'k. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // :/. ^ 1.0 I.I tU B')s ^m 12.5 2.2 U 2.0 1.8 1 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ — ^ 6" - ■ ► <^ /2 ^m w 4' '^ •^ *.'¥ "^ /( Photographic Sciences Corporation ■^ m ■s \ ^ V 6^ o' 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 875-4503 ^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. □ Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ D D D D D Couverture endommagie Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pellicula I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes giographiques en couleur □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ ReliA avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge intirieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte. mais, iorsque cela itait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6ti filmies. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplimentaires: L'Institut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a M possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont psut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image rep'oduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mithode normale de filmaga sont indiqute ci-dessous. r~n Coloured pages/ D Page* de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes Pages restored and/oi Pages restacries et/ou pelliculies Pages discoloured, stained or foxei Pages dicolor^es, tacheties ou piqutiies □ Pages damaged/ Pages □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages r~] Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ □ Pages detached/ Pages d6tach6es 0Showthrough/ Transparence Transparence Quality of prir Qualiti inigale de I'impression Includes supplementary materii Comprend du materiel suppi^mentaire Only edition available/ Seule Mition disponible j j Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ I — I Only edition available/ Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'orrata, une pelure, etc., ont iti film^es A nouveau de fa^on d obtenir la meilleure image possible. T» to Tf P< of fii b< Xt si 01 fii si oi Tl s» Tl w M di er bi! Pagination as follows : 91-104 p. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X Th« copy flim«d hmrm hM b««n rvproduead thanks to th« ganarosity of: Library Indian and Northern Affairs L'axampiaira fiimA fut raproduit grftca k la gAnirosit* da: Bibliothique Affaires indiennes et du Nord Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha boat quality poMibia considaring tha condition and lagibiiity of tha original copy and in icaaping with tha filming contract spacificationa. Laa imagaa suh/antaa ont 4ti rapro^'.uitaa avac la plua grand soin, compta tanu da Ic condition at da la nattati da l'axampiaira fiimA, at on eonformiti avac laa conditions du eontrat da filmaga. Original copiaa In printad papar covars ara filmad baginning with tha front eovar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or iil^jstrated impraa- sion. or tha bacic covar whan appropriata. All othar original copiaa ara filmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or lilustratad impraa- sion, and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or lilustratad Impraaaion. Laa axamplairaa originaux dont la couvartura en paplar aat ImprimAa sont filmte an commandant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par la damiAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraaaion ou d'iilustration, soit par la sacond plat, salon la cas. Tous las autras axamplairas originaux sont fiimte it commandant par la pramlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta dimpraaaion ou d'iilustration at 9n tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una taiia amprainta. Tha laet racordad frama on aach microfieha shall contain tha symbol —^ (moaning "CON* TINUED"). or tha symbol ▼ (moaning "END"), whichavar appiiaa. Un daa symbolaa suivants apparaftra sur la damlAra imaga da chaqua microfieha, salon I caa: la symbols —»> signifia "A SUiVHE". la symboia ▼ signifia "FIN". Mapa. plataa, charts, ate., may ba filmad az diffarant raduetion ratioa. Thoaa too larga to ba antir«tly ineludad in ona axpoaura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand comar, laft to right and top to bottom, aa many framaa aa raquirad. Tha following diagrama illuatrato tha mathod: Laa cartas, planehaa, tablaaux. ate. pauvant dtra fiimAa it daa taux da rMuction diffirents. Lorsqua la document aat trop grand oour dtra raproiduit an un saul cliehA, il aat fiim^ d partir da I'angia sup4riaur gaueha, da gaucha i droita, at da haut