in writin;;, or have 
 a witness, " Accord " and "satisfaction " are terms used in settlement of 
 disj)uted claims hy compromise. 
 
 Il"i Composition Deed In ca.se of an insolvent person where the 
 creditors accept a certain rate on the 'lollar an<l jjivc him a iliscliarj;e, the 
 relea.se is called a ('i>ni[)osition Deed. 
 
 I tli- Arbitration and Award In ca.se of any dispute where parties 
 
 ajjree to leave the >ettlemiiit to iuKit ration, they arc olp|ij;ed to accept the 
 award as tinal, providiiij,' the arbitrators keep within the limits prescribed 
 for them. 
 
 114 Legal Tender of Payment. A lej^'al tender is the attempted 
 
 perl'onnaiiC'- ni ,i euutr.u t, win tin r it is to do sometliini; or to pay .some- 
 thin;^. If payable in i,'oods, then ;;oods of that kind and (|ualit\- must be 
 ortere<l at the exact [ilaee and on the time called for in the contract. If 
 payable in money, it must be in the lawful money of the country, if tliat 
 is ili'mande<l. A creditor camiot be forceil to accept a cheiiue as payment. 
 If payment is not accepted when a leijal tender is made interest stops at 
 that date, and no law costs or otlur expenses can tlnnafter be re.|uired 
 of the person makinij the tender. 
 
 U."» Refusing Part Payment. 'I'li'' ivt'usal to acci'pt part payment 
 on Ji note or debt does not .■itlcet the debt in any way. The refusal to 
 acc'pt payment tendered in full does not cancel the debt, but it stops all 
 interest and ixpen.se thereafter. 
 
 I14i. Merger. The hi;;her security mer<,'es the lower. Where one 
 person \v<)iiM be owin^ an(jtliiT on a book account or note anil then i^ives 
 a mort^^u;,'!' fur the .same debt, the mortj^a^'e, beinj; under seal, is a hi<jher 
 security, and thus the book account or note is mt;r{ji;d into the morti'aj^e, 
 hence wijiUd be no longer binding. If then' were an indorser on the note 
 he would be relieved. If it is desired that the mortgage should not merge 
 the note, it must be stated in the mortgage that it is given as collateral 
 tiecurity : then the note would still be binding. 
 
 A note or bond on wdiich judgment h.-is been obtained is no longer 
 binding as a note or bond. 
 
 Where ])arties have entered into a sini/di- cmtract. . ither wi-jtt.'n "r 
 oral, and then afterwards enter into the same coulraet bv an instrunn'nt 
 
32 
 
 NEi.i.TIAHI.E PAI'EH. 
 
 uii'liT M'al, tin' siiiipli cc'iiiimi i> mo lonyur biti'lin;;, liiil in iirtj^uJ ii'tn llie 
 higher. 
 
 Wlnre II iiiort;;n;;u wiiiiM lie jfivcii i4s collateral Mecuritv for a note, 
 the pftyiiieiit of either one iliwhar^es hoth. 
 
 117 Legal Tender Money In < '.inu'lu ■■ur ( 'aimiliini miil Uritish 
 copper loili.s are lf;;al telhler for tin- imyiiuiit (jf a di'ht up to tweiity-tive 
 cents: silver for ."^lO.OO: l)oiiiinioii notes, I'iritish ami I'nited .State.x gold 
 fur any amount. 
 
 CHArXKR V. 
 
 NK^.oTiAr.LK i'.\ri:i;. 
 
 IIH Negotiable Paper inehides thos'' instruincnts in use in a eom- 
 niuiiiU' uhicli pa-.> 111 , ly from oui- person to another by simple ileliviry 
 or l>y indortk'ment. The woi'i which ;j;ives them this nei^otialiilit}' is 
 hfiinv or oilier. Those which are transferable by simple ilelivery are 
 written payable to ii ciTtain j -n. firm or corporation, or Imin'r, and 
 those which are transferable i._, indorsement are written payable ton 
 certain jwrson, finn or corporation, or nrdrr. and rei[uire to have the 
 payee's name written across the back to be transferred. 
 
 The instnnnents classed under Xef;otiable Paper are promis.sory 
 notes, acpe|iiances, bank notes and rhei|ues, but besides thi-.se are also the 
 followini;. which are iic^iotiable by indorsement: t'ertiticates of ])fposit. 
 Warehouse Receipts, Dills of Ladin<x and Coujxin PxmkK. 
 
 Before \^'M le<,'islation in respect to nej,'otiable pajn i- v.iiird in each 
 Province, but at that time a Dominion Act was passnl niakin;; these papers 
 uniform tiiro-ij.'!' ♦ tlie whole Dominion and introducing' some very 
 important and net^.^sary changes, all of which w ill be found in this chapter. 
 
 ll*.i. Promissory Notes- A |)romis,sory note i^ an tinronditioiial 
 written promi.se lo pay a certain sum of niiiiiei/ at a specified time or on 
 the hap{)enin;j of a certain event. Notice carefully the threr points in 
 tliis definition: 
 
 1. There must be no cmrdidon expres.sed. If there be a condition 
 expressed its character as a promissory note is destroyed and it btcoiue.s 
 nothint; but a written a<;reement, bindin;j on both ])arties, but not 
 nefjotiable. 
 
 •2. It must be payable in iiunu y. If it. is made payable in anythin;^ 
 except money its negotiability- is destroyed and it is called a chattel note. 
 (See Sec. 147). 
 
 3. It nnist be made payable at some Sftfcified time or on the happen- 
 ing of a certain erent. If made payable so many days or months after 
 the death of a certain person, or the arriving of age of a certain person, it 
 would be as valid as if made payable after (/((''■. as tiny are usually drawn 
 
NEIJDTIABI.E I'AI'EK. 
 
 :i;i 
 
 i*JO Parties to a Note At tli<' iiu<>]itioii nf a. contract \<y proiniH- 
 8ory Hull- tli,' [.uiii.s i.i tlir iiKti- ui<' iimk<'r iiml payet-. After its traii.sfur 
 other piirtifs l»ccoiiiu iiil.rt'><t<'il, ami the holder takea tJiu place of the 
 iHij/ie. If tlie oriKiiiul payee in traiiMfcrrin;; iinlorMcH it in tlir tisiial way 
 lie oecoines surety for Nul*«e(|Uent hoiderx. 
 
 I'il Innocent Holders for Value are those wlio purcli(u«- .. note 
 hefo"-.' iii.itunty. ;,'iv!ii;; value lur it, am] not knowing,' of any frauil, defect 
 or iiiliriiiity in the note. Such Ijona jidf holilers for vaUie will collect it if 
 the maker un<i iiKlorser: are worth it, no iiiatt<r what the fraiul may have 
 l>een hy which the note was obtained, or even if stolen, 'i'liis, of course, 
 d'ws not refer to a vi-n-nfifitiitht)' note that may have U'en purcha.sed lij' 
 an iiHsi;;mnent of the juiper. (See Non-ne;,'otial)le Xoies, Sit. 144. 
 
 I't'i Days of Grace. In Canada (Newfoundland the same) three 
 day.s <if ;,'iiiee ar.' allowed on all notes and acceiitanci-s, except those 
 ■ Irawii ]iayal)le mi ih-mniiil, which have no days of ;,'race allowed. 
 
 fi'.i Maturity A note or accept<ince is legally due on the third day 
 ot ;,'race. .iiid may lie paid at any time during; the hu.sjiie.vs hours of that 
 day. U payahli' at a hank, it must l)e jiaid chiriiii,' lmnkiii;j hours. 
 
 When the time is e.\])ressed in tluys, the uctuiil numher of days must 
 Im.> counted. In computing,' the time, the ilay u|j<>n which the note 'is dated 
 is not incluiled, Imt commences on the followin;; ijiiy. If tJi ■ time is 
 expre.ssed in months, it means caliiidar month.s, and not merely thirty 
 days. For instanc, a note dated Ajiril lOth, at three months, falls due 
 July lOlli, and the three days of fjrace added i lakes July Kith as its l.-gal 
 date of niaturitj". 
 
 I'i-I Maturing on Sunday A note or acceptance fallinjj; due on 
 Sunday, ur any l.;,'al Imliday, is payahle on the following day, unless that 
 again were a holiday, in which case it would be the first business day after 
 that. In New York, and some other States of the rni<>n. a note or 
 acceptance falling due on Sunday or a legal holiday, is payable llie day 
 before, l.iii, in Canaila it is the day after. 
 
 I'tTt- Place of Payment. It is not necessary to the validity of a 
 note to mention in it any place of payment ; but it is desin.ble, for various 
 re.asons, that it should be ihne'. 'I'be maker would then know where to 
 lind it at maturity. 
 
 If there is an indor.ser on the note, then it is better for the holder if 
 it is made payalile at a certain jilace, as he would hive less ditlicultv in 
 making the legal presentment rciiuired in order to hold •.he indorser. (To 
 li.ild indoisers, see Sec. ISD.) Hut where there is no indorser, or none that 
 the maker cares to hold for payment, the ca.se is ditlerent. Where no 
 jilaee of payment is mentioned in the note the holder is under no legal 
 obligation to jiresent the note for payment at maturity: it is tiie maker's 
 duty to find his note and pay it. But if there is a place of paymt nt 
 specified in the note, then the holder must see that the note is ]iresented 
 there, or he would be in danger of losing subsecjuent interest and costs if 
 hi' put it in .suit. 
 3 
 
 
:u 
 
 SEGOTIAIiI.E I'AI'KU, 
 
 1-M; Signatures to Notes. A person ner.l not si;,m his own name 
 to a nut.- with his uwn haii.l, h\n it is s.ilHc-i.nt if liis sij,mutnre is written 
 ther.-on l.\- sonio other lu-rson, by or umior his lUitlionty. In case of a 
 coriionitinn it issntlicient if the corporate s.al isattachfil to the iiistrnnient, 
 but this is 7iot likely to conic into i,roncral iiraetic on nccomit <■! the case 
 by which for;;cry couM take place. It is not necessary to aitacii the seal 
 to a note or liill if the corporate name is nseil. 
 
 I'i7. Ink or Pencil. A note or acceptance <liawn with leail pencil 
 wouM be' valid : so wouM an iii<lorseinent in pencil bi^ iiiii.lin^r; but no 
 person uf onliiiary pnulence would use a penejj, as it can be too easily 
 erased ind chan<;es made. 
 
 I'iH. Value Received. These words are u.sually inserted in a 
 promissory note, but they are not necessary to its validity. In re;:anl to 
 ne;;utiable paper, value is y»;r.si( /;(?</. (See Accommodation Note, Sec. 
 
 laTi., 
 
 r*!». Alterations of Notes and Acceptances. When any note 
 or acceptance is m.iteiiallv altered without the consent of all the parties 
 liable on it, the bill is vo"id, .•xcept as aj^ainst the jierson who ma.le, or 
 who assented to tlie alterations, and also acrainst sub.se.|Uent indoisers. 
 Also in this case if the alterations are not .-ijiparent and the bill hius been 
 transferred before maturity to an innocent holder for value, such bolder 
 will enforce payment of it'acconlin;: to its orijiinal tenor as if it ha.l not 
 
 been altered. , , ^ i ii i n 
 
 The alterations that are held to be material, and that .lestroy the lull, 
 are : Alteration of ihe date, the sum payable, the time of payuMut.aiid the 
 place of payment ; also, in case of a draft which has been aecepti. . ./<'ii' r<ill>l, 
 the addition of a place of payment without the assent of the acceptor. In 
 {general, any interlineations made in a note or draft by the holder after it 
 has been sifjncil will relieve both the maker iuid imlorsers. 
 
 |:M». Omissions or Wrong Date. Where a note or acceptance 
 payabK at a fixed period afl.r date is issued undated, or where an 
 accei)taiice pavable at a ti.xed period after sijjht is issued without date of 
 acceptance, any bolder may insert therein the true date of issue or accept- 
 ance and the 'instrument 'will be payable accordins:ly. If in this case, 
 however, the hol>:> i- in fjood fai h but by mistake inserted a wroii;; date, 
 and the iiill subseipieiitly comes into the hands of an innocent hol.ler lor 
 value, it will be payable as thou<,di the date so inserted had been the true 
 date. 
 
 i:tl Defects that do not Invalidate. A bill is not invalid by 
 rcasim thai it is not dated, or that it is dated by mistake on Sunday : that 
 it .loes not specify that value has been {riven, or name the place where it 
 was -Irawn or when; it is payable. It might be dated either lorward or 
 backw.ird. If through oversight no dati; we'-e placed on a note or Oiaft, 
 the holder woul.l have the right to insert the proper .hit.', according to the 
 intention of the parties at the time the instrument was made. 
 
NEGOTIABLE I'Al'Elt. 
 
 35 
 
 i:;**. Innocent Holder for Value. An "innocent holdpr for value" 
 IS the ^iinic lis unotlur ixiJi-cs.sioii u.wd by law vlts, "a holiltT in .liie 
 coursi.-," anil means one wiio took a nof^ or accoptance wliicli was conirik-te 
 an.l rcpilar on tiie face of it, uri.j.r the foliowin.; conditions: 
 
 1. 'I'liat lie hecanie the iioMer of it before it w is overdue, and that if 
 It had b('en previously dishonored he had no notice of sucli fact. 
 
 2 That he took it in <{ood faith and for value, and that at that time 
 h.' had no notice of any defect in the title of the person who nejrotiated it 
 to him. 
 
 Any person thus heconiinj; tli.' holder of a note or acceptance for 
 value on or before maturity, and who does not know of any fraud or 
 ille;:ality in connection with it, will collect it no matter how great the 
 fraud 1/y which it was obtained may have been, except in case of those 
 marked 'CivtMi for patent ri},dit,' or in case of forged f)aper. After a note 
 has thus passed through the lian.ls of an innocent holder for value, and 
 be.ii purged trom its intirmity, it becomes immaterial whether any subse- 
 .|uent hoMer had notice or not of any prior defects or illcalitv A 
 person, however, becoming the holder of an overdue note or aweptauce 
 takes It .subject to all the e-iuities and defects of title which atfect.-d it at 
 Its maturity, and henceforward no person who takes itac(iuires any bc-tter 
 title than it had at that time. 
 
 I:J:{. Accommodation Paper. An accommodati.m note or accept- 
 ance i.s ,mr wher- the jjer^on signing the note or acceptini; the draft dcK-s 
 so without receiving any valu.^ therefor, but merely for the purpose of 
 ending hi.s name to .some other person. The acconnn.xlation party is 
 liable on the instrument to any holder for value, whether such holder, 
 when he took the note ..r acceptance, knew such party to be an accommo- 
 dation party or not. They do not differ in form from other iKjtes or 
 acceptances, and no legal cautions are necessary. The person who a.ssumes 
 siicii an obligation should have substantial rea.sons for doine- so and 
 cautions here would be out of place. "^ 
 
 V.U Payment of Notes. Payment of negotiable paper of any kind 
 shoul.l nev. r !..■ made exe, pt to the actual Iwlder of the paper who has it 
 in his po,s.session to deliver over, and who does deliver it ov.t upon receipt 
 ol the payment. .Serious lo.s8es are constantly occurring by a neglect of 
 this plain business procedure. Payment even to the supposed holder who 
 has not the note in his po.s.session is not redeeiidng the note, but is .simply 
 placing that much money in his hands and trustiiiL: to his honor to apply 
 it to the note. The note, however, may have been transferred and the 
 true holder could collect it over again, or it may be in the hank and the 
 party to whom p.iyinent was made may be on the eve of bankruptcy, 
 hence the note wouM have to be paid over again. P.iying money to an 
 agent of a firm who has not the note to hand over, is simply trusting to 
 the honesty of the agent. His receipt would be worthless a's a setorf if 
 the agent kejit the money and tlie firm .sued on the note. 
 
 !»."►. Cancelling Signature. When n note is pai.l the name should 
 
 "''^■"'" '"■ ""'" "'^' I- i-^ usu.illy done, but simply draw one .,r Iwo line'j 
 
NEOOTIAKLE I'APKll. 
 
 through the siffnaturo of both maker and indorser, and file the note away 
 as a \-oucl.er. "There is the same necessity for urosci vint: a redeemed note 
 as there is a receijtt. 
 
 I'M* Surety is the person who agrees to pay in case the m ker fails 
 
 to do so. 11' lie puts his name on the back of the note he is an indorser 
 only, and the hoMer of the note must meet the rei|uirements of the law in 
 regard to i)resentiug the note for payment (Sec. l.Stl). But if he writes hi.s 
 na'ine on the face, with that of the maker, he becomes one of the makers, 
 and i.s. therefore, held for ^ lyment, whether the hold, r presents the note 
 for payment or nut 
 
 137. A Minor's Note cannot be collected, .ither from him or his 
 parents or guardians (see Sec. 57). If a minor, or any other p.^rsou or 
 corporation not competent to contract, is.sues a bill having an nidorser or 
 joint maker, the holder can enforce payment from such in.lorser or joint 
 maker. 
 
 I:JS. Note Obtained Through Fraud is void in the hands of the 
 original hold.r, ii' the luakrr e.ui prove the fact of fraud or misrepresenta- 
 tion, but if it has 1 'en transferred to another person before maturity, 
 who gives value for it and does not know of the fraud, then this third 
 part>" will collect it. No ditt'erence what the fraud may have been, or 
 deception, or even if it ha<l been stolen, this iinioeent holder for value 
 has a good title and will raUect it. After a note or acceptance has once 
 been purged of its infirmity by passing into the li.vuds i>f a liolder ni due 
 course, it becomes immaterial whether any suliseipient holder had notice 
 or not of the prior defects or illegality connected with it. If, however, it 
 is transferred after maturity, then the purcha-ser does not, in that ca.se, 
 obtain any better title than the <jriginal owner possessed. 
 
 I5M>. A Forged Note is void, and caiuiot be colleeted midir any 
 circumstanees. 
 
 MO. Various Forms of Notes. An individual note is written, 
 "I promise to pay." and signed by one person. 
 
 A joint and several note may be written"! promise to pay,' or " we 
 or either of us promise to pay," or "we jointly and severally pronnse to 
 nav" and si'Mied bv two or more persons. In any one of the.se cases 
 Ihev are all lointlv'liable, and each one is inrlivi.lu.ally liable as well, so 
 that tlie holder of 'the note, in ease he has to sue, may i-roceed agamst all 
 of them at once, or against as many or against either one ot them he 
 
 thinks best. . • ., 
 
 A joint note is written " we promise to pay, or we jointly promise 
 to pa\- '" and signed by two or more persons. Do not mistake this note 
 for lh(' joint and several note, as the liabilities are not the same. 
 
 141 Individual Note 'Hir ordinary form of the individual note 
 is well understood, but wheiv there is no plac of payment mentioned in 
 it consid-rnblc .-umovance may be occasioned. (See following form.) 
 
NEGOTIAISLE I'.U'r'I!. 
 
 37 
 
 ^^0.00 CoLLiNiiWooo, August 27th, 1900. 
 
 Si.rii/ iIki/s ii/lt'r ilatf I promise to jiay to W. H. Henderson 
 
 or order Forty Hollars, with interest at si.r per nnt., f<a- ralae 
 
 rereired. \,V J, M,,xtague. 
 
 With the atKiVe form of note, wliieh is not supposid to liave any 
 in.lorstT on it, there are only two piirtii'H U> tlic pajjer, th.' maker and 
 payee. At maturity, October 29th. the holder, \V. 11. H.ndorsoii, i.s not 
 required to present the note for payment, but the maker is under ohlijja- 
 tion to hunt up his note and pay it. Mr. Henderson may have transferred 
 it, and if the maker did not find it and redi^em it<m the 29th October, the 
 pre.sent holder coui.l any time after tiiat date put it in suit. 
 
 14'i. Partnership Note is also usually written " we" promise to pay, 
 but in tli.it case it is ii,,t a Joint note, altliou^di it luw that form, but is a 
 joint and several note. Althou<,di three or four may .sifjn, they are all 
 individually liable for payment of the whole note on account of the 
 partnership laws, by which each one i.s liable for the whole debts of the 
 firm. 
 
 \y.i. Joint and Several Note is one .si^jued by two or more persons, 
 who liius prcjmi.se to juiy cither jointly-, or individually, if nece.s.sary. 
 Tliere are several forms for the wording in j;eneral use, as: " We, or cither 
 of us," prorni.se; or " Wo, jointly and .severally," promise : or simply " I " 
 promise to pay, and let as many sign it as are interested, it being an " I 
 promise" for each one. The latter form is preferable, because shorter. 
 
 i?100.00. St. C.\tii.U!INi;s .lulv 2!)tli, 1000. 
 
 Th, 
 
 ith> 
 
 /tree montlis after date we or either of' ns pi-oviise to pa if 
 James Smith or order One Ihmdred Dollars, at the Bank of 
 Toronto here, jor ralue received. 
 
 .loHV \\ I.NTERS. 
 .i 'f. WlllTK. 
 
 In the above note each one is liable fur the whoie amount, and if the 
 holder found it nece.s.sary to sue in order to recover payment, he could sue 
 both or either one, just as lie thought best. If he sued one and collected 
 the whole amount from him, then that one, if thev were e(iuallv interested, 
 could sue and collect half from the other, includnig l:n|f of the co.sts of 
 the previous suit. Bui if the party who paid the note happened to be 
 merely a .surety for the ,,tliei' he would collect the wli..|,. amount from the 
 other jiarty. 
 
 iSothdf the ])recediiig notes are negotiable by indorsement only, as 
 they are made payable to .lames Smith or '^n/^r ."hence if lie wished to 
 dispose of them he woiiM be compelled to write his name across the back, 
 that is, indorse them. 
 
 If they were written payable to .I.inies Smith or A/((/v /■. then he 
 could dispo.se of tliem simply by delivery or passing tliein over to the 
 purcha.ser. It is far better to use onlrr in.stead of hearer, because in that 
 case a note lo.st or stolen before it had been transfenv.l could 
 disposed of. 
 
 not 
 
3S 
 
 NE<i<1TlAliI.i: rvi'KK. 
 
 
 NS 
 
 ^ 
 
 >• 
 
 !^ 
 
 N. 
 
 ^ r 
 
 V 
 
 .^ \ 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 ■^ 
 
 • -^ 
 
 
 
 Jn, 
 
 •x 
 
 v-^ 
 
 ■^ r 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 '^ 
 
 N 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 -<■ 
 
 
 '''l"c-~C<J>^r'C :— Ac-t^^vi-A-f^C'-iii^CJ' 
 
 144 Non- Negotiable 
 Notes .'Te tli'isf liifulo i^ay- 
 aliU' tij IV ciTtiiiii piTsoii, 
 lirni orcorjxiriitiDii.witliout 
 iisiii;^ (jitlit-T i»l' tin- words 
 lii-avf 1.1V <>i'ihi\&w\ ])liicin<:; 
 till- woril ">'/,'/ iiftiT till- 
 i.iine of tlie p.iyoi'. This 
 I'oriii of note, shown in full 
 size ami lorin on tliis jiii^ju, 
 ct)ntainiiiij tlio word onhj, 
 sliows on its f.icc tliat it 
 was the intention of the 
 jiartios to it tiiat it shouUl 
 not he transffiTcil, and it 
 cannot he hy merely de- 
 iverv or indorsement as in 
 ease of other notes. 
 
 Sinijily niarkini; out tlie 
 word iirili'r oi' lii-nrtr from 
 tlie printed Ijjanks is not 
 siitlic'ient to make the hill 
 non-nei^otiahle. A hill or 
 noteniaili' iiayalile to a par- 
 ticular ])erson,- hut which 
 does not contain adilitional 
 words, pruliiliili)};/ trans- 
 fer is still ne^jotiahle, not- 
 withstanding; the words 
 hearer or (>/•'/(■;• are omitted. 
 It is rei;arded hy the Stat- 
 ute as sim])ly an omission, 
 the same as i'or},'ettin<; to 
 date the hill, which any 
 holder could suhse<|nently 
 insert. Hence to make the 
 hill non-nej;otiahle it is 
 absolutely necessai-y to put 
 the word "('/,'/ alter the 
 name of the Jiayi'e. 
 
 A non-ne(;otiabl<' note or 
 
 bill may be transferred by 
 
 assiij;mnent th<? same as a 
 
 lM)ok account or due bill. 
 
 , The party who purchases 
 
 such a note takes it sub- 
 
 - ject to all the defects and 
 
 I P(|uities that may burden 
 
 I it, and in noresjieet obtains 
 
 any better title than the 
 
 I original owner possessed. 
 
NECOTIAin.K I'APKl!. 
 
 39 
 
 t 
 I 
 
 I4."!i. Date of Payment Stated with Form. Tin' followiiiirl'orinof 
 noti', wliii'li iiiiiiii--i til'' (l:itf lit ]i.iyni'iit, is r.iiiiilly cmniii^f into u>.o, ami is 
 to be coiiiiiK-iiiiLMJ : 
 
 ?7.'..()(>. Oui.N .~..ii M., ,^,i.t.irilHT lOth, 1900. 
 
 (lit till' linfli ildji (if Drci'iiiliir, /.'/'"/, / /)riiiiiisf fa /mi/ to 
 Jiiiiiis //. JJdiilir III' iinlir Sivi'iitij-ftrr JJnUurs, fur riiliif; 
 
 W 1' IlKNDKIiSHoT. 
 
 v/. 
 
 I4(». Note Signed by One who Cannot Write: 
 
 !#100.00. liiiASTFoni), Au;,fu><t 4tli, IflOO. 
 
 Til I'll- niiiiillis 'ij'lir ilnfc I 2>>"")ii(.<»' '" /mi/ tn the urilir of 
 •fitnas Smilli, lit till' lia»/.- «/ Tormito licre, Um- Hainlrnl Jjul- 
 I'lrv, irilli iiitevffit <(t riijhf perceut. jx'f annum, for ruluc recflved. 
 
 hii 
 \\ itlicss: ChAULE.s StMMKllS. \V. X WlXTEIiS 
 
 iitdi-k. 
 
 Till' |iarty .siijiiiii}; a iioti' in tiii.s way may takolioM of the pen wliilo 
 liisiiaiiu' is lieinj^ written or lie may not : lit' may make liis own cross or 
 lie may not, jnst as ho wislics. There nni.st, liowever, be a witness to the 
 sijrnaturi' The party assistinjj t<> make the note may si^'n as the witness 
 if no other person would be convenient. 
 
 14?. Chattel Note is one payable in mercli.indise of some kind 
 instead of money. They are not nej^otiable. oven if the words //«/(•</■ or 
 (»;•(/»■/• shotdd be insorteil, but they may be transferred by assij^nnient the 
 <.'ime as a <ln(' bill or book aecoiuit. I''ollo\vini( are two forms: 
 
 St. CATHAitiXKs, July 2!.)th. 1!)00. 
 FiiT vuivtlis (ifli'r iliilc / pr<nninr to /xty Jamrn Smith, nt 
 lii.s slorf, <hif Hunilrcd lltrvel-i of ijood linl'iicin Apjiles at 
 ■innrki't iiricen. , ,,, ,,, 
 
 SHo.OO. St. Cathakinks, July 29th, 1900. 
 
 /'((•»' mnntha itftir ihitf I /iroxu'w to jiai/ Jmnex Smith, ot 
 li'tn storf, Onr Hunilrcl /.'"s/.-/- ■t ijnod mirrhmtfidilr Jiarleii, 
 at <SV» ceutii /ti r Imshel. ^ ,,. 
 
 If tile party j;ivinji such a note does not tender the articles at the 
 time and jilace mentiomvl intjie nite tlie holijer maj- sue. and if payment 
 ill till' cliatti'l is not made the amount becomes jiayable in money, but a 
 demand i'or their deliv.Ty at a certain ilate must be made liofore entorinji 
 action. If the articles are cumbersome and he orfer.t to deliver them, it 
 will be suthcient. If the payee refuses to receive them the debt is dis- 
 eharjjed by the lender of the articles, according to the direction.s in the 
 note, but the property in the articles tendered pa.s.ses to the payee. 
 
 If the debtor should be compelled to take the goods home again, ho 
 becomes the bailee for the paj'ee, and must give them ordinary care, but 
 at the risk ami expense of the pa_,ee. If at any time afterwards the 
 creditor reipiests iheir delivery, they nnist be delivered up if the expenses 
 that may have been incurred have been paid. 
 
40 
 
 VK^dl IMil K CAI'Kli. 
 
 Such iiiitfs nr • not tiogo- 
 Miiiili', still tiioyarca biml- 
 iii;,' contract timl a very 
 fsiralili.' form in wliich to 
 [ilaci' all such transactions, 
 wliieli art' a t'rc(|ncnt occur- 
 rence anionff farmers and 
 fruit ^.Towers. 
 
 I4H. Joint Note is 
 written " we promise to 
 pay,' or " We jointly pro- 
 mise to pay," unci si^'necl I'y 
 two or more persons, who 
 are not imrt lurs. In 'he 
 full form shown in this 
 
 i,i},'e both parties are sup- 
 pnseii to have received 
 \alue and ai;ree to pay it 
 jointly. Kach one, in this 
 case, is only liable for one- 
 
 lalf the amount. If it 
 -hoiijd become necessary 
 to sue in order to collect it, 
 I lie jiarties must be sued 
 jointly. If one of the 
 parties left the country ami 
 his address coulil not be 
 ascertained .so a.s to .servo 
 him, he may be served nuh- 
 "titiititniiiUi/ ; that is done 
 by obtaining' an order from 
 the County Judj,'e to serve 
 another member of the 
 family. The one-half can 
 then be collected frnm thi- 
 otlier I'arty. 
 
 If, however, one of these 
 two parties, insteail of liav- 
 ii.tr Jin ecjiial interest iri the 
 ■ ' iislilrnilidii torwhich the 
 note was ifiveii, had no in- 
 terest at all, but merely 
 si^rned the note as a surety, 
 and he should leave the 
 country Ik forr mKturit;/, or 
 it was foun<l that he was 
 insolvent, so that nothiu<j 
 couM be collected from 
 Itim, in that case the whole 
 amount would lx> recover- 
 aliie from tlie other l)arty 
 ■•■!io received the value. 
 
NEGOTIABLE PAI'EU. 
 
 41 
 
 Spt'ciiil euro must be taken to <li,Htiii-,'iiisli between the wordini; of a 
 joint note an<l Joint aiul several not.-, f.,r the liabilities of the makers are 
 very liitferent in the two cases. 
 
 l-4t» Patent Right Notes Any note or acceptance given for a 
 patent ii-ht >,v i.,i any iiitriest in a patent rij,'ht, must have legibly 
 wntten <.r pnnte.l across the face of it before the instrument is issued the 
 words "CJiven for a patent right/and without such words thereon the 
 instrument or any renewal of it is void, unless in the hands of an innocent 
 holder tor value. 
 
 Any person who intentionally transfers a note or acceptance which 
 lie knows was given for a patent right or for an int.rest in a patent right 
 an.l IS not thus marked, is liable to a Hn.' not e.xce.-din.' !<-2i)0, or one 
 year's imiirisonnient. " 
 
 The pureha.ser of a patnit ri-ht vuU- or acceptance that is tlius 
 marked receives no better titl.' than the original owner possessed, hence if 
 the instrument is atiect.d with fraud or auv illegality the m • trans- 
 ference does n..t relieve it in the lian<ls of an innocent holder for ■... 
 
 ir»0 Note by Married Womrn. All of the Provinces, cxcerit 
 (Quebec. ii,,\\ guv iii.urnd wcnirii tlie e.xclusive control of their own 
 separat.- estate, and allow them to enter into contracts independently of 
 their husbiinds, hence in signing a note or other contract they should use 
 their own Christian name, as " Sara A. Jones" instead of " JIi-k. " 
 
 OsHAWA, September 3rd, 1!)00. 
 
 SoO.OO. 
 
 2'/aW// diii/s after dale I promim' to pai/ Hinn/ Alixaivki- 
 or aider Fiftij Dollarx, at tlie Bank -./' Torunta, here, for raho- 
 rece'ivi'd. 
 
 Saha a. J(ixe.s. 
 
 ^'""/ ."'J'^''"*-' ^ '','" '"* r".vable to the order f.f a married woman, thus, 
 "Mrs. .1. \\. ,|(,nes," the pn ferabje mode of indorsement would likelv be 
 to simi)ly in.loi-so the bill as it is described as " Mrs. J. \V. Jones " then 
 ad.l her own proper signature, ,is "Sara A. Jones." under it. The .same 
 lorm ol signature would b.. used in accepting a draft (incorrectly) drawn 
 on a manird woman, as " .Mrs. W. H. Stevens." 
 
 I.'.l, Lost Notes or Bills. Wlu iv a note or aeceptanee has been 
 lost the debt is not thereby cancelle-l. If it was lost before maturity 
 the ,,.r.soawho was the holder may applv to the maker or acceptor to 
 give ..11.1 another bill of the same tenor, giving him seeuritv to indemnify 
 him against all peraons in case the lost bill should be foun.l n-'ain 
 
 It the acceptor or maker on such re.|uest should r.fu.7r to mve a 
 duphrate bill, he may be eompelle.l to do .so. 
 
 If action is brouglit to ivcovcr payment upon a lost bill the loss of 
 tlie instrument may not be allowed to be .set up, provi.led an indemnity 
 has been given to the .satisfaction of the court or judge a.^ainst the claims 
 ot any other upon the bill in c|uestion. " 
 
 , . ^f "".,^'"''f'' "\ indemnity is ottered before action is taken, the 
 plamtitf will seMom be allowed his costs, and will probably be ordered to 
 pay the costs of the defendant. 
 
12 
 
 NKfliniAllI.K I'AI'KU. 
 
 'I'll' lost instrmniMit is 
 iiHimlly ntlvertisi'd as n 
 w.irninj,' to tin; pulilic not 
 ti' iMircliiiHo it, Imt siu'li 
 iiilvcrti.sciiii'iit Would not 
 invvcnl an inn(K-ent holih-r 
 i'or valiir from collecting; it, 
 tlmt is, a (ii'i'son who piir- 
 cliasiil it without knowing; 
 ol' the lossoraijx cTti^cincnt. 
 
 Any jiiTson tinrlin^ such 
 an instrunii'iit ami attt'inpt- 
 in;; to coiici'mI it, or to 
 ni';joti:it<_' it instead of try- 
 ing; to tind the owner, is 
 lialiK- on a charj^c for lar- 
 ceny or theft. 
 
 I.Vi. Protecting Inter- 
 est after Maturity. Tlie 
 I'orni .shown lure retains 
 the same rate of interest 
 after maturity that it does 
 before. The lei;al rate of 
 interest in Canada at pre- 
 sent is live jier cent , hut 
 any rate can he collected 
 that a ])er.son le;;ally aj^rees 
 to j)ay, as we have no usury 
 laws. A n(jte drawn for a 
 hii,'her rate than five per 
 cent, if not j)aid at matu- 
 rity will then drop to five, 
 and if drawinji less than 
 five it will rise to five unles.s 
 it e.xpressly stipulates the 
 contrary. 
 
 The usual way in which 
 this is attempted, iiy writ- 
 inj; immediately after the 
 rate of interest the words 
 " until ]iaid," is not sulK- 
 eient. The courts rult! that 
 that simply nutans at ma- 
 turity, for that is the time 
 whi'ii the instriniient is 
 supposed to be paid. 
 
 To make tlie rate in the 
 note bindin^^afterm iturit\', 
 woids like the following 
 must be useii, " with inter- 
 est at (the r,u.' di'sired) 
 
XE'iOriAHI.E I'AI'EK. 
 
 43 
 
 i 
 
 until iiiiiturity. unci tliciv- 
 iil'tiT !ii till' sjiiiie rate until 
 |>ai<I ' 
 
 'I'll'- .siiini' pri'cnution 
 must lie taken in rcfjani to 
 a niorty:u;;f. This is i>nc of 
 tliosf fiiiiT poinls in tlic law 
 not nsniilly undirstixxl by 
 till' ]i.'o]iIi> <,'ciiiTally. 
 
 1.V5 Restricting Place 
 of Payment 'I'hc luiin 
 illiisiiatcil liiTL' is a joint 
 anil st'Vcr,il note restricting; 
 (lie jilape of payment, so 
 that if it is not ]iresenleil 
 at the jjjace stipulated on 
 the tlate of maturity', no 
 costs or expetise will !)c in- 
 curred until after it has 
 heen presented. The 
 luakei-H contract to pay this 
 note on Deeenilier 2()tli at 
 I lie Inipei'ial Dank/I'iironto. 
 The holder is supposed to 
 have the note at the bank 
 at maturity, but if there is 
 no indorser on it lie need 
 not, however, do so. The 
 omission to present the 
 lia])er for payment on tlie 
 'late of maturity does not 
 disciiarj;e the makers, but 
 it any suit were in.stituted 
 thereon before its present- 
 ment no costs would be 
 added jirorliln/ the makers 
 tendered the money at the 
 bank at maturity. ' 
 
 If the note were payable 
 at any other placi', a tt'nder 
 <•( the nioiiej- at such place | 
 Would also i)e a bar to any 
 ■-ubsei|ilent costs, and pro- 
 bably to interest after 
 maturity. 
 
 If tiie note were payable 
 at a bank, it would Ixs 
 advisable to dt!posit the 
 money in the bank to cover 
 the note and interest if 
 there were an v. 
 
 
 \ 
 
 V 
 
 N 
 
 I. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^S 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 t ^ 
 
 \^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Ni 
 
 X. 
 
 
 ^> 
 
 S 
 
 c^ ■ 
 
 C - 
 
 
44 
 
 NEGOTIABLE I'AI'Elt. 
 
 Till' Stiituti' siiys that in 
 such ciwi'M the i|iii'stioii of 
 costs niiil sul)si'i|iient in- 
 terest is ii'ft to the iliscre- 
 tion of the court, but no 
 jui !<,'<■, cxci'iitinnliTiH'Culiar 
 circuiiiHtancos, would allow 
 costs ina cast'of that nature, 
 and but very fi-w would 
 allow interest alter ma- 
 turity 
 
 l.'»4 Lien Note and 
 Conditional Sales. A lien 
 
 notr is an ordinary promis- 
 sory note with a clause 
 added, which prevents the 
 loriiirfhip of the article 
 sold from jiassin;; to the 
 purcli"" :• until the note 
 lias 1„ • :. paid in full. 
 
 I.ieii aj^reeiiients. and 
 sometimes accompanied by 
 a lien note, are in common 
 use amon^ sewinj; machine, 
 orj^an and piano, and agri- 
 cultural implement a;;ents, 
 but these are {jencrally 
 lengthy documents, with 
 various conditions at- 
 tacheil, for the safety of 
 their property .so widely 
 scattered amnig strangers. 
 
 The fonn here shown is 
 ei|ually as safe for the sale 
 of a carriage, or horse, or 
 household furniture in a 
 community where the 
 parties are known. 
 
 Such anote niay be taken 
 for an article being sold, 
 but not for a debt that has 
 already been contracted. 
 The purchaser takes the 
 article and has the full use 
 of it, but he does not ac- 
 <|uire its ownership until 
 the full amount of the 
 note or any renewal of it 
 is fully paid. It is a <■<>;(- 
 (littiiKdl sale. 
 
SEOOTIABI.K PAPER. 
 
 45 
 
 Such a note jh ni-;jc)tiable the siiine as though this claUHe were not 
 a. . e(j ; iiiileed. it m better than an oniinary note, because it has this much 
 adilitional sfcunty. 
 
 Ill tninsf.Trin},' lien not.'s, if th.- IiuM.t is to have all the riirhts of 
 the ori^i.ml payiv, so as to follow an,l claim the ko'->'I« wii.rcver they 
 mi;:i.l U- trunslerr.,!. it siuml,] l„, done by ,issig„mn>t in a.hhtion t-i the 
 * n.lors,,n>„l „f the jMiper. In that case it is also a.Ivi.sabh. to place .i seal 
 
 on the asNi-nmrnt. ixs that furnishes absolute evi,l..nee of th nuineness 
 
 ot the Hijjnature. " 
 
 This a.l.le.1 clause is not a 'condition" enilwlie.l in the note ami 
 does not destn>y its nej;otiability, so that the note can W treated if 
 desired, without any repiid to this special clause. The "condition " tK«r- 
 tains to the ownership of the article sold and not to the note. 
 
 But if the not., is not paid at maturity and the holder wishes to take 
 posses.sion ot the article held by this lien, or to have the lien bindin- 
 ajiainsl subse.pient purehu.sers and mortpijrees in ^roo,l faith for valuable 
 eonsiderution, the re.iuireiiients of tlie " Conditional Sales Act " mast be 
 coiiipli.Ml With, which see Sec. ;U8. 
 
 I."»."i. Renewal Notes. Taking' another note in renewal for or on 
 account ol the whole or part of a note susp.nds ri-ht of action whil.. such 
 .security is runimi;; and not yet <lue. 
 
 If the renewal note is not paid at maturitv, unless it is in t!ie hands 
 ofatransfere..,the orij,'inal debt revives. Hut a note taken merely as 
 collateral .security does not suspend the ri-ht of action on the orhnnal 
 ilebt. " 
 
 !.-,«. Legal Holidays. The lejral holi.hiys for all the Provinces 
 except (,)u,- ,.■.., an : >un.l;;ys; New Years Day : (1.^.1 Friday; Easter' 
 -Munuay. (_ hristiims Day; Dominion Day; H.M. Hirthdav, now the •24tli 
 ol .M-y, but any day appointed for the celebration of the' biitlnlav «f the 
 rei-ninK soyerei<rii ; ThankHf,'ivin- Day, any ,lay appointed \,y pn.elama- 
 tKjn ot tlie (.overiior-Genera! or Lieuteiiant-(iovernor as a imblic holi.lav 
 oraj;eneral fea.st or thanks;rivi„M; ; Labor Dav; Civic Holidays, appointed 
 by proclamation of the chief ma^'ist rates of towns and cities- when New 
 \ears C'hnslmas. l^Hieeu's IJirthday or Dominion Day falls upon Sunday 
 then the day l..ll,,wnif,' is ob.served. Newfoundland observes the same 
 <lays, except Labor Day. 
 
 And in th.,- Province of Quebec tlie sahl days, and also the fcllowin.'- 
 I be hi)iphany; the Annunciation: the A.scension : Corpus (^luisti .s" 
 Peter and St. Pauls Day; All Saints' Day; Conception Day. 
 
 Promissory notes fallin<; .lue upon Sun.lav <>r a liolidAv will le.rallv 
 mature on the .lay ne.xt following,' which is not a holiday. ' 
 
 The tim.- limit also of any contract expiring or f.rilin- iip.jn a holi- 
 day, the time so limited shall ext.-nd to, and such tliini,- niav be ilone on 
 tlie day next foliowiiifr wliieli is not a holidav. 
 
 Persons en-aj^ed under a contract . .f s,.rvice, and appivntices, cannot 
 be compelled to work on ,iny lej^al holidav, except under special a^rree- 
 nient. ' " 
 
4r> 
 
 NT.<iOTIAIII.K I'Al'Kll. 
 
 tlu' cri«liti>r us 
 t'i>lli)\vinjf iioto 
 
 Ei"rili)Vfi-s wiiikiii^ I'y tlif wi-uk, iiumtli or yi'iir, uiili«i.s otlitTwiHo 
 sp«»ciiilly n};r«'i.l ii|hiii, ar.' iiititliil tn tlu-ir wa;;*-^ lur tho liuliiluyn. 
 
 Civic Hulidiiys liiiii;^ iiuTriy liical iiic iiut Uiiik or yi-ru-ml holiilays, 
 henc<- ii(';;iitiitl>lr |>,'i|>ri- ami all oiitniile contracts iiuiNt Im.> nttfiiiJol to. 
 
 157. Collateral Note. It ol'tfii (kcius that a ler^m \vislion to nii»o 
 iiuini-y on his ..wii iiotr wIuti- sotturity woiilil In." iiucfSMnry, i;n<l yot may 
 not wish to :.'ivc jin imlorsci-, lnjt la- has shaivs in soiik- stock coiii|iaiiy 
 or liaiik, or has a iiiiirt;,'a;;c which ht- couM placi' with 
 collateral, ami thus aiii|>ly sucurr him. In such cuso tin 
 wouM 111' in oriliT : 
 
 5«2(Ml.O(). DrxNVii.i.K, S.|,tciiil»r lOth. iHOO. 
 
 Til ri !■ iiii'olln iifhr iliili, fur rulni' riitiifil, J prijinixr In 
 nil If Will. Ili'iiiiiiil III' nrili r. lit till' H<i Ilk uf ('nininrriTjiirr ,Ttvit 
 II II iiil iiil llifllnrs. ivilli nili'visl lit niii'il jii'i' I'riit. 
 
 lliiiiiiij ilijiiiniti'it si.r Mliiirin in llic Ontiiriu Xufii]ntii>n Co., 
 Liinitiil, wliii-li I niilliiirize tin- Imldti nf this nnti' Ujiini tin' 
 iinn-pfi'fiinnitnvf nj thin nrnmixe at maluriti/ ti> xcll fither nt 
 jiiililif III- firiniti' ««/«', witlimit ili'iniindi iii/ iini/ineiit iif thiit note 
 III- till' ilrlit line thi'i'eiiii, unit irilliout fiivtln r nutiri', anil 'ii'iil;/ 
 the jiivi'I'iIm, (!/• iiM miifh ii» imiff lie necesxiirif, tu the imifineiil uf 
 thin niite itu'l all iH'iesMitri/ e.rpi nms anil rliitnjis, hnliliinj niiinelf 
 I'etpirnsihle fiif iimj ileneieneij. j^ J l>\|j,j;|, 
 
 N.B. — A life ins<)rancL' policy couM not 1»' used as al>ovp unl< ss the 
 ln'neticiiieiis siifueil tlif note anil tin- nssijrnMii'nt rccordcfl on the com- 
 paiiy's IxKiks. 
 
 LIS. Instalment Note. It <loes not afU'ct tin- ni';,'otial)ility of a 
 note to make it jiayal)le in instalments, but it cniniot lie sued initil the 
 la.st instalment is due, whether the prwcdin^ instalments he paid or not. 
 This may he j;uarded a;jainst by addiiir; a clausu liki! the followinj;: " In 
 the ivent of default in making any of the alnjve payments at the time 
 mentioned, the whole amount of this note shall liecunie duo ami payable 
 forthwith." 
 
 The following; lien instalment note will illustrate the form : 
 
 S^dO.OO. IIlmhekstone, September 1st, iOOO. 
 
 On the tirxt ilit;/ uf each niunth hereiif'ter for foil r ininilh.H 
 ciinMivntivil;/, I i>rorniM to imi/ to AMennrt. Ani/nxtine d'- Kilmer 
 the fiiint of Fifteen Dollars, the u-hole amouvtinij to Sixlj/ 
 llillars, the first of ■lurh jiin/meutH to he mmle on the Firnt daij 
 uf (letiiher ne.rt. Intenitt after maturity until paid at the iide 
 of eiijht per rent, per annum. 
 
 In erent uf the nale or other dinjinxal of my land or per- 
 .Hiival prnperty, or of default in malting any uf the ahuve pay- 
 mentx ot the time mentio le.d, the vholt amount of this note shall 
 thcrriipun heeuvie due and payahle forth^citli. 
 
 Witness: George Nekk. James H.vkdv. 
 
acceptaxceh. 
 
 47 
 
 CIIAI'TKit VI, 
 
 \(<'i:i"r vxc|.x 
 
 l.'.'l Acceptance is il.f nam.- yiv,.n to a .haft after it Ims been 
 m-vtyu. . \ .irali ,s an uiK-on.liti.,n.il wrilt.n ..nlcT from on.. tHimji. 
 callr.| tl... ./„,,.,,•, to pay a c.rtain .specifif.! sum of money, «t a .sp.Titie.1 
 time, to « tlnr. party, .allr.l tl>e ,.„;/,., DrnftH an- also cuII.mI Hi||„ of 
 jAelmn^.... H, s ot Kxclmnge are .livi.le.l into two elasses, viz.. Inland or 
 L >mi'stic. un<l ^orl•IJ;n. 
 
 „„ii V\'T ':"-^'"^'^'" *''" *'"'« country in wl.ich th.v are -Irawn an- 
 calle.l Inlan.l.an.l tlio.se payable ui anoti...r country are Forei.'n 
 
 1 he Inlami or Dumr.stic liave threr -lays' ;,aac- allow...! .7n all ...vcept 
 those ilrawn 'kh .lemaml. ' 
 
 Ifa.Iraa is payal.l.. in anytliinjf t.ut money, or if it or-lers s,j 
 
 tl>in;^to i.e .Ion.. Ml a.l.htion to the payment of immey, it is not a '.ill 
 Hut to or.hr that it siioul.l !,.. pai.j out ..f a particular fun.]. „r to in-licat.- 
 a particular tnn.l out of which the .Irawee is to lo-iml.urse himself or 
 to name a particular account to \h- ,MnM with th.. amount, or to inchkio 
 a statjuieiit ot what jfives ri.se to the hill, wouKl not he ,u„„i;i;,.„.,l, lienco 
 woul.l not athct the hill. 
 
 The F<,iei;n, are usually .sent in sets of th.v.., calle,! a "set of ex- 
 change, an.l each sent hy a .litK.rent route, or on a .liH-,.r.nt .late, .so as to 
 fc'Uar.1 a^jamst delays in case of acci.l..nt, ..i.e of the thr. e l,ein.' almost 
 certain t.) ivach its .h'stiimtion. 
 
 iJaukers. lawye.-s, etc., wouM not nee.l this explanation. I.ul th.. 
 Kcneral .va.l.r will notic.. tliat in this work a draft, after it has been 
 accepted. IS r,.f, rivd to as a hill or acceptance. 
 
 H;» Parties to a Draft. The Dniwer is the name of th.. nelson 
 who mak.s .,r .Iraw.s the .halt. He si.-.is his name in the lower riuht- 
 haiid rorii..r, wlu.fe the mak.r ..f a note woul.l .si.m. 
 
 «.;fi Tl"" ^^''V''"' r ""■ ""","" "■'""" ''"^ ■'■■"^'^ is".lrawn. ami corre.smnds 
 
 1 .;.' \ '.'.' r'' '\ TV' ''f ' ''• "''' ""'^ ^^■''" '"'^ *•> P-'y it. His name ia 
 plac'd 111 the l..\ver lett-han.l comer. 
 
 The Payee is the one in wliose favor the .Inift is .Irawii— the i.er- n 
 draft's" '''*'*'"'*' "'°"'''^'' '*''" •"""" '"""•' "''f'"''' ^" ^'""' ""''"^ '""' 
 
 A bill or note may Iw made payable to tw., or more payees jointlv, 
 or t may be to one of two. or t.. one or more of several, or it mav be to the 
 liol-ler ()t ati ofhce lor the time beim'. 
 
 fr.„f^V"" ""' ?PT T " ^^■'"'o"« "»• non-existing person the bill may be 
 treated as iiayablo to b-'aicr. "' 
 
 l<;i Payable to Bearer or Order .V bill is paval,le to b.arer 
 meiit in'blank'^"""'""'' '" '' '"" ^'"^ ""'^' "' '""' i»'>o'-«e'»t'nt is an indorse- 
 
 A bill is payable to onler which is so expressed, or wliich is made 
 payahle to a particular p..rs,m and .l.jes n,,t contain words prohibiting 
 
48 
 
 ACCEITANCES. 
 
 Mcivly 
 
 1 nnn-iii 
 
 striking 
 irotiable. 
 
 IraiislVr, or indinitiiij: an intention tliat it shouM not he tran'-ferrod. A 
 note or bill is nej^otiahk- nolwithstainlin;,' that the wonl hran'r wonli'v is 
 uinitted. Before 1890 a note or bill not payable to order or bearer was 
 absolutelv non-n<';,'otiable, but not so since that ilate. 
 (Hit the word "order" or "bearer" does not lua'.e the b 
 (See See. 1 44 > 
 
 Hi'i Acceptance of Drafts. .\ draft i> nut l)indiii;:- until It h.i.s 
 berii accepted any more than an orclinary onier on a merchant would be 
 until he lias acce])ted it. In aeeeptinj( a draft the mere sii^natnre of the 
 aecejitor is sutricient without the usual words being added. A draft is 
 usually acce]>ted by writing acro.ss the face of it, pretty well towards the 
 upper' end, which 'is the leftdiand siile, the word "Accepted," giving the 
 
 date, .stating wliere it i 
 diatelv under, as 
 
 to be Jiayable, anil tliei 
 
 !i spniini' the ujiiiir iniiiie 
 
 nsi'd when a 
 revious .section. 
 
 draft 
 
 "Accepted August -iSth, l!tO(). 
 " Pavable at Imperial IJank, here. 
 
 "D. A .Ml L.viiEN." 
 
 With drafts drawn iiayable "at .sight," or a certain time "after sight," 
 or a ■ilemand " draft that is not paicl when luesented, should have the 
 (/.//« of ■acceptance" given, but a draft drawn jiayable a certain time 
 after "date' need not have the date of acceptance given : but even with 
 these it is as well to give the date of acceptance, too. Wliere a draft is 
 accepted it is said to be " hnnored," and where acceptance is refused it is 
 saiil to be " dishonored." 
 
 When a draft is pre.sented fjr acceptance tlie lirawie may demand 
 t wo da v-' I'l )r accejitance, and in such ca.se it cannot be protested until after 
 that time. But if tln' time is not asked it may br protested the d;iy it is 
 tirst ))resented. 
 
 H»:( General Acceptance i- tin- nami' 
 cejitrd in till' iii-iiiii.ii\- w.iv. ,-is illu-trati'd in p 
 
 104 Qualified Acceptance is wlu u the "accejitance" in express terms 
 varies the effect of the draft from what it was originally. The acceptor has 
 that privilege within certain limits. This may be done by what is called 
 the Conditional acceptance, or a Partitil acceptance, or one ijualified as to 
 Time, or bv the accejitanee of one or more of the Drawei^s, but not of all. 
 (.See following si'ctions ) 
 
 1 «;."». A Conditional Acceptance is one in which the ticceptor 
 makis the jiaymeni conditional ujion something contained in it, as: 
 " Accejited, Jiayable out of the funds of Amity Lodge, No, '.VI. A.F. A: A,M. 
 W. WiNTKiis, Treasurer." 
 
 In such a case W, Winters would not make liini^ill' jn-rsoiiidly liable. 
 
 nut Panial Acceptance is where the acceptor only agrees to pay 
 jiart of ihe amount siatid in the draft, as : "Accepted Sejitember 4th, 
 1 !)()(), for fifty dollars. W. JnuxsuN. ' 
 
 In this case, say the draft was for ^1'^, the drawer and indorser wou^l 
 lia\. t<i be notified that it was only accejited for jiart. (See following 
 section. ) 
 
A'TF.I'TANCKS. 
 
 49 
 
 Hit Acceptance Changing Time. An iiccfi)ti>r may cli!iiii,'c the 
 tiiiu-. iis, t'(ir iiistancf, fmiii sixty ti^ ninety 'lays, hut in all .sucli cases 
 whtTc the (irij,'iual conditionH of ttn' ih-at't aie char 'ril, thf (h-awiT ami all 
 iniidi-scrs aro ivlicvt'd, unlcsH they are iiotitird. ll', aftrr rt'ceivinj; such 
 nnticc. tlu'\- do not, within a reasuniiltlt' time, expri'ss their dissent, they 
 are held to have ;,'iven their assent to tlii' chan;;e, ami thus remain liound. 
 'The chatiiji' <ji' place for jiaynieiit does nut atiect the draft, hut the chanjj;e 
 of amount, or time does. The liolder also may refuse a "i|ualitied accept- 
 ance" and treat the draft as dishonored, in which ca.^e he must have it 
 protested 
 
 UiH. Mistake in Drawee s Name- Wherever in a draft the drawee 
 is wron^dy de'-ic^'iiate(i or his name inisspcdled, he may accept the hill as 
 de)5crilie<l, adding', if he liiinks hest, his proper si;;iiature, or he may .simpl^' 
 accept it hy his proper 'i,'nature only. 
 
 I<M> Negotiating (. •r'oe Bills. In ne;:(jtiatini,' an overdue hill 
 it is suhject to any .lefect ol t'tle affect in;; it at mattirity. The ahsence 
 of f(>:isi<lt nitioii will not likeU- he ailmitted a defect. 
 
 Where a hill i.-i accepted or endorsed when it is overdue it is deemed, 
 r.s re^^ards the ac'"ptor wh.i so .-iccepts it. or the endorser who so endorses 
 it, as ji-iyahle on ii inand. 
 
 170. Kinds of Drafts. Drafts are divideil iiiti> four classes, aecord- 
 in;; to their wordin;;, which tixes the time they are to run and the way in 
 which the time is to he coinited : ( 1 ) J)emand"l)raft ; (2) Si;,d>t Draft ;" (.'i) 
 Drafts payahle a certain time after "si^^'ht '; (4) JJrafts jiayahle a certain 
 time after "d.'.te." The followin;,' sections will j,,'ive a form for each kind 
 .md the law i_'o\ eiiiin;; it , 
 
 i;i Time Draft After Date. 
 
 .*I'»<).Oii. Sai i.r .Ste. .Mai(ik, Au-ust .'ilst, IHOO. 
 
 \ I II' hi ilivis ,ift,r liati- /nil/ t,' th' i/rdtr nf Tin- T. Eafn,/ 
 Co.. Ll initid. Ill the hiiiiii iiiiiii liiiiil,-, Tnnmtii, tlnr II n inl ml 
 Dollar^, fur raltIC rffirnl, nuil rlninj, tn i{r,',,ii nt iif 
 
 r- W. WiNTKKs. Toronto. D. A. MlLaukx. 
 
 In acceptine; the ahove draft, which is [)ayahle after "date," \V. Winters 
 need not write tlie date of acceptance, us the time when 't will matuie is 
 tix<'d in the draft, heinj,' made payahle ninety day.s after its ilate. 
 
 A hill drawn payahle after date need not necessarily he jiresented for 
 acceptance until presente<l for payment, hut it is ;;enerally presented as 
 early as convenient, .-uid certainly should he. 
 
 iTi Demand Draft 
 
 ••^lUO.UO. Anox, Octoher 31th, I'.iOO. 
 
 On (li'vuirul pay to tJn unh r of liroim Urns., (inr Hundred 
 JJiillnrs. riiliir ricfircd, iiiiil iliai;i': to (uriniut nf 
 To W. WiNTKK.S, H. p. MOOKE. 
 
 Welland. Ont. 
 The ahove form of draft has no days of j^'race allf)Wed. hut i-- p.iyahio 
 when demanded. 
 
50 
 
 IN.iORSKMENl--. 
 
 
 It' it is tidt ]>aiil wh.'ii 
 .M'lit.Ml, th. lioM.r lias 
 • iiriviKi;'' n\ '_'i\iii;;- 
 linn- lu ihal r.i^.' it 
 WiillM 111-' " flCCi'Iitni as 
 
 ntliiT lirafts. ]iliKiiii,' till' 
 .i.iti- 111' iiecfpliincr iipon 
 it It wotllii not coin- 
 Ill, ■iicr to liraw interi'sl 
 until it was prt'soiituii, Imt 
 wiiiiM coiimii'iiCL' at that 
 ilatc to ili-aw five pi-r Ci'iit. 
 
 n:;. Time Draft After 
 
 Sight. 'I'lir lonu shown 
 on this pau'.' is a ' tini.' 
 .liiil't," ih-awn liir "list IK'- 
 (.■rniliiT, iMi'J. iiiul payahlo 
 inn. ty ilays at't.-r .s/i//'/. It 
 was a'cci'ptnl .lantiary 4th, 
 I'.tOO, and wutilil tlifrcfore 
 fall «Uu' nini-ty days aftrr 
 that ilati', April 4th, ami 
 th.' thriT days of ^'rnco ho- 
 in" add.'d niaki's it li\i,'ally 
 inatuiv April 7, 1 !'(»(). 
 
 It was ni.'id.' ]iayalil'' to 
 tin- r.MMk of Montreal at 
 'roroiito, hut when Mr 
 Carter accepted it, it will 
 lie notieed,hc made it pa^ - 
 alile at his own othcc. and 
 ilieivfon- the I'.aiik that 
 presented it to him for 
 acceptance will now have 
 to present it at Mr tenter's 
 own otlice for ]iayment 
 wli.-n it falls due. t »f 
 eonr,-. , Mr. 
 ha\e made 
 
 sol tlur hank at M. 
 
 .lohn, if he h.'id wished to 
 do Ml, i.nt prohaMy he did 
 not have a hank accotuit, 
 and therefore it would he 
 more convenient for him 
 to pay it at his own otlice. 
 After" pavmeiit the money 
 will he forwarded to the 
 i'.,ink of Montreal at To- 
 ronto, as Mr. (Hmsted di- 
 lecteil wlieii lie drew the 
 draft. 
 
 Carter could 
 it pa\ahle at 
 
KI'TAXCES. 
 
 51 
 
 174. Sight Draft. I uv 
 
 fiiriii shiiwpi I III this jia:,'r 
 is ii siL,'ht lira ft. It is 
 ilniwti Ijy Wniy !{. Sinith. 
 ol' Hfll.ville, (III I). A Koss, 
 (if l{i:i;iiia. It will lie 
 imtici'il that Mr Smith 
 iiiaili' it [tayalilc tu hiinsrlf, 
 aiiil thcrrtori- the )lr,iir,r 
 ami /I'lt/ti arc thr sainr 
 person in tliis case. 
 
 This I'liriii uf ilraft is 
 snii|ii.si'il to 111' [lai'l u hrii 
 it is ]iri'Si'utfil, liiit if the 
 (/(■<( ii;r iii'dls the 1 iiiif hi' 
 may acci'pt it in thi- usual 
 way an«l takr thr tliri'i- 
 (lays of ;,n-acr. It will In' 
 .si'cn liy till' form shown 
 lirrr that .Mr. iloss tonk 
 ailvanta^'i' of tli-' thru" 
 da\-s of ^'rar.T ami " ac- 
 cepted " it ill thr usual 
 way 
 
 It \\as ilrawn \o\i'iiilii'r 
 2ml, ]iayalil.' at ihr Hank 
 of L'oniiiK'rci', Hclli-xillr, 
 lint in accrptiii;,' it .Mr. 
 Ro.ss iiiailf it jayalili' at 
 till' Hiiik .if Mniitri'il, 
 Ki';,nna 
 
 It \V;ls .U'Ci'Jiti'il NnVc'lU- 
 
 i)i'r Sth, lltOO, ami will 
 tlii'i-cforc he payaliU' X>r 
 v.-mli.T 1 Ith. Hut .\ii- 
 vi'iiilirr 1 1 til fails on Siiii- 
 ilay ainl. tlirrrforc, thr 
 
 arcrjitailrr is Irpil ly i lur on 
 
 iloniiay, .\o\rmlMr JL'th. 
 
 Sirjlit Draft ami Tiiur 
 Draft ari,' "jovi'iiii'il hy thr 
 same law.s for pirsrui nirnt 
 ami collection. 
 
52 
 
 lNli(iU>KMKNT.S. 
 
 fV lias hocn 
 unJ.T tli;it 
 
 siiiipK- I'V 'Irlivcry as it is pay- 
 y the iiiil'Tsi'iumt of thf payt'e, 
 
 th 
 
 mt. Purposes of Indorsement Ii 
 
 CIIAITKK Vir 
 
 iM)(>i;si:mknts. 
 
 11.". Negotiation of Bills. Notes, Etc Nr-utiall.' \y.i\ 
 in at.'d in tlio jiivvioiis cliiqitcr, and tin' various paiiirs classc 
 lira.liii_' ;;ivcii in Sortion 140, which ^c 
 
 .\Mll {layablo to hearer isne{;"tial 
 alil. to any juTson who carries it. 
 
 A I'ill" ]>ayal'l'' to unler i.s ne^otiahl 
 anil is ciiiiii'litr.l l,y il. ■lively, 
 
 (i|-^riiicnls may hi- eitlii'!' h<T 
 iiuriM'sr nt iiemjtiation, or lor aihlitional .serurity. or for the aeknow- 
 le,l-ni.'nt of ,a jart^ial i.ayin- nl of th-' instrument, or for identification. 
 
 1??. Methods of Indorsement Th' n ar- s.-mimI ways of indors- 
 inj; a note or draft in i^'eiural use: il) Indorsement in Blank. CJ) In- 
 J()rsement in Full, (o Indorsement without Recourse. (+) Restrictive 
 Indorsement — various r..ruis. ,')) Indorsement ..f ( iuaranteo. 
 
 ns. Indorseuicilt in Blank i- wh-M' thr name onlv 's written 
 
 across the hack of thr iii-t runi.iLl Such an iudor.ser hev J.nes liable 
 for it.s payment, and the notr or dnift netjotiahl.' simply hy iv.ansf -r. 
 
 I7J». Indorsement in Full is wliere the indor.ser n-stricth the jiMy- 
 mentof tiie hill or note to some particular person. Tin re are several ways 
 in which this indorsement may be worded, .and the rtl'cct vain"! in r.wh 
 eas,-. He may write across the h.-iek " Pay A. 1). or order,' .and si^ni his 
 name underneath. In this case A. 11. cannot sell tile paj^er wiliiout 
 indoi-sin;,' it. If such a note were lo-,t no one could collect it hut A. B. or 
 the one to whom he endorsed it over. 
 
 ISO, Restrictive Indorsement i^ one which ]irohihits the further 
 nei'otiation of the hill, or expresses th.U il j,dves merely the authority U> 
 deal with the hill as thereby directed, and not a transfer of the nvnership 
 thereof, as, for e.x.imple, if .i hill, indorsed " Pay I), only," or " Pay 1), for 
 the account of H.," or " P,iy l>. or order for collection,' Suhs (luent in- 
 dorsees take the liil! with the same ritrhts and subject to the same liabili- 
 ties a.s the first indorsee had under the restrictive indorsement. 'I'hat is, 
 they are merely agents and not holders in due course, and therefore any 
 defence a<;ainst the first restrictive indorsee is available ai,'ainst them. 
 
 The restrictive indorsement ^'ives the indorsee the ri;,'lit to receive 
 payment of the bill, or to sue any jiarty thereto that his indorser could 
 have sued, but ^dves him no power to transfer his rif;ht as endorser unless 
 it expressly authorizes him to do .so, as in tlie last two forms ;;iven above. 
 
 A note or bill payable to /ifarrr, or to a certain person or bearer, 
 cannot have its nejroti'ahility restricted by indorsement, hut those nsini; 
 the word urdfr mav In- so restricted, as shown above. 
 
 181, Indorsement Without Recourse is where the note or draft. 
 
 is made tr.iiisleiahle, hut the indorser evades liability for its payment 
 
I\T)f)IlSF.MKS-|> 
 
 (HiU'k of Xdtc.) 
 
 Tin- foUowiiirj is the Usual I'onu, " Without recourse to ino," iunl thfi niinif 
 writtfu uiiiiiTnciitli as in otln r iiiili)rsciiii-iits. No sulisrijucnt lioMcr cuu 
 liavf -.my cliiiiii aj;ainNt sucli an imiorstT. Such indorseini'Ut issiuijily lor 
 thr [iui|Mi-.i- of iic;,'otiatioti ami not st_'CUi-it\- i'oi- jiavnii'iit. 
 
 |S"». Indorsement of Guarantee^ Wii. n Mils arr subject to pro- 
 test it nuiy Im' remlend unnecessary by the itiijorser writiiii.' a form of 
 ^larantee over iiis sii^iiaturc (see Sec. Is.')). 
 
 lH:t. The Indorser's Contract. I'>y h\-~ inilorsemeni he, in .ilict, 
 agrees m i,'.xm1 inith with all the .sub.se(Hient holders: (1 ) That the iii.stru- 
 ment itself is ;;enuine, and all the names on it j)revious to liis <:iwn are 
 conipetent tocontract. {-2) That he has a ;,Mod title to the bill. (J?) Tliat 
 he is competent to contract. i4) That ti;e uiakep will pay the bill at 
 maturity. (.'>) That in ca-<e tlie maker faiU Ui iiav tlie bill he will i.av it 
 hnnself. ' • ' ■ 
 
 IS4. Relation Between Indorsers Where two or more persona 
 indorse a paper at Hif .•miw tiriu- as security, and the maker fails to pay, 
 the holder may sue all or lie may sue and recover from either one he 
 thinks best. In ca.se he collects the note from one, then that one may 
 collect a proportionate share from each of the others. If there were three 
 of them he could collect oni'-third from each of the other two. and if (miIv 
 two, then he would collect half from the other party. 
 
 Hut if the indorsements were at different dates, 
 a-sthey naturally would be where jiajier is indorsed a.s 
 it is transferred, the liabilities are altoirether ditterent. 
 In fact, where two or mo»'e indcjrsers are <jn a bill or 
 note each indorsement is deeme.l to have been maile 
 in the order in whicli it appears on the paper until 
 the contrary is proved. Therefore, where the in- 
 dorsements are at difl'erent dates the first indorser i.s 
 Security for all i.fttT him, the second is security for 
 the third, etc. 
 
 If the maker of such a note failed to pay. the 
 holder could sue all the endorsers, or any one of tliein 
 he miudit choose. Say there were three, .is in the 
 form shown on this patje, and the holder sued and 
 collecteil from all, one-third from each, then in that 
 ca.se Jones and Hrowii could collect wliat they paid 
 from Smith, thus makinr; him pay all because he 
 was surety for Ixith. If Smith, however, proved to 
 be insolvent, and Jones and iirown had to pay the 
 whole debt, then Brown would collect wliat liepaid 
 from Jones, because Jones indorsed before him and 
 was, therefore, his surety. Jones would have to pay 
 the whc'e debt and look to Smith and the maker, who 
 are both liable for it to him, and one or the other 
 mi£;ht sometime be in a position to pay. If Smith 
 Were .sued either by the holder or one of the sub- 
 sequent indorsers and paid the ainount'he could only look to the maker 
 of hte note. 
 
 James Smith. 
 Pet-er Jones. 
 
 Ib'nrv Brown, 
 
54 
 
 IMniloKMKNTS. 
 
 A;:.un. if the holder sues IkiIIi the iiiakiT iin«l iii'hirser anil 
 iud>,'iiiriil. hut subsfijueiitly dl'tiiin-. /Hii/mmt U-um llie emlorsfr 1 
 CompelkMi to as.si},'ii the Jlitlfj;iii.-iit a;.Minst the maker tu such iii.lnrser, 
 may enforce it a^raiiist tlie makri- without entering,' a new Miit. 
 
 lMr». Various Forms of Indorsement 'I'his i.ape ilhistrates 
 various forms of indorseuu nts in jreneral use in C'anachi. nml [nuties 
 mav not !«■ familiar with them can reailily undi'rstaiul their ditlereut 
 byVeadini; the explanation in the rij^ht hand oplunni : 
 
 ^ets 
 
 le is 
 who 
 
 Ihe 
 
 who 
 Uses 
 
 (Back of Note.) 
 
 ame> >iuitli. 
 
 2 Pay .1. Murray or order 
 
 James Smith. 
 
 3. I'ay A. Sanders<in. 
 
 dames .Snnlh. 
 I»r, 
 I'av A, Sanderson i^ily. 
 
 James Smith. 
 
 4 Witlu.iut recours 
 
 .lanies Smith 
 
 Or. 
 
 Without ncouvse to me. 
 
 .lames .Smith. 
 5. For collection only on acecamt 
 of James Snuth. 
 
 (i. For discount only to cn'dit of 
 James Smitli. 
 
 T. Vnv d( posit emly to of cre.lit 
 Jaiiies Smith. 
 
 1. Indorsement in F.Iank. The 
 
 name only. It holds indorser 
 liable 
 
 2. Indorsemeni in l''ull. It trans- 
 
 fers the liill an. I liolds him 
 resjionsilile if maker fails. 
 
 3. Restrictive Indorsement. It 
 
 transfi'rs the jiiiper and by 
 i-estrictintj payment to a ]>ar- 
 lieular per.s<in it is I'videnee 
 that it was not intended to 
 be nejjotiated further. It 
 does not ab.solutely prevent 
 its further transfer, but .•>■((''- 
 ni'ijui'iit holders take it suh- 
 ject to the e(juities that may 
 i)urden it when it receives 
 tlie restrictive indorsement. 
 4. (^hialihe<l Indorsement. It trans- 
 fers the ]ia[)er and frees the 
 endorser from any liability 
 for payment. 
 
 ."). .Sp(/citic Indorsement. To i,'uanl 
 ajfainst loss in sending; by 
 mail or thro\i(;h other hand.s. 
 
 0. Specific Indorsement. A pre- 
 cautionary me.isure, .same as 
 in No. ''- 
 
 7. Specitie Indorsement. .Same 
 object as in N(}. ."> and ti. All 
 these should be practised by 
 business men more than tliey 
 
 8. W. Carter is bereViy identified. 
 James Smith. 
 
 S. Specitic Indorsement. It identi- 
 ties the holder at the Hank 
 withotit makini; th.e endorser 
 liable for payment. 
 
IMiiiK.-,KMF,NTS 
 
 9. For valui! receivcil, I IhitIiv 
 f^uarantt'C' tliu pa\ rii<iit nf tlir 
 wit hill 111 iti-. 
 
 .l,-iiiii'> Siiiitli. 
 
 10. I^'mi- value reri-i\C'l, I lirr.'tiy 
 
 ;,'uanitili-i' |iiiyiin'iit "I llio 
 within iiiitc. !ii:'l waive pro- 
 test aiiil iiDtif'e thereijf. 
 
 James Sinitli. 
 
 11. For vahle rt'Ceiveii, I heieljy 
 
 Ljuaniiitee the <-iillectiiiii ol' 
 the within note. 
 
 .hiiiics Smith. 
 
 12. Presentation ami protest waived. 
 
 .Janics Smith. 
 
 ;i. lu'loiseiiieiit of (iuarantoc. 
 With this iii'lorsenient it is 
 not neci's.sai'v to [i-otest the 
 pai>er. 
 li> III'!. ■rsiMiient ol (luaranti'e. 
 Saliiu as No. 'J. 
 
 i:;. [ lerehy accept notice of non- 
 payment, anil waive pinte>.t. 
 .lames Smith, 
 14. lleceiveil on the within note, 
 .\u_'. -itith. l!)()i», Twiiitv 
 Dollars iSiO.OO I. 
 Si-pt. Kith, lltOO, Forty J (ollais 
 (.<-KM)0). 
 
 11. Indorsement of ( luarantee. The 
 ;Xuarantor is not liable until 
 an attenijit to collect Ky leu'^il 
 process has failed. 
 
 \2 Indorsement Waivini; I'njtest. 
 This form of wordinj; is 
 usually eni]>loyed when done 
 liel'ore maturity. 
 
 !•'!. Indorsement Waiving,' Protect. 
 This i'orm i.s comiiion •.vlien 
 done at maturity. 
 
 14, Indorsement of Partial jiayiiieiit. 
 It is usual in indorsin;; V'^y- 
 ments on a note to give the 
 date and amount, and if liif- 
 fereiit persons n.'Ceive the 
 money, tlie initials of the 
 person should lie given. 
 
 ISO Collection of Notes and Acceptances Notes and drafts 
 made payahle at a eeii.iin [ilaee should he jneseiited there f'.ir jiaynieiit 
 on the third day of grace, even if tliere is no indorser on them. Where 
 no place of payment is specified in a hill, it is not necessary to ])resent it 
 for payment to render the acceptor or maker liable. 
 
 If there are indorsers on tlie paper, and it is not presenteii on the 
 third day of grace, both the dr.awer ,-ind indorsers are discliarged. 
 
 If the bill is jiayahle at a liank then it must be presented during 
 banking hours, but if not .it a b.ink then the Iiolder has the ordinary 
 bu'-iiiess <iay. 
 
 if there are no inilorsers tlieii it nei d not necessarily be ])r<'sented on 
 tlie date of maturity, hut must be presented for ])ayment before any 
 action is taken, or tlie liolder would likely be saddled with the costs, and 
 possilily lose the interest after maturity ;is well (.see Sec. 1>S9). The failure 
 (jf tlie liolder to present a note or acceptance for payment at date of 
 maturity will not generally' discharge tie' maker or .ieee[)tor. (See 
 following paragraph.) 
 
 -\ note payable at a b.ink is authority for the bank to apjily the 
 custcjiner's funds in jiayinenl of tiie bill. If in such a case the maker 
 could sliow that he liad sutl'ered loss by the omission to present the bill on 
 the ,lay of its maturity, hi' would prob.aMy \»- discharged. 
 
56 
 
 INDOHSKMKN'TS. 
 
 IK?. Place of Presentment of m bill or note for ]inyiii<'iit ; 
 1 At ih. jilaci- --p. citii'^! in tin- papi'r. 
 
 '2. If no jilar.' uT ]i.iyiiiriit is sin'citicil, tlp^ii al llir !iiMrt_'SM of the 
 acceptor. 
 
 3. If no aililri'ss is iiu-iitioru^d in ilir liili, then at his [ilncf of husint-ss, 
 if known ; if not known, then at his ordinary plaoi' of nsidi-ncc 
 
 4. If nritlier is known, tiien at his last kiioun ]ilacr o| liusini'ss or 
 resiihni'r. or wliorever he may be fovnid. 
 
 .'), Wiiere the jjhice of piyment speciti.d ii. thf acceptance is any 
 city, town or vill!i;,'e. and no place thi-rein s]iecitied, the hill will he pre- 
 sented to the drawees, or acce]itors' known place of business or residence, 
 an'l if there is no such ].laee .'oiind, then at the post-otUce, or principal 
 post-orliee is sutiicient. Many a holder has lost his secnrity by not pre- 
 senting the pa]ier for jiaynient as the law rei|nires, and many an incjorser 
 has ]i;iid a note from which he w is lei,'ally discharj^'cd by the holder failing 
 to conipK' with till' ic^jal rei|niii'meiils. |.'>te See. IM'.) 
 
 IKK Presentment Delayed or Dispensed With. When circum- 
 stances beyond the eoiitrol of the leiM.-r [ires, lit [irrseiitiition, it is excused ; 
 but it must lie presented as soon as the hindrance ceases. 
 
 .\lso, when presentment has been "waived" by the parties liabli- on 
 the iu-trument. 
 
 ISU To Hold Indorsers Liable To bold an indorser liable for 
 payment ijti a note or f>ill th.kt is not paid at maturity, it is iiece.s.sary ; 
 
 1. To present the note or bill for payment on the third (l.iy of j,;race 
 for place of presentment, see Sec. lis?). If this i.s not done the indorsers 
 
 are irrv. 
 
 2. If it is not paid, then the paper may be proteste<l. and a notice of 
 tiie protest sent to each of the indorsers. 
 
 3. In most cases it is not necessary t<j protest, but if it is not pro- 
 tested the riotii-r of the dixlionor must be sent just the same. 
 
 This notice nnist contain the foUowin;; three facts: 
 
 1. That the noti! or bill ;,nvinij its <late. amount, name of mak''r, 
 indor.sers, etc.) had !)• en presented for p.'iymiiit. 
 
 ■2. That payment was refn.st^d. 
 
 M. That the holder looks to him fthe indorser) for payment. 
 
 This notice mav be sent by a notary, or the hohler himself may 
 send it. 
 
 An oral notice is also l.';^'al, but it is always better that it be [lUt in 
 writinj; 
 
 It may be .sent merely as a letter, hut sUitiny cK-arly the thri'c fact.s 
 a1x)ve metitioned. 
 
 If the letter is not re;;istere<l, it would be ads is.iiije to have ,i. witin'ss 
 to its contents, and chdivery to the' jiost-otiice. 
 
 If the note or draft is made payable at a certain place it nuist be pre- 
 sented there for payment. If it is not mentioned in the paper wheie ii is 
 l)ayable, then it must be at the place of business or private residence of the 
 maker of the ncjte or acceptor of the ilr.ift. as the case may be. If his 
 place of residence cannot be found after ilue dilij^ence, or if he has I'lt 
 
INDiJltSKMKNTS. 
 
 57 
 
 the country, tlie hoMia- tlit-ii nmy iitfs.nt it ,it tli.' ituMt-offic.' wliore he 
 hvod. It must lif iiiuNoiitt'il on tin/ thinl day ut' ^'race iiurin<,' business 
 hours, imi] not on any other day either hrfoic m- at'tir. 
 
 If thesi' thini,'.s are not eoniplii'd witii th>' indorsir is fr<'r. The 
 imloi-ser :iii;,'ht not neeive the notice for several days or weeks after, hut 
 that would not make any ditlerence so loiii,' as it was iiiaiji'd to his 
 supposed address. The notice should be smt within tw.lvi- hc^urs. A 
 similar iiotiei' is also s.-nt t" thr maker, 
 
 l!M>. Discharge of Indorsers 
 
 I. Payment of tle^ instrummt iy thr maker or acceptor di.schar,'i-s all 
 the in<loi-scrs. 
 
 12. raihuT t<j makt! a li'^al prrMiitnicnt of the noti- or hill for j jay nt. 
 
 U. (Jivin;,' time to tin- principal di,sehar;.,'fs the suri'lies unless their 
 t'ons(!nt has been olitaini'd, 
 
 4. Any act which (lischar;,'cs thr (ifincipal drl)t.)r dischar;,'rs the 
 .sureties, unless thr holder e.xprrssly rrsrrvrs his rii,'hts ai,'ain.-,t tlirm. and 
 in that case the jn-inci[jal debtor would still br liabli; to the claims of the 
 sureties. 
 
 .5. Any jiaity to a bill is discli,ir;,'ed by the intentional cancrllalion of 
 his .si;,'iiaturr by thr holdiT or his ai,'ent. 
 
 IIM Protest, is a notice si-nt by a notary public, who is also usually 
 a Ifiwyrr, to the makrrs and indorsers on a ixile or acceptance not paid at 
 maturity. It must conUiin the foUowiiiij three facts. 1 ) That the note 
 or acceptance ((,'ivin^' its date, amount, by whom .Irawn and indorsed, had 
 been presenteil for payment. (2) That payment liad been refu.sed. (3) 
 That the holders look to him for payment. A copy of this notice is 
 maileil to each name on the bill oi note. 
 
 Protests are always used by the banks, and .sometimes by private 
 in<iividuals. because the notary will not fail to sen<i a |)roper notice so as 
 to le;_'ally holii the indorsers, 
 
 (ienerally it is not compul.sory to protest, hut a f(;rmal written notice 
 sent to each of tlie imlorsers would answer the same purpose. It should 
 contain the same three facts mentioned above. .Simjily an oral notice 
 Would be bindinj,' .also, but there mifjht be difficulty in provin;,' it. 
 
 It is neee,ss;iry to protest forei;,'n bills of exchan;,'e if nut paid at 
 maturity, in order to hold the drawer and indorsi-rs. 
 
 In Quebec it is also neces.sary to protest an Inland bill, in order to 
 hold drawi-rs and indorseis 
 
 A bill can be jirote.sted onlv at the place where it w.is dishonored, or 
 at some other place in Canada within five miles of the jilace of present- 
 ment and dishonor, 
 
 A bill presentr.l throu;_di the post-otlice ;uid returned ilishouored, mav 
 be protested at the place where it is returned on that day or the day fof- 
 lowini,'. 
 
