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 d'Impraaalon ou d'Mki a tr a tlon. aolt por lo aoeo w d . 
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 d1m»raaa|qn ou d'Wuatratlon ot on tamUnont ftor^ 
 la darnl4ro poga qui oomporto uno toNo 
 omprolntOi 
 
 frama on oaoh mlerofieho 
 •ymbol -^ (mooning "COKI- 
 •ymbol ▼ (moaning "END"I. 
 
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 TINUED"). or 
 whiohovor appi 
 
 Map*, plataa. charta. ate., may ba fHmad at 
 diffaront raduotlWn ratioa. Thoaa too larga to IM 
 ontirolv lncludod\in ono oxpoaura aro fHmod 
 boginning In tho MPPar iaft hand comor. loft to 
 right and top to mm^i. aa many framaa aa 
 roqulrod. Tho f o pjr ^ g diagram* illuatrata ttig 
 mothod: 
 
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 Un doa ayw)i b o l aa aul^owta appartfira aur la ^ 
 damMra Intaga da ohoquo mioroflcho, aolon It 
 oaa: lo aynibpla -^ atanlfla "A tUIVfll". lo 
 aymboloy algnlflo "Pllif. » . ^- 
 
 Laa oqrtM. planchaa. taMoaux. 9^.. pauvant tiro 
 fllm4a 4^daa taux da rMuotlon d lff4ront a . 
 Loraqu^ If dooumont oot trop grand pour itro 
 
 V roprodult on un aaul oNohA. H oat fim4 A portk 
 «ff TanMa aup«rlour gauoho. «la gauoho A droHo, 
 oTdo Naut an boa. an pranant lo nombro 
 
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 IGMAS PAINE; 
 
 
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A • 
 
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 COMMON SENSE: 
 
 
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 P.-d» MMMcar «w M— Iff ■ ■w ^ „ ). 
 
 III.— f»M««v« <>■*■• ^f^mtmt tfAT* «» AmMMM A«#«iM. 
 
 nr .419 m raMMt kmun m Ammm, ••»• ««■ Hmmxamh 
 
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 KTBLISIIErV INTRODUCnON. 
 
 — '^^ik wjtm mKijiiB ptmphlet, *Ofmmm* 8mm t^ iakfld 
 HmJot UAneral L<m,4ii • lott«r to W^iingion; **1 ii«vtr 
 iliw •orb A niMU'rij, irritltlibU perfurmi^ee. It will, If | 
 mituk* not, in ooncam^nc« witl* the tranacendont folly md 
 •riokodnoM of the mlnlntry, jjirt th« coitp<t*-ffram to (lirtf 
 Uritain. In tliort, I own myaelf convinoed b/ Uie argu 
 mimtt, of the noccMitjr of ■rp«r«tion.'* ' 
 
 tlendral Wt»hington, tu % lettt-T to Jomj))! Rood, Stji, 81 
 1776, Mjt: *** A f«w more such flaming Mrgvmcntt ■• wer, 
 tuliibited «t Falmouth and Norfolk, added to the tound dor- 
 trin«ftiid nnanawerable reaioning contained in the paniphltt 
 *Ofnmnan /SmM,* will not leave numberi at a loea to^ decido 
 on the proprictj of a eoparailon." - r 
 
 •Tliat book" {C(mm<m Sense), taji Di'. Rutli, '«bnr»t 
 forth iSrom the proM with an eflbct' Uiat haa l)eon rarelj pro> 
 daced by tjpoa and paper, in anj ago or country.** 
 
 
 a.- 
 
IKTRODUOIMOir. 
 
 PiWUPt ilM MnUm«nta oonUlniMl In ih« foIIowtiiK p«i«r 
 
 >^ 
 
 not yM ■uffioionilj fMliioiuibU to ^JJf^ff ^^* g«ii«rAl 
 fkfor ; ft long iMiblt of not thinking » thfag «mm^, giv«t i» 
 A •ap«rfloUl ap[)«ftrmnc« of ^€ing f^A^* ^^^ i**^^*^ *^ ^i^ * 
 IbrmidAble outcry ijn ^d«f«iic« of oiutom. !)at tb# tnmolt 
 •ooa labfidM. Time nink« mofm oon?ert« tL«n reMon. 
 
 Af -• long and tfolent aboM of ^wer it gwieraUj th« 
 wamBM of calling the right of it in question, (and in matten 
 too which might nerer have b&m thoe^ght of,^ad not the 
 iuflTerera been aggraTated into the Inqutry,) and aa the king 
 of England hath undertaken in hit awn rigtUy to rapport the 
 parliament in what he oaUi thdr$^ and aa thi( good people 
 of thii country are grievoualj opprewed bj the oomblnation, 
 thej have an undoubted pririlege to inquire into the proteA- 
 done of both, and aqiiallj to reject the uanrpationa o^ 
 •ither. s "^ 
 
 In the following iheeta, the author hath itudiouilj avoided 
 •Tcry thing which la penonai among ounelTea. OompU- 
 Bienti aa well as censure to individuals make no part 
 thveot Hie w^ and the- worthy need not the ^umph of 
 » psnublet i aiiid ti|oae whose sentimenti art ii\|adioiovs or 
 
nnimndlj, wfll o«m6 of theiiiMlT«% tiii]«f too mnoli paint 
 is bMtowed apon their oonrenioii. ^ . 
 The cauae of America it, in a great measure, the canae of 
 
 . all mankind. Many oircomstanoee hare, and will aii«e» 
 which are not local, bnt nnirenal, and throng which tha 
 princtplet of all lorert of mankind are affected, and in the 
 tv«t of which, their affWstions are interested. The lajing 
 a coontry desolate with Are and sword, declaring war 
 against the natural rights of all mankind, and extirpating 
 
 _the defenders thereof t^ the face of the earth, is the con- 
 ocm of ereiy man to whom nature hath giren the power of 
 fading; of whiohdass, regardless of party censore, is 
 
 JU^Hinn 
 
 To AirttosL 
 
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 COMMON SENSE. 
 
 .OH m 
 ORIGIN AND DESIGN Of OOVERNlfENT Of OSNEBAL|^ 
 
 wna (X)v<nii EiliuAo o#Tmi BNQXJBH ooHBTinmov. 
 
 _ .' ' ■ ' ■■♦'■•'..■■. ■;. . , . . , ■;, 
 
 SoKi writen lutTAM eonfoiinded ififiifit^ with gsaanuoea^ 
 M to leave little or no 4ittinotion petween them; wheiMi 
 
 thAy am not »nl^ HlflRw^iwlt hnt h^wt, AlfFmr0,nt /.rtgina Sooie^ 
 
 is prodaoed by our wants, and gorenunent bj oar wickeo* 
 neis ; the former promotes our happiness jTOM^KM^y bj nniting 
 onr affections, the latter nsgaUvdy by restraining our vieet. 
 The o&e encoarM;es intercourse, the oUier creates distino- 
 tions. Hie first u a patron, the last is a ponisher. 
 
 Society in every state is a blessbg, bnt goTemnnent, oron 
 in its best state, is bnt a necessary oyU ; in [ti worst state an 
 intolerable one; for when we suffer, or are exposed to the 
 same miseries ^ a'gowmmerU, whicn we micht expect in a 
 country vfithoui gooemmmi, our calamity is nei^teped by 
 reflectmg that we fhmishrthe means by which we suffer. 
 Gh>yemment. like dress, is the badge of tost innocence ; the 
 palaces of kings ar^^builtupon md ruins of the bowers of 
 oaradise. For were the impulses of conscience dear, uni* 
 form and inesistibly obeyed, man would ne^ no other lawi* 
 giver ; but that not htiofi me case, hii^fl««l« it nffnanxT t 
 
 Ju& 
 
 same 
 
 fflM 
 
 iii,i!nIU'iTT?T?TT(?nfJi 
 
 protection dT the rest ^ and tli^ he is^induced to do by^ 
 rMcli m every other case advises him but of 
 
 to OS, witl^lhe least expense and.giBpatest henefit, is prefera- 
 ble to all fithmfc •■ . - \ . 
 
.#■ 
 
 /:: 
 
 ^ $ ' 
 
 i In order to gdn • oImu- and Joit Ida* of the dMign end 
 
 I "l*l!i «*>^«™n>«»*» l«* 01 ■nPPQ.il > .mall nnm W ^ ^^^r\M 
 
 ' -■- : -. *^?^ yyil1Mt,«Tiri nart of the earths nnnA^'tjgTgi 
 WiraQnfilTop; thejr will then rq>re«ei)t tho flrat poopTiDi 
 pfany couHFry, or of tho world. In thit stato of natiirid 
 libijrtj, society will bo their first thought. A tliausand 
 motiveii W4ll oxcito thorn thereto ; tho strength of one man 
 it so uuMual to hit wants, and his mind to unfitted for per- 
 petual solitude, that ho it toon obliged to teek attittauce 
 and relief of another, who in hit turn nrauiret the tame. 
 Four or fire umtod, would bo able to raise a tolerable dwel- 
 ling in tho midst of a wUdemett, but on$ man might laW 
 out the common period of life without accomplishing any 
 thing ; when ho had foUod hit timber he could not remove 
 it, nor erect it after it wat romored : hunger in the mean- 
 tome would nrgo him from hit work, and oyery different 
 want would call him a different way. Diteas^nay even 
 nutfortune, would bo death, for though neither might be 
 mortal, yet either would disable him from living, and reduce 
 
 2^ to dil**** '^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ "****" ^® ^^ ^ ^^"^ 
 
 ^Thut necetsity, like a graritoittng power, would toon form 
 
 our newly arnvod eimmntt into tociety, the reciprocal 
 
 blettingj of which, would tupertede, and render the oWiga- 
 
 toont of law «hd government nnnecettanr while they 
 
 remamed perfectly lust to each other; but atnoUiing but 
 
 heaven it impregnaWto vice, it will nnayoidably htjpen, 
 
 that in proportion at they turmount the firtt difficnltoerrf 
 
 emigrajjon, which bound theon together in a common cante, 
 
 ttey ^ b^m to relax in 'their duty and atUchment^^ 
 
 Mch otfier: and this nonitsnost Wll point out the nobetsitr 
 
 of ettablithing some form of government to suprtf the 
 
 defect of moral yirtue. ^^\ 
 
 Some convenient tree wiU afford them a sUte-house. \ 
 
 tiio branches of which the i^hole colony may attembi 
 
 deliberate on public mattery It it more than probable 
 
 their first laws will hare the title only of JiegulaUaru ind 
 
 be e^orced hj no other penalty than i^ublio disesteem. Vta 
 
 thit first parliament oreiy mMi hr na^iral right will ha^ 
 
 a teat* •-^■. .-t ■-''■•. ^. . r--* ^ 
 
 ^ut M itiB col<my W^ates,^^ la. 
 
 S^ ^TS^'^^ *5° ^"**^^ •* ^^ch the memben may 
 be teparated, will renderat too inconrenient for all df them to 
 M#<ww> wi vwvrj ogcaMo n M a t nrt t, w aan their nmobe g wa r 
 
ooiaffOH uam. 
 
 ■mall, their habtUtioiii nMr, and tho pablio coiic«rnt few 
 and trifling. This will point ont the oonrenionce of their 
 con«onting to leaTO tho legiilatiTe pert to bo managed bj a 
 Bolopt number chosen from tho whole bodv, who aro tup- 
 poHcd to havo the tamo concerns at stake wnlch those hare 
 who appointed them, and who will act in the same manner 
 as the whale body would wore thoj present If the colony 
 continue increasing, it wiU bocomo necessary to angment the 
 numbor of representatives, and that the interest of every 
 part of the colony may be attended to, it will bcrfound best 
 to divide the whole into convenient parts, each part sendinip 
 its proper nnmber ; and that tho eUoted might never form 
 to tnemselves an interest separate from the «tMtor«,^pradenee^ 
 miW point out the pn^pnetr of havi ng elections offen ; 
 because as the dsetsa might by tbat meani return ana mix 
 again with the general b^y oi the dector§tm * f<BW months, 
 their fidelitv to the public will be securec|l by the prudent 
 reflection of not making a rod for.themseltes. And aa this 
 frequent interchatige will establish a comibon interest with 
 every part oTthe community, they will mjitnally an4 natn- 
 rally support each other,, ana on tnis. (not <j»n the unmeaning 
 name or Kingt) depend^ the Hrength of gdfvernment and th$ 
 hawinett qf the aov&rned. j 
 
 Here, then, i s tne oiigin Mid rise of govynment j namely,^ 
 a mode rendered necessary by ih^ lHAPfl iWr flf tt ioral virtn» 
 to g overn tne woria ; here too is the flMijgp and end 6f fg^T* 
 ermcnut, viz. freedom atid secnrity. And^iioweyer onr eyes 
 may be daialed ifith show, or onr ears deceived by tonnd ; 
 however prejudice may warp onr wills, or interest darken 
 onr understanding, the simple voice of nature and reason will 
 say, it is right 
 
 I draw mv idea of the form of govemm^ 
 pie m natn ret wiiicn no art can ov< 
 
 pplo ijiivyiing ia. tf ^e jflM yjp 
 
 a ibe easier repaired when disoi 
 
 Bim 
 
 JftJttBfib 
 noble for the 
 
 , is granted. 
 
 ana tne 
 
 maxim in view, t offer a few remarks 
 
 Kn^^ ^««tIfa.^Ait Af yipiyUr.l1 That it 
 
 dark and sUvish times m which it waa ei 
 "Wlien t^e world was overrun witli tyranny the least^remove 
 therefrom was a glorious rescue. But that.it is imperfect^ 
 subject to convulsionB, and incapable of producing what it 
 seems to promise is easily demonstrated, ^t 
 Absolute govemmenta, (ihourii the di^graco f *^ 1inm%f) 
 
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10 
 
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 pU ; IT tfi« people raffer, dier know the heed from which 
 thdr roffering tpring^ knowlikewiM the remedy, end ere 
 jot tmwildered bj e rerietj of ceiuei end caret, Bnt the 
 
 Q ^QT fl T m W n kh P i rt tha fM l t IIm , some will geT in one 
 end •omo in enother, end evef7 poliUcel phyiicien will ad- 
 viie e different medicine^ " ^ 
 
 <tJ fiI2iad!s»i.7et i£wfl.wUliBffflr.J?nrielreg to exemine the 
 
 rrn d 
 
 oom- 
 
 theite. -'=-" ■■^jrrenn^to th^ perwn 
 
 peSrS;^^^ of jdO^aatifi^y^ to the 
 
 gf th e enmmnn i, m wb oM L jirtne depends the^fiwdomSf 
 ijPingitma, 
 
 The two fint br bufaur hftreditary, ere independent of the 
 eitner tne woroe neve no mAAnln<y «» ih^^ — ^"J-i J" ^^^r 
 
 1 ^^r#<.— -Theremeinidfm 
 rfthe 
 
 tore In a 
 
 ore 
 
 dictioni: *"" "''*'^«' °' *^*^ 
 
 To aej that the commons Is a check npon the kinff, nre- 
 fDPnosee two things. 6» i"^ 
 
 iLxiS^'Z^"^* the king Is not to be trusted without beinir 
 «?w^ wT* ''''J?' ??.^ words, that a thirst for absoluti 
 Powm^ls the natural disease of monarchy. 
 JJ^^^^f'lfZ^^ tihe commons, by being appointed for thai 
 pnrpose, are either wiser or more worUiy rfwnfidence than 
 tilecrown^- ■ ■ \ . ■■-:: ■■. \i... ^'i ■ '' 
 
 Butaa^^e 
 iftt tfl>n 
 
 site 
 
 mrardHthflta 
 
 "^ ft powflr tft nliooV the co mmons , 
 reject thdP Olllff bllll ' It airunit 
 
 I 
 
 p^>sod to be wiser than him. 4 
 
 ^^OTeis somethhy e^inyij rid<nnT;;;;r8; rfK^ ^"n roif 
 
 111 in M mmisn*h|[; it first excludes a man from the means 
 ug mforma t ion, yet empowew him to act in cases where the 
 
Oom^ vnwak 
 
 11 
 
 tilghiit JndgmeDt li reqntttd. Tbe fUta of a king ihiita 
 " jmLUm* hnriniiaa of a kiag iwiretjjiiu 
 \j ; nmerefore the differMt para, bj an- 
 aatnrauj oppoting and deitrojing each other, pi\)ye the., 
 whule charaoter to oe abtnrd and uaeleat. ' ft\^.\ , ;' 
 
 thoT: the Mny' aay they, Ja me. fauMplfl_Another^; the '^ 
 j]ABon aro a nouie in behalf of the Umor; the commoni in be- 
 naif of Uie people; but thii hath all the dbtinctioni oCa 
 
 nsd amb^ona; and it will alwayi happ^m, that the niceet 
 
 appl 
 description of something which either cannot eznt, or is too 
 bcomprehensible to be within the compass of description, 
 will bo words of sound only, and thouffh they mar amuse 
 the ear, they cannot inform the mind, ror tills amlanation 
 includes a jpreyious question, vli. How earns the %ing ly a 
 pov>er vihtoh ths p&opU air€ qfraid to trtui^ and ahoay$ 
 
 ^f ""» ^^jlf^nri igfJMt ^"^^i "id though the expressions bo 
 pIoasantiT arrangiid, yot when examined they appear idle 
 isd ambbuous; and it will always happen, that the nicest 
 constmcuon that words are capable of, when applied to the 
 
 >^ suppoiiS such a |powe^ to exist. ^1' / 
 
 But the proyision is unequal to the task ; the means either 
 canndTdr Wilt nu t accumpnm the end; and the whole affair 
 U 4 fild dt M/lbr as the greater weight will always carry 
 up w less, and as all the wheels of a machine are put in 
 
 motion b 
 
 Aufll 
 
 mf"* *^ ^^TT T^^1'^.IWl¥fl^ 
 
 phrase 
 the: 
 
 
 •> irnnw wihah j^^ 
 
 weighty fyr ^at wfflgovarn 
 ;of t' 
 
 l/VviJl' 
 
 i»«y,. 
 t- 
 
 ^ m ; \ 
 or a part o/'them^^||§y do^or, as the 
 
 '^'^ flf..,iu mofaoni jf^joJmLM 
 
 aynnra will ha ifliflfantnsl pthe 
 
 ying power wOTat last have iti way, and what it 
 wants in tj^ea is supplied by time. j . 
 
 That tiie crown is tfiia oyerbearfaji; part m tih«-Eiigllsh 
 
 «wn«fc||jyfl^ w«fld« nnt hA mimtinnftrf. aiurtKitt "it AfoA^tm. Kik 
 Whole CQnsy][UflnrA m«^yfV.o^ Kyfiiy Aa M^ZT^^^ 
 
 ^.^ imjLlkfintiStti ^ self-eyident, wherefore, thougn we haye been , 
 ;^ #ise~enougn to shut and lock a door against 
 
 absolute naon- 
 arohy, we at the same time haye been foolish enough to put 
 the crown In possesaidn of the kei^. 
 
 more from na \ . : v Indlyidnalii are in- 
 
 [• 
 
 'iJ 
 
 v?^ 
 
 -r%- 
 
p 
 
 / 
 
 19 
 
 d«^t«dfy itf» b EngUnd th«ii In tome oU.er <!oantHoc 
 but the 1^ of the king i» M much the lofc of the land ^ 
 Bnuin M In Franco, with thi. difference, thai ln.te^d of 
 pro<.o«ding dirootlj from hi. month, it i. hand^ to ^rp*^ 
 pie under the formidable iliape of an ael of Darliam^ 
 kr the fato df CImrIc tlie Flr.n»ath onl^^ado^i^ mo.t 
 •ulttle— not morojuat ^ 
 
 Whoroforo, laying aiide all national prido and preindice 
 In tavour of tnodo. and forma, Uie plain truth i. LUiTs 
 v>hoUuowtng to the oanHituiion oftU peopU, and net Jl 
 c^^^stUuihnof ths Government that the cVX b not^ ot 
 proMire in England aa in Turk— " ®^ 
 
 An inquiry into the 
 
 ^Nto of goT» T»mRnt i. at tlUa time liighlj necctMrr • 'for 'SS 
 weareneTerlnaproner condition of ^ofng juatico to' othenu 
 
 jit^'^iTf/r' "^^ ^^ *"??«»^ ^^'"^ loading iS 
 tiality, 10 neither are we capable of doinir it to ouiSuW 
 
 M i'mirrh^i'''*r*K^ •"^ ob.tinatcViudice "i;i 
 
 ^U^^l ^**** J? attached tp a proatitute, U unflttedto 
 tt^J^jS^Z^"^ "^ '"'^ P^ipo-e-don in faCr of 
 SalSS^.^ onS? ^«OTemment will diMbla n. from dJi 
 
 -A 
 
 »• • 
 
 z' 
 
 / 
 
 ■••— 
 
 '# 
 ^l^» 
 
 oi uoiifuumt iSD HKBKDiTABT rooomBioir. 
 
 the cquUtr coOd only ba deMtOTod by aoma «nh^n»^ 
 
 SJZ^^ /wis?'' ill-«>andlng luunee of .ruloe uid ^ 
 k™ rSlTr k's'*'*"'^'* thou^Tl^ce wffliT 
 
 I'^rL Iri ^*",}^'* how .^^j^r cfma'iotot^ 
 Wv.M •» saltad aboTe the raM. and di»«nJaWied Kk, 
 
 iMlMiiiillHlNiiiiiiMi 
 
 -.^, 
 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^!^i!T 
 
/ 
 
 €imm(m 
 
 U 
 
 %om$( n«w tpedflt, la worth Inquiring Into, and whether 
 \htff are the mean* of happiuvii Or of uiaorj to niaa- 
 kind. ^ 
 
 In tho early aget of the world, aeoordlnj^ to thiicrlptnre 
 chronology^ Uiere woro no kingi; the consoquenco of which 
 was tliere were no wan; U !■ thn yAA^ \j Hng> »i.t,>h 
 
 Lflfrnftumn. Uolland, witliout 
 
 hath onjoyed moro peace for tlio Uit century than any of 
 the monarchical goTemmcnts of Europe. Antiquity favort 
 tlio same remark ; for tlie quiet and rural lit ea of the fintt 
 piitriarcha hare a happy lometliing in them, which Tanlahea 
 when wo come to the niitory of Juwiah royalti 
 
 copied the 
 
 __ from whom tbe children of Iirael copii 
 waa the most prosperoni invention that waa ever 
 •ot on foot for the promotion of Idolatry. The heathen paid 
 divine honoun to their dc<;ea8cd kingi, and the Ghriatian 
 world hatli improved on tlio plan by doing tlie same to 
 their living ones. IIow impioua is Uio title m^focred majithf 
 applied to a worm, who in the midat of hla iplendor u 
 crumbling into dost I 
 
 Aa the exalting one man lo greatly above the reet, caniv^t 
 be joatifled on the cqaal righta of nature, so neither ean it be 
 defended on the aQt|ority of Scripture: for the will of the 
 Almighty aa dedarea by Qidoon, and the prophet Samuel, 
 ezpreMly diaapprovea of government bv kings. All anti- 
 inonarcnical parts of Scnpture, have been very smoo^ly 
 glossed over in monarohioal govomipents. but they undoubt* 
 edly merit the attention of countries, which have theur gov- 
 ernments yet to form. Render tmto Ceaar the things wnieh 
 are (Mtartt is the scripture doctrine of courts, yet it is no 
 support of monarchical government, for the Jews at that 
 time were without a king, and in a state of vassalage to Uie 
 Homans. 
 
 |Tear three thousand years passed away fW)m the Mosaic 
 account of the creation, until the Jews, under a national de- 
 lusion, requested a king. 1111 then their form of government 
 (except in extraordinary cases, where the Almighty inter- 
 poBoo) was a kind of republic, administered by a judge and 
 the cldors of the tribes. Kings they had none, and it waa 
 held sinful to acknowledge any being under tliat title but 
 the Lord of Hosts. And when a man seriously reflects on 
 the idolatrous homag e which is paid to the pe r sons of kings, 
 heiieed not wonder that the Almighty, ever jesdoua of uia 
 
14 
 
 oomcoii tiirti. 
 
 i 
 
 i, 
 
 I;,Xu';i?!!fi** Jl-yproire • form of goronunmU whkkm 
 
 conduct of Samnol'a twn ^^J-i 'VVt "old of the mi»^ 
 .cmlar ooncZ^^\'j;rm'7n.\V:Kt":^^ ?*•<•■"• ' 
 
 other nation^ iTthe IImX™ _l "' T?"" "« '**« "■"<> 
 In. Nring «t„ch W.£*ffi I'rfibr' SlSte'^ 
 
 » p.i rutuiar king, but tlioKouoral inaniiar of Uic kin;» Ji 
 
■— ■.■yj'ijf ''MiJF'^ 
 
 n 
 
 tliM ««rth, whom lanMil wta to Mg«rhr copying nfW. And noto 
 wiUiaUnding Ui« great ditUn<^« of Ume and difTaronce of 
 mannert, tho character ia itill in faahion. And Satntyil tt>l4 
 all tfut toortU o/ ths htnl uuti) th^ t}^njiU^ that tuJIyd of Mm 
 a king. A rul he §aUl, This thall he t/ui manner of the king 
 that ahall reign over you ; he ioiU taktmur $on* ami apptniU 
 them for him§e{f^/or hie chan'ote^ and to be hie horemmn^ 
 and eome ehall run before hie f7wiriV>^(lliliid<MM'Hptl<»ti »grti<MI 
 with tho pr(««nt mouo of itiiproiaing men) and he will ap- 
 point him oaptaine^over th/)ueande, and captain* over fftiee^ 
 and will eet them to tar hi* ground and to reap hi* harve*t^ 
 9nd to make hi* inttrument* rf war, and inetrum^nt* of At# 
 chariot* ; and he will take your daughter* to he confection' 
 ariet, and to be cook* and to be baker* (tliia dcacnbea tho 
 oxpenio and loxunr at woU at tho opprftaion of kinga) and 
 he will take your Held* and your olive yard*, even the beet of 
 ihem.dml give them to hie eeroante ; and he will take the 
 tenth of your eeed, ami of your vineyard*, and give them to 
 hi* ojgicer* and to hi* eervant* (by which wo too tiiat bribery, 
 corruption, and favofritism, aro tlio standing yieos of kings) 
 and he toill take the tenth of your men eervant*^ and your 
 maid tervante, and your gooiilieet young men^ and your 
 a**e*f and put them to hi* work : and he toill take t/ie tenth 
 of your ihsepy and ye ehall be hi* eervant*, and y* *haU cry 
 out in that dau bfcause of your king whirh ye ahall have 
 chnem. AND TUE LOUD WILL NOT UEAU YOU 
 IN THAT DAY. This accounta for the continuation of 
 monarchy ; neither do the charaotora of the few good kingt 
 which have lived since, either sanctify the title, or bl6t out 
 the sinfulness of the origin : tho high encomium given of 
 David takes no« notice of him officially a* a king, but only as 
 a man after Go4H» own heart Neverthele** the pcovle refused 
 to obey the voice of Samuel^ and they taid, N'ay, tut we wUl 
 have a king wer ti#, th(tt we may be like all the nation*, and 
 that tltkJ^ng may judge Wy and go out before u* and fght 
 our battlet. Samuel continued to reason with them, but to 
 no purpose; he set before them their ingratitude, but all 
 womd not avail ; and seeing them fully bent on their folly, 
 Ibe cried out, /will call uiUo the Lordy and he ehall it^nd 
 thunder and rain T which was then a punishment, being in 
 tho time of wheat liarvest) that ye may perceive and ef" that 
 loickednees ia great which ye have d one in the ai(/ hi "f 
 
 ia grea 
 SIONC 
 
 ml 
 
 el f. 
 
 tiTzorrf, IN ASKING YOU A KING. So Samuel cafLd 
 unto th4 Lordf and th$ Lof^ tent thunder and rain thai dt^t 
 
 t .. 
 
T?-' 
 
 
 u 
 
 •".f a thi mapU frma^f,;i^ a* Lw^ and ^%imud. A nd 
 aii lAs^opls taul unto Xtmusl, /'rap/or thy »*rvitnU unto 
 Vf />»rr( thy Oiul that urn du noL /or WK HAVE 
 
 JKINU Th«m |M)rtiofm of •«rl|itur« aro direc^t »imI ixwiti?*. 
 lljtiy »amll o( no i'«iuiv<M'»l roimtnirtion. Tliat i\m Almlghlr 
 Imtli heru unt^;^! hia ywUmt tkUAiwii iiumnrvhlcal gurvm 
 tmni if tnio4ur Uio uMptun it l\il««7 And « nmn hatii iro.H| 
 ri'AMin to Im'Uovo tlmt tliom U m ntnth of kingrmrt, m nridt^ 
 crnit in withholding tha ^riptun) J'min tho public in Poplih 
 oountrjiit. For uuuuuKhi kuiXXlUJ^Utym i| tb/% ropery of 
 ^uvornmoot • / ' 
 
 Tq tlio «Tn of mwiarcTiy wo Hato added that of horodiUrr 
 •accMtion ; and aa tho flnit ia a degradation and Icaaeninff 
 of oura«Wca, to tho aocond, clalmod aa a mattor of right, la 
 M intu t and im|K)gition on txmUmty. For all men boinir 
 originally ooual«, no om by btrtA, could haro a right to aot 
 up hia own family, in pflqxjtunl preference to all oUiera for 
 ojor, and though himaclf might dcucrvo MonM d«»oont degroo 
 of honoura of hia cotomporarioa, yet his demrendanta might 
 be far too unworthy to inherit Uiera. One of thn mimn^t^ t 
 
 ly, aa no man at flnt conld poaaeea more public 
 Jionoura than wore b^towed upon him, so the given or tiioiie 
 honoura could have no power to give away the right of poa- 
 tority, and though they might aay " We chooae you for our 
 head, they couW not, without nianifeat injuatico to their 
 ,ychildren,Bay«th*t your children and your children'a chil 
 . dren ahaU retffn over ourt for ever." Becauao auch an ud- 
 wieo, uiyuat, unnatural compact might, (perhapg) in the next 
 •yccearion^put them under the government of n rogue, or a 
 
 fooL 
 
 .i(f\,';'«nf'ui':ff5iti™)l 
 
 i^i 
 
 itiyJaauLfixei* 
 
 — ^-r-r — r-^^ — o . ■- mm,^,^- , ^.-titiaoneof thoae 
 
 which when nn<»A ««taKi{||tin|i T. «^» -mWy rrmnTfri * 
 many aubmit from fear, nthnim fi-nm n||p^rn»;»;^^ g^^j ^1,^ 
 
 more powerful part sharea, with tho king, tho plunder of 
 tlio roatv ^^7^ *^ - 
 
 Thia ia anopoaing the present race of k!ngi te the world 
 to hHvo had an honourftblo origin : whereaa it m more than 
 probable, that could we take off the dark covering of anti- 
 «inity, and trace them to their firat rife, we ahould find the 
 
 :■#.:•■ t 
 

 •untutx ODUln«d him th« tiU« of rhi«f atnonff plundur* 
 
 am 
 
 s . 
 
 tr« ; aiul who by incroatir^ in powor, An<l •xtflndiiiK ^ 
 deprotltttiotUK o?ari»wcNl tho qui«i And dafttmielt*M to pui^ 
 oh AM Ui«ir tafoty by froquent contributioni. Yot hit m09» 
 tort could hftvo no id«« of givin}( hfiriidiUry right to hli 
 dMOondftnta, b«rAu«o such m t>«rp«tual oxcluMioii of thmn* 
 mItm wm incoiiip«tihlo with tao iroe An<l iinrmtainod priii- 
 oipUt Umj prof«)Mod to Mr 9 hf, Wh«rofor«> heroditar^r 
 •uuomUoo in the o*rlj agw of monAnihj could not takt 
 plnco M a ntftttor of cLum, but u tomethtng oMtial or cooi' 
 
 Sliinoot*! ; but m fow or no records were extant in thoee 
 ejti and traditionary history ttuffod with fablna, it waa rmy 
 tMy, after the lapse of a few genorationa, to truinp up aonMI 
 •uporttitioaa tale, conreniently timed Mahomet likOf to cram 
 hereditary rights down tho throats of the vulgar. Perhaps 
 the disordurs which throatened, or seemed to threaten, on 
 tho decease of a loader and tho choice of a new one (for 
 eluiHions among ruffians could not be vory orderly) induced 
 many at first to faror hereditary prot<msions| by which 
 moans it happened, as it hath happened since, that what at 
 first wai Bulimitted to aa A oonvenienoe, was afterwards 
 claimed as a right 
 
 " since th *» '^qpf^^ p^^^ff |m9i p^*9fl> ^ 
 
 tnrtfUT^flp, ymy gmmt^Ji l>^«^»h m. m.«;i. Ui^ Wm\ 
 
 ba d O M JA 7«t no man in his sonsea can say that tneir 
 nnder wubam tho Conqueror ia a Terr honorable one. A 
 French bastard landing with an armea banditti, and estab- 
 lishing himself king of England against the consent of tho 
 natives, is in plain terms a very paltry rascally originaL It 
 certainly hath no divinity in it Howevor, it is noodloss to 
 
 rmd much time in exposing the follr of hereditary right, 
 there are any so weak ai to beliero it, let them promiscu- 
 ously worship the ass and tho lion, and welcome. I shaU 
 noitner copy their humility, nor disturb their devotion. 1 
 
 Yet I should be glad to ask how they suppose kings came 
 at first! The question admits but of three answers, vix. 
 either hj lot, br election, or by usurpation. If the fint kinc 
 was taken by lot, it establisnes a precedent for the noit, 
 which exclu<fes hereditary succession. Saul was by lot, yet 
 tlio succession was not hereditary, neither does u sppear 
 from that trauMction thsit there was ai^ ha^ttgn it ever 
 should b& If the first king of any ooaj^«ii||«lBotion, 
 
 ¥ 
 

 «*«<«*• not ofil/ of 
 
 lj«t Di« H|rhl of 411 rbti 
 
 #«./» rm.,p.ri*m. Md it will Mhnl of no oth^'K i^*"* 
 •iK^on mn dmir. no glory Fori 7^ AH. ' ^r^''*•7 
 
 »^ s; r 1 Ji-rTd^r Jxit .Jii?^- 
 
 Imw, that thar h». !>;!> uLi ™^'"' *»™ ••» ▼"rtd d| 
 
 tWdomiiont. ^^~* ^^ "^* <^ «>J tliwii^^ 
 
 all which time S^l^j^SSTl^^^ •^JV^V/^ J 
 
 ifom out wilh»«MdSflnS^ir^^* ^•PP^ when i king, 
 to ererr mliaW wST ^JT^ ^^^^^^ bocomof the prey 
 """ ' "Miole pIm. which 
 
 
-^s^ 
 
 ^^f 
 
 mtf wwrm tkifl trm% %mmW fm m/i\ 
 
 k tlifl.m<Mt h*njf«r«i f»^|3yt^« Mosfm^vmm 
 
 _Jn« wh^iA hiiiorj oTIIti^liifM li»<mM t]b« fii«'l. 
 -1^ •«<* 'wo minom have rp»4(n^ iji tl||^t dlatrmi text 
 
 i«il wiui mad 
 ng fur miMik 
 fo«iml«U<m it 
 
 (itu'Juding the nvn>liilMiii) no Iom Umn «•!( 
 siiiotMtt rutxjIlioiiiiL. Whmtfoiti inatmd ./f 
 it niftktf ftK^iiMt it, aod (l«Mtroj« U)« f^i 
 litmi to tUnd tipmn. 
 
 • Tb« eoQltft for nionamhj^ and mrrnMiii 
 lionMt it TMl IM LancMi^r, 1«M Kntf lin 
 blood fbrminjyMrp. Twelve (WMied bata£ iMridM ■kli^> 
 miaiicfl and ■logm, wi<»ra fonf^bt bottriwn Ummmm4 (Mwand, 
 twice wm#ir«nry |>ri*t)n«r to Kdw«rd, who 9 hit turn wai 
 priion«r to Henry. And tounoerUm la tll» fate o( WAT 
 and the tetntMnr of » nation, when nothing knit perional 
 matters are the grtHinid of a quarrel, tliat Henry waa taken 
 in triumph fh>ni a prison to a palace, and Kdwi^ obliged 
 to flj fW)m a palaoo to a foreign land : jrot, aa iuddon tran- 
 •itiona of t«mp«p «t iMidom nSilng, ll^nrr in hto tnm was 
 drif «i from th« throne, and Edward recalled to succeed Mm. 
 Hm narliamoit alwmji §o\\sfwing the strongest sido. 
 
 Tlus contest began in the reign of Utnrj the Sixth, and 
 WM not entirely eKtinfuiahed till Henry the 8#vcnth. in 
 whom the familios were united. Including a period (ft 67 
 ^jiart, ▼ia. tnm 1499 to 1489. . 
 
 In short, monarchr and succesaion Wto laid (not th^s or 
 that kingdom only,) bnt tlie world in bldod and aah«a. TIa 
 '. ftform cf gorernment whiich the word of Qod boars teati- 
 mony agaisft, and blood itill attand it ^ ^ i% 
 
 If we inqnire into the budnesa of a king, m ihtll ftM 
 (and b some oonntriea they hare none) thst after aanntcrinf 
 away their Jires without pleasnre to tbenMsrcs or advan- 
 tag« to fEe nation, they withdraw from tha heme, and \mr% 
 their snocessors to tread the same nsolesa and idle ronnd. la 
 absQlnte monarohiea the whole weight of bnalnesa, oiril and 
 militaiy. Uaa on the king : the children of Israel in their 
 request ibr a king, orged this plea, ** that he may judge na, 
 and go ont before na and flght oor battles.** But m countrioe 
 where he is neither a lodge nor a general, as in England, a 
 man woold be pnailed to know what if hk business. 
 
 The n e arw MT mwrnmi i r amirrtaidiea tn a n mnhauai^ 
 
 !tia somewhat dlffloult to 
 flISngland. 8ii 
 
 3 
 
 * ■ 
 
 4 
 
'ۥ 
 
 WiUUun Mavditiuuais It a i 
 or tfte crowiL py h^w 
 
 ?»^iiir!?mnrmir: 
 
 ▼irtue 
 
 namet wi 
 
 loenoe 
 _i.^ *^ 
 
 jfii i^jibbUAin pari in the 
 imeiit of England ia nearly 
 
 out 
 
 For /it ia the 
 
 ^ I 2h<S^ 1. EoKli^limen gloiy fn, via. thf^™ ■ - 
 
 Maui \?f J**f!^ir** ^^SJ^"*^ ^^^« ^« 
 
 enanes. Whj ia the oonatittttion of England 
 JUlAlWlj mm piTlfined ihe r^ffiS 
 
 0, 
 
 1 5»i> 
 
 ■ CTOWll 
 
 w^T^SlP'S!? • ^K ^^ ««le more to do ihin tokife 
 
 vaoueaifl on nn 
 raESEOT STATB OF THE AMEBIOAH AFFAna. 
 
 hia reason ittdW?£S!SlKJ?-f^"^^^*^^ ""d suffer 
 
imift Molde CIm eontctt ; the appMl wm the eholM of m 
 hing, and th« oontincnt h«th aoo«»k«d the oh*U«ige I 
 
 It hee been reported of the Ute Mr. Pelhmm (wlu>, ftf^ngh 
 en able minieter wee not without hie fenlte) thet on nk b<»- 
 ing etteoked in the hotue of oommoni, on the More, thet his 
 meMoree were only of e temporerr kind, replied, ^^th^ytnUi 
 latt nw Urns.** Bhonid e thought lo fetal or unmanly poe> 
 MM tne colonies in the present contest, the name of an- 
 cestors will be remembered bj ftiture generations with detee* 
 tatlon. .A. 
 
 The ann jM79Lih0n9 on ft oftuse of greater worth. Tie 
 not the ftffftlr uLt^^itx^ S0jmtZa3 vxpime^ or a kingdom, 
 hnt rtf ft i^ntJiiMit — of at least one-el£hih part of the nabii*^ 
 able globe. TS not thfl finnnflm a^AJJaj^jp jear, or an 
 *g^ > S9f^9^MrSji^^t!^J inxobred in the contest, and will 
 be more or leas aneotea eyen to the end o f time, b y the 
 ceedings now. ^Unm lathe leadi time nf ^witinffl 
 faith and honor. The least fracture now will 
 name engraved with the point of a pin on the tendier rind of 
 a young oak ; the wound will enlarge with the tree, and pot* 
 teri^ read it in frill grown characters. 
 f^^Bj referrm^ the matter from ailment to arms, a fieir 
 area for politics is struck ; a new method of thinking h%th 
 arisen. ^ All plaitis, proposals, etc. prior to the nineteoith of 
 April, s. 0. to the commencement of hostilities, are liliytthfi 
 almanacks of last year; whic K t hough proper then, are 
 superseded and useleas now. Whateyer was adyan^ by 
 the advocates on either side of the question then, terminated 
 in one and the same point, yiz. a union with Great Britain ; . 
 the only difference between the parties was the methpd of 
 effecting it; the one prq>osing foroe, the other fHendship; 
 but it hath so far happened that the first has failed, and 
 the second has withdrawn her influence. ^ 
 
 As much hath been said of the advantages of reconcSia- 
 tibn, which, like an agreeable dfeam. hath passed away and 
 left us as we were, it is but right that we should diamine 
 thft nnnt rary a^ e qf tf>y f i-g ronent. and ^"j|1|ir^ ^jnt^yTSAmaTyf- 
 the man y m^^fTf tj ^^"*L^"^^^'"'* *h«ff<^«Y»i?^«i^ff «*stain, and 
 
 y tne pro- ^ 
 iSriiitpi^J 
 be like a 
 
 al ways wijT 
 
 i^MStft^^lSt^ To'^ai^e that oonnectibn and'^epend- 
 ftuoeyon the prindplee of nature and oomnion sense, to see 
 whit we hftTe to trust to, if separated, and what we are to 
 
 ^eme^ 
 
 v 
 
■ 1^' 
 
 V 
 
 • . ■ 
 
 flonrbhad vndm hw former oomuDdoii with Qn^t RHi^.. 
 neM, and will ilwaTi hare the «une effect NothinffSn 
 
 li i» now to have meftt, or th«t the fint imentrraliuAf 
 ( groned 0* to true, and dafanded the oontinent .t om m. 
 
 sSslsfdteSr "^ "^ """'-^ "^ «" •ko "k« <rf ; 
 
 «Bfrt'.!in' ' i' ! ^ ^* ^ Inng Ifl d « W 1| T h» ■ nm mt m jifii^, ' 
 th« protootion of Great iritaui, wjthont ooniideiiithS 
 
 ^*r«MmM. on *»• <n«. lucount, from thoM wSo lud^ 
 Wrral with us on any aM«r aeamnt, and who wiJlTwav. 
 
 Woor enenue. on the »«», oa^mnt I*t IhSSTw^^^ 
 pretantiont to the continent, or the continantX.rjff SSv 
 dopendanco, and we ahonld be at peaoeTfl, J?IJ,m^.„1\ 
 Spam, were they at war with BnW ^^^^rf 
 
 it hath latelT been amrted in pigment, that t^,«A«. 
 nfat h«Te no niation to eaeh oth«rbnt SuSSXir™^^ 
 ~™tiy, i.e. that.PemuylTania .nd Se^X^'^ • 
 for the rest, are lister eolpniee by way J^^^^X ' 
 OBrt^y • yeiy wnnd-about way of pro^nTSiieSSrin 
 
 it bappeag not to be troeb or mjl^ ^ ^^S^rimS^ 
 
parmim wu i lr «MiMry bath IImipi JcraitioAllT Adopted hj '/ 
 the king and hii pvMltoa, witib a low pftpietlcal deiLni or/ 
 gaining Ml unfair Mm on the credolont weekneit of oof 
 
 niindl. yniirmii, «tiH nA» UStg^fff [| f^ 
 
 are tuej flea,' 
 but ' 
 
 not from the tender 
 the omel^ of the mon- 
 ster ; and it is ao far tme of Englland, that the same tyrannr 
 whidi drore the fint emigrant^ from home, pnmet their 
 descendants still. 
 
 In Uiis exteniiTe qnarter of thl 
 *ow lunitf of three nnndred 
 England) and canrj onr friend 
 clami brotherhood with orerj 
 triumph in the generositj of the 
 
 It is pleasant to observe with 
 surmount local prejudices,, as we 
 with the world. A man bom 
 
 divided into |»ari^es, will na 
 
 his fellow panshibners (because thi 
 
 globe, we forset the nar- 
 nxtj miles (the extent of- 
 on a larffer scale ; we 
 iuropean Cariftian, and^ 
 timent. 
 
 if regular gradations wo 
 'arge our aoquaintanoe 
 any town in England 
 associate with most of 
 r interest m many casea 
 will be common) hmd distinguish him by the name ox neigh- 
 lor; if he meet him but a few ndUlte from home, he drops 
 . the narrow idea of a street, and salutes him by the name of 
 UnmMman: if he travel out of the county, and meets hina in 
 any other,'he forg^ the minor divinons of street and town^ 
 and calls him oovMryman^ i. «, counmman; but if in their 
 foreign excursions thev should assomate in France or any 
 other part of JSlifvptf, their local remonbrance would be en- 
 laiged into that of mgUahma/n, Akd by a just parity of 
 reasoning^ all Europeans meeting in JAmerica, or any other 
 qnarter cnr the ^be, are oouatfymm ; for EngUmd, Hollan4. ' 
 Qernumy, or Sweden, when compared with the whole, stai^i 
 in the same places on the larger scale, which the divisions ^|' 
 street, town, and county do pn the smaner one ; distinctions 
 too limited for continental minds. Hot one third of the in- 
 habitants, even of this province, arj| of English desc& 
 
 ^ parent or mother 
 false, selfish, nar* 
 
 Wherefore, I reprobate the phrase 
 country a|^lied to Tgng^and omy, as b 
 roV and nngeneroui. 
 
 :tliatw8wereaDdf 
 
 
 "j»p; ".:Anii; 
 
 m^m^. 
 
 i^iiti iTpwi flnifliny> 
 
 and to sav th at 
 
 \ 
 
 
 ■v.... 
 
 -P. 
 
 
< 
 
 It 
 
 .'Mf-4-- ■--; 
 
 from Ui« Mm. oountry : lESeJrfoL bfJh^ i^?!;;^'"! 
 
 A^^f T?** ^"« ,»• to do with nttiiur the world .t 
 deflmcel Onr plan ii commeroo, uid ^,™>1 ZSZii* 
 
 W llgBMBaM e^r ^ yr&i U r i* SgBgPWt <)an re»p,,TPf- 
 
 Amoric. tojrtoer clWf of Earopo." ^nto&T.l'Sw:** S^ 
 never can do. while hv hni. *i.Ewl"ii^ ^^ wluch ehe 
 
 not torn ont like aalMtT-j \JIr?5'.. ■'"" °/^ '"' ""y 
 for «eonciHX now'^*Sf jffi^'^*^' •f;«»»«A 
 l>e<»iue, mmlrBnty in that OMTwoSfd »1^^** *'''°' 
 
•• 
 
 ooiaiov tim. 
 
 .4pHP#<« 
 
 SA 
 
 Dleadi for 
 
 btion. 
 
 '~lft. /n JMrt L £|m. mo diiUnue 
 - 1 Plft<^^'*> ^T^*^'"^Al^r^ ••-7 
 •M nnturftt ttfooyjiftt IMAJltiiorjt^jtLjJiOdno 
 . , r»,Ayng never tlio<lc'siLMi^>fWv;.n. Un tTTw^ 
 iko\vi«o/at winch tlio continent wuh (liwovcTCftpKldH wviuUi 
 to tho^r^imcnt, and tho manner in which it wft« peopled, 
 Increases tlio force of it. Tho reformation wag prc<ixlJd by 
 tlio discovery of America, as If t^lo Ahnidity gracionaly 
 meant to open a ganctnary to tho ncrsccutcd in ftitnro ycari 
 when home should afford neither rriondsliip nor safety, 
 v^ Tlio ajthority of Great Britain over tliis continent, if 
 /« form of goTemmont, which sooner or later must have an 
 1' end : and a serious mind can draw no tmo pleasure by look- 
 ing forward under tho painful and positive conviction, that 
 what ho calls ^ t^fl^^IFs^'n* constitu tion." ia merely tnmnft. 
 fMSjit As parents, we can Bavo* no" joy, kmiwing that "5^ 
 govemm^t jg not sufficiently lasting to ensure any thinir 
 which wfe may bequeath to posterity; and by a pllln mS- 
 thod of krgumont. as wo aro running tho next generation 
 into debt, wo ought to do tho work of it, otlierwiso wo use 
 them mioanly and pitifully. In order to discover tlio lino of 
 our duty rightly, wo sliould take our children in our hand, 
 and fix our station a few years farther into life ; that emi- 
 nence will present a prospect, which a few present fcani and 
 
 prciudicos conceal from oiy RJyht. •-- 
 
 Ihottgn I wouW carefully avoid giving nnnoccssarv of- 
 fence, yet I am inclined to believe, that all tlioso who espouse 
 tho doctrine of rcconciliatioi^^ may be included within the 
 following descriptions. / 
 
 JntetfiatoUfi^who are not to bo tmstod; wfl>V mm* 
 
 who cannot see ; itrilldirftd mfiP, who noiU not we; imd a 
 
 certain set of in^jdaiiito^nwa, jMtlW^^ nf tho JSpro. 
 
 -., ^—5 ^^^ff ; and this last olasa. by an ul- 
 
 „ deliberation, wiU be the cause of more calamitl* to 
 continent tlian all the other tlutio. 
 It is the good fort^mo of many to live distant from the 
 scene of sorrow; the cjvil is not srifficicntly brought to thdr 
 doors to make ^Am fi^l the precariousnesa^tb which all 
 Amencan property is possessed. But let prxr imaginationa 
 transport us a few monbcnts to Boston ; thit soat of wretch- 
 edn^ wiU teach ns wisdom, and instn^t us fbrover to le* 
 
 biuqts oT thai unlortiuUic cllV/wiio bat a fiw vt^XvB ago 
 
 •/ 
 
 \ 
 
 4 
 
 •s> 
 
 »1 
 
 -•i 
 
 •A 
 
« 
 
 o«ll oot, " J«!uy^^ '"V fcnftfi'Sl l«?,jW*f'ii "7 nf *? 
 
 cannot do a!! thoM. troTare 
 
 •erre 
 
 more w^tohrftS-, the fl™t Z1t^oltrTV^'S!S 
 
 ■pint of JaycophTnt ^'^ ""^ ' ^^'^'^ •^ >J»« 
 
 tho^l^y ^^K^J'^^SP*^*^ matters, bnt ttrimf 
 •nd wi^r^hSfJ^*" 't^ afl^tiopTSbich nature iu^i 
 
 inean^SS'to'tSbSf 
 
 ▼enge, but to awaken m. ft«« f!r*:/?J?^?.?r^^?™? ^o- 
 
 
 riiih an eon tf riglith' i M p hM CaTKt 
 whole continent wijfl partaS?? . the 
 it no iwtiualiment wluoh that niU 
 
 '■ I 
 
■wi^'sp^^ 
 
 '.ww^jyt^^ 
 
 tr 
 
 will BoC 4mmr% Im he who. or wh«t, or wlwra he wfll, thut 
 ney be Ihe um^m oi u MnM i n( ^ a ieiioii lo j^gdviia aud 
 
 It la Topn^tnt to rcmon, and tlio nnlrcrtal orrlor of 
 thingtf to alt oxemplos from formur n^c«, to tiipiNMo that 
 tlilt contiiiout can loQji^'r remain subject to an/ t'xtcnial 
 powor. TliO moat lanjiuino in Britain, do not think so. 
 Tho ntmoat itretch of uuman wisdom cannot, at this time, 
 oomnoaa a plan ahort of aoparation, whieli can promiso tho 
 eontlnont oTon e yoar'a socurity. Bcconciltation U nnm ^ 
 jllUi^t^M *|ff|m Natnro hath doaertod uio connexion, and 
 .art oannot auppl y hor place* For, aa Mlkon wisely cxprcssca. 
 
 raconcilmnont jpmw^ ^hi^r* »^«.»^| ^f 
 
 Ivory qalol mcftidd fcrpeaco hath hocn Ineflbctnal. Onr 
 prayora ha?o been rejected witli disdain ; and only tended 
 to oonTlnce ns that notJiing flnttcra vanity, or eonflrms ob- 
 atinacy in kings moro than repeated )>etitiouing — notliing 
 hath contribntod moro tlian this very moasnru to make the 
 kinga of Europe absolute : witness Denmark and Bweden. 
 
 Wl^rirafo^ ainny i^yl^liy hut hln». irill A^^ f<.ra^\ m|« 
 
 H^tion to be cutting th~roata,iiJMlortko?ioifi(0(iimni|Mning 
 AnraTdr Bererit awtuWWr-^ .„,.p,««^ t,^ 
 
 ^^ aay tney will never attcmptit again, is idle and vision- 
 ary ; wo thought so at tlio repeal of tho atamp act, yet a 
 yoar or two undoccivcd us : as well may wo suppose that 
 nations, wliich havo boon onoo defeated, wiU uover renew 
 thoquarrd. --'t ■■'.'' ::"y]_. ■.■; 'wM'^' 
 
 Am to gorernmont matters, it is not in the powor of Bri- 
 tain to ao this continent justice: tho business of it w ll 
 ■oon bo.too weighty and intricato to be managed with any 
 tolerable degree of convenience, by a power so distaut froni 
 us, and so very ignorant of vs; for if they cannot conquer 
 ua, tliey cannot govern ns. To be always running throe or 
 four tliouiafid milea with a tale or a petitioln, waiting Jogr 
 or live months for an answer, which, when obtained, roqulroii 
 five or six moro to explain it in, will in a few years be 
 looked upon aa folly and childishnoia-^here was a tiino 
 when it waa proper, and there is a proper time for it io 
 eeaso. -■ • ' ■ ■ ■/ ■ '.'\ -'" 
 
 ^^ Small ialanda, not capable of protecth^g thema^vea, are 
 the proper objoeta foirrJungdoma to uko&ider th^ carp ; 
 but there ia lomethinlp abraid, in aappoaing a contineftt to 
 
 W 
 

 ^. 
 
 ^- 
 
 nJ.II^'^f^i'^ f^""^,"^ \J *n Wand. In no InKance hath 
 
 nature m«do tlio wullito Urp,r timn Ub primary planot ; and 
 
 M hnKlmul «n<l Arntrica, with rcaptict ti* .'acli ojn,.r, irvortit 
 
 10 coiniiion order of natims It ia ovuk^it that they bih.na 
 
 I ir:"?^ •?•"•*. ^'"'^''*"^' *** J='''"^rH^-A,ncrlcato ittl? 
 1 am not iiir|„tHMl hv ...otivct of piidc, partv, or f^^n^ 
 
 31 ;. { *"**''**T *'*' ^*^^''*"*^ of m.parati<m ^lul |„,h.iK.nr 
 
 •uadod that It i. the true iutcrct of this conthiont to io ao : 
 yift^-«i«4UXt!»iiig thort of tAa( U in?rq patchwork: that It 
 T ^^T^r ^*«»"r1WcTt;yr.__that It ifTc^J^nftfe awoi^ 
 i iS f :*i1"'"* ."< .[.rinkil.^ back at a time, Shen J!^ 
 ^^car?hr ""^^ ^J^'^M^BAJM^miUm^ 
 ta^lr^l^ **•*'' -^""^ manirciifod (lio Iciiit Incliriatlon 
 
 can bo obuincd worthy the neceptunco of the continent, or 
 any wa^g co„a! to the expcaso of blopd and trcaturo w« 
 Uvo been almady out to* "«~ur« w« 
 
 ?.!?Jnri!^l oontciidod iba. onpjht alwarn to hear wmo Inst 
 -■ .jl!"? '? n** r-f T"*? ^''*' rciuoval of North, or the 
 Wholo dotcstab mo, U a matter unworthy tho milliona 
 wo havo expondotT A temporary stoppaffo of trade waa an 
 ^onvenieneo whieh would liaveiuffie^in^y Sala^eSlZ?^ 
 
 obUinod ; but if the wholo eontinent must take im arms if 
 
 UUiuuBauEUilo 
 
 flo-I.t?-^,. > -^"'' :-• — .rciieal or tiio acVi, if thit i6 aT/o 
 X .^i ( li "* f J?' <f timation, it is as great a folly to pay 
 
 Sh. hr*"." P'*'*' t°' ^'^'^ «« ^*^»- *«n^- I l'*vo always eon- 
 «dcrcd tlio II, dependency of this eontincn^ a. an event wldch 
 
 VclZ^'JT "•"•' ^*ke plaee, and, from tlio l^e rapid 
 flrf^ ^ the contmont to maturity, the event cannot ^o 
 rirL 5;wW*'"'^k'?' ?" V*** ^rcHkinfr out of hostilities, it was 
 S^lKLi fiVlV^'i^ liAve dispnte^i a matter which time . 
 ^H^ have finally rctlressed, unless we meant to be in eai- 
 
 S«^* iL*^^ trespasses of a tenant, whc«e lease is just ex- 
 Si^t^^V""" '"'':? ^^"V""' vyJftllPr far « mooneiliation 
 
 tlummrydf, hmm thn fwt^n^iiact^BiL^^i^^ 
 
 themonient thaevent of ih.t ^o £:Sggim5^^^ 
 
 uuHiuioa ; out II the wholo continent mui 
 ovenr man mast be a soldier, itis scared 
 
 y tltfht against a er^n^^.|np*jl>'1Bmg«t| 
 
 itf^ftmrnm 
 
 2Stoftlifttdt 
 
 ♦ Ha y rf tatUHngfa. 
 
 i 
 
tnd dladatn Uie wrotirfi, tliAl wtth th« itfttondiN! tlt)« of 
 J'ath^r of hi§ peopU,ct%u unfeolinuly ho»r of their •UogbUar, 
 And conipo«c<lly nloop with tlitir IiUkkI «p«»n hli ioul. 
 
 Bnl AUinitthip; that matter* wcro now inii<lo up, whit 
 woulrl l»o the •vuntt I aniwer. tl»e ruin of tii> oont iiiunt. 
 And that for icvorftl r(»iiiioni. 
 
 Itt, Tho iiowom of Kuveniinx ttUl roniaining in tho hands 
 of the king, ho will have a ncgtitivo over the wholti logiflA* 
 tioh of this continont. And aa ha hath shown hiiniolf lueh 
 an inveterate eAoiny to liberty, and diMcovorod ttich a thlrht 
 fur Arbitrary nowur: ii ho, or it iio not^ a jiropor jicnotiJU) 
 •Af to these colonies, " you §httU make no Uwm but whai I 
 pUoH f " And is there any inhabitant of America so ign<yi 
 rant as not to know, tliat acco rd in| [ to JYlifll ii <i*"^' thft 
 mt c(m^<i<M<iy »^, t|[]irim«tp^tTii-n'»7;nc.i no laws but, 
 
 t the k^aii ; g;i Y«W ^f^ ^^ ^ * •*•'** ^* "'oro any man so un- 
 wise aTnnlto^oortnat^ napponetl) ho 
 will suffer no law to be made hero, bat such as suits A^ 
 purpose? We may bo as ofTeetnally enslaved by the want 
 of laws in America, as by submitting to laws made for us in 
 England. After matters are made up (as it is called). can 
 there, be any doubt, but the whole pow^ f o f t)y& thrown wlU 
 W_^!cort fl^ , to k eep tlii» continent as l ow an d Iminhle gf p^ 
 siLlof Instead o f ' tfuli i tf fOn rafiTWirnnt g6 t»aclcward, or 
 
 To perpetually quarrelling, or ridicnlonsly petitioning.— 'AVe 
 Are Already greater than the king wishes us to be, and will 
 he not lioreaftor endeavor to make us loss? To bring the 
 matter to one point, Is tlie power who is jealous of our prot- 
 perity, a proper power to govern as ? Whoever says JVo^ to 
 Uiis question, is an indepmdenL, for independency m«Ans no 
 more thAn this, whether wo shAll mako onr own laws, or, 
 whether the king, the greatest enemy which this continent 
 hath, or can Lavo, Bhain«ll usy /* Mtfr^ »ImU be no lavm but 
 iuchculltke." vc. , vr 
 
 But the king, yon will say, Ij^s a nogativd in England ; 
 the people there can make no laws without hia conwnt. In 
 point ot right Riid good order, it is something f cry ridieulons, 
 that a youth of twonty-ono (which hatli often happened) shall 
 say to several millions of people, older and wiser than him* 
 self, I forbid this or that act of yours to be law. Dut in this 
 place I decline this sort* of itiply, though I will never cease 
 to expose tho absurdity of it ; And only Answer, thst Englsnd^ 
 being the Inufi^ residence, And AmeriCA no^ miJceB quite 
 Another eaia TEhe king*s negAtive here is ten timet mor« 
 
\ i 
 
 KHKlund into «. •tn,,.^ a i»uto of d«fm,<S m pS "f 
 Amcrtict fi onl/niccondnfy olij«ct In tlio tntiim of IWt. 
 own liitfirmt IcnUi hor to topprcM tliu irrowth of <W» hi 
 
 UWmdon Ufa name; ami in onlcr toiUioir tlmt reSinfi u! 
 Uo.1 »ia.e» I. a dnnKerooi doclrino, I affirm, iAaii/^lt 
 
 order tliat A^ may aaiomj>lUh h,j craft ami •S^vTn'ihL 
 cUifttiou and rum arc nonrlj rolatwi. ^^^ 
 
 obUin, c«a amount to no more tJian a tompomir •xKnL 
 era kind of go.onjmcnt bj ffnanii«..hi^wt[clT^?^Tai 
 no longer than till tho colonlo? come of a^i, lo the OTneJ!l 
 f^o and .tato of thin^., in tho interimr^^ll be uSttW 
 and un|,rom..,nff. Emi^^ranU of proper y will not^ooS 
 
 tT^^Zl .''r'7 t"^ ~ f^vo^nmont iL«5T^ 
 IJ *I^-' and Mrr.ich It every d*j tottering on the^rinJc 
 
 Inh^^'^^'i:"" •? I^'-^rV^nc^/^nd number, of tho piWt 
 elfwitf, and quit tho continent 
 
 l«?'!ni*'*'if?" P^^'^'^"' **^ •" •l7l:nmen^ ii, Uut nothing 
 !mt mdopbndcnce, %,€.,, contincnUl form o? ffOTornmenL 
 can keep the peace of the continent and p^JitXSute 
 
 lowed bj a revolt somewhere or other, tlio conacnuonce* of 
 jilncli may bo far more fatal than ail tho malice Sfljri- ' 
 
 'Tlionsandg are alrcndy mined bv Britiah barbarity 
 
 ^oiwand. more will probably Buffer the gaiiio fate \t\v^ 
 
 nwn liave other fee ing« fimn »■ Ji^ 1 - -".l^?^'"'^ i"^ 
 
 my I .. V0 oth « r U^i^'^'r^-^r^ iZ:T^^U^ 
 
 J>', 
 
■•J^-^v 
 
 tl 
 
 )Smf ^liMtn inbmiMiofi. BctidM* Uio |c«B«r«l imn\tw of 
 tlio colonius, towtrdi • IIHtUh gormnniiilit, will b« lik« Uial 
 of a ynnth, who h D«artf out of hb tima ; th«y will cart 
 ▼ery lilUo ibont h«r. And |i 'gt»Y««min«iit which cannot 
 |in«ArTO tho peaeo, Ui no f^remment at »ll, and fn that < m« 
 wo i»»J <>»r money for nothini]?; and pray what la it tlmt 
 Britain can do, whoae power will bo wholly on p«p<ir,ahoiild 
 • df il tumult broak out the Toty day after roconciliation f 
 1 haro lioani aomo nimi aay, man? of whom I holievo apok« 
 without thinking, liiat they dreaded an induiiendonoe, f»ar> 
 Ing thai it would produce civil wara. It ia but iuldom thM 
 ^r fifit thonghta are trely correct, and tliat ia the caae her«| 
 for thcnre ia tnn timre moro to d.r*'*^! ^^*^ "" pi^tchod up con- 
 aexUin than from indo|K?ndence. I make the auffcrer'a caae 
 my own, and I proUrat, that were I driven fVom houac and 
 home, my property deatrci^ed, and my droumatancea mined, 
 that ai a man, aenaible of injnrica, I could never reliah the 
 doctrine of recoudUation, or oonaider mytulf bound 
 thereby. 
 
 Tlie colonloa have »««Htfi»«»«/i my^^. ^ i^p>' -lt of i^K>d order 
 mLn ^ n\\i^\ltii^ trntn '*r.n*tn^tm\ fpTflrBHI""^! » laauffldcnt to 
 make every I'MUnjllltTT?^ p«ra<m eaay and hamiy on that head. 
 No man can aaaiffn Uio loaat preten(;e for n» fenra, on any 
 other flrrounda, than audi aa are truly chi|ldiah and ridicn- 
 lona, vtM. thAt one colony will beitriving fof aup«riority over 
 another. i - • , 
 
 Whera there are no diatinctiont there can be iio snporl- ■ 
 ority ; perfect equality afforda no temptation. Tlio rcpub- 
 lica of Europe are alL(and we may lay alwayi) In pcacab- 
 Holland and Switzerllnd are without wart, fordgn or do- 
 meatio ; monarchical govommenta, it ia true, are never long 
 at raat : the crown itiolf ia a temptation to enterpriiing ruf- 
 fiana at homo ; and that dei^reo of pride and inaolence ever 
 Mtendant on regal authority, iwella into a rupture with 
 foreign powera,4n inatancea where a republican government, 
 by being formed on more natural principlea, would negotiate 
 the miatako. 
 
 If there ii any trno canae of fear roapccting- independence, 
 it ia becanae no plan ia yet laid down. Men do not see thdr 
 w;ay out, wherefore, aa an opening into that busincfts, I offer 
 tlie following hiiita ; at the aa lo time modcatly affinniiitf, 
 that I have no other 0|>inion o* them myaelf, tlian that Uiey 
 may be the^uBana of giving ri) to aomething bettor. Could 
 atraggUng thooguta of iz fividoala be colluctod, they 
 
 { 
 
 
 \ •» 
 
 t^ 
 
 '~\ 
 
 ^ 
 
w 
 
 WooKl fhn^mnt^y form malisHdc for wIm «a4 Abi« iBsa to 
 
 (^)l tlwi M««imbUna b«i •nniiit wtlh t nmMmit mil? Thm 
 
 • »«Hk .nd mll)jeoe to 1I.0 •aUmritj of a contmciiuf cuii: 
 
 Th« wMo n.imb«r ir, Co„gr««. will bo at Icm tbrm, hui^ 
 4^^ "»notjr. liAoonffroiita<li,......,,»ttdt^ 
 
 ^t« mro met, ot • colonjr b«, t«k.m fn«„ tl,o wholo thir- 
 . rmm In tfi« mut coopfww, let a .olonr b« takon br lot 
 on III tlio wholo tlUrtoon tfiAll Iiato Ii«<1 tholr proper mtmUm 
 «o be oallod • m.jc,ritj, II., tl,»t will promote iVm.onlxm- 
 
 fjrmo<I,jtto bodj between tha goTomod »nd tho gor^ol 
 
 Kio^ti^r;:^^^^ ^« foIlowra«^u;nncrr.rdt 
 
 fnr'LT"*!'"*^ oftwcntj-afx mombors of con^rc-, vU. two 
 for o««h colony. Two momboni from each hSt^TofMior^ 
 
 S e'nlnrjfT*^ convention ; and fivo roprcscntatirca ot 
 Wie p«»plo at largo^ to bo choaoft in tlio capital city or town 
 of eacrh proTinoo. for, and In behalf of the whole uroViro 
 W as many qnalifiod votem as ehail think pro^r o atteS 
 
 ^ZZT the representatives may be cl,o,ei in two^ 
 hralmhiT* P.'IP^^O"* Pi^^« tl>oreof. In thia conference, 
 L .-?_*^"'^'"^; T'" K PP'tod, the two grand princinli^ n1 
 
 Soi^S^^;;^^!^^^^^ ^^ ^r ^"? !»»d experience S^. 
 uonml concerna, will b» abla md niefnl ooimJ^llAr^ and th#. 
 
ijiij'^Si8iwgg^!ig»wg 
 
 ^llfl*Iylrro^rW incmihoff »H'inff met let their biiitn«j«i« 
 
 OoUmltft'. (•ntw.'fliiji to wh»t ii c»ne*l the M»|fnA Chart% 
 of KtiS»fwi) M»»nM «»•« i>u"»bof trMi nmnm'r of cluKitiiif ** 
 tnombort of (V,ngn.*i, »n«I mumh^n of nj-unbly, wU'i f^ 
 a*tooftittln}(, Mi\ amwlaff tlio lltio of l»u«im*« trKl Jurto- 
 tlkllon iKjtwcHm tliom : (alwiyi rommnhoHiijj, that oof 
 ■tri^niilh (• fontlnciiUl, mit provmriah wM-nnnn rr«o«loin anit 
 •rornVrty to •!! in«*n. ftiia •Wo ftli thln|«, the ftroo o*em ••- 
 of rillirion, 9^e*m\\na to tho dIcUtoi of ooniciwioo ; w th 
 •tt«ft oiiior mmtlor M It !• nocoMwry for a ehartcif to wintaln. 
 ImmtxIiMflly ftftor which, tho Mi<l wntonmro to aii»»lro, 
 And tho Mum whiiih •hull bi5 olum^n tt»nform*l.le to tho 
 •Aid chartof , to ho tho lof^itlAtort »f|d Rotrcmort ot this con- 
 tinent for tho tlmo being : whom pe^co And hsppUicirt, tn%f 
 
 oIhI prwiorvo, A •"«'"• . ^ ., , ,- ... , 
 
 Bhmihl »nT bo<ly of men bo horoftrtor doloffitod for this 
 •r iomo iiinilw ptirpoio, T olfor them tho foUowlng cxtrmoti 
 from thaUwiiKj oWnrer on govommontt, Dr^oncttl. "Tlie 
 "Tty» ho, " of tho politician coniiiU in ftxing tho 
 f-of hftpplneM and fmnlom. TUoac men would 
 dc»orvo tho gr»tltu«lo of »|?cii, who tlionld difcojer » mode 
 of^^ofcmmcnt thai conUuiod tho grcatoit •um of Individual 
 nappinota, with tbo loaat national cxpcnaa 
 
 f 
 
 iclonoo 
 
 trtio 
 
 rtttlTP 
 
 i(T{ir!m««n?!fffii; 
 
 mako havoc or 
 
 av. myy^* w ww'Jofoctive cTfn ln oarl^ily bonort, let a day 
 bo •ofcmnly #ot apart for prcM^laiminff tho eh»rtcr ; let it be 
 brought forth placed on tuo divine law, the word of Ood ; . 
 let a crown be placed tboroon, by which tho world may 
 know, that to (ar aa wo approve of ownarchy^ that in 
 America ths law is hinn. For aa In abwlnto govermnenti 
 tho king ia law, w in freo countriee tlio law ought to bo 
 king ; and there ought to bo no otheK But loat any ill uio 
 •honld afterward! arise, lot tlio crown at thopjiicrnsion of 
 tho contmony be demoliihcd, and aoattorod ambng tho peoplo 
 
 whoao right it ia. , . . * j i 
 
 A govomment of oar own a opr natural right ; and when 
 
 a man •erioualy reflocti on tlio procfriouanoii of human 
 aifairt, be will become convinced, that it ia infinitely witer 
 and lafer, to form a conititu*4^n of our own in a cool doll 
 
 ^r 
 
 \ 
 

 f 
 
 omottur tmi. 
 