an baa, an pranant la nombra d'imagas nieassaira. Laa )> ', iff^^l) Section II., 1886. [ 91 ] Teanq. Eoy. Soo. Canada. S ^ IV. — Bri^ Outlines of the mcs* famom Journeys in and about Rupert a Land. By Georoe Brt!CE, LL.D., Manitoba College, Winnipeg. (Read May 27, 1886.) A. Different Limits Assigned to Rupert's Land. (1) Sir George Simpson, in his evidence before the committee of the Imperial Parlia- ment, claimed that Rupert's Land extended from Hudson Bay to the Rocky Mountains. (2) It was claimed by others that the western boundary of Rupert's Land was a line from Deer Lake south, about 102" 30' W. longitude. (S) Probably the most generally accepted definition of Rupert's Land, based upon the charter of the Hudson's Bay Company (1670), is the region whose waters flow into Hudson Bay, ex .t so far as the old Province of Quebec entered this territory on its southern side. The country lying to the west and north of Rupert's Land was divided into sections : — (a) The territory drained by the rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean, including therein the region of the Athabasca, Mackenzie and Coppermine Rivers. (b) All the country lying on the west of the Rocky Mountains, between the Russian territory on the north and Columbia River on the south. The wide expanse of country lying west and north of Rupert's Land was technically known as the " Indian Territories," and over this an exclusive fur-trading license was given to the Hudson's Bay Company by the Imperial Parliament, in 1821, for twenty-one years. This license was again renewed in 1838. The country lying to the west of the Rocky Mountains, reacned by the Peace River, was, at times, called New Caledonia. B. Configuration of Rupert's Land and Indian Territories Favorable for Voyaging. Two main arteries lead from Hudson Bay to the interior : — (1) The most northerly of these is by way of Churchill River, at the mouth of which stood, in early days. Prince of Wales Fort, with massive stone walls and fortifica- tions. Down this river, which was also called English River, the Hudson's Bay Company, for many years, received the trade of the interior without even leaving the coast, the r ^M AFFAIRS DEC 18 J^5'(o Morthern Affairs Libr<>iy 92 ftEORGE BRYCE : OUTLINES OF ludiau tribes brmgiug their furs to the mouth of the river on the bay. By canoe and portage Lake Athabasca was reached ))y this route, which gave immediate communica- tion with Mackenzie River to the Arctic Sea ; with Great Slave Lake and Great Fish or Back River to the north-east; and with Peace River to the west. This last river afforded a pass through the Rocky Mountains to New Caledonia, flowing as it does through the Rockies from their western side, and connecting there by portages with the Fraser and Columbia Rivers of the Pacific slope. (2) The second avenue to Rupert's Land was, by leaving Hudson Bay at York Factory, ascending Nelson River, and reaching Lake Winnipeg, which has three great tributaries : (1) Winnipeg River, which bears toward the lake the waters of Lake of the Woods, Rainy Lake and River, and other streams from a point within forty miles of Lake Superior ; (2) Red River, which runs from the very sources of the Mississippi northward and receives the Assiniboine, one of whose tributaries, the Souris, approaches the Missouri at Its head Waters, and whose main body comes hundreds of miles from the western prairies; (3) the Saskatchewan, the "mighty rapid river" as its name implies which drams, with its two branches, above the forks, a vast country, reaching to the Rocky Mountains. The wide region thus drained, consisting of the three geological areas-the Laurentian, the Prairie country, and the Rocky Mountain and Pacific slope-owin- to its numberless lakes and interlacing rivers, afforded, even in its wild and unimproved^condi- tion, wonderful means of communication for the explorer. b it e] 0. The Fur-Trading- Companies Promoted, sometimes for their own purposes, and at times for the advancement of geographical knowledge, the Exploration of this Domain. (1) The French fur-traders, to whom belongs the glory of exploring the Upper Lakes and the Mississippi, discovered, by way of Lake Superior, the Winnipeg River branch of thfe communication, and to them belongs the honour of finding, by this route, the Red, Assimbome, Upper Missouri, and Saskatchewan River., even to the Rocky Mountains, nko ^ ^^'7"^"^!