 When an acceptor becomes bankrupt, or suspends payment before 
 maturity, the holder of a bill may jiroti/st it for better security afjainst the 
 drawer and indor.sers. 
 
5H 
 
 1M>I)USEMKNTS. 
 
 A Mil iiiMV l)i' jm)t«'.xtt>(l at tliriT o'clock. It i« (lUcstioiinlili' if the 
 Imiiks cinij.l sustain un action on a ]irol<'st at one o'clr r on Satunlay. 
 
 I1>'i Indorsers Notice of Dishonor WK.-n a liill has Ik.'i;ii ilis- 
 honori'l, an'l an in(loi>iT n'cii\i>' notid' to tliat itti-ct, if then' is a 
 iiri'\ ions itiilorscr to liiinsclf hf hail Udter forwanl the notice to him, or 
 iiiitifv him l>v IcttcT that tin- hill has U-en diNhononil, etc.. in ordiT to lioM 
 him for |iaynu'iit in case the hoicl.T did not notify him. He Nhoiild hi; 
 ahle to |iro\e that tlie letter conlainin;,' the notice wan duly addre-s.se'l and 
 {losted with till' necessary ]iostii;;e prepaid. He hius tlie hmu-; tim<' in 
 which to '^'wi- tin- notice after \\r lia.s heen notified that the imteceilcnt 
 holiler h.is .■\ft.T the diNhonor. 
 
 Ill- n:ii.i iMi 
 is (lone hv 
 
 IJW Noting for Protest When- a liiil or note caiuiot 
 date of niatvirity, the hank will "note" it for jirotest. This i- 
 the notary |>ilhlie the .same as the act of protesting', hut the expeti.se is les.s. 
 Knot paid, then thepa]» r uiiist he piotesteii the next Im.siness day. 
 
 IJM Fees for Protesting In < >nt,irio. Nova Scuii.-i .md I'rince 
 Kdward Isl iiid the fee.i for proleNtui;,' are '>0 cents, and l'> ceMl.-- for each 
 notice sent to the maker and indorsers. In Quehec and Manitoha the fee 
 for protesting,' is i^l.OO, and .'lO cents for notices. In l!riii>h ("olund>iii the 
 fee is .■<2.-">(), including,' notices; in North-West Territories #-J()0 for protest, 
 .iiid .')() cents for notices In New liriinswiek the fee .allowed is ^1.00, in- 
 iludinj,' the notices, hut it is .said that ^o.OO are actually char<^ed in some 
 instances. 
 
 tUy Protest by Magistrate. WIm u there is no notary puhlic or 
 none whos- .sei-\ ices can I'e i.lii.iined at the place where the pajjer is dis- 
 hunore<l, any .lustice of the Peace resident at the place may jiresent and 
 protest the paper, j^ive the necessary notices and liave all the powers of a 
 notary public. All the exi)enses of protest shall In- allowed to the holder 
 ill .addition to aiiv iuterest that niav h.ive .icrrui'd. 
 
 IJM; Form of Protest by a Justice of the Peace. 
 
 A <'oiiy of tiie hill or noti' and indorsements,) 
 
 ( In this dav of in the year <jf 11) I. A. I!., one 
 
 of Her .Majesty's Justice of the I'eace for the district (or county) <if 
 in the I'rovince of , dwellini,' at ((.>r mar) the villii;,'e of 
 
 in the said district, there heiiifj no practising,' notary ptiMic at or near the 
 said village {or other cause) did at the re(|uest of , and in the 
 
 presenci' of , well known inito me, exhihit the original hill (<jr 
 
 note), where<)l' a true copy is alove written, unto C. D, the acceptor (or 
 drawer or jiromi.sor I thereof, pei-sonally (or at his residence, otlice, or >isual 
 place (jf business), in . and speaking to hini.self( or his wife, liis clerk, or 
 
 his servant, etc.) did ih iiiand acceiitance (or p.ayment) thereof, unto whicli 
 demand he or she ) answered, wherefore, I, the .said Justice of 
 
 the Peace, at the reiiuest aforesaid, have proteste<l, and by these presents 
 do protest against the drawer and indorsers (or promisor ami indorsers. or 
 
INItuKsKMKNTS. 
 
 r.9 
 
 ncci'ptcir. ilriiwcr ami iiidorHtrx) of tin' snid hill nr nutv) lunl all othir 
 piirlicN tliiTftu unci tiuTfiii cunccrnt'd, fur nil ixcliaiip', rir-fxcliaii^'f, and 
 all costs. diiiiiap'S and intcTfst, jin-Hrnt anil tocoiin' d'V want of accf|itan<'e 
 (or payiuiMit) of tin- --.licl l)ill (or noti"). all of wliicli is liy tln-sr jirt'sents 
 attt'stt'd liy thr si;_'nutiiii' of tlit- said (\vittics,s) and liy my liund iiud s- .il. 
 (FrotuaU'd in duplicate.) 
 
 Si;,'naturo of witness. 
 
 Signal uri' and sial of the .! I' ^ 
 
 In Newfoundland, wlnr.' tho service of a notary cannot l)o oiilained 
 to protist a liili, any liou-idioldcr or HubMtantial re.sidcnt of the place, in 
 tlie prcMeMce of twn \vitnfs.ses. may f.'ive a eertitiouti' which shall in all 
 nspccts cj Tate as a prcitest. The foliowin;,' is the ^tattitury form ; 
 
 " Knov, all men lliat 1, A. \'>. (householder , of . in , at 
 
 the re(|Uest of C. D., there Ixin;; no notary- pidilie availahle, di.l, .in the 
 dayiif . I'.t at demand payment (or accejitjince) of 
 
 the Ijill (/I' exchan;;e herenndrr wntten fromti. F, to which demand he 
 m.ide answer state answer if any . Wherefore, 1 nnw. in tin- presence of 
 G. H. and .1. K., do protest the .said bill uf exchan;,'e. 
 
 (i H ( 
 ,1 K 1 
 
 Witi 
 
 (Signed) A. 
 
 lUl Without Prejudice. Ihe two wnrd^." wiihout iirejudice," 
 have jjreat imjiortance when ii^ed in a le;,Ml sense. 'I'liis use can be l>e9t 
 shown by an illustration, viz. : 'Two persons are at variance and likely 
 to be drawn into court, but the one desires an amicable settlement anil is 
 willinj^ to make any reasonable conce.ssion to etfect it. Ilc>, therefore, 
 takiH thi'se two words, iritlmnt prejinHvi', and writes them across the 
 u[)per left hand corner of his letter, or in the body of the letter, and then 
 makes his propusition, whatever it mij.'ht be. The etl'ect of those wurds is, 
 that if the other jjarty should not accejit the proposition .and teinisthus 
 offered, but the case jroes to suit, this letter cannot be used in court ius 
 evidence ajjainst the writer. Hence, by usinj^ these words in that way a 
 person who wishes to avoid litif,'ation may safely make advances to .secure 
 a peaceful settlement, and if not successful his case is not , jeopardized. 
 
 if the letter would be .simil.'ir io 
 
 loi'ni at the liecjinnniL 
 
 Witlniiil jiirjii<lii <• " 1 liri-'lii/ iiwlc t/ud the fu/lutri luj 
 
 A convenient 
 the followinj^ : 
 
 //(('/• Sir: 
 projii/Kition, rti-. 
 
 Also, a debtor who may be taking' the beiielit of the Statute of 
 Limitations may, by usini; these words, fr.iokly acknowleilije the justice 
 of the claim ai,'ainst him. and assure hiscrediior that he will still pay him. or 
 may even pay money to him, without reviving the legiil liit''Hit>/. Also, 
 in otf'ering to make payment c)n a disputeil account or claim by way of a 
 compromise, these words prevent the otler being held to be an acknow- 
 ledgment of the cl.iim. Every m.in should !)!■ familiar with their u.^e. .and 
 make use of them whenever occasion reiiuires, instead of trusting to the 
 iitlier jiaityV honor. 
 
60 
 
 (S |M ili^KMKNT'* 
 
 |»M Cheques A 
 
 chi-i|it)' i» 11 iliiiiaii'l 'hall 
 nn II hunk. Tln'V liiivf no 
 iliiys of (^riici-. Kornifily 
 clu'ijui's were written jiiy- 
 iihle to Irf-ftnr: Imt the 
 form nhovvn nn tliis ]i.i;;i' is 
 till- Htaniliiril form now 
 uaetl in the rnitrd Statt-s. 
 iinil i|uit' •^'(^nornlly in 
 (."ftimilii. 
 
 A chi'fiiie is not l'';;iil 
 tcniliT, uikI a person run- 
 not l»' poiiijiollfii to acci'iit 
 it in iiayimnt tor .i ilt4it. 
 
 |JM> Use of Cheques 
 
 'I'lic jiriutii f nintiin;; 
 
 jiiiynii'nl liy clifi|ni' is I'l'- 
 coniinj4 f,'cniTil. It siives 
 tinio in countin;,' i'lmn>;e, 
 prevents niistaki-s in count- 
 in<', am! savi's lialiility of 
 loss liy iliitt. A n-tiniir.l 
 cli('(|\ii' from thi' liank is 
 also the ln'st fviilencr of 
 piiytntMit a man can liavr, 
 ami shoulil hr til'-ci away 
 the same as a receipt 
 
 ClieiUles are ne;;(jtinlile 
 the same as notes are, ami 
 stihject to the same laws. 
 
 A che(iue may he made 
 to answer for a receipt hy 
 inserlinfj after tlie amount 
 what it was j;iven for, as 
 "in full of account." or 
 " for rent, ' etc. 
 
 ('he.|Ues operate as fiay- 
 inent iintil presentment has 
 hcen made ami n.'fiisMl, 
 when the ilebt immediately 
 revives. 
 
 Crossed che(|ucs are those 
 specially marked to he. 
 'iiade payable at a certain 
 liank, ami to be passed 
 throUf,'h a customer's ac- 
 count, instC'id of beinj,' ])aid 
 in cash over the counter. 
 
 tak 
 
 e ii crosst 
 
 'd cliL' 
 
 ipie. 
 
IMMiU^KMKN'TS. 
 
 fil 
 
 'iOO Presentment of Cheques. A pliofjut' nciiviil hliouM U- 
 
 f»rf.s«MiU.l I'or [MyiiMiii iKit Int. I than iln tdllnwiii;,' iliiy. If it slioulfl In- 
 lulil uii uiirriisuimlilc tiiiiu, !iii>i llu' I'lmk fails, it wouM Ik- tin- loss of the 
 holiiiT. K\tii Iwfiity -four lioiirs, un<k'r certain circunistances, liiis Ijctii 
 lielil to III' im uiiri'iisotialilf tiliii-. 
 
 I'ri-srntmi-nt fiiiii iiuticc of ilishoiior arc just us iiccfssar}' wl,'' itii(|iu's 
 as with (ithiT iiills, to ri'ndi'r tin- clrawcr aii'l prior imlorscrs lialilt-. 
 
 A clici|ue rcfijso'l to l«' paitl Ky a liaiik upon which it was ilraw n 
 Hhoul'l he nttnnifil iiinni>iliately to tlie drawer. 
 
 Hanks usually reipiire the person presentiii;^ a chei|ue for payment to 
 indorse it. no matter how it is written, 'lUt this is only a cust<^)ni of the 
 banks and not law. A cheipie writtiTi ]>avalile to a certain person or 
 hearer, or to a certain person or order, needs no indorsement when pr- 
 8ented hy thf person himself at the hank on wliioh it was drawn, ami no 
 Will-infiirnied hanker woiiM n fuse payment simply ln'cause the [ia\'ei' 
 mi;;hl refuse to indorse till' ]iaper. It. seldom pays, however, to stand on 
 technicalities, and therefore the usual hank custom [irevails, hut law does 
 not re<juirt' it. 
 
 *iOI Certified or Marked "Good"' In somlini; ehei|Ues to 
 
 St raiii,'ii'^ I T I"!!;,' dist.iner^ the drawer wdi sumetinies have the ledi,'er- 
 keejier of the hank ' certify " or niark them " jjooil. ' In that e;i^i- it is 
 immediately charj^ed a;,'aiiist the drawer's account in the hank, just the 
 same as thou;^h lie had drawn out the money himself. It is done hy 
 writing the word " certilied " or " "^ood " on the face of the chei|Ue, ;;ivinf^ 
 the name of the lank, ami th.il of the ledj,'er-keeper. 
 
 A certitieil cheiiui' sent anywhere in the countrv will he cashed hy 
 other hanks. A chei|Ue thus markeil " k.hmI " dischar;.;es the drawer 
 
 'iWi Paying Forged Cheques. If a hank j>ays a fori,'ed chei|ne 
 the hank is the los.-i-. It is the ^ 'ine with "raised cheinips," wheri they 
 have heun raised fr.-m a smaller to ;i lar},fet suu'. the hank |. i-es tlie 
 "liti'erence. unless it can !)<■ sliown thi\t the drawer's carele.s.^nesa in writing; 
 the eheipie facilitated the foi;,'.iy Kur instance : If you were to write a 
 cheque fur " five" dolliirs, and conuiienceil so far from the eiiii of the paper 
 that the former had sutficieiit rnoiu to write " tifty " hefore the live, thus 
 inakinf:; it " tifty-tive," and the imitation in the writing,' was f;ood, the liank 
 Would not be helil responsihU.'. A!so, in cases where the drawer is careless 
 in writinj,' his sij^ature, having; no uniform style .so the hank coulil not 
 positively identify his sij^iature, then the hank would not be held 
 re.sponsihle for payment of a for;,'ed cheipie. 
 
 ••JOS. Certificate of Deposit is a receipt ;,'iven hy a Kink for nioney 
 deposite(l. It is negotiable and bears interest. It is thosame ivsa certitiefl 
 clieijue. aii<l will be cashed by any other Imnk ; hence a convenient way 
 of carrying money when it would nut be desirable to have nmch casli un 
 the person. 
 
G2 Iil'K lill.l.^. KUUKK-- AM) UL( KlITS. 
 
 ( liAlTHK VIII. 
 
 i>ir, i:!ij>. ()i;i)i:i{s and i;i:ci:irrs. 
 
 •i<M Due Bills A .In.' I'ill is a writtrii .■u'kncnvird;,'!!. •in ..fa .I'l't. 
 Tlicy arc nut iiu;;oliubio, oitlier liy ili'livi'iy or l)y inilDrsc'ini'iit, no matter 
 if the wonl liniri r or onlrr is uscti, hfcause they are not a promise to pay. 
 
 They iiia\' li'' tr.iu--t'ei'n'il liy unsniniuinf. '\'\\i- t'ollowiii;^ i.s a v,.py 
 ^oo'l loriii : l"or value n^e.-ivid, I herehy a.ssifjn to .iaiiu's Smith tlio 
 anin\.-.l due liilL \V. WiNIKKS." 
 
 This slip of [laper sliouM then h.' attacleil to tlr.- dii.' Kill aiid .lanes 
 Smith slu)ulil notify the maker of tlie <ine hill that hr had [luicliasrd it, 
 .•Mid that the money is to he p.aid to liim oidy. 
 
 •;0."» Forms of Due Bills. 
 
 I, I'av.iM.' in .4 Is, 
 
 ToKoSTo, Aui;. 4th, 1000. 
 ])ii' Jiimis Sii)illi Tin UoUum in ijoikIh j'rotH 11" r sfiifi', 
 <\0^)^^. \\ . WiMEiis. 
 
 1. I'ay.ahle in money 
 
 ll.\:>llI.loN-, An-'. 4tll. r.MM). 
 
 Ihif Ja 1I11.1 Sii'tth for r.ihir receiri'd Ti 11 lh,luu:<. 
 
 e-io.oo. w lmk. 
 
 ;!. < )f wh.'lt is j^eiu'i il'y ealh I .an 1, < ). 1',, and ]iay.ilili' in cash. 
 C'lnvriiiiiit .and the p.Tson- name is not usu.iily riiscrted 
 
 II.VMii.ToN. An- 14tli. i;»00, 
 /. " /'. T'l; ,it.i-nr. Ii,,i;,,rs. 
 
 W WlNTKIts. 
 \ I'aye.hle in sjii-citic artielfs. 
 
 k 
 
 T-i 1X1)1 IN, At 
 
 M.St. KM II). 
 
 I), IP Jiunr-^ tiinitli. III Ilia ston . Twrntij llirril^ 11/ Surlln rn 
 .s>V .I/7-/..S „f;,o,M qnalit;/. y' spki.uin, ;. 
 
 'iWt Orders. .\ii md'-r .a wi-iUiai riinirst, to d>li\er f,'ooils, or 
 money, <jn account of the per.soii niakinj; the reijurst. Wluai sneh onliT 
 is received and acceded to, the per.son si;_'iiini; the ordir shotiM lie charj;e<l 
 
 for the anioinit It the order is in fav./r of a third jiarty, the nai )f 
 
 the party receiving: lie' ;;oods or money should he meiitioneij in th,' entry, 
 and the onha' pri'si-r\i'il until srldenn iit is m.ad''. 
 
 They ditl'er from a draft in hein;,' moir sinijiji- in form and ;;(.'niT.illy 
 for };ix)<is in.stfcad of fur money. 
 
 1 I.n.MinN, Au:.'. J-Jth. I'MIO 
 
 Mr. .I'Dii's Siiiilli : 
 
 Diitr Sir, — I'li'itufi pii'i III /ffiir/t Unmlci m- nnlrr Thi rlii-lirr 
 Ihilliii'.i mill iliiir'/i' /III' ml III f to itrriiii lit iij 
 ?.S.').00 11 Si MMV.RS. 
 
Mr. W. W;„l.r^ 
 
 DI'K IIII.I.S. OUDEKS AND HECEIl'TS. 
 
 'l'oi!(iN-TO, All-,'. Iltlll, 1!H)0. 
 
 en 
 
 Dim- Sir, — l'lc(i.i> let Mr. H. Jirovh.i /iH"' from i/mir sforr 
 'ifi'ren Dollars in mkA i/o<ttl.i us he mmj iri^l, ami '-htirite to 
 
 ilrciiii i)t of 
 
 Jamks Smith. 
 (;rEi.}'ii. Atii,'. 2flth. 1900. 
 
 Mr. ir. Wiiitrrs: 
 
 ll^.n- Slr,~l'/r,t.-.r /„ii/ In Ihf hr.in r. Mr II l!r,„J..^.T/'irfif- 
 jirc L)olliir.< from the f,i m/.i left 'rill, ij,,u_ i/,,'itrr'l'i '/. 
 
 II. SlMMEU.S. 
 
 'Hi'i Receipts. A iTCript is a written .•irknowlnj^nirnt ..i' liaviii- 
 recfivtMl a certain sum of uuiiiL'y or otluT wiltie 
 
 A rfCri[<t i.s not alisolutt" I'vidmcc of j.aymcnt, Init it throws tAw 
 liunli-n of ]iroof upon tli.- i./uty 'vlio ini]i"uchc,- it. It may liavr l.c^n 
 ohtaintMl Ijrforc payment was .'uad.', and then iwiynirnt refu.sl-d, or it mav 
 have hfcn olitaini'd tlirou;,rli fraud, or for somr other purposi' , l.ut thV 
 Imnh-n ,f proof rests upon the party wlio i;av.- it to sliow wherviii it i.s 
 not \aiid. 
 
 A rce.'ipt jrivcn in full of all di'inands to date woul.i not destroy the 
 cre.litors claim for an additional itmi of account if an error liad'hcen 
 made whicii he could .satisfactorily prove. It is evidence only that so 
 niucli money had lieen jiaid. 
 
 A (.•luiue receiv " and haviuir marked on it " in fidl of all di'iiiands" 
 or " in full of accoinn wliicli does not cover the account in full, may still 
 be imlorsed and cash.'d at tin' t^ank in the usual way without losiiij: the 
 balance of account. If tlie debtor inserteil those words in the clmcpie 
 throu;,'h mistake the Court would correct it, if proved ; an<l if done inten- 
 tion.ally the crmrt would al-o order the corr.-ction. If, however, it stated 
 that the .■iniount nIiouM !«■ ]iaid on the coniiiti-n of its bein;,' received as 
 I)ayment in full of account, then its acceptance and indorsement bv the 
 creilitor \vould cancel the balance of debt. It would then be a ""com- 
 promise" settlement .-nid ilinclinJ,^ 
 
 It is a, credit. ir's dut\ to eiv.- a receipt on the pavnieiit of a de),t. Init 
 jrenerally h- cannot be compelled by law to .jo ,so.' Where he li.iMsa 
 (l.d.tors note, or any ..tlier collat.'ral security, he is onipelle.l to surr.ti.l.'r 
 it oi\ paym.'iit, also a inort;,'ai,'e when pai.j. 
 
 rruiiii.ss,iry notes, ucceptances, clie.|ues. etc., wh.'u |.ai.l should invari- 
 ably bo retained ;u« vouchers of payment. K\.rv form ..f receipt, or 
 other evidence of payment .if a .|ebt,"shoul.l b, secur.ly ]in'.serve.l w liere 
 they can be c.nveniently referre.l to wli.n nee.led. Hl-ceipts oft.'U .save 
 loss of friends, as well .as l.iss of money, in tie- paym.nl .)f an acciunt the 
 acconil time. 
 
 When a ri.'ceipt taken from an a<;.'nt or collect.jr it sh.ad.l have the 
 nam.' of the principai .in it, as well as thai of the a^'ent .>r collect. ir. 
 
 Wh.'n a receipt is likely to be refus,..l. payment shoul.i not be ma.l.' 
 I'.xcept in th.> ]iri'senc.' of a witne-^s. 
 
 \\ li.'ii .-i r.'c.'ijit is ;fiv.'n f.ir mon.'y p.'ii.l on a iiot.> ..r other roritr.act. 
 
t;4 
 
 ni'K IUI.T>, (il!!>i:iiS AMI HKcKII-rs. 
 
 and an indorsoniuiit niiulo, tlu- liittfr slumLI siatr the fact that a ivcoipt 
 was ;;iviMi. ■iii'l tlie reci'ipt should stati' that llii anmunt iiad also been 
 imlorsnl (111 ihi> note, or oilier written instrmiu iit. 
 
 The iMlldwini; forms of receipt are in general use: 
 
 'iUH Receipt on Account 
 
 THuHdi.n. An-. -28111, 1!»00. 
 
 Rfi-in>;,l I'miii J'lrnra Syiiilh ihie Hainlrnl Ihdl'i ri an 
 
 ((Ciriiivf. 
 
 >S|0000, 11 SlMMKRS. 
 
 fOt> Receipt in Full of Account 
 
 ■rnoKi^i.i). An- -Mh. Utoo 
 
 R,,rin,l from Jdiws Siiulh lim llnixhrd I'^'lbir-^ In full 
 
 of <ir, limit to tlatr. 
 
 .■^IDO.dO. ■'■ I'-ATTEN. 
 
 ••ilO. Receipt in Full of all Demands. 
 
 'rHiiltiiLP, Sept. Mil, 1!'<)0. 
 K'o'nol friiiii Jitmes Siitilh diii' JInnJrcl ])nll,n-< in full 
 cf iiU ill ii(ini(ls to (lati: 
 ■ SKIUOO. H. Sl-MMKKS. 
 
 •ill Receipt for Rent. 
 
 I'.MtlS. Srjit. Isl. i:i()o. 
 
 Receivf'l from .J,iihi\< SmUl, 0„, lI,ii,,/nJ luJI.i ,■< f-r Ihni' 
 months' ri-nt '•/ .^t.o-i-, .\<i. ', Si. I' .ul SIr.ft. (///.- A/'ril Isl. 
 
 6100.00. ' •' H.vrTKS. 
 
 'iVl Receipt of Money by Hands of a Third Party. 
 
 !■'. iUKST, Sept. (ith. 1900. 
 R(-rciv'il fi;nn I>. trr Sii, ilh. I''/ H'- Im nd.i "/ II. ''• ;<;/."'«' 
 Handnd ih.liir$. ut f<dl ■full ./-'//i-ne/.s'. 
 e^ioooo. *-'■ H'""»- 
 
 'ii:i Receipt for Legacy. , ^^^^ 
 
 Kii.!..M!XEY, Man. Dee. 1st. 1900. 
 
 R,,; ;>■,',! from. J. /■;. .{tunr.'.rrrutor of the hist n'lll ,nol 
 
 t.sl,iiio)il iif llnir>i Williams, of Win n iimj, dfrrosfl . tl,r .s,/„t 
 
 of Four Hundred 'I'ollnrs, in Jull of a lajncy licijumlhid /,, mr 
 
 by suid will. 
 
 Ai.iiEur llowiK. 
 
 '^14 Receipt by Clerk. 
 
 Wf.i.i.anii, Sept rjth, litOO 
 
 R.ri'iri'd of I'flfr Smith Fort'/ l)oll<irs, i n fall of ocrouut. 
 ?t-00O. (• ii,„„, ,,|,,n,.H). 
 
 '41.%. Receipt for Note 
 
 TnUuNTd, Oct. IGth. 1900. 
 
 Rfciivrd from J'rlrr Smith, notr at four months from this 
 
 dutr for One flaadred Dollar^, in full of account. 
 
 SKiOilO. .1 Haiuunc 
 
DUE HII.I.S, OROEKS AM) ItEf'EIl'TS. 
 
 «l« Receipt for Property Held in Trust. 
 
 Oakvii.i.e, Sept. 16tli, 1900. 
 Receivpd fi;„a J'rt.r Smith, one .jol.l w.i/ch, to hr />,!,/ m 
 truMt tor f,nn <in,l iMirercd to his unbr ,r[tlumt r.rp,„.,r. 
 
 'I MrsKo. 
 
 '^17 Receipt for Payment of Interest on Mortgage. 
 
 Truro, N.S., Sept. 1st, 1900. 
 Received from Peter Smith. One Hundred Dollar.'^ heivq 
 amount in fall for .si.r months' interest, due Septemher 1st on 
 his viortfjarie, in nvj favor, dated October .'nd. /\.'/,v ohlrl, 
 amount is also indur.-teil on th-' mortgage. 
 
 S. ( . Al.WAUD. 
 
 'ilH Receipt for Money on a Note. 
 
 (utl.M.siiv, Sept. 4th, 1<*()0. 
 Ii>r,ired of Peter Smith. One JIaiu/red Dollars in part 
 I'oyi,,. nt for his vote in mij favor, dated Sept. ',[],, Isit.: v'hieh 
 amount is also indorsed on the note. 
 
 66 
 
 *100.00. 
 
 1) SVKFS. 
 
 l<|Ult 
 (iveli luiilcr 
 
 .,!.». Releases. A ivKa.so is a written discharp. of a ,l.l)t, eliii.n (ir 
 aeiniii..i hel.i uiram.st cue pcr.soii l.y another. Xo special form of vvor.lin.r 
 IS necessary, snni,ly iisinj; wor.ls that cnnvev the iritenti.iM to n-lease 
 and dischar-v the person from tlie debt or ohli.'ation Jt is < 
 seal, and will di.scliarj,re any del.t whrther ack.Km-ledf,'ed o.- not 
 
 1 M..ases may he nidividual, as when one person rel-ase.s atioth.^r from 
 a d.l.t or den.and, or tV^^y may Ih3 mutual, as wi^ere two per.suns liave kvn 
 tiadm- with one another and have contra accounts runriin.r for a cnsid- 
 tline. When a st'ttlenient is made, thev 
 
 .•rahl 
 
 eacli otiier Crom all deinamls. 
 
 . very frei|uentlv relea.se 
 A relea.se will har out anv chanc of 
 openm^r „,, the matter aKHin hy showinj; that a mistake had" he.'n ma.ie 
 wliereas a mere receipt in full of demands would not do so 
 
 When a h,,lde. of a hill ,it or aft.T its maturity al,solutelv an,l 
 unconditionally renounces ,„ writin- his rijjhts ,.ptu,si tie- .icceo'tor or 
 Iiiakei, tlie bill is discharfjjed, ' 
 
 'i'iO General Form of Mutual Release. 
 
 CbiS SnbCntUrC made the 17ll,. lav of September \i) 1<I()0 
 between Henry Hibbard. of th,. first i,art, and Francs Dishrr of the 
 second part : 
 
 WiiKlilAS, then, have been .livrrs aeeoimts, dealin-s and trans.acte.ns 
 between the said parties hereto respectively, ,,ll of which hav,. now been 
 hnally adjii,sted, settled and disposed of, and t!„. s:uA parties hereto have 
 respectively, a;,'reed to jrive each ,,ther the mutual nd-a.ses an,l ,lis,.han'es' 
 herematter eontaiiied in iiiauner hereinafter expressed 
 
 NoNs. th.refore, the.se Presents Witiiesseth, that in consideration of 
 the premise.- and of the sum of on,: dollar of lawful moi:cy of Canada tu 
 a 
 
 -^1 
 
m 
 
 I'ltlNill'Al. AM! A(;KNr. 
 
 eacli of tlii'iii.tlii- said paitics lierftn, ivsiMCtivi'ly, I'aid by omcIi of tlieiii at 
 or licf.irc tlif scalinj; aii:i .Iflivcry h>TiM>l' (tliu nci'ipl of wliicli is luTotiy 
 ucknowl<Mlir,Ml) cat'li of them, tlit^ said jiartios li(,M-fto, rcspcL-tiv.'l)-, dotli 
 licnthv for liimsi'lf ami lirrsrif, nspcctivfly. liis jiiid her rc'^jii'ctivt' lifir.s, 
 executors administrators aiiil as-iL;ii>. romisc and ivlras.' and forovcr 
 (iciiiiit and discliar^Cf tln' oilier of tlirni. liis and hrr luars, ixccutors, 
 administrators and assi;^ns, all liis, luT and tli'ir lands and ti-ntinfnl> 
 I'oods, ciiattfls, I'stat^', and rfTects, ri,'s]irctividy, wiiatevi-r and win ir.sovcr, 
 of and from all dcl)ts, sum and suujs of mont-y, accounts, reckoning's, actions, 
 suits, cause ami causes of action and suit, claims and demands whatsoever, 
 cither ;it law or in i'i|uity, or otln'rwise howsoever, which either ot the 
 said parties now ha\e. or has or ever had, or mi;,'ht or could have a^^ainst 
 the (pth'r of tlein. on any account whatsoever of and con<;einin;; any 
 matter, cause or thiuL.' whatsoever lietween thuin, the said jiarties hei'i'to, 
 respecti\(ly, from the be^iinnin^' of the world down to the d,ay of the date 
 of these presents. 
 
 In witness whereof the said parties hereto have hereunto set their 
 h.iiids and seals. 
 
 Si;jued. sealed and deli\. red | JlvNiiv IIiMnAItu :-fi 
 
 in tl>e i)resence of Fi'.ANeKs DisUKi;. ^ 
 
 (iKoKi;i: IvNIlilis. ' '^' 
 
 CIlArTHK IX 
 
 PiaN'MPAL AND ACHXT. 
 
 'i'tt Agency i-- '.vln'i.- one jie'rson iransi<-ts busin.'ss for another. 
 
 The err.ind lio\ , the clerk, tli- co'idurtor, eu;,'ineer, switchman, the 
 commission merchant and the farm laborer are ,ill au'entsas much as tho.s.- 
 ,.,i(;,i<red in selling' machinery or fruit tre.'s on c(jnimission or salary, in 
 alfbranches of business wliere ..ne person acts for ;uiol!ier iheic is an 
 a;,'ency, 
 
 'i'i'i The Principal is the one who enL;aL,'es another to act or do 
 }.iusine,',,> l..r bini, .\nv one e, .uipetent to contract may act as prinei[)al. 
 and he niav dele;.raie to .-inoth.-r the authority to do for him atiythine; 
 that he cando for iiiinself, but no more. 
 
 'fi''i The Agent iii.iy be ,uiy person the ])rincipal may eniploy-a 
 minor .r any iierson with intelli;,'encc enoueh to follow instructions, A 
 niiiio althoiljrh not competent to <'ontr.ict f.ir himself, e.ui, a-- .in .a^ent, 
 make any contr let Ins principal could iuak> 
 
 'i'i4 Agents Appointment, An ,iu'.-nt may be apj.oint.'d siniply by 
 word of mouth, -r bv ['■ ■-^■■v of Attorn. -y, ,.r it may only be jrathered Irom 
 
 f.act; , ■ , 
 
 A |iri!icipal who ratifies ,an act which his ai:ent was not .autlionzed 
 to do becomes re.sponsiijlc for that act, and also for all similar acts tliouji;h 
 they are not ratified by hinv 
 
IMUNiMI'AI. AM) A'IKST 
 
 67 
 
 To eva.l,> hah.lity, or to n.lus,. to inak,- thr tra.isactioi. his .,wn is 
 mrry y to refuse to accept llie l.enetit.s accniiii- fro,,, the traiisactioii 
 
 II'- may ratify it either l,y express wonis, ,„■ l,v resolution ,,f the 
 'invel..r.s i| a stock compaMy,..r it may be by .simply aJeepi i,e' l he l„.,„.titi 
 aecruini: tnuii the uiiautliori/e.l l.iisiiiess so traiciacted. 
 
 "i-"' Appointment by Power of Attorney. Wh,.,, the business to 
 be pertorrne.l l,y the a-eiit is of such a natuiv that it renuires hi,„ to si.r„ 
 notes, accept drafts, is.sue checks, si;rn .leeds, mortfja-.-s, .t,' , .,r to ent"r 
 into other contracts under .seal, a formal .lociimeut und.r seal ,.,-,lled a 
 lower of Attorney, is usually -iven. This I'wuer ,,f Aiioniev mav be 
 fjeneral ^ ;,'ivin<,' tlie .•ijjent power to transact all th,. usual business nf" the 
 pniieipal: „r it in.-iy be specitic-^'i vin- authority onlv to on,, or more 
 particular acts, ami no more. A Power of AttornVv m'av also b,- proved 
 .y bein- execute,! in the presence of a notary public wlu, places thereon 
 Ills ;itt,'st,iti(in ot its ,'\,'eution. 
 
 'i'id Form of Power of Attorney. 
 
 ivN,.w Ai.i. Mi:.N i;v riii.:sK 1'ki:sknt.s. that I, .lames Kverirediam ,,f 
 the town t.i .Str.ithroy, in the County of Mid.ile.sex, .uei rr,rvinc," of 
 ( ntario, men ant, do nominat.-, constitute an,l appoint .Jam,.s Mari.m of 
 th,' ( ity,,| ( hatham, County of Kent, my trn,. and lawful att,.niev 'for 
 m,'. in my name an,i ,)n my b,.half t,) (1,'ive in full th,. work to be ,l,jne by 
 M irion lor Hverin;^ham ). 
 
 Avi) for all ami every of the sai,l purpos,.s h,.|eirib,.fore m.-ntioie'd I 
 d.) iiereby ;,'iv,. an,l ^r,.,i„t unto the .sai.l .lames Marion, full an,l abs,,]u'te 
 pow,T ami autli,)rity t,) .lo an.l ex.'cnt,. all act.s, matters an-i thin>rs n,.c,.s- 
 sary to b,. .i,)ne for the full ami pn)p,.r earrvin;: ,mt ,,f all .sai,i''matt,Ts 
 entrii.ste.i t,) him ami ,lo liereby ratify and ■,-,,ntirm, ,.,n.l a,rree to ratify 
 and c.ntirm an,i allow all an,l Nvhatsoev,.r th,. ,sai,l .lames "Mari,m shall 
 lawlully (io by virtui. thereof. 
 
 In witn,..ss whereof I iiay,' 
 Au;,'ust, 1 !»()(). 
 
 .Sij,'ii,..|, Si.al,.,i ami ii,liv,.r,. 
 
 ill the jiresence of 
 
 A. L .lo.NKS. 
 
 .set my li.'ui.I ,.ui,l s.'U this .Hist ,lay of 
 
 'fit Limit of Authority. \ 
 
 .Iamk.s |.:\ kui.m.ham. ^ 
 
 ' ."' """".""•J' -v sij^'ii.itnn. by procuration (as a,.-ent) 
 
 operates as a notice to the public that th.. per.s.in so .si.rnin.' lias but a 
 limited authority, and tli.. principal is boun,l by such si>'m7ture",.nly .so far 
 as tlie a.'ent is aetin,; within th,' actual limits .'.f his antliority. A.s'a usual 
 thinjr til,- instructi,.)ns pven by the principal to an a.'..nt aiv to ,io a 
 speciKc business, also liow it is to b,. ilon.- : but in carryim' ,Kit the ,letails 
 the a;;ent is allow,.,i con.siihrable latitude II,. must' foflow his instnic'- 
 ti.ins. II he excei.,ls his authority lie ren,i,.rs himself liable, if he is to 
 sell g,>o,ls for cash he must not s,Il on cre,lit ,)r accept notes ; if to collect 
 money .)n accunts this w,mi1,1 not autlwu-iz-- him to issue notes ,,r .'icceDt 
 di-itts in his iirineipals ii;un,.. 
 
 'i'iH General Agents are those wii,, hav,. antliority f) act in all 
 capacities in the pl.ic,- of their priii(.ipal. or all in a certain" locality, or all 
 
 ^*'-. <?.:;• 
 
68 
 
 riilNill'Ai, AN!) AiiK.NI'. 
 
 of ;•. certain kiinl. A ciiimnissii.ii nn'rcliant wouM he a {^'I'li'Tiil a|.'iMit. >o 
 also ari' .S^'cn-tarii's, 'I'rtasurcrs ainl Mana^'crs of Stock ('oiii]iHiiir>< 'I'tic 
 acts uf 1,'iui'rHl ai,'i'nts liiml tliiir principals with respect to tliinl paitics 
 cVfii for fra\iil or nr;;li:_'.'iic'' on tlir part of tlir a;,'>'iit. 
 
 'i'iii. Special Agents are thoM' who arc liniitctl to a certain class 
 of action, an 1 their principal is not rcsponsihlu for what tlicy ilo out-'iili' 
 of this. t)n this account parties dealing,' with any special a;^ent -^honM lie 
 careful that their contract comes within the a;,'ent's authority if it is 
 important to them thai the (irincipal >lioulil )"■ lieM res|.on.--ilil('. 
 
 'i'.W Agent's Obligations to Principal — 
 
 1. To use the same care ami forethoii;4ht in the mana^'emeiit of the 
 husiness that he would if it were his own. 
 
 2. To f<illow iinjilic'Uy the principal's orders exiept in cases where 
 the circunistanc'-s would make it nianifestly wron;,' l(j do so. f'^r 
 instance : Soinethinf: has occurred after <;i\ in;,' the instructions wliicli the 
 principal had not foreseen ami which umild cause the orders to work to 
 the disadvantajie or injury of the principal if they wi i. carried out. i.r 
 when' tlie onlers were to perform something,' unlawful. 
 
 :; To k.ep an accurate record <jf all husiness transacted. 
 
 + To keep the' ;;oods and property of his principal si-jiarate from liis 
 ()Wn, ami from that of other jjnities. In casi' they should heconie indis- 
 tin;ruishahly mixed the principal could claim thi' whole. 
 
 .'i. Ill case the husines> is transacted in the name of tln' |irincipal, as 
 is usu.dly di'ni' the money that may In depositeil in a hank slmuld also 
 be in the name i>f tlir jirincipal 
 
 *i!!l. Agents Liability. He is liahle to his principal for any 
 dama"e that may occur throui^h his ne;.;l!f;ence, and for any loss tlip* may 
 arise throu;,di his failure to cirry out his instruction- If he departs from 
 his instructions and thereby secures any j;ain the principal has the tirn.-lit 
 of it. but if his deviation produces a loss tl-.e a^'enl is liable toi' it. 
 
 He is liable to third ]>arties if he jroes beyond his a\ilhirity. In that 
 case he does not hind his principal, but he rmdirs himself personally 
 liable. A person a-ssumin;: to act when le- has no authority renders him- 
 self liable for dania;res. 
 
 He is also liable t" third paitics lor any wilful injur^. cnuimitt. d 
 ar;ainst them. The fact of his bein;; an a^eiit do. s not relieve him froui 
 his oblirfations as a e/'//'rc». hence even while in the dischar^^'e of his 
 principal's business if in- wantonly ci>niinits any injury he alone is 
 liable. He is ,'dso liable for any criminal action of which he may be 
 <;uilty. 
 
 He also makes himself personally liable to third jarlies if he should 
 iinproiierlv sij^n a note or accept a ilraft by sinning his o«n name as .(r/< ;//, 
 If, say, W. Winters, as an a^^ent, were to acce]it a draft by writin;; II'. 
 Winters, A '/I' lit. lie would be peisonally liable feil' its ]iayment. The same 
 is true of .Secretaries. Treasurers ami .Man,'it,'ers of Stock roni]ianies They 
 .should in every ca.se, when si^'nini: for their company or tluir princi[ial. 
 
I'KISTII'AI. ANI. A(;K\r. 
 
 69 
 
 ",'f" ''''■ "■'""'■ "'' II"' t'""il"uiy or iinneiiml in (■o.i|u.ioii..n with rl„.ir own 
 I .'i'' (dII'iU in;; ill-.- suilalilr rorms : 
 
 •Iamks Smith, 
 
 /''•/■ ir W niters, Ai/i'iit. 
 
 W. \\iNri;i!.s, 
 
 /' '/■ ,fil iiirs Sill itii . 
 
 Jamks Smith, 
 
 I'rn (•.,„ W W,„t,.rs. 
 
 I»"MI\|ns TltA.NM'OKTAnON Co. (IjMITI |>) 
 
 J'rr If. »•;„/,,-. M.n,;.,.',: 
 
 \V, \\'i.\Ti;it,s, .Ma\A(;kk, 
 
 Si;ii,,:lf„r mill 1,1) I,. /,,,!/ of 1 1,,,,,: moil 
 'r,:ni>t/,.,r/,it,,,,i Co,', l,ii,ui,.,l ), 
 
 An .■i-nit niay .l.wmi." hii:,.s,.|f .ahi-r l,v th- i.Tni ■ jht" -i.ro" " nro 
 co„, or th.. wonl - f.,,-, ' H.. nnrst always ,Ii,sd<.s.. ,1„. fact that h- 'is onlv 
 a.i ap,t, ,>r l,. ,nay h.. hrhl iKTscnally lial,!., u,„i h. n.ast sh^n his ..rin'- 
 cil'Tl s name a.s wrii as hi,s own, eith.;r tx-foro or al'ti-r it, 
 
 •.':!•.' Principars Liability. (;..n,.ral a^..nts hind th-ir principals 
 ■■•n.lrrn,^ then, l,ahl,. to th.ni parties even I'or the fraud or ne.dVct of (he' 
 ^<-nt. I lu- employees of Kailroa.l an,l Stoamhoat Companies," tc are all 
 general a^r„„ts. When passengers are injured throu;,-!, ,u, accident thev 
 do not enter an action ,a-ainst the ca,,tain or eni,dneer, whose ncrji- 
 -ence n>ay have caused the aeeident, hut thev sue the companv-The 
 f>nncip,al, ' - 
 
 Special a-ents do not hind their principal only in s., far as th,-v k,.ei, 
 -.tinn the nnnts of their authority. If 'they pass hevond tins," or are 
 -udty ot a Iraudulent act. they only render the,n,selves liahle, 
 
 •i;W Dealing with Agents. Third parties .should ascertain the 
 authnntv possessed l,y spec.l .a-ents if they would protect themselves 
 ^^hen con rac'tm;,- w ith such. An a,;;ent .should alway.s have the evidence 
 o lus.autlior.ty with Inm. and if he has it not no important transaction 
 sh.mld he performed w.th him. It ,s not enou-d, to !„nd the conim 
 that an a;,aMit declares h.mself to he either a special or ...neral a.-ent ^' 
 
 recoJ:!;:"rK:r;he i:;;:^;::; ^^'"^ ""^ -'■ ''"'•""•''>• *" — -^ --t he 
 note to d;:];.^'r' ot!.,;'"^'*"' '- •"*''' ^" '"■ '^"'■^ ^'^'- ■' -"" ""''- ■"• '■- ^i- 
 
 c.nntt lir'T' '"''."'" '''"' ?''"■''"' '''-""' "'"^ '^^ e.xceedini,^ his authority 
 c.mnot be enforced .a^'amst his principal. 
 
 affer'ti; TT. ' i'""""'''.^' I'i'- .^^ith his principal: if. however, he acts 
 alter the death of the principal innocently, hoth are r.dieve.i 
 
 Notice pven hy the aj,'ent to third parties is notice .nven hv the 
 
 u'epSSl """"■ """' ''■ ''''■■'' '""''"^ '" "" "^""'^ "* ^'^'^^ «--' ^ 
 
 11 
 
70 
 
 I'HISi ll'.M. AM) Ai.KNT, 
 
 'i.t4 Sub-Agent is nnr wlio acts unili v aiiothiT .■i;;riif, I'ilhi r ;,'iiii ral 
 or sjiifial. 'I'ln' •aiiii' ('I'iiicipl'S aM<l laws rule lutwi'di the ii;^ciit anil liiw 
 »uli-a;,'(iit us ixi^l liilwicii liiinsflf iuul tln' j)rimipiil. Tlii' n;^eiit is the 
 jiriili'iliul to till- sill' a;,'' 11 1. 
 
 'i'M Termination of Agency 
 
 I. \>y la]'si' I'l liin.- At tin- ixpii'at U'ti nf tlif tiim' t'.ii wliicli the 
 llj^ftit was a['|iiiiiitr.i tih' a^ji'iioy cciiscs uiik'ss tliir.' lias li.in a I'-.ip 
 jHiintiniiit 'I'hr II- a|.jiointi!ii'iit iici'il tiot mressiirily hi- I'oricial, hut hy 
 any "i th'- im aiis aliTaily inrnliotii'il for tiic tTi'iitioii of an Hi;iiic\ 
 
 :.', (.'■■iii|'litiiiii nl' llir umlrrtakini.' ti-fliiiiiatrs thi- niltlmrity ul" the 
 
 Jl^Ollt. 
 
 .'i. A lrj,'iil iTviJcatiL'ti iiy the jiiiiii'i[ial tiiiuiiKiU'.s tin- u^jcncy. W'h' tr 
 the iiifenoy wmiiii not he lor any ihlinitr tiiin. or the coinjiletion i I' 
 speeitie wofk, the i>fiiici|ial conhl withili-aw th.' [iMWrrs hr hail ^jraiitei; . 
 litit if it wen- a ilitinite time not yet expii'i'l of a s|ii(ilii- work not yet 
 colnpleteil there luilst be stitliri< nt eaiisi- hel'ore a re\oeatioii euiilil take 
 Jihiei- An a;,'elit exceeilin;^' liis ailthoiity, ;,'nilty of I'lallil, or heeoiiiin;, 
 iiii-a|.ai-itateii for his ihities woiilil he sutlii-ii-nt eiiuse for liis dismissal 
 
 i. l)eathor iiieapaeity of i-ither priiieipal or a;,'eiit ti-nninafis tin- 
 a^XflfV- Insanity or ih-ath of eitliei- principal or a^'^ nt, op tin- iiis. ■Is. i.cy 
 of till- prim-ipal ilissoKes tin- a^jeiiey. 
 
 Il an ai,'ent s appointment was hy a ilncnimnt unihi' sea! it wi uM 
 ii .|uire a siali-il in-triiiiii nt to caneel it, 
 
 'ilUi Effect of Notices. Tenders, etc Xotit-e ;;i\(n to tie- a^. nt 
 is ilei-nietl to he ;,'i\i-n to the piini-ipal at the sane- tine- it was ;4iM'n to 
 the a;,'ent, ami ]payments teiiiji |-eil to the a;,'i-iit is pa_\ niml t. nderiij to the 
 j)riiu-i].al. Notice or payment teinh-ri-il hy tin- at,'ent to thi- lliiril ]iarties 
 is teli'li-ri'l h\ tin- pl-jneipal 
 
 'i'.ll Ratification and Disaffirmance If an ajjeiit shotihl >U> 
 l)ilsiiii-s,s fur the piini-i|iai which In- is not autliorizeil to do and ihe 
 
 principal accepts it. lie tlienliy ratiliesit ai 1 thus I onics responsihle, 
 
 iKit only for tliat particular tiansaclion hut for ail similar acts. Hatiti- 
 cation of an act has the same eli'eet as prior authority, liatitication m.-iy 
 be etii-cted in two Ways: ( I ) By i-xpn-ss wonls. In case of corporationi^ 
 nnd stock coiiipai'ies it is u--uail\ doni l.\ ii-solulion i -J II \- accept in-,' 
 the bciietits accniin;,' from tin art 
 
 By refnsini^ to make il,.- tiansnetion his own. rltln-i- hy expirsH 
 words or by refiisiriL' to accepi the l.i-nefits aci-uiin^ fioniit is .ji^aliiiiniiii,' 
 the act. 
 
VAsi 1 It ANI> sFK\ AST. 71 
 
 ( iiAi'i'i:i; x. 
 M \S'n:i; AND SKIJV.WT. 
 
 'i:tH The Relation suhsistin;: l^.twi^n M.isi, r an.l S.r\,nit is in 
 innuy ivs|„., t. tl„. ,,.,,,,.■ as tliat siil.sistin- l»'t\v.',;u |,nMcii ai arid a-'fiil so 
 tliat what has 1h.,i, -ivm i,, tl,r |,ivvi.,iis diaptor will, in ncarh" every 
 parti.-ular. apply h,.,v,a.,.l sh,„il.l l.r ,va,| in .■ontH'otir.n will, tins cliapt.-r 
 
 111.' Miastrr IS llir .■niploy.r an.l lln^ s..|-,aht istl .npl.,yo.. In 
 
 onl..rtui»nstitut..acoMtr,K-l .,l' l,irin- an.l s.rvi,.,. tliiiv must I).. .-ith.T 
 an f,rj,r,.ss,,/ i,r ,m/,l,e<l mutual ( n-ajrcni.nt I in.liiiK -,»«• party to hl,r an.l 
 rcmnnrnite an.l tli.. (,tlicr to .sot, f,,,- sonic (l..t,rn,inat<- time In cas. s 
 
 ;^''"-''^' *'. "ipl.iV.r onlv ajTrccsto pay as Ion- as tl„. servant rmiains 
 
 l-'.-.vm- II ..pti.,n;.l ritlicr with tin- servant I,, s.r^r ,,r th.. nia.st.T to 
 • ■niploy. th.T.' is I,., c.iilr.K'l of siTviei- an.l hiro, 
 
 'i:in Contract of Service and Hire Oral as w.ll as wiitt.'u 
 a-nriiirntslMtwr.ii nu,.t.r an.l .servant, an.l hetween master an.l juurn.v- 
 maii or skille.l lal..avr m any tra.l.' or eallin- are hin.linj; unless the term 
 exceeiis oni> y.'ai'. 
 
 ir fora Ion;,-,. I- peri,,,] ,han on.' year it sIhmiM l,e in writing ami if for 
 11 short, -r p,no.l than one year, hut which .l.,es n.-t e.,mnen<v in time to 
 l.<' i-.aiiplet.-.l within the year, it is re.|iiir.Ml f. he in wntin- 
 
 N.. vohiMlary contract of servic sli;,ll he l,in lin- .,n .■'ith.T p;irtv f..r 
 .'I l..ii-yr tini,. tliau inn.' years from .l.it" .,f c.jntrael. 
 
 li ttn . rj,rrs. conlraei h.i. l.eei, lu.el,- for liir.' hetweei, tie' parties a 
 c.ntrael will be ,„;.„„. ..I if tie' Mrvi.-e is pe,'f,,nne,|. nnl.'ss it is with 
 near relati\'es, as with p.'ii'''iit or iiiic].-. 
 
 If service has heen i..'rforme.| witliiait anvlhin^ h.iie- sai.l about 
 
 WM-p //,, l.nr ,,r,s„„i,'.s that the j.arli.'S a-r I'for ill.' .■usiomarv wa-us 
 
 tor that kin.l ..1 s,.rvice jiaul m thai e.,mhuinit\'. lliit the l;iw will not 
 presume eith.'r-a contract ,,f hire ' or ' ;,i, a-n-.'i,nnl t,, pav wa'^es " 
 
 uh.r.' servu-.' IS I'.iid.'i'.'.l u-ill a,- r.'lat ivs, as a i,,uent or unci,' ' In 
 
 such ca.sesan .'.xpn'ss h,ri„_r ,„n-t \„- ,„■■..,./ i„ ,„.,|,.,' t,, siipp,,rt a .'larii 
 
 for wa^jc.s. Where it is ,,.,1 spe.-i.iljy a-r 1 t,. the cntrarv. wa.'es wouM 
 
 he jiayahle at the eii.l of tli,' tini,'. 
 
 \ p.'rs,,i, a-r.'ein- t,, s-rv,' as a lab',r,r ,,r el, rk c,tnn,,i 1,,. c, .miHlle,! 
 toiultil his a-i','..ment. but ,!ama,i.','s mav be r.'cov,'r,,l f.,r bi',.a,-li ,,f th,. 
 conti-aet 
 
 A p.Tson a-reeino- to hire anoth.'r f,.r a ,lav. n\, .k. ,,r month cannot 
 h.' eonip,.lie,| to turni.sh worl;. but if tie- one hired presents hinis.df f,,r 
 Ner\ie,' .'a,!! ,lay li,' e.'in c,,!!-',-! his waives. 
 
 'i4il Form of Agreement for Hire 
 
 Tills .\,,i;i.i.Mi;.N'r, ma,l,' the :ii',l ,lav ,,f .\pril. I<H»0, between John 
 Smith, ot (iranlh.im. yoman, .,f th,' first part, an.l James Robinson of St 
 (.atharuii's, lab(.,i'. r, i,f the second ])art. 
 
 Witue.sseth that I he party of the seond i)art a;,'iv,.s with the partv 
 .)f th.' first part 1,, s.'rv,. him as a farm l.-iborer an, fm. rural s,Tvaiit' for 
 
71 MA>rKu ASH -^Kia ant. 
 
 tlio pfi-ioil 1,1' i.iir yr.ir (]■ tl]i>< .l;it.', arj.! iii all tliin;,'s to I'.iithfiilly 
 
 observe an.i .lu all llie ira.s..n,ililr \vi-.lirs ari.l ^■nlllIllalHl^ . if lh.. ]i,,rtV"f 
 the first jiarl 
 
 Anil tlie |iiirty of tin- tiist [mrt a;,'r.rM to pay the party of the sreomi 
 part one hiiiiihi->l and fifty 'loliars aiei t(i l«innl aiel lod;;.' the paitv of the 
 seeond part during' said jieriod, and to eails.^ all iKCissaiy Luuili'v wash 
 to he don-- for him. Said money to he paid as foll,,\v,s : Kifty doUiirs in 
 six inonliis. an.i the l.alanee at tlie esjiiry of said ■-•■i\ ice. 
 
 Witness our hands the day and year alicne written 
 ^Vitness: | .Ia.mks IIohinso.n, 
 
 f'llAltl.Ks SfMMi:i;s I .|,,MN SvilTll. 
 
 *i-ll. Contract of the Employee The , Tiiploy,-,- iiiii>t fultil the 
 a;,'reenient. whatevir that may Im. and to do this faitiifullv re,|tiirr-, n^.t 
 oidy dili;:enee, hut his eardtil attnition, skill and foretliou;,dit. Tlir 
 implements, machinery, or other proiierty with which hr may hrworkinj: 
 or which fall under his care, reipiiie not oidy proper u.se l,\ himself Inu 
 also his car.- that they he not stolen. The live stock 'that may hr 
 entrusted to him. humanity as well as his aj^reement re(juin's that he sees 
 
 to it that thry havi' f I and wat.-r and proper car.' in ;;eneral. His 
 
 m.ist<'r pays for his -I.;!! as well as ]u- ,h„-^ f,,r his tinit'. also his di!i^r,.„t 
 foretln)U;,dit in plannin;; or e.\ecutin;; his work He is exp.rted to (The v 
 all reasonahle orders from the master, to he pumtual and eoiirtroiis. and 
 to Work e\-ery day exei-pt SundiKi's and holidays. 
 
 A lla;:rant violatii.n ..f tl,,. ini|,li,.,i a;}re,-iii,'nt in .iiiv of tlir.^e 
 pai-tieulars rend. Ms him li.ilrl,' lor .lamai,'.'S .ir for .li-cliar;,'.', as the ease 
 may Im . 
 
 'iVi Notice to Leave. A .si-r\ant hir.'d t'.,r a d.tinit.- ]"rio.i, .'itle'r 
 t..r a ila\-, a w.-ek, a m.inth or a y.-ar, may, on th.' termination of th.' tim.-, 
 leave, .ir the master may 'lischarj,'.- him with..ut ,1,'ivin;,' any notice. 
 
 Wh.-re th.' hirin.,' is for no .1, -tinit.- time and the waj,ri-s |,aid s.i much 
 
 p.-r .lay, w.-ek, nth, .ir y. ar. when eithir party wi.shes to terminate the 
 
 Contract tie- ..tle-r party is.-ntitl.d t.. notie.- : 
 
 if paid hy th.- .lay A .lay's notice. 
 
 If j.ai.l hy thi- Week A w.-Vk's notice. 
 
 If [laiil hy th.' in., nth A month's notic-. 
 
 If pai.l hy th.- y.ar Tlir.-i> montlis' n.itie.-. 
 
 rie- notic- n.'c-d not li.- in writini,', hut whi-r.- tie- tine- i.- loiii^.-r than 
 a w.-.-k it would 1..- mu(-ii l,.-tt. r to j;i\'.- a wi'itt.-n notice. 
 
 'i4'.l Discharge Without Notice 'I'le- .-ini)lovee is presumed to 
 
 jfive .lu.- .lilif,'.-ne.- to tie- .li--(-liai;'.- ..f tie- duti.-s assij^Mi.-.l to him l.> he 
 pnnctualas to tim.-, toolieyall r.-a^.,nahl.- c.nnmand-, and to 1,.- n-sp iisihle 
 for all .lama;;.- caiise.l hy his nej,di;,y.-nce. If, ther.-f.,r, h,- violates the 
 a;,'re.-m.-nt hy hahitually n.-L.d.-ctin;j his .luti.-s, hy takin;c ahs.-iu-es without 
 permission, or in any <>{ the folLtwin^; ways, hi-"inay 1,.- .lischar^'e.i with- 
 out notice- hy payinfj him tie- wa},'<-s .lu.': 
 
 1. Wilful .iis.jhedience of any lawful ord.-r ■ .f tie- master. 
 
MASTEU and SKllVAM 
 
 •;j 
 
 2. (JrOSH IIl.,r;il llli>.u||.|uct. 
 
 ••) Hul.it.ml ,.,;;lij;,.,„... ,„ 1,UMM..,.. or conJu,-! .Mlnilattvl seriously to 
 
 + Innmiprt,.,,.-.. ii, til.. Iii;r|,..r s.Tvic.. nv1„.,v .,„.ri,-,l k,„,«|,.,l 
 
 sk.ll ,s n.,,.m-,.,l ,„■ i».v,n:uu-ni ,lisH».ility tl,n,u;:l, HIm. ss T. n.i.onu-v 
 Illness w.mM not Ik- siiftlci,.,,! cnus,- lur .list;!,,-, !■.',•. 
 
 «pr;i ''''"' "'"^"'' '" '"' '"',"' '" '■""' "'"'' '''■'"■''■"V' /■'"• '•"">' 'uv nut M s- 
 
 sani • ,n i^n-iM,,!,.,,, f. tli- tnnr fl... .vrvant lias ialx.iv.l. Tl.,- wa.-. s that 
 an. .lu.. must !„• („u.i. I„.t tl„. waj^es that n.ay hav,. I,,.,,, ,..,n..l Cut ,„av 
 not yet !).■ (Ill,-, 1 1 I,. it ii.-c.-ssarily h.- j)ni-l. 
 
 'iU Discharge with Notice r.-i...ns ,-n,|,i„VL-,l on ,i w.-.-kly or 
 <""-' hly .s,-,-vKv n,Hy .,,nt .„ I,,- ,l,s,-har-..<l l.y yivin;; a w.-.-k's or a 
 lunnt , s notic..; or at a M,o„„.„ts notice l.v ,.Mvn„i,t of a u,-,-k'.s or h 
 inoi,| I, s \\ a:,'is, 
 
 'i4r» Servant Leaving Th.- i,,a.si.-rs (-..iMiiian.i. at-.- i.iv.innr.l ai 
 tn„o ut .-on,,..-. „, 1,.- n-a.,,„al,|,., l.-^al. a„.| ,,, 1,.- within tl,.- h,„it n( 
 w..rk th- -.-rvant ua. .-„,,,loy,-,l t.. ,M.,-f,„-,n T),,- in,,,h.n„-nts an.j 
 machinery an- hui.im.s.-.I t.> 1,.- suitiihie tor that kin.l .,r u.,rk an.l so 
 I.r..te<'te,l as to hr roas.,MahIy fr,-,- fr..ni .lan-.-r If, th.-,-,-!,,,-.- ,!„'. master 
 pves ,inreas.,nahh- e,„„n,a,„|s an-l ,-n.l.-av,,rs to ,-„|-,,rr,- th.„, th.- s,-,-vant 
 has caiisi- lor leavin;; 
 
 If th,- maehin.TV ..r any |,a,-ti,-,ilar n,a.-hin.- „s,.,i l,v th- . ,„i.|.,v.-,- is 
 n..l eons„l,-,v.l s.ntal.ly [„-,.„-,-t-,i an^i h- --n -s .....i.-.-'to th- .-n,,,lover. 
 who sill re,|„„--s w..,-k to h,- ,|.,n-„„h t!„- ,la„^^.-,-ons n,aehin,-, it/is a 
 rails,, lor leaving. 
 
 ''■■'">■ acci.lenl o,-,-,n-s aft.-r -ivi,,- .,f sii,-h ,„,ti,.- th.- ,-,„pl..v..r is 
 lialil.- i.iK ilainai.'-i-s, ' 
 
 If (h- s..|-va„t iis..,i th,- Miu-hin.-^ kn,,->vin- it f, I,,- unsaf.- without 
 -iv "'p' -KU- ,i..t,e- ■ 1 Its .la,i-,.r h- cauii..! eiaim .iania-.-s f.,r an aeci.lent 
 
 It th.. ,„ast.-r .l.M-s ,„,t pay th,. wa-,.s as p.'r a-reeuient the servant 
 ...ay pr,K.ure a .lischar,.- a„.l wa,c,-s ,1,„- hy pjaein^. the ,natt,-r in the 
 h.u.-ls .,1 a .lustie,- of th.- I'-ae,-, wl,., .|-als su„,„„„.i|_v with sue), ,-as,-s. 
 
 •i4«. Master Liable on Servants Contracts. If .-i m.aster hol.Is 
 y h,s svivant as a„ .-.u.hori.e.l a,„i acer-.lit.-.j ,--p,-,.sentativo h.. is 
 .-sp,,„Ml,l.- t.,r hi. a.t,.„i I Ins liahility niav ans,- in tlire,. wavs ■ 
 
 1 l.y a-lopti,,!, ly th.. in.-ist,-r .,f ih,- .servant's eoiitraets if th.- s,-r- 
 ^^nt as a;,,.nt eontniets for his master a..,l the master a.lopts a,„l ratiti.-s 
 the contraet, h,. will 1... habl,. on ,t, a„.l all otlu-rs of similar natnn- 
 
 ,- ;^y -'),'"- '■■'<r'-"^^ auth..,-i,y t.. .-..ntraet .-ith.-r l,v .i.-.-.l, wntin ' or 
 wor.l ol mouth. 
 
 •■!. Hy rr,-atiii^r an impli.-i autlmrity to e.mtnut. Tl„- .serva.ifs usual 
 . ■,..!. oyment is re^janl.-i as the moasuiv of his authoritv Where the 
 mast.-r hoKls I,is s.-,va,it ..iH as his j;eneral ajrent l.v makin- contracts 
 p.nrhasini: i^o.i.i.s „„ his or.-lit. -to , the mjister is liahj,. ,s., lon.r .us the 
 
 wi7hl!",."? '" ' ''"•, ■^'■''ir' ,"'■ ''■■■'' ^'-'tl'-.rity. ami he will he liable 
 vkithm that sf-o,,,. ,.v-n sh.,uM t!„- ,s,-rvant aet e.uitrary t., his opI.ts. 
 
74 
 
 MASTKU A\l( SEKVANT. 
 
 .47 Master Liable for Servants Acts Tl„ must, rs liuhilitv in 
 not lH)Uii.llf.««.s, l.ut ju.stio- iiii.l cxiiiiion s.-n.s,. lix c. rtain w.ll .l.li'ii.d 
 iimtM In HL-n.inl i.tims th.' nmshr is liul.l.- for nil tl.o^e nets which arc 
 l)ri)M^'ht aliotit tliroii;,'h his iiistru'iicntalitv, hn : 
 
 1. Mf IN lial.lc fc.r the acts ol his servant iH-rforincI within the scpo 
 of im (■mploynuiif. however wrongful tlicy may !«■, hut he in not n-.sn.,n- 
 ml. e lorthc wroii;;fiil act if it is not .l.mc in th.- .-x. .•uti..ri ..f hi- .•..ith.Vitv 
 Mill III th.' course of his .•niployiiient. an.j, 
 
 2. W'heiv li servant is .Irivin;,' a horse, whirh runs ..way .in. I .|. , 
 <iiuna;;e. it on the niiister's iniviness, or 
 
 .'I. Wh.-r.- ill .■xecntin;; his orders witli ivasoiiaM. ,.,n ,ii„| ,|,„.h 
 •iiuiinp'. or 
 
 4. \\ lure he .l.M's an iiiiiniicious act aixl .I.ms .lama;;.', or, 
 
 U'h.'ii th.' servant v\,-u want.p.ilv .I.m's injurv ifiiclini' within the 
 scojx' ol his .•inployni'iit, ..r, 
 
 |i. For injury .l.m.' I,y the servant thr.ju^jh .Inink.nn.'.ss, if n,ti,„. 
 within the sope .if liis einpl.iyinent, or, 
 
 7. If he .)r.l.'rs the s.-rvant to commit a Ir.si.avs, <,r if th, tr.'sia.ss 
 results Irom the action to he .lone, th.' master is lijil.ie. 
 
 He w.MiJ.i not Im! lifihl.' f.)r n wr.)ri;; .jmi.' l.v th.' .s.Tvani that was 
 contrary to his .irders, or if the ma.st.'r w.'re ahseiit. 
 
 H. Th.' mast.'r may !»' criminally li.ihle f,„ a criminal act ..f his s.r- 
 vnnt xyhich he cxpn's.sly autlMii/,.,], .,r .'.....jMrat.'d in its .•..mmi.ssi.m iMit 
 nut .ilh.'rwiM'. 
 
 Th.- master is liahle f.,r th.' act of his ,l.,i...siie ..r m.nial .serva-it 
 wh.'th.T It I..' ..n.' ..f omi.ssion or commission, n.';,'lect. fraii.l, .leceit or 
 ev.'n..t miscn.luct. if if he .I.,n.' within the .scop.' ..f his cmplovm.'ir .,. 
 with th.' express .lir.'ction or a.ssent of his nmsi.r. no mattor h.'.w mu h 
 lie may mImi-..' his :iiif Imfit '• 
 
 •i-4S. When Master is Not Liable Tl,.. m.ist.r is n..t lial.l.' ,n 
 any case h.r th.- injurious ads .,f his s, iv.nit unless th.'V ar.' wilful or th. 
 r.'iiilt .)! n.'<.jli".'nci'. 
 
 \Vli..'r.' th.'re I- noexpr.'ss ,,r iin|.li.-.i aiah.rlu I.. .i..tl„.acl or the 
 act .,t th.' s.'rvant is an act of his .)wn. the masior is fr. .■ from liahility 
 
 II the master .Iocs not j;iv.' any .'Xjir-'ss .ir inipli.'.l uiith..rit y f.,-' I !..• 
 servant t.) pl.'.lj;.' his cr.'.jit, h._' is ,„,t li;,l,i,. f,,,- ..„a- .■..ntr ict- i.ia.'l,. I,\ i|,,. 
 servant in his naiii.-. 
 
 Th.' iii.ist,!' is ii.,t lial.l.' for the c.mtracts of his s,r\,inl wh, ,,■ t], \ 
 hav.' an .-xprcss auth..rity an.l e.xcee.l it: ..r wh.r.' tli.v has.' an nni.lic'.l 
 autlority .111.1 act la-yon.! the .sop,- .,f th.-ir emi.l..ynH'nl. .|.)es not hio-l 
 his master. 
 
 The ma.stcr is not lial.l.' aft.r h.- I,;is -iv.n nolic.. that h.' has i. , -111111 - 
 atf.I Ins servants aiitlmrity to pl.-lKc his cr-.lit. Th,' iiotic must 1,,' 
 hrou^rlit li,)me t.. tliini parti.'s, t.. wlioiii h.' h.is h.- his pievi,,us nets .'i\.n 
 im lii.ph.Ml authority, as. f,,,- i,,st.iMc,. |,, i,,,, rhau'l ■ or chanics. 
 
 'i4U Servants Liability. .\ s,.rv.int m.u- rcii.l.'r himself liahle: 
 
 I. On .'ui.tr.-icts ma.l.' ,,n K.lialf .,f In.s mast.'r if he ilo.'.s n<,t .lisehse 
 
MA-.IKU AVI) sKKVA.Vr. 
 
 75 
 
 
 IwuVH U.S.. wor.l.s .lo.>*nl,ir.- his nipa-itv, ,is ••,i,.,.nt f,,," .,r " „..r •' 
 j)n), I'tc " • • 
 
 2. K.,r .l«.,m;;..s ron„nitk..| ..,. l,..l„,|f „,■ |,„ ,,,,,,1..^ ,,.. ,, |:.j^i,. ,^ ,^.,.„ 
 .i-s l,is ,„,i.stor. HM.I t. all llunl lurtirs 1... Ntaiuls «.s ,i i,ri,„.ip,»| 
 
 .» II- IS ulsn I,,,' lor ,1 joint fr.ii..l c.i itU-.i with liis nwistiT l-r 
 
 n.. coi.tnict of m-rvi. , j,„,,d.s a. l.-ptl oMipition to commit u fnui.l or .iou 
 
 4. I>| '•rt/m., ,wvvfll HK in i„j„r,V^ !„■ is li.tl.l. . ,»..] cnnot .-va-k- 
 n.H,«.ns,l.,l,tv hy .ay.n-,. tl.at !„■ wa.s only u s.-rvant a,„l .,tu,.- „n,i.r l.in 
 iiiaHttT s orili'ix " 
 
 .V F.,rar>y fri.,.i>ml uetio,, uf (!..• s-rvanl not oNpn-HKly nuthuri/.-.l 
 !■} till- ni.LHt.T til.' siTvant otily is lialilf. 
 
 l,v. I *'*''" ,.'^"'"'"';!'^" o' Service A o,ntrac-t of servi,-.- is t.-rnn.,,.....! 
 I'V I..|,s.- ul utuv \.y cn.n|,k.ti..n of Work to U' j.erfomu'.i 
 
 My l\w ,U',aU of tJR. hirer. The *.rvant t.ui.f I.. ,,.u,| Hn..vs ui, U, 
 
 r.V the .l.ath of the servant. His l.;,..! i,i.re.s.„tat.v.s will coii-cl 
 hiH wa-e.H tor the time .lurin- whieh .service was ren.lere.J 
 
 liy the as,--nin..nt of the eiupluyer If th,. ,■„,,, loy.r shoul.l com- 
 inence l.u.s.nes.s a-an, utter n.akin- an assi^M.n.ent, an-l seVvants an.l oth-r 
 ei..plo3ee.s },., to work a-al, '„. ,,revi,.u.s afrree,n..nts ar- not hin.jin- 
 iirilcs.s th4' enntraet is rvnewnl " 
 
 f ,1 ''r' .^™^^^"' Discharge, or Quittui-. li ,. .lon.e.stir I,- um,,- 
 illy .iisn.i.s.s..,i his ,v,„e,iy is an action for ,lania-es ajjainst his nia.ster lor 
 lie' hivaeii .,| aj^'reement or contract 
 
 'IVm,.n.ary illness i.s not a .s„,li,i,.nt cans,. f.,r ., .lisehar;; unless the 
 tonti.^ct has l.,.x.n rescimie.l. or the nature of the work nee..ssitates it 
 
 A .loinest.c servant wrun-fuHy ,|uittini: Ins masters s.rviee forCits 
 th.it part ,4 lus wa-es ,lu- since the last .lav of pavm.nt 
 
 .\ny .i,,pl,,y,.r leavin- I„.f,,n. th,' expir.ai.,n of the week or month, ,r 
 .\e,ir as the eas,- „„-,v 1..- tu,- just cause, or wle. is ill,..,illv .lisnuHse-l. can 
 reuner wa-es I,,,- ,1„ ,,„„. h- work-,!. |;ut if he cannot .show a va'i-i 
 cause |„r leavui^or was ,lischa.-e.l for proper cause he cannot reor , r 
 wajres ,,ru n,t,i |,,r tie- i.urt...n of tim-- w,irk,,l. 
 
 •«•». Ser^-ant and Holidays Uleiler tl,.. servant or einplove.- is 
 
 ;""!'-H''l >..u..k ,.u.~>un.lay a.,.1 l,.;;al hoIi,i,,ys .lep-iuls alto^^ether on 
 
 I .'■ a^^.v,.„M„I „„„l,., an,! th- nature of th- work to he .lone. SoTne kin,|s 
 
 o work ,v,,un,. s,„u,.thm;:tol.e.lon- ev-ry day. for instance, th- hir,.,| 
 M u ,,„ . ana ,,„„,,, ,,. „,„, ^,, ,.,.^.,, ^^___, ^,_.^_,^, ^.^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 <"nt,,u\ Ih,. s.un- w„ul,l h.. true as to the servant .loin- housework, 
 
 1 nl,-vs tlieivisaii a-ie.-ment. expr..s.s..,l or iiin.lie.I, to the contrarr 
 
 emp.„y-,.s „r apprentics cannot or.linarily be con.pMle.l to w.jrk on 1 \\ 
 
 My., nor can they I,.. ,l,.schar,..,l f„r al.-nc.. I n„t working on ^7-1. 
 
7li 
 
 STATITK 111- I.IMII V 1 iKXs. 
 
 •i.".:S Legal Proceedings If ..ny .iisaj^reement ..xi.sf. U-twe.-i. 
 
 iiiisu.r iuil ^Liv.iiil. |.n.c.M..lm;,'. may t„. tak.'ii \»-{,,i;. ,i .l„.sti f il,,. 
 
 react'. 
 
 If tlu- .IiisticL- ivc.'iv.s til.' .■vi.i.'iKV „( th,. plaintiir hr nn.-t also 
 rwiMvi' that ol tlic ilcfiMnlaiit. 
 
 If t(. coll.'ct waj,'o.s (ill,- i' mist 1... ,iui,r uithii, ,,„,■ ii„,ntli ufln tiie 
 t'n;fa}jciiifiit I'l-aseil. 
 
 I'llAl'Tli; \i 
 
 S'I'ATITi: (»r IJMIT.\T|(»N,s. 
 
 •J.%-1 III.' (III., williin wl,i,'l, tlM'vai-ii.iis l<itiils.,r ,k.|,t.s luu^i 1„. ,„ii,l 
 
 ;"■ '"'." ■■"">'">i('.-.i ... ncov, r ,,ay.„..nl is tixt-.l i.y Statut.'. and if action 
 
 H not c'oniin.ncMl witlini tliat tinir Mh'v are said to Ih' outlawi'.l The 
 •I'I't IS not rane.'il.'.l, l.ut tii.. civ.litor loses his H;,dit to s».. an.l recover 
 [Niynient \<y le;,'al i>r<M'e.s.s. 
 
 Action is commence.! l)y the issue ..f a summons or writ It is n„t 
 re.|mre.| t..oI.tttinj.i.l-m.nt uithin th,. sp.'citi.-.i tin,,., hut m.i.-lv that th.' 
 writ he lssue.|. 
 
 The Statin.' limitin- the time svithin wiiieh an action at hiw must !«■ 
 eoiMmene.'.! l.,r th.- coll.-cti..n ..r .•nfoie.in.nt ..f a eiai... is caile.l the 
 •>t'.tut,' of I.umtntions. Tii.' tin..' Iin.it for ih.' vari.n.s kin.Js of .k'ht is as 
 
 loilnws see .S.'('||„n •.>(!4 f, .f . xc.'Iition-- : 
 
 ■*•'»•'» Promissory Notes and Acceptances in all tl.,' i'mvincs of 
 I ui.a.la. .-xci.t <..>uehee, outlaw 111 six y.ars aft.r maturity ..r last i.av- 
 in.'nl n.m e .... either inl, '.-est or p.-ineipal. Th.' date ..f niaturitv is the 
 
 lost .lav ol the thr lays of jr.'ae. . h.'ne,' tl... tin,,- , n..'nc.s to n.unt the 
 
 ■ lay alt.'r the thi.-.l .lay of yrac. 
 
 Any paym.'.it. or writt.'ii aeknowl.'.Iirment of the .|el)t. will kiop the 
 paper aliv.- six yeai-s from that .late as a;,'ainst th.- [.artv makin.' the 
 I.ayii.,'nt ..r the neki.owl.',l;r„„.„t. hut not a.'ainst anv ..th.'r" p.'i-s.m whose 
 iia.iic Is on the paper " 
 
 In C^iiehec the time is Hve years ii.st.-a.l of six. I'll., law is th.' siim,. 
 1.1 Mtlii-r r.'sp.'ets. 
 
 Ill Newfou'i.lhin.l ;ii.'l Kiij^'laii.l th.' tin..' is also six yea.'^- 
 Deman.l i.ot.'s are ,|....m.'.i to h.' .iu.' wh.-.i thev ar.' inad.', an.l .l.'inand 
 Jieeeptanc's vvh.'.i they are aecpf.'.l, th.'.-.f..iv, six v.-ars from that .late 
 tli.'V are outlaw.'.l as far as th- mak.r or aee.p|..r is'eone.'iii.'.l. I'.ut it is 
 'l.tlV.--.f with in.|ors.Ts .,1. Mieh pap.r, as .... ri;;ht of action accrues 
 aiiamst Ih.'.n until a .l.'man.l for paymct has U'en ma-l.' an.l <lish.m..r.'.l 
 an.l lh..i-.'f.,r.. aet..,n ..n tl... hill is n..t iMii-re.l a;,'ainst th-in until six yeju-s 
 li-oii. .lateol .i..ma...l Hut a demaml n..te havin-an i...l..rser must U- 
 pres,.,.ic',l for pay....'nt within a " nasonahl.' time," ..therwise th,' indors.r 
 w <l..'whar;,'ed. 
 
 'WO Book Accounts Aeti.)ns f.-r th.' recovery of incrchantH 
 
 Account. ...,.1 ,.i; ,,ih,.r ,l,.|,,s f.H.n.l.'d upon any l.'U.lin- .'.r other cut ract 
 
^r,\T 
 
 "K I. IMIl ATKINS. 
 
 U...t m,i..,s,.ah, ,,„. ,1,.. ,,„,„,,„,• ,,,„ ,„. ,„„.,.,.^ ,„.,„,var..,f K.^a., 
 
 "•:"": "' ''"";,'"• ";"^' '- --— -i . in,,., s.x y.:... aft-r th. on,^.. ;^f 
 
 .... a.„,se..,r ,.. hist p.y.„.„t..,r ,. w.i,,,,, :.,.k..owl..,|.,.„,,f ..f the 
 
 |. -.u ii„s .,,,,h,.s to ,.ii ,h,. ,„.„v„„...s ,..v...,,t ,.;;,.,,„,, x,;^. 
 
 I'liiti'llainl ai,(i Kii;;hii.,|. 
 
 In il,.. I'mvinc,. ,.f ..,„.|,..c it is li^,- y,a,-„ f,,.- ..,..■], ,,cr„n„f= 
 
 l.o..sM.,.,al h..s as ol ,l,«-t.„s an.l a.lv„cal..>, ju.tic-.s, „„;a.i,.s , ,1 
 rets, infrest a.ul eon.n.orcial ..latte.-s i„ fr,.,„.ral' arc- t,a.n,i Mtt..- tiv,. 
 y.ars lro„. „.at..nly or h.si ,,ay.„..„t. Sla..,!...-, l,l...l a,.,l wa-^Ls ), 
 - M,,loy....s ...,;;a^„..l ,,., a ,ho,-,..,- ,„.no,l tha.. ...... var outlaw „. on^ va,- 
 
 a..,a-.s tor ..,.|,..-,os a..l wa;;os for .■..,,,loy....s..„;;air,.,l !,„■ a In,,...,. ,,;.n,„i 
 
 'I',.". ..,.. y,.a.- o„tlaw ... tuo y.a.s. P.naoh, s n{ co„.,.act nst7t..t o. „ 
 
 .nn|..rs,n.c.,,,.,.a,,o,.on,Uo..sac.co,.,,,.. ■ ,a.t, ,. a,., i architects wu'^.; 
 
 -utla s .,..,. y-a,-s. ,l,„|..,„.,„s ,„ ,|.i,,y y, a,., ,l „u actio., is tak.., ^ 
 
 i/..r H,a ';'".V'"-'- -•'•'"''"> ^"v, w>,l, ,v;,a.-,l , .tlawi... it,.,,.. 
 
 >/ 'I, that is,cach.t.„. urja..chas,.,s t,-t.at,.lasa s,.,,a.at.- acco,„.t a.,.l 
 I 11 ......u;yM.a..l o,. .t a,e. „mI..,s.s otherwise sp..citi..-l, aVpli. ,1 to th ' ,1 
 
 >t-.Ms, I h.s part.cular IVatu.v of a.rou.its sho.iM 1„. ,, ,,,..,„l„.,.,.,| 
 
 t.i..c t,\i ■! lor ipayiiiciit. 
 
 A .|,.:,tor has the i-j-ht, uhc. ...akiii^,' a l,av„ir,„ t.. sav o„ ul,a. 
 
 ,«.r .,.,.lar account it shall I. a,,pli..l. I,. ;:... Lur,U.t^ to l, ,: ' 
 
 ..I tor has th.. ,,r.v.l,...,. „f apiJyu.;,^ it to a„v ,.,.n h. lik.s 1„ ea c 
 
 m'..h..r o„.. a,,,,l.,.s „ t., at,y [.a.-ticlar .|.,.l,t. „ '„ |,v Law ,„ ,' s. of 
 
 pors,.nal acco.„„s. appliol tw the ol.h.st it.....s 
 
 I 1- wino.is ,,urch«scs <.ti .iiflm'iit dates I., i,,^. p,,, ,„t „• l„|i .,,,,1 
 
 r. n.krci to th.- < ehtor ,1.,.. not „,er;:e the,,. i.,to one',|,.l,t so as to 'ha , e 
 the t.M.e for o,,tlawm.of a„y pa.-.ie.il.r p-vhase, h„, thev all rem i, 
 ont.re ly .separate, a>.,i six yea.s f,,,,,, ,he ,ia'te of p,„,|,a.se of" ea I t.' 
 