 / 
 
 -->/^: 
 
 •4-- n 
 
 'i 
 
 now, iK,mo SnoT2*iJa*^^^^ Ifwoomitil 
 
 hold of popuUnia^lJ^tuZ^ mv te^^th*'^/^^^ 
 porato .nd U.o diseoitented. indL a«^minTn fh' ^^'^^ ?"^ 
 the powers of irovoniinent finallv .^^ ^ to themselves 
 of tU continent IfC HoiniS^^f.rni'r"^ '^'« ^'»>«rtict 
 
 ing situation oT^ tlT^ ^i "br* ^^^^^^^^^ *''V«"^- 
 
 •to adnnturer to tn^ii. fnr?„n«V^^ ^"T ^^"^ <*<^»P«^ 
 
 relief cin Britain S^o S^ TJ *" Ij", '"^^ » ««^» ^^'^t 
 
 Uio wi^tched BriC. SSdtr "hi Jpp,S of" ^^ST^ ^'^ 
 To tJiat oppose indcponde^c JoTrVfno^^^^ 
 yo are opening a dooTto oterwtl tii^nn^ L^^- y°^®» 
 the scat of ffovernnwrnL iS!^!! *^^"?^» hj keeping vacant 
 thousands^ 5^o ^nld thl3t^ T .^*>"«»°di an J tens of 
 continent/ tiia? Wbanl^i.^^ i*^ »"?"• *^ «^^ f«>«» tlie 
 
 cruelty hath a doub&ttti?SJ.K ."^l^f "»~*J^« 
 trcacIieronsW by them ^ ^"^ b"'t»%l,y us, and 
 
 biS^KfelSl^td^h^^ fbr. 
 
 thousand poi^&ct „?L5!^ .'^'^^^^^ 
 Every dayWsTut^Vn \Lt ^""^^ "» ?»adne8s and fSlly. 
 118 aS tbenrr«LTan Sil^^r""*'"* of kindred betwe^ 
 the wlatioMfap expiJi^tr ^ '^'J!?.*^ ^^I^ *^*** »• 
 we ^.hall agreL^X'^ht wf tve" ^ 
 
 i^l tot*Se"fe -oneiU.tion, eanye re. 
 
 /tioa its former innJSei^^^^ ^* «^^« ^ prititu- 
 
 •nd America, ffiwt Lrd tn^rf ? ^^ '^oncile'^Britain 
 
 fctfiSedM^^Asw^'fa^^^^^ 
 of his mis^is^e^tWni^^^'^^^^ 
 
 
 ;V 
 
 mJ.- 
 
QOMMtm nmmk 
 
 m 
 
 from the herd of common animali. The iocUl compact 
 would dl«olT6, and justice bo extipated firom the eartli, or 
 have only a oaiDal cxiatenoe were wo callous to the touclioi 
 of affoction. Tho robber, and the murdoror, would oftuu 
 cacapo nnpnniihed, did not the injuriea which onr tempers 
 sustain, provoke M into justice. 
 
 O ! ye that love mankliid I Yo that dare oppose^ not only 
 tlie tyranny, but the tyrant, stand fortji I Every spot of tlift. 
 
 - '' "' rmn Tflth miPir"'^" VrnftHnM Aath byun 
 
 old world jg o 
 
 __ Freeaom nam beun 
 
 [jfju) jinht Asia, and KSHSSLy tit V ft 16ng oa- 
 impbregards her like a stranger, and En^and 
 ing to depart O I receive the fu^y(^ ' 
 
 ■•♦♦■ 
 
 ■\ 
 
 ON THE PRESENT ABIUTT OF AJI^OA. / 
 wm sous iiuonxAinmuB inuononL 9 
 
 I Blvs never met with a man, either in England or Amer> 
 tea, who hath not confessed hia opinion, that a separation 
 between the countries would tako place one time or other; 
 and there li no instance, in which we have shown less Judg- 
 ment, than in endeavoring to describe, what we cau, the 
 ripeness or fitness of the contiilent for indepeiidence.^ 
 
 As all men allow the measure^ and vary only in their 
 opinion of the time, let us, in order to remove mistakes, take 
 a general furvey of things, and endeavor, if poesible, to find 
 out the very time. But we need not go nur, the inquiry 
 ceaaea at once, fUt^ the tinu hoik found ua. The general 
 eoncuirenoe, liie glorious union of all things proves the fact. 
 
 It ia not in numbers, but in unity, thttt our groat strength 
 
 lies: T i1 w rT^tj TFi"^^^ *ni infflii!*""* *" "imnl t'*; ^"•"'; 
 
 ^ ^ all tpT OTf!' '"" continent hath at this time, the largest 
 body of armed and disciplined men of any power under 
 heaven^ and is just arrived at that pitch of strength, in 
 which, no nngle colony is lible to support itself, and^ the 
 w hole, w hen united, can a cc omplish the matter, and either 
 more, or Ivas than tlus, might be fiital in its effucts* Our 
 
ODmoN mffniL 
 
 Und foroo !• already suffidont, mi it to naval* aflkfr- •« 
 cannot Uin.oii.ibfe that Brluin wonld nV^r !X IJ 
 Anioricai* man of war to be bailt while tlio conS r^ 
 ma.ncd Johcr hand.. Whcrefon,, wesl >nia bo no fo^S-.X 
 Tat Z^t^h^r" hejico in that'bran.h, than wo arTnmv',' 
 bat the troth i., wo riiould bo Iom bo, bocauao tho timber o/ 
 the conntry i. evorj daj diraini.hing, and that whSh w^ 
 ipmain at fa.t, will bo tSr offer difflcilt to prSJnre! 
 
 5nJ; S!r!lSi*ir'*^®°^'^''^'^ ^''^ iIlhabit;ln^ hor miffor- 
 Jogs under the proMnt circiim.tanco. would bTintolorabir 
 
 • i^XT^^S^^^"^ ^° ^^^ tJ»o more diVuld wo have 
 toA to defend and to lo«. Our prewnt nuXT are w 
 
 ^ WlK^ W?;'^?^^^.^ *; ^^ want^that no m^nc^bS 
 ^ Idfo Tho diminution of trade afford, an array, andtho^no- 
 
 ^Tn^"* i T **"^^ ^^*« » '^^^ t"do. &bto we hav^ ^ 
 Lrvoa?!''^ "''"'''** may contract on thi. account wUl 
 ■crvo a. a plonou. momcAto of our yirtno. Can wo but 
 -leave poBtcnV with a settled form of covamnonran iml^ 
 pendent con«ti|ution of it. own, tho rS^t\ny Srico 
 will be chcan. But to Mlp6nd millioi for the .ako of^^^ 
 
 try only, i^ unworthy fiie ehargo, and is Sejitg v^m^lS^ 
 
 work to do, and a debt up<Mi their bacWVrom wWch^^v 
 derive no advantego. Su^a tliought is u^woXa mil 
 
 .^^^•'^irtita^^^^ 
 
 when it bears no interest, is in no case a <meviMiP« S^o^« 
 i. oppr«j«d with ii^^debt of UDwSS oCSn^drS^Sid 
 
 nuuioni inwmt And ai • conmenaation tar hm HoKf .1.0 
 ^U' ^A^^' twenriSi- part of the M&T^tion^ 
 
 /- 
 
 M- 
 
 
 . ■ /' 
 
 
 'i-'-L-:^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •■.,■ ". - . - . 
 
 1 . - ^.:. . 
 
 ■■■-.\-,---^, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ /■■■ ■■; 
 
 ■ / .-■■■■ 
 
 .1 ■■: ■ ■ 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 -'■ ■• ■ ■>^-' 
 
 
 
 
 
 % ." 
 
 1 - •• . ■ 
 
 ■■• .■ ■ •■ ■ 
 
 ■ ■. . ■ \ ■- 
 
 ^- 
 
 

 ^ 
 
 v 
 
 A« oharn «f Imndbig a slilp of MMk Ml*, ui4 AvnklilBff hwwhh 
 
 ,Mcr^Ur7 
 
 vards, wUs, ud rigfling, togoth«r with » proportion of eight moatlM bo«l^ 
 iw»li?i and cArpsnUr't tMHitorei, u calouUtod bj Mr. llurobell, 
 
 to tbo.nATj. 
 
 For * alilp of 100 gonfi 
 
 •0 • 
 
 •• • 
 
 •0 • 
 
 •0 • 
 
 40 • 
 
 •0 • 
 
 t&,8St/. 
 t9,880 
 
 lf;78« 
 H,ll»7 
 
 10,00« 
 
 And hcnco it it easy to Bum up tho yaluo, or coit, rathor, 
 of Uio whole British navy, which, in tho year 1757. when it 
 was at its greatest glory, consisted of tho following shipt and 
 gnns. . ' 
 
 IS 
 
 it 
 a 
 
 M 
 
 40 
 
 •S 
 
 Oum. 
 
 100 
 90 
 80 
 
 60 
 00 
 40 
 20 
 
 86 Sloope, bomba, and | 
 flroshipo, qM withV 
 Mother, at ) 
 
 A5,S58/. 
 29,880 
 28,438 
 17,788 
 14,197 
 10,408 
 7,ft58 
 8,710 
 
 1,000 
 
 Cost, 
 for 
 
 Oo9l»fmU, 
 
 Sa8,08-i 
 28H,A36 
 704,75S 
 494,895 
 424,240 
 840,110 
 21S,1JM> 
 
 170,000 
 
 8,246,7841, 
 288,214 
 
 , No oonntrr on the globe is so happily sitnatod, or so 
 internally capable oi raising a fleet «a America. Tw, 
 timber, iron and cordage are her natenal produce. We 
 need go abroad for nothinglf Whereas, tho Dutch; who make 
 lanre profits by hiring out their ahipsof war to the &)an. 
 iards and Portuguese, are obliged to import naost of the 
 materials they use. Wo ought to Tiew the building of a 
 fleet as an article of commerce, it being the natural manu- 
 future of this country. It is the bast liionqy we can lay ont 
 A navy when finished is worth more than it cost: and is 
 that nice point in national policy, in which cdmmcrco and 
 protection are united. Let ns build; if we| want tbcin 
 novwecan sell; and by that meani replace 
 nDoy wit^ iMl gold and sUver. 
 
''fc 
 
 JTn point of nmimhig ft i^t, peoptfl In Men] >«n tnl 
 f^«^toiTO«;itifnotnoco«UTthS7no-fo»HTp«rtth^^^ 
 
 r^^Ili r * I ^*'i*"^' ^'^^ complomont of men wm 
 
 V will loon inetrnct « •iifticiont puinbcr of acUvo landsmen iu 
 
 ' ^n^Zru ""^^ ^^ * .'*"P- Wlicroforo, wo noW can bo 
 
 »h??AP*^^^'*^ beginning on maritime mattor. Uian noV, 
 
 while our timber is standrng, onr flshorica blocked up, and 
 
 . our sailors and diipwriglitt out of employ. Men ofwrr. 
 
 New E^iUy^ '^^^ «^ r^ ^""^ forty je^TBuZu^ 
 Now England, ancT wliy not the same now! ^p buiMinir 
 
 il;^ T'*f r'^'^fMi^ "»d in which she wifi, in timf 
 ^^!i^t rt ^5'*^- ^^« «^^ «™P»«» of the east are 
 Sm?^nf^*°ff """f «>n»n«ontl7 excluded fiom the poL™ 
 bihtjr of nvalbng her. AJrica is in a state of barbansm • 
 
 0|^tnch an internal iuppij of materials. Where Mturo hath 
 jj,vcnth<rone,diehatl»withheldthoother; t^A^eriSpnly 
 i. Srlijf^ w^^?^ ^^ ^^y^- The vast 'empSf^^fRnMii 
 forS^rhof "1"^"/ ^'°'° *?^'^y wherefore,^herbonnd^/ 
 comiS^^^^ ' ^""^ ^ '*''***«^ *^ ^^^ •rti«l«' of 
 
 ar?nrt.«^r!?f'*^' ^'^^^ ^® *<*^« ^*J»ont a fleet? We 
 
 ^ !S^ . «f ^\ l-'^^ P^PJo, »?^» .^l^ich we were sixty yeaii 
 
 't^tllfiiifr''Z^ taigUt Iiave trusted onr propertJiiX 
 
 S??In^ri23".fe?'''^^**7"- ^oc^i»nowaltered/and 
 of tZS^ of defence ought to improre with our inc^eaw 
 ?!.J^^^^:^ ^ common pirate, twelve months ago, mS! ' 
 have como n^ tl^^ Delawarej and laid this cilynanfc cSI 
 . bntion for wfiat siim he pleased ; and the sam»™Sit h™ 
 
 teflonVt^^'; P^r' .^'y^ ^7 during feUow tt 
 bngot fonrtcen pr sixteen gnns, miWht have robh^ aH 
 
 whole continejit, and canied^iaTa nSSSi^f iSonS^^^ 
 
 • Sd^Tthl^J^?^^^^^^ demand onilSeSMoTaS 
 If poiritduttlie necessity of naval protection. - 
 
 iiH?'iS,F^^'?^ '^i' "*y' *^** »fto'* ^« l^a^o made it ut^ 
 wiWiBhtam, die wi^l protect us. Can they be somawise is 
 
 pun)08cf Common sense wiU tell us, that the nowar wKjm! 
 p^V|«r to dofend lu. ConqoM maj l« eflwted lUMfar tW: 
 
 ■»*■ 
 
pretenc« of frtcfndthlp : and onrielTet, after a lonf^ » 
 reaiBtanco, bo at ImI clieatod into •lavorj. And if 
 
 and hrnttt 
 her a)ii|Mk 
 arc not to lio admitted into our Imrboit^ I xroiild ask, how is 
 ^ llio to protect list A nuvy tlirco or four tliouaand miles off 
 can bo of little nso, and on sudden cmerj^oneies, none at all. 
 Wherefore, if we must herealYerjpfotoct ourstilvcs, why not 
 do it for ourselves? Why do it for another V 
 
 Tlie English list of shins of war, is long and formidable, 
 but not a teiitli jpart of tlicm are a^t any ono timo fit for ser- 
 ▼ice, numbers or them are not in being; yet tlioir names are 
 pompously continued in the list^ ir only a plank be left of 
 the snip ; and not a fiftli part of such as are fit for senricei^^ 
 van bo spared on any one station nt one time. The East 
 and Weat Indies, Mediterranean, AiVica, and otlier parts of 
 tlie world, over which Britain extends her claim, make large 
 demands upon hor navy. From a n^ixturo of prejudice and 
 inattention, we have contracted a faliM notion i-especting tlie 
 navy of England, and have talked ai if wo slionid bavo tlie 
 V whole of it to encounter at once, and, fortliat reason, tnp- 
 , posed we must have one as large ; whl^ch not being instantly^ 
 ^ prracticablo, has been made use of by| a set of disguised to- 
 > ries to discourage our beginning thereon. , Nckhing ean%B 
 furtlier from tnitli than.4ilii8; for if [America had oiilylP 
 twontietli part of tlio naval force of Britain,- she would bo by 
 far an over-match for her'; because, as we neitlicr have, nor 
 ^ claim any foreign dominion,- our wholp force would bo em« 
 ployed on our own coast, where wo shionld, in the lon^jiin,| 
 have two to ono tho advantage pf.thOso wlio had throe oi 
 . four tliousand miles to sail pvor, before tlioy could attae 
 OS, an4 the sahio distance to^rotnm in order to refit and r< 
 , emit And altliou^h Britfiui.,by her fle^t, hath a chevk 
 over onr trade to £iirope,yivo liave M largo a ono oyer hor 
 tra'dato tlie West Indies, ^hich, by l.aying in tlio nclghbiiK- 
 liood of the continent, jis c^ntiroly at its mcrcj. ?^ 
 
 Some method might bo fallen on tolkCq> np^ naral for^ 
 in time of pcace.*'f wo fihonld not jndgc| it necessary to sttp- 
 port a' constant; navW If premiums ^ere to^bo given to 
 ^erdianta, 'to build/and employ in their scrAnco, b\\\\)§^ 
 mounltc^ with twenty, tliirty, lorty, or fitly inms, (the pre- 
 •miums to be in- tirj^pprtion to the loss of bulk to tho mer- 
 chants,) fifty or si^ty of tliose sliips witli a few giiardahi]iii 
 on con s t a nt duty, would keep up a s uffici e nt navy, aiid^lmt 
 without burden^g ourselves with the evil so loudly coin-^ 
 plained of in England, of mffering thoir fleet "in tuiui of 
 
 ■f^ 
 
 ,s 
 
 
 '■.:/." ■",, 
 
 
 ""» 
 
 ;?' ■..■ 
 
 
 ys 
 

 y 
 
 ■^*.mi*' 
 
 ■■"f^jf^pr- 
 
 «roiiimm*Q ana dorcnco it •ound nblirv r^w «.i.-« J. - 
 
 . lear no external cnctiiy. i . ■"*? ww|mwu 
 
 III nliiiott ovory mticlo of dcfcftco.tro ilionnd ITemn 
 
 flouruhet even to lanki.cM, lo tlmt wo need iiot wint IrcP 
 
 W. Our Iron i. wpcnor to that if otl.^^trie. Our 
 
 irJ Saltpetre and gunpowder wo aro ovorv dav 
 
 producing. Our knowlodgo S hiurly impmvinff uJ.ohf 
 
 loigAkcn ui. , Wherefore, wlmt ia it thnt wo Tr«.,*i u#',«*^^«- 
 
 bu't^ndn'Tfl^r?*'^^ V^ritab-*-^^^^^ ' 
 
 but nun. If i ,o i. onco admitted to tlie govcmntwit ol^mi 
 
 r^ca again thig continent will w>t be wSrthlMn^^^^^ 
 Jo,,.,.. w,ll ba alwaj. ari.ing. in.untjctioi . w,!l i;o c^ 
 •tnntly huppcninir: and who will «n a.^k l^ ^ " , *^, *^**": 
 
 •tHntly happening : and who will go forth /to oueirthemf 
 
 iicavcn hatli tuch an aarantago a. tlii^ ^ '^^^•^ 
 
 of poBuLtip... mcf SoOTcr.I^te3«|>S; 
 
 
tinned tninlto with the pAti«no6 of a coward. Th«mof« 
 men hare to loio, tho le«s waiin|if ar« they to renturo. llie 
 ridt are in conoral tlavca to fear, and lubniit to courtljr 
 power with tiio truinbling dupUcitj of a ipaniol 
 
 Youth is the ■Qtf d-tinio of goo4 habita, aa well in nations 
 as in individuals^ It might bo difficult, if not inipoasiblo, to 
 form the continent into one govcnuncnt Iialf a century 
 iienco. Tho vast variety of intoreats, occasioned by an lu- 
 croaso of trado and jpoptilation, would create confusion. 
 Colony would bo against colony. Each being able, might 
 ' scorn each otlier's assistance: and while the proud and 
 foolish gloried in their little distinctions, tho wise would 
 lament that the union had not been formed before. Where- 
 fore the pTMent time is the triU time for cstablislilng it Tlio 
 intimacy which is contracted in infancy, and the Iriendship 
 whicli 18 formed in. misfortune, are, of all others, the most 
 labting and unalterable. Our present union is marked witli 
 joUi these characters; Vro aro youn^i^, and wci have been 
 distressed ; but our concord hath wiUistood our troubles, 
 . ilmd fixes a memorable era for pjostority to gloryvin. 
 
 The present time, likewise, is tliat pcculiai* time which, 
 never happens to a nation but once, vU. the time o f form^m j^ 
 itself into a government Most nations havo let slip the 
 opportunity, and by- that moans have been compelled to ro- 
 ceivo laws from tlieir conquerors, instead of making laws 
 for .themselves. First, tlioy had a king, and then a term of 
 goYomment^ whereas tho articles or charter of govomment, 
 uiould bo formed first, and men delegated to execute thcra 
 afterwards t bnt from the errors of other nations, lot ns learn 
 wisdom; and lay hold of the present opportunity--*^ begin 
 goverhfMnt at tlie right #nA ; •> : 
 
 When William tlio Conqueror subdued England, ^e garo 
 them law at tho point of tno sword ; and, until wo consent 
 that 'tho seat of government in America bo Icgalljr and 
 authoritatively occupidd, we shall be in danger of having it 
 filled by some fortunato ruffian, who may treat us in ilio 
 same manner, and thcuj whoro will bo our freedom I whera 
 our property ? 
 
 As to religion^ I hold it to bo tlio indispensable duty of ftll 
 
 governments to protect all conscientious professors titcrcof, 
 
 ' and I know of no other business which government hath to 
 
 do thei^iih. Lot a man throw aside tliat narrownc sa of^ 
 
 'SouL that selfishness oT principle, ^^di the niggards of all 
 proMSiiODa are ao onwilling to part with, and Imi will be at 
 
>. C.' 
 
 fl 
 
 
 one© dtfliverod of hi* fmn on ih«ft ti**^ tx t i . 
 companion of m«n toulTaS ih« h... V ^^'P^^^n *»«»• 
 
 ligioiji opin oni anionir u» • it «»V.^i- - iJ VT . .^ **' '^ 
 (f.r^i J ki„d„«. ""C™ w, .M U one XI .l.u':-"''' 
 
 nation. .monR u^ U, l»"lS, VhH.lr™ "l' J"""'" <l«noiiii- 
 
 Win ,„d , ,^5ht reckoning m»ke onV Sd/' ' 
 
 hrgo and oqnal roproMotation ; and Uiore i.^o tSiil^.T 
 matter which moro dcucrve. our attention A ™.ff 1 ^ 
 bar of AlAnfAM n» «' -~ II ^"^ "•'''*»" "ou. a 101811 num- 
 
 P«.M,lvam., twcnty^ii^ht member. oZ wS^ZSn^ .H 
 the Back, conn^ memW., being cighL votof ^?' V VJ 
 
 •nd thii danger it i. al3,^Zdl tn ' rL """"" »" JJ •" 
 to gain „ nnduo .nthority <,v^^iZ^^}i*^^T^«' 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 IE 
 
 
 1 ;; 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 *< 
 
 . • 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■ 
 
■^/ ' ■,'_■ ■- / ■ 
 
 tf contiattar! woald grow toto opproaiuni. Kxpedienco «nd 
 riglii i%r« difforont lliingt. Wbori Uio caliimitiMi of Arnoria*. 
 r0<{ij:ire(l » consulutiuii, Uiero itm no ni«ili<Kl no rcmiy, ur at 
 tliMt tiiao to prunop, m» to apfKiiiit iHiraotiN from the Mvurul 
 liouiot of MMembljr for Umt puriKMM ; mid tlio wiadom with 
 wliich'th«y Imvo ^mM>o4Hlud liatli pitMorv^ud thiacufitiiKnit from 
 ruin. liut an it in inoro tliun [irolttihlu that wu aliall novor 
 1)0 without a Congnta^ ovorv wull wiaitur to good onl«r iijuat 
 own, that tlio inodo for oiiooaing momb«ni of tliat bod/y 
 duaorvct coiiaidcra^Ton. And I put it aa % qut^tion to 
 thoao, who mako a atudy of manic ind, whether r4fpre9«%i^>- 
 (ion and election ia iiqt too groat a {Miwer for onu and the 
 •amo bodjr of men to poaaeaat WhMiiivor wo are planning 
 for poaterity, w« ongut to romembor that virtue ia nol 
 horoditary. 
 
 It ia from our cnoAiiea that wo often gain cxcollont ma» 
 imi, and "kro froquentlv surpriiiod into feaaon by their 
 mintakea. Mr. Cornwall (ono of tho lords of tho trcaaury) 
 treated tho petition of tho New- York aiMembly with coo"^ 
 tq^npt, l>e(;au80 that houMf ho aaid, coiiHiHto<i but of twenty- 
 fix nionibora, wliieli trifling nunibert ho argtiod, could not 
 with decency bo put for tliO wholo. Wo thank Lim for Ida 
 involuntary honcaty.* > . 
 
 To conclude, liowevor •trang^ ft may appear to aomei 
 or howover unwilling they may bo to think so, mattcra not, 
 bat many strong and striking roaaona^ may bo irivon, to show, 
 that notlung can aottle our affainj/so oxpeditiously ao an 
 open and determined 
 ot which aro, 
 
 Ist, It ia the custom of natio: 
 tor some othoKpogefsi not cuga^ 
 
 in as niediators, and bring abotit the prcirminarica of a 
 peace; but while America calls herself tlio subject (^ 
 Britain, no power, however well disposed slie may no, can 
 offer her mediation. Wherefore, in our present state, we 
 may cmarrol on for over. * 
 
 2d, it is unreasonable to itippoto, that Franco or Spain 
 will give us any kind of aesistance, if wo mean only to 
 make uso of that assistanco for tho purpose of repairing the 
 broach and strengthening tho connexion between Britbin 
 and America ; becauso, thoao powcre would bo sufferers by 
 tho consequences. ■ , ,_ . . . , , . 
 
 • * ThoM who would Mkj nndmvtend (rf* what grMt oo im a ui i n 'e ■ Itifo ui^ 
 ^|Ml roprtMoUtioa if (o a lUU, tbivM raad Borgh't FoUUcal OiiquMUMoa. i 
 
 for independdnco. Some 
 
 when any two aro at war« 
 ' in the quarrel, to step 
 
 
 fflpji 
 

 % 
 
 to IH, ,., .„„. un,l.,r tl.0 „,mo if .ubjoo..; mCm'tuJZ^ 
 em. *,!,« tl.., ,„r,.l„,: l.„t to miU, Li.uZ^ mU .» ffi 
 
 .UmllilS; •"" ""^ '*' '^'^ '■'" ™"'""'" '"'^^ 
 
 foreiK.. couru «„t.n« forth tlu, ,„,«„« wo iXo m i"!) 
 •lid tl.„ ,H,«<..,lu ,„ot1.«|. wl.i..|. wo l,«vo ii.onr«.tuu y Zl 
 
 «t.oii ol tlio Ilr.t..l, c«„r^ wo l,«l lien driroi. to tho S 
 
 JO ji^ »«.til.o.^ ti..„ if . .aip woTfrgi;x.rpl,ut;:: 
 »rw^X'';:u^?t»fois;^rl:t?:;r*''''--'^^^^^^^ 
 
 •eel itool i.ke a man who «ontinuci putt nir oft^Z^n^ 
 
 k-™*^* I -Tu ... "^ .^"»neB 11 ovor, ai 
 1^ J»a^todwith tho thoughtB of iu ncccMityt 
 
^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 / 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 / 
 
 <:'■ 
 
 • Fnfoi Uio |l11^He«^^«l of the llrit odtttofi of tYifi pAmpTiT«t, 
 ot rather, on ttio taiuo oat *>n which it came out, tho ktiig't 
 tpeoch inaUo its A])p««ii-ituc« in thit city. Had thu spirit of 
 
 f)ruphcx!jr dircKtofl tiio oUUi of this prodnction, it could not 
 lavu bn>n|;lit it forth uc'ii luoro •uasuimhlo juncture, or At A, 
 nioro neouMAry tiuiu. Hiu iiloodv-uiindwhicu of thu one, 
 •howi tliti uuccs»ity of purhuiug tlio doctrine of tho other. 
 Mpn nbad by WAy of rovonf^o . — end t)io tpooch, inatcAd of 
 terrifying, prepared a way lor tho manly principles of Lnde* 
 pcndenco. 
 
 Ceroniony, and oven lilcnco, froilisjifhateTor motlToa thef 
 may ariao^liaVo/a hurtful tendency, when they giro tho 
 leait degree of yconntonanco to biiao and wicked perfonn- 
 aficea; wherefore, if this maxim bo admitted, it natnrnlly 
 follows, tliAt the king's speech, as being a piece of finished 
 riilany, deserved and still desorA'cs, a general execration, 
 both b^ the congress and tho )>coplo. x ot, at the domestio 
 trnnquillity ojf a nation, depends ^atly on tho ehoAtiOj of 
 WliAt may pro|)erly be called national mannert^ it is often 
 bettor to pass somo thinn over in silent disdain, than to 
 make nso of sueh new mcuiodiof dislike, as might mtroduce 
 tho least innovation on/ that guardian of oar peaco and 
 Atfety. And, perhaps, it is chiefly owing tojthis pmdent 
 delicacy, that tho kingSs speech hath not before now suffered 
 ft puhhe oxeeution. TIio suoech, if it may bo called one, is 
 nothing bettor than a wilful, andacious libel against tho 
 truth, the common good, and the existence of mankind ; and 
 is a formal and pompous method of offering up human sacri- 
 ^ccs to'tho prido of tvrants. But this gcnoral massacre of 
 — ankind, is one of tuu pri v ileges aria thu curtain eonse ^ 
 
 .|uenccs 
 
 >gc 
 of kinp ; for as nature knows thorn noty tliey know 
 ,^ althoTigh thcgr •(• beix^ 
 
 M 
 
 of oar awm orsating, 
 
 
Aaj knu* not «, »Bd •!» h«<H>m« U>. <ro.l. „f ihdr rt,mt«m. 
 
 'Ki";.rnrt,r' ""'"'"•^ '"di....u .^.^.'lllP'i'- 
 
 IL' 
 
 »tnr«Ton witlioiit « muk wd h., ill "wo U Idol- 
 ^w";;:*^ f ^-^Ptil-l, orawU tl.ro« WwS'rw'llK 
 
 / 
 
 A 
 
 
e^m IIHiilti. ,' \, ,, , * 
 
 I f«l, Wl.irh !• Iho «w!wt nn^ moit finHIrtblo pUn, ni«w^ 
 I- ciiialitm or ind^jH^ti^nisi f with ionio *k( Miofml remarks. 
 In •iipport of tho flrtt, I couUI, if I iu(li(««i U jirwpcf. 
 prtMluoo tho opinion of loino of tlio •bu»l %tn\ inott oi- 
 iKtrioncod mon on thte continent: tnd wlioiw iimtifnohti oil 
 Umt head, aro nol rflt publiolj known. It i» In rrtillty * ialf. 
 evident poiitlon : for no nation In a itatc «f fonilffn difp« ikI» 
 erne, liinitwi in lU commiwr©, and orampod and fijtt«3ro<l ijl 
 ila logialatiro powura, can oYor anif ft %% wy material vmh 
 non90. America doth not yet know what opulcmco ia ; and 
 although tho progrcai whioii aho hath mado itanda iinparal* 
 lelwl in tho hiatory of otiior nationi, it iabut childlwHxI.oom. 
 parod witli whal nhe would b« taoablo of arriving at, ha4 
 alio, aa ali^ ouRht to have, tlia Ic|?iilativo ijowoni In her owa 
 hand*. England ii, at thii time, proudly coveting what 
 would do hflr no g<K>d woro aho to at!compli«h it; and Ui« 
 continent heaiUting on a matter which will be her final ruin 
 If noglecttid. It ia the commarco and not Uia conqneat ol 
 America by whijh England la to bo boncfitwl, and that 
 would in a grw,« moaiuro continue, ware U»o countrica at in- 
 dopciideut or each otiior aa France and Spain ; bocauio In 
 many articfles neither can go to a bettor market Dot It If 
 Uio mdepiiindcmce of tlila country of Dritain, or any other, 
 ^Which ia now Uie main and only object worthy of conten- 
 fion, »nd which, like all other truths diacorcred by llWH^ 
 iity, will appear clearer and stronger crery day. ^ 
 
 Itt, Because it will come to that ono time or othcr.^ , , 
 2d, Bocaaaa tlie longer it is delayed, Uie harder It wul M 
 to Accomplish. I have fronuentlr amused myself botli in 
 public tnd privato companioa, with silently remarking th« 
 apocious orrors of those who speak without reflecting. And 
 among tho msny which I havo heard, tho following soomi 
 Uie moat jrenoral, vis. that if tlds ruoturo should liappen 
 forty or mty years lienco, Instead or notr, the contment 
 would bo more able to ahako off the dependence. To which 
 1 reply, tliat onr military ability at this Ume^ arises from the 
 mperfeBce gained intho last war, and which in forty or fifty 
 years time would bc^ totally extinct The continent would 
 not, by that time, haro a genortl, <wr eyim a wiM^^T offltiw 
 left ; and we> or thoie Who may aaeaoed va^ would be aa 
 Ignorant of martial metiers as the andflet Indians : and this 
 J^l^ IfiMct^ doMilj eltanded to, will iMMWrgiM y 
 
4a 
 
 — t>i«t th« prwnt time Ii praferable to d) othoi*. Tlie .„m 
 mont turn. tha.-tt theVoncln.ion ot LeU^w^l^ 
 ^ wporicnco. but wanted number.; and fU/or fl/t7Ti^ 
 
 o,^, the proper point of ti.no, mn.t bo wmoTaTSur n^^^ 
 . between the two extreme., in wl.icli a sufficiWyo^^^^^ 
 
 • and that point of tin.o i. the present time. ''"^ " ^^''•"^«<* • 
 
 1 ho reader will pardon thi« diirression a. it doM ««♦ r.^ 
 
 pcrly como nnder tlie head I nJ^Zwithl^^tSX 
 
 Slionld afiair. be patched up ^ Britai^ and die Mmkf*. 
 the governing and Sovereign power of Ami«W ?wi!^'™ 
 .^-matter, are Sow circumatai^c.^ f/.Sli^ J' ^^^'"^^'^ *• 
 tirelv) we .hall deS^rat'c^ tl^^^^^ 
 
 ' b!?V'U^.'^' r;^*^" ^' "^Veontraet V^ioof ?he 
 
 will al way. Ie«en, ank'in ti^^ wiTwh^'l^i^^^ 
 . yearly expen.0 of goyenmnmnt mattS t^ iS^C S^ 
 fffi'T f »^*°ff' «>. ^'^t «»« l*nd. when Jd iripS to 
 .to the diaeliargo of it, and for the execution cf wffch the 
 
 >^T?*'^^' ^** ^^"^ ^*^'"ff» ^»» l>« tlie contLStkl u!ultc«! 
 I proceed now to the Second bead i^ WUniT?! ♦f^ 
 
 ■-4' 
 
J 
 
 49 
 
 IflM tttbieot to chftiige, uid wMoh erery leoret enetny ft rti. 
 deavoring to diiwlTe. Our pn»eat condition ii, logiBlatioii 
 without Uw : wiidom withduC » pUn ; a conititiition without 
 a name ; and, what it itrangoly attonishing, perfect indopeu- 
 denoe contending for dependence. The initance la without 
 i precedent ; the ease never existed before ; and, who can 
 teU what may be the event! The property of no mM\ ^ 
 eeoure in the preient unbraced •yatcm of thingi. The "mm 
 of the multitude ii left at random, and seeing no fixed object 
 befora them, they pursue such as fancy or opinion presents^ 
 Nothing la crhniniJ,; there is no such thing as treason! " 
 whereforojevery one thinks Wmself at liberty to act as ho 
 pleases. The tories dared not have assembled offensively, 
 had they known that their lives, by that ^t, were forfeited 
 to the laws of the state. A line of distinction should be 
 drawn between English soldiers taken in battle, and inhabi- 
 tants of America Uken in arms. The first are prisonorii 
 but ihe latter traitors. The one forfeits his liberty, the other 
 
 his heaid« 
 
 Notwithstanding: our wisdom, there is a viable feebleness 
 in some of our px^eedings which gives encouragement to 
 "MiBsentionf. The OOntineiLtal Belt is too loosely buckled. 
 And if something is not done in time, it will be too late to 
 do any thing, ancTwe tiiall fall into a state, in which neither 
 BeoonoiUa&m nor IruUpendenoe ^ill be practicable. The 
 IHng and his worthless adherents are got at thep old gamo 
 ^dividing the continent, and there are not wanting among 
 xu, prints*, who will be bi^y in spreading specious false- 
 hoods, ^e artful and hypocritical letter which appeared • 
 few months ago in two of the New York papers, and like- 
 wise in others, is an evidence that th^re are mon who want 
 both judgment and honesty^ r -^ 
 
 It is easy getting into holei and comers and talking ott^ 
 conciliation: but do such men seriously consider how diffi- 
 cult the tadc is. and how dangerous it may jprove, should 
 the continent divide thereon. Do they taxe witlnn their 
 view, all the various orders ot men whose sitnation ^nd cir- 
 cumstances, as well as tiieir ow%are to be tMrnJAere^ tiiereint 
 Do they pnt themselves in the place ofthe snffet<^ whose 
 aU is airtaS/y gon& and of the sdd^ciy^inio liatk Qnit|^ all 
 for the defence of nk oonntiyl^^ th^r ill-jtidged modera- 
 tion be suited to their own private situations oti^y, regardless 
 ^ of others, th e event will convin oe them thst ** thoy are rock" 
 V ctuiiig without their host" ■ ^' \ 
 
 X 
 
 <^ :'. 
 
 •m 
 
 . /" 
 
 /' 
 

 Bf^ V^Jf--^- j 
 
 BriUin to oomtJ^iSh ^J^ -,^1 «<h» to thi power of 
 qnwUoa, bj what m«»n. l/I^k* **»''••»» n>Moo»bU 
 
 «»l»wwlth Mtion.; SSor^aTblrtJtt,^"*^ 
 •ad tha nronL not of ia^ti^L w !3r """SHPi otowm; 
 
 5^>s;fe ^I'S ^^f-T^iS 
 
 &^r '^T^ rii L'^rto%^a,« 
 
 or A peonniaiy law, seems as nxiwarnntiMaK^ fu^ W?" 
 ^TDs to enforce Obedience theretdrrK !l- * **™^,'»P 
 
 onght to h»ro eS«S^.-^^?^' 5" "»^jee«<«> to BritmiD 
 thilU idaSSw«wbr .Ud.^^ "^^ ''^"» «~ 
 
ir 
 
 • '- 
 
 \\% inftf AM iHNin iappm that om tddlafl a^ cltlfeiii>iK! 
 the maltitade abody of wMonable Vjieai ▼irtuo, at I havii 
 alraadj wmaAed, if not howdiUnr, neither U it oerpotual. 
 Shoald an independency be brought about by the first of - 
 those meant, we hare efeiy opportunity and erery encour- 
 airamont before Qa, to fbrm the noblest, purest constitution 
 ^ the faoe of the earth. We hare it in pur power to begin 
 the world oter aAin, A situation, similar to the pre^**- 
 hath not happened since the days of Noah until now. The 
 birthday of a new world is at hand, and a race of men, ^r- 
 haps at numeroof at all |luiy>pe pontafais, are to receive 
 their portion of freedom from ine erents of a n<W; months. 
 The lefleotion la awltal-rand in this point of Tiifw. how- 
 triflhig,boY ridiculous, do the little paltiy cavilinga, of a few 
 weak or interested men appear, when weighed a^jainst the 
 business of a worid. , , ,^ 
 
 Should we neglect the present ffTorable and, inviting 
 period, and independence be hereafter effected by any other . 
 means, we must charge the consequence to oursdyes, or to 
 those rather, whoae narrow and prejudiced soul^ are habit- 
 ually oppodng the meaeure, without either inquiring or re- 
 flecting. l%ere are reasons to be given in siroport of inde* 
 pendenoe, which men should raflier privately think of, than 
 be publicly told o£ We ought not now to be debating 
 whether we shall be indgpendant or not^ but anxioui ^to 
 accomplish it on .a firm, secure, and l^onorable basis, and 
 uneasy rather, that it is not yet began upon. Every day 
 convinces us o< its necessity. Even the tones (if such things 
 yet remain among us) should, of all men, be, the most so-^ 
 ncitous to promote it ; for as we appointment ;of conunittoot 
 at first, proto^ted them from ^pular rage, so, a wise, and 
 ;well-established form of govemm^t will be the only meant 
 of continuing it securely to them. Wherefore, if they have 
 not virtue enough to be ffAt^, they ought to have prudence 
 enough to wish for independence. W ' "^ 
 
 In dbort, independence is the only lond that tie and keep 
 OS together, we shall then see our object, and our ears 
 will be legally diut againsfthe sch^es of an intrigning, as 
 well as cruel, enemy. Wer shall then, too, be on a proper 
 footiiur to treat with Britain *, for there is reason to conclude 
 ^ that tne pridp of that court will be less hurt with treating 
 with the American states for terms of peace, than with thuee. 
 whom sho denominates *' rebelliouB subiects," fur terms uf ' 
 laceomtnodation. It is our delaying it tnat encourageB her 
 
.i. 
 
 • « 
 
 to hopo fdr oonqiiMt, and our IwokwMtliiaM tandt <mif to 
 
 ]rl!2? ^* fff- ,.^ ^« *»*^ without »^r«ood flffoot 
 Iheroftrom, withlidd our tmda to obtain «%JWofow 
 
 . w<'ro8«,ng thcra oqrw^Ive,. and tlien offoriig to W y^J 
 will bo BtiU witli ug ; becauae. peace wM trade, ii £ef«^ 
 other coorU may he^ a|»pUed to. »«»««• aocepiea, 
 
 < ^ir.^l^^'^l!!^^^^ Andaanooflbrhath 
 SL^i^**/?i./^**^?S* doctrine, contained in tha 
 rartmer edit^ of tWf iNunphlet, it ia a Aegi^Te proof, ^. 
 
 iS^t^ iS^**/~^^^ ^»^ liapicioii or dWbSS 
 . ?^5"7lL^^ "^^ ^ ^°^<* <>«»* ^ J»i* neighbor the he4^ * 
 hand otfrienddup, and mut<i in dSwingaW.^h. iS 
 a^ctof oblivion, diaU buy in fS,^^ 
 
 /lot none other be hoard among uil thai thoe^ of li/go<^^ 
 '^^'J^y^'P^^^^ and a i^u^!U,. 
 
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 THE OBISIS. 
 
 . '■# 
 
 
 STthe wrvlw of kit Swtry; but he ^»^/^[^ 
 iowr deitevot the 1ot6 Mid thanki oT mn •nd jjomjju 
 tVrimf , like hefl, !■ not eerily ^.^'V^iJ^^^i^ 
 STooSolfitioii with Hi, thatAe hwdjr {he cooj^ ^ 
 moVrfSSui the trfnm Whet we obtafai too cheep, ^e 
 SS^tooUgMly: Hit Seime- only that fi^reieyejylhfaig 
 SrSue. laSVn toowt how to piit • proper pn^ni^ 
 
 ib ermj to enforoelier tyranny, hM decUred ^^^'^ 
 
 the ei^iaon U ImploiMh for io* n^^ 
 
 ^^etner the independcnoe of the oontfnent wai ^ 
 
 loo iodn, or deUyed too }<««» I ^' "^, ^tvlfl*5Xih;j;: 
 C««Saent; my own pboge opiidon ^*^5*^J*^ 
 Ma monlha eaiBer, it would have been »'»«Ji^^>«'^-, , Zl 
 dS not make a proner nie of lagtwii^, n«<^«' <»£S* 5 
 whUe we were in a dependent sUte. Howeyer, *he Mt if 
 it were one,waB all our own: behave none to Wa«e bnt 
 luwSves. "But no great deal la lost yet ; all that Howe haa 
 Lndoinic forihia month paitia rathera rayagethan a con- 
 
 qT^i Ay^ Tapnlaiad, andwnicn time am n uroeroaotumwi wiw 
 
 
 
 ;■ 
 
 '•». 
 
 aoonr«Qoyer» 
 
 '.♦ 
 
 /»•'• 
 
T^"«^"^^ 
 
 ~ l»«g»»*/ wllTnot giT« up a people to millUry djitnictioir or 
 W vc Ihem un.apporu5ljr to ^'.h, who ZrT^ e.^Stfj 
 Md •o^repoatwlljr looght to avoid Ui<t oaUtnitiea of war b? 
 tterr d<K«nt meUiod which wii^Jon. could iDTent Kdthor 
 bare I «, much of the Infidel in mo, •• to .uop««, that lie 
 u^ AT^*i*^^5?^*™i«»* ^' ^« worlcC Vnd giJon uJ 
 
 wL^^X^S' i?^ V •iS^ f ^ ^« »«*> 1 cannot «« on 
 What gftmndi the king of Britain can look np U hearen foi- 
 
 ^ Jiouae-breaker, baa at good » pnrtenoo aa li^ ^^^ * 
 
 SSli^tTf? • *T.?7- v^" n*«ona and ageaha^be^ 
 inyect to them: Bntab ha. trembled like Sllgue at the 
 n»port of a Frmch fleet of flat-bottomed bokta :^d in £e 
 fonrteengi centnnr the whole Englkh armWitfierwragte^ 
 the kingdom ^ Aanca, waa driiSb baok llkV^ jJM^ 
 With fear; and tWi brare wtploit waa perfennedlSTfew' 
 
 A«^Wonld t*r.W •"^ W ^yTwoman, JoL J . 
 Aiv^ Would that bteren might inapir<; aome JeneT maid 
 
 ILXL'^ **^'" «^*«»57'nen and aare her fair fdlow auffep. 
 «n fhom rarage and raTiahment I Yet panica. in aome 
 cajKji, bare thoTr naea; they produce a. muSh g^ aa h^ 
 Ueir dniytion la alwaj^ short : the mind aoon ^ throuS 
 
 JS^JlJi^?''**^ ii, that th^ are the toncbatonea of ah^ 
 Sw^ ^thi^^' "^^ bring thinga and men to light, > 
 fwSi fW^f * ^r^ ^!I? ^^ *^'^«' nndlacorered; In 
 fmiirS. * *^J? ■•°*® *ff?* **"» •*«»* *^*o«. which m 
 
 S ^ ^X\ ^^ ^^^^ ^"«'**' ^ °»»^ •^d bold S 
 up m p^bHc to the world. Many a diigoiaed tory baa latelir 
 
 th«^ i. fk 3 ***« *2<»P» »* Fprt Lee, and marched with 
 ftOTi to the edge of Penn«y|yania. I amweU acquainted 
 with maaiy cmmmatencea, which tioae who lire at a dS 
 i^"^.^ ^?* ^^ **^ ""Z^S ^- ^>^ «t°atJon there, 
 
 Durtb ao gieif 
 
 k«- i* — 7' IT® "»'~r"" "■• '^ " "■**^ no army atliam 
 hi^ru fidier«d tiM awriwn, had we Ant owiXet 11^01^ 
 
J^,^W of oar.U.«..h*i boon.""""*. »» •^.•PP"; 
 
 l^imt (tie particul*r^a>iect, which ^^^Jf^^T^T^^ 
 aSfend BnchJTM aor tltnmtloii ftnd coiwiitloii •! fort I.JJ on 
 U^l Jr^ th^Oth <rf November wb«^ « ofllc« 
 iTrrif id with lnform2Bon thai the^wny with aWboatinia 
 
 of^a^k J^, dUnt by th« war^^^ 
 
 Our flrtt object WM iomcm the l>ridge oyer tho "•y^f 
 
 ;^t ibt milet ft^n nm and^three from ^em. Jj«^ 
 
 wSwngton arrfred In about i^rtm V^^^^^^.^^^^ 
 Irchelat the head of thetNiop. toward. U^ 
 
 Dlaoe I expected we ihotild have a bni A tot ; '»<>f8J"'' *J**J 
 5 niSSWu, dln>iite it with n., «id tbe gr^teit P*rt^. 
 oir faSSa went ow the biidjge, the rert <J^«*, ^J^^^ 
 exce^me which pa«ed at a mffl on » «naU creek, between 
 SrSrid^aTd the^-id made tjylr wa^ 
 marahy Sounds up_tQ the town of Hack«i«^k, and there 
 pZjtTrtTer, ^e brought off a^nmchba^ 
 wagons could contaln,,lke rest WM bet ^^P^n ^Sr 
 
 Newark, coUecti^d our ouL^KMrta with wme of the J«jey 
 SmSa/and mardiei out t;ii^ to meet tiie edemy, on Wng 
 Sfomid that ther were adrandng, though .o^/^nb^ 
 wire greaUy inferfor to theirs. Hoye, in my Jjt^«?^^» 
 ^rnSttod a great error in generaU^p in not ^y^^ 
 body of forceiV from Btaten IsUnd *»»>^^^y;^y^^^ 
 SSSi mean, hemight hare seixed aUonr rtore. at Bruns- 
 wtek and intoroOTtSl our march into PennnyWania : b^if 
 
 — bdieveAatA^^g^ts^re^dwrwme^^ 
 V. I shaU not npw Sttempt to ^ve all the P^tic^ar. of our 
 itetreat to the Delaware ; .uffice for the present to say, that 
 ivjjgth officer, and men, though greatly harassed and fatigued. 
 
 A-. 
 
'W ■ rm^^ 
 
 >k 
 
 vf.:,..m';^ 
 
 ^^. 
 
 ^th»ui rial, ttowning, or proTialon, ih« liief|UibIe mtum^ 
 ^utuMMt of a long retrMt, Gbr* it with « nuinl/ snd Ruirti«l 
 '^' All Uidr wWiIkm (^onUtrod In oims which wm, that lli« 
 
 untry would turn out and help tlumi to drivo tho ononir 
 
 J. Voltaire liM renitrked Umt Ung Williiim ntwtf 
 ftnjd to f^iU AdvMitAKt bat in difflcultuM and in actiim { 
 mid remark may bo made on Gen«ral Wmititn^Umf for 
 barfct«r fiu hiiri. Tlioro !• a natural fiminoM in numb 
 I which cannot b« nnlockod hjr trifliia, but which, when 
 kod. diicoreni a oabinot of fortitude ; and I ro<*kou it 
 •monff ihOM kind of publio bliadnn which we dd BOl 
 tmmndikidr mm, that Ood hath bleH him witli unluU^rmptiid 
 
 ^^M>tJM>a #▼« iiin * mind that «m mm Uuriah upon 
 oareb * , -•* 
 
 I diall conclude lh!e paper wltlb some miacellaneooi 
 
 r«marka on the state of our aifaira; and ahall begin witk 
 
 aaking the following quoetion, Whj b it tliat tho enemy 
 
 hmve left the New-England provincet, and made theee middb 
 
 lAee the leat of Irarl The aniwer ia eMir: Now-England 
 
 . Ia not infested witn toriea, and we ar*. I baTe been tend«r i 
 in raiting the cry againat theee men, and naod nuroherleiA 
 arguments to show them their danger, but it will not do to 
 iftcrifice a world either to their foUy or their bauneM. The 
 period ia now arrired, in wbich either they or we moft 
 change onr lontimenti, or one or both muat fall. And what 
 ii a tory f Good God I what ia he! I ihonld not bo afraid 
 to go with a hundred whiga against a thousand tories, 
 were they to attempt po get into arms. Every tory is a 
 coward ; for senrile, slavish, self-interested fear is the foun- 
 dation of toiTiam; and a man under such influence, though 
 he may be cruel, never can be brave. 
 ^ Bat, before the line of irrecoverable separation be drawn 
 between na, let ua reason the matter together : your conduct 
 is an invitation to the enemy, yet not one in a thooaand ofyoa 
 liaa heart enough to jdn him. l^we is as moch deceived by 
 yon as the American cause is injured by yon. He expects 
 you will aU take up arms, and flock to hia standard, with 
 maskets on your shoulders. Your opinions are of no oso to 
 
 him, nnlessyou support him personally, for 'tis soldiers, and 
 
 not tories that he wantib 
 
 J ?.??/'^lJ^ ^^ ^^ ?^. "^gw» which a tnan ought to 
 
 
 feel, againat the moan principles tliat are held by the toriesT 
 
 a noted one^ who kept a tavern at Amboy, was standing at 
 
 ^i door, with ^retij a dhihijn U» biii^ j^bout eight oi 
 
 -*t: 
 
,1.1. .ingl. r^Jcc loo. w^l 'PP,';^' JV '"ST nU^t b. «, 
 „„ry «.«. U, ,luly. ,f "' jt P^5^ if^„,,u, from .11 lb. 
 
 liberty iil»/ taiueUmei ce^ie w ii»in<», u»« w^ 
 
 •*P»"!!l-i A\A «n* nnr ^dM iwt wtilt (brBtJ but •»»« Wanted 
 
 *Z^ X. "d it i# no wonder »«»» J« -^"^ " i 
 S^pt, ^16 4h«y were coUect«d, *•*"».•?,'•. {"th^ 
 
 e-XStting he iucceedi, the con«^u«}ce wfll H ^* •™?"f^ 
 Jw«n bo^ endi oTSe continent wiU mtfch tc MMt their 
 :X^ fH^ in the middle lUtet; fof bV'°''''^f.". 
 
 ^^IA^':^A tf^^^'^^o^ ^lafe^ 
 
• fVlmKl to th.«. who h«rniu!^H«j *1 TTlThU* 
 foroo than too IitU« wtion -« L„ J! ."! 'i • 'f^ ''•^® '*f """c** 
 
 it bo told to tho fbtr™ woHrftrh^ "iv**'^'**.* •^•"^•^ ^ 
 
 ibrth to iiMHrt tnd to re^ili li^^^^^^^ 
 
 •r* goiw, turn out »««, £ Jhi. ®*J^ "^^^ ^•^ U»ouMiidi 
 
 the home couX .nd^^e bCk ^« .Bf ^% ^^^ "^^ "«^/ 
 •uffor or reioice alllrl Ti u* ® .®" *°<* tlie poor, will 
 
 dead: the C A ^Odt^Zif'^' H' ""^<^' i- 
 who ihrinki badt mt m Hm« -I^ ^." ^"'*® *>*• oowardic*. 
 
 ■mile «t SJSde ^It 3^5?!?^^:* ^ '^T*^ *^»« ™*» tli.t can . 
 
 foihrinkrbSrwho^he^,.^*' buiine- of litUonliBd. 
 
 My own line of iWni^i^*vii^/'^^M« ""*<> ^^^h 
 •• a raj of Wirht NoT^ ♦», ♦ ^^^ itraight and clear =r" 
 
 war, for I Think it mlrder ; g^t T.'^rri yj:?!" ^^^"''^^ 
 
 1- 
 
 »H-"s2Srf«^S2 
 
 
 t 
 
 '"4^ 
 
 •\.> 
 
« 
 
 ,^^ wfUUimm* to hla mhmlntm will, vn I to ••ff.r III 
 ^i nLmSm It to m«, wh«tU«r h« wlw do- U b a king c»r 
 .omttion UMUii my mmntrjm^, or nut mj <HHuitrym«n t 
 k.th«r It U dona lijr •«. inaii^lu%ljiU«ln, «^ .•" •^'f^^^ 
 
 immnm ; iliriU»«r «« wij ||ft «•»•« b« M«ip«^ ''**{^!!? 
 nhould pwOih in th« oM C5«it and OArdon in lli«i olher. 
 IM Uicm caII ma r«h*l, mud w«lrmn«,.|^iW no nonc«.m fr«til 
 U ; but I should tuflrw ai« ml«cr/ of diiTil*, wh«r« I to mmU 
 t whore of m; .oul by •w^rin^mllaKimnA, to onVf »»"^ 
 churtctor li thai of • jotUih, ■fcpid, «*"^\><>"'v ^^g^ 
 bmUih nuui. I <ymcdT« \\)Uf^ i horrid Idea In «^7^«; 
 ,n«rcy fWmi m b^ing, who mi the liii dmjr •hmlUnj •^^«»" Jg 
 U, the rockt Mid uioontolni to w)?tf him, mnd fleeing wltb 
 t©rfc»r frwm the orphan, Om widow, and tlie tUin of Americ*. 
 Tliero tr* OMM whicli cmiinul be orordmie by Uniruag«, 
 mnd thi« !• one. 'Hiore »ro p«nioni to<i who m»o not the f\ill 
 extent of the ovil whit;h ilireet«a« Uiein ; U»«y mAm« th«n- 
 •elTce wi||hJM»p«i thmt the miemT. If he iucceod, will pf 
 mttrt;ifuL IBUiii tho mt/lne« of folly, to expect mercy tro«m 
 Uione who hmvo niftme*! to do juiitice ; •«<! even mercy, wU«r» 
 o(>iique«t 11 Uie objiwt, ii only m tric^k of wmr ; die cunning 
 of tfie fox is M murderoui m tlie violence of the wolf ; and 
 we ought to gnard equally mgainit both. Howe « flmt ob* 
 JMl ii pM^ly by thri»U and partly by promi»«^ t4i UimTf 
 or seduiMi the p«wple to dollvor ud tlioir arnii and to receive 
 mercy. The minittry re<5oranumae<l the lame pl»a Jo ^•««i 
 ^d Urn b what the toriet call makina Uieir peace, * a pMM 
 wMcKpMmth all trndaraUmding,'' indssd ! A peace whlc«i 
 would bo tlie immedlato fororunnor of a worse ruin than 
 _iny we have yet thought of. Ye men of PenMylvania, do 
 Itaaon upon tteiie things I Were the back counties to give 
 IP their arras, they would fall i^ easy prey to the Indian^ 
 Vho are all armed ; this perhaps Is what some tories would 
 not be sorry for. Were tlie home counties to deliver up 
 their arras, they would be exposed to the resentment of the 
 ^ack counties, who would then have It in their power to 
 *«hastise their defection at pleasure. And were any on? 
 Aate to give up its arms, thai state must be prrisonod by 
 Howe's army of Britains and Hessians to preserve It from 
 the anger of the rest. Mutual fear is the principal link la 
 the chain of mu t ual love, and wo bo to that s tat e tliat breaks 
 the compact. Howe is ^nercifullv inviting you to bar- 
 bafgp aeatructioQ, and men must be fitharToguea or fools 
 
i' ■ 
 
 v^ 
 
 ?'#' 
 
 . w 
 
 I thank God that I fear not 1 1^ no ^ cMie for fe*,- 
 
 I know our situation woll, and can see S?^ Wtut onf* 
 
 - SttU'^'J-f*:^^ was collected, How^ dar^*U ^^ **: 
 
 ' WlwS P?."*- '^ " 7 "'^^^ *^ *^'« ^»^ ^^ decXpcSTfroTthe 
 White PUins, and waited a moan opportunity U>nr^^ th« 
 
 hn^dSi''^ "^"^^^ BUBtained an o«ierlj «t,^\ ftS^n^ an 
 hundred rnilen, *)rought off our »mmuiition all our^«M 
 
 wwardlT «nd disaffected inhabiUnto niraad fcliu, .i.™. 
 ^rOTgh the country, the Jer«,y, Ud nTdJ^Travi^ 
 
 Z„^''] '^ '""''.to »P«" the next camSTSiTlJSr 
 fortitude we have the%S^ of ^,,£2^1'^'^ •?** 
 
 r«» to p^e fo6 whoi fcSSi'^Xu d^bfoc' W 
 on thi« picture and ween or» it I *L^?;i™ \S ^* 
 
 one tho^htiess wS^jS^e^^^ ^?S?i?^ ~2*^ 
 iii>l»mented.^^ •'^^ " iwtJtet hmnmffer it 
 
 fl*; 
 
 ?-1K 
 
 "•^^ 
 
 ^^»*AayflJ«T»iioe to t!M pabUo e«f ^ \: 
 
 ___, empli^ il ^ei pi%p^ - wrf4i# tr:. 
 
 ec^coms are ^itl^ aU^iydSil aocnh oughl.e ^ "" 
 
 '^^■r 
 
 com- 
 
 4^*^ '?,/ 
 
 
 S?' 
 
 '^. 
 
 

 \ 
 
 
 It 
 
 of wav, Rnd<5all it the ^^^^J^'rf^ow you the t^^d of 
 
 justice, and call it, , "^^J^i'T" ^Irighten for a while, and 
 if th«ie two tiiay threaten, <>' ®^^ ^V^^ple, but reason ; 
 It • sickly langnor o^er «m ^^J^^^^u^^ agaiii to _ 
 will soon recoyer ^« ^,^°*?''^^^^ ^find, has now com^ 
 tranquil fortitude, ^our lordship, ij^^ I have pub- 
 menc«d auilior,and Published a f '^^^^ antipodei of 
 Uihcd a OriBis ; a^ they stand they are mo i^ ^^^ 
 
 ^ the political horizon. . infatuation, blind foW 
 
 It is surprising to what a Pj^^.^S'^^ youi lordship's 
 
 and obstinacy will can^m^^^^ ^^ 
 
 drowsy proiJlapiaUon " » P^^^.^^^^^ America too wai 
 
 them in their sleep. ^^^^^l^^'^eS^te.n to Eve, to 
 
 taking » «»Pvr^. *^^^!f i«t^^^^ awak^ her, 
 
 whisper tiie delusic^n softly, J^t you ^ ^^^^ 
 
 too w»tchfuVe™' ™ ™ r. Vnii miiv iasne Tonr prodic, - 
 
 haveihown r^ '^^Pf *',y?A"Jt5drto^ tis s^ord 
 feelings that Howe shwldbe *^^«^' J^Jv^ 
 
 *'«. 
 
 ■ ff ""j:, 
 
 *v 
 
 .-,«L_^.. 
 
r. 
 
 ■\ 
 
 '^v. 
 
 
 It 
 
 rwm oEim, 
 
 i-^.' 
 
 \ f. grct, they wer« noffl to tL f„Sw Sl^*!: ''T T 
 
 from legiaUtibn, M^LTTrST^ " ^""'°"' »» <>"»» 
 
 appear from m. Mrtth.™ s- .i^ . ® ""*- "> ?<*»«» *onld 
 tfii^blM "p^ ^n^AZ ^' "ir^ "^^ <*<* but turn 
 ■nation fa Sy^h^"'te'""K'«« ho" /<>" pAcI^ 
 
 folly, and learn to despise iLIhVL™.^ ^ V^^ 7'>^ 
 I«ee, the following qZStiin from Zr^2~"'l*" '^"1""^ " 
 clamation.— '■ And we S n«r '"" "^ Inoarmn pro- 
 
 ■ command (and If hrmSf^ty? Jme'foXSr^.,^''r><'» 
 «>n. «i W«»embled toSr' mZ t^^l^J^^ P^ 
 or Movincial coneresW i.nmLi»ll """.* "^ general 
 assJdations, by wCSnfSfi ^ conventioD, or other 
 
 and doings." ^^ *" •""* treasonable adting<' 
 
 In the last of U,«l you SMk ™^i5? ^1* 1 8ep*em'ber. 
 of a prfrate genST T-lf ?^ ''*l'"' ** Aaracter 
 X»u uniustlT^ Xllrf.*r .u ^ .°"y ""' "^em to accuse ' 
 
 /nrita^orof'yUt^mS.1m^t^"*,r''^'»= V» ^^^ 
 Sullivan, thm a bKer on M^.^1 """^^ by General 
 
 desire of:confo,TWlX.^Lmi.T'*'.W '^^^ ^O"" 
 Tate gentlemeritC be^LWl^iSK^" P"-" ' 
 
 (* 
 
 ■i: 
 
 i|f 
 
 f^ 
 
 ■■■/' 
 
 %/ r:'> 
 
 ■^ «R' 
 
%•-' 
 
 •erved my 
 would BOl ^^' 
 
 ridioi^oiia. 
 with high 
 proclam*- 
 
 been ever 
 pleased; 
 18 had, to ^ 
 
 ITAnil- Ojf** 
 
 >r in hi*- 
 iracterof 
 lustre as 
 ich right 
 to desist 
 the con- 
 ct^onld 
 but turn 
 rp^cla- 
 on in a 
 of your 
 hatipnr- *> 
 fan pro- 
 iowe) do 
 ich per- 
 general 
 >r other 
 1 distin- 
 actingir* 
 
 to yoiip 
 tember. 
 aracter 
 accuse ' 
 verbal • 
 i^eneral 
 d your 
 as pri-^_ ^ 
 Amcri- f 
 Bst was i 
 JBteriiti 
 
 ".A 
 
 m orniM** 
 
 ■' -V 
 
 
 
 *,: / 
 
 tVmr rdqu^it, however, was coi^Uedwito^^^^^ 
 
 """'Vh^lfZ.-^ He'^l'rf demanding, L ent^ 
 
 ?"?" IS!;i.. «^ltoee. diat tou were two monthi in wlicit- 
 informed ^c^re«t^T» p6wera! for aB'«ommi» 
 
 4^f thew I»^«f^ ** wVon mei the power of P'r^on: 
 
 f ""*> T°° "^bUa™ pro5 S.^ ^rJ-tTw- detained 
 
 .ing, It B f °»W»P^ . ,nd itot von were two month; 
 
 ,,to .acnflM all before mm . jnoinm J evidence rf 
 
 in diMaadmg Mm ^m S^^'^^^^igKnnt of the mrt- 
 'Sf;iS;fe^wSrtJ^o'3Son.: lrt,Thatyo« 
 
 m^A^P^ o' the abuse in a^iyS^ *»»«" '»- 
 
 '■^n after yonr retom to New-Tor^ yon published a yeiy 
 ■ flliwX unmanly handbiU against the congress ;. for it 
 , *^^!i!awri«.i.iniro^of the line of common cjTihty, 
 
 S^ A^fri"te genU^en, and in the cmclujBon to 
 'Searrto dLive the Anlti^de by making a handbUl »t- 
 tiSf^n^ whole body rf the congress; you got them»to- 
 tt^^dJone nam^ M abused them nnd*' •»»»*«': 
 ^ Ae^ »u serreTani^ the cause von. 8upport,.affpr4 
 TOU»fCT?»^«e«<rf »«^8 *« gendeman, tkt out of 
 1?^ toy^^ituatlon thecr^^pardoncd the insult by 
 
 *^:^yhftt.5^1^dbffl,-*.t they, thS congress, di«j 
 
 S^^a«i?wd ihatoam\>le claim of ^dependence." 
 °^^rt i !^ -X i -, v. i hiTO von to do with .onrmdo- 
 
 M every purpose for reA<m«iliation not consonant v 
 ^^STd inatoa&\>le claim of todependen, 
 J ^ b&s mF l . w hat hive you to do with our « 
 
 I 
 
 
14 
 
 
 r 
 
 \]- 
 
 t 
 
 l^ T^^ r^f^ Mppwtlt; we <Mui do betferwUhom 
 rjur^eeti anS anftie. OutVwlth them: yon mljZ^h^^^ 
 wough to do to protect younelre. whlout bA. iS^S^' 
 
 the world, to work for our Uving; thereto^ wTrdcTvon 
 put younelva. o«t of cuih, when ^e know PS>t .p^^ 
 irf;^K.7* '^"iP'ff^y^^tomnintodebtf I^mwiE 
 
 can plMe it in, tS^d for that reMon detoinrtometimito 
 
 . teUjontojerti^tIwiAyouto«eboM^^ 
 
 -^oje «»?onii with ^ wjy do yon -y, « thS^iLd^ 
 
 Oencel To let yon right, lir, we teU yon, that the iSd^ 
 
 ridency ii ow., not thoi«. 4lie congfie wSe aoKoriS 
 
 tifd'S;/?'^ on the continent to ^Ush it to aHhe 
 
 \ ^^IL^^!^ "? doingwe not to be ^naidered as the in* 
 
 T«itow, bnt only aa^e hisralda that prodaimed itS^e 
 
 T^i '^i ** ^"^ ■■ *^™«^ " any wli their heads wSb 
 
 4on nnder any name whatever, ^nt we know the m^ in "tf 
 j2;c«^l^Tet^ 
 
 thf ^rSf «fTr"**'® J"?'^'^^*^, y<>'»' proclamation U 
 tne 80th of Kovember last Had yon inined An ^tJw» 
 
 tffi^***W^^^ ^^* yon call)merey,yonSdSS 
 
 ^ hi*rJ^ I'T* "P^^?^ »*»«^^^ hiiSinityfbntto v^ 
 creep bj smpnse into a province, and there endeavoV to to^N^ 
 
 ^ ™ •f^'»«« *»^« inhafetantsSom their jnSSan^e to 
 
 fweML^TT'^^**.^"'^ ndther^nSa^^^ ' 
 
 awe to ftUflL 28 both cmel and nnmanly : cmel in its effects • 
 becanj^ nnless yon can keep all tte ^mS yof hav^ 
 mteched over, how are von. in *!,« ««^o 5^ J~ /„_i '^^^ 
 
 property *" wnat is to becoie either 4)fyW new adopted 
 snbjects, oryonr old fiiends, the tones, in^BnrS^ I^J 
 twT' Trentom MonnlS^Uv, and many^^r^a^ 
 where yon prondfy lorded it for a few day^^ and Uien flS 
 t^S^* P^ipitatTon of a pnmued thirfl^%^t, I ^f^ 
 to become of fiiose wretchei f What Is to bec^e of^^ae 
 
 can you say to them than « shift for yonSves 1" (S- whS 
 
 f'* '. • 
 
u 
 
 leave of Amenja, ana »u «*• ^^_»_j- -o-rt : Ui«r« perhap* 
 
 parftsitcs •'^<*.<7,^^u^foideit fiend on earth. ^ .V 
 {hemaelTe*. A traitor ii "^'^ to thMik you fpr Atii 
 In a PoUacal •en-e we ougbt to ^^^J^^^ ^y. 
 
 tbequeatiSSig e.Utee to *^^^jf^ J^eSSi^ «ow 
 
 rZ, be ab& to ^J'^^^TJ^S^rf ^d ^^rom (fofeo- 
 
 *^^i?v*^® ^w^«tat^^nnrwhlchwe never thought _ 
 would have bertowedejtoieeupuu imwilUng to ■uapeet. 
 
 of, by bringfajg for^^^on^ ^^.S^o-t faiSfol 
 
 IOb majesty take them to M]^*;, ^^ ^^ they Uve in 
 ^I ai now tbwrouj^y dijgw^ vrtmm^n^,^^^^^^^ ^^ 
 
 ungratof^le^anSJ^^^ 
 
 ■T?v***l*^.^»Srto 6^^ctidU in BO other Hue but 
 and that tb«y "fflP^.^ Wto have done with tohring. 
 that of puniBhmdK. J* '"^^'^^tiei f<w their ftiture 
 
 ■oidng, or bnbed ^''^oKa^o^Mng di™***™ 
 whfle greater one« are goffered *^«Kg! • »" JME tc 
 tod dm eat, urf thdr propw S~^*etowPft« ■ 
 Sle them from-the contmmt «»' '''T-. "* "^i^ wj 
 Hot «, great a. «.me '»^!^'^SS^ A ^^^ 
 
 Si-^n-^in^'-intn.di.ted,^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Bverrm'an that appears 
 
 
 
 >V 
 
 yei sunpio 
 
 JIdth ad&eerfS See ;. others have Txot i no 8lai#ry appcnni 
 
 ^ - ^--' .* -J - -^--.- : VV^-- 
 
''**: 
 
 i« 
 
 SIiSk*7> ^"^^ can we wy f 
 
 ^.^. jfwPJ^«ghl ire to paniah the ton 
 
 ix. i7^ -T— w wfigofc him in « cowardly mood. Huw. 
 