^^ ^"^^«^^'« ^''^ ^^"^P'-^'^y- l^'-ving th ...a, by the northern route and v arl/ooh r '"' 1 ' '-t -^tabli.shed themselves o. the Saskatchewan, and by the year 1800 held numerous points in Rupert's Land (3) The North-West Company of Montreal,' which had, by its still indeoendent trader,carried on trade from the Upper Lakes, even to Lake Ithabasca, from ihe yel me, became, m the year mi, a strong company, so that, in a generation its posts ::£":t;:^r '- --"-- thePacihcandthe men in i. en^^ Mn.l!'^^ '^^' X Y Company, or New North-Wesf Company, to which belonged Sir Alexander Mackenzie and the Hon. Edward Ellice, was an otFshoot of the North- West Company, m^ilTTo '" "' '' r^""'' '''' ''''■ '' ^^'•^'^^'^^ P««*« by the side of those of th'e Brv p'no^^ rr'' ■': v ;'r' '''^ '-""' ''''• *'^"« ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ere a Hudson's a&y, p. North- Wester, and an X Y Fort stood side by side. (6) The Aster Fur Company of New York, begun in 1810, only lasted a few years JOURNEYS IN RUPERT'S LAND. 98 but owing to the fort built by it, at the mouth of Columbia River, it did something of itself, and much more by the opposition it stirred up among the other companies, to encourage exploration (6) In 1821, by the union effected, there was but one fur company in Canada — the United Hudson's Bay Company. While at times following the policy of erecting a Chinese wall around its territory, yet, by the work of its officers, and by the facilities it afforded to great explorers, the Hudson's Bay Company has done much to increase the geographical knowledge of llupert's Laud and the regions beyond. D. Bibliography of the Noted Journeijs. (1) La Verandrye. (a) Original documents in Archives in Department of Marine and Colonies, Paris, (ft) Letter of Marc^uis de Beauharnois, 1728. Parliamentary Library at Ottawa. (c) ]v(^vui' Cauadienne, Vol. X. Three articles by B. Suite, Montreal, 1873. (d) Paper originally published in " Moniteur," by P. Margry, found in a Report on Boundaries by the Ontario Government, 1878. (2) La France (Joseph.) (a) Account of countries adjoining Hudson's Bay. By Arthur Dobbs. 4to. London, 1744. [b) Report of Inquiry into Hudson's Bay, 1749. (3) Hearne (Samuel.) A journey from Prince of Wales Fort to Coppermine, etc. By Samuel Hearne. 4to. London, 1795. (4) M.ackenzie (Alexander.) Voyages from Montreal, et<'. By Sir Alexander Mackenzie. 4to. London, 1801. (5) Three Great American Expeditions : — I. Lewis and ClaHk. . (a) Journal of the expedition up the Missouri and over the Rocky Mountains. By Patrick Gass. 3 vols. 8vo, London, 1808. (b) Voyage depuis I'embouchure, etc. 8vo. Paris, 1810. (c) History of the expedition, etc. By Paul Allen. 8vo. Dublin, 1817. II. Pike (Z. M.) Exploratory traveLs, etc. By Zebulon M. Pike, Major IT. S. Army. 4to. London, 1811. 04 GHOEGE BRYCE : OUTLINES OF III. LoNO (S. H.) Narrative of an expedition to source of St. Peter's, etc. By W. H. Keating, geologist and historiographer. 2 vols. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1824. (6) Franklin (Sir John.) Narrative of an Overland Journey to the Polar Sea, 1819-22. 4to. London, • . . 1823. (7) Franklin and Eiciiardson. Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea, 1825-26-27. By Capt. John Franklin and Capt, John Richardson. 4to. London, 1828. (8) Back (Capt. GEORaE.) Arctic Land Expedition to the Mouth of Great Fish Eiver, in 1883-35. By Capt. Back. 8vo. Loudon, 1836. (9) Simpson (T.) (a) Narrative of the Discovery of the North-West Coast of America, 1836 39. 8vo. London, 1843. (b) Life and Travels of Thomas Simpson. By his brother, Alexander Simpson. 8vo. London, 1845. (10) Rae (John.) Narrative of an expedition to the Shores of the Arctic Sea, 1846-47. By John Rae. 8vo. London, 1857. (11) Riohardson (Sir .John.) Expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, through Rupert's Laud to the Arctic Sea. By Sir John Richardson, 1847-9. 8vo. New York, 1852. (12) Milton and Cheadle. The North- West Passage by Land. By Viscount Milton and Dr. Cheadle. 8vo. Loudon, 1865. (13) Fleming (Sandford.) (a) Ocean to Ocean. By G. M. Grant. 8vo. Toronto, 1873. (b) do. do. do. (Revised edition.) 8vo. Loudon, 1877. (c) Canadian Pacific. By Charles Horetzky. 8vo. Montreal, 1874. E. Outlines of Famous Journeys. (1) Pierre Gauthier de Varennes, Sieur de La Verandrye, was the son of the Governor of Three Rivers, in Quebec, and was born in the year 1685. He went home to France, entered the army, fought at the battle of Malplaquet, and was severely wounded JOURNEYS IN EUPERT'S LAND. 96 . H. Keating, 1824. to. Loudon, a, 1825-26-21 ioudou, 1828. 1833-35. By rica, 1836 39. der Simpson. 17. By John Laud to the ork, 1852. Iheadle. 8vo. audon, 18*77. 