 ;:::S:: : 'r^'"''; '"'rr-^ pay.,.e„t ,„a,leon that in,ln.; .a 
 
 ' 1ms or a -vr.tt..., aekru.w le.|j;,„e,„ , (• n e y.ars for V„ehec ) A 
 p.'"t pi.M..el.t o,. a .■,.,.„,„j- a.Vo.,„t .loes „ot keej, the whole alive 
 
 I'.' Items of a,. acco„„, tu.xy. however, he ...erye.l i,.to a Mi,.'le ,|,.|,, 
 h " .''"t .s ealle. a.. ■ Acco.u.t .St..te,l ■ I'o fo,-,,, a,? ■ a..eo„„t .taU.,| a. 
 u^ree,.,e,., „.,..st he co.ne to iKlweon th.. ,l..l,,.,r an.l ,1,. e,v,l,tor !,■ whi 
 
 ■"•.•.•ha,.t wants a part payment to keepall the items of ,he aecon .t ali 
 he n..,st apply part on ev,.,.y i,„livi,l„al pn.eha.se ...,.„ „■ it iV " , J 
 
 than twenty-rive cents „„ .aeh Tl„. rL he ,1 hv a .|a v „ '.k e , • 
 
 -tl-nt say.,.;; anythin. to ,1,.. ,h.l,t„,. Th,. follow.n;; or ,„„l ., v j. 
 wo,, .answer: - Uc-eive.! f..„., .Ia,....s S,..i,h S,,„ on^accuunt, 11 l^,^ 
 amonnt toheapphe,! „n each p,..cl.a.se „p to .late." Give the cuMo „er 
 ""• '"•'■'■'.•'.•y rece.pt .„. account wi.honi a..v reference ,o the s "i a 
 appl.citionyo., have ma.leof the payn.ent.s. ' ' 
 
 .\ .lefin.te for.nal M.ttl,-,..,.nt in writi..^' l.etwr,„ the pa.t.es even 
 
 1 ..,.!. n., money ,h pa.ji, will serve to exten.T the ti,..e for „,|o,her pe. , 
 ol SIX Ol t,\e yeni-s iw the case ,nay be ' 
 
 -i.-,} .I,i.i;;ments in all the I'n.vinces. except .Quebec, continue in 
 fo,ce twe..ty years. I„ . .n,a,.i., an.l u.oHt of the p'-ovince, executions ,.„;;• 
 
STATI-TK III- 1 IMirAIliiNS. 
 
 isslioiuiy time within six yt-iivs, l.iil .ifl. r thai iiii i.nl.T t'n.ni a jii'l;,'.- nmst 
 hi' i)l)tiiin'il. 
 
 Ill i;ii;;iiiiiil iu(l;4in.iits me l),ur<'il in twelve yours li, (,hi.l,.r iliey 
 remain in Wnn- loi- ihii ty \<jus. Newfounilland twenl\-. 
 
 In N.w l;runswick ju.l;,'Mient.s in t!ie JusticeH, I'lirish Court C^.m- 
 niissioiiers m- .Stipendiiiry M.i;,'istr.it.'s Court outlaw in six yais if no 
 execution i.Msues, l»ut in roiiMv nr >u|,r,nie (."ourt lu. niv \rai- 
 
 •i.'»H, Moi^f^ages on Real Estate in <>nlari.i aii^l Maniiol,a outlaw 
 in t.'U yrai- alt.-i- malurity or last pay mi. hi .mh itii. i- |.r;ii(i|.al or int. ■rest , 
 in liritisli Colunil.ia New hnniswick". Nova Scotia t'lwu'r IMwar i jslaii.l 
 ani Ni^wfouiKJlainl tliey outlaw in twenty yeai-N 
 
 in Nortii-West Terrifoiies an.i Knijlaml in iwcK.' year., an.! in 
 <,>ueliec thirty y.'ar< M.irt;;.if;or m e.|uity of r..leni[ilio:i is harr.'i in 
 North-West I'. iril..ri. s aiii Kn<,'hiiul in twelve years, in .'\laiiit..l.u t.ii. 
 an.l other IVovinees au'l Newroun.ilan.l twenty years after ni..rt^a;r.'e 
 takes ]) issession, unless his ri;,'ht is aeknowle.li.'(.Il in writ in;: 
 
 In each [jrovinci' ami eountry a j.art jiayinent of eitler iirineijial or 
 interest, or a written acknowl.Ml^'nieiit of the .l.l.t or riu'ht will extnul 
 the time for an.itli.T i..-ri<i I . .f t.Mi, I w. Iw, tw.^nty >>r thirty yars, as il,,. 
 case may he. 
 
 Aeti.iii upon Iximls, eonvenants or any instrument uu'ler seal, except 
 mort;,'aLris on nal estat.', may 1m' any \\uv within twenty y.'ars 
 
 •i."»!». Legacies are harn.i in tie- sane- li'u;;tli of time that iiiort(,'a;,'e.s 
 on r-al estate are, from the time a ri;,'ht to receive it accrued, unle.s.« 
 le^ratef were a minor or umh-r some other tiisahijity. in which case the 
 Statute of [..imititiuuK iloes not commence to run until ih.- i.nioval of 
 stieh ilisahility, Ari-.'ars of le;racy liarr.-il in sain.- tiiii.' that iut.'i-.vst is 
 
 'ittO Dower I'lie ri;;ht to recover .iow.r l.yawiii..w ..u ..f her 
 
 dcceaseij hushan.l's estate is also barreil in the sjime len;,'th >>]' li a 
 
 mort^'a;:e on ri'al estate is harreil. The riy:ht to dower aeeru. s at the 
 hushantl's death. Arrears of dower harred in same tiim- that iuteri'st is. 
 
 'Hit Chattel Mortgages as Wtween .i.l.t,.r .m.i civ.ht.ir m ail the 
 I'r.iMiices (except Vu<l..c) .md Xewfoini.ilaii.l \\iil le.l.l thf cLiiiu fi.r 
 tw'-nty years, Ikmiij; an instrum-'iit umler seal an.' n.Jt adectinL,' nit-i-. st in 
 land.s. Ah ajjainst other cr.ditors, however, they only hohl the |.iop..rtv 
 as .security for a perio.l varyinj; in the ditl'erent I'rovinces from one to live 
 years, i ."^I'l' .S.'c i'7:! i 
 
 'Ui'i Ownership by Possession A iMis.m havin;; coiiIiiuduh 
 peaceable possession of lan.l (exe.pl in I rust i payiii;; taxes on same and 
 treatinj:; it as his own, acknowieii^rin;,' in no way the rii,'ht or t;t! . f any 
 other person f<v' the same, U'comes thi' owner of the propertv in ( ^utariii 
 Htei Manitoba within l( ii years; in New l^runswiek. Nova .Scotia,!' Iv 
 Islaii.l. jin.l .Ni'wfoun.liand in twenty years. In North West Territories 
 and Kn;,'lin.l in twelve vears, and in (Quebec t«ii vears "iv. a posHcssury 
 title 
 
 A persim thus "s.juattint; " oti latid to which he has no ri;,dit that is 
 y>'» "ill a sf.,,t.. ,,(• r\itiir-'" usuallv called "wild land," tluit has not '.eon 
 
.STA'll rK IH i.i.iiiTi! ION'S. 
 
 71* 
 
 th, t «ucl. party uus ,:. possession ,,f it. If ,1 ..i„t,.,. ,, ' , "", '-' 
 
 ..ll.-r I'n.vinn.s. '"'""' "''' "'' """I- ". .-.il tl„. 
 
 I..lll(i .■iicl,.-,.,| ],y :, f,,„ce wliil,. ,|„. |.,,„] j., , , . r , 
 
 an.l sul,s,.,|„,.nt survrV sl,„wi„.. tl,,- I',,,,.. , , ■ „1,. U, 1 ,"'"' 
 
 '^■l.i"i"in.' own..,-, tl„: .Statu., ,,| I a.nU n ,, ■ ll ' ''^''''- ''' ■■'"' 
 
 111 (itliir I'a-i-s wli.i' 
 
 -'.Itlltrs u,,iiM n.il colMln.lir,. (,, , 
 
 '■ ■' l"ll''' I llall'!!llr!,ll\- p!,lc,.,i 
 
 'I' r''iiiii\ I 
 
 til, 
 
 "" •""" -iM-tlin.-ti,,. lr,ii„l i-.i,M-.,v,.|v,i. 
 
 'Hi:i Reviving Outlawed Debts. I„ , n.nn.s.sorv not-.s accv„t.,M..... 
 
 ; .': :";t.;;r'::;;:ii' \ t ^^t-"' ' ^' .---.. a..ki,.,w!..,is:.i;; :: 
 i"'n."i'^:xv::!'^;:i'ii:ix?^ .- .u.. .„i- a ,„.,„.,. 
 
 i..i>n;:;;iiK-i!;:'';,:^.,i;r,;::;,^ ; '-";■;■• 
 
 .i..;.'n..iuo.,...,.vsuc.i,.N..a,.a, ,,a. ,::''i:':;.,.:V,;'^^^ 
 
 '■•■l>.- ... 1 Ins cannot h- ,lon.. I,y a tlunl paiiv „. ul„„ ,1 U ^ 
 
 layn„.nts ol n„„„.y ,,n .a promissory note l,v on- of tl... parti-s ,lo 
 
 .•M.l."nn"*„M I m'T'i \" °f' T"*f '-".^ '""— • '-'k MO,.., or other 
 
 '">■■'"'"" M'-'' "I lilii- uill i.arth.. .,,!;! t,, ;v,,,;vor it 
 .Mso.ul,,.,-, ,1,,.,.,. ,. any I,-;..,! .i.salal.t v ■ ai ,l„. part of" ..itluT tli,- 
 •i-l)tororcrr,iit,,rs,,,l,ai acti,,n .■aiinol I,,, capn,..!,,- I , , 
 
 '-^'"/■•-""t ".-ii - i-ai.ii,tv isnino.:., ■''•,'!,,;;;,':;;,'''''■::'' 
 
 ""."s hy or aj^ainsi minors, p.-rsom, i„.s,„ , ,„„ „ V v i • .^" 
 
 >-.iini..,uv,| within the like V..rio,l aft,.!,, , , • ' | , , ' 1 ','""' ""' 
 
 .sal|,,w,,i,^.rlMan.in.a,■,i,:,n,,,,l,na,■^'';.s;:■' " ''-''"'■'>■- 
 
 111. .l,sal,il„yj,.,w,.v,.,v ,,f whal..^,.;• nature it is must 1,.- i,. existe.uv 
 
80 
 
 cllAITKI MoKHiAfiKS. 
 
 < IIAI'TKi; Xil. 
 
 ( flAT'l'i:!, MoiriCACl'S. 
 
 •iU."». A liiait'l iJiuii^Mj,'i. is u li.ii (Ml |).isi.iial jirop. rty— jjihhIs unii 
 clmtttls. It IS 111 reality n lU-vl or cuiivfyiuicf of tli.- property us security 
 »or II .li'l.t or for lH>rrowf(i money, with 'i ijimvIso that wlim the .iel.t is 
 paid till.' inort^'U^'e heconies null iiml \,,i.l. 
 
 By (ierivatiou the word niort;,M;;e hkmiis a death i.led;,v ( /„l./>-, drutli ; 
 (/./(/., a ple.l -el No wonder that j.iojile are afraid of thuin. The 
 debtor IS called the iMort^'a'.'or and the creditor the niort;,'a{;ee Tli.' 
 effect of 11 ehatt.l inort;,M^r,. ,„ praelieally the same as a Hill of"Sale It 
 IS a eon\eyaiici. of the l,U,. hut not of the f><,ss,sx„>ii of tli.' prop.-rty, hut 
 th.' m..rt;;a;:ee may take /)..>*«..«.«/„„ of the projiertv on u hreacli of any of 
 the eoveliants. 
 
 The Statutes do not ;;i\ .• a form for chattel mortpiges to complv with 
 nor d.'tine what covenants they shall contain, therefore, to know what the 
 covenants, provistxs and conditions are, the mort;,'a;;e itself must \x- care- 
 fully read. The printed forms in <;eneral use are what have heeii s-ttled 
 l>y conveyancers as beiii.; a|.iiropriat.- and suitable to m.Mt the usual 
 reijuirenieiits of iKirrower and h iider. As tiuiv is no stiifntory form lor 
 them It will be readily seen tlial they may ;:reatlv vary in the number 
 and striii;,'eiicy of the covenants they emlx)dy, so do not fail to read the 
 moit;.'au"' carefully before sirruuv^ it'. There is a statutory form for a 
 I >i--eliar;,'e .ind i{enew.il. 
 
 In <,>uel«c chatt<'l mort;,'a>;es are not used. Bills of Sale will h-M 
 thi' property as between the <lebtor ami creditor, but are not bindin" 
 auanist third parties unless the (TimkIs are Uikeii iHi.s.se.ssion of by tlie 
 credit.. I- 
 
 'iMi Description of Property. They must coiuain a full descrij>- 
 tion of the ;,'oods and ch;ittels, s.) they 'can !«• rea.lily distin;_Miisle.,l ; 
 also, where they are located ,ind whose ix>s.ses.sion they are in at The time. 
 In dcscribin;: an animal, ;,'ive at,'e, color, sex. name, breed, and any 
 particular spot or mark. In describin;; a machine, ^'ive the manufacturers 
 name ai.d numlier of ni.iehin.-. color ;>nd condition 
 
 •i<»; Must be a Boiia-Fidc Transaction Kv.rv mort;,'a{Te or con- 
 ve\ai..e ini.M.led to .,p. rue as a mort;.'a;;e of ^'oods and chattels which is 
 not accompanied l.y an uiunediate delivery and an actual and continued 
 chan<,'e of possession ol the koo.1s mort^'a^^i'd, or a true copy thereof must 
 b.- r.j;isteivd as provi.led in .-ach province, to^rether with the athdavii of 
 an attestin;; witness of the sam.-. of the dui' execution of such mort',ii::e, 
 which atliiiavit shall coiit.iiu the date of the execution of the iiiortj^n^'e! 
 and also with the allidavii of the iiiort;;aj;ee, or lii.s ii>rent, that the mort- 
 ;:a;,'or is justly indebted to the mort;,'n<;ee in the sum mentioned in the 
 morl;:a(;e. that the iiiortj,'a;:;e was executer! in ^.Mid faith and for the 
 express purjios- of seciiriiij,' the payment of the money justly <lue or 
 accruin;: due ami not for tli.. purpose of prot.ctini,' the p«Mis and chattels 
 meiitioneil thenin afjainst the creditors of the m.>rt"a"or. 
 
nni-lli. MnmriA«F.S. 
 
 81 
 
 one a ,.A.u-nc. n^:'^:^'::^^^' -"-" '" ^'-"-t ••-lito... or to ,i/e 
 
 1.0 ...«;. u:'i:;:::x,::,tt tu^isi^vit'' '^ ""' '"^"'^•-^' -'""■^•' 
 co,.si.i..nuiiti,JM, :a:r.; , •r.T'*'""^ """' *'"'"' ^"'- ^"i""'''- 
 
 wh.Tt. thejr«,.|.s an lo,; ,. \v . r , V ''■ ""-r^-^"'^ i" tho .listrict 
 ^vith atli.larit of w f ' s A::'"h*'''' ""'"'"■.•• "^ ''">'^- »"^"'""^'- 
 
 l-eo.n,.s aKsolut.ly nuHa vo ^; ^^ f '"•'•^v,... n^amst such ,.Krti..s it 
 
 rrtiniii' to In. 
 within fivo 
 
 r<';;i.st('r<»<l 
 'lay after 
 
 at til. 
 their 
 
 other of tlie cleriv nf 
 execution. Fer for 
 
 th 
 
 otfic, 
 
 l>e til.MJ within ten .la\ 
 
 In Ontario ih.\ 
 the (..'oiinty Court 
 rei;isterin;;.".50c. 
 
 .ne,i w:tyn';!^'C'2'rrh''ero' r '''^'' "■; ^''r "« ^'' y —^ '- 
 
 Cotirf Ch.rk. • ' •^•^•'*="<'"» ." the office of the J)i.trict 
 
 co.......h.,i.,,i,, ,,^.;:-;';,-;:-„^ ^^ t..e Fi..t,)i.i.ion 
 
 Jor the FHstrirt of Manitoulin th.-v ,nu>t 
 'tl.ceol thel;e,„uyCl..rkfor.\Ian,"toulin 
 
 County ('l.urt. Fe for i ,,, '.S Th " •^'*''" "^- ''"' ^"'^"•'^ "^ »he 
 t" -eure th- purol,a.e , r e of ll 7 *-"'*'" "^-""""^ «rowinfr eropH 
 
 -.n,.,,.s a J .■xe;i:i^:i.'::i^;?\K:,,:;';:^;,!;:;;r'"- -- '^>' ->- 
 f.-o.,/:™n;n^^fL'"s^:nhe'aerkof 1^ V -t'- 'r^ -'^y^ 
 
 whieh the,,ro,...,.,y ,s situate.a .1 h^yS^lk't't ■'',:' '*'^^'''''^ '" 
 Kr- for tilin- is .-.() cents. ^ ^ ' '''"'" ''"'^' "' '''i"*,'- 
 
 Mort;,'ai;e.H a^jainst frrowini; crops are not vill.l n.,1 »• . 
 <h..,mrehas,. price of se."l;;raitr ""'^ ^'^li'l "..less it is to secure 
 
 In I5riti.sh Colunil.ia chattel III )rtrHires for tl,.. „.i, I n • 
 \>eh],;\ within twentvonr ,lavs fo »? 1 l "'•* ^\ hole IVovuice ,„ust 
 
 f i with th,. I{..,Ms, '. he Cou !;' nT'""' i"'""^' f^"*"'"-^ ''''"■>■ •''•<• 
 
 ^ .tut ttie County Court lu each county or Kejjistnition 
 
82 
 
 CHATTEL MORTGAOKS. 
 
 District in wliirli tin- pruiicrty is sittmtoil, aixl if iiK.n- tlmii one I!.';,'istriir 
 «)f a t'uuiity Cuiirt tli-'V nn- U< In- tilr.i with tlic ncaiv.st out" witlnii the 
 ••(luiity or ilistrii't. 
 
 Ill N.-w Hruimwii-k tluy must lio tiieil witliin thirty dayiJ in tlic' utlicc 
 of tliL- Rtj^istrur of iK't'ds. Fei' for filiti}^ is 2'> ci'iits. 
 
 Ill Novfi .Scotia thiTf is no tiiiif limit within which thi'y must U- 
 tiluii, hut they only hoi<l ;,'o<m1 aijiiiiiHt laws of insolvency, /..»».( >nl, ^,nv- 
 chascrs, juii;;iiiL'nt crtMlitors ami suhstM|UiMit niMrtj^iijjees'in f^ooW I nth l(ir 
 Vftlualilc coiisiili'iatioii aftfr filiiif^. 
 
 Intilinj,' cith.-r the ori:,'inal Dill of Sah- or a ciTtitiid cipy niav \»- 
 tileil. aii.i if theri' is any si-IumIuIi- ann.x.'il or relVrii'd to it must also h,- 
 inclu.lcil, and if thi' iiistriiiiicnt is sul.jcct to any condition whatcvor it 
 must ill' considfivd a i)art of it and ho' tiled witi"i the instrument, othcr- 
 wise the Mill of Sale i.s null and void a;;ainst all third jmrties. 
 
 In l.S!l!» the Leijislature of Nova Scotia jiassed an Act i-er|uiriiii,' hills 
 • if Saletolw renew.'d within thirty -lays next preceilin;,' the e\iiiiation 
 of three yeai-s from tht; dat.> of filin;,'. otherwise th.y wore Uj cease to Ik; 
 valid. Hut this Act has not yet lieen iiroclaimeir hy the Lieutennnt- 
 (!ovornor-iii-("oiincil to he in force, I. ut surh [.ii.cl.'uiinli.in lu.-iv I"' ;.'iv.n 
 at any time. 
 
 In I'rineo Ivhv.ird Islaiel the original must he tiled in the i.tlice of 
 the I'rothniiotiiry of the Supreme Court accompanied hy the u.sual atli- 
 davits of witness ami '>'</(>r/;i/.s, othorwi.se is void a<;ainHt" third parties. 
 
 Ill Newfoundland, iJills of .Sale and mortj;aj;es of ])oi-sonal property, 
 lieiiij.^ deod.s of gift, or where the consideration is over :<1.0(). and where 
 the possoHsioii of the property remains in the iiiort;,'ai;or, they must he 
 roj;isterod in the othce of the Ke^'istiar of Deeds in order to he hiiidiiij: 
 a;,'iiinst suhseipiiiit |iurchas.rs, mortf,'a;,'oes, etc., or an ius.si^'noe when a 
 deed of eoiiveyiince is made for the benefit of creilitors. 
 
 lY-o for re^xisterin^r when \alue of jiroimrty d.«'s not exceed .*400 is 
 
 ?2.0<>. ,'ind when i-xeei rljn 
 
 '100 it is "J.") cents extra for each aiMitional 
 
 mU Location of Mortgaged Goods, ("hatt.! iiiortL'a;,'es only hold 
 thr inojieity in the one county or iv;,n^ii;iti,,ii district whore thoy are tiled 
 or ri';;i>tered. alul every chattel mortj^ai^e contains a covenant thai the 
 j^ooils will not 1)0 romoveil from the CL>tinty or retjistration district where 
 they are situate. 
 
 If all or !i portion of the i;oods ccverrd l.y -i eiiallcl iu(irt;,'a:,'e sIkiuM 
 he removeil to another county or registration district, a duly cortitied copy 
 of the mortj,M;,'o must l>o t^lecl in the proper ottico of that couiuy ordi.strict 
 for chattel mort<,'a^'os, otherwise the },'<j<jds are liable to Hoizure and sale 
 under an exocutio.i, neither would the mortsjaj^eo have recourse ai,'ainst 
 sulwoijuont i)ureha,sers or mort<;afreos for value. Incase the jjooiis are 
 removed without consent they may lie seized and sold to satisfy the 
 niortj,'a^'o on a breach of the eovenant, if the mort^afjee prefers it. 
 
 In Ontario a < 
 
 i]>\ of lie- uiol-t^'au'e must be lih d in the 
 
 County Court ( 'lerk wh ti • •^•xxis have be' ,i removed t< 
 
 iiioiiths. A similar time i.s allowed in all the i'rovincos. 
 
 !)tlice of tilC 
 
 within two 
 
fii.vrrEi. >nmn;A(;Es. 
 
 83 
 
 I 
 
 'tlO Funii of Chattel Mortgage 
 £'''hu„i?l'P^'"^"^ *■' """'" *'" ''"''''"'"^ "'" '*""' ''"y "f N"VcmlH,r, one th,.UH«„a 
 
 <»Mtal... )i..„.m„, lu.r.„i„. t..rcHll...l ,|... M,,,,,,,,.,.,., „f „,.. s....,.n.l part " 
 
 \\lTNK.sM,:,i. timt th« M..rttfHi:orf.,r,in.l mi, ,„lemt.,.„ ,.f Fu,.'ll,„„lr,..l r).,IKrM 
 
 K- ..r.. „. H..,.1„,K ,u„l ,l..|n,.ry of .l.es.- I'r.H..„t (the r...v,,>r' «h..r,...f ,s hlrKk, ,w 
 
 ATr::,:ss' /:r,ir! 'r''v vr''T''""^'"'''^ 
 
 h,i;,:.a :.:s:;;h::uh::;"H ;:;:lrr^''' "■"' """■" '"•"^•^^ ''••""""'- •— "-'^ --■ 
 
 All „f uliuh s«„l :;.„„U nii.l ih.ilt.ls ,ir,- the iiropertv „f the Morti'i..r..r «.i.l »r , 
 
 r,;::;ir:;,;il;t;:;l: ;;::;; ;-i;-^^^^ ....,',„.='i:'z'.t; 
 
 1" IIA» K *M. TO iioi.i. all an,l sihkmUi- the sa„l a,.„lM. ohatteln ami st.,ru fixtiiroH 
 
 orehy .«s,K„e,i .,r ,nten.le.l ,„ .„ ass,K,u..l ,.Mt„ the ^.,d M..rt«a«ee TnlZn.iZt 
 
 h.s exen t.,r,, a,l,„in.Ktrat.,r, an.l n.ss,.„.s. a. h,s „r thoir „«,, ,rr,l.r «„." sT„l .1 cti" 
 
 M.rtKa«,„, h,.H executors ,.ra,l>uMnMrat„r,.l,. ami .hall well .,,.1 tn.lv ,«y .r c use to 
 •::;;.',''',•;■;,'':■ •^'""''-«-- --;-■""■-• -ul-nnuHtrator. or «»,,,«„« the fu 1 sun Tk.c 
 llnH.la 1 ! ollars, with interest for the mmr at the rate of tiNe ,,er eent iht ann, ,„ .,n 
 the tenth day of , IHoher, l!N»|. ,|,..„ ,|,,se IVesent., .hall Ik., void all. ever Z'.tr 
 and -hin, hercii, e.,,.ta,„ed shall ooase. deteriMM.e 1 he ntterlv ! I t alt . e, , 
 
 w.rro,. . 1 f •^'"'^'f'f''^/';rl'>"'><-lf. hiK exeeutors and admiiimtrators, shall and will 
 w. rant and forever defend l,y these Presents all ai„l singular the said «o k s W mels 
 a Id ,,ro,,er,.v unto the Mort««,ee. his exec„ton<, adiin.i.strators H.id ..I^tgnst^;;, s^the 
 
 ^::^':u^:::::t"^ ""•' -"^""--.0^,. a„d «,«.,... .u .m eve,^ -ther i:r,. .:; 
 
 rovKv.U''.'!':;,i^sr!^;''T'e» .''*''''<^ '7 1""1^''^- '"" ^^••'•""'™ ""'■ -l-itMstrators. 
 and ~s I ih M " "1 " '" •^'••"«»«"-- •"- oxecnK.rs, ad,i,in,str.,ors 
 
 aii.l ass-ns, that the Morf^a-or. his exe.utors or a.lniinistiators, or »o„ie or oii„ of 
 the, shall and will well and truly ,«y, or cause to 1.. paid. „i,to the M tJaU h » 
 
 tioi. d with int.n.st for the s,ii„e as aforesaid, nn the dav an.l tune and ,n the niani, r 
 
 T IK I A^ MKNT of the sai.l suMi of money •» the said pio^ ,s ei,t.oii«,l or of the interest 
 
 flereonor.my par. thereof or in «u.e the .Mort.-i,-or shall attempt to ^d or Is, ?se 
 
 er m t he same to l,e sei.ed or taken in ex..eution without th.eonsent of t « >"rt,t J ' 
 lal^, • iT- »' """""■"'•■"^"ra.ss,«ns to sueh sale, removal or dis,H.s.d therj,? twit' 
 hadam.ohtaii.edinwntu.KTHKNand ,., such e,«e ,t shall and ma' he law , 1 f 'r he 
 M . aa^ee. hi . e.eeutors. adniniis.rators ,.r a.ssiH„s with h.s or their i,-ry.,u or er>a I 
 
 . . V tn"ent'. r!:; ""'T'"" "' "^"TT "^ '''• '" '^^'^^ ""*' ^-l-r.' h. any tune, .? « 
 It.. da> tnenter.ntoa.id upon any lamls. tenements, h.,usesand pre.uises wher.soev.^ 
 and « hats,«.ver where the »a.d ^.ood« and ehattels or any ,Mut thereof "..vIh n for 
 
 such penu,n« to break and foree o,... any d s. locks, ..Irs, Is.lts fL"em,i«; I ' ' 
 
 gates, fences, houses, hi.ild.nKs, ench,su,es and place for tho p.,r,K,He of taknig ^.sesm ..; 
 
II M'lll. MiiUniAOES. 
 
 <'f mill rfiiiiiviii){ tlic »jii<l ginidK niid cIihIIi'Ih- .\NI> ii|k>ii niiil fniiii niiil iiftiT the 
 tiikiiii; (Missessi..' of siiili uikkIh rtiiil iIii.MoIk i»m Bfnruiuiiil, it »lmll iind iiiny \iv limfiil 
 mill till' .Miirtu'ii;.'!'!', Inn I'xrtiitiiiM. »iliiiinistriitor« nr ajo-iyiiH, riiid rmli nr nny nf tliiiii. 
 IS nnil iiri' lureliy iiiitlinri/cil niul riiiiuiwiTcil In mII llii' wiiil «iwhIh hiiiI iliiilii-U mi- niiy 
 iif them i.r iitiy |uitt tlitTi'i.f iit iiulilic Hiu-timi i.r |iiivnti' h»1h, hh tn tlioiii iir Hiiy of trii-m 
 limy Hfi'iii iiu-vt ANh from im<l out of the |>riHT«ls of «iuli m\|<. m tlif Hr?.t |>liiri- (•> |.iiy 
 liiiil niiiiliiirsf liliii<ti'lf or tlu'iiiNt'lvi-ii all hinli miiim mul »iim of inont-y hi. iiiuy tlii'ii U- 
 iliu- l.y nrtui' of tins'.' I'ri'si'nts, luid nil such t;.\|it'iiiu'n lut iiiiiy Unw In-iii mcurri'il liy 
 the .M.iityinji'f, his I'Xniitois, (iiliiiiiiistnitors or immgiiH ni foiis.inieiut< of ihi' ilef.iiilt, 
 iifU'li'it or f.iiliiri' of tin- .Mortijii^or, his ixniilor*. .uliiuiiistritors or iismnim in |iiiyiiifiit 
 of till- siiiil Kiiiii of iiioiuy with iiitirt'sl thcn'oii U'talxivu iiu'iitiiiin'cl. or in iiiiisi'iniciiiT of 
 Kuch siili'orrt'iuovaliisdliovt! iiifiilionfil, .iiiil in tluiuAt phicuto pny unto tin- Mortj,'in;. .r, 
 his I'Xi'iMitors, luliiiiiiistmtors .iinl iissiguM itll such surplus as m.iy riiii^iiii iifter such sule 
 iiiid iiliir piiyiiunt of itll such sum or huiiih oi money ami inti'rtsi ihi'ii-oii as may Iw 
 (luf hy virtuf of thfsc I'rt'.sents at thr liiiii' of kucIi sfi/im' and aflor paymi'iit of the 
 oi>Ht>», charges and expenses incurred liy such seizure and sale as afores,.id : 
 
 I'komukii ai.» avs. nevertheless, that it shall not lieincumtient on the Mortnaiiie. 
 Iiis executors, administrators .,r assii;iis to s.U und ilispose of the said t{""<l" and 
 eh iltels. Iiiit that iii case of default of payment of the said sum of money with interest 
 thereon as aforesaid, it shall and may he lawful for ihe .Mort«a«ee, his executors, 
 ailmiiiisirators or assif-ns peaceahly and .|iiittly to have, hold, use. occupy, possess and 
 enjoy the s.aid ((oocU and 'attels wiihuiit the let, molestation, eviction, hindrance or 
 interruption of the Mort^;,.^or, his execiitorM, administrators or hs»ii;iis or any .if them 
 or any other p.'rson or jiersoiis whomsoever. Anh the .MortuiiKor doth licretiy further 
 (OVKNANT, I'HOMISK AND Ac^RKK to and Hithtli.' .Mort({a^'ce. his executors, idmiiiistralors 
 and assigns that in case the sum of money lealized under any such s;ih' as alKivi- men- 
 tioned shall nol he siilhcieiit to pay the whole amount due at the time of such side, that 
 the Mort^'aijor. his executors or admii.vtrators shall and will forthwith pay or cause to 
 lie paid unto the Mortuat;ee. his executors, adiiiiiiistiaiors ,oid assigns all such sum or 
 sumc of money with interest thereon as m.iy then he remaiiiiiix dm- 
 
 .Anii the MortgRi;or doth pu' tli.- .Mortgau'ei' ii' tli.' full possession of said (JoikIh 
 and chattel:, hy dilivering to him this Indenture in th.- nam.- ..f all the said )(.hhU ami 
 chattels at the sealing and delu. ,y hereof : 
 
 Ami the Mortnayor . (ivknants with the Mongagee that hi' will, duriiii,' the con- 
 tinuance .if this iii.irtgage and any and every renewal thereof, insure th" chatteKs 
 heri'inhefore mentioned au'aiiist loss or damage iiy tire in wmie insiiranci- -.Ihie (author- 
 ize.! t.i transact liusiiiess in Canada) in the sum of not less than Five fjundred Dollars, 
 and will pay all pnimiims ami moneys neress.iry for that purposi- as the saiiu' lii-cmes 
 .lile, ami will oil demanii a>si;4n ami .1. liver ..ver t.. the s.iid M..rtu'ai,'.'.'. his ex.'cut.irs 
 and a.liiiinistrat.irs the p..|icy or p.ilicies .if u surance ami rec.ipts therct.iappertaiiiini! : 
 I'ltovii.Eii thai if on .Irfinilt of payment of sai.l premium or siiiiis of money hy the 
 Mortgagor, the Mortgagee, his exicutors or administrators may pay the same, an.l ^uili 
 sums ..f money shall he ailded to the debt herehy Beciired (amlshafl hear interest at the 
 sjiiiie rate from the ilay of such payment) ami shall lie rep-'vahle with the pnn.-ipal sum 
 hereby secured. 
 
 In wiTVKss wiiKKKDF the parties t.. these I'ri'senis ha\e hereunto set th.ir liaiid.s 
 and seals. 
 
 I), hver.'.l I 
 
 e„f I 
 
 Signed, .'•' aled an. 
 in the pres.i 
 
 t-'ll \KI.KS 
 
 Kk. F.lVEl 
 
 Firt Iluhiinil IhMiirs nunti'iiinl. 
 Witness : I 
 
 ChaKI Es Si MMKKS. J 
 
 MMEKS 
 
 .IaMK- SmIiI'. 
 
 'A'ai.ti.i; WiNTFi 
 
 « 
 frt'tii (hi' ,U"*7./(i«/.'#', thf .ti/m uf 
 
 .lAM^^ .SMITH. 
 
 .\KKIt.AVIT ..K M.iKT.iAOKK. 
 
 ON'rAHlO: I I. Waltir Winters, of ihe T..". iisliip ... Staiufonl, in the 
 
 CofNTV OK Wm.i.AM', ('.unity of W.lliii.l. y.'.iiian. the .M.irtgagee in the foregoing 
 
 TO WIT; I Bill of Sale by way of .Mortgage named, make oath and sjiy : 
 
 Thit dames Smith, the Mortgagor in the foregoing Hill of Sale hy way of Mortgage 
 
CIIATIIl. \lip|cri;A<;Es. 
 
 N6 
 
 
 im,K-.l m jiiMtly »i,.l ,Mily ,n.lcl.to.l t ■, .1,. .le,».neiit. W^ltrr \V,„t.T. U.c M„rt 
 
 Ihr H.U,1 Kill „f N,l.. |,y „.„y „f M„r,y„^j.. „.„„ „..,.„„,, ,„ , f^,„, J ,, , 
 
 t . ..,,1 Uill of Sal,. I,y w„y ..f MMrtu»>;.- .-.HHiimr ll... ore.l.t»r>. of the w„l .lain.s .S„.„h 
 til. .M., I !-„«,. r ih.r,-ii. ,mm.-.l, .,r prrvmin^j tlu- crcUitorii of »uth M..rtu,i«..r from 
 i.l.tJiiiiiiiK |.«>iii. Ill ..fnny, 1,11111 as{iiii.>i liim. "* ** 
 
 Swi.KN Im fi.rii iiu' .It till- T..HII .,f , 
 W.lUml. Ml thr (' ty ..f WfUiiiid. I 
 
 this tOlltll ,l.iy nf NcVi'iiiIh;!-, in ll,,. I WAl.TKK WlVTKR^. 
 
 yfur nf niir I,iinl IIHki. | 
 
 K. It Hki.ikms. ,/. P. i„ .„„lf,.r Ihr CwiHln .if HVW.ui./. 
 
 \l 1 ll.*\IT of \\ IINK-^. 
 
 CoiNTV nr W r,.LAJ.i., ,n th« County of W.lUn.l. make .«ah »n.l K,iy 
 TO WIT ; ) ^ ■ 
 
 Mor «,.^.. .luly ,i«m..l Km C..1 ,...,1 ..,.|,v..r...l l,y .laii.o. .S„,„|. ,„„1 \V,.l,..r \\„L,..\hl 
 partioH then-to »n.l that tl». n»,iu. riiarK-H Summers. ».., mkI s„l,.or,lH..i .us a »„».;« t.. 
 the ..xerufon tluToof. „ .,f ,h,. ,,p,,,„, li.ui.lwn. in,- of me tl..» ,l..|,onmi.. an,l ,|,a. ,1 . 
 T 1 , 7;V"^"' '" "»• 1"«" "f WWlaml, in .1,0 mid County of W.-lla,,,! on the 
 tenth <l»y of NovciiiIkt, oho lliou wuI ninv liun.lml. 
 
 SmiiiiN Ih fore iiiir at Wcllaml, in , 
 tlu- County of WelUmi. tlii> inillii 
 day of .Nov,-inl"T in tli,. yiar of r,,ir ( t'lui.iK- .-^i >imkr.s. 
 
 Iv l; llu I fviv .1 !• 
 
 pi Maturity of Chattel Mortgages If ;i .-hattol u„,rt'M-o h.iv- 
 lii;; thr uMwi covoimi.ts tor puyinont ..l' prmcipjil aini intorcst i^T iiT.t ,.,ii,l 
 at maturity tlio iiiort;;af,'oo is f.v,. to take .mv oi„. „f > v.nil crurvs 
 
 I Ho nmy j,m liini.soir ,i[,.,„ tin- pn.iiiiMs uii.l tuko |H,sH.-,si,,n ..f the 
 gOol.M mill ivinovo til. -111. Ill- he may send a hailitl". 
 
 II ho takes [.(wsej^iuii of tlie'-rooiis he is expwtoii to sell them either 
 l.v i.uliiie auction or l,y ,,rivut« .sale, ami if there is any surpiu.s monev 
 .ilter iiaymentol priiiciiiai, iiitt-rest .•iml eo.sis ii m tint 1x3 tun.eil over to 
 the mortpi-or or his lejral representfttives. |iut some mortM.^es are .so 
 
 written that he is not IhmI.i.I to sell |,„t „,ay simply take p.^.s^ssT,,,, of the 
 good.s ami hoM them as his own (see Sec 27-.'), or 
 
 2. He may -ue the iiiortoaL;or for tli.' Miiioiint .lu.- ...n the inon-a.re 
 or, "■' "^ ' 
 
 o He m.ay leave the -oo,is i„ the han.ls ,,f tiie m.irt-a-or aiel ,xten4 
 all the time l,,r p.iyim nt he ilesiivs up to iweiitv vears. Anv time liur- 
 ini; th.it time he .looms it necessary he m.ay tike j^o-s-sesHio,, uf the .r.KxIs 
 ll they can he foun.l. Of course, if he .lesires to keep Ix.th his lien ami 
 lue erenee ,,ver other creilitors o„„,l, he must Hie a renewal certiticate 
 withm the tune provnled hy statute in the Province wh.Te the -ikhIs .ire 
 located. He can Hie tins renewal certitic.-it, without the mofio,,", ,,.-., ,,,,,. 
 aent or re(|Uest. "" " 
 
 A chattel mortj,'af,'e drawn for a shorter juriod, in anv of the Prov- 
 incet..thHn the time Hxed hy statute C.r renewal, that is not {.aid when due 
 nee.1 not he close.l or renewed until the oNpiratioii uf the st.itutorv time 
 An earlier renewal would he useless. ^ 
 
NO 
 
 < IIAriKl. MiiKTOAfiE-S. 
 
 A fliiitt.1 iii«>rtpi;,'o that lias iinl Immii itii.\v..| itt tin- |>rn|Hr tiiiif 
 iicconliii^r to stiituU', if the iiiuiIl'i>;,'ic' wishes ti. ptniii his |.iii)rit.\ .ivir 
 ntli.r CTiiiitorN hi iiHiHt tiiki- [KMsisxiuii of the ;,'>kk|n. aftiT svhiih iiiiy 
 il.xiivd titiir iiuiy Ih' .•-t(ii,l.<| of i-oiirsi, if .luriiijr th.- tiiu.' thr iiiort- 
 ;;ii;,'i' sUhm\ v.iiil ii^jaiiixt thini paitiiM, nuy of tlic p.<M|s wen- piirchaMil or 
 iiic.it;.Mi;<-,l or sfi/r.j iituhr "'xi'ditioii the iiiort;;aj,'c'e coujil not iiiiiki' his 
 
 ' '^iip- vah-l at,'iiiiist such imrli. s l.y lakiii;; jM.H.si'N.siotl, hut it Wuiihl l.r 
 
 );<K)(I ii;;iiiiist all others 
 
 'iVt Taking Possession. Th. inort;.'a;;ee cannot take i^wwesHion of 
 the p,...|s unlil ill. niori;;,!;;!' is ilu.-. unless Home coveniuit is broken that 
 ;:ives the ri^'ht of | KjsMCSsion. (See previous section for |irofee(lin;,'H at 
 maturity.} The forms in );eneral use ;.'ive tho mc.rt;,'a;,'ee the ri;:hl to 
 seize the j^tKxls niort;,'a{,'e.l in case of .h'fault in payment, or for ncmper- 
 formance of any of the other ciivenants. Some of the niortj;a;,'es contain 
 a forfeiture clau.se that ;;ive-. the niort;ra;;ee not only the^ri^'lit to take 
 jK.ssession of the i^'chhIm upon -lefanlt of payment, hut also U) retain tin in 
 as his own proj)erty. (Sei' .Sec. "JTl i 
 
 If the ;,'o.Mis are move.! out of tli- premises witliout tlie con.sent of 
 till- mort;;a;,'.-e it usually ;.'ivi-s the rij^ht to seize, or if any jH.rtion of the 
 >,'.mh|.s covereii hy the mort^M;;e are <iis|>ose<i of of concenl<Ml it also jfivcs 
 the ri'_'ht to take possession. 
 
 Furnituri' ami pxxls not inrluih-il in the niort;,'af,'e ainnot Iw seizeil 
 unless there is a ;;eneral clause covering; them. 
 
 To take iKjssession ille;,'ally j^ives the owner of tho yooJs or his lejial 
 reprewntatives a claim for clama;,'es which may })<• recovered l>v onlinary 
 .suit. an. i if successful the amount of the ju.i;!;nient woul.l !).• "applid ..'n 
 the mort;,Mj;e <hA-t 
 
 'Hit. Renewal of Chattel Mortgages. A chattol m.>rt;,'ap'. Inihj,' 
 an instrum.nt umler seal aii.l ii..t ati'.-ciin;.' inter.sts in land". hoMs the 
 rhiiiii a<,'airist the dehtor for twenty years. Fjich Province lias, however, 
 tixed hy statute a shorter time in which it holds the lien on the /im/inh/ 
 and priority of claim over other creditors. Th«'refore. if the niortuM;.'.' i.s 
 not paid at maturity ami it is ilesired to Ik; hindin;,' a;,'ain.st third parii. s 
 it must !»■ reti.we.l promptly within the time provided in each i'rovince. 
 
 In Ontario it holds tlie projM-rty for one year only from date of 
 execution unless renewed, or the },'<)o<is taken pos,session of, or a new 
 moitjja}:e execut-cd. To liold the ;,'(MMis apiin.st other cre.jitors it must !«• 
 renewed irit/.iii th< lout tl, i rt>f •lui/s In^fore the year expires, ami so on 
 troiii year t" viai as Imii; as it runs. 
 
 In Manitoba it is the .same its for < »nlario. except that they niii two 
 years Irom date t,{ jilnni ,inii .so on from tinie to time. 
 
 Ill the North-West Territories they are }r,M)d for two years from 
 date of Hlin;: with<iUl ri'iiewal, l.ut must he'renewed within tlie'last thirty 
 days 1.. Ion- tie- i\|.lr,il i..ii ,,f i|,e two-yejir p<'rio<i. 
 
 In British Columbia they are ffiHxl f.,r five y.'ars with. mt renewal. 
 
 In New Brunswick a renewal statement must lie filed each year 
 showiii;; til. Hill. unit y. t .itie. If this is not done and the j;oods ari' taken 
 
'II. Ml 11 MOKTflAfiKS, 
 
 S7 
 
 un.l.T fxicuti.m tl.o hol.lcr luus thirty .iiivs in w hid. t.. fih- such slat. i„.ni 
 an. i; ii.,t (lour ht- loaes hix claim oii the j,'.xxIm, uiid th.-y may In; h,M 
 uh>Kt the fxtriitiiiii. "^ 
 
 Thi- rrnrw.ij cTtitioiU" or staU-inent tniist conUitj the infonnatioit 
 Hhowil 111 the f..ll..uiii^r H,.|„.whI Foniiof aoh.llt.l liinit;;u;r,.. which .'iv.-M • 
 
 I \y .latr (.1 ..n-iiuil clmtt.-l niuit^mj;.', th.- pnitirs t„ it, tli.-ir nsi^.-iici- 
 .late <.t tilii.;:. unii that th.- ii„,rt;.,i;,.f has i,„t h.-.i, assi;.,,,..!, aii'l if it has 
 b.'."ii aH«i},Mi.M|. ,t luuHt ;;iv.' th.- nain*- ..f thr ns>*\<^im: aii<i if assi.mud 
 
 ii.'.n- than Miav it mIioiiM ^nv,. ,.uoh a.s.Ni;:nn..nt, aii.l tiir na f tho 
 
 hul.l.T at th.- till.,' ol ivnfwiil, al>n th- .,ri-ii.al amount of th.' n.oi-tir"«f 
 th- aiiioiints |,ai(i, an.i .iat<' wh.-i. ],ai.|. ami th- amount still .liu- 
 
 'Ih.' followin- form, simply I,y .•hiiii-ii.ir MM. ,f r.n.vinc- will 
 
 imNWLT for ovory proviiicf 
 
 'i'ii Form of Renewal Statement. 
 
 St.ct.-m.nt-.\liil,iiih- th.- mt-.v.-t of Wiilt-r Wint-.s, .,i i.i- Tuwi.shi., 
 of St.imlor.1. ("u.n.ty of \V..llan.|, in the prop.-rtv m-ntion-.l in a Chattel 
 .Mo,t-a^|- -lati-.! tl... -2.1.1 -lay of Au;;ust, IfS'Mt. ma:i- 1,-tw-.. .lam.'.s S.niih 
 ..f th- ..wnshii, of Stainfonl, C.iunty of W-lland. of th.- on- part a...l 
 Waltt-r Wmt.-i-s.ot th- Town.shii> of Stamfo.-.l.afon-.sai.l, ,..f th.- oth-r part 
 ami HU-i II. th- otHc- of th- Chrk of th.- Cainty C.airt of th- fountv <'f 
 W .lan.l on th- 2n.l .jay ..f Au-ust, I8!»!t, an.l ..f th.- am.mnt .ju- f,,r prin- 
 cipal an.l int.-n-st th.r.-oii. an.l „( all i-aym-nls ma.i- on account th.-r.-of 
 
 Ih.- sa.d Wait.r Wmt.rs is still th.- .M.jit-ap-.- of th.- sai.l pixmt-rty 
 an.l has not ass,;;,,-, 1 th- sai.l Mortj,'a;;... ( )n- pavm-.,t has In-.-n .na'!,. ,in 
 accou.it .)t the sail] .Mv)rt;,'a;,'- 
 
 •luiy 2i)th, I'lOO. ( 'Tish rcc.-iv.-.l, n'W. 
 
 Th.- amount still ilu.- principal an.i int-n-.st on th.- sai.l Mort"a".- is 
 the sum .if thi-.-t- hun.l.i-.| .i.)llai-M, co.iipiit.-.i as follows : " " 
 
 ''■■''"•'I"'' S5()0 00 
 
 Interfst, 1 y.-ar . n.lin- Aii;,ii.st 2iul, 1900 . . 30 00 
 
 l'>y i-ash, .liilv 2:ttli moo. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 So;jo 00 
 
 , 2:!() III) 
 
 iS.'Joo 01) 
 
 r>;ilaiic.' <liii' ... 
 Coi-STY OF Wem.am-, I I W ,!,,,■ Wintc-s. of th- T.,«,.ship of Stam- 
 
 ,."''","■'''■ I l"i-.l. 11. th. ( uuntv of W.-llaii.i. th- M.i.-t"a ■ 
 
 nam-.| in th.- ( ■l,att, I .Mortpijro n.cntiont-1 in" th.- within stat.niuiit, niak.- 
 oatl. an.l say • 
 
 i. That til.' \\ithiii stat-m.nl is tin,- 
 
 2 That th.- t:hatt-l M..rti,'a;,'- m.nti.ai.-.i in th- sai.l sr.VTKMEXT has 
 ii.it l..'.ri k.-pt on f.iot for any tVau.luJ.-nt piirpo.se. 
 
 SwiiKv h.f,,.-,. 111.- at th.- T.iwn of \ 
 W-llan.i, in ih- ( '.a.nty ..f W.-llan.l. W.xi.TKii Wivii Its 
 
 this 2!»th .lay .>f July, A.D . I'.tOO. I 
 
 K I{ Hki.i.kms, ., r„mmixnli»t(r fur taktiitf .///i./t/ri/s iv the 
 
 I I.e. J., tt('. 
 
 I 
 
MICROCOPy RtSOlUIION TEST CHAR! 
 
 ANSI ond ISO lESI CHART No 2 
 
 1.0 
 
 ■ 3.3 
 
 I.I 
 
 1^ 
 
 ■ 40 
 
 .25 
 
 1.4 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.8 
 1.6 
 
 ^ >1PPLIED IIVMGE Inc 
 
88 
 
 • llATTF.t, MOKTOAOES. 
 
 'fir* Assignment of Chattel Mortgages. A (•liattol moitjrafjc is 
 
 iu>\ a n--..tial.|.' iii-truiumt, l.iit it may \,,- tnui.slum.Ml „y s.ssi.rnment. 
 I h<' assijiuiiuMit iinisi l.e tilcl iit the same oHice where the inort^'inre'^is Hied, 
 and same I'im' diari,'!'!! a-, for a disrli:u'u"'. " 
 
 •i««». Discharge of Chattel Mortgage. Wluu a chattel iiiort<'-a<'e 
 has been paid a (li.sclmi<,'e >l„,uld he tiled also at the office where'' the 
 inort<,raj;e i.s Hied. The fee for Ontario is 5()c, .AFanitoba Mh, .\,,rth-\V.-st 
 Territiines, oOc, New P.runswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island 
 25 cents 
 
 In Hritish ColumKia tlie mortiraije is disclia'X'.'d hv hein" marked 
 "satisHed." The fee is ?<1.00. Xewf,, midland fee is ?1.0(). 
 See followini,' Statutory Form : 
 
 'i?). Discharge c-f Chattel Mortgage 
 I)0MI\1(»\ OF CANADA, ) 
 
 PitUVlNCK 111 ONTAKIo, (■ 
 
 To tlir Clerk of tlir ('(.luity Court of the Cuuiitv of Welland. i 
 Waher Winters, of the Townsliij)' of Stamford, Count v of Welland, yeo- 
 nian.dn certify that Jainrs Smith, of the Township of 'Stamford, Countv 
 of Willand, Province of Ontario, luith satisfied all monov due on or to 
 grow due un a cetain Chattrl Mortj,'aKe made liy James Sniith, aforesaid, 
 to W alter Winters, of the Town.ship of Stamford, aforesaiil. wliieh Mort- 
 gaye hears date the 2nd day of August, A.D. 1899, and was re'dst.red in the 
 office of tiie Clerk of the County Court of the Countv of W.lland on the 
 2nd day ot Au<;u.st, A.]). l.MMI, as No. -liHl. 
 
 That such Chattel Moi't;,'a<,'e lias not heeii assi;r,„.,l, a„,l tlmt I a 
 
 person entitled hy law in i 
 theref.ire dischar;,'i'd, 
 
 W'itie-s my hand tlii^ JUth 
 \Vitne.-,s : , 
 
 CHAHI.KS Si MMKUS, 
 
 Stiuiifoi-d, Student. I 
 
 ivi- the money, and tli.it such Mort;.';;!!,' 
 
 am the 
 
 'e IS 
 
 day i>f .lillv, A.D. moo. 
 
 WaI.IKU WlNTIlLS. 
 
 0NT.\I{IO: I I, Charles Summers, of the Township of 
 
 Cor.NTV oi Wki.i.am. Stamford Countv of W.-Uand, .student, make 
 ■1" \\IT; I oath and say: 
 
 1, That I w.is personally pre.sent and di<l .see the within Certificate 
 of Di.scharjre of Chattel .Mort^^age duly signed, .se-ale.j ,ind .-xecuted hy 
 Walter Winters, one of thc^ parties thereto 
 
 2. That the said Certificate was executed at thr Town ..f Welland. 
 S. That I know the said parties. 
 4. That I am a subseril.in;,' witness to the 
 
 Swoitx before me at Wrlhind, in tie- ) 
 County of Welland, this -JUth day of ' 
 July, in the year of our Lord 1900. I 
 
 F ]{ Hkllems, « romminfiionrv for tnkimj ajffiduvitti in H.C.J. 
 
 ■aid Certificate. 
 
 ChaUI.KS .SrMMKIl.S. 
 
CHATTKI, MOKT<JA<iES. 
 
 vSO 
 
 'ttH. Expense of Closing a Chattel Mortgage TIk- ( »m,irio 
 Statutes hIIdw tiiL' I'uliuwiii;,' in-, nuil ixjienses, ami iiu more unless 
 ar^rui'il upon ; 
 
 1. For niakiiiL,' seizure wiirrr amount of .ji'l.t 'loi's not exceed 8100, 
 
 tsi.OO. 
 2 
 
 :!. 
 
 4. 
 .5. 
 
 li'l oviT it will liolil aj,'ainst other cri'.iitors 
 liaiikrupcy, wlirn it couM lie set asiile \<y an 
 
 Where it exceeds #100, i?1.50. 
 One man keepinij jiossession, per day, Sl.OO. 
 If [irinted a<ive'rtisenientN are used, not to exceed 81. oO. 
 For eatalotjues, sale and coinniission and delivery cif rjoods, ,3 cents 
 on the dollar on the net proceeds of the sale up to 8100. When over 
 8100. then 2h per cent, on the excess over 8100. 
 
 6. When debt is paid before sale, a conunission of 2k per cent., and 
 the amount actually disbursed in fartay;e not to exceed 82.00. 
 
 The party levyinj,' the distre.ss must ^'ive a copy uf the chs'-ges to the 
 person <lestrained ujion. 
 
 The I'xpeiise in the otlb'r provinces is similar. 
 
 »■?{>. Cautions. Itead all the covenants c. i-fully. If a mortgage is 
 taken :ls security for a debt previously contra.'li'il it will not be binding 
 against other cre.litors if there is not sutlicient otlier [iroiierty to pay tluir 
 claims in full. 
 
 If money is actually \ 
 unless done on the eve of 
 action for that purpose. 
 
 If the mortgagee gives consent to the mortgagor to dispo.se of any of 
 the articles covereil by the mortgage it virtually destroys his lien, and 
 other creditors may come in and share i)ro rata. Relieving nart relieves 
 all. ' 
 
 A chattel mortgage' cov.'ring the growing crops of ,-i farm wnuld 
 .lot cover the crops of the next year unless it so expressly pr(.)vide'd. 
 
 Articles of furniture, etc., belonging to the wife either by purchase or 
 gift caimot be si'ized mider a mortgage given by the husband, even though 
 they are nanieil in it, unless she also signed the UKjrtgage. 
 
 If the mortgagor disposes of any of the goods covered bj' a mortgage, 
 or removes them out of the county without the consent of the mortgagee 
 he is liable to a criminal action. It is also a breach of a covenant that 
 gives the mortgagee the riglit of po.s.se.ssion. 
 
 If the mortgagee simply takes possession of the goods and holds them 
 as his own without selling them the mortgagor has then an "ei|uitvof 
 redemption " for a limited time, wliich the courts will recognize, and he 
 nuiy enter an action ag.-iinst tlie mortgagee for "redemption or sale of the 
 goods." 
 
Ml iisn JACKS. 
 
 'HAlTKi; NIII 
 
 M<>!;t(;.\(;i;s. 
 
 •.'S« A Mortgage ..n ical estate is a <l.c(l or eonveynn.'e of the 
 property l>y the dehtor to tlie creditor to s,-ciire tiie payment of a ceitain 
 sum of money, with a " proviso" tliat it shall hecouie void upon the pav- 
 nient ot the deht and accumulated interest. It must therefore he n'lnein- 
 Ix'red that all the mortj,'a;jor retains is the possession and the 'enuiiv of 
 redeaiption." ' 
 
 .Mort<;ages, and deeds also, shoul<l be executed in duplicate on,, part 
 to he left in tlie Re},'istry Otiice and the other one retained l.y n'iort;;ajree. 
 
 'iSl Securing Clear Title. Before payin^r ov,.r the money there 
 slio.ild lie an (//..s//'.(-/ ol title pHMnired ; then si<,rn and re;,'iNter the mort- 
 gtv^i' an<l have the abstract continued so as to include the'"iiiorti'a"-e thus 
 inakinj,' certain that nothing' lias been entered in the meantime '"•Uthe 
 saine time this is bein;,' .Ijjjie the Sheriffs ottice should be searched to see 
 It there are any jud<jnieiits, and the Treasurer's office to s-je if taxes are 
 all paid. With thes.- precautions a safe title would be assured. Where 
 the Tjrrens Sjst.Mu of lands transfer is adopted, the certiHccte of title 
 will cont.iin all the facts, exceiit arrears of t.ix. 
 
 _ -iS-i. Registration of Mortgages. In all tl,.- \'^.,^inv<■s a mort<'a^'e 
 IS hindiiif,' on the property .is .soon as it is e.\ecuted, but the .nrst mortTrarre 
 regi.stered is the one that has first claim. Of three mort;;a;;es that nii^'ht 
 be ^'iven on the same property the same week or dav, thehVst one that i.s 
 recorded is first mortga;,'e. no difference whethei it was writtin first or 
 la^t. 
 
 All inort;:a;,'es and other instruments re},'istered must be v,.riticd by 
 afhd.ivit m proper form of a subscribing: witness present at the time of 
 the sii,'iiin<;. 
 
 The Torrens system is n-nv in fonv in -M;iniloba, Ontario nii.l the 
 North-We.st IVrritorie.s. (See Section :r)(i. i It was introduced in Mani- 
 toba and Ontario in 1X8,5, and in the North- West Territories in lS.S(i, and 
 all jrrants from the Crown since that time in tho.se Provinces are under its 
 provi,«ions. Where lands are under that system niortf;af,'es on them must 
 be re<,'istered in order to be \alid, and thev cannot be re<ri.stered without 
 the {iroduction of the certiticate of title.' A memoran.lum of the trans- 
 action IS entered by the proper officer at the Land Titles office on the 
 Certificate of Title, and al.so on the dupli.-ate certificate in th,' .fficr and 
 this constitutes the retji.stratioii. 
 
 Mort<,'a<;es on lands not broii-ht uiuler that system are re^ristered in 
 the usual way by leaviii-: a copy in the Re;,ri.stry Office Th'^- fees for 
 re;,Mstration under tlie Refristry Acts of the different Provinces are 
 very much the same. For Ontario the fees are S1.4() where the a^^r.-rati' 
 of words to be copied does not exce.-.l 700, and 1.5 cents for each addi- 
 tional hundred words up ♦o 1,400, and 10 cents for .■ach a-Mitioiial 100 
 words or fraction of a huiidrel o\ r 1,400. 
 
MOIITGAOES. 
 
 91 
 
 I't pussossion. 
 
 In Ontario tfio statutes provide that in order to lessen the cost of 
 refiistratioii the niortf,'a<,'e may have in.lorsed upon it " not to re;,'ister in 
 full," in which case the rej;istrar does not v()[)y the niorti,'aj;e in Ill's books, 
 hut the iuort<;a>,'e is nuiiihered and uk lelv ih". ,|;ite and' name entend in 
 the books. The fee is SI. 00. 
 
 'iH:t Implied Covenants in a iiinn;;,i;r'' are : 
 
 1. 'lu t>ay the m(irt<;.'i;,'e money and interest. 
 
 ■J, .\ ^'ood titlr. 
 
 ;i. A ri;,'ht t(j convey. 
 
 4. That on default the niort;.ra^'ee shall ha\. 
 
 ."). Free from all incumbrance. 
 
 ti. That the mort;,'a<;or shall execute such further assurances of the 
 lauds as may be rec|uisite. 
 
 7. That the mort<jaijor has done nothing,' to encnmbi-r the lamjs. 
 
 Tie re are no other covenants iiniilin/ in a niort<,'a;,'e, but any otiiers 
 may be expressed that are ac;reed Ujion. Do n.it fail to rrad, ni- },:i\-,- n ad, 
 carefully the niortgaj^'e before yo>i sij,;n it. 
 
 'iS4. Mortgage Covenants. There arr various claus.s ..r cov mants 
 in a mort;,'a^'e that should lnj noticed. One provides that if interest is not 
 jiaid it may be compoumh'd : another, that if taxes are not ]);dd th.> lender 
 may pay them and ehari,'e the same rate of interest that the mi>rt;,'af,'e 
 draws; another one provides that if the l>orrower does not keep'^the 
 iiuildin<,'s insinvd for a certain specified sum the lender may insure them 
 ami charge the .Nime rate of interest th mortj,'aj;e draws. If the value of 
 the security is beiii;,' depivci.ited in any way the niort^'a;,'ee may take 
 possession. 
 
 Loan companies and soiuctiiees ]irivate individuals jiut ii, xarmus 
 extra covenants to beta-r secure them.selves. and thesr slmuld all be care- 
 fully noticed before si<;ninj; the mortifaije. 
 
 For the usual (ovenants that a mort;_'ai,re contains see following,' sec- 
 tion. "Form of .Mort!.oa;,'e " which follows the Ontario .Short Forms of 
 Morl^Mj^'r with coven.'ints : 
 
 'iN."*. Form of Mortgage. 
 
 Vll)l6 unDCIltUrC iii.uio (m <luplic,ito,th.tirstaayof March, one thousand nine 
 
 hiiii.lr.'il, in puiMi.iur.- ..t the Act \\-,yecUni: .ShiTt Forms of MortL;iii;e.s : 
 
 1!kt« Ki.N .l:iiius R.ititTt MiiiiiiiiiL,'. of till' TowiiHhi]! of .\iicHstor, ill the C.iunty of 
 Brant, rrovimc of ( Intario, f^irmui-, of the hrst part, hiTcinaftrr i.ilhni the iiiorli^agor ; 
 Ma .lane .M.iniiii.K, wifi- of tlic p.irty of the tirst part, of the .second part ; 
 .\iui .lames VVilham Hrown. of tlu' Town.ship ..f .Vmanter afore.sjiid, gentlem.tn, of 
 thi' third part. hercin.ifttT called the iiiortija;;!'!'. 
 
 \VlT.^^:s.■^^:TH that in considemtioii of One Thousand (.*1,<KK)^ Dollars of lawful 
 nioii,.y ,,f Canad.i nowpaid by the said Mortgagee to the said .Mortu'agor (the receipt 
 whereof is hereliy acknowledi,'i!d). The said MortL;ni,'or doth (iraiit and Mortijaye unto 
 the said Mort'j;a;.,'ee, his heirs, execiitc^rs, adniir.istriMc.rs and assiijns fore%-er. 
 
 .Vl.l. iNli si.vi^^iL.AU that eertaiii |i.areel or tract of land ami |ireiiii»e.s situate, lying 
 and lieim; in the Township of .Ancaster .■ifores.iiil, eont.ained hy actual meai^ii'-eiiient 'line 
 llundreil .\cre.s, more or less, lieing composed of Lot Nuii'd.er Twelvi (I'J), on the 
 Fourth (4th) Concession of the Township of .\ncasteraf<'res;iid ; ami lii.i .I.me .Manning, 
 of the .second part, hereby bars her dower in said lands. 
 
92 
 
 MiiUn.ACE.S. 
 
 I'KDVii.Kii thi'* M.Tti-ayeto bo \uid oti |i,iymetit of One Thnus.inil Dr.M.irsof lawful 
 money of CaMiiii/i «itli intei-.st thereon at live per eeiit. iierannuiii. ,is follows : Tliesaiil 
 prineipal sum of One Tliou.s;iM,l Dollars to he ilue and payable in f.iur eijuil annual 
 instalments of Two llun.lre.l and Kilty Dollars each, with interest at the ratei>f live per 
 cent, per annum on the inipai.l i.riiu-ipal. payalih^ annually witli ejicli instalment of 
 |)rineipal. Tlie tirst of such payments of |ii)ijeipal and niteri^t lo he iiu«^ and pavahleon 
 the lirst ilay of Mareh, A.D. I'.tdl. ami taxes and purformaii.v of statute lalior. ' 
 
 The said Mortyayor covenants witli the siiil Morti-ai^ee that the .M..rt!.'ai,'or will 
 imy the mortuajje money and interest and .)lwerve tlir s»id proviso, that (he Mo'rtKa<'or 
 hasa good title m fee simple to the said lands, and ihat he li.is the ii;;lit to convey the 
 said lands to the sjiid Mortgatjee ; 
 
 And that on default the Mortgagee shall ha\r .pnet posse 
 free from ;dl encumbrances ; 
 
 And that the said Mort 
 as may be requisite; 
 
 And that the snid MorfgaL'.T h.is dnr.e im act to encumber the said lands ; 
 
 And that the .said M..rtgag..r wdl insure the Huildinus on the said laiids t 
 amount of not less than .-ix Ilii.idred Dollars currency ; 
 
 And the 8.ai<l Mortgagor doth Uelea.se t.. the said Mortgagee all hisclaims upo 
 .said lands subject to the said proviso. 
 
 Provided tliat the laid Mortgagee on default of payment for foin months 
 giving three m..iitlis' notice in writiie,', enter on and lease or sell the said lamls. 
 
 I'rovided that the Mortgagee may distrain for arrears of interest. 
 
 I'n.vided thai in default ..f the payment of the interest hereby secured t 
 Iiereby securi'd shall hecotiir payable. 
 
 I'rovidid th.it until default ..f pa mi 
 the said lands. 
 
 I.N Wir.sKss Whkukof th 
 seals. 
 
 ion of the said lands, 
 r will execute- such further assurances of the said land.i 
 
 • ' the 
 
 11 tlie 
 
 lay, on 
 
 > principal 
 111 llie Mortgagor shall have i|uict possesion of 
 lid p.-.rtks hereto li.ive h.reuiito ^el their hands , and 
 
 Signed, scaled and delivered j 
 in the presence of , 
 
 K, H 
 
 Coi NTV 
 
 < ll.MsTKh 
 
 ■K I'.IUNT, 
 
 W 11 
 
 I. Itll 
 
 .IaMF- lloFKIlT MaNM.Vi 
 Io.\ d.*SK M INMNO. 
 
 Ilaimltoii Olinst.'d, ,,f the \ iHage of Ancaster. 
 
 in the 
 
 1, 
 
 County of lirant, manufacturer, make oath and say . 
 That 1 was personally present, and di.l seethe within Instrument and Duplicate 
 
 hv .lai 
 
 lo'herl Manning and Ida 
 
 therfi>f duly signed, sealed and executee 
 Manning, two ,.f the parties theret.>. 
 
 '-'. That the s.iid instrument and .iuplicate were executed at the Villau'e of Aucast 
 f the sjiid Township of Ancaster. 
 
 3. That I know the said parties. 
 
 4. That 1 am a subscribing witness to the said liisirumeiit and Duplicate. 
 
 SwouN before me at the Villa! 
 yof 
 
 in th 
 
 i\, r.Kx). 
 
 H. N. HiKiiAiii., 
 
 ■ Village of^ 
 .\ncaster, in the County of lirant. I 
 this first day of Marcl ' ' 
 of .lur L..rd, r.KX). 
 
 U. 11. Ol,M.,TKl> 
 
 e year j 
 miiov., r.i,. r/.,r /.i/,i>i;/ ntH'I'iiitx iji II. ( '. ,/., ,<c-. 
 
 •iHO. Sinking Fund Mortgages hit tlinso in wliich the princii)!-! 
 and interest tu;,'i,'tlier an- divi.lr,! iutn a miiiiljcr cd' nuiu! yearly, or liall'- 
 yoarly, or tjuartcrly or iiidiitlily jinynicnts. Thi.s forii, is not used nuieli 
 in Canada sineo tlie recent lei^islation made it conijiulsory to state in the 
 Repayment Clan.se the four t'oUmviiii,' jiarticulars : (1) The amount of 
 the loan. (2) The rate of interest. (.*?) The part of each payiient that i.s 
 for interest (4) Ami the part of each payment tiiat is for principal. 
 
 With tliis protection the kirrower may know wh.'ther hi' is pavino- 
 five, six or twenty jier cent, interest, as the case may be. 'I'iie Buildin" 
 
MOUTGAfJES. 
 
 93 
 
 soc'ii'tit's arc aliout tln' 
 fuii'] loiiii of iiiorti'ii'iv 
 
 iiily institutions still ii^ih'' this <il,i '-.sinki 
 
 "« 
 
 •iHl. Payment of Mortgage. The ii'iiaynu'iit cIuuho which provi.lca 
 when ami how tlic loan or dclit is to he rcpaiij, siiouM havo ;jrcat care an.l 
 he made so explicit tliat there cannot be any douht or i|uihl.l.> as to the 
 time anil manner of the payment. Some persons desir.' the whole amoiuit 
 of principal payaMe in one stnu at a tixed .Inte, Imt the interest pavahle 
 in annual or .semi-annual instalments, as the case may he. while others 
 would d.sire to repay part of the principal each year a.", well as the inter- 
 est. The form shown in precedin;; section is of the latter class, The 
 wordin;,' can easily b" varied to suit any case. 
 
 When a mort;,',i(;e falls due it may he paid without any notice to the 
 iiiiirti,'ai;ee. 
 
 If it is overdue and the morti;aj,'ee il''inaiiil.'< payment for the whole 
 amount or even part it may he paid in full if the moVt;;amir wishes to do 
 so. Hut if only part is denuinded ainl only that much )iiel together with 
 the interest due, then in that case the niort;,Mi:or cannot si:!).sei|Uenflv pay 
 the balance without ^'iviiii,' six months' notke, or paying; six months' 
 advance interest. This six months' ailvance interest 'in 'jiavment of a 
 mort;,'a;,re i)ast due (which is in reality iidy six months' notice Tis a custom 
 that has become law althonejh it is wA found in the .statutes. 
 
 If the mort;,'a<,'e is not paid at maturity the mortgafjeo has several 
 remedies, any one of which he may pursue : He may briiii; an action to 
 obtain payment for principal and ii'iterest due: or he may bnntr an action 
 of ejectment and obtain pos.session of the land bv order of the court an<l 
 then collect the rents and profits until the full mort^'a>,'e debt and interest 
 IS paid ; or he may brim,' suit to have the mortj,'af;e f(jreclose<l, in which 
 event all ecjuities of redemjjlion are barred and he becomes the absolute 
 owner; or if the mortj^ajr*' eontains a " power of sale " he may take the 
 le^'al steps to sell, but if the mortj,'aj,'e has no "power of sale" he may 
 brin;,' actionto havo the lands sold under the direction of the court, in 
 which case if the proceeils are suthcient the debt and all expen.ses will' be 
 paid and balance pai.l over to the mort^oigor, and if not sutlicieut the 
 mortj;an;or will be ordered to pay the balance, and it will stand a;rainst 
 him if not paid. In Ontario all mortfjai^'cs are declared by statute to con- 
 tain a power of sale. 
 
 If a mortn:age is payabl.^ by instalments and one ,,r mw instalments 
 are in errears the morti,'ac;ee may sue for the overdue instalments, or he 
 may sue for the po.ssession of the property, but he cannot be thereby com- 
 pelled to accept the whole sum of the mortrjage debt, neither to foreclose 
 uidess he desires to do .so. 
 
 When makinj,' payments of either principal or interest it is not advis- 
 able merely to take a receipt, but the payment should be indorsed on the 
 back of the mortj,'a(;e. 
 
 When a mort(jai;e is payable by instalment.s it i.s advisable to take a 
 partial dischar<,'e fr(;m the mort;;a(ree, or assignee for eacli instalment as it 
 IS paid, and then reojister such dischar-re, especially is this a'lvisable if the 
 morti,'age is for a large amount. 
 
94 
 
 MnKI(;A(iKN. 
 
 'iHH. Discharge of Mortgage Wh.Mi a :iii)rt;;af:i' 1ms Im'i'd paid 
 tin- iiiorti,Mu'rr i-- nM|Uirc.i Im -i\.' til'' iiii)rtf,'iit,'i)r ii ilisclmr},'*', whicli is a 
 statut<-)r\"l'onii of n'cvipt. Wlu-ii this has hfcii tillod out ami si;,'ii.'d in 
 the pr.'sl-nce of witnuss, cluly sworn, it is registered by the niortj,'u;,'or. 
 
 If the iuort;rai:e has heen assi;,fiie(' 
 
 the assi;'nuient should he as accu- 
 
 diseharife as the iiiortt;aj;e itsel 
 •<■ taken t'ripiii the i;e;,'i^trar'.s 
 
 The <late, rejjia- 
 pi-rtitieate on the 
 
 ir alter imvineiit , eitlier IjV 
 
 rately de--crilied in the 
 tration, etc sh'HiM 1 
 as.si{(nnient. 
 
 A ilischnrgu may be given at any time at 
 the incn-tj^aj^ee or his assiirns or executors. 
 
 A dischart;!' operates as a re-conveyance of the lands to the m()rte;ai;or 
 or his lefjal representatives, and is as ffvid as a re-con veyr.nce. 
 
 When a Miorte;,a<r,. has beiMi paid in full the inortirairee is conipell.'d 
 by law to hand baclTthu niort;,'a;;e, ;uid to return all title deeds and other 
 papers he may hold in connection with the property that belonjj to the 
 nior'^'a;;or. The niorti,'a<:i'e is also hound to j^ive a dischar;,'e when pay- 
 ment'' in full is mmle. The morti^a;,'or shouM immediately reiji-ti'r the 
 discharj;e. 
 
 Tiie mortgaj;or m:iy also have a re-conveyance of tln' property pre- 
 pared ami have the mort^'a;,'ee sij,rii it if he wishes it, hut it is sutfieieiit, 
 however, to simply have a diseharrre executeil and rei;istered. 
 
 Or he mav rc.juire the mort^'agee to assign the mortjrage debt, and 
 
 the 
 
 rti,'a„'eil prcipert\ to .■uiv third person the mort'_'ajjor 
 
 •271 of Chattel 
 iy omitting; the 
 of ( )iiiario for 
 
 convey 
 directs 
 
 For a Form of Discharge of Mort;,'age see Section 
 Mortgap", which is the same in every particular, simply 1 
 word chattel wherever it occurs ;uid eliani^'iiii; the name 
 other Provinci'S refpiired. 
 
 We ;,'ive here, however, the form of discharp' auth(jrizerl by statute 
 for Newl'.runswick, which is almost n rh,itim that of Ontario, as follows: 
 
 '»h;> Form of Discharge of Mortgage. 
 
 To the le ^'istrar of Deeds ipf the ( 'o\uity of Kind's, I,, J.. lip Doe, of the 
 Parish of Havelock, in the County of KiiiLj's and Province of Niw I'.runs- 
 wick, farmer, do hereliy certify "that James Roe, of the Parish, County 
 and Province aforesaid, farmer, and Mary Roe, his wife, have satisfied all 
 money ihie on or to grow due on a certain mortf^age made by the .said 
 James Roe and .Mary Roe, his wife, to inc, the s;iiil John Doe, which mortgage 
 bears date the sixth day of September, A.D. 1897, and was registered in 
 the Registry OtHce for the Cmmty of King's, aforesaid, on the tenth day of 
 Septeinber,'A.D. iNft", in Libro No. 5, as number •'>4 on folio '■> : and that I 
 am entitled by law to receive the money, and that such mortgage is there- 
 f(ire discharged. 
 
 In witness whereof I, tiie said John Do.-. ha\e liereunl-j set my hand 
 and seal thia fourteenth day of March. AD. lODO. 
 
 Witn 
 
 Pktkii Junks. \ 
 
 John D(iK. ^ 
 
MOUTGAGES. 
 
 95 
 
 llii' J)i.sflmr^<' MUHl l«i iU'Ci'iii|iiiiiii'l hy hii alli'la\il nf the iiiortij;u;;et\ 
 See following,' form for New Hruiiswick : 
 
 N'fw Hnitiswiek. \ On tin- Utii .lay nf Marcli, AD. 1 ;»()(), h.'f..n" me 
 Kiiij^M ('i)Uiity, - Peter Kin;,', one of Her Miijesty's . Justices of the I'eace 
 To wit: ) in anil for the said t'oimty of Kiti;,''s, perso'ially eanie 
 
 and appeared the i\ itliin-nanied .Fohn Doe and acknowledged that iie dicl 
 sign, seal and execute the within release (jr discharge of mortgage for the 
 TMiri'iPses therein eontaiiied. ,, ,, 
 
 J.l'. i7i (t 11(1 far King'x Co. 
 
 'fj»0. Transfer of Mortgages Mortgages are unt negotiable by 
 indorsement, Liu may he transferred hy a.ssigntnt nl The a.ssignnient is 
 also an instrument umler seal, and muHt be recorded at the .same [)lace the 
 mortgage is registered. 
 
 If a mOi-tgage is a.s.signed the assignee takes it subject to all the 
 eipiities that bound the original holder. Therefore, if a payment wvrr 
 made on it before .assignne'nt the assignee coilld not force the mcntgagor 
 to jiay it again. He emild only look to the a.ssignor. Htit if a jiavnient 
 were made after it had l)een a.ssigned tlu'ii the !i.ssignei' could make tlie 
 mortgagor j)ay it o\er again, and the mortgagor would li.ive to look to 
 the mortgagee for a refund of the money. In tlnse i'es])i-ets it will be 
 noticed a mortgage dithers entirely from a promi.ssory note transferred 
 
 liefcire 111 '• Ulit\ , 
 
 'i9l Form of Assignment. 
 
 ^IMS llllOCntlirC ni.iile (ill (luiilicati') tlu- lirst .lay of .•seiiteiiilier, ui tlie yi-iir o( 
 mir 1,'iril niw th<'u>;in'l nine hu!nlretl. 
 
 Hktwkkn Jniues \Villi;iiii lirowii. nf the Townsliip nf Anc.-iater, in tlit County i.f 
 r>i:iiit. I'rovinoe of Ontarii', .stii.li'iit. of tlie tiist p'lrt, luTriiiafter c.-illoil tliu " A.ssiL.'iior, " 
 and .Jamt.s Wilsmi, uf tho Ciiy o! Hamilton, in the County of WiMit worth, I'lovincf of 
 < tntario, murchaiit, ht'reiii:ifter called the " .V.ssigiiL'e, " of the second part ; 
 
 WiiKUE.Xs, liy ,i Miirt>;age d.ited on the first day of March, one thousand ei;,'ht 
 hundred ,ind ninety-si\, .lames Uoburt Manuini;, of the Township of .\ncaster. County 
 of I'.rant, I'rovincr of Ontario, fanner, and wife, did ;jrant and inort,i;age the land ,ind 
 jirenii.ses therein and hereinafter de.scrihcd to .lames William lirown .ifores.iid. his licirs, 
 executors, .idininistratora and •i.s.iiL.'ns for sccnrini^ the payment of ( Ine Tliousjind Dol- 
 lars of lawful money of I 'an.ida. and tluTc is now owiii-; upon the siiid Morti,'aL;e the 
 sum of ( >nf Thousand ,-11111 Twenty-tivc Dollars : 
 
 Now THIS iM.ENriKE WITNESSETH, that in consideration of One Thousand and 
 Fifteen Dollars of lawful money of Can.ada, now paid by the sjiid .^ssi'^'uee to the .said 
 .\s3ignor(the receipt whereof islnuehy acknowleil'_'rd). Ti;Es,iid .\ssis,'iior DoTU Hkkehy 
 AssKiN and set over unto the said A.ssijxnue, his executors, .administrators and a.ssi^ns, 
 .^LI, that the said before in part recited Mort>;a!,'e. and also the sjiid sum of One 
 Thousand and Twenty-live Dollars now owing a-s .aforesaid, together with all moneys 
 that may lieroaftcr become due or owing in respect of siiid Mortgage and the full benefit 
 of ,ill powers a?id of all eovenant.s and provisos contained in said Mortgige. And also 
 full jiowtir and authority to use the name or names of the said .Assignor, his heirs, 
 executors, administrat..rs, or a.ssigns for enforcing the perform.ince of the covenants and 
 other matters ,ind things contained in the said Mortgage. .Xsn the said Assi^'iior Doth 
 HEREiiv <ju.\NT AMI CuvK.NA.ST unto the said .Assignee, his heirs and assit;ns, .Ai.L and 
 SiNori.AK ih.-.l i-ertain parcel or tract of land and premises situate, lying and being in 
 tho Township of Ancaster, in the County of Brant, Province of Ontario, containing by 
 
m 
 
 MiiUTiiAfiE.S. 
 
 WlI.l.IAM .loilN lillow-., If 
 Jamf.h W I IX in. jfk 
 
 ailiiieftsiiruiiii-nt < )nr HiimlriMl Acns, lie tin- hmhb hi. hi' cir Ifs.t, Ikih.' i-..iii|ii'»t'(l nf Lot 
 Nuiiilier Twi'lvn (I:.') Ill ttio KMiiitli (4) CoiRtj'isioii of tliu Tiiwiislii|i ..f AiiriiMtiT 
 iifiircsiiiil, To H.iVK .\.Mi TO 1101,11 tlic Hiinl Miirt'^nno ami itll iiioiioyM ari.siiii; in r>»|iict of 
 the siiine mid to accnio thiTuoii, iiiiil iilwi thu sjiiit land and preiiiiws tlieriliy granted 
 »nu mort nailed To the i se of the saiil AsHi^iiee, his lieirs, e.xecutorn, adiiiiiii.'<ti»tor» aiul 
 KOiliKTlH, almolutely forever ; but milijuct to the terms contnined in sjiid M..rtnKKf. 
 
 AM' Tin; MAin As.siijnob for his heirs, executorK, admiiiistratora and ansisiin doth 
 hereliv Ciiveimiit with the said Assiijnee, his heirs, exeeiitors, adniiiiiiitrators and asuigns. 
 That thi' saiil .Mortirane hirehy aasiijned in a (jood and valid security, anil that the said 
 sum of On.' Thiiusaiid and Tweiity-tivo Dollars is now owiiiu- and iiiipaiil, .\nii that ho 
 hft« not done or permitted .my act, m.ittiT or thiiii; Hheiuliy tlie H,iid Mortijaue has hceii 
 released or diKoliarued either partly or in entirety ; Ami that he will upon request tlo, 
 perform and execute < very act necessary to enforce the full performance of the 
 covenants and other matters contained therein. 
 
 In Withess WiiKiiKoK till sjiid parties hereto have hereunto set tin it hands 
 :knd seals. 
 