 !■" r ^* ""u -'I'l" •' ?"* *• «¥"•«'' '» ""Win wiUi. i Low 
 
 
 
 -^, .would havp 
 ly tried it, and 
 
 U: 
 
 ■ure, aqd, I ^ 
 ^oor lowitfUp. 
 
 'htcnod mo almoet to death : but I hav« lince 
 
 - that I can stand it with aa UtUo diacompo- 
 
 iove, with a much eaaier conscience than 
 
 * i^lti^Si u J^TS*^**? 5*' °»^ "^^^"^ *>«"«^ o^ jour ciuM 
 I ^ t^S» "»^* ^* 1* iwUlife. Md damnable, and, under that oonvin. 
 : H i;**«g»^^«ry thin^manVijbeartiSiii^ thatconyio- 
 
 I ? *^S ' \/»i!!!*! ?'?^*^ *^** • «**^ 2!'»*« ^ould be dishonored 
 
 ' -^^ . S^^^ frw^'S 'ir"^ "•» ^•'^d in my former^ 
 tf * .-^^p. 1, "That should the enemy now bo e™il«d T i-JX 
 
 I -^v ,, • w^U^» the siuceHty of a Ohris^^iTth^l^ IfXu, 
 
 •nd torjr might nerer more be mentioned," but there i« a knot 
 
 t!TJ^ ^r""^ ^ ?^ """^ • venomous'csst, that th^j%* 
 not admit oven Ws good wishes to act in tieir favorf ^ ' 
 
 S^Jilr^K ^?%A*' ^^J^ ^»^» •? »^ Wttfi,4m)videntialfy 
 preserved thibcit¥ from nlnnHflr on/i ^--J3ri?l_ i^_ ^ ,. J^ 
 
 HX 
 
 
 
 %.•: 
 
 4'- •rriving : and 
 ^ «Oth^ of Pect. 
 V their attachmc 
 
 arecont 
 
 but the 
 
 and farai 
 - liisome^ 
 ' different ki^ 
 
 for this I ainl 
 
 called 80)[iior 
 
 V 
 
 M 
 
 ■■/' 
 
 luakers jbut forth a testimonj? Hated m 
 
 Bgn^ V John Pabb«|9n,^ declarS^ 
 
 the Bntish govemmea» Thee^Ti^ 
 
 in^ on t^ great sin of <mr bearing arms, 
 
 itam mav W wyte the world iS l>loo3 
 
 y, poor fallen Boufii,have nothing to sav* 
 
 ftj»6r, I intMid to distinguish between the 
 
 Bwms who have been denominat0d tones; 
 
 that all are not so ^^o hsjiabeen 
 
 '^"^ who were once thoif|iil9Land 
 
 y 
 
 • I hvn «Tw been earefVil of. 
 but u th« pape# referred to I9 pi 
 to tbemielTes tbe rivbt jorrepn 
 •if of QuakeMknTt iti rtiimy 
 
 the ^•wlToryHRif the 80th o^ DecemUr. 
 •nemlej, ATaflfa^fWthe Quaker* b^cin to 
 
 li!ig oflfbocea apon whoI« lociet^ 
 
 f<Mth bf an imknown set ofmetil'Sr^*dSS 
 ioting* t6e whole; and whlld the jhole «kS^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 • etleot itoknowledgineot^ it ulinpoMibTo 
 imbor, printed bj permtnion of par 
 am tintwtlwfi inujiHeiiJtaSiis 
 
 ...^M:; 
 
 *^. 
 
It 
 
 .r religion te what it W,,,",''";^?;',^ rf,„»et«r In « 
 ''^7f'%i^ht*tur« it h" "^'fly "eon dono by men "l.o 
 know noOiTng •^<>«\y?^ *J^t7havTno j^^^ f«' ' 
 
 behoTing It. ^«?J«^.7^^^ hM done him justice, and the 
 •ame*rti,butaiA«,atien«TO,u« ^^^^^a Your avowed 
 
 purpoM ^^'^'J* *^J^„!^^^ iEough tke Jeneyt have beoa 
 and the rayagea of y<>«' *"J'/ ."^ ^ j^^ i p^o- 
 
 marked ^itb as niuch barbanam a^ I yo ^ ^ J r^^ 
 
 ferted y?«"^^?*t^rS^noiX^ either on the ma*roh or . 
 anoe of humanity has been piwrveaei J 
 
 the retreat of your ^^P*i.^^J^trrrev^^^^^^^^ fo'^d 
 
 ever learn, has ever been JJ^^ !? J?^ ^^^ ^nd the only ^. 
 vour troop, from «>^/>Jjy;;^^ J^e^lK^ ba dii " 
 
 InsUnce of justice, If it can ,^« ^^"^^■ryou treated and 
 
 plundered all aUKe , ^"^f* J^"" ftimituro has been deliberr 
 
 lMtiSl)pT«g»ni»tyon. ^"^ y^^T Tli, T know, that yon 
 flee ofjcWtljr 1 ^7X^* i^' AuBSZipo" yon ; 
 ^•Ife^&l^^ wli^Sie to?e2 have .ufferei'ty your 
 riSS^ferey i^y ^^)Sm »me dalm to their country'. 
 ■jroffiere*merey, majr K' favor TOU could ahow them. 
 
 V irjir ''SiSr.T'nSSon and now in the poseeasion of the 
 ' W& S t^^U "S.e fluowingWaro,. order 
 
 1 A -ioMK* *li« tMith of Mch wanton deslrucUon, I think 
 
 • Ai Mme peopl« maT ^««^* **• *"';^f ?L^oplc called Quaker., who IWa. 
 
 Itncc«.wry to '"f^FJ". Jtrfomtt^^^^ Michael Hatchio«,n 
 
 ide, Mr. Hiltoblnaou being ptiMiit 
 
 ■X- 
 
 X 
 
 4W 
 
^ II 
 
 taken and bona up.** UoW many jou m.y thUi h»v« i.rf 
 
 onJer to dictrfM them to ehllit {n jour Infernal tervicl £ 
 
 ^1*^ ^^"^"^ ^^ *7 *°-^«« i/Kuro,i.Tet Sb rth« 
 juimane lord Howe and bi. brotber. wbom tbo tori« i^d 
 
 "^.«i^ ^"d canje wfll orer be tnpportod br bad meant and baS^ 
 
 "to ihSi'tTirT^i* ^" •* tSo nalna^f ^Zl^^^Tj 
 into thmm, will find that one and tKo lamo ipirit of om>r«L 
 
 Darty fa both oonjWea: not many daji airol aJcidertaHy 
 
 ;fJ°^^^ nXlfritudnJ 
 
 Tonr caa|9, and on mv remarking to bli, " that it aiVe "ref 
 
 ? Almlghtr wai vWbly on our mdo," he replied^* We 
 care nothing for that, yon may hare Hkn, and welwie -if 
 we h.ye bnt enongh of the dU on our JidTweTaU Jo - 
 Holdover carel«»Gr thia mi^ht be apokon, Satte™ not »tii 
 •t theinBenaibleprincrple fiat directo all }our conduct'and 
 wm at last moat a«mredly deceive and ruin yoiT ^ 
 
 If ever a nation was mad or fooliah, blind to iti own In- 
 terest and bent on iti own destruction, it is Britaii Uere 
 
 t^r^^f i^ifSr^ ^,^^^0^^ "'n-, and thoughX^nir 
 m^t of indii^duaUr v^y be reaeirod to aruMK^m 
 -BriSS^ P;»^ent::oan only be inflected ^3^^^ 
 
 and m^^^^TV'^ ^ "^^ ,™ ^'^K ^« «^te5 
 ana most imgrateftil^ender against God on tlie face of ^ 
 whole ^ ; blessed with aU Qio commerce ZS bare 
 wi^ed for, and famished^ by a vast extension of TEmiSon 
 
 wor d, flbe has made no other uso of both than proudlvto- 
 idohw her own « thunder," and rip up the bgweE df wLk 
 countries for what she could «et : W«5S1 shrhw 
 made war her sport, and inflfcted mis^ forTrSiS^V- 
 
 WWtCMa 
 
 ne«8 of Africa y^ reunited, (ft lute .he hu enl^Ter 
 
 Canbbs of St Vincent's, Ai tetuamg an anawer by ti^ 
 •word to the mock prajor fof " pJ^i^^,J,,p 
 
 "\"''\ ■■■' "'"■ ' '' ■'.'] ^"-"\":A.'.i*^-;^;-^-' '-"■'''■■:■ W V - ^-"v- ■■ 
 
 w 
 
 .* Ij 
 
 iAm 
 
iWiSr court, ft trdickiiig legiilfttare, or a bibded p«opl# , 
 te^^^^^^ iScZnt with h«ft.«n luut ^>ino 
 
 bin ciOlod to thtrlr r^koningi the P^i^jJ^J^^^JL^* 
 OTok whin Umi bdmnoe wm •truck ; Mid ^riUin, liku an in^ 
 
 dWidwa penitent mn.t und«K<> ^ ^^7 «( "^^A •"!!**? 
 
 ■ooner it hanptini to W the better: y 1 wlih it oTer, I 
 
 I ^.hTt to wS;^ but withal wirii that it ma/ b« ii li|»t at. 
 
 ^whapd your lofdAip hako twte for •erkiui tbtog* ;^ 
 
 yourcoX^ion. with England I^ouid ■«Pgn°",V.,g'.?^ 
 
 I hn I Aall drop thJi part of tli4He<^ «»<* take it up in • 
 line 4n which you^lt better uniPltand mo. ^ 
 
 By what meana, way I aak, do you expect to conijuw 
 America f If you could not affect it in the •ummer, wlie^ 
 our army waaleae than youm, nor in the winter, ^b«f J[JB|- 
 hli noni hoV are you to do it I In point of peaewlahiiJi^F* 
 I'f. have^b^o^ttod, and in point of fortitucre ou^ne ; 
 iour adTantagea turn out to your lo«a, and ihow ui that it 
 L^Jm-pownoruin you by gift. Hike a gameofdrajj^ 
 we can more out of ans i^Mto let you come in, in order 
 Uiat we may afterward. t»» w three for one : •nd a. we 
 can always keep a double comer for ouraelTea, we can always 
 weTent a total defeat Ton cannot be bo insonaible, aa not 
 S see that we hare two to one the advantage of you, he- 
 caaee we oonqner by a drawn game, end jou lose bv it 
 Bnrgoyne migiit have Uught your lordrfup fliiaknowledge ; 
 heha/beoilongastudentinthedoi^neofchwicea. 
 
 J have no other idea of oonauenng countnea than by iub- 
 duing the armies which defend thena : have you done this, 
 ordm you do it t If you have not, it would be mvil m jaa 
 to let your procUmations alone for the present ; otherwise, 
 you «lu ruin more tones by your grace and f|\W\than you 
 
 ifljlwhigs by your arms. .^,. ..n- ^' 
 
 *>!►« yott|o obtain possession of this cfty,. ^^ 
 
 knoTwf aU| do with it more tiian toMgndor i 
 ttidft6£?i«»n«JK?^ hold New-York,^wTH?ld 
 tiSlfd^>»»ff'^P^^ youi* hands: »nd i 
 uest wwouCdBect, you had b^ter beir 
 
 idian wi*&nt«i.When you have defeated aL ^,, .- -, 
 
 Hti«« wm f ^into your htinda of themselves A j)ttt ^o creep 
 into tl»eiiS|he <«aniier yon got mto Fj^jfeto^,^!^'"?^'', «^^ 
 etc., ii likeflpbing anotchardln the night b^cp tlie irmt 
 
 
 ^oiild not. 
 
 To hold 
 
 an addi* 
 
 lend con* 
 
 the city" 
 lies, the 
 
 / 
 
 Vr 
 
 .- .- -^ . 
 
 •\ •■. 
 
 ' \'->. 
 

 'i 
 
 _^ Hp«s M»<I running »w»T In dft momtng. Tutir «ro«n« 
 
 inont In tlia Jeamym fufflclimt U> tnaiUi ^on thai joo hft?« 
 
 f tuuitjtliing more to do than b*r«ljr to g«t into otJiiir [XwiDle'it 
 
 BouMi ; and your iMif oonTertt, to whom jou promiMd all 
 
 manner of protootion, and Mdiiood |nto now guilt by par 
 
 doning tliAin fmni th«ir (ormnr virttltf, muit ht^in Ui hav<i 
 
 : ,a rwy conteniptiblu opinion botli of jour power and ;r«ur 
 
 \ poUojr. Your authority in the Jereeyt if now reduced to 
 
 I > ttie iinall circle which joar armY ooouplaa, and jour onv 
 
 ^ olamatiou la no wh|r»«la« Men unliM it be U> be laughed at. 
 
 ■jk Hie miffhtj ■ubdneifof the continAi have roi|«at4kl into a 
 
 'HBnt-aheU, and tho proud fenriTon V^n'' f^* *^ ^^ frooi- 
 
 > .fiioM fthej oame to pardon: and all jya at ii time when 
 
 thoy were deapatdiing yomoI aflor v^flU^ to £nglftnd with 
 
 \the great newt of ovei^ day. In aliCMt, yoi^ i|^e managed 
 ▼our 4«rMy expedition to very dextorously, Sit thu d^d 
 , Jp^y Are con^uerora, becauie none will dispule tli« ground 
 ■pita thim. -■"■m \ . ■ '^ • '¥■ 
 
 ^^ In all the wan which yon liaTs fbrmtrly bwn oonoemod 
 in, you had only armiea to contend with : in thia eaae you 
 JMTe botll^n army and a country to combat with. In for- 
 , flier wara, the wunti;|o« followed tho fate of their capiUli ; 
 
 tCkiftda fell wiffi Quebec, and Minorca with Port Malion or 
 dPhilUpa ', by aQbdulng those, the conquerors opened a 
 into, and became maatera of the country : hero it it 
 rwiae; ifJirou get potaeiaion of a dty mre, yon are 
 j;ed to thnt yonnelvea np in it, and can make no other 
 uae of it, than to spend your country's money in. This it 
 all the advantage you nave drawn from New- York ; and 
 you wonld draw less from Philadelphia, bocause it requires 
 more foro^ to keep it. and is much mrther from the sea. A 
 pretty flgnre you and the tories would cut in this city, with 
 a Hver full of ico, and a town fUll of fire ; for the imniediate 
 consequence of your getting here wonld be, that you would 
 be cannonaded out again, and the tories be oblig^ to make 
 goodi the damage ; and tills soonet' or later wilTbe tbc fate 
 of New- York. 
 
 I wish to see the city saved, not so mnch from military as 
 from natural motivcsik Tis tho hiding place of women and 
 children, and lord Howe's proper business is with onflrmics. 
 WlioD I pnt all the circamstances together which onght toe 
 
 -f 
 
 7. 
 
 \ 
 
 vsa 
 
 )gc 
 4-< 
 
 be taken, I laugh at your notion ofconqncring America 
 
 Because you lived in a little country, where an army mi^ht 
 
 run ovor the whole in a few days, and where a single iuni- 
 
J* 
 
 . -* ^Mliin mlirht pot • mnlllMe to 4« rmU fan 
 
 [ f . ..«! lni»i/iiin.l lli«t k iin,.Uiu»ti.)a i» tli.. ku.gi ■ 
 
 L\:;:.x^o;f thu.«.;bJtKn«iid.»«^ 
 
 l.r knowliHlins ^(1 your lonlililp, 1 hopt» will remrn^ u J"« 
 , turn It •11, much wIkt tlimn yoii <'»in«. 
 
 wTmiiy b« •nrpriwMl by oveiiU wo did not oxjHWt, ftiid In 
 uTiZlTof rXolU^t Jn you may gain -omc t«miK,rary 
 
 iv^utAim ' •ucli WO Uio cMo a few wf«k* ago, but wo toon 
 tn^in Si^ «a^o, coUoct our .tr«ngth, and whilo you _ 
 TprTparing for a triumph wo corno "f" T^^^^^^^J^ 
 lofoat Huch It ha« boon, and •ucli It would be watj you to 
 ty^t a lundr,«l tijpoi over. Were you to garri.on the 
 IVL Jou mlK It m^rch oror, in ordor to toeuro th.ir •«»,- 
 &r(for^"'«»"l>''' you <;« do It by no other m«an.O 
 
 E^rSiy would bo \L a ^^^ ,' 'jm^^NoTvori^ to 
 Lthinir By tlio time you cxt<;ndod from Wow-lorK w 
 rSa, you would beWuced to H ttring of dro|». not 
 aSLV hanging t|to3ther; whilo wo, by rotnmting from 
 I^^l!^.\^o^^i^^rninf, back «!-" it-^ • --^^ 
 .quiro .trength in S^u^ proportion at J^^^^f^";^^^^ 
 I the end be capabWofoyerwh^^lmtn^ you. Tho country, 
 , So moan Umi would tuffor but ftT. a day of .uffonng 
 "id wo ought to oxpoct it, Wtiat wo oonUmJ for .. worU^^ 
 ho affliction wo m^go through. If we got bii bread to 
 it and any kind of raiment to put on, we ought not only > 
 ; Contented, but thankful, fioro'than thai wo ought 
 Cot to look for, and Icaa than that lioaven baa not yet sufforjMl 
 K to wwit. ile that wouUl «oll hi. birth right for a little 
 Zlt. i» ft* worthloM aa he who sold it {or pamdge wlthoi^ 
 lalt And he that would part With it for a W coat^r iT 
 ^n coat, ought for ew to be a riave in buff^ W»»»* 
 fcre salt, sugar and finery, to tho Inestimable blessings of 
 f* Libert and safety I" Or what are tho mconvomenecs of 
 U few months to the tributary bondage of agosf Tlio moanj^ 
 lest peasant in America, blest with theM sentiments, is ^ 
 itVDJ man compared with a New- York tory ; ho can eat 
 his morsel without repining, and when ho baa done, can 
 Bweoten it with A repast of wholesome air ; he can take 
 ■ lis child by the hand and bless it, widiont feeling the con- 
 icious shame of neglecting a parwii's duty. ^^ 
 
 Jn publiihing these remarki I }^r% mmtd ol^eoU m 
 
 
 ,f.« • 
 
 V K. 
 
 > 
 
 -n- 
 
 
I 
 
 '».»' ■ 
 
 ''i^V- 
 
 .'I^V 
 
 ">»■? 
 
 Chi pmr part Uia/ *f« lO MpoM Iho foil/ of jonr pr» 
 Uin<ltxl ftuUiurity m aroinmiMioiimr; tho wickudiirM of yoiif 
 
 fiAoao 
 
 1 Auuiuntf I 
 iiiftMimJ} 
 
 and till) irtiptNHiibtllty of jonr n>t)(|iuiring 
 
 Ui At unf rAtn. On ttiu |>«rt «>f |ho public, my Intcntitui (t, 
 to tliow tJtuiti Uitir trttti «iul •olid iuturtiit; to cluourtua 
 tliom to tlittlr own goo<l, to mtnovo tbo foart and fftUitttif 
 wltbli bad men lt«votpr««d, and wo«k moo liniro <|i(!our»i((Hl | 
 and to ojicito in all men a lovo for union, and a olttiorfiilnQit 
 lor dut/. 
 
 I aliail ttibmit on« mora caao to yoa roapoctinff yonr <!oii> 
 loai of thia cotmtry, and than proouod to How obaurf aUomb- 
 BopDoaa our antiitai in avnrj part of thia contiotmt wnra 
 fmmotitatolT to diupcnio, erctj uian to liia Itoriio, or whuro 
 oIm) ho miKht bo aatb, and eh^«i(o to re MMtitnblo again on a 
 certain future day ; it ia cloar that you would tlion have no 
 turmj to contend with, jret jrou would bo aa mucJi at a Iom 
 in tifiat oaae at you aro now ; jou would be afraid to tend 
 jour trtKipt in partiiMi over tlie conUnctnt, vitlior to disarm or 
 pruvent ua from aaacmbling, lett Uioy alioald not return ; and 
 while jrou kept Uium together, having no annj of oar* to 
 diaputo witli, jrou could not call it a conqucat ; you might 
 fumiah out a pom{)oua page in the London Gaxetto or a 
 Kew-York papwr. but when wo rotumod at tl»e api)oint<Ml 
 time, you would hare tlie tame work to do that you had ai 
 flrat.^ ,. , .. '■ 
 
 It riaa hem the follr of Britain to atippoao liortiilf notw 
 powerful tiian alio rcalir ia, and by that muana has arrogated 
 to heraolf a rank in tne world aho ia not entitled to: for 
 more Uian Uiia century paat alio haa not boon able to carrv 
 on a war without foreign aaaiatance. In Marlborough a 
 campaigna, tud from iliat day to thia, the number of Ger- 
 man troopa and ofiicera asiUBtmg her have been about equal 
 %itJi her own ; ten tliouaand li^iana were aent to England 
 laat war to protect her from a French in?aaion ; and ahe^ 
 would have out but a poor figure in her Canadian and WdW 
 Indian ezpeditiona, had not America been laviah both of 
 her money and men to help her along. Hie only inatance 
 Jn which aho was on^;agod singly, tliat I can recollect, waa 
 Againat the rebellion m ScotUna, in the years 1745 and 1746. 
 and in that, out of throe battlea^ she was twice beaten, till 
 by thus reoncing tlidr numbers, (as we aliall yonra,) and 
 taking a supply ship that was coming to Scotland with 
 ^^othesy^ns and money, (as we havo otten done,) alio waa 
 -MUwiaiAblod to defaat them. England was neyer fanxwii 
 
 £... 
 
 
%n 
 
 — •' . , ■ 
 
 07 iMwl i '^ ""Tj-Tt. Tlfof . .l«n.lnK niMUr limn » •"I 
 dlur. .n-J '>r "•" "'"P'li '.1"°1|B, .U-nKtll. of Ul«, 
 
 ilur. ;nd by th. "7'* "^1 '," '"' „ .t.;;Kti;. of Ul«, l.- 
 
 1^- 11".- p"f-r"::'..'::,.'."rKl.'.* h«; «»»««* ....i <T«i.u.f 
 
 n„rt l.«r In riot .nd ^''''•""''n' •"V"-^*V; Lt fH«odt. 
 
 TLii iiiirr»tilude may iuil a tory, or wiu unv* i 
 
 ZmZ 0sfm. UWaii Oiukor, hilt nono Qim. , , 
 
 S^lg" C'prinolp.! g.l„ to u.: "- ".o™ .«ri»c. Jon .p^d 
 
 £.t tho autet of tho tori«t woulSWomo •"«'"■'"» /°'^'« 
 !Zi«L U .hort, tboro i. no old «««nd wo ';"''«' TO 
 Kmo now fonndaUon rise. .g.Tn to '"PP^rt «•• W« 
 i,vo nut, .ir, our Jundi to the plough, and cu«od bo ho that 
 
 d,2^/ .& he b^lTTdoubt b*;! tho peat force U.cybad^ 
 Sw him to lend to Americ, would efloctualy «duoi^ 
 tho rcboUioui colonies" It h»» not, naUier c«i it ; but it 
 1 M done jn.t enough t6 1.y tho foundation of 't>U.wii next 
 T"rWn Yon aro . Miuiible that you left England m * ■ 
 5wWodrdiitr«ctod stato of PoUtici, and, by tho command 
 m U4 Z* JOB b«»n«. tU principia prop of the oourt 
 
 f 
 
 *:> 
 
M ■''^^■f^-, 
 
 'Vn oBttn* 
 
 
 
 
 n't 
 
 pioiy ; their fortnnef ttit on yoort ; by t iliifflo oxpr«M ydj 
 c»n til their value with th« public, and the dogrc^ to which 
 their Bpiriti slvall rise or fall; they are in prour hnndi aa 
 itock, ami you iiuvo the secret ot'tlic allet/ with you. Thus 
 lituat^id and conneetcd, you become thp uniiitentitmal mo-, 
 cha^ieal instnuutsnt of your own and tkcir overthrow. Tlio 
 king and his iniuistei-s i)ut conqueat^out of doubt, and the 
 credit of both depended on the proo^f To support theia In 
 the interim, it was necpssary that yoivihould uiakefhe most 
 of every thine, and wo can tell by Ilygh Gairio's New-\ ork 
 pa^icr what the complexion of the London Gazette is. With 
 inch a list of victoriei)|IialQtion cannot expect you will ask 
 Hew Buppliea ; and to comopa your want of them, would give 
 Wi lie to your triumphs; and impeach tlio king and his • 
 ministers of treasonable dec^tlon. If ;jrou n^ke tlie nec^ ; 
 Bftry demand at home, your party sinks i if yo^ m^ke it noti ^ 
 ton sink'yoursdlf ;■ to ask it now || too late, and to ask it _^^^ 
 before was too soon, and unless H atflifi qml^ly will be of . « 
 no use. In short, Uie part you have foAt, cannot be acted; 
 and I am fully persuaded tliat all you Tate to thist to is, to. 
 do tlio best you ca^ witli what force you liAve got, or litUo 
 inore. Tliough we have greatly exceeded you in point of , 
 generalship .and bravery of men, yet, as a j^eople, we have 
 not entered into the full soul of enterprise : lor 1, who know 
 -England and the disposition of tbo people well, aift confi- 
 dent, that it is easier mr us to effbct a revolution there, than 
 
 Gloucester in his stead, would assuredly carry their pomt, 
 
 while yon were groyelling here ignorant of the matter. As 
 
 I send all my j^apers to Sngland, this, likeCommpn Sense, 
 
 Vill find its wiy*&r0i and though it may^put one part^ 
 
 .. , ^ '^^^U-infonsttUho c^er,*^ in 
 
 & fe-^'hi^ thenaiy '^ ^^ ■ 
 ^ve end6ai|pred to ^"^ yon a picture of 
 ntay dra;# fromit \|^ 
 
 M.v^— - •'^ to .toltruo probity of England as 
 
 mivi can, but I consi4er iNDEPfiNDBNCB ^mericai'j^natural 
 riphtarid tn^M^. and never 'oould se* any real disservice it 
 would be to Britain^ If an English merchant receives an« 
 '^ . order, and is paii for it, it signifies nothing to him who gov- 
 • eini-the country. ' This is my creed of pplitics^ If I have 
 ^' any w her e eipro ai od my a olf - oyer - warmfy, *ti i from » fix ed , 
 
 on their guai 
 general; of oi 
 .Thus far, 8 
 pr^nt affainS^ii 
 please. I wish 
 
 
 >; 
 
 / '• 
 
 
 M»' 
 
 ■ \ . 
 
 . • ■ i' ■ ■ . 
 
■«$. 
 
 ■ \\\ 
 
 '^'illtd 
 
 .^-< 
 
 
 ^y. 
 
 ■ '.,'■■ l''^; f!^ 'rr^' u 
 
 w*beinj^ t««^^^*^*f« *^SiffSv^^^ nor ever 
 
 troubW other« with '"^^ '^^^ ^tJw^ 
 publWiod a »yli»l>^V"^*'*^^ .firt T?/Sb»v« ever g»ue- 
 & pure liatuJc, »M»^„ ^ ^^."'^ ^^^ 
 
 4 only the c,^-;;^P^;;^^^^ ;:'i^tereat, and. 
 not Qvcn that. 1 ^^®;,^"^Xo-know it» iifrUtviuBtify wbat 
 
 iLjdod, " «A«t «Aey mrtrm WILL BB. u jjojo^ifama .*' 
 
 -»••■ 
 
 
 
 
Y 
 
 TBI CBIItt. 
 
 aerivc many •dYSutigc* by hatting; « whfle in our pjll«ca| 
 career, and taking a review ^^ the wondroua compUcaUxl 
 labyrinth of little raoro than ycftterdav. " ,,..1 
 
 Tiuly n»ny wo my, that never did men grow old iil^BO 
 Bhoit a time I Wo have crowded tlio business of i^a ngc into 
 the eompaea 6jf a few monthg, and have been driven throwj^h 
 iuuh a rapid »i|Ccession of things, ihut for the want of leisure 
 to think, wo unavoidably wasted knowledge as we came, ahd 
 
 chbehii 
 
 to pick them up^ . , « ^ i j 
 
 \ Were a rftan to bo totally deprived of memory, ho would 
 
 "^fce incapable of forming any just opinion ; every thing about 
 iiim would seem a chaos ;' ho^would have even his own Iiis- 
 
 ■'tory to ask fi-Om every one : and by not knowing how the- 
 world went in hia absence, heM^ould bo at a loss to knoW 
 
 ' how it otight to goon when he recovered, or rather, return^ 
 
 • to it again. In like mannernj^ugh in 'a less degree, a%sk 
 great mtttterition to past pccuffihces retards and bewilders 
 our judgment in every thingj>hile, on t\Q contrary, b^ 
 comparing what is pW with ^^A is present, wc fic^uentlv . 
 hit on the true character of llth, and become wise with | 
 very little trouble. It is a kinU'-Qf counterrraarch, bt which 
 we ^t into the rear of time, and mark the movemerits a;id 
 meaning of tilings as we make our return. There are cer- ^ 
 tain circumstandes, which, at the time of their happening, 
 are a kind of riddles, a&das every riddle is to be followed 
 by its answer, so' those kind of circumstances will be fol- 
 lowed by their events, and Ihose events 'are always the true 
 solution. A considerable space of tiniejiiay lapse between, 
 and unless we continue oj^;, observations ftwia the oneto the. 
 other, the harmony of them TiUj^ssft^ay unnoticed: but 
 the misfortune is, that partly from the pressing necessity of 
 some instant things, and partly iVom t|ie impatience :< our 
 own tempers, we arc frequently in sugh^a hany tom^e *^f^^ 
 the rtieaiSng x)f eveiy thing as faSt as it happens, that wtff 
 th6r^by never truly understand it; andjiot only start neW 
 difficulties to ourselves by so doing, but, ae-it were, embarrass 
 J*rovidenoe in her good designs. > , , i. ' 
 
 ^"^ I have been eivil in stating tVis fault in » l^W scaTe* for, 
 as it now ^nds, it .does pot appear t6 be levdled^ agwi^s* 
 any particular set of men ; but were it toJbe refined a little 
 further, it might afterwardfl bb applied to^ttotori e y with a 
 
\ 
 
 t7 
 
 ' J,? lato of a "';»°'=7S into » defeat ; im.took (,""'<> 
 tl,«y Uve C""!;^'^^,! f ^:;"ryTttlo «dvm.t«™ p«rpo«>ly, 
 
 „ivcn tlio ene...y, citto^o w»ken^^^^'^^^^^^ 
 
 or to Bccuro a ^'"''■^'rTj'l conaueat Tluia, by quarter 
 beeninstautly H.agn.heJ|^Dto»«>nj^ frequently, pro- 
 
 mSted the oaoM t^ify ' JT" J?™'^.":.^ It i» probable the 
 thatwWoU *«y'°tmd^ "C™!™be"<i.m» from the 
 campaign, may open ^jf"}™ "V"; "" J " and anmeed th«m- 
 preJ. >e enemj; hav* long ^"^ ^7' ?^i„„aUo,m only. 
 Selve. W«»73':"^.Cr^lv"»r Length Increaiwa, and 
 ^■Wl>ile tliay contmue their delay our a ts j ^^t^ntial . 
 
 ""''f W«yXv\l«n?o^emLnt coming ;>»her.^ore, 
 
 like a JB^uBM. <*'f^Hr in'the awny of their exit, it 
 J^K.™ to We in; and^though l^^vXIot their tail, yet 
 
 '.tifta* bo unsafe to ''^o,'^!"''? ;„\„7iLGnB thoir power of 
 '*^'^»m tZrl me .Object for the laat page< df it, 
 
 am thereby loft m T®?®^^,^.^?.*'" mu:_ rjriHis therefore, will 
 
 tuF^ctr of ,»ppl.rtin. and -'^f Sjte^TouCo? 
 /*lueK cannot bo t»o]mu^^ a^te^ed_^^^^^^ 
 
m 
 
 lottieitt stretch of airbitrary power that ercr mm ipt of nwn, 
 or oiiu country claim<»d o v tar ttuother. TaJiation waa nothtu^ 
 mure than tlie puttinjir tiio decl»r«td right mto practice , and 
 this tailing, recoune was had to arrriH, ag a uieaut to tittah* 
 litih botli tiio right and the p0icticv, or to aaawer a womi 
 purpotte, which will bo mentioned in tlk« course of this num- 
 b^. And in order to repay thomBclve* the expense of im 
 Aftiiy^ imd to profit bv tlieir o^n injuatice, the colonita 
 Wete, by another law, declared to be in a 0tate of actual re- 
 bellion, and of coneeqnence all property tiMrein would fall 
 to the conquerors. 
 
 • The colonies, on thdr part, ;^«^, denied tlie rigiit|i^ 
 0pn(%, they suspended the use* of taxable articles, md pes 
 titione<l agair«tt tJie pracltce of taxation : and tliese-iailing, 
 tliey, thirdly^ (lefcnatHi their property by force, as tioon as it 
 was forcibly invaded, and^^in answer to the do<^iaratioji of 
 rebellion and non^proteotion, pablidbed tJbfceur decJ[ar«tti(»i <^ 
 independence and right of self-protection. 
 
 Tliese, in a few words, are the different stages of the 
 quarrel; and the parts *re so intimrtteiy and ueceseaiilv 
 connected witli each other as to admit of no separation. A 
 person, to usie a trite phrase, Must be a whig or a toiy in^e 
 lump. His feeling, as % retail', -mfty bo wotinded j ^hls 
 L'harity, as a Chrirtian, may be move«l; but his political 
 pi'iliciples must go through ail the cases ou one sid« or the 
 dt{ier. He cannot be a whig in thia stc^ge^ and a toiy in 
 that. If he says he is against the united independence of 
 the continent, ho is to all intents and purposes a|rAii)Bt her 
 in all the rest; because thia laat comprehetudfi Bie whole. 
 And he may just as well say^ that Britain wai ri^hl ^ de- 
 elaring us rebels; right in taxing us : and right is d(^lft}ing 
 her " right to hind me coloniea in aU ccusea w/iataoeverJ* ^■ 
 signifies nothing what neutral ^oond, of his own creMing) 
 he may ikulk upon for shelter, for tlie quarr^ in no (^ge 
 • if it hath afforded any such ^ound ; andj either .wc or Bri- 
 tain are absolutely righK^r absolutely wrong tlxrou^h' the 
 
 |^fil,£d^,.£8lQB<ftgatne8ter nearly rained, ht|tii now put all 
 
 her losses itfto one bet, and' is playj»* ^ desperate aaiwefit 
 
 "' iho'tot*l./ If Aa ^» it, sb^wmii from me ipyufe; siip 
 
 Ujfitm |t;lie^ppkiQmi't a^ tho forfeited prop^rWyf ri^hebj Ute 
 
 '.: : ^^lit bf'llA^W th9d9 ihiit are l^„«s feuded 'mmtm I ^H 
 
 tUe por^. of mading^ih^'^Ve^ ; 'und'^Uie sio^e $^ whim 
 
 , j d f } i%trtl (i e tii t Ji ift^ u ti p a r a ll ei eQ eFc h t ifl | WJ i et h er wo »^pfi^,^ 
 
 7 -Vj 
 
i-'-- '\ _A«^ »♦ Thli li coming to tho 
 
 aad the law haih -J^J^*^ ^ ffi^^ men who would ^ 
 
 It 18 imnatiiral »n^J"»Irr^^« any ri»are in our legiala- 
 
 , fim, ^^^^^^r^r^ZJrLiM. in a Kreat measure, on tlW|-7 
 port of our in?«P«^**^»^® utfMlM. Would Britain, cv«l 
 %or and P^^^y of O^r public l^ies^ an election- to be, 
 
 in time of peace, ™»J^^ leSiSvce to bo not her Bub- I 
 parried by men who P^J^^^^JJS Certainly not 
 
 jects, or allow such to alt ^P^^^^'J^^eg ^th whom con- 
 ^ But there •«^.%««5J; ^ S^^^^ and wlio we >o 
 
 •cien^ ^^P^^"^£^^ Rnme of U"e^^^^ fortimca on the con- 
 
 ^^"^•^J^ofihrw^ 
 - tlTient, on the pafj Of t»*^^»^'^i disafrectioii only be re- 
 cur present measujea. ^^*j7i^^^ 
 
 nothing miiterii^yc^^ 
 
 and by expreesii^ J^l* ^ffc^SK^4e otlet^ 
 
 npinir^. J'"" V^VJ^v -i. P«iMi«»eiition8, on wmca tneir -*' 
 
 iriS set yiienr^wivM^toriw «^ tj^ 
 
 t> 
 
i -f 
 
 
 •7. 
 
 l-l: 
 
 / . ■ .\ 
 
 I 
 
 ^'INf^? 
 
 
 III the iecond tttimbcr of tli© OriiiiS I ende^rored to tbow 
 tho impoMibiliCjr of tho enemy^t making i^ny conquoat of 
 America, that noUiing -«$• wanting? on our part but pationce 
 land ncracverance, awd tliat, with tliene virtuoa, o»ir Ruccoaa, 
 as IVr as human »pecnlation could diicern, loomed as certain 
 at fftto. But asittioro arc many among us, who, influenced by 
 otliers, liavo rcgultti1)r gone bacjc from tho principles they 
 once held, in proportion as we fiave gone forward ; and as 
 it is the liafortunate lot of manv a good mit,n to live wjthin 
 the neighborhood of disaflected ones; I shAll; Uiereforo, for 
 the sake of confirming the ono and recovermg the other, 
 endeavor, in the space of a page or two, to go over some of 
 the leading principlea in support of indepe^idenco. It is a 
 much pleasantcr task to prevent vice tlian t<^ ptmish it, and, 
 however onr tempers may be gratified by rcaontment, or our 
 national expenses be eased b/ forfeited estates, harmony and 
 friendship is, nevertheiesfl^the Uappieat conditioft* Country 
 
 oan be blest with. J , * 
 
 ' The principalarguments ia support of independence may 
 -■^ comprehended under the four following heads. 
 
 lit, The natural right of , the continent to independence. 
 
 2d, Her iritereet in being independent, I ^'^ 
 
 \ 8d; The necessity, — and ' . J _ " 
 
 4th, The moral advantaffes arising therefrom. 
 
 1st, Tlie natural right ot the continent to independence, if 
 a point which never yet was called m question. It will not 
 even admit of a debate. To deny wich a Hght, would be » 
 kind of atheism against'^ature : and the b^t answer to such 
 an objection would hey\ 2'he fool hath said in his heari 
 
 there ts no God." . , ^ . ^ j ^ • 
 
 2d, The interest of the contment in being independent is 
 Ik point aa clearly right as the former. Ainorica, by her own 
 internal industry, land unknown to all tlie powers of Europe, 
 was, at the beginning of the dispute, amved at a pitch of 
 greatness, trade and population, beyond which it was <^e 
 interest of Britain nqt to Buflfer her to paw, lest she s^wuld 
 grow too powerful to be kept, subordinate. She began to 
 view this country with the same uneasy malicious eye, with 
 which a covetous guardian would view his ward, whose 
 estate he had been enriching himself br for twenty years, 
 .and saw him just arriving at manhood. And America owqs 
 no more to Britain for her present matnrity, than the ward 
 Naonld to the guardian for being twenty-6n« years of age. 
 Xk%% America bath flonriahed at the time %ke waa under the 
 
 1^ 
 
xmB oBiuk 
 
 81 
 
 '4: 
 
 I * *• J*.i^ W ««i« • bat th«T« i» every nitanil. 
 
 Jovemmwit of BrttsHi, tr «^;^^vj^;„ independent country 
 SaiKin to believe tl>*t >*'^,^.^e^^^^^ by any fon^l^" 
 
 p>wer,ftreeto make »^f*'r^/u^*^tUiB ti.no boon o< m«ch 
 E^«r own com.nen.o -ho »;^f ^ ^^^ ^ 
 rearer wortb than ^^^'J^^^^^Zr^ ,ort to ihltl iWr them- 
 
 Lttl.ni in tlie ^/«"^1^^^^J^*JJJ^^ Enropean govern. 
 
 Bclve., unnoticed and unsupi^rt^^^ ^^ ^Id . 
 
 mcnt: but ai tho tyranny f "°X™^d aa, by the tVivoir . 
 
 world daily <lroTe "U^^^^^^^ ^r^^veran^ce/they pew 
 of heaven on their »^d»»try «» F« ^^^^^ ^,, olMCct 
 
 • into importance, io, Ui * j»*®J®|^lJ \t waa inipoaaible, _ 
 of protft to tho §^y ey^^f ^^;Xk and promlJrtg. that 
 4n &lt atate of infancy, ^<^^^J^^^J^;^"^*^vJ&er that aiould 
 they could resist the ^ZZhi^Z.^^^^ *^" •^^""i'^T' 
 ^t to bring i^T rf,\^^Xk S.^^^ tliem, wd the 
 Blitain thought It ^"^^J^^i'^'Ld Ui« cMne*- ^^ ^•^ 
 continent received and ^^'f^^^^f^l^ho^^ ro"**^* 
 S realitv, of no -«7 ^|J^3^^tia<lJ?'of the diffen^nt 
 ^ing,tiiat trom .^« ^^ju Reacquired strength enough 
 
 nowora of Euro^ •i^M acknc^ledgi some one Aa w^, 
 ioaiiert her own ^"\*^f""^ j.f^i^ht have been aa well 
 Phap., Britain ^am>t^^^^^^ Theaame 
 
 to have been under the «*^«^^? , y^^ j^er. trade, by not 
 hopes of cngroasmg and P^«^f"« ^^p^ alike with 
 opPsing it too ^f '/^^'^ie coloi^^^^sam^ 
 mny master, and produced to t^ was all a faice ; because, 
 Th^ clamor of protection, bkewise, ^" ^ •;*he Ust first, 
 iB order to ma\e that V^ot^^^^^"^;^ times indeed! 
 
 by her own q^T^f^f Sie iS^S STe continent to be 
 
 *^To know whether it be the ^^ tJ^^sTrimple quertion ; 
 
 independent, we ^^J^\^^f^^'h^hi^^ an- 
 
 Ib it the interest of a man to be a J^J *" /^ ^ca hath been 
 
 
 i\^>^«,. 
 
 M.' 
 
\ 
 
 % 
 
 TBI owm. , ■ ■ \ ^ 
 
 increL of private fortun**: End. In the »f««i *f W^T" 
 all iS aflti of tho Maombllea, howoTer b«neflcial to Ui« 
 p 'oSe, which did not dimply or imlirc.-tlj, tUrow .o.m, 
 rnarc.ai» of power or prolit lyto tbe^hwidi of Oi'Jio Uial 
 
 "^/Arncrioa, till now, conld ncror bo called •//*> country, 
 
 bocauw hS logiilation dcp<mdod on tho will ol a man thn,« 
 
 th.>u.iand milm distant, wVo«o int«^«-^ ^'I'-'.^'PCll »»• 
 
 / ourt. and who, by a lii^ ""^ ^^^*^ ^^"^^^^ what la# h« 
 
 ^-?^freodora of trades llkcwliic; i^ ti • tradftg Mi^ 
 •n article of inch Importance, that tho principal aonroc |)f 
 wealth dependa uponTt ; and it is impo«ii(>le that any country 
 can flourtali, m It otherwise might do, whoao commerce « 
 enRTowed, cJampcd and fettered by the laws and mandates 
 
 t of another-yet'^thciw evils, and more than I can here enu- 
 nierate, the continent lias suffered by bemg under the gov- 
 efnment of England. IW an independence W6 clew the 
 whole at once-put an end to the busniess of unanswerL^ 
 Botitions and fruitless remonstranccs^-exchange Untam tor 
 £i,w>po^sU<ike hands with the world— live at peace with 
 the world-^ trad© to an^ market whpre wo can buy 
 
 *°8d?The necewity, likewise, of being independent, eren 
 before it was declared, became so evident and important, 
 that the continent ran tho risk "of being rnined every dar 
 that she delayed it There was reason to bdieve that bri- 
 tein would endeavour to make an'^Ett«)pcan matter of it, 
 and, rather than lose the whole, would dismember it, like 
 Folind, and dispose of her several claims to the highest bid- 
 der Genoa, failing in her attempts to reduce Corsica, made 
 a sale of it to the French, and snch traffics have be^ic^ 
 , mon hi the old world. Wehad at that timenoambiiBtodor, 
 in any pari; oif Europe, to counteract her negociaUons, and, 
 by that means she had the range of every foreign court un^ 
 contradicted on our pari;. We even knew nothing of the 
 treaty for tiie Hesrians tUl it vas concluded, and the troops 
 : ^ady to embark. Had we been independent before, we h&d 
 probibly prevented her obtaining them. We had tio credit 
 abroad, becJftuse of our rebellious dependency. Qur ships 
 could claim no protection in foreign courts, bcoan^e we^t- 
 
 1 ^1 1 ;-.-*:fi-.K1/. ^aaann frkr (TTdTltltK/ it. tO UB. TnO 
 
 /-I 
 
 could claim no protection m loreign courts, i 
 forded them no justifiable reason for gianting it to us. Ihe 
 -^allinff ourselves subjects, and at the same time lighting 
 jigainst the po wy which w e acknowledged, was a dangerous 
 
•m *»«■■ 
 
 
 jwf*" 
 
 » ,d .11 Europe (or iho «";»'■'-' I "^ At "o»« <"" »*"«"''?" 
 
 «i. .till wow; ; our ""r™?"? , f ,"., ,„,, allko. Wo Ud 
 rail of it"''»>;'^'»''«r'^'*„f ,S™tod p«.ioni no other 
 no otlier l»w than • Wind ,<•' '""^"™rno oUier protoctlon 
 "Wil/.w«rtl,.n «. ^""."' JSf;{o"om^„toanotl.or. lUd 
 thwilho '*'"P*;""'^ 5„^^^T few month. lonKor, thi. couU- 
 nentwoald h.vo bo^ P^u„K ^.^^^ ._^ ^^^ K«"f''«j'",': . 
 
 wme viohjBt lor .11, «>■>«»« and the poor deitroyed. It 
 
 been n<yr.ipture b«t»?«° ^nUm ^fj^^^,i ' i,„porUnc. 
 little tiiJip, have brouj?! » one om ine m t^ ^^i. ^^ 
 
 , of comZrco, the wejM and perpto^^^^ ^ , , • 
 
 the pntang od "»^„f . Tl SnpoJibility of continuing eob- 
 
 -^^f^itt^f^KSt'itir-"''"^ 
 
 i fl^ h^e^me the tLleof the 5ld ^orid; 
 
 latiB Jl the dismal commerce of death. The spirit 
 *Jfaft«Lndcd on a national scale, i. a proper charac- 
 
 tor for THBSpean ware, ^u^pr ■ ^fc^ conqncror. : 
 
 than priC"' 0^1 o*^'' °Sv rataXalikeT and the chief 
 ^ andtL^nque^aresenejally^^^^ ^ ,, ,,i, 
 
 diaeron<!e at RSt «, ™»J "'° ""^ ^^^ the natural tcm- 
 
 ''""T;h"?Eitlif ,: fia^^tfor afSer, if they suppose tnat 
 
 • ^^./Wto be^aTXcfft; and America, without t'lie n£it 
 
 ^M why, n™»«^»Ve abetted" in ever? %»""='> *^ 
 
- t ' ' 1 1 ^* "T* " 
 
 S4 
 
 TU cmMm» 
 
 X 
 
 ill 
 
 •bided by its f*u» It U • iliocklng titujUon to Urt In, th*l 
 one .ountrj inu.t b« broaght Into dl the wt« of Mother, 
 whetlicr tlie meMuro bo H«ht or wmnK, or whether tl.o w I 
 or not ; yiSt this, In th« fullmt «it«rit wan, iiul «v«r won d 
 b«, th« mmvol.Ublo coniM^nucnc*) of r »« *'*";»"*';»"• ."^i 
 tiio Ouakc-m tV.rirot their own principlwi, when, In the r !•!• 
 T^tifnonr, UioT csUml Mm «iiiMUH<m, with tiiciM, military 
 
 MriUin, for ctnturio* pwt, haa b«5n nearly filly yeara oQt 
 ~©f every hundred il WW with lome power or oUier. It c«P--- 
 Uinly onght to bo a con^'ienUoui a. wc.ll an p« itlca con- 
 Ilderitiorfwith America, not to dip her hands fntiie bloody 
 work of Kurope. Our situation allords ns • ™*r«ff,^r?? 
 Uicir cabals, and the present happy union of the ■t*tes bids 
 fair for extirpating the future use of arms from one quarter 
 of the world ; yet such have been tlie irreligious pohtu's of 
 Jho p?cs..nt lc;ulers of the Quakers, that, for the sate of they 
 warrn know what tliov would cut oflf evcry hope of such a 
 Crng by tjl g to Britain like Hectjjr to 
 
 Sie clI?riot w^iocT of Achilles, to bo dragged through all the 
 miseries of endless European wars. ,,,. ^ . » 
 
 tL connexion, viewed from Uils pronnd is d'^tress.nj^ to 
 every man who has the feelings of Kumanity B/^av ng 
 Britain for our master, we became enemies to the greatest 
 part of Europe, and they to us : and the consequence was 
 war inevitable. By being our own masters, indeDcndent of 
 Tny fo^ign one, wo have Europe for our fnen^ and the 
 ^ prospect of an endless peace among ourselves. Those who 
 ' SrSvocates for the^British government over thew colo^ 
 jr^re obliged to limit both their argunients and their 
 / ideai to the peHod of an European peace only : the moment 
 Britain became plunged in war, every supposed convenience 
 to US vanSied, and Si wo conld hope for wi^s not to be ru- 
 TJl Cmiidthisbe a desirable condition for a yoting coun- 
 
 %^d\'h!rFrenchpiirsned thfr fortune imn^ediatcly after 
 the defeat of Brad^k last war, this citv and provmce had^ 
 thenTxpcrienccd the woful calamities of 1)eing a British sub- 
 cct ITccne of the same kind might happen ajain ; for 
 ^A^ncrica, conBidcrcd oo a B ubje ot to the crown o? Bnta i, 
 wimircvel^ Imve bccnlhe scat^'of war, and the bono of con- 
 tenlion between the two powers. ... - 
 
 Un Uie whole, if tlie ftituro expuhuoD of arms from oue 
 
 A'' 
 
mo of ecu- '!' 
 
 » 
 
 »# 
 
 tm OfKfUB, 
 
 
 l\L fortitude yrul 1'*^!° J*^« ^^ Vl^^^^^^^^ *"^ 0PF**^»2 
 tholr cmu«y-tUo weight «» " ^'^^^^^^^ ^u the con«3q«onc«i 
 rliho objoct.to be '^^^Z* "1/;^^^^^^ hour of trmpathy, 
 
 of»aofoator • /«»:i"*'*^j''*KSn«^^ to their fato: V)«{ 
 bowitclicd our heart., f/j**!^"ao "a' t>F>" Petitioner! f 
 where i» the power that over "^^^^J^^^.^taki^^ tiltnowl 
 
 Or where U tfio war on ^\\*f^;^J^;„ouKh to iiiako,»U the 
 Wo may not,perhai^, be ^Yie on^^^^^ ^^^^ ,,,^ 
 
 advantage, we ought J>f ^^'' ^J^^ „. ^ith every clmrac- 
 ncvcrtholoM, ^.^''H *"APJ^^^^^^^ hand of him ^vho iont 
 
 ter oH great ^fj^^t^"^^^^^^ to a time ot ttan- 
 
 them. I loo*^ through ho prejeni ^^^^ ^^ „ 
 
 qniUity, when ^^\»^*^i\r.';orld.%Wer« tUo Quakeif 
 
 really Improwed and »n""°"f ^ "^J^, »,,*„ mi^ht difiapprove 
 7of^ toxoid they wouMhow^^^^^^^ 
 
 [he mean«, be the firat «f » J^i^^^^^ citica of Sodom 
 becau.e,byBeparatmg 0^^^ ^^,,, l^eh to 
 
 aad Gomorrah, it ^^jf ^A'^j.**^^^^^^ principle of peace 
 
 „,an before, of «^'.'^^^"?;\^lwiS g^veriimcntB that 
 
 into general Vr^^'\^\^^^^^^^ I fallen, cringing, 
 
 ■shall Tiereato f ^^iX'^^i^j^^.^'X^ .^hat more can we 
 
 ter and a political Quaker a ^'^^^ ^^.P*;"*' .^^^^^^^^ points in 
 
 ilaving thus gone o^^^, ^^\"«.^„*^J^^^^^^^^ 
 Buppoa ol- indoueml en ^ ^ ^^^^^^ l^eriodwhcnT first beuan to h e 
 return back witli me to the pcnoa i^^ag mail«. 
 
 a public doctrine, and to exammo *»» F™*^ ■ _ : ;i 
 
 / 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 ■■1 
 
 ar J 
 
 |tMU>m. t)at tb^ tanmlt' 
 MtnTertA than rflpuK>ii. 
 
 )>owor it geneniUy tht 
 
 lOQttion, (ftnd in matiert 
 
 thncn^^ht of,^«d not th« 
 
 inqqny,) and m the king 
 
 \oum righlf to rapport th« 
 
 and ai the good people 
 
 bj the oombination, 
 
 inquire into the preteA- 
 
 |)jeot the urarpatioiia of 
 
 ' hath itadlonilj arolded 
 long oxmelTea. OompU* 
 liTidoali make no part 
 need not the triumph of 
 tmenti are ii\jndicioiu or 
 
 '0- 
 
 '^,-- 
 
'S ^ ^ 
 
 %. 
 
 
 ^^:y 
 
 ■^\ 
 
 
 • *• 
 
 
 
 JLJ_ 
 
 
 
 y 
 

 < 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 ',,>■ 
 
 2.-^ 
 
 1.0 Sfiu lU 
 
 §21 .* 
 
 Ml 
 
 Itt 12.0 
 
 
 ^— ;■. 
 
 1- ♦^ 
 
 !*'•• 
 
 ' « -'i-- 
 
 >^^^ 
 
 ^^^i 
 
 Sddioes 
 
 23 WBT MAwrsraiir 
 jMnsm,N.Y. Msao 
 
 (7U)I72-4S03 
 
 ^*^ 
 
 
 y^ 
 
TI9 OBnn. 
 
 ' Ainonpf the Tftrloni o]%»et of liaen. The era I m^an to begin 
 at, is tlie broakingoat of hostilitietf April lOUi, 1775. Until 
 tliis event happened, the continent Mumod to view the die- 
 t)uie ^ a kind of law-suit for a matter pf right, litigating 
 Dotwdin the old countrj^ and tlie now ; and she foU the 
 same kmd aftd degree of horror, as if sho had scon an op- 
 pressive nlaiiitiff, at the head of a band of ruffian^, enter tlio* 
 court, while the cause was before it, and put the judge, the 
 jury, tlie defchdaht and his counsel, to thu sword. Pernapa 
 a more heart-felt convulsion never reached the country with 
 t;he same d^ree of power and rapidity before, and never 
 may again.* Pity for the sufferers^ mixed with indignation 
 at the violence, and heightened witli apprehenHons of un- 
 derf^oing the same fate, made tlie aiiair of Lexington tlia 
 afi'air ot the continent Every part of it felt the shock, and 
 all vibrated together. A gcrieral promotion of sentiment 
 took place: those who had drank deeply into whiggish 
 principles, that is, tlio right and necessity not only ot op- 
 posing, but wholly setting aside the power of the crown aa 
 sOon as it became practically dangerous (for in theory it was 
 alvfrays so^ stepped into the first stage of independence ; whild 
 anotner class of whigs^ equally sound in principle, but not 
 ■o sanguine in enterpnso, attached themseivos tJie stronger 
 to the cause, .and fell close in with the rear of the former; 
 their partition was a mere point Numbers of tho moderate 
 
 ■jneih^ whose chief fault, at that time^ arose from thpir enter- 
 
 staining a better opinion of Briton than she deserved, con- 
 vinced now of their mistake, gave her up, andj[>ublicly de- 
 clared themselves good whigs. While the tones, seeing it 
 was no longer a laughing matter, eith^ sQuk into Bilent 
 obscurity, or content^ themselves wiUi coming forth and 
 abusing general Gage : not a single advocate appeared to 
 justify the action of that diEty ; it seemed to appeiu: to every 
 one with the same magnitude, struck every one with the 
 same force, and created in every one the saino abhorrence. 
 From this period we ubay date tne growUi of independence. 
 If the many circumstances which happened at tlii9 mo-' 
 morable time, be taken in one view, anyd compared "^ith 
 each other, they will justify a conclusioiTwhich seems not 
 to have been attended to, I mean a fixed design in tlio king 
 and ministry of driving America mto arms, in order that 
 they might be furnished with a prctenbo for seizing the 
 wliolc continent, as the immediate pr<^pterJl^y of tho crown. 
 
 "A noble plunder for hungry courtierali, j""^^^ ^ 
 
 ■^ 
 -"»" 
 
 ,^ 5fS^ 
 
 ■ 09 
 
 ■ V »• 
 
 
 r.. . 
 
•nil OBBB. 
 
 •T 
 
 tt cmifbt to be iw^emberW that thcttrtt petiUon fh)ni the 
 oonKroM WM at tliU time unaiuiwered on tho part ot the 
 Britiih kinff. Tliat tho motion, called Lord North'a motion, 
 ■ of tlio aOUi February, 1776, arrived in Anionca the latter 
 end of March. Tliis motion ^ae to bo laid by the severtl 
 irovemora, then In being, before tho awjerably ot each pro- 
 ?inco ; and tho flrBt aBuembly befoi:e which it wai laid, ^as 
 the awombly ot Tennsylvania, in Jtfay following. Ihia 
 ^ being a juititate of Uie case, 1 then aak, why wore hoitilitiei 
 oomSienced between th^me of pawing the resolve in the 
 house of commons, of the 20Ui of Fobniary, and the time of 
 the assemblies meeting to deliberate upon.it! Degrading 
 and infamous as that motion was, tliere is, nevertheless, 
 reason to believe that the king and his adherents were afraid 
 tho colonics would agree to it. and lest they should, took 
 effectual cate they should not, bv provoking UieiA with hos. 
 tiliUes in the interim. The^ had not the least doubt at that 
 time of conquering America at one blow; and what they 
 expected to get by a conquest being infinitely greater, ^an 
 any thing they could hope get either by taxaUon or accom- 
 modaUon, they seemed determined to prevent even the poar 
 iibility of hearing each other, lesjl America iKould disap- 
 point their greedy hopes of the ^#fc, by l«tening oven to 
 their own terms. On the one ha# they refused tubearthd 
 petition of the continent, and oU the otlior hand took effeo* 
 tual care the continent should not hear them. 
 
 That the motion of the 20th of Ffebruary and the orders 
 for commencing hostilities were both concerted by ti^e same 
 person or persons, and not the letter by general Gage, aa 
 was falsely imagined at firstjis evident from an extract ot a 
 letter of Ins to 8ie administartition, read among other papers 
 in the house of commons ; in which he mforms his masters, 
 " IW' though t/ieir idea of his disarming certain counties 
 4a8 a riakKmSy yet it required him to he 'master of IM 
 Jiatntru, In &rder to enable hivi to execute it," This was prior 
 ^ to the commencement of hostilities, and consequently before 
 the motion of the 20th February could bo deUberated^on by. 
 the several assemblies. . \^ •> 
 
 i>erhaps it may bo asked, why was the motion pasjed, it 
 th^ was at the same time a plan to aggravate tho Araeri* 
 cans not to listen to it ? Lord North assigned one reason 
 himself, which was a fiope of dividing them. This was pub- 
 licly tempting them to reject it ; that if, in case the injury 
 of arms diould fail in provoking them sufficionUy, the msult 
 
 
 *^- 
 
M 
 
 \ 
 
 ■ M 
 
 of Mcli a decl»r»tioii might ffll it up. Bnt by ptAlng th« 
 motion Mid getting it afterwmrdi rejected In America, it 
 enabled thqm, in their wretched idea of politica, among 
 oiher thingt, to hold up the colonici to foreign no wen, with 
 fcttrj poMiblo mark of diaobedience and robcllion. They 
 bad applied to tliosc powers not to supply the conUnonl 
 with aring, ammunition, Ac. and it wai noccssarv they 
 should incense them against us, by assigning on their own 
 part some seeming rcputoble reason why. By dividing, it 
 bad a tendency to weaken the states, and bkewise to per« 
 plex the adherents of America in England. But the pnnci- 
 ^ pal scheme, and that which has marked their cljaracter in 
 every part of their conduct, was a design of precipitating 
 the colonies into a state whlcii they might afterwards deem 
 rebellion, and; nnder that pretence, put an end to all ftiture 
 complaints, petitions and remonstrances, by ieixing the 
 whole at once. They bad ravagQ||gDO part of , the glob^ 
 till it could glut them lid longer 4^«B| prodigality required 
 new plunder, and through the ESFlndia article ^a they 
 hoped to transfer their rapine frobi tliat quarter of the world 
 to this. Every designed quarrel had its pretencq ; and tho 
 same barbarian avarice .accompanied tlioi^^n^ to America, 
 which ruined the country that produced it. 
 
 That men never turn rogues without turning fools is a 
 maxim, sooner or later, universalljr true. The commence^ 
 ment of hostilities, being in tlie beginning of April, was, of 
 all ti^es the wdrst chosen : the congress were to meet the 
 tenth of May following, and the distress the continent felt at 
 this unparalleled outrage gave a stability to thai hody^ which 
 no other circumstance comd have done. It suppressed, too, 
 all inferior debates, and bound them toother Dy a necessi- 
 tous affection, without giving them time to d^er upon 
 trifles, the suffering, likewise, softened the whole body of 
 the people into a degree of pliability, whi(^ laid the princt 
 pal foundation-stone of union, order and government; and 
 which, at any other time, might only have fretted and then 
 faded away unnoticed and unimproved: but Providence, 
 who best knows how to time her misfortunes as well as her 
 immediate favors, chose this to bo the time, and who dare 
 dispute it? ' , .- ., 
 
 It did not seem the disposition of the people, at this crisis 
 to heap petition upon petition, while the former remained 
 nninswered : the measure, however, was carried in congress, 
 aud asecond petition was sent ; of which I shall only remark 
 
f ." 
 
 is a 
 
 . rdo' witl. An«nc. but toconq- u^^^^^ 
 Thoy were c«rt»m of .uccoM, »"'^^^^ J^^^^ ,„ tl.ou«Uidt 
 only plwe »f »"»'?■./, '"51 i.°ri",, ho wonder now tl.at 
 
 £ r»id^tr"e h;%hrr.^t^° b«t «.« .m of tut 
 
 thoy •?°7,?„*Tf„f *[„ifitv 5ct it opor»tod a«in.t our prc«ont 
 . IS" '5; »mo m:K.at .'civU opSuon of the dev J 
 would asrainst our future peacfc • .^ _ j^^ ♦ftL.Fi. 
 'ZV^ndcnoe^^^^^^ 
 
 \ A^il^t to hftve <Rxu5M lier importation, an4 probibjted 
 
 /which, naauuei.1 ', ..| / amazing imorancoor the 
 ^^^!^::^ of tbf S$ court, iSXt„alIy,proved. . 
 
 iSit«SSay,aiidin th^iagefor oonqueit neglected tU« 
 
 "S^^W 
 
 . ..■-%. 
 
 ../■■ 
 
 r 
 
 ■'■-^1 
 
 
I € . \ 
 
 "1 
 
 DttotMiAry •ubtletiui for obUlning It. They might h»v« 
 divided, dlitraeM and pUjed a thouiand tridw with ai, 
 had they been at cunning ai thoy were cruel. 
 
 Tliia 1ft«t in<li«^iity gave a now spring to indoiK;n<Icnco. 
 Tl»o*e who know tlic uavago obitinacy of tlio liing, and tlie 
 jobl>ing, gambling ipirit of the court, predicted the fato of 
 tlie petition, aa soon tm it \?aa sent from America ; lor tliu 
 men beii»g known, their mcaBuroa were easily foroaeen. An 
 politiciauH we oui^lit not io much to ground our hppea on tiie 
 . reuaonablencas ot the thing we aak, M on tl»B reaaoriableneas of 
 the person of whom we aak It ; who would expect diicrction 
 from aiool, candor from a tyrant, or justice from a villain? 
 As every pro8j)€ct of accommodation seemed now to fail 
 fast, men began to think seriously on the matter: and their 
 ruason being thus stripped of the false hope which had long 
 encompasscS it, became approachable by fair debate ; yet 
 still the bulk of the people hesitated ; they startled at tho 
 novelty of independence, without once considering that Our 
 getting mto arms at first was a more extraordinary novelty, 
 and tl^ all other nations had gone tlirough the work of 
 indeiHjndence before us. Thejr doubted likewise the ability 
 of the continent to support it, without reflecting that it 
 required the same force to obtain an accommodation by 
 arms as an independence. If the one was ac(}uirable, tlie 
 otlior was tho same; bccausp, to accomplish eitlicr, it was 
 necessary that <*ur strength sliould be too great for Britain 
 to subdue ; and it was too uhreaBonable to suppose, that 
 with tlie power of being masters, we should submit to bo 
 servants.* Their caution at this time was exceedingly mis- 
 
 • In thia lUt* of polltlotl lOfpcnM the pftoiphlet Common Benie made Its 
 •ppearAnce, ftnd th« tuccMS It met with does not become me to mention. Dr. 
 
 • ' Franklin, Mr. Samuel and John Adnnia, were ■cvcrally ■polien of u tho 
 inppo^ed nuttior. I hud not, at that time, tlie pleasure either of pcrnonnlljr 
 knowing or being known to tho two laiit pcntlemcn. The faror Of Dr Fmnk- 
 lln'f* friendship I posscmcd in England, and m.T introduction to this part of tho 
 world was through his patronnpc. I happened, when a school-boy, to pick up 
 a plcnRing natural historv of Virginia, and my inpltnation from that day of 
 Blueing the western side of the Atlantic ncTor left me. In October, 1776, Dr.. 
 , Franklin proposed giving me such materials as were In his hands, towards 
 completing a history of tho present transactions, and 9compd desirous of 
 hnring the first volume out next spring. I had then formed tho outlines of 
 C'^nmon PcnBC, and finished nearly tho first part; and as I aupposed the 
 / or's doslg«v in getting out a history, was to open the new year with a new 
 - ■^ Hem, 1 expected to surprise him with a production on that sabjeot, much 
 .rUer than lie thought of; and without informing him what I was doing, got 
 It r«»sdT for the pr*«8 as fast as* I conreniently could, and sent him the first 
 
 p u mphlet tha t wi s j ri n ted off . — — — ^^ — — 
 
1 * 
 
 ..Ufl«a • for if thiy wwe %hU to dt^m^ th<dr mf^ tnd 
 ^ ^. n th^lr riirhto by armi, tliey, <;«in«o«immtV, ^""-o able 
 
 *h. V honettly luid openly dockrcd and wlontod t, and tho 
 oLrtK Ue^^^^ •«"<•«» '"^**»""« tVem honor .uul 
 
 rrv cHtal Xl tl.cir charaac.-.. Error in opinion ha. thi 
 Sliur aavuntage witli it, that tho foromoat pojnt ot tho 
 K r^ ^onnd may at any tunc bo reached by the auddcm 
 flxort on of ft thonght ; and it frc<iuontly happen, in w-'nti- » 
 ZftHl difference., tlmt'aomo -trikin. eirc.un.tanco or^n^^^ 
 forcible roaaon quickly conceived w.ll effect in an InaUnl 
 Xt noiUier argumentnor example could produce manage 
 i ttnd t impJLible in the .mall compaw I am limited to, 
 to traSo out t&eprogre«i which independence ha. made on 
 UioSaof tho^ai^nent classes of Ijonr'^^^^^^^ ^^^^'^^ 
 reaaon. by which they were moved. With wme, it wa. a 
 T>aSatJ abhorrenco again.t the king of England and hli 
 S?? uaPBt of wVage. and brute.; and thew men, 
 ZSblthVagony oft wounded mind, wero^for tni.t. 
 Cre^tf in^^^^^^ and heaven, and bidding defiance •* 
 once With other., It wa. a growing conviction that the 
 Xme of the British conrt wa. to create, ferment, ^nd dnve 
 ^n Huarrel, for tho wke of confiscated plunder; and men 
 of tircUi ripened into independence in propo^t^^S U wi! 
 evidence increaW. While a tl»i«l„claw conceived it wa. 
 
 the true intereat of America, internally w»d «^^«7*»"y\i2^i 
 her own master, and gave their ropport to independeiice, 
 .teoTy .te^ aa hey «w her abilitiea to mainUin it enla™. 
 wTthTanyUwaa^a compound of aU theMrea«>n8; wlule 
 tho^who wetoocallouB to be reached by either, remained, 
 
 '^The&^^X'^f being independent, with i^veral col- 
 laSl illns, i. pointed out^in an elegant maaUn^^^ 
 in a. charffo to the irrand jury for tho diBtnct of ChariMton, 
 by tl^X William Heiy travton, CUef Jaatice of Sourt. 
 SLrolina. Tl.i» berformaixio, a,! the addrc- of *« <»°7«°- 
 tiorTof New YoA, an piocei, ii my humble opimon, of the 
 first rank in America. n . , , x v-»-« «« 
 
 The principal causes why independence has not been so 
 univer^Uy B"PPorted as it ought, are/.ar and tnddence, and 
 Z cauSes^whfYt has beei^opposod, *^^«««»^^' ^'[if ^ 
 viUainy, and luH qf person^ fower. Thcreis ^ot suq> a 
 being m Amerioa oa a tory from coofloienoftj tome aecret 
 
 ', \ 
 
 4' 
 
 %■ 
 
dofcct or otKer li hktarmftm Ui the chwmctw of •" *1»«^ ^ 
 thoT men or women, who can look with patlonco on the bruUl- 
 Ity, luxury and doUuchery of tho Britlih court, and tJio vto> 
 iationt of tlioir army here A woraan't virtuo rauit lit very 
 iljflitly on hor wlio can oven hint a favorable •ontlmcnl 
 III tlieir bohalf. It la remarkable that thp whole race of 
 proititutea In New York wore toriot ; and the •chonica for 
 •upporting tlio tory cauto in tlila city, for which wyerai 
 are now fi jail, and one hanged, were concerted and car 
 Hod on In common bawdy-Uouioi, aaaiatad by thoao whi 
 
 kept them. 
 