174. a son of the vault home to ely wounded there. He returned to Canada invalided, with his rank of lieutenant, but this was not recognized in Canada. In consequence, the young lieutenant entered the fur trade, and found at Michilimackinac and in the Upper Lakes his field of labour. He was in charp of Fort Nepigou in 1728. Here La Verandrye heard of the interior, from Ochagach, « savage, who drew a map on birch bark, which was sent to the Governor, Beauharnois. Authority was given to La Verandrye and a Jesuit missionary, Gonor, to penetrate these little known regions, where no white man had trod. The following are the main points of the exploration : — 17Sl.~Aug. 26. — La Verandrye's party left Lake Superior, by way of Pigeon River, for the interior. In the same year the explorers reached Rainy Lake and built at its foot Fort St. Pierre, whose ruins are still visible. 173S. — The party discovered Rainy River and entered Lake of the Woods {Lac des Bois, also Minitie), and on its south-west shore built Fort St. Charles. Here, on Massacre Island, La Verandrye's son, a priest, and a number of the party were murdered by the Sioux. 1734. — By descending Winnipeg River, Lake Winnipeg (Ouinipique, ' muddy water," Ojibway) was reached, and at the mouth of the river Fort M urepas was built. 1735. 0. — Crossing Lake Winnipeg, and entering Red River [Miskmesipi, " blood-red river," Ojib.) at the mouth of the Assiniboine River, called by La Verandrye " St. Charles," was built Fort Rouge, on the site of the present city of Winnipeg. 1738. — At some time before this year, at Pointe des Bois, some two hundred miles up Red River, above Fort Rouge, was built a fort. In this year, also. Fort de la Reine was erected on the site of the present town of Portage la Prairie. 1743. — La Verandrye's sons ascended the Assiniboine, left it to explore one of the tributaries, the Souris River, calle4 by them " Riviere de St. Pierre " by portage from its head- waters to the Missouri, and up this river to the foot of the Rocky Mountains (Montagnes d; pierre). After this, in the same year, La Verandrye returned to Quebec. 1743.8. — During these years were discovered Lakes Manitoba [Manitowaban, " Spirit's Straits"), Winnipegoosis (" Little Winnipeg "), and Dauphin, and Forts Dauphin and Bourbon were erected. 174S. — La Verandrye's son ascended the Saskatchewan (" Rapid River.") 1749. — La Verandrye was on the point of joining his sons to seek the sources of the Saskatchewan, when he died in Montreal, at the age of sixty-four. La Verandrye's sons now lost their license, and were succeeded by Legardeur de St. Pierre. 1753. — Fort Jonquiere was built near the site of the present town of Calgary, on Bow River, near the Rocky Mouutains^by direction of St. Pierre. 96 GKORGE BRVCK: OUTLINES OF * ""'"'" "■" ^""' ^'°'' "'■" "'»^'^- - -uil. o,. .,.„ «.,„,„„„ (2) Joseph La France WM a,pecies of fr„..bo„t„, „■„, scVcd bv 1' ■•»"'«"».■. I.. 1J38, L„ Fran,... who t™«. (Croo) r„di,u., a„d Wl. of a /la Uo 1 "fu to T,', T'"'' °™ " «'™- l-yj.* T.. . ^ "K'adows on its shores and parsing Lakes D„ Si™, a,,,, Caribo, "t^ b , P f """ """'"^' ">" ''"y, "isr place of the Indians who go do w RhJ, N T^T'"' '^ '"^ " "'« "•e^-l" one hnndred canoes having Wen CiU f ' ", '° J°* ""^-""y' April 4, Pa.hogo,a, the fnrs were shipped and f ?„, ^''^ "'""'hi'* "l-nnd a l™, «hi,.h, June ,,,, „„i,.ed , York fI!Z ,T' ""'""''' ■" ""■ "P'""- c«...n,, known ,o have ioHowed th ■ wit T/;,,,';, f""" ,»- ">« «-' n.an Uke Superior to Hndson Bay. ' ^ ""'""S'' "« country from [Not:..--!, is well-known that the Fren.h IT Ead,sson, .lanned to have discovered HudL , B ' '""'"'"' ,""'''■'■•■'■ '''™»''""^ ■""> Lake Superior to Hndson Bay, before lOTO t , ^^'- """'^ ""■°""'' ">« 'ountrv Irom -» formed There is „o certinty'aVtri-r/.;:;;;;:,;'^'' '"" """-'■'» «"^ Co;;!:; --"ons we::;i?rb'Zf"L Ll'T - '"""^-" ^«"» '"». .» the co„.t Th. Iloarne, an .fflcer of the Hudson's Bay clpary' '" '"'"'"' ™""l'-° ^a, Lnrud |-B»._The ejiplorcr was provided wi.t, -"island with instruments t^;::::"^:;* -*™o™--al and other instrn- -.H,sorders.ere,inpass„,gt,.r4htt:orrr;:::,:[vf::^ '■''d- Hf had I Franco, who le chanced to fiA't! charg-os lied miles of o go to the ay of River ris or Chris- es shores. Is the bay, s the meot- • April 4, a')ouiid at lu' exj^edi- first man lutry from iJers and 11 try from Comj)any ^- Their thabasca le North- ime, and posts at Samuel iustru- Wales ly rela- JoniJNKVS IN RfJPKRT'S LAND. 07 tions with the several tribes n.wl " +« .. i i''-:aers, in order to ..tl;- i:;.t „.^::^,r;"t: '[ ^T 7'' '''' -!