 Signed, Sealed and Uelivc rd 1 
 
 in the presence of ,■ 
 
 1> K I'orrKK. J 
 
 l!f.i M\KO "ii the day of the date of this Indenture from the said .\s.sii;nee the 
 sum of One Thousand and Fifteen Pollars. 
 
 Witness W . ■' IIiiowN. 
 
 Coi'NTV 'jk Wkmuokiii. I I. I)' xter Kdgar potter, of the City of Haiuiltoii, County 
 'I'n Wit I ui W'lUtworth, Province of (hitario, student, make I'ath and 
 
 say ; 
 
 1. That I was piTMiiially pns.nt and did see the v.ithin Inslniment :iiiil Dupli- 
 cate thereof duly signed, -caUci and executnl hy .I.imes William liroHii nm- ..f the 
 parlies thereto. 
 
 2. That the said Instrument and Dii|ilicate were executed at the City of Hamilton. 
 :i. That 1 know the said p.iiiy. 
 
 4. That I am a suliscnliiie.j witnl■s^ to the s;iid Instniment and L>u|ilicate. 
 
 Sworn before meat Hamilton, in the"! 
 County of Wtnlworth, this tirst day of ■ 1), K. roTTHR. 
 
 September, in the year of our Lord 1!MH). ) 
 
 ■I. W. Lamdkeaix. i ('•niiini.sxuiw !■ /"!■ t'il:in'i 'irluhir'l' 11 II. CJ.. etc. 
 
 'i*yi Assignment by Indorsement on Back of Mortgage 
 
 Cbifii l|^^C^tlU■C m.-ide <m duplKatn the tirst .l.iv . f September, in th 
 our L'lrd lUie thousand nine Imiidieil. 
 
 Kktueen William .lohii Brown, of tlf Town of !)umlas within 
 tirst luiit, and .lames McKay. of the City of Hamilt of the MCiinl part. 
 
 WiTNKssKTII, that the party of the tirst part in coiisideraiioii of tlie sum nf .42.-10 
 to him paid by the second party, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledu'cd, hath 
 UMUted, bar;,""iiiied, sold and .assigned, and by these presents doth grant, bariiain, sell 
 and assii^ii to the party of the second part, his heirs, I'Xeciitors, .idministiators and 
 assigns all the right, title, interest, claim and demand nhat.soevur of him, the party of 
 thelirst part, of, in and to the lands ,ind tenements ineutioiicd and described in the 
 within M'irtt;age. And also to all Mini .■ind sums of money secured and p.-iy.able thereby 
 and now nniaining unpaid. 
 
 To have and to hold the .same, and to ask, demand, sue for and recover tlie s;in:e 
 as fully to all intents and pur[ioses as he, the party of the tirst part now holds, and is 
 entitled to the Siime. 
 
 • year ■ 'f 
 iiameil, of the 
 
 In witness WHEKEOf, the parties to these present 
 and seals, the day and year first above written. 
 Signed. Sealed and Delivered, 1 
 
 have hereto set their hands 
 
 in the presence of 
 
 .IaMES lll.AlK. 
 
 William .Ioi;n Bkown, j/t 
 
MnKTfiAiiES. 
 
 97 
 
 prise 111 \\!iip may 
 
 i.M The Personal Covenant, ii ,„UNt ,„,t ;«.- torjrotten that 
 n.-arly .•very imn-V^nn,' ooiitniiis n I', i-soiml Cov.-iiiiiii l,y tho .lel.tor to pay 
 th(! civditor tlie Mini iihiikvI in tli.- incirl^'ii;,'.', tn^n-tlirr with ini.n-st etc 
 The n.urt^rap. is Nimpiy ii ii.-n on tho pr..|.vrtv ,is "■•.uritv Icr thr pavinent 
 u{ thv stijiuliit.vl Miiu. ■l|„.rrf,.r.s if th- -l.-htur uftor uil i,.;; the- uiurt.'a.'e 
 sh.MiM selitli,. pp.pt-rty It is not .iiouj^h that th.- purehasfr a.s.snm"the 
 niort;,M-.', iMviiusr thr imtscikiI ruvcnant still hin.ls th.- .)n.'iu.il .k-btor 
 Ihc- inort-at;.. shoul.l ,itlk-r K- ,list-har-..|,or ii f,;k-ase un.l.r ",-al ohtaine.i 
 roni th.- i-r.-.htor or mort^'a;;^.-. In OnUrio, on mortpif;'''^ givL-n sine.) 
 IMt-t th.- pL-rs,,nal covL-nant .."xpircs with tlie inortLm;:.- in t.-n v.-ars aft.r 
 'iiaturity 
 
 'I'liis lursuiial covenant docs not hold aijainst th. 
 hiiy th.- property siihjcct to th.- niortjra},a-. 
 
 If th.- p.,-i-son huyinjf pruii.-rty sui.ject to an .-xistiti;,' niMit'a<,'e cove- 
 nants with th.- ,nnrl.j,f,i,.r t.> ]my th.- iii.,rt;,'a<;e, the niort;.'at,'or CHironforce 
 [.aynu-nt il it is ,lu.— that is (as tli,- law Ixjoks .-xim-ss it) in.l.innifv th.- 
 nM.rt;;a;,'or a-amst the niort;,"'^," >•. I'-ut tli.- „..<,•^/-„/, , caniDt CMiip.-l him 
 to pay either princii>al ..r iiit.-r.-st. 11.- can f.jr.-cl.is.-. 
 
 In .rs.v;|/„M^,</a m..rtt,'aK,. „s collateral security for an existin.' .JeU 
 or f.)r money horrow.-.l the p.rs.,nal covenant -_,f th.- .ussitrnor to pav the 
 del.t shoul.l not h.- put in the assi;.'iiiii,.nt,as the niort;,'i>J,"' ""Iv i-* inten.le.l 
 to 1)1- the coilat.'ial s, ciirit}-. 
 
 'i\U Power of Sale. i:\ .ry inortf;a<.'e contains a clansp similar to 
 
 tlu- foll,,win^': rr.ni.1,-,1 iliat the mort;;af,'eeon d.-fault of iiaym.-nt for 
 IcMir months may, on thr.-,- lu.mths' notice, .-ntt-r on an.l l.-as.- nr s.-ll th.- 
 Sill. I laii.ls." etc. This clausr .■iiip..w.-rs the m..rt;,'a;,rt-.., after coiiiplyinrj in 
 all ivsp.-ct^ with th.- terms ..f th.- iDtic, t.. take po,sst>ssi.>n ui an.l s.-lTthe 
 ni..rlj,'aj,r,.,l lan.ls, Th.- lim.- m.-iiti.iii.-.l in this parajrraph may 1..- eli.ui.',-,] 
 an.! whatev.-r numl.er .,f m..ntlis may Ki- put in th,- mortpi;,'." will h.ild. 
 
 ill ca.se a m.irt'^a;,'!- .Iocs n(jt ont.-iin an .'Xjiress "power. if sale' in 
 Oiitari'i th.- statutes allow "that after fcair montlis' .lefault in p.-iynu-nt of 
 principal .lue, or six moiulis' .i.-fmlt in payment .if interest .lue" or after 
 an .imissi..;) to pay pr.iniums .,n insurance th.-re shall be a " power of 
 sale and th.- mort<;n<;ee may s.-ll the whole or part of the pr.,pertv eitlier 
 by public auction or private sal.-. 
 
 No sale .shall take plac- until .ift.r two months' notice to tlu- 
 mort''!iL'or. 
 
 •iW.V Form of Notice to Sell : 
 
 I hereby r..-.|uir.' you .in or bef.n-e lli.- ,|ay of , 19 (a 
 
 day not l.-ss than two (-al.-iidar months from the service of the notice and 
 not le.ss than six months after the default), to pav ott" the principal money 
 
 an.l interest secure.l by a certain indenture dated the day .If 
 
 —- , 10—, and expressed to be made between Hiere state the jiarties 
 
 andilescribe th.- mortgajrcl property), which said mortt;a;:e was re.vistered 
 
 ,,n the- .lay of , 19— (an.l if the mortrraj^'e ha,s been 
 
 assicTiied. add "and has .since become the property of the un.lerHijrnf.l"). 
 An.l I hereby .rive you ii.itice that tin- ani.mnt .lue .m the said m.jrtgase 
 
98 
 
 MDKTii.VUKS. 
 
 for iiriiicipiil, intt-n.-st uikI cunIs, n-sin-ctivcly, is a.s follows: (xtnte the 
 8fi>iiiiite anil Hints). 
 
 Anil uiiK'ss the wild |)riiicipiil inont-y, intcii'st und costs lu-r ]iiii<l on i r 
 
 before the siiM 'lay of 1 shall sell the proi-iTty coui- 
 
 jn-iseil in the said indenture, under the authority of the Act entitled, "An 
 Aet respecting Mortgajjes on Heal K.state. " 
 
 I i;iieil the day of , 19 — . 
 
 (Sitnied) . 
 
 This notice may \>r registered in the Registry Otlice of the county or 
 district in which the lands are situate, and serv.- as i.ri«of of conipliance 
 with the Act. The two months' notice may run coneurn'iitly with the 
 time of ilefault lus it may !»• gi\en any time afti-r default. 
 
 When such demand for ])ayment lia.s Im>.ii mad«' and notice ol sale 
 given no other proceedings can U; taken until the time e.xpires, unless an 
 Mriier from a County or High (.'(jurt is ohtaine.l. 
 
 The mortgagor may pay the debt within the time mentioned in the 
 notice and prevent a .sale, and if any di.spute arises as to the amount "t 
 costs the hill will he "taxed" hy the Clerk of the County Court ni the 
 LiK-al Master. 
 
 In easi' nf sale tiie lUMrtg.iLror is re.niired to ih-liver over .all tith- deeds 
 and docaments in his possession atleeting the land. 
 
 .Money deriveil froi i the sale ::oes lirst to cover costs of sale, then the 
 
 oney (lenveii 
 
 next tile pnncip.il, aui 
 
 reiimiuder (il anv) goes 
 
 to th' 
 
 to a third 
 notice, " hut where no 
 
 interest and 
 mortgagor 
 
 The laipK may he s,,M either hy puhlic or private sale, and either lor 
 cash or erei lit, and the mortgagee or a.ssigns may buy in and resell the 
 sai<l iands, or any part thereof, either hy private sale or puhlic auction, 
 without being responsible for any loss or deficiency for. <jr on account 
 (jf such estate ; and that no purchaser under such jiower of .sale shall be 
 bound to in.|uire into the legality or regularity of any :.ale under the said 
 power, or to see to the application of the purchase money. 
 
 Wlure the mortgagei' becomes the purchasiT hv is rei|uircd to give 
 the mortgagor a release oi the mortgage debt, but not if sol 
 
 party. 
 
 A mortgage might jirovide for a sale " without 
 time is tixed it must be two months. It is questionable it the courts 
 would uphold a sale "without notice" as it is contrary to enuity and 
 would destroy the eipiity of redemption. It should not be in a mortgage. 
 
 "itMJ Interefit on Mortgages is implied, unle's expressly stipulated 
 to the contrary. Mortgages on real estate may draw any interest that 
 the mortgagor covenants to pay, but in Canada if the rate is not named it 
 will Im; five percent.. Newfoundland six. If the interest is not jiaid when 
 due the mortgagee usually has power either to take posses,sion, or foreclose 
 and sell. In Ontario he may sue for the arrears of interest in the 
 Division Court if the amount is within its jurisdiction, but b.e cannot 
 em]>loy the judurment summons process to enforce payment. The different 
 instalments of interest or prineijial may be sued for separately so as to 
 brinfT them within the jurisdiction of the Division Court. Or if there are 
 
MllUriiAUKr 
 
 99 
 
 K.HJ.1S un.i chntt.'ls „f th.- ii.oi l^a^or »t: the premmes \u- iimy .listrain for 
 th.- ,iir.Hrs ,,l iMt.-reMt. Tlu- iiiortjfajfi.,.. caniu.t -s.-i/.. or n,.|| tl„. ."hMs or 
 crupH ot ,1 tfiuu.t on tLr prop.rty for rith-r ovenlu.* iiiton-Ht or princit.al 
 .N.-ltl..T can h.. s,.u- or nrU the ^j.kmIs .ili.i cliattels of ...e inort^'a-'or tlmt 
 ar.' .x.inpt, ],y st.itutt- from Ht-izuro under an ox.-cutioii .)r iHii-llonl's 
 warrHut. 
 
 Thf inorit;a-,es right to di-<train for interest i^ limite.l to one years 
 urreiirNot it.tei-eHt as u;;.iinst exeeiition cr.Nlitors or an lussi-niee for the 
 Kenenil bi-neKtot cn-iitors. (J.«„|s .jistralne.l for intcnvst sl.all not l.e 
 Hol.l exc.pt utf.i- ^u.li i.iil.li,. notice as i.s re,|uin-.l „n.lrr a l,in.lIor.l's 
 waiTant. 
 
 If a mort' 
 
 listless, still if the niort^;a;;or ever warited to 
 III that cii.se be conipelled to pay tlie arrears 
 
 .-'"^''■ ''"'■•^ ""'t foiitain the i>erHonal covenant to iiav the .h-ht 
 then interi'st in arrears eould not be rc-cov.-re.l after six vears Hut' 
 althoni,'h tiM. niort-a-eeronid n<,t in this ea.se recover more than six ve— ' 
 arrears III interest by suit 
 reijeem lie- Jiropertv he w 
 
 of interest. 
 
 If a inort;raKe is not paid ;,t inatmitv th.. inurtt:a<ree i.s entitled to six 
 months notice ami interest for that time m .•.,M,tiori f,, tli,. ,,ri-iinl s„m 
 and costs (if any) in onler to re.le,.ii' 
 
 In easeaeticin has l)eeii entered for |)aynii'nt, or a dei 
 iie'iil niadc', or notice of sale ;;iv.Ti, the six n'ldnths' furtl 
 ehur;,'cHl.|.. if the iii,,i-tj,'a;;. t ivdernis .ut th.it tilii 
 
 iiiaiid tiir pay- 
 lier interest is not 
 
 come iliii 
 
 'iif) Prepayment of Mortgages If a mori-a;re has not yet be 
 
 peakiii 
 
 I to accept 
 
 le iiKirt^'ai^fee 
 xeeptioiis, as the 
 
 >iec. 7, R..S.C ]irovisioii is made, 
 
 . Ml'- mort>,M^'ee cjiniiiit lieeoiiipi 
 p.iyment, unless there is a clause in tlie mortj,'a;,'e bin, lint: th. 
 to accept jiayment sooner. There are, howev.^i" soim 
 tiiliowiiii^ : 
 
 1, l')y a Dominion statute, chap. 27, Sec. 7, R..S.C 
 which applies to all the provinces, for th.- pavmunt of mo"rtf,'u.res aft.-r th.'-y 
 hav.- run tive y.'ars, no matter for what l.-ngth of tim.. tlu'v^w.-ie .Irawi. 
 As the clause is very concise it is here .piote.! in full : 
 
 "Whenever any principal money or int.-rest sieiir.-.l bv mort.'a're of 
 r.-al estate is not in the terms of the niortj,'a;,',- payabl,- till a time niore 
 than hvo years aft.-r th,- .late of the mort-a-e, ih.n any person liable to 
 p.'iy or entitle.l to rede.-m th.- m..rtj,M^r,., ,nav, after the .-xpiration .>f Hve 
 .w.-ars, tender M the person entitl.-.l t.) r.-c-ive the moiu-y the am..unt due 
 or i.rincipal ami interest, to-.-tluT with thre,. months' further interest in 
 iieu ot m)tic.', no further inten^st shall b.- charjjeable, or payable or 
 recoverable at any time ther.aft.-r on principal monev or interest -lue 
 un.ler the mort;,'a--. The mort;,'aj,ree, of course, canno't be compell.-d to 
 r.-ceive the m,.n..y until it is due, but if the ten.le ■ of th.- mom-y is mad.- 
 r,s above no further mt.'rest can bo coUect.'.l. 
 
 2. If, for d.fault in payment for either princij.al ..r iut.-r.st or for any 
 otiier supp.3se<l breach of eov.-nant, th,- mort;;a-.'i- .-titers a(-ti.,n to n-c.) 
 payment, or .lenmnds payment, then the mort<;a;,'e mav b.- paid in full 
 
 .)ver 
 
 j'>n 
 
 J»M. Mortgagee Taking Possession. A moifM.'ee mav take 
 pos,sessiun ot the property at any time after the mort.^Mj,'e falls due, or if 
 
100 
 
 MOUT'iAr.ES. 
 
 interest is past ihic. ;ni'! iimy t-oll.'ct tin- rents ami •■ipiily tle-m (ni tlie 
 iiioitpi;;i'. 
 
 The murtj^iippr Ciinimt cDiniiel Inni tn lureclo.se nor sell, l)iit lie can 
 compel liini tu jjive an acenuiil of the rents ami his ilealini,'s with the 
 properly. If lie is ready t" i^ay the princiiial ami interest he may liiin;,' 
 an action tn reilreni slioiiM the mortgagee l>e unwiUinn to reeei\e the 
 money. 
 
 Alsii. it' the mortgagor --hoiiM ahamlon possession of tlie property it 
 gives the mortgagee the right tn take possession. Imt he must keep, an 
 account of all rents ami income ileriveij i'mm it. ami aecmuit to the 
 mortgagor or iiis assigns for the same or snhse(|Ueiit mortgage. 's. 
 
 A mortgagee wlio simply takes possession of the pr(jperty without 
 foreclosure, or a sale, is not the ahsolnte owner of the jiroperty, in reality 
 only a " tru.stee, " as the mortgagor in that event still retains his ei|uity of 
 redemption, and m.iy hold the mortgagee liahle for all damages that m.'.y 
 be done to the property. The mortgagor niaj', any time within twenty years, 
 redeem the properly liy procuring an order from the court, that is, enter an 
 action to recover possession of the property (see Sec. 258;, and in that ca.se 
 the mia-tgagee would he comiMlled to aco it for all his dealings in connec- 
 tion with the property and make good any waste, such as needlessly cutting 
 down the standing timher, destroying or removing from the jiroperty any 
 of the huihlings, nr for luiildings that may have been hurm'd down (if in- 
 sured), and the insurance money not been u.seil to replaci' the buildings, etc. 
 In a matter of much importanee, if the m<irtgr.gee is committ ng 
 waste or materially reducing; the \.ilue of the property, an injunction could 
 be obtaine<l restraining him. hut unless the mortgagor were sure he would 
 be able to redeem the property it would only be money wa.sted to do so. 
 It Wdiiid help subseipiently. however, to .secure a venlict for damages if 
 the iiiortgaLTor would at the' time tie- waste was being ddiie, or eniiti ,11- 
 plated to be done, serve the mortgagei' witli a written jirotest, duly 
 witne.ssed, against the act. ami notify him at the same time that he wmil 1 
 be liehl for damages. 
 
 To become the abMiliite owner of th.e property willi..ut the expense 
 of foreclosure or a sale, the mortgagee must obtain from the mortgagor a 
 release of bis eipiity of redemption, either by purchase or otherwise, or let 
 it rest until it is barred by statute. 
 
 When a mortgagee takes posse.ssion and edicts a tenant cl' the 
 mortgagor who is willing to remain in possession and p.iy rent, the 
 mortgagee is lialile for the rent dtU'ing the wlinh- jieriod of s.iiil tenancy. 
 Where n mortgagee takes possession and ri'in.iiii'- in actual possession 
 of tile premises, using them in place of a tenant, he is chargeable for the 
 same rent that a tenant would reasonably be expected to pay for them. 
 This is called "occupatifm rent." The Statute of bimitations does not 
 apply in case of " occupation rent,' ami tla; mortgagee would get no title 
 simply bv possession, but he is rather in the position of a " trustee.' Such 
 rent would 'le applied by the courts tirst, to the jiayment of interest, and 
 the remainder to the mortgage principal. Hut when in case the tenant of 
 a mortgagor is ordered by the mortgagee to pay rent to him, antl lu- 
 promises to <Io so but does not, in that event it would not be held that the 
 mortgagee is in possession, and he would not be held liable for such rent. 
 
MOUTfiAriES. 
 
 101 
 
 But tht! inorti,'!ii.'fc is liable fur rctits whi.'li, l)nt for wilful lui^'lcct, 
 ini;;lit hav.' hot-ti ri'c.MVfcl, aii.l imtiiriilly wi.uld liaM/ het-ti rt-Cfivtil if 
 [i|-'>[]rrty had ln't'ii left ill liaiids of the iiiurt;,'ii;,n)r. 
 
 A iiiort;,'aj,'ee takiiijr possosHion underau ■if.'reeineiit with tht iiicirt;;ai;<)r 
 at a certaiii rt'iital does not liiiid subseijueiit iiiurtj,Mt,'e(>s who did not 
 assent. They can claim a fair r(-ntal to he char<,a'd so as the faster to ]<:{y 
 otl' the first iiiort;,'a;,'e. 
 
 't'.iU- Provision for Foreclosure. I'he object of foreclosure is to 
 take away the ninrt_jaj;(jrs e.|iiity of n deiii]ition, and also to bar claims of 
 subseijucnt morti;ai,'ees without a sal( of property. Foreclosure of mort- 
 ^'aj;e is nieridy tilin^^ a bill of forecl isure ai^ainst the mort;,'ai,'or calliii;.' 
 upon liiin to redeem bis estate fo vthwith, with payment of princii)al, 
 interest and costs, and if he fail to lo .so within the time specified 1]\- the 
 court (usuallysix montnslhe is for,-ver barred of hiseijuityof red^mptiuii. 
 
 I'nless the niort;ja;,'e specifically provides otherwise the niortga^^ee 
 may upon default in payment of either principal <jr interest accordinir to 
 the term.s of the mortj,'a;,'e, or for the len;,'th of time mentioned in the 
 statute commence a suit for lo.'eclosure. 
 
 And if the morti;a<;or desire.s to prevent the foreclosure be may, any 
 time before jud;,'mi'nt, pay the amount of mortj,'a;;e, interest and e\]]ense 
 incurred to date, or if the mortija^or or any subsiM|Uent morti^ai'ee 
 desires to force a sale t>f the pro[)erty instead of a foreclosure he mav ilo 
 so by rilin;,,' in the otiice from which the writ of foreclosure was issued, a 
 memorandum statinj; as follows: 
 
 "I desire a sale df the property instead of foreclosure.' at the .same 
 time statintr the true reascjn, as for instance, " that the property is valuable 
 and would sell for more than the uiortjja;,'e debt." In ( )ntario"he would be 
 rei|uired to deposit j?.SO in the court to which he applied f(jr tlie sale to 
 cover the expenses of a sale, unless the .juiJe-e would not re(|uire it, or 
 woulil order otherwise. 
 
 The law of foreclosure is that a morti;a;_'ee has a rii,'ht to redeem the 
 property from those in priority to liim : and to fonclo-e ae;'unst all those 
 .subsei|uent to him uiiless redeemed by them. 
 
 But if the mnrt;;a^'ee can secure by purchase or otherwise from the 
 inorti;a;ror his equity of ri'demption, or purchase the .same under a Judj,'- 
 nient, a liecree or execution, lie becomes the absolute owner of the propiTty 
 without the expense of foreelo.sure. The mortfjaj^ee thus obtaining,' the 
 ei|uity of redemption does not jjive subseijUent iuort(;a<;ees any claim 
 fti^ainst him, neitlier can they foreclo.se or sell tlie property witliout payiiit^ 
 this first uiortrrage claim in full. 
 
 This first mortj^aijee securing; un.rt^'ajjor's eciuity of reilemption .and 
 enterin;^ into ])ossession is not liable to subsei|Uent morte;a;;ees for anv 
 rents or profits he may obtain, even thinij^'h they may amo\uit to more 
 than his claim, liecause he is rej^arded as absolute owner. 
 
 A morti;ai,'ee j^'ettinj; a release of the e([uity of redemption from the 
 mort^'ai^'or does not atl'ect the jiriority of mortfjaj^es under the Re^jistry Act. 
 
 Where a debt is secured by a m(jrt},'a;;eon real estate, anil by covenant 
 and by bond, and a note jjiven by third parties as collateral, the niortijagee 
 may persue all his remedies at tlie same time, anil if he obtainerl payiiient 
 
102 
 
 M(iI!:(;a(;es. 
 
 cithtT IVdiii till- ii'iti- 1)1- cn\ . nunt <ir lion.i the foreclosure woulil he 
 preveiiteil 
 
 :{<M). Period for Redemption Winn an onh-r for lorrelo-ure has 
 been olitaiiieil tht; iiiort;;a;;or and stil>.st'«|Ui'iit inorti,'a;,'i'e.s liave six UKjntlis 
 in whieli to reiieeiii liefore final foreclosure. Where tliere are srveral 
 inort^'a^'ees or encumbrancers who have jiroved theii claims in defence at 
 the suit for f(jreclosure. tin- court will usually j;rant from oni' to three 
 months additional time in which for them to redeenj. according,' to their 
 respfctivc priorities. The court may also for sutiicieiit cause alluw a 
 shorter period tinu six months if it is deemed neces>arv. 
 
 'Mtl- Foreclosure and Redemption. After foreclosure, if the 
 morti:aj:ee sliouM sue on the covei'.ant for an allej;ed balanci' <iue, it ^^ives 
 the morti,'agor the ri^dit of redemption in ca.se he pays the liala>ice of debt. 
 In such case tlie mortf.;ai^ee nuist have the morti;aj,'ed estate still in his 
 possession so as to \x in a position to be redeemed. 'I'herefore, upon the 
 commencement of tlie action on the covenant the mort(;a<,'or should tile a 
 bill for redemption, and upon payment of tlie debt he will bi- entitleii to 
 the estate and wliatt.'Vt-r securities the morti,'a<;ee held lielonj^inj,' to th.- 
 rnortpagor. 
 
 The mort;,'ai,'ee may l)e put to his tlection. If, after the final order 
 for foreclosure the mort;;a;,'or is jn-opared to pay ort' the mortj,'a;.je deijt, 
 and notifies the mort;;a;.'ee to that effect, and the niortfjaf^ee consents to 
 receive the money, the ri;^ht of redemption is restored But if lie refuses 
 to receive such jiayiiient and should subsecpiently attempt to sue on tlie 
 covenant he would lie restrained by a court of e(]uity. 
 
 It is possible to liave a final order of foreclosure set aside, but there 
 must be substantial ;,'rouiids for it. 
 
 '.M'i Unsatisfied Mortgages. If a mort^m^je for a eertnin amount 
 covers certain projierties of a debtor which, ujion lieinj; sold, do not pay 
 the whole claim of principal, interest and expenses, and tlie debtor has 
 other property, the mort{,'aj;ee can come on that other property tuitil his 
 full claim has been sati.stied. To do so lie would sue on the covenants and 
 thus secnrinjj jud;,'ment aejainst the deVitor personally, issue an execution 
 which would bitnl ail the property of the mortgatror. 
 
 Of course the mortija^'ee couhi not touch the ^'oods or crojis of a 
 tenant, nor even the personal property of the ini>rt:,'a;,'or f.rriii/il from 
 seizure, under an execution or !an<lloril's warrant. 
 
 If the niort;j;a<;»'e b<'eame the purchaser of the morti,'a;;ed land when 
 sold lie is roijuired in that case to i^ive the inortj.fa^'or a release of th ; 
 mortija<,'e debt. Hut if sold to a third party and a balance remained 
 unpaid he wouM still have a further claim, a.s al)ove stateil. 
 
 IWli Outlawing of Mortgages. Mortiratres on real I'state outlaw 
 in Ontario and .Manitoba in ten years after maturity or last payment (jf 
 either principal or interest, unless re-ackno\vled;,'e'l in writing; l^ritish 
 Columbia, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and New Brun.swick, 
 twenty years; North- West Territories and Eii},'land, twelve j-ears ; New- 
 foundland, twenty years: (Quebec thirty years, providing the mortgage is 
 duly rei'istered. 
 
PKiil'EUTV. 
 
 108 
 
 fHAPTHR XIV. 
 
 IMtOrKRTY. 
 
 ;MM Definition. 'l'\u- \r<^a\ .Ictinitii.n nf prnjuTty is "The ri<;ht ami 
 interest whicli a iiiiiti has in laii'ls aii'i ehattfls to the exclusion of others." 
 A niaTi jinrciiuscs so many acres of land and thus aci|uires tlie jiossession 
 and exclusive ri_ !it to its use. He drains it. plants it with fruit trees^ 
 erects l>uililini,'s ujxjn it, ami tlius increases its value. The soil itself is 
 not his, hut he has aci[uireil tin' rifjht to its pos.session and use — a right 
 that exclu'les all others from its use. 
 
 In the common language of the pefiple projierty mtans the thing 
 itself. Thus, a man buys a hay horse; he calls it his property, but in 
 legal language it would be his " property in the bay horse," That is, the 
 right and title t(j its possession. 
 
 30.%. Division of Property I'roiMrty is divided into Personal and 
 lieal, usually called Real Kstate In <.^>uelx>c they are styled Movables and 
 Immovables. 
 
 1. Personal property includes all classes of proj)erty except lauds and 
 liuildings. It consists of such things jus are movable from place to place 
 with the owner, as money, mortgages, carriages, machinery, farm imple- 
 ments, live .stock, book accounts, animal crops, nursery stock, good-will 
 and lease of property for a term of years. 
 
 2. Real property includes lands, liuildings, trees grow ing upon the 
 r.oil, and eviTy natural .source of wealth such a.s coal, gas, oil and minerals 
 that may be buried in the soil. 
 
 Temporary buildings, not placed ujion stone foundations nor nailed 
 to the permanent buildings, trees and shrubs plante<l to Iw removed again, 
 as nursery stock, do not become a part of the realty, but are personal 
 property of the tenant. 
 
 Also, temporarj' .structures inside of the building, as counteni, shelv- 
 iiii,', etc.. attaelu'd by means of screws so they can be removed without 
 injury to the property, do not become a part of tlie freehold, but are per- 
 sonal property of the tenant. 
 
 ;MK5. Owner's Authority. As the owner has a right to the use and 
 
 possession of the projierty to the exclusion of all others, he may expel, 
 even by force if necessary, any other person from his premises. He can 
 sell or deed it away, or give it to his heirs, pull down his buildings or 
 otherwise destroy them, .so long as he does not interfere with tln' rights 
 of others. 
 
 If, however, a right of way has been .sold to anothiT nerson, as a lane 
 or pas.sage of ingress or egress to his property. In- caiuiot buikl upon or 
 otherwise obstruct or close up such psvs.sage over his l.uids, 
 
 307. Rights Over Others' Property. If he has property removed 
 from the street (ir road, and pays another property liolder between him 
 and such street or road a certain .sum for a right of way aa a lane, to 
 reach his property, he acquires a perpetual right, which also passe.s to his 
 succe8.sors, unless otlierwise specified in the contract. 
 
104 
 
 I'nnl'KUTV. 
 
 But the provision that formerly protecteil the owner of a buiMinir 
 from having his win'lows (hirkeneil nr n pleasant view cut oti by the erec- 
 tion of a hij^h fence or a buililin<,' by his neij^hbor is now virtually 
 abolisiied by the Statute of I.iinilatioiis. 
 
 IWH Joint Ownership is where two or more persons own a piece of 
 propi'ity jointly. All iia\e a rif;ht to it at the same time. 
 
 This class ol i)wnerslii]> occurs where a syndicate of persons combine 
 to jiurclia.se and lioM f,ir --peculative or other ])urposes a portion of liind 
 or other pro]>erty Al^o when a [leison die. without awill, hi-- lu'lis li;ive 
 a joint interest 
 
 Joint walls built by two jiarties on tli.> di\idinj; line between two 
 properties would be an illustration of joint properl}'. Neither one could 
 take it down without the consent of tlie other, but neither one can uo on 
 the 1,'round of the other to refiair it without permission. 
 
 ;{0J». Life Ownership is where a person has the use of jiroperty 
 duriii;,' his u.U\iral life. It may be aC(|uire.] by f^ift or will. He cannot 
 sell 111- mortj,'ai,'e such [jroperty. He cannot decrease its value by reiiiovin;j 
 buildin;,'s, etc., or make an\- dis,iosition of it at his death. 
 
 He may use and enjoy it for himself, or riMit it to others and enj<.)y 
 the procei/ds, or he could sell or niortj^aLTe the use of it durin;,'his life t;;ne. 
 
 C510. Ownership by Possession. In all the Provinces a " s(|uatter," 
 or any jierson (e.xcept where property is held in trust who has ]ieaceable, 
 uninterrupted possession of land, Ireatiti;,' it as his own, payin;^ ta.xes and 
 not in any way acknowledirinj^ the riyht of any other j)erson for a definite 
 number of years, obtains a <;ood title to the same and can subseipiently 
 transfer it and j^dve a clear title. (For len<,'th of time see Section 262.) 
 
 Peaceable po,s,se,ssion does not mean that there has not been any 
 disp>ite about the ownership, but rather that no action has been taken to 
 disp<jssess the intruder, 
 
 .til Dower is a lif.' estate a wife has by law, in tlie lands aci|uired 
 or held by ler husband duriiii^ coverture in which she has not barred her 
 ri^ht to liower It is of course not available until after the husband's 
 death. If n\arriae;e has l)een le^'ally dissolved the ri;;lit of dower ceases. 
 
 A wifi' is also entitled to dower in the equitable estates of the hus- 
 band to which he was beneticially entitled and had not parted with in his 
 life time. A le<,'acy in land due but not yet taken posse.ssion of. is subject 
 to dower. Alst) where there is a will which ;,'ives the wife all the 
 property, or all the residui-. a legacy dur but not yet paid would be hers. 
 
 A wife need not be tw.nty-one ye.irs ol.i to bar her dower. If a wife 
 si^n a deed it bars her dower, but a wife iMirrini; her dower in a mort^^age 
 oidy etiects her to the extent of the ri^dits of tb ■ mortgagee, and dower is 
 due on all the surplus after payment of mortgage. 
 
 In Ontario her dower is ont'-third (jf the real estate. The husband 
 cannot deprive her of the right during his life time by selling or mort- 
 gaging the property unless she bars her dowiT by signing the deed or 
 mortgage. If the husbaml dies posses.sed of real estate and makes a will 
 
I'HOI'EUTV. 
 
 103 
 
 
 she can eith.r takf tlu' portion l.ft to li.r in tlic will in liou of ilowtT or 
 she Clin retusi- to take under the will un^i cbiini her duwrr. 
 
 In Manitotia an-l North-WcMt Territories the wifr has no iluwrr in 
 thr lands of lier .Icceaseil lili>hanil, Imt the Statute of Devolution of 
 Estate 1,'ivcs her the same interest in the lamls as in the personal property 
 of the husband dyin;^ intestate. See Sec. .'inTi 
 
 In (.^uehee wife has one-half the husband's iiiuiiovalih's. In Nova 
 Scotia, New Brunswick ami 1'. H. Island tlie wife lias th.- CMiiunou law 
 rij,'ht of dower of one-third of husb.ind's real estate. 
 
 In British Columbia, Newfoundland and i.n<;lfind wife has one-tlii'd 
 interest as dower, providing; husband dies lej,'ally entitled t > ' iids -ith- 
 out having' absolutely ilisposed ^f them liy deed or will 
 
 :jl*J. Sale of Personal Property. In the sale of personal jiroprrty, 
 as in ail oilier contracts, the partiis themselves must i)e competent to con- 
 tract. The seller must have a valid title to the property sold ; the pro- 
 perty nnist be something; le^^al to ],<■ handled, and the sale must be with- 
 out "fraud, or coneealmrnt of facts which ou^dit to be known and which 
 the otlur party cannot ri asonably discover for liimself. 
 
 The price is either paiil in money or jjromised to be so jiaid, tor if it 
 Were paid in jrooils or .service it would be a barter and not a sale. 
 
 Selling personal property, which is still retained in pos,session, is 
 bindinj; a.s between the parties themselves, but is not binding again.st 
 creditors or subsei[Uent purchasi'rs, uidess a Bill of Sale is recorded. 
 
 Wheti the sale is i_ ijjletrd the property in the article passes to the 
 
 purchas.'r, whether thr article is (ielivereil or not. and thr risk also passes 
 at the .same time. 
 
 Hut the statutes of each Province (.xcept Quebec) and of Newfound- 
 land definitely state that every sale of goods and chatttds not accompanied 
 by an uumeiiiate delivery foliowed by an actual and continued change of 
 possession of the goods .uid chattels sold shall bf in writing by way of 
 chattel mortgag<» or bill of sale, which, to be binding agaii t third partii-s, 
 must be registered. 
 
 The Mortgage or Rill of Sale executed and recorded is the notice to th.- 
 public, and where thi is not done pei-sonal property- honestly purchased 
 would be liable to seizure under execution, or would be retained by a 
 sub,se<|uent puieha.ser for value wlio liad no knowledge of the previous 
 sale. fSee following section. 
 
 :ti:t Barter is where ')ne artich' is given in exchange for another 
 or for service, and if there is no warnuit}- given as to the .soundness or 
 quality the property in each passes with the delivery of the article and the 
 exchange is complete, no matter how poor a Viargain one or the other may 
 liave made. Neither party can forceahly or otherwi.se take the article 
 back he b'-.rtereii awaj*. except by consent of the other, without l)ecoming 
 liable to an action for theft and also for damages. The article itself, if 
 found, could be recovered back from him 
 
106 
 
 I'ltnl'i.UTV. 
 
 .•{14 The Property Sold Must Exist. .T(,ii,s soils Smitli a <<-rtiiu\ 
 Imrs,- at airrtaii] vrirr. I.iit afirr thr -.ale is coik'IuiIimI it is iliscovcivij tlmt 
 till- lioPNC is (icaii. Koth parties liavinjr 1h.,.„ ifrnoraiit nf the fact. Their is 
 nil sale, even tli(m;;h tlie iiioiiey had hiiii paid. 
 
 F.tit if the h.ii-se wtTt' actually km>,'ht and, say jf2() paid, the lialaiice 
 ti) he paiil at a sul.se(|uent date, and the a;;reeinent"was that tJie Imrse was 
 to remain on the preinise.s a few we, ks, lint hefore h.'ini,' removed .r 
 lalance paid he dies, the los,s would he that if the p.ireha.seraiifl he wotild 
 still have to pay the halance of |mrchase price. 
 
 :nr» Property may have a Potential Existence. The natural 
 products of the .soil, the increase of live stock or other property nniy he 
 sold in advance. For instance : A farmer may sell his apple, peach or 
 pear crop before the hmlK even liegin to show ." (ir the w<iol clipped from 
 his sheep the following' sprin;;, etc. They are not ret in existence, hut 
 they are possible ; lience they may be sold' 
 
 :{l« When a Verbal Agreement Binds. In al! the Provinces the 
 sale 111 jiers.inal property by verbal or oral a;,'reene'it is biiKlinp u\> to a 
 certain sum, but beyond that amount it does not bind either'"seller or 
 buyer, no matter how many witnesses there mifrht be to the barj,'aiii 
 
 In Ontario, New I'.ninswick and Nova Scotia anythiiii,' ("(.//•/• ^40 
 will bind . but if the amount i.s ?<40, or more, it is utterlv worthles.s. 
 
 In Manitoba. North-West Territories, Briti.sh Columbia and (Juebec 
 anythin;,' under ?.50 binds. 
 
 In I'rince Edward Island .«30, Newfoundland and Knj^hind js.'iO. 
 
 In each of the Provinces if the amount is not iir,,l,r the ti^rures here 
 named then, in order to l)e bindinl,^ the cmitract must either be bi writin;:. 
 or a part nr the whole of the ;.w)ds d.'livered, <ir a jiart jiayment made. 
 
 I^ut uji to the amounts here named for the respeetiv(,' Provinces a 
 barpun made " by word of mouth " is every whit as bindin-' as thouidi it 
 were in writinj:. " '^ 
 
 Retail merchants and other traders j,'ivin{,' verbal orders to commercial 
 tray, Hers or others for a smaller sum than these respectively for the 
 ditterent Provinces named abovr; cannot cancid their order, except bv 
 permission of the whole.sale house or nianufacturinj; firm, ami if the jrotxi's 
 are not received when shipped in lU'cordance with th,' ,inler the shippers 
 have an action for daniafres, which wouM naturallv be th,' price ,if the 
 f,'00,ls. But if the amount is ,,ver the sums name,! lier,> bir each Province 
 the order may be caiicel!e,l any time before tlie gooil.s liave been actually 
 shippe,!. •' 
 
 itn Breach of Contract of Sale. If either party should violate 
 such a ciutraet ,,t' j.uiehase or sal.', he wouM incur a' penalty to the 
 amount <if damajres the ,,th,T party c.,..'d prov,' he had suffered by the 
 breach of contract, which amount wouM naturally be the price oi the 
 article. Illustration ; .\ e.-ittle buyer a;:rees to purchase ten head of 
 cattle froni a stock raiser an.l pays ?20 to bin,! the bai'train, and is to tak,' 
 th, III within ten days. After he goes away, he sees the market «inotati,)ns 
 
I'lKH'KUTY. 
 
 107 
 
 show a <;rpiU (lepnssKjii in fiirpi^jn prices aii.l h<- coiicludcs not to carry 
 out luK contract, lie cannot recover Lis #20, Ijiit tl;/ stock raiser can sue 
 him tor tile halanjc of the purchase money. 
 
 It must Ijc romeniliereil that usually only such >iama;,'.s can he 
 recovered as actually <^;cur. Wlien an artfcle or i^oods have been bought 
 f()r the purpose of iv.sale, ami if at the time of the purcha.se tin- existence 
 of a Hul.-contract for the ;,'(jo(ls is made known to the seller and the .seller 
 then makes default in drliverin;; the profierty the [uircha.ser may 
 either {ir chase the article from .some other per.s<.)n lo fulfil the suli- 
 contract and char;,'e the sell, r with the advance price he may he compelled 
 to pay, or he may repudiate the sub-contract and recover dani(>t;es from 
 tile seller anil for whatev dama^'es he may be; charge<l with for lireach 
 of the sub-contract 
 
 If a purcha.ser is misled by the .seller as to the quantity of ^'oods he 
 is purehasin^', or part of the ;;oods he supposed he was [lurchasini; prove 
 to Ik'Ioui,' to other parties, he may . ither claim a reduction in the price or 
 refus.- to carry out tl.;' coi'trr.cL of purchase and recover hack any money 
 that may have already b<en paid. 
 
 lilH. When a Sale is Completed. In .sales that have l)een com- 
 pleted there is usually a delivery of tie- property and a continued chan;:e 
 of po,s.session, hut not n.-ce.ssarily s(j. ( JoimIs yet in chartje of a railway or 7n 
 a warehouse ni ly be delivered "by simjily liamlinj; over the bill of 1,'iding 
 or warehouse receipt. This is called a ' con. tructive delivery." 
 
 W hen the contract for tlie .sale of specific articles or <rooc's i . com- 
 pleted the rifjlit > the property is immeciiately veste<l in^the biiver as 
 also the risk, and the right to the price in the .seder, unhss the contract 
 .specially provid-^s oth.erwise. 
 
 If the buyer assumes the risk of the delivery or leaves the goods in 
 possession of the seller and they are ilestroye.i before delivery, ir will be 
 the loss of the buyer; Inn if the seller assiniies the risk of delivery then 
 the loss will be his The courts have ruled "that where a In/,, I hiri/iflii 
 IS made for the purcluuse of g(X)ds and nothing is said alx)Ut "paj-ment or 
 delivery thi> ownership nevertheless pa.sses immediately so as io ca.st upon 
 the purchaser all future risk," and the parti<'s are in the same position as 
 tliey wonhi be after a delivery of the goods. If this fact is borne in 
 mind it will remove all (hiubt ui numerous ca.ses of injury, or death of 
 liv.' stock, etc., between time tA' purchase and removal of the goods or 
 chattels. (.See following .section.) 
 
 '.it9. Bill of Sale. If the gotxls are not delivered at time of sale 
 but still left in the p<.is.se.ssion of the former owner, a liill of Sale mast be 
 tiled in the otKce where Chattel Mortgages for that district are tiled, in 
 order to make such a sale binding against judgment creditors, and subse- 
 quent purchasers and mortgagees for value. It will be noticed here that 
 a Bill of Sale differs from a Chatt<.>! Mortgage in that it is an absolute sale 
 of the goods, and not merely a lien on them a.s security for payment of a 
 debt, hence only one party signs it. (See form in following section.) 
 
108 
 
 PROPEHTV. 
 
 :fU* Form of Bill of Sale 
 
 ZEbiS lln?CnIUrC m.-ulu tli.' f.mrth .Iny of April in the ywir of -lur Lord one 
 tl, .ii-;iiiil n;n. liuMUn.l, li.-twi-fii JiiiiifS Smith, of thi'Town i.f WflUnd. in tlio ( .Mnity 
 of \\ i.lliiiid, iinil I'ri'vmci' of diitjino, iiifrchimt, v.-nilor i.f the tirat piirt. and WiiltiT 
 WiiitLTM, i)f thi' City of Toronto, Comity of York, imd I'roviucf < ■ < hitHrio, m'ntluiiiun, 
 thr vciiiU'i' ..f thii Hi'fcind piirt. 
 
 Whkk] 4- the siiid juirty "f thi- tir«l piirt i« |ioN.sfssiMl of thi> stock nf dry [• 1-^ :ind 
 
 ^jroierii.'- .iiiil ^-turo hiiiI ntlii'i' tixturi'S hfrfiTi:iftfr Mi-t forth., di'smlii'd .iiid iMiiniicr;it.'il, 
 iind hiith I'oiitract.-d .■iiid agreed with the said |uirty of thi' sn'ond part f..r thr ahsohite 
 Side to hiiii of the saiiu-, for the Hiiiii of nix hiiiidri'<l dollars. 
 
 NoH Tills Inhkntikk WlT.VKssKTH. that III pursiianci' of the s«ui ayreeiiu'iil. and 
 in I'oiisidiTHtion of the siim nf six hundriMi dollars of lawful money of Cinada. paid Ipy 
 tile said party of the second part, at or before the sealiiii; and itehvery "f tliisr I'ri'seiits 
 (the rei-eipt whereof is hereliy ackiiowledu'ed), he, the -luA party of ilu- first p;ir', hath 
 li.arnained, sold, a.- it;iied, transferred, .imi set over and l>y tluse I'resents doth liirtraiii, 
 sell, a.ssi>;n, transfer and set over, uiilo the said party of the secoiiil (uirt, his < xecutors, 
 adniiiiistrators and a.sKiyii», ,\LI. thosk the siiid dry ^ooils .iiiil groceries and store and 
 othce tixtures, as per inventory hereunto attnched and marked " .A " 
 
 .\Nli ikll the ri^ht, title, interest, property, claim and demand whatsoever, lioth at 
 law anil eiplity, or otherwise howsoever, of him the said parly of the lirst part, of, in, to 
 and nut of the same and every part thereof 
 
 To iuvE AMI TO iioi.n the said luTeinln-fore .assi','iied dry ','oim1s. groceries and 
 Ntoro and oHice lixtiires and every of tliiiii and every part thereof, with the appurlin- 
 ances, and all the riijht, title ami interest of the said ]iarty of the first [lart thereto and 
 therein, as aforesaid, unto and to tlio use of the .said party of the secoinl (.art. his 
 executors, .idministiators and assii^ns, to and for his sole and only use forever. 
 
 .\nd tlie said party of the first jiart doth hereby for himself, his heirs, executors, 
 and administrators, covenant, ppmiise ,and ajjree with the said party of the second part, 
 his executors and ailministrators, in the manner following, that is to say : " That he, the 
 .sjiid party of the lirst part, is n..w rightfully and alwolutcly possessed of ^iid entitled t'l 
 tile said hereby assii;neil ilry u'ooiis, i;riMerios and store and oltice lixtures, :ind every part 
 thereof ; anu that the said party of the hrst jiart, now hath in himself yoo.l rii;ht toassiijn 
 the same uiilo the sjiid party of the second p.irt. his executors, ailmiiiistrators and 
 a.ssi'4iis. 111 manner aforesaid, and .accordiii'., to tile tiiu' iiiteii' ami iiieaiiiiii; of these I'res- 
 eiits ; and that the s.iid i>arty hereto of the secoiiil p.irt, hisexeciitors. adniiiiistrators and 
 as.sii.'ns. shall and iii.ay from time to time, and at al' t'liics hereafter, peaceably and 
 quietly have, h.ild, pos.sess, and enjoy the .said hereby assic;ned .^.iiKts and fixtures and 
 every of them, and every part thereof, to and for his own use and ben"tit, without any 
 manner of hindrance, interruption, molestation, claim or demand wh.itsoever of, from 
 or by him the : aid party nf tlie lirst jiart, or any person or iiersoiis whomsoever, ami 
 th.itfree and Wear, and freely and .absolutely released anil discliari;ed, or otlier'vise, 
 at the co.st of the siiid party of the lirst (lart, effectually indemnified from and ayaiii.st 
 all former and other bargains, sales, s^ift.s, grants, titles, chari^ea, and encunib-ances 
 wh.itsoever. 
 
 .Vnd moreover, that ho the .sjiid party of the first part, and all persons ris;htfully 
 cUiiiiiii'„', or to claim any estJite, rii;ht, title or interest of, in, nr to the .sjiid hereliy 
 assigned goods and fixtuic, and every of them, and every part thereof, shall and will 
 from time to time, and at all times hcreafti-r upon every rea,soiiable reipiest of the siud 
 party of the seconil |)art. his executors, administrators or assiniis, but at the cost and 
 charge of the R;iid )iarty of the Seconal part, make, do and execute, or cause or jin cure 
 to be made, done and executed, all such further acts, deeds and assurances for the more 
 elfectually assii/niny and assurint; the said hereby as9it;iied <_'oo.ls and fixtures unto the 
 said party of the second part, his executors, administrat'irs and assigns, in manner afore- 
 .s.aid, and accordinj; to the true intent and iiuaning of these presents, bk by the said 
 party of the second part, his executors, .administrators or a.ssitjns, or his counsel shall be 
 reasonably adviseil or reipiired. 
 
 In wiTNK.ss wHKKKoK the Rjiid parties to these I'resents have hereunto .set their 
 hands and seals the day and year first above written. 
 
 •Siyncii, scaled and delivered in j ^. 
 
 he presence of JaMIS .-<MITU. ifff 
 
 ChaEi.ks Simmrrs. I 
 
PROPER'n-. 
 
 109 
 
 Attiilavit of piirchaser im to the sale bcim; bona -fide for value : 
 CoiNTv OK VoKh, I I. Walter WinU'm, of the City i-f Toronto, in fht- County "f York, 
 TO « IT I tliu vrnik'i' in tlie fiire^ing Hill of Sali' niiiiiud, inaki- oatli ami xay : 
 
 That thi' '-Jilc tlurt'in iiiado i» tiona tiili-, ami for good ConsiiliTation, namely the 
 ari\i:il pristiit payiiiiiit in hand to thf vendor liy the vendee of the sum of six hundred 
 doll'irs. and not for the purpose of hnldiiii; or enalilinfi me, this ileponent, to hold the 
 goods mentioned therein against the credit^.rs of the wid l>ai'(>ail|or, or any of them. 
 
 SwoKN before me at Toronti 
 
 Waitii; WiNrr.Ks. 
 
 SwoKN before meat loronto, in | 
 the County of York, thi-, 4th day > 
 of April. A.I). r.HHi J 
 
 .Iamks Brown, a riimmu.iii'11" r/i<r ^(A•lll>/ ii^'i/rii'if.i lu II. <'. ,!. 
 
 ADiJavit of witness provinjf the signing', soalini; and ilel.veiy oi i|ic liill of Sale 
 Col'NTY <iK York, \ 1, Charles .Siimmeis, of the City of Toionio, lu the County of 
 
 TO WIT : I York, make oath ami Siiy : 
 
 Tli.Lt I "i- pi r-.oiially present, and did see the within Hill of Sale duly sii;ned, .sealed, 
 ,ind ileliveiid by .lames Smith and \V .alter Winters, the parties thereto, ani' that 1. thin 
 depomiit. am a subsoribin;? witness to the same. .\nd that the name Charles Summers, 
 set and subscribed as a witne.ss to the execution thereof, is of the pri'per handwriting; 
 
 1 at the City of Toronto, County 
 
 i)f me, this deponent, and that the same was executi 
 of York, on 4tli day of April, A.U. I'.KJO. 
 Sworn before me at the Ci'y of ^ 
 Toronto, County of Y'i>rk, ihis !- 
 
 l..ronto, County 
 
 4tli (lay of April, IWO. 
 
 Jamk- I'.KOWV. ■! I-.. 
 
 J 
 
 HIT fi'r Ifihiim iitHiliivil.i 
 
 II. (' 
 
 CiUKi.Ks Simmers. 
 ■ I. 
 
 'A'ii Sales on Trial Wlhu aiticlcs tn-r jmrchasrd mi tri,-il at a 
 
 certain price tlley lim.st lie I'ejeCteil lielofe the time exjiires if tlieV i!u Imt 
 ^nit, or the sale is complete ainl the party botiinl to keep tliein. 
 
 '.VVi Guaranteeing Machinery. The 'lost ript ions ot" iiineiiiiieiy as 
 to iiiaiinor ami excelleiicu of worli. etc., that iipjii-ar in newspaper lulver- 
 tiseiiieiits ami circulars cannot he minie- a liiiniinf^ ;;iiarantee to protect the 
 piirciiaser. To liave an eH'eetive ;_niari'ntec of excellence, or that tlie 
 machine or instrument will do what is cl.iimeil for it in the circulars it 
 must either he in a ilerinite form of ;^iiarante(', or in a written or type- 
 written lette-r. The coin'ts allow for a j^oijil ileal of wh.it may he called 
 exa^jjjeratioii in mere advertisements, hence as an instrument or machine 
 miy always he tested hefore heinj^ paid for there is not inueli chance 
 afterwards to recover damages for luisrepre.sentatiou except on a written 
 j,M]arantee. 
 
 Wi'A. Sals by Sample or Description are made on the warranty 
 tliat tile t;ooils when delivereii will correspond in kiml and ipiality with 
 the ilescription tjiven or sample shown, anil if such is not the case there is 
 no iiinding Kale. Ti.e article must not be retained, or u.sed. If the seller 
 was to remove the article, if unsatisfactory, the notice should he given as 
 per aoreemeiit, and the article' cared for until removed. If a cumbersome 
 machine were leit an unreasonahle timi it must still he cared for, hut 
 stora^'e could he charged -.nd collected hefore delivering the property. 
 
 •V14 Selling Stolen Goods does not give tlieni a good tith' in the 
 hands of an innocent inirchaser for value, as in the case' witli the jiro- 
 missory note. 'I'liey can he re-taken wlierever found. 
 
 
no 
 
 li;"l'KHI V 
 
 •t'tr, IiiUenimty FJop.d for Payment of Lost Note. 
 
 SKALKh \>y my h.-iU hii.1 il.itrd this 4tli day nf ( M.,hi.r I'KJO 
 
 en,l,,r»..a l.y Monry . nn.s. „,„1 .lat-d J,„„. 4tl,. V.m. .1..1 „r.„„iH,. ,„ ,.,.v S. Z } ,' 
 P,. ttH or or.l..r .,,... hundr.-l and t»vnty.five d..lk,s ,,,v„l,k. i..nr Jn,L"Lr Z UL 
 
 thoreof. »nd such imr., «hh .Jtt.rw.udH t...,.sf..rn..l „, , „d I,,..- tlu. ,„n ert ,f tlu^ 
 
 a» d .e„r«. Wormt ; ,uul «hen*s the sai.l <i.„ru- \V..rn.,r h1I..«., .ha. e tu.h .sa^d 
 
 -\..w the condition of tlie ahT.ve written hond is such tha. if tile 
 :"!'^!^?!";"';"'""L'"'"''"'"'"?'V''-.'": "">"f '»"•>»• <lo and shall, fro„, „„„. ,o .„„,., 
 
 his lit 
 
 and a. all tiine> h.naf.e 
 
 Hunter, 1; 
 
 • Kaid(leori;e Werre.t, 
 
 1. s^ive, defend, keep harmless, and in.lenmify .he said Ku-hani 
 tii'irs, eieoii.ors or aduif ' " ' ' ' ' ■ 
 
 niMs.rators, and his or their 
 
 Signed, sealed and lielivered "| 
 in presence of '. 
 
 Haukn I) An.kh. I 
 
 (Sim 
 
 (iKOKl 
 
 •R \\Kl;liRTT. 4f^ 
 
 I,. .St Not, 
 
 Srt'tidii i: 
 
 '.itii Sale of Book Accounts is Lilucle.l 
 tollciwiii,; l)i-i,.| iiistrmnint i.s .sutficieiit : 
 
 liy .■issi;^nini,-iit. 
 
 Tlie 
 
 /„;• r„lur rn_;-ir,',l, I herrh;/ as.'^Hjyi t,i(p,rso)is liomP) titr 
 uccoiHf,„nying acroimU <ind dalms a,jai nxt th,- ,„ rmns ,rh,jH>' 
 namtx are enumn-,iU:l (,'„a,nrmt>- thf nnmf* and uinoiinfs). 
 
 (Sir/ni^,/) ,1. WiVTf.RS. 
 
 IIS- 
 
 aiiswer 
 
 f.rr 1 • 1. ;""".""." "'■;''■''' :'""■ " •"■'■'^"" ■"">■ '"^ ^o'-^ °'- trans 
 
 fcrrtM IS well as „ot.rs, l.ut not by indorsement. Thev c.-m only be tni 
 
 k-rred by assi<,mMieiu. The above form, or one sin.il.'ir to it \ •• 
 
 lor all kinil.s of accounts, but for mortgages see Sectiun 201 
 
 -.m Goods Stopped in Transit (ioo-ls not yet ,,ai,i for. bavin., 
 been shipped tu the puiehaser, but before their delivery word beinrr 
 received ot the purchasers in.s,)lvency, may be stopped bv' .,rderi.,.r the 
 comparn- n, whose po.s.sessi,.„ they are ,mt to deliver th.,,:. providing the 
 l.ill oi iadiiij,' 1ms not been delivered. 
 
 U it sliould tun, out, however, that the purcliuser is not insolvent, 
 
I'KOI'Ein V. 
 
 Ill 
 
 tlieii llio M-ller wlm uniiiwfiiliy stopH the triunlH iti tniiisit miiv In- rfiiiiiiLMl 
 Ui iiulfiiinity tin- iiiircliiis.T'«< Io.hm, orto ileliver tlir ;r.M)ciH atLfiHiv iIiiiiiu^'im 
 sustuiiii'cl hytli.' ililiiy in ilclivcry. 
 
 ll'iH. Goods Sold by Order. With .".ll iiiipl.-ni.nt-* an.l inacliinery 
 sold liy onlt!!-, tlic imrty ;;i\ in;,' the (inlcr shoiiM r,(|iiire n. iluplicatf of tlit- 
 ortltT to Ix- left witli liim 'I'li,. law dot-n not conipi'l an ii^^'cnt to lonvc n 
 copy of tlio onlii- with thi' person ^rivinj; thr unlrr. hut th.> p.Tson hiuiM.'lf 
 has the rij^'ht ami the y/o</» /• to <l> inanil it or nfuse i<> I'ivc an onliT. 
 Ciiri' shoiilil l)c tak. !i to hc- that the copy n-adN exactly lik" ihi' orii,'inal. 
 Where the af;eiit would refuse to jrive a copy of thj order it wouil l>e 
 stron;: evidence of an intended fraud. 
 
 :t'i:> Auction Sales. At evny :iiiction sale the " terms of sale " are 
 always well ,i.|\ eriiscd If not hinj^ were said al^jui the terms they would 
 he ca.sli, 
 
 The proprietor inay have various conditions, as well as the terms of 
 creilit anno\inced hy thi; auctioneer hefore the sale conunonces, such as, 
 that the first hid must Ix- abov.' a certain sum naineil, and even the amount 
 to !«• advanced at each V)id, an underhid.ler, and a certain amount to he 
 ileposited at the time of sale, all of which will l)e hindin:; if so announced. 
 
 ;{:{0 The Auctioneer 
 
 IS the a;;rnt for Initli the srllrr and liuyer; 
 hence liiiids JMiih l.y his acts. When he is sellin^r !„• isactin;; iW a;,'ent for 
 the seller, hi't in the act of "knocking,' clown" the articl." to a"ciM-tain 
 bidder he is the a;,'ent of the purcha.ser, ancl in the nieiiiorandum nf the 
 sale he makes in his hook he acts for both parties and hinds lH>th. 
 Auctioi.eers' licenses are ^'ranted by counties and eilirs, win, may cl 
 a fee and also i,dve special rules for their ;,'o\ crriance, ,- 
 sons may si'l' by |)iiblie auction. 
 
 In Ontario, and probably all the Provinces, a inerchnut couM not s, 
 his own ^'oods by public auction without a licen.si 
 
 Bailittk who sell ^'oods under distress for rent need im license. 
 
 lay c!iar;.;e 
 no other per- 
 
 Tl 
 
 are two 
 
 sales, VIZ., 
 
 :W1. Sale of Real Estate 
 
 Executed and Kxecitory 
 
 1. HxKct'TKl) .SaI.es are those where the sale has hem completed by 
 the payment of the money and the execution and delivery of the deed o'f 
 Conveyance. 
 
 Whore pnjperty is s.,1.1 on a part payment, deed tjiven and a mort- 
 ^'a;je taken for the balance, it is advisable to in.sert a clau.se in the deed 
 statinj; the amount in cash paid and that a mortijajje had been {jiveii for 
 the unpaid balance, thereby preventintj the possibility of a second mort- 
 fjai^e takint^ priority. 
 
 2. KxKi'lToRV Sales are those where pos.session has been pa,s.sed hy 
 ajireement for .sale, but the title does not pass until the price has be>'n 
 paid in full. 
 
 The seller of real estate has a lien on the property .sold for the 
 purcha.se price, which is as binding; as a mort;,'a(;e. If payments are not 
 made accordini^to agreement he has the option of suinir for them, or if not 
 
11. 
 
 I'BOPEIITV. 
 
 iiiinl'' witliiii II r^•^.^«llnMt• time ],<■ imiy re^uiii imhsehMiim liy nn m(Ii..ii to 
 liiivi' tlu' salf cuiicfllnl. 
 
 Xt'i Agreement to Sell or Buy Real Estate. uiiI.sh in writinjj, 
 HV^wd \.\ tliv ciitruitm),' pa.tu.Hi.r tli.ir .luly aiilli-jriz.'.l iif;.'iitM, is not 
 l.nnliii};.' An ornl rontrart iiiiuIl-, even if inonej- In- jMiid on it to " hinil 
 the Iwr^.'nin." 1»h'h not liin>l eithir pnrty t<> buy or wll. 
 
 Wliiii fur any reason a lpur;;iiiti is nm<le for the mile of real estate 
 that caiiiiot U- fNVcut d imnniliiitfly, ii nieinctranilum of the a},'reemciit 
 
 shoiiM !«• writt.ii out iMi.l sij,' 1 l.y'the |.iirties, or th<ir u«fnts niithor- 
 
 izc«l, in writiii;,', Thii niak's tlif coiitnirt liin.liii^;. even thuii;;li nottiinj; 
 !«• paiil ilown An onliimry iij,'rc.iin lit without -.'iil is Hiithpiiii', iis in tlie 
 followinj,' .section. It does not convey a title, hut is sinii.ly .i hiiidiii;: 
 
 Iironii'-'' t'l eiiiiviy. 
 
 :t:(:i Form of AKreement for Sale 'i'liis a;,'ri'einriii for sale of 
 land niHV i'«' proved hy athdavii of witness and re^'istered I'V ih'' 
 i.uichjisi r. excijit wher-' tl- 'I'urrens System is in use. 
 
 HrtkiC6 of H0r*"'^'11^^''^^ m.i.l.' luwl .ntir..! ii.t..thi«l>t.liy..f.hiiuintlh. 
 ycari't "nr l-^'fil •■m- tlinuajiiul min' hiiiulriMl. 
 
 UKTV^KK.^ .l.iiiii's (iiuy, of tlif Tiiwn i.f Siiiicoi-. in the t'ounty ..f N..rf'.lk. I'r..v- 
 uieo I'f (iiit»ni>, vfiuli.r, of the tirst |uirt ; 
 
 Au.l WilliJiiii Kr.iiiklm, of tlie ■r,,wiislui. of \V,K..lh.iiiin- aforesjiid. piirrhimer. of 
 
 the Hecniid part. . ,. . , . .... .1. 
 
 Tlie BrtJd .Ihiiiis "Irny .iiiil WiMmni Franklin do hereby, rBiil>ectiveIy. for them- 
 selviH, their reMiH-ctive huirn, ixecutors ^uiil iwlniinistrators fture«' ench with thi^ other. 
 THATtlio wiid .liuiK's (irny «lmll ulII to the sai.i Wilhniii Kiiinkhii. hm.I that the shhI 
 William Fniiiklin shnll piiichnsr ,ill tlmt certftiii pan.l or Ir.ict oi laiul, lieiiii; o.mposfil 
 of l,.,t N.. Ill 111 tli>> Fifth I'ontissioii of the T'oinsliipof WoodhoiiM-, iiforiisiml, coiitaiii- 
 111;; i>y a(lim'a.suri'iiicnt lifty <icr.K inor.' or l.'ss, toutrtlur with the appurtcnaice and the 
 frnholil iiii.l inh.riiftiKi' tli.re<pf in fee siiiipU' in possession frei' from all iii.uiiil>raiici«, 
 at or for the priiu or sum of one thou>aii.l .l..llai-9 of lawful moiuy ..f Oina.la. lu-inj; tliu 
 residue of the said purclia.-..- inoiiev, on thu •JUth .lay of Si-pt.MiiI.er ni'Xt. at which tiint. 
 thi' puruliase is to he coiiipletrd. and the .said W illiaiii Kraiikliii >liall. on and fr..ii. that 
 .hiy, havii aitual |KisHrs»ion of thu said premises, nil outi^oiii|.!» up to that limi' buiii^' .lis 
 chiirfe'ed hy the said James (iray. 
 
 Th:it the production aii.l inspection of any deeds or •■tliL-r d'xuiii.m.s n.! in the 
 iiossession of the sjtid .lai.ius (Jray, and the procuring' .ind making of nil certiticates, 
 attested ollice or other copies of or e.xtracts from any deeds, wills or other documents 
 an.l of ull declar.itioni- or other evidences whatever, not in his |K.«se»Kioii. which in.iy 
 he reunired. shall Iw at the exiiense of the sahl William Fninklin. 
 
 Tha* on payment of the sai.l sum <pf SI.IHHI at the time specdieU for the payment 
 thereof as af..resjiid. the .said .lames tJray and all other neces.sary parties sh.ill i""'"''^; 
 a proper conveyance of the said premises with their ftppnrtenaiices aii.t the freehold 
 and inheritance" thereof in fee siini.le in possession free fr..in .ill dower or other inciiin^ 
 hrances. unto tli« .said William Franklin, his heirs and a.ssi-ns or as he or they sImU 
 
 That if from any cause whatever the said purchase shall net lie completed on the 
 sjiid '.llthdayof .■Septeniher next, the sai.l William Franklin shall p-iy int.rest at the 
 rate of hve [sir cent, on thu resi<iue of the purchase money fn.m that day till the com- 
 pletion of the purchase. ,1,1. 1 
 Is wiT.NEss WHKKKOF the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day an.l 
 
 the venr first aliove mentioned. 
 
 Signed in the presence of | 
 H.»KR\ I'OTTS. ) 
 
 .I»MP.s (Ikav, 
 Wii.iiAM Fhankli.v. 
 
I'Kiil KHIV. 
 
 iia 
 
 JW4 Deeds ThtTf iirf xnrious kimlH of diiils in rnmnion uh»>, «s 
 \V:irr:nily l>'il with full cuvciuiiit.s, Wmiaiity D.nl witli ii'il)rc\ uitid 
 covx'imiit.s »,>iiit Cliiitn I) I. ii IKhmI Poll and 1 rust |)i>i-.l, iis lollown : 
 
 ItlVt Warranty Deed with full cijvi'imnts is nw that jjimnintff.s a 
 rierfifl title nul lui-t . iiiciynifiit nf property to the piirchii.sfr iiml Ins 
 li»irs liiiij Hssij^'iiH alter him. Tin' coveiDuits an- nil written out at len^'th 
 I'llt uwili;; to the expense in rt'ffisterillj,' tiny have lie-n le;r,il|y ■' l.olleii 
 
 •lown ' MO as to express all the covenants in tVwiT wonls ninl thus ohIIimI 
 a Warrnnty Deed with aKIaeviateil covenants. That is the form shown 
 in this work, .Section liKi 
 
 ;Wft Quit Claim Deed is maile hy a person who does not hold a 
 pprfeet title to a pi'.p.in, in favor of some one that li.isa claim to the 
 property. It is much like ati ordinary deed without the covenants It 
 con\eys only the party's interest in the property with(jiit any ^'iiarantee 
 of title. It would he Used when II mort;,'a^'ee purchu.ses the liuid already 
 <"">i'l;,'a;,'f<l to him, the covi'iiants hein;; already made in his favor in the 
 mort;,'M;,'e It would also In- used when heirs in cominun of an estate >|uit 
 their li.iini to nu<- another and to executors. (See Section :t47.) 
 
 JtlfJ. Dced-Poll is a deed made bv one person, us in case of a 
 Sheritr's 1) 1 
 
 ItltH. Trust Deed is <]ne made to a person called a trustee, conveying; 
 property lo liim i.i he Inld in trust for some? other person. The Statute 
 of Limitations dcx'.s not .ipply in such cases He is empowered hy the 
 conveyance to carry out its provisioiiH, whatever they i lay he, as to 
 collection of rents, sale of property, etc., and for investment of the fund.s. 
 He e.iiinot use the pr<)j)erty for his own personal heiietit. The jierson for 
 V. lin-i 111 iictit the trust is lieM cannot exercise any authority over it. 
 
 Till- trustee is Ixjund to exerei.se reasonahle and ordinary care to 
 prevent lo.ss or injury and can only he held personally liable for loss oc- 
 curring; through f,'ro.ss or wilful ne^'lip'iice on the part of himself or h! < 
 a;,'ent.s. If he is commiliin;,' waste he may he restrained hy action 
 brou^rht for that pui|iose. 
 
 Property for any le;;iti mate cause bcin^ tempoiarily d.ed-xl to .iii'.tli. r 
 cannot Iw retained hy that person, if it can he .satisfactorily estahlished 
 to the court that such person was merely a trustee, althouVh the dee.l 
 
 itself di.i Hot disclov,. l|,,-ll I'.-lcl 
 
 :WJ>. Sale for Taxes All the Provinces allow the sale of hinfls 
 for taxes. Ill Oni.iiioaftir three years in arrears for taxes the land tnay he 
 sold, and a title to jiroperty derived from a tax sale extinLTuishes all other 
 titles, heirs includiil. if the sale was \i-^!\\ and the iroceiMiinirs accord in 'to 
 Statute. 1 h „ 
 
 :t-IO. Form of Statutory Deed. The followin},' is the Ontario 
 short form irr .-Statutory or Warranto Deed with al.hreviated covenants 
 
 CDIf jtlOClUlUC iniule (ill (hiplicrtte) the first day of Nevi'inbiT, in the year of 
 iMir l/circl iMK th.iiis;iiiil nine hundred, in itrsi-A-N< f. of thf. ait respectino rhort 
 
 FOKMN OF <:<)NVEYA.NeK.s. 
 8 
 
■!■ 
 
 IMHil'KI'.TY. 
 
 Ill !■ 
 
 Hktwkev Janu-s Smith, ..f th.- TowiiKliip of K.ii'„', (■.■iinty -f V.'rk. 
 yionmn, "ft lit' 'liinl pint tIiliivlikI Dullars (.*:1.<«HI) lawful 
 
 WITVIISITH t l:lt 111 COIlSllhlHtlDn of llirfO l lloll>„lII(l 1»U1 ,IIS \: . I 
 
 --"d :r:i;;'^;irs; ;:s:',t;i':; = :.tri- , ^.,».;,,,.., 
 
 „i„„ iS' f . ;,. ..» T,^:^".;;' ,;;; k;,;,'r£:U;;*' :l';::r%i:"i:;;« 
 ::;,r;r.,,''i..;t:r,';:n .Tsii' ■' i- -•<■ <■ ™ < •■"- • 
 
 -•'■'S'S s s.;;s:"';ra,S,i; s.t ,„„., ,.,..» „id 
 
 lands, "•'^^'; '" '"' f . , .^ .^j.^ ^-ovENANTs with tho >jiu1 i.;irty nf thu thud 
 
 '-^ "tilr.!;;; s;!;a';;,";Vo; ^;,r;:;:r;:;t.^^ u! u. ..a ...y of .. thi.a ,.«. 
 
 ^" "'i:.rM:i;'j:u.e%m;;l,I'u:!: ,,.rty of the second part, herehy h.r. 1,..- do.or ,i, 
 the «"^J^''';j;^_'-^,^,^^ WUEKKOK tho siiid pirt.os hereto have hereunto set their h.i.uls .1.1 
 
 seals. ^k 
 
 .Sitrneil, St-aleilaml I)eliveied| Jame.s Smith. W 
 
 iii'iireseiice of f M.\RY J \r.K Smuii. ^ 
 C. KoY .\MiKB. j 
 
 Alhdavit of Witness ; , ^- , i 
 
 rnrvTV OF York 1 I. C. Hoy \nger, of the City of Toronto County of \ork, .md 
 
 TO w't I VroWnee of Outario. student, t.iake oath and .s;iy : 
 
 I Tl.it 1 wan iKTSonally present and did see the witliin instninient and .luplio-ite 
 
 J..1V signed «.ai:da!:i:xecutyi l.y James Smith and Mary .lane Smith, two of the 
 
 ''•■"■^'^^''Thlt the said instnnnent and duplicate were executed in tlie Township of Kinu 
 ;{ That T know the stiid parties. , i i: ,» . 
 
 4; That I am a sul.scril.in- witness to the .said instrument and duplicate. 
 
 Sworn before mo in Toronto | ^, ^^^^^ ^^^.^^ 
 
 ill the County of \ork. this 1st. 
 day of N<.veml.er, .\.\). V.m. ' 
 John H. Williams, 
 A comm!.v,l„Her fnr (../,/»;; n^fviar.ts ,n the Counlu 0/ \,.rh. 
 
 :Ul Who Should Sign. Any person who hn.s unytliiiif,' yet to do 
 should .io>. tho dood. Ill tho deo,l shown here, the pt.rchaser paid the 
 Al purchiu^e price iience hav.nj; nothin^^ fntth.,- to do dul not sij^n. If, 
 
PROPEUTY. 
 
 1.- 
 
 h()«evor, thorc wore ii iiiorlj,Mc;o or cluiiii tliat ho had cDvonautccl to pay 
 ort'or to allow a portion of the property to ho usoil as a lane, etc., then he 
 
 wouM ho roi|niroil to sij^n so as to \i\i\d hiiiisolf 
 
 '.i4'i. Deed Subject to Mortgage. W'horo proporty is soM snhJoct 
 to a iiiort;,'ai;o, the purehas(,-r aj^rooiiii; to pay otl' the iiiort^'aj,'!' as part of 
 tlo' [)un'ha.se uioiioy, the niorti,'a(^e is rot'orrod to after the (lescription.s of 
 tho [irnporty, or after the clause eiiilinj; with the words "suhjoet to the 
 rese. vations. limitations, provisions and conditions o.x]irossod in tho 
 original j^rant from the Crown." with wonls like tho followini,' : ■ .Siili- 
 ject, however, to a certain niorti;ai;o made hy tho parties of the first and 
 seconil part fii wife siijn.^d, too. j^'ivinjr iianu' and date), SHcnrini^ the pay- 
 ment of trivini; amount and interest), whic' morti,'a;,'e the jiarty of the 
 third ])art aijroos to pay, satisfy and di.scharii;e and save harmless therefrom 
 tlir [Liity ol thf tirst part." 
 
 ;{4It A Deed of Gift of property from father to son, etc., is iisually 
 drawn in tlio parts that relate to the considerntioii. " Witnesseth that in 
 consideration of the natural lo\e and affection and the sum of nu- doll.ar," 
 thus 1,'ivin;,' lioth a yuor/. and ii rnl ihihti- consideration. 
 
 JJ44. V/riting Deeds. Any pirson may write a Drod who is cap- 
 able of ile.scrihin;^ the jiroperty, and it will lii' loijal, but in most of the 
 Provinces they would not dare to make a cli;iri,'e for .so doitii_', unless they 
 held the proper licon.se, or were a <luly ([ualifiod solicitor, etc. In Ontario 
 a charjje could he made, btlt it could not be collected by suit. The chris- 
 tian names of the various parties must all be given in full. The Deed 
 should be written in duplicate, one for re<;istration ami one retained by 
 the pureha.ser. There need also be a witness, who makes jin attidavit that 
 he saw the instrument sij^niMi. The atfidavit may be made bofure a 
 i;o;,dstrar. Deputy Uo;,nslrar, Supreme or County J':dge, a Notary, a 
 Ma;,'istrato or a Commissioner for takiiir; affidavits. For form of Deed see 
 .Sretiun :i4<). The forms are practically the same for all tlie Provinces, 
 and printed blanks can be obtained from nearly any stationer. 
 
 An ajjreement or tleed may be sij^ned and sealed, but it has no bind- 
 in^; effect on the maker until it is delivered into tlir h;iiids of the parties 
 in whose favor it is drawn. 
 
 Where there is any contradiction between different parts of a Deed 
 or other document, the part that is in writinj; holds a;,'ainst the part that 
 is printed, and in mort^jafjes what is written tirst over the last, but in 
 wills the last written holds over the tirst. 
 
 When land is convoyed to a corporation it is made .o "their suc- 
 ces.sors" instead of their "heirs," and to their " succesjiors in office," where 
 a conveyance is made to trustees. Corporation deeds do not nei'd the 
 atliilavit of the witness, as tho atlixinf; of the corporate .seal of the corpo- 
 ration or company is sufficient evidence of rrcnuinonoss when signed by 
 their chief officers 
 
 li4't Searching Titles. (1) Search the Lands Registry Office or 
 gi't an aljsiraci from th.' KcLjistrar to .see if there are any mortgages, liens 
 or dowers against it. (,2) Search the office of the SheriH" of the County to 
 
116 
 
 I'Udl'KKlV. 
 
 Titles otiii'.' must l.f cou.sulti-il. 
 
 •U«; Reeistration. All instniinmts nsju'ctin- titles ..i'nalost.ite 
 K 11 rfs!,W in the Ke-istrv - 'liice of th. Cmnty or Ke;:,stn, nm 
 
 K„, z«; iiv« c.,«» ,1..- tiifc .1- «..y i-p-'ty ■"■■>.«""■■'""' ■■■"' 
 
 ti 
 
 All .leeds au4 .lornnu-nts to be re,-i>teml .mist be verities 
 in pn5p<'>- f'^",. nf a witness present at the time ol signature. 
 
 :Wi Form of Quit Claim Deed 
 
 iilavit 
 
 nf iiiir 
 
 CbiiJ llll^CntUVC, ...aae (... ,l.M.li.:.te) the f>rst ,l.y nf . ...t-l.c-r, n, tl.e ; 
 Lord ..neth.msiui.i nine hundred, 
 
 by the s.mi ,,..rt.v ef the second l«iit, at or ''^f'"-^ ""- w " ,;., ,t..l leleas.-d »nd .|>mt«.l 
 e^ts (the rf „. whereof is hen^.y ^-;>^'^\^,,^;^C:^:L':^,., ,he .ud ..--y ef 
 cUin.. nn.l hy tl.ef,e presents d..th -..int '«'^ '-".^ '' ■ ,,„_ ,|,i^._ ,„,erest, >lau, .in I 
 
 ,he sec.n.l ,..rt. his liens .nd -^'l^^'-^^^^'V'','; ; .'. tt wis^hows-o^er. and whether m 
 demand whatsoever -oth at aw - ^ -. ^^ :f t tirst ,,a,t. of. m, to or ont of 
 
 "-i^:±:t;::s:::::r;^^^^^^^ wrenn.oset .he. ...... 
 
 seals. 
 
 Signed, Sealed and Delivered j 
 
 in presenee "f ■■ 
 
 Clt.iRLF.S SlMMKRS. ) 
 
 Received on the ,lay -f "le date of this indenture, the ...n, of Three Thousand 
 Dollars (i?:i.iKIO). 
 
 WitncsH : I 
 
 Chaklv- >;• MMBKs. j 
 
 .Iamks Smuh. ^ 
 
 .liMKS bMITU. 
 
rmii'KKTV 
 
 117 
 
 Aftidnvit of wjtiifSH to the cxeuutinu, 
 
 ... I I, Ch^irk-s Suminer-, "f tlu' 'Icwiishiii uf St.iiiil..i.i, ('..uiity 
 
 CoiNTY «v Wr.u.KSV I ^f WVIlMii.l I'rovinrr ..t Oiitan... ..;emleiiKiii. iii;ikr ..atli .111.1 
 
 TO WIT I 
 
 I. Tli:it 1 wiis pi-rs.iiiiiUy pivsi'iit. .ind iliil scf th',> witluii liistruiiRMU iitul the 
 Duplu-itv tluTt'of duly Sh.;nod, Soaluil iind livured tiy .l:iinf.s Smitli, oiio <if tliu partius 
 thereto. 
 
 •2. Tli;it the s.ml 1 ii^lnniieiil ;iim1 UiiplRMte wit.' e\eciileil in the InwiiNhipnf 
 Stamford. 
 
 :!. That I jiersoh.illy know tlio s.ii<l parties. 
 
 4. Tliat I am a suhscrihiiiy witness to tliu siiid Instrument ami Diipluati;. 
 
 Sworn hefore me in Stamford, County of "| 
 Wetland, Province of OntJirio, this fourth > 
 day of October. .\.r). I'.tlK). j 
 
 .loii.v 11. WiM.iAM^, .( ,7,mii(i.s.s/(iiif/'/o/- t'll.iii'i ii]fldnnt.i. 
 
 ChaKLEK SlMMEK.S. 
 
 ;{4H. Conditional Sales aro wli;u liavo lioon rolVirod tu umlrr the 
 liead of a " Liuii Note." In .SL'Uini: sowing iiiiirliinos, organ.s, pianos, etc., 
 it is connnon to .sell thoin on the " instalment plan," the buyer obtaining 
 the pos.ses';ion and use of the article, but the .seller retaining the owner.sliip 
 until it i.s paid for. These conditional sales are binding and enforc 'able by 
 oonniioti la\v,an<l all the Provinces recognize them, but e.ach Province, and 
 Newfoundland, has enacted .special legislation to protect the interests of 
 imiocent third parties in certain cases. The following .summary of the 
 various provinei.il en.-ictiiM nts mnst be carefully noticed as the diti'erencea 
 are radie;il. 
 
 If tenants purcha.s.' any article under such terms v.hich the law 
 reg.irds as a fixture to t\u- freehold the owner or landlord may hold it, 
 but he must pay the balance of tho ]un(lia.si' price. 
 