 Tlia connexion between vice and meanncM Is a lit nibiecf 
 for satire, but when the satire is a fact, it cuU witli tlie frre 
 sittible power of a diamond. If a Quaker, in defence of hj» 
 just rights, liis property, and tho chastity of liis liouse, Ukei 
 up a musket, he is expelled tho meeting; but tlio present 
 king of England, who seduced and took Into keeping a sistof 
 of their society, is reverenced and s^portod by repeated 
 Testimonies, while the friendly noodlFlVom whom sfio was 
 taken (and who. is now in tliis ciW) continues a drudge In tho 
 service of liis rif«I> »» If prond or being cuckolded by a crea- 
 ture called a ItlDg. _, ^ . 
 ^ Our tapport and sncoeti depend on sncn a vanetr of men 
 and circumstancea,. tliat every one Who does but wisli well, 
 is of some use : there are men who fiave a strange aversion 
 ta^ armSf yet Iqive boarta to risk every shilling in tho canso, 
 or in support of those who have bettor talents for defending 
 it. Nature, in tlio arrangement of mankind, has fitted some 
 for every aervico in life: were all soldionL all would sUrve 
 and go naked, and were none soldiers, all would be slaves, 
 As JMaffecium to independence ia tho badgo of a tory, m 
 ejection to it is the mark of a whig ; and the different sor- 
 vioes of the wliigs, down from those who nobly contribute 
 every thing, to thoso who have nothing to render but their 
 wishes, tend all to the same centre, though with different 
 degree of merit and ability. Tho larger wo mako the circle, 
 the more we shall harmonize, and tho stronger we shall be. 
 AH we want to shut out is disaffection, and, that exduded^ 
 wo must accept from each other such autioa as we are best 
 fitted to bestow. A narrow system of polities, like a narrow 
 system of religion, ia calculated only to sour the temper, and 
 be at variance with mankind. \' : 
 
 All we want to^know in Americ a is simply this, who is for 
 independonoe, and who U not! Those who aro for it, wil]^ 
 
 (oppor 
 
 ionabl* 
 
 or seek 
 
 juil an 
 
 wUi'^li 
 
 one hs 
 
 lax nil 
 
 tlon, li 
 
 mote 1 
 
 safety 
 
 and I) 
 
 therel 
 
 whicli 
 
 fored 
 
 a hop 
 
 not p 
 
 no n< 
 
 Quah 
 
 dentl 
 
 a^t 
 
 city, 
 
 with 
 
 afev 
 
 ofth 
 
 est d 
 
 the 
 
 the 
 
 pass 
 
 treai 
 
 the I 
 
 A 
 the 
 tlio 
 and 
 san 
 boa 
 
 dill 
 bee 
 trii 
 
 \ 
 
.»• 
 
 lit 
 
 / 
 
 «oDort It and th« r«n»lnd«r will nndonbttdlj tM lh« 
 SKniii of paring the chsrg«.; while tl.o- who op^.^ 
 •^^L tATJtrav It iiiunt oxpoct tho moro ngul fate ol th« 
 r .Hnd tl kX t Cro'lTl^ba.t.rd kind of gencrotity. 
 iVJc^ U ng^^ixtondod to tU men, U M faUl to locMoty, on 
 iTLud 1 the want of trui» gtu.oroiitv !• on tho other. A 
 rj rlr:,f i!;i.ni^i.teri„g Aico laLly tenucd .uodcra- 
 ♦Inn ho a t©nd«5iicj both tO diapirtt wuhlic virtue, ana pro- 
 moti hi gr^wU. o^publico.lU.'lU<l the late ^«!""" -P «^ 
 ^fe^takSh cogniianco of tho laat Teatiinony ot tboQuakort 
 Jf nmoM<(od airalnit wch delinqucnti at V^oro concerned 
 fhfjr^T bad probably, prevented tlie troa*)nablo plan* 
 l^'Stew^^ When one villa n i. .u^ 
 
 foria tcTo-cape^lt encouragea •nother to proceed cither f om 
 a how of^^ing likewiiTor •« apprehon..pn that ^vodarJ 
 ♦ .?^n^.h ft hai boon a matter of general aurpriae, that 
 not P"?iJ*- J;\'Xnf the incendiary publicatron of the 
 OnaT^o?" o aoa^ of November 4? • publieation evL 
 
 ape iU onemy^ "^^^^Z^ U I he^pVci^t Uio reader 
 ± ^=rrci Md\e^ore tlKrd of ^fe^ 
 
 the natter up, nwwiui. » . f ^cw acUof 
 
 SrZ^r^e^i^oral danger of the cau«3, and tho di.grace of 
 theitate. 
 
 nikMhmaMbUtkM<hmMac/8a/,tvofa»m»t0ofPmn^fh^U. 
 
 At » meeting of arepuUble number of tho inhabitanU of 
 the city of PU^ladelphU impre«ed with a proper aenw of 
 the iuSce of tho caSw which thit continent it e°g»««i;°» 
 aK^ted with a generou. fervor ^or Bnppo«t.ng^J 
 »me, it waa revived, that the foUowing be laid before the 
 board of safety : , 
 
 "We Drofeis liberality of sentiment to all men ; with this 
 distiltir^y? tliat ^0.0 -1^0 do not^deyjje H w^^^^^ 
 
 become wise and ^ek to dewrve it. ^^J^^^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 trines of muversal Uberty o^ «<>^.^*^7^^^^ 
 
 Cnty to a ndeavoc to se cure ma* saoiw ^h^ ri — 
 
 f> 
 
 ■1 
 
 ■V. 
 
 > 1 
 
'/ 
 
 \' 
 
 '1 
 
 ^ 
 
 w«t1I M to defend it for oor»«lT«i ; for w« iind«rtak« not to 
 jimIko of Uia rolitflou* r«ctitud« ot tonttih but l««vo Ui# 
 whole matter to llim who m»d« ui. *i. ..^ 
 
 •♦ Wc pcnwcuto no man, n«ith«r will W9 9Xm in in« ptr* 
 iwutlon of ttirfman fur r«ligitm'i iakfl; our common rolj- 
 tiou to othort Uing that of folloW^ritiMna and fellow-iiib- 
 i«U of on« ilngle community : and In tlili line of connexion 
 w« lu»ld out the right band of fellowship to all men. Hut 
 we ihould conrelve ounM5lv««a to be unworthy mombertof 
 
 the /»vd and XTuUptndenl 9taU» qf Amsnca, wore we uncon- 
 ceniedlr to tee or to •uflTer any troatonablo wound, publlo 
 or private, directly or indirectly, to be given aga nit the 
 
 peace and tlie tafety ot tlio iame. Wo Inquire not into tlie 
 rank of the offendera, nor into their rellgioua porwaaion: 
 wo have no buaint^a with eitlicr,our part being only to And 
 Uiemout and exhibit tliem to iuatlce. ^^ - ^ . 
 
 " A printed paper, dated Uio 90th of Worember, and 
 •Igned ^John rtiuberUm,' whom we iuppo«» to bo an inhabl- 
 tant of Uiit city, baa lately been diiperwd abroad, a copy 
 of which accompanloa Uiii. HSfcd the framen and publlah- 
 ert of thi^ paper conceived It their duty to oxhort tlie youUi 
 and othera of their society, to a patient iubraiiaion under 
 the preaent Ifyttig viiiUtioni, and humbly to await tlie eveif 
 of heaven towards them, they had Uierein ahowed a Uhna^ 
 Un temper, and we had been silent; but the anger and 
 political virulence with which their ffilfinctioni are given, 
 and the abuse with which they stigmatize all ranks of inwo, 
 not thinking like themselves, leave no doubt on our minds 
 from what spirit their publication proceeded : and It is di§. 
 graceful to the pure cause of truth, that men can dally with 
 words of the most sacred Import, and plav them off as 
 mechanically as if religion consisted only in contrivance. 
 We know of no instance In which the Quakers have been 
 compelled td bear arms, or to do any which might strain 
 their conscience, wherefore their advice, *to withstand ond 
 refuse to submit to the arbitranr instructions and ordinances 
 of men,' appear to us a false alarm, and could only be trea- 
 sonably calculated to gain favor with our enemies, When 
 they are seemingly on the brink of invading this sUte, or, 
 what is still worse, to weaken the hands of our defence, that 
 their entrance into thii city might be made praQticftble and 
 
 "We disclaim all tnmnlt and disorder in tlie punishment 
 
•^:. 
 
 iwM csim. -^ / ' •• 
 
 Kt f«Mon,fn tlio mtnnw of fr^tln^ t!i«in. W© are •mtl. 
 bfe thiit our cau«« luu •uffoml l.jr Uio two following «rn)rt; 
 firttt hv ill judcwl Unity to traltoroiui [lemmit \n •otii« tmatitl 
 
 o^itT ¥ori\J(nuL w« di*..w.i In.th. aiid w .h tn U 
 ,t-^ly In our imK!o«'«llnKt, unci •«riout in our punUlinu'nti. 
 
 ♦♦ Fv«ry •Uit^i in Aniericn Iim, l»y tli6 miM«tA}«l voice of Iti 
 
 inhabitmitm air««U«l and dUllioritwl Ui« wntlnonUl congruif 
 
 to Dublliarft fonn»l dw^krmUon of indqvBnd^n.u of, and 
 
 •eimrtttion from, Ui« opi.n<*nly« klnK wid pmrlifttiMmt of 
 
 Ortut HriUln ; wul wo look on every m»n m tn «n«iiij 
 
 who d«>«i not In touio lino or otiior, give hit •Mittmnce 
 
 towanii •upiK,rtlng th« wmo ; at the tftmo time we conndor 
 
 tB<r otfence to bo ^dglit^ned to • d«Kn« of unpardonable 
 
 iruilt when luch iM.monii, und«r Uio »li«w ot religion, 
 
 endeavor, either by writing, iiHaking, or otherwliie, to lulh 
 
 v«rt overturn, or bring rei.roach upon the Independence of 
 
 thU conUnent aa declared hy congreea. r,,.,.ju^ » 
 
 Tlio publiihora of the paper Hignwl ' John J emberUm, 
 
 liftvo called ui loud manner to their fnendii and connexiont, 
 
 ! Jo withiui^r refuHo' olMMlienrx) to whatever * Initructiona 
 
 oT ordinance* ^ay bo publi.hecl, not warranted bv (what 
 
 thoy call) *tharhappyconat.tution under whirh they an 
 
 cTthcni lobg enjoyeJtranquillity and peace.' 1^ ^»J« ^>« ""J 
 
 ?rcl^n, wS know not wkat may properly be caUed by tha> 
 
 ^*wTo Ui it ii a matter of inrprbo and aitonlahment, thlt 
 men with the word ' peaon, p^ace; continually on their lipe, 
 should be 80 /ond of living under imd *upi>orting • ?;>;«™- 
 ment, and at the same time calling it \hapm,'whx^\^ • never 
 better pleaded than when at war-that hafli fiUed India with 
 camagS and ^mlne, Africa witli slavery, and tampered with 
 iXS and negro^a to cut the Uiroata of the Sreemen of 
 America. We conceive it a difl|^ace ^ thi. sUte, to harbor 
 or wink at snch palpable hypocHBy. But at we seek not to 
 h^rt the hair of^ any man'tliead, when we can makeonr- 
 ifelvt* .afe without, we wish such perBons to restore peace to 
 
 themselves and us, b;r removing V^^"^r.K.r™J?f![h«v 
 the king of Great BnUin's dominionB, as by that means they 
 may live unmolested by us and we by them ; for our fixed 
 opinion is, that those who do not deserve a place among us, 
 
 ought not to have one. «n ^* — ft^^ *» 
 
 "We conclude with requeatmg the tjouiicfl of «^y *J 
 L « - . !.i^.«»^g p t^e paiwr si gned * John l'mu>erton. 
 
 '^'^ 
 
 •11 
 
 taki! Into conaidoratu 
 
 jferrj-r 
 
t » 
 
 li 
 
 1 I 
 
 
 oTof • lr«*...H|!M«^.lurr th^t th^jr Would ^*^^^J^ 
 
 ]u.Ikh^ ^ »«»«vrr lh«y limy K to «*'*^'I<»7^*^V^h;.^*^ 
 ii„t;..iloii., lirtrr«.t, fUh«^1»ov»rty.of pnn. ph*crf religion. 
 
 The iiu«it cttTilling tiH urian ottiiiiot imh u«o «>• »"^B^»"« 
 
 lamii with wch an hnpurUy, and U'^ve. It m r«l.bl»h At 
 inJ imrwcution nn. wwiu of U.« winio dunghiU, .nd flouns^i 
 
 bilSnc^ 0.«y luluht bsiro I vrjl ^^''^''f.^.'* **^f **Tbo N 
 •nirUhlo finatt ikmlnono would rmT« iiioli-ttcd tUctn. AUO -| 
 
 iMO/v ' 'fo which nmy »»« rcpliwl, im/ JT^r praeite€»ar4 
 Ths^vrrL: for M^er did tho roiiduc t of men oppMM. t hdr 
 trZ^^nJZZ notorioufJy U.u tl- FJ-°t r.ce ot tho 
 Uiimkor*. They have artfuHy chHURtHl Uiotni€aT«i t"io • 
 &nT .«rt o? people to U.t they luad to K tncl yet 
 haro the Odrett to pcmutde each o^her thmt they •"not 
 al tILl • like ftiiUautttod virifiiift, they •«» not Uie h»toc 
 dJft,^ ity hi mZ upon them, hut pleMantly ml^Uk.ug 
 trinkW for dimple., conceive. them.e We. yet Iprely and 
 wonder at tho .tupid world for not adminng theni. 
 
 Did no in^unr •rii to the puhlio by thb .iK,.tacy of the 
 (J«.ke« f^ n^iemSte., ihe*^puhlic wonld hare- notliing to 
 do wir itTbut - both the Acign and f «n««n»«X Ira 
 Sainted ajriinrt » eauw in which the whole commtihity are 
 rnt^StWif therefore, no »«r ^T^ml'L" a"nlttt( 
 cognizance of the meeting only, but .f "^7'.^*/ "** j^^^^ 
 criminality, before elUier the authontjr of the P*jticulaf 
 
 .„5^^^p^ji!I^«='oea' from pWU.hmo»« «» offro^^ 
 
 2 ^'^ufLa>ia- whac th. <iif.tti>t.4 tottw of th!« «"■> 
 
 i4- 
 
 4..: 
 
^' 'a 
 
 tU -BpfWi 
 
 •.,««minoa«tlcm. mftkinf thii mittiiT up, i»4 rti« T/if^ fcnowt 
 
 XrX^-r;on.^;if,ihHr ^.^ kfuK .^4. .f »i*j^y;r;; . 
 
 ri.ittlnir th^miMiUm with tho wYcmi^^ oK rwlurlnif ^'"«rt«;j ; 
 
 lh« c«rt»lnty «.f c«m«iu«rin« It Irt ^wm mmpa^gn. Dm r..IIow. 
 ni>«Utlon-.irtVr«m» a.« pnr»I.....MiUry r«jkt«r of lli. , 
 d«^.«tMi oflhr hou«« «f lonU, M.»rth 6th, UHll^ 
 
 l-llli A...«rl.ini;;' iM.y. U,rU UlUol,* " havj \^ «d.aln«t-S 
 
 Z r flnil -rly til infant tttbrnimtt ; .nd I nm «**'^y jUy 
 mow wd mor* c«n.l..<««l timt th • p«.,ph, n«tr«r w.l be 
 
 th«Y aund In to this ctuntry, tl I f^u^'/ to Mt.,j.m.Wmi/, 
 
 Zluranci, will b»TO MJ oHier olToot but tli^t of IncruM.ng 
 their ln«<>Ujn<'«.** - , . ., , * ^ ^^ 
 
 "'n.e .triA^gk" .•yt lord Uwnttnd.t "!• »«7,» "l^'f^ 
 for powtr ; tfS die it c••^ tnd CTio only pomimhkh now ^ 
 St I", to lU detemilnod, kin wimt muuncr th« wnr ojmi iH^ 
 mott effrtituftlly pnHM«Mit«Hl and niuH*U\y Hnin .o« .in order to 
 prooure that unXmditumnl Muhmis^on. ^»'';^. »!;• ^« "J 
 thly tutad by the noble e»rl with the whita itkff ; (ii«tnlng 
 lord Ttlbot,) " tnd I litirt no r^tton to douU thtt ho met- 
 •u\^ now mirtuintf will put tn c>d to tho war m tho rounm 
 oUiingUeampnign. Hlun.ld it lingor longer, wo.htU then 
 haTt rtiton U, cxi»«a that toino foroifrn jKiwcr will Intefj 
 fere, tnd Uko advtnttgo of par doinftUo troublct and civil 
 
 f*ll^ Uttleton. 'hij aenttmtntt art pretty well known. 
 I ihtll only obtenro now that lenient nieanure* have iiad no 
 other eflWt U.an to produce ln«»lt after intuit; that tho 
 more wo conceded, the higher America row m her demandt, 
 and the more intolont the hat grown. It it for thi. reason 
 that I tm now for the mott etfectivo- and dccitivo moaturet; 
 and am of opinion that no alternative irf left tit, but to relm- 
 quiBh AmerTca for ever, or finally dctermme to cotnpe her 
 tl. acknowledge the legislative authority of Out country nnd 
 it it the principle of an unc<mdittonal 9ubmt8ii<m 1 would be 
 
 ** cTn'wo^iIdrfe more uitprettiro than thetc? finrely thj 
 ^toriet will believe the tory loMt I llie truth it, they do be- 
 
 • Rt<>w«rd of tbt king** )ioutchold. 
 
 Q^^K«> and kU tofdllOTttntnt il 
 

 I 
 
 r 
 
 
 V-'. 
 
 Kw i%em, ana Iraow M ftifly m my WMpf on the continent 
 knowH,thRt the king and ministrjr never had the leaat deaign 
 of an ttccomniodation witli America, but an absolute, uhc^in- 
 ditional conquctit. And the part which the torie8 were to 
 lujt, waa, by downright lyinff, to endeavour to put the conti- 
 nent off ita t^uard, and to dtvido and sow diwronteht in the 
 minds of such whig« aa they niigiit gain an influence over. 
 In uhort, to keep up a distraction here, that the force sent 
 from England might be able to conquer in " one campaign. 
 They and the ministry were, by a difterent parae, playmg 
 into each other's hands. The cry of the tones in hngland 
 was, " JSfo reconciliation,, no accommodiUion" in order fto 
 obtain the greater military force; while those in America 
 were crying nothing but " reconciliation and accommoda- 
 tiony" that the force sent might conquer with tlie leaa re- 
 
 But tliift " single campaign " is over, and America not con- 
 qnared. The whole work is yet to do, and the force much 
 fees to doit with. Their condition is both despicable and 
 deplorable : out of cash— out of heart, and out of hope. A 
 country lurnialie^ with arms and ammunition, as America 
 ' now is, with three millions of inhabitants, and three thousand 
 miles distant from the nearest enemy that can approach her, 
 is able to look and laugh them in .the face. . 
 
 Howe appears to have two objects in view, either to go up 
 the North river, or come to Philadelphia. - , . 
 
 3y tfoing np the North river, he secures a retreat for hii 
 \rmy flirough Canada, but tlie ships must return if they re- 
 turn at all, the same way they went; as our army would be 
 in th» rear, the safety of their passage down is a donbttul 
 m^ttei-. By such a motion he shuts hunself from all supphes 
 from Europe, bnt ithrough Canada, and exposes his army 
 and navy to the danger of perishing. The idea of his cut- 
 ting off the communication between the eastern and southern 
 states,' by means of the North river, is merely visionary. 
 He cannot do it by hia shipping, because no rfiip can lay 
 longlit anchor in any river within reach of the shore; a 
 Bingle gun would drive a first rate from such a station. 
 This was fully proved last October at forts Washin^on 
 and Lee, where one gun only, on each side of *he nver, 
 ^ obliged two frigates to cut and he towed off in an. honr s 
 timS .Neither can he cnt it off by his army; because the 
 Bfiver^r poste tliey must occnpy, wonld divide them almo st 
 to nothmg, and oxnoae them to be picked up by ours like 
 
 \^ 
 
 I 
 
 
* 
 
 .■A 
 
 (mnit. 
 
 i» 
 
 nebblM on a river'i bank. But admlttiiiff that he could, • 
 Where in the injury f Becauac, while hm wtiole forego ih can- 
 tc,ncd out, a8 scntrica over the water, they will be very in- 
 nocently empl«>yed, and Uie moment they march into th« 
 country, tlio coiiununi«!atiou opeiw. • . 
 
 The most probable object ia riiiladclphia, and the reasona 
 ire many, llowe'a busmeaa is to conquer it, and n propor- 
 tion as he (imis liunBclf unable to the IubIc, lie will employ 
 his Btronirth to iliJS^ women and weak minda, in order to 
 accomplibh Uirough t/wir feara what he cannot accompUah 
 tyhlBOt^n forcef Ilia coming or attempting to come to 
 Fhiladelphia is a circumBtanire that prov«» hiB weaknafls : for 
 no Kcnei-al that folt hiuiBelf able^to take the tield and atUck 
 hiB antagoniBt, would tliink o£ bVinging hia amy into a city _ 
 intlioBummertimo; and thi. mere afifting Uie s^ne from 
 pbtee to place, without effecting axiv i^m^y}^^ feehJenetB 
 W cowardice on the face of it, andlioldaliim up in a con- 
 'tojnptible light to all who can reason jUBtly and hrmly. - 
 Br several Vnt'ormationB from New» York, it appears that 
 Sieir army in general, both officers and menv-have _given 
 nVhe expect^^tion of^onquering Ameijca ; their eye now , 
 ?8 fix^d upL .the spoil. Tfiey Buppose Philadelphia to be 
 rch with stores, anS^as they thiiit to ^et more fcy robbmg 
 a town than by attacking an anny, their movement towards 
 ■ ihS^rty i8 probable. We are not now contending against 
 an amy of soldiers, but against a band of thieves, who had 
 rother plunder than fight, and have no other hope ol con- 
 
 """"Zf^vltZ^^ a mightv booty, and^trike anot^^^^^ 
 ireneral Danic, by making ifc sudden movement ^nd gettmg 
 SSon of to city;1)ut unleaa they can march em* as 
 idSTs^n, or get tiie4tire cK>mmand of the riveiyto remove 
 n their plun^r, they may probably be stopped withjhj 
 stolen go^s upoi them. Wey have nev^ yet auoceeded 
 Sv^ey We been opposed, but at fort Washington. 
 At Charieston their defeat was effectual. At^Ticonderoga 
 tiiey r^n away. In every skirmish at Kingsbndge and^t^e 
 Wlfite Plains they were obliged to retreat, and the instant 
 t^t our arms we^turtied upon them in^ the Jerseys, they 
 turned likewise, and those that turned not were taken. _ 
 
 Tlie necessity of always fitting our mternal police to ^P 
 
 circumstances of the times we live in, is something so strik- 
 
 igly ob^ouB, that no sufficient objection can be made 
 
 i^aLtit. T^o s aiotyof ar » o«- . iet i cB depends npon It; and 
 
 j 
 
 I 
 
 ,4 1 
 
 J 
 
50 
 
 whew thfi point ii not tttisided to, the conieqnenctt wB! 
 
 either be a ffoneral lanj^iior or a tumnlt. The encourHgemunl 
 
 and i>rJteotion of the K'ootl Biibjctrts of any state, and the 
 
 nipp'-eMlon ami piiniuhiuent of bad ones,' are the principal 
 
 obVects for wliieh all autlioritv is instituted, an<l the line in 
 
 which it oui?lit to operate. We have in this city a stranpe 
 
 variety of men and charactei-a, and the circuinatances ot the 
 
 times rwiiiire that they sliould b\) publicly known ; >t is not 
 
 the number of tones that hurt us, so much as the not tind- 
 
 ina out who they are ; men must now take one side or the 
 
 i»trujr».and abide by the consemtehcqs : Uie Quakers, trusting 
 
 He their shortrttghted iiagacitr, hiive, most unluckily for 
 
 them, made their declaration m their last T<Mtimony, and 
 
 #e ought now to take them at their word. Tlicy have y<^ 
 
 ^ nntarily read themselves out of continental meeting, and 
 #!annot hope to be restored to it again but by payment and 
 penitence. Men whoso political principles are tounded on 
 avarice, are beyond the reach of reason, and the only rtire 
 of toryism of this cast, is to tax it. A substantial good 
 drawn frpm a real evil, is of the same benefit to society, as 
 If drawn from a virtue ; and where men have not nublio 
 ipirit to render themselves serviceable, it ought to bo tlie 
 study of government to draw the best use possible from 
 their vices. When the governing pasaion of any man, or 
 
 ^set of men, is once known, the mcUiod of managing them is 
 easy ; for even misers, whom no public virtue can impress, 
 would become generous, could a heavy tax bo laid upon 
 
 covetousncsB. i . _* •*!. 
 
 The tories have endeavored to msnre their property witii 
 the enemy, by Torfeiting their reputation with us; from 
 which may be justly inferred, that their governing pasaion is 
 avarice. Make them as much afrfidd of losmg on one side 
 as on the other, and you stagger their torjrism | make them 
 more so, and you reclaim them; for their principle is to 
 worship the power whieh they arc most afraid of. 
 
 . This method of considering men and things together, opens 
 into a large field for speculation, and allbrds mo an oppor- 
 tunity of offering some observations on the state of our cur- 
 rency, so as to make the support of it go hand in hand with 
 
 ^'thc silppression of disaffection and the encouragement of 
 
 public spirit Y ^.. ,«. . . ., 
 
 They^thing whiih first preaents itself in inspectmg the state 
 ^ o f the currency, IB, that w e h ave too much of it, and that 
 
 thero is a neceidty of reducing the quantity, in order to 
 
 IM . 
 
 -i<t»fe 
 
■•I 
 
 mrromM the vmlno. Men are d»Uy growing poor by tlie vo , 
 
 Z^ih^iih^viBke to get rich ; for In the •aino proivortioo 
 
 n d.o oricoZf a^^ good- on hand arc raised, t ;e value of 
 
 In mo fcn^y t. r5du<=cd. A .implo case will inako th.a 
 
 c e. r^ let a man have a 100/. in canh, and as many goods on 
 
 h^id'as^vUl to-day sell for 20/. but not content w.lh the 
 
 Cc.«rn^arkct price, he raises them to 40 . and by so domg 
 
 Eris othei-8, in tlicV own dotcncu. to raise cent i.er ccn . 
 
 Kke^Tset n th • case it i. evident fliat his hundrui pounds 
 
 lirhv is reduced lilty pounds in value; whereas, had Uiq 
 
 marke^'low^^^^ X^r^K^nt his goods would have sold but 
 
 for ton, bThS hund?«i pounds would have risen m value 
 
 to two hundred; because It would then purchase as many 
 
 ^ T® " -"_ ^.\„'^^^ hU familv as lonar agam as before^ 
 
 ffoods again, or support his family, as lonj? agi 
 Cd sSinge as it may seem, he is one hundred and fifty 
 ^ds uTpoorerfor^raising l^i« g^ods, to what he-wou d 
 FiH be«i h^d he lowered them ; because the forty pounds 
 wWch Cioods sold for, is, by the.general raise of tlie mar- 
 kelcent^^r cent, rendered of no more value than the ten 
 T^ou^ds would be had the market fallen in the same prober- 
 Ton^ LT^na^uently, the whole diflference of gam or lose 
 S on the dScra?ce in vilue of Uie hundred pounds laid bv, 
 L from fifty to two Jiundred. Tliis rage for raising gooas 
 rfor^^^eral reasons much more the fault of the tones than 
 the wW^ ; a^d yet the tones (to their shame and contusion 
 bughtTey to bl told /f it) are by far the most noisy and 
 d?^ontS. The greatest part of the whigj, by being now 
 f?fh«? i^thS army or emploVed in some public service^ are 
 
 SI it ciinot be charged oi. those ^o arS out of it 
 
 But Ae grievance hw now become too geneml to tte re- 
 medied by partial methods, and the only effectual cure « to 
 J^duc6 th"quantity of money: witb^hiflf the quantity we 
 should be r?cher than we are now, bcJjause the value of it 
 " be d^bled, and consequently our attachment to it 
 ^creas^d-.isYit^s not the number of dollars a man has, 
 but W SW^ihey will go, that mates him either rich or 
 
 ^e«6 two points being admitted, U. that the quantity 
 
 <^ m^y is too great, anS that the prices ot goods can only 
 
 be^ftSSly reduced by reducing tlie ouantity of the 
 
 , 1^ to^e considered is, Sie method how 
 
 j ! ^X!^Imstai>cgi of t he tim o B,M b e fore olis e rviH l^ re 
 
 ~sr 
 
«*i J yl^ lp iff<?«t 
 
 5X 
 
 Tni csitilb 
 
 ■/ 
 
 auiro thnt tliu public clmracteri of ftll mon should now be 
 tully underatoou, and tliu oiilj general inetliod of aacortain- 
 iiifC il it by an oath or affirmationf renouncing all allegiance 
 tu the king of (Jreat lirituin, and to support the indepun- 
 dunce of uio United States, as declared uf congress. Let, 
 at the same time a tax of ten, fifteen, or twenty per cent, 
 per annum, to be collected quarterly, l)o levied pi\ all pro- 
 perty. Tlicse alternatives, by being perfectly vofuntary, will 
 take in all sorts of people. Ilere is tlie test ; here is the tax. 
 He who takes the former, conscientiously proves his affection 
 to the cause, and binds himself to pa^ nis quota by the best 
 errvioes in his power, and is thereby'jusUj^ exempt fVom tlie 
 iatter ; and tlioso wno choose the latter, |^ay their quota in 
 money, to be excused from the fonner, or rather, it is the 
 price paid to us for their supposed, though mistaken, insnr- 
 Buranco with the enemy. i ' 
 
 JBut this is only a part of tbe adyantage wbich would 
 arise by knowing the qifferent characters of the men. The 
 whigs stake every thing on the issue of their arms, while 
 the tories, by tlieir disaHeotion, are sapping and under- 
 mining ^el^ strength ; and, of consequence, the property of 
 the whigs is the more exposed thereby ; and whatever injury 
 their states may sustain by the movements of tlie enemy, 
 must either be oorne by themselves, who have done every 
 tiling which has yet been done, or by the tones, who have 
 not only done nothing, but nave, by their disaffection, 
 invited the enemy on. 
 
 In the present crisis we onght to know, square \tj sonare, 
 and house by house, who are in real allegiance witn the 
 United Independent Stateft, and who are not Let but the 
 line be made clear and distinct, aniS all men will then know 
 what they are to tmst to. .>d[t would not only be good 
 pol!''<y bat strict jnstice, to ndiie fifky or one hundred won- 
 sand pounds, or more, if jf\is necessary, out of the estates 
 and property of the king oC England's YOtariea, resident in 
 Philadelphia, to be distributed, as a reward to those ii^ 
 habitants of the city and state, who should torn out and 
 repulse the enemy, should they attempt to march this way ;: 
 and likewise, to bind the property of all such persons tol 
 make good the damages wmch that of the whigs might sns'j 
 tain, ui the nndistingnishable mo<te of conducting war, we| 
 frequently make reprisals at sea, on the vesseh) of persons inl 
 i f no are mends to our caus e , compar e a wi 
 
 England, who are mends to our cause, compar e d with th ( 
 lesvient to^os amojig ns. 
 
 .■.. ;:/ 
 
4. 
 
 TBS OKint* ••■ 
 
 fii eTorr formOT tmbllcstion of mine, from Oommon Son^ 
 down tTuVo l-t CJri-i., I have t<«norally gone on Ue 
 rUrriUble .uppmition, that the torU were rather a m -- 
 i^^a than a criininal people, and liave apphed argii n mt 
 Iftor arXmonL with all tL candor and temper which I 
 :t capK oMn ^^^^^ to set everv part of the ^^J^r 
 Za llirly before them, and if poaaihle to reclaim them Vt)m 
 r in t^ VeaLn. I haio done my duty by them and have 
 now don^^Ui that doctrine, tiing it for granted, Uiat 
 ?ho^ who yet hold their diBaffection, are, eitlier a aet of 
 avariciou? mLreant., who would iacrifice the continent.to 
 I^ve tlZ-elvea, or T banditti of hungr;^ J'*^^^"*?.^**?/? 
 STpingindWirionoftheBpo^^^ '^r.^^^'wiri'^U.^n 
 a list of crown or proprieUry dependants, ^^ «» '^^f ^^jj^'^^ 
 ao without a porUon of power, would be content to ahare it 
 SrithSedevit Of .uermen there ia no hope; and their 
 obediei^o wiU only be according to the danger .et before, 
 them and the p4wer that la exercised over tliena. 
 
 Atime will Portly arrive, in which, by^"f ^-^^i^^^K^^^^ 
 chfrwtereof persona now, we shall be guarded against their 
 mrsS^SrK for In proportion ai Sie enemy despair ot 
 Tonqu^t Sey ViU be tryi% the arts of seduction and th^ 
 foroe of fear- by aU the mSchiefs which they can inflict 
 Ct in war we may be oertoin of these two things, ?»». tiiat 
 erne SrT m enemy, and motions made with more than 
 Tua^l^arad^are al%s aigoB of weakness He ^Jat ^an 
 conqnSr, fluids his mind too *:ee and pleasant to be brnUrii , 
 anX that intend, to conau^never xai^ too much ahow 
 
 ^Wr^w^ow the enemy we have to^^^^d^^^^ 
 drnnk with the certainty of victory, they disdamed to be 
 cmI a^in proportion "as disappointment makes them S97 
 ber a^d their apprehensions of an European war alann 
 the ArwiU ^Lme cringing and a^<^ i ^on^^£ 
 cannit b^ But our anawer to them, in eiAer condition 
 S^liybe in, is Bhortand fuU-" As fre^ 
 uL we arelrilling to make peace ^ith yon J^mo^w, 
 but we neither can bear nor repfy m any otiier character. 
 
 If Britain cannot conqner ns, ft proves that she » n^thw 
 able to govern nor protect os, and our particulw wtuation 
 now iTsSdi, that any connexion wijth her wonld be nnwiaely 
 ex^nSS a halfiefeated enemy for two jpowerful ones. 
 Em-otS: by ^^e v er y appearance, is now on t he ^,^J^J^7^^^^ 
 tiS^XnSg twafght o^ii war, and any alliance with George 
 
 i 
 
 
 /" 
 
 I 
 
 /■ 
 
tlie third, brinn Tmnm mad Spttn apoa our baoki; i MpA- 
 ration from him attachei thum to our lido ; tlioraforc, the 
 only road to peace^ honor and comnuros^ if IruU/pendencs. 
 Wt-itt«Q tliia fourth ^amr of tlio uhion, tohicA God jt6' 
 
 CoMiioir ScNic 
 
 •♦•♦- 
 
 -A 
 
 7" 
 
 — r-"7^ - NUMBEK lY. ^^"^ ^ 
 
 Those who expect to reap tlio bleisliiga of freedom, mnst, 
 like men, undergo the fatigues of suoporting it. The event 
 of vesterdaj was one of those kind alarms i^iieh is j net suf- 
 flcK^nt to*%use ns to duty, without being of consequence 
 miough to depress our fortitude. It is not a field of a few 
 acres of groimd, but a cause, that we are defending, and 
 whether we defeat the enemy in one battle, or by degrees, 
 the consequence will bo the same. 
 
 Look back at the events of last winter and the present 
 year ; there you will find that the enemy's successes always 
 contributed to reduce them. What tney have gained in 
 ground, they paid so dearly for in numbers, that their vic- 
 tories have in the end amounted to defeats. We have 
 always been masters at the last posh, and always shall be 
 while we do our duty. Howe has been once on the banks 
 of ^e Delaware, and from thence driven back with loss and 
 disgrace : and wliy not be again driven ftota the Schuylkill ? 
 His condition and ourt are very different Ho has every 
 body to fight, we have only his one anny to cope with, and 
 which wastes away at every engi^^ement : we can not only 
 reinforce, but can redouble onr numben ; he is out off Arom 
 all 0npplio8,,^d most sooner or later inevitably fall into 
 our hands. \ ' ^ ° 
 
 Shall a band of ten or twelve thonsand robbers, who are 
 this day fifteen himdi'ed or two thousand men lets in strength 
 than tliey were yesterday, conquer America, or ^ubdno even 
 a itinglo state? The thmg cannot be, unless we sit down 
 and suffer them to do it. Another such a brush, notwith- 
 standing w e lost the gronnd, w ould, by s t ill r e duci n g the 
 
 _ w e lost tuo gronna, wo 
 enemy, put them in ft condition 
 ibated. 
 
 onra. By s t ui r e aucmg 
 to be Afterwards totallj 
 
 y d*- 
 
 a^? ^fg t ^rr:^?-f-""i^^fe 
 
• 
 
 ns oran 
 
 IS 
 
 CoM our whole army haTe'come op to tlie atUcIc tt on« 
 tlmo, the conio<iucno<» had nrohftbly been othcrwlio ; bat 
 our having dimrront parUof the IJrandywine crock to guanl, 
 and tlio uncortttliity which road to Phdadolnhia the enemy 
 would attempt to Uko. naturally afforded them an oppor- 
 timltyof paaaing with their main body at a place wlicre only 
 A part of ours could bo pofitod ; for it must Btriko every 
 tliinking man witli conviction, thj^t it roquireii a much 
 greater force to oppose an enemy in teveral places, tlian la 
 Bufflclent to defeat him In any one place. , ^ ^ ,, ' 
 
 _ Men who are sincere in defending their fVocdom, will 
 always feel concern at every circumstance which seems to 
 make against them ; it b the natural and honest consequence 
 of all affectionate attachnflents. and the want of it is a rice. 
 But the dejection lasts only for a moment : they soon rise 
 out of it with additional vigor; Uie glow of hope, courage 
 and fortitude, will, in a little time, supply the place of every 
 inferior passion, and kindle the whole heart mto heroism. 
 
 There it a mystery in the countenance of somecauset^ 
 which we have not always present judgment enough to 
 explain. It is distressing to see an enemy advancing into ft 
 country, but it U the only place in which we cwi beat them, 
 and in which we have Jways beaten them, idienever they 
 made the attempt. Tlie nearer f ny disease ai^roachea to a 
 crisis, the nearer it is to a cure. Danger and debTerance 
 make tlieh- advances together, and it is only the hist puih, 
 in which one or the other takes the lead. _^ . 
 
 There are many men who will do thdr duty when it li 
 
 not wanted; but a genuine pubUc "plrit^lwayB ajnearg 
 
 most when Aere inmost occarion for it Thank God I our 
 
 army, though fatigued, is yet entire. The attack made by 
 
 'tW yesterday, was under manv disadvantages, naturaUy 
 
 ariwng from tiie uncertainty of knowing which route tiie 
 
 enemy would toke ; and, fi^m tiiat chrcumatance, the whole 
 
 of our force could not be brought up togetiier time enough 
 
 to engage aU at once. Our strengtii is yet jeserved ; and it 
 
 is evileht tiia^ Howe docU not tidnk himsdf a gabier bv tiie 
 
 affair, otherwise he would tiiis mommg hftTe movod Oxxwn 
 
 and attacked general Washington. ^ ._— ^^— _— - 
 
 Gentiemen of the city and country, it is m yonr power, 
 
 by a spirited improvement of the present circumstance, to 
 
 turn it to a real ad v anteee. Howe is now wgik e r thi ^n 
 
 before, and every ahot witt continue to reduce hun. You 
 
 are more immediately inte rested tiian any oUier part of Uie 
 
 
 •' 
 
 ■• 
 
 
u 
 
 / 
 
 eoQUnent; jour all U it tUk© ; it li not w with the gwiert] 
 MUto; Tou M duvotod bj tlio «iiemy to plunder •lu 
 duitruction: It U tlio un««.ur»Kein«iit wliinh Uuw«, th« ohiof 
 cif i)lund«r«^r», hM prcm.ii«i hi- tunny. 'Hiun itircuiiiitiuicvd, 
 you may m^o younM'lvoi bjr » iimuljr rwi»Uuc«, ind you 
 c*n hftvJ no hoiH) in wij oUior conduct . I norer yet know 
 our ftruro iWiiril, or any part of tho ami/, offl<'«r» or nu-n, 
 out of hoarfcand I have iwn Uiom in cirtmmit«nc«» a 
 thmiiand tlmea more trying than the pre^jnt. It m only 
 thow Uiat aro not in action, that foel languor and heavinCM, 
 •nd tho beat way to rub it off ii to tum out, and make luro 
 
 work of it . ^ , * , 1 4 
 
 Our anny muit undoubtedly fed fatigue, and want a 
 roinforconiont, of rcHt, though not of ralour. Our own 
 interest and happineiw call upon ui to give them every 
 Bupiwrt in our power, and make Uio burdtm of tlie day, on 
 which tho wifhty of tliiii city dopondi, as \ight aa pouaiblo 
 Ileuioinbor, gentlemen, that wo have fl^roea both to the 
 northward and louthward of Philadoliihia, and if the enemy 
 . " be but itoppod till thoro can arrive, tfiii city will be saved, 
 
 k and tho enemy finally routed. You have too much at stake 
 
 to heaiUto. You ought not to think mr hour upon the 
 matter, but to spring to action at once. Other statca bay* 
 been Invaded, have llkewiio driven off the invaders. N(>w 
 COT time and turn is come, and perhaps tlie finishing stroke 
 is reserved for us. When we look back on the dangers we 
 have been sieved from, and reflect on the success we haye 
 been blessed with, it would be linftd either to b© idle or to 
 
 loloM iWi p»pef with a abort 'addreM to general Howe. 
 Yotf, fir, are only Ifaigering out the period th»t ihall bnng 
 with it your defeat You have yet scarce begun npon the 
 war, and the further you enter, the faster will your troubles 
 thicken. What you now eiyoy is only a respite from ruin ; 
 an inyitation to destruction ; something that will lead on to 
 our deliyerance at your expense. We know the cause which 
 we are engaged in, and though a passionate fondness for it 
 may make us grieye at eyery injury which threatcois it, yet, 
 when the moment of concern is oyer, the determination to 
 duty returns. We are not moved bv the/ gloomy smile of a 
 worthless king, but by the ardent glow Of generous patriotr 
 ism. We fight not to enslave, but to ^ a counti7 free, and 
 to make room upon tiie earth for honest men to live in. In 
 tiioh ft caaa we are gnre that w vt r^t ; and we leave to 
 
 
 -^r- 
 
 .,«■ 
 

 if * 
 
 yoo Oie d«ipalr!ng rcfloctf^ of b«feg the tool of • miMnblt 
 tyrant. 
 
 OOMMOM BuiiC 
 
 rkitiiMipkt*, «^. ii» iw. 
 
 *v 
 
 ■•>•■ 
 
 •NUMBER 7. 
 10 «»• HB WDXUM IIOWI. 
 
 To trKuo wiUi a man who hat rcnopncod the m »n^ an- 
 thority 5f realon, and wIuh»6 phil«H<»v»'y «*>'»«'«ti. jn holding 
 
 . Cnamty in conU^.npt, i» like ad.nmiHtur.n,^ i,iodicm« to tl.O 
 did ^Vndiay^>ur»;.K to convert an •tliS.t »)/ •cripturj^ 
 
 ' KnloyriW, your IniK^mibility of feoHng and i^«flc«tlng It ii 
 thTurcrugaUve of animal.. AndnomanwUlonvy y«»uthow 
 honoirirff which a «tvago only can beyourxival and a biuur 
 
 ^XZ gliero«ty of Uii. conntry rewarded, yonr broU.«^. 
 • a laatwar with an elegant monument m WeBtniiiiater 
 K^i^U coJ^irtint tLtr .hou^^^^^ 
 diSion "P>n you. You certainly ^^^-^^^j^'llt 
 , eonBpicuou^^,Uc^ m the -U^^e yl^^^te ^^rlS in 
 
 1^ aid^oi^i';;!^': 
 
 !\«T^-^-ritVinnt tellmir the future beholder why. Judaiisaa 
 S.\rot « jX^yet hUtory -oHIm- thei fiun. to .«rj 
 
 '"mrwmiam'h.th nndoabtedly merited . m<mum«.t; tat 
 <rf wh.T&rCth what in«='riptjo«, where Dl«ed or how 
 «nbdS*ed, ta • quaiUon that would pnale att the heralda 
 ofatJ^meiap tbe profoimdct mooS of hiatoncal dehber. 
 ° wlW»t nolone, >i*to «icerUui your ««1 "•'"J"" 
 
 TT« prv^Mu u ,^_ii?:r„ *^ n^rwuttnaiA its identity. 
 
 ation. 
 
 ter, 
 
 an 
 
 Xt^"4 ^;rx5Tow"^ peri«(na.e It. idenUty 
 ««i oWve it iniSuii>d from the tranaformation. of fame 
 ?ViS7 A ^faitrr mav iriTO a fal«o expreamon to yon* 
 i:Ln?dtco.tt^^ S'S^uiToX^lem., by wiich 
 
 y"?'m.yh.^^^i»to"P'iS'i<''' ""1 ^FTuT^ 
 ?he hfflSlto Saditionary world.- Dl nature or ridicule may 
 
 conmwi^r • ^.„v » firttte; and no doubt but he who- 
 L"S4mSIS-^X'ing.Uru.hUcandnct. would 
 
 .'^ ' 
 
 ^3£^^£ 
 
:^^" 
 
 7 
 
 ehooM to b« Juit •• tliigiil*r in hJa eiit, hli nunnmoot tod 
 hit epitaph. ^ 
 
 II10 uaunl hoiiAan tif th« ili«fl, to b« nira, tro not mfll* 
 eicntljr ■ublimo, u> eiwort a c^liaractcr Itliu you to tho rvpitb- 
 lio of (luit and Mho*; for itowovor men timjr diflbr In Uioir 
 idea* of graiidoar or of govoramtnt horo, tho gravo ia 
 nf vertliolcM A pt;rf()ct rrpulilic. I)«*ath {• not tlio monairh 
 of tlio <lead. l)ut of tlio dying. Tho nioniont ho obtaini 
 •'% conquest Ito lo««i a tuhjoct, and, lilco tito foolish king 
 jou aorvo, will, in tho ond, war hiuuolf out 0^ aU hit do> 
 
 /miniona. ■ M_ '■' \ 
 
 At a propof proItiniiuiTT towarat tna i^Buijgfuinin t c/f ywn 
 fVinoral liononrt, we reauilj admit of jour new raiia o| 
 knighthood. Tlio title it pcrfoctl/ in character, and ft your 
 own, moro by morit than creation. There are knightt of 
 various ordom, from Uio kni^lit of the windmill to thekiiight 
 of tlio post. The fonncr is your ptttom for oxploitu, and the 
 latter will nttist yoU in settling your accounts. No honour- 
 
 .try title couki bo more happiQ^ applied I ^Tho ingenuity it 
 Jamiliino I ^And your royal inattor liath ditcov(5rod inoro 
 
 fenius in flitting you therowith, tlian in genorating tho most 
 nitlied figurufor a buttoni or detcanting on tho projportiea 
 of a button mould. - - 
 
 But how, tir. shall we dispose of yon f The Inrtntion of 
 a statuary is exhausted, and Sir William is yet unprovided 
 with a monument. America it anxiout to bes^w ner fune- 
 ral favonrt upon yooi and withet to do it in a manner that 
 thall dittingnisli ;|ron fW>m all the docou^ horoet of the lati 
 irar. Tho Ee^ptian tneihod of embalming h not known to 
 the proeciit age, and liicroglyphical pageantry hatli outlirod 
 the science ot tlccypliering it Some otiier motliod, therefore, 
 mntt bo tlioUght q{ to immortalize the new knight of the 
 irindmiU-and pott Snr William, thankt to hit ttany it noC 
 6pprettdd»with very delicate ideas. Ho hat no ambition of 
 being wrapped up and handed about in mjrrh, aloct and 
 caati%. Less expensive odours will suffice ; and it fortunately 
 happcn8,'that the simple ^niut of America hath dltcovercd 
 tlio art of prcservins bodict, f nd cmbollisliing them too, with 
 nfticli greater frugality than tho ancients. In balmage, tir, 
 of hhmblo tar, yon will bo as secure at Pharaoh, and in a 
 hieroglyphic of feathcrt, rival in finery a ll %hif inninT nioa of 
 •^gj'pt ^> 
 
 At yon have already made your exit fi;pm the morW 
 -^rorld, and by nnial^orlcin acta both of paastotitta and deli 
 
 \ ^/://: "-./■•/■ -^^ -■••■■ ^ ■■.■■■ .•:■/,.• ^-^-'-v' V,-- r . 
 
p^#r^ 
 
 
 t 
 
 ^ 
 
 OBont. 
 
 -•I 
 
 honour, ft iiiMt 1.0 m«r« tfTarUtiun iii jou U* J^"*!,"!!!^ ' 
 c«rn m tl.« hutnouri or oplnloni of mankind "^I^JT^'^f ^^ 
 Whftt romtlnt of too nmy .iplw tU tny tliiio. U^ •'Kin^r 
 tlio letter. For fio who mirvJvet hit f«pi.t»tlon, l.^et out 
 of «l.i#i.lt« of Ulinwlf, Uko.ft m«D liUcmug to km oun 
 
 '"^Diui ontoinh<Hi and omtmcntcH!, I loavo jou to tjio Intt>«<v 
 tiOB of tlw carioMi, and rolurn to tl.o InBtory of Yo.ir y«t 
 .«^iri«« ..tlon.,^~Vl.o chancier of Hir Waimm Mi un- 
 ddrgonc •omo oKtrmonlinary revolution, ilnco ••'• •;'^'^» . *^^ 
 Aiitorica. It !• now fliod and knmi »d wo htfO notli ng 
 to hoiMJ from your candour or to fear from your capacity. 
 Indolonoo and innhllity have too largo a tharo in your com- 
 poaitioii, cnor to tuffcr you to l)0 nnyth.nff moro than tho 
 hero of little villanict and untlnialuKl advonturca. i lat, 
 which to lomo [wrwna npiwarcd iiiodoration in yon at irat, 
 was not produced by any real virtue o! your own, but by a 
 contrast of paasiona, dividing and holding you m |»er^HJtua 
 " ?^.lution. One vice will frequently cxpeT ^"«ther without 
 the Icait merit In tho man, M powen m contrary dircotloiii 
 reduce each other to rcit. i .„!.««« s»-./vf 
 
 It became you to have tnpportcd a dignified tolcmnity of 
 cbamctcr; to have ahown a •iiiKjrior liberality of loul; to 
 have won reapect by an obatinate perwyerance In maintam- 
 ing order, and to have exhibited on all occat.ont, •udi an 
 nnchangeable graciouineaa of conduct, that while we beheld 
 in vou tlie reaolution of an enemy, we might admire in yott 
 
 the^incerity of a man. You c*"'^'^^^'"*'"^ J*"^^": *;! 
 high •ounding titlea of commander and couimiiaioner, not 
 
 only to iupprcM what you call rebellion by arnii, but to 
 
 ihamo It out of countenance, by the excel cuceot yonr cl- 
 
 •mple. Instead of which, you have been tho patron ot low 
 
 and vulgar frauds, theoncourafwr of Indian cnicUic. and 
 
 have imported a cargo of vicea^lacker than tho«) which you 
 
 ^Tanlcind'aro^univerKilly agreed in their determination 
 of right ond wrong ; but there are certain actions whieli be 
 conwnt of all natioAs and individuals hath brande.! with the 
 anchangeable name ofnyanw^a. In the listot human viwi 
 we find some of such a rqtined constitution, they cannot Ih^ 
 — carried into practice witiiout seducing s ome virtue to tbiMi 
 Msittance; but m^nn^w hath neither alhanco nor ajwlowr. 
 It b generated in the dust and iweepingi of other vioe% Mdk 
 
I* 
 
 i 
 
 fih 
 
 !• ©f itirli A lifttAfbl dgcnrtf Ihftt •H Ui« f*il*»^fiif»tfwt»»|li>^ 
 it. Hir William, Ihn cortiiitUMiontir of OcHirKn tfi«^ Utjiipii^th 
 
 ptMid thtf fuKitiv« At Ui« otmnoit txiArU, And dnhlj«id IttOU'^ * 
 tmittoii of tli« ortl«r tif knighUuKxI. « . 1 ■ 
 
 T!i« j>Artl«MiUr Act of iiii'Aiuuwa whltth ! Aflndo to In thta 
 d«'A('Ht>tiim, in forjtiiry. You, iir, Iiavh A|Httt<*<l »n<l iiAtrotiUod 
 tliti lorgiiiK aikI uttdririK oountorfnit continonUl tHIlt, In 
 tlio lAttio fC«wYork nowtpAtNtn in whioli jour own pro* 
 oUxiAtlon UmW ymr niAAiitr'i AuUiority waa puhliftlifid, 
 ollVtring, or \*rt^^u4ki^ Ut olf«r, fMinlori aikI |>rut«»'ti«ii to 
 tli<MM) MtAttw, ttutr^i^ni r«!p4«toil AdvortiMiuiontA of ooant«r> 
 fdl monnjr for U^^h wwi p«»rAont who^ biro como olllclAllr.. 
 from jou, And umlur tlui Mnotion of jour flAg, hAvo b4|B 
 uict'n up In Att4impting to put tiuun off 
 
 A conduct Ao bAiMtly niuAii In a public cbArActor l« wlth- 
 
 ' out procodcnt or prvt^moo. £f ery nitiofi on oatIIi, wlictiior . 
 
 ^IHondg or eiioniiuA, will unlto in doApitinff jott. Tit aq in* 
 
 •jBi*fi«llAry WAf upon mc\vty, wblob nothinff cAn oxcuio or 
 
 palliAtc— An iniprovonu'nt upon bo^garty villany— aiuI 
 
 aIiowa An imbrod wrutcbudncMA of Air'^'l in»do up b«twooti 
 
 the vonomouA m^Jigni^ of a soffillglli)^ a *P^^^.i ^% <h 
 
 h\(oW!r r«!ptlIo. 
 
 biH^ility of An inftjTOr n^ptU 
 
 llio Iawn of Miy oiviiizod countifWiniF^ondomn jon to 
 tho gibbut witliout rugAnl to your rAuk or titlu«. bocAUAo it 
 ifAa action foreign to tlio uiAgu and custom of WAr; And 
 •liould you TaU niito our bAndis wbicli pmy 0od you mAy, it 
 rili,i)0 A doubtf\il niAttur wb^tbur wo Art) to cooMidcr yoa ^ 
 tilitAry priiMincr or a prisouur for fwlony. 
 KmuUitkfMjt^ oxcoodingly unwiic And impolitic in jovtf or 
 ^kty otlton^TMn in tho Engliih service, to promote or etron 
 SncourAge, or wink At tho crime of forgory, in A«y caim^ 
 wliatuvor. liecauAC, as Uto riches of England, as i^ nation, 
 Are chiefly in pA|)er, And tlio fAr greater part of trade among 
 individuals is earned on by the same medium, that ia#i>J 
 notes and drafts on one anotlier, thf^y, therefore, of aU 
 |M>ople in the world, ought to endcAVOur to ke<?p forgery out 
 of sight, and, if possible, not to reviv<) th<3 idea of it It is 
 dangerous to mAke men fAtniliAr with a crime which thdy 
 niiiy afterwards practise to much greater advantage against 
 tliost> who firrtt taught them. Several offituTH in the English 
 ar>ny have made Uieir exit at Uie gallows for turnery on 
 tluur agents; for we all know, who know anT Uiing^of 
 J^gtand, that there is not a more neceasitouA body of m<i»i|°l^ 
 
 4 
 
• 
 
 /' 
 
 
 ^* 
 
 
 tCMJuKiiitHT* to iii*ll« A thaw ftl t»»« ei|)«ai» of th« !•»«>»» 
 iS^iMMHir ol«NHi ftt tin* .ilmrgfl of lljt> wmiUior wom«n. 
 
 KnaUna Imlh, At U»i« lim«^, M"*""!/ two l.tti»4r«ia n»»H|*\ 
 ptuMuTi •l^rlliiK of imbllfl monnj lii pdpf, «"^^^'«»7' «J 
 Uih iH. reel prt»|mri/ : h««ia«i a l*rg« cln-uiaUou of l.»nk 
 not«% bimk poirt mk •nil pr.mil-^»ry iftit«« .iia «»«f»« "f 
 priv»t«i b^iiljnrt, m«namiiU •lul trm4»»«fl»n. Hho hath Uid 
 ■rreAliNit quftnllly <»f |>*lHir «mrr«iM v *na ih« ».mI nuwilitv 
 Sf ffoia aid iiilv«r of mt iwiUon in hurii\m, th« ro^l whwIo 
 Whtoll li ibw^t ilitawi milUoiui ttflrUiitf , wrwi t)nljr i§ <ih»ng« - 
 tu tariw wmi, wbi«^h •m ilw.y. m»a« Ul W^pwr, or for p».?r^ 
 mm»tTn •nialtmwiu 'ITkui drcumiUiiMd, il.o n*tl6fi It p.jl 
 tu I(« witV «tui, ana oOllgotl U) Ji»« ••▼«« mXmo^ to crtn^ 
 nilltr. to pravtmt Um pr»ftid« anci ifroMrlh of forgtry. . 
 i^^y A i'Mion pnmM-. At tlio Oia lUiUiy, .ar in «ifc<-ntlo^ 
 it Tybum, but wiUnink^th thb truth. v«l v«.u^ iilr, ngftrai.-i*^ 
 of th« policy which hof n«KH«ilty oblftfi^* hor Ia) taop.t, hifc 
 ibafio yoor whole »miy intiramtc with Ui« crime. Ana m ill 
 Zmim, ftt the concluifon of a w»r, irw too »p| to cij^ into 
 prmctic© thtt vlc.li of Uio cmmpilKti. U will prolahly b»pi>«n, 
 that KnuUntl will her«»ft«r abound in forgoiitiih to which 
 iuU th« nracirUoncm were flmt iniUatod muUw rrmr autho- 
 fflty in Amorioa. You, tir, hate Uie honor of •ddinK a now 
 IW© to the mniUry oaUloguo ; ana Uio rcaaon, porlmp, 
 why the invention waa n«<irv«d for you» ii, bccauae no 
 leiieral befor« waa moan enougli ever to tliink of »*• 
 % Hiat a man, whoM loal if abnorbed in the IdW traffic or > 
 /fttlirar ▼ice, ii-lncapablo of moving in any iiuprarior region, \ 
 yi Jeafly nhown in you by tho event of every campaign. - \ 
 ,^oiir military exploiti have boon wiUiout plam, object, or ,. 
 deciiion. C^ it be poMible that von or your employ era ^ 
 iuppos© that the poHiw^Miion of ^iladelphla will bo any % 
 waya equal to the exiMinso or oxp<K!tation of tho nation ¥ 
 which wii>iK>rtii you f What advantage 4^,h"«**"r .,t 
 riye from any achievement of yours I To A«r it ii p«irf«ctly 
 Indifferent wW place you are lir, lo long ai the buiincM 
 of conquest ii unperformed and the charge of maintaining 
 
 yon remains tho game. , . » 4* a^ ~~~~- 
 
 1 If the principal events of tho three campaigns be attcnrtoa 
 to, the balauco will appear against you at the close of each ; 
 but tlie last, in point of import a nce t^ ns, haa exceeded Uio — _ 
 former two. It is pleasant to look baek on dangers past, . 
 til^ f^mOly M pieManl to meditate ou jpresent ones ^"»«V^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 S 
 
• 
 
 
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 * 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
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 \ 
 
 } 
 
 ■% 
 
 • 
 
 % 
 
 *-• 
 
 
 
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1^ 
 
 / 
 
 fill (auMik 
 
 * 
 
 /* lKt mkf imt l^iM to «ppMr^ :7%U puriotl ti oow arrived, 
 ftnd Umi lung duuhtful winlaiwof war w ohanging to th« 
 •Wtttar pr«i«|M)(;ii of rieiory and Jor. At thn rloM of tJia 
 caiiitmi;*ti, in 1773, too wor« ol)Ii;(«'<f to rt^troat from H<Mton. 
 In tho •uaiinor of 1770, jou amHiarcd witli a nutnoryui ^mi 
 and nnny in tlia harbor of Now- York, i Bf what miraola 
 the continent waa proaurYod In tliat seaaon of danj:^r la • 
 tubjaci of adinimtiunt If Initoad of waAtlnv jour timii 
 aK»l»itt Ix>ng l»l«nd, jrdu lind run up tiia Noiili rirur, and 
 landml any where above Now-Yoric, tly» conicquouco inuat 
 bara boon, Uiat either you would have ooni|)«nod gonoral 
 Washington to fight jou with very unequal nuniber«, or ho 
 muNt tuddenly Iiave ovacuiitiHl Uio city with tlio loea of 
 nearly all tliu aturee of hi* army, or have tunendered foi 
 
 • Irant of provialona ; tho titaation of tlio place naturally pn^ 
 during one or |lie otlier of theee ovont«. 
 
 1* 'llie pruparatloriH nia<le to dufniid New-York wero^ nerer- 
 
 ' theleMj wine and military ; boc^auae your forces wcru then ai 
 
 •ea, their numbers uneertain : stonns. sickness, or a variety 
 
 of accidenta might have disabled their coniingj or so dimL 
 
 • niMlied Uiom on their piuwage, that llioso wlucli survived 
 would have been incapable of opening tho campaign with 
 any prospect of success ; in whitm CHse tiio dofenoo would 
 havo been sufHclent and tho place preserved : ior oitlos that 
 have been raised from nothing wiUi an miiaitudo of labor 
 
 I and eipense, are not to bo thrown away on tho bare proba- 
 bility of their being taken. On these grounds tho prepara- 
 
 I tions made to maintain Now- York wore as judicious as tho 
 retreat afterwarda While you, in tlio intonni, lot slip tho very 
 opportunity which Boomed to put conquest in your power. 
 
 Thronglr tho whole of that campaign you had nearly doa- 
 ble the forces which general Wasnington immediately cora- 
 < mandod. Tho principal plan at thaUtimo, on our part, was 
 to wear away tiio v^^son with as li^Ie loss as pos-tiblo, and 
 
 ' to rai^n the army for tho next year. Long-island, New* 
 
 . York, forts Washington and Leo were not uefendod 'after 
 your iuperior force was known, under any olxpecUition of 
 
 '"'. their bemg finally maintained, but as a range of outworka, 
 
 • in the attacking of which your time might uo wasted, your 
 numbers reduced, and your vanity amused b^ noHSessing 
 them on our retreat. It was intended to havo withdrawn the 
 garrison from fort Washington afler it had answered tlie for- 
 mer of those purposes, but the fate of that day put a priaa 
 into your handa without much honor p} jporselveai 
 
 'tn^ 
 
 
 

 ■W^^^^P 4S^(^|^-T- 
 
 chod no higlur lliaii tliat tlio roltfUt not lU«i U cwi- 
 rod. bko li»a no oxpottation of deft •llnff TOii In tint 
 ipmlirti. Even tho im»«t cowardly tory tllowtKl, IJitt, 
 ^a-tho witlmtftud tho thock of thai •uinincr lior inde|Mm. 
 
 Tow pro((n«t through Iho Jorwys wm iceldenUl ; yo« 
 had it not «vcn In cont«!inp!ation, or you wld «»*^ »»^« 
 tfffit » principal p*rt o» your foma to IUio<lo Ii»nd b^foni 
 liAiid. Tlio utnumi hop«i of Amoricm In llio yo*r 17.0, 
 nmchod no higlur than tliat tlio nilj^'it not th«i U om-^ 
 qucrod. 
 
 d.n.o would b« past A doubt Yott had tl^n grcaUv Uio 
 advantage of her. You wcro forraldahlo. Your military 
 knowlcdffo waa iuppoaod to" bo complcto. Your n«wta and 
 forces arrived wlUuiut an aocldont You had ntnilior oxpf>- 
 rionco nor roinfortcmcnta to wait for. You lad nolhing to 
 do but to lM»gin, and your chauco Uy In tho flfit f Igoroui 
 
 • America Wm yonng and nnalifTlwl. fiho waa ohjlged to 
 trust hor dofenco to timo and practioo; tnd hath, by incrq 
 dint of iKsracvcranoc, inaintHiiuKl lior cauM, and brought the 
 enemy to a condition, In which alio ia now capable of meet- 
 Ing lilm on any groundi. .#*-„* i _i 
 
 It is romarkablu tliut In tho cwnpaipjn of ItTff, yon gah»od 
 no more, notwithstanding your ^reut force, than what waa 
 iriven you t>y consent of evacuation, except fort Washing 
 ton : while every advantage obtained by us waa by fair and 
 har(\ fighting. Tlio defeat of Sir Peter Parker waH com- 
 plote. Tlie conqufHt of the llcsaiana at Trenton, by the re- 
 mains of a retreating 4irniy, whicii but a few days before 
 you affected to despise, is an instance of their heroic porso- 
 votance very scMom to bo met witli. And tlio victory over 
 the British trooi>8 at Princeton, by a harassed and weary 
 party, who had been engaged the day before and marched 
 all night without refreshment, is attended with such a scone 
 of circnmRtances and superiority of genorakhip, as will over 
 give it a place in the first rank in tho history ol great ac- 
 
 Viien I look biick on the gloomy days of Inst winter, and 
 ■ee Americft suspended by a tlireud, I tool a triumph of joy 
 . nt the recollection of her delivery, and a reverence for the 
 charactcm which snatched her from destnictioii. lo doubt 
 now would bo a Rpecnce of infidelity, and t^ torget the in- 
 itrumenU which saved us then would bo ingratitude. 
 
 The close of that campaign loft ua with the tplrit of con- 
 querori. The northern districts were relieved by the 
 retreat of general Carleton over the kkea. Iho army undei 
 
 I I 
 
 I I 
 
 .jam 
 
 I-, 
 
ni amam» 
 
 w 
 
 
 ftmr eomi^id wnra huntad iNMsk Mid had thdr boond« pro> 
 •(irib«d. Tma vtmUuvnt Ini^n to fool iU mUiUrjr i<ii}Hjri' 
 Micio« and tao wintor p«Mod ploManil/ awajr in pr«p«niUoiia 
 for tiio^«itUi«itij»«txii. 
 
 HowoTor iponhiluiityoti might b«ofi jonrfinit vr\t%\, tlia 
 rctuU of th^^oar 1770 g»vo jrou ■uiiio idvs of Uio ilitiieuitjr, 
 if not ImiMNkibiHt/ of conquuat To this roMon W|icribu 
 y9nr d«l*j in ojMHiing the onmuAign of 1777. ^TUpl^co of 
 limttt)^, on Ithu o,J(NM) of tho lonnor jr«iir, g|^K4' jjjpii no 
 en(<>ur»|rt!inoht to (mniiio « diMTotionar^ war mgiiM^ti ai t)i<]^ 
 spring lidniitu^d tho taking tlio tiuld j tor tliough conqumt^ 
 la th«t CAM, would hft?e gi^on jou m double portion of tame. 
 yci tho ox|Mtriniunt was too haxanloua. The niini«try, hfui 
 you failt^l, woi^ld ha?o shitWl tlio whole blamo ii|Mm you, 
 charged you ^ith having a^'.t^Ml without ordun, and fMm* 
 demnod at onc^ both your plan and eiiHjutlon. 
 
 To aroid tho miafortuneef which mi^ht have InTotred you 
 and your inon«^y aoooiinUi in poqdrxity and lUtplcIon, you 
 uruduntly waited tho arriival of a plan of oporationa from 
 England, which #aa that you should prtH^cod to riiiladcslphia 
 by way of the*01iyta|H)ake, and that Burgoyne, atW roduo* 
 ing Tinpndf^roga, ^ould take hit rout by Albanji and| M^ 
 nu<-(««ary, join youv j ' 
 
 The Hplundid lautelaof the last campaign have flouriilied 
 in Uie north. In that quarter America nai 'rapiued th« 
 world, and laid tlio\ foundation of this yelir's glory. II10 
 conquest of 11<:ond«^irogaj (if it mav bo called a coHqucHt) 
 has, like all your oth<9r victories, lecl on to rui^. Even the 
 provisions taken in that fortress (which by gtsncraL Hur< 
 
 foyne's return was sufficient in bread and flout for nearly 
 000 men for ten wcekV, and in beef and pork foV the same 
 number of men for orie month) served only to luiUten lili 
 overthrow^ by enabling him to proceed to Saratoga, tlie 
 place of his destruction^^ A short review of tho operations 
 of tho last campaign will show tho condition of affairs on 
 both sides. \ 
 
 You have taken IHconderoga and marched into Philadel- 
 
 5 Ilia. Tliese are all tho events which the year hath pro* 
 uced on your part. A trifling campaign inaeed, compared 
 with the expenses of Englana and tJie conauest of tlio con- 
 tinent On the other side,\a eonsiderable part of your 
 northern, force has been routW by the New-York militia^ 
 nnder general Ilerkemer. Foi^ Stanwix has bravely sui> 
 vjvud a c<,»mpound attack of soldiers aud savagei^ and the 
 
 "-:■-?■:. -:^ ■ :: -/ 'r n '■''':■ :■ .■; 
 
 ■/I 
 
 / 
 
 X 
 
 ^1 i^^£.^ii^usj^ti^A 
 
^ ifp^flOTP^!;^^ 
 
 
 w«^^ii.ind U.«ini nr*, now ourt. Tiooiul«rogj mna Iii<l«. ' 
 rr «nco ar. r«Ukcn. M..I not the .h^aow <, jjn en.ny 
 Ltuaini in all tho nortliom dl.lrioti. At thb inataiit w« 
 
 "nci tciVenty niocot of brM. ordoauco, \^\^^ tmall arm*, 
 
 "" h« comumnded, U) h« «t your iiicrov at pr iononh and 
 Z«ral Burgoyno, with hi/arm; of •^ddlert and •avagiJi, to 
 Ci^y JoIiJ to yott In l<,nn.Tlv|inla Ho d •n.at a 
 Llv^L\^^v^^\^ l>«look«<l at it ha. aU th« raoin;;. 
 SLd c^lorini^Tof hoVror and <lc«palr; and cicto. the nunit 
 ISolUnK «"l^tio«. of Kratitudo, by oxliiblUng the miiwril* 
 
 ^rad.n-?rri:r.lJiE^^^^^ --a the continent . 
 