- 1^--- 'IlVsaythe instruction' " !.i^\, 7 ^TV'k ''"^^^^^^ "t-Hty, take possession of it on behalf of he In l n ^^"^^ *" ^' "^' ""y your name on some of the rock' , L "r '^"'r n ^^' '^""^""^'" '^ •^"^*'"" Nov, .;.-Hearne set out irom the ni 1^ n ,'; n *' . " >""^!V"-*h, etc. guns from Prince of Wdes iC nd ^,'"" "'\ ./^'^•^•••- "''"' =^ -l"te of seven m.n, and dastardly condu on he ' j"'.'- "' '?" ^"''"'"'^' ^--^-- o^' his gone inland sonu> Jwo hundred n' ih' '"'"' "■""^' ^* *^« ^°^*' ^-"'^ J770._Fob.2:i, I learne began a second vovao-e On n,l r.- , five hundred miles inlmd but l.i r '"^P'"'lition he reached a point bj-.L ox,,I„ „,.',, ,t;:,;',7T-''r '" "■'■"-." -"!.-•«» wa, reached defective ,h,„ ,,e /ixed th „„ j nrr"' '"» "''■■'"'«'' ''"""■''■"S-' wa. .„ ,__, '"' °' "" t-oPPi'imtuu at 71" N. instead of 07" W 1774._He„„e luilt Fct (■„„,,„!„,„, „„ ,he Sa.katchewa,,. (4) Silt AiEXANDEit Mackenzie f.i.« at For. Chip„ewya„, „„ Lake A, ,„,': ir'""' ,"" '""■ "" "" '" ""™" -" a.y Coinpan,., he .va» s.i„„„a,..a b, ne:;.'.:. d!LvT"' ' '"'"' °"'"" ""'''"■'■' ■^"■•-:::: :;::'r:::r :^^^^^^^^^^^ -:;^-- -- » -^ «- v„.., the p™.^e Hive, pa.::;!;:;;:; f ■;;?::,^™ i:;::^ "'■■'" --i- "--«>. «■» paelnro*.' j;::;,*;;:7/;'™ <-»n„da by laud, 22 d ,n V I 3' ™ " M" r^ "'""'"""" *''"'""'"'' '''-'"■ Sec. II., 1880. 13. ^' 08 OEOIKH'] lUiVCK . OUTLINES OP ouart!!- o?t1i '''■'"/ """"""" ^•'•^-'^'"«--Th.. American Govornmcnt. during tho first British pos..sionH. The u nl^nld ^.2^7^ ' ""' '"""'""' ""^^ '""^ States iu lb08. ""^^^^'^^^ teinlo.y ol Louisiana was anuoxed to the United I. Lewis and Clakk. thro,,,,, .w „„„„„,„, „ .„„.„ dinu.j:::„: L; 'J x^,^^^^ ri'r"" II. LiELT. Zebulon "T Pike Oct. 1, Iho pa,ty ,,,l t,„ F„,|, „,. ,, ^,_|,_;;^P'' ^' '•'"■« '!» <-!"«. was ..aohod. wa» found to b^ - 42 m d ri "'° °' "''' '°'''' " °'' "'« Mi-i-W'i be.ng si™.,, to ,ho b..east bj.a l^:;!:' A^t ISial'"* "" " " '""="™" °' ^°"' JOURNEYS IN nUPERT'H LAND. qq III. Matoii S. H. Long. lHa:i._It was cl.tormi„,.cl by th. Amori.-an Governm..nt to .xploro St. Petor River and r£;,.':f:.;!;:;;:;;t:;';i:,;T::!„,',^,:"«'' " ™"'- "> "'■">• ""i '-- wen. and o Ked ,,„,..<„, A„,. ,, ,„„ m,g „r „.. Unit.d Stale. " „ h."",^ poM w, 1, lottci-H, Ct. J5., and on th.' .south, U S Tho mtentiou of th. oxploror.s ha.l h.-n to lollow the boundary to Lako Superior but dense swamps reud.Mvd thi.s iinpo.s.sible ^uptrioi, but On the 9th. the expedition left I'embinn to descend Red River. They reached Fort Doug as. he eentre of Selkirk Colony, and site of present city of Winnipeg ou hellth leavin.on the 17lh ,o descend Red River. On the 19th Red iLer mltlf' r;i^" ^"''7^--V'^'''''^'""^^" '-^-^'^^^ party an-L ah Z Th^ "'1 To^: '''' ''''' ''^"^ »'""^'^ ^^-^-'i^f Winnipeg o1 I inv T "" ;: ''''' *'^' '"'"' "' ^^" ^^'«"'^« -'d -^--1 the mouth of Rainy luver. gannng Fort WiHia.n, o,i Lake Superior, by Sept 13 thus malung eight hundred and i.enty miles in tvventy-se^vn days. Thfparty lef Sau Ste. Mane, Oct, 3 ; des....n.led Lakes Huron, St. Clair ani Frie ; nil Ei^ Canal, and having reached Albany, proceeded homeward. Th expeditio^ ea..hed Philadelphia on the 2Gth, having accomplished this marvellou ^oy g m less than six months. vuyaj^L ((!) SiK John FrankmiV. I^^^Navy. and Mr. Ceorge Back, bo.h of ^r l::var ::r n^"^^ i-H....--^ray 03 Th, party embarked in the Hudson's Bay Company ship " !'«■ t '''''"'^- ^'^^'^' ^'••'''"'^^'"' ^'^'^'^ l<^^^ving England lad with Sir Alexander Mackenxie, the veteran explorer Aug. 30.-" Prince of Wales " arrived at York Fa<'tory. ''*'''*~Sa^;!^r''''nTn'T "''"'' ''" '''''' '•^""'^'-"^ ^^^^ Cumberland, Saskat.'hewan, GllO miles fiom York On March 20 Dritiehardson having re.nained at Cumberland House. Capt and Back arrived at Fort (-hi.pewyan, H.IT miles from Cum],erland Pr son overtook I he party here on July 13, and on the 18th the party thev CT"! "■ ' r t^ ''''■ ''^ ""''■ ' ^^^ ^'^'-'y -^-'l the winter they had built, calling them " Fort Enterprise." Prince of conferred on the Franklin Richard- left Fort quarters 100 GEOEGE BRYCB: OUTLINI-:S OP If! IS^l._ThG expoclition.li'ft Fort Enterprise June 14 to go to the CcppermJue, and thence to the Polar Sea. They reached tl ■ month of the Coppermine July 18, and found It to be or 41' 50", thus correclir.gllearne'H mi.sinke. On tlie 2Jst, the expedition started to const the Arctic or Tohir Sea to the east; and on Aug. 16, after a journey along a very ind(>nted /oiist of 555 geographical miles, for 6f, reached Cape Turnagain. From this point, the expedition started back over -barren grounds. They endured mu.h sutlering, living chiefly on "tripe de roche " (Cladonis rang(/::rin(i), and on Labrador tea {Lcdir,n pahiMir), eating bits of burnt leather. Fort Enterprise was reached, but was desolate. Tarty wintered at Moose Deer Island. l«aa._May 26.