 :{4t> When Registration is Necessary 
 
 In Ontario the Lieti l,aw provides that for these conditional sales in 
 respect to manufactured articles only) to be binding against subse(|Uent 
 purchasers or mortgagees without notice in good faith for valuable con- 
 sideration, one of two things nuist be done : 
 
 ( 1 ! At the time possession is given to tin- purchasiT the name and 
 address of the manufacturer or vendor must be painted, jirinted. engraved 
 on or attached to the article: or (2, A copy of the Hen note, receipt note 
 or agreement mu.st be filed at the office of the County ("oiu-t (Terk, within 
 ten days. Fee for tiling is 10 ceu' i. 
 
 It i- only for manufactured articles ohat the Act re.|uires one or the 
 other of thesis things to be done in order to be binding against subsequent, 
 purchasers an<l mortgagees. 
 
 Household furniture (except music-'l instruments), ea ■ri.ages, live 
 stock, etc., do not reipiire either to be done as they are not inelii<led in the 
 Act, still for live stock it would be well to tile a copy of the note or 
 agreement. Carriages ustially have the makiTs name on them. 
 
 It must be noticed that sutise.iuent purehaser.s and mortgagees in 
 good faith only are protected. General creditors are not yiermitted to 
 seize .such ])roperty, no matter even if the statutory requirements have not 
 been complied with. 
 
11« 
 
 PROPERTY. 
 
 ■rtv 
 
 I'l.r ri'nt, Iml tln-v imi^t 
 
 Landlords may seize and sell sued pm 
 pay the li.ilaiice of purchase money 
 
 In British Columbia all conditional salt's nr-' void aj^ain^t NubsfMpient 
 purchasers and mortL,'a<re.s without notice, in good faith for valuable 
 consi.Kr.iliun iHde.ss a true copv of the receipt note or in.strument is hlea 
 within twentv-one days at the office where Hills of Sale arc tiled for that 
 district would be tiled' Hen- the articles need not hear the maiiuiaeturer S 
 or vemliir's name. 
 
 Such property is liable to di.stre.ss hy laiidl..ri f.T tliree montlis 
 
 arrears of rent. 
 
 In Manitoba a copv of the note or ajireement need not be filed, li- t 
 in ca.se of //i((,n//.».'^'/v"/" articles the name of the manufacturer nr vendor 
 must be painted", printed or stamjied on the article. 
 
 In North-West Territories wiun for a sal.? of goods of value of 
 SI,'), or over, to be bindint; ai,'ainst executions, attachments, subsecpK'Ut 
 n-chasers or niort;,mL;es without notice for valuable consideration, the 
 
 I'll 
 
 •icturer or 
 
 ij^ent. iind 
 ( 'lerk for 
 
 aj^reement must be in vvritinj;, signed by the !.■ 
 such writing or a copy of it tiled in th.' otfice c legistration ' 
 
 Chattel Mortgages in the registration distrit .n vvhich the purchaser 
 resides, within thirty days from .sale: and also in the registration district 
 to which the goods may be removed within fifteen days from such removal, 
 verified in each case bv affidavit of the vendor or his agent that the sale 
 is h,ni,i Vile. The lien* holds good for two years from date of registration 
 an<l may be renewed. Fee for registration 2.5 cents. They take priority 
 from date of filing same as chattel mortgages. 
 
 The statute <ioes not apply to receipt notes or onlers for farming and 
 agricultural implements of less value than .'?:{0, and other goods not 
 
 exceeding ^1;"). , , i- 
 
 They may be di.seharged or partially discharge.] by hlmg a receipt or 
 certificate same as in case of a chattel mortgage. 
 
 In New Brunswick three things are required. 1 1 ) 'I he name of tli« 
 manufacturer must be printed, stampe<l or painted on the article, (ii A 
 copy of the writing tiled in the office of the Registrar of Deeds for tuat 
 county within ten d.ivs from the execution of such receijit note. Fee tor 
 filing'lO cents. ( :} ) The manufacturer or seller must leave with the purchaser 
 a copy of the lien agreement or hire' receipt at the time of sale or within 
 
 twentv days. it, 
 
 Also, upon deman.l of any creditor or interested p.'rson lie must tile 
 with the Re<dstrar within twentv davs a sworn statement of tlii' amount 
 due thijreoiiTand failing to do 'so he forfeits his rights un.ler sjime as 
 acainst such creditor or interested p 'rson. 
 
 " In Nova Scotia the agreement must be signed by the ]>arties, with 
 afli<lavit settintr forth the contract, an.l ref.nstere.1 like a bill of wile. 
 
 In I'rinee E.lward Island to be binding against third parties one of 
 two thin-'s must be done. Either ( 1 ) the name of the manufacturer must 
 be printeTl, stamped on or otherwise attached to the article, or (2) a copy 
 of the lien a-reemeiit or receipt note must be filed in the office of the 
 
I'KOI'KI'.TY. 
 
 119 
 
 I'roUionotiiry or Dfjnity rrotlionotiirv. This <locs not apply to household 
 ^od'ls, fXCi'ji't to |)iiinos' or;,'iiiis or otlier iimsical instniiiK'nts. 
 
 ;{."»!» Retaking Possession. Articles thus sold and the note not 
 hciii;; jKiid at maturity, the sellir may retake them at once, or he may sue 
 on thf uoti'. and if he" fails to recover h.- may thtn retake the articles. It 
 is not neees.sary to procure the help of an otllcer, 1/ut care nnist Ix' taken 
 not to commit a hreaeh of the peace. If the conditional purcha.ser resi.sts, 
 force mn,st not he u.m.1. hut the article must thru he tak.u hy an "action 
 of r.'plevin," if it cainiot he olitain.'d peaceably in any other way. It 
 wuuld not lie theft to take it without ji^rmission. 
 
 :tr»l Time to Redeem, in Ontario. North-Wi.st Territories, New 
 Brunswick and Uriti-h ( 'tiluudiia. ;,'oods thus retaken hy the manufacturer 
 or seller nu.st h.' retained twenty -lays from the time possession was 
 retaken hefore they can hu sold to others, .\ny time during those 
 twenty days the purchaser may redeem tlein hy p.iyiu;,' arn-ars, interest 
 and leiral costs. 
 
 ;S.Vi. Notice of Sale. 
 
 ^v.^^ — - In Oniario. New llruusv, ick, North-\\ r^t 
 
 Territories, ;;()ods, when the price of which cxceeils ?:{0, heing thus 
 retaken lor 'ji hreaeh of the condition, nnist not only he retained for 
 twenty days, hut cannot 1"' soM without live clear days' notice to the 
 hailcc'or <l."'htor. The notice may be rriven orally or by letter. If .^ont hy 
 lett.T it shoidd h.' re^jistered amfposted at least seven days hefore the daj 
 of sale. The said five -la\s or seven days may be part of the twenty days 
 in previous section. The" North-West territories reipiire the j;oods to be 
 retained twenty days even thou^di the amount is less than .*:!(», and also 
 the ti' e days' notice. 
 
 :i."»;}. Form of Notice. 
 To [person's name], of [place] : 
 
 Sir.— L'lea.se take notice that at the expiration of live days from the 
 
 service of this notice upon you, tn wif. upon the .... day of 19. ., I 
 
 shall proce.Ml to sell the f.>llowin;,' goods or chattel [describe the propert 
 
 ^t tiie in the of in the county of . . . ..provinci of . . 
 
 The s,ii(l ^ri„),ls were taken possession of by me on account of a breach of 
 eondilionin the conditional .sale or promise of sale thereof to you by me. It 
 you desire to redeem the said j^oods or chattel you may do so at any time 
 within the twenty days re(]uired by Statute after the. . .^. .day ol ..... . 
 
 [the day of takinji possession] on payment of the sum of ?. . . ., beinjx the 
 
 amount in ariviir on such conditional .sale, together with the interest, costs 
 and actual expenses incurred in takinj; possession. 
 
 Dated this . .day of 11) 
 
 ; Signed) 
 
 It is not compulsory that the sale should take place, but simply that 
 it must not take ]ilaee without the notice being sent. 
 
 :W4. Third Parties Asking Information In Ontario and most of 
 the other Provinces any pro.«nective purchaser of an article thus covered 
 
1-20 
 
 PIIOPERTY. 
 
 l.v a li.M <n:.v .l.iH.n.l a,.! is ontitl.-l to receive, withm t.ve , ays there- 
 1 ,• fn.u, ti... ,„anutaeturer or ven-lor elai.ninK ownerslu,, uU .n or na- 
 tion concrnin;,' the an,ou,.t y-t .lue and the ter.nsof paynu'nt A ' I m 
 or ne.'lect to f.iruish suei> ini'or.nat.o.i incurs a penalty not exce,..lm- 
 $r,i^ n.ou eonvietion before a Mipen.iary or Pohce Ma;.>strate or two 
 Justices oi the I'eaee. Appea. fron, such Ju.i.n.nt .s to the Jn.^ o e 
 Countv Court without jury. The ,n,,>"'y .""tv 1- ''y "^""^ t; '"« J^^ 
 ,.in>e an.l post-oHice a.hlress, and a nply withm tne ,lays hy re-.stere.l 
 Uater to such adi'.ress wo\ihl he suthcienl. 
 
 he Act in some of the Provinces 
 e'reenielit he left with the ()Ur- 
 
 tiiiie the iIl^tru^u-nl i^ exeeuleij or 
 
 . time or within tw.nty one 
 
 :J.'»5. Copy of Lien with Vendee, 
 requires that a copy of the inn note ■ 
 
 cha-ser : 
 
 In Ontario it niust he left at tlu 
 within twenty days thereafter. 
 
 In Biitish Columbia it must hr left at th 
 
 day.- iheivaft. 1. 
 
 In New Brunswick and Prin:e Edward Island withm twenty .lays. 
 
 :{.-.« Torrpns System of Lands Transfer is now in foree in 
 Ma.ntoha, North-West Territories. IJnlish Lolumhia an.l Ontario. So far 
 in Ontario it has onlv been adopted hy the County ol \ ork and (..ty o 
 Toronto. County of Kl,;i„. and City of St. Tho.na.s, C ounty ol « >"^'":-' 'y'' 
 the Districts of Al-onia. Muskoka, Parry Sound, Nipissin-, Maiutoulin. 
 Thunder Bay and Kainv Kiver. Other municipality -s may introdnc._ 
 simr.ly by by daw. which should be spee.lily done. It is leterred to as the 
 
 ■ l.a'nd Titles Act." . , . ... 
 
 Luids .'ranted by th,' Crown since the intn^-luet i.-n ..l_ this system are 
 .subject to This Act, ami the ol.I cumbersome .system ol conveyancm- 
 cannot be used, but all d.alintrs witli such lands must be reeorde.l on 
 the " Certificate of Title." All oth.^r lands niav be brought urn ler the Act 
 on the api.lication ..f the persons interested and payment ..1 a Mnall tee. 
 
 The a,.plie,ati..n. with the deeds, is left at the Land 1 itUs < )t ice. w heie 
 the necessary blanks and all information may be obtained, ilie title is 
 there fullv investi-ate.l. and if fouml secure a;;ainst ejectme-nt or affims 
 the claim; .,f any other person, the pn.priet.^r will receive a '' certificate o 
 title," which op.-rates as a trovernment Guarantee that the tit e is perlec 
 and there is ni ffmv^ behin.l it. If a certiticate of title shoul.l be issue.l 
 to the wron.' person the <roverninent is liable for the dania-es to the 
 iniured party" The certificates are issue.l in .iuplicat.', ..ne bein- <,nven to 
 the proprietor an.l the other retaine.l in the Lan.l 1 itles ot ice. ( rowii 
 crrants of laii.l bought since the Act came into lorce are also issue.! in 
 duplieat.^ The one retained in the office constitut.'s the Register F..>ok 
 Therefore, if a proprietor wishes to mortgage, lea^-e, or in any %yise .-iicum- 
 ber his land he .'xecutes a memoran.lum of such mortgage in dupicate or 
 lease in triplicate or encumbrance, which he presents at the Lands I itles 
 Office with th.- " Certificate ..f Title." The proper officer makes a record 
 of the transacti.in on the certificate ..f title, and als.. on th.- .luphcate 
 certificate which is in the office. This constitutes the reg.strati.m of the 
 instrument, and a note under tlie han.l an.l s.-al of such ..fficer ot th.- fact 
 of such registration is made on both .luplicates ot the instrument, one 
 
l'liMi'i:i;l V. 
 
 121 
 
 ,hn>!ieat.- is then til.-.i in tl..- otli.v, and lla- uther hand, i to tliu niortpgee 
 or l.'s.s,M., tlnis eacli party will Lave a certificate showniy hiin exactly the 
 
 uiitiirc' of his intori'st .... , 
 
 Wlu.n a n.ort-a^'.- is ,,ai.l un.j.r this systrn, a receipt is uulo.-se.l on 
 the .luplicatc n.urt-uKe hel.l l.y the n.urt-a-ee, which is then brought to 
 the I..uia -rillrs utlice, and the fact of the payment ol the luul•t.^'at;e 18 
 noted on the certiticale (if title. , ., . , i 
 
 Wli.li a lease is surrendeiv-l it has "surrendered indorsed cm t, 
 "si.rned" hv the lessee and 'accepted.' in- tiie lessor, and benif,' properly 
 attested is f.roujiht to the oHice where th- proper oilier records the tact 
 of its surrender on the certificate of titli'. i- i i 
 
 Moth inort"a<'es an.l leases un.h-r this .sy.steiu may l.e transl.nv.i i.y 
 indorsement wntt.ii upon the copy of the instrument held by thr pro- 
 prii tor and then n'ljistered. , 
 
 \11 instruments for reKistration must be free trom erasures, properly 
 witw.ss..l, and i.roved. For deeds or transfer in fee one instrument is 
 sutheient, whih' mort<;a<,'es require two copies and leases three. 
 
 In this system it must not be for-otten that it is nr,t the e.Kecution of 
 an iastrum-nt that transf.rs the title, but its rej^istration in the Land 
 
 Titles ortice. . , a: 
 
 All neres-arv itif.irniMf ion iviii 1»- obtained at the ottice. 
 
 :tr»?. Mortgage under Torrens System 
 
 I \ 11 bein.r recristered as owner of an estate (here f,nve nature of 
 interest suiiject.'liowever. to such incumbrances, liens an.l interests as are 
 notified bv memoraiKlum under written (or iii.lorsed hereoi ) ot that piece 
 
 of land (describe it part of Section Township o range 
 
 (or as the case mav be), containing acres, be the same more 
 
 or less (here state rights .^'f way, easements, if any,intrnd.d to be conveyed 
 alone with the land, and if the land .lealt with contains all included in the 
 ori.'ilial .'rants refer thereto for description of panels and di.igrams otlier- 
 wis'e .set forth in the usual wav of boun.laries, and accompany d..seription 
 
 with a dia.'ram) in consideration of the sum ot dollars lent to me tjy 
 
 C. D. i insert description', the receipt of which sum 1 do lierel'V acknovv - 
 leilge, covenant with the said C. 1).; 
 
 First, that 1 will pay to him. the sai<l C. D., the aUne sum ot 
 
 dollars, on the .iay of 
 
 Secondlv, that 1 will pay interest on the said sum at the rate ot 
 
 on the dollar in the year, by eipial payments on tln' day oi an'l 
 
 on the. . . .<lay of . . ." in every year. 
 
 Thirdly (here set forth special covenants, il any.) 
 \nd for the better securing of the said V. D., the repayment m man- 
 ner aforesaid of the principal sum and interest, I herein- mortgage to the 
 said C. D. my estate and interest in the land above described. 
 
 In witness whi'reof I have henmnto signed my name this day 
 
 of U>... 
 
 Signed by the above named J Signature of Mortgagor. 
 
 A. B., in the presence of - "^ (NosealV 
 
 (Insert memorandum of mortgages and encumbrances). 
 
\12 
 
 PKOPEKTV. 
 
 :ir»H Form for Transfer of Mortxage. or Lease. 
 
 I, C. I)., tin' iiiort^'at;>'c (iiifiuiilnuiir or livisf, an thi' rase iiiiiy be „ in 
 
 conHidenition of ilollarn. tliis il.iy jiai'l lo ine hy K. F., ol ■, 
 
 the receipt of wliicli siiiii I do hereJ)y "acknowlcflire. licrcKy traiisfir tohim 
 the inort;,'a;;(' (encuiiihnince or lease, as thf ease may !"•. ilisciiliiiit; the 
 instrument fully), tii};ether with all my ri^'hts. powers, titles, aii.i iiiterct 
 
 therein. 
 
 In witness whereof, I have hereunto .subseril" •! my name this 
 
 .lav of 1!>... , ,„ 
 
 Signed by the .said f. D., ) < '• 1> ' ransferr.r. 
 
 in the presence of Accepted, b". F., Tranaferet. 
 
 ( No .seal . 
 
 :{.V.> Form of Lease 
 
 1, A. H., ImIiij,' rfi,'islfn;il as i.wirt, subject, however, to such iriort- 
 {Ta>ies'and enemiilManees as are notified by memorandum underwritten (or 
 
 mdorsed hereon) of that piece of land (describe it) part of .section 
 
 town.ship of nin;,'e 'or as the ease may be) contain- 
 ing, . . ! . . acres, . lore or loss (hen state ri^dits of way. privileges, if any, 
 intenciod to be conveyed alon;,' with the Ian. 1, and if tiie lan.l .lealt with 
 contains inelude.l in the orij;inal p-;int or eeititieat.' of title or lea.se reft r 
 thereto for des riplion an.l dia;:ra!n, otherwise s.'t forth tin. Ijoundanesof 
 metes an.l Iwun.is , do hereby lease to C. !>., of (here insert description all 
 the sai.l lan.l to be h.1.1 by him the said C. D., as tenant, fo.- the space of 
 
 years, from (here state the date ami terms) at the yearly rental of 
 
 [, dollars, payable (here insert terms of payment of rent), subject to 
 
 the covenants an.f powers implied (also s-t forth any specia' covenants or 
 moilitieation of im])lied covenants). 
 
 I, C 1). (insert .leseription). do liereby accept this U-a.se of the abi.ve 
 descriiied lan.l. to b.- held by ine as teimn't. an.l subjcet to the conditions, 
 restrictions an.l covenants above set forth. 
 
 l)ate.lthis .lay ..f 1!'. 
 
 Hijjne.l by above A. 11, as ^ .Sijrnatur.' of Lessor A. l- ■. 
 
 le.s.sor, an.l C. IX. as les.see, (^ " ■• I,essee (C. I). . 
 
 in the presence of ^ ^ ^^ ^^.^^^ 
 
 (Ibiv insert meiii..randum .)f m Tt-a-.^ and .•nc-umbrances. if any . 
 :U;0. Form of Caveat Forbidding Registration or Dealing with 
 Lands. 
 
 'I'o the Kei^istrar of District : 
 
 Take notice that 1, A. B. (insert .leseription) claimnig (state the nature 
 of the estate or interest ciainie.l, an.l the <;ronn'ls upon which such claim 
 is foun.led* in (describe th.! lan.l and refer to eertiticate of title), forbid the 
 ret,'istrati.in of anv transf.r etiectinj; such lan.l. or ih.' <;rantin<: of a e.r- 
 titicate of title thJreto, except subject to the claim herein set forth. 
 My ad.lress is (<;ive in full . 
 
 Dated this day of lit. .. 
 
 Sisnied by the ab<3Ve- ") 
 
 name.1 in the V (Si<;nature) 
 
 presence of ' 
 
MAUIiIKl> WOMKN ^ l'l(i>"KliTV miilll> 
 
 12S 
 
 I, the abovc-imnud A H (or ('. D., an ,it;,.nt fur the ah. a. uh the cise 
 ,uav I..-) of (n.M.l.iKV. iimke c.ith (or utlirnuaua -ny. ih-il a 1 all.-KHli.m« 
 in fho ftlK)ve caveat av.. true in Muhstanc- ari.l in fact and if no personal 
 knowledge a.Ul " as I have been inforineil ami verily U-h.'ve . 
 
 Swoni before me, ) Sitrnature. 
 
 .•te. j 
 
 CHAl'TKl? \V 
 
 M.\i:i;ii:i> womkns ri:oiM:i;TV Kicins. 
 
 :t(;i All luiumrrie.i woman, either as spinster or a wi.low, is as free 
 to contract as a man. in all the Provinces. N,\vfoun.llan.l and Knglan-I. 
 
 'MV* Holding Propeity. A married woman now in all the Cana- 
 dian Vvn^ul^,■. ,,xe>i.t <iuel.ec), Newfo.mdland an.l Kn^Und, may con- 
 tract in repn-d to her own property just as fieely as a man. She can 
 buy an.l sell, .sue and he sued in her own name, and her separate estate 
 onlv be liable for her debts ami contracts. 
 
 ' \ inarrieil woman has the same remedies for lli<> protection ot her 
 separate estate a-ainst her husband that she ha.-. a;:ainst otlur parties. 
 
 In anv [.roceodiiif,' concerniiif; their property, the husband and \Mte 
 are eomneteiit to idvi- evidence aj^'aiiist each other. 
 
 She now not onlv hoMs all her sep.;rate estate of both persona and 
 real nropertv fiv froin the control, debts an-l obli;;ations ol her husban.l, 
 but aWo entir.dv five from any est.ite therein by h.r hu.sband durin- her 
 lif.aiine. Eveii thou-h she may not possess any separatf ««t'ite at the 
 time she enters into such contr.ict she may still incur the liability, and 
 bind whatever property she may thereafter ac-iuire except such property 
 as she is " restrained from anticipatiii},'." (See Section •-ii-l) 
 
 In Quebec there is sutHcieiit variation to make it advi.sable to ^nve 
 the main leutun s separately. In thi^' i.ovince married women may be 
 either in communitv of prop.'ity with their husbands or separate as to 
 Dropertv If in coimnunitv the husband has the administration <• it. hut 
 at his death or a <li.sso!ntion by order of the court she takes hall thr e mi- 
 nion T.roi'ert v. Husba d can only will his own half. 
 
 Immovable propertv belon;:in<r to her before mama-e or bequeathed 
 to li.r by parents • ance.stoi-s does not become part of the community, 
 but is hers absolutely. The rents and incomes from such real estate 
 belon<' to the communitv. But in the ab.seiice of separation of property 
 wife cannot hold movable property in h-r own name, except what may 
 be willed or bequeathed to her by third parties to be her own priv.ite 
 
 ^^^'buI when separate as to property she has the control of it, and may 
 dispose of h.T movable property, but cannot sell or transfer her real estate or 
 bank sbick without the authoii.-^utiou of her husban.l, or upon his relusal, 
 
1?+ 
 
 MAKKIF.I) women's I'KOI'KKTY IIHIHTS 
 
 an order from tlie co\irt. St-jMuatioii n.s to propTty inuy Ix' ol.tainod citlier 
 by antoiuiptial CDiitraot or l.y .mK-r of omrt. She ciui ft'liiiiiiiHt.! ht-r Hcpa- 
 riit»- t'Htato anil traiisai't licr Imsini'ss in her (iwn name. II" shv iM-coims a 
 tra.ltr she must rej,'iHter htr intention of carryiii;; on sueh hnsinesH, And 
 if she iN not separate as to j)roi>erty her ;;«m«1s would Im; lial)le for her 
 hushand's del.ts. also if she has no separate estate either l-y marriage 
 contract or a judjiinent of the court tln' husband would br liable for her 
 debts. Sh." eiinnot biii.l h.i>elf as surety for her husband. When jxHsess- 
 inj: separate property is reipiireil to contribuli- in proportion (o means 
 tfjward expen.ses of household and education of the ehildren by her. 
 
 :;«:; EarninRS of Married Women. In all the IVovinus every 
 marri.d woman I. now .nlill.Ml to le.ld as separate- property and to dis- 
 pose of, as separate property, tin- waives, eurniiif;:. or money acquired in 
 anv eniiilovment or trade in which she is enpaged, or any income from 
 aiiv liti lary or arti.stic .skill or oth.r source of income in which her liu.s- 
 baiid has no proprietory interest i entirely free fr<jm lier husbaii'l's control 
 and dibts, except Prince Kdward Islaiul. 
 
 :M;4. Gifts to Wife of personal projierty, or from wife to husband 
 are perfectly le;;al if not done to defraud creditors; b\it in cases wliere 
 there is a reniote possibility of third parties b<'in>; interested ilurin;,' the 
 life of such article, if it is of value, it is better to tlo it by bill of sale, then 
 there is no ditlictdty in the matter of pnwf, and there might be if it were 
 a mere verbal i,'ift, as well as beinj; open to suspicion if the claim has to 
 1m' .hdVndcl in the courts. The form of Hill of Sale, shown in Section :{20, 
 coulil easily be changed to .suit the circumstances, and it is not necesHary 
 that a ])rinted blank should be used. 
 
 :M»."» Disposing of Her Real Estate. In all the I'rovinces except Nova 
 
 .Scotia aii'l .,iu.'li,e, shr may ii.>t .inly ImM her own real estate entirely 
 free from her husband's control and debts, but she may ciispose of it dur- 
 ing her lifetime without her husband's consent or signature and will it at 
 hi^- deci'a,se. A married woman may al-o sell her s.parate property dinrt 
 to her husband, or the husband direct to the wife without making the 
 transfer through a third party. 
 
 In N.wfoundland an I Kngland the law i.s the same in each par- 
 ticular 
 
 In Nova Scotia th.' wife cannot deed away real estiite or dower in 
 real estate without her hnsliand joining in the det i She may dispose of 
 her real estate by will if the husband gives his coi. it in writing. If she 
 makfs her will without his consent in writing he may then fleet wliether 
 to accept the provisions of the will or to take his tenancy by curtesy in 
 her real estate. 
 
 In .Nbinitoba she cannot will it away from her children, but may 
 make any distribution of it among them .'^he desires. 
 
 In New Brun.swick she can only cell or will her real estate subject to 
 the husband's right of courtesj'. 
 
 See Section :{<!+ for (Juebei-. 
 
MAItlllKK WiMlNS I'HOI'KKTY KKJHTS. 
 
 125 
 
 :UM EngaginK in Business- In all th.- l'r..v.m-iH Newfoun-llund 
 aiul Kn.'liiiHl a.,.Mrnr,l vv,„Man i.my enpi-r in biiHiiU'SH as fredy us thuu^'li 
 unniarn..i.ai..lei>l<JV the piutits .urniinj.' fro,,, s.im.- .•ntirely |rf..- iruin 
 ,". .'ontrol .„• int.Ut ..f ll-r l>..sium,i. u,..l tl..- hosl^ind U,- .nt.rcly free 
 t'ri),i, liiiliility for lier (K-litn. 
 
 In Nova Scotia to .K^'^-i' o. l''''*'"^'«-\/^1\'^"''V''^' ..''"7 r IC 
 l,„sUn.l tl,.' oms.nt of tho l„.>l.an.l n,ust U. hl..i in the- oftice for the 
 le^Mstry of lKe.is of tho county or -listrict whe.v the w.fc- res.;l.;s ,m,l 
 carols on l.u.in.HH Sh. n.u.t also tilo with th- Cl.rk of th. Mun.cpahty 
 a CTtilicato s.lti.,;; forth the foliowin- faitM •. I. Her name. 2. Nan.e of 
 hu8ba,ul. •>. IMace of l.uMness. ;;iv in,,' street anjl nun.Uer wher.. po.h.I.I. 
 If wife failH to tile sueh consent an.l eertit.cat.- the husl.an.i maj . .. so. If 
 neither one .loes then wilVs property is liuhh. for '""f '""' « ,■ f ^l*; ';;';^ 
 Imshiitul is liable for wife's cmtnicts. li any ch,in;;e t.ikes .l,ic. in the 
 business, or ren.ovnl to other premises a new certilicate must t.e l,le,l 
 
 In Prime IMwar.l Isian.l to enjra};." in separate busmess in lur own 
 nan.e she nee-is a j.rotection or.lor, so as to bin.l her esUite only ,iml free 
 her husband fro,,, her ilebts. f,>,,. 
 
 In Ma„it..l,«i she n,>iy en-age in business in her own name as frt -ly 
 as thou-h unmarried: but if she en-a-es her husband on a weekly salary 
 "o m,um«eit exelusively. .she tukin,' ru. part, the profits o the lt|s.ness 
 may be t^ken to satisfy the j,ld;;ment ere. , tors ot the husband, l-u f 
 the busine,.s is in her .,Nvn name, and with her own eapjtal and she helps 
 to maiia-.v then iiothii,;,' ean be touched fur husban.t s .letjts. 
 
 :M» Wifes Investments Inall the l'rovinces(exceptQuebec), New- 
 foundland an.l Kn-land, any shares or .st.K-k in any Rank. Moek or Loan 
 fon,rany,orany.l..lH.niun.;stan.r,ng in the nan,.. .>f a w.m..n n,arr,e.la.e 
 aeenle,! her own .separate property, unless oth.^rwis." .shown, an.l she has a 
 ,-i<d,t to all .liyi.len.ls ami protils arismj: thendrom. an.l to transler ttx 
 siui,.' with.iut th.' oncunence of h.'r husban.l 
 
 l!ut if a mairi.'.l woman shouM pureha-s.- such shares or stock- witn 
 h,., husban.ls ,„o„.'y, without his cmsent, the husbaml may procure an 
 ur.l.T fr..,„ th.' c.m,t to have su.h i„v,'stn„nts nr,.l .hvulends th.-re..l 
 
 transf.ri-.'d to him. ■ , i , , I'o 
 
 If als.,, a marri..l wo,„an ma.l.' such ...yestments wuh her husban. s 
 money, to .lefrau.l iiis civ.lit.,rs. such i„y.stme„ts i„ay U- toll.-wed by the 
 creditors an.l tiken to satisfy their claim-. 
 
 She is also entitled to hold as her own sep,i,..t- pn.perty all 1,,., . wii 
 
 earniii<,'s. wa<,'es, or income from any literary ..r artistic skill, an.l to 
 
 dispose of th(" same as lier own property. ., ,, , .„,.„;„, rv 
 
 In PriiK-.! hMwanl Isian.l she is not entitle.l to her own earnin-s 
 
 durinj; marria^re without a pn)tcction or.ler 
 
 IWtH Wife's Liability. A marrie.l woman is liable to the extent of 
 her property alter her marria<;e for the .Icbts she coutracte.l before 
 marriaire. an.l for all c.ntracts entore.l into or wrongs committed before 
 marriage, and all sums reeoy.Te.l against her for such contracts or cost 
 incnrriHl therefor are payable out oi her separate e.st^te. If she is a trade, 
 
12«i 
 
 M.VKKrKI) WoMKS's l"Ut)l'E!(l\ Itli.llTS. 
 
 Hhu iM stil.jfot ti. til." Iwiikruptcy nr insDlv.ii.y laws tli- sjiiiii' ns a ««!*•> 
 
 WDiil'l U'." If she U'iuIh in y to her husbiui.i it litconiis an uHM.t of hm, 
 
 lui'l in case of his innolvency, in most of cumcs, nhe woul.l only taU her 
 divi.l.-n.l nftiT thf otht-r crt"'<litor.- for vmIii.iI.I.' .•oi.si.l.iution lia.l Ix-en 
 MuttliMl with. 
 
 .:M;«> The Husbands Liability. TIil^ hii.>,l.ana \s huhli; for th.- 
 .iuhlM ol !i;s witr iniiu.t. I'-.i una <i<<v all oontriicts unttT.'.! into iind wronjjn 
 coMtinitted by her U-foro inurriiiKt'. and lor \vron;,'H <'oniinitt..l t.y li.T afti-r 
 iiPirriM;;.' to'th.- extent of the property he ha.s come into po^.^eH.slon of 
 
 throiiu'h his wife. .... . .• i i i . 
 
 A huslrtind and wife may W- sued jointly in respeet ot any .siieli .lebt 
 or liahilitv cmtraeted or incurred by the wif.', as mentioned in pn-vious 
 naracniph l)Ut if the plaintilf fails to establish the husband s habihty in 
 resiH^ct to the prop.'i-tv he may have acquired thiv)ii;,'h his wife, the 
 husband will obtain judj,MnL-nl for the costs of defeiic.-, whatever may bo 
 tlie result of t»ie action against tlie wife. If the plaintiH' succeeds m 
 fstablishin;: the husbands liabilitv, he will obtain joint jud^'iiient aj,'ainst 
 tile husband persoiiallv, and a^iinst the wife ■> her wparate projierty, 
 and if the husbands liability does not extend u. .lie amount of tlir clami 
 i,r dniiKiu'i's. the residu.' will' lie against the wife's separate esiate. 
 
 :»0 Wife not Liable for Family Debt For instance, a wife 
 keopini'- l)oarders and biivinj,' ;;oods on credit for the -reneral family 
 expense does not render her s.-parate estate liable for the debts. The 
 huslmiid and the huslmnd's property only are liable. If the merchant 
 wishe.H to ren.ler the wife liable lu- must make the contract with her by 
 havint; her purchase in her own name, or to {ruarjintec the payment. 
 
 A married woman, however, engaged in business in her own name, 
 any goo.Is which her busoand .. <!er8 and she accepts are chargeable 
 agiiin'st her. the husband being merely an a;;ent. 
 
 :ni. Mortgage and Wife's Property. The hu.sband cannot 
 niorfage any good.s that belong to the wife, obtained either by puvcha.se 
 withli "r own mom y, or gifts from other persons. The wife need not sign 
 a chattel mortgage unless she owns part of the gooiis, and desires to 
 mortgage theui. 
 
 :t1'i What a Wife Cannot Mortgage A wife indorsing or 
 signing notes with her hu-band or entering into any other contract renders 
 liable whatever i)roi)ertv she has in possession at the time, or may ac(juire 
 afterwards except such "property a? she is " restraint.'d from anticipating." 
 Pvoiiertv /v.s7)v»ui''./ t'rt'm ,intuii>iil'>nn usually comes to a marrie<l woman 
 under the "terms" of a will, ami while she u -ts the income from it. the 
 principal cannot be dealt witli bv her in any way. Such restraint must 
 be clearly expres.sed in the instrument. It will not be implied bylaw. 
 Such property cannot 1).> c .iisidered an asset by her. that is to .«ay, she 
 cannot mortgage, or by ordinary contract bind it. nor will the law construe 
 it as an asse't or allow it to be seized in execution or otherwise. 
 
 In New Brunswick the Supreme Court in Kijuity may, by her consent, 
 if it believes it for lier beiietit, give order to bind her interest in any 
 property even though restrained from anticipating. 
 
MAIUtlEli WOMEN S IMIOI'K.KTY Uli.llTS. 
 
 127 
 
 Newfomi-'himl allows such prDjierty to be liablf for law cohIm in suitM 
 l)i-<^uj{lit by li.i-silf ur iK-xt fiionil on hvr bobalf. 
 
 :n:i Order of Protection Any nmrrii'<l woman Imvin;; a il-'cn-e 
 
 furuliiimiu i.;,Miii>t l..r hu-Kiiii.l. ..r U'in;r for .my lr;:al cause sopanitpd 
 from iiim.' .kli.T tlin)ii;;li liin cniolly, insanity. impriM.inn.'nt m the 
 Pro\ incial I'miti-ntiarv or in u'l'ol f')r a oriminai utr.-neo , or wiios.' li-isband 
 wlio tliron;,'li bubitual .li inking' or j)rotli;.'aL-y, n.<;i<'('ts or rt-aisi-s to 
 support iu-i" nwiv obtain an onb-r ot protect ;on. .■ntithnj; luT to the 
 earnin;:s of Iht n'linor cbii-lron. .•ntirrly fr •.• from th.- .Icbts and ol)li<;ation8 
 of her husband and from under ids control. 
 
 When the married woman resides in a town or city where theie i.s a 
 Stiriendary or I'olice Ma^jistrate. the onler woul.l be obtained from hiin, 
 but when "there is no smli otiicer where she resides then the order wou.d 
 Im' given bv the Count V .ludjje. 
 
 ()rder'<jf Protection may also be procured for her nwn .arnin-is and 
 f..rthe purpose of enjia;;inj,''in trade in those Provinces where siich orders 
 are rei|uiri i|. 
 
 :fJ4 Dower See Section :U 1. 
 
 :{<.'► Dying Intestate .See Section .')()7 for Laws of Iidieritance. 
 :j;«. Husband and Wife. The civil relationships are the sanv 
 iK'tween busi and and uife as between other pel-sons in connuunity. 
 The one may steal from or defraud the other, or be ynilty of crinnnal acts 
 toward eaeb other. In all eas.'s the injured party ha.n the siime redress 
 th.'V woidd have a^'ainst other persons for similar acts The husband 
 cannot sell the wife's projierty or that of the children which conies to tin in 
 personally by ^dft or otherwis.v Husband cainiot sell i,r mort;:;ii,'e wife's 
 furnitme, sifv.Tw.ire, or any other ;,'i)ods or property belonj^iiii,' solely to 
 her I'V ;.'d't I'V .uliei wi>e, unless she sifjns the Miort;;u;;e or assents to the 
 
 An agreenuul. or contract entered into by the wife with an<l for the 
 husband throu<;h </»'>r.s.s (force) or umlue intluence may be set a.'ide the 
 s;ime as concernin;,' other parties, but she nnist act promptly in repudiat- 
 in>' it as siK)n as free from the inrtuence. 
 
 Where a husband. throuj;b drink, violence, abusive lanpua<:e. or other 
 vicious conduct renders it impossible for the wife to live with him in 
 safety and hi>nor she can leave him, and such conduct is suHieienl ground 
 to sustain an action for alimony. Wives are foolish to be m iltreated by 
 either beatin<; or starving' by a drunken, worthless, vicious or vajrabond 
 of a husl.and'vvhen i.ur law.s' and co\n-ts have ilmiwu ai-.iund tle-m such 
 ainiile protection. 
 
 ;{??. Business Relationship between husband and wife. 
 
 If a husband makes improvements on wifes ])roperty and .she dies 
 intestate he has no cl.dm on the estate for their value unless there was a 
 written a;;reeinent between them that he was to be paiil for such improve- 
 ments or To have an interest in the property to that extent: and rice 
 versa if the wife u.ses her money in impn^dng husband's projjeity under 
 similar lireuiristances. 
 
(Of, MAUUIED women's I'KOI'KKTY RICHTS, 
 
 Where husbaixl au.l wife an- livin- . •parate, an.l tli-' huslmi.-l wishes 
 to inort^^aKc or sell his real estate witiiout the wife s s,(,M>ature ho may 
 obtain Tn order fro... the court lu.der tollow.uf; cnT.....sta,.ces : (1) If ht 
 wife is ii.sa..e a.i.l co..H.ie,l i.i an a-syluni. (2) It separate fro... hei hus- 
 ha...l unaer s.ich ciieumsta..ces ..s .lisentitie her to a ...iony_ l..it in Ijoth 
 cases while the husban.l ...ay sell or n.ort-a-e h>s lan.l ;• Ire.-d an. d.s- 
 c ar.'e<! f.o... a..x el.ti... of his wife for dower th..re.n, st. the court will 
 also m-ovi.le a n.'ethod by which the wife will be secu.e.l the nd.. „l her 
 dow.T. If the wife were livi..- separate under c.rcu...stance,s where her 
 co.id.ict .lisentitie herto.l.pw.r the., no pi-ov.sion woul.l be ni.ide l,j ti.e 
 
 cou.-t to reserve its V(tlw to her. , , • i i i . , 
 
 Wife havin.; means, and the husban.l no.ie. and be...- a help es.s 
 invalid, she would be con.pelled to s.ipply hin. with the nee. ssar.es ot I.te. 
 \ husba.id advertisin;; in a newspaper that he will not be responsible 
 l-or ^o.h1s pn.chased by his wife on his credit after .late ot such a. ve. ise- 
 m.nt «..■ for her contracts) is not necessarily free from such liability 
 Th.- wife is n.vsu.ne.l to be con.petent t.. purchas.- neeessar.es lor herself 
 an.l fan.ilv, .....1 if sLe has bee., in the habit of so pu.-chas,n}X f.om n,er- 
 chants on'l.er h.isban.l s civ.lit, the notice in the newspaper will not relieve 
 the husban.l fro... liability nnle.s he c.u. show that the n.erchant had 
 knowled-'e of such a.lvertis-...e..l before the -oo.is w.re purchased 1 he 
 c.urts have ruled that • notice -iven in a newspaper not to tn.st the w.te 
 (with j:oo.1s purchased on the cr.dit ot her husband) is oi .... ithct .n 
 cases w'^b.'ie .lealers have not had knowledi,'e of it. , -.• 
 
 \ husban.l .l.sertin- his wife if he have means or an ine.m.e the w.te 
 may cho,>se bet wee., taking a., action for " Alimony " .i-a.nst Imn ; or she 
 mav take pr..cee.li..u's before a folic. Magistrate or two Justices of the 
 Peace undir tl..- ' i)es...te,l Wives Mait.tenan.e Act an.l procure an 
 onler not excee.lin- ?.-. per week for s,ip,,ort ot hers.- i an. children 
 
 For a wife to recover a jud-in.'nt for Alunony three thin-s must be 
 prove. I to tl... satisfaction of the court; (1) A L'^^al marnajj... (2) Ihe 
 leed of the wife. (:!. The deserti.m by the lu.sban. or his retu al to 
 support her. Therefore a lawful wife who is ... luv.l, not having' ....le- 
 penllent means of support, an.l v :.ere husban.l '^.-'-'^ l'^'' ""-j;;";;";. (I 
 support her. may obtain a .lecree from the court U,v ahnjonv wh.ch will 
 liK I su... in proVorti.,.. to the pr„perty and means ol the husban.l 
 
 Th,. custc.'.y ..f the voun-er children when husban. and wi e sepa- 
 ratals entirely h. the .liscretion of the court l...fore who.., "I'l'l'Cjit.on 
 may be ma.le:havi,.j; re;:ar.l t.. the weltare ol the children. After lear- 
 in.;^the facts . r the cas,. if the curt or judye is o the opinion tluit either 
 the ...other or the fath.r woul.l b.- a ...ore suitable cust.-lian ot the chil- 
 dren thev will be -iv,... Uj such parent, without rej:a.-.l to a-e or sex 
 The Onu'irio Statute says: "The court may ...ake such o.'.ler is the court 
 or jndfie sees tit repuvlinf; the custo.ly ot the ...tant an.l the r.^d.t .. 
 acce,ss1h..Teto by either parent, havin^r ,ejrard to the w.d are o the ...tan 
 an.l to the c.mduct of the parents, and Uy the wishes ol the mother, is well 
 
 as of the father. . , , -^ 1 1 r 
 
 As a .'eneral rule, however, if the wite is .leeme-l a suitable fruaidian 
 .he will Ix" -riven the custody of children nn.ler seven years of age, and 
 the husban.r. if .leem-.l a proper ;;uardian, those over that aj,'.'. 
 
l,AXI>Ln«n AND TENANT. 
 
 129 
 
 CHAFTKK XVI. 
 l.ANhLOkl) AM) TI:NANT. 
 
 :S;H. The relation subsistiii",' Vj«-t\vcfn liin<llord and tenant is that 
 which suhsists hetween the owner of honses and lands and the person to 
 whom he jjrants the use of them for a specified time for a stipulated 
 coiisi.leratioM. called rait. In the law books the landlord is called the 
 /-'.<!«,/• and the tenant the les^,'e. The same class of persons who can 
 act in re<,'ard to notes and bills can contract as re{,'ards landlord and 
 It: that Is, those of the full at,'e of twenty-one years and of sound 
 
 contn 
 tcnan 
 niin< 
 
 In this chapter the law of Landlord and Tenant, as applicable to 
 Ontario, will be given in each sectiun first, but in every case where the 
 other Provinces or Newfoundland ditler the change will I* given for such 
 
 I'mvinc. 
 
 :»}». Lease is the name given to the contract between landlord and 
 tenant. It mav be either oral, or written, or under seal. Oral, verbal and 
 parole all mean the same i.iing, viz., by word of mouth. In this chapter, 
 verh,d and oral will be the terms employed as they are in common use. 
 
 A lea.se mav be for '• life " either of the landlord or the tenant, or it 
 may be for any 'number of weeks, months or years, or it may be "at will." 
 Ninety-nine years is the longest term for which a leivse m Canada can be 
 
 made. , 
 
 It must lie remembered that a lea.se is simply the afirfmrnt, and not 
 the paper on which it is written. A lease may l)e either written or only 
 verbal. If written it must lie under seal to be valid, that is by Deed. 
 
 The lea.se should stale all the conditions and agreements, fur oral 
 promi.scs do not avail much in law where there is a written inslrumeiit 
 The tenant might .sue tht- landlord on a separate and distinct verbal 
 agreement, that the house should have certain things done by the land- 
 lord in consideration of the tenancy being created by the written lease, 
 but it should be in the lease to make it umiuestionable. 
 
 There must be something of a transfer of possession to create a lease. 
 A person working a farm on shares and having the exclusive pos.session 
 liecomes a tenant; but if he were to work it on shares, each party, tor 
 instance, furnishing part nf the seed and dividing the profits, Inith parties 
 being eii'ially in possession, there is ii.i lease, and the owner, -n case the 
 laborer had agreed to pay a certain amount of money, could not distrain 
 for it. 
 
 :W«. Term of Lease. In all the Provinces an oral lea.se for one year 
 ami under is valic', and the lessor may bring action and recover the rent 
 though the lessee 'las not entered. 
 
 Oral leases fjr a term not exceeding three year- from tlie making 
 thereuf. when completed by entry and payment of rent, are valid. 
 
 But an oral lease, or a writing not under seal, to lease premises for 
 thne years from a/((YuJ-i" time, thus makiiw the tenancy last for more 
 than three years from date of makiiij.', is vuid. 
 9 
 
 Jf*.' 
 
180 
 
 LAXKI.OIU) AND lEXAST. 
 
 \n oral loas... or a loase in writinj; i.ot uu.lor s.al (over on.> year), tor 
 a tornJ not oxcvdin, three yoars. where .he tenant has no e„ter...up.^ 
 the v.n-,nises, will not support an action to con.p-1 the ^^''"^ '» \", ^ l"^^ "/^ 
 ,,ivrent.n.,r the lan^llonl to j;ive pissessum Where the sea .. n t 
 a t tehe'l the writin- is only an " a-reen, .t " for the term specihe.l. But 
 ,,"l verbal ;^..u.^ut to lease cannot he enforced so as to ac,,u.re 
 ,osse ss"l!n .>r oolleot"rent, still it n,ay U- ground upon winch an action for 
 danuves could be maintained for breach of a^Teeinent. , i . ;„ 
 
 A lease for a term exceeding three years and up 'o seven must e n 
 writing and under seal, otherwise in < hitar.o >ind Nev «•■" '^^^ '^l^ * 
 •ould"be held a "tenancy at will" only. In P.nt.sh Loluinh.^ N va 
 .Scotia and North- West Territories they must also he registered. N inetj - 
 nine years is lon<:est term of lea.se. . . i ,„ i 
 
 A le>use for Over seven years must he ni writinji, under .seal and 
 reconled If not re;,dsteved a person huyin^^ the property without notice 
 7^L lease coul.l. W ,ivin. six i.ontl.' le^al - ^ -^ l^^*; ^ ^Pj;::^ ,, 
 \ tenancy " from year to year, so l.tn^ as both shall pkas. . ma> oe 
 terminated at'end of first ye..r by givinj; six months ""t'Ce. 
 
 Hut where it reads "'one year certain and so on from > ^' "^ ^f, >tar 
 it will be for two years at least and can-'ut l>e terminated at end of hrst 
 year, except by mutual consent. 
 
 llH'i Rent When Payable. Kent may be j.ayable in any way 
 ..,.. r:.p.m e th... .,. advance .r at the end of the term. It nii^ht be a 
 7,„tllv tenancy, an-l yet the rent payable weekly : or a yearly tenan.x 
 v 1 . e reii p. yabl.-' monthly or '.,«arterly. Whatever the a«reeinent 
 may ..-or payment, the tenant has the whole day on which the rent al 
 due in which t"o pay it. and no expense can be incurred until tire da> alter 
 the rent is due. 
 
 :is:{ Lease by Minors, Idiots. Lunatics, etc. A lease by a minor 
 is not void but v.ndable. H.' cannot void a until he comes of ajre, neither 
 
 """ tea^^'to minors are not absolutely void, but may be voided when 
 , 1- n ,. Tf the rent falls due after they attain th.'ir majority 
 
 !i:;r;hrii 'k." idi:;;"^ l ^.^^ they wni .. nabie .. the r^u. 
 
 Durin' their minority they can contract for necessary lodginf,^. accord- 
 imr tcrtheir station in life, aii.l are liable for same. 
 '"" idilL and lunatics may also make leases that are necessary, 
 cannot be made to take a house that is unnecessary if the l.,ndlo,.| 
 aware of their comlition and took advantage ot it. ,11... 
 
 In Manitoba a habitual drunkard cannot make a valid lea»e^ 
 Ontario and the other Provinces if he were so drunk as not to be capable 
 of knowliig that he was making a lease, he may yoid ,t when he becomes 
 sober, or he may ratify it and mak.> it binding. 
 
 :W4 "Joint Tenants" is simply aiiuther name for joint owners of 
 a bnildi.e' or „th. r property, and •' tenants in common means owne.^ in 
 com lu Tmd are in Lme ivspects similar to a partnership. To le-v-se t a 
 iZ proP'Tty re,,uires the con..ent of b,tli, but either (me '"-^y ^ 'thou 
 Scur^nce of tl e other give a legal notice to vacate, may also distrain 
 
 but 
 landlord was 
 
 In 
 
I.AXDI.nnn AND TENANT. 
 
 131 
 
 for his share of overdue rent, or iniiy di'mnnii a liijjher rout, or require it 
 to Imj paid weekly, or monthly, or in advance; of course, in each case, 
 beinj; reijuired to give a legal notice. 
 
 rWS. Farm Rent In the ahsei-ce of an express agrecnieiil, if a 
 leiusc uf t'iinii iir i,'iu-.|>n l.-niiinates otherwise than by the death or tiank- 
 ruptcy of the liunllord, the tenant in giving up pt i.s.se.ssion on his own 
 account must leave the growing crops as well. But if »he lea.se were of 
 an unc -rtain iluration and witlnnit any fault of the tenant it terminates 
 unexpectedly, then in that ease the tenant has the l.-gal right to harvest 
 the crops already .sown. Hut crops .sown after a legal notice to ([uit had 
 been received the tenant would not have a right to harvest and take 
 away. If, however, the landlord agrees to allow a tenant to remain after 
 his lea.se expires and on the strength <if that agreement puts in a crop he 
 will l)e nllowe(l to reap it. 
 
 liHii. Farm on Shares Whatever the agreement may l)e will hold, 
 and care should be taken that every detail shouKl he clearly understood 
 as to division of crops from year to year, disjHjsition of straw, use of tire- 
 wood and timber, etc. For instance,' whatever division of crops is agreed 
 UfMrn will continue through the terms of the tenancy, so that if the owner 
 finds the seed and takes a specified sliare it remains the same through 
 each yeur, although part of the land, and perhaps the larger part, might 
 be a hay crop, which di'l not need seed after first year. 
 
 A pers(m working a farm on shares and having the exclusive possess- 
 ion l)ec< lines a tenant and subject to the laws of Landlord and Tenant. 
 But if he were to work it on shares and each party furnishing a part of 
 the seed and dividing the profits, l)oth parties thereby being •qiially in 
 " pos.session," there is no /cit."'', and the owner in Ciuse the . "jrer hail 
 agreecj to pay a certain amount in money could not dustrain for it. 
 
 :{>s; Mortgage and Tenant. If a lea.se is given prior to a mort- 
 gage, the mortgagee takes subject to the les.see, and vice ifrsa if the 
 mortgage is giv^n prior to the lease, that is, a lease given after a 
 mortgage was placed on the property, is .subject to the mortgage, and if 
 the nTorttragi' falls due and is not paid, the mortgagee can dispossess the 
 tenant and even t^ike the growing crop.s. Of course, the tenant would have 
 a cause of action against the laiullord, hut a landlord who had lost the 
 protHTiv uiid.T a mortir.ige would not be likely to be in a financial position 
 
 that the tenant enuld recover any money 
 
 from him bv wav of damages. 
 
 :WH Tenants Privileges. The execution of the lease vests the 
 tenant with all tl.f r;ght- ir.cidrnt to possession. He has tin- exclusive 
 use of the property, and exercises all the rights of the owner for the time 
 being, und may even eject the landlord shoul<l he trespass. 
 
 If a lease of a farm contained no reservation of a crop of wheat 
 growing at the time of executing the lease, the tenant would be entitled 
 
 to it. 
 
 He has a right to a legal notice to (piit from the landlord it Ins lease 
 is for an uncertain time, or if he continues in possession and becomes a 
 
 tenant from " vear to year." 
 
 I 
 
132 
 
 LANDLOHI) A' 
 
 SANT. 
 
 Also t.. the crops that are on the _i-oui..l if his tenancy is terminated 
 unexrectedlv iiiul not throu<ih his fault. , i • 
 
 Also to"sul.lrt the premises or a portion of them to others unless his 
 
 contract prohibits it. 
 
 Ihe tenant in case of tire, is free from rent until the prcnuses are 
 a.'ain ma.ie tit f.jr the purpo.ses of the lessee : and no proceedm.u's can In- 
 connnenced for the recovery of any such rent until the prenuses are 
 rebuilt or made fit for the purposes of the lessee. 
 
 :W9 Tenant's Obligations and Liabilities. He is liable for pay- 
 nuntof the n-nt Hf,'r.-,d iq.oii , al-o for any voluntary or {.ermissive 
 injury to the property, and for the performance of provisions and agree- 
 ments in his contract. . 
 
 A tenant on a farm must, unless otherwise agreed up(jn, repair lences, 
 and is liable to adjoining landowners for any damage oeeasioiied by non- 
 
 reiiair. , , i . »i 
 
 In the Short Forms of Lease now m general u.se throughout tiie 
 countrv the term " and to repair," has a very broa.l meaning, so much so, 
 in fact" that unless modified a tenant may be compelled to rebuild m case 
 of tire Also the clau.se. "to leave the premises in good repair must be 
 modified in the same manner. This is best done in the tollowing. or 
 similar language . " Ordinary wear and tear, and accidents by hre and 
 tempest exe'epted." A tenant must, even in this case, leave the prenuses 
 in as good repair as he found them, " ordinary wear and tear excepted. 
 (See Section 'M(j.) 
 
 :{!»«. Tenant and Taxes. In all ordinary written leases the land- 
 lord mu-'t pay the taxes, uide.ss an express j.rovision is made to the 
 
 contrarv. , ■ i i- i 
 
 If "the tenant is not asses.sed his gofxls cannot l)e seized lor taxes and 
 he .should not pav them, for if a tenant " voluntarily " pays taxes which 
 he is not obliged'to pav he cannot deduct the amount from the rent. Biit 
 if the tenant is assess'ed and his name on ihe collectors' roll his goods 
 are liable and may be seized (although the agreement may be that the 
 landlord is to pay taxes) in whieh case he sliouM pay the tax.'s b.'fore 
 seizure and then demand the amount from the landlorl, or he may l.gally 
 deduct it from the rent. , , n i 
 
 If a tenant a<'rees to pay taxes and does not do so, th.> laiiillonl may 
 8>:e for the amount, and if he wi.shes to do so he is entitl-d at tli- same 
 time to obtain an order from the Court to evict the tenant for non-p.r- 
 formance of agreement 
 
 If the landlord agrees to pay taxes or water rates and does not do so, 
 and the tenant is compelled to pay them, he can deduct the amount from 
 the rent. 
 
 :;t»l The Landlord s Covenant. The only covenant the landlord 
 makes is to give the tenant .|uiet enjoyment. If evicted by another 
 person, who lias a prior or better claim to the property, the tenant may 
 recover from the landlord any damages that he may siustain. 
 
 The tenant must look after the .sanitary conditions of the house 
 
I.ANDUJUI) AMI TEVANT. 
 
 133 
 
 I 
 
 l>eforo hf eiU.Ts, for lu- caimut avoi.l piiyiuK rent i-vvn though the house 
 woiiKl l.f unsiif.- to occupy, uiiK^ss h.- had a special guarantee Irom the 
 l.iiicllonl that the sanitary conditions \\<ix' t;oiMl. 
 
 :Wi Misrepresentation of Landlord if a houso wore leasid upon 
 the distinct assurance of tla- landlord that it was in a good sanitary con- 
 dition and it subs.Miuuntlv turned out that the landlord's stat.'nient was 
 untru.'. the tenant could move out and refuse to pay rent. 1 he landionl 
 would also be liable in an action for damages. The same would l>e true in 
 re.-anl to the a.ssurance of the landland that there were no vermin in the 
 lio'iise. if it subsequently turned out to be untrue, the tenant could move 
 out and iifuse to pay rent. 
 
 lliKl Frozen Water Pipes. If, instead of the proviso in section 
 3!)() the lease provides that the ten.int shall make all repairs, then 
 in that ca.se the tenant would be liable for the repairs to frozen water 
 pipes Hut if there is no written agreement or leiwe then the i|Uestion ot 
 liability for such repairs will deii.Mid entirely upon which party was 
 " responsible for the damage " occurring. If the freezing and bursting of 
 the pipes Wiis caused by the improper construction of the house, or by die 
 ne.'li-'ence on the part of the landlord or his agent, ami not due to any 
 act'or ne-'lect on the part of the tenant, then the landlord will be liable 
 for the cost of repairs. Hut if the freezing of the pipes was caused by 
 ne.digencc of the tenant, then he, and not the landlord, will be liable tor 
 th? repairs. The plumber, however, must look to the party who hire.l 
 him for the paymenl .if his bill. 
 
 :i»4. Tenant Damaging Property. There is an implied covenant 
 in all leas-s v.ili.il or writt.n, that the tenant will take rea.sonable care 
 of the premises and make all breakages good, an-l deliver the property up 
 at .■xpirati.m of lease in as good condition, save "ordinary wear and tear, 
 as when he took it. Therefore, if the tenant damages the property the 
 landionl may sue and obtain judgment. He has no hen, however on the 
 tenants goods for the damage, and if he were to retain an\ article lor such 
 nurposelhe tenant could replevy it an.l recover damages. 
 
 Also if the tenant circulated a false report that the premises were un- 
 SJinitary and the landlord thereby surtered loss through failure to .sell or 
 lease the properlv, tli.- tenant would be liable in an ..ction for damages, 
 providing the report was positively untnie and the landlord could j^rove 
 actual loss thereby. 
 
 :il>5. Repairs. The relationship between landlord and tenant does 
 not bind either one to make rei.airs. It is entirely a matter of aurremntt. 
 If the landionl has not .agreed to make repairs he cannot be compelled to 
 do so during the term of the lease. The tenrnt cannot make the repairs, 
 no matter lu.w much thev an- needed, and deduct the cost from the n'lit ; 
 and if he moves out in conseinunce of the bad condition ot the prennsea 
 he must still pay rent until his lease exuin^s, even though, the premises 
 are in an unsanitiirv condition. It must be nM.iei.ibered that everything 
 depends upon the agreement. If there is nothing in the lea.se (or bargain) 
 bin.ling either party to make repairs, then neither party can compel the 
 other to make t!e-in. 
 
n4 
 
 .ANlH.nHll AM> I'llNAST. 
 
 Repairs neci'SsitnU'il l>y imturiil decay tlic liunlloril is "supposed" to 
 make, alsK to keep in repair the roof, outside iloor.s and locks; but all 
 breaka^'es are to lie made j,'(iixl by the tenant. If, however, there is no 
 a'Meciiieiit. either verbal or written, for the landlord to keep the premises 
 in 11 tit and proper condition for habitation, or in a healthy condition, the 
 tenant cannot compel such repairs to be made even though the house 
 l«c()iiies \ininhabitable. If the tenant moves out Imfore the expiration of 
 hi.s lease he will still be reipiireil to pay rent, unless tlie landlord ■ acce]its 
 possession " by taking tlie key or commencing repairs, or rents the place 
 to another. 
 
 SJM» The Contract to lease and pay rent is entirely separate and 
 distinct from the ciiitract to repairer tnake improvements; thendore the 
 af'reeraent .should be definitely made at first, and either be in writing or 
 witnessed. If in the lease, either verbal or written, the lan.ilord agrees 
 to make repairs or certain repair.s, and .subsecjuently refuses or neglects to 
 do so, the tenant should notify the landlord of the repairs to be made, 
 and tl'.at in his default in making them within a certJiin time (give date), 
 lie wil' (Jo so, or cau.se them to be done. He can then make the repairs, 
 should the landlord fail to do .so within the time named in the notice, 
 and either sue the landlord for the amount oi deduct it from the rent. 
 The breach of a covenant to repair also gives the injured )>arty a right of 
 action fo!- the damages snstaineil. or he may vacate the prenii.ses. 
 
 It m>ist be remendiered, however, that in the default of the landloril 
 to make the repairs agreed upon the tenant cannot do them and then 
 deduct the amount from the rent unless he has given the notice and 
 demand mentioned above, or unless it was agreed that he should do so. 
 
 If the agreement to repair is conditional on f)rom]tt payment of rent, 
 then falling in arrears of rent would relieve the landlord from making 
 tlie repairs! But if it were not .so conditional then thi' fact of the tenant 
 falling in arrears of rent would not relieve the l;ii: 
 to repair. 
 
 Ii the payment of retit is conditional 'ii the 1 
 repaii-s then the tenant is relieved from payment 
 are completed as per agreement. 
 
 Unless the lease recjuires the tenant to repair 
 injuries done to the property, which were not caused by his own acts or 
 negligence, or tho.se of his agents. 
 
 Persons making rej)airs can only look to the person who ordered for 
 cost of labor an<l material used. 
 
 Written lenses usually contain a provi.so that the "tenant shall 
 repair" (reasonable wear a'nd tear, accidents by tire, lightning, and tem- 
 pest only excepted . Such a proviso would include tlie renewing and 
 repairing of plumbing, furnace ami pipes, leaking roof and broken door 
 locks. 
 
 The agreement to make repairs by either j.arty would simply be 
 "repairs," and not for a new window or jiartition, or any otli. r ehanL'e in 
 the building itself. 
 
 :M>7. Tenant Moving Out. A tenant can move out of premises any 
 time he desires to do so before the t'.-nancy exj)ires if there is no r^iit due 
 
 <llorcl from his covenant 
 
 .uidloni making cei'tain 
 of rent until the repairs 
 
 he will not be liable for 
 
lAXDI-OIlI) AND TKSAST. 
 
 135 
 
 an.l the la.ullunl cunnot sl.-i. tl.- -oals. Hut if tl.e.v is .my rent -lue the 
 anaiorcl cut. prevent the removal of the -rKxis (except the exemptions) 
 I'ntil the arrears of rent are pai.l If no rent is yet .hie the Roo.ls cannot 
 be St opped even though the rent n>ij.'ht fall -lue the next .lay. 
 
 But a tenant movinj: -ml before tlie expiration ot his ease is .t,l 
 Hai.le for the stipulated rent until the lease expires: unless the landlonl 
 accepts the premises, thus releasing him ; -r uul.ss another unant, accept- 
 able to the lamllord, enters, in which case the hrst tenant will only he 
 liable for rent until the new tenant takes possession, providing he pa\8 
 the same rent, if not, the deficiency may Ix- recovere.l irom lirs ten,mt. 
 If there is nothin-: in the lease forbid.iinf; the tenant to subdet. the land- 
 lord will be compelled to .'ither accept the new tenant or to receive the 
 niemisL's anil fri'c the tenant. 
 
 ^ Where the tenant at the re,,uest of the la.uUord K.ves up possession 
 of the property before t!,.. expiration of the lease rent «='">';;:« "| ;'\";.^'"'^' 
 of trivinK up possession, if there is no afrrcment ^..In« a .litleient dat. . 
 
 " 'WH Tenant's Fixtures. The Ontario Statute reads, and the same 
 would'api.iv in all the i'mvinees : -The Lessee ">ay onor P"'";^ t^ | ;'' 
 ..xpirutioi. of the t-rm. remove and carry away all fixtures, httin-.s 
 niaehinerv or other articles upon the premises, which are in the nature ot 
 trade or tenant's fixtures, or which were brou-ht upon the premises by 
 the l.-ssee. But he shall make t;<"'d any damage to the j.remises occasione.j 
 
 bv such removal." » .1 • , »i.„* lu 
 
 Thev must be somethin;; of a personal character. Anythinf; tliat is 
 ariixed tG the freehold so th.it it cannot be separated without doinfj seri- 
 ous dama-.' to the freehold liecomes a part of it. 
 
 AnvthiiK' that is sunk into the ground, as .1 well, trees, building ot 
 stone ..r brick are the same as the soil itself, and theretore, a part ot the 
 freehold. Hut buildiu-s placed on stone Ijoulders, or po.st.s. or plate, aie 
 fixtures and mav be removed without injury to th.- soil. 
 
 The machinerv of a manufactory is also a fixture, and can he 
 remove.1. Temporary partitions, counters, shelvin-, etc.. placed in the 
 buildin.' by the tenant wouM be tenants fixtures and could be removed, 
 but doors and vindows. likewise permanent partitions could not l-e 
 removed as they .K-com-j part of tlie bmldmg proper. 
 
 T<. determine in all cases what are " fixtures _ is one of the n>"^t d. - 
 Hcult ..uestions in connection with the law of landlonl and tenant Much 
 depends on the a^nv.nunt. somethinj; on the nature '"^^\ ''^"« ' ^' ^''•' 
 teiiaucv. and the kind of business carried on by the tenant on the piem- 
 ises so' that what un.ler certain eiicumstanees could be removed *« I.eii - 
 teiiiint's fixtures would under diti'ereiit eireumslances 1»- a criminal act to 
 remove them. For instance, if a tenant dug a well ami put a pump in . 
 and use the .same for a year or two, he could not then when m..v.n^ out 
 take awav the pump or fill up the well without bi.coimn- liable m an 
 action for dama-les as "committing wa,ste," unless he had that aRreemeut 
 with the landlonl. But if the tenant were enpiged in a business that 
 re.,uire.l the well an-l pump to conduct it. they w.iuld then Wcome a part 
 of the machi..erv and be - tra-le fixtures." When leaving the pn'-mses he 
 could remove the pump, an-l to save himself from liability tor accidents 
 could till up the well The preeedin.; illustrations should be sufiicient to 
 
13G 
 
 LAXDLiiRU AXn TENANT. 
 
 ciiabl'' any person in a nnntial state id" niinil to clotiTiniuc what would in 
 each ciusf Ix- a "tenant's tixture" anci capahle of ri'Miovai. 
 
 When- there is ilouht as to whether a eertain HxMiro uhuulii !«.• re- 
 ijarileil as a fixture or he hei<l as jmrt of the freehoM, le pre8unij)tioii is 
 always in favor of the freeliolil. 
 
 It is an nxiuiu in taw " that the exjjression of one tliinj,' is an omiss- 
 ion of all the rest." ami for this reason if anything is mentioned in the 
 lease as a fixture, other thiny:s, thou;;li of a kindred natiu-e, would he 
 sujp|iosed to be omitteil intentionally, and therefore remain a part of tiie 
 freeholil. 
 
 A tiMiant claimin;; anythintj as a tixture must remove tin- article 
 pri)ni]itly or make it known that he claims it, otherwise he waives his 
 riyht to it. 
 
 There are • tenant's fixtures,' "landlord's fixtures," " trade fixtures'' 
 and '• immovable li.xtures," hut a reasonable rej^ani to the circumstances 
 in eacli particular case, coupletl with a sense of natural justice, will always 
 ileteriiiine the individual rij^hts involved. 
 
 '.tWt Holding Over. The mere fact of a tenant remaininj; in 
 jK).s,se.ssion after his lea.se expires, does not of itsi-lf constitute a new 
 tenancy or bind either party to consent to a new term. There must be 
 rent paid, or .somelhinj,' else done by wiiich a new tenancy is im]ilied, or 
 the tenant is only liable to pay for the time actually occupied, which is 
 not called rent, but for " use and occupation :" and in sucli case where the 
 lea.se has expired and the tenant reniain.s in possession " without payin<; 
 rent," he need not tlien jjive a notice bid'ore moving out. but may move at 
 any time, and will bi- liable to pay " for use and occupation " u]) to the time 
 of vaeatin;; the j>remises, ami ]Ki.ssibly for dama;,'es, for retainin;; possessi(5n 
 after the tenancy expireil, ancl certainly wouKl be liabl.- for dama;,'es if the 
 landlord had ilemanded possession andcoulil prove that he hail suffered loss 
 by suchoviTlioldiii;;. Duriiii; this time of overholdit;;,' the landlord cannot 
 distrain for the usual rent as there is no tenancy, but he can sue for " use 
 and occupation " and recover what woul'l be a reasonable rent. 
 
 40<> New Tenancy by Implication Where a tenancy for one or 
 more yiais ■xpiris .■iiid tin- triiaiit !'• mains in possession, payinj^ the same 
 rent without any new ai^reement briiiif made, it bi-eomes a "yearly 
 tenancy " by implication of law and the i)resum]ition is that the terms of 
 the former lipase will hold jrood. Any time afterw.ards that either party 
 wislies to terminate it the refjular six months' notice would be recpiired. 
 A tenancy from " year to year " is ordinarily implied by the payment and 
 acceptance of rent, and such implication can only be prevented by one or 
 the other of the parties interested i;ivin<; .satisfactory j)roof lliat it was 
 paid IT I'rocivrd liy mist;ik.', "r \iih.ii -.oni" iincjitiun it a^Teement. 
 
 401 Landlord and other Creditors Rights. Where there are 
 other creditoi-s, the landlord can only recover, prior to them, for one year's 
 rent. After that he must take his .share ratably with the rest. 
 
 As far as distress in concerned, where there are no other creditors, he 
 may di.strain for six years' rent. After that he has a further remedy bj- 
 way of action (or suit), and this action may be brou;,'lil any time within 
 twenty years on i. leaise uiidi-r .se.il. but not on a verbal lease. 
 
I.ANUl.Oltl) AND TKXANT 
 
 137 
 
 Ki'Ut caiinut W sued ur distriiiiio'l for until it is .lue, even ilioujjh the 
 tenant may Im' leuvin;; tlie premises. If the teiiiuit were leavin;; the 
 country, with the intent to defriunl, th.- jfcxxis could he attacheii. (See 
 Section .')14.) 
 
 if the tenant removes i,'oods frauilulently and cliindistiiiely tlie land- 
 lord may follow for thirty days and di.strain ; otherwise he must distrain 
 on the ju'emisos. 
 
 The a.H.si^rnnH'nt of a les.see (t. nant) cancels tin- lea.se. In ca.se of the 
 assignment of the lessee the landlord has preferential claim for rent for 
 one year last previous to, and three months followin;.; the execution of 
 such as,si;,aniient, and thereafter so lonj; a.s the a.ssignee shall retain pos- 
 session of the premises. 
 
 40*i. Arrears of Rent Wliere rent is iu arrears the landlord has 
 several riimdiis llr may sue for the amount the .same as for any other 
 debt, or he may distrain for th,- amount due. or he may, after making a 
 demand for payment, enter an act of ejectment, or he may retake posses- 
 sion as per following .section. 
 
 40IJ Retaking Possession. The laws of Ijindlord and Tenant 
 univeisaily alliiw tiie l.iiidlMiii to n-take possession of the premises upon 
 a breach "of the covenants, and the Untiiriu statutes, where the tenant 
 makes default in [layment of rent, .says : "There shall 1j«' implieil in every 
 demise an agreement that if the rent, or any part thereof, shall remain 
 ui.paiil for hfteen days after the day on which the .same ought to have 
 been paid, although no fornuil demand shall have been made therefor, it 
 shall be lawful for the lamllord to enter u]ion tlie demi.sed premises, or any 
 part thereof, and to repossess and enjoy the same as of his former estate." 
 Of course, where a tenant would be occupying a dwelling-house the land- 
 lord couM not take po.ssession until he disjjossessed the tenant, but for 
 Itnd or for buildings not occupied, peaceable pos.session could be taken 
 witlunit evicting the ttMian*-. In I'victing a tenant it is neerssary to jiro- 
 cure .-m order of eviction *"' )m a court, and then th^' sluritl'or b.iiliti' may 
 put the tenant's goods oi. le street, but tiie landlord cannot himself do so 
 or go on the premi.ses for such purpose. Three things are nece.s.sary for the 
 landlord to show in order to prooire an order of eviction. (1) That the 
 rent is past due. (2) That a proper demand has been maile. (3) That it 
 has not l»een paid. In all ca.ses where the lea.se gives the landlord the 
 right to re enter for tion-paj-ment of rent he may then, upon default, either 
 re-enter, if convenient, or bring an action to evict. If there is no agree- 
 niint, then the landlord must Hrst make a legal demand for the overdue 
 rent before taking proceedings. 
 
 404 Raising the Rent- Tlie landlord cannot raise the rent nnTely 
 bv giving till' ti-n.uit :x written notice tliat at such a time the rent will be 
 increased ; such notice amounts to nothing. The landlord cannot raise the 
 rent or change the agreement in any other way without tin- assent of the 
 tenant, any more than the tenant can lower the rent withijut tlii- lan>llord's 
 consent. The notice must be to vacate, that is, order the tenant out, thus 
 emiiiig the tenancy. Then after thai is done he may give the notice for 
 an advance in r.jiit, or th'' two notices inav be given at the same time. If 
 
l.-js 
 
 I.ANKI.HUM AND TKXANT. 
 
 tlie tuimiit tlien ivmaiiiH in iw isses.sioii after his li-ase i-xpires la- tlicrcby 
 tiicitly a>;ri-i's l<i pay tin/ hif^lu-r rent aii<l will Ijt- iMiiuni to 'lu no. 
 
 AJM), wlicri' a lease lias expired and the tenant remains in jx)ssession 
 without a new a<,'reenient, thus U-coniin;; a "tenant at will," the landlonl 
 may, iK-t'ore receivinj; any rent, f^ive notice of raisin^j the rent, and the 
 tenant in that cast' inii.st either accept the ti-rni.s ami pay hi;;her rent or 
 niovi' int. In this case the tenant is not entitled to a notice to vacate 
 because his lecjal ri^ht to occupy the jiremises has already expired. A 
 notice of raising; the rent given previ'ius to, or U]>on the day of expiry of 
 a lea.se. need not In- accompanied hy a notice to vacate. 
 
 Where a landlonl thus denumds a hif^her rent, the tenant is not at 
 lilierty to move out in coiisenuence ; hut if he desires to move (JUt and the 
 landlord does not gi\e his consent to cancel the lea.se, the tenant must f;ive 
 the h i^'al notice to terminate his tenancy. 
 
 40.'». Notice to Quit, or to vacate, shouM \»' clear anil distinct, with 
 no conditions or pi'ovisos. If any " provi.sos " are desir'd to stated 
 they may he j;iven in an ordinary letter, which may accompany tl..: n )tice, 
 hut thi' notice itself must not contain any conditions. 
 
 If there is no ajjreement as to the kind of notice to !«■ rjiven to ipiit, 
 then the lepil notice is re(|uired, hut if there is an ajjreemetit. that will 
 hold. If the a;.'''eenient .says "at any time." or "thirty days,'' or " three 
 months,'" etc., then the party j,'ivni}j it is released from pvin;; the 
 • statutory notice." 
 
 Ill ca.se of a yearly tenancy, six clear cah'ndar months' notice must be 
 i^iven t(j ijuit, unle.ss there is special a;,'reeiiieiit tixiii;; a diH'ereiit time. 
 
 Uelitin;; by the ijUarter, three nioiiths' notice ; hy the month, one 
 month's notice : by the week, one week's notice. 
 
 In New Brunswick and Nova Scotia tlie yearly tenancy requires 
 only three months' notice; a (|uarter or month, one month's notice; and a 
 Week, one week's notice. 
 
 It must Im- boriu' in mind that this notice to quit cannot be yiven at 
 random, but must lie i^iven .so that the "month," or " (|uarter," or " six 
 months" will terminate with the termination of the lea.se. For instance, 
 in case of a iiioiitlily tenancy which expin-s May 1st, the notice to quit 
 shoulil be iriveii not later than .March ;}lst, in mler to leave a "cle.ir 
 month." N'(jtice. too, that a " i^ood lepil notice" cannot be ;,n von two or 
 three months ahead of time, but must be (jiven before the end (jf the 
 month to terminate with the end of the succeedin;; month, as in previous 
 .sentence. The same caution must lie rememtx;red in rei,'ard to a (juarterly 
 or a yearly tenancy. 
 
 Where property is leased for a definite time, the lease expires at that 
 date, and neither party need ffive the other notice to terminate it or to 
 vacate. The tenant may then fjo out. or the landlord may lease the 
 property to another party. But where this firsi period has "been passed 
 and the tenant stiil remains in possession, and pays rent another teii.uicy 
 is cr.ated. and then, after that, when he wishes to v.acate. or the landlonl 
 <lesires him to vacate, a le;;al notice must be <jiven. 
 
 In rentinj; property there shouM be a clear undirstanciini; wiirtlur 
 it is for a month or year only ( in which ca.se no notice to vacate is needed), 
 or whether it is a monthly or yearly tenancy, in which cjvse a letral notice 
 
I.AS'III.OUI) AND TKXANT. 
 
 13!) 
 
 to viicutc is iiccfHSiiry, as tlien- is uu time fixeil I'ur thu tfriiiiiiiitiini ot" tin- 
 tenancy, hence the necessity of a notice. 
 
 A notice to (|Hite, ;;i\en eitluT l>y the lamUonl or tennnt.shouM l)e in 
 u'ritiit;/. An orul notice is siitlirient hnt it is lietter to yive the notice in 
 writiii;;, iiml keeping; ii cofiy of it witli n nienioruiichnii r)f tlie date nnrl 
 iiiunner of service <'n<lorseil on it. An oniiimry letter contiiiniiij; the fiiets, 
 himdeil to the other jmrty. or sent by mail, will answer us well as a formal 
 notice, n copy iH'inj; reserved. 
 
 Notice to ipiit may tx- {^iveii hy the n>;ent as well a.s the principal; 
 but an iii^fut cannot a])i)oint an a{;ent to j,'ive notice. 
 
 It is always Ix-tter that the notice to <|uit should I m' .served personally 
 upon the tenant, or landlord i'ii.s the ca.se may b.-), but where this cannot 
 lie done it may bi* serveil up<in the wife, or servant, or <jrown up child at 
 the residence of the party to Im- served. 
 
 400. Form of Notice by Landlord. 
 
 Plea.se take notice that you an- iiereby recjuired to surrender and 
 deliver up pos.session of the house anil lot known as No. 4 .James .street, 
 in the villa;,'e of .Men itton, which you now hold of me; and to remove 
 therefrom on the fust d.iy of Juui- next jiursuant to the provisions of the 
 statute relutiiij; to the riijhts and <luties of landlord and tenant. 
 
 Dated this 2!tth day of April, 1!M)(). Yours truly, 
 
 To WaI.TKI! \Vr.NTKU.s" 
 
 {Toifnit). 
 
 AWi. Notice to Quit by Tenant 
 
 1 ii'Tehy liivf you niitiee that, <mi tin 
 i|uit and deliver up r)os.sessioii of the p;-eini.scs 1 now occupy as tenant, 
 known as house and lot No. 4 .lames street, in the Villai;e of .AIiTrilton. 
 
 Dat.-.l this 29tli day of April, IHOO. Yours truly. 
 
 Tm .1 \Mi;i, S-MITII " WaI.TKH WiNTER.S 
 
 i Landlord). (Tiu(iut). 
 
 44>M Notice to Quit not Acted upon. Tpon the expiration of a 
 
 notice to c|uit iluly •^]\r]\ Ky either party the tenancy cea.ses. and unle.s.s 
 a fresh tenancy be afterwards created the landlord cannot di.strain for 
 subseqtieiit rent, notwithstanding; the tenant eontinues in possfission for a 
 year or more after the ex})iration of the notice. 
 
 If the tenant does not vacate after a lef;al notice to that etlect the 
 landlord may either evict him under the " Overholding Tenants' Act," or 
 brinj; an action of ejectment bj- an ordinary writ of summons, or may 
 double the rent as he thinks best. If the tenant is evicted he will have 
 to pay the costs as well as arrears of rent. The exemptions cannot be 
 taken for costs. 
 
 And where a tenant holds on after the expiration of a notice to .piit 
 the landlord is entitled to recover by way of suit, the rea.sonable dama<;es 
 and costK sustained by him in an action at the suit of a j)arty to whom he 
 had contracted to let the prenuses. 
 
 401*. Doubling- the Rent or Evicting. 11' the tenant does not 
 vacate the premises after his lea.se expires, and demand lor rent and 
 notice to (juit has been ^iven, the landlord may double the rent by giving 
 
 .James Smith 
 
 (lAimllonl). 
 
 first dav of .June next. I shall 
 
un 
 
 I.ANOI.oim AND TENANT. 
 
 thf tcimnt iiDtic in wrifiiijj to tliiit •■rtift; or the tenant mny \hs evictiil 
 unilcr tin.' • ()viTliuli|iii;; 'IVimiUs' Act " Itj- ohtuiniiig mi order from the 
 County Juilj;'' 
 
 410 Notice ClaiminK Double Rent. 
 
 |. \\ WiNTKits .St. (.'iitliiiriiii',-<. < »iit 
 1 lirr»'l)y j,'ivf you notice thiit if you do not •ieliver up J)o^»«e.s,siotl of 
 the liouse mill preniiwH situate No 10 <^ueeii Street, ill tlie city of St. 
 (.'iitlmriiies. on tlie HrHt diiy of .luiie next, iicconliiig to my notice to iiuit, 
 liiiteil the 2.')th flay of April, I shiill cluiiii from you douMe the yearly 
 value of the jireiiiiMos for so lonj; ii-s you keep possesHion of them after the 
 e.\piiatioii of tlie Miid notice, uccoriliiij; to the .statute in that ca.se 
 provided. 
 
 Diit.d the 20th day of May, lt>W). 
 WitiusH: ' James Smith 
 
 J. Sacndeks. (A«(ii//<>»'i/). 
 
 411. Distraining for Rent It ;i tenmit doe.s not pay hisrent the 
 landlord mny ilisiraiu. In this cii.se iiny jierson may act as luiilitf 
 
 The lundlonl may distrain lor rent the day after it is due, whether it 
 is payahle in advance or at the end of the month, (|uarter. or year, as the 
 ca.se may he, hut he cannot ivsue a distre.sH warrant until he has first 
 demanded payment. 
 
 It must he done after sunrise ami Ijefore sunset. The jierson seizing 
 cannot hreak ojn-n outside diKirs. nor open windows to enter. He may 
 rai.se the latch or turn the key of the door to open it, hut he could not put 
 his arm throu;jh a hole to unlock the door or to ilraw a Ixjlt. He could 
 not rai.se a window, hut if he found a window partially raised he could 
 rai.se it far eiioil^di to admit his hody. After he once legally gains 
 admi.ssion ti the hiiildiiig he may then hreak open any inside doors, 
 (except those of snh-teiiants) that are not o])eiied for him. 
 