 It U the oarnct of future union. Kouth-Caro .na ha. h.^ 
 her day of .ufferin« and of fa.no ; and the «thf ^!f "^]»«™ 
 •Ute. Lv6 awrtel tlic.n.eWe. In proportion to the fon^ 
 that invade<l or maulted them. Toward, the cl<«o of the 
 namD.iirn In 1776, thew middle state, were called upm 
 an7di3 'their dutV nohly. Hiey were wii«e.«eH to the 
 M.t (lipirinK flame of human tVeedom !> W"- the e o^ 
 . ruuirludf life and death. Tlie line of invisible division : 
 and on whieh, the unabated fortitude of a Wa.h.,^on pr^ 
 vailed! Tnd .ived the .park that ha. wnce blaxed m th» 
 north with unrivalled lustre. , ,, , ««^^.™«/i I 
 
 Let me a.k, sir, what great explolU have you performed f 
 TlirSugh all tke variety of change. a|Hi opportunities which ,.,, 
 the war ha. produced, I know iTo onoaetfon of youm that - 
 can be .tyle<f masterly. You have moved in and out, back- 
 ward, and forward., found and rouml, a. if valor consisted 
 r military jig. Tlie history and figure of yonr movements 
 would be^Cruly ridiculous could tfiey be justly dehncated 
 Tliey resemble the labours of a puppy pursuing bis tail ; the 
 end is still at the .ame distance, and all the tummg. round 
 
 "^""^r^T^^lTt^ Jffair. of Ticonderoga wore .uch 
 »n unpromUfng aspec^Vthat it was n«F««««;7;, "J ^jj^' ^ 
 dctal'h a part of the loke. to th^ support of that quarter, 
 
 Y - : ,-^.- A^. : k '■■ ■ ■ 
 
 \ 
 
 ,f 
 
 
 ^ 
 
1/ 
 
 •• / 
 
 Irhlch wtm oih«inH«o dmtlnMl or hit«ti<ltM) to Ml i^l 
 
 joor downfall to Another c«m|Mii(ra. 'Hio dcttrnctlon or 
 ofio ftnny At • timo it work onou^i. Wo know^ ttri wbat 
 W« Art) Ahont, what vro Imvo to do, mid how to do it 
 
 Votir prapcw from tlio Chc«Ai>«Aku, wm iiiark<Hl hj no 
 cftpltnl ttroko of pollcjr or horoum. Your princip«l aim 
 WM to gH g^Ttjcraf Wtiuiintftoii lM>tWMn tho i>vIaw«i« and 
 flcliuylkill, and hotwetm i'liiladolphla and your »nny. In 
 that aituation, with a rircr on uach tido of hit flanka,, 
 which united about ttro milot bolow ili« city, and your 
 Amijr ftbove him, you could hkve intorceptMl fiui nsinforro* 
 mmiUand ■upplim, cut off ail hia comniufdcatjoni with tho 
 country, and, if nwcaaary, have dcapatclKxi aa»i«fanro to 
 OlMm a paaaagu for general Burgoyne. TlUa achcniu wai too 
 visible to iucGcod : for bad gcnoral Waahington aufforod 
 jou to command tho open countrt above him, I tbink it m 
 Tory rca«onahle coHJoctiiro that tho conqu<*Mt of Burgoyno 
 would not have taken niaco, bucauno you could, in that caao, 
 h«¥0 rolioTod him. It waa thoroforo nocreiaary, whilo thai 
 important ▼iotoiJ VM in auspcniOi to trepan you into a 
 aituation In which you could only bo on tho defensive, with- 
 out tlie power of affording him asaistanso. llio mauoBUvro 
 bad its ettbct, and llurgovno wiia conquered. 
 Tliere baa beeti lomotlang unmilitarv and passive in jon 
 )m tho time of yoar passing tho Bcuaylkul and getting 
 necasion of Philadelphia, to tho closo of the campaign. 
 Yon mistook a' trap fur a conquest, tho probability of which 
 had been made known to Europe, and the edge of your 
 triumph taken off by your own information long beforo. 
 
 Having got you into this situation, n scliemo for a gwioral 
 attack upon you at Qermantown was carriwl into execution 
 on tho 4th of'^Octobcr, and though tho success was not equal 
 to tlie oxcellonco of the plan, yet tho attempting it provud 
 tho genius of America to bo on Uie rise, and licr power 
 approaching to superiority. Tho obscurity of the morning 
 was your best friend, for a fog is always favoral^Jo to a 
 banted onomy. Borne weeks alter this you likewise planned 
 an attack on general Washin^on, wliile at Wh*temarsh. 
 You marched out with infinite parade, but on finding 
 him preparing to attack you next mornings yon umdently 
 turned jibont, and retreated to Philadolphia witli %11 the 
 precipitation of a man conquered in imagination. ^ 
 _ Iminediatoly aftor tho battle of Gonuantowa, the pxo 
 
 from 
 posse 
 
 la 
 
 • Jll^dliyb^ 
 
/ 
 
 
 if 
 
 '^fW^- 
 
 b«biUlf of Bortpnyiw'i <Mst ts^r9 a mm polfflT l« •ff.Irt 
 
 tlt« flWWtii itfoty of Amwicn, to wail tlm !••«.« of tl.« 
 northlm (••im|mlgn. Rl»w and turo it .^mna J[«>rk. 11^ 
 iiowf of Uial victory nrrived In our c*mp on tho l«tli ^ 
 (ktobur, and no loonor did Iho tliout of jo/, tnd Uio roiH.rt 
 of Iht tlilrtocn cannon rcmch your oar*, ifian you ro«olv.4 
 upon d rctrr«t, tnd tho nctt dty, tlml li, Jho lUtJijrou witli- 
 dr«w four droi.ping army into riuUd«li>hl». iliis mov#. 
 iiiont Wm evidently dicUled by few; and ctrHcd wIlli It » 
 potitiTt oonfcwion that yon drtmdwl a tccond attack. It waa 
 fliding yonnwlf among women and children, and alecping 
 away iLo cholcoat part of a campaign In oxi)«n»ivo in- 
 tcUrltj. An armv in a city can njvor be a conquering 
 aiTOT. Tha •Uuatlon admlta only of defence. It it inwa 
 ihelter: and every military nowcr In EuroiK) will conclude 
 you tobooventnallyderoalt?<l. 
 
 llie time when you made thia retreat was the Tory tlma 
 rou ought to have fought a battle, in onler to put yourielf 
 n a condition of recovering In Pcnn«vlvania wlmt you Imd 
 loH In Saratoga. And the reaaon wlnr you did not, muat 
 )o either pnufimco or cowanllco ; thie former auppowt your 
 inability, and the latter neodi no explanation. 1 <J>;»rr«o 
 concluiloni, tlr, bnt luob u are ftatora ly de<luced (Vom 
 known and vitiblo facta, and auch as will always have a 
 being while the facU which produced th^ reiuaui ^- 
 
 Aftor thla retreat a new difficulty arose wlilch exhibited 
 tho power of Britain in a vcnr contemptible light ; which 
 was the attack and defence of Mud-Island. I' or several weeki 
 did that little unfinished fortress stand out against all the 
 attempts of admiral and ffeneral Howe. It waa Uie fable 
 of Bender realized on the Delaware. Scheme after scheme, 
 and force upon force were tried and defeated. The garrison, 
 with scarce any thing to cover them but their bravery, sui- 
 vivod in the midst ol mud, shot and shells, andnver® " last 
 obliged to give it up more to tho powers of t me and gun- 
 powder than to miliUry superiority of the besiegers. 
 
 It is my sincere opinion that matters are in a much wone 
 condition with you than what is general^ known. Your 
 matter's speech at the opening of P*'^'**'"??^*^ .'^ * 
 soliloquy <m ill Inck. It tliows film to be comihg a little to 
 hit roJton, for tense of pain is tho tiM tyinptom of recovery 
 In prof^nd ttapefieaoiL Hit oonditioa, it deplorable. U# 
 
 I 
 U 
 
 1 
 
 y 
 
 : •/, 
 
 /^ 
 
k oMIfw! to m\mU to 01 tlm liuiolu «f Irmiwo •«.! Hi>On« 
 withuut «Urtntf Ut know or f«««»t Uictn : And lh*fikfVil for 
 tilt «Kpl iritisl •Tiaiowi to Ui«i moirt humhlt r«moiwlrmnwi«. 
 TlMlmiti lOiM wliiin li« o«mltl ni»t ii#yn mn mn«wrr to » 
 iKilltion rW»m Amflfi*-*, •n<I Ui« lirno now m whc^n ho »Ur« 
 not miw *n tuiwnr Ui an •(Frtrnt fVom t'rmnim Tb« ospUini 
 of iforgoyno't •rmj will link hU oon«equ«n<!0 •• much in 
 KaroiM M In Amartoik In liU tiHi.H'!i hn mpr^^iw* hU iutpl 
 <iion« »tlhflWarlik«pr«p*rmtl«m«of Fr*nr«i and Hpaln.mml m 
 h« liM onlj tiio on« army which jron cx»nm»ml to ionport hli 
 oliAr»< Uir In the worUl with, It remmlni very nnpertaln whon, 
 or In whafNiBartur it will U roont w»nt«l, or can Im» lu'-t 
 flmploTtd ; and UiU will partly account for tho tmrnt ran. 
 ■you take to kmm It (win tki ihn and alUcka, Tor aiumUl 
 lJuriro/n.i't faU> b« joun, which U probably will, ^ngland 
 may taka h«r ©ndh^w farewell not only of »U America but 
 
 of all Uie Wcat Indii-a. ' .,*_,.., 
 
 • N«v«r did « nation Inrlto deiitroctlon noon Itaalf with Uio 
 «ag«)roi«ii ^ tlie iKnoranoM'with whUdi llrltaln baa done. 
 Ilent upon tho ruin of a young and unoffending country, alio 
 hai drawn the twonl tliat haa wounded hcnelf to m OMfti 
 and In the agony of her n^mtmcnt hat applied a pof ton fbp 
 a cure, llor conduct towarda Ami^rlca la a com|M)und of 
 rage and lunacy ; the alma at tlie government of It, y«t 
 preaervm neither dignity nor chara<5t«r In. her methoda to 
 obtain It Werti government a more manufacture or article , 
 of commerce, Immatiirial by whom It ihoftld be made or 
 ■old, we miglit aa w«ll employ her aa another, but when we 
 conalder It at the founUln from whence the general manners 
 and morality of a country Uke tlielr rlao; that the penionii 
 intruatod with the execution thereof are by Uielr tenoua 
 example and authority to iupport tlieao princlplea, how 
 abominably abaurd Is the Idea of being hereafter govemec^ 
 
 . by a aet of men who have been guilty of forgery, penury, ^ 
 treachery, tlieft, and every gpoclea of vlllany which tlie lowest 
 wretches on earth could practise or Invent What greater 
 public ourae can befpil any country tlian to be under iuc>h 
 
 * authority, and what greater bloaafng than to be delivered 
 therefrom. The soul of any man of sentiment would rise In 
 brave rebellion against them, and spurn them from tho earth. 
 Tlie malignant and venomous tempered general Vaughan 
 haa amused liis^age fancy in burning the whole town of 
 Kingston, in York government, and the late governor of 
 that sUto, Mt. Tyron, hi hii letter to general Taripna^Jhai^, 
 
1 ^ -•,;. . 
 
 rJ^ tm^« who w- one. i«lr«.l«l Wilt th« ^ow«f, of 
 
 ih« W^rZl U»«a«a»r;aoii of •«!•«. whom •W^**"^ 
 
 ir^Ta i "riho ^ ^^^^' «on.llt..U«n*l r..lUum«j-i. 
 
 wmU U. «iF«- Urn bM«nci« of your king, ^^^.f^i^^^^Jf^ 
 Kllarmr T\mf h»to niflii«H upon fUUny till U ww !• » 
 
 iZ uVmmvU^i^h -unkT.. •«r,K,ntm« d«K3<»iS that Uium It not 
 left wnoiiK ti»"»» <»»»^ gtnion»i»i iuioiiiy. ,.^^,,-. v-„4 
 
 of uTil^ pW.«rv« A,n«riotl And Uumgh the .uir.ru.Kt 
 
 in tho wind conipar«Kl to Uio wolght of •▼ili jljo would lOM ^ 
 undtrtho g^To^meiU of your king, and hi. p«naion«d 
 
 rMMitment that novwr mXmdm, and •ometliing Hi m^tf 
 W^hTr. up tlio heart to Uio higlient apny of human 
 
 iSdUion can b« mad^s and hath not "-"P^^^^^^J^f.^'/^A"; 
 J;obUln cnxlit for the .light«-t promnjo. T^'« ^^i^'-Jj.^ 
 hlth iimriod u« and Uio dood U rogi«t«re<l for eternity. 
 wU^^^^^^^ -^^^^^Z '''^^ •"^""« the nation.^ 
 
 W^ •hall flouriih tlie favor{te of heaven, ami the Ineml 
 
 "^Frt^hodomeaUc hanpincM o^«n'*^^•:a Sut^hat la 
 Iho world I with alie had not ft foot of land but what ia 
 d^umirlbod ^Uun her own ialand ^.Ktent of do,n.n^oii 
 ha7boen her min, and inatead of civUwing othort haa bru- 
 lal r^rScr^lf. licr late reduction of India, «"J«r ^1';^^^^^^^^ 
 hi aucceaaort, waa not io properly a conquest aa an extern i 
 nation Tmankind. She 1^ the only power who could 
 SJactL^o prodigal barbarity of tying men to Uie month. 
 SfloaTod caJnon and blowing them away I^ happcna that 
 general Burgoyne, who made Uio report of Uiat horrid 
 CnawUon, fn the houte of common., i. now a pH««ner wi 
 Sd thO^ ^n enemyA cin ai,peal to lum ^f, f*" ^ .^ 
 o?iU being cYmfldont that he neitlicr can nor wi I deny it. 
 1\^ Ch^c^r ^vod tUc tpp robaUou of the l aat parbamyit 
 
^ ■uuilHwl, w« cAimttl bail 
 
 Whm w ftiW ■ tmrmf «r •mmimm, w« ceimot rMi| 
 
 rttming |li« wr«V *». wImk I«» U»« mia*»»MUI»Ui mi«lurtiUi«« of 
 BAliirw, thall wllAill V m)(I Um ««l«mlU«t uT w. CIm wottUI 
 Ihlnk th«r« wttni •vfl« MKHifftt in Ut« viMrUI »illt«Mtl tlttiiyinti 
 lo itior««»i thmti, «ncl lliAt lifo U •uflliTkntly lUutrt williottl 
 •h«kinf( lii« mnt\ lh»l m««»urr« it. IXw liitlofiM oC Al«»- 
 Aiulcir, mnd CUvlm at Hw«t«i. ftra Ik* bbUirkt of hiitiiAii 
 flavila; % good niMi imnnot Uiliik of lli«ir aiHioiM wtUiout 
 ftbKorrmm, nor of Uiwlt <J«alli« wIiImiuI r«joicliiK. To •«• 
 Ihti lH>tinli«« of ItMTtta t|iMlrtiy««l, Umj b«auuful fu'o uf 
 liAlur« Uid wmIcs aikI Uio t IkoioMl work* of i^^uioit ami 
 art tttmhM into ruin, woukl fololi » cmtKi (Vuni Um aiml ol 
 pi«Cir Itatir. But'bi i)ii« f^mntry lh« R^Kr»vRtion i» h«iKhl^ 
 rn(«1 bj ft n«w cmtihitmtion of atfatHtn^f otrnmiMtAnflM. 
 Atu«rioii w%% /ounf(, Ami, couiimreii wilh othor ooiintrii% 
 WM virtuoua. Vimo bat % litrod of imoommoa tn«lio« 
 would h«t« niiMlo >5^f 0|»oo Infancy wid iniiu(!«n<w : and 
 tion«biil % |M«)pl« of th<i t».mt l!iiUlu«<l furtitud©, «Uml undor 
 
 or thuir nuc«M>tt>nh Imd (Iral from the Urximt opurvMiuna of 
 
 liii^iBdi Mi wA th« indiiMi7 d^imi^ 4mmA a wit. 
 
 dnmiMi Into n hahitablo worfcl. lV>i BriUin iTii*? wira 
 in<lnbt(Hl for nothing. 'V\u^ cnwuirf wti tho gift of MVta, 
 nnd Citid ttlotio i« tlunr Ijor«l nud SovunMgu. 
 
 Tli« time, sir, will come wbmi joo, in » melnnoKolj houi, 
 •IiaII reakon up jrour miftoriue bjr jrotir murdere in Aiiumon. 
 IJf«% witli yoii, betfiti* to wi'nr % «loudiH| iMUM^^'t Tlio TiiNon 
 of pimuiurable deliition ia wti«riiif^ »WAy. ntul uhaugiiig to 
 t)i» barrel wild of mu% and aorn>w. The j>oor rwHeition of 
 kariui^ a«)nred yoar liinff will yield 700^ no conaolatioii iA. 
 Your nurting iixmiAnta. tlo will crnmblo tc» tbo aaino undi»> 
 tiufpiiahod aahea with joiiraolf, and havo aina wnouf^h of hia 
 own to anawer for. It ia not tlui farcial benoiliutiona of n 
 bialiop, nor tho crinjring hypooriay of » ooo?t ol ohnplnina^ 
 nor the formalitj of an act of imrliainent, that oan ciiani^o 
 ffuilt into innooimoe, or ninke tue puiiiakmeiit ons p%n^ tho 
 leaa. You may, perhapa, b«|inwilung to be aorioua, but thia 
 deatmotion of tho gooda dPi'rovidilio*! thia havoo of th« 
 human raoe^ and Ihia aowing Uie world with miaehief, moat 
 be accounted for to him who ma<lo and govurna it. To ua 
 thoy aro only proaent aufforinga> but to him they ani deep 
 rvbeljiona. 
 
 . If there ia a ain aaDerior to every other, it ia th&t of wilful 
 and offen«¥t wav. If oat other aina ara oirenniaoribod withiv 
 
 ♦'-.' 
 
m Umlto, UiAl !■> IIm wtmm ^ mm mmn i»iiiH>l fitf 
 MP-.. * vnr; g«n«ml mliilMi, tad nuMy khwU of tlM iMitt 
 ott)f • ••nlJ miaUii^i from wliUih no InfwtJon aHm* ; Hul 
 Im who b Um» •»»Uior cif « wmr, Into Uwm tJi« wh«l« rtmta^rti 
 €,f Ml, wi4 open* • vrin that hXmmU « n^lion U» «l«»«lti W# 
 Imv* U U» Kn«l*iiil •««! In«ll«iui to InMUit of lli««« h«Hiof»$ 
 w« ftei no Ui&il for tiieli «iva««i glory j A nobbr ''•««^ • 
 intrvr •pirtt aiiiiii«U« Aiii«r<r«, llbii haa Uk«^ «»i» th* •w.iwl 
 ^ vlrttioui il«faiir«t ; •>»« ha« bt«T«)jr |»m* »»«r««^lf Ulw^n 
 TyraniiT •imI ffw«l«oi, b«lw(«ii a tmrm ajwl a bliwaiiif, 
 4#t«nnin««l to eip«l Uui on* (Mid pn>l««tt Om oUmt. 
 
 It It th« ohjwst only rf wnr Uijil ra*k«t It hono«r«mi». 
 And if thi»r« WM airt^r ajusi war ilnrfi th« wc»fl«l l)««an, It 
 li this In which Amnrira ia now miK"»K««l. Bh« liiv»4«d no 
 land of youi». Hha hlrod no nirn^'naHii to Imm toor 
 lownti nor Indiana to lyaaaa^^re thair intiahiUnt*. 8h« 
 waot«i nothing trtmi y«m, and waa ln<l.*hliHl for nothing to 
 yon : and thiia cirrtimaUnood, bar dtfanco ia liooarabU ftod 
 
 h«r iMialiirity ia ccrUin. ...... 41. • 
 
 rit U U not 00 ^hmjuakm only, but likowlao on tlM 
 iMMftflMi of thii <»aM thni E grottnd my a«wfning «n)lfln«' 
 utS^al confldi-mHi' of our incH'ita. Tb« vaat eilitiaion of 
 Am«rfca inaktw h«r of too much valua in tlie aralo «f rrorl- 
 d«ii<'«, to U <^*»t, like * 1>«»»'l l>«fon» awinn, it tho fMt of Ml 
 Earopoin iaiartd ; and of inn«h tiwa r<»nii«<iuen<'« would it bo 
 that Britain w«ni aunk in th« Ma than that Am«»rira •hould 
 miiKarry. 'ITiure haa b<»n turh a ohain of oitraonlmary 
 «vi*nU in tlia diacorery of Uiia cmintry at firtt, In tli« ii«o|>. 
 ling and planting It aftorwarda, in th« rearing and numing 
 It til ili pr^tant aUto, and In tli« protoction of it throtigh thn 
 i)rt««nt war, that no man c%i\ doubt, but Providonna bath 
 ■oino nobb^r cn<l to aw-omplbh, than tli« gratlHoation of tbo 
 potty olwrtor of ilaaovfu', or the ignorant and Inilgniflcant 
 
 ling of Britain. _ . . « * . 
 
 Ai the blcKKl of ike martTTi bath b«cn the m^ of the 
 Clirlatian cburdi. to the political nonwwutitma of P/igland 
 will and baa alreadr enri«bed America with induatry, 
 experience, union, and hnportance. Before the preaent era 
 ibe Waa a mere chaoa of unocmented colonioa, individually 
 exiK)MKl to the ravagea of the Indiana and tlio invaaion of 
 any iM)wor that Britain aliould bo at war with. Hho bad 
 liolbiug that abc conld calF her own. Her felicity dependini 
 Upon accident. The oonruWona of Europe might have 
 thrown her fW>m one conqueror to another, till alie nad been 
 
 # 
 
te iIava t>f iR, fiM mtiMwt hj tkwf tHm i nir «iilft A* h§Ji 
 m^ril oiKMIKh let b«M3i.»ilu> hor nwn m»«i«r, ttierv wm nti 
 knowing to wHt«h mmt^or §km (ili<iui<l tMi!iifi|; 7*A«I |Mrri«Mi, 
 llMntk uioil, (• fwiij mtil ttto ti mi lwng<*r i^ tU\HH%*UM^ tli# 
 nniiml iH>ioMU« nt llriulii» but itio liuN M^t la Mini tfnitr4 
 Hlal«a ttf AiiMtrtm, klK»«in|| no ttmaltr fn^ hcmti'ti «ti«| Umf 
 ml(. \vm^ (Hr y^r kiiiK, majr c!«tl Uil« *' tUUiA^oti,** ** nAmU 
 Ikm,** or wtm raom 7011 plntM. To m It It pHbcilv 
 ImUITiifviii Tho iitito wlU <i«lMnttiii«i Um «h»r«fii«r| %m 
 lima will |(1vi9 It % ndma m lAiAing mi hU own. 
 
 You haiNi now, sir, tn<i<l Urn fat« tif thrtw ranitMil|[n«« mi4 
 oon fbtl/ ilMUrt to KntfUiuLlliAt noUiinff k to li« gut 00 
 voor porl^ but bUiwt *nabnfl9m bi>o«% And noibin« ott hurt 
 but WM(« <if tuMin mm\ tpttUi^ ^ntl tn IncnNuM of |H)T«rtjf 
 ftn4 tfticMi. You Arw now only whttrfi you mitfht h»v« Ixtcii 
 two yemn »|ko, witliout tli« Unm of * i^t^glo tbui, tnd yet ncil 
 a ^1^ mom t'orw»rtl towirdi tli« m)6qu««t of tiia euntln«tit | 
 bwaiMo, M I bavo AlrMiij bintmiL ** »n mniiy in a city can 
 n«v«r b« A m>n(}uoHn|^ ftnny." Tlid full «miitinl of your 
 UMpii aiiUMi Um bcymnUig of tbo war, eitnuKl* twenty 
 ttCMMd ma, taidit rolUfont of troMuroi for wbUib you 
 liofo notblnff In tautliAng*. Onr «x|K}tiMi, tbouirb frnsftt. 
 Afn cift^uUUMi within ouriM<iv(<«. Your* it a dirvct Kinkln|i^ of 
 money, «ii(l that from built inula at om^e : fini, in hiring 
 troofia out of th« nation, ami in |>aying worn aft«rwar<la| 
 b«cauMs tlio monav in ncitlmr caM con rtluro to Uritaln. 
 Wo ara alrtradr in nmacwion of tbo prixo, jon only in 
 pnrtuit of it To ui it \§ a real tri*ajiuri% to tou It would bo 
 only an ompty triumph. Our «x|HinM<a will repay tlicmi' 
 •tlTit with tenlold intorott, wihilo youn entail upon you 
 •▼erUi^ng povortj. 
 
 Tako a nrr {♦♦w, ufr, of tbo ffronnd which Ton bavo «mo 
 over, and let it tuaoh y<m iK>lrry, if it cannot lioncMity. You 
 •tand l)ut on a very tottering foundation. A change of tlio 
 miubtry in Kngland tmty probably bring yonr meaaurea 
 fnto qu(*ation, and your licaa to the block. Clivo, with all 
 hia lucci^iat**, had Homo <lifUcuUy in cacaping, and yours 
 b<^ing all n war of loaaeii, will afford you U«« preteufiuiiAi 
 and yoor onemica morogrtmndi for imp4»a<;hmont 
 
 Go bpnie, air, and endeavour to lOve tbo romaini of your 
 mined country, by a juiit reprenontation of tlie mndnc*M of 
 her mcaMure«. A few moment*, well applied, may yet 
 preaurve her from political dettniction. 1 am not ono of 
 tliOMO wbo wiah to MO Europe In a flame, boeauao I am'* 
 
 '^B^M^^ 
 
>t»«i* 
 
 :^.ir imH^i-a by yon f ^n.\ .«..li .Kia- - w «•« 
 
 iT. lot! »i>a Kur.>p« <luh Iwr lli" Ui«l "f J'h.U. 
 
 fii^ Hir wUVn»«ry wi.l. for .11 l.on«..r.l.l.. |«««, 
 
 TO Till nniABiTAirrB of amAioa. 
 
 ^^ M th« DlMMiure with wlilch » W«n BrehMiw l>.4 
 comp-.jrfj.rKmKU^.k"'"^^'*^^^ .,„,.„ „„ tyranny »l 
 
 N 
 
 H 
 
 Ik • ^ 
 
 i.<«»iJ»«-, 
 
», 
 
 t 
 
 |i«v« IN* ImI *iiiti4*rti; (m (I. wrftW «db w^ lilt vli/ 11 ti 
 lllAl vtdioiikl Mifftm «iiif«>bM lA^Nrior. 
 
 CMi lllilllii* «/ •nU.iillf b« «li»f«4 tWlf , ftM mi9 Mi . 
 
 Mm ^ fliv«i M Ou.* f«alf w«». ti l« iiMifv UiM iffiift- 
 
 bk l|i»l llMf W««M it4niir« tus rMlt«Al)i«fl v« IImMi, 4iiMii«tt 
 kit iMniHi«iiilM| • i|rrr«iiif wmhmtf •M^<c*n»Ha»^*m <of difR 
 
 •■lli«ii Ommh t hmm% w9m rJl m ilw d^mm ..r wii »m# 
 
 piM»t*, in Uui MRta MMMV of timet, iit<l Iim rR|iletii«lt<wl ihm 
 
 dvfl fovammooVUmii iWii f i l |mj«l«M!ii4 in m^f •§• twIiMnii* 
 Had tt BM Immh ftif AljHiw, Umtv li«a b«Mi po ttM^li 
 iKiftfr •« fVwHiom left iKrtMiihrMit thm wbot* univrnwi llaic 
 Uiul tiMlh (<mI h«rt ill • lori^ cUmin of riglit rwukitiinK fWm 
 wnintf {>riitrit>lMs «n<l l| u rniitt this (untrilrjr, now, Ui*l ■ii« 
 RtytllMira lh« nwitnlion Ui nwlrw* Imrtolf, anii Um wiwUtm 
 ImHT In «rr«»mpli«lt il. 
 
 _ ftmcif^yfiiw •lid itoBMiit wi» mmSf petmmAM Om L 
 mirU of Ulmrtjr but n<il |A# tfr^idpU^ for il IIm tfMi IImiI 
 tb«^ mmm doliw^tincMl not Id b« •!*¥«• Ui i ii itt l fi% ^My 
 •ni|i(f}y«d Ihttir ptiwur Ui ctnabve tli« rrti <if niMiktid. Bnl 
 
 Ihia {|tatin|ctn«li(«l «ir« i« (>U>ie«»l liy n<» on« mlMintlir«vfilriil 
 ticm. In •liort^ if Ui« jirini^ipin on wliicti Ur« cftUM it ftmtul' 
 ■d, tii« univcraiil hlt^tutf* limt »r« t*» MiM from it, llin dittt* 
 coitiet lliAl Ai!0(>trttMifii«a It, lh« wi«dom villi which il hM 
 IhmMI dt)h*UNl, lh« foKitudit by wliich il ItM l»««fi •Mj>|i«>rt««iJ, 
 th«i •trmtgth of thn |Hiw«r wliioh wn h«d U> o|i|mnmSs And tii« 
 rondition in whlnh wti undnrtiKjk it, \m %\\ tulum in «>nn vi«iw, 
 w<i m»y juAlly ttjln il Ihii m0L vlrluotM Mid iUoflriout rovo- 
 lulion thai «v«r ktac^imI th« htalory of mankind. 
 
 A gowl ot>inior» c»f ounwiWMi i« iii«'<w<Hntfhr ntratMrr In 
 prtv»tii lifti, liiit »b«t)Iutflljr niK'nMArj in nubUn lifii, Ami of 
 this uttno«it ini|M»rt«n«H) in «un{H»rting national oh«rii!t«vr. 1 
 k«v« no notion of vi»lding tno pAlm of Um IJnittid ^Statist lo 
 •ny Onwimni of luMnant thil mtm «v«r biirn. Wo hatf , 
 ihiiiiiIIihI tbo !»r»vmt in tlmaii of dttntfur, tnd oicollod tht 
 wt««wt In cu»nitru«lion of I'ivll guvt^niiiittuta. 
 
 From this Aicct^'A^*'" oniimuico lt)t vi Uk« d review Of 
 
 firtiMBl air»ii«. Tli« ipirit of comiptlon U to iiia«)iAj'«bljr 
 nt«rwor«n with Britiah iMilillra, thut th«ir niluiatry •ii|»iMia«i 
 •11 mankind »r« Kovornea b^ thtiiaiiio motiyott. 'fhuy Mv« 
 M idtn of a )Niopl« •ttbmiiUii^ ovou to Um|»orarjr iucouv^t 
 
 -*; 
 
 *♦ 
 
I 
 
 4 
 
 ;i^^"u- .."^fr-L ^'nir-T'ru- aS,^ 
 
 •••'■» •■•■ ""■" •_■ .i..TfI^rtb.lr Ant »rmmi>l« IWr««»»W»F 
 la ikaam. mwwiir. th.» V ^1. Ana %£-»« •l« •«'™5 
 
 {..uLTwlll ttn.l, thU WIT ikr^if, » "^•' *" •* ""•"' 
 
 11,., .«. X-i iH... : n « -^'^^ '3, ,^ J r..r •. .1 
 
 V 
 
^ 
 
t n 
 
 \ 
 
 } 
 
 __._;. ■ ■!._ ' . . > ■ c ■•^- .,.. ._^ / ■ '■ . . , _ 
 Trii« rmtrmj, hr hh dNntffmi, fa wftfifn wir rmefi, md hj htt 
 n^lut'cil •trcngtli it wjthin our tMywor. Tli« mlniitrri of 
 Briuin majr r»ffo *• Uiojr plMie, uut our part it to eoiujuer 
 titilr mniii«]t. IM tliem wrangle and welcome, but let i| 
 not draw oor attention from the ons thlnu neudml. /fer§^ 
 in fM.1 Rftot i« ou r own boainma to b« aocoin|>l liihtHl, onr fol i<;ity 
 ■eetirvd. What wo have now (4) do i« ae clear oa light, and 
 tlie wajr to do it ia aa etralght aa a line. It needs not to bo 
 eommented upon, jet, in order to be perfectly undomtood I 
 will put a caao that cannot a<lmit of a miHtnko. 
 
 llttd the armies under generals llowe and liarffoime been 
 ouited, and taken post at.(}ormaritown. and haatlio north- 
 ern anny uifter gonurel Gates been Joined to that under 
 ffeiiqral Waahington. at Whitemarah, theconsaqaaioiwoald 
 nave lieen a general action ; and if in that actiofi we had 
 killed and taxen the same number of officers and men, that 
 ii. between nine and ten thousand, with the same quantity 
 or artillery, anns, stores, etc. aa have been taken at the 
 northward, and obliged general Howe witb tlie remains of 
 his unnj, that is, with the same number ho now commands, 
 to take ahelter in Philadelphia, wo should certainly have 
 tliought oaraelrea the groateat heroes in tlie World; and 
 ahould, aa aoon aa tlie season permitted, hare collected 
 together all the force of the contment and laid siege to the 
 city, for it requiroa a much greater force to beaiege an enemy 
 in a town than to defeat him in the field. The case now m 
 inst the same aa if it ha4 beeii produced by the meaua I 
 iiavehereauppoaed. Between nine and ten thousand have 
 been killed and taken, all tlielr atoree are in oiu* posaoasion, and 
 general Howe, in conaeouonce of that victory, has thrown 
 himself for shelter into Philadelphia. He, or his trifling friend 
 Galloway, may form what protoncea they picaae, yet no just 
 reaaon can be given for their going into winter quartera so 
 early aa the 19th of October, but their appreheneidna' of a 
 defeat if they continned out, or their conscious inability of 
 keeping the field with aafety. I aee no advantage which can 
 ariae to America by hunting the enemy fVom atate to state. 
 It is a triumph without a prize, and wholly nnworthy the 
 attention of a {>eople determined to conaner. Keithor can 
 any state ^roraiae itaelf aeourity while tne enemy remaina;^ 
 in a condition to trananort ihemaelvea from one part <»f the 
 eontinent to another. Howe, likewiae, cannot conquer where 
 We have no army to oppoae, therefore any auch removala in 
 biio are mean and cowardly, and redncea ^tain to m 
 
 y- 
 

 17 
 
 nr U k. nitrMla from Thll^J^tpW*, tl* wlH 
 
 that h6 •»"»®' 77; . * ,,„t!i • In which cww our itrenKth will 
 inrrrtVu'l/Turtllf^on. U. <myo-. wocaunot... 
 
 wroDK if wo do but V"^- . t-oniHTWanl* dowrrM »!«« 
 
 •ttontion of all tno owar "»"^ , InhahiUnti. llore »ro 
 iot bo «.tlm»uy >-y »•'• -""i"' fjfr^„rMd intowU. 
 
 Hon an th* *^„7™%™ i„ thomid.tof di«.onr«»- , 
 oc«»n, unquonojiod »nd »?''""'"1' "' ' , i„g thoir all with 
 
 „„„t ...d 'li"'fr'T..iil flro wirrtS^^ tl.o flam- 
 of thoir own f^** /„'f Uio Umoa, and numbon who aro 
 Sing t^Wg^^'^ '^^ thr'oixoum.Unc.of evorr 
 
 holp,.nd the -"""Ijl'^^tXhttrv, will Jwayafoel 
 
 Tho »ryj'Sr »,Cun toT^»^«» '»'"' "*j)^f ' 
 the 'f^^J^^^bom tho «« Min, »«*W. 
 attention of t^f ,fj*"' f^fjm, md pretondod expediUpn. 
 We may ««P~* *°,?"',°lrtrS6 »a5iward,tho eartward, 
 to thi, Pl«« ""1 j*»*,,ted2d to nrevelt^ fonniBR !»»• 
 
 one formioaDie >«~J- , t. , ^n »i,ay mi^ a«o of. Their 
 moro «nl>*^^»/ *"'„'^rwn»^e force of Americ*. 
 exirtence dep<m^ "PSi^lilt^waUow thdr prewnt army 
 when coUeoted, ta •"O^'^jM^J^'toZke diort work of it, 
 
 ■ A 
 
 y 
 
 m. 
 
K7- 
 / 
 
 dflflMtod, a!1 A« mfMor alsniii t^Tonslioiil th« eonttnant, 
 like to mAnjr tliAduwiL will fuUow his downfall. 
 
 The only wnj to flniah » war with tlio loMt potiibl* 
 blooiklied, or perhapt wiUiout anj, it to collect an armj, 
 Atfftintt th« jK)w«r of which th« (monijthftll have nochanco. 
 By not tluiiig thit, wo prolong tho war, and doublo both tho 
 calamititM and oxponiMMi of it. What a rich and happy 
 oountry would Amerio* b<s were ihe, by a TiKofouf exor-- 
 tion, to rvduco IIowo aa ahe haa roducud Burgoyne. Her 
 currency would ri«« to milliona beyond ita prctvnt value. 
 Every man would be rich, and every man would have it in 
 hia power to be happir. And whv not do theao thingat 
 What is Uiore to hinder I America la her own mistreia} and 
 ean do what the pleaaea. 
 
 If wo had not at thia Ubm * man In ilk% Held, we oouldi 
 nevertheloia, raiae an army in a few weeka aufticient to over* 
 whelm all the force whicn general Ilowe at preaent com- 
 manda. Vigor and detonnination will do any thing and 
 every thing. We began tlie war with tliia kind of apirit, 
 why not end it with tlie lamo ? llere, gentlemen, ia the 
 enemy. Here ia the army. The intoreat, the happinesa of 
 all Am^i^rlca, ia centred in tliia half ruined apot Come and 
 help ua. UiiTe are laurela, come and ahare Uiom. Here are 
 tonoa, come and help ua to expel them, jllere are whiga 
 that will make yoa welcome, and enomiea Uiat dread your 
 coming. y < 
 
 The worst of all policy It that of doing things by halvea. 
 Penny wiae and pound fooliah, has been the ruin of thou- 
 aanda. The preaent spring, if rightly improved, will free us 
 from all tronDlea, and save as the expense of millions. We 
 have now only one army to cope witn.. Ko opportunity can 
 be fairer ; no prospect more promisiiig. I sliall conclude 
 this paper with a few oatllnes of a plan, eiUier for filling up 
 the Dattalions with expedition, or for raising an additioniu 
 force, for any limited tmie, on any sudden emergency. 
 
 That la which every man is interested, is every man^s 
 4city to snpport. Ana uiy burden which falls equally on 
 all men, ana from which ^ every man ia to receive an eqnal 
 benefit, is consistent with the most perfect ideaa of liberty. 
 I would Tifish to revive something of that virtuous ambition 
 which first called lAmericp into tne fieljd. Then every man 
 was eager to do his part, and perhaps the principal reason 
 why we have in any degree faltcn therefrom, is, because we 
 did not set a right value by it at fii-st, but left it to blaze 
 
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 •at of lt«,lf, iMfd of roKuUtIng «d^"»«'^»K •* ^J"" 
 
 out four men, the whole nu.nb<,r <f ^f^^^^J^iVenuTred In • 
 o^ rJit »lin nam(> of e*«!h huiwltfwl men DO enujruu i« • 
 
 Jk' ind it f«u"d«lL bo c„ll..t«l from «•«!' .7". *'i^ 
 •Bord it. ihall p ««m to throw In, Wl i"" K'"* i««'™>» "»" 
 
 8.J, r*l Uli •urn. » ooUootod b« #•"» " •^"^J-^^o 
 «„,1 '.bovo th. bounty of t'^.^jj^'*"'^ tXW.T 5 
 
 Z"i^ .u^.M™U ^fth'^'-^rtvide oth.™ th.. 
 ^h^ t"i^\ ^fwi« Kppon. 4t In the .p«» of ground 
 
 "n^.^L^^mr^i^^Tu «.U p«»oi. aro generJlr 
 
 any coontryi 
 
 H 
 
 number of p<non. who, "? "f '""^rj^ii"^ i^SrJly , 
 Sr^rUon/wMco. U|errfore,W^b« tofcm«^ ew ^ 
 "»» ''* f u^J;:*!'' ^SthlllftheX.nd »othA 
 
 I 
 
 aan with a bUnket, which wiu X^therXwd^ott* 
 
 n^^^tewt^?^^^ 
 
 ra^SirilfjSSirJa^'prwUih-.l.aa. 
 
 •" 'tuTdt^dothin? not bo w^itol. th. »W~»"^„~ 
 Ber»on. poteemng property, mUy, in lienUereol^ throw 
 ,!!!!r2L'-Z«ri?ti^n8 towardii Increanng the b< 
 
 Irm person. poMe«ingpioperv,--j^^^ bbuntyj- 
 
 Ubwty jointly. . -^^-^ .«^Imi ^tich objectioni might 
 nofbrr^r Tut'^Xrat a .uffl^^ ^« 
 
 .^aMr 
 
 
 •.f 
 
10 
 
 :«'» 
 
 r«^Jo«!rion. -The only ttB« to Ja«i«» tni!y opon, h to <frmw out 
 and •dniH all tli« ol)j<M!tionB whinli oan Uirij b« in»<lcs and 
 place ig^inat Uicra all tl»« oontrarr <luaHti«, conTcuiencit 
 and AdTsnUffoa, then bj ttriking^ a Wanoo jou como mi Ui« 
 true oliaractorof mnr •chenie, principlo or iKMitioQ. ' 
 
 Th« moat, material adTantagef of Ui« plan hero propoao^ 
 are, mums «x{MMlition, and l^lioapnoaa; yot tho men to raiatMl 
 'got a much larg«r bountj than it any whoro at prauint 
 giVm ; booaoM all the .exponaea, extravaganee, and ooiumv 
 quimt idlonoM of ro«'ruiting are aavcxi or prcrontod. Tho 
 ooantry inoan no now debt nor int«rt»t tlturuon ; the whole 
 matter being all MMed at onco and entirely dono with. U 
 la a fubicriution answering all the porpojiea (d a tax, with- 
 out eiihor tne ohargo or trouble of collecting. The men aro 
 ready for Uie flela with tho greatest po«aibl« expedition, 
 i)OflHU«o it bo<H>moa the duty or tlie inliabitanta themaoWea, 
 In every part of the country, to find tlicir profMirtion of men, 
 inktoad ot leaving it to a recruiting lergeant, who, be hi 
 «v^ io induAtrlona, cannot know alwavf where to appl;|r. 
 
 I .do not propose tliia as a regular aigaatod plan, neither 
 will the Umita of tliia papr admit of any fiirtlior ramArka 
 •pon it I believe it to bo a hint capable of mooh improve* 
 DNDt, and at luoh inbmit it to the pablic . 
 
 CknoiQir Bwxa, 
 
 ■ : V 
 
 ■••»■ 
 
 • KUMBBBYL \ 
 
 TO THi KABLOV OARUStE, OnrKJEtAL OUHTOlf, ASD WtL- 
 UAM KDIN, S8Q^ BRITUffl OOMMUfilONSBa, AT NXW- 
 TpBK. . - ' 
 
 . > •.••■■ ;■ >. ■ ■ .■ \ ■..../ ^•■■•''■■.-"■'■■■^' ' ■ "s ,; 
 Tttnoi If a dknity in tho warm ptnioos of a n^hig,' wMoIl 
 
 is nerer to be foond in the eold malice of a tory. In the 
 one natnre is only heatedr*-in the other she is poisoned. 
 The instant the forms! has it in his poWor to pnni^. he feels 
 a di8pbsi(i<Jb to forgiVei bnt the canine venom of the latter 
 knows no relief but rev^enge. Tbis general distinction will, 
 I believe, apply in all oases, and soU as well the meridian 
 of Englaindfas Amwica. 
 r As 1 presume fonr last proclamation wHl undergo the 
 
 /■■■ ... 
 
 ■•,/ 
 
 ■ >-.: 
 
„^,. Jk nU wia only » reiMitltl.m .if your fonnor lolli«, wiUl 
 
 «M«M will 1..T0 no .H.rk«t-!l U unfMliioiubl. U> look »• 
 
 .JX.t druB, uid no W.V c.loul.t«.l f..r Uio ollni.t«. 
 
 •^In t .«™m~ of Toar pro«U.n.ti».. rou «.y'"n.o policy 
 
 ^.3k«l "... «xtn.n.M of w»r, wl.«i they Um,M lo d«tr.« • 
 
 .<1*>ntaire " W1i»t TO«Tn»«n by «.« o«wnotot» w "™^ 
 1 rlu" Tu to n.« l,.coftcel»»ble.' To pot . pWn q»««ti;«VS 
 S?",: oo"^Uor you™«l»« men o, do.iUt ►'»' ""^ '^ ^ . . 
 ~!inr I. Mttlud. 110 d..l.innti.«to ioniw c»n bo put upon Uio 
 
 r^S; ii rtoro yon n.o.t h.Te Imported It, unmi.od wl . 
 *,ir lamif^tiri'l, ft».n the original w.rehou« of hclL 
 
 . *'i?thnnt«rpo«tion of i'™»iii«rii;iJzJ:^.T« 
 
 ^Z^i^ "« •'«« . defeat, or p.«T«nt »d«er^.on of 
 \!lrt«»«LTOu h»ve tdken up your quarter, m hole. »nd ■ 
 ^meST'in^ble .«,«ritSf and* in order to conced 
 whSteverr ono c»n perceive, you now ende.Tour to impoM 
 lu* w^n^moenVfor .n wt of meroy. If Tpu tknk 
 nu^bT.uohrfi»dowy device., Ton i« but Wmto in 
 LSoia w«ld;lou hire the A,i<, 0. of .tomtngem yet 
 ■ to lS^^^«> wfiolly igrto.»ul ot the people you h.v« 
 — te^^iZou Like mSi in « rt.te of mt««l<»4«°. ^ 
 «^Z? tt»t IhT reit of the world hkve ejM, »nd th»t the 
 
 . diction <I^^foWnff:"Bntwl»th.teonn^(iW^^^^ 
 
 »«,<«««!. UienmutaraT deripi, not '{Jy 5 "S^^^gJ^^. 
 • M-r ftuin iw, but of mori(»pilg henolf »nd h«r VKxatm to 
 
 ■^ 
 
y 
 
 <mr •iiAmtat. th« wlioln cotiM Ii eTitnffnd : «n^ Hi* qofltfion 
 la how far (ir«4t HriUin may, hy ercrj miiani In her jkiwc^ 
 (Ifintroy, fir rwiulnr uaolnuh m coiuioilon conlrivoii for h«r rtiln, 
 Ati<l the agirrancliteinent of Fmnce. Under Mch oir«um 
 ^nora, thelawi o/ lelf-priwenraUon mual dimct tlio conduol 
 of Britain, and If the Hritlih coloniea are to be<'omft aif 
 acdtMwion to France, will direct her to rttuder that acoomiI^o 
 of a« littfo avail at (XNuiible to hor onemy^** • 
 
 I oonaider too in this, declaration, like madmen biting In 
 the hour of death. It containa Ittewlae a fratKfiih'nt mean- 
 neii; for, In order to justify a barbaroua con«lu«ion, you 
 have advauotid a fal«o |Mi«ition. llie treaty wo hare formed 
 with France \^ open, noble, and genoroiil.' It ti true PoUoji 
 founded on lound philoaophy, and neither a inrrender or 
 mortgage, at yon would at'andaloualy Insinuate. I have 
 •een every arttolo, and apeak from poaltive knowledge. In 
 Franco, we have found an affectionate friend and faithful 
 ftll V : In Britain, we have found nothing but tyranny, cruelty, 
 and infidelity. , 
 
 But the happlneaa la, that the mlachlef you threaten, la 
 not In your power to exocyto; and If ll were, the paniaji- 
 ment would return upon you In a ton-fold degree. The 
 humanity of America hath nithorto roatrainod hor ^m acta 
 of retaliation, and the affection ahe retaina for many Indi- 
 yiduala in England, who have fod, clothed and comfbrt4)d 
 her priaonora, haa, to the preaont day, wanled- off her roaent*' 
 ment, and operated aa a acreen to ^he whole. But evim 
 theao conaideratipha muat cease, when national oblocta Inter- 
 fore and oppqae them. Repeated aggravadona wul provoke 
 a retort, and policy juatify the meaaure. *We mean now to 
 take you aeriously up npop Tonr own ground and principle, 
 and aa yon do, lo ahall yon do done by. . 
 
 Yon ought to know, gentlemen^ that England and Soot- 
 land are far more exf^aed to incendiary deiolation than 
 America, in her pretent atate, can poaaibly be. We occupy 
 i oountnr, with bat few towna, aha whoae liohea conaist in- 
 land ana annual prodnce. The two laat can tuffor bat little, 
 and that only within a very limited compaaa. In Britain It 
 ia oUierwIae. Her wealth liea chieflj m citieii and large 
 towna, the depoaitorioa of manafactonea and fleetfi of mer- 
 chantmen. — ^Ijiere. ia not a nobleman*a country aeat bat may 
 1)0 laid in a8heal>y a aingle poraon. Your own ma^ prol^a- 
 bly contribute to the proof: in abort, there ia no evil which 
 canaot bo returned wncm you oome to incendiary miadud'. 
 
 
 
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 I 
 
from «hU «rt of do|rtn.«l(on. .^^^^^^^ ^{^J^ ,» • 
 
 Mr*«, » flr« »t 1.0 UlUr, """!'',■";„ j' KiiKl»nd, when U 
 
 , if eub h.d dMtroyod 1.1. own. .,^ ,^,^ ,ob, 
 
 or our in»oiil.;.n f»iU di. ,.^*.'V'^^^ yre UlW the iMin.o 
 
 EnKl«.d to .m.tl.«r -"•"•P""^ > '^VIZmjom Im- 
 
 ,K)filic.lW provoke »«,y»" ^, j ;„ „„ ,„,,, to o>» 
 offooUof it. «''«'''''" °l"'V,i",,"U U.« oppOTtuniti^ 
 outoU^m -n- trup'TwlmCto ,o«r JZ, If yoa 
 „„g„.rd.ljK I ]'?^"J^J'„Xppy pooplo lik«wl«. wl.o« 
 
 Uey «iiik b«r«aUi the evil, contrived for u^ . , _ _, 
 
 U 
 
 / 
 
 bev .iiik b^neaUi.tho evil. ^,«°*i»TJ" -rSpwlili proverb, 
 JlU who live* in \i^^,^^^^X' \2Tf^nlmm, U 
 
 oxactl/ your c«KS atid you mUat »>«^« ^^jJS^ ^ao tho 
 mankU, or suppoi^ ui y>j °«L^Jf ^o mwy ^^^ mode 
 
 5„u openly proferf y""""*:*^ S3S " butT.trc« can 
 
 •^^aey^rieetUyl-t^^^^^^^^ 
 SC'X*iK.W^aP/^S. th«„.or «.y four «. 
 
 '>K i 
 
 .w 
 
 *% 
 
r 
 
 flv j •fmt!«m<iti, on an «p«<!ltlnn iJciwn tfi« rfwir to iM fw 
 t4i It, iml thoU|?h It WM Hot thuri ai'rr|>t««l. nor Uui Uiing 
 twrwitiftliy nilMiipted, it b morw Ui*« |»ruUbl« Umt your <»wn 
 fMlly will |»r»»»oh« A nmoh mora naUiooa Mt Bajr not wliuft 
 niiiiihior it lioiit, that jroo had not warning, and r«iii«iiiilK»r 
 • tliat wo do not fcwKin it, hut m«*n to rvpmy it. TUo* muoh 
 for your tmrikfgti »nd ImjMiUtlo threat « 
 
 In wKithitr uart of your priKiUniation jou •ar, " Ilttl IT 
 t)ie honors of a miUtiirT Ufa aro lM»ome Uio ohiiwt of tlia 
 Am«H<iana, lot thorn lool thoao hon<»ro und«r tho h»iui«'ri of 
 tliolr HKht^ll iovflniiiifi*. »"<* *" ti«htinK tho h»ttU« «»f tlio 
 niiitod Britiah wuuinj, agaiiiit oiurlato i»»t"aiand natural 
 
 wao noror niaVktNl In raoro dlatinKoWiablo llnoi thkn tli«^. 
 Yonr rightful ■ovort^lxn, at vou call him, may «lo w«'ll 
 enongh mr you, who daro not Inquiro into the huiiihlo 4'a|m- 
 clliai of tho man ; but wo, who cotimato pc-nwni and Hiingi 
 by thoir r«al worth, cannot iuffor our judgimmta to bo lo 
 initMMMxl ui»on ; and unloia it It your with to §ee him ©a- 
 poiiod, it ou^fht to bo your endeavour Ut kw^n him o"t of 
 •iifht 'n»« luM you havo to tay alniut him tho In^ttor. Wo 
 have dono with lum, and that ought to, bo an»wor onough. 
 You havo iKKsn often Uild ao. 8tran|{o ! that Uio an*wer 
 muit bo to often i-cpoaUnl. You K« » 1>«KK»»>K ^'^» y"""" 
 king aa with a brat, or witli lomo unialcahlo commodity 
 you aro tirod of; and though every body telli you no, no, 
 •till joa koop hawking him about But thoro la ona tliAl 
 will iiavo him in a little time, and a« wo havo no inclina- 
 tion to disappoint yon of a cuttomer, wo bid noUiin^ for him. 
 Tho impcrtmcnt folly of tho paragraph that I have jnit 
 quoted, dewjrvoi no other notice tlian to bo laughed at and 
 tlirown by, hnt tho principle on which it if founded ia do^ 
 tcsUblo. Wo are invitod to robmit to a man who hat 
 atV^*mptod by overy cnialty to doatroy oa, and to join him in 
 making war again^ ftinoe, who ii aLroadj at war againat 
 
 him for our wppoii -^^ ,- - i * j 
 
 Can Bodlara, in oonoert with Lucifer, form a more mad 
 Mid dovilUh roqueatf Woro itpoKublo a pooplo could omk 
 Into Mich apoatacy they would <deocrYo to be iwopt from tlio 
 earth like tho inhabitanta of Sodom and Gomorrah. Tlio 
 .roposition ia an univonal affront to the rank which man 
 lolda in tho creation, and an indignity to him who placed 
 him thoro. It suppoooa him made up without a spark ot 
 honor, and uador tuj ubligiitiQii to Qoa or man. 
 
 i 
 
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follow eitf..n. jil.rv«l to ''7''' '" •^T'iS.TiStW ll« mort 
 
 u!SlS.Z^(^»n?dlvlB«. hy -implying wU^. yo»r 
 S.l^ml M . l..rt of tl... I.»...»n r«.l 9'^'".'a fc^ 
 
 „u,„r i» >«' •-.'-^«';' '-" t.i'ri^y T.:^ til i.i«^ 
 
 bn^akinir «)f them M thcJ breaking «» •»*"**'''";. *^'„H,le 
 """'*" ♦^ . *-,.g,iit vou hotter; or prme 
 
 breaking cf theui M "'« "\"*;"''i "\ " r.^: better ; o vMt 
 dtwtmcy, or to rank, might have taugiit y"« "^ ' .^ 
 I 1 I -^« #V.»ii(yh virtuo coiiUl not. iiionj li no* nm. • 
 
 cUnlcond ; you l»ave put vour foot on the grounu wmpt, « 
 
 In tlieclo»e of the par.(?r«p ; which I Fart J""*^^' "»""! 
 i. »tylcd tho " natura*! enemy " ?f En« and andbj w.y of 
 
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 ADtolltfU to b«lA«« oT Um •*•«• MM»l«i, IM Ili4r lUU^m In llt€ 
 fltMlUm Ih» whal it may. Wn li«v« a iHirf«t hl<i« erf • 
 natural nnmiiy m\nm wo tliitik af the tf«»il. h«r«u«« Uw 
 Dtitnity ia p<ir)Kitual, tiitaIt(ir»lil(H and uiuili«ti^*('l<i. Il ad- 
 miUi iMiiUtcir (if iMjace, inuo, <ir tmatjr { ooci««(|ttctf)tljr Ilia 
 WutU% la atarnai, and tJiomruns it U nataml. ilul man 
 with man oannoC arraiif(« in ihn wima «i|>i«Mltl<m. Ttieir 
 quKrrrIa am ar«'id«mlal and wjuivtM-ally trraUHl. llitrjf li©- 
 c«jiii<' trHitida or ittioiniM aa Uio oliani^i q( tmti\mr. or Uui caat 
 of intttrMt iu«lin«a Uiant. TUe CraaUir of mail did not «on- 
 |titut« ihani tii« natural mmmj of oa«ih ollior. Ilo baa not 
 made any on« ordttf ttf IwltiK* •*». Kv«?n w«lv«a may quaiTCi, 
 •till th«y hcnl l^igtdlmr. If any two natiofla ar« ao, tlion 
 tnuat all nationa ho ao, othorwiaa it li not natura but ouatinn, 
 '»nd Uia offonoe froqoontly firiginatiia with tlia ao«aaar. ting- 
 land k aa truly tlio natural «in«my of Franco, aa Franco Ta 
 of Kngland, and p«rha|>a niortj ao. Honaratod fruui thtj rvat 
 of Kuro|M5, alu3 haa ooutractcMi an uniAtiial habit of matuior% 
 •lid imaginoa In othoni tlio Joalouay the ort^atai in baraolf. 
 Karar long aatiaffiU with poaco, tha auppoacia the dtaooutoot 
 ttn{v«raal, and buoyod up with h«r own iniportanco, oon- 
 .oeivoa hnraoif to ho Uio ohioct pointod at 'Di« oxpruaaion 
 baa tM»n often ua«<i, and alwava with a fraudutent deaign J 
 for whon Uie idea of a natural onomy ia conceived, it pro- 
 Tenia all other in<iuinea, and tlio real cauae of tl>« quam-l ii 
 hidden in thq univomality of the conceit. Men atart at tho 
 notion of a luitural enemy, and atk no oUior queation. Tb« 
 err obUini cr«dit like the alarm of a mad dog. and b ona 
 of thoaa kind of tricka, wWcb, by ©iwratinj? on tlio common 
 paaaiona, aecurea tlielr intereat through thuir folly. 
 
 Bat we, nir, are not to b« tinia impoaoii upim. We Hto in 
 a large world, and have extendod oar ideaa beyond the limita 
 and preiudicet of an ialand. We hofd out tlie right liand 
 of fViendaliip to all the univerto, and we conceive that thcro 
 in a sodality in the mannem of Fran<^, which it much liettor 
 diapoaed to' peace and nogociation tlian tliat of Kngland, and 
 until tho latter, booomea more civilized, ah© <jannot expect to 
 live long" ft peace with any power. Ilor comimon language 
 ,JB vulgar and offensive, and children with. their milk iu* k 
 "in tlie rudimont«4 of inault— "Tlio arm of UriUin I Tho 
 mighty arm of BriUiA I BriUin that ahakea the earth to iU 
 centra and itt polea 1 The icourffe of France I The terror 
 of tha w(Hrld I That govema witn 4kjiod, and pours down 
 VeuK«>ftlloe lik« a God." Tliis language neitl«er iuaket • 
 
 / 
 
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i 
 
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 ClkJi^^a •»»• wil( ftnci U.« ia«« .»f • nalurml «ti«ajr. to I* . 
 , inly ft phmntom of Iw own im«tfin*U"n . ^ ^ _^ 
 
 flttli «lia I think, ftt UiU i)«ri«a ..f Ui0 WW. to ••• • ?••• 
 
 thil yo« ww« joit %miStntAmm % fbnr yuan «'«^"»' ^^ 
 ki.w nntMng of what h.a |««a »n the i„l«rvl. U ihU • 
 
 m\itmM of ch»rt«f« ^a tAi*U4m I It ft worth your whins 
 ^^v«ry /oft« hiui (kil«a y««, to n^tra^t urn «r th« •h«U«r 
 •iwr •'«!/ ••»' ,^,»--,.--in„ I Or rail Y«« think lii»t w«, 
 
 with nwirly half your army ^rmmem, ai»a in alliance witn 
 rr^c" Ji« to b*/h«KK««i or tliraatiaitd into .u .nil«ion br 
 
 'iTJI^'of^r^rl Bufroommi-aioncr. at a In^^^^ 
 it^lixMt A w^ etch, yott conc«lvo youriBHr«a bouna 10 . 
 
 r"Tit' "p «.rth'. w-^^"* .'"/"rt""" '«'''.>«•"• «*"» ' 
 
 Tf BY«rr c«inp«i«n, 1 WM iiiclin«a U. hope, tli.t Ui»l w hi.,n 
 1 th7™i >F tfo world now ««. w„ul.£ boo...n« v.. 1.1. to 
 
 &nB Ton with r«i«tltloM .fll dlKoron* Tl.or., !.»»• 
 Zn^nieCl. of !,.» uUon in Jo«r ...n.h.ct, fr-m. winch it 
 «^n«l . Pilr to dUtUrl. Tou, »id . charity U, !«.»• Jo" to 
 
 - tliink, bm »rttr thujighfc httl wir Hm too tu-ifiv iiw^ 
 '^or/wM • tlrn. wlien BrituJn ai«i«tn«d to »Bfw«r, « 
 .v^CaT^p^tition from.Am.ric.. '1^»' »'■""'' P-^V."! 
 •ha in her ttirii !• p«tit hming our accepUnce. We now auna 
 
 • Mm. when rfie pirhap. in »ain, will aaV it from »». Ilio 
 KliTi. a. probafile a. the formw ever "»-. »h« «•»; 
 not rJta« to actnowledge our indopendenee with greatrt 
 ^t^rtUn iU« UeforlTref u«>d to repeal her lawt ; and .f 
 
 
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 in iKiti»iwi«'y wntrn .i.MW* fh*m #v#rir oOiet |>«M^ , wli»if 
 WmSim tef*tt#l»rioi)t (»f fltlrM asa tmk \ Utoir •u(r<^ 
 
 «i|,tti(i /"« will, frwm lli« n*litr»l i«in»lni« li«>ll of WW* vUi% 
 Si yoar»«if«t both ol»lig*i •n*! Itirllnwl Ui «lo aiK r ^ 
 
 _ If iiw kinfc btiif jtwi wm miitiig Nt k« anj W9^ 
 \t yi»rtT»..lf ftirwurrfuS MUM kwiw <wmlliwi*ii ««*••••■• 
 U ftti liti|»rM«ir«»il« tfUwiti. Yiwt ttmy pl«h •i»«l «»«w«l« UttW 
 miMhUfM, hut M« lfi«jr wofHi tli« ««i»«t»a« ih«y c«itt jr oo, «| 
 will •««^h p«rti»l eyili HAfttBJ ^^'i «m lh« K«»»"r«I «'•••••? 
 Your #tp«llii«m tM> Ktftf fI*Ff>«»^ w»U »>« f«»t «t * amtikniHi 
 
 With A •.lit of cHiklli** |>hr««|f . li il WflfOi whlU to \m\^ 
 Ml •nitf It) prolKtit yon III wHrtnn jmwkiMilioiii, or to ic«* 
 OHM A l«»r im» winior aiirtirti^ f r«i«a*«illlK yoMrn«lvm of 
 |i>wn« (• not <i*mqumt, hat ctiii ¥«tti«»c*. »nd m whlih ytytt 
 will «m# dMFW »thnr b« Irepmalfdi i'»wF retrmt fWmi 
 Pfiiiiul«l|>hi», wa. .mly « tlmoly «siqp% iiMl /our nMt 
 •iiMiiiUtfyri may b« lo«i furtunrnto. . *^ 
 
 II wotild ptttaU all tho |K»liilc-l»iif m'ViB imlverit to oon- 
 i!clvi3 what you ttiiy for, «)r wliy v%m uliuuUi hiiv« nUild 10 
 long. Yo« wf* iKroiwttitIng a war In whifih yoii c<iiif«^ y©ll 
 |^v« iMitbtr ohji«t nor hop*, wid th»t conqueil, ffouW ii Ji 
 ii^«t«d, wo^ not rejMiy Ui« filiftr|?m : In th« niwin whll« 
 "^^ fvmi of y«>ar affaim arn running t<> ruin. Mid ft fciiroprsn 
 Wur kuKllirig i4K«lM* /*»"• J" •"*'^ • lUuiitiini, Uicro ii 
 »dlH«ra4iuht nor <Mffkultyj tho flrtt roclimtmti of fewon 
 jtill dotormiiit the choice, for if p««co can l)0 pwKJoredwith 
 
 mfllW be «B Idiot indi«i!ri that hmilAtifi 
 
 Hilt you »r« prolimldy huovwl up by * iot of wrot<ihod 
 lii<.rt»l», who, havif^dcicolrwl thoiniM?lve»i,»roofia|lnff, with 
 t1l« duplicity of ft ipftuiel, for ft Uttb tiMiipomrt bnmd. 
 TluMMi men will tell you jtmt what y<»u pUwwj. ft in tlicir 
 liitiirmt to amuio, in ordur to IcTitflluui out their pn»tc<!tion. 
 Tli«y atudy to k@«pyou »nv>n|riit thorn for tliftttery purpoiil 
 tnd In proportion as vou diarcgard their ftdvic^e, and grow 
 onrifiui t<» their complftlnta, they will ntn^tnh into improha- 
 bility, tnd i«ftao« their flattery the higher. Characters like 
 
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 |i«4l**^4li^ A4 M^ lim 
 
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 KUMDKBVU 
 
 ^0 Tra nemMmwmMm 
 
 t^ Jifit in lH« btMlti«iMi of ti^imm UAi In wklrh I0 
 
 C^^t^, of «-;U «lb^, 'n»a ^«l««.l biMi Umg u«o 
 wWUi^n III* t,iiiiip«'t*l Mi* wr«t/;b«4 •ilua Uui Uml .U* 
 
 -i?/;;:::t;i'-.n4 .nc^-iiwi h^- ofAmiH.. i^ 
 
 iwwuo.1 of Hurg..yn«, and « war in r-ranc-.;, wrr« tr^aUnl m 
 
 u w„rtlif «r. -oriou. tboaghl, alia tb« b*r« Intimation of 
 tb«m artWtl«i th« ininbtry a trmtnnh of laughUir. Hhort 
 trimnuh ln<l«..l I For «.«ry thinK w'hic . hw b««n |.r« i«l«d 
 
 lonir terU of ih.UiIo. .0 nwnarkably dlitinp W.ihI by % too- 
 Z&T^ mQmmmj wltbout ona all«vmi.n« tun,. m««t 
 
 _^,rialiily have •«»mellilng In it iy-t,miaU<'aHy wron^ It ia 
 kalH^i«nt to awak«n thft mort crtnlulou. into •u.picion, and 
 
 . XfZic^..tinMnlnlotbougbt. Kltlior U»« m«an. n yo« 
 ,M,wer are lfw.»mci«ttt. Of tb« m«a.ur«a ill plann«l , cither 
 l4 execution hat hmn bad, or th« thing attmnpt.Ml unprac^i- 
 aal.lo • fit. U» »iH,ak^ior« omphatiunlly, «itlier vou aro not 
 3i« oV W«n i. not willing' For. why i* it iU you baft 
 no coW-'"''» "•' Who,orwhatba.pr«vmita.lyoul You 
 Uteliaa evory op,»ortunity that you could dmiro, and •no- 
 OMdod to your itmoat wlah Itt «Tery preparatory " 
 
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 Tour fleete And MrmiM ksre Mrrirwi In Am«flM wHhoat an 
 Accident. No nncommon miifortnne hatb inkrmMd. No 
 Ibroign n*lioa hath inUrfored until Ujb tlmo wiiioh jou had 
 ^jUlotted for victorr wai pail. Tlie oppoiition^ iMfflr lu or 
 out of parliameA n«itb«r dlMMiotmd ▼ouf — ' 
 
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 retarded or diminiahed voor foro*. Tliejr only foretold jotur 
 f#te. Every miniaterial icheme waa carried with aa high a 
 hand aa if tne whole nation had been nnanimona. Every 
 thing waited was Mked|s^» and eruj thing aaked for waa 
 
 granted, ^. ■ •.■•'^:. ' ■ '.'•'''■ ''.:.-■'■'■-•■ •'■ _;^, f . 
 