-They left tlieir wintering plac( , where live months had been spent. On the return journey Fort Chippewyaii was left behind on .Tune 5. The party airived at Norway House July 4. Here t:ie greater number of th ^ men of the expedition were sent to Montreal, wilh orders on the Hudson's Bay Company for then payment. On the I4th, Capt. Franklin arrived at York Factory, and was re<^eived with much kindness by Governor Simpson and Mr. M.Tavish, repre- sentatives of the two companies-Hudson's Bay and North-West -which had united in the preceding year. a)_CAPTAms John FUANKLIN AND John RiCHAT^DsON. (^rrond Or,'rla„dJo,rney,im.-1) This journey was undertaken by Capt. Franklin. In his party were Dr. Richardson and Lieut. Back his former eompanions, and Mr. Kendall. The object of the expedition was to explore the coast of the Folar Sea. IsaS.-July 25.-The party left Fort Chippewyan to descend the Mackenzie Eiver. They went into wi)iter quartc-rs in September at the fort they had built, called "Fort Franklin," at the entrance to the Great Bear Lake. lNa«. Tuly i.-TI,e partn divides. Th.> western party, under Fr.ANKUN, with LlFiiT Lack, left Fomt Separation in the " Lion " and " liclease." They reached the mouth of the Ma<>keuzie, and .'oasted uji the western shore of the Polar Sea Though desiring to . ..ch the by Cape of Capt. Cock, in longitude IGl' W the party was not able to proceed further than " Keturn Iv'eei;" which it they o-ahiod onAug. Iv. On Sept. I'l, they arrived at Fort Franklin. July 4.-RICHAKDS0X took command of the ea,.tern party in boats "Dolphin" and •' Union." On the 10th, they arrived at mouth of Macken.i. Kiver. and on Au- 8, by coasting the Polar Sea. they reached the mouth of th,' Copi)ermine. Havin- as,.ended the Coppermine River, or crosse.l Great IJear Lake, U.ey arrived at ls-°t l^raukliu, beiore Franklin, on Sept. 1. I.S2y._April 12.-Party arrived at Fort Chippewyan. On Sept. 21., Franklin and Richardson reached London. (8) Capt. George Back. In th.. year 1829, the well-k.iown navigalur, Sir Jolni Ross, had gone, by ship to «eek the North-West passage H. absence ,or three years caused alann. TlL B^ul^ ^ V JOURNEYS IN RUPERT'S LAND. |qj Government City of London Royal Geographical Society, and many private subscribers contributed to -ud an expodUion for the re.uc of the ...llaut captain. The command Z:':n^ "^-^t ^"' '-' --'-''' ''-^'^ - ^'^ ^- -^ — ^ -pedi- l.S»»._The expedition left England in February. The route taken was by New- York overland to Montreal, thence by voyageur's route up the Ottawa and the Upper Lakes, Irom Fort William to Lake Winnipeg, Norway House. Here another start was made up the Saskatchewan, to Portage La Loche, and the journey continued northward. On July 29, l^ort Chippewyan, on Lake Athabasca, was reached. Here the real work of exploration began. The Lidians discouraged the party greatly by their dismal account of the route. Aug. 11, l?a,.k, with five men in his canoe, started for the Arctic Sea. He was iollowed by A. K. McL^.od, an enterprising officer of the Hud.son's Bay Companv with his men. The route was by way of the Great Fish River, going out of the eastern extremity of the Great Stone Lake. l«».4._The party spent this winter of 1833-4 in buildings they had erected, called " Fort Reliance. After many adventures, the estuary of the Fish or Back River was reached about latitude ()8' N. IS35._March 21.-0apt. Back began his return voyage and passed by way of Chippe- wyan homewards, rea.hing Nor.vay House, June 24. He had, while in the far north, received letters telling him that Sir John Ross had returned safely in 1833 to Great Briiam, having been resiued by the crew of a whaler. (0) TiroM.AS SiMiNOX. (Sim/mn and Dense\ Rrphmitions.) This expc^dition was und.-r taken by the Hudson's Bay Company, for the purpose of discovering the north-east coast of America. Dease was the senior officer, and had accom- panied Franklin, though Thomas Simpson, a relative of Sir George Simpson, has received most notice. I«J{7.-0n June 1, Simpson aiul Dca.se's party carried in two seaboats, named " Castor " and ''I'ollux," and a bateau called "Goliath," left Fort Chippewyan to descend the Mackenzie River. On July 0. the Arctic Ocean burst on the view of the expedition, and was saluted with joyous ..heers. As they journeyed coasting the ocean, Return Reef was reached on the 23rd, and the party arrived at Boat lixtreme on the :!Oth. O.i foot from Boat Extrem.