 Distress may be madi' any time within six months after the expira- 
 tion uf the lease if the landlord still holds possession <if the [ireniises. If 
 he has sold the property he cannot distrain; neither can the new owner: 
 but it may be recovereil by suit. Distre.sM may he for any period up to 
 six years' arrears of rent if there are no other creditors interested. In 
 Quelwc only tive years. In Manitoba only for three months if renting 
 by month or ijuarterly, or for one year if less freijuently than quarterly. 
 
 A tenant's goinls cannot Im- seized if they are removed from the 
 
 [iremises unless the liailitf saw them being taken away, or unless they 
 lave been removed " fraudulently and clandestinely" t<i prevent seizure 
 for rent. That is, taken away in the night, or in any other secret way 
 to escape seizure. In ijhicbec such i,'(X)ils may be followed within eight 
 days. 
 
 Taking a proini.s.s(iry note by ;i liiudiurd fniiii :i tenant for the rent 
 will postpone the right <>! distress until the maturity of the note, and 
 probably would extinguish the right altogether. 
 
 Every person who serves a Distress shall immediately give the person 
 whose goods are seized a notice of the distress giving the amount of rent 
 distrained fur and an inventory of the articles taken, togeth' r with a copy 
 of his chargrs and costs of Heizure. If t'-e tenant after receiving such 
 
.iXULollI) AND TENANT. 
 
 141 
 
 notice nc^^lects f(ir fivi- iliiyn from ilat<- of seizure to pay the rent or 
 replevy the j;(K)<1m the liuuliuni Ih lit lilterty U> Hell the j^ikmU for the be«t 
 price he eiin jjet for tliein, iiml after jMiyrneiit i)t rent iiml cohIh of sale if 
 there is any mirpUis it must he jwiiil to the tenant. 
 
 Furniture. sewin>,' mochine.s. musiciil instruments, or other y;ixxis 
 purchaw"! on u lien iiijreemeiit, are Hahle to seizure for rent if there is not 
 enough other goot's towiti.sfy the claim, but tlie lauillunl nuwt jiay Imlance 
 of the lien. 
 
 If the lanillonl ilistniins, or iiny other cre<litor seizeH umler iin 
 execution, the tenatit or .iehtor has the lei;al right to select ami i>oint out 
 the gooils and ciiattol« for which he claims exemptions. For instance, 
 there are si.K chaini naimil among the e.xemptions; hence the ilehtor, 
 instead of taking six common chairs may select six of the best iu tlio 
 house, and the same all through the list. He must also give up posscHHion 
 iuunediiiti'ly or otl'er tfj do so. 
 
 When a landlorl has issued a distress he loses his right by aban- 
 doning it or "-ithdrawing it, and cannot make a second seizure of the 
 same gootis foi .lie same debt, unless there haa been soiuo mistake in the 
 Hrst .seizure. 
 
 4Vi. Form of Distress Warrant 
 
 To Mr. A. B.. 
 
 My Bailiff in this behalf: 
 
 I do hereby atithorize and require you to distrain the goods and 
 chattels of C. D. (tenant), liable U^) be distrained for rent, in and upon the 
 
 , now or lately in the tenure and occupation of situate on 
 
 in the county of for the .sum of dollars 
 
 cents, being the rent for the term of , due to me for the satne on 
 
 the day of in tlu- year of our Lord nw tlmusiind 
 
 hundred : and for the said purpose distrain witluii ^hl■ time, in the 
 
 manner, and with the forms pre.scribtd by law, all the said goods and 
 
 chattels of the said wheresoever they shall V>e found, which have 
 
 been carried off the said premises, but are nevertheless liable by law to be 
 seized for the rent aforesaid, and to proceed thereon for the recovery of 
 the sjiid rent as the law liirec's. 
 
 Dated the day of ... 19. .. K. F. (/.-/;/.//../•</» 
 
 4I.'S. Form of Inventory and Notice. 
 
 .\n Iii\rnt<'rv <>f the s..'\ l'I'.'iI gouds and cliattels distrained by uie, 
 
 K. F. (or if as Bailiff, say A. H., as bailiff to Mr. E. F. I this day of 
 
 , in the year of our Lord, 19. ., in the house, outhouse and lands, 
 
 (as the ca.se may be) of C. D., situate at in the county of 
 
 (and if as bailiff", say by the authority and on behalf (.f E F., your Land- 
 lord) for the Htim of dollars, being rent due to me (or to 
 
 the said H F. ) on tlie day of 19. ., and as yet in nrroars 
 
 an<i unpaid. 
 
 1 In the liwelling house : 
 
 Kitchen (name chief articles, but not exempted articles). 
 
 Dining room name the articles, b\it not exempted articles). 
 
 Parlor, (,nanie the articles, but not exempted articles j. 
 
142 
 
 I.AXDI.ulUi ANli IKNANT. 
 
 2. < )u tho preniiHcs : 
 
 In liuin umnu- artick'.s. ) 
 
 Descrilie all the articles suizcil as m-arly as can be, aeoDpIiiif; to the 
 place where tliey are f(jiiiiil. And then at tin- hottimi of tlic Inventory 
 suhscrihe the fol^nviui; noticr to the ti'nant, an'i leavr the Iiivrutory and 
 notice with him ; 
 
 Mr. C. D., 
 
 Take notice that I have this .lay iHstraini^'l 'ur that I, as l)ailifT to 
 E. F., your Lamllonl, have this day distraini.-d) on the jjri'niises above men- 
 tioned the several j^joods and chattels specitied in the ahovt- Inventory for 
 
 the sum of dollars, heinj,' rents due to me :or to the said K. F.) 
 
 'in the day of , 10. ., for the tsaid prrnii.si-.s : and that uide.'is 
 
 you pay the .said rent with charge of di^traininj; for tin- same, or replevy 
 the said LCOods and chattels within tivf days from the date hereof, the said 
 goods and chattels ,vill bi.- ai)priiised an<l sold acording to law. 
 
 this 
 
 day of 
 
 lO. 
 
 Witness 
 
 isted up in three 
 
 Given under my 
 
 I " " E.F. {L'ii><ll,.nl). 
 
 ) or A. B.iBaiiif). 
 
 For distrainini: farm stock or growing crops, the Inventory and notice 
 w.iuld be varied by giving number and lot, township, etc., and the liis- 
 pnsition made of the crops, etc. Notice of sali' must b.' 
 jiublie placi's, 
 
 414. Tenants Request for Delay. 
 Mr. A. H., 
 
 i hereby desire you will keep possession of my goods whicli 30U liave 
 this dn\' distrained for rent due, or alleged to be due, from me to \-i.iu, in 
 
 the place where they now are, being in the house number street 
 
 (name of town), for the space of d.ays from the d.ite hereof, on your 
 
 undertaking to delay the sale of the said goods and chattels for that time, 
 to enable me to rlischiirge the .said rent, and I will pay the man for keep- 
 ing the said possessi<)n. 
 
 Witness my hand this iluy of I'J. .. 
 
 Witne.ss ( 
 
 E. F. ) 
 
 C. I). 
 
 4I."» Resisting Bailiff. \ tenant may resist and prevent the entrance 
 of a bailitror other ]>• ison who may come with a landlord's warrant Any 
 time before the bailitf makes a list of the goofis the teiu'iit may retake 
 them from him. After the bailitf makes a list or inventory of the go^uis 
 .seizeil and delivers it to tlu' ti'uant. then the goods are said to be " iin- 
 poun<ied," ami resistance must ceas^'. If after a bailiff has legally gained 
 adtiii^sion and is ejecti'd, he may return ami demand admission, .and then 
 break in if necessary 
 
 4I»J. Penalty for Idegal Seizures If ,1 landlord distrains for 
 more than the amount due, the tenant can enter an action and recover 
 treble the amount of over-.seizure ; and in c;we of distraining Ix^fore rent 
 is due tlie tenant may recover double the amount of goods distrained 
 
 If the landlord were to enter tiie hotise after sunset and prevent the 
 
I.AMH.oitl) AM' TK\ANT. 
 
 u:i 
 
 rriii'iMil (it tlio (jooiis this will Ih- iili';^al, ainl tlif teniint may recover the 
 full \iiluc 1)1' till- ^oo'ls distraiiii'il. Tin- lainliorii must wait until the iirxt 
 'lay, iiihi then t'ollow th<' j^mids if thry liavi- licen remnvoii. A 'listnss on 
 Sunijiiy is also iilei^ai. 
 
 The landloril is not liable for any illegal acts committeci hy the 
 liailitf unless the acts were authorized or suhsecjuently ratitied liy liim. 
 Therefore, if tin' hailiti" is authorizeil to seize thf t'liant's ;,'oods and lu' 
 si'izos tliosi' of a Htrani,'iT, or to si'ize on the premises and lie seizes otl" the 
 jir.'uiises ..r if he breaks into the premises, the hailitf only is liable. Also, 
 if hi' were t<) seize and .sell the exenuitions ille;;allv, thi' bailiff would be 
 liable. 
 
 41V Exemptions from Seizure. Th>' li.st of exiinptions from 
 landl<;rd's warrant i r imdr.- any > xieution i.= criven in Section .524. 
 
 The i^ouils beloni,'ini,' to third parties, not relative.s, as vi.sitors, 
 boardt-rs or ' >dj;irs, are al.so i vrnipi ; also ijoods that may bi- on the 
 premises for repair, or for any oiiier purpose, if they are not in use by the 
 tenant, al.so those under lien, or a bill of sale, but not those under a eliattel 
 mori;;a;je. Hut ^'ikxIs clai'neii by tlie husband, wife, .son, dau(,'hter. 
 dau;,'liter-in-law, son-indaw of the tenant are not exempt, nor tiiose of 
 other ndativfS if they live on the premises with the tenant. 
 
 Ini]ilenients of trieh , if they are not in actiial use may be distraineil 
 ujion if thiTi' is nut sutlieient other piods to satisfy the debt. Huildinf;s 
 or tixturi's which ih*' tenant has no ri;,dit to remove cannot be disti'nimd 
 u|)on. althou>,di there may be no other i^'oods on the premises. 
 
 [n Hritish Columbia there are no exemptions from u lanijlord's 
 warrant except tho^-i' uniler lien for tlirce months' rent. 
 
 41S. Monthly Tenancy. On a monthly tenancy in ( 'ntario th<' 
 exemptions only hold aj,'ainst two montiis' arrears of rent. I! the monthly 
 tenant owes for a lonj^cr period than two months, tie- land'ord can dis- 
 train and sell to recover what is due over the two months, even if it takes 
 all the ;,'oods. This is doubtless the intention of the Act, but some of the 
 jud^jes have disagreed as to its mcaninj;. and some of them in eti'ect 
 expunged it altofrether and allow the exemptions t(j hold j,'ood, .so that it 
 is not clear that a landlord would be safe in liistrninin!,' the exemptions 
 in such eases. 
 
 41J». Giving Up Possession. The tenant who claims the benefit 
 of the exemptions in case of a l;in<lloid distraining for n-nt, must give up 
 possession of the premisi's forthwith, or be ready and otfer t ) do so. The 
 offer must be made to the landlord or his agfnt. and the person making 
 the seizure is considered his agent for this jmrpose. 
 
 The surrender of the po.sae.ssion in ]>ursuance of the landlord s notice 
 is a termination of the tenancy, and the tenant has the option of paying 
 the rent and costs and moving out. or to take his exemptions and move 
 out without payir.g the rent or costs. (.See Section .")24 for list of exemp- 
 tions, and also Section 41 S for the monthly tenancy as to exemptions.) 
 
 4'iO S-'izing the Exempted Gooris. If the tenant neither pays 
 the rent nor gives ufi possession after being legally notified to vacate, the 
 landlord may give him another written notice similar to the foUowinn', 
 
11+ 
 
 I.ANHl.iiHIi AM' IKNANT 
 
 alt>r which Im- can M-ize ami nlU iho ix('iii]itt(i goods to recovpr the 
 aiiiouiit of rent liue and the costs. Thu iiotieo must be something like 
 the following : 
 
 Take niitie<', that 1 elaini S f,,r nut Am- to ir.c in respect of the 
 
 jiri'mises whieh you hold as my tmanl. namely : i htTc hrielly descrii^e 
 them, giving the number an-l stn et, or lot, concession, etc. ) ; ami unless 
 the .said rent is paid I demand from you immediate |io8.session of the said 
 preinise.'i; ami I am ready to leave in your possession .sucii of vour iroods 
 and chattels as in that case only you an- entitled to claim e.xeinption for. 
 
 Take notice further, that if you neither pay tlie said nnt nor give 
 me up possession of the said premises within tln-ee days after the service 
 of this notice. 1 am by law ,iititl>'d to seiz.' and s.ll. a"nd 1 intend t'l .seize 
 and .sell, all your goods and cliatt.-l>. or such part thereof as may be 
 necessary for the i.aymenl of the saiil rent and costs. 
 
 This iiiitice is givi'U under tlu; 
 respect! g the Law of L.uidlord and 
 
 Dated this day of 
 
 To ( '. ]). (Tniiuit). 
 
 Act of the Legislature of Untario 
 
 'en.ant. 
 
 ..A.I), lit. . 
 
 A. B. {f.,n>.n<,r</). 
 
 After giving the above notice, if the tenant still remains in pos.sess- 
 ioii, the landlord can seize and .sell the last article on the premises to 
 recover the amount due ami co.sts If the teua'it does not wish to lose his 
 exemptions he must take them and move out immediately, or he ready 
 and offer to do .so 
 
 4'it Goods Seized Under Execution and in the custody ,if a 
 sheritfor liailiti' eaniiut be distrained; but such goods cannot be "sold or 
 removed by .s. id officer until the landlonl's preference claim of one years 
 rent has been paid, or so nuich of arrears of n-nt for a les.s period as is due 
 up tu the time of seizure. 
 
 In Ontario .special pn)visi.in is maile when goodu are .seized under 
 execution from the Division Court, by which the landlord or his agent 
 may deliviT to the baiiiti" a written statement of the' terms of the lease, 
 ;nid the amount of rent in arrears in which case if it is a weekly tenancy 
 four weeks' rent may b.' claimed if there is that much due, aiid for two 
 terms of payme.it (if that much due) where the tenancy is for any other 
 term less than a vear. but in iio case to exceed one vear." 
 
 i/'idgcrs are temporary les.sees, and 
 similar privik'tres in respect to the 
 
 4'i'i Boarders and Lodgers. 
 
 are subji'Ct t<j the same laws .and ha\ 
 
 lOoms they occupy as a regular tenant. Their goo<ls are not liable to 
 seizure for their landlord's rent. F.oarders are not liable for damage they 
 may do to premi.ses through accident, but they are liabh- if done thnjugh 
 negligence, or maliciously. 
 
 In ca.se a boanler's or lodger's goods are distrained for nut due by 
 his landlord, he must serve the superior landlord or b,iilitl', or other person 
 evying the distres.s, with a written declaration that the tenant has no 
 right of property or bi-neheial interest in the goods or chattels distrained, 
 or threatened to be distrained, and that they are the property or in the 
 lawful jio.ssession of such Ixianier or lodger. If he slumld owe "the tenant 
 for Ixjanl or otherwise, lie may sUte the amount and pay it over to the 
 
I.A.Vni.iiltl) AM) IKNANT. 
 
 145 
 
 superior luii'llunl or tlic li:ulitl', or eiioiii;h of it to ili«charj,'e the lamllord'H 
 claim if the l)oardfr sIiouM owe more thaji tliat amount. With this 
 dc'fiaratioii must he ^'ivt'ii an inventory of the articles referred to. 
 
 If tlir superior lan<lli)ril or liailitf, after receivini^ this <leclaration and 
 invent. iry. and .ifter' the iHiankr or loilj,'er has jiaid over to him that much 
 money, or offered so to do. still procee(is with the ilistress, he: is t;uilty of 
 an illei;al ilislress. and the lioarder may replevy such mxxls. anil tile 
 superior landlord shall also he liable to an action for damaf,a's. 
 
 Any such payment maile liy a boarder to the sujierior landlord is a 
 valid jiayment on account due from him to the tenant. 
 
 Ifaboaider ;,'ets in arrears for hoard the lx)ardinj,'diouse keeper or 
 hotel keeper has a lieu on the baf;j,'ai;e and {,'oods of such Ixmrder an<l may 
 retain them until the bill is settled. If the debt remain.s unsettled for 
 three months the Ontario Statutes ]irovide that the jrood.s may be sold by 
 public auction after t,dvini,' one week's notice in a public newspaper. A 
 landlord could not tints hol.l ^joods for rent iniless he has actually dis- 
 trained them, but a boanline'diouse keejier may 
 
 4'iJt Expense of Distress for Rent. Tlie Ontario Statutes allow 
 the followin;^' e.Kpenses if the amount distraitieil for does not exceed ?X0 : 
 
 1 Levying; (I'sfess under !**S(I, ?*1 
 
 '2. (hie man keepin;; possession per day. 7.') cents, 
 
 '.i. Appraisement, whether by one appraiser or nmre, twn cents tin the 
 dollai- for the v,-ilue of the ^romls. 
 
 4. If .niy printed advertisement, not to exceed in ail, SI. 
 
 ■"). ( 'atalo;,'Uc\ sale and commission, arid deliver\' of ;^oorls, five cents 
 on tlie dollar on the n..-t proceeds of the 'ale. 
 
 Wlien the sum exceeds >?.S0, .s:l per d;iy mii_\ 1m- elmri^ed for tlie 
 man left in possession of the (;oods, and the other ex[ii'nses allow, d are 
 about d(juble tliose mentioned liere. 
 
 In ease of di.spute as to costs either jiarty, liy j;ivinj^ two days' notice 
 in \\ritin^', may liave the bill taxed hy tln' clerk of the I)ivision Court 
 where the distress lakes place, upmi paj-ment of a fee of twenty-five 
 cents Similar procedui-e in all the provineis. 
 
 The C( sts are very similar in .-ill the Provinces, and we will, therefore, 
 only ;.'ive those for .Manitoija and Hritish ("olumbia. 
 
 For Manitoba the costs alhiwed are as follows: 
 
 1. Levyiiii,' distress, ^=1. 
 
 2. Man in possessi.jn per day, ?I. .")(). 
 
 H. Appraisement, two cents on the dollar on value of floods up to 
 !?l,()0(). and one O'nt per <iollar all over SI. 000. 
 
 4. All reasonable and necessary disbursements for a<lvertisin;.' 
 
 .'). ( 'atalo^^ue, .sale, commission and fleliverv of i;oods. (ive f)er cent, on 
 the net pi'cM'eeds of tln' ^^'oods u{i to SI OOlt. .md tu ■ and one-half pei- (•■■nt. 
 thereafter 
 
 <). Mileaj;e in fjoint; to seize, fifteen cents per mile one way. 
 
 7. All necessary and reiusonable di.sbursements for removiii;,' and 
 storing floods, and keepinj; live stock, and any other disburs«mentH whicli 
 in the opinion of the .Iudj,'e lufore whom tlie (juestion of eosts mii^dit be 
 brought for decision, would be leganled by him as reasonalile and neces- 
 sary. 
 
146 
 
 I.AMH.iiKI, AM) TKNANT. 
 
 No otliur or (^ri'iiter costs or charpos shiill hi- taken from tenant, or 
 till' jiroci'ids c)t' tlie .side, mill no (•li!ir;,'o sliiiU be nade except tor what is 
 aetiiallv done. Any violation of thii ]>iMvisiuii iiieiiis a iieiiall'. ut' trelile 
 tlie amount of the o'-ercharjje. 
 
 'I'lie same chnr;;es are allowed for sei/.ure under a ciialtel iiioit:,'ai^i!. 
 
 (Joods of lioarders and lodj^er'^ are exempt. (See Section 422). 
 
 For British Columbia liie co.sts allowed for seizure are as follows : 
 
 1. Levviiij,' distress under >?1()0. ?*l.."iO: over ■?100 and under ?:i()0, 
 $1.7') ; over S:i()0, j*2. 
 
 2. Man keejiin;; possession per day, ?2. 
 
 •'l. Appraisement, two cents on the dullar on value uf ifoculs. 
 
 4 (, 'atalojjues, sale and eoiiimission, and tlelivery of ;;o()ds on the net 
 produce (jf sale, if under ^100, ten cents on the dollar ; if over 5?10U and 
 under $300, ei<^ht cents; and if over :?:l()(), six cents on the dollar. 
 
 4'i4 Short House Lease 
 
 Cbit' 3^^clUul■c, made t' 
 
 fourth day of April, in the year of onr 
 
 111 pursuance of the Act n spectinj^ Shv,' t 
 IJatien, of the Town of Thorolil, in tlic 
 hereinafter called the lessor, of the first 
 place, niereliant. hereinafter called 
 
 mail 
 I^ord one thousaiiil nine huiidriil. 
 Forms of Leases, tietween .lohn 
 County of Welland, i^'eiitleman, 
 jiart, and Leslie McMann, of the same 
 the les.see, of the secoml part. 
 
 WlTNKSSKTIl, that in consideration of the yearly rents coxeiiants and 
 ujrreeiiients lureinafter respectively reserved and contained on the part of 
 the .said lessi'e, his executors, administrators, and assi;:ns, to be respectively 
 paid, observed and i>erfornied, the said lessor hath demised and leased, and 
 by tliose I'rcsents doth demise and k'a,se unto tlie said lessee, his e.Kecnlors, 
 and administrators, all that certain tenement or business premises known 
 and described as the liatteii lilock, No. 120 Front Street, in the Town of 
 Thorold, (-'oiinty of Welland, Province of Ontario, includini,' the basement 
 or cellar, yard and outhouse, together wiui all other ri;,dits and appur- 
 tenances tiiereto belonj,'ini;, or usually known as p.irt or parcel thereof, oi- 
 as beloii;,'inj,' thereto; To llAVK AND To mil. D the said jiremises for and dur- 
 ini.r the term of three years, to be computed from the fourth day of Ajiril, 
 1900, and from theiici forth next ensuinj: and fully to be completed and 
 ended. 
 
 YiELDINii and Jiayin;^ tlu:refor yearly, and ts ery year durin;,' the 
 said term hereby <,'ranted unto the .said lessor, his lieii-s, executors, admin- 
 istrators, or a-ssiijns, the sum of three hundred dollars in lawful money of 
 Canada, to be paid in even ipiarterly instalments on the followini; days 
 and times, that is to say : on the fourth days of duly, October, .January 
 and Ajiril in each and every year during; the continuance of the .said term, 
 without an}- deduction, defaleation, or abatement whatsoever, the first of 
 such payments to become due and be made on the (■ urtli day of duly next, 
 and the .said les.see, his heirs, ext^cutors, administrators, and a.ssii;ns, doth 
 covenant, promise and a;,'ree to, and with the said lessor, his heirs, 
 executors, administrators, or a.ssiii;nR, in manner followinij, that is to .say : 
 
 That he, the said les.see, his executors, administrat- rs and assijrjis, shall 
 and will well and truly pay or cause to be paid to the said lessor, his heirs, 
 executors, administrators or assij^ns, the said yearly ivTit hereliy reserved 
 at the time and in the manner h.ereiTdiefore appoiniid for payment; 
 
I.AM)l,()|;r> AMI TKS'ANT. 
 
 147 
 
 An.l to pay taxe.s, except for lucal iiiiiin.vinriit ; 
 
 An.l to repair, roasoiiahlf wrar ami t-ur an.j .ianiH.'o by Hrr li-rht- 
 mnfj ami ti'iiii^st only exccptni : '' ' ' " 
 
 Anil to kiM-[) lip t'cncrs : 
 
 Ami that th.. sai.l l,..s.s„r may vntrr ami virw stat.. uf rri.air, ami that 
 tho sai.l k.>s.M. will rrp.iir. aceonjin- to n,,licf in writin;;, n-asonahl.. woar 
 and trar aii.i dania^'e hy tire, lij,'htnin;,' an.l t.^mpest .•xcpte.l 
 
 An.l will m.t assiirii ^,r .suhh-t without leave ; 
 
 An.l that he will leav.. the ppMnisrs in j^oo.l rrpair, reasonable wear 
 an.l tear ami .laina-e l.y fire, lii,'htnin;,r an.l tnnpo.st only excepted 
 
 I roviil.il that the .s.ud lessee niav reni..vi' his fixtures 
 
 IVovi.le.i that in the event of iire, liVhtninir or temp.>t nut shall 
 ceiuse until the premises are rebuilt or made Ht lor the purp.i.se.s uf the l..H,see 
 
 1 roviso for re-entry by th.- Iess..r on non-pavnient of rent, or non- 
 p.'rtonnanoe of covenants. 
 
 The .sai.l h..s.sor covenants with the sai.l le.s.s.v for .niiet eni..vm..nt 
 
 Iv U-.TN-Ess WHK,t.:.,F th,. sai.l pani..s h...vt., hav,- hereunto" set their 
 liauds ,'in.l seals. 
 
 Si;^'n,.il, seal.'. 1. ami .l.'livm'. 
 in the pr.'.senee of 
 
 Adam Y(hn(j. 
 4'i."». Farm Least. 
 
 • b)ilN Hatikv ift 
 
 Lkslie .M.Man.n. ^ 
 
 In ;i h;n-m lease .ith.T claus.'s are usually inserte.l, similar to the 
 h.ilowm-, .letiianj; particularly h.,w the laml'is to be tilled, eroiis to be 
 raise.l. .fispusitio:i oi .straw, which i)artii-s usiiij; this form may insert 
 
 Ani. that the .sai.l les.see will, durinj,' the said term, ".iltivate till 
 manure and employ such part of .said demise.l premi.ses as is now r,r shall 
 U-ivalter hv lirou;L,rht un.ler cultivation, in a -.,.,,1 husban.l-like an.l i.ronei 
 manner, .so as not to impoverish ,)r injure th.- soil, an.l plou-h >ai.l land in 
 each year dunnj; saui term f seven) inches deep and at the end of said 
 term vyill leave the land so manured as aforesaid. And will crop the 
 same durin;; the .sai.l term by a re;,nilar rotation ..f crops in a pr.iper 
 armer-lik,' m.'inner, .so as not to impoverish or injure th.' .soil of the said 
 land, and will use his best an.l eani.'st endeavors t.. ri.i sai.l lan.l of all 
 . ..eks. wil.l mustard, red ro(,ts. Cana.ia thistles and other noxiou.s weeds 
 AM. will pr.'serv.. all orchar.i an.l fruit trees (if any , on the said premi.ses 
 fr..m wasi,', dama-e or .l.'struoti.jii. A\i) will spen.I, use and emp|.,v in 
 a hushan.l- ike manner, upon the .said premi.so.s, all the straw an.l .'lun.r 
 which shall ^Tow, arise, renew, or be ma.le thereupon .Wi. will allow 
 any incoming: tenant to plouf^h the sai.l laml after harvest in th- l,i.st year 
 of the sai.l term, and to have .stablin^r for two hors.'s an.l be.lroon, |.,r one 
 man. Axi) will leave at least t.-n acres see.ie.l .L.wii with tinuHhv an.l 
 
 elover See.l. 
 
 AM) shall not n<,r will .iurin^r ,1,,. .sai.l term cut any stamlin" limber 
 up.,n th.> .sai.l lands, except for rails ..r for buil.linu's upon the said demised 
 premises, or f..r tirewo..d upon the premises, an.l shall not allow any 
 t.mher t.) lie nmoved from of}' th.. .sai.l premises. And also, shall and 
 will, at the cost and charges of the said le.s.see, well and sufKciently repair 
 and keep repaired, the erections and buildin™, fence.s »ud '-hu^r or<-ct.>-d 
 or to be erecte.l, upon ttie sai.l premi.s.'s. ^ • ■- . 
 
148 
 
 I'AKINKKSlln' 
 
 ClIAITKi; WIl. 
 
 I'AUTNKKSIII 
 
 has 
 
 iM.tl, 
 
 I-, his iiaiiK' til tht- tinii fiT 
 iiii tiiiaiicial ijiti-iT-.t in tin- 
 
 ail intiTi',->l anil whiWi' iiiiiic 
 
 thi-y an- all riiually 
 
 Mil 
 
 4'Ui Partnership is a lontract Id'iwcLii two or mori' jum-sohs, not an 
 iiicorporat.il conii.any. who join to;:ethcr i'of thr imriiosf of t'oniluctiuf; a 
 curtain husinf.ss, witii an un.h'rstan.iiii;,' to iiartic-ipat.' in cfrtain i.roj.or- 
 tions ii. till' profits or losses accruing'. 
 
 'I'll. 'v may join tluir nioiu'v, ;,'oo,ls. lahor an.l skill, or any or all of 
 thrni. i"irni, ("iiiiipany, House "ami Co-iiartnurship an- all symmyiiious 
 tiTins ii-.(l to rcprcsi'iit a jiartniMship hiisincss. 
 
 Thr accfpt.Ml ilcfinition in all the I'rovinccs of a paitn.iship i-, Tlu' 
 rrlati.iii which subsists hetweun parties carrying on a business in eonmion 
 with a view of profit." A ■'common fniul,' atxJ a ■ coninmnity ol profits 
 pretty clearly (lesij,'nate a pai-tnershi]i business. 
 
 4'i;. There are Three Classes of ( ieneral partners : 
 
 1. Dormant, silmt or sh-epin;; j.artner; that is one who has an inter- 
 est in the business, but wliosr name iloes not appear He is represent. ■*! 
 in the firm name by " iV Co. 
 
 2. I )stensible partner i.s one win 
 the .sake of its reputation, but wlm 
 business. 
 
 3. Aettial partner is one who has 
 appears in the firm name. 
 
 As to their respective lialiility to th 
 liable 
 
 4'iS. Partners Liability. In a (ienrral pa.itii.i-^hip eaeh member is 
 not only liabl.' to th- public- for his pailieiilar int.ivM in the busiie-s, hut 
 also for the whole ilebt- of the firm. 
 
 4'it>. Limited Partner i.-. one who takes .i eertain interest only in 
 the business, ami wli.. also only umlertakes to share a certain amount of 
 the L'ains or h)sses. The amoiint of losses which he assumes li.aiiility for 
 niu-t not bo less than the amount of capital he invests. This sjiecial 
 partmrship arrangement must be inserted in the partnership agreement 
 and registered before commencing business. 
 
 This Special or Luiiite<l partner must not liave anything whatever to 
 do with the management of the busines,s, and take no jiart in the work. 
 He inav "ivo counsel to the firm, examine the state and progress of the 
 husiness.'but if lie takes any part in iUs m.inagement lie inakes him.self a 
 tjcnend partner, and thus li.able for all the debts of the firm. 
 
 His name must not appear in the firm name by his kiiowle<lge or lie 
 becomes il (letioral ]iartiier. i i ■ i 
 
 A continuation of fhu business beyond tin time li.\.(l tor the Limiteil 
 partnership without being filed again as at first, or a removal from the 
 lociUion of tile business without being certified to and registered as at 
 lir.st, il becomes a Geiicra! paitiiorship. 
 
PU!T\Kl:sllll'. 
 
 U!) 
 
 lit lirst. it licciiiiii's a < li-Dcrul 
 
 A l.'iri^f ininihiT of partnersliips (ire 
 .iLrri'tnii'iit, Hini tlms a wido ojipor- 
 
 Alsii, if iliiT'^ is jiiiy ulti'raliiiii in the iiivmcs of the parttifrH, or in the 
 Mpital, or aiiythiii;; 'litf't ritiir ti'oiii ttii' original ciTtiticnte, it is ili'fini'il a 
 
 ilissolutioll ; ;llnl ir lint tilc'i :\i 
 
 partii»Tshi|i. 
 
 Such Spi'cial partner cannot witlulraw his stock in tlu' shape of divi- 
 ili'iiils, profits, interest or otherwise iliirini,' tlie coiitituiunce of tlic purtner- 
 sliip, an! if h. iloes he is boiuiil to rephice it so as to keep his stock 
 
 iiitaet. 
 
 'rhri-i' can lie no ilis^nlnlion of such part'e-rship pr.vinus to the time 
 
 inentioneil in the certilicate nntii a notice has 1 n lih'i in tie- otlice 
 
 where the ori;;inal certilicnte was reconle(i. 
 
 In case* of inscjl\cncy Special jiartners i\n not rank a;-* ereilitors until 
 the claims of all others have Ix'en satistieil. 
 
 iamite.l partiiershij) is not dei'inej to he formed until the certificate 
 is fih'd It husiness is done liefore tilini,' it is deemed a <ieneral partner- 
 ship and all ;ire individually liable. 
 
 l''.\ery renewal of a Mmited partnership is rei|uired to he tiled exactly 
 the same as at first, otherwise it i'lcomes (leneial 
 
 4;iO Partnership Agreement 
 
 uiiw isidy t'lriied. simjily hy a \erlia. ,,-,vi ,.,.-,,,, .vn.. mu.-. n « me- mn>ui- 
 tunity left for future disaj;roetnents. unieh friction, and frequently a waste 
 of in iney in the courts. 
 
 I'ropi'rlj', every partnership ac^reeincnl should he reduced to writin^', 
 with a i^reat lii^al of deliheration and caution, 
 
 4:H The Articles of Co-Partnership should contain: 
 
 1, Th" names in full of each meniher, and their place of residence. 
 
 "2. riie nature of the t)usiness to be condiicteij. 
 
 .'}. The place where it is to l)e conducted. 
 
 4. The amount <-)f capital that each partner invests. 
 
 ■'i. What partners are (leneral, ami which are Special or Limited. 
 
 t). If any partner makes no cash investment, hut who.se experience, 
 i^r skill, etc., is his investment, that should al.so be inserti-d 
 
 7. The date of comnienceinent and duration of the contract, if it is 
 for .1 detinite period. 
 
 5. If a division of work is afjreed l«-tween the' partners, such as i(^r 
 one partner only to si^^ni all orders for ;;oods, accept all drafts, issue tlie 
 notes, etc., it should be clearly revealed in the aj^reement. 
 
 It. Provision for settleinc'iit in case of the death of a partner. 
 
 Besides these, there are various other thini;s which couli profitably 
 be emboilied in the a;,'reement, -^uch as that neither shouhl be a camlidate 
 for a municii).al otlice or an active jiolitieal partisan without the consent 
 of the firm ; also, that neither partner should indorse jiaper for others, or 
 become bail for any person, without consent of the tirin, or to enijafje in 
 any otlier business that would reipiire investment and possibly incur loss. 
 Also, a provision f(jr windine;-up the business in case of a dissolution, or 
 for disai.;r(>ement, etc. 
 
 If no limit is fixed it is a partner.shiji at will and niav be ilissolved 
 by any oie- of the partners by notice to all the otliers of his renunciation. 
 Hut such reiiuneiatiiin must !"■ in fiitnd faith and not made at a time 
 
150 
 
 r.\i!Txritsiiii 
 
 lil'''l witliiii -ix iiidiiths. 
 lit tlic <itti('i> (if tlic C'lnk 
 
 unfavorable to the fiartiiorsliip. If the articlt-s of co-{)artiuTslii[> w.Tr l>v 
 ilee<i a iiotipo in writini,' is sutficiciit 
 
 4:i'i Registration of Partnership Kv.ry (iiiuTil partiicrjsllip 
 
 iiiii-.t I..- iv^'}-leiv.l ur tilc.l within a .jrtinit'' tiiiio, which varies sorm- in 
 th.' ilifl'.'rotit Provinces, or ho liahle to a heavy penalty, and every Liinit^ii 
 partnership must be rej,'i«itere(l immediately or it is .leomed only'aCeneral 
 partnership and the Special partners liable for debts eciuallv with the 
 (iencral. Actions aj^ainst partners in Iraile who have not re^jistered may 
 be bron;,'ht ajjainst any one without naiiiiiij,' the others on the writ or ih'e 
 said CM-partiHTshi]) firm. 
 
 In Ontario Lnnited purtnrrship must be filed at tie' utlie.' of the Clerk 
 of the County Court before commdieini,' business ; ami a (ieneral partner- 
 ship at the County l!e;.nstry ( >flice where the business is carried on 
 witlun SIX months after the partnership is formed. The penalty for nd 
 re-isterin;; is SlOO one-half to j,'o to tlir prosecutor and the other to the 
 Crown. The fee for rej^istrrin^ Limit..! ]'artnersLip is ioc, and 50c. for 
 (Ieneral. 
 
 In .Manitoba (Jeneral partnersliip mu>t 1.. 
 
 For the Ka.stirn Judicial District they are lile. 
 
 of the Court of <^ueen's Hencli, and f.'r the Western Judicial District with 
 the Deputy Clerk of the Crown ami I'lras. The fee for tilin;,' is ^1. 
 Limited partnership to be tile.l in the otHee of the Judicial District in 
 which Ihr ]M-iiieipal plac- of business is situate.!, and if the principal ],l,ice 
 of busim'ss isu.it in a Land Titles district then it must als., l,« iilo.l in the 
 orfice of tlie Iiejri''tr;ir ..f tie- r.'-i-lratii.n .listrict in whi.-h it is situat-.l. 
 Fee f.ir filiii.;. SI. 
 
 In I'.ritish Columbi i (j.'neral parlm rsliip mus 1)." registered within 
 threi- m.inihs with th.' Registrar of the County Ccj'urt. Fee for 
 hling, SI l,imit<'il iiartnership certificate mu.st be .signed before a notary 
 public an.l tile.l in the otlice of tli Iterristrar of the C.iuntv in whi.-h the 
 principal place of business is situat.' l-"..' f. .r tilin::. S2. 
 
 In North-West Territ.irie;^ (ien.ial ))artn.rsiiip must be register. d 
 withiii six months in the otlice of the Registration Cl.rk of the ivgistra- 
 tion .listrict for regi.stration of ehatt.'l iii.iitgMg.-; in wliicli tli.- business is 
 to he con.iuctp.l. Fee for tiling. .■)0c. 
 
 The certificate for Limile.i partiuTship must b.' -i^ni.i before a n.i|,ii\- 
 public, who will citify the same. ,in.l then tile.l in the office of the 
 Deputy Clerk of th.' Snpivin.' Court wher.> the principal place of business 
 is situate. Fee, 2.")e. 
 
 In New I'.runswiek. both General an.! Speciiil i.artnei-^hips must be 
 register.'d before coiiiinenciiig business, l-'ee f.,r f.irm.'f. L'.a- ; lor latt.r, 
 Mc. Limile.i partnerships must be liled in the otlice of the Registrar of 
 Deeds of the county in which the princii)al ]ilace of business is situate, and 
 when there are places of business in .lill'.'reiit countuM, tiieii a c.rtitied 
 copy of the certiticat.' must b.. filed in .ach such eouiily. A copy of the 
 certificate must be publish<..l in a newsjiaper published in'lhe cunty where 
 principal place of business is situate. 
 
 In Nova Scotia the certificate t.> In- til..! in the ulllce of th. ' 
 of Deeds withiii three months. The fee is 2."c. if not over 
 won Is 
 
 t\\. 
 
 .'g'strar 
 iun.lreil 
 
I'AUTSKIiSHir 
 
 161 
 
 Tlio [icimlly for failure to r< j^i.sU'r for each j)artn('r is not Ics.s than 
 l?2(), nor niori' than SI DO. 'I'hc certificate for Liniiteij partnership must l>e 
 iK'kiiowleiJ:,'.-.! hy the parties sij,'ninj; it before a .hul^^e of the Supreme 
 ( "ourt or a Justice of the I'eace ami then tileil, after lieiii;; certitie'l, in the 
 oflice of the Ke<^istrar of D.iiis of the county in wliich tiie principal place 
 of husine.ss is situate. At the sani(' time aiel jilace must be tiled an atfi- 
 davit hy one or more of either the (iiii'r.il or Limited partierf declarinj^ 
 that the sums specified in the certificate li.ul in ^ood faith In in paid in 
 Cfush. As soon as such partnership is rej;istered i( shall he ]iuMished at 
 least six Weeks in tin; L'oi/nl (ia:i'l>c and one other ne\vs]ia(ier published 
 at Halifa.x, and by handbills posted up in some public jilaees in the t<iwn- 
 ship whire the business is carried on. 
 
 In '.Quebec, both (Jeueral and Limited paitm-rsliip tiir dfclaralioii must 
 be tili'd with the I'rothonotary of the district and the Ke^'istrar of the 
 County in which the priiiciii,il place of busi?iess is situate within sixty 
 days afier formation of tie- p irtncisliiji. Failure to comply incurs a 
 penalty of !*-i()() 
 
 In Newlninelland the Certificate must be acknowlclL^c-il b.'l'urc a 
 iiot'irv public \\\\i> shall certify whether it was made in Newfoundland 
 oi- alir"ad. The eerliticate is then tiled in the othce of the Colonial 
 ."Secretary. When there are places of business in ditf"erent districts a copy 
 of the certificate certified by the Colonial Secretary must be recorded in 
 the office of the Hc;,dstrar of Deeds for such districts. At .same time of 
 tilin;^ certificate an atlidavit of i,ne or more of the jiartiiers must be made 
 
 that the sums specified in the certificate had 1 n in ;,'u.ul faith actually 
 
 paid. The terms of the partnership must al.so be publisheil at least in six 
 consecutive issues of the Koi/iil ^r'occ/^' after re;;istrat ion, and in one or 
 two other jiapers as the Colonial Secretary shall desirriiate If not so 
 n';^isterid and so published the partiiei'ship shall be deemed a ( ieiieral 
 partnership The form (jf certificate is similar to the one shown in this 
 l)'iok for Limited partnershiiis. For athdaxit of newspa|ier publishers as 
 to publicati'in and 'iilier form--, --ee Con.solidated Statutes, Chap. iSS. 
 
 4liX Form of Registration, for Tieneial partiurshi]!. 
 Pkovinck (ir < >\T.\|{|o. I We. .bimes Smith and .lames Hobiiisuii. <,{ 
 
 the City of (iiielph. Cf)unty of Wiliiii;,'ton. 
 County of Wellington, l i'rovince of Ontario, hertdiy certify ; 
 
 1. That we have carried on ami intend to carry on the trad'' and 
 bu.siniss of (^arriaj,'e Buildinj; ami (ieneral Hlacksmithin;; at (iuelph, in 
 partnership, under the name ami firm of Smith iV Robinson. 
 
 2. That tlu' said jiartiurship lias subsisted since thi' 1.5th ilav of 
 May. IStOO. 
 
 ',i. 'I'hat we are and have been since the s.iid ilay the only inenil)ers 
 of the .sai<l partnership. 
 
 Witness our hamls at Cuelph, this -Jn.! (jay i>f .rune. 101)1 1. 
 
 •l.\MEs Smith. 
 
 .I.VMES HoiilN.SON. 
 
 'I'ht- .above form of de'claratioii is identical in all the Provinces as 
 ]irovided by statut"', simply change the name of Province when u.sed in 
 
 other iprovinces. 
 
1V> 
 
 I'AllTNKUslIIIV 
 
 4',i4 Formation of Partnership I'urinirsliip^t nrv ronni-.l liy 
 aureeineiil of ih.' |.:iitirs. .-itlnr .aj.ivs-.,,! ,,i niijiliiMl. 'I'li.' fXprcHsrcj nuiv 
 Jju (jitliiT (ir«l. wnttcii, or iindir sial. 'I'ln; U-il of |mrtii(islii]) is "'ii 
 coiimioii fnn.l "ami "a ri.niiminit y of profits'' In (iny i-jis,. wIumv juirtifj* 
 an ii.s.so(iatp.i in liUsiiie.s.s, if it is nt'crsMiiry to pro\o tlif t-xistcncc .,f n 
 partnership aliont all that in needful to ilo is to prove that there is "a 
 common fund " for the partic-s asscx-iated, and " a connnnnity of profits." 
 And it would he diflicult for such parties to estahlish the fact that there 
 was not a partnership. 
 
 Partnership may he formed lor commercial eiiieipris.s, mannf.ietinim' 
 and mining' in all the Provinces and Newfoundland, hut not for hankin;^, 
 railroad enn-tnietiun, nr insuraiie. 
 
 4;W. Form for Registration, of Limited partnership. 
 Province of . ... | We, the uiidersii,'ned, do her<d)y certify lluit we 
 County of .... liave enteivd into co-jMirtliership under the style or 
 1 firm of (li. I). <<: Co.) as (tJnicers and Connni.s.sion 
 
 Merchants) which firm consists of (A. U.) usually rcsidini; at ami 
 
 (V l\) residing' usually at ;w General partner.s ; ami ?K. V.) residing; 
 
 Usually at . . , and ((;. if.) residing: usually at lus Special partners. 
 
 the sjiid (K. F.) havini; contrihuted ^4,000, and the said ((i. H.) !*\(K)0, to 
 the capital stock of the .said partnership. 
 
 The said partnership connnenced on the .... day of . 
 
 terminates on the 
 I)ate(l this . . 
 .Si;;ne<l in the 
 presence <A' 
 T, .M 
 Xotiiri/ I'll I// 
 The certificati 
 notary [luhlie. \vli(i s 
 
 <lav of 
 
 ■i^y 
 I 
 
 for ,1 
 
 lall 
 
 )f 
 
 ., 19. 
 
 Ill ., and 
 
 A. 
 
 Liinili-d |iartner.Hhip 
 Inly certify the .same. 
 
 UiUst 
 
 'Ued 
 
 li, 
 1), 
 F 
 (i 11 
 
 I H- fore 
 
 H. 
 
 I'f .'septeiiif)LT. ill tile yi'jir 
 ■ Citv 
 
 4:Ui Form of Articles of Paitnership. 
 
 articles of agreement ....,1,. ti„. to„ti. ,u 
 
 (.iir l,..r.l ..II.. th, 111. ,111.1 hill ■ liuii.lrril 
 
 l'l''"l•:^■^ '■ u'.' <iiili>lf. .I..I111 ..\<l,iins 1111,1 Cliarles .\ndrew.s. .■ill .,f tl 
 
 H.iiiuiti.n. m the Ciiiity ..f Wcntwnrtli, i'mvini*' of Ontario. 
 
 \VnKttE.»s tlif s.'iiii partie.s hereto respoitively are ilesirous of eiiternu' into a C'o- 
 p.irtner.sliip. in the liiisuie.ss of the Maiiiif.ai tare and Sale of Kurintiire, a'l llannlton 
 aforesaid, for the l.riii. and sulijfot to the stipulations hereinafter expicssed. 
 
 Now, THERKFoBK, THESK Pkksknth witnKss, that each of them the sjiid parties 
 hereto, respectively, for himself, his heirs, executors luid administratois, liereliy 
 Covenants, with the other of them, his executors and adniinLstratoris, m manner followniL' 
 that is to s!iy : 
 
 • "^1. That the .sai,l p.-uties heret.., respectively, sli;ill hnu-eforlli li,., and continue 
 Jjartners tof^ethcr in the said Imsiness of the Manufacture and .siale of Furniture, for 
 the full term of Five Years, to Ue computed from the tenth day of September,' one 
 thousand nine hundred, if the .viid pariiicrs shall so Ion.,- live, subject to the provisions 
 herein.after contained for determiiniii.' tin- said partnership. 
 
 2. That the said business .shall be carried on under tlif lirin iiniiie of the 
 Hamilton Furniture Co. 
 
 3. That the said [mrtners shall inve,st cajiital as follows: Geori;e Carlisle, two 
 thousand dollars, e.uih ; John .\dam.s, tiffuen hundred dollars, cash" and Charles 
 .\n.livHs. nine hundred dollars and toolsand m icliim-ry valued at two thous.iiiil dollars 
 
PAIITNEUHIIir. 
 
 1 y.i 
 
 4. That tho iiniil |i.irtiirrs <h»ll Ix- rntitltHl tn ;i milary in lieu of HurviOfH, a« 
 fdlliiw.s : (iwvrm- I'lirlisli', iw fun-iii.iii of fiu-tnry, Iwenly doll.irx |«t woek ; Joliii Ailaiiia, 
 «H l>.Mikk<'. |)i>r. twenty <i>>lliini per week ; iiiici I'hiirles Andri'WK, »m KiilxMiimn in the Mt4>rB, 
 tifiii-n (liilUrs |iir week. 
 
 it. Thiit the siiiil |iailni'i-s sli.ill fiirllur r.- Im I'ntitU-d t.i tltaii- tlir prolitn i^f the 
 
 Hrtiil lniMinew Ml thi- |irM|M.itiiiii f..lli.wiiit:. that is lo »ay Acc-nniiiin t.i the rt-t|i«clivo 
 invfstniunt at iHiiinirni'tnnfiil fm- ihf firxt y.-ar. ami nconlin? to th« net cri'ilit, i.f each 
 kt the Ix'Kinnin.,' I'f rach iiiilm(H|ii<>nt yinr : 
 
 Ami that all lnwis in Ihrsaiil liiisiiieiiii fur any yi-ar shall I>h liorni' liy thoni in 
 the saini' (ir,i|M)iii"n (iiiili'ns tho saiiu" shall l>n iK'iiwioMfil liy thf wilful in'«liit nr default 
 iif eitluT iif the wnd paitniis, in rhich ease the same shall U- iiiadi- i{.ic«l liy tho |iaitnor 
 through whdso no'^hot tho saiiii' shall arise). 
 
 ♦i. That tho said partnors shall .acli lie at lilHjrry, fnnii time In tune Uiirini; the 
 said I'artiiorsliip, ti. ilia» nut nf tho said liiisinoas, f^r private us.-, any hiiiii nr Hiiiim nut 
 exiirdin;,' fi.r oad., the sum i>f throo liiiiidrod dollars per aniiuiii in oxeoss nf salary, 
 nuili HUiiis t" lio iluly iliaryod t.i eaoh nf them. ros|M'Ctivoly. ami iin uro.itor amnunt to 
 be drawn liy either ipf the luiid partiiors exi.'opt liy iiiiitiial iniiseiit : and iiitonsl at live 
 JUT rent, per aniiuiii shall lie eliai,'.;d tn each partner fnr such withdrawal fimii the date 
 iif withilraw.il uiilil it is repaid, nr until next annual settlement. 
 
 7. That .ill rent, taxes, salaries, wayos and nthor nutsjninu ex|ienHes iiuiirretl in 
 respect of the sjtid liiisinesa. shall lie paid and Ihihio out of tho proHts of tho said 
 biisinons. 
 
 X. That tlio saiil p.irtn(rs shall keep, nr cause to Iib kept, proper anil correct 
 books of aieniint of :ill tin- partmrsliip nmnoys received and paid, and all liusiiiess 
 traiis;M;ted nn partnership aocnunt, uid of all other maltors of wimli aeoouiits oui;ht to 
 Iki kept, accoidinj; In ilio usual and ro'.'ular course of tlu' said Imsino.vi. which sjiid 
 Imnks shall Ik- open to the inspo. linn nf all tho parlners, or their lo^jal representatives. 
 A sioiieral lialance nr statoinent nf the said acenunts, sinck in trade and Imsiness, and of 
 accounts lietwoeii the- siid partners, ;^hall lie made and taken on the tinst day of .March 
 in each year of the said term, and ofi.ner if loipiinsl. 
 
 !•. That tho said partnrrs shall 1h' true ami ju.st lo each other in all matters of 
 the said cnpailiurship, and shall al all times, during; the coiilinuaiico thoronf, dilli{ontly 
 aiirl faitlifully oiiiploy tluMiisel'es. rospoctivoly, in tho cniiduot ami cnncoriis of the said 
 hii.sino.Hs, and devote ihnr whole time exclusively llieroto, ami neither of them sh.ill 
 transact or lie eiiyanod ii. .■my other liiisiiioss or tf.ide wli.ilsocvor ; .\ml the said 
 partners, or either of tluiii. iliirini; the cnnuniiance nf the s.iid cn.paitiurship, shall 
 not, either in the naiiio of the said p.irinirship or individually in their own names, 
 draw or accept any lull or lulls, pminissory note nr notes, or liecome liail or surety for 
 any person or persons, or kiiowin<;ly or wilfully dn, commit or permit any act, matter 
 or tiling; liy which, or liy nie.ans of which, the said [i.irtiiership imiti'y or" ett'ects shall 
 lie seized, atlaclied m- taken in oxecutinii ; and in ca.se eillior partner shall fail or make 
 default in th.' performances of any of tho .itjroeinoiits of articles of said partnersliip. in 
 .so far as ihe s.imo is or are to lie ohsoiAod liy him. then llie other jiartnor shall represent 
 in wnliiii,' In such parlmr otrondliie, In what lie may ho so iii ili-fault : .iiid in case the 
 sjinio shall not tie roctitioil by a time tn lie spocilitd for thai pur|inso liy the p.irtnor so 
 represonlin^'. the siii.l partnership shall therou[ion at once, or at any oilier time to ho so 
 specified as aforesaid liy ihe parlners otiViidcd a'^'ain.st, be di.ssolved ind determined 
 accordingly. 
 
 10. Th.il in case cither of the said p.irtn.r.-, shall di.' hofor,' the expiration of the 
 term of the said co-parliioiship, llieii tho surviving; p.irtiiers shall, williin llio six 
 caloml.ir iiioiilhs .ifior such decease, settle and adjust Willi the repre.seiit.ilive or 
 n'presontatives of such docc.-ised |i<irliier. all .iccounts, matters and things relatiiii; to 
 the said copartnership, and that the .said survivors shall continue to carry on thence- 
 forth, for their soU- licnetit, the co-partiicrship busiiies.s. 
 
 I\ wiTNKss wiiKKKoK tlies.iid [larlies hereto liavo hereunto set their h.mds and 
 seals 
 
 .Sij/iuhI, .Sealed and Delnenii "j 
 In the pro.sence ..f 
 
 \V. SWKKTMA.N I 
 
 (TEORlit! CaRLI.sLE. 
 
 John .A. hams, 
 
 ('ll.llll.KS .\n1iRKWS. 
 
 m 
 m 
 
i:.+ 
 
 I'AHTVERSHrr 
 
 4:11 Partnership Capital Tlu- rnpital a iinrtmr contrilmt* k 10 
 th.' j.Mriii. r-liiji iiiuy Im' in c.i^li r,-ii| ,.>.tatc, piTsoniil property, nr .sccri't 
 pnxvNH ol' miiimfactiiri', a pat.tit ri;,'lit, c<>pyri;,'ht, liiUir, skill, or tiiiio in 
 iimim;;<Mii.i>t, ;;(to.l-\vili of mi fstabli.sli.d 1'UHiius.s, etc., and in .ach cnsc l.e 
 Hiitiject tn tin- .same liuhMiticH, un<l |»o«He8N ••<juul privili^'M. 
 
 4:JH The Firm Name 'I'hcre an- no rt'strictioim placed upon tlie 
 choici' c,f ,1 I'iiiii name fm- a partnership as in cane of a aUtck company. 
 
 Any individual who winlies to aild " Jit Co." to his name, or to u.seanv 
 special name other than his own may do .so l>y re^fi.sterin;,' a declaration to 
 that frt'ect, the sjime a.s »honj;li a nimdier of pers')ns were united, and he is 
 liiihle til the same penalty if ho does n.it re^^'ister. 
 
 In si;,'nin;; a-iy documents the tirin name .should .ilwnys he used 
 without the least variation In many ca.sen the p.irtners w<mlil not Ikj 
 liaUe if ''»• i>iime of the tirm i.s varied, nor if the person si^'nin;,' is not 
 act in}; within the scope of Iun authorit}-. 
 
 4:W N'on-Trading Firms. Firms that an- not iradinj; Hrms, smh 
 a.s a l.iw tiiiii. do not cinir under the p.irtiiersliip laws, neither can thev 
 ;;ive a not>' as a tirm. They may all si},'n it, hut it is only as a joint and 
 sever.il nnte, til., s.ini.' ,is ihoij^rh they were not a.s.sociated personally. 
 
 4-4« Church Trustees may he held pprsonally liaMe if they sifjn 
 their names to any document for church purposes, as there is no Act <if 
 F'arlii.ment ;;ivinj; them power to act as such, or authority to hind others 
 whom they may chance to renresent ; but tiiis does not' apply to mort- 
 gaj^es on projH'rty of the church con;;re;;atioii. 
 
 The same is true nf the i.tKoers of the various social and hetievcilent 
 a.sKociations. 
 
 441 Powers and Limitations of Partners Kach ;,'enoral partm r. 
 unlos.H prnluliiii 1 ill the :ntieli's of eop irtiiersliip. lieconies a LTeneral ai'ent 
 of tlio tirm ancl lias power ti- act for llie tirm. 
 
 He may Kind the tirm in ^ill matters that eonn' widiln ihe hmit-s id 
 the business undertaken by lli.' tirm. For instance It'.i linn were 
 onj;a;:'d in the jjrocery husine.vs a partner couM bind the llrin 111 sudi 
 transactions as would properly ln-lon^' to the grocery trade . l.ut li^ eould 
 not for anything; fiertaininj; to a coal business, or in "real estate, etc 
 
 Kach partner can act for the tirm unless he is pr()liil)ited in tiie 
 partnership ajjreement. He may receive payments of bills and aceount.s, 
 compromise with a debtor, or rejiresent the (inn in a suit at court, or 
 borrow money necess.ary to carry on the tiniis business. 
 
 Ill- may make a note or accept a draft for the tirm in tie n';,'niar 
 course of business, or do any other act he deems necessary in the intenst 
 of the tirm. 
 
 If a bill or note is sijr,„.,i \,y ,,iie of tin; Hrm. the firm can be held 
 liable, jirovidinj; that two thinj;s can be proved, vi/. ; That it was for the 
 tinii ])urposes, and that the person si;,'niiij,' it had proper authority todoso. 
 
 A promissory no*e or acceptance bearint; the tirm name sijrtied by a 
 partner, althoU};h not j;iven for tirm purposes, will be colleetetl if it pas.ses 
 before ni.'itiiritv into tlie i.ands of .in innoci'nt holier for \alnp. 
 
rARTNKKSIiri 
 
 155 
 
 Hii'lirit; 111-* Cm [iiirttifr.s, 
 
 A fMirtiuT rn»t invt'«t<-<l willi tlir ri^jlit, iti 
 renders liiiiisflf liable to thiiii 
 
 Ouo pHrtner oaiiiiol hiiul t'l- linn liy :ui m^tniiiiint imiJer Heal unles.1 
 hr llll'^ I't'iii iiii|"iwi'r.'ii liy lui iii-tniiii.nt \iiiilfr sen! to <lo so. 
 
 4-i"f Acts a Partner Must Not Do one mrmlior of a tirin Uas 
 IK) ri;,'ht to sipi tlif tiriii niiiii>' I'ur [mrposvs of Nuretysliijt or on private 
 account lie must not employ tin' property of tlie tirni for Lis own jiriviite 
 use. ij.- iriust not use the credit i>f tin- firm for liis own personal hen. tit. 
 He nniHt not ;;ive a tirin note in j)aymrnt of ii private ch-ht He must not 
 iassui' a tirm cheijue in payment .)f a private account, unless he makes tlie 
 cliei|Ui' p.iyahle to liis own order, and then indorses it hcforc delivery. 
 
 In ;,'en,'ral, hi' must not do anytliin;,' contrary to the partnership 
 a^'ri'ement .,r .inv I hini; pnjiidicMl !■. the interests of the firm 
 
 44:{. Liabilities in Case of Insolvency A [la.tnership tirm 
 bi'coniinj; ins. .Kent, the (iiiire parlnership pn.perly would he taken first 
 to .satisfy the firm debts. If this did not satisfy the claims, then the 
 private proi)erty of all or any of tlie f,'eneral partners wonhl, subject to 
 priority of the partner's private crolitors, Ik- taken to satisfy the debts. 
 
 The Special or Linuted p.irti>er in such ca.se would only "be liahl.. to the 
 am .imt of interest he has in the business. If he huil previously with- 
 drawn i)art <.f his capital, an.l h.nl not etfecte.l a n, w rei^'ist ration, h" ..ul 1 
 still be liable fi.r tlie.imount wilh.liawn. 
 
 444 Partner Cannot Sue the Finn, as ih.it w.ml.i be in reality 
 suin;; himself, for the linn does not e.\ist with >ut him If. however, he 
 has a jirivate .hbt or claim a;,'aiii.st the firm which the firm will not jiny, 
 he may a.ssijjn it to a tiiird jiarty. 
 
 44.'». Partner Selling; His Interest. .\ i.artn.r c.mnot .sell his 
 int.'r.'st with. .Ill th.- ci,iis..i]t ul' his assi.|.i;ite.^. If h,, shmdd sell without 
 such consent it voids the partnership nrrrcement anil a dissolution must 
 take place. The remainini; partners may accept the new member, but it 
 makes a new partnership even thoufjli no other chanfje may be made in 
 the articles ,,f ii^'n-iinent, and must \f rei^istered .■i^;aiii 
 
 44<» Bankruptcy. Incapacity, or Death of a Partner A jartn. r 
 in a linn beiuui. s insolvent in bis private business, hi.s interest in the 
 partner.sbip pa.sse.s to his creditors, who are not partners — hence dissolu- 
 tion follows. 
 
 A p.-irtncr dies, jiis li.-ir.s. etc, are not i.artiieis — hence dis.solutii.n 
 follows. 
 
 A p.-irtn.'r b.'conies insan.', or ai. invalid, hence cannot fulfil the 
 partnership agreement, and a dis.solution follows. 
 
 44J. Retirine: Partner, A retirin- partmr from .a partnersl.ip 
 firm, in (..pier to protect himself from the future liabilities of the tirm, 
 must, in addition t<i the adverti.sements already mentioned. re>,'ister a 
 declaration of the di.s.M)Iution at the office where th.- [.artmrship ix 
 rej^i.sti-iiMl. (,See .Section 4.")1 for form. 
 
 This. ..f course d.^es u:.t !'re,- !.i::; fr.vii; prevloUS HftbiHtlrS \]:\^ 
 
156 
 
 PAKTSKKSllll', 
 
 incurreil whilr he was a laiiiiIxT Xothiiip liut a release I'rcin the 
 in<li\ichliil creilitor^ e.in I'rei' him from tlie past lialiilities. 
 
 lUit for all Imsiiiess enterprises intemieil to l>e p.-niiaiuMit and of larj,'e 
 <iimeiisioiis. it would he far hetter to mimu a stock company instead of a 
 partnership. See next chapter i. 
 
 44h Dissolution of Partnership. The followini; are amoni^r tie 
 tliin^js that e.all for a di.ssolution of partnershi]i : 
 
 1. Insolvency of one of the partners. 
 
 •2. Insanity of one of tlie |)artners. 
 
 'A. I»eath of one of the partners 
 
 4. Muttial consent. 
 
 •'>. 'Marria^je of a female jiarfn' i in some of the p'-o\ inces. 
 
 The alwve events .lo not nece.ssitate a di.s.solution, hut they area 
 surticient cause, and if any (jf tie- tirm should demand a ilissolntion it must 
 he coinplieil with 
 
 Tlii'V are also dissolved hy e\]>iration of time, hy the completion o'" 
 lie- work for which they were' f..i nu-d, or ly a decree of the court. 
 
 In the ca.se of a dissolutinii. notice must he pveti to the pii!)lic in tlie 
 follow m;^ manner ; 
 
 V'or persons whose husine.ss is coniineil to ,iny one I'rovince, notice 
 would he j^ivell in the Prnr, iK'Kil Guzith . 
 
 For persons who.sc hnsiness extends t' other proviners. notice must 
 be iriven in the Ciiihida dnzitti'. 
 
 It is also customary to ;,dve notice in the luCJil ]iress and to send 
 circulars to each indivi(hial tirm with whom tnisiness lias hcen done. 
 
 In all cases it is also necessary when dissolution takes pl.iee hefore 
 the term of partnershi]) expires that a dcel.aration of dissolution he tiled in 
 tlic otiice where the e.rtilie.itc . .f pnlncrship was tiled at its formation. 
 (See Section V.Vl). 
 
 In Nova Seotia. hr-idcs the tiliu- of the dcchiratinn ,)f dissolution as 
 here state-d, it is neces.-^ary toad\crtise it in four wcidcs isstiesof the R'Hjal 
 (utz>'tt'\ and four weeks in a newspaper where liic l.usiness is located 
 
 Ncwfoundlaii'l nlso reipiires the piihlication in the (!azflt'\ and one 
 other paper for four weeks, hesides tiling tie' declaration of dissolilUon in 
 office of Colonial Secretary. 
 
 44J» Dissolution by Decree of Coui^. S ometimeH partners fail 
 
 to a"ree iiiid li\ continual .piai rejlii,;; ..r [lullin;,' in opposite directions the 
 busiTless of the partnershij) suffers. If they cannot ai,'ree on a dissolution 
 tliey may applv to .i competer.t eoini and ohtain an order for dis.solution. 
 The followinjf would he ;,'rounds iquju which sucli .m order may he 
 obtained : 
 
 I. V itidnlent conduct h;. a partm r 
 
 i \ lolation of the articles of partnership. 
 
 :5. rnrea.sonahle exclusion of partner from sliarin^ in the manai,'e- 
 ment of the husim'ss. 
 
 4. (>u,irrellin^' to an extent to remier it possible to properly and 
 suceossfully carr» on the business of the tirm. 
 
 ,'). Inahility i)f the partner lo act, on account of permanent illness, oi 
 heinLT otherwi-e disabled. 
 
I'AHTNKllSllll' 
 
 167 
 
 1 .,. ( ; inrtntT that would liiiv.' tlie 
 
 i.%0 Form of Dissolut.on by agreement u.,v U^ u.l..M <- V„uk 
 
 or the partn.r.lup a.-a or a^^r.-c.nu...t^ ^,^^^^ ^,^„ ^^^,. 
 
 Wo, tlio vmders.-.UMl, .lo 1. n >.> ,;-urnUun- Manulacturtrs, 
 
 ''""■";;':;.„.,. »ik.,-..,<, .-. >— - - ■"■■ ■ '- ' -"'" "" 
 
 ,l.v„t A I. 100". - 
 
 GK(»R<iK CaUI.Im.K. W 
 ,I(iIIN AllAMS W 
 
 "^in the presfiicf of 
 
 CllAHl.KS ANl>nKW> ifUf 
 
 4.-,! Registration of Dissolution. ^ ^ j ._^ 
 
 A ,.otic. of aissoluti..,. ol V"^V'"'''ni; u ;' n ia^ tll...l at its for- 
 tho .sa„u. othco in -I'^eh the ...rfhcat.. . 1 - -'' V,,^,,, , ^he vanou« 
 formatio... Thr loilow,.,^' .s a ^ta orx I 
 
 l^ pl^^i., on tlu. 2n.l day .f ^^pi^-f^^';;' ';^;; f Iv of S,.pt..ua.or, 190... 
 ^ Witness my hand at H-ulph, tin. th. thud '^-}^^^^J UoiuNSON. 
 
 1 ■ ., ., 1 ,,f 1 " at the lii'j^iiinini; of 
 Tl„ vr..,..,«u ■ "»;;"2„. ■;;„;':'■;,. "';.■ .l,«r,..; to .lo «.. or » "^«".v 
 
 '^L'tis^-r :.■ ,.!.'.t;L' :":-..■ 'i- « "• ■■■■< «" • ^'""""" 
 
 ....-■[J,:- ;;^;^34 ;3;™.- mJ.;..;. ...£ - ,«;;..^J 
 
 Dell, Ansttn .V ( o at t' • " '^^;' J ;,^. , rtn-'n^hip are to he paid to 
 
 rr\Mr:t'his i^l!;!'' uh^::. s;:... ,.,^1 a,, partnership dehts to 1. 
 
 paid hy hini 
 
 W.M A. Dei.i.. 
 K. ArsTiN. 
 p Dk WllT. 
 
 HratUford. Nov.iOth. l!K.O, 
 
 r- the bus ,-^ss were intended to he eontintied hy .n;-ly a change of 
 partttei^uXlowing addition to the nottee -^J^; ^ -^^^^, ^,,,^,,, 
 
158 
 
 .IDINT sTiirK i-n.M|>AMKS. 
 
 Dfll, Austin vV Co , at Ilraiitfunl, Out., hius hciMi this .la\ ilissolved hy 
 mutual fuiiM'iit. 'I'lii' l)U.siiifs.s will huroiiitiT be carricii on by W. A Dell 
 anil E. .Vustin.by whom all ih'btsof the old tirm will be paid and to v^honi 
 all oiitstanclinrj acrouiit.s dtic thr old tinii arc to ho jiaid. 
 
 \Vv A l>Ki.i,. 
 r.rantfoi-d, N.,v. -iOth. lOOO K. AfSTiN. 
 
 1' 1)K Witt. 
 
 4.'»:t Business After Dissolution. Aftei- dissolution no partner 
 has a rij^hr, to sij;n the tirm s nai.u' without a jiowir ii!' attorney. If a 
 note lui.s to be ;;ivrn thr only alternative is for each partner to sij^n his 
 name .separati ly. 
 
 A partner, aft'T dissolution, h.is jMiu.-r to demand tli.it the .i.s.sets he 
 used exclusively to p;iy oil' the tinii's liabiliti's b^fdi-e ,iiiytliiiij^ can lie 
 appropriated by the p.iitners. 
 
 CIIAl'TKH XVIII 
 
 .101 NT STOCK CO.Ml'AXIES. 
 
 4-^4 A joint stuck coiii|)iiny is an .issDciation of imiividu.iis [los.se.s.s- 
 inij^ corporate [)owris, enabling; them to tran.s.act business as a single 
 individual. 
 
 There are fvo niethods by which corporations are constittlted in 
 l.'anada ; (I) J-Sy Special .Act of I'.-uilament. (2) I'.y Letters Patent issued 
 muier the Companies Act It is the latter unly that will li^ dealt with in 
 this chapter. 
 
 'I'lii- leorjioration of ,1 .luint Stock company ni.ay be cttrcti'd either 
 nn<ier Dominion or Provincial authority, liankin;^, r.iilway, telei^raph, 
 telephone, and insurance companies cainiot obtain a charter under the 
 Company's Act, but must \h- incor|ioiated by Spi'iial Act, lus the powers 
 they seek are so extensi\(' that special le;;is!ation is neces.sary to lieter- 
 niine their limit and safe;;uai'd public inteicst 
 
 ISritish Coknnbia is the oidy Province in which joint stock companies 
 are not formed by Letters I'.itmt. The Rej,i:istration nu'thoil still jirevails 
 there, and will thend'ore be treated separately at the latti'r part of this 
 chapter. Newfounlliind is in nearly every particular the same as Hiilish 
 Cflhnnbi.i 
 
 4."».'» Advantages of Incorporation Anion;; tlu' adv,inla;;i-s of 
 incorporation the three followinrj are of chief imjiortanco: (1) A larger 
 numlx-r of persons including: employees, may become financi.ally inter- 
 osteil ill the business than would lie possible in .ins other way. t-\ 
 Ample capital may bc' s. cured and, if desired, largcdy from small investors 
 (3) And lastly, the limited liability of shar.diolders If the busiii(>ss does 
 not prove succe.ssfnl no i>ne need lose more money than the stock he sub- 
 scribed for, thus ditl'ering entirely from an individual business* or a 
 general |iartnership 
 
■ IDISr STUCK iiiMI'AMI.s. 
 
 159 
 
 4."»<»- Prospectus. In cms.'s wIp'iv cu]iit.'il is (lt'sir(,'ii from tin- puljlic 
 outsiiif tiu" jMi-tirs iiiiiMiMliatily iiilm-.-t.-.l in thr loniiiitioii of tin; com- 
 pmiy, ii l'r(is])rctiis is usually issueii. 'I'liis, liow i-ver, is only ii Imsincss 
 circular tt) solicit shanhoMcrs and may take any I'oriii the jU(J;,'iiifiit ol 
 till' proMKilfrs su;;j,rrst. It, should contain I'or its liuadinj,' the name ol' the 
 coin|iaiiy and sct^torth the i)ro.si cctivc advatilaLTcs and j,'ains truthfully, 
 as thi-rc is stiin;;cnt legislation ai^'ainst niisrcj'rcsi'ntatioii in the " Pro- 
 spectus." 'I"he iianies of the provisional directors and chief stoekhoiders 
 would always Ite deemed :,'ood drawinj,' cards, and the document would 
 naturally close with a Mank form of aiiplication for shares. 
 
 4.M. How to Form a Company Ahuui ih.- lirst stcf) t.ikcn either 
 l;y the s(jlicit(jr, or any i)ersoii doini,' the otticial correspondence, is to coiii- 
 municate with the sVcretary of State, dttawii, (jr with the Provincial 
 Secretarv, as the ('ase may he. conccriiiiij^ the form.ition of the company, 
 who will" forward a cojjy of the Act together with the neces.sary instruc- 
 ti(jns and al,-o a hlank petition for the sign.itures of the applicants, Tliis 
 i.s always neces.sary, as the rej^uiations are liahle to he chani,'eil In ( trder- 
 in-(;ouncil, and it .saves time to f^et the information direct from the <!ov- 
 ernmi'iit at llie time, and also hecause the hlank forms cannot he ohtaineil 
 from any other source. 
 
 If the husiness(jf the Company is intended to extend to more than one 
 Province as, for instance', a steamship line hetweeii Toronto and Montreal, 
 then the charter should l>e taken from the dominion (Jovernment and the 
 *pplii'ation should lie addressed to 
 
 The Ilonorahle 
 
 The Secretary of State, 
 
 Ottawa, Canada. 
 
 Hut if tlie hu--iness would he contined to the one Province, as a mer- 
 cantile firm or mamif.aetory, then the charter would he ohtained from the 
 Provincial (iovenuiient and the application addresseil to 
 The Ilonorahle 
 
 The Provincial Secn'tary. 
 Toronto. ' hit. 
 l)r Winnijie:^', or ll.ilifax, as the case' may he. 
 
 The next thin;,' to he ilone is to open a Stock P>ook, which gives the 
 name of the ("omp.my. the amoinit of ea)iital the numher of shares and 
 the amoimt ot eacii share. In this hook tlie suhscribers enter their names 
 and the numher of shares they wish to take; when the ])ropoi'tioiial 
 .amount ol stock has heen taken and the reipiireo amount p.aid iii.appliea- 
 ti'in may he made for Letters Patent. 
 
 In Untai'io the stock hook must now he uia<le in duplic.ite. and n 
 ill.! duplicates depositt^d in the othee of th" Provincial Si'cretary. 
 
 4.'»H. Advertising in the Official Gazette. Before the apjilication 
 can he made for incorporatio.i under the Dominion Act, the applicants 
 must "'ive at least one month's previou'^ notice in iho dtnrdd (lazrtlf ol 
 their intention to ai>])ly f'lr the same, 
 
 Ontario does m it recjuire the notice in the (;'(/;'■//» except in special 
 ca.ses where the Department directa that it he given. 
 
 f 
 
it;o 
 
 Joint stock cumpames. 
 
 QuebfC, Nova Scotiii ami MiiiiitolHi one iiK)nth's notico in tlie otlipial 
 Gazetti-. NfW Brunswick, two wet-ks' notice in l{<ii/ai Gazdh'. nuA Nortli- 
 West Territories, one notice in the official Gazftle, imd in thn. consecu- 
 tive weekly issues (jf a newspaper jnihlislieil at or iieiiiest to the chief 
 j)laee of tmsiness lor tlie ( "onijuuiy 
 
 In the North-We.st Territoriis the I'etition must he forwanleil not 
 lat.ilhan two months alter puiijishinir the notice in the otlicial (lazrtte, 
 tu\d all til' thn- l'ru\iiUTs within '>rir niunth 
 
 4.'»;> The Petition The (lovcrnment fili-nishes the hhuik printed 
 f.inn> .1' i'rtiti.iii au.i full instructions for si;,'natiire.s. After hein;,' tilleii 
 out aecordin;,' to insiructious it is forwanled to the Secretary "t State, rir 
 thr Provincial SecP'tary, as the case may 1m', aecoinpaiiinl hy the ^'overn- 
 ment fee. atliilavits uimI copy of adv. rtiseiiimt, wle fr adviTti-.enh'nt is 
 required. 
 
 Tlio Petition for all the J'rovinces i,s nearly id>-ntical and rei|uires the 
 followinj; information; The name, residence anti occupation of each 
 applicant in full: the propo.sed corporate name of tiie Company, its ohject 
 or nature of husiness ; amount of capital; numher of sh.ire.-.; its chief 
 pl,i. u of business; the names of its tir.st or Provisional Directors; and H • 
 anioiuit eacii applicant or ])i-titionei- suhscrihi<l foi- in the Memorandum of 
 aj,'rrenient and Stock liook. 
 
 The Diiiiinion Act rcpiire' that before application can he made oiie- 
 h.ilf the proposed capit.il mu.st !).■ subscriWd and at least tm per cent. 
 paid in If it is a loan company the capital stork nnist not be less than 
 SIUO.OUO, and teu per cent, paid in. 'i'l'e amount thus paid in must l>e 
 deposited in some chartered F)auk to the credit of the K.ceiv.r-( leneral, 
 and the certificate of dep(jsit for the ,same must accomjiany the P.tition. 
 The deposit will be returned aft'-r the Letters Patent is si<,'ned. '"'he 
 Dominion .\ct mpiires that the I'rtition lie sirjned by not less than Hve 
 pc'rsons. 
 
 In Ontario the petiuon must be sii,'m'il by no less than live persons 
 who are -2" vears of a^'e. Manitoba re(jiiires live sijjnature.s, North-West 
 Territories not le.'fs than three, British Cohnnbia tiv.- or more ; guehec. 
 Nova Scotia and New Brunwick, not less than Hm- .and Newfoundland 
 not le^-- ih.-m three. 
 
 rpon receipt of 'h • })elition, with the fees if ehart-r is irranted, notice 
 will liepven by the 1- |.artment in the othcial (ixzrttmi i\h' Letters Patct, 
 when the parties therein naned and their sucei ssors b.eome a bo<ly 
 corjiorate and politic by thf nane- i-niuioued ii; tie- -anie. 
 
 4iHt The name <if the eonipmy uiust not Im- the saim' or even 
 similar to ihat of any other comjiany, wdi.'th.^r incori«)rat«d or not, and 
 must not be objectionable in any I'thn way. The word ' Royal " cannot 
 Ixj used as jiart of the name without ;i .special license from the Home 
 
 <)ffice. 
 
 4<;|. The Government Fee in all the I'rovinces may vary at differ- 
 
 ,.„l iniii- It luh.- fr.M,, .^l(» to #.500, aocordin;; to the nature of the 
 comjianv and the amount of ca|)ital stock. As the j;overnment fee is 
 liable to be ehanj,'e>l by (>rder-in-Council at any time, we will here only 
 give those for Dominion eharti r. 
 
JOINT STOCK cnMI'ANIES. 
 
 161 
 
 H. 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 (J 
 
 ^500 
 
 . 300 
 
 . 2:.u 
 
 :iOO 
 
 1 .-)0 
 
 100 
 
 Till' Doiiiiiiioii Act i'iM|uii-.'s following; fees: 
 
 I When iinmostMl oipitul is .-Jl.OOO.OOO ur ujiwiinl.-- 
 
 .•)00,(M)0 l.ut l.ss tliaii ?*1 ,0OOX)()O , 
 
 •_>()0,0(H) :)0().0()0. 
 
 100,000 " " iOO.OOO. 
 
 10,000 " " 100,000 
 
 40,000 (ii- Ic'SH 
 
 Ill < liitariii the ffcs have lireii ehiiiij^cd, .m) that the lo\vi',st fee now is 
 ?10o w li.-n- tlie ciii)itil is S40,000 or less, except for elieese ami butter 
 ecjini.anies, wiiich are ::*I0 . eilucatioiial ainl cemetery companies, not 
 havinu' u'^'i" f'"' their object, 810, ami athletic associations, :?50. 
 
 4<»'i Extra Provincial Companies, that is, those incorporated in 
 anv othir Province of thr dominion or in another country, nee(l not 
 obtain fresh Litters Patent, but nuist ,secure a license in the provinces in 
 which the} wisii to establish branch jilaces of business. They nmst also 
 make the rei|uire(l i,;overnmei. returns 
 
 Hi'.i Supplementary Letters Patent arc renuircl when; 
 
 1. The coui[iany would desire to chanj^e its corjiorate name. 
 
 •2. To obtain further powers. 
 
 H. To either increase or to decrease its ca['ital stock. 
 
 4. To subdivide its existini; shares. 
 
 4<J4. Board of Directors, 'i'b.' jtmxisional directors named in the 
 Letters I'atmt maiiaj,'e thr atlairs of iheconijiany until thr first i;rniral 
 meetini; of its meiribers. 'i'he (>nt;irio Act rc(|uircs the provisional 
 directors, by rofxistered letter, to call the tirst ;.'eneral meeting; within two 
 months after date of the Letters Patent for the election of dircct<irs and 
 the further oryjani/.iition of the comiiany. enactment of liy-laws, etc. If 
 the liirectors do not call such nicctiiii; within two months tlien any three 
 or mole of ihc shareholders have power to call such mectiu;,'. They are 
 electetl aiunially by the stockholders, and duriu",' their term they liave 
 the whole manafjement of the bnsii,.>s>. Nd person can he a director 
 unless he liolils stock absolutely in his owti rii^ht and is not in arrears 
 on any call on stock. KIcctiou of directors nuist be by ballot. 
 
 'I'he provisional board of clirectors in (Ontario, New Hnniswiek and 
 Manitoba nmst not be less than three, and mtist be petitioners and share- 
 I. ildirs in tln.-ii' own name. 
 
 In Xorth-W'i'st Territories .■uid (,iucbei not le^s than three nor mori- 
 than nine. Nova Scotia, not less than three nor more than tirt<'en 
 
 Quebec reiiuires that a majority of the tirst directors be P>ritish sub- 
 jects an<l residents of t'an.ada The Dominion Act rei|uiresthe provisional 
 directors to be n')t leas than threi' nor more than fifteen, and a majority to 
 be residentsVjf Canada. 
 
 The Ixianl of directors contiinie to hold ollice luitil their sticcessors 
 are duly elected at a 1,'eneral meetinjj of shareholders. 
 
 Directors eaiuiot vote or act by |iroxy. 
 
 4tt."» Books to be Kept. Tlie law rei|uires ci'rtain liooks to be 
 kept, ;:iv in;; the names of the stocklioldi'rs and the shares owned by each, 
 the amo\ints ])aid in 
 11 
 
 stock, the natnes and addresse.'' of the directors. 
 
162 
 
 JOINT SlnCK ('(>MI'AN1K>. 
 
 Ili'V .irt' us follows : 
 
 1 A book coiiliiiniiii: to]iy of Lrttn-s i'litnit. 
 
 •2 \ rfi;istor of slmrriiol.lers, pi-fM'Mt .-umI ['u-t. 
 
 '.i. A ii';,'istiT of (iiri'Ctors. 
 
 4 A rr;,'iNti r of triiiisfers (jf stock. 
 
 .'i. Tlir stock K'llirrr, ''iviiij,' imiiil'iT of -hans 
 
 hclil liv each stuck- 
 
 hoMrr, 
 
 th. 
 