 A greats force waa not wifhln the oompaie of ytrnt %b\lU 
 tiea to send, and the time yov aent it waa of all othera ther 
 znoat favorable. Yon were then at reat with the whole 
 world beaido. Yofl had the range of every court in Europe 
 uncontradicted by ua. Yon amuaed ua with a tale of the 
 commiaaionera of'^ peace, and under that diaguiae collected a 
 numeroua army and came almoat unexpectedly upon na. 
 The force waa much greater than we lo^ed for ; and that 
 which we had to oppoae it with, waa unequal in numbers, 
 badly armed, and poorly diaeipiined ; beaide whiclu it waa 
 embodied only fbr a diort time, and expired wHhin ^ /ew 
 montha after your arrival. We had goremmenta to (brm ; 
 meaao^ea to concert ; an army to tnim, and eveir necMSary 
 article to import or to create. Our non-importation abbeme 
 had exhausted our stores, and your command by sea intor- 
 oepted our suppliea. We were a people unknoiTn, and un- 
 oonnect^ with the political world, and itrangera to the 
 diapoaition of foreign powers. Gould you poesiDlT wish for 
 a more favourable conjunction of circumstances I Yet all 
 these hare happened and peaied awaj, and, aa it wereu left 
 you with a laugh. Thejr are likewise events of inch an 
 origiiial nativitv aa can never^ happen egftin, unless a new ^ 
 world shodd arise from the ocean. ; , '_{^^ , 
 • If anything can be a lesson to junnEiiiptiOfi, iiinly'the 
 circumstances of this war will have their effect Had . 
 Britain been defeated by any European power, herprideX 
 would have drawn consolatioii from the imj^ortaiice <n her - 
 conquerora J but In the present case, she is eieelled by those 
 that she affected to despise, and her own opiidfms retorting , 
 upon herself, become an aggravation of her d^^racOr' Mis^ 
 fortune and experience are lost upon 'manlpiia, when they 
 produce neither reflection nor raormation. Eyflsy like 
 poifions, hay« their usee, and there are diseaeea which no 
 other remedy can, reach. It ha»>eeD the erime and folly 
 
 '"'% 
 
 of fegi 
 aoknow 
 
 was dn 
 arm of 
 Afraigli 
 wholes 
 of civili 
 yain, u 
 made v 
 .Her or 
 and it 
 ruined 
 
 S>a w 
 ougfa 
 crime 
 theiior 
 Qonu \ 
 Whi 
 reason 
 people 
 from ] 
 sea, p 
 them 
 They i 
 that if 
 newat 
 and pi 
 nel of 
 their j 
 ^ andh 
 Buppo 
 grace 
 belief 
 when 
 errori 
 taugh 
 Ikno 
 know 
 the p 
 what 
 
 that { 
 and t 
 Lond 
 
 ,^-f 
 
 
n 
 
 A 
 
 ^fihriMid to iuppo*! hmrmitt InWndbl^ and th^l, witho«t 
 fc£ltl^«£gTPe-i«g that • tnW ^l^-i^^^ST'C 
 
 2l?r unm£n^tur tiUo of " Defender of the Faith " »he ha» 
 mi^diwTlU^e^ Indian against the religion of \iumanity. 
 He?^^^^ fa^the EaaTSii wiU im,^ be forgottenj 
 iid uTiomewhat remarkable ^t the produce of thai 
 roined country, transported to America, ihould there kindle 
 TO mw4r to punish thTdeatroyer. The chain Is conUnaed, 
 XLhii^^a mysterious kiid of uniformity both in the 
 wi^ and the punishment The latter runs parallel with 
 the^r^, and time and fate wUl gire it a perfect iUn^tra- 
 
 ^*W^ telbrmiiiOT k withheld, igno«tice b«»jn«« • 
 reasonSle excuse ; and one would charitably hope that the 
 pwS of England do not encourage cruelty firom choice but 
 Cm miitaK Their recluse situation, surrounded bv the 
 STpw^es them fW>m the c^^niiiies of war, and leepi 
 !w« ?n the dark as to the conduct of their own armies. 
 Th^ ^ not, therSron^ they feel not They tell the Ule 
 
 UiaTiB^ld 5em and believe it, «^?,«^-^«*,*f;i'hn'l^« 
 news than their own, they receive it, stripped of lU horrort 
 and prepared for the paUte of the nation, ti^'o^gb,^® ^l 
 
 - nSlo?X London Gkietti. Thev are «»d« ^^^^^^^^ *^»* 
 ?heir generals and armi«i differ iiom Aose of o^er na^nj 
 and hare nothing of rudeneas or barbwnty m them. They ^ 
 wppcllt^rw&t they wish them to be.^ They feel a dis- 
 SiJehi thinking otherwise, arid naturiOW encourage Ae* 
 
 ^ SeUef ftom apaklality to l^emselves. TR^ was » t^J 
 wC IMitheWie prejudices, ^f^^^l^^^^C 
 errors; but experimce, sad and painful exp^ence, hai 
 
 -WhtmabettT^ l«^at the conduct of fomersjrmieewajj 
 I know not, but what the conduct of the presfflit ^ I weU 
 kn^w. It i» low, cruel, indolent and proWie; and had 
 the people of America no other cause for wqii^^f" «»f 
 what the armyhas occasioned, that alone is cwge sufficient 
 The field of^politics in England is far more^nsive than 
 Ihat ofnewi. /Men havea right treason for th«nselyej 
 and though they cannot contradict th.e intelligence in the 
 S«d^ Q»tti^ they may frame upon it what sentimanti 
 
 / 
 
 y\ 
 
'*■ 
 
 'Iteite i A' l"S^S?o'r?ty whTl etcy were J 
 
 broAking out ot no«tuiuo». |^ '""T , . i^ thread and 
 
 trating, b»» *«' •'^S „f treawn to .peak .g.in.t it. 
 l"%Mk^ the mtni.t^. b»t they e«tcomed the nation. 
 
 "•±57.^6 wlcK*e™mmenclngo/ hoatilitie.; much 
 ;i"tll:SvH^nation^.o^^^^^^^ 
 
 'iThSTrfcSTad'^rS^ to defend ;tho^ 
 Zhohtd^rShad -o""'!*!-!? t»Pr°T?„V?nt»un^ 
 
 thJ^Mti^'^^^merica. which, t^^g^'' <Xu aUu7e 
 uet to annex America W the grown of England ai a eon 
 
 
#■»* ^ X -ff^* 
 
 tn omini. 
 
 t r 
 
 -^«««ntrT •• If tWi b6 taken m the objtjct, tli«n t\if 
 **rZ^l^e of^uduct pu^ucMl by the minHtr^, thdudi mh 
 wliolo line «»^"" J *; , i^ coniAiuencofi, m iiuv^rthol.M , 
 
 in iU «"^«'" •^^ JSZt^n iti parTft applii* to every .a-o, 
 
 ^f'"i;ri o^y dTfflcul y^B\^ taiition, or any diing _ 
 ftiid r<«olvi« ovf y j^;"^" / .i.„.^j i. no proportUm botwo«u 
 ,l««, be taken " »^ J^*;'"' NoUiiLk but U»Vwliol<i loil and 
 
 ^} Z nrovUl^ for in Eng Und. Ilie market for plunjicr in 
 
 - " \kt ^ ♦r/n^tiUm what was their plan. Jjor ei^er „ 
 
 SrCe abuB^ ^t'covlung property tfey never labor^ : 
 they »*»{® J^^^*^ , ^ you iS expending an amazing sum 
 lor, or the;^ have »}>^ <( V" Taxation, ae I menSoned , 
 
 ' SrJ'^XS^CS^ ±t1^ the eha'r^ of olita^ning it by . 
 , hetore, co^ nevOT M wo 5^^ ^^ 
 
 '^?°°/^'n»^^S'e«Z few conquests which repay 
 
 '"iSSi^- re^w«^:sjr&i. 
 
 rXlr^ ^ If t""-/ «e made war upon, t.ou-, 
 
 •1 
 
 *v 
 

 oonnlry lnTa<1ed, of t1>*>lr <nritleiu!« aI t^\^ tt ti AtfrantJ 
 
 "vio doniuL •r»«i pnwirve tU«mioIvc», but in every other 
 lighuaad from «v«a o.llMjr eaui*, k war ingloriouf^ aaddo- 
 
 bWhod conquonU are made of forcjign cjountriei, It la nxin-* 
 
 ^ -posod that thofJr;mm/rw «nd dmninitmoX the country whl<!ii 
 nia«lo^ thorn are ©xtondud. Uut thii could neilher *>« tho* 
 
 .( dhioot uor the c<Muw<iuence of the proaent war. You onjoyod* 
 the whole commerce before. It cOuld rtceive no POMihlo 
 tddi^on *>y » conqueat^ but on the contrArv, mut diminiah 
 
 . M the Inhabitanta wore *wluc«<l In numbeia and- wealth. 
 YoiP'had the 9KmdiMnu>n over the country Vhich you . 
 wted^to have, and had no complaint to make agalnat Tier 
 
 • for tr^ch of any part of .the contract beiw^ien yon or her, 
 or contending againat any eafabliahod cuftora, cpmmefcial, 
 political or ^territorial. The coOntry and commerce woro 
 boili your own wKen you %aw to conquer, in the ttifiio 
 manner and form aa they had been your own an hund|rcd 
 years before. . Natipna have aometimea been ihduced to 
 make eonquerta for Oie sake of reducing the powir of thoir 
 enoraiea, w bringing it to a balance with their own, ^ni thia 
 
 . could be no wrt of your plan. No foreijp authority waa 
 claimed here, neither wai any auch authority auapectod by ^ 
 you, or acknowledged or imagined by ua. What then, m: 
 
 *' the name of heaven; could you go to war fori Or whal 
 
 2 chance could jou po88*ly have in the event, but eith« to- 
 'hold the same country which you held before, and that in %^ 
 
 \ much worae condition, or to loae, with an amasing wpena^ 
 what you might have, retained without a farUiiiig oi 
 
 '^JlJr never can be the intereet of a trading nation, any 
 more than quarrelling can be profitable to a. inan ill 
 ^ li>uBinefla. But to make war with those who trade wiA ui, 
 is like letting a bull-dog upon a ouBtomer at the ahop-do^r. 
 Tlie leait degree of Kjommon aenae ahowa the madneaa of the 
 latter, and it will apply with the aaine force of co^jyiction 
 to the former. Piratical nations, having neither colnmeroe 
 or commoditiea of theu^ dwn to lose, may make war unon 
 lOll the world, aijd lucratively find their account* in it ; but 
 it ia quite otberwiife with Britain: fpr, beaidet the itoppag* 
 of trade in time of war, ahe exposes more of hjp <^n^ro- 
 perty to be lost, than she ha> the chance of taking from 
 oUiers. Some ministerial gentlemen in parliament have 
 mcntioiiffd the greatness of her trade aa an apology for th« 
 ''»' • ~ ■'. " . ' „ 
 
 .j£jig|,^^: 
 
w^. 
 
 <•/ 
 
 iiiHtimw of her loM. thta ii mlicrablu politics lnJeo4l 
 Bmaum it ouirl*! Co hav« b«cn,jriv«n •• *t«»ion fi»r h«r not 
 «ur»tfing in a w»r »t firft Tim eoMt of \m^r\en corr,- 
 m«i4« 3»«? Wmt4nai* truite alnupt m offktu*llv M thi 
 ' <k)Mt of Africa doi« tliat oT th« ftrrfiti.; tad LnglWd eill. 
 no more carry on Uio fonnor wltliout the iiiontoiit Of A"*** 
 Sea. than Wie can tho lattw without a Mediterranean j.aM. 
 £ whatovor. light tliu war with America it comihlerW 
 iip6n' cx)iiim«r<aal principlci, it U eviUcntly th« inU^riMit of 
 tho people of England not to iupiK^t It ;. and why it *■• v 
 -been iupported lo lo«g^ ilfaiiiit ^he cloar^t dernontti^ationt 
 of truth and naUonaf advantage, ik to me, and rauit be to 
 all the reaionnble world, alnaeterof>»t<mi8hment. I«rhap» 
 it may bo laid ihat I live in. America, and write thw from; 
 intercut To ^hi* I roply, th»t my pripcipl? is unlver»al. 
 My atUchment if to kit Jliie world, and Aot to any particular 
 part, and if wk»t I >dv|>nco k right, nor matter whore or 
 who ft coiriet fyom: We hnvo mreh tho prot!lamfttion of 
 -your'comrtiiision^ n.cdrrency m our nbwspaperj, and I 
 have no doii^ :^ou wiU gire ^ » place in your^. To oblige 
 
 4nd be oblige^ »• ffti'- . -" ■ ' \^^^-. w , « a 
 
 Boforo I dismiii thii part of my dadreis, I shall mention 
 
 one more ciroumstancie m wl. •'» 1 think the people of hng- 
 
 " land haye .be«!i^j64»»*^y °*^**^*^" ' *"^ ^^ proceed to other 
 
 "*ihero 111 iiich^m idea* Jwdsiing in t|»o world, at that of 
 ^naiiorud honor, and. thia falsely understood, id oftentimes 
 
 * the cause of war. In a Christian and philOtiophical sonso,\ 
 mankind seem to have stood still at indmdual civilization, 
 •nd to retain as natSlpM all the original rudeness of na- ' 
 tpre.^ Peaca by treaty is only a cessation of jiol^ce for a 
 
 \ reformation of sentiment. It is a snbstitnfce for aj)nnoipl6^ 
 that is wanting and ever will be wanting tiU the idea ot 
 national honor be rightly nnderstood. As individnals we 
 profess onrselves Ohnstians, bnt as nations we are heathen^ 
 
 Romans, and what not. I remember the, late ^admiral ^ 
 Saunders declaring- in the honwj of commons, and that in' 
 
 * the time of peace, "That the city of M;adrid laid itf ashey 
 was not a sufficient at6ii«Bent4br th^ Ppamarfp taking pff 
 the radder ,of ai^ English sloop of war." I do ^Jot adc, 
 whether thii is Christianity or moridity, I ask whether it is 
 
 ; decenoft whether it is propw language for a nation to 
 qsef itt private life we call it by the plam name of bnllv- . 
 fng, anil Ae elevation of rank cannotaiUer its character. It 
 
 
 I-; 
 
 r 
 
 
kf^ think, ©loewllnglT mKf lo deflno wlialoaiclt te ^ 
 
 tin«h'nit(i4Ml hy natumal Imiior ; for Umt which is the b«i| 
 «liariw?ter (or an iuUividnal li tlw lM»t,chara«tt!r fiir a Ui?l 
 tion ; ftrul wliorOvor tho Utt«)r «xc«hk1« or fimt beticaUi Um 
 fbnnor; th«r« if a depttrti|re from tho line of true grcatm^ * 
 
 I have Uirown out tliia olm<<rvali<>n with * (\m\pi of apply- 
 ing it to Gnmt Hrituin. llur ideai of iiatiunal lionor, •avm 
 Ucvoid o( that h«novo^un«o of heart, that unWcrtal ox pan- 
 lion of philanthropy, and that triompU otot tlio rago^f vul- 
 gar pr^udico, without which man ii Inferior U> hiniiulf, mxd 
 a companion of oo^mon animaia. To know whom alto thall 
 reirard or dialike, alie^aaki what c<»iitry Uioy are of, what 
 reUgion they profoaa, and wliat property they enjoy. Her 
 idea of national honor aeemi to conitia^' in national inault, 
 and Uiat to be a groat people, Ib tp bo neither a Chriatian, 
 a philofopher, or a giHitloman, but to threaten with tho 
 rudent>fls of a l)ear, and to devour wit|> the forodty of a 
 lioik Tliii perhapa may lound harali ajid uncoartly,l)ut U 
 ia too true, and the more ia the pity. * ^^ . 
 
 1 mention thin only as her general character. But 10 Varda 
 America »he haa obaorvwl no character at all ; and deatroyed 
 by her conduct what ahe aaaum^d in her title. Bhe act oul 
 with the title of parent, or mother country. Tlie aosociatiQn 
 of ideas which naturally Accompany this exproHsion, are 
 filled with every tiling that is fond, tender and forbearing. 
 They have an energy peculiar to themselvea, and, overlook- 
 ing the accidental attachment of common affections, anply 
 with infinite aoftneaa to the first feelings of the heart It is . 
 a political tcrpi which every mother can feel the for<je of, 
 at. 1 every child can jtldge of. It needs no painting of mine^ 
 fo set it oflf; fbr Mature only can do it justice. S^* \ }:: 
 But has any part of your •onduct to America coire- 
 iponded with tlie title yon set up I If in your gencwal 
 national character yon are unpolished and seyere, in thia 
 you are inconsistent and unnatural, and yon must have e^ 
 ceeding false notions of national honor, to suppose that the 
 world can admire a want of humanity, or that national 
 honor depends on the violence of refcentment, the inflexi- 
 bility of temper, or the vengeance.of execution. . 
 I would willingly convince you, and that with as much 
 temper as the lime* will suffer me to do, that as you opposed 
 your own interest by quarrelling with us, so likewise your 
 national honor, rightly conceived and understood^ was no 
 waja colled upon to enter into a war with Amencii ; had 
 ■■•■'^i p-- ■ ,----''i\ ■■'■'■^■■■'^-■- ■■:■■:••- ■■■;>'^ .':" ^^\*:^-:- 
 
ttlOHMIt* 
 
 •■ ?M?ou^. « Ui U.« i«.I.Un« of tUta country) «cttre.l . iM.w.,r- 
 S 1. by tS« iMt w.r. Y.... woM knuwn .i.d ar«..l«d 
 ^ „«d- «.l It w»ul.l h.»« l.«m wi« in y..a to Uvo .uf- 
 ?. «?th« #»rld to !...« .l«l.t .m.li.turb.Hl «ndor th.t ld«.. 
 1 w« U. n. . fon* •»i»tl»K without ««p««o. It produ.od 
 
 . ' ^^ta«. w« « «our<Hl and inWrwovon wit 1. jour illonco, 
 
 „ .IhCt^doBat lo bo qulot. ll.d you I.eou true polm- 
 ' ^i.„. T*o« «ou d l,.vo Jen .11 U.im and conUnuod to dryw 
 C Z m.gio .of . ».m,s tU« fore, .ad .uthorit, of . ' 
 
 ""unwiwMTou wo™ InirSEnp ti.«'t*»i™,V«n w«./rtm 
 «„^ZnwiM in the mann«r of .l<.i..ft it- «'"»*"» "«ly '"l-l 
 KroT b„ yoThavo p«rtormo.l tU« opor.tion ; yon h.jr. 
 . «Tyour own Load, »nd Wantohlv thrown away th., 
 loS.r Ceriea waa the hair from wt.ioU the charm wa 
 ■ ,d«™ tha?irf.J..ato.l the World. You ouRht to have qu.r- 
 „"^wUh no power ; but with her upon no ^co^t. "Yoa 
 — had nothinc to Tear from any condeacw.Bion you m^ht make. 
 C . K .t^ave liumor^ 'her, even «' there hacf been n» • 
 lou uii^u. „i,l.oiit anv rialc to Tonr repuUtion: 
 
 Xa. 
 
 
 ^rto yoTbeiievolencJTand Amertca,; Intoxicated by thi 
 irrant would have Bliuiroerod in her fettert. 
 
 \; 
 
 .^■ 
 
 - But thia method ofTtudying tiieprpfrest of *»»o PW . -- 
 in ordOT to aMertain the probable condaet of mimkmd, is a 
 
 lavn?%nc4tion o^ They faiow no otbor mau^ 
 
 corruption, an^ reckon all their P'^^»^»V^\«"/'<*f?, P'S^'t 
 S«ni^ A Aew cage is to them a new world, and while they 
 a^t«ktXT^aralia tlicy get 4t. Tjio taleiita of lord 
 ManXid can be cgtimatcd it bent no higher than thow of 
 J^^opJut "He nndersLd. the fj^btleti^i .^t, ^^^^^ 
 frunPA nf nature: And by continually viowing manicma 
 Cgh thT^M medium of the law ney»»WT f ^^ 
 S| toto the warmer .^on of. "'f . ""»f •^^J»L'°,'^ 
 NiWtt ii i< hii luiwiiwia *» l"*"" "» 1^ more plulo«)phj 
 
 •■^' 
 
 /■ 
 
 ¥- 
 
^ip^ 
 
 thahnttsf 
 
 whilo Ko tit 
 
 It, Ibr H^>«« *W*^ »»• top, and •ieept 
 mrit Ii#ptintohfii«il bw^»m«« J»i« «»*l'P«>rt, wr ^ 
 .ffort tlio iMh for hb tiM, h« koow hliiiiijlf up by . 
 II IwirllnR tb<mt In |kiUiU«, ho b « good »nUim«ticl*n, Mi4 
 
 IL In «v«rv tliinir wlao notWuK M all- . . . , 
 
 "^ 'nTro i- «!,« circuumumxi wl.l«h com- lo moch within 
 
 iJiouUI oit^miKj him, which U, Uie<iiff«nmt«billtl«iof Uio two 
 C.untrim In aupiHirtlng Uio «xiHMii« : fur, .tnin^cmt t may 
 ■e«m. KntfUna !• not a mutflh fi.r Amcn«'» In thi» particuUf. 
 Jly a curiouii kind of rovolntlon in acc<iuiiU, Urn i)«oplo of 
 -"^ntfUnd m^^m to miitako th«lr poverty for their ricB«;iJiat 
 . Ii, they reckon their naUonal del)t m a fart of their national . 
 
 wcalUl. Thoymake the •ame kind of error which a man 
 
 5' would do, who after mortgaKing his entate, iihoidd add the 
 
 moniry borrowed, to Uie full viJuo of Uio citato, in or<ier to 
 
 count up hta worth, and In Uili caae ho would concei ye that 
 
 • ^ho Kot rich by running Into debt. Just thui It m with Kng- 
 land. Tlio govenimont owed at tho beginning of thia war 
 ono hundred and thirty five milliont iitorling, and though . 
 
 ; the individuali to who^ it wat due, had a right to rei^kon 
 
 • their iharea at ao much prirato property, yet to the nation 
 
 ^ collectively it was so much poverty. Tliere is aa ijffoctual 
 
 ,V limits to public ijebu as to private ones, for when once the , 
 
 ^-Bioney borrowed is so great as to require the whole yearly _ 
 
 ' ' revenue to discharge the interest thereon, there is an tend to 
 
 . further borrowing > in the same manner as when tlje interest 
 
 • of a man's dobU amounU to the yearly income of his estate, 
 there is an end to his crodit Tliis U nearly the case with 
 
 .England, the interest of her present debt being at least 
 V . equal to one half of her yearly revenue, so that out of ten 
 raiUioni annuaUy collected by taxes, she hM but ftf« tM 
 ili4 c*n call her own. - ; f. i.^^ 
 
 the very reverse of this was the case with America : sh« 
 beiran the war without anv debt upon her, and m order ta 
 ' fSry it on, she neither raised money bv ta»c8, nor borrowed 
 It upon interest, but created it; and W situation at this - 
 time continues so much the reverse of vours that taxing . 
 would make her rich, whereat it would make you poor . 
 When we shall have sunk ^he sum which we have created, 
 we shall then *o out of debt, be just as rich as when we 
 bemwi, and all Ae while we are doing it shall feel no differ- 
 * ■ «S^ because the value will rise-M the quantity decre^ 
 TCtere wat not a country in tlM world to capable of beai^ 
 
 ■'^:. 
 
 1-^ 
 
 *' 
 
01 
 
 I**' 
 
 
 4' 
 
 
 I 
 
 .•ii.iir iMir coming to » l»rK« liiipro""™ ""•"• , ^ 
 
 ,;i" i; „ia m... wi.o*> «!«»«« •« "»""• *^ '■'• """• • 
 
 "•ffi,'ri«:a nl 'XT'^U.. OH.K which I <>»•>'•- »^,. ' 
 
 In mi Dowar to rco'<l«r, w.i lionorwl wiUi the •f'««'""'P "■ 
 i?L^.S^J^ Ui« «miy «id the i»«.l.le. I e.m.l<l.T.>d th« ■ 
 
 r "d^trwr to T.t ZTZ? w.m un.l«™t.HA on 
 J*^u -J!! .nH I Conceived uiyiK»lf UuKlefinir • »w»«r»l 
 
 tl.ey thought to cooq^r, '"^^^^T^P^.n ,„^ thing up 
 
 rr,^£^rj;t„tT:i:i^;^£:3..r^^^^^ 
 
 ' TdXo to .1^»nn«r tlu.t may be <■• car -;"f^«^'''7„, J„^t 
 
 '-•t**^ 
 
, I 
 
 / , 
 
 3PdW§t»bilftaf9 ift f*i% »iia impit^fWi jroiifiilfM wiOuiml 
 
 tiigt«, cmI/ui tivtiljr iff iiwlivuluaUy, •• iiMnhmiil*, mAritifiio* 
 tiirurtt, Of cMMi<|uoriur», «h>uJ(1 yuQ \\vi^ kK»k«<l f<«r. TUb it %tk 
 ubjttut yoa tmiiiMMl Wv«r Id nava «ttaiKl«tl to. UaUniini; for 
 Ihtt ttoiiiia «>f rl« l«»i7. •ml !««i Awmjr by rti« phrmisjr «f *nnii, , 
 voii ii()}<liii'l«*d Ut r«K;kott vi\\,\\vit llm miti or lli« ootiMijii(iiK'«^ i 
 Viiu uitMt ftlt pttv UiwanU tha «ji|>«fUli) ; lii« p(>on»l timing 
 
 5<»u uiuAl bmr iili tliAris •iid it l« bolii j<mr ritf^t mkI voiur 
 illy to wtHtfh nfrioiuly tlio nmtl«tr. llii'i Aiiieri«'« Ikwh 
 Kmqticnwl, nhn iiii|^ltt U«r« htini |)iirruIliMl out iu jfnuiU to 
 thv Uvorilet mI court, but no »l»»ro of it wimbi bavo fiUon 
 to y tiu. Yottr taxm woulU aot b» v« b««ni liMoneil, Iiocaum tliti 
 WfHibl bavti iMum b no o«mdttioii to imvo pn'ul atiy towanb 
 your r%<H«f. W») »r« rk:li by a oontrivance of our <ywi>, wbuih 
 Would bftve (lOitiMNl Ml aomi tti y(Mi bvcaino iiitt»t«r». Our 
 pAiwr luotiuy will bo of uo um it^Itigland, mid nUtrer and 
 gt>M wo bavo noHo. Iu tbo last war yoa made many <:oii- 
 
 auijttgf but wi)r« any of your taiM b!««mi«l tlujrebyl On 
 iM ttontrary, wuro yon n<»t tai«Ki to |»«y for tbo cbargo of 
 lUHkiiiir iUtu%aud uavt uot Um) taiu^ \f*»m Um cum iit uvoij > 
 wart ! f ..- ■ ■ ■ . M/V'w... i^^ '"w li 
 
 — i/Eo tho parllamonf I wish to addrasa myBolf in a more wiP?_ 
 a(!uliir manner. Tliuy anjK^ar to bnvo tuppoMxl tliumsulvea 
 partuori) in Uio obaiie, and to bave buutod witb tb« lion from 
 an «xLHM!tation of a rigbt in tbe booty ; but in tbia it ia moal 
 probablo tlioy would, aa legialatora, baye iMxm diaa^p(>int4Ml» 
 Tbe oaao ia quito a now orio, aud many unforiMiion difflcultiet 
 would iiayo artiien tbor«on. Tlie i)ii'Iiankcnt claim<)^ a 
 lo^^Utiye riglit over Ameriua. aud tbo war ori^iiatod from 
 tlmt prutonco. But Ibe army la supposed to belong lo the 
 erowu, and if Amorica liad bfien ct^quertxl tbrough tbod^ 
 lui'antt, tbe claim of tbe lou^elatnre would bave booD aulfo- 
 oatod iu tlie conquoat. Coded, or conquered, tsountriea are 
 Buppofled to bo out of tbe.autbority of piirliument. Taxation 
 is exercttted over tbem by prerogative and not by law. It 
 WHS »ttemptf)d to be done in the Granadas a few years ago, 
 an<l tbe only reason wby it was not done wa» ))ocauRo tiie 
 crown bad made a prior relinquishment of itaclnim. lliere- 
 fore, parliament ha ye been all this while supporting n^asurea 
 for tbo ostabliahment of tlieir authority, in the same issuo of 
 which, they would hayo been triumphed over bjr the pren^ 
 
 #. 
 
0/^"^ 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 >^ • MV 
 
 Utfl crtiwn. Til* 
 fer itiwl^ •ml thai ^ 
 
 u Trnt mlal.1 Lr« miUiKl, that Aindri«m not b«.nK • fof; 
 
 I?.lm by «iLw«iii« th« term. Tliii crown might ^ 
 
 r ^1 fhlt how«yer Am0fi«« might U coH*lckr«a H flnit, 
 
 JSitVimt within Ui« law iif naUon«s wm out of tTi« Uw Of 
 SSSli^l who might h»vo maintdnaa, th*t •. ihMr oW« 
 Kir Amorioi^ hid n«v«r b«n •urTetidcn^l, to n«iih.^r «o lUl 
 n« iSjrn •wVy. 'n.« on»wn .night hay« in.mUHi.^1 
 
 vlT Ling an inf«ri.!r, it n.ight b« iupori*!*!.! ; ^f}"'^^ 
 % i ;,Zr th« claim WM withaVmwn tnmi th« objoct, or U • ^ 
 ^ Tylt iu^«S fr-MU tho cUini, Ui« ..mo •«p»nitlon ona««.! | ^^ 
 
 InrJTthe eole proimrty of tho king, llio p»rli»m«nt, •#•• 
 rtirii^lS^^ of the ih«pK Slight hay« c.,nt«na«4 , 
 S^I^OO^ tS^ " lnrV3ri<.r/ alia r-w^S tho «;;-« «P<-^^ . 
 Kity of power, ana thin would have brought on i i*! Of. 
 ~^,in' int«n»ting and rational qnwtion*. — - r— 
 
 .,|^»«J ^, , '^^ oriirinal fouilUin of 
 
 irv intenut ng »na rai;ionai 4u«««.*--. v^«. In 
 
 Tut, What U the original founUin of power and honor to 
 
 tny country I _ .^ ;, .^ ^ ^ i^i««« tn th^ 
 
 Ikl, Whether 
 
 the 
 
 does aol bekwg to tb^ 
 
 ^X Whether thoie !• any luchlSng «• tlie IngUth con. 
 
 "'^if^Of what nw !• the ctowh to the people f /^ "^; ' 
 Jill; W»;XhewhoinveBti^f<a«w|WMaom 
 
 *^Z" Whihor It li not a Siameifor^ m^ ^ipenM 
 mimonyy^ilj enL^^^^ ITckkI for it, and whether the mon# 
 might not l)e bett«r applied I ,, | 
 
 7th, Whether .uch a man la «»o^*^«J^' 9^,,*^?° f Ame- 
 »♦! Whether a congrcit, conrtituted like that of Ame- 
 rica b^ot it m*o.th& ^«'-^'ri^"""/trL"^ 
 
 ^ iX worldl-wffii immber gi oO^ of the -^ 
 ^T'Lrt.tha eontoiitioii >boat thr dindend mlglitha^e 
 
■.^ 
 
 A' 
 
 •ffii ^ aim 
 
 , „ Uiy to t 
 
 Eivi iiitfintiii! t)Ni till |)ut4i» 
 
 If ilw |Mirtti»ti«nit h^if hctt^ thrown oitl In OiHri^Uim, wliUih 
 It b MuiiK pnibAbltt Uicjr w.mUl, lli« nation lllowbo W99hk ■ •% 
 liAv» iHWtt &iMwn «mt in iii«'(J P)^|>erUlk»n i for m tB# WHi 
 wonia hft?%b««l UW oo »»/ tli« <?r«wtl wlOMmt Uic. imrlln- 
 mctit, U»« r»y«fm« trWnif lh«irrfr««n, tf liiy iw«W »'*'^« 
 •riiMi, would not l«»y« g««n« inUi the ^i. h«qo«r, liul iotc} 
 ' Um prtvj imfWft •i*** •» *•' ^"^ I«Mii»iinK %hm t*iat, wtrtiid | 
 
 lKM'k«t Bionty lo til* crown. Tb« mow I ren** t ..n Uito . 
 {n.tlrr, the mom I »m Mti>nl«li«<i •t Ui« bttndiiw- mmi »U 
 lH)Ucy of my «!cmntrynion, wh«i*i wl«lom mmm Ui oimrmt* 
 without tli^nrnnienl, Md th«ir •trtngOi wilbout »n (»hjtH't, 
 To tktn ««^* bulwark of lh« nation. I m«HMi thu n.«rt antilt 
 ftOd nAnufaoturinf^ iMirt th«r.^»f, 1 llkowitn pniarnt my aa. 
 cIrwMi. It ia your int«irmt Ui §m Auiorica an lii«ltn»nd«»nt, 
 And ti. t a conqu«rwl country. If conquwwd, ah« li "»"»"« I 
 tkUii If min«d, poor j roiia. ouwitly the tfado will IH* • trUlcw 
 and h«ir crwlit douhtftil. It lmli!|Mnident, ilto (lourialiei, ana 
 from h«r flt>uriiihinK niuit your \mtt\tM ariae. It matt«rt 
 nothiiiK U. you whojnivoriii Auwrioa. If your manufacturj* 
 Hud a oonNumpticil &«% SoWtto^ wi t con«K,ueiitly^ 
 
 t 
 
 bo obUinod from other plicei, Mid It b right Uiat Uu^ 
 tliould : but Um <!«unand for oUi«rt will ln«:r«aii«, by th« 
 irrnat Influx of InhahiUnU whkii a .Ulo of lnd.'i)«nden<^ 
 and iHJaco will WHaaion, and in the final erwit you may bj | 
 enriched. Tlie commerce of America !• perfectly free, and . 
 «f«r will be 10. Bho wUl conaign away no part of it t|| anf 
 nation. Hhe hai Hot to her fricn<U, and ccrtulnly will Mi:l% | 
 to her enemiea, Uiooffh it ia probable Uiat your narrowj^ 
 minded poUticlant, thloking to pleawj you thereby, ma^ 
 aome time or other unnoceanarilv make luch a oropoaal, 
 iVade flo«ri«hca bi«t when it ia fWs and it ii weak policy 
 to attempt to fetter it Her treaty with France la on llie 
 moat liberftl and genoroui prlnciplea, and the trcncln in 
 their conduct towards her, have proved themaelvea to \m 
 philoaophera, politicuang and gentlemen. 
 ^ To the mir.iitry I Ukewi«e addreaa myielf. You, gcnUo- 
 men, have •tudied the ruin of your country, from which » 
 ta not within your ablliUea to fewjue her. Your atteiuptt 
 H; wcovet her are aa ridi4mloua aa your plana which m_ 
 
 :#'^ V 
 
%■ „Tr 
 
 *•■ 
 
 
 «i 
 
 ,,#^#•1 
 ^•^H 
 
 fiSl w^a will «iM.iif i««*i y"tt <»«»* «',*^ y*^' TSi 
 
 *• t«n<tMt UK , • A »«M.u^ ittiknowii to Ettf«p« tiW 
 
 tl..ir«l..ll..... "".•"I'Vri^tio? Uk" In «nry clr.:u».. 
 
 rigiMi iitrmight h«Tf«.r« yoti. 
 
 ■JO— f » 
 
 .*■* 
 
 nolUing to dobat to "HM-"" '''»' J.™ ^^h'l „ i„ th. j..T 3 
 
 . wn, I di.po«.i ^y'^^l^'Z^^^^*^^"^^^^'- y*» 
 
 c««, .nd loavo r\'«,'f "JirtClt will be fonnfl that tW^ 
 tnie InlerMt of Briuin lay in I';' "", « « [| , i„t ikM*; 
 l„d.p«.d«n..« of .A-V"-^- !;;■ r,' ^''in' nr^i .y doflnding 
 
 
V 
 
 I' 
 
 '^ 
 
 fl 
 
 ♦ 
 
 h'K 
 
 . s 
 
 ^ 
 
 y^ 
 
 m' 
 
AM 
 
 •I 
 
 
 
 .» 
 
 
 the poWcy »iid nec«*Uy of ehihring tho tfyhiof the country. 
 as the b««t probable inothod ofprevontinff ftiture ware and 
 expcnto, and the onlj method by which the could bold the 
 commerco without the charge of iovereignty. BeeidcB whidi. 
 the title which sho awumcd, of parent Country, led to, «na 
 pointed out tlie propriety, wisdom and advantage of a aepu- 
 riition ; for, as m private life, children grow mto men, and 
 l)y Bcttinc up for themselves, extend and secure the interest 
 of the whole family, so in the settlement of colonies large 
 enough to admit of maturity, the Bjfcme policy sliould btt 
 pursued, and the same consequences would follow. JJothmg 
 hurts the affections both of parents and children so much, 
 
 as living too closely connected, and keeping up the diatmc 
 
 tion too long. Domineering will not do oVor those, who, by 
 a progress in life, have become equal in rank to their parents^ 
 tliat is, when they have families of tlieir own ; and though . 
 tliey may conceive themaielves tlie subiect of their advice, 
 will not suppose them the obiects of their government^ I 
 do not, by drawing this parallel, mean to admit the title of 
 fHircnt country, because, if it is due any where, it is due to 
 Europe collectively, an^ thefiret settlere from England were' 
 driven here by persecution. X meiyi onlv to introduce tiie 
 t»irm for the sake of policy and to show from your title the 
 - line of yoiir interest. ' , , i j 
 
 When ^fon saw the state of strength and opul^oe, and . 
 that by her own industry, which America had arrived at, 
 you ought to Kave advised her to set up for herself, and pro- 
 posed Ml aUiance of interest wiih Jir, and in so doing you 
 would have drawn, and that at her own expense, more real 
 advantage, and more military suppfies and assistance^ both 
 of ships and men, than from any weak and wrangling gov- 
 ernment that you could exercise over. her. In short, had 
 you studied only the domestic politics? of a family, you 
 would have learned how to govern the state; but, instead 
 of tliis eaay and natural Ime, you flew*out into every thing 
 which was wild tod outrageous, till, by following the pas- 
 sion andstupidity of the pilot, yo^wrljcked the yeasel within 
 
 sight of the shore. ., *_ ' 
 
 Having shown what you ought to have done, 1 now pro- 
 ceed to i3iow why it wis not done. The caterpillar cuxsle 
 of the court, had an interest io pursue, distinct from, and 
 oiiposed to yours ; for though by the independence of America 
 and^ allianco th e r e with, the tr a d e would have continued, 
 if not increased, as in many artiples neither country cJin g j 
 
.*p^ 
 
 lOi 
 
 V * hetter market and thoo^ by defending tnf prolecHfiJ? 
 
 ^^lf«hi wo^^^^^ been «« «»p«°^ ^ yj*"* *"'* f ^ 
 
 hertelj, ano ^^U*" "" , «h„r*f4' would have decroaiod, and 
 
 r«t tb"Trik Coff bS many plicea from the court ca onjlar 
 I .VLut i^oSuon to Uio intoroBt of th6 nation. The losil 
 m' th^?uinTvorament shipB, with their appendages, hero 
 ^ i n VWlSnd U a Bhoeking Bound in tho car of a hungry 
 
 Tvon- and you had bettS- risk a revolution and call a 
 oi/^r^ Ta/be thUB led on from madneaa to dcBpair, and 
 f^om dSl>lir to rSin. America haB set you tho example, and 
 
 wliat n^ mrin his BenBCB^^will advise yoii to, and all good 
 men would wiih to prevent. Whether France will de^are 
 wa? iSt you, iB not fijr me in this place to mention, or 
 tohiS^ ^f i ki^ew it; but %mu8t be madneBB m you 
 To do it firSt The matter la co^ now to a full cnsis, and 
 ^«pace is^wy if willingly Bct about. Whatever you may 
 ir4 FranShaflbehale^dhandBomelytoy^^^ .%^^"il 
 have W unjUBt to herself to have acted otherwise Uian she 
 S?r and haiinir accepted our oflfer of alliance, she gave 
 vougente notifeof i? There waa nothing in he^co£uct 
 &ved or indelicate, and wTule she announced ber deter- 
 Stfon to support her treaty, she left you to give the first 
 See Ame?Fca, on her par\ has exhibited a charactor of . 
 fimn<L to tho world. Unprepared and uiiarmed,withgnt 
 foml^Koispmment, she singly opposed a nation that do^- 
 \ ne^ ovOThalf Ae globe. The greatneas of the deed 
 
 V deSS^ds iSpec^v and lough you n^ay feel resentment, you 
 are oomnelled both to wbnder and admire. . 
 
 HOT?!wm^ finish my addreas. Such 
 
 aB it L itT a iift^l^ you are welcome, it was always 
 ' S^ydSi^l^deStoa ^m^^^^ 
 
 rome^^Jwould properly im^i^a^ri«»*; *^d wll^I^ l^e- 
 
 wUe I should citeh myself in a temper to wnte it, and sup- 
 
 • rfl^^yS a condition t^ read it ^^t time has noW 
 
 po^ yuu ^*tt A«i oT^TioHunitv of Conveyance. For 
 
 ^.. 
 
 X. ■ 
 
 timfvH forty tUm» and JXinevm t/um oe avermiy«^'.. 
 them ifc'ttiat it maY n(» «w < Aw ij wniW iei r < « ra , «im 
 
 
 :(V f . « .. 
 
 .1'!':. 
 
 7: 
 

 106 
 
 fn oiuSi 
 
 "t- 
 
 that ihejr may not male ipi«fr 
 
 whale. , , 
 
 0inL 
 
 «i 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 •h/ 
 
 OoitMOH SfMOi. 
 
 ^ 
 
 .# 
 
 
 fo^- 
 
 \ ;.. ■ >«»,- 
 
 ■ ilV 
 
 \m 
 
 .■i..*l 
 
 -^' 
 
 * 
 
 >'■ 
 
 "V 
 
 P. S. Thotigh in the tAqnimtyWmy mMllbte i^. 
 eluded with a Wh, yet I have flomeUiing to inontion to the 
 commUmaneriy which, to them, is ecanoua and worthy theup 
 attention. Tlieir authority is derived from an wt of parha- 
 inent, which likewiie deecribee und Itmtts their oMeiai 
 powers. Their commission, therefore, ia only a recital, and > 
 personal investiture, of those powers, or a nomination and 
 description of the persons wife are to execttte them. Mad ij 
 .contamed any thing contrary to^.^jo'*? W^J^ t^« ^l'^® «*^ 
 'the written law fVom /i^hich it ii»ived, and by which it is 
 bound, it would, by the EngljsW coristitiiUon, hiive been 
 treason in the ofoWn, and the king bieen uubject to an im- 
 peachment He dared not, therefore, put in his cpmnusston 
 ^S^at you have put in your proclamation, that is, he dared 
 not have authorised you in Uiat commission t6 bum and 
 destroy any thing in America. Ton are both m the Mt and 
 in^e (Amission lityl^cmfimiisumeri^ for ref>nn^ wace, - 
 aid the methodafor do% it are there pointed out. Your 
 lasf proclamation is sig&d'by you a8coipmij8ioner|ufufer 
 that act. Yon m^ke ^arlikment the patTO^ of its contents. 
 Yet, in the body of it, yen fltiiert matters contrary both to 
 thojBpirit and letter ©f the act, and^Whilt hkewise your kmc 
 dared not have put i|j his commipsion to ydn. The state ot 
 thini» in England, genldemefe, is too ticklish for you to, run 
 hazardt. Yott are ac«mn<aife toparUament.form woeou- 
 timW thi^aot ac(X)r^^ the letter of tt. Your heads 
 t may pay fiw bj^ng it, for you certainly have broke it ^ 
 
 e^ap&the paw pf tiie)iQtt,aa well a8^the>eUy of thtf whale, 
 ^ Ici>§Hyhintt<>yo%«^^ v • 
 
 \Sir Harry 01^ w V axjcountable as 
 
 ^"tiie rest : for though a gene^V he is hkewise a oommisr 
 sioner, acting tmder a superior kntl^ority* His first obedi- 
 ence is due to the act ; M ^8 P®^ of being a gejei^l, will 
 ' not and cannot clear him as a commissibnef , for'that would , ^ 
 suppose the ^rown,in4t8 single capacity, tohaye a power:. ; 
 o f MispetiftiP g with an act of pai^ament. -Your situatiftp, '. 
 i^ntlemen. is nice and critiqal, and the more so hwn»>»i /' /.. 
 England 16 unsettled. Take heed! Remember tlie tmics, ut - v 
 
 Cliarlo 
 to a he 
 
 I now 
 
 Aincri 
 
 '^p ity 
 
 vloui: 
 
 'fouii 
 
 ttind 
 
 freedi 
 
 and, « 
 
 tatioc 
 
 duoe 
 
 , weall 
 
 ' to cf 
 
 bottti 
 
 / • . < ' 
 
 y,i 
 
 
 / ' flto ' 
 
 bfn 
 . .fvig( 
 , . en«sf 
 
 r T6 
 • i con 
 
 , ho/i 
 
 of 
 
 *;^?« 
 oui 
 
 .' lin 
 
 lift 
 
 ," 'in< 
 
 dii 
 
 '^ uh 
 
 an 
 
 ^sh-™ 
 
 "■S: 
 
 Xl 
 
s ,A 
 
 C...r.*tho flrttl X urn idl .fiUff^ Ml y>7 tn«ting 
 
 I now ;S6W yoa ''^;«7^f '!;„te, in order to «»d«r 
 
 I i -^^''If th.t thTS dlruetion yott commit (if J'»',««?'^ , 
 
 • ' 5^^ ?>the m^ro"Xablo to Kr»nce you pake t^^^^ »»'»»«»; 
 
 I ip ") ^'f"^"^, i,„„ic »nd goodti tad by W domg 
 
 I •Ioui!»»a»'«>y ™v. ""i,,!^- har for material* anal met-. 
 
 ■'??'?r7or"°5."tt1r i>^e nS^^ 
 , cLindi^; fof "I? '^"iii_ „»oduce« riohe» to the other} 
 
 • arid, as yo»^,an qeithe r ray_ y«_" ^J.^^ ^ „„, p^. 
 
 ^•"^.^ ■'rffijL h^vo u'(S Jout to » plan or'pmTWW 
 
 '^^i^> 
 
 t 
 
 ■ *>•■ i 
 
 1 ■, fc. 
 
 vr 
 
 '>!,■''' 
 
 I ■ M-- 
 
 >i--: 
 
 ; ; ^j^MBBR. VIII- 
 
 iD^RKSSED T#THE PEOFLE Of^Sm^A:^ 
 
 % ' 
 
 • - ■>»!'^.'*f »^ the commencauieat 
 
 ^. ' ■ "Fiv? years ttrfve neany «^*r^ , _ «. irrftdiial decay, nus 
 : <tf ho^iUties,4M every ^^»^ 
 
 - " oua thought oil yojr conditw^wr^ t^ : 
 
 :: I&, a^d mistato <J^«?^jg^S hopes, ahat ^rblongj^d tl^ ; 
 ,.medick6B, havj a^mmft^red tl^ii^^ Jneralvlifcc a 
 
 ■^1 
 
 \ 
 
 aaro^^s^"^ 
 
 '/' audfuriii 
 
 ««•:■ - 4i 
 
 .?:V> 
 
 
 ./^ */ 
 
 ■\ 
 
 
■T-'?p!lX 
 
 
 
 «A6 
 
 ^n 
 
 ■^^ 
 
 *.*■ 
 
 ' urulorUkiiiK of every «n^lT»rf»e^nd that " wAo^ 
 -w;Z/^ i« M'\ J»w been given wiU> .the ioleainity of pM- 
 pheti<i confiilenco, and though the qnottion l.M be^ c^n- 
 
 itaiitly replied to by dii»ppomtincnt, and the prediction 
 'fttUifled by mirfortune,,yet HiU the inwit conhnued, ana 
 vour cataloirae of naUoKial evlU increawd therewiUi, tager 
 to pomuade the world of her power, she considered destruc- 
 tioJTas the miniiter o^ greatness, and conceived that the 
 glory of a nation, like that of an Indian, lay in the aumber 
 of its scalps and the miseries which it inflicts J 
 
 - li'ire, sword and wan^ as far as the arms of Bntam C^m ;, 
 ejrtend them, have been spread with wanton cruelty alpng 
 tlie coast of America ; and while yon, remote from the wtcno 
 of suffering, had nothing to lose and as Uttle to dread, the 
 information reached you like a tale of antiquity, m which 
 the distance of time defaces the conception, and change^ the 
 severest sorrows into conversable amuseftient . i • 
 
 This makes the second paper, addressed perhaps in Vam 
 to tiio people of England Tliat adyice shoiyid bo taken 
 wherever example ims failed ; or precept be regarded where 
 warning is ridiculed, is like a picture of hopp resting on .de- 
 spair; but when time shall stamp with universal OHrrdncy, 
 the fact;s you have long encountered with a laugh, and tlie 
 irre8i8tU)le evidence t)f accumulated loss^ like the hand ^^^ 
 writing on the wall, shall add terror to distresa, yorijwill'- 
 then, m a conflict of suffering, leajm to sympathise ^th 
 
 : others by feeling for yourselves. . ^. j i, * t ^ 
 
 The triumphant appearance of the combined fleet! in the 
 
 channel and at your harbor's mouth, and the expedition of 
 'captain Paul Jones, on the western and.eaitem eoasts of 
 Emrland and ScotUnd, will, by placing; you in the condi- 
 tion of an endangered country, read to you a stronger lec- 
 ture on the calamities of invasion, and bring to your minds 
 a truer picture of promiscuous distress, thau the mo6t tin- 
 ished rhetoric can describe or the keenest imagination cou- , 
 
 Hitherto you hare cxperieuced the expenses, but nothing 
 of the miseries of war. Tour disappointments have ^ been 
 aecoinpanicd with no immediate suffering, and yopr losses v 
 came to you only by intelligence. lake fire at a dirtancs .. 
 
 _^ ^ ■ ■ . *"* ■^' ■' ' ' ' ' '■ 
 
 • Whltohead't new.yetr'B ode for 1778. ■. ' « . ^ " , _:^-]Lg^ ' 
 
 f ^de «t the insuiuaon of lord Korth, for OhaaeeDor of the imivei#pf <f . 
 
 you h< 
 
 saw ni 
 
 butth 
 
 be alo 
 
 Vott ^ 
 
 iight, 
 
 . that i 
 
 , mg in 
 
 wSl-f 
 
 hnt,i 
 
 " not yi 
 
 -. — plum 
 
 -^ joye< 
 , * tioa8 
 
 ' \:\ 
 
 -a-e 
 
nip OBIIU. 
 
 lOi 
 
 1 -Ji ««* ik^Mi tiifi err I TOO fdt not A» danger, jron 
 
 ■* 
 
 Knt were mjtttera that you had no conception of. Yo^^^^jw 
 SotXTinrto to stoni by and «ee your goode ^ped for 
 fn«l ind your t>ed8 ripped to pieces to make piutage. for , 
 '• Snnaor l£e miaery%f othSri, like a tempestuouB nigh^^ 
 T si 1^ to iheoW^ of your own security You even en- 
 
 ^^ tSas and tliat which carried Borrow into the breasta ot 
 ! u^^nds served but to heighten in you a species of tran- 
 „ m Drit -^^^^^ are but the f^kfter sufferings of war. 
 
 ' ^hi&ared with carnage and sSughter, the misenet p|^ 
 • TTiJlitaTv hospital, or a town in flames. ,,- » 4 
 
 The P«.y of America, by anticipating di.tre», liad 
 fortifiei^Seir mind. agaiuBt every^pocle. you coidd u^ict, 
 S^f td Z,lved to abandon tlOl hom4 »« '^ P *'T 
 "' toXwbtion, and to seek new eeRlement* >-«a»^^« »»''■ 
 rtit Uu8 fafailiarized to misfortone, keforo it »"?^«d, W 
 S^™ theiTntfrtion with the lees regret : the joBtoMB of their 
 cal w» nSwnral Bbtoi, of cInBoUttion.And thehop„ of 
 ' finT^o" ryT^ich "eve.^ them, servedto lighten th. 
 ,*Hd and .weeten-the cap aW»»d Aom-lpd^ ^ 
 
 Burwl^ilS ^u&"iSU beoome^^ 
 
 -bernlf^^^ilorth^" (hvlS-e^-yon-wift ha^ J«i^^^ 
 
 ^ttmdMwildemesB to fiy to, tlieir cause to cdmfo^Bp, nor 
 'Si h!™toi^Vi)OT. DlitresB with them was sBBhned 
 
 tno^tt^^rWhad-notbroughtitonthomseWej^ 
 
 • rin^contrary, they had by every proceeding endeavored 
 to avbidTanYwIeacend^ oven below the """k of con;., 
 .rSSn^diaracter, to prevent a war. . The national honor 
 SrXadvkntag«» o( inSependen«ft.were matters, which at 
 
 Kmrne^eilent of ^V"**. f^^^l^SJltSoti 
 -«nfi itwaaonlvat the last moment that tPB measure wa» 
 
 Jesolved oi^Vus circumstanced, they ?atu^*^fe^^.^^ 
 
 ' Stiously fdt a dependance upon nilfZ^SIdSy 
 a clear pretension to it, and had they failed thef^i^plflaeUty, 
 
 bad gained a triumph 
 
 ^ 
 
 -«5,-. 
 
 
' ' jtiF Yoa felt iiftniiW oftienii you deaervo 
 ^^vci. Nature d<i^ not iutoreit hereelf in 
 ^ujrs, but, on tU <;ontefry, tunie from them with 
 ■LBH abandons them to ppiahment. You may now 
 SSttioriali to wl^iat cduSlyoutleanOj but bo far at 
 wmvrica IB the object, none will liflti. Tlie policy of Eurm)e, 
 iSd the propensity tlibre in eve]^.mind to curb inBulting 
 . aTbition,*^ aiS bring cruelty, to /^i^ment, we umtMlv 
 ajraittBtyoa; and where nature to|sJntere8t reinforce each 
 - otlien tlusWpact is to9^intimate Ui bte diBB«l ved. 
 ^ Mike but the ijaBe of others ydf own, and your own 
 theiri ai^a you will then have a efear idea of the whole. 
 Had Fraivee kited towards her <solonie8 at jrou have done, 
 • vou Wouldh«ve branded iier with every epithet of abhor- 
 ienc^; an4 hud you, like her, it^pod m to succour a 
 ' 8trugi5tini?,peopte, all Eurbpe mijftt lave echoed with your 
 ^ 6wn apptinBT^ut entangled JMbe .passion of dispute, 
 you s& it not as you ought,,and fohrf opinions thereon which 
 suit with iio ihterest but youif oWn. You wonder that 
 . Amoiifa does not rise in union with you to impose on her- 
 self a portion of your taies *n4 reduce herselt to uncon- 
 • ditional submission. You are amazed thn^.;tjie southern 
 powers of Europe hIo not assist y^j^ conquering a country 
 x^ . 1 . .i!iL&j>L^^j> *.w K» *n»>oa]IBykiii8{ themselves; ^ulcL 
 
 ite to reinstate you in" m' 
 
 J^et for naval stores by 
 
 -„ that Holland does not 
 
 you mis<|r«s8 or th^dwas, 
 
 * r your act of navigar 
 
 ly her own IntereBt 
 
 by 
 
 which is afta^ards to be tu 
 thatAe noHhem ones do not 
 Aj:M|^ who already enjo] 
 tUf^Spration. You seem 
 pour Iti her succours, to m 
 when her own Qommerce is 
 tion; or that any country 
 while yours ii on the carpet, , 
 
 Such excesses of pftssicAate m«,r7i -• — T.'?'"i»i — t, ♦ 
 unwise resentment, have driven you on, hke, Pharaoh, to 
 ttnpitied miseries, and whUe the importance of the quarrel , 
 shall perpetuate your disgracQ, the flae jf, America will , 
 carry ^itwund the world. Tg^e ^atural feelmgg ot eve^ 
 rational being will be^gi>m|agu; an^ wherever the stoi;^. 
 shall be told, you will haV < fflHHiei eA ^^ uue iior conaolation 
 kft. Witli an unsparing baiid^ an mwtiable mind, you 
 - - • ' '^ '^ - -^^^«> dominion •and to lose It I 
 
 ~V'1 
 
 ,°Sk|id ui[\juBt as well at 
 
 iiMvV dfliolated the world, to 
 
 / ■:;■ *{ .•■■ •■■■ *-v 
 
 ■ ■* . 
 
 ■vV 
 

 ill 
 
 ^. 
 
 of! 
 
 (or 
 at 
 •vo 
 in 
 ith 
 ow 
 at 
 
 IMS 
 
 vrn 
 
 ole. 
 
 »ne, 
 
 lor- 
 
 r a 
 
 our 
 
 ute, 
 
 lich 
 
 thai 
 
 her- 
 
 JOUr 
 
 lem 
 itry\ 
 
 a in" 4" 
 Bby ^ 
 not 
 seas, , 
 
 rigar 
 
 il, to / 
 MTel : 
 will ^ 
 very 
 
 ition 
 
 / 
 
 ',■-/. 
 
 . At the thoughtj of '^J'''\^^^\ f»r more dreadful 
 you ought to ^"i^*?^^ilonrparty that wa. agaui^t . 
 i,cro tlian in f "J®"^* .j "Twero m g/neral compoaod of 
 ^'^'"ri'^^nL^^^^^""^*^ to neither army. 5^ 
 ft kind of »w^^'t^'! w*^ BO devoid of wnae and lonti. 
 .. Tliere doea not f^l^SiZdlubrnU^onr »nd Uicroforo 
 ^ inent ae to covet «r^ue*^, you In principle. Several 
 
 no man in ^«^«* ^P'i^^.f J^nd ^^^ '^ ^ ^« hardBhipt 
 ^^miKht from cowardice of mina,F^?^ diipoaition tliat ^ 
 
 Zi dangers ofop^^^^^^ ^- ^^ct e& for or 
 ffave them auch a choice, ^r''''^ /". oartiea, with equal 
 
 ^ dividoe the nation. ^''*'' *."' j,.^ Kt » c»U of the maiti»> 
 i ,Uteof;om«nUt.on »ndboliB.d^^^ dlMorn.oo conclu- 
 
 .ro in um». «»''»■»»" l"!^ f war might talie, if once «3t 
 ♦ uWt can be formed, what turn a J™' » ^ gj diapoMtion 
 Tfoot ty an inva..on. She » not n^ ^^^ ^ Ji^^ „„ 
 to make aV«»moa <=»"" »» l^' 3 'Nothing but expenaeB 
 ^P?"-^ ^*^JeTer ev'e^ tog?. .tJitl u^n.a derive 
 "^'."f/'i^riirXX gol tl;e worae Ae » oft 
 
 .V 
 
 loBt py a w»r, u-. j-~^^ ^^^ ^^g the iiiuauou u* 
 
 ttuere u« — j^ :?r7:x1io^ artiolde be the perfection of national 
 ^^lepasaipn-iftia^ft^aUui^^^^^ 
 
 gloi7.you.may,Wiai^^^^yn^^^ ^y^^ tumjilt ot 
 
 espure uneijcyied and unnvaue^. J* ^^ paBsions be buo-' 
 
 uon — -Y ^ war an au cy»opi " j : ;i " Ai. wben thoao, who , Rurvivm 
 you i ^^ceededbTcalm^refldction, OT w^ 
 
 /it J ^l ^ Ub fuTY: Aall inlierit from ypu a >cgacy w uwu 
 
 nui»» 
 
 Itafury, 
 
 i^'-. 
 
 f 
 
 \- 
 
 \'.: 
 
Ill 
 
 rmt oimu. 
 
 fU 
 
 / 
 
 fortnnwK wV«h tK« y ^r!y TwmM ihall •c*rtH»ljr be able o 
 aiiM'li«rff« th« InU^rmt «)f tho ouo. and no lH)««il|lo rctnwljr 
 ",« left lor th« (»tl.^, latrnii, far ciUforont from the projjmt, 
 will triw! and imbittor tho rofn«mbran<J« of former tollum, 
 A mind ditarmod of iU rago, focU nd pl«a«uro in conttun- 
 iTlatinir a frantic (luarrel. BicknoM of thouKbt. tU© iiur© oon- 
 Llouonco of t5ondiict like yourH, Imvoii no ability for cnioy. 
 inont no roliili fo> roiK)ntmi5nt ; and though, liko a man In ii 
 fit you feel not the Injury of tho utruffgUs nor diitingunh 
 between itrenirth and dln^iaao, tho wcalAioiw will neverthe 
 - • •" ' -- '1 ■ Tjoienco, and the mnm of pam 
 
 - 
 
 lncr«a«e with Uie recovery. „ 
 
 To what penwns or to wlioio iyBtora of polIU<» you owe 
 Your present state of wf<!t<hodnt««, is a matter bf total in- 
 Uiffercnco to America. Tliey have contributed, however, 
 nnwillinirly, to set her above themselves, and ihe, in tlie 
 tranquillity of conqtiest, resigns the^quiry. The case now 
 is not so properly who began Urn vfhr, as who contmues it. 
 T3iat there are men iaallHiountries to whom a state of war 
 U a mine of wealth, is a fact neVor to bo doubted. Char- 
 acters like these naturally breed in the putrefftcUon of dis- 
 tempered times, and after fattenuig on the disease, they 
 perish with it, or, impregnated witli the stench, retreat into 
 
 obwMirity. . ,1.1. ri 
 
 But there are several erroneous notions to which you like- 
 wise owe a share of your misfortunes, and which, if con- 
 tinned, will only increase your troilble and^your losses.- An 
 opinion hangs about tho gentlemen of the minority, that 
 America would relish measures ul>for .M<»r administration, 
 which she would not from Uie present cabinet ^^n this 
 - rock lord ChaUiam would have split h«^ he gamed the helm* 
 and several of his survivors are steering the samfi^urse. 
 B^ch distinctions in the infancy of the argument had some 
 degree of foundation, but they now serve no/)ther purpose *] ; 
 than to lengthen out a war. iirwliich the Umite of a disput^/ 
 bein<r fixed by the f^te of arms, and guaranteed by trea«^|^^ 
 ties,'ire not to be phangqd or altered by trivial circum- 
 
 * ^TnTministry, and many of the minoritv, sacrific^Wi* 
 
 time in disputing on a question with ^^"vJ'v**'?^^^*''^^ 
 thing t^ do, namely, whether America shall be independent 
 
 under 
 
 [ 
 
 or noti Wiereas the only question that can come 
 
 their determination is, whether they will »ccede to itdr not I 
 
 They ^nfoirnd a inUitary question with a poliUcii^Jlip, a»a 
 
 7 ■' ./'' 
 
 .;„•,■/ ,;; 
 
 1 Hurvtj 
 
 r^fcitvei 
 
 
 1 . thictic 
 1 by a I 
 
 z' . 
 
 #rv 
 
lit 
 
 SIv^Si^ll not f« i.uI.i|Mmaont, wid It will .iKiiiiy •• ««eh 
 a. fr tlH,y voUMi aKaiutt a clooroo of fatis or .ay l»ui4 tlio f «aU, 
 i^d iio will bo no iiiow Indopntlont tliwi b«foro. Quiji^. ; 
 ^orui. whioh whon doUirmin«d, cannot bo oxwuUmI, joryo 
 only to ihow tlio foil/ of ditputo aud tU© wo»kii«» of di*. 
 
 *''*Frim a long babit of calling America ycmr own, 79^ 
 .uui.oi2lu)rgovomod by tbo tamo projuduH^t and concdiU , 
 Xh Kovorn youfHolvc. lUn^auw you jiavo mi xiv a par- 
 ticular donoininatiuu of roligiou to Uio oxcliwloa of all oUiori, 
 • fou imagino iho mutt do Uio lamo i^nd l^-au80 you, with ^ 
 ^W)«iablo narrowncw of tfilnd, have clirjHliod oniuity^^ 
 affainit Franco and Spain, you 8upDo«» hcrllliunco inuat be 
 ddVK^Uvo in friond«hii>. Copying fior ""tioUB jMmj world 
 froui you, aho fonnorty thouglit aa you. initruc«*but now 
 foolini horw3lf free, and tlio prejudice removed, she tlilnka 
 a,i<l acta iipon a different Byitom. It froauently bappona 
 Uiat in proportion as we aro.taudit to dWdce i)enKm« and 
 ciiutrii, not knowing why, Wo Fool an aitlor of esteem upon 
 thoTomoial of the misUktf: it seoma aa-if aomethmg waH to 
 be made amends for, and we eagerly ffivo into every omot 
 of friendsliip, to atone for the injury of the error. 
 
 bTl perhaps, there is someUnng In tlioj|^of countries, 
 Which, Vmong Uio |5onorality of people, ^^^^^^^'^^f' 
 cates ixtension of the mind. Tlie soul of an islander, m ts 
 native state, seems bounded by the fow?y confines of the 
 water's edge, and all beyond affords to him mattors only for 
 profit or cSriosity, not for friendship. His island is to hini 
 iia world, and fixed to that; hit .every thing centres m it , 
 while thoie, who are iulmbitants of a contment, by casting 
 tlieir eye over a larger field, take in likewise a larger mtel- 
 lectuaf circuit, and thus approaching ^«f ««• ^ «^,J*;jJ",'J"\?: 
 anco with the universe, their atmosphere of thought la 
 extended, and their liberality fills a wiaer »?«=«. ^ short, 
 our ftiinds seem to be measured by countries when we w^a 
 
 ■ • '*. 1 »Qn we are children, and unjUl 
 
 gle u» from the prejudice, wo 
 
 HP 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 > 'M 
 
 / -^ 
 
 oiirmmasseem w 00 uicaouiw* ^j v- — - -— 
 men, as Oiey are^^J^places when we are children, and un>l 
 ^^ommif^^ ""^""^ ^^ nroiudice, wo 
 
 Benre underit witJi6;g^gW|»| 
 
 
 In addition to 
 
 ndy any ttttlversa^i 
 Jtlversally k ikikn, <* 
 
 ttnction to ih 
 
 by a larf^cr share of phiW 
 
 n wui 
 
 (e. 
 
 ng it. .^_ 
 
 bfe^^iinarked, tliat men wuO 
 
 •rinciples of which a 
 ^, „ad applied , without d 
 of all countries,' obt a in t h er 
 
 >0J^n those wha only study 
 
114 
 
 /- 
 
 cnrank 
 
 31" 
 
 * 
 
 Mtlonal Arte And Imprormnmm Kfttorftl fhlUmopUy. 
 
 mAtiiiuiiiiiidH aikI luitronomy, imrrj Uio mind from Uidi^miUrT 
 
 ■ to th9 oroiktiofi, and f<iT« it a Atticti •ititod to tho extonl. It 
 
 > WM not N(iwton*A lumor. neither oonld it bo hi« pridOf iYiat 
 
 bo WK« An Ktttfliihmiin, out that ho wm a philoiuphor ; tho 
 
 hcavuiiN had lUHjraUjd him from tho prtjjudictMi of an bUnd, 
 
 and tcienco bad ojipaudod hk lotil aa boiindltiM al»Jii% 
 
 ittadioa. . • . 
 
 % Oomtmi Sbiib. 
 
 -A.^^ ^^ir^ i. ^ Ifk^^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ll' 
 
 #•» 
 
 '€■ 
 ' W 
 
 ■* 
 
 nk 
 
 
 NUMBER IX. 
 
 ^^ Had Americi nunnod^er advantap^ with half the tptrtt 
 th^?aha roaistock her mtifortunea, eho would, before now, 
 4 ba^ beena conquering and a ptacoful people ; but lulled 
 in the lap of soft tranquillitY..ane re«tod on her honea, and 
 adv^H^^ir only haa oonvuJsoa^er into action. WheUier anh- 
 tlety or tincerity rfr the close of tho last year, induced tlio 
 enemy to an appear^pB for, pea«i;; is i)i point not materitil 
 to k&ow : it iaJufflliRlt lliat we aeo tll6 effocta it haa had on 
 ourpolitica, ^iLthat wo ptcmly rise to reaont the doluaioQi 
 ' The war, oHpo^art of America, haa been a war of na* 
 ^ taraffeallngKllBralKe in diatreaa ; serene in conoueat ; droway 
 ' while at teat ; ind in every aitoation generously diapoaed to 
 Mice. A dangerona calm, and a moat heightened zeal, 
 ive, aa circnnutancea varied, succeeded each ottior. Every 
 MMaion, but that of deapiiir. haa been called to a tour of 
 iuty : and so miatakea haia been the enemy, of our abilities 
 and oisposition, that. when she anpposed na conquered, wo 
 rose the oon€(ueroni. Tho extonaiveneaaof the United States, 
 and the vanetr of their rQsourcea ; tlie unjversality of their 
 cause^ the q^ck operation of their feelinga, and the similar- 
 ity m their sentiments, have, in every trying situation, pro- 
 AnaeA % itmiethvna, whi^h, favored by providence, and pur- 
 sued, with ttrdor, has accomplished in a,n instant the busmcsa 
 of a campaiffn. We have never deliberately sought victory, 
 tatctiea it ; and bravely undon e in an noor, the biottcd 
 
 bu1 w< mat<n 
 
 operations of a seasphit^ 
 
 / The reported fate of Charleston, like tlie misfortaiufis fA 
 
 -r:f'^ 
 
 .i! ■. 
 
 ^H^. 
 
 ',•«.■• • % 
 
 .f A 
 
^Wt 
 
 Tfia OWM. 110 
 
 177^ hti •! 1m( nAlliKl forth i tpittt, tnd klndlml up I 
 ilinMi wliioh |>«rliAiMi no othnr t)rm\t «ould hftve {iru<iun«tiii « 
 If tht «i«>^ ^M clmiUUxl » fnliwUiood, tho/ hatre unwiiitif 
 aKI^vfd jl into lift), ami if tboj 1ia¥« told us a truth, 
 tnoy h»vo ^BmtmitinnalJy «i<mo ni » ii«rvl<»«. W« won) ro^ 
 tiirnintf with foldoil Anni from tiio tatif(iuMof w»r, and tliiniir 
 ing and littintf l«iaurtdy down to onjov ro[MHKv Tliu dfj[M!nil- % 
 fIDOo that ha« \)mn put uiH>n Charluaton threw a drowfinttat 
 orer Ainftrica. W« ImiktMl on tli« buiiiriiiMi dono— Uio confliol 
 over— tho matter a«ttlod--<)r that all which rumainod unfln-' 
 iiliod wouhl follow of itaolf. In tliia Ktate of dangoruua ro> 
 laxaticm, oxpoaod to tho noiaonoui inftiatona of the oiORif, — 
 and having no common uangur to attract our attention, wo 
 wore oxtlngniiihing, l»j §iaum. tho ardor wo Ngun with, and 
 larnttidoring by pieco^muais tho virtiio that dotuudud ua. 
 • Afflicting ai tho loM of Oharloaton may ho, yet if it ani- 
 ▼omally rome ui from tho alumbor of twtdro months past, 
 •w and renew In us tho spirit of former days, it will produce an 
 advantage nioro im{N>rtant tlian its UmL Amenca ovur U 
 what slie think* herself to be. (loyemwi by sentiment, an<l 
 Spting her own mind, sho becomes, jm she ploa«es tho v^ictor 
 or the victim. • "W " \ ♦ 
 
 It is not tho conquest of towns,^qpp6 aoofiental captors 
 of garriiions, that can reduce a colpPji' so extensive as this. 
 The sufferings of one part can never be relieved by the ex- 
 ertions of another, ana there Is no situation tho enemy can 
 be placed in, that do<>« not afford to ub the same advantages 
 he seeks himself. Hy dividing his force, ho heaves every 
 post attackable. It is a mode of war that carries with it n 
 confession of weakness, and goes on the principle of distreii% 
 rather than conouest. '^ ■ .....j, \ . 
 