^ Point Barron was visited Aug. 3, the western point which their instructions covered. They saw this point with emotion, 21 west of the mouth of Mackenzie River. On the 17th they m.ntercd the mouth of the Mackenzie. By ascending the Mackenzie^ and traversing Great B(.ar Lake, their wint.M- (|uarters Avere gained Sept 25 These they called " Fort Confidence." iHitH.-Jnno .;.-They startcnl for Coppermine River, reaching its mouth July 2. On the IVth, they made a second sea voyage— now eastward from 115 W. On Au"-. 25, they dis.'overed new land, erected a stone pillar and unfurled the Union "lack •mimmr-' v mi i i' .m i\ . .m i ""i"-!- ' " ' ill h! 102 GEORGE BRYCE : OUTLINES OF in the name of Great Britain. On Sept. 3, they reentered Coppermine River. On the 14th, they arrived at Fort ('oniidei.ce for winter. ]M»» June 15.— Descended the Coppermine, and in eighteen days emerged from its mouth. Aug. 20, reached furthest point east. Cape Britannia, 94° W., having been within one hundred mih^s of the Magnetic Pole, on Boothia Felix. Simpson and Dease explored the Arctic Coast for 40°— a marvellous result. On Sept. 24, they arrived at Fort Conhdence again. 1M40 Feb. 2.— The party reached Fort Oarry. June 30, Simpson desired to return to Arctic Sea, but, no instructions coming, started home, and on the 13th or 14th, was killed on prairies of Minnesota, either by half-breeds or by suicide. Body taken back to Red River settlement, and buried in St. John's Cemetery, Winnipeg. (10) John R.\e, M.D. This expedition was to follow up the discoverers of Simpson and Dease, but by exploring the coast of Hudson Bay and reaching, if possible, the Cape Britannia of the aforesaid explorers. IH4« June 18.— Dr. Rae, with ten men, started in two boats, the " North Pole " and " Magnet," from York FVtory. July 5, party left Fort Churchill. On Sept. 2, expedition wintered in house they had built, which was called "Fort Hope." This was on Repulse Bay. 1S47 April 19.— Reached Lord Mayor Bay, on the north side of Rae Isthmus, and on Gulf of Boothia, and erected a monument. In May they reached Fort Hope, and again sallied forth to coas. the west shore of Melville Peninsula. A point was i-rached within ten miles of the Straits of Fury and Hecla. June 9, arrived at Fort Hope agam. Aug. 12. Fort Ho-,)e left for return to York Factory. Sept. 6, party arrived at York Factory. (11) SiK .ToiiN Richardson. {Overland Search for Sir John Franklin) In 1845, Sir John Franklin, in the ships " Erebus " and " Terror," with a party of 130, had sailed away to seek tlie North-^^^■st passag.>. Two of the expeditions to search for the lost navigator were overland, or along the coast of Rupert's Land. IM4N March 25.— Dr. Richardson, accompanied by Dr. Rae, left England. Not less than 180 tons of pemmican, made from beef in England, was shipped to Rupert's Land, by way of Hudson Bay, for the use of the expedition. Tlie expedition proceeded by New York, Montreal, the Ottawa Canal route, the Upper Lakes, River and Lake Winnipeg, etc. July 11, I'ort Chippewyan was reached. By Aug. 3, the mouth of the Mackenzie River, on the Arctic Sea, was gained. During the autumn of this year, the party was not able to reach the mouth of the Coppermine, along the coast. Having gaint- ' .c-k's Inlet, the expedition made across the country for Coppermine River, reacned it, and, ascending it, came to the house already erected, to whi.h tlie name " Forf Coulidence " had been given. JOURNEYS IN EUPERT'S LAND. 103 mine River. 1849. In the summer of this year, Dr. Eae descended the Coppermine, but found no traces of Franklin on the Arctic Coast. On Nov. 6, Dr. Eichardson arrived in England. [Note.— T/ie Successful Search for Sir John Franklin was accomplished by two explorers. (1) On Aug. 15, 1853, Dr. Rae reached his old quarters, at Repulse Bay. March 31, 1854, he went on a spring journey. April 1*7, arrived at Pelly Bay. This bay lies to the west of Simpson peninsula. Here he got from the Eskimos the story that, in 1850, forty white men had proceeded south, and that, afterwards, their corpses had been found on the shore. He obtained from the Eskimo, telescopes, guns, watches, compasses, silver spoons and forks, with crests engraved, silver-headed walking stick, engraven with "Sir John Franklin, K.C.B.," Sir John's Hanoverian Order of Knighthood. Dr. Rae purchased a number of these. They had been obtained by the Eskimo by trade from the south. Dr. Rae arrived in England, claimed the reward, and obtained a portion of it. (2) The Final Settlement of the Question of Sir John's fate took place in 1859. Capt. McClintock, found a record left by the party, at Point Victory to the north-west of King William's Island. Sir John Franklin had died June 11, 184t. The ships, the "Terror " and "Erebue " were deserted April 22, 1848, having been beset since 1846.] (12) Viscount Milton and Dr. Cheadle. This journey is usually called " The North-West Passage by Land." The book by Milton and Cheadle is charming in style. 