 ,, A iiiiinil.- liook conlaiiiiii),' (ii-occciiiii;,'^ of all iiicctiiiu'>< 
 
 7. Ami, lastly, liooks of account coiitiiiiiin^ a full rcconl of iil 
 coinlianv's business. 
 
 Mi'lhrsc books arc to l.c at tic h'.ui oliicc of thr conipany, an.! open 
 for in-spcction by ^haivhoM-rs a,,.l c.v.l.to.s at all rca.souablc hours on 
 business (lays, 
 
 4<>4>. Capital Stock ui a <: 'ivyur.y is that wloeh has be,n subscribe.!. 
 It niav be all pai.l up or only parti.ally pai.l. It may he common stock 
 ur ■■ preferreil -lock," 'J'he common stock .■ntitlcs its hold.Ts to share //;••/ 
 rut'l in the profits of the business. Preference sto.^k is that which is 
 issiie.l entitlinj,' its holder to ii certain rate of divi.lent out ot the net 
 profits in priorty to the holders of common vtock. Watered stock is that 
 which is issued. j,renenvllv to previous stockholders, as tully paid up. when 
 only a part or none of it has In-n paid. Such stock is always issued to 
 defraud the public in some way. 
 
 4«7 Unpaid Stock- Stock that has brm subscribed b.r but not 
 paid up stands as ,. resource, and is a security to the i.ublic, and il the 
 conif)any l)eca' • insolvent each sl,.ckhol.lcr would have to pay up the 
 balance" of Ins unpaid shares, but no more. Creditors catnKjt sue the 
 sharchold.'rs until tliey have failed to recover fre.m thecomi.any property. 
 
 4«H. Transfer of Stock. Shares in a stock company are personal 
 pr.iliertv riey may br sold (^r tiansferiv.l if they ha\ e been paid up. 
 If they 'are not 'paid up they can only b,- sold by the e-nsent -f the directors. 
 
 44H> Shares are suiijiosed to be paid in ea-h. The 1 1.. minion and 
 Ontario'Acls re.pnre that if not ptdd in cash evid-nci' of the tr.uislerol 
 property must be idven the Department and receive iis apiiro\al. Fully 
 pai<l-up" stock ni,.y"l)e transfeired .almost as freely as ii promissory note. 
 c-.\cept where the " certiticate of stock" jtlaees some restiiction on its 
 transfer which, of course, must be con-plied with Shares not fully jiaid 
 up can only 1)C transferred where the .iirectors are willin<r to accept the 
 truiisferee.'aiid a r.'cord of the transaction made in the company s books. 
 
 4?0 Shareholders in a company are not like putiier. in a partner- 
 ship business. They may contract with the cmipany the same as any 
 otlier person, sue and execute their JHdi,'ini'iits a^;aiiist the company s 
 </oo<Js, and in case of windinj,'-up they rank with the other creditors. 
 " They have, however no ri;,dit to the property of the company nor to 
 the profits until a dividend has been declarjd. In coiiduetinj: C(impany 
 business they can only work thn- <:h tlie eompany Tliey cannot be 
 expelled froin the company nor deprived of their n;;ht to vet,' liy either 
 tie lireetors. or directors and the other sharele .M.-rs c.jmbiued. 
 
.liiINI' sliicK iiiMI'AMKS. 
 
 IC-.i 
 
 If the husiiicMs ix ciirrifil on wlim tlif huiuIht of sliiiri'lioM«>rs is less 
 thiiii til'' iiiitMhrr i-LMjuin-il tiy statutes to sij^ii tin- |ii'titioii, for a ji.Tiod of 
 six inoiiiiis, till- iiii'inlM'rs imliviiiuiiUy hrcoiiic lialilf for coiiipaiiy ■Iclits if 
 tiii'V know till' inimlMf luis Imch so iiiliioi'il. 'I'lu-y luay t'nf tlu'iiisrlves 
 from iHTSonal iiiiliility hy siiviii;; a written pruli-st uiion tin- company, 
 and liy rc^'istcivii l.tt. r notityini; the Provincial Socri'tury of .sucii protest 
 ami tfif facts upon wliicli ii is l)asc(l. If company refuses to increase 
 nliiTs to till' rr.niiri'ii numhi-r its charter may be 
 
 the niuiili.'i 
 revoki'il. 
 
 ol iiii'n 
 
 411 Voting Th" p r; 
 
 has ii voli' foi- cacli sliari' hr 
 an^l a person hoMini; shanks 
 if his name stands on the rcirister as 
 
 on wliosi' nanii' is on thr n';^ister for shares 
 holds. An aliscnt person may sote by proxy, 
 in trust for another jjcrson may vote on them 
 Kjliliii;,' such shares in trust. A 
 ch.iirman may vote on his own shares ami al.so has a casting vote in case 
 of a tir. Hiivctors can only le^^'ally vote at the me. tin;,', and cannot else- 
 where ;;ive separate assent to proceedings. 
 
 41*4 Dividends <'aii only \n- jiaid out of the profits. If thiTr hasniit 
 lii-i'ii a piotit over the runnini; .■xpciises, no divideiul can he diclared, for 
 if the otticers were to declare a dividend out of the capital, they would 
 make themselves personally liaMe for the amount >f dividend in case the 
 company went into litiuiilatiou. Dividends that mij^ht he declared by the 
 directors after the transfer of any shares are pa^-able to the {)urchaser, 
 whether the transfer has yet V)een registered or not, and no matter when 
 thi' diviiiend was earned. It is a matter wholly in the hands of the 
 directors whether t^i declare a dividend or not, or to use the profits for an 
 extension of iiusimss, and tin- courts will not interfere in such matters 
 unless It is evident tln'V have acted in li.id faith, or iiositive netrh'Ct of 
 duty. 
 
 4'3:{. Liability of Directors. Thr Donnnion Act. also Ontario, 
 liritish Columbia and Newfoundland make every Director of the com- 
 panv, if he knowiiij^ly permits the ne^dect of usini; the word " Limited," 
 as ;;iv<'n in section 477, liable to a like penalty. And in nil the iVovinces 
 if they pay dividemls (JUt of stock, they are personally liable to creditors 
 for till' amount, or if they make loans to shtireholders. 
 
 In Ontario, (.^ebec, and Manitoba, Directors are liable to laborers 
 and .ipprintices for one yi-ar's wages, providing it has been sued for 
 within oiii' year afteT due, and the execution against the company has 
 1mm 11 icturnid un.satistied ; and providing also the Director has been sued 
 for the s;une within one \Tar from the time when he ceased to be such 
 Directoi- 
 
 I'lidir Uie Dominion Act, and in Nova Scotia and North-West Terri- 
 tories, Directors are liable for six months' wages; but New Hninswick, 
 Prince Hdward Island and liritish Columbia do not directly make Direc- 
 tors liable for wages. Also for animal statement, as in next section. Also 
 if they pav dividends when the company is actually insolviMit. ihey are 
 personally" liable to creditors for the amount. If any Director present 
 when such dividend is declared does forthwith, or any director then 
 absent, within twentv-four hours after he becomes aware thereof and is 
 
104 
 
 JOIST STOCK I OMI' WIKS. 
 
 al.l.' to do >o. outers on tlu- luinut.'s ol' [\iv I'.oiinl of Directors liis protest 
 iifiaiiist the same, nii'l within eit,'ht days thinat'ter causes such ]irotest tu 
 he puhhsh.il ill at l.-ast oiir ii.-wslialier as msir iis possil'le to the otliee <ir 
 chief place of hiismi'ssof the company, lie may tleTehy, hut not otherwise-, 
 exonerate liimself from liat>ility. 
 
 Maniif,'injx l)irecU)rs and ullici'rs in si;inin;,' notes, aceiptm;,' dialis. 
 etc . if they do not use the name of the company -.vitli tlie word ' limitrd 
 thev render themsidves p.'rsoiiallv Hiihl.' for the amount, and thr comp;iiiy 
 liahlc to a tiuf. 
 
 Al.-,o personally liahle for knowinL'lv I'erinill in;; tie' u.-in_' of a - id 
 without the word " Linuteil on it. 
 
 All the Provinces makt- ihc Dinctors liahle for faKe stalrmeiils m 
 Prospectuses, for malfeasance in otJicc for false reports of the condition of 
 the Inisiness; and some of the I'rovine.s if they fail to m.ike the re.juir.d 
 returns to (iovernment make the Direetors and otlicers responsililc for the 
 ue;.'lect liahle t(^ a jii nalty as well as thr eoiii[iany. 
 
 Directors act in the douhle capacity uf aj;ents .-md trust.MS lor the 
 Companv,and must therefore act within their authority to hind the Com- 
 ].anv. th<' puhlic hav.- ..p]H.itunity to know, and th.> law presumes tte'iii 
 to know the powers of ( uiiiiMnir>, >o that acts of the Directors wh. iv 
 they exceed their autlujrity are voidahle and may he repudiated hy the 
 companv. Directors arc forhidden hy law to have any peeuniary interest 
 in any contract with tiie cotiip.my, and nuist not purch.isr pro]i.rty from 
 the company, even under execution nr foreclosure s,de If tiny ilo they 
 arc deemcil' trustees for the .-omiiany and must turn itov.rto the eom- 
 pany when repaid the price 
 
 4?4, Annual Statement. The ( ;,,\.rnnieiit e.ach year furnishes the 
 company with hlank forni.s to he tille.l in I'V the otlicers of the eomp.aiiy. 
 givini' detailed inl'ormation on eomiiany all'airs, the stockhohu'rs, tr.msters, 
 etc., oiie co]iy of which to he forwarded to the Covernmeiit .-md the otlier 
 to be posted up in the head olliee ,,f the company hefore a certain day 
 
 named. 
 
 If this is not done hy the' jiroper date the company, in nearly all the 
 Trovinees, incurs a penaUy of S'JO a day for eV( ry da_, durini; which tlie 
 default continue.s. And" every director, manager or secretary of the 
 c-impanv who knowinL'ly or wilfully permits such default incur-- tlie like 
 
 peiialtv. 
 
 In t)ntario a fee i.- now i-e.|uiied to he .M.ht witii the annu.il slale- 
 inent to I'rovincial Secretary, ran^iii;: from ^-liH) to .'?.").0(), according' to 
 amount of eai.ital: ami also" witli every hy law of the company required 
 to be tiled in the I'rovincial Secretfirys office. 
 
 41.'» Limited Liability In -toek companies a .shareholder is only 
 liable to creditors to th.' auioiuit of stock he lias subscribed for. This is 
 th',> great distinctive ieattm> of joint stix'k comiianies. The company may 
 be w'reckid by ijad manai,'emerit and subscribers lose the amount of the 
 Htock they purchased, but there their loss stops. crc<litors cannot toudi 
 tlieir private Ini^iness nor enter their homes to M-i/e ;ind sell. It is very 
 much safer than a partnership. 
 
JOINT STOCK roMI'ANIKs. 
 
 lt,j 
 
 i iiiiino with 
 Dtlici' or jilacf 
 
 47U Double Liability api.liis only to cliiuiircil liiiiik.-.. A stock- 
 IioMlt ill a ch.u'tiT.'l lank i- liable to civilitors for doiihle tin- uinouiit of 
 stuck hf subsciiliid for. 'I'tiut is, in case the Lank fails he is ivi|iiin'il to 
 pay the whoh- of his stock, ami then aiiotlur sum <if same aiiioiiiU if 
 iii'eessarv. t" pay tin- liaiiks liahilities. 
 
 4'2?. Use of Word Limited The liomiuioii Aei >■<■ 
 every ineorporateii eomjiaiiy ^liall keep paiiite.l .i|- athxeil it> 
 the wonl ■■ Limiteil" after the name on the outsiile of their 
 of Imsiness in le;,'it)le letters, also on its seal, ami invoices, receipts, iiotcH, 
 ilrafts, eheiiiies, indorsements, a.lvertisements, letter heails ami wherever 
 the name ajipears. IVnalty for nejrject to so \ise it is ^H) per day 
 
 Tlh- Dnt.ario .\ei a-, now aineniled does not re.|uire the name to he on 
 the outsid.' of the plaee ..f laisiness. hut if it is used the name must he in 
 ie^nhle characters and tlie woiM ■■ Limited " in its \nialil.re\ iated form as 
 
 last word. •■ Limiteil " asihe la.>t word of the name must also he on its 
 
 ;ij,p,.,ir in all ad\ eitis. innits. on invoices, written contracts, in the 
 
 . notes, drafts, in<lorsements, lea.ses, money orders, and 
 
 tlu' name of the comnanv ainiears. In ca.ses where the words 
 
 the 
 
 sea 
 
 si;;nature to chei|U 
 
 W herever 
 
 company appears. 
 
 th 
 
 .1.1 n.il f. ivin ]i.irt of the corporate name 
 .ippe.if in full ;in.l in same size of letters as the rest of the 
 iiaekin" tM)\es, etc.. the w.ir.l ■ Limit-d " ne.d not he 
 
 mjiany, ■'('luh," "A.ssociation," or similar words, form part of the name 
 word" Limited" mav he ahhreviated. as "Ltd.," hut where such words 
 
 then the wonl " Linute.l" must 
 name. Mnrk- 
 in" liaeKUl;^ Ooxi''-. etc.. in.' w.ir.i ijrinon i.'.'i h'.l .■■ us.-d as that is 
 not deetned all ,l.l\ eft iseliii'llt . 
 
 For ne;,dect to so use the wonl ev.iy company director, mana;,'er and 
 employee responsihle for the def.ault shitll incur a jienalty not exceedinj,' 
 s;l() filr each oil'ence, and for a secm.l conviction of this olhnce a penalty 
 not .xcee.lin:,' ."SIOO. I'msecutions must he commence. I within six m.jnths. 
 
 in British Columl)ia and Newfoundland the p.n.ilty is ?-2.'. per day 
 for ne:,dect to place the comp.any name with the w..r.l " Limited ' on the 
 front ol their place of Imsiness. 
 
 47H. In British Cohirr.bia and Newfoundland stock companies are 
 formed hv K.';,Mstr".t;on instead of hy Letters Patent: as in the other 
 Pi. iviiice< in Hritish Cohimlna no company consistini; of more than 
 twenty persons, and in Newfoundland ten persons, can carry on Imsines.s 
 within the scope of the Stock Companies' Act for the purposes of e^ain 
 unless rej^istered as a stock comjiany. or unless workinj; umler .some other 
 Act or Letters P.itent. The r.^maiiider of this chapter apflies to P,ritish 
 Columhia .and Ni'wf. pun.ll.an.l 
 
 4?!» Memorandum of Association To forma c ijiany any five 
 
 or more p.-r-..>ns, t"enty-one years of ,a^'e, may -uhscrihe their names to 
 the memorandum of association, ami forward the same with the necessary 
 atti.lavits, Oovernment fee, etc., to the l{e;:istrar of Joint Stock Companies, 
 and thus hecome an incorporati'il company eith.r with or without limil<'<l 
 liahility, accurdini; to the articles of a.s.sociation. 
 
 If ii.iv incorjiorated company carries on husmess wlieri the number of 
 members "is less than five for a period of six months tliereafter. every 
 member that is cognizant of th.it fact li.coiii.s personally liable for debts 
 contr.acte 1 .liirini,' such period. 
 
it;o 
 
 .lOINT STOCK fnMI'ANIi:s. 
 
 In Nc\vfininilliiii<i iiiiy tliit-i' nr ijinri' [ursdiis tniiy siibscriln' tlicir 
 iiuiiR'H to a iiniinirainliiiu 'if fv-sociiitioii iiinl ri>;.'isf(T us ii conipimy. Kfe 
 tor ri'<;istiTiii<,' wlicn rnpital dm-* not cxci-cil #10,000 !■- ?I0, iiml wlim it 
 in S'i'i 000. 11 iVi' of S"2.'). 
 
 in New foiiniil:itiii com'siioiiclrricc is !i(Mrfssc(l to 
 
 'I'lic Ilonoiiitili' 'I'hi' Colonial ScoiTtiiry, 
 St. .lolui, 
 
 4H0. Liability Limited to Unpaid Shares U hn. th.' lial.ility is 
 to lie liniitt'ii to tin' iiuioniit iiii[i:uii on tlir ^li.ins tin- nii'in(.ianilnMi of 
 a.MScx'iatioii must ('ontairi: 
 
 1. Tilt! name of the projiost'il coniiiany, witli tlic aiMition of tlif w^ni 
 ■ I.iniiti ■! ' as the last word of the iiann'. 
 
 -. Till' jijai'f wlicrc the rcj^istcrfil (.tlicc of the conipany is to ho 
 locateil 
 
 '.\. riir olijccts fcjr whirli tlu' comiiany i-> lo i.r ( ^talilishrd, 
 
 + Tin' tiriiu for its continiiancf, if for a tixfil tiinc 
 
 "> A il''('lai'atioii that tin- lialiility of the nii'nihrrs is to hi' liniitid, 
 
 tl, TIm amount of cajiital. liivi'li'd into shares of tiM il annMint 
 
 4SI Mining Companies ri'strict^il to minini,' oiirnitioiis may have 
 HI their Memorandum •! Association a )iro\ i-.inn that tin.' siiaruholdei's 
 shall Hot lie liahlf lieyond what they ha\e piid on their shares. (See .Sec. 
 50 of tile Coiiiiiaiiies' Act, IsiiJ, f-r' I'.. » ' 
 
 iH'i. Liability Limited by Guarantee \\ her.' the li.ihijity of 
 mem hers is to he limited to the amount they res[iecti\ely undertake t.> 
 coiitrihutc to the assets in the ev.nt of the conijiaii}' heiii;; wound-u]i, tin- 
 MciiiDraiidiim ■■I .\ssociation must contain : ( I ) 'I'lie name of the proposed 
 company, with the addition of the word^ " Limited by tiuarantee " as tiiu 
 last words of the name. (2) Place of hcid otiice. {'.]) Object. (4) A 
 declaration that each member undertalves to contrihiite to the as.^ets of 
 the compan\ a sum not exeeedinij a specitied amount in case the company 
 is Wound up while he Is :i ineiiiliiT, or within one \ e,ir afterwanls, in 
 si'ttleriu'tit of lialiilities conlr.icted i-efori' the time at which he ceased to 
 
 he a llleniher, I.Si'e See tOli, ) 
 
 4H;t Unlimited Liability. In companies where there is no limit 
 pla'"il .111 the liahilily of nieinhers i^eneral [laitnei-hip I the mem. ir.aiidiim 
 of as.siK'iation, hesi.lcs j^ivinj; the projutsi'd name of tiie company, place of 
 business, and object, must also he sii^ned by each subscriber in the pres- 
 ence of, and lie attested by, at least one witni'ss. This, when rej,'istered, 
 binds the company and the members, their heirs, executors and .i.lminis- 
 trat.irs, to ..bserve all its coii.litions. as thoueji it were an in^truiieiit 
 un.l.'r -•.il 
 
 4H4 Articles of Association 'I'h.' in.ni..r.-iiiiluni of association in 
 casi. of companies limiti.l by yu.ir.inte.'. or nulimiteil must be accom- 
 paiiicil by Articles of .\ssoeiation prc^scriliiii;; the reijiilations by which the 
 company is to !)e conducte.l. The articles of associatior are to bi- printtid 
 and si;{neii by I'ach subscriber in the ]ire.sence of, an.l att.-steil by at least 
 oni' witness, and wh.n rej^istered biiiii th.' e.imjiany. th.- members, th.'ir 
 heirs, executors .■iii'l a.lministrators to the conditions. 
 
WILLS. 
 
 167 
 
 III ra-.' (i[ conipaiii.s liiniti'd l)y .slian:s tlic iii.iuor.iii.iuin oi u^.so^lil- 
 iK.ii luuv Ills,! 1m- accoiiipaniiil tiy >uch iirticlcM of iiH«<KMati()n. In caw.! 
 siicli articles iiri' not r.';,'Uti'if(l tin'' ro;,'iilalioiis of tin- j;en<'r!il Art. or such 
 of tlii'iii a.s apiily to civcli larticiilar C()in]iany, will ^'ov.ni 
 
 4K."» Features Same as Other Provinces r..i luuMc.soe Soc. 460 
 Stock, 4(i<! aii'l 4ti7. .\nmial -tMt.iiiriit t'or tlio.si' (ii\i(lr(i into .sliari-s, 47 +. 
 hooks to I,.' kciil, liiV Tlios,. Iiinit.'l l.y .shan-s or j,'uaranti.'fH to hav.- 
 tlir full name on outsiije of l.iiiMinj,', etc., 477. Divi.lcmi.s, 47-' 
 
 I'Ai .'V incoiiiorat'il conii'uny must have a rfi,'istcr<-il otlic- within tin- 
 I'rovinci' 'or 1.C liahlc. if cou'lin-iinu' Imsincss, t.> a i.ciialty not fxc.'cihn^ 
 :<'J.'> for cscrN' >lav of such tlcfault. 
 
 CliAlTKH MX 
 
 WILLS. 
 
 4M». A Will i^ a written instrniiirnt left liy a pcr-on in wliicli he 
 ;,'ivis direction- for lli.- .lisposal of his |iroi»rty after his dealli, A person 
 t~o make :i valiil will miisi lie of the ai,'e of twenty-one years, of sound 
 
 mind and live fi -oiistraint or any undui' intlnence. For married 
 
 women .see Sec. :{(;."> I Tile Lawyer's toast, ' Here's to the man who writes 
 his own will," should not he forgotten hy laymen. Not everyone is tit to 
 write a will A will slioiild nut he {\i<- last act of ,i man's life. No 
 wonder tliat s, , niaiiy of i hem aiv hr ken in the eourts . dictated under 
 intense exciteiii.nt. dr.iwii in haste, they do not rejiresent the deliher.ate 
 iiidi,'iiiin! of the testator or meet the re(|niremeiits of natural justice. 
 
 Soldiers in service and sailors at si-a may di-posr of their etlects hy 
 siiiipU siu'iiinu' a written statement of how they wish their ]iersomil 
 
 proJMTty to he disposed of 
 
 A jiersoii can oiil\ |i',a\e one will. h\it may lejive sever.al codicils to it, 
 
 hriK very will and Codicil .should he dated. It' two ..r more wills were 
 
 left hv the" testator and neither one d.ited. neither one would ha\e any 
 etfecl, and there would he an intestacy 
 
 ■Mterations in a will would not atfect its validity, hut to take etrect 
 as jiart of the will they nuist he initialled on the maiirin of the will hy 
 iH.th the testator and tlie witnesses as evidence that they were made 
 hefore the will was sii^MK'd. or th.'y mi;:ht he referred to in a .se]iarate 
 inemonindum in anotle'i- pait of the will, and attested as jireviously 
 incnlioned. 
 
 In the inter], let.ilion of wills re;_'ard will alw.iys he had to the cir- 
 cumstances existin;: ai the time the will is made, and to the eviclent 
 intention of the testator. If there is any liiHcrepancy lielweeii the various 
 clau.ses of the will, what was written last will hold over tin- hrst written. 
 
 A father is not compelled to will any jiortion of liis property to the 
 cliildren, but in Ontario and the other I'rovinces, wliich ^'ive the wife a 
 right of dower, lie cannot (k'prive her of her interest in his real estate. 
 
ICS 
 
 Wll I s 
 
 4N7 Chanffing; of Wills Wh.ii a person nmkcM n will, nwl thon 
 
 luili;,' >i\. lul \iMrs Ion;,'!!-. It iiflrii liicoiiu's ip css.iiy ti> llliiki' .1 lii'W will 
 tm Hccoutit of till' iiiiiny ('lian<;<'>t luivin^ tak> n [ i.iiiv in wIim'Ii i'h«<' it is 
 lH;tter ti> Imni tlif olil mu'. 
 
 A will is rt!vukeil by t lit- testator ftftiTWiirdH iiiiur_\ in;,' unl..-,^ tli- 
 will slatt's tliiit it was riia<l<> in nntici|>ution of riiarriu},'"-. or wli.ri' tlif 
 liiislxiiiil or wifi- clcots \>y inxtninunt in writing to take miijir thr will, or 
 wliiTi- it is inaik- in tin- exorcise of a power of nppointiMint, and the 
 [iroperty wouM not • tlie alienee of siit'li appointuieiit puss to llie ti'sta- 
 tor's heir, executor, v. . 'xt of kin. 
 
 4KH Codicil When only a few inin(»r rlian^jes niijjht Ik* <lesireil to 
 lie nmili- in a will, ^uineiinies, instead of niakiii;,' a new will, it is as well 
 simply to make a ctxlieil to ti.e will. Sueh codieil slunild s. ( f.ntli 
 clearly : 
 
 I. That it is a codicil, nn<l ileserilie .iccurately the will it l)elon;,'H to. 
 
 '1 It shoulil lie sij^ned and witlies.sed the >anie as a will, hut iisini; 
 the \V(jrd "cixlicil " in place where " will " is used 
 
 3. If it f,'ives a lej;acy to one who already liatl a i.e(|uest, it slinnld 
 
 state whether this is u second U'liliest or merely a eontinnation of ll ne 
 
 already <,nveii. 
 
 4. It advances had heen iiridi' 'Imini.' lifri imr i. p a cliiM on aecouiit 
 of le;iacv. .such amount should lie iioteii in the codicil. 
 
 ."). If there ha-, iu^en a chani.je in lie' property, eitiei l'\ tin ac'|uisi- 
 tion of more or the di.spo,sal of any p.ait of llh- furne r, the cmiieil >houl'l 
 rcj;ulate the hecjUests accord iii;,'lv. 
 
 4HU Charitable Bequests .\(t. ,rdin_' in tin- Sta!uli-.of nnt.uio, 
 any charltalile ini|Uests for cliurche-i, educational institutions, etc , if mil 
 maile ,it iea^t ^ix months before the decea.se of the testator. ina\ be set 
 
 asiil'- by tie- ■■'Mirt--. 
 
 4!»0, Preventin.^ LitiK'ation, Sonetinies in makin;; a will the les 
 t.'itor a'i'i^ a cI.ium' that ni the escnl of any person commencing pnx'eed^ 
 in),'s to break the will, such per.son shall not receive any portion whatever, 
 even tlioii;,'h th'-y li.id b.-eii iniTitioiied in tlie will to leceive a le:.,';iey, 
 
 4JM Who may Draw a Will The testator luiiy w rit> Ids own 
 
 Will if ll.' .|i-.^iiv> !■. .1.1 -. . .aii.l . \. ly lii.in sliouM be abl.. t.i wiitf lli^ will 
 Any ..tJHT j.rr^on who can write clearly the desires of the testator, but 
 pru.lence w.iul.l dicttite that none but a {lersoii of experienci' .iml .ibility 
 sleiiil.l be entrust. -.1 wil I. .--o iin|.nrl,int a m.itter. Se.. followin:; sectiot:": 
 
 VJ't In Quebec tier.' .ire thr.-.. forms of wilU; 
 
 1, Till- n..tarial will, whicli must be made befor.' tw.) not.ui.'s, ..r one 
 notary and twi) witne.s.ses. It need not !..■ iin.l.ated, but the notary 
 tyrants authentic copies. 
 
 "2 Th.' Kn^lish form, whieli any ].ersoti ciii writ.', but must bo 
 ^i_'iH-.l in th.' [ir.'s.'nc.' of .-it least two witlies,ses. It must be |iriibate.i. 
 
 .'i The le.l.._rrapli will, which is one wholly writl.'ti by ihu testator. 
 It ti:^ed" '■■:■■ ^It:;..-.:^. (-n! nwi-t V- prob;itf!. 
 
wills 
 
 ie» 
 
 4!K» Requisites of a Valid Will Ii sh.Miiil cnntiiiii 
 
 1 111.' II. nil.' Ill lull .if th.- i.'st,ii..r )iis uimtion ,iil.| ri'siilence. 
 
 '2. 'I'lii' i.liiiiii--t .if lim;,'\iiii,"' -li'iul'l li.' ■.! III'! n -. [mrato piiittjfraph 
 for eiicli lM'|Ut"'i 
 
 ;<. It sliuiiM [iliiinly xtdtf tliHt t\\\s i-< Ins lust will an. I ii't.iiii. iit 
 
 4. 'I'luit it rrvoki's all furiiHT wills an<l l(«'>|iicsts. 
 
 .'>. It slimiM |ii-i)viiK' liow <lcbt« uikI fxiwiiHfs iirt' to Ix- piiiii. 
 
 (i. A cl.ar aii.l <l.-tiiiit<' stati-iiient of liuw tin- prupiTty is to Ijo 
 iliviileil, mill full iMiiiculiirs of faeli Itciiucst WIutc all tli«' pniperty of 
 the tt-'slatur i> l.fi t.i "ii.' p.Tsun it is not ncci'Hs.iry to specify tin- |ir.i|Mrty 
 ill detail. 
 
 7. It hIiuuM ;,'ivt' til.' (Iiri.-tiaii iiaiucs iti full of all tii<' li';;ati'.s. ami 
 if there are inure than one person .)f the sanii- nanu', the iK'cupation and 
 
 re-i.l.lice sli.)uM he j,'iven so a mistake wouM he iinpossilili'. 
 
 ^. K\eentors shuuM h.- ajilMiinteil wh'i h.ixf heeii ]irevi.iusly poli- 
 sulteJ. 
 
 !). It shoiiM bi' proper!}- dale. 1, ami the sienatur.' "f I'^l.it.T uit- 
 UL'ssed hy at Ifust two persons not pecuniarily interesti'il m the will that 
 is. th.isi- who ari' not h'l^'atees. 
 
 jo, Th.' testat'.r sh.itilil si^'ii at the fu..t, ..f tl ill in tli.' pr.s.'nee of 
 th.' two witiii'sses. If the leslat.)!' is nnahle t.i write his ii.iiii.' il may he 
 si;,'ii<'d I.}' some other person for him. Imt in his ]>resenee or hy his .lireo- 
 ti.,n Or he may sij,'n l.y makii.;,' his m.'irk or haviii;,' his haii.l ;,'nide.l 
 w hile iHiikiii;,' his mark, pru\ idiii;; li.- un.lerst.in.ls th.' me.'iiiiii;,' of what is 
 heiii;,' .Line aii.l ass.'iits to it. 
 
 1 1. 'I'hi' two witnesses must not .mly h.' 1" ih pres.'iit t.ieelh.i- .iiid see 
 the t.'^tiitor siiiii the will, hut they must si;;n it I li.iii--.lvi's n^ witn.s-M., m 
 tie- |.|-i'senci' of e;u'h other, as well ,is in preseiic.' of the t.^t.ll..!'. 
 
 I J. The witnesses iimy !»■ niin. .rs il' . iM .-nough to un.lerstnn.l what 
 thev are doin;,', .in.l to i,av.' evi.l. lie.' in r.jurtif ni'C.'ssary. An ex.'i'Ulor 
 eoilld also lie a witni'ss. If .'i l.'L,'.it.'.' oi' .l.'vis.-.' w.'r.' a witii.'^sit wouM 
 not ili\,'di<late th.' will, hut it w.iuld \-.)i.| the b.'.|uest to sueh witn.'ss or 
 to a hushaii.l or wif.' ..f the witn.'ss unless there were two otli.'i- witnesses. 
 
 Till' ileath .ir snhsi'i|Uent incapacity of I'i: her or holh th.' witn.'.s.ses 
 h.'f.ir.' the d.'ath of th.' testator could not in\iilidate the will. 
 
 i:V .\ .le\is.' .ir li..|U 'St to a wif.' shoiil.l state clearly whether it is 
 in lieu of .j.iwei- .ir not in ihose I'r.ivinei's wlcre .lower is all..w.'.l. or she 
 m;i\' I"' .'01 itle.j to claim li.ith. 
 
 1 +, No s.'.il is n. c.'ssarx- to a will. thoU;,'h s.imetim.'s a s.'al is at- 
 taehe.l. 
 
 1."). Witnesses shoiilil take n.itice of thi' mental and physical coiiili- 
 tion ..f the ti'stator. so as to .satisfy themsiK.- that he understands what 
 he is doiiiLj .'in.i is comjieii nt to m.ike a will 
 
 4JM Residuary Clause Where there is a resi.luarycUiu.se in a 
 will ewTV laps.-.i ie:;ai\- or ln'ijUe-,t. an.l e\-ery other le;;acy which on any 
 ;,'ronn.l fails to take eti'ecl, will fall ii.ider the control of that clause and 
 p.iss to thi' resi.iuary le^^.-iti'e. 
 
 4ir. When Wills Take Effect Will 
 
 r i]:r -tsLuturs death, :::: ! ::!! -i 
 
 .1.) n.it take .ti'.'Ct until 
 ■vv^tcd'at 
 
170 
 
 WII.I.S. 
 
 the sjiiiif tiiiif \\ luittvir the iiiti-rost may bf. ' ^licli pt-rsun shiiulil ilie 
 liofori' obliiniii;; [)<>s.s«s.siun of the W'i|iK'st or li'jjucv he coulil disjxisc nl' it 
 liy will or if no will wen- hft it wniiM i;ii to liis heirs, and if such iiersnii 
 w . ir iii;iiii'<i liie liiishatiii (ir win- udiild inlve wnne interest its t h(iU;;h tin 
 jirojierty ueri' acliiiilly in pusse.-isinii. 
 
 Ill I'liyiii^ ]ini|ieity that lias ijesepiiii. .1 l,y will il^ WMr.Jiii;,' iinisl I'e 
 ciirefully iioteij. For instance, a farm left t<j a son withaclanse iti the 
 will statin;; that in the event of the son dyini; cliiMliss. or liefore ;lie 
 mot tier, the ])ro{)erty shall revert to the mother or i,'o t" other niemiiir- ■ f 
 the family, such person mi;;ht live many y.-ars and n::niy, Imtdyini,' with 
 out leavinij children, or before the moth.r. a- the ca-e ni.iy he, the wife 
 Would h;i\e ii.i dower in such lands, and if he had --iild 
 deed w ' luM he iii\ ,ilid. 
 
 the jiroiierty tiiv 
 
 4*Mi Probating Wills After the deccii.se of the testator, as soon as 
 Convenient ur liicoiuini;. the will should he read in the presence of the 
 jiarties interested, ami tlien provecl in the Surro^Mte Court. 
 
 Kxecutors niay perform the duties impose<l up<jn them by tiie will 
 wit'iout prohatin;; it. hut it is b"tter to jirobatt' every will, as that con- 
 .■'titutes an uuthorative declaration by the Surro;,'ati> Coin-t th.it tlie nill 
 is valid. It also clothes the executor with the le^'al authorir to admin- 
 ister the atlairs of tlie estate and enter the courts if necessary. 
 
 Wills l]ei|Ueathins,c real estate should be re;;istered as widl as jirobati d, 
 so that the titles of the clevises may be more easily traceil. The will, (pf 
 course, carries the title to the |)ro]ierty without rei^isterin;.', Ixit liy re^ds- 
 terinjj the title is completed in the Reeristry t)rtiee anil also ;;uards iiijainst 
 inconvenience from a |Kissible lo.ss of the will. With lainis under the 
 Torrens .system reyistratioti is es.sential. 
 
 IVobatln;; .'infl re;;i.sterin;; wills fiirnidi eviilence of their \.ilidity. 
 hut neither one can prevent an action from bein^ taken to cane> I th^ m. 
 
 4*J1 Devisee or Legatee is the one who receives property under 
 tlie will. .\ lei;aey t<i a liiend w ho < lies before the testatfir, lapses. 
 
 A legacy to the testator's ciiild wdio may have children, will ^'o to 
 those chiMren if the le^ratv ■ should clie hefure tile testator. 
 
 A le;r;icy toll witness is void unless there are two other eM||i|..|eiit 
 ■witnes.ses. 
 
 A pecuniary le;;atee. who is also a debtor In the tesl.ator. must 
 account for till' didit on i>aym"nt of his le;;,icy If the didit ha.>^ been 
 oullaweil it would Im- optional with the K\ecutor whether to deduct "t 
 from the le<;acy or not. 
 
 Legacies not ]>aid at maturity can be sued for th^ same as any olhc r 
 debt, am! interest eolh-cted from tim*- when h'^acy was ])ayablo. 
 
 An uniniity or rent char<je payalilc out of land should be registered 
 and is as biinlinij as a niortjjaffe. 
 
 T>'j;acies in Ontario outlaw in ten years from the time when the 
 ri^jht fi) receive the siime accrued, mdes.s in tin- meantime part had been 
 paid or u written acknowled^iiu'tit had Ih-cii <,'iven liy the party liable for 
 ]iayint nt. For other I'rovinees see .S'C. 2.")!*. i Interest on legacies outlaw- 
 in six years from the tii-ie it wits dui-. Money or proju-rty left in trti.st 
 with a trustee or e.xecutor for the legatee does not outlaw. 
 
WII.I.S. 
 
 ITI 
 
 Miiiii'V Icl'l iiniliT :i will may Im' attaclu-'l t'nr ilrl t- unless it, is !■ f! in 
 trust to an exociitor. j;uiiniiHn nr trustee to lie piiiil the lei;aH'e only. I'lr 
 Ins inaii'teniinee wlien it cannot l.e touched exce]'t Ujion :i special order 
 Iroin tlie eciurt. 
 
 40H. Executor is the [m-.-m),! minieil in tlie will us the une nlio i^ to 
 cairv out its pro\ isidtis and lo^k after the )iro)ierty until its ilistrihutioii 
 anion;.' the heirs Therel'ore jierscins nl' jiroliity and hiisiness ahility 
 shotild 111' s, Ircted A minor e..uld he appointeil. hut he would not he 
 allowed tn enter- U|ion his ottice until le was twent\ "He years ol' a;_'e, and 
 durin;,' that time the estate would In- administered l.v the mini ir s e;uai d- 
 iaii or ti\' one ijijiointed hv the Surroj^ate ('uurl 
 
 An exeeutor mav he a le^^atee, (ir a creditor, oi- a dehtor. It was for- 
 merly thi' rule that il' a dehtor were a]i|ioiiited exeetitor his deht was 
 t'or;;i\eTi. hut that i-- no lon;^er the cas.v 
 
 An executor may enteral once upon tlie wo ■< ot earrym;,' out the 
 provision^ ol' the will, as soon a.s it has lierii jiul , ,'ly rend, l)c lore bein;; 
 proveil 'riiei-e i-. no law iiowe\er conipellin^ the executors to read the 
 will to the heirs il' ihey do not .|o so, a copy of the will may he 
 ohtaincd from tlie Surroi,'ate ullice, and if tlii\' have- not jirohated il tlii-y 
 may he comiiellcil to ]priMh)ce it hy some if the tieir- applyini.' to the 
 Surro;.'ate Court for hiters of adniinistration. 
 
 An executor nia\ !"■ appointeil ^juardian as well, and if not so 
 appoiliteii hy tlie will and there ari minor children wlio have no ^.'u.iidi in 
 he mav apply to the .'<urro;.'atc Court to he a[i]iointeil u'uardian. 
 
 Ar. >'Xeciitoi- ap]"iiiiled hy will dviii;;, his executor may continue to 
 administer the estate, imt if the di ceased executor had heeii appointed hy 
 tlie Siin-ojr,ite Court, then another executor would lia\e to h,. ijipoin'ed 
 to take his place either Ity tile Surrogate or Hij^di ( ouii. 
 
 iixMMiti'i's who eannot ai;rec as to the maiiaLTeiiient of the i-.state, 
 either one or all may apply to the Court for iiistruct'on 1 he court may 
 tlieii either direct wliat shall he don. or may itsidf assume the adminis- 
 tration of till' estate, in wliicii case the executor < are freed from future 
 liahility. In all cases wiiere exi'CUt' rs need advice they may apply to tlie 
 court. 
 
 l--xeciitois (Miiiiot act hy ].roxy except in imrely clerical work, 
 neil h. lean 1 lev .iiipi..v solicitor^ to .jo \^ iial tlev --hould do theiiiseK I'S. 
 
 4tU> Executors Notice to Creditors The follow in;; form of 
 
 notice execiitoi^ may Use in a local iii'W --Jiaper or tin' ollicial iiiiZitti : 
 
 R< estate of deceased 
 
 Notice is lierehy ;;iveii, pursuant to ( h.ipler IJli. .S.etion :!^. It.SO,. 
 
 that all fK'r'.on-, Imvin;,' claini.s a;;aiiist tlic estate of late of the 
 
 Township of C'ounty of .... (yet)niaii, or lus ciwe may he), who dieil 
 
 on or alMiiit tlie .... of IJKX). are reijuirej to deliver their claims 
 
 .ind f:ii! particulars of such cl.'ums to , of tin' tflwn nf Kxectttor, 
 
 on oi- heiore the day of , litOO. And that aft<'r the said .... 
 
 dav of ... IftOO. 1 will distrihuti' the a.s.sel.s of the saiil decea-serl amoti^ 
 thi' parties entitled thereto, having; reijard only tn the claims of \vlii<h ' 
 shall have received notice 
 
 \. ])., Kxeriititr. 
 
175 
 
 \\ ii,i,>. 
 
 .%00. Discharge of Executors An .x.cwtdr, who is li.'liosml by 
 th.' liriiv tu !"■ iiriiiii; iinwis. ly "V uiiin^lly, may t"' (•'iiiiiiolli-il tu sliuw liin 
 lKX)ks Iwl'on' tin- I ''.iiiity .lunLT'' ''>' ;iny •!' tin \\fU-< who is t wciity-niio 
 yi';>r« 'il ii;;c. 
 
 An ixecntor tliat is luinul to he waslm;,' thf istiite or couiniittin;,' n'ts 
 of injvistift' ;i:,'uinst the hrirs, may l»i- rcmov.vl hy |ir(iet>fiiiii;,'s in tho 
 Surro^ati' Court. 
 
 Also, wlifp- an .'Mciilor, or oni' liavin;,' a lift- ostate in property, 1h?- 
 coint's insane the heirs cir any person interest il in tin' estate as " re ver- 
 sioiiist ' may apply to the conrt for ,in onler for the ailministration of the 
 estate ami the court will tak. the ].ro]„ riy out oi' the h.uels of the- 
 executor or ti iiant for life, 
 
 ."iOI Remuneration of Executors i l.e .xpinses ol ix>euiors i re 
 a eharj^e njioii the estate, an<l the .Imls^e of tiie Surr<)<;atc Coiirl will 
 allow them an ei|uitalile percentai,'e of the ]iroceetls of estate or trust 
 fuiiils to recompense tleiii for their time ain! lahor. The executor slioulil 
 ])Ut in an itemize.! hill of liis expenses, ainl the percentajre lie deems he is 
 entitleil to. usually live per cent. There is no tixi'il tariff of fei'S for 
 executors, hut the Juil;,'e when jiassin;; the accounts has ]>ower either to 
 increase or iliminish the amoiuit charj^eil as seems to him eipiitahle in 
 each particular case. Or the exi-cutor or ailministratcr may apply to tlie 
 .Juilj^e of the IliL'h Tonrt or to a Master to ih'ti'rmiiie tlu' amount of 
 coinpeiisjition 
 
 'M'i- Intestacy is when- .a ])er.soii dies without leaving; a will In 
 such Ciuse if property is left, unless thi' heirs can a;;ree anion;; tlu'insrlves 
 as to tlie ilivision of tin? property, it must U- ilistrihuti'ii acconlinj; to the 
 Statutes of the Frovitiei' in which the jiroperty is situate. (See " Iniieri- 
 tance," Section •">07.) .\l^o if the intestate h t't monry in a liunk or other 
 ilehts chh' it is neces,sary for some pei"son to \>'' a|i|'oiMte(i administrator, 
 to 'Iraw the money or to collect the iletits. Sei- following; section : 
 
 .lOIt Administrator is the one a|ipoiiitiil li\ th.' Surro;,'aie ('ourt or 
 Court ol I'rihate to settle the affairs of the estiiti- ot ,i person who .lies 
 without making' a will. 
 
 The regulations iii each of the I'rovinces tonceniin^' the setthnient 
 of istates vary considerahly, as .also do the Succession Unties, hence it 
 is advisahle for a person aetin;; as executor or administrator to eit!ier 
 consult a lawyer or take full instruction from the ollice where wills are 
 prohateil, 
 
 Wliere a man. uinuarrii-d. dies witliout leaving a will, the fathe-r or 
 mother, if livin;;, and if they Im- dead, the eldest lirother, is entitled to 
 administer, or tlie next neari-st of kin. 
 
 liut a person dyin;j intestate and leaving real and |)ersonal property 
 it is not com|>ulsory for any of the heirs to take out letters of a'lministra- 
 tion. If the tieirs can all a;;ree as to tlie distrihution of the property 
 ainon^' tliemselves thry can draw u[> an aj;ieemenl to tliat etlect wliicli. 
 iM'ing si;,'ned hy all and sealei], will liiiirj all to alade hy it. 
 
 Till- jjroperty may then Ij.' dixideil according to that a^jreenient, and 
 if lilid is to 1... viiM ih" wii|o\v (iii'l le'rs all ioinin_' in t In' .|t><H| ^ive a 
 
 h 
 
WII.I.S. 
 
 173 
 
 rffxid title. Ur tlKV may a;;reo in tlic .siiuo wiiy tn iiiipniiLi on.- as a 
 »ni-i(( I" .ii.-.tril>ute' tlir (.state accunliiit,' U) the statutow, or in any i.tlitr 
 \v,.v ,i-,'ntMl yqton. an.l it will imet all the riMjuireiiionts of the law i.s well 
 as woulii !»■ clone by th'' aiiiMiniliiient of an achninistrator. ami without 
 
 eo-t 
 
 I'.iit i.rii-s. unl'. .rluuali'ly, canm.i always tljns -.ettle thin- altan's, 
 when it l)eeones n.eessary for one or more to aji; 'y f«r l^'tters of ailmin- 
 i>tratioii. Any of the "next of kin" are entitled to administer, l.ut li they 
 .lo not, ajijily "•«• letters of admiinstrMtion any other int.'P -Ir.i party or a 
 en^litor n. .1 so, 
 
 An a..,ninistratoi'sihili« s are precisely the same as those of an exeeu- 
 tor. so aiv lii> lialiilities. An administrator must, howev.-r, ;:ive a hond 
 fur the du- i.eilni-niaiicr of hi- trust, while an executor usually n.M-dnut 
 
 do s.,, . . 
 
 In ca-" a will is mad.- hut no execilto,- a|ii".Hitrd m it, tie- adminis- 
 trator mu-i curry out its i)ro\ isions the same as an •■x.cutor would do. 
 
 As soon as an administrator is duly ajipointed he will take possession 
 ,.f the iirop. rty ;rid divi<le it accordinj^'to the Statutes. A diild. husband, 
 wife, or anv >"ither jierson who may chance t(; be in i)os.session. has iio 
 more autlxn-itv over the property than others, unless they have a valid 
 le.ise in which case they nii'.\ hold it until the lease expires. unU.ss sooner 
 terminated by mutual consent. 
 
 When' an intestate die.s leaving' property and there are no kn^wn 
 heirs, a creditor (if any) may apply for letters of a<lmini.stration. The 
 Attornev-Ceneral is the iiro])er person to take char^'e ..f such estates, who 
 will attempt to discover heirs. 
 
 In cases where no will is found, or persons ciaimin;: to have the will 
 do not read it any of the iieirsor next of kin may apply to the SuiToj,'ate 
 Court tor letters" f administration, and to .secure an order for t!. produc- 
 \ion of anv supposed will, and to .•xamine witnesses thi'ivwith 
 
 r»04 Distributing the Estate Kxecuti.i-s nmsi i.ineiid)er that 
 le;,'atees are not rei|iiired to cieiiiiind jiaymi'iit, but it is the executors' duty 
 '.iTpay the lejracies to the ri;;hlfiil iiersons. .Mon.ys due les;atees who 
 cannoi Ive fouTid must either be retained, or safely invested, or paid into 
 court in ordi'r to free themselves from personal lial)ility. 
 
 I'.xecutors must also remember that tliey are tt> pay the le;;acies 
 the debt, of the testator only. If the same person were exi'CUtor for 1 
 husband and wife he must Hot mix the nioii. y "f the two estates, 
 debis. funeral expenses, and le^aciis of each musi lie paid out ot 
 propir estate. 
 
 I'ersonal jM-oterty of the decea.sed is tlu proper fund out ol which 
 debts ar" to l>e j.a'id ;ind not out of real estate. If that is not surticicnt 
 then any otiici r.roperty that has not been " speciticuUy befpieathed " to 
 any i»'rso,i .--.iii M in- resorted to. then after that the property " speciti- 
 cail\ liei|mi''-t" is available. 
 
 Money from an insurance policy is payable uccuniui;; in its terms. 
 and (Uhw liot Ix-come part of the estate unless it has been included in the 
 will. If not mentioned in the will the executors have nothing' to do with 
 it. Wliether mentioned in the will or not it is fne from all claims of 
 creditors if p^e '■!• "• wife or children or other preferred beneficiaries. 
 
 and 
 
 •oth 
 
 for 
 
 the 
 
17-i 
 
 WILLS. 
 
 Executors may iiiort;;a;jf mi estate for tn'Ct'ssary iiiiprovciiifiits, l)ut 
 not to liiiiiself. Hf couM Mil).si'(|Ui'iitly l)Uy the liiort;,'ii^'r aiiii have it 
 as.sii.'iicil to liiiu and lioM it as .secuiity lor tin- rnoiiey ainl iritiii'sl 
 
 Kxeciitors ma}' proviilc lor tin- ediiratioii of tin- iiiiiior chiMn'ti aiiil 
 piy iii'eessjiry expenses o\ii of tlie i-m!. 
 
 Tiiey may also ereet a .su'talilr iiiouuiiuiil to liicea.seci aceuriliiirr to 
 Ilia station in life, ainl pay for the same out of tlie estate. 
 
 C'reiiitors not y^'t havinj; iuii;^iiieiif ni:iy stie the actinia cxeeutiir or 
 ailministrator if ihrir elaims }.ir n.it pud, uln-tli'-r lii'' will has liccn 
 prohateii or not. 
 
 Kxecutors of a ileeeuseil iiiiinl"T <>\ a partnii--lii]i tiriii ilu not ln'cnine 
 partners, and cannot interfere v itli lh'> jiaitm iship i)usiiess 'I'he 
 • leeeaseil jiartner's interest must he ascertainecl ami jiaiij over hy the sur- 
 viving,' partners, ami if this cannot U- done .satisfactorily to the executors, 
 till' exi'Ciitors may iiiler action for the paitnirshiji hiisiin>ss to lie wound- 
 u]) and the lussets eonverti-d into cash and divide. I a^ per ]iartiiii-sliip 
 n^nfiiient. 
 
 Where a .vi!l is made and any portion of the property of deceased 
 was not dis])oseii of in liic will it falls to the heii-s as though no will had 
 been made, and tin- cKicutors must divide it jimon^ them according to 
 law and without re;;ar 1 to the lieipiests in the will. 
 
 I'loperty Ix'iiucaihed in trust to executors to jiay ovir tie income to 
 a c>rtnin pei-son for a term of years or for life is a separati' trust, and 
 must lie kept separate from the rest of the estate, and must not he used 
 for [layinent of dehts except ii' the I'Vi-nt tic, it tier.- i- not siilliii,-iit ullirr 
 pn.pirty. 
 
 Where thiTi- is a ileticieiic-y of as.sets to ji.'iy drlit- .' sli.ill \i,- ilis- 
 Iriliuted /<;•" nitii, without preference, anion}; tiicm all. A del. I due an 
 executor lias uo preference over others, neither has a jud;,'ment 
 
 IVopiTty in another province or cn-iitry must lie manajjt'd aceoniiiifj 
 to file laws of that )irov':iec or couiitjy im in iti.-r where the testator 
 livi-d. Also, where then' is ilouht sis to ciiiaiii li-;,'acies to whom to pay, 
 the executors may pay the i.:oney into court and in that way free them- 
 selves from liahility. 
 
 Exi'culors .III' to ciili'avor to collect in all dehts within a rf.isiiii,ilile 
 timi- or Ix'Come ]>ersonally liahle for any loss that occurs, ispccially tliost- 
 dehts staiidin;^ out upon jursoiial security. I'o allow a deht to outlaw 
 would Iw deemed culpable nefjlwt, and the executors would liy Law be 
 re(|uircd to make it ^^'nocl 
 
 ."»0."» Widows Dower. For the widow's ripht of dow. r m il,.- ,iif- 
 fereiit IVovinces .see Si'c. Ifl 1. 
 
 In ( Intario the husband aiiinot sell his real i state diuin;,' his life 
 time nor will it at his death .so as to deprive the widow of her one-third 
 interest unlesn shi> joins in the instrument and thus bars her ri;;ht. [n each 
 Province wliep' liower is allowed it is alwaj's optional with the widow to 
 acci'pt the ]>rovisions made for her in the will, or to take her dower 
 inst'.'ii'i, but she cannot lake both unless the will j;ives evidence that the 
 lM'i|uesi was not in lii'U of dower. The intention of the testator must 
 always j,»overii. 
 
 In Ontario, where a husband fjoes away and is not heapl from for 
 seven j'ears he is presuini'd to be dead, and if the widow wishes to take 
 
WII,I.> 
 
 173 
 
 liiT ilo\v»'|- out of liis rojil rstiiti^ >lii- must t'oiimuiici' Iut iictioii sDiinliuie 
 within tfii yearK, t'.uit is Hevfutcoii yi'iirs from tlii' time lie went iiway, 
 otli'Twi.-si' lnT riu'tit of ilowiT will lif liitrml hy stututr The same pro- 
 vision liolcis in nil the I'roviiices The ri;,'ht of liowiT in liarreil aft'T leu 
 years from hushamlN deiitli. For other jnovinceN mim- Sec. "2<)0. 
 
 Willow li.i'- no ilower in lamls in whieli the hushanil had a life inter- 
 est only ; neith.-r has she in purely minin;,' property, ■■!' in lanils disposeil 
 of liy the liushanil while thi-y wi-re y<'t in a slate i>f nature ( wiiil lamls), 
 or in Mieli --tate at his ileath. 
 
 5<MJ. Form of Will. Tie' foil.. win;; funn c.a i-rin;,' various kireisof 
 li.',|ue--is may lie f. ininl useful : 
 
 1, William >mitli, n|' the City of TurMnlo. in the C.iuhtyi.i' Nnrk 
 inereluint, liein;; ot sounii ami ilisposin^ n.iml and inenior_v. •{<) mak'' ami 
 puhlisli this my last will ami testament, herehy revokin;,' all former wills 
 1)\ iiu' at any line' heretofore made 
 
 1st, I hereliv ajipoint my wife, il.ineil .Viie-lia, my sun ( leor^^e, 
 ;iiei William Kin;,', all of the City of Toronto, in the County of York, to 
 be my co-executo,-s of this my last will, direetin^' my said ixeciitor.s to 
 pii}' all my dehts, funeral and testamentary expenses out of n.y estato as 
 soon as eoiiveiiiently may tie after my deeease. 
 
 ijui. After the payment ol my said di his. funeral and tesiaiuenrary 
 i-xpeti^es, I j;ive, devise and lieijueath all my real .ind persoii.-o i—t.iti- 
 which 1 may now or hereafter he jMissesseil of .ir intiri>lic| in in the 
 manie r fullowinj.; . that is to say : 
 
 ."ird 1 ;;ive, devise and hcpiealh to my I'elovi'.l wife, !i:irrii-tt .\melia 
 (in lieu of (lower), all thai my freehold with l)uildin;^s and appurtenances 
 thereto lielon;,'ini,', known as Lot numher si.x, in the .second ( oncession of 
 the Townshi") of Ancaster. (^>unty of Went worth, ami Vv in( f Onta- 
 rio, colitJiinin;^ iiy admi'a.surement one humlred acres, he tlie --ame more 
 or less, for her sole use during; her natural life and upoi: In r dic.asi' to 
 my lihlren and their heirs, respectively, share and share alike 
 
 Uh I also devi.se and l>eiiuealli to my said wife all that freilmlil 
 messua;;'- i)r tenemi-lits in which I now reside, known as Lot No .'!il How- 
 land avenue, in till' city of Toronto, with the ^jardeii oiulaiildinLrs and 
 aii])Urleuanee-. tliireto helon;,'in;,', to^^elher with all my honselxild furni- 
 ture, plate, china 
 premises, f. II lier 
 the sum III' lui 
 'I'l'.'idi-rs' I'laiik at ' 
 
 .'.th. 1 ;,'iv", ( 
 farm known as th 
 cession of the 
 
 and ehatt.<ds of ever/ description heinj; in and on ihe 
 iwn use ahsolutelv . -dso I hei|Ueath unto my saiil wife 
 thou-and dollars now liepo-ili-d in my name in t.ie 
 I'omnl.i 
 
 li'\isi' and li"i|Ue;ah to my Soli, Charles Ivlmund, lie' 
 Wain lit ( lro\ e Place, ln'in;; 1^)1 No. H, in the first ( '. m 
 Township of Voik in the < 'ounty of York, l();.'cther with 
 all the crops, stock and utensils which may he thereon it tht; time of my 
 decease ; and also tlir piopi'i-y in the eity of Toronto, t hit , known ns the 
 Arlinijton lilock, liein;; Lot No IS, on the north side of Kin;^ Mreel, suK- 
 jeet to a lee,icy of five hundred dollars to he paid to my nephew, .Fnhn 
 Ali'xandi'r .Smith, in two cipial annual instidments of two hundred and 
 lifty dollars each without interest, the first payncnt to U'come due and 
 payahle when lie hecomes twenty-one years of aj,'e, said legacy to be the 
 first chare.' on the s.'iid jn'upi'rty. 
 
17t. 
 
 WIM.S. 
 
 nth. 1 j;ivf -.iud lK-i|Uiath t<i inv liaiiu'litii (irac-, vvili- ot .I.imi'.h I). 
 Alliiii, fifty slmres in ilii- ciipitul .sttjck i>i thr I'r i\ nifiiil Natural 
 li:i.-, Comidiny. which vt.in.l in my n.iiui- ■m iIn- Imoks <i<i saiil 
 coiniiiiliv. also two th<)ll;^iiiiii cl.illar-- in (•■isli, [■ayal.li' uiit of uiy tini'U iii 
 till Tiiiiliis liaiik. 
 
 7tli. I "ivc ii'ul lii^iii'Mlii my ■J.xl'i \v:ilcli with chiuii ^il.ird and 
 aiilMii.lM;.'!' to my hrolhir, .lames Kilwiii, lor hi« own ii.--c 
 
 Mh. 1 ;,'ivf "ami hti|U(atli to my iiifcc Alii'r .Malii'la KralU as a 
 specific lf;,'acy, my fifty shares, iLiiml.cn'.l HH tn I'lii, l„,th inclusive, in 
 the Toronto Streit ilail.vay l'i)m])any 
 
 itth. I j;ive au'l li.,|ii'.'atli to my ih-jiIh'W, John Alexandei- Smith, 
 aforesiiiil. a lepicy of live inimh-eil iloliars l.ireinljrfore ,.ro\ i.lnl I'or I'.ut 
 in case my saiil nephew, .lolm Alexaniler Smitli, shall die un'h r tin ji;_'e of 
 tweiitv-one years, then I 'lireet that the said s."i()0 shall u'o to my sister 
 Ahij;ail Jane for her ahsolutc' use ami hmetit 
 
 "a11 the resiilue of my estate Loth pn-sonal ami nal not lieriiiil>efore 
 ilisposeil of I >;i\e, ilcvise and lie(|Ueatli unto my son ( ;.oi-.jc. his heirs and 
 assigns forever. 
 
 In witness whereof I have her.nnlo sei my hand and s,. d tin- fnth 
 day of December, in the Vear of our Lord one tlious.iii I nm. liundt. d. 
 Sii;ned. I'ulilislied and 1 )eclared hy the' said 
 James Smith, the testator, as ,iml for his Lust 
 Will (lit'l Trstii.ioiit/iu the l^resence of Us, 
 iMitli present toj;ether at the sjune time, and in 
 his jiresence, at his reipiest, •md in the pres- 
 ence of each other, have hereunto suhscribi'd 
 our names as witnesses to the due t'Xecution 
 
 thereof. 
 
 ClIM'.l.K.s SrVMKl'.S 
 
 K W \Vii.Li.\.Ms 
 
 .Snini ini.'hl piel.,- ih,- h .llo\\ in;,' l.e;:inuinu' loi lli.- will: 
 
 In the iianie of tuxl. Amen 
 
 I of tlie Township of in tli. foiinty of , ... 
 
 farmer, (or, as the occupation may be.) consideriii;; the uncertainty (>t 
 liuman life and haviu}.' property, both r.-al and pers .nal, do n..ike, puhlish 
 and d<-clare this Instrument of' Writ ini: my last Will .md TesLiiiient in 
 
 wonls followinn : 
 
 Kef.Trin;; to a life of three score years and ten, the siateil life of m.in. 
 and with it health, jieace and a larjre portion of comfort and its attendant 
 hlessin;,'s, the I>jrd of all tlie earth hath permitt.d me to enjoy. I woul.l 
 here reTider thanks to Almighty Ood for His kind ckalin^s and exteii.ied 
 mercy to me, truslin;: and ever iirayinj; that the residue of my days may 
 he an entire suhmissi(.)ii to His Divine wil' w '"or the future, he ;)in^'and 
 believini,' in salvatitin throu;;h the merits and meditation of Christ my 
 He<leemer, the Saviour of the world, my worldly ixis.sessions, I would 
 also at this time arninL'e and will .uid order as follows : 
 
 ."•OV The Laws of Inheritance are very similiir in all the I'imv- 
 inces. hut where there are variations tiny will he specially mentionca in 
 
 the fnll.iwintj re'sii ittr' : 
 
 Willi \M ^Miril ifjf 
 
 0^ ^ 
 
LAWS OK rvHKIUT\V( K. 
 
 m 
 
 If there urc rhil.lreri from two Inml.nii'iM or two wives tliev Hli;vr»- 
 e(|Uiilly. 
 
 A lio^tliuiuoils chiM iiilients e(Hially with the othi'rs. 
 
 A (lOHihuiiious child for whom no provision is made in a will takes ii 
 like shiirc with the others hk thou;;li there were no will ma.le, an'l each 
 of thr others must iihtite enoii;,'h to make up the amount 
 
 Chililreii of half hliMHl share I'ljually with chijilreii of whole hlo,..!. 
 
 Heirs of deceased ciiililrcn take tlicir parents' share 
 
 Illi'U'itimate chilihen, that is, those txirne before marria^'e, do not 
 inhirit from the father. 
 
 An adopted child does not share with chlldien '■( ;• ceasi d. 
 
 Second or third uifi- survivini,' lier hiishand liivs the saijie sliaic 
 that the tirst wife would have taken 
 
 When- a will is made the \\ife may clioose hetween taking; what ih.' 
 iiushand leaves her in the will or her dower in his real estate in those 
 Provinces where dower is allowed. iManit^dxiand North-West Territories 
 have no dower, hut wife t.ikes lier share nhsolutely. ) And the wife would 
 he entitled to her dowei- .•\en if the jud.;;mcnts »,i,'anisi tie' liushnnd 
 should take the halatice and depriv.- the other heirs of their le 'acies. 
 
 If the husiuind die without lefivinjx a w ill, then in all the I'rovinces 
 and Newfoundlan . the wife takes one-tliinl and tin' remainin;; two-thirds 
 ^'o to the children in eipial de;,'rei . If any of the children are dead their 
 descendants take what wouid liavi; come to them 
 
 If thi' wife ,s d. ad then all j;oes to the children. 
 
 If there is a u..e, liut no children, then in Mritish ("olumhia, North- 
 \\'e>t 'I'erritori.s N, w l.ruiiswick and Nova .Scotia, one half ;,'oes to the 
 widow ami the otle r half to the natural heirs of deceased. Ii? Manitiiha 
 the widow ;;ets all and in i )nt;irio she receives .'*l ,000 out of the estate, 
 (■ul then one-half the remainder, the halance j;oin;; lo the natural Heirs 
 of .leceas.'d, ll tln' estate, aft.r |ia\inL,' expi'iisi--, does not e.\ceed ;*l.00f). 
 the widow taL. s ;d|. 
 
 A wile havin;,' separate property in her own name ami dyinj; with- 
 out lea\in:,'a will the husl.and takes (jne-third of the real estate as ti-iuwit 
 hy curt.-iey, and one-third the pt rsonal properly, the <ither two-thinls 
 ;.'oin;,' to the children. If there are- iKj chiMreii tlien one-half ^'oes to the 
 h.isliand and the remainder to th,. naiu'-al heirs of decease. 1. If the 
 hils'.and is dead, then all ;;oes to the childn n. 
 
 Neu Ih-unswick, however, makes a slijjht chanj,'e. If a wdV di.' lea\ - 
 in;; chililren hy a former hiishand. the snrvivin^r hiishand takes om-third 
 and the other tWM-thinls ^o to the children of l,otli hiishamls ei|uallv. hut 
 if there are children of the surviving hiishand only, then he take'-i one- 
 half and the oilier h.ilf ^joes to the children, and if no children the 
 hiishand lakes all the jiersoiial preiperfy. 
 
 If an umiiairied man or woman die withiiiit le.iviii;; a will, in t )nta- 
 rio, the father, mother, and surviving,' hrothers and sisters share ei|ually. 
 If parents are dead then the surviving; hrothers and sist'-rs come next, if 
 there are no parents, or hrothers or sisters, then tJK };rand|iarents, if 
 livini;, f^et all. if there are no ;,'ran<lparents, then nieces an>l nephews, 
 uncles and aunt.s ei|ually 
 
 In Nova Scotia and I'rince Kdwaril Island the whoh- amount would 
 I-.' 
 
i:h 
 
 si;rcE88los nniKs 
 
 ifo to the fttth.T, if liviii;;. if n.. fatlwr. th.'i, to tlu' inotlior, hroUipr-* mv\ 
 sisters equiiUy, and to il.'sc.'iuliiiits .)f .ioc.c>^.-l l.rotli.Ts an. I !*i>.ti is 
 
 In Hritisl* Columlna, also, it woul.i p) to tli.' f.itluT, iiiiLss the 
 inli.Titniio. faiiu- to il.T.-iis.'d from thi- inoth.-r, th.n it uouM p) to h.-r if 
 liviii" If sU,- w.r.' .Ifii.l it w.ml.i ;,'o to the fath.T .lurin;; htV, ami then 
 revert to the heirs uf the inotluT If u> father, mother, hrother or sister, 
 then t.i the hrothers aiel sisters nf ttie father, if none, or w .lescemlants, 
 tli.^n '■' tlie l.n.the -s aii.l si^l.rs .,f (!,,■ n.oiher aiel their a-seemhints. 
 
 .'»0K. Succession Duties Iii<»iiiari.> successi-n duties <lo not Hi.[)ly 
 to any .'stat.- tii.it .j.es i,. t e\e. -•.! ?l().tM)() or an estate that does not 
 
 ,.x "l StiMiKOU, whieli i.a.ss,'s to |.ar.-nts, hn.shiuid. wife. chiM, ^'randchild, 
 
 daii.'ht.'r-iii law', ..r sonindaw. or t- eharitalil,. and ren;,'ious jiurposes, 
 ""I'roiHMtv .xciedin^' S'iOOtWO and ''ussin;; t.. sueh persons a tax of 
 
 *-2 50on each ?100 is levied: when it exc Is #2()0,0()() ami so juLsseH, 
 
 .^.'. on ev.-ry ?10(). Wh.n property e.vt-eeds SID.OOO, and does nd pas,s 
 t..sueii .'States 10 per cent, im value, wh.n it pass.s to ^'niiidi)areiits, 
 uncles or aunts, hruthei-s and sisters nephews and nieces, J.') -m every 
 ^\(H). When the property iMMpieathed to any on.- p.-rson d-i.'S not exc.'.'d 
 
 .■JL'OO it isrxeiiipt. 
 
 In Manitoba the Act d'x-s not apply to any i-.si.il.' which, alt.r pay- 
 ment of d.hls du.s not exee..! ?4,0()0, n..r to '.roperty pa.s.sinj; to liushand. 
 wife, father, m..ther, chil.l. ^jran.lchiM. daiiu'hterdnd.iw, or son-iii law ot 
 d.-cease.l which ilo.'s not exce.l :*2.'i IH'O. 
 
 In British Columbia tie- Act .lo.'s not apjily to 
 
 exceeding' d^.'^oiio nu' t.. pii.p.'rty passing t.i husliiind. wit 
 child, jiraiidchild. .lau;,'hter-indaw, "r H.m in l.iw ,>• tie- 
 d...'s le.t .-xiv.d Jt-i,-)!)!)*) 
 
 In New Brunswick t'.i.- Act do.-s m.t ajiply o< any 
 ul't'T i.ayni.'iit .)!' dehts and e\p.-nsi's of a.iininistrat i.m 
 
 any csUite not 
 . fath.T, mother, 
 ih'ei'asi-d which 
 
 estate which, 
 lies ni)t cxceeii 
 5<.->,000, .)r to property Jx'.iueath'ed t.i r.di^'ious, charital.l.- or e.lucatioiial 
 institutions, or to property pa.ssin^' to father, mother, hushand. w''.', ehi.d, 
 lau;:hter-iii law. or son indaw, which .loes not excee.l :?,">(),00() 
 
 ^In Nova Scotia the Act .loes not apply to any estate wlucli,^after 
 p.i\ 111. nt ..i .l.ltt- .lu.l .• [lenses of a.lministration. liix'S not excee.l ?5.0()0. 
 ..r"t.. pr..ii.-nv i.a.ssin:; t.. father, mother, hushan.l, wif.'. chil.l, ;,'ran.lchil.l. 
 .iau<,'ht.'r in law. .>r s.)n indaw ..f .l.-c.-as.-l where the pnip.rty value 'lo.'S 
 
 not"\< 1 .<i;.ViMM» 
 
 In Prince Edward Island ili" Act .l...s not :ipply t.. any .stat.- 
 wliich, after paym.-tit of .lehts ami expenses of .i.lmmistralion, .lo.'s not 
 exceed Si:{,()()0, lior to pr.ip.'rly i.assin;; t.. father nwitlur. linshan.l, wif.-. 
 
 in in l.iw ..f .leceas.'.l wh.r 
 
 th.' 
 
 chil.l, j,'ranilchild, dau;;ht.'-in-iiw 
 iiropertv .!■)•■" not excee.l ?10,00() 
 
 In"Quebec, if the estate pa.H.sini; to htishaml or wif.-, or to father or 
 mother or to fath.-r .)r tnotherdndaw, or U) son ..r .lautrht.T-indaw, and 
 .lo.-s not exc.e.i #;i(M)0, it is exempt. If it .-xcce.ls ?:?.0()i) th.ii it is one- 
 half per cent on the .-x.-ess up t,. <.-..O00. ami if it exce-.ls ?.-.,()00 it is one 
 p.'r cent. ..n d .iver W.OOO up to ?1 0,000, ami .so on until it reaches thr.'.- 
 per cent, for exces.s of ?:{,000 up to #200 O'M) an.l over. 
 
 If the pro{)erty pus.s.-a to hrother or sister, .)r to niece.s or nephews it 
 i.s three per cent. 
 
IVSor.VKNT IlKinoK-S 
 
 179 
 
 If it ]);i»MCM tii'incli- jrniints or tli^-ir cli-iociiiiatits it i-< five per ri'iit. 
 
 If t'l liriithiT or Slater nf i^raiiilptirtiit'* "r tlinr iif»<'fiiclaiit.-< it in six 
 pcrci'iit If r.i tiny .hIht oi'lUti'iiil it is I'l^'lit \><-r ci-nt If to straiij,'iTN it 
 in ten Jier cent. 
 
 CMAl'THll \X 
 
 INS()L\ KNT l)i:in'o|;s. 
 
 Wi" hiivf no liiiiikiMi|)tcy Act in Ciiimu.i hy wincli iiii imolvcnt dihtor 
 cm I).' forci'il to iiiaki' ii.ssi;,'iiiiii'iit for tin' ln'iu'tit of liis rriMlitors. uikJ 
 wliicli will ^i\i' liiTii II ri-liii>c frijiii furtlicr prosi-cutioii lint all tin- pro- 
 viiioi's mid Ni'wfouiiiiiiiinl iiiivi- i'iiact>'il very fair anil ciiuitnlil'' irsolvi'iicy 
 lawH, wiiieli prevL'iit iiisoivi'iit tnnlrrs from cilluT fniiidulnitly 'lisiiosinjj 
 of thuir iissi'ts. or scttliiif,' wiili eertiiin creditors to the prejudice of 
 others. 
 
 rtW} Assignment In ni'sl ,,f the I'roviiues a .jehtor CUIlIlot Ije 
 forci d iiy his creditors to make an assi^'iimoiit in which ca.se tioth the ri'iil 
 and personal |)roperty iinist !»• sold uinler execution and the pnx-eeda 
 ratalily dislrilmted iimoii;; the creditors who file their claims with hint 
 within the time proviiied in each Province Th. law cost.s of the person 
 suiiii,' in siieli case wrmld !«■ p.iid in full Infore any distrilmtiuii of money 
 wiiuld lie made iinon^ the cre.litors. 
 
 Ill ( Intario ainl all the I'rovinci's, except t^iieliee, the assii^nment may 
 he made to the sheritr of the county, hut may Iw to an otlicial assij^nee 
 or to anv other rcHiilent t^f the Province which a majoritv of the crei|itoi-s 
 having a claim of ^li/0 and up\\.irds .isseiit to The creditors may also 
 make lus many suhsi'i|uent changes as they tind necessary An assij^nee 
 may resifjii, so may an inspector, hut a sheritl' cannot refuse to complete 
 the work of a.ssi(jiiee of an insolvent for that is a jiart of his official duties, 
 and in case of his de.at li there wi'uld he no ch;ui^e as his ileputv or successor 
 Would roiiiplet.' the wiiidini,'-up of the ••state 
 
 In (^uelx'c an\- cieijitor h.ivini; an unseeured cl:iim overdue for ?-2lil> 
 
 or upwards may demam 
 d..timent of 
 
 I th>' dehtor to tile with the court jiidi 
 
 jiMicial aiian- 
 liis estate for the iKiietit of his creditors, and if this is not 
 done within two days, or the deht paiil. and the 
 made « ilhiii four da\s the delitor nriv he arre.-^led. 
 
 ahandonmenl actually 
 
 ."VIO. Advettising the Assignment. In all the Provinces when an 
 
 assi;,'nmeiit w m,Tde it must lie advertised in the ottieial 'r'i:(7^f and in 
 some local iiewspajnM'. The assignment must also Is' re;,'istereil If these 
 puhlic notices are not i;iveii, Inith the itssi;,'nor and lussij^nee ar<' liahle to 
 iieavy penalties In ( )iitario, if tile notice of the a.ssii^nmeiit is not puh- 
 lished in the first issue of the I hitiirin (ntzette and one other local news- 
 pia|ier [luhlished after five day.s from the I'xecution of the a.ssifjnment, 
 and also a copy of tiie aHsijjninent loj^ether with the atlidavil of the wit- 
 ness to its execution, then lM;th the a.ssii^nor and assic^tiee are liahle to a 
 penalty of ?2,'). for every day which shall pass after the i>sue of the 
 
IhO 
 
 INSOLVENT PF.IITons 
 
 uixl 
 (ical 
 
 number of the now»jmi><r in wliirli thi" iu>tiff hliouM )iftv»> np|H-nn'.l until 
 it is iictiiallv |.iililish«'.l. 
 
 Siiiiiliirri^'i'l rf'|Uiri'inciitH exist in nil tlif IVovincrs. iiii.l for tlint 
 rciisiin it is safer tn make tlie assi^jnimnt to tli.' sli.ritr; or if iiia>ie to 
 aiiutlur iHtson the statiit.s shonl-l !«■ carefully exaMiiiied an<l fnilnwiil in 
 (leUil Kv.ry .lustice of tli.- I'eace lian the statutes, ant! inforiimtion can 
 lie olitaiiieil by any person ijesirin;,' it. 
 
 The following; may U' fotin<l instruetise 
 
 In Ontario the a».si^'nnieiit must l>e a<lvertis»'.l in one issue of tin- 
 (hitnrio lliit'tti; aiitl tViur insertions in a cuiitity ne\vsj>ai>er 
 
 111 New Hruiiswick it must U- inserte.l at l.ast t.nce in the Ii"!/'il 
 Ga:>tti aii.l twice in a local newspaiHr ; Novu Sc-otia, Hoi/.il linzrile and 
 one local paper. 
 
 In Manitoba it muM Im- a>lveitiMi'il once in the MutntiJni (i-i:tll 
 four Weekly issues in a local iiewspupi-r. 
 
 Ill British (,'oliimbiii once in tile linynl Uiizillr an<l twice in a 
 
 newsjiaper. 
 
 ."»l 1. Form of Notice to lie publisheii, or one simil.ir: 
 
 NkTHK to t'llKIHTORH. 
 
 Notice is hereby ;;iven, that of the town of , m 
 
 theCountvoi" ' dmrilwan' ne reliant or as tiie case may !«•). has 
 
 nia<le an a'ssi<;niiient to me in trust for his creilitors. 
 
 A meetiiK' of the sai.l creilitors will be hehl at my otlice at the Town 
 of oiu\V.".liies.lay) the .hiy of , I'.t , at 2 oclock. pin 
 
 (or as case- may lie), to receive htatemeni of atfaii-s, appoint nieiii of 
 inspectors, an.l for ;:iviiij; ilinrtion for the ilisjHisal of the assets, etc. 
 
 Creilitors are re.|Uesteil to tile their claims, .luly verified, with me on 
 or Ufore the day of .such meetiii';, after which dale I .shall proceed to 
 distribute the ass«'ts of the estate, haviii;; repird only to those claims of 
 
 which I shall then have received notice. 
 
 A. II, .{"Hujltrr. 
 
 In Newfoundland, either a ilebtor or n creditor may, by petition, 
 addievsed to the .Supreme Court or toa Sujireme Court .lud;;e, simply statinj: 
 that the debtor is unable to pay his creditor* 100 cents in the dollar If 
 the debtor is the petitioner he must attach to the petition a. schedule of all 
 his assets an.l liabilities. If it is by a creditor he must also attJicli such 
 schedule, if he is able, and if not h"e must pive a .>tatement of facts sutli- 
 cient to .sntiNfy the court or iud;:e that an order for hearing: should be 
 made. After the lii^ariii^', if the debtor is declared insolvent, and the 
 estate may be vested in a trustee for distribution amonj,' the cieiilors, 
 and after the estat.- is tlius wound up, the court or judjie may ^'ive the 
 debtor ii eertilicate of insolvency ami a dischar<,'e. 
 
 M'i Fraudulent Preference. Any gift or c.nfe.ssion of jud;;ment 
 or transfer of property or any security, such as a chattel niort;,'a^e ;,'iven 
 within sixty days of' in-olveiicy or as.si{;ninent. whether forced or volun- 
 tary, is considered a fraudulent lueference and may bo set asiije by an 
 ncti<m brou};ht for that i.urpos.. It i,s valid as Ktween the parties them- 
 selves, but not as to creditors 
 
INsiilA KN I liKlirnltS 
 
 ]H\ 
 
 III yu.'U'C -suit to avi iisiili- n frinuiilliiit iv.iiviyaiifi- iiiuy In; bi'iii;;lil 
 any tinio witliiu one yonr froiii tin- tiiin- wlicn tli- cnilitnr liiscoveroil tlio 
 frjiuiliilriittniiisiictitiii. ami tlif ]iiirty iiiiiy !«• iiui'le ti> ri'Mton- tlu> jiropcrty 
 ur itn viiliic I'lir tlif l>fiii-fit iif tlu' cr<Mlit<irs, 
 
 Thi' (»iiiiiii'i st;ituti' stiiti's SI) concisely wlmt cotistitulus ft frmi'l- 
 iil. lit iin'i'iniK'i' tluLt «•■■ litTr (|U()te it lr/•'«^^('l, iiikI tin- siiiii.- will lioKl 
 jjixmI in I'licli I'nivincf : " Kvcry ^'il't. cuiivcyiini'''. iis-si^'iiiM.-iit. ur tnin>t'»T 
 iif liny i>rn|i.'rty. ri'ui or juTwiniil. nift'le liy n ]hth<iii at ii Mnn' when lie iH 
 uii.ilili- ti> piiy iii^ ililitnin lull, simll hm n;,'iutixl liin cri'litors, to tin- t-xtont 
 tliut they nil' hiinlcred. ileliiyed, or pniuilir.-d, !..• \ittiTiy voiil." 
 
 Siniply Wm<i in ilctit when n niiin triiiisl'i-r>i nny of liis i.ro|ierly,iitliir 
 to ft creditor, wife or reliitive. does not ninke the transfer fraudulent so 
 Ion;; lis he in »till ftl-le to pay his delits in full. ' Frftudulent intention " 
 ninst lie shown bv the creditors tn^fore n sftle or tnuisferof reiil or iM-rsoiuil 
 j)ro|)erty ciiii In* ciincelled A lar;;e |iiiyiiient to one creditor or ii trimster 
 of certain jiroiierty Just on the eve of ji.ssi;;iinient for the Ijenetit of cred- 
 itors, would hiive the ii|il'eiiriince of a fraudulent iiil.-ntion to defraud 
 other creditors and would In- set aside if assailed 
 
 Transfer of real or personal pro]ierty liy a [.. r-in when solvent or 
 U'fore "oin;,' into Im^iiiess cannot Im- set iisidi' if the persiai sulisei|Ui'iitly 
 becomes insolvent, unless it can lie shown by the creditors that it was 
 part of a scheme . ) defraud, 
 
 III Ontario an overdue debt of not less than :*K), must lie due a rri'd- 
 il .r ImImp he -an take lepil pr(»ceedin;;s to set ftside a sale or pi ft or 
 aHsi;^'iinient, iiiither can he combine his claim with another cri'ditor so as 
 to make It lar;,'e enou;,'h. and then take proeeeiliii;;^ 
 
 (ioodsmay also be brou;;lit into a d.^alers jilace <if businesH in the 
 re^jular way n;,'hl iqi to the time he may !«• forceil to maki.' an assi;;n- 
 iiiriit without havin;; any taint of fraud in the transaction on the dealers 
 ]i.irt. unless he was .|Uestioned by the wholesale house coiicernin;; his 
 tiii.incial rondilion and misiejuisented that [Misiiioii. 
 
 .%■:( Priority of Claims I" distrilmlin;: the assets of an insolvent 
 
 th.- lii-i !hiii_' t'l !"■ I'iid 1- taxes; second, rent for one year; third, sal- 
 aries for tlirie months . in <Juebec wa'.;cs for servants for one veir and 
 clerks three mon'hs. fourth. morti,'a;;es ; fifth, ;,'eneral cre<litors 
 
 As to the priority of creditors to the eti'ects of a ]iartneiship linn, the 
 partnership cri'ditors come first for all partiii rship etfeei 
 creditors first for all individual property, after tlii^ 
 ralabl\- di\ ided 
 
 -■, and individual 
 ill'' ri'iii.iinder is 
 
 ti.r moving; out "t 
 ipeil liv ;i 'Teditor 
 
 r»l4. Absconding Debtors The :;u.,ds ..f a 
 
 ill'- i>lace, but not 'lilt of till' C'liiiitry, caiiii"t 'e 
 iiiil'ss under an execution. 
 