 The decline or the enemy fgffi^e,ipt only tntti^ op*^ 
 rations, but in their plans; Charleston originally mado but \ 
 a secondary object in the system of attack, and it is now be- 
 come the principal one, because they have not been able to « 
 succeed elsewhere. It would have carried a cowardly ap-, 
 pearance in Europe had they formed their grand expedition, 
 m 1776, against a part of the continent where there was no 
 array, or not a tamcient one to oppose them ; but failin||" 
 year after year in their impressions nere, and to the eastward 
 %id northward, thev deserted their capital design, and pru- 
 dcntly aont e nting tnomselv e s with what they could g o t, gi v e ■ 
 
 & flourish of honor to conceal disgrace. 
 But this piece-meal work is not Qonqnering the continent 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
w 
 
 '^ 'f. 
 
 ■ ' ■•? 
 
 ■'. I 
 
 III / 
 
 f t ta ft HMi^rQiilt in tftofn to *ttmn|»t ft, in<f In Hi to miMf ft 
 It In now fall tiiu<i U> pul »a uiid U) « m%r of ni^gnhvutiona^ 
 wliicli, on on« tiUo, Iim no DOMililoohjcMit, ftnd on th<t ollmr, 
 tm« «*v<}r/ in<lui*«metil wtiicin hoaor, iiiUrtMt, Mfntj ftnd lift|>« 
 piutMM tmn iiMipiro. if wo tttflfdr thnm munh tonfrar to rt>- 
 tiiftin Mriion^iC tui, wa tltAlI hneotnn m b«(l aa ih<un«ii|v(«. An 
 »MUM;ifttion of vicu will rodiico u« inorn Ui«n Uio M^ortl. "A 
 
 ^ lifttion liAitlvuoil III th« prMticeof ini<|uitr knows b<$tt4)r how 
 to |m>fll bjr it* thfto ft yomtff ooontrj nowlr comiptod. Wo ' 
 fkn not A match for Ui«ni in th« lln« of tAy%i\U^MtwM kuIU,. 
 
 _ nor thoy fur ui Ott ih» piiftciploi wW<ih wo brftfob HJl ouL_ 
 wiUi. Our flmt tlftji wtri oar dftjrt'of honmr^ mmf liAtt 
 niftrkod tho ohftrftiitor of Anieriom wliorevor Uio •tory of hor 
 Wftni ftre told : and oonvlnood of Uii», wo hftvo nothing to 
 <lo, but wi»olj and unltodly trtmd tho wuU known track, 
 ilko progrim of a war ia often a« rainoui to indivkluak. ai 
 Uiu iMuo of it la to a natioA ; and U la not onl^ nocoaMry tJiat 
 
 . our foroM be tuoli tliat wo bo oonquurora in tho end, but 
 Uiat by Uinoljr «x«rtion« w« bo i43cur«) in tlio int4)rim. 'llio 
 prvaont oanipaign will aUord an opfiortunitv which haa 
 uovor prtiaonttKi itaolf b«for«k and tho prni»aratrona for it aro 
 •qually nccmsary, whctlior Charluaton irtand or fall. 8op* 
 poio tno firat, it la in tliat eaao only a failure of the ununiy, 
 not a dtsfeat All the a>n<iueMt that a bcaioif<»d town can 
 iiopo for, ia, not to be conquered ; and conijHilling an enemy 
 to raise tho aiege^ ia to tho besieged ft Tiotory. But thoro 
 
 f ■ mQit be a probability amounting almost to certainty, that 
 
 I would justify a garrison marchmg out to attack a rotrout. 
 'flierefore sliouM Charleston not be taken, and the enemy 
 abandon tho siege, every other part of tho continent sliould 
 prepare to meet tliem; and, on tho contrary, slioold it be 
 taken, tlio same preparations are necesHAry to balance thft 
 
 I loss, and put oumelvea in a condition to co-operate with oiur 
 ftUhifi, immediately on their arrival. 
 ' Wo are not now fighting onr battles alone, as we were in 
 1776 ; England, from a malieions diuixwition to Americft, 
 has not o5y not declared war against France and Spain, 
 but Uie bettor to prosecute her passions hero, has afforded 
 those powers no military olgetit, and avoids them, to distreift 
 xm, Bh^ill suffer her West India Islands to be overrun hf 
 France, md her Bouthom settlements to be taken by Spain, 
 rather tliMi quit Uie object that gratities her revenge, niis 
 condiict, on the part of Britain, has pointed out tho propriety 
 uf iVjuwo sending a naval and land force to co-operato witw^ 
 
 \"' 
 
 ' M 
 
Amflrkm on tb« tmit Their tkrrirwX mnnot h« mrr (linUnt, 
 nor ttia nivA|CiM of thu mmty Xona. 'Itm mmilting thii »rmjr, 
 iii:«l prornrliitf lh« Nti|i|>lii«, «rn tfi«i twothirigM nuMt ntK'««MirT 
 ,Li 1(11 iicromnlialuMl, mul k r«pttim of »»ltlM'r of tluj miotn/^ 
 oiviiiuiui will ri'nUirt') Ui Aiihtich ^tkcti aikI pUirit^. 
 
 M i eritlt, big, like Uio prricmi, wilh I'lixxtatiott And 
 eTimtti the wliolo wmntry !« call. <l to itnAtiimity and cinr- 
 ' lion, N<»t an ability oiitflit now to thiep, that rafi |»r«Kluo« 
 but a mit« t<i the Ktwif^cal jfc^Mxl, nor nvm a whiii|Kir to jiaae 
 that miliUtea againat it. Ilie nu(t<«iity of Uiu ca«4), and the 
 Jmportannci of the coniftqiioiictMi, admit oo dola^ftlli ii|0iiL ~ 
 no anolotfjr from an cmuny. To ■par« now, would be the ' 
 \w\^\it. of (iitravagatuHH and to GO|pUt pruMliI mm^ would 
 be to Mutriflce it {K}rba|Ni forttvor. 
 
 America, rioh in i)a|riotiiini ami prodncOf ean want neitlier 
 men nor tuiipllm, wlion a ii««rioua niMicaaity t^alU them ftirth. 
 Th« ilow o|MTation of taiiw, owing to the <iito,nMlvcmo»« of 
 collmrtion, and their depnviattHl valuo beforutiiuy arrival in 
 tho treaaury, hare, in many inatancoa, Uirown a harden ajKni 
 gt)rflmment, which haa been artfully intcr|)reU»d by th« 
 enrtin^ int<> a ^noral decUntj throntch.»ut tho country. Yet 
 this, mc<mv«nient aa it may at firat appear, ia not only 
 reraodiable, but may Im^ turned to an imnuMliato advantage; 
 for(t makei no real difforunce, whether a certain number of 
 w«n. or comj^iy of militiii (and in thia country every man 
 ii a mili l y^ inyi j are diro< UhI by law to gend a recruit at 
 tlidr owttW^M, or whetlu<r a tax iii laid on tJicm for that 
 
 Siirpoae, and the man hired by government aftorwardt. Tlie 
 rat, if there it any difference, in boUi cheapest and beat, 
 bccaaiH? it Mvea the expense which would littiiid colle<!ting 
 it as a tax, and brings the tnan sooner into tlie Held than the 
 modes of recruiting forraerlv used ; and, on tliis principle, % 
 law has been pasacd in thii atate, for recruiting two me# 
 from each company of militia, which will add upwards of a 
 tlioiisand to the force of Uie countij. 
 
 But the flame which haa broke forth in this city since the 
 rqwrt from New York, of Uie losa of CHiarloston, not Onlr\*: 
 docs honor to the pla<!e, but, like tlio blaze of 1776, wift^ 
 kindle into action the scattered sparks throughout Amcricra. 
 The valor of a country may bo ieamcd by tho bravery (»f its 
 ■oldiery . and tl i e general ca s t of its inhabitants, but confi- — 
 aence of suocess is best discovered by the active measures 
 pursued by men of property; and when the spirit of inter- 
 pnaa b«e(nB«t kx aiuTenal aa to act at once on tXL ranks of^— 
 
 j^' 
 
 '■I ■.-'* 
 
 m' 
 
 if -5. , 
 
»■?» ' ■ 
 
 ■m' 
 
 ill 
 
 
 »-/vV'' 
 
 •;>: 
 
 !?r 
 
 m. 
 
 MW 
 
 A". >* 
 
 ,;■•*! 
 
 4 
 
 Qcaaias Sxnbb. 
 
 .. "■■;!5 
 
 wpsr At the time of wriW thi number of iihe OnBis, 
 ihilw of Oharieston, tboBgh^dieved bv wme,^w^^ 
 confldentiy.diBbeUeved by^Sthws. But^«'e f««^* *«• \« 
 
 and I believe for the want 
 ^'The man that doeanotnp: 
 nQbleet cauBethat ever i^^ 
 l^naelf accordingly, ia. n# 
 teiidence among a people d<' 
 
 ,^ient$|jpply. 
 li&rtheliiioroi 
 
 itary enga£(ed in? anij^-ct^c^t 
 
 airtr wortlSr .of a 
 
 eablo 
 
 a. 
 
 % 
 
 '^■ 
 
 
 
 »• 
 
 \ A 
 
 J -l 
 
 men;' i war may then, and not ^S^^^g^ 
 
 ^K! n76, the ardor of the enteipri^ng ^^ ^Pf?i 
 :" bly checkid by the real revolt otVmc, and Jliio C0dlnc«i <^l 
 * others; But ii the F^sont case, there \% a flrmn^ m tlie ,, ., 
 
 '^ ^KncfandpropeAy of thoccmntiy to the pubhe ^^^^ 
 
 An association luit been entered f ^^.^T ^.?^°JSw"i^ " - '^ •' 
 . tradesmen, and principal inhabitants of the city, to «h;«»^ . 
 i^Bhpport Uie ne^ Btato money at tlie value of gphl and .^; 
 ^ X^ a measure ^ich, whUe it does tijem honof. w% 
 "- Ukewiie contribute to their llttei^st, by^denng ||jeopera* , 
 tions of the campaign convenient imd^ ^*"*** i K«J«^*ii£r 
 Nor has the spirit of exertion sto^pyl^re. ..A^vototoij 
 .nScriptloh i Jkewise Begmi to '^^^^^ ^J?'^ I 
 to be given #bountiep, to fill up tWe ^^^2^'' 
 Pennsylvania line. It has been the 'W»^«^^. ^,^£^1 
 5iat every thing m America has been^done by the ^M 
 J^mmitr^t when die sees individual |^i^ m ^ 
 Seir volunt^ aid, and facUitating the public ^M^ » / 
 concert with tLe established powers of the cA^n^twUl 
 convince her that the canine of America stands nSTon the 
 irill of a few, but on the broad ftmn^fttion <^ prop«r|| and j 
 
 ^'^^^ed and thus supported, disaffection will dec^ 
 and the withered head of tvranny expire, «l^"^«"7^, /f5 
 ravages of the enemy will be short and hmited. and MkaaU , 
 Seiriormer ones, wUl produce a victory ovef themselves. ,.. 
 
 f r^ - ^n ■ II ■ «■ ■■ 
 
 -'■>"i"'''.''"*jr.-' 
 
 ..;|;:-''TOmei 
 
 ,i|hei| 
 
 :4 m 
 

 W^' 
 
 ' : W^^^ t^wilow and ardor wWoli&ey itt«pii«d,irfll . . 
 
 ' luac^ Qteriji IpaginaUon tlio jaunty of tbo c4i|Mk tha volniif 
 i^^fjiimjfmMm that were made to iupportat ftnd all th* ',* 
 » / til!^ ^p^itt^of the war in its defence,.!* at o^ce hoth 
 mi^»0^p^^ ThepHi«jii>letdew^etb]^ v* 
 
 «»n«#f^^tQ?emembar them ilg^ Is r<^p0aiMSg 
 tb#)* mfl^s.^ 
 
 Shifters h^ what we seem to give; and the mor^ we bestow 
 le ijeh^ we becoinev ,, ' / . 
 
 |<?^^^^e!^ j%ht was ilie ground on wH|ah AwericSA '" * 
 f io6eeaed/ibat If tioi only took In eTety Just 'and liberal 
 »ffliti»w#wpi^ impress ^e^ heart, But made it the " ' 
 
 i direc!* 'Siteijp'df ileiy diss and order of men to^ defend the 
 co^tiTk dpei^ on the part of Britain, was oriiriniaiy a 
 WMoflv ep^eto^ 'Sh^ sordid, iind not the splendid 
 
 j)iwi^ ff#e itiing. The fiwtile^dds and proaperona 
 mfaiicyjj^^mfi^iappeArod toher u miuiesfor tributar* 
 
 ?^^% ■ , ®*^:^«^^ ^^« ^iv®» »od dW«gl^rdkg the induetry 
 *bat had ennqhiiBd it, thirsted for thelwney. |>ut m th^ 
 preBent 8|i%e of^ Mr ftfiS«irtL,the violence of tinper is added 
 to the rage o^avarfee ; and thereforey that wSch at the' fii»t 
 setting out J>r<w from purity of principle and pubjie 
 
 mterestyiii now heightened by all'the obligations ef necessity ; 
 for It re<|tiire8 biit U^teMowledge of„ hmnan nature to dis- 
 ^ cem what wotild be the c^imj^uenees, were 4i|aerica agidn * 
 reduced to the subjection ^Olitairfl tJiicontltolled power, 
 in the hands of ^itti ineensedjYmperibne^ ^nd lApacions con- , 
 qneror, is; an ehgine of dreaSifid e?i:eeutiani aid w;o b^ to 
 that countiy 0yer wWch it can be exercised. Tins nimes of 
 whig and toiy would^then be eunk in the general tei-m^of) 
 'ebd, and the oppjfession, whatever it mightbe, would, with 
 V veiy Tew instances of ekceptic^, liglit equally on alL 
 " &itain did not go to war with America for tiie'sake <^ . 
 ^ojah^n, because she was then in possession ; neither Was \ 
 it Kur the extettf^on of trade and commeroe. beoauae she had - 
 
 i*, 
 
 f <• 
 
• i. 
 !» 
 
 noitlior wai U ^ /'^VTr^r^iitanrfxistod. It could 
 
 becauBC before •^^^ ^,^*X X'^av^ ^>' ^ ^^•*'*^."*'^ 
 then 1.0 fr««",nQ other inatiAOWia^^ a ^^^^^ .^^ ^^^^^^^^ 
 
 as are paid in England (W!nehajiwmup^ ^ ^.^^ ^^ 
 
 Xve Eleven tinu^B^^^^f^^^^JH.;^.., tJcJ.^ W; 
 . the i>rciicnt year, l^^O) or, m tuo wco u ^ ^^. rcili»tttiica.; : ; 
 cate the wlu)le property QfAmcr^^^^^^ ^^^ no doubt,, 
 
 and eonaucst of ^^'t^J^^^S^^^'^bAt.U^o toxee in Ehgland^:: - 
 
 I aha f now Pr^^^J^ tj^n^^^^^^ the present war i. to 
 »ro, and what the r^^i^.^r^^^^ ftmouht to, and what 
 
 . the annual «xpen»e of ^^^^'^^'"K.^'Ji^^^a tL canw of our; 
 and ahall endeavor conciaelyjo P^*"» ^^^^ „a the conso- 
 - diificuUie., and Uie ^;;»;;^«^/aoTdo^^^^^^ 
 V' quenpea on the other, in c^ we ^1^^ to be open, candid, 
 
 wd Ireland) is aeven .miUiona,* and the nui^? 
 
 America x» tUi^/"">^^*.V ^^»tand (^i^v^ of Scotland 
 The wnonnt of taxes ^.^^^^]^t ^X^menced, eleven 
 «nd Ireland) was, before f^.:^'^'^^^^^ ^ hundred 
 BiilUans B« ^^dred and lort^^^^^ 
 
 jtfid fifty-thrt* pounds ^^F^I'^jV^'^li^^ and throe-pence 
 ^ H sum than bne pound thn^en^s^^^^ ^^^. 
 
 rterling per bead per annum^ '^^^J^'li the poor, iind 
 besides county taxA, Tor ^V^^^ for the support.of 
 at«nth ol all '^^t^^'^'^l^t l^f^Lns of t^V sum 
 the biahops^»nd f^^^^ £^^ ^ the national debt, con- 
 went annually to pay the ^^^^^^.i^inj, gam of six mil- 
 
 tracted by former ^^^^^^f^^SioCS Srod>tmaB 
 : Uonssixhundredand^^^^^^ gOTein.ent 
 
 ■ was applied *? ?f«^l "'VfhTamy and navy, plfcemori, 
 
 
"i*: 
 
 ' .•,•,■. s ■--. . ' ■'■■■■= »■. \ •/ 
 
 ..flr Miy othelr** . Tet ha4 sKe not be«i iin dbM at the !)«ai!*^ 
 riing of the WUr, ft* wo wore not, fcnd, liko iis, had only » 
 land and not a: naval war to carry on, her M»e» revenue of 
 ,4-luy(jn toill^onrf and a lialf poiinda jtoflfng would hfcv# 
 
 >• Jet rayed «ft lior annual expenses of Mri^r and govcmmoni. ^ 
 
 >witlun6ftcUy^ar. ' " ^ ; > 
 
 '" Hiit-tliia not l)cin^ th^ case With her, iho li obliged t<l> 
 'Ijorrow abput ten nullions pounds sterling, yearly, to pros©. 
 
 ^•(nite'tliei#ar that she is now oifigaged in, (this year she hop* ' 
 ro^ed twelve) and lay^on now taxes to discjhargo the interest f 
 
 ■ 'allowing that the present war has cost her only tity millionr 
 sterling, the interuat thej-eon, at live per cent; will be two 
 millions and an half { therefore the amount of her taxes now 
 must be fourteen millions, which on an average is no less than 
 forty Bhillings sterling, per head men, women and children, 
 throughout the nation. Now is this expense of fifty mil- 
 liyus wad, borrowed on tha hopes of conquering Amcricft^^ 
 and as it was avarice, ivfiich first induced iier to commence 
 the war^ how truly watched and deplorable would thq con- 
 dition df this country^e, wc#e she, by her own remissness, 
 
 V to suffer an enemy of suchjj a disposition, and 80 circum- 
 rltanced, to reduce. her Jojpbjection. v ^ • -•, 
 
 'I now propeod to^^e revenues of America. 
 
 I • 1^ 4MloiMf ll4i>«B flrom Dr. M«*b itoti of th« ksM of Kd|^m4 
 
 . Jkit icccoiml ofth*? mgncf 'drawn from the public by taXeli, tnnQallj, being 
 the mcdiuin of Ihreoyeftrti before tho yeair m 
 
 Amount of cOatQjtnB in England .,,„,,,.. .yi ...... 8,828»276i, 
 
 Amountot the eiplae-iii England. ..... .,i ►..../.., ...4,049,892 . 
 
 -Land tax At 8« . .^;d*.. ,..»......•*.••/..••• •••1,800,0(1^' 
 
 Land tax at If. in the pound. .. . • ..; ;«» .^» . ./. ••••.•••. 450,000 ^' 
 
 Bait duties...; ... ..... ... i.»^. .<i'?.»*.»t .21*,7*W ,'/ 
 
 Duties on stamps, cards, diee, advertisements, Donds, leastl, ^"'■'J'-'-n^J-^^^, 
 indentures, newspapers, almanacks, 4c« 4(^.... ....... a8p>7W, * 
 
 . Duties on. tiouacs and windflwB • .* . 868,809 j-*, * 
 
 Post office, seizures, wijic licchces, haokaey coaehes, Ac... 260,000 ;y .-J 
 
 •Anmtal profits frohf lotteries 160,000 < V 
 
 • Exp^^vpc of collecting the excise in England. . . ♦ j. . ... . . . 297,887 V 
 
 X * Jlxpensc of ejecting the customs ii^ England. .-» , i ... . . 408,700 j\ 
 
 ^ ^iei^FCSt of loann on the land tax at 4«, expenses of coUcc- 
 
 i» "tibrt, militia, &c.«. ^.. i«. ......*...... 
 
 .i-^crquisitcs, &c to[ custom-house. olBcer8,,<ic. 4upposc4^ . . 
 
 EtppiiBp of coUj^tjing the salt duties injtigl||d 10 1-2 per 
 
 u cent.. ......i..L.....^«. • 4( • .......»»!>•....».»...:.• 
 
 i|ount||e8 on fish exporteil. . .,.<. .^. ,........'•......•.••■ 
 
 Ixpcnisc of c9llectSn{r,^e d«tiea on staoKpa, cardb, adver- 
 titemeo^iM.M0iiA4 Hperoeai.....*.... .». 
 
 260,000 
 250^000 
 
 27,000 
 1I,00&, 
 
 18,000 
 
 "*■•. 
 
 ■$m 
 
 
 
 : f>-\.' !■■„ ■' .- 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 ■1^..,;..".,, ;.■" 
 
 
 c ■ • . 
 
 
 J^ 
 
0-. 
 
 /» 
 
 « • 
 
 ■# 
 
 wlii>:li I li»vo, every r«»w «upport ot tl.e iovo- 
 
 tl,o whole ™P«""""* 'to d«r;.T.ri^y two miHio.. PounO. 
 
 rtcilintr annually ; *''^'' °" "'^'^^'^f^^d cl.iUlr.m,.nd tEe 
 .1X1 four puiico pof '■<»^' f*"^* f^M „»,. will 1.0 but throe 
 
 Suppcso 'f 'f^'" "!" ^j °r «> otl*r conditiwnt fl>an to p»y 
 
 the same proponio" ^""^ ahi^m in tkat cMe. would oe 
 ^p,„ of En«l»"f PJ ! °" 1*7^:: iXnT. jtteBtion, 
 
 airA^rra^rj:^:^sSiZ'ireU-.«o«^. 
 
 • »nd let tho onemy KO^"™,"' „„.,„_ „<,„« chooM to out 
 Cm. it be Bupposod *»» j^?Pf ?^Xt th«^nte/to 
 
 the conaueredl In f ««?)»"";*," *S^n^h™ll i» one «lv«r 
 Un« «n3 one penny ■'"'l^"* PS„«?'^<;"^^^^^^ 
 doBw and fourteen f PF",. f "^"^Ky have beef at, 
 We to imag me, that after the e^^^f ^J than 
 
 they would let e^^«';^S^ "jr^Serable I ,^^ 
 
 tliemselveal ^"^' ^"^ ",r»T«rP ia thfete loaded w th ft 
 
 :^ ' of consumption ^"1 «^IW*>?^ J! flvfLnTBhrningt 
 
 per pound, and a P«"*J)JJ**..^"U^ house. Tliore fs 
 ievsin detected ^^ J^as^ng tm Wa^ow^ P ^^^ 
 i warcely a neccBsary of If that yojvcan eai, , ^ ^^^^ 
 
 r ^ ii-o^^ heaven iSi)nly P^mittc^to snii^ in^ .^ ^. 
 
 m ia point of ta*afciw»; 1^80 oppressive, 1^^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 ■^^vi| 
 
 ".ift' ' ', 
 
 ■ .' ,,■ ". ■■■' 
 
-r 
 
 y 
 
 111 
 
 CcSrt*r«iionnou% th»t, wSe Oiey to effect a «>nqaett 
 S' \.ne^<^ i^i. Uieronly th^^ the dittfe««i of Amoric* 
 luW bSn. Neither would it signify «ny thing to a man 
 3?uihefTe bo whig or tory. Tlic pooulo of Eug and and 
 r^ mSi-try of tlmt country, Wow ui by no luch dijtmo. 
 tUmf Wliat they want is clear, solid revenue, and the 
 mode* which tliey would Uko to procure it would operate 
 SS^Tonall. Their manner bf reasoning; would be ih^rt, 
 h^lv^m fi»ey would naturally infer, Uiat if wo were able to 
 ca^y on a war of ftve or si/ yean; againat them, we were 
 able to pay the tame taxea which they do, . ,y — ^ 
 
 1 have ab-eadr stated Uiat tlie expense of cottdtictt^ the 
 «r«««Tit wkr and the ffovenunont of .the several states, may 
 KneTor two millio^. .torling. «.d the o.tablirfm.eut In 
 thti time of peace, for three quarters of a million. ; 
 
 Asrw^vVmatters, they flourish so well, and are 10 well 
 attend^ to by individuals, that I think it consistent o^ 
 fvty>inciple^of real use and economy, to turn ^e navy- 
 int<> hard money (keeping only three or tour paclipte) and 
 apply itto the service of the army. We shalf not have a, 
 Kel^; theuiieof them, and the be««flt from tliem, 
 will be greatW increased, and their expense saved, We are 
 now allLi with a formidable naval poj;er, from whom we 
 derive the assistance of a naVy. And Uie line^m which wo 
 can prosecute the war, so as to reduce the common enemj. 
 and benefit the aUiance most eflfectuaUy, wiU be by.^sttend. 
 ine closely to the land service. /^ . . ^ 
 
 1 estimite the charge of keeping up and fa;"l*«^lgK. J 
 army, officering' thein, and all expenses included, suacie 
 for tli defence of the country^ to be equal to the expense 
 forty thousand men at thirty pounds sterlmj per head, wUi 
 is one million two hundr*^ Aousand pounds. > - ^ 
 I likewise allow four ht^ndred thousand potindB fof <?putl- 
 
 nental expenses at hqine and abroacL . ,. « i.««;««4 nf ^ ' 
 And mt hundrnd thoustod pounds for the^iupportof W« , 
 , lerVeral itiite goveriif««»*f-4he amount will theiybe, - , 
 
 # »- A ' T6t«F a,oo»,o(»t 
 
 ■■s 1 -<• * u ' " ■■"' ■ ' ^ ^ '*■'■■■■ ■ 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 ■M 
 
 Oon^ftental expense* »t horaofcnd tCbroMi..*.. 
 
 ■^n 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 .V'^ii ■ I -'t-H 
 
 *\ 
 
 ■ Ji'-: i':f^"y,r.-. 
 
12i 
 
 "T 
 
 ,,*• 
 
 ■,'-V 
 
 I uke tlie proportion of thii iUte, PenniylvaiiU, to U an 
 
 Jlidi part ofX U.irUHai United Hfte.; the qnoU then 
 
 I^^r in^- twoT, undrcd thou-md of wl.iJ. will b« our .hare 
 ?or Z L»Zrt and pay of the anny, and coiiUnental ox- 
 ^„l!;utllSaid ii)/oad,aM,filf'thou.aiid pound* tor 
 
 ^aL^TclTi^iuiil wi^loi, i^mako the foliowii|g cal- . 
 
 ■"l^illliylvanhl contain, throe inndred ai»d ^^^ 
 Ihousan/ irihal>itant« men, women and «»^^^^[f";^^^^ 
 liki'wiw? an eighth of the number of "'»»^'^"^. % "\** 
 • VhoTo LTnlUsuteaj therefore twohmidred and fi V tUou- 
 S p<>ui r.torling to be raised among three hundred and 
 J^vciin^^^^ '^'^^ *" average, tlnrteecu 
 
 S.U& and Ibnr pencr,)er head, per annum, or «J>'"«tlung 
 
 „;San one ehflUng ^^^^"K,^; rrfho ii^^^^ 
 iw.rt on of three quaftort of a million lor the governmcni oi 
 5?a^Urv iiU^^ of peace, will be fiinetv-Biree thouwnd 
 ;t;rSid IT M^uU iterlin^^^^ 
 •which will bejor the government ex^jn^oUhesta^, ^ 
 : forty-three thousand seven hundred and fifty pound, tor coxi^. 
 tiuental expense, at home and abroad, -^^-^^g^^^^^^k^^: 
 Tlie peac^eatabliahment then wdl, on »» ««n««5 ^T^ 
 .hilUn.nterlinir pel- head. Wlierea.,- was England now to 
 t^T^fdX wi^ease, her l^^!^-^'^^''^^^^^^^, 
 tinS; the^me a^ it now is, viz. ^^ ^^J^y^ .^L^Z:; 
 therefoi© wa. our taxes necessary for f ,7> '^^/;"^„^^^^^ 
 M much per head as hers now is, and the dilierence to tj 
 •^^ly wbetW we should, at the end of the war, pay at^tt, 
 ?ate ^ five shUlings pei head, or forty shdhngs per head, 
 
 tlU el needs n^inWof, ^^,^ ^W 5.aTwS our 
 fciwl and keeo the country fo^ one tliird less than what o^ , 
 Wcnwo^J be if it WM conquered, and .upi>ort the gj^ | 
 
 ' ToramonTaftcrward. for one ^gl>th of ^h** »"'*'» '°«'t* 
 7ovv on 118 and could I find a miser whose heart never Mt /d 
 the^eu^ on of a spark of principle, even that man, nn.n- 
 fl lencTv every feve but the l5vo pf money, and capable 
 Ko^tSmenTbut to bis interest, 7<>»ia and m».tjfrom 
 the fruKality which goTems him, contribute to^^«^f «« 
 rthe .lunfry. or he ce«es.to be » m|»I^^ Womes « 
 ?rliAt Bat wlfto we take in with it ©verf thing tnw can 
 
 ': ^^keSlr^ ; when the line of o- ii^«i^<>«^ 
 *le line pf our happiness; when all that can cheer ana 
 
 %'':i'i'^-^'---:^^^^^ -''-■■' ■■ ::--^i: •-.•/.,.. ■■.■ ■ ■■'■ V, 
 
 1- .. 
 
 lb'' 
 
 J*^" 
 
.\'-' 
 
 M','*.'-'*^ 
 
 . ''"♦ , "l 
 
 
 ^f'.*", 
 
 r^A 
 
 
 I- J' 
 
 Av jM»te the licvt; wl^on ft ienio of nonor, f»»ne, fljtrHcter^ ^ 
 Bt hom« ftnd abroad, are inturwoven not only wi^i U»tv 
 iuturity but tl»c IncreaiO.ot'prQpisriy, there cxi^rs not a mail' 
 in "A;nioricA, tintcM- ho bo an hired cmUaary, who doe* not;; 
 icfitj^t hit good ia coimoetod witli keeping up a iuftldcnt 
 
 1 do not Ima^fioHliiit im Imttnce can be produced m tb# 
 
 "^01 Id, ut' a country putting hwrtwUf touueh tfu amazing chartfff ^ 
 to t-onquer and onsiavo another, aa Britain liaa donij. Th« 
 ium ii too groat for her to think of with any tolerable dc^n* 
 
 ioftuttiper; and when we consider the ]i>ur<loi» uho iu»tain«, 
 n« welt as tho disposition eihe Ikas bhown, it would h« tho 
 lloight of folly in ua to sappoae that the wowtd not reljnburMi ' 
 herwlf by- the rooet rapid mcana, had slie America- once mom.,, 
 svithin her powor. With swch an 6ppr«!Bftion of expense, 
 what would an empty conquest be to her I What relief^ 
 iiudev such circumatancea could she derive from ft -viotoij 
 without a prize? It wfts money, it was revemie Bhefirjl 
 went 10 war HTv And nothing but ikat would satisfy het. If 
 is not the nature of avarice to be satisfied wjth any thing 
 oljK, Every passion that acts upon mankind hat a peculiar 
 mode of operation. Many of them are temporary and. 
 fluctuating ; they admit of cewation atfd vwriety. flut avft. K 
 rice is a fixed, nnifonn passion. It neither a Mtea of its vi^r 
 nor changes its object ; and the reason why it does Dot, is 
 founded Tn the nature of things, for wealth has not a rival 
 • where avarice is a ruling passion. Onfi^beantv may' excel 
 ftjaother, and extinguish froth the mind of man theTpictured 
 remembrance of a former one : but weaJtH is the phcenix of 
 avarice, and* therefore cannot seek ft new object, becftuso 
 there is not another in the World. ^ ,. ;^i 
 
 I now pasa on to show the value of the present taxes, vm 
 
 I ;pjjmpare them with the annual expense; but this 1 shaH ^ 
 
 preface with a few explanatory remarks, v ' 
 
 • There are two distjuict things which make the payment 
 
 of taxes difficult ; th^ one is the largo and real value of the 
 
 sum to be pciid, and iheother is the scarcity of the thing m 
 
 * which the payment is to be made ; and although these ap- 
 ii^r to be one and the same, they ai^e in several instances 
 
 . not only di^^tjbut the difficulty spring from different 
 
 
 ?f 
 
 "X " 
 
 -fi». 
 
 Suppose Ikilaif-to be laid equal to one half of what a man s 
 fmtXy income is, such a tax could not be paid, because the 
 property could not be spared ; and w the other hand, sup. 
 
 ih.S 
 
 T 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 
 *€k 
 
196 
 
 TBI oBtmv 
 
 .^•nil^uS not be paid, b<Kau., th.y .ouU 
 
 ^, IThfl hi^ Now any mrwyn ;n»y •«« tfijit tlH.*«3 im) d.tMndl 
 , *' "2.; Jnd ih« UtTor <ff llu,m U a 1r«i,r<^ututi<m of our owl, 
 '!r*Thkriu3dilll<u,ltv cannot prorU frOm ho farmer, tmt 
 •u/frnm the real vaL or weight of tU« tax, U evident •» ti»« 
 ^ ' ' H^ view to any ponwn who will connidrt It. 
 ' Xe wnottnt <)• the miota of taxen for thlt itate, for th« 
 
 v^,/'\„Wt\^ I7ft0, (ani •*» in pr^iH.rtion tor erorr othw^ 
 tV^- ^ &U ^nty ml lion, of dollari, wliicl., at^.en^ for one, 
 f" ' "' Kl Siry-foXr^^uw twd iMindred and eighty pound. 
 SirTlhilW .terlin^, and on an average, t. no piore than „ 
 Ur^v.Sn^andfivoKjncoBterling l*^'' »'««^^' r '^TTl 
 
 • x^r na^^ /oman a.id chilcl, or threepence tw;>-fift "IJT,^^^^^ 
 
 • !!«1 Z..r.W Now hcr6 ii ft ol««r, positive fact, that cannot 
 
 t inte w^^^^^^^ of th^ tax, W in iUclf it iii ^"^"A;"^^' 
 ft«m bciriir adequate to our qiM>ta of the oxpenge of the ww*. 
 TrS?c^.t^^^^^^ uterliiMJ per |icre on oHly ohe 
 
 baTf Jtho^k «ome tcVupwardB oflafiy thousand pound. 
 Which UalmoJ?a« much an all Uio taxe. ef the prc.^>«t year, - 
 rnH those q„it-rent« made no part of thetaxea then paW,V 
 and Trerw discontinued, Uie quantity of money drawn for- 
 : ^£i:Z. this year, exdulve of J^e mi^i^je^ cfe. 
 1 shall take notiee of n the process of this work, »« '*:»« J^'JJ^ 
 . Uat was paid'and payable in any year F^^^«^^« 
 Mvolution, and since the last war; what I nwaiv 1., tft*t. 
 ^:^:^1 ahd Uxea^akeh .^^e^- -^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 tlien, than the present tAxe» Without t^»«il"*\'^^*,.i'^ "f^;^ 
 My l»teiitio/by these arguments and, ealaiUion.^ts to 
 
 %\dcItL difficulty to the Tight cau^, 7^.»i^^;^J»'»^^f .^^ 
 L proceed IVom the weight or J<>r^h of .>he aiybi^ ft^ , 
 the scarcity of the mfedium in whwh it is paid , and to mu^ 
 iratTtKoint st^U further, I shall now show, that if the 
 W twenty millions <>f dollars was of^four ti|n0. *l^e reaj 
 ^ahie it nowi or neaily so, which ^.<^l<i ^>^^^ ^ '^^^ 
 . dred and fifty thousand gmn^ l^^'''\^^J,?^^J'^^^ 
 full atiota, this sum would have been raised with lBior<> ^aae, 
 ; .^dtye been less^folt, than th^ present sum of only ttxfy- 
 four tliousand two hundred and eighty founds. ^ ^ >, ^ 
 The convenience or inconyemenco* of Vm^S^^^^ 
 _4no»ey ^^^ from to fltiantity of money that can be 
 
 -.'■"'" ■-' ^^^!i^," t ' -. . . ■,■■'■„■■ • ■ ■ §'''{,.' ^ ■ ■ . - . 
 
 t' 
 
 ";-^'- 
 
/ 
 
 
 
 .;.j^ 
 
 / 
 
 wMw^fiiofi of two' linndM mrfltflU flif ^oniim, p«rYik|Mi if 
 I«ually d\up*yrmt\ at it w»«,|)<miilhlM for trtt«l«! Ut do it. A«ul 
 tM no more wna Ui ho iiwu«Ml, ili« rlw» oT fall of priceii coulU 
 ii.5itk«r lii«r«iJ«3 mr dimliilnh Uie <)u»ntity. It th«r«foro 
 r«tiiAln«<l iliif Mwno tlirough tU tho fluctuHtiona pf tr»do and 
 
 ■ uirhiifijri». . 
 
 Now li»rt the eicfitngt* ttcxxl At twenty for on«, wliich 
 . wttit tbo i*«t© ©oiigrtmH cuIcultttiHi u|K)n when thej ftrrangMl 
 , the quota oC the •ot«'^i>l »tttt«H, tho Utter end of lut y«ar, 
 trade woiihlhgyo he«m Oikrri«4 <>" <»»«• nearly four tiuiiw I<ni 
 V money tluin it in now, and conwKnu'ntly lh« twenty niillionii 
 woidd hl*vo he«n »\mt^{ Ayith niiuih greater ease, and wlieft 
 V JftollectQd woutd !iay« been oi alinoat four tinien the value that- 
 / '• vthey now,*T|j. And on the other hand, waa the depreciation to 
 J/Im) ninety 6r one hundrt>d for one, tl»o quantity requiretl for- 
 ^^ trade would be mor^^han.at wixty or seventy for one, and- 
 :* thoiitfh the value ofwim would 1)6 loaa, Uio difflcuitv of 
 * * ■ sparmg the raonayoiW|f trade would bo greater. And on 
 tfiese facto and argviwicnts I rest the matter, to prove that it 
 \ :^|.jg i^ot the want of property, but tho scarcity of the medium 
 ^ by which the proportion of property for taxation ii to bo 
 ' measured out, that niilWofl the embarrassment whieh we lio 
 ■ '' ^nder. TlierA is not«tnoney enough, and, what is equally ai 
 true, tlie people will not let there bo money enough. 
 ' While 1 am on tm subject of the currency, I shall oft'ei 
 
 Y\mG remark wluch will api)qar trno/to every body, and can 
 ' . be «c(;0Uuted for by nob(«ly, which is, that the better tht 
 '3^ times were, the worsdi||jo money grew; and the worse the 
 times were, the better tho money stood. It never depreciated 
 by any advantage obtained by the enemy. The troubles o* 
 %A 1776, and the loss of Philadflphia in 1777, made no sensiblf. 
 impression on it, iiptd every one knows that the surrender of 
 Charleston di^(|y|roduce the least alteration in the rat€ 
 of exchangp/wJHTfor ^o^J? before, and for more than thre« 
 
 *' ■'■ 
 
 sixty for one. It seems as if the cer* 
 
 pwn, made us careless of its value,- 
 
 thoughts of losing it made us hug 
 
 ^g wo were lothv to part with ; or 
 
 ;ur pastime, which, when called to 
 
 B«tiuunx.voo ^j ..„.^we leave off to reriew again at ouf- 
 
 leisure. In short, our good lAk seems to break ns, and our 
 bad makes us whole. . ^ , „ j 
 
 Passing on from this digression, I shall now «ideavor to 
 bring iuty one view the fceyeral parts whjch I have already 
 
 months after, s 
 ' talnty of its bei»l^ 
 and that tho mosTdi 
 it the closer, likc^omj; 
 that we depreciate it 
 seriousness by the ene 
 
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 •Utodt Md fc»riii ihmmMx tomo prw|K»UIoii«, iiia coft- 
 
 pJdX 5r?K,pU of Kpgliul: wlucU b rurljr •UUhugi 
 
 %"!«f i bftve ihown tl^n rat* on in •Tempio per Wl, 'ivhich 
 wl I aJhiy all Hie «iT^ci.i«i of the w»r to «•, a.ul ...pixM i 
 J" wT3gi.T«r,nne..U without mnnlnK thu cuuttlrykto 
 duhi whioh i» thirUi6n ilulliiigi* «n(l t«mn>erM5«, ,' ^^ 
 
 ImTe iUown what the p.tt.ft eatiiblUhmen majr be Co^ 
 .t«4 tor, Tli. an dKhUi part of what It would bo, If undof 
 
 ^rnTr«1ikoJ[:l':itwn what the av^K«lK>r be.<lof 
 re lent taicBaro. na.nelv, thi^oo .hlUingt* anc^ ntcpjjnco 
 Lrftnr^ thm^iHrnce two^fiflht^ |>«r ....;uth ; and Oiat their ^ 
 V wivo lo ycTrly value. In Btorling, U «nW ftlxty-four thouiand 
 
 kcop tho i)aym«nt8 o<iaul with tlio oxi)«n««m ii two hundred 
 kn^ttfty timuwind jimndB. Coniequontly, there it n dcfl- 
 c luncy ^ ono hundrSi and oi«hty-fivo thouaand seTon hun- 
 drod and twenty pound*, and the lanio pn.portion of detect, 
 a^nC W trie Hevcral quotan, hai»i>en« in every other 
 ^tato Tn^thiH defoet is tlie cau»o wfiy the anny baa bcjen 
 J, indifferently f«l, clothed and paid. Jl is Uie cauBO, hke- 
 wi^if the nJrvelm state of the campa.^, and the insecu- 
 ritv of the country. Now, if a tax equal to Uurtoon and 
 ' "our^cT^r he.:.d, will Remove all tVse d fficult.ej, and 
 maKe ^plo secure in their homes, leave them to follow 
 Se basinr<Jf their stores and fanns «"»"«l«« f^' «;" 
 onTv keep out, but drive out the enemy from the country , 
 r MdifThrneglec'tof raising this sum will let them m, and 
 J^^uce the cavils which mi^^it be prevented--on ^^^<^^X.'; 
 1 ask does the wisdom, interest and policy ^erl Or, rather 
 would it not bean insult to reason, to put the question 
 T^e sum when proportioned out a9Cording to t)ic several 
 abiUtles of the peopV can hurt no one, but an inroad from 
 tho enemv ruins hundreds of familiea; : '»; 
 X^Cr^ the destruction done in this c%. Tho many 
 hou^ totally destroyed, and others damajj ; the waste of 
 fences in the countr/ around it, besides the plunder of fur- 
 niture, forage, and provisions. I do not suppose that 1 alt 
 B million sterUiig would reinstate the sufferers; and doea 
 this, I ask, boar any proportion to the expense that would 
 make us secure. The damage, on an averftge, u at lea^t 
 
iJiUUng* aiHl ftMir^l^^WPa'i comt* to f«»r firt«wn jmn, 
 t\ie ••in« »»*• hikp|M'n<«P^o trontier*, wid In tHo J«r»ey% 
 KW^York, and tiUicr imI' «-< whi^ra lh« «n«mj liM iwrn— • 
 Ciir<»Ull» and (itwirgitt aro lik^wliwi mitftiring the unroo f»Ui. 
 
 That tho |H)o|>lo Kmittriilly <io not uiuI(?nltAiul tiio in#lim' 
 d«'ncy of Uio tax*)* to vMrry «wi tlwi war, \b evident, not only 
 from common obtervftUon, bt»t from tlio con«trmt»oii «)f »eT. 
 trill pclltldni, which w«r« pr»5i«mt«<l to tb« wiMiiuhly of thli 
 ituto iij);»ln*t tho rerommuntlntiotiJi of coiigrtMJ* of tho IHlh 
 of March liut, for takinj< ui. aiul fuotllng tho nrtjiwint i-ttf- 
 fonoy at forty for one, and iMulntf now numoy in lU •tuaU. 
 Tho pmyor of tho petition wa«, that ihs otm-etMij mujKi H 
 aupnciaUd by taxen (riHuinlnK tlio prowmt ttixou) and Ihai 
 Jart of ihs taxrn hs apnlUd U) tfu^ «mp/Hrrt (if the armyM tU 
 armycoiUd fu>l b4 omrwisa tupptyrUd. liow it comd not 
 have boon posaiblo for inch » iHJlition to have been pr»- 
 n,nt«d, had tho pctitionom known, that §0 far from paH of 
 th« taxcit being Mufllciont for tho •unport of tlio arm v,, tho . 
 whoh of thorn falhi Uifoo-fourUii lOiort of tho yoar^i ;«x- 
 
 ^jKro i proceed to propose mothodi by wblcli a inifRclelicy 
 of money may bo rawid, I ihall Uko a abort viow.ol ttt© 
 tfcnoral stato of tho coimtry. " ^ ' . 
 
 Notwithbtamiiiig tho weight of tho war, tho ravage* of 
 tlio enemy, a^ tho obstructiona aho lipui tlirown iii tho tray 
 of trade and commcreo, bo Boon does a y<mng country out- . 
 crow misfortuno, tliat America has already surmoimted . 
 uiany Uiat heavily opproHaed lier. Vor tho lirut year or two 
 of the war, wo wore shut up within our ports, scarce ven- 
 turing to look towards tho ocean. Now our ritfors are 
 boauTifiod with krgo and valuable vcssols, onr stores tilled 
 with merchandizo, and tho produce of tho country has a 
 ready market, and an advantageous price. Gold and silver, 
 that for a while seemed to have retreated ajgain withm the 
 bowels of the earth, have once more risen mto circulation, 
 and every day adds new strength to trade, commerce and 
 ajrriculturo. In a pamphlet, written by Sir John Dalrvmple, 
 and dispersed in America in the year 1775, he assorted, that, 
 two twenty-gun ships, nay, says he. tenders of those sinps, 
 stationed between Albemarle sonnfl and Chesajaeaks bay, 
 woxM shut up the trade of Americd far QOO mtles. IJow 
 little did Sir John Dalrymple knqw of tho abiUtics ^^ 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 WliIU ttiid«r tUfOTwuMBl of BrilA&L ^ trad« of this 
 
 eovntiy wm leaded with mtrlotioiit. Ir wm onW ft few 
 
 fordgn porte whieh w« wm ftllowcd to Mdl to. Now it ii 
 
 othflrwiae; and ftUowinff thftt the qnftatifj of trado U bat 
 
 liftif whftt it wftt bofore ttie wftr, the oaae iMft ihow the Tut 
 
 •dTftntftge ^ ftn open tnde, beeftOM the |»reieDt qtiftiitity 
 
 under her rietrictiont eonld not ■ovpOrt iteelf ; tnmx whicn 
 
 I {nffta-, thftt iNiftlf the qiiftntity wi|hont the reetriotioiif can 
 
 beftr itMlf np neftrlr, if not qnite, ftft well ftf the whde when 
 
 rabjeei to them, how proiperoot mnit the condition of 
 
 Amerioft be when ^ir Whole ehftll return open with ftU the 
 
 ' worid. B7 the trftde I do not meftn the employment of ft 
 
 .merchftnt onlj, bnt the whole intereit and biuiniii <Kf the 
 
 jBoaniiy tftken oolleotiTelj. jl^ T^ - 
 
 It if not 10 much my intenHon, ttj &s pQUIoi¥on, to^ 
 ' propoee pftrtienlftr plftnt for ndiing moner, ftt it ia to ihow 
 the nooeesity ftnd the ftdrftntaM to be derired from it Mj 
 prindpftl deiign if to form the difpodtion of the jpeople to 
 the meftioree which 1 ftm ftillj pernutded it ii their interest 
 ftnd dnty to ftdopt, ftnd which neecU no other loroe to ftcoom- 
 nliih them thftn the force of being felt But aft ^ery hint may 
 DO naefnl, I ahftU throw out ft sketch, ftnd leere others to 
 nbftke^ inch improrementi npon it fta to them maj ftppear 
 leftabnable. ■ T ^ 
 
 ^9 annnal sam wanted is two miUioni, and ihe ftTerage 
 rate in which it falli, ia thirteoi ihiilinga and fbnipence i^r 
 head. . / 
 
 SoJ^poM, then, that we raiie.half the ram and sixty tboir- 
 iftnd pounds over. Hie ay^r^ rate thereof will be seyeii 
 ahillinn per head. . ' ^ 
 
 In this case we shall haye half the rapply ihai«re want, 
 and an annual ftmd of sixty thousand poundi^vwflereon to 
 borrow the other million ; because siz|y thousand pounds is 
 the interest of ft million ftt si^ per cent : snd if ftt Uie end 
 of ftuother yeftr we should be oblimd, by the oontbuance 
 of the war, to borrow another million, the taxes will be 
 faicreaaed to seyen shillings and sixpence; and thus for 
 eyenr million borrowed, an additional tax, equal to sixpence 
 per head, must be leyied. / , 
 
 Hie sum tobe raised next year will beon» million and 
 sixty tiiousand pounds : one half of l^ch I would.ph>poHe 
 should be raised by duties on imported goods, and prize 
 iroods, and the other half by a tax oh lan^ property and 
 lio'iiMaa, or such other means as eai^*stAte may duyW 
 
 .>*ci 
 
Bat M ^ dntiii^ Import! ^nd priie goodk mMi beibe 
 game ia «U Um mtM, th^eralora the rate per cent, or what 
 other form the duty.ahall be laid, inuat be aaoertained and 
 roffultted by oongren^ imd ingcaited in that form into the 
 law of each itate ; ana the monies arising therefrom carriod 
 into the treasury of eaoh stjlkte. The dutiee to be paid in 
 
 gold or silver. ^ , _. '« .l 
 
 There are many reasons why a dutv on imports is tne • 
 most convenient auty or tax that can oe collected ; onex>f 
 which is, becatise the whole is payable in a few places in k 
 country, and U likewise opertites with the greatest ec^ and 
 equality, because as every one pays in proportion to what 
 he consomea, so jpeople in general consume m proportion to 
 what they can afford, and therefore the tax is regulated by 
 the abilities which every man supposes himself to have, or 
 in other words, every man becomes his own assessor, and 
 pays by a little at a time, when it suita him to buy. 
 Beaidea it is a tax which people may pay or let alone by not 
 consuming the articles; and though the alternative nriay have 
 no influence on their conduct, the power of choosing is an 
 agreeable thing to the mind. For my own part, it would 
 he a satisfaction to me, was there a duty on all sorts of 
 liquora during the war, as in my idea of i|)^ings it would be 
 an addition to the pleasures of societyjlf^now, that when 
 the health of the armjrgoes round, a few drops from ev^ry 
 glass become theirs How often have I heard an eniphati- 
 col wish, almost accompanied with a tear, ** Oh^ tfmt our 
 poorfiUom in the field had some of this /" Why, then, need' 
 we suffer under a fruitless^ sympathy when there is a way 
 to enjoy both the wish and the entertainment at once t / 
 
 But the great national policy/ of putting a duty upon 
 /importa ia. tDftt it either, keeps^the foreign trade in our 
 "Hands, ordraw9 something for the defence of the country 
 from jBvery foreign^ who participates it with ua 
 
 Thusmaob for the flrst'half of the taxes, and as each state 
 will best devise means to raise the other half, I shall confine 
 my^marka to the resources of this stata 
 
 The quota, then, of this state, of one ipiillion and sixty 
 thousand pounds, will be one hundred and thirty-three thou- 
 sand two^undwd and fifty pounds, the half of which is sixty- 
 six thoiuand six bundwa and twenty-five pounds; and sup- 
 posing oti0 fourth part of Pennsylvania inhabited, then a 
 tax of one bushel of wheat on every twenty acres of land, 
 one with another, ironldyodace tji#«im, and all the pi^ 
 
 Ji'"" 
 
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 •xpontct o! WW and ffovornment, wiUiout harf n» i^I«L ♦ 
 my Mid th» ftirtt •ttb«rouitiml T ««^*i^ 4K ^*®"" 
 
 wij rerenae to the sUte. rot thil. fli/f; - »^ P«wlnce 
 . thin ,11.the taxcTfor ISiJf ' tTJS^^Z b2 Tft 
 thouMhd men, the fine on -fertr tHHS^-i.!? ^ "*^ 
 , »ttetid,'wiU b^ rixty thoSiaS LnnlSlL r^^® mar not 
 who mnator wiU^S^ n« ^^f- ^^? i»rhnff, and those. 
 Zk«. .^ V !? *? f °P, • portion of time oqn J to half th.t 
 
 tig.. wotUd it not he f« th^^dtatSS rf?, ^^JZ"" 
 
 W beto, if . brttarin be dirf^ 
 
 Mganiied body of men. •n/eSnMSJlL^"". "• "^ 
 
 rftheetote,«ndin(«il2et^?thw^?^"''°''« 
 en thoee who io^^^tu^'*S'^J!S"^^ 
 
 >with thu ranuik: that Snea mnT^ .n^~.^"^"" "'°" 
 U.«moBtnn.ait«ilS^'ai^f ■^SL^'i/ ^'°'«' 
 
 It. «..d iUe,^,«etii>Utf ^J^^l!^;^1^^^^^^^ 
 
 / 
 
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 r\ f\ 
 
 • ilMIMBaMI 
 
 njn^ •* fortj for 0II4S and imaitig n^ mJntj in its 
 
 ruiged, «nd 
 donoU Uz«d 
 that OMtnir*, 
 I have DOW 
 bnsuiMiy Mid 
 ererw point in 
 perpleziti 
 refouoet 
 •aoure 
 
 rooh tim« m th^ can b« properly am. 
 
 r; the country from being {mmediately 
 
 ^hSTJS?^'*^*"'*^ In ihort, auMort 
 Id it will rapport yon. r : ■ ^* 
 
 rided thron«^ a tedlona coorw of diffionlt 
 
 T^*{ t!^"*,^ ^•d,wae entangled with 
 I etffdoped in obtcority, yet raoh are the 
 lenoa, that ihe wtnta nothing but eyrtem to 
 
 PkUmUjfkt^ Ott, %, Mio. 
 
 OOMMDH Son; 
 
 I' 
 
 KITMBEB XI. 
 )K TBK EOra Of XNQI.AIID'S BBBtOSU 
 
 '4 
 
 ■'i; 
 
 -i2i j£f? ln«oo«i purioni wUoh Mtuto th. kmnui 
 
 mind, dun b none mora nnireiwtlly prandent dm onrioiifaS 
 
 It KMh«i tU mmkind, snd in matton which omo«nW« 
 
 ., ~«««. n. not, ft .kU provoke, in n. 4 d«»rS &w 
 
 AUhoqj* Wiltaaiton of Am^ »nporior to »mt 
 
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 ndm«m whieb MVid Bodblnf About ifciBlHiat^ H Wit In. 
 onirMl aAw with ft •mi%iii(di iMA bi|(b, and dl«iii««i 
 with dlwUin. ~~^ 
 
 Btit M JoitlM i» dn% wnin to Ma enenqj, it ia right tf^ifty, 
 tiimt tM tpoaoh it tt wtll mtiitg|Kl tt the embtrrttMd oon* 
 \4itioo of tWr itifftiit ooald wtU tomlt of ; and though htrdlj 
 H liot of it it tnio, tsoept t|M nvOiiniftil ilorj of Oortfwtlltt, 
 it mtj tervo to trnntt tho 4«ladtd oommont tod ]HlO|At of 
 Engltnd, for whom it wtt oaloiilttod. » ^ ' •« 
 
 * ^^Thewtr " itjtthttptoefaL *< it tdtt nnhtvpHj pYoiongtd 
 1^ thtt itttltit tmbitioik whiohnftrtt'ozeitea <mr «n«mi«t to 
 oomintniM it, tad which ittU oontiniMi to dittppoint 
 
 itil wiihflt tod dilJMiil iktrtioiit to nttort tut p 
 
 ■Mi^iiqttimty.'»'\^:,;.. ■.;■ .*#..'?ft/--^'^v .;"''■*:■•;., ^'e-'-.-{-^'- v: 
 
 • Howtttritltloihiitttrathiuidltiiffii^^ 
 
 htpitatl wiekedntit, htTO letmtd to tm Junot tt ddltace. 
 Ilitt the Ttrj mtn wti^ btgtn the wtr^ who with the mott 
 . itdleii ihtoleiiot nAited to tntwer, tnd eren to hear tho 
 bnmblttt of til petitiont, who htth enooortged hit officen 
 tnd hit trmr^n the mott atrtge omeltiet, tnd the mptt 
 vto^dtloiit4ilanderiiigt, who htth itirred ap the Inditnt on 
 one tide, tnd the negro^ on the^ other, tnd inroked every 
 iid of hell in hit behtli; thonld nOw, with im tffeeted tir of 
 pitT, turn the ttblet trotA himtelf, tnd ohtm to tnother the 
 wiekedneit thtt it hit 9wn, otn only be •qoMled by the btte- 
 noM of the heart thtt upoke it 
 
 To U nMu imrong ti mart mmUy than to 04 m^^ 
 It to ezprfliuon I onoe nied on » fq^er oooMion, tad " ii 
 tqntlly tppliotble now. We feel tomething Iulo letpeot for 
 oontitteooy iQfreni^ eriqr. WeUnieoitiie TirCne thttit de- 
 btnchc4 into t Vioe, bnt the vice thtttifedt t rirtat beoomet 
 the more detefttblt : tnd tm<&igtt the Tariont tttionptioni 
 of ohtrteter. which hypotsity htt ttnght, tnd men have prto* 
 tittd, there u none thtt ndtet a higher relith of difgott, thtn 
 to teedittppointed inVetertcy tintting ittelf, by th^ moit 
 jriiible ftlteuoodt, into tt^ tppetrance of pie^ which it hat 
 no pretentionit to. " .. 
 
 **Bnt I thonld not,'' oontinnet tiie ij^eeeh, <* tntwer the 
 tentt committed to the toTenign,oif t /fM peoplfi, nor make 
 tnitat>lp retom to my anbjectt for tneir contttnt^ aetlou% 
 tnd tffeotiontte attachment to my peraon, tua^j tnd gon^ern- 
 OMot, if I oonteoted to itcrifioe, etther to my Own dedve of 
 , pence, or to thefr tempyrtry ette tnd relief, thorn tmrntial 
 TMshiB flod^ jMTtuiMiil tfitefiiijll^ umh the *w fi^^fff^ft«w*> tnd 
 
 
m 
 
 MM flUSVmf OT 
 
 Mgllifirtr- of wUdi, lb* ftrtor* 
 ^oo«Btry nrnit priiirfpialy d«p«iid." 
 
 Ttist the man whoM Ignoimnoe and obranaoy lurit inToivwi 
 And ilill continnei the nAtion in th« mo«t hopelMt and m- 
 peniivo of all waia, ihoald now raeanlj fUttar tham wllh tha 
 ^me of tk/rmptepU, and make a merit 4>f hia crime, nnder 
 the diignlee of Uieir eMential righu and parmanant intareata, 
 k lomethins which diairracee even the ohiracter of perrapa- 
 uSr^U ha aMd the/ will tend him to Hanorer, or What 
 doet be fearf Why la the iyoophent thna added to tha 
 hypocrite, and the man who pretends to gOTarOi fiuik into 
 the hiunble and rabmitaiTe memorialist t [ ^_ 
 
 What thoia enential righto and permanent intywili •% 
 on which the fhtnre itrenlth and •ecuritjr of Engl*^ moil 
 urincipaUy tUperu^ are not to mnch at alladed to. They are 
 word! which (inpreM nothing but the MurHOid art o alo uJ a t ed 
 only for tha sonnd. 1 , 
 
 Bat -if they hare any reference to America, then do they 
 amoant to the disgraceful confession, that England, who 
 once aaramed to be her protectress, haa now become her 
 dependant. The British Ung and ministry are oonstMUy 
 holding np the rast importance which America is of to Eng- 
 Isnd, irf order to allare die nation to carry on the war : now, 
 whateyer ground there is for this idea, it ought to hare 
 operated as a reason for not beginning it : and, ^erefore, 
 they suppcMt theijr present measures to their own di 
 because the argnt^Aonto which they now use, are a 
 reflection on thefrformerpoUcy. . ^, „ ^ ^. 
 
 ^'llie fitTorfble appearance of affairs," oontlnuea tha 
 speech, "in the East Indies, and the safe arrival of tha 
 numerous oommercial fleeto of my kingdom, must hare giTett 
 
 you satisfsSJtlon.'' . ^ , , , * ««, 
 
 , That things are not ^mi^ so bad ereiT wbere as in Americft 
 inay be' some cause of consolation, but can be none for 
 triumph. On^roken leg is better than Wo, but still it is ^t a 
 
 source of joy : and let the appearance of affairs in the East 
 ' Indiea be eror so favorable, thev are nevertheless worse than 
 at first, without a prospect of their ever boin« bettw. But 
 the moumAil story of Coifcwallia was yet to be toldj and it 
 was necessary to give it the softest introduction possible. 
 
 ** But in Ibe course of this year," continues the sj^b, 
 *'my assiduous endeavori to giuurd the extensive dommions 
 of my crown have not baen attended with wieeess e<iual to 
 tib«in^an4apr^^tilMliofQ^Tiewa."--Wbat Justin and 
 
 «».■ 
 
 v^ 
 
 \ ,.___. 
 
 
■& 
 
 
 '. W 
 
 
 r. 
 
 ,^ 
 
 ^ vprtflMBin flbw WM in MlpHnff • #if wftt JLumvIiml ^m 
 world willjadgvof, «nd Um alioqn»U«d barbAritj with which 
 It Km hma oondootod, Is not to b« worn ttixm Uui bmuumt 
 bj tlM cant of niTolling bypocrli^* • "^ 
 
 ** And it U with ^ricw oofiMt^ UuU T Infbrm yon that tho 
 •vanU of war havo b««o rerr unfortonAto to mj amia in 
 VirgiAi*, haviag andod in tha lots of mj foroos in that pro 
 ▼inoa.'*-^And om' great oonoom la that tho/ art not alJ 
 aanrad In Um ■amo mann«. , ^ 
 
 ** No endaavora hara baan wanting on m j parti^iiaTa tlie 
 apaaoh, ** to oxtinguiah that iptrit of reballion which oiii 
 anemiv hare fooxia maaoa to fomant and maintain In tlio 
 ooloal«f ililifiMpt to mj<Ulm«UdtuUtoU[n America 
 that happy and p ro a parona condition which thej fbrmerlj 
 darired ftom a doe oDadienoe to the laws." • 
 
 llie expression of dtUuUd mJ^MjU is become so hacknled 
 'and oontemptlble, and the more so when we see them making 
 prisoners of whole armiea at a time, that tho pride of nut 
 being langhed at would indooa a man oteommon sense to 
 leara it off. Bot tha moat offenalTe falsahobd In tho para- 
 graph, is tha attributing tho prosperitr of America to a 
 wronff cansa. It wa^ the nnremittad industry ot the settlers 
 an4 tocir desoendants, the hard labor and toil of parserer- 
 ingfortitnciSf that were the true causes of tha'prtMperitjr of 
 America, llio former tjrannj of England sirred to pooplo 
 It, and the rirtua of the adventurers to Improre it Ask tlie 
 man, #ho, with his aia hath cleared a waj in the wilder> 
 ness, and now possesses an estate, what made him ridi, and 
 ha will teU jou the labor of hia hands, the sweat of his 
 brow, and the bleating of hearen. Let Britoin but learo 
 America to heiaelf and ahe asks no more. 8ha has risen 
 into greatness without the knowledge and against the will 
 of England, and has a right to the unmoleated e^jOTmeiit 
 9f her own dreated wealth. 
 
 **I will order," sars the speech, «the estimates of the 
 > mikuing year to be laid before you. I rely on your wisdom and 
 public spirit for such supplies as the circumstances of our 
 affairs shall be found to require. Among the many ill con- 
 leqnenoea which attend the continuation of &e present war, 
 I most sinceraljr regret the additional burdens ip^oh it must 
 imaroidably brine upon my faithM subjects." 
 
 It is strange that a nation muat run thiough mch a 
 l a byrinth of trouble, and exp e nd such a mass o i T w ealth to 
 gain the wisdom whieh an hoar's reflection mig^t have 
 
 •7^ 
 
 \ 
 
«tu£»t tk*l Mn kl»ii4 michi iiii^« to <>o^«« »^. ^^ 
 nltarillj mmrk«d in Ui« oonttltutkm of thiiiM. m thj (\jlor« 
 •bilitf Jt a giwit or«r m dwarf U d«lln«€kJ In hit fentuwi 
 whilo an InfCnt Uow far provUonco, to •ooomplWi parpgMi 
 which no human wiadom coold fowit^ pwmitl^ ••cH 
 oitraordlnary •iron, It ttiil t ttwct in Uio womb «f tioi^ 
 and mutt minain to till futdrity tliall glv« It blrtli. ^^ 
 •♦ In tho protttcution of thit grtat and Imoortant oontett, 
 MTt Uit tpSoth, " in iriiith we aro «ng^td. I r«Uin a tkrm 
 eonfldeooa in th%proi4oii(m qfdimn* provuUnot and a pw^ 
 foci oonvl«tiom hi Um Jottioa of my cautj, and I haira no 
 doubt, bat, that by tba ooncurrwico and tnpport of mf^ 
 parliamen^ by tko ralour of my floaU and armlat, and by ii 
 Vifforout, animated, and united eiarUon of tht «kcult:«t and 
 rM^uroet of my people, I thtll be enabled to rettore tb* 
 blottUi0i ftTj ••w and honorable pe^oe to all my domiA* 
 
 ^10 king of England b oniof tKt i-i'dfiiiii^*" ^J^ 
 world. In the beginning of the contett heTftied an Ml to 
 put America out of the protection of the crown of EnjtUnd. 
 and thondh provideno^ for teven yeart together, bath put 
 him out ofAtr protectioii. iUll the maa baa no doubt Likt 
 Pharaoh on the edge of the Bed tea, he teea ni^ the ^^n** 
 he it making, and precipitately diiwi •««•• the ijood tb«l 
 
 ^ I^^&^il^ leatonable tupDOiition, that ihii pn^of ^ 
 ipeech wat oompoted before the arriTal of tho ntmuja the 
 ^tptm of Oomwallit: for it certainW bat no rdntioii to 
 thJir ofiiditioii at the time it wat tpokoiL But,hethitai 
 it may, it it notliing to na. Our line it fixed. Our lot it 
 catt; and Americajlie cbUd of fate, it arriving »t m**nn^ 
 We have nothing to 46 but by a tpirited and quick omj^ 
 tipn, to rtand V'^P-^Jof^'^^orvmc^ J^^ 
 
 ncusr wwou w« um.^ gained,4tod ihow ftie ft^^^ W*. 
 example of nnoqnalled magnanimity. Ther6 it tomething 
 in the ctnte and oontequcnce of America that hat drawn on 
 her the attention of •& mankind. The world hat teen her 
 brave. Her loye of Uberty ; her ardour in wppojting it ; 
 tho juttico of her claimt, nnd the conttMicy of her fortitnde 
 l^tt won her the etteem of Enropo, tad •ttaohad to her in 
 tiif«litheiW|wr 
 
 •-^^ 
 
jk'l 
 
 
 pppnt or to oomo. ■&• Mil* Imt otw, now nJUHl^ 
 f^o^rinmhrn^iAmhri^t In ir oowloot towanU h,r 
 
 of Woitloo b IdtnpoD tho mlluL UnUintod with MnbiUon 
 K • 'ST^ ^ r?^ **• P'Ofrwi luith b«o marlKxi 
 bLfhtJ^lTiiii^ ^^^ *»•• <rf tb« ooniUot, Um 
 
 ■»«»•• tU biMiiiMi doiM. Tho UmI miilMii«i in prm)*. 
 ntRm, tho iMit rdaiUion in aoontion, wUl only mtt* to 
 -^ proloog tho witf , Md ineiMM «ip«iM». If on^ tninii«t 
 can dnw oooioUtion from miiAMtnn«, and «urt tlMoiMlTM 
 upon d«p«ir, how mooh mora onght wn, who nr« to win • 
 oontin«t bj tho oonqnwt, nnd h«To ^Uitndj an tnniMi of 
 
 JSS?!?.^* n!t?°« P^ ^^ ««rr«n^ki <m tho 
 SI^^l^ iS^iiSf ^T^ *^^ ^ •'^ "^ «»»ko 
 "J/wnw^ia on what itl^^oM not oootain. ^ 
 
 fi?Z!!5U^??d *iL!f*^ ntighbwfeg power to oome to 
 harmppOTt In the beginning of tha oontart, wh«i iha had 
 
 Srtifi 2S*A"!tf* •*•*" ^ 0«»n7. •iMi for nearlj 
 ^I^^^^"^ ^V^* '*^» nndltdpUnad and nn- 
 prorided. itand a||ainat. the poww of Brifiiin, aided by 
 t^'^J—^^'''^ togopa, ^ madea^p^^^ 
 fneit of one «tire arrnr. The r«,embranoe of thSae thlngi 
 €«jht to inap^ na wii oonildenoe and «»tne« of mini 
 tr* '^uIST'^ ^3S7 remainiiLy lenity with con? 
 !*^V"^5^'**<^<^ ^'^^•t tratheffttle anlMnn ofX 
 
 ^im^ainie,idb«we hadndtherfionta norhomTLi 
 
 imen the ndad, tortnrad with- anzietT. knew no ro^e! 
 gidjimy thing but hope Mid fortltSe, waa biddi^. 
 
 /PM,^^ *o l«* ^'•ck upon theia thimn: to eiA to 
 25?,?**K**f" ^ ^^^ '^^^ "iiiaaTCpSSat^ 
 
 nd tnem iawT — 
 
 /""■.■'A :? " '^ — ^*r-^ — ^"T"' ■■ ' ■ ■."■ — : — ^~ — r— — -■- - 
 
wuti to IkappUr dmjn, Mid mmm rf tul 
 
 r«rhA|M OM oT th« f i ta to H dancm whlflh aIit eoontry 
 etn h% tipoitd to, aHits fVom a kind of trifling which wm^ 
 iiniM itidi upon th« mind, wh«n It roppottt Ui« dan#if 
 pMi; and thu anMlb altaaUon maru at thia tiina th« 
 Mooliar criala of Amtrioa. What woald iha oncw hava 
 JrWan to hara known that h« ooodltion at thia daj •honid 
 ha what It now ia f And ytt ir« do not Mam to plaoa • 
 Pftmr Talna npoo It, nor Tigoronaly pufwia Uia Bi omyi T 
 ■MtMHit^iMtt*^ Wa know that wa cannot badafndad, 
 nor fil diAttd mri^fm, without troobU and ezpanaa. W« 
 hara no right to azpaot it ; naithar onght wa to look for It 
 
 Wa M« apaopla, wn^in our litaaUon, diflar from ali |ha 
 world. Wa rorra ona common floor of public good, and. 
 whata^ar ia our oharga, it ia paid for our own iatvMl mmI 
 M)on our own aoooonl. 
 
 Miafortnna and azperianoa hara now Uught ua lyttam and 
 method ; and the arrangemanU for oarryinir on tha war ara 
 radaoad to nil&i|H| order. Tha quotaa of the MTeral aUtaa 
 ara aaoartaina^plIK I Intand in a (Vitnra publication to ehow 
 wh«t thej ara, and tha naoawi)/ aa wall aa tha adTantagat 
 of Tigoroualy proTiding tham, , . i^. .,. 
 
 In tha maan timaT! A^U oondudt ttiii P«I»wtth tn 
 inftanoa of BrUUK cUtnstidy, from 8mollatt*a Hiatory of 
 gngiftn*<. Tol zi. p. 989, printed in Londop. It will Mrf» 
 towownow diamal the tituation of a oonqnered pM^i* ^ 
 and that tha only aaourity ia an effectual daienoe. 
 I Wa all know that tha Stuart fbmily and the hooae of 
 HanoTar oppoaad aaoh other for tha crown of England. Tha 
 6tuart fionuy stood flnt in tha Una of luooeHion, but th« 
 «iM|P«it the moat auooeiaftil; ^^ i v.^^ • i * 
 
 In July, 1746, Oharlaa, tha ton of tfi9 mSM Vog^^mOM 
 In Scotland, ocOleotad a amaU foroa) M no time azoaading 
 Are or lijc uouaand man, and made toma attempts to rati' 
 tablieh ua daim. Tba lAto duke of Oumberland, unola to 
 the praaent king ol England, waa sent agsinst him. and on 
 the 16th of ^^u foUowing, Oharlaa waa totally defeated at 
 OoUodan, in BooUand. BnooeM and power ara tha only 
 iltnations in which demanoy can ba shown, and those who 
 aia omel, baeausa they are Tiotorioua, oan with tha ssm« 
 facility act any oth e r dynerato oh a rafit a r . 
 " * " tha dec 
 
 
 MXmniadiataly after ua dadslva action at Oulloden. tha 
 - • • "^ • ^osBSBsion of IniFwnsss; wImK 
 
 T 
 
 ''/- 
 
 f-t 
 
kMt 
 
 ordcHQ Co b« •saealtd i ikm Im i kta ffhar l MV«ml tmiUm to 
 minMB lh« ommtry. On* «f Umm i^M«h4Mui«l Um LtkAf 
 Hmokiutmht who wm amit wiwair to lAvifMii, planil«r«Ml 
 
 r|li»tillK Ikottnii bar lnMb«iui 
 
 TImi o««|J« 
 of tord LovAt WM d«lroy«i. Iko VrmuA nrmmtm§ wvn 
 MBt to CArlblo *tMl PmHUii KHiiuumoeft, B^iiiMirifio. 
 0>OBuurti«, Mi4 Ilk •on, ih« lord MMsloud, w«m ooavoywl b> 
 
 ' tiioM at tm Infarior rmak wm tMlliuM 
 
 fif 
 
 WM aotaAlljr in tli« tmrricm <kf tlM go»tmnmmkt 
 
 preUAd«r's MoraUrj, wira tilMd mad tmnportod io Oio 
 lower of London, to whkdi tlM mrl of IWuia^ra h«d homi 
 
 commiitod om fiiipiekin ; and tho oldMl mm of lord Loral 
 
 • WM UnpHaonod in tha oMtla of iildinbari|h. In a word, all 
 tk« JaiU in Grmt Britain, from tha oapilW« nortiiwarda, w«rt 
 flUad with tkoM nAlbrtiuiata «aMiT«i 1 and fffaat iMnnbin 
 of lh«i w«r« arowdad lopalhar Ui tlia hoLda of tbipa, wImm 
 thaj parii^ in tha moat daplorabla maaMv, for wsat of 
 air and ourdaa. Soma rabal chiaA aaeapad in two Fraooh 
 frigalM that arrivad on tha eoaat of Loah*bar abo«4 tha and 
 of April, and angaffod ihraa Tataala balaogiAff IpHiBrllaB- 
 Qieiii^tj,vhiohUMjohl%adtoretira. Othara amharkad 
 
 "iC^Ni boaira a ahip on tha ooMl of Bnohan, afid wira ooiiTagrad 
 to Norway, from whaait uy ti^vaUad to Swadas. In tha 
 month of May. tha daka of X>uibarlatid •4v«Mtd with tha 
 anny intd tha IlighlMida, M '&r M ijpH ioMitaii whva ha 
 flBoampad : and Mot off detach ma nii on all haM% Io hunt 
 down tha ftigitiTca,ijmd iay waata tha oowitry wMh iva tad 
 
 I •word!!' Hm oaltka of Qlangary md Loohial nwi'pliio- 
 dared and bnmod; erery hoiii% h«^ <v habitatka, mat 
 with die M»a fkta» wkhoal diattootlMi; and •! Iha oatUf 
 and pnorialcNi^ara aaniad off; tha man wwa iftthiHr ihol 
 npon th* *Ti Kffii ti^ r% 4kia wild batglii of pvl Io daath in oold 
 blood, withoat §km ot trial { <hi^■il^^iM^ aftor hafhif iM« 
 thair hoiibaada ttd fith<w anvidflnd, WiM fubjaolad ta 
 bmltt Tiolatios, and than tnriiad o«l iiM, with thaIr 
 ohiULrMi. to atarva oa tht bfiNft ^»^^ Om whola Ihmily 
 WM aMiolcjacid in a btn* Mid oonfenAA to aahw. Thoai 
 mjaiatairji of Tan^^aanoa wye io alarl fat tha adymtioii of 
 
 . their oAce, that m a liiw daya tlMra wm aaithar l^uai^eo^ 
 taia, aan, nor heart, to be aaaa within the o 
 
 ae adecntton or 
 dthar AOHa, eo^ 
 
1 Imv« Wt p r iMi tod Um rMder with fm« o/ th« imjM 
 llkxiking iiMtMK'ot of omdtj 9fm pnirtiMNi, and 1 Umrm It 
 tn rwit <m hi« minrf, that h« rnay h« fulljr imprwwiwl with • 
 •etitn of tii« dratmrtiuti ho Um» ««(!«»oil, in cmk) llritain had 
 eoni|a«rrid America : and lik«i|iii', thnt ho may •«« and t«>ul 
 IIm tuxiiiMity, M woll (or hU own pi«ni(ituU tuli^, tMor Uto 
 honor, tlia ti^i^t, and happinina of th« whoU (!omtnunIty| 
 lo omit or dfllay no one profmratJon nocmMmrj to am uro {m 
 
 #x 
 
 TO TBI PKO^U or AMJE&IOA. 
 
 V • ^ "* y "^ • ''*''' " ■'' 
 
 wTfirmiiy n^atatlj of ooouiton ^ai p<^ntod out tlio con- 
 Ymionc« of addroiainp; tlio public, I haro r^oTor made it a 
 <M>niidtfltioii whotlier Uio •ubject wai popular or an|Kipalaf| 
 but whethin- it waa right or wrontf ; for that which ia right 
 will b«f!omo popnlar, and that which ia wrong, though bj 
 miatako it niaj ol)taiii the cry or faahion of the daj, will 
 toon loae the power of delaaioii, and aink into diaeateem. 
 
 A remarkable inatance of tliia hafljNuied in the caae of 
 Silai Deane; and I mention thia ciroumaUnoo witli the 
 greater eaae, beoaoaij tlie potaon of hit h jpocria? iprea^ over 
 toe whole ooontry, and evorj man, almoi^t wUhoat ilioop- 
 tioUf thovffht mo wrong in oppoaing him. The beat fHeiida 
 I then had, ezoept Mr. Lanrena, itood at a diatance. and thia 
 tribute, which ia doe to hia ooniUnoj, I paj to him with 
 reapeot and that the readier, becaoao ho fa net here to hear 
 it If It reaohea him In hia impriaonmeut, it will afford hia 
 an agreeable reflection. 
 
 metaiAior which I applied to Mr. Deane, in'theflrat.pieoe 
 which I pabUahed reapeoti^ him, and he hfta ezaotlr fbl- 
 filled the deaoription. Hie credit he ao vnjnatljr obtained 
 from thaonblio, he loat in almoat aa ihort a time. Th^^lfr- 
 lotion pcriahed as it fell, and he iooo taw himaelf atripped 
 of popnlar rapport ,Hii more intimate aonoaintanoea began 
 to Mbt, and to detiti him long before he left America, and 
 at hit dqpart nr e, he iaw hlnMeff the object of general ■nipk- 
 eion, when, he arrired in Franca, he endearored Jo effect 
 br troMon what ha luul failed to accompliah by fhind. Hii 
 plana, adiamei and prnjeoti, together with kia «speetatig«^ 
 
 it 
 
 "V ' 
 
<^ 
 
-.^ 
 
 vr 
 
 •t WiiMC MBt to HqHium} to «i^g«d»t« • lo*a of MMif, M^ 
 aO nSoitfried. Be then bcm triwlttoiag and MWi^ng 
 Amerioe oi evety cfime, wUich oqnld liynre ber reputation. 
 , ♦♦That the w»i a ruined country; U*at the only meant to 
 make a tool of France, tp get what mony Hie Jo^W out of 
 her, and then to leate her, and accommodate with ilntain. 
 Of all which and much mare, Colonol Laorent and qiyielf 
 wheti in France, informod Dr. Franklin, who had not before 
 ' heard of it And to complete the character of n traitar, he 
 haa, by letters to thia country ifaice, eome of which, m hit 
 own hand writing, are now m the ^otM-ioo of ooMreiB, 
 UMd erery expreiion and argument m hw power, to ii^ure 
 the repuUtlon of France, andto adviae America to wgwmpe 
 - ber idUanoe, and inirender up her indepei^ence,* Thui in 
 " France he at^niea America, and in hii lettera to Amenoalie 
 abuMt France; and ii endeavoring jto create diannicn be- ' 
 tween thalwo oountriiei^ by theiame arU ai donblMealiiig 
 by which he c^nped diiMiitiona amoiw theconimii«onejt m 
 Paris, ind dia^rfM^ooa in Ani^rioa. Bot hie U<e b^ 
 fra«d, and bit obaracter la thatof a plodding^ Pf>^> 
 ei?n^ me«steaiy> oapaWe oT any diM^ Oiat fmted bi» 
 purmS. Hii inal cWecUott haa Twy /bappfly oleafed up 
 LoMmietakee, and rsiinoTed that Qniea4neM» irbio^^ 
 minoipled odndoot oeoaiiono^- B^wy <»• n<»T "^ ^.« 
 Se Mme light ; m towatat ftiaidi <* S*^* Hl?*!S^]PS' 
 ^ ^ ■amo d66eptio» and iitfuftiee, and h»nmm^ lika l^oi 
 ImrtioUL ongbit^ow to be forgotten amipg uf. A# IM* h 
 ^^Soibiiti^ tliati bavfi mentiontd him ^nba m leloni 
 ftim France, i^ i» my intention ^t it aMl ba th# la^ 
 * From tbl» digfiirfon, wbUlb for iPt«{4^^ 1^^ 
 
 neoeiiaiy to give, X now FmQ4 t6 H^ jpop^ #>•? %^v 
 
 I oonncle^ the iT|» of Am«rioii^NE«&»» jWtaii ^ the 
 oonntry'i wnf, i^ wbUfl?* wpr, of iha jm of tb* Ifgw in 
 
 andihoprolwtiooof iluiifomiiFO^^ ^"^^^TS;' 
 of wngrii, the WM» of tb# •iWBi%i, or the WW ^ 
 
 goTen^entia any lioifk .irbatof <f. "^^^^ mm^Wm^M » 
 
 ■ift Md omWta ii^lluidl, iiijl girt ft«5 •l-J^^ 
 
 iHSmJ!* Hr. Mini* Mat U mm 
 lodelivOT «lie «dMn «b«n, «Udi] 
 ; with tkM* wUoli tev« ' 
 
 I " 
 
 
 *■ 
 
gnrtaal ootn p act, rMotred^ dfllbad tkair rlghii and main- 
 tein thflir independenoa, a$ iU Kcmard ^ M^ ^mm* om^ 
 
 • fmtunM^ they electwi their MpreMntatives, by whom Uiey 
 appointed their membon of oonfrreae, and Mid, act you for 
 «i#j and ioe wiU imppoH you. lliii is the true ground and 
 
 •/ pnnciDle of the war on tho part of America, and, conae- 
 anffljtiy, there remaina nothing to do, but for every one to 
 
 , fulfil hia obligation. *q^ 
 
 It wai next to impolMe that a new country, engaged in 
 anew nndertddng, could set off iyBtomaticaUy right at ilrat 
 Sh6 Mw not pie extent of the •tmggle that ahe waa invoWod 
 in, neither ^Ud ahQ aroid the beginning. She auppoMd 
 
 * Jtery step <Mt ^ took, and every reaSntion which aha 
 . fornittL would Mfng her en«my to reason and dose the eon- 
 
 *«t S?*^^~"°*f» W/was forced into now measnraa; and 
 thMe, lacB the former, being fitted to her expectationa. and 
 iailing in their turn, left her oontinnally unprovid«5, and 
 tithont ly^em. The enemy, likewise, was induced id pro- 
 •eonte^tte war, front the temponry expedienta we adopted 
 ^ /or carrying it on. We were donthinidly expecting to 9m 
 tiieir credit exhausted, an^i they were looking to see our 
 cnrwncnr ML ; and thus, between thei^ wkching ui, and we 
 th^, the faopea of both have been deceived, and the ohild- 
 4ili^ of the expectation has aervid to in^reese the expensew 
 \ ^-Ye^ who through this Wildefneit of error, haa bwn to 
 U»a»r yiiere My theiault, in. part, 
 
 ha «ot bjen^ hiaf Thigr wer« the iiiitural,^nnavoicGtble 
 «no» ^ «>• day. They woe the errorg of a whole ooun- 
 tiy, wUfl^i^otfiing but experiianoe could detect and time 
 runove. lieither could the circumstances of America ad- 
 xX *^P^^ tiU cjtte the paper oummcT wis fixed or 
 laidarid* -No caleulalioii of a finatice could be made on 
 mediun Mung wiObput reaeon, and fluotiiating^tiiout nd* 
 But thire Ib one err6r which m%ht have beoi prevented 
 and waa ndt ; a&d u it ii ndt jny oua^m to flatter, but to 
 MTve mankmd, I wiU speak it foetflT. It certainly wm ihe 
 dutjr of evenr aHembly <m ttie continent to have known, at 
 aU times, what^raa^ condition of its treai^ 
 •^T*^?^-^ f'«IJ«ri<*t <rf deprecation, how st^ the 
 
 |bs^knowiodge, wkidi might hav«been cM&y fnOiied. i^ 
 
 the thne ^ it, wpdkL kave enabled them^o havi ESTS^ 
 
 eonititnents !^ i^ne <tf .the sreateal 
 
 and 
 
 • •; ^:. 
 
 f\ 
 
 -■ 3fr 
 
m 'I . 
 
 Mlonlsted the ezpeoMi of tht wtf, llie miote of aiob it^te, 
 •nd the ooiuequent proportion that would fall on each man't 
 propstty for hw dcsfenco ; and thia moat eaaily have ahown 
 to tlioin, that a tax ot ono hundrod pounda cottld not bo paid 
 by A bn^iol of apploa Cfr an hundrod of flour, which wai 
 ofteh tlio ca»e two or tlireo ycart ago. But initead of tliis, 
 which would have Ucc|i pUiu and upright dealing, tho little 
 lino of temporary popularity, the ffeatlier of an hour's dura- 
 tion, wai too much pursuecf ; and in thia involved condition 
 of things every ttato, foi' the want of a little thhiking, or 
 ft Uttle^format^lMvauppoMd that it ropportad the whole 
 expeoMt of the war, when in fact it fell, by the time the 
 tazwaa |evi«d and ocdlected, above three-fourths short oi its 
 
 ; own qnotiL- """^~r~''3K'^^-~^^V~~7~^"^i T7,'.,; . ^ 
 * Impressed with a itoie of the danffor to wMch the eonn- 
 try was exposed by this lax method of doing business, and 
 tli prevaiUhg eirort of the .d»y» ^ puhlished, last October 
 was a twelvemonth, the Crisis No. X., on tlie revenues of 
 ikll&^ca, and the yearly expense of carrving on tho war. 
 Ifv estimation of tlu» latter, together with the civil list of 
 eongress and tho civil list of the several states, was two mil- 
 lion- ppnndi it^hng, which is veiy nearly nine million* of 
 dollars. 
 
 •everal govemmenia) at eight millions of dollars ; and as the 
 remaining million will bo ftiUy suffldient for the civil list 
 of the several statai, Uie two calculaMom m exceedingly 
 near each other. 
 
 Tho aimi of eight millions of dollars they have called upon 
 the states to furnish, and their <)uotas are as follows, which 
 I shall preface with tho resolution itselt , / - -C 
 
 «< JBesoJwA Tliat the nipective states;^ called upon to 
 ih^sh the troasunr pf the United Statea with their quotaa 
 of eight millions otdbllaw, for the wair department and civil 
 Hrtlw. ihe ensuing year, to l)e paid quarterly, in equal prj 
 p<^oni^.tho first paymoit to be nuiae on the first ofty of 
 April next* "'•"'"' ' 
 
 'Jimkmk Th«l» Munitfcee opniiMiii^ of V 
 
iMh ttato^ 1m tppolnted to apportloii to tlio w^lnd itilti 
 tho qiiotft of tlie above tum. : . >-*. 
 
 '* Koverobor 2A The oonunftteo sppofnted to MeeHaftl 
 ithe proportioni of Uio levcral statos of tho inonica to bo 
 raised for tlio oxpenaes of tUo ouauing year, re^rt tUo fol- 
 lowing rofloldtiont : [ 
 
 '* Tbat the aum of olgtit millions of dollara, aa required to 
 be railed by the rofloliitiona of tho 80th of October ImI ia 
 paid bj the atatoa in the following proportion : 
 
 ircw^ffMBiMhlrt. ...,«. ..,., $871,591 
 
 - MaiMcliuMtla... ...*.... ,., %$01,6H ' 
 
 Rhode laUnd....... ;,i S16,(iai/ 
 
 _^ Coppgctic^t .*..,»»;, .,.,,.,,>.^ , , .».,. ,i,., »», liUflH ' 
 
 ''*^'''*''*y« ••••••••••••••»••••>•••••••..•.•• ,, 490,679 
 
 " Sllir*''""** • • 1,120,794 
 
 ^•"'''•'* ••••••••••••••••••••••*••••••••• 112,069 
 
 ^•'y***'» ••••••••'••••••*••<•••»•».••..••• " 989,099 
 
 Jlrginta... 1,901,6H 
 
 Korth Carolloft , 633,6^7 • 
 
 nH^Slu^'^"'" •'*•»»« ^ 
 
 ^■•^l* ••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 94,909 *■* ; 
 
 ■ • ■ ■ ■■ I .. . 
 
 /•;^-,::-j:,-:-... :^. ^.■■./v ..,;:■■■'■•,.■:'■■..._■ 99,000,000 ''-..'-- ; 
 
 ' -^Hfsohedj That it be recommended to the gevcral gtatea, 
 to pay taxo9 for raising their qnotas of money for the United 
 Btat<», separate from those laid for their own particular nse." • 
 
 On thoao resolutions I shall offer i^cral remarks. 
 
 1st, On the sum itself, and the aOility of the country. 
 
 2d, On the leyeral quotas, Iti^d the nature <xf a union. 
 And. .- : ." ■' .,-, •■■■ ^ . :.;^ 
 
 8d, On the manner of collection and oxpc^ditnro. z' 
 
 w Ist, On the sum itself, and the ability (^tho country. A^ 
 I know my own calculation ia as low- as possible, and as tho 
 sum called for by congress, according to tlicir calculation, 
 agrees very nearly therewith, I am sensible it cannot possibly 
 be lower. Neitlifoan it be done for that, u^^Icss there is 
 ready money togolto market with; and even in that case, 
 it is only by liie utmosl^N^nanftgcmcnt and economy that it 
 ean bo made to do^ ■ <- 
 
 By the accounts which were laid before the British parlia- 
 ment last spring, it appeared that the charge of only subsist* 
 kg, that is, feeding their army in America cost annually 
 four million poanoB sterling, which is very nearly eighteen 
 miflioni of dollars. Now ifi for eight milliona, we can feed,^ 
 elothoi arm, provide for, and pay an army tuffioient for bur 
 
 
 ♦V ■ 
 
14« 
 
 ,,.. (* 
 
 drfmo^ the Twy oompMrl*» ibo^ that th« ttUMW^ 
 
 woU laid out v*. ., . , ,^ . *i 
 
 It may b« of womt W», flKh«r in dobtto or conTowation, 
 - to attend to the progrew of the oxponMi of an army , bocauM 
 it will enable ut to soo on what part any dWciencY will ulU^ 
 
 Tlie tirat thing ii, to food tUem and proTi^e for the tiok. 
 '■ Second to clothe thcm.^ «"" 
 
 ;• Tliird. to arm and furnith them. ^ , * i 
 * Fourth, to pn>Tsd# meana for romonng tlum from place 
 toplace. And, X^ 
 
 , Fifth, to pay them. , , , . ^ ^, 
 
 The firrt and aocond are abiolutely necewaiy to them aa 
 -~ men. The third and fourth are oqnaUy aa neceiMry to them 
 aa an armv. And the fifth k their Juit due. Now if ^e 
 anm which ahall be raiaed ahonld faU abort, either by the 
 leveral acta of thV atatea for raiainir it, or by the manner of 
 coUectinfe it, the deficiency wUl fall on the fifth head, the 
 aoldiera* pay, which wonld bo defrauding them, and eCemally 
 diagraoing ouradvea. It wonld bo a blot on the coondla, 
 tibo conptey, and the revolution of America, and » man* 
 wonld hereafter be aah«mod to own that Iw hid Mj hMtt 
 
 iit ' . "* ,., 
 
 But if the deficiency ahonld be atill ahorter, it would next 
 
 wagona, or any meana of tranaporUtion which it ean lay 
 hold of ; and in thia iuatance the oountiy auffera. In abort, 
 every attempt to do a thing for leaa than it can be done for, 
 is aure to become at laat both a kNMi and a diahonor. 
 
 But tiie country cannot bear it, aay aome. Thia haa been 
 the moat expensive doctrine that ever waa held out» and coat 
 America milUona of money for nothin|[. Can the country 
 l»ear to be overrun, ravaged, and mmed by an enemy f 
 Thia will immediately follow whone defence is wanting, and 
 dcfenco wiU ever be wanting where aufficient revenuca are 
 not provided. But thia is oi9y one part of the folly. The 
 lecond ia, that when the danger comea, invited in part by 
 jur not preparing against it, we have been obliged, in a 
 lumber of instancea, to expend double the anma to do that 
 which at jirat mk[l^ have been done for half the money. 
 But thia ia not alL A third mischief haa been, that gram 
 jf all io gti ^ floor, be e f, fedc * ~ ^ ' ^•* 
 
 \ aiMoli 
 
 lutdj or immediatelj want^haTebeen taken 
 
 ., i ■ ■ 
 
w 
 
 wMmmH ptj. Koir, I tilt, wlij wm aII thii <Am«, but from 
 tiiAt extmndy weak md expenslTO doctrine, tAai tAs <xmn0rf 
 could ntd htar U t That it, that the oould not beer, in the 
 first iiMtanoe, tliat which WonM have tavod hor tifrifO aa 
 much at laat ; or, in proverbial Unguago, that she oo^ild not 
 boar to pay a {Hsnny U> savo a pound ; tho oonacquonce of 
 which hai boon, that tho haa paid a poond for a ^xmny. 
 Why are tliere so many nnpald ccrtificatoa in almost ercrv 
 man't handa, but from the parsimony of not providing tuf* 
 ficiont rerenueif Betides, tlie doctrine oontradlcta ilaelf; 
 bocauae, if the whole country cannot bear it, how ia it 
 poMible that a part ihoiildt And yet this hu been the 
 , ease: fnr thoae tMnga have been 1im| and they muat be 
 \had ; but the mitfortnne it, that they bave been obtained in 
 i very aneqaal maimer, and upon expeotiTe credit, whereas, 
 with ready money, they might have oeda pqrqhaaed £(»r bftli 
 the price, and nobody iiiftreesed. / ^ ^ 
 
 Bnt there Is another thought whicb ought to strike ns, 
 which is, how is the army to bear the want of food, clothing 
 ««nd other necessaries t The man who is at home, can turn 
 himself a thonsand ways, and find as many means of ease, 
 eonvenlence or relief: bnt a sbldier's life admits of none 
 of those : their wants cannot be supplied m>m themselves : 
 for an army, thoagh it is the defence of a state, is at the 
 same time too child of a ooimtry, or mmt be provided for ia 
 everything. ^ ; v : 
 
 And laray, Hie doctrine is false. There are not three 
 lidlUons d^ people in any part of the nniverse, who live so 
 well, or have snch a fhna of abilitr as hi America. The in- 
 eome of a oomtt^on laborer, who u indnstrions, is eonad to 
 tiiat of the generality of tradesmen in England, ui tha 
 meroantila lin^ Il^tve not beard of one who oonid be, said 
 to be a bankrupt smce the war benm, and in England they 
 have been without number. ' In America almost av^iy far- 
 mer lives on his own lands, and in Enj^land not one in a 
 hundred does. In short, it seems as if the poverty of that 
 country had made them fvoioua, and they were determined 
 to risk an to recover alL 
 
 Yet. notwithstanding those advantages on the part bf 
 , Amarica, true it is, that had it not been for Uie operation of 
 taxes for our neoessary defence, we had ^ sunk into a state of 
 
 A 
 

 :?■■■ 
 
 tf' 
 
 ofthlt Und^b lotlftf-tfTV! wlim^Ma that wkioh it pali, mq 
 
 . epiidnuot in Uia ooontry, return* to ni Agtln ; and »t Ui» 
 •Aino time tliatit proridet ai with dofenoo, it opente* not 
 otiljr M a tpur, but m % promium to our inditftty. 
 
 Ish^U now procood to Uio loco^ liead, mj. &n tXi mt&ral 
 fm^aSy and tM nature qf a'union, 
 'Tlicre WM a iimo wbe& America had no other, bond of 
 
 ' nnion, than that of common interett and affocUon. Tlie; 
 whole oonntiy flew tD the relief of Boston, and, making hor 
 cao^ ^heir dwi^partioipated in her caret and adminittorod 
 to lier vantt. The fate of war, tinoe that daj, hat carried 
 th« oalandtj in a ten-fold proportion to the touthward : but 
 ii\ the mean time t^ nnion hat been ttrengthened hj a Im^ 
 'compact 6i the ttati^ j^tlj mid tererallr ratified, and mat 
 which befbre wat choice, or the dutj of affectioai it now 
 lilcowite the dntT of legal obligation. ' 
 .\ The ahion of America it the fottndatlon-ttone of her inde- 
 pendence : ihe rock on which it it built ; and it tomething ■ 
 to taoredJn her conttitntion) that we ought .to watch ev6ry 
 word we tpeak, and every thought we think, that we ii^nre 
 
 • it noty'eren by mittake. When a multitude, eztebdeo, or 
 4«ther tqattered, over a continent in the manner we were, 
 'mutually agree tQ form one common centre whereon the 
 whole tnall move, to accomplith a particular pnrpote, all 
 partt must act together and alike, or act not at all, and a 
 
 ;itq>page in any ond it a ttoppago of the whole, at teatt for 
 
 * .a tm^e. . • . ' ^ 
 
 JThuB the tereral stated We sent repretentativet to a«eni- 
 bio together "i^in congreta, and they nave empowered ythat 
 body,, which that beeomdl theif' centre, and are no other 
 ihan themtelvet in repreaentation, to condnct and manage 
 the war, while their conttitaentt at Jiome attend ^|he cb- 
 mettid caret of the conntiy, their internal logitlation, their 
 farm^ profettiont or employments : for it it on^ by ^dncing 
 complicated things to method and orderly connexion that 
 they can be nnd€q;^tood with advantage, or purtned with 
 , fuccesa. Oongrees, by virtue of this delegation, ettimatcs 
 the expente, and apportions it out to the several parts of tiio 
 empire according to their several abilities; and here the 
 debate mutt end, because each state' has already had its 
 voice, and the matter hat nndergone itt whole portion of 
 argument, and can no more be idto^ by any particular 
 ttate, than a law of any ttate. after it hat patted, can be 
 altered by any individoal. For with req»eot to thote^ngi 
 
wiildb 'tmiii«dt«tity ootiocrn ^ anion, and (br wlitefi t!i# 
 union WM pnrpoMly ostahlithed, and it intended to •«K;ur«), ^^ 
 eHcli ftUU in to tlio tltiitcd Htatos what each individual !• to 
 Uio Atate ho livot in. And it ii o* this grand point, thia 
 movemunt u\wn one centre, tliat our oxiitcnoo aa a nation, 
 our happinuM aa a jiooplo, and our sat'ety aa individuala, 
 det)cnd. , 
 
 It may hanpon tliat lomo atato or other maj be tomewbat 
 ^nvcr Of' nnaur rated, but tliia cannof bo mncli. Tlio ea- 
 pcrienfie whieli haa been had upon tlie matter, boa naarl^ 
 aicertained thoir loveral abilitioa. But even in thia cate, it ^ 
 nan only admit of an appeal to tlie United Btates, but mn- ' 
 not auUioriM anj state to make the aiteration itaelf, nnjr^ 
 more than our internal govemmcnt<^tn admit an Individual 
 to do so in the caao of an act of aaiembly ; for if one ttato 
 
 w 
 
 can do it, than may another do tlio itme, and Ui^ Hu^ani 
 tliit if done the^whole ia undone. ' v 
 
 Neither ia it auppoaable that any singlo itate o«n be I 
 judge of all tlio oomparative t<iea«ona whicli may influence 
 the collective body in atrranging the qnotaa of tbo continent. 
 The circnmttancet of the leTeral'ttatea are frequently vary- 
 ing, occasioned by tlie acddenta of war and commerce, and 
 it will often fall upon some to h^ otbenk, rather beyond what 
 their exact proj>ortion at another time miglit be i^but even 
 this assistance is as naturally and poliUoally inolnaed in the 
 idea of a union, iui that of any particular asugned propor- 
 tion ; because we know not whose torn it ma^ be next to 
 want assistance, for which reason that state is the wiseat 
 which sets the best example. ^ ^ 
 
 Thottflh in mattevB of bounden^datr and reciprocal affeo* 
 tion. it Ii rather a deffenerac^ fVom toe honesty and ardour* 
 of tne heart to adnut anything selfish to putake in the^ 
 f^OTemment of onr oondnct, y^ in caies wner^ onr duty. ' 
 our affections, and our interest all coincide, it may be of 
 soma use to observe their union. The United Statea will i 
 become heir to an exteonre quantity of raouit land, and 
 their several titles to shares and quotas thereof, will naturally > 
 be adjusted according to their relatiye quotas during the 
 war, ezclufdve of that inability which may nnfortunately 
 arise to any state by the enemy's folding possession of a - 
 part ; bat ai this is a cold matter of int(tf(Bst, I paaa it by, 
 and pmoeed M my third head, ma. ^ 
 
 ■^■1 
 
 
IM 
 
 «■#■ 
 
 *? 
 
 00 m lUnriB Of OOLLIOTIOX AMD ElFKSSStnJBE. 
 
 It hatH bo«n our •rror, M wdl »• our mUfortiino, to 
 Mend the aff*ini of i»cli •!«(«, t«iKK!lallj in nionojr matter*, 
 with tlitMO of Uio United tiUUm ; whunwft, it is our c«m), 
 convenience and intormt, to kwp them Mipttrata Tlic ex- 
 p«iMi^ of %he United Htatce for CArnriug on the^war, and tho 
 exponaet of each state for its own domcetio j^ovenimcnt, sre 
 distinct things, and to iuirolvo \}\6m is a souroo of porpicxity 
 and a cloali for fraud. I love method, booanso i aoe and 
 ',am conrinood of its beauty and advantage. It is that which 
 miikes all business easy and understood^ and wiiliout which, 
 everything becomes embarraaaed and difficult 
 
 There are certain powers which Uie people of each state 
 have delegated to their legiiiUtivo and executive bodiea. and 
 there are otlier powers which Uie people of every state have 
 delegated to congress, among which is that oi condnctiiig 
 die war, and, consequently, of managing the expenses at- 
 cending it ; for how else can tliat be managed, which con- 
 cerns every sUte, but by a delegation from each f When a 
 state has nimished its quota, it has an nndoubted^ right to 
 know how it has been applied, and it is as much the duty 
 ^ ot congress to inform the stated the one, m it is the datj 
 of the state to provide thpotheii 1 
 
 In the resolution of congress already recited, it is recon)- 
 mended to tho several states to lay taxei for raking their 
 mtoUu qf money for the United Statee^ $eparaU from thote 
 Itt^for their own particular uee, 
 
 ~ This is e most neceaaarr poipt to be obaenred, and the 
 diatinction should foUow all the way through. They should 
 be levied, paid end collected, separately, and kept fbparate 
 In every instance. Neither have the dvU officers of any 
 tftate, or the government of that state, the least right to 
 touch that money which the people pay for the support of 
 their army and the wat; any moro than congress has to 
 touch that which each state raises for its own use. 
 
 This distinction will naturally be foUoited by another, it 
 will occasion every state to examine nicely into the eirpenses 
 OI its civil list, and to regulate, reduce, and bring it into 
 better order than it has hitherto been ; because the money 
 for that jnrpose must bejraised apart, ai^d accounted for to 
 luo sepai 
 
 the pnbuo separate But while the mimiee of both were 
 Ueaded, the neoipaiy nicety was not pbsorved, and- the 
 
 
 itet 
 
 dire 
 
 ^ 
 
 iaM\ 
 
 1 "^ 
 
 1 *, ' 
 
 203 
 
 A- 
 
;:• -- m 
 
 poor •eHfim, who M|^t to 1uit« Iimii H^ (bk, wm tlM Utf 
 who WM thooght cf. m: 
 
 AnoUmr oonvonienoe wIU be, Uiat the people, bj P^J^ 
 the tezM •opermtely, will know what tlioj ere for; eiiil will 
 likowiie know thet thote which are for tlte dofenoe of thu 
 country will ceeae with tlie war, or soon after. For althooKii, i 
 a« I hare beAsre obeerred, the war i« their own, and for die 
 ■rpport of their own rights and the protection of t^ir own 
 prupertj, yet ther hare the same right to know, that thej 
 bare to paj, and It it the want of not knowing that is often 
 the oaose of dissatisfaction. 
 
 Iliis regnlatton of keeping the taxes separate has ffirw^ 
 fflMto a regnUtion i» the offloo at flnanoe, bj which it wit 
 directed. .\- ii • -^ '^.'^f'.^''- 
 
 *'That ihe^«c«tTer| diilt, at thd end of erery month, 
 
 '^ Joiake on^ sn exact account of tlie monies received by them 
 
 /lespectiTelv, during such month, specifying therein the 
 
 s/- Aamos of the persons from whom the same slmll hate been 
 
 reoeired, the antes and the sums ; which aoooont they shall 
 
 respectively cause to be published in one of the newspapers 
 
 of the state; to the end that ereiy oitixeq may know now 
 
 much of the monies collected from him, in taxes, is trmns- 
 
 mitted to the treasury of the United States for the suppor* 
 
 of the war; and also, that it may be known what moniea« 
 
 har^ been at the order of the snperintendent of finance. It 
 
 being proper and necessarr, tha^ in a tree country, the 
 
 people should be as fully informed of the administration of 
 
 theur aflkirs as the nature of things will advoit" :^ 
 
 It is an agreeable thing to see a spirit of order and 
 economy taking place, titer such a series of errors and diffl- 
 eulties. A goremmeot or an administration, who means 
 •nd acts honestly, hai nothing to fear, and consequently has 
 nothing to conceal ; and it would be of use if a montmy or 
 onarteriy aooount wij||to be published, as well of the expen- 
 ditares as of the rdl^>ta. Eight WlMoiu of dollan must 
 beliusbanded with an exceeding deal of cf re to mnke it do, 
 and, therefore, as the management must' be reputable, the 
 publicAtion would be Beryiceable«' 
 
 I haye henrd of petiUons which hare been presented to the 
 assembly of this state Tand probably ^e same may hi^To 
 happened in other states) praying to hare the taxes lowered. 
 Now the only way to keep taxes low is, for the TTiA ed flta«^ 
 to hsTo ready money to go to market with : and though tlio 
 tsjuis to be rsised for the {Mwnt ji||#IU^^^^ hMv;, »^ 
 
 
 'm 
 
 9^'- 
 
4*»- 
 
 i5i\ 
 
 tlMM win BAtarAlly h^ mom dlAoalty in pajrinff tkili, , 
 the diillciiUr, in pro|>ortian M oumtj •pfWMJb About tli« 
 oountrj, will «T«rj daj grow l«i^ Md In th« md wi abaU 
 fiVtt ■nroc millioni of <lolUr« hy it W« leo what a bittor, 
 revoag«ful onomj wo hATo to «l«ftl with, and ftiijr expoiuM ft 
 oh«*p oomparfMl U) tliuir iiiflrdiloM p«w. We luive weu thu 
 anfortanAtQ Oenilinoarui hunted like p«rtridgee on the niouu< 
 tAloiitnd it ie only bj nroiridiog roeeni for our defence. Umt 
 wo fthall l)« kept mmi tliu lame condition. When wu tliink 
 or talk about Uxas, we ought to rocollt)ot that we lie duwn 
 in peace and eleop in lafety ; tliat wo can follow our fariiui 
 ^•'■torei or olhar ooeapatloiia» in profporoilt tranqoilHtTf 
 and that these beetimablo bleieinga are procured to ua D/ 
 the taxei that we paj. In thie viow, onr tAzee are pru- 
 perlT onr intunince nionoj ; thef are what we pay to bo 
 wa<ie iafe, and, in etrict polio/, are the beet monejr wa can 
 
 •hijout. 
 
 ^t waa m/'blentloti to oStr ionM remarlci on ^d tmpott 
 law ci flre per cent reoommendod bjr oongroM, and to bo 
 aatabliihed aa aiUnd for the pajrment of the loaA-offlce cor- 
 UAeitkm, and oiher debts of the United Btatef :>gil I hare 
 abaadj eztended my pieoe bejond mj iutentTon. And aa 
 Ihia fund will make our tjitem of flnanoo oomplete. and !■ 
 atriotlr jnat, and oonaeqnontly reqnirea nothing bol Juxusetjr 
 to do it, thiire needa bat littla to D« laid upon itr 
 
 ■> ;,;■■ . J. 
 
 \ 
 
 •♦♦•■ 
 
 ■.^•f^ 
 
 7 
 
 t. . 
 
 ' KUMBEB TTT- 
 
 *'<■.■■' 
 
 ok TBK PBISKHT BTATS Of WKWB. 
 
 Bmm ^- avrfral of two, If ttol iSme paokola, la quick 
 cnoceaaion, at Kew-Tork, from England, a rariety of oncon- 
 naotad nmM haa dranlated thioiigh the oonnirj, and afforded^ 
 aa great a Tarietj of ipecalation. 
 
 Tiuti lomething ia the matter in the cabinet and conncils 
 of onr enamiee, on the other aida of the water, ia cortain — 
 
 ihat thflj have ran their length of madneae, and are nnder 
 idM AsoairitT of <^*^w *»*g thnr moaanna may inailj bo aeon 
 
 # 
 
 /^ 
 
lirto { Inil to wkftt mil rasBipt of mmktmrm wmj t aww in l^ or 
 hi'W far it mAj oorraiipoiid with oar inttrMl, b«ppin«M and 
 dut;r, h yet iior«rtain ; and from what we ham Ulthorto cji- 
 partinuwd, we have too much reason to •ufpect them in ererr 
 
 I do not addrtMi thia pnblicttlmi m mnali to ^n fMNVj^* of 
 Araerioa aa to the Ilritteh miniitry, whoever tJi«y may tw, 
 for if it ia tlieir intention to promoto an/ kind of negotia- 
 tion, it ie proDor thoj •hould know beforehand, that tJi« 
 f/nltod Btatee have aa much honor m hravnry ; and tltat tlier 
 tre no more to be eeduo^d friim their alhaneo ; tliat tijoir 
 ^4luo of politics b formed and not dependaat^ itik« Ihftliif their 
 «iemj, on chance and a<!oident --;^ / •, . ♦ 
 
 ()■ our part, in order to know, at any time, what the 
 Britleh froTornu^ent will do, we have only to find out what 
 thoy ought noi to do, and this last will be Uieir conduct. 
 Forever changing and forever wrong ; too diatant from Amer- 
 ica to improve in ciMtomstancos, and too nnwiiie to foresee 
 them: scheming wiibont prinoiplo, and executing without 
 probability, thehr whole line of management lias hitliMio 
 been blunder and bascnosti. Every campaign has added 
 to thehr loss, and erery year to their disgrace : till unable to 
 go on, and ashamed to go back, tlicir |K)litics have oome to 
 a halt, and all thoir fine prospects to a halter. 
 
 Oonld our affections forgire, or humanity forget the 
 woonds of an iiyured country— we might, undfer die influ- 
 ence of a momenUry obfiTion, stand still and laugh. Bot 
 iher are engraren where no amaaement can conceal them, 
 and at a kmd for which thore is no recompense. Oan ye 
 restore to us the beloved deed f Can ye say to the grave, 
 give up the murdered t Can ye obliterate from our memo- 
 ries those who are no morel Think not then to tmmpm 
 with our feelings by insidious contriTanoe, nor suffocate our 
 humanity by seducong us to dishonor. 
 
 In March 1780, 1 published part of the Crisis, No. VIII., 
 in the newspapers, but did not conclude it in the following 
 papers, and the remainder has lain by me till the present 
 
 ^ There appeared about that time some dhrtxHdtion in- Hll 
 British cabmet to oeese the further prosecution of the war, 
 and as I had formed mj opinion thikt whencTer such a de-' 
 ■i gn s hould t a k e place, it would b e accompanied with a die- 
 honorable proposition to America, respectmg France, I had 
 tuppressed the renuUnder ni that uv&^if not tb e^oee the 
 
 
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 iimMkmm. 
 
m 
 
 •\ 
 
 m 
 
 ^w-^ 
 
 #♦ 
 
 
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 of mj Mtk ftopodtkni. B«t tiM Artti 
 aval ii«wt fhMD KocfAiid, daolAmd hm d«Urmia«i 
 OB with Ui« WWi ftM oontaqomllj m tli^ poliiim 
 hud than ia fi^W WM not InicaniQ a tiibjmit, if wm. - 
 mry in m« to htiag U forwMil, whioh is tbo roMoo 
 SMror publiahod. • % 
 
 «Th« m«tt«r which I *lludo to ifriii« nnpobllahod p«rtf I 
 •HaII oow mako % qttot«iiun of. and apply It m th« m<antea. 
 Urgod tUio of thing*, •! thii da/, ahifl make oonraniont or 
 
 — *#y tli« •peoch«4|iiieh bar© ftppoArsd from tho Britiilr 
 parliament^ it ia ea«f to portwira to what impolitic and Im* 
 prudent excflMMM theiir {MMtioQaand pr«|adio«i haT<^ in mrnr^ 
 inatanoe, carried thorn daring tha pr«a<int war. Provokmi 
 at tha upright and honorahie tmatj botweon America and 
 Francoi the/ imagined tliat notliing more wm neoeMarj t** 
 be done to present ita final ratifloationf than to uromiai*, 
 through the aganojr of tiieir comminioneni (Oarlido, I'^len 
 and Johnatun) a repeal of tlicir onco oflfeuiive a<!ti of parlia- 
 niant The Tanitj of the oonoait. waa ts anp4rdonaDle m 
 the aiperiment wm impolitic And 4MW0«i am I of 
 tlieir wrong idea* of Jvierica. that I ]SjM^ftmdw{llf0n 
 their laat tUfre of political phrenxj, diPfMSte to her to 
 break her allianoe with France, and enter into one with 
 them. Such a proposition, ilionld it erar be made, and it 
 been alreadjr more th^ once hinted at in parliament, 
 4}aoorer •nob a ditpo«ition to porfldiooaneie, and such 
 '*^W hofBor and moral^ as would add the finishing 
 Ition^oorrujption. — I do not mention this to put 
 on WWatoh, but to put England on her gnard^ 
 
 do not, in the looseness of her heartenrelope in 
 
 disgrsee artfj fragmant at hm rtpntatton." iSras far tl.e 
 quotafion, 
 
 Bjr the Mplpleiion of some part of tho news which hafl4 
 inspired through the New- York papers, it seems probabla 
 thai this insidious era in the Britisn politios is beginning to 
 make its appearance. I wisli it maj not ; fbr that which is 
 a disgrace to human nature, throws somethhur of a riiadr^ 
 OTor all the Hfeman character, and each indiridaal faeli hit 
 share of tlie wound that is given to tha wholo. 
 — Tli a policy of Britain has aver b o on to divid e Am ef ica in 
 some way or othei^. In tho beginning of the dispute, slio • 
 praetisuJ eveiy art to prevent or da&oy the ua^ oi th« , 
 
 .) 
 
 ^< 
 
^ii.- ':^» 
 
 itet«V Viil iBowfnf A^ ««M alM •iim pt IfeiMi to tUn.t 
 iiiif l/» Ah* wmki oqnqiiw \hmm ntuxmaiU^mallf . FallmK ,ii 
 •^** l**tf*^* to Amwifl#, th* renowetl it in %mrMym- md, 
 AfW Um tUiMfm haA Mian pUoo, •lio ni«d# wmf^ omm to 
 FrMMM to inJttcfl h«r tt» g<T« up Atti^riR*; m.^ wtiat b •ttU 
 feUMV MtrAodliiiftnr, til* at tlifl Mrti^ tirtin in«Afl protxi«ltitmi 
 to m. iTwikllH, ihoQ in IWiii Umj vury c««n to which ihn 
 WM tocrtUy •ppl/iiiK, to dmw Ot Awioric* frwm Fraxu:©, 
 Dut Una ii not «ll. . 1 .» .,^ 
 
 On til© lIUi «r H«ntmn!Mif . tW, «i« IWttih liirt, tfirmsgti 
 tll«ir Mwrtftorir, I«)r<j Wojmouth, niado appllotttion tii um 
 ^iftrqy^ d'Almi^yrtr, thwSMniiOi Aiqbaitador at Ixindoi^ 
 V> ** aak th« wu^mRon^** for I1i«m wnrojh© wordi, of iho oouit 
 of 8pdn,for the pur]HiiMu)f nogofiatrntf a pM<!0#ltli Fimndfr 
 learing America ^aa I ahdl hortMillfir ahow) out o# th« qiiV*- 
 tJon. Bnaln rmMlilv offurwl hor modiatiott, and llitmiw) tho 
 «lty of Ifftdrid aa Ui« plaoo of conftin^nce. but willial, pwh 
 poaod, Uiat Uio United Ktatct of Amoriea •ftonld te Invltiki 
 to Uio treaty, and oonaidcrwl aa intlop«ndont during tho ti||^ 
 Uie bnaineaa waa noK..tiatinff. But tiiia waa uwt t)t« tiow of 
 Enghuid. Hho irantod to draw Franco fW>ni tho irar, that 
 lh« might nnintorruptodi^ pour out aU her foroo aDd^f^irr 
 «6on America; and being diaapjwintod in tliiaplat%ai well 
 throngh tXm op^ni ami g«n«r«>ua conduct of HijaiuH aa tho 
 determination of Frauco, ah« ^uiod tho mediatiaB which 
 •lie had solicited. "" 
 
 1 ahall now giro lome extracU from the jnatifying momo- 
 'J of the Hpaniah court, in which ahe has aet the oenduot 
 " charact««r of liriuin, with reapoct to America, in • clear 
 l^mg point &!^ light ^ . 
 
 . The memorial^ speaking of the rcf^uMl of tho Bntiah court 
 10 meet in confer«ii««, with commiiaionera from the United 
 States, who w«re to be considered aa independent daring the 
 time of Uie conference, saja, 
 
 «« It it a Uung very extraordinary and even rliUculoas, that 
 the conrt of London, who treats tho colonics aa independent, 
 not only in acting, bnt of right, during tlie war, should have 
 % repugnance to treat them as such only in acting daring a 
 truce, or nupension of hoatilitics. Tlio convention of Sara 
 toga ; the reputing general Hurgoyno as a Uwful prisoner, 
 in order to suspend his trial ; the exchange and liberation 
 of other priaujters made from the coloniea; the having 
 named commissionerb to go and sopplioate the Americaiia, 
 •Uthtof own doon» re^a<g| p^tpt p f thttp^ aad umX m 
 
 ^■^'- 
 
 /v, 
 
 -5 
 
 •i* 
 
■jr 
 
 
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 '<!' ; , > 
 
 ("•^ 
 
 % 
 
 , * 
 
m 
 
 '^>i. 
 
 
 ■#. 
 
 '*- 
 
 thfA Mid tilt ooDgrMi : and, flnaOy, by m^ikiommmd c^ 
 act! of this aort, aothoriMd by tbe oonri ^ymim, which ^ 
 hftvo been, and are trno ligna of the a^lD|0^1ed|p»eii| ipf 
 tlieir indopcndoncc. , -^ ^ , L* V -^ '. 
 
 '* In aggravation of ail tho foregolntf, at mMunatimo 
 tho BritiBli cabinet answered tho king of Spaia in thetonns 
 already mentioned, thoy wore insinuating themselves at tiie 
 court of Franco by means of secret emissaries, aiK^ making 
 very groat offers to her, to abandon tlie colonics and make 
 peace with England. But tliero is yet more ; for at this 
 same time the English ministry wero treating, by means pf 
 another certain emissary, with Dr. Franklin, minister plem- 
 
 -potentiary firom the colonies, residing at Paris, to whom they 
 made varions proposals to disunite them from France, ana - 
 Accoramodato matters with England. 
 
 ' " From what has been observed, it evidently follows, that 
 the whole of tho British politics was, to disunite the two 
 
 "^ courts of Paris and Madrid, by means of the suggestions and 
 offers which she separately made to them ; and also to sona- 
 rate the colonics from their treaties and engagement's entered 
 into with France, and induce them to arm against the houso 
 
 -«f Bourbon, or more probaUy to opprets them when they 
 
 foundy/rom breahingtMirenga^emerUt, that they Hood alone 
 mnd without protection, 
 
 <*This, therefore, IS the net thetlaid for the American 
 itates ; Uiat is to say, to tempt tnem with flattering and 
 itoT magnificent promises to come to an 1ioe<ncimoaation 
 witn them, exclusive of any intervention of l^ain or France, 
 that the British ministry^^night always xenuun^the arbiters 
 of thefateof the colomdL ""^^ . '* / *; 
 
 <t Bat the Cktholic king (the king of Spain) fttthfm on the 
 one part of the engagements whidi bind him to the Most 
 Christian king (the nng of France) his nephew ; just and 
 upright on the other, toliis own subpects, whom he ought to 
 protect and guard agi^ist «o many insulta ; and finally, full 
 of humanity and compassion for the Americans and other 
 individuals who suffer in the present war : he is determined 
 to pursue and prosecute it, and to mako all the efforts in his 
 power, until he can obtain a solid and permanent peace, 
 with full and satisfactorr securities that it snail be observed." 
 Tlius far the memorial ; a translation of which into Enp 
 lish, may be seen in full, under the head of State Papers, in 
 
 tlie Annual Register, for 1779, p. 867. — ■— 
 
 The extracts 1 have here given, serve to ihowthe various 
 
 kx ■ 
 
 .^ 
 
itf^''. 
 
 
 4 
 
 M 
 
 mdmfmM ud oMitriTUioflt of th« te«vi7> todnw FmiiM 
 ftom W oomiMtk^ with America, and to preTail on her to 
 make * lepMrfttt peaee irith England, loaTing America 
 Utally out of the qneetibn, and at the merQ^ of a meroiicM, ' 
 tinprindpled enemj. The opinion, likewise, which Spain 
 has formed of the Britiah cal>inet character, for meanness^ 
 «nd perfidioufnesa, i| so exactlr the opinion c/t Amotica, 
 rospeotiag^it, that the memorifi, in this instance, contains 
 our own itatementa and language j for people, howeyer 
 temote, whp think alike, will nnavoiaablj speak alike. 
 
 Thos we aee the insidiona use which Britain endeavoored 
 to make of the propositions of peace under, the mediation of : . 
 Spain. I shall now proceed to tlie second proposition under ^ 
 the mediation of the emperor of Germany and tfie ompresa 
 of ROfsia ; the general outline of which was, that a congress . 
 of the several piowers ai war, should meet at Vienna, in 1781, 
 •to settle prolimhiaries of peace. , . • 1 
 
 I coula wish myself at liberty to make use of all theinibr^ , 
 matlon which I am possessed of on this subject, but astliere 
 is a delicaoy^ih the matter, I do hot conceive it prudent, aft 
 least at present, to make references and quotations in the 
 same manner as I hayo done with respect to tho 'mediation 
 of Spain» who pablished the whole proceedings herself ; and , 
 t^refoi^ what comes front me, on this part of the business, ' 
 must rest on my own credit with thB puolic, assuring them, 
 that when the whole proceedings, relative to the proposed 
 congress of Vienna, shall aii|)ear> they will' find my account 
 not cmly true, but studiously moderate. 
 
 We know at the time this mediation^ wae^ on th6 carpet, 
 the expectation of the British king and mini&Uy ran hi^h 
 with respect to the conquest of Ai^aerica. The English 
 
 {)acket wnii^ was taken with the mail on board, and carried 
 Dto POriont, in France, contained letters from lord Q. Gkr-^ 
 maine to Sir Henry Clinton, which cxpregsed in the fullest 
 terma tlio ministerial idea of a total conc[uest. Copies o|| 
 those letters were sent to congress and published in the news- 
 papers of last year. Colonel Laurens brought over the 
 originals, some of which, signed in the hand writing of tlie 
 |licn secretary, Germaine, are now in my possession. 
 
 Filled witii these high ideas, nothing could be more inso-^ 
 lent towards America than the language of tlie British court 
 on the proposed mediation. A peace, with France and 
 fipamiJii^ anii^nfl y solicited ; but America, aa before, waa 
 
 ' ■ v 
 
 % 
 
 *. 
 
 -vjl - 
 
 j/ 
 
 ■Si 
 
 --fi- 
 
 
 to bo left to her mercy, neither would ^e hear any propoai- 
 
 kJt£ 4^' 
 
VM 
 
 IM 
 
 tioo for admittt^^ 'V^^ ^''^'^ ^ TTnited 8t«l«s into fha 
 oongreit of Vioimit. 
 
 On the other hand, Fntnee, with an open, noble, and 
 manly determination, and the fidelity of a good ally, would 
 hear no proposition for a N|>arate pcaoe, nor eron meet in 
 congreM at Vienna, without an agent from America : and 
 likewiie that the independent character of the tJnitod Stfljl^ 
 represented by the agent, ahonld be fully and nnoqaJir^i%$$i^ 
 deflnod and fettled before any oonfbrenoe should beviali|iaid 
 on. The reasoning of the conrt of France on the teitgral 
 popodtiona of the two imperial court^ which relate to ns, 
 t§ raUier in the style of an American tnan an ally, and she 
 HdTOCated the cause of America as if sha had been America 
 
 herself.— Thus the second mediation, li^o the firsts psoved 
 ineffectuaL 
 
 But since thai tim«^ fti*l^erse of fortune has dvertaken the 
 Britiirii arms, and all their high expectations are dashod to 
 the ground. The noble exertions to the southward under 
 ffeneral Greene ; the sucoessfhl bperatioiis of the allied arms 
 in the Ohesapeake : the loss of most of their islands in the 
 West Indies, and Aljinqrca in the Mediterranean ; the perse* 
 ▼ering spirit of Bptfiil a^iust Gibraltar; the expectea cap- 
 ture of Jamaica; the failure of making, j^ separate peace 
 with £[olland,| and the exp^pse of an hnndm millions ster- 
 ling, by which all these fine losses were obtained, have read 
 them a loud lesson of disgraceful misfortune^ and necessity 
 has called on them to change their ground. 
 
 In this situation of confusion and despair their present 
 oouneils have no fixed character* It is now the hurricane 
 months of British politics. EverYday seems to have a storm 
 of its own, and they are scudding under the bare poles of 
 hope* Beaten, but not humble ; oondemned. but not peni- 
 tent ; ther act like men trembling at fate ana catching at a 
 straw. From this couYulsion, in the entrails of their poli- 
 tics, it is more than probable, that the mountain maning 
 in labor, will bring forth a mouse, as to its size, and a mon- 
 ster in its make. They will try on America the same in- 
 sidious arts they tried on France and Spain. 
 
 We sometimes experience sensations to which languaM is 
 not equal. The conc^tion is too bullnrto be bom alive, 
 and in the torture of tninking, we stand, dumb. Our feel' 
 tugs, imprisoned by their magnitude, find no war out—and, 
 in the stnunde of expressiOTU eyenr finger tries to be a 
 
 too little for 
 
 in the strujKgle of expressioiL eYerT 
 tongue. .iXm maehineij of the booy 
 
mmm^ 
 
 W: 
 
 i,*^' 
 
 the mlii^ and in lodk ftboot Ibr h«lpt to diow oi^r dioaghti 
 by. Sach miut be the" ■eniation of America, whenerer 
 Britain, teemioff with OQmiption, ihAll propotf |o her to 
 sacrifice her faith. ^ 
 
 But, oxcloaiye of the Trickedneas, there ii a personal 
 offonoe contained in eveiy inch attempt It la calliAff ni 
 yillaini : for no man aslu another to act the yillain nmeM 
 he j^lieves him inclined to be one. No man attempts to* 
 •educe a tmljr hoiieit woman. It ia the •nppoaod looseneea 
 of her mind that lUrta the Noughts of sednction, and he 
 who offers it calls ner a prostitute. Onr pride is always 
 hurt bj the same propositions whfoh offend onr principles ; 
 fur when we are shocked at the ^rime we are wounded bj: 
 the suspicion of our compliance. *^ 
 
 Oould I convey a tiionght that mig^ht senre to regelate taer 
 public mind, I would not make the interest of the alliance 
 the basis of defending it All the world are moyed by in^ 
 terest, and it affords Siem nothing to boast of. But I would 
 go a step higher, and defend it on the ground of honour and 
 principle. That our public affairs hare flourished under the 
 alliance — ^that it was wisely made, and has been nobly exr 
 ecuted — ^that \)y its assistance we are enabled to preserve 
 our country from conquest, and expel those who sought our 
 t destruction — ^that it is our true interest to maintain it un« 
 impaired, and that while we do so no enemy can conquer 
 us, are matter^kwhich experience has taught us, and the 
 common good o^ ourselves, abstracted from principles of 
 faith and honor, would lead us to maintain the connex- 
 ion. 
 
 But oyer and above the mere letter of the allianoe, w;e 
 have been nobly and generously treated, and have had the 
 same respect and attention paid to us, as if we had been an 
 old established country. To oblige and be obliged is fair 
 work among mankind, and we want an opjmrtuhity of 
 showing to the World tnat we are a people sensible (tf kind- 
 ness and worthy of tK>nfldence. Character is to us, in our 
 present circumstances, of more imj^ortance than interest. 
 We are a yonnjr nation, Just stepping upon the stage of 
 public lii'e, and vie eye of the world }s upon us to see how 
 we act We have an enemy who is watching to destroy 
 onr reputation, and who will go anjr.length to gain some 
 evidence against ns, that may serve to render onr conduct 
 suspected, and our character odious; because, could she 
 aooomj^i^ this, wicked as it is, the world would withdraw 
 
 ,.+ 1 
 
190 
 
 .mm 
 
 7=W' 
 
 from Q^ M from ft pwpU not to be trofted, and onr taak 
 . Woald to«ii beooino dimonlt 
 
 Thoro ii nothing which Mti the chanujter of a nation in a 
 hiffher or lower li^ht with otiieri, than tho faitlifiiUy ful- 
 fllung, or porfidioiMly brealdnff of treaties, llioy aro Unnp^n 
 not to bo tampered with : ana should Britain, which seoius 
 very probable, propoao to seducp Ainorioa into lu'ch an act 
 of baaeneM, it would merit from her some mark of unusual 
 deteatatlon. It ia one of thoso extraordinary inatanoea in 
 iwhich wo ought not to bo contented with the bare negative 
 of congreta, ^oauae it ia an affront on the multitude aa well 
 4M on Uie goTOmment It goea on the auppoaition that the 
 public are not honeat men, and that thej^ maybe managed 
 oy contriyanco, though the^ cannot bo conquered by arms. 
 But, let the world and Britain know, that we aro neither 
 to be bought nor sold. That our mind is groat and fixed ; 
 our prospect clear ; and that w^ will support «our character 
 aa firmly as our indq>endonce. > v 
 
 But I will fp still further; general Oonway, who made 
 tihe motion, in the British parliament, for discontinuing 
 qfeimve war in America, is a gentleman of an amiable 
 onaracter. We have no personal quarrel with him. But 
 .•> he feela not is we feel ; he is not in our situation, and that 
 alone, without any other explanation, is enough. 
 
 The British parllafnent suppose they have many friends in 
 Amorica,yand mat, when all chance of conquest is oyer, thoy 
 will be able to draw her from her alliance with France. 
 Kow, if I haye any conception of tho human heart, they will 
 fail in this more than in an^ thing that they haye yet tried. 
 
 This part of the business is not a question of policy onl^, 
 but of honor and honesty ; and the proposition will haye m 
 it something so yisibly low and base, tnat their partisanSj 
 if they haye any, will be ashamed of it Men are often 
 hurt b^ a mean action who are not startled at a wicked one, 
 and this will be such a confession of inability, such a decla- 
 hition of servile thinking, that tho scandal ot it wiU ruin all 
 theirhopcs, ' 
 
 In short, we haye nothing to do bnt to go on with yiffor 
 
 , mnd determination. The enemy ia yet in our country. They 
 
 hold New- York, Charleston and Sayannah, and tho yery 
 
 being in those places is an offence, and a part of ofimsiye 
 
 w a r , an d u n t il t n ey c a n be driv e n from t h em, or c a ptured in 
 
 them, it would be folly in us to listen to an idle tale. I 
 Uke it.lbr gnuited tlwt the Briti^ miniatry are finkiiiir 
 
:i^*mt,:. 
 
 imdtf <b« ImpoMtbflity of etiTTing on tiie WW. let thas 
 then oome to a fair and open poMo with France Spain, 
 Uolland and Amorica, in tlie manner that the ought to do ; 
 but until Uion, we can havo notliing to laj to thorn. 
 
 »<> 
 
 '1 
 
 •■*/ 
 
 2!njHBEmin. 
 
 TO Bm GUY OABLETON, 
 
 
 ■4- 
 
 It Is the natnrtj of compassion to associate with mfsfop. i 
 tune ; and I address this to you in behalf oven of an enemy, 
 a oapUin in the British sciVico, now on Itis way to the head- 
 quarters of the American army, and unfortunately doomed 
 to death for a crime not his own. A sentence so extraordi- 
 naiT, an execution so ropuflpant to every human sensation, 
 ought never to be told without tlio circumstances which 
 produvpd it : and as the desUncd victim is vet in existence, , 
 and m your hands rest his life or death, I shall briefly state.' 
 the case, and tlie melancholy consequence. T 
 
 Captain Huddy, of the Jersey militia, was attacltod hi a 
 Bnall fort on Tom's River, by a party of refugees in the 
 Bntish pay and service, was made prisoner, togetlicr with 
 his company, carried to New-York and lodged in the pro- 
 vost of that city: about three weeks after which, he wai 
 taken out of the provost down to the water-side, put into a 
 boat, and brought again upon the Jersey shore, and there, 
 contrary to the practice of all nations but savages, was hunS ^ 
 np on a tree, and left hanging tiU found by our people, who ' 
 took him down and buried him. ' ' 
 
 . The inhabitants of that part of tho conntiy where the 
 xHurdor was committed, sent a deputation to general Wash- 
 iDgton with a full and certified statement of the lact Struck, 
 as every hnman breast must be, with such brutish outrage. 
 Mid determined both to punish and prevent it for the futS^^^^ 
 the general represented the case to general Clinton, who 
 then commanded, and demanded that tho refugee officer 
 who ordered an d a tt en ded the execution, and whose name is 
 Lippihcut. should be delivered npas a murderer; and in 
 
u^ 
 
 not l>«60 oomplied with ; «nd the melAiicboly lot (not by so- 
 Iwjtion, bat bj CMting loU) ha* fallen npon eepUin AiglU, 
 of die g^iardi, who, m I hare already mentioned, it on hii 
 way from Lancaater to camp, a martyr to tlio general wick- 
 ednoM of the caiue he engaged in, and the iiigraUtude of' 
 those whom he lerred. .^^ 
 
 The flrat reflection which ariioi on thia black trailnen Is, 
 what tort of men mint Engliahmon be, and what aort of 
 ord« and diaoipUne do they preMnre in their army, when 
 to the inmiedi^ pla<M of their head-quarten^ hm imder 
 ^tbe eye and nofe'of their comtpandcr-in-chief, a priaoner 
 can be taken at pleaforeihunluAcODfinBment, and hla death 
 made a matter of iportkv \ '•» 
 
 The history of the mdpt larage* Bidiana doea not produce 
 inatanooa cxacUy of thia kind. They, at least, have a for- 
 mahty^in their punishments. With' them it U the horrid- 
 M of revenge, bnt witii yonr army U ia » stiU greater 
 crime, the nonidfless of diversion. T ' 
 
 .The British generala,who have snocbeded each other, from 
 fhe time of general Oage to yonrseli have aU affected to 
 mak in language that they have no rfght to. In their pro- 
 olamationa,.theiraddresseB, their letter^ to gcnerel Washinff. 
 ton, and their tnpplicaUonia to oongreaii (for thev deserve no 
 other nanae) they talk of British honor, British generosity, and 
 Bntiah demei^ as if those things were matt^ of fact; 
 Whereas, we whose eyes are open, who speak the same lan- 
 guage with yourselves, many of ffhom were bom on the 
 same spot with you, imd who oan no more be mistiken in 
 your words than in your actioni^ can dedare to all the 
 Y^ ™* f> ^ •• ««>• knowledge goes, there is not a more 
 detestable eharaoter. nor a n^ean^or more barbaioua enemy, 
 |han the prasoit British one. With ns, yon have forfeitod 
 aU pretenaiop to reputation, Mid it Is only holding vou like 
 a wild b^ ^mid of your koepps, that you can be made 
 mimageable. But to return to the ppint In queation. 
 _ l^ongh I can think n*' inan innocent who has lelit his 
 mdtodeatroy theeountr^whldi he did not plant, and to 
 ruin those i^t he could not enslave, yet, abstracted from all 
 '? •^., .^* •'*^ "^^^ ^ the original queetidn, captain 
 i S" ^^^ PTey^»»^^ M not the guilty man. The 
 
 V' 
 
 vilUin and the victim *re here separated charecters. You 
 hold the one and 70 fho other. You disown, or aff^ to 
 <Bii|PJM|ipK>battthe condv^ of Iippincut, yet yon giv6 
 
 ••*., 
 
I 
 
 ■; •' ■ 
 
 kini a ■uifitwiry ; and br todoliig joa m eflfbotnftUj bmomo 
 th* eioofiUoner of Airiu, m If jou hmd pdt tho ropo on hit 
 neck, and diuniiMd lum from the world. Whatever jronr 
 feelings on this intoretting ocoaaion may be aro bott known to 
 roarMif. Within the grave of our own mind liei buried tho 
 ;ate of Aagill. He beoomot the oorpte of jour will, oflho 
 furrivor of yonr jnitioe. DeUrer up tho one, and vou save 
 Uie other ; withhold the one, and the other dioa by your 
 choice. 
 
 On our iMurt th» e^M li exceeding plain : an afioer hat 
 ym toJumrrmm kit oof^ft/nemtfU and mwtiertd, andtht Mw^ _^ 
 itrer it vntkm your lintt. Tour army hai been guilty of a 
 thoniand instances of eqoal cruelty, bnt they nave been 
 rendered aqniToeal. and nieltered from personal detection. 
 Here the crime is Axed ; and is one of tnose extraordinarr 
 eases whidh can be neither denied nor palliated, and to whicn 
 the custom of war docs not apply ; for it norer could b« 
 supposed that ^Jnob a brutal outrage would ever be com- 
 mitced. It is an original in the history of civilised barba* 
 rians, and is truly British. 
 
 On your part yon are aooo^table to ns ^ the personal 
 safely .of tfaie prisoners within your walls. Hero can be no 
 miMAke^ they can neither be spies nor suspected as snoh; 
 ^oor security is not endangered, nor ^our operations sub- 
 jected to miscarriage, by men immured within a dungeon. 
 Th^ differ in everr circumstance from nden in the fielo, and 
 leave no pretence for severity of punishment But if to the 
 dismal ocmdition of oaptivitv with ^on, innst be added thr 
 constant apprehensions of death ; if to bo imprisoned is sc ' 
 nearly to be entombed ; and, if after all, the murderers ara 
 to be protected, and thereby the crime encouraged, wherein 
 do Ton di£br fiiMn Indians, either in conduct or character f 
 , We can have no idea of your honor, or your justice, in 
 any foture transaction, of what nature it mav be, while yon 
 shelter within your lines an outrageous muraerer, and saori* \ 
 fice in his stead i^n officer of your own. If yon hav« no \ 
 regard to ns« at least spare the blood which it is your duty 
 tosare. Woeth^ the punishment will be greater on him. _ 
 who, in this case, innocently dies, or on nini whom naU 
 necessity forces to retaliate, is, in the nicety of sensation, an 
 undecided, question. It rests with you to prevent the suf- 
 ferinffs of both. Yolnihave nothing to do but to give up the 
 mnroerer, and the inaiter ends* 
 
 ■vv. 
 
 Bat 
 
 hm^.be he who h^ mfty, is to patranin hit 
 
 t <" 
 
l#i 
 
 iH' 
 
 y 
 
 
 r. 
 
 efimA, ind to trlit It off bj fHTolom ind uuiiMiiIng In- 
 qniriM, if to promoto it Ther« ia no 4eol*r»tion jou can 
 mako nor promite yoa o*n givo that will obtain oitwiit It 
 ia the man and not tho a|)ologj Uiat ia demandod. 
 
 ilYou aco yonraolf preaacMl on all