18«a.— July 18.— The explorers reached the Hudson's Bay Company port, Oeorgetown, in Minnesota, some 200 miles of the boundary, a memorial of the Company's original claim. From Georgetown, the party took canoes and descended Red River to Fort Garry. Aug. 23, much interested in the Red River settlement, they went west, over the prairies, with a brigade of carts. This was the typical mode of prairie travel. Sept. 26, the travellers determined to winter 550 miles north-west of Fort Garry. They built a winter camp, which they called " La Belle Prairie." 1«0».— April 3.— The party left camp to proceed westward. Forts Pitt and Edmonton were passed. Jixne 29, Jasper House was gained in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. The party passed on through the Yellow Head {Tete Jaime) Pass. July 18, the explorers here ferried across the head-waters of Fraser River, near T6te Jaune Cache. Passing southward, Thompson River was reached. The road was here lost, and hardships, almo.st incredible, were endured, after which they arrived at Kamloops on the Thompson. After resting, the journey was resumed, the Fraser was reached, and Yale, and New Westminster and Victoria visited. Again ascending the Fraser, far up its course, the mines at Cariboo were explored. On Dec. 24, the party left Victoria, B.C., for Britain. (13) Sanufoud Flejming. This journey belongs to the period of Confederation, rather than to that of Rupert's Land, and yet, in 18*72, when it took place, Rupert's Land had hardly changed in any 104 BEYCE'S OUTLINES OF JOURNEYS IN EUPEBT'S LAND. respect Principal Grant, as secretary of the expedition, well describes its Progress It differed in route from that of Milton and Cheadle, only in that it was conducted from "ocean to ocean "through Canadian Territory. _ It may be said really to have begun at the mouth of the Kammis iquia, on Lake Suoerior It followed the old canoe route by Rainy Lake and River, but left Lake of the Woods not by Winnipeg River, but at the North-West angle, and thence proceeded to Fort Garry by the Dawson Road. The writer met the party at Fort Garry early in ^""^The^tute from Fort Garry westward was that of Milton and Cheadle. On their returns journey the party left Esquimalt, in Vancouver Island, Oct. U, to travel by way of he Pacific cLst steamer and Union Pacific Railway. This journey may be looked upon as the precursor of our Canadian Pacific Railway, though a more southerly route, and another pass has been followed by that great national line. Results Achieved. 1. La Verandrye and his immediate successors discovered and explored all the great rivers of the fertile portion of the Canadian Northwest. 2 La France first led the way from Lake Superior to Hudson Bay. 3. Hearne discovered the Coppermine River, the Arctic Sea, and was the Hudson's Bay Company's pathfinder to the interior. ^ ,^ ^ , 4. Mackenzie discovered Mackenzie River, the Arctic Sea, and first crossed the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, north of Mexico. 5 Pike discovered the sources of the Mississippi. Lewis and Clark gave ground for claims of country on Columbia River by the United States, explored the Missouri, and discovered rivers on the Pacific slope. Long established the boundary of 49^ N., and made a remarkably rapid journey. ., , i j 6 Franklin, Richardson, Back, Simpson, Dease and Rae may be said to have explored, outlined and named the whole coast of the Arctic ocean from Point Barron to Hudson Bay. Their names are all attached to rivers, straits or .-apes discovered by them. Their voyages are marvels of endurance and skill. Richardson and Rae were celebrated tor their search for Franklin. . j ^ ■ j r u^p i 1. Milton and Cheadle accomplished their voyage with great tact, and their delighttui book has been the thesaurus from which many of their successors have drawn. 8. Mr. Sandford Fleming's journey was the preliminary exploration for the Canadian Pacific Railway. ^ress. It cted from , on Lake ike of the ceeded to J early in Ou their el by way oked upon route, and ^m- the great e Hudson's . the Eocky groiiud for issouri, and ., and made re explored, udson Bay. eir voyages their search r deliffhtful le Canadian