 In case of a person )n.-\u<i indebted to a sutricient sum, which varies 
 in I lie ditlerenl Provinces, and absconds from the Provinc' leaving; eflects 
 li.ibli! to seizure und'T an I'Xecution or attempts t.i remov such personal 
 propertv either out of the Province or from one county to another, or 
 keeps concealed to avoid service of pnM'ess. the creciitor, by luakini^ 
 atli'l.ivit to that effeet may jiroeure a warrant t'l nttaeli such of the ^joo'ls 
 as are liable to seizure for debt. Care must be taken, however, not to 
 
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART 
 ANSI nnd ISO TEST CHART No 2 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 1: 1^ 
 
 1.4 
 
 12.5 
 
 .iiU^ 
 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 I.i 
 
 _ 
 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.25 
 
 J.6_ 
 
 ^ /APPLIED irvWGE '.nc 
 
182 
 
 INsni.VEXT DEHTORS. 
 
 seize the exemptions or to stop their reinovjil or there woiiiil be n casi' for 
 dainiij^es. 
 
 In Ontario, if the debt is not less tlian Si nor more than SlOO, the 
 writ of attacliment may be obtained from tlie Ch'rk of the Division Court, 
 but over that amount from the Jud^'e of tlie (."ounty I'ourt. In Quebec 
 attachment is allowed if the debt is ^.'i or upward. 
 
 In Kritisli ("ohunbia, if the debt exceeds ?100. the writ iiiay issue 
 from the t'cunty Court if within its jurisdiction, if not. then from the 
 Supreme Court. 
 
 In Manitoba, if debt is not less than 810 nor more than If2.">0, the 
 ".vrit may issue from the County Court, over that from Queen's P)ench. 
 In case of absconding; from the Province the clebtor loses his exeinption.s 
 unlc:s8 the family ha.s been left and are in need of such goods. Then the 
 exemptions will be in the option of the Judije. 
 
 In North-West Territories, if the amount of debt exceeds S,5(). a writ 
 may issue, and if aliscondini: debtor leavrs no wife or f.'imiU no property 
 is exempt. 
 
 In New Mrunswick. for .a sum of S40 and upwards, writs may issue 
 by a .Indite of the Supreme Court, and also from County ('ouit when the 
 del)t is within its jurisdiction. 
 
 In Nova Scotia, if tlie sum i> ?S0 and upwards tin- writ may issue 
 from the Supreme Court, or the County Court if debt is from 1*20 to >*400. 
 
 Prince Edward Island if debt is ?•'):), and Newfoundlaml if 820. the 
 
 'OO'ls mav 
 
 be attached before juilt,'ment. 
 
 A debtor lea\ ing Canada and j^oiiij; into tlie Unitecl .States maybe 
 followed and suit brouixht in the American court. The Canaxlian law 
 prrriiils i I) thr r d .sv . but the " homestead exemptions " over there are so 
 numerous tiiat in t)ie majority of eases nothing,' could be recovered. 
 
 Also, .a jud;;n.ent obtained in any of the courts in any of the provinces 
 of the l)ominiou of (."an.ad.'i may be sued u])on in an\' of the States, It 
 would be necessary 'ji obtain an exemjilitieation of the judj^'ment from the 
 court wheri' the same is cnti-ri'd, under the seal of that court, and then 
 sue up(ru it in thr ]iropi'r cnurt of the State where the delitor resides or is 
 ilomiciled. 
 
 ."il."*. Al/est of Debtor The fiction \-< that no one in Canada can 
 be •irrcsted for debt, but it is mily true beciusi' other names are u.sed for 
 the cause of arrest — fraud. ab,sc<indin;; debtor, contempt of court, etc. 
 
 All the Provinces allow an abscnndin;; debtor to be arrested and held 
 for bail, also imprisonment for fraudulent assit^ummts, obtaining: ^'oods 
 under false [iretenses. and fnr contempt of eoin-t 
 
 In Ontario, Manitol a and Pritish Columbia al^sconclini; debtor can 
 only be arrested and held for biiil by a person haviiij,' a claim a<;ainst him 
 for ^100 or tipwards. 
 
 In Quebec, if abscondin<,' fnim <^)uel»c and Ontario ami debt is ^.'JO or 
 u]iward 
 
 In New P)runswick in lii|uidateil claims if over #20, writ for arrest 
 may Iw obtained from the Sufireme and County Court before jud;;ment, 
 but for a sum not certain an order from a jiidjje must be obtained 
 
 Nova Scotia's lowest sum allowing arrest is S20, when writ may 
 
rni.i.KCTioN OK ArroCNTS. 1^3 
 
 issue from County Court, luid from Supreme Court if delt ih $80 and 
 
 ui)wanis. 
 
 Prince Edward Islami, if debt is ?32 writ may issue from the 
 
 Supreme Court. 
 
 Newfoundland, if delit is ?oO absconJin;^ debtor may be arrested. 
 
 1 to 
 aililfs 
 
 CHAPTEU XXI. 
 
 COLLECTION OF ACCOT^NTS. 
 
 r»IO. Entering Cases in Court. Merchants and others who have 
 accnunts th^'V find it necessary t<.i sue, can enter their own cases in the 
 Small l)el)ls' Courts, or the Divi.sion Court of Ontario as well as any 
 solicitor would do fur them, -i i i 
 
 The plrtintiti', when entering,' action, must leave with the C erk, by 
 post or otherwise, a simple statement in writing,' (with as many cop'es a,>< 
 there are defendants) of the cause of acti.m. If an account, it may oe m 
 the usual form of an account : in case of a note, a copy ; and of any other 
 written instrument, a concise statement of it <,'ivin<: its purport. Must also 
 ^'ive his jiost-otlice address, and ftiU name and jiost-oHice address of the 
 defendant. Where a layman is tlius entering' tlie eases for suit, the Clerk 
 of the eo'.irt will always i,'ive the information that may be nreded. As a, 
 matter of faet, there is nothing,' to do but to i)Ut in the accmnits as aliove 
 stated and [lav the fee for the summons. 
 
 In Ontario, if the account is under SIO, the cost ri^dit throuu' 
 jud<;ment will be only ?l,-2.) for clerks fees, or Sl.tio includinj,' the ' 
 fees for service of summons, exclusive of his mileai;e 
 
 When the amount exceeds S^IO, the co.st inc-eases according' to the 
 amount of the bill, but in no case will exceed S2..i(). 
 
 Actiims may be taken in the Division Court in followinj,' cases : 
 
 1 All persoiiiil actions where thi' amount claimed does not exceed 
 SCO ; and in per-^Dtiul .actions up to .'?100, if the parties C(in-.ent thereto in 
 writinj;. 
 
 2 In liijuidated money claims, that is ni Irs and written instruments, 
 
 up to S2()0. 
 
 3. In ualiijuidated claims and deni.an 
 breach of contract up to .*100. 
 
 4. Absconding debtors where claim is nut less thai 
 S200. 
 
 ,"). P'or n-plevin if value does not exceed .^(SO. 
 
 The fees for the inferior or Small Debts Cuurts in all the provinces 
 are abotit the same aiid process of enterin<; siiiular. If the debtor puts 
 in a defence and the case comes to trial it would be better in the most 
 of ca,ses to employ a lawyer to conduct the CJise at court, but up to that 
 point there is nothing in 'these petty cases of debt for a lawyer to do. 
 
 Sll Defences. When .any person is serveii with a summons they 
 should not let the few Latin words in it scare them. The summons states 
 
 Is of debt as accounts, and for 
 4 nor more than 
 
IS4 
 
 Cnl.I.K'TIOV (iK ACCf)rNT.S. 
 
 his part 111 cdiitract . or, 
 ■rt'onii it. liiit tlmt tin- (ithrr paity n'l'usiMj 
 
 part ur tn t!ir wiidlr claim .jf th'j 
 
 t\ui number of days in whicli a, ■lefencu iniist lie t-ntered or ju(J;;in.iit may 
 be ^'ivcn by d.'fuult. If th.- d^feinliint has anytliin;; to jjaiii by duh'udin',' 
 tl»e suit, lie has the rijjht to set uj) anyone or more of several ploas 
 a^^ainst the claim made aj,'ainst him : 
 
 1. He may claim tliat hi' ]v\y perfoinii 
 
 2. 'I'hat he lias offered t 
 to accept it ; or, 
 
 3. A counter-claim as an offset to 
 other : or, 
 
 4. Tliat the claim bad become outlawed : or, 
 ."). That performance was impossible. (1^ Tbrou 
 
 as ii^ditnint,', tornadoes, inundations, or death 
 an invaiiini,' army. 
 
 The summons will always n.ame th.' numli") 
 the defence must lie tiled with the Clerk 
 
 The .statement of defenc is called a 'Dispiit.' vote," of which the 
 following; will serve as a _i,'uido to those unfamili.ir with tli'' I'oniis, th.- 
 name of court and Province, of course, may be ('h,in;;ed to suit It may 
 
 nt by p.ist, or delivered persoii.illy to the (Jlrrk." 
 
 ;li tiie 
 (2) By imbli( 
 
 .f day.' 
 
 acts of God, 
 enemies, as 
 
 witl 
 
 nil which 
 
 be 
 
 No, 
 
 to the 
 
 ."VIH Statement of Defence. 
 
 Divi-i IN ("mciit (iK [Name], 
 
 In thk [Ni 
 
 Between [;,nvL name], I'laintitr, and [;;ive name). Defendant. 
 Take notice, I dispute the Plaintiff's Claim in this cause. [Here may be 
 specitieil the "grounds of defence, statutor\' or .ithiTw ise.] 
 
 Dat.'d this day of A.I). i>^!). 
 
 [SiLTii.'itiire] 
 To the Clrrk n|' the said court and to the said Plaintitl'. 
 
 iilH. Judgment is the decree of a cjurt delivered afteraca.se has 
 been decided. In Ontario and ne.irly all the Pnjvinces e.\-ecutions may 
 is.sue any time after jud;,'ment within six years witiiout an order from the 
 court, but after that an order from a judi;e is neces.sary. (For time when 
 jud^jments outlaw, see Section 2.')7. ) For the number of days after jud^^nnent 
 before execution may issue fertile different courts in the Various provinces 
 see foilowini,' Section : 
 
 5'iO. Execution.^ If the jud;,'ineni or ;>mount of ilamajfe is not paid 
 within the time specified in the judgment, an execution may be obtained 
 to seize and sell the debtor's jjroperty to recover the amount of the 
 judgment anil costs The laws of each Province, however, exempt from 
 seizure under an execution sufficient property to i n.'ible the debtor to 
 continue his regular avocation. (See P^xemptions. , 
 
 In Ontario, in the (ount}- and High courts ixecutions may i.s.sue 
 immediately upon Judgment, and bind both goods and lands from the df»te 
 of deliver}- of execution to the sheriff, ami any transfer or mortgage made 
 thi'reafter and before seizure would be void ; init executions" from the 
 Division Court do not bind the goods until after actual seizure. Executions 
 require to be renewed every three years. 
 
 In the North- West Territories tliey m.ay issue immediately after 
 
COLLECTION OF ACCOr«-T,S. 
 
 ISA 
 
 'riii'v liinil till- L;')'>'i>t 
 xccpt tlcoso transt'i'i-ri'.l 
 
 i-suf forthwith .li'trr 
 
 juilgnuiit, ami i;x[iin' in two yi'iirs uiiK'hs rftiewi 
 from the timo thi- writ is licliveri''! to ihr shuritJ 
 to a l"'ihi-li'lf purchaser. 
 
 In 15ritish ("ohimhia exfciitious a;;aiiist u">' 
 judj^iiit'iit in the Suproniu ami County cuurts. 
 
 In Manitoba, in the Queen's Bench may issue fortliwitli after juil^- 
 ment, or any time witliin six years with(}ut an order from a judge, but 
 after six years leave must be obtaiutd. In County Court six days after 
 judj^nirnt, or forthwith on judj^e's orler. Sherirt' hoMs inori y for three 
 months to be ratably divided among execution creilitors. 
 
 In (^Juebec executions both against goods and lands cannot issue 
 sooner than 15 days after judgment, except in cases where attachment 
 is periiutte(l. 
 
 In New Ilrunswick, Nova Secjtia and Prince i'Mward Island, both in 
 Supreme and County Court.s may is.sue forthwith, unless an appeal is 
 pending, and any time thereafter for 20 years. They bind goons and 
 cliattels of tlie debtor from tlie time they are given to the sheriti", against 
 all ]iersons, e.xcept limvi-fitli purchasers. 
 
 In NeWi'oundland, in th'> District ( 'o\irts executions may issue 
 immediately after judgment ; in .'-iujireme Court, in cases for payment of 
 money or recovery of land may i.ssue fcirthwitb, tnit in all other cases in 
 14 days. Must be renewed every year. 
 
 .%'il Executions Binding Land. In all the Provinces execution.s 
 may bind the lands of the judgment debtor. Executions against good.s 
 cannot be tiled against lands until an atteinjit to recover against the goods 
 lias failed, and tin- execution been returned marked " No gooil." 
 
 In Ontario all executions issued from tlie County and High l"ourts 
 bind both gijods ami lands from the date of delivery of execution to tlie 
 Sheritf. Laml, however, cannot be sold bef(jre one year from time the 
 writ is delivered to the Sheriff. In the Division ( 'ourt executions of ?+() 
 aiin u|)\v,'ird may issue ilirected to the Slierifl'. in which case they al.so 
 birul lands of the debtor tlie same as those from the High and County 
 Courts. 
 
 Division Court judgments of S-IO ami upwaiils, that have been 
 returned marked " No good," and all County Court judgments may be 
 recorded in the Laii^l Titles Otlice, the same as other instruments allietiiig 
 land. 
 
 The Act saj's the sheriti' sh.ill not send certificates of executi(jn to 
 the Land Titles Office unless ujHin written rei|uest of the plaintiff or his 
 solicitor. Lands against which an execution has l)een rec')rded cannot be 
 sold until one year after the writ of execution has Ijeen tiled, ainl then 
 only by giving three months' notice of sale. These entries in the Land 
 Titles ( )tfice must be renewed every four years in order to continue to 
 bind the land. 
 
 In British Columbia judgments registered in any Registration Dis- 
 trict, that Registrar is reijuired to forwani notice in writing to all other 
 Registrars in the Province, and from the- delivery of such notict; the judg- 
 ment binds all the property of the judgment debtor in the Province. 
 Priority of registration creates priority of claim. To be kept good they 
 must be renewed every tlir.'e veai-s. 
 
1R6 
 
 COI.I.KCTIMN (IK ACCOL'NTS. 
 
 Wlieii ill! iissigniiiL'iiL or ciinctllatii/ii of a judf^iiu'ut is ri'^'i stored, 
 notice is also sent by the Registrar to all the other Uej,nstrai-s of the 
 Province. 
 
 In Manitolui judgments issued from the County Court for a sum 
 exceeding ?+0 may l)e nconlod in the Land Titles Otfipe. 'i'liey mast be 
 renewed every twi years. 
 
 In the North-West 'I'erritories judgments for .^'jO and upwards may 
 be registered against lands. They bind from the lime of thr "'eceipt of 
 the writ bv the Slu-ritr, but the land cannot be sold within less tlian 
 twelve months theri'after. 
 
 In Nova Scotia judgments from the Su]>reme and County Court may 
 be recorded against lamls, and execution may issue any time within six 
 years without an or<ler from the court. 
 
 In New Brunswick jiidgments in the Supreme and County Courts 
 may be registered and biml lands in that county for live years, when they 
 may be renewe<l. 
 
 In I'rince Edward I^laml judgmrnts issuing from the Supreme Court 
 bind lands cjf the judgment d.'btor from time of entry of judgment pro- 
 viiliu" a minute lias breii tiled witli i,iie judgment, liut lands cannot be 
 sold until after six months from issue (if statute execuli'in. Those fri.m 
 the I'ounty Court <inly b'ind after a levy has been made. 
 
 tVi'i- Judgment Summons. In case there is not property found 
 with which to satisfy the judgment claim, most of the I'rovinces permit 
 the cre<litor in suits before thr small debts or inferior courts to ha\f the 
 debtor sinnmomMJ before the court to be examined on oath as to the 
 disposition he may have made of his property. Kvery such summons 
 should be obeyed, for the person not making liis ajipearanee, at such lime 
 as directed in his sununons, before the court, to be examineii on e'ath as to 
 the disposition he may have made of his prope-t;. , may be imprisoned for 
 contempt of Court. 
 
 Afti'r such hi;u-iiig before the .hidgi', thr latter may order a weekly 
 or monthly payment, an^l if this sum is not paid the debtor may also l)e 
 imprisoned for contempt of court. If circumstance's should arise after- 
 wards by which this aiuount cannot be paid, the debtor shouM go to a 
 lawyer "and have a statement prepared to bring the matter bebire the 
 iludge to have his first order set asicle or changed. 
 
 No other jutlgment will be enforced against .a debtor while lie is 
 paying off in tliis way one judgment. 
 
 The debtor may also be imprison, d if be refuses to answer ipiestions, 
 or to ]iro<iuce papers and books re<iuired by the court, or for a fraudulent 
 disposition of ills goods. 
 
 In Ontario the Division Court Act pro\ ides that in case of mort- 
 gages where the principal or interest is sued for .separately in the Division 
 Court the Judge cannot commit the debtor to gaol on a judgment sum- 
 mons in any ca.se where it could not be done on a judgment recovered in a 
 I'iglier court tliat is bir fraud only. 
 
 Tlie Act is further amended by taking from the Judge the authority 
 to commit to gafil for non-payment of tlie sum ordered to be ]iaiil alto- 
 gether, or by instalments, if it can be shown that sucli payments wouM 
 have dep.rived the debtor or his family of the means of living. 
 
rOLI.E(.TIOK OF AfCOCNTS. 
 
 187 
 
 Tht' Act low virtually allows coiiiinitinciit to f,'a<il only in caHts 
 where there is some element of frauil. Commitment may then be for 
 40 ilays, instead of 30. as previously limited. 
 
 In Ontario jud},'ment summons only issue out of the Divi.sion Court, 
 cost of sununous ami luarint; the case is ?2..")0. 
 
 C^uehec, IVincc Edward Island and North-We.st Territories do not 
 use the judj,'ment suMiiiums j)ri)Coss except for examinatiim. 
 
 In .Manitolia the limit of iiii[irisonment is 40 days. 
 
 't'ili Garnishment. All the I'rovinees allow money due a debtor 
 while yi't in the hands of a third jiart}' to lie attached or ;;arnisheed, hut 
 they all exempt a certain ainoiiiit due wai;e earners. 
 
 Salaries of officials under Dominion (lovernment, salaries of judt;es, 
 pensions, and teachers' superannuation allowances, and moneys deposited 
 in Past-otfice Savings Hank are exempt from j^aridshment by creditors, 
 or .seizure in ca.se of insolvency. 
 
 Money due a mechanic as coitfract price of work instea<i of for waj;es 
 is not exempt. 
 
 In Ontario money in the hands of a third party due a mechanic, 
 workman, laborer, servant, clerk, or em[)loyee for wat,'es cannot be piriii- 
 sheed unless the sum due the mechanic, etc., exceds ?25, and then unly 
 to the extent of the excess. In case, however, where the debt wiis con- 
 tracted for board or lodjiiiif,^, and in the opinion of tiie .ludi,'e the exemp- 
 tion of S?25 is not necessary for the maintenance of the debtor's family, 
 then the amoiuit to be .secured by the ^janiishee will be in tlie option of 
 
 the .)uili,'e, 
 
 A single man with no one depending on him for suppi)rt has do 
 amount reserved to him by law against a garnishee. Neither have other 
 classes of people who are not wage-earners, nor Provincial ci\il servants. 
 
 In .Manitoba and North-West Territories the amount is S"2."), 
 
 In Nova Scotia. !*40, whether marrieil or single. New ISrunswick, 
 S20. also (iovennnent I'ificials. Prince Edward Island, one-half the wayes 
 due iir accruing due. 
 
 In British Columbia, S4() per month. 
 
 In Quebec if the amount claimed exceeds :*.^, may be attached before 
 or after judgnient 
 
 '*'i4- Exemptions. All the Provinces reserve a reasonable amount 
 of property exeinjit from seizure under any execution, a landlord's war- 
 rant in most ca.ses. 
 
 Where the deb*or has mure of any kiml of jiroperty or articles than 
 are exempt lie is entitled to make choice of the part he wishes to retain. 
 The bailiff" or officer making the seizure lias no legal authority to interfere 
 in the selection. 
 
 All the chattels so exempt fri>m seizure as against a debtor, after his 
 death, or in case he should abscond, leaving his familv behiml, the widow 
 or family, should there be no widow, are entitled to. 
 
 In Ontario the following chattels are exempt from seizure under 
 any writ or from distress by landlord, or for landlord's ta.x : 
 
 1. The bed, liedding and bedsteads, including a cradle, in ordinary 
 use by the debtor ,.iiii! his familv. 
 
188 
 
 COLI.ECTInS (iK AiTorNTS. 
 
 2. 'J'he noci'Srtitry and nrdiiiary w.'jirm^ a|i|i.irrl of tin- .l.'litor aiul liis 
 family. 
 
 '.i. Onf cookiiifj NtdVf with jiiprs ami fiinii>(lii!i;^s, oiii' olluT luiiiiii^ 
 stove with pipes, one crane ami its appeiiihi;;<'s, one pair of andirons, one 
 9ft of cookin;; utensils, one pair of toii^js, one shovel, one coal scuttle, one 
 lamp, one table, .six cliairs, one washstand with furnishinrfs, six towels, 
 one lookinj;-f,'lass, one hair bnish, one comh. om- bureau, one clothes press, 
 one clock, one carpet, oin' cuplH)ard, one linxMii, I'l knives, ]2 forks, 12 
 plntes, 12 teacups, 12 sauctTs, oiif su;^ar basin, one milk ju^', one tcajjot, 
 12 spoons, two pails, one washtub, one srrubbin;j brush, one Mackin;.; 
 brush, one wash board, threi' smoothing; irons, all spinnini; wlncls, one 
 weaving; l(K)m in ilomestic use. one scwin;^ machine and attachments, thirty 
 volumes of Ijooks, one axe, one saw, one i;un, six trajjs and such tishinjj 
 nets as an' in common use. The articles in this sub-division not exceed- 
 in;; ii\ value i*!.')!). 
 
 4. .Ml necessary fuel, meat, tisli, llour. and vej;etables actually pro- 
 vidril fi.r family use, not more than sutlicietit for the debtor .-md his 
 fiimilv lor SI) days anil not I'xci'eilini,' in value the sum of ^-K). 
 
 5 Due cow, six sheep, four hojfs. and 12 hens, in all not exceeding; in 
 value #7'T. ami foinl therefor for .SO days, and (Jiie dc>^', 
 
 ('). Tools and implements of, or ch.ittels (jrdinarily iised m ihf delitor's 
 occu])atioii to the value of 8100. 
 
 7. Hees reared and kept in hives to the extent of I.') hives. 
 The debtor may, in lieu of keejiinii the tools and implements men- 
 tioned in .section (i, elect to receive the proceeds of their sale in cash u() to 
 ?100, in which case the otticer exocutinjj the writ wo\dd pay over to the 
 di'btor ^<l00 if those gcxxls sold for th.-it mncli, net. and this amount the 
 creditor eeiuld not seize. 
 
 Nunc of the articles ennmi'rateil in snb-sectiwns H. 4, ."). t) and 7 are 
 exeiiijit from seizures in satisfaction of a di'bt contracted for that iilentical 
 article 
 
 In Manitoba. ■/) The beil an ; beildin:.' in eonunon use for 
 debtor and his family, .-md , also his household furnislii;i;;s, not exe.e 
 in v.ilue 8.')00. 
 
 (.)) The necessary an 
 his t'aniily. 
 
 ('■) Twelve volunes i 
 axe, one saw. one fjun. six traps. 
 
 (d) The necessary food for tl 
 that may then be on hand. 
 
 (>') .Six cows, three oxen or three horses nr nudes, 10 sheep. 10 Jii;;.-), 
 
 •lO fowls, and food for the same for 11 months. The horses to 1 x.'Uipt 
 
 must be such as are used by the debtor in earninj; his living. 
 
 (/) The tixjls, ajjricultural implements and necessaries used by the 
 debtor in the practise of his trade, pr<.)fession or occupation to the value 
 of ^.■)00. 
 
 (g) The artich.'s and furniture necessary to the performance of 
 religious service. 
 
 (/() The land upon which tti.' <iebtor or his fannly .actually resides, or 
 cultivates, either wholly or in part, or which he uses for grazing or other 
 purposes to the extent of lOO aeri's. 
 
 or^lmarv wi.'arin 
 
 >f books, till 
 
 the 
 liiii' 
 
 ajiparel of the debtor au'i 
 books of ,1 professii mal man, one 
 tor and his familv for 11 months 
 
COI.I.KCTIdN I'K AcrorNTS, 
 
 189 
 
 ((■) Tlic 1k)iis<', Imrns, stiihlcs Hrid ffiics on tli< liebtor's fiirin 
 
 (/■) All t!i>' ii'Ci'ssury .sc('cln of viiiious varieties or rfx.ts for tin; 
 proper Heeiliiii,' mid cilltivillioii of HO .lel'es. 
 
 (/r) The actual nsidi.'iice or home lA any person other than a fanner, 
 provi.lin;; the same liots not exceed the value <if ^l.'iOO. If it is worth 
 more it may Iw sold providing; :*1.'){K) out of the ]iroeeeds is paid over to 
 the debtor. 
 
 None of tlie proper! V in this list is exempt if the deht is h.:' the 
 Banio article. 
 
 The ■■.\eniptions do not hold iii^'iiinst dehts due municipiilit ies for seed 
 ;;iain. 
 
 Kverv aj,'reement, even in writing.', whereby a person waives or 
 abandons his ri;.'ht or privilege (jf e.\<'ni|ition is absolutely null and V(jid 
 
 (irowin^' cro])s cannot be seized and sold until they are harvestnl. 
 
 In British Columbia. No exempti.jiis a^^ainst sale for tax or 
 distress for rent, exe.pl lod;,'ei-H' {^Mods, and a limit of three montlis' rent 
 ai,'aiiist {.joods sold conilitionaliy to the tenant. 
 
 (iM The li(.>niestead, so re^jistered according.' to llie laws of the 
 Province, if not exceeding,' in value i?2,.')l)0, is absolutely exempt from 
 seizure or sale by any process at law or e(|uit3-. 
 
 If it exceeds in value S2 ')()(), iIk'U the excess only is subject to 
 seizui-e an<l sale. 
 
 Personal jiroperty to the value of #,'i<)() is exem[it. None of such 
 property is ex. nipt it tin; ilebt was contracted for that identical article. 
 
 The fee for the rej^istration of land as a ■'homestead" is .*5. This 
 does not iiichide the re^istirin;,' of the title but simjily the homestead. 
 
 In North-West Territories the following: property is exempt from 
 seizure vuider writ.s of exeeutiou ; 
 
 1. The necessary and ordinary elothini; of tin' debtor and his family. 
 
 •J The furniture and household furnishiuL^s helon;_dni; to the debtor 
 anil Ids family to the value of ?.')()0. 
 
 :!. The necessary food for the defeiuient's family durinjr six montlis, 
 which may include grain and tlour, or ve^'itables and meat, either ]irepare<l 
 for us(; or on foot. 
 
 4. Six cows, three oxen, horses (jr mules, or any three of them, six 
 she.'p, three pii;s and fifty domestic fowls, besiiles the animals the defend- 
 ant mav have cho.sen to keep for food purposes, and food for the same 
 for the inonths of November, Decendier, January, February, March and 
 April, or for such of those months as may follow the date of seizure, 
 j)rovidip^ such seizure be made between the 1st of Au;.'u.st and the :i(lth 
 d;iy of April next ensuin;;. 
 
 ,5. The harness necessary for three' iinimals, one wair<;on or two carts, 
 one mower or cradle and scythe, one breaking' ])low, one cross plow, one 
 set harrow, one horse rake, one .sewinj,^ machine, one reaper or binder, one 
 set sleij^hs and one seed drill. 
 
 fi. The books of a profe.ssional man. 
 
 7. The tools and necessary instruments used by the defemlant in the 
 practise of his trade or profession to the value of ?"200. 
 
 iS. Seed r'rain suthcieiit to seed all his land under cultivation, not 
 
190 
 
 coM-EfTios OK ArrnrSTs 
 
 t'xcpcditij; SO iicrps at thf niti' of twu I)U,sIi(>1h [ht iwr<\ clffi'iiilaiil tn liavu 
 choice <if .sceil. mni 14 IhisIicIm of p<)tiit(>i'.s. 
 
 !•. Tilt; hoiiiestoail of tlif clffeniiaiit, ])rovi<lfil tin- siiiiu' he not moro 
 than ItiO acres, in case it l»e more, the surphis may lie sulil suhji'(!t to any 
 lien or enoumhrance thereon. 
 
 10. riie house ami huildinjjs occii[iieil hy the ciefi'n.lant aiiil also the 
 lot or lots oti which tlie same are situate to the extent of #1, ."()() 
 
 No article is exemjit from seizure, except f<jr the food, clothin;; ami 
 iK-'dilint; of the defendant 
 article. 
 
 and his family, if tin' debt is for that .specitic 
 
 the exemptions from sei/ure under I'xecution 
 ieddin<r, kitchen uteusila and tuol.-i of trade or 
 
 In New Brunswick 
 
 are the foUowin;; ; 
 
 The wearinj; apparel, 
 calling to the value of ^100. 
 
 In Nova Scotia the following articles arc exempt from seizure 
 under any writ of e.xecution : 
 
 1. The neces,sary wi-arini; ap]iarel, beds, heddin;^ and bedsteads of the 
 debtor and his family. 
 
 2. Oie stove and pipes therefor, one crane and itn a[jpiiidai;e.s, one 
 pair of andiron.s. one set of cookinjj utensils, one pair of tonics, six knives, 
 six forks, six jilates, six teacups, six ,s;iucers, one shovel, one table, six 
 chairs, one milk ^w^. one tea])ot. six s[)oons, one spimiinj; whi'el and one 
 weavini; loom if in ordinary domestic use, 10 vohnnes of ri'lij,Mous books, 
 one water bucket, one a.xe, one saw, and such tishin;^ nets as an- in 
 common use, the value of such ncjt to exceed ^'20. 
 
 ">. All necessary fuel, meat, ti'-h. tlour aivl vef^etables actually 
 provided for family use iuid not more than sutiicii'ut for the ordinary 
 consumption of the debtor ,ii\d his family for SO days and not exceeding 
 in value j?40. 
 
 4, One cow, two sheep and one hog and food therefor for 30 days. 
 
 ■"). Tools and imjilements oi, or chattels ordinarily used in the debtiir's 
 occupation to the vah;e df :?:iO. 
 
 None (jf the articles enumerated in sections 2, H, 4 and .') art^ exempt 
 from seizure in satisfaction of a ilebt contracted for that identical article. 
 
 Quebec : 
 
 1. The beil, bedding and bedsteads in use by thi' di'btor and family. 
 
 2. The ordinary wearing apparel of the debtor and his family. 
 
 3. Two stoves, jiipe.s and other acces.sories, household effects to the 
 value of .*.')0, fifty volumes books, family )iortraits and sewing machine, 
 
 4. Fuel and fijod sutJicient for the debtor and his family for three 
 months 
 
 5. One span of plow horses, or one yoke of oxen ; one horse, one 
 summer vehicle and one winter vehicle, and the liarne,s.s used by ii carter 
 or driver for earning his livelihood; one cow, two pigs, four sheep and the 
 wool from such sheep, cloth manufactured from such wool, and hay and 
 other fcxlder for food for such animals, and the following agricultural 
 implements : One plow, one harrow, one working sleigh, one tumbrel, one 
 hay cart with its wheels, and the harness neces.saiy for farming p\irposes. 
 
COLl.KCTION (>F ACCOUNTS. 
 
 1!)1 
 
 <i. Tools liiiil iiiiplctncnts u.seil in traile to the vhIuo of ?200, iind bees 
 to extent of fifteen hives, iiiid Uxik.s ri'latinjj to his profession, art or 
 triKle to value (,r »20() 
 
 7. Hooks of llCCoUIlt, litll'S of ilrlit Illl'l utlliT [jHJMr^ 111 ]><>-,Hl'SsiiiI| of 
 
 the debtor are exeiiipt. Al.so .sacred vessvls used for reli;;ioii.s worsliiti, 
 iJ.iiiuiiUiry allowances (granted by a court, sums of motiey tM-i|Ueatlied 
 upon condition of their beiii;^ exeiiiiit from seizure, money or pensions 
 given as alimony, wages and salaries not yet "lue, pay and pensions of 
 persons l)eloTiging to the army and navy, .siilaries of school teachers and 
 emoluments of clegynien due for actual services, salaries of public otKcers, 
 and provincial civil servants to thi' extent of two-thirds or four-tifths, 
 acc(jrding to salary ; wages of workmen and laborirs to tin' I'Vtint of 
 tliree-folirths. 
 
 ."•"i."* Interest The legal rale ni interest in Canada at the last 
 ses,sion (jf Dominion I'arliameiit was rei'uced from six to five per cent., 
 but we have n(j usury law. A notr drawn where nothing is .sail, about 
 intenst will not draw interest until maturity, but if not paid at matiiiity 
 it will then commence to <lraw fiv.' prr cent A note <lrawing a higleV 
 rate than five per cent,, if not jiaiil at maturity will dro|) to tive, and a 
 note drawing a lower rate than live, if n^t jiaid at maturity will rise to 
 tivc per Cent. 
 
 It the rate is over or under tive per cent., and it is ilesired that it. 
 should remain at that rate after maturity al.so, a clause' must be adiied 
 like the following: "With interest at the rate desin-d) until maturity, 
 and thereafter at the same rate until paid." 
 
 Any rate of interest that a man agrees to pay and is written in the 
 note, mortgagi' or other instrument, will l)e collected, jirovided, that if 
 the rate of interest agreed to be paid per day, week, montli, or any j>eri<id 
 less than a year, exceecj five per cent. /" r uinnnn no mori' than five jier 
 cent, can lie recovered, unless the contract states the yearly r.ite of interest 
 to which such other rate is ei|uiv,Tlent. This p;iragrapli does not a]iplv to 
 mortgages on real est.ate 
 
 Compound interest eannut lie eollectetl unles.s it is .-igreed in the 
 cdiitraet to be paid. 
 
 Hook Accounts differ from Notes. A book aec<jutit overdue will 
 not draw interest, unless the merchant Iia.s it jirinted on his invoices and 
 bills he gives with the goods that interest will be charge.l after a certain 
 date. Then it can only be five per cent., unless the debtor is willing to 
 pay iiKire. Simply iiaving eight or ten per cent., as the case might be, 
 printed on the invoices does not make tlie charge legal, and tli>' debtor 
 may refuse to pay anything over five. 
 
 .ludgments also draw five per cent, interest. Chartereil lianks are 
 allowed .seven per cent,, and collect it: but there is no penalty if they 
 charge more. 
 
 In Newfoundland the legal rate is still six per cent. 
 
Ui-2 
 
 MEt'HANIOS AND WA<iK t:\KNKU.s' I.IKN A< T. 
 
 CHAITHH Wll 
 
 Mi:«"iiAMrs AM) w A(ii; i:.\i;Ni:i;s i,ii:.\ .\( t 
 
 H'Hi Nature of Lien Ai-coriiin^; to tlu' prDviniuiis of ilu- al)uvc 
 Ktntiu< unli>-. Ill' .si;.'iiN :iii ix|iri'.s« ii},'iVfiiii'iit to tlif cuiitrarv, uveiy |i».'r«on 
 »vlin ipii'toriiis any liilmr, ur wliu t'lirnislirs iiiiy iiiiitiTiiil to Im' iiscil in tlie 
 coiistriii'tion ot" any liiiiiiiiiii,'. !jriil;^i', fi-ufu or nnytliinf,' in I'ttct, t'roni a 
 c'istiTn to II riiiiroail. I'or any owniT. contnictor, or suh-contriu'tor, liiis n 
 lieu iijKUi tile jiropiTty tlius tTfctfil, und U|H)n llie land i>ccmjifd tliiTfljy 
 for tlu" price of sucli worlc or material. 
 
 In Xewfouiniiaini \vft;jes for twelve clays liave a lirn on hiiililin;^s, 
 etc., and for railways and niinett for thirty day.s. 
 
 .%'i« Limit of Lien The lien whether claimed hy the contractor, 
 siih-c( III tractor or uthir [urMin, cainiot make the owner liahle for more 
 than the sum justly owin;; by the owner to the contractor (which inclmle.s 
 the wiips or material for which that contractor is liaMe to tliosi> under 
 liini). In Manitoha the claim mi'.st not be les.s tlian ;*'J0 to ]»• a lirst 
 lien on til'' ]iro|Mrty 
 
 .ViH. What a Lien May Include- A claim for lien may include 
 cluiiiis ai^aiiist a.'iy nuinbir I't iirnjii'rties, and any number of persons 
 cliiiiiiin;; liens upon the samr property may unit'' ihtrrin. Kueh lien 
 must liowfver. be viritied by :irtidavit. 
 
 r»'il>. Protectinx Owners Kaeh of tln' rroMin''^ r<M|nin's tin- .lu i,or 
 as ihc wiirk |iiii;,'ri'ssis v> ri'Iaiii ,i certain lierciiitaj,'o of the iiiDUiy dur ihe 
 contractor lor thirty days aftc^r completion or abaudnnmitil of tlh' work, 
 with which to s.itisfy lien claims Hr is not liabK' for any ^^irati-r ,sun> 
 than this for any liens of wliieli In has not, bi'bjre makin^^ payment, 
 received notice in writin;,'. 
 
 In I )ntario anil .Manitoiia whiu contract dm's nut exceed lfl"',Ot)0 the 
 
 ]i.r cent. 
 
 nt. if Contract doe.s 
 un lir gs.'j.OOO: and 
 
 percentage is 20 per cut., when it exceeds that sum 
 
 North-West Territories. 10 per cent. 
 
 In New lirunswick and Nova Scotia, 1 '> p<r i 
 not exceed .'51,000; 12i percent, if over ;? 1,000 an 
 10 per cent, on all other sums. 
 
 In Hritish Columbia on contracts of over ^'>00 tlie owner is rerjuired 
 to be furnished with the receipted pay-njll, jjivin;; names of laliorers, 
 amount due and paid. Ilr must rrtain amounts due laborers, au'l no pay- 
 ment made in the absence of such pay-roll is valid aj^aintit li.n holders. 
 A copv of the payroll must also be ])osted up in the works on tin' first 
 lei,'a! day after pay day from twelve noon to one o'clock ji iii. 
 
 In NewfiiUiidlaiid owner \u:iy ri'tain 10 ]ier cent, for thirty days. 
 
 't'.Ut Registration of Liens. A claim for a Hen may be recorded 
 in tie- Ki';,'isti-_\- Oiiiei', i >i- Laii'l Titles Oltice for the district in which tlu' 
 land is situated, and in Hritish (."olunibia may also }»- in othce of the 
 Government ai'ent. It shall state : 
 
MECHANICS AND WAOI-EiRNEIIs' MEX ACT. 
 
 • 'i:i 
 
 1. The naint) iiiul residence ( 1 ) of the person rhiiniin;; the li , » of 
 
 tlic "wnt-r of tlic [irn|icrty to lie elmr;,'c(i, ^;f) of the perKoii for whom the 
 Work wan {xrfoiiiiiil. or iiiiiteriiil fiiriiiHheil ; uImi, the time within whicli 
 tin- Work WHS to 1m- cloii,'. or materiiiN furri •(.■ tl. 
 
 2. A short ileHeription of the work done. <ir umteriiils fumiHhi'd 
 •i. Till' HUni eliiilin d to he due, or to Ijeconie due. 
 
 4. A description of the land (nunit>er of lot, etc.), tu he 'har^^rd Miilli 
 cient for thi- purjKwe of reifistration. 
 
 3. The date of e.xpiry of tlw' period of creijit (if any, a^treed for 
 payment of work or inaturial. 
 
 Every claitn must he veritied hy allidavit. 
 
 A lien, when re^istep'd, U'coines an encnnhranei' ajjain.st the pro- 
 
 ferty. Tlie fee for rr;^isterini; ii lien for wiip's i.s aiioiit twenty-Hve cetitM. 
 f Ht'veral persons join in oiif plaiin, a furtli'T fee of ten cents is ehar^jeij for 
 every ])erson after fhf tiist In Niwrnun j' in.i t u cnty-tivr eeiits f(jr ijich 
 person lifter the tirst. 
 
 in ( Inturio and .Manitoha the Act states that for waj^es up to thiily 
 days it is not necessary to rei;is*er the lien, and third parties must inquire 
 conerniiii;,' wages due if they would he wife. 
 
 ."»:U. Time for Registering Liens A claim for a lien hy a con- 
 tru'tor or suli eoiilractMi- may In- rei^istciiil li,-fore or durin;,' the contract, 
 or within thirty days after its completion. 
 
 A claim for lien for m.Urrials may '.le re>;istereil hefore or durin;^ the 
 furnishinj,' thereof, or within thirty days after furnishing; or piiicini; tiie 
 lust <if the niati rial. 
 
 A elaiiii for lien lur services, wai;es or work may 1m- n';;i,^terrd any 
 time durin;; the |n-rforiiiaiu'e of the service or work, or within thirty days 
 after the completion of the M-rvice or tin- last day's work for which the 
 lien is claiinL-il 
 
 K\-(-ry lien not ri-L,'istrr.-d within the timi- im ntioiKd here ceases at 
 tin- e.xpiration of that time, unless action has lui-n liripiiirl,t to realize th(- 
 claini and a ci-rtitie.ite thereof duly re;;istere(i. 
 
 Thirty days is the time allowi-d within which to re;_'i''ter tin- lit-n for 
 Ontario, Manitoha and North-We.^t Tcrriturics ; .-ind thirty-om- days h r 
 Hritish (-'olundiia. 
 
 rt'.i'i. When Liens Cease. Kvery lim which has been duly 
 rei,nstercd ahsolutely ceases to e.\ist after ninety days from the time when 
 the work or .service ended, or the materials were furnished, or tin- i-xjiiry 
 of the period of credit, uidess in the meantime an action to realize the 
 claim under the pro\isions of this Act has hteii instituted an<l a certificate 
 thereof duly rejjisten-d. 
 
 y.tH. Priority of Lienholders. Liens hav.- priority overall judf;- 
 ments, exceutions. u.ssiirnnients, or j;arnisliiiu'nts issued after such lien 
 ari.ses, and over all payments maile on account of the .sale of the proiierty 
 or a morti,'ai;e thereon after notice in writini^' of such lien to the jieison 
 maKin;; sueli payments, or after the n-j^istratiou of the lien. 
 
 Amoiii,' till.' lienholders themselves each cliiss sli.-dl share the proceeds 
 reco\ cn-d /,rii r<it<i accordiu;,' to their srveral classi'.s and rii:;ht.s. 
 13 
 
v.n 
 
 \n:ru\Sirs AMI WAUE-KARVKKS LIK.V A'T. 
 
 •'>tt4. Prirrity for Wriges. Kvitv incolmnic or lnhoror whose lien 
 is for wu<,'i'^ --IihII. to till' rxiciit 111' tliirty ilays' wajjfs, luivc priorit" over 
 all other cliissi's ol' liens to the extent of tlie aniouiit of the pereentatje 
 reserved from the contraet price. Ail niich ineehaiiies or lahorers share 
 ]>rt) lutfii in the sum recovereil, \Va;,'i'-e,'uiiei-s iiny aUo enforce a lien 
 before the contract is comyileteil 
 
 In case of a contractor or sub-contractor makint; defariit in finishing 
 liis contract, the percentay;e <iue such contraetor ir sub-contractor for 
 work (lone or materials furnished at the time when the lien is claimed 
 by \vj);^e-earnei-^ cannot be u^ed for any other j)ur|io--e, or for |iayiiient of 
 daiiiaejes for the non-l'ullilment of the contract to the prejudice ol' the 
 wa;;e earners. 
 
 Every devic by ■■my owner, C'-niractor, or --ub-eontr.ictor to defeat 
 th'- priority tliii-- ^'iveii to waLje-eariier-- I'ot th 'ir wa;,'es i^ null and void. 
 
 ."»;{."»■ Transfer of Lien. .\ lienhoM'!- may as--ij;n his right of a lien 
 b\' ,111 instrument in writing. .\ li'iihol''. r dying, his right of lien passes 
 to hi'- Ji'T-oIiid i-epre>"iitativ.-, 
 
 r»'.Hi Discharge of Lien. A lien may lie discharged by a reci'ipt 
 signed by the claimant or his agent, duly .luthorixed in writing acknow- 
 ledj;ing payment and verified by atiiiiavit •' ' registered. The fee for 
 registering the discharge is tlie sanie as for registering the claim. 
 
 •WJ. Vacating a Lien. I'pou payment into Court or receiving 
 
 .su:licient sei/inity. i 'i' upmi ntln.'r grounds, the (.'mirt or Judge may vacate 
 the registration of the lien, 
 
 53H Lienholders Deir.anding Terms of Contract, etc If the 
 owner or his a^ent refuse to '/\\i' iuf irmation t'unei-rning the terms of the 
 contract, or knowingly falsely state the terms, or the amount due and 
 unpaid till "eon when dem;inded by a lieiiholder who sutlers any los.s 
 th'f'hx' sli.all b,' lialil'' to liim in an action to the .•miount of such loss. 
 
 ."»;{!> Mode of Enforcing a Lien. It is not necessary to issue a 
 
 writ of --nniinons but iiier.ly iii tile in tie- proper otiiee a statement of the 
 claim \erilied by allidavit. 
 
 Any nuniber of lienholder^ h.aving ,iehum on the s.-mie property may 
 j(.iiii in tie- .-letion. 
 
 An action brought by any lieiiholder is deemed to be brought on be- 
 lialf of all the other lii'iiholders on the property in ipiestion. 
 
 In Ontario an action to enforce a lien may be trie<l by a judge of the 
 High ('(jurt, or by the Master in i 'rdin uy, a Local Master of the High 
 Coiu't. or Otiieial Referee, or :i .ludge of the ( 'ounty Court 
 
 In Iiritisli Columbia the iiroceedings are in the County Court. 
 
 In .M.miloba, in C)ueeii's liench 
 
 Iti North-West Territories, in .Siipi-eme C'ouri, 
 
 In New Brunswick, County Cmut, 
 
 In Nova .Scotia, undi-r J*200 m,iy be in County Court, over tliat in 
 Supreme Court, 
 
 .'»40 Cost :. entering Action In (Ontario and most of the Prov- 
 inces, wa^e-eariiers li.ive nothing to pay, and the cost to Others is only 
 nominal 
 
MKiHANH 
 
 AND \VA(;K-EAl!\EliS lAV.S ACT. 
 
 195 
 
 .■»41 Payments to Defeat Lien Claims. No iiaynicnts madr tnr 
 tin; purpoM: ul' licltatiiii,' :i claiiii liir a lien :irr lfj;al. 
 
 !*■*'(. Contracts to Waive Remedies Void Kvciy a^^'minrnt, 
 vt-rhal or writtoii, fxpnssfii or iiiipiii'il, liy which any workiiian, lab"i-(T, 
 Mcrvaiit, mechanic, or other pi-rson fiiiployiMJ in any kin<l of tnamial lalK)r 
 uiiivo« thi^' applicati()n of the various Acts which pro\iilcs rumciiies for 
 the recovery of wa^es hy such employee, is void. 
 
 This section in Ontario, Mauitoha ami most of the other Provinces 
 Would not ap]4y to any I'orenian. nianai^er, officer or other person whose 
 waives are more than #15 a day. 
 
 .'»4^ Removing Property Affected by Lien Durin;,' the continu- 
 ance of a lien none of th'' [iropcrty atii.-eted ly the lien can he removed to 
 the prejudice of the lien ; and the attempt at such removal may he re- 
 strained on application to the Hij,di Court, or to a Judjje or other officer 
 havinj^ power to try an action to realize a lien, the amount of costs to be 
 at the discretion of the Court or .lud^'e. 
 
 544. Form foi' Claim of Lien. A. H. iname •>f claimant), of resi- 
 dence of claimant I, under the Mechanics and \\'ai,'e-earners' Lien Act, 
 claims a lien upon tlu' estate of (name and n sidince of owner of the land 
 upon which the lien is claimed), in the unilernientioned lan'l in respect to 
 the following' work service or matei'ials); that is to say, (j^ive a short 
 description of the work d(Mie or materials furnislied) which work 'or 
 ser\ iee) was (or is to \iv done (or materials were furnished; for (name and 
 resi(Jence of person upon whose cndit the work was done or materials 
 furnished) on or before the day of 
 
 The amount claimed as due (oi- to liecome due) is the sum of S . . . . 
 
 The followini; is the description of the land to lie char;,'e(l (;^ive 
 numlier of lot, street, or concession etc., sufficient f(jr the purpose of 
 reffistration). 
 
 When criilit Ims liii'ii i/iri'ii, (/(.•</;•/.■ The said work was dou'' (or 
 materials furnished) on credit, and the perioil .if eridit aj;ieed to expired 
 (or will exjiire) on the dav of 1!J. . . . 
 
 Dated at this "day of A.l). 19 
 
 fSif,'nature of claimant.) 
 
 i>4.'». Laborers on Public Works. In Ontario in ca.se any con- 
 tractor or suti-contriictor for any pul.'lic work makes default in jiavment 
 of waives of any foreman, workman, or laborer, or for a team employed on 
 the work, the claim for wa^'es must be tiled in the otlicM of the member of 
 the K.\ecutiv.' Council who let the contract not later than two month.s 
 after the claim becanx' due, and payment will be made to the extent of 
 any securities or moneys for securin;,' perfc)rmance of the contract in the 
 haniK of the t.^-own at the time of HIinj; the claim. 
 
 .'»4tt. Lien on Articles Repaired. Every meclianic or other ner.son 
 who has bestowed laboi, money oi' material upon any chattel, as a wa;,'on, 
 origan, etc , has a lien upon it for the .■imount of his claim and holds it 
 until it is paid. He nnist keep the article in his possession to retjiin tho 
 lien. The property must also be cared for as thouLdi it were in a ware- 
 house. In cas«> the amount due is not pai<l within three months from the 
 time it --houM have bei'n jiaid, he may sell it liy auction uu ^ivini,' one 
 
1f)(! 
 
 MKi'HVNirs AND \V.\( ;E-EM{Nf:its l.IK\ ACT 
 
 wi'ck'.s notice in ,i l<ic'nl ni'\vs]iii]i.'r stiitiiin tlu' imiue i)t' the persD!! iii- 
 tlrhtcij, the aiiioimt of the di'ht, a di-cription of tin- artipli- to lie soM, tinie 
 aii'l place of sale, name of atictionerr A like notic<' in uritiiif,' niu.st Ke 
 left at the last known place of residence of the owner, if a resident of that 
 nninicipality. After payinnit of deKt, costs, etc., the balance of jirocoeds 
 of sale must Ipi' paid over to the delitor if api)lied for. 
 
 In British Colninliia, two weeks' notice must l,e irivrn in the ni'Ws- 
 |),i|ii'r, .ind a notice of the resnlts of the sah- .sent to the debtor. 
 
 In New Hi-iiiiswick, the udvertisin^r is to he done hy postei-s put up 
 in thri T or four public jilaees insti'ad <if by tie- urwspaprrs. 
 
 •"•47. Copyright In ("anaila a co])yri;4lit may be obtained by the 
 author or jiulilisln-r of any Unok. picture, drawini^' map, chart, etc., which 
 hoMs for 28 yi'ars fruni date of copy ri;,dit. and renew,il for 14 j-ears by 
 author, the widow or children. The fei' is :<1 for re;;istr,ition and .')() cents 
 for a certificate of reu'istration, which is f. irwanleil to the .author. Three 
 coj)ii's of the work must be forw.triled to the Department of .\i;riculture, 
 except in case of a paintiiiic or sculjiture. etc., a writtiMi description will 
 do insteacl of the three copies. Kver\- article copyri^dited must contain :i 
 notice o{ the copyri^'lit. Any person who inserts such notice without 
 havinj; a copyri;,'ht, is liable to a penalty of .*:iOO. An infrini,'enient of a 
 eopyri^jht incurs a heavy penalty and the confiscation of the works. To 
 secure a c i[)yri;;ht write to 
 
 Till- Hiiiiiir'iUr till Minister of A'jriruJturf 
 
 (I'lipifl-i./lif lirmir/,), nttmni, 
 who will forwanl ;i copy (]f the Copyri^rht Act .and full information, so 
 th.it any person of ordinary intelli<jenc>' may do all the C(jrrespondence. 
 No jiostage is rei|uired, as the letters '^o free. 
 
 In N'ewfounilland onl}- two copie-s are rei|uired, and correspondence 
 is with the Olouiai .-' eretary, St. John. Fee, §1. 
 
 .'•4S Trade Marks. A '/'nfml trade-mark, -uch as " Pure (lold," 
 whieii a merchant or manuf,actuit;r uses to < list in;4uish his ;,n)o<ls of various 
 kinds from those of others. m;iy be reijistered for #.'50. There is no limit 
 to its duration. 
 
 A s/tfriiir trade-mark, which i.> only used for one kind of i;ood.s, as 
 " li.H.H." (Burdock Blood Bitters), may be rejjistered for S^"), and stands 
 for 2.'i years, and renewable. 
 
 Industrial desi;;ns, as h-iter heads. Labels, etc., may \>o re^'istered for 
 85, wliich .secures it exclusively for five years, and an extension of five 
 ye.irs :?'2. A copy of the Act may be obtained from the Minister of 
 Ajjriculture (Trade-mark Branch) In Xewfoundland the fee is :*20. 
 
 54!). Patentright. Nearly any article or machine that is new ami 
 useful may be patented For full itiformation write to Th'- ('mnmisnioni'r 
 (if I'liti-nfs^ (Jtt'nrii, Ciinmln, who wiii forward a copy of the Act. 
 
 Tlie fees for the various periods areas follows: IS years, ?()0 ; \1 
 years, i!;40; G yearn, 820 ; fee for a further term of 12 years, !?40 . fort! 
 years, 820; for lodjjinj; a rnvent. 8"); fees to n';,dster'a jud^'inent, 84 ; 
 to rejrister an .assi^nimeiit, ,"*2 : attachin<^ a disclaimer to a patent, 82. 
 
 For Xewfoundland the fee is 82'>, and the period 14 year.s. Address 
 the Culiiniiil Secntarij. 
 
INDEX 
 
 SVCTION I 
 
 At)9t'iiniliri)i ili'litors 509 51") 
 
 Wiifii >;o'm1s iiiiiy l»« !*fizy<i r)I4 
 
 Wlicrt ilelitor nmy ^tv arreste'l. . olii. r)2'J 
 
 Acceptame of Ciintnii t» 'M 'M 
 
 Hv mail iir tcli'>;rtt|)li 37 
 
 Of . [rafts Isw .Iraftsl lti'2, 17:t. 174 
 
 (If cviTihif Kills Itlit 
 
 (i.-iRMal, ami (lualitied 16;t, ItU 
 
 t'oiiiiitifnial, partial IB."), ItiH UiT 
 
 Ai'rommiiilatuin iinti" Kit 
 
 AiiMmiits, iiitrrcsl uri Si") 
 
 Collr. ling "ill) 
 
 Uutlawiiig -")K 
 
 Atiriiitiistrattir fiiKt 
 
 A^^cMiv, I rcatii)!) of 221, 224 
 
 Ternunatitin of 2.1.') 
 
 A),'i'nt,a|ip(iiiitiiii'iitof 223. 22.') 
 
 ( Icniral. spwial 228, 22!», 234 
 
 l.iiiiit ■ f autiuirity of 227 
 
 I'lTsnna! I.ialiility of ... 231 
 
 I'litilic. ilraliiig with (oautioiii. . .23:), 23t; 
 
 Implied iliiti«'s of 2.30 
 
 Notic cs an. I t.-ii'li-rs to 2:W 
 
 Agreement, by ninlual as.sfnt .30 
 
 Not to i-n^a>;B in Imsineas 19 
 
 To sell personal property 9, 31t) 
 
 To sell real estate 3.32 
 
 Verbal a)ul written agreements 11 
 
 To hire, form of 2.39. 240 
 
 Assent, to pi'opf)siti4)n 32 
 
 Time to l)f given .3.3 
 
 Obtained liy frauil, or force 34, 3,'j 
 
 Obtained by mutual mistake 36 
 
 (Jiven by post ...... 38 
 
 Assignment, see insolvent debtor .509 
 
 Au. tioneer, who ean aet 3.30 
 
 Au.tion saleH 329 
 
 Und.riiidd-rs at 27 
 
 Barter 313 
 
 Kills uf ex. hariiie (see drafts) I.j9 174 
 
 l!dl ..f -ale. lorm .>f 319, .32(1 
 
 Hoartlers" and lodgers' goo<la 422 
 
 Monil for lost note, form of i.')l, 32.1 
 
 liuying st(,len g')<)d8 324 
 
 Certificate of deposit HI'A 
 
 ("liangiiigof wills 4.S7 
 
 Chattel mortgages, how to write. . . .265, 267 
 
 Korm of , 270 
 
 Registration of 26S 
 
 Reniovalof gooils 269 
 
 M iturity. . 271 
 
 .Mortgagee may sue or seize 271 
 
 Keiiewal, forni of 273, 274 
 
 .Assignment of 27.') 
 
 Oisehargi'. form of 276, 277 
 
 .Moitgagee taking possession 272 
 
 Iiiipoit.int <'autions 279 
 
 K'-Iieung an art iele destroys lien .. 279 
 
 Mspi'tise m foreelosing 278 
 
 Outlawing of '^61 
 
 Cheoues, full form of 198, 199 
 
 Vlesentment of 2(KI 
 
 Certified, forged 2(11, 202 
 
 Codieil to wills 4H.S 
 
 Colleetion of notes, .Irafts 1.S6196 
 
 Cluarantv for eolleetion 96, 18.') 
 
 flKCTIOH 
 
 OiUeetiotiof Accounts (see entering suits) 516 
 
 ( 'oiiijironuse Ill 
 
 (,'oiiilitional sales, lien note 348, li"4 
 
 When registration is necessary .■!49 
 
 (.'opy of lien left with vendee, ..... 3.54 
 
 KetakiiiL' posst.ssion .350 
 
 Time for I t.demption goixls 3.') 1 
 
 Notice .if sale, form of 352 
 
 Thill parties asking information. . . 'io3 
 
 ( 'onsiderAtion in contracts ... .3!*-45 
 
 In iiegolialile p.iper 46 
 
 In ciintracts under seal 1.5 
 
 Sufhcient, good, valuable 39, 40, 41 
 
 Impossible, illegal 48, 49 
 
 Insiiriicient, failure of 47, 51 
 
 ( 'ontracts 7-84 
 
 Verbal, and written 8-11 
 
 Kxpres.^ed ami implied 12, 13 
 
 Kxeciitcd, executory 14, 15 
 
 V.iid. void.ible ■ 17, 24 
 
 >imph', under seal S 
 
 lUe.;,il, fraudulent, immoral . 16, 25, 23 
 
 In restraint of trade 19 
 
 In restraint iif marriage 20 
 
 .•\gainst public pilicy. 18, 22 
 
 Who may contract .52 
 
 By minora, idiots, insane ,54, 60-t).5 
 
 Reipiisites of binding contract .... 68 
 
 l>r;i«ing of ()'.( 7() 
 
 .Signing and sealing 70. 7! 
 
 ."signing by mark 72, 73 
 
 Interpretation of 77 
 
 Kepudiating 79 
 
 Urea, h of, Penalties for 8". 81 
 
 The " c onsideration "in 39 51 
 
 Contract for building a house S4 
 
 Co-partnership (see partnership) . . . .426 453 
 
 Copyrijjht .547 
 
 1 )a\ s of grace 122 
 
 Ueiits, collection of 516 
 
 (Jii.iranteeing payment of 93 
 
 Oulliwing of. .." 254-2t)4 
 
 How to pri'vent outlawing. .255, 2.56 258 
 
 What revives them 263 
 
 Deeds, warranty deed 334, .335 
 
 Deed |ioll. T.ust .leed 337, 338 
 
 t.iuit claim form of 336, 347 
 
 Forni w an anty deed 340 
 
 l>eed subject to morgage 342 
 
 Ueed of gift, comjiosition deed. 343. 112 
 
 Writing iUv>y 344, 34." 
 
 .Securing giMsl title 345 
 
 Registration of 346 
 
 Ciiib'i Torrens system .3.55, 360 
 
 Defence c.f suit, form'of 518 
 
 Dissolution of partnershij) 448-452 
 
 Dividends of stock companies 472 
 
 Division Court, entering leases 516 
 
 Double lialiility, in bank shares 476 
 
 Dower, widow^s right of .")(*5 
 
 Outlawing of right of 260 
 
 Drafts 159 174 
 
 Foreign and domestic 159 
 
 Parties to a draft 160 
 
 Rayalile to bearer or onler 161 
 
 Acceptance of 16*2-172, 173 
 
198 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Draft" — ' 'ontiiiunl. 
 
 Mistakr in drawer's name- 
 
 Tiim-, sinlit liiKl ileniiiii'l "liiift» IT_1. 174 
 
 l'ln>tiieiit!ravtil fiirnis of i'-i, 174 
 
 Collectinii of "*'J 
 
 I'laie of prt'scntatiiin for paynient. . 1S< 
 
 W'liiit frees endorwis IW 
 
 DniiikHnls, 1 (intra, ts of ... Bjp 
 
 Due lulls, forms of ***' '2^; 
 
 A»s,>:nm.m of 'f^ 
 
 Kvictiiin of tenant . . y^ 
 
 Kxeeiilions 
 
 I<in>ling lanils 
 
 Kxeinplions, from seizure for <Ula 
 
 Kidclity IkiihI. for elerk 
 
 Frauil, in eontnietrt ■ 
 
 \i\ insolventH '-**» 
 
 Statute of frauds 
 
 Selling IjfiKMln obtained l«y. 
 
 Notes oTitained liy 
 
 •si-rioii Insolvent debtors - Coutimuit. '"'T^ 
 
 108 l.'id Arrest of lU'btor, when 515,822 
 
 Interest, le^al rate 523 
 
 After maturity, compound 526, l.t^ 
 
 Intestate, heirs of •'^-> *'J 
 
 ' .Joint slock c-onipany 
 
 4.">4, 4 Si 
 
 ".J i 
 
 VJ4 
 98 1 
 25 i 
 
 fil'.' 
 -.;',» 
 •JH 
 
 i:is 
 
 oa. 
 
 5j;t 
 
 '.16 j 
 96! 
 94 
 <J.'. 
 
 .. ICHl 
 
 Hit 
 
 SH-KH 
 
 sn 
 iltl 
 
 92 
 91 
 
 111) 
 ii7 
 
 mi 
 i.-it) 
 
 ■J.'i'i 
 
 Cnrnislinient, exemptions for wages 
 (luuranteeing payment of note 
 
 Collection of note 
 
 Debts of third party 
 
 Soundness of a horse . . • 
 
 (iuaraiiteeiiig machinery 
 
 (iuarantor, disiharge of 
 
 Creditors obligations to 
 
 Uuaraiitv and suretyship 
 
 Kind of verbal guarantte that luniis 
 
 When it nnist l>e in writing 
 
 The " consideration "in ■ ■ ■ . 
 
 Letters of recommenilat'on. laution. 
 Rights lietween sureties . 
 
 (iuarantee insvirame 
 
 Form iif tiilelity Iwnd 
 Guariling against fraud 
 
 Korni of swuidling note 
 
 Note that is proof against fraud 
 
 Heirs 
 
 Holidays, legal 
 
 Kiiiplovees and holidays 
 
 Idiots, insane, Indians •>•-> •'« 
 
 Imlorsenients ,li''' -- 
 
 Purposes and meth(«ls of lib, lii 
 
 Fourteen forms of 
 
 In blank, in full . 17^, 
 
 Restrictive 
 
 Without recourse 
 
 Of guarantee 
 
 Indorsers, contract of 
 
 Relation between 1S4, 
 
 How tohoM ....1H9, 
 
 Discharge of 
 
 Waiving presentment and protest . . 
 
 liili.-i itiini'e, laws of 
 
 Injunction 
 
 Innocent holder for value 
 
 Instalment note ^ .n em 
 
 Insolved debtors ■J**9 .MS 
 
 Assignment of J*™ 
 
 F.irni of notice of assignment . .510, 511 
 
 Fraudulent preference, what 512 
 
 Fraud in purchasing g.Kjil-. 26 
 
 lUiyirig goo.ls on eve of assignment . .512 
 What is fraudulent transfer . 512, 279 
 
 I'rioritv of claims 513 
 
 Absconding debtors, gooils seized . .)14 
 
 Adva'itages of "incorporation 455 
 
 How to 1. 11 ni .. I onipaiiy 457, 458 
 
 Ailvertismg in ollicial dazettt. 
 
 The petition, lorporate name 4.")9. 
 
 (Jovirnraent fee 
 
 U..ar.l of ilireitors 
 
 It.ioks to be kept 
 
 Capital stock 4fi«, 469 
 
 L'mxii.l stock, transfer of stock 4Ki, 4fiH 
 Sharehold.MS, rights an.l obligations 
 
 Voting, .li\i. lends 4,1, 
 
 l.innti-.l liability of ..jiareholders . 
 
 Double li.ibilily'oii bank shares 
 
 l's(. of the w.jiil " l.imite.; " 
 
 IViialtiesif " 1-iiiiiled " is omitted. . 
 .\miual statem.nt to liovernment . 
 
 I.i.ibilitv "f directors 
 
 Joint sto.k c.inipaiiies f.ir British Colum- 
 bia and .Vi'W foumlland 
 
 Meinoranduni of .a-.sociation 
 
 Liability limited to unjaiil shares 
 
 Mining cimiuniits 
 
 Liability limited by guarantee . , 
 
 I'Mlimiteil liability 
 
 Artults of assiiciation ... .... . 
 
 Fcatuies same as other provinces 
 
 ludgmenl 
 
 When judgmciits .lUtlaw -87 
 
 .Iiidiimeiit suimiions ___ ^^-- 
 
 l.aii'dl..rd ami Iciai.t ^3,, 4-.j. 
 
 rbcl.-asc, term of 3,S, .1^9 
 
 When verbal leases bind •}'y 
 
 Written aii.l uikUt teal •'. 9 
 
 Wh( n to be i egistercil ''J 
 
 Lease by minors 3S.1 
 
 ■ 42.1 
 
 4.58 
 460 
 461 
 464 
 465 
 
 4711 
 472 
 475 
 476 
 477 
 477 
 474 
 473 
 
 478 
 479 
 4 SO 
 4«1 
 482 
 483 
 484 
 485 
 .^.19 
 
 is.-. 
 IT'J 
 ISO 
 
 181 i 
 
 182 i 
 ISj. 
 IWj 
 191 
 190 1 
 185 j 
 .V)7 \ 
 
 82 1 
 121 I 
 15S \ 
 
 Forms of leise 4'-4, 
 
 Short form blanks, caution 
 
 Fio/.en water pipes 
 
 Kipairs, who makes them, . .. 395 
 Contract t.i lese, contract to repair 
 
 Lamllord's covenant 
 
 LaiLlloril's inisi. -presentations 
 
 Tenant and mortgagee 
 
 Tenant's privileges 
 
 T.'iianl's liabilities 
 
 Tenant ami taxes 
 
 Tenant .l.imaging iirojwrty 
 
 Tenant removing bis tixtures 
 
 Pedant lioliUng over, etiecl of . . 
 New tenancy by implication, when. . 
 
 When rent is payabli' 
 
 Tenant ni..\ mg liefore rent is due . . 
 Kent in arrears, lan.U.ad's remedies. 
 Lamlloril retaking possession, wh.'n 
 Ijin.llord iinl cri><litors, executions _ 
 
 Farm rent, on shares 38.), 
 
 Raising tile rent by notice, how .. , . 
 
 D.aibliiii; the lint, evicting 
 
 Form of notice . ...... 
 
 Notice to vacate, legal time 
 
 Form by landlord 
 
 Form bv tenant 
 
 S89 
 3!t.'! 
 WM 
 
 ;i9ti 
 :!9i 
 
 392 
 387 
 388 
 389 
 390 
 394 
 398 
 399 
 4IKI 
 , 382 
 . 397 
 . 402 
 4113 
 401 
 38H 
 4t)4 
 409 
 410 
 405 
 41 K5 
 407 
 
IVDKX. 
 
 IDit 
 
 ..408 
 .. 411 
 . .. 412 
 413 
 414 
 41.'. 
 4IU 
 417 
 4IH 
 
 LaniUonl ami U-tmnt—Conliiiwil. 
 
 Notice not act<«l upon, it* effect 
 
 Distraiiiiii^; fiT rent 
 
 Kinrii iif wiiiTJiiit 
 
 Korin ..( iiivcM'.ory left with tenant.. 
 
 TiMiaiitu ri'iioi'st for ili-liiy 
 
 lU-»i«ling l«iilitr» entr»iiw 
 
 I'.nalty fi.r ill.-pil >..-iziir<> 
 
 K.\i-miiti"iiR fnun .tci/uif 
 
 Montlilv tonaiit ami I'xeniptions 
 
 Si'iziiin"exeniptc<l (i;oiiils, wlien 4'JO 
 
 K.\iaMisu» of 8ii/,un-, li'gal 4'J3 
 
 Tenant inovin>; out with eximptions. 419 
 
 HoariliT-' anil liKlgerw' j;ooil9 422 
 
 Law. ilivision of ' ^|J 
 
 Laws of inlii-iitanic 50' 
 
 Loaw ("w Ijindloiil ami Tenant) 378 
 
 l^^al lioliclays '■'J!) 
 
 Lf^al tender "'• "• 
 
 Le;!atee. devisee ■'•'• 
 
 Lette^Mof reromniendtttion »" 
 
 Lien notes ]"* 
 
 Lien sales • ■ ■ •»" 
 
 Luiiafies, idiots "■'' "^^J 
 
 Main. me, restraint of 2<_'. ■-! 
 
 Man iid woinen< pro|H_'rtv rights «)1 .i,!> 
 
 Holding separate estate , . .3(52, M'i :tt>H 
 
 Selling anil willing her estate ■!•)') 
 
 (iifts to and liy husband . ■ 3(>4 
 
 Kandngs "f ^ • „' il^jl 
 
 Kngaging in tmsiness JO". •"'' 
 
 l.ialiilities for her aet» and debts. 3«S 
 Not liable for debts for family.. 370, 371 
 
 HHsband's liability for wife 369 
 
 What she cannot mortgage 372 
 
 Order of protect ion ■■_■_• 3 1 3 
 
 .\limonv, dower 37), 3n 
 
 Civil rc'latioiis towards husband .... 37H 
 Husiness relations towards husliaml . 377 
 
 Dving intestate 376, .'i(l7 
 
 Miiiiira, ( ontracts of 53-(iO 
 
 Note of ■'■;' 
 
 K;ititvMi;;orri'iiiidiatingcontract8..)9, W> 
 
 l.ialiiUly of I arents fir fil 
 
 Master and servant 238 2o3 
 
 Contract for service 239, 2411, 241 
 
 Agreement for one ye.ir 239 
 
 Contract with near relatives '-39 
 
 .Mechanics l.ons Conlinued. 
 
 .Mi»le of enforcing lien 
 
 I'rioi It V for wages 
 
 I'aymeiits to defeat lieiw illegal 
 
 Agreement to waive remii 
 
 lies void 
 
 SUTIOK 
 
 539 
 
 . 5:m 
 
 . .i4l 
 . ,-142 
 .138 
 .^43 
 &4.'> 
 546 
 
 llight to demand terms of contract 
 Removing' property covered by lien 
 
 Laborers on public works 
 
 Lieis on arti.les re|)aired 
 
 .Sale of repaired artiides if not jMiid.. .546 
 
 t;arnishee of wages 523 
 
 Merging securities 'lo 
 
 ' I i^digation ,"♦ 
 
 ^ 280, 281. 2.88 
 286 
 
 Moral iibligation 
 Mort Images . 
 
 torui of 
 
 Registration, Torrons system 
 
 Covenantso,' 
 
 Person. d covenant 
 
 I'lvmiMit of, when 
 
 Hischarge, form of 
 
 Assii;iinunt, form for 
 
 Assignment by indorsement. 
 
 .Sale, notice of 
 
 Interest on, distraining for . 
 
 I'repayinent after oyeai-s... 
 
 Mortgagee taking [Kissession . 
 
 Koreclosure of 
 
 .283 
 
 29< 
 
 282 
 284 
 29!) 
 2S" 
 289 
 291 
 2'.*2 
 294, 295 
 . . 296 
 .... 297 
 . . . . 298 
 299, 301 
 
 KedemptiiMi, ispiity 300, :J01 
 
 Seizing other proiK-rty •^'*"- 
 
 ( lutlawing of .>'_••» 
 
 Under Torrens system 3'>.i, .».)<), 3o8 
 
 Negotialde piil>er "**"?,„ 
 
 See piomissorv notes 1 '9 
 
 ^'"■Y'^ ■■'■ l;is 
 
 ^.•■. cheques i-'^ 
 
 various forms 2'* 
 
 Orde 
 
 Outlawing of debts 
 
 Reviving of 
 Overdue paper 
 
 r 
 
 1' 
 
 .254 2t)4 
 .... 263 
 .... 1«9 
 
 61 
 
 ... 427 
 443 
 +29 
 
 429, 
 
 irents liability for minor chi'dren. 
 
 11 tners, three classes 
 
 Liability of ■•■• ■*-'*■ 
 
 Limiteif partner 
 
 Powers and limitation of 411 
 
 What partners niust not do 442 
 
 I'.utn.r eaiiniit sue the lirrn 444 
 
 Pari n.-r selling his interest ■'^•; 
 
 l^mkruptcy or death of . . . . 44li 
 
 .Master liable to servant for injuries. 
 
 Servant's liability 249 
 
 Termination of service -^^ 
 
 Servant and liolid.ays '-•■>2 
 
 Process f,,r collecting wages 'i-W 
 
 ehanics' Liens o-iB-.HH i 
 
 Limit of owner's liability .i27, ■''29 
 
 Liens on several properties .128 
 
 Lienliolders uniting c'aims .""'i'^ 
 
 R.^Llislvation of liens, time for. . .•"i30, .j31 
 
 Form of lien claim •_'44 
 
 \Vh 11 liens expire •''^■- 
 
 llow discliarged S^'i. ^^i 
 
 Transfer of lien •'•"'5 
 
 The firm name 4.!S 
 
 Noll trading Hrms 439. 440 
 
 l),s~i.b.tion -t+S. «» 
 
 Kc'i-tciing dissolution, form of . . . 4.nl 
 NoTiee of ■ issolution to p iblic ... >._''^ 
 Business after dissolution . 4'i3 
 
 I'atent riudus •'■JJ* 
 
 Patent riuht notes - '49 
 
 I'avmenls. in "inoney "•■-. I" 
 
 In propertv. in notes 104, Ui-^ 
 
 l!y forged paper, counterfeit nioiicv h*> 
 
 To whom, where 107, 108 
 
 I'aynieii; presumed ... '"■' 
 
•200 
 
 ISDKX. 
 
 I'.ijn.tnt8— CoiKinw*'/ 
 
 •KTioa I 
 1141 
 
 •.'19, •Wl 
 
 Kelea^i'K, form of 
 
 Ki'iho'Imi', 1<kii 
 
 Ki'tit (see IuiiiHokI and ten»iit) •'j^' 
 
 vinent 115 i K.m.»>.1m», LkhI >*" 
 
 Del.tor mak.-. a .plication of payment lU) lU'nt (see lun Uor.l an.i ""••"-;■ ' ' ' 
 
 (■omi.romiBe ^..111. ll'J Rentriclmn plaru of payment m not« . , l.>.| 
 
 ( onipromiBt H..vivin« oullawcl .lel.m •-«•' 
 
 '■■"■" ' ,'" Lrn..v -'S' •"« Sal,- of ,,.r«..ml property 31'-' :««' 
 
 .'".r. ll ",„nt -J-Jl Jrl \\l,-,>,aUM»r,„„plHe.l ..IS 
 
 I'riiii ipal and a^ent '--' '-■} 
 
 I'limipal liouiid hv utiieral aiifiit ..'^'-S, '..t- 
 W'lifii U>iinil I'V »p.-. lal a|<<iit •.••2«, •J.'t^ 
 
 IViiiii.l bv acci'iiliiig btiietits •-'•"^ 
 
 liound by ratifymg agent'i acts 'i'-i> 
 
 I'romiwH. gratuitous ■ -j* 
 
 Mutual, conditional 4'_. 4.4 
 
 Promissory notf« 11», P-'", I'-il. 14" 
 
 Kormiof 140, l-jj 
 
 Maturity, reiii'wal ^'^^t '*' 
 
 Matunn); on SuiiiUy I"-*: 
 
 Ac'oniiiiodation 
 
 
 :!is 
 
 II . 
 
 310. .•Ml 
 
 :vii, :)•-»:! 
 
 liiU of sjilf. foiin of 
 
 On (rial, liv sample 
 
 Uv order, by auetio 
 
 L'nder ^;uaranty 
 
 (If l)f»>k aixounlH -" 
 
 Of slob'ii lioodH .... ;'-''. 
 
 WIh'ii verbal aiireumcnt binds jUti 
 
 Urea, h of verl.al ayrwnienl iJlT 
 
 (;o(Mis stopped in transit ■ . '^'-^ 
 
 Contlilional sales 34'*. '5;* 
 
 'nV,V(jfi is:! Sale under lien (see eon.lilional sale^t) •}*'i 
 
 - - i;t,s Sale of real estate (see real estate) ..XU-.Mj 
 
 ... J 1 
 
 W4 •2ti4 
 
 1H7, 
 U9, 
 
 141, 
 
 .147 
 
 .'is': 
 
 14-2 
 14:t 
 14S 
 144 
 149 
 134 
 138 
 H6 
 
 Minors, fraudulent 
 
 Kor^je.l, b«t 
 
 iMdeiiiiuty bund for lost note 
 
 ludu idual, liartnership. . 
 
 Joint and several 
 
 Joint note, full form . 
 
 Noil negotiable, full form... 
 
 Cliattel, patent right 
 
 Lien notes, full form 
 
 Cc.lluteral, instalment 
 
 Swindling note, form of 
 
 Note preventing fraii'l, form of **' ' . 
 
 Place of payii.ei.l, restri. ting. . Ti'i, l.'):* Su^ 
 t'olleetions'of, legal holidays . . . ISfi, 
 
 liiilorsers. to hobl, wlien free 
 
 Signature by mark 
 
 Signature, marrieil women 
 
 Alterations, defects l'-i9, 
 
 .•^iirrly. how lost l.''J> 
 
 (bitlawing .- ;''-l' 
 
 Inleiei-t after maturity b>'-, o-a 
 
 Property, divisions of •*"4, :*"o 
 
 Owners authoritv lioii, .'illT 
 
 .luim and life owners in SDH, :i(l9 
 
 Held in trust 
 
 Owiierslnp by possession 
 Sale of personal property 
 
 l.ll .Seal 
 
 3'J5 ' Statute of Limitations 
 
 ■.'.■>6 
 
 Applying to notes 
 
 Applvini; to aicounta _ 
 
 Applying to judL'iiients '-^I 
 
 Applying to mortgages -00 
 
 Applving to legacies aiiil d..wer im, •-bO 
 Applying to i ittel mortgage 
 Apidying to (.wnershin by jwssession 
 
 Keviving outlawed debts 
 
 Kxceptions to outlawing 
 
 L'ession duties 
 
 \M .Suing, entering cases in court 
 
 IM9 
 
 14«| 
 l.-.t) 
 
 i:il I 
 
 Method, cost 
 
 Defences 
 
 Slalenieiit of defence 
 
 .hidgnieiit, exeiulion 
 
 Kxeeutions bimling land .... 
 
 ,ludgnieiit suniraons 
 
 (iariiisbnient 
 
 Kxemptions from seizure ... 
 
 Sureties (see indorsers) 
 
 Things that free the sureties 
 
 :64i 33H -Swindling note, form of 
 
 *26— Tiix sale 
 
 ;il-J ;«0 Tenant (see liiiidl..r.l and tenant) ...377 -J^iS 
 
 1 14 
 X-.^ 361) 
 3,5H, S.")!) 
 
 •261 
 ■J6-2 
 
 •2fi:! 
 •2«4 
 
 eo8 
 
 .... 516 
 
 516 
 
 .517 
 
 . ... 518 
 .519, 5!20 
 
 .V21 
 
 . 522 
 
 523 
 
 .'■.•24 
 
 8S, 17*. HI--' 
 
 IH9, IWI 
 
 ... 86 
 
 . ,'{39 
 
 's-,1,. ,,f reil estate " 331 Tender of payment 
 
 "verbal agreement to buy 316, 33^2 i Torrens system of lands transfer 
 
 Widows dower in 311, .50.5 MortL'ag.s under 
 
 IV,,,,,,.,,,,,,,, 31 I Lease under ' oan 
 
 ' ilv „."l. when close,! 37 ('aveal forbid.ling registration 360 
 
 \Vii lidrawal of, when too late 3« | Tra.le mark 
 
 19l> 
 194 1 
 193 
 
 Time for aeieplaiice of 
 
 Protest, form of "11. 
 
 N,.ti>e ,.f. fees for i^^ 
 
 Noting for proti'St 
 
 liy magistrate, form for 195, 196 
 
 Kijrm for N<'«foundlan,l 1W6 
 
 Keal estate (.ee pr.iperty , -^^ 30.5 
 
 S.ile of •'■*'. ■'•" 
 
 liiniling agreement for sale . . .33'2, 333 
 
 1 )ei'ds for (see deeds) 334 
 
 Mortgages (see mortgages) ^^ 280 
 
 Owu'Tship of 
 
 Ownership by possession 
 
 .Signing by nmrk 
 
 Receipts, evi.ry form 
 
 (ir i.rope'rty liebl in trust 
 Kor iiaymenl 
 
 .306-310 
 
 .. 310 
 
 7'2. 73 
 
 207 '21S 
 
 •21H 
 
 ,. , form of 
 
 K,.,iuisil.s .if v.iliii will. . . . 
 
 Who may draw wills 
 
 Preventing litigation 
 
 Changing ,.f, residuary clause 
 
 (•,,,11. il t.i 
 
 Wlieii wills lake effect 
 
 Devise, legatee 
 
 Probating and registering 
 .'xi'eutor, Rilministrator 
 Kxeeiitors notii-e to creilitors 
 llenuineration of execuU.rs .. 
 
 Distributing the estate 
 
 Wiib.w's , lower 
 
 Inte 
 
 .548 
 
 48«, 306 
 
 . . 4"J3 
 
 191, 49^2 
 
 490 
 
 194, 4s7 
 
 488 
 
 .... 496 
 .... 497 
 .496 
 .VI3 
 499 
 old 
 .104 
 .505 
 .5(f2 
 
 49.S, 
 
 (^ui^Ihi', threi 
 
 helil in trust -'o .,,,.,r.- • , ■...^- ...... 
 
 of legacy •.^'3 Without pr<'ju,iiee, legal force ot. 
 
 • forms ^^-^ 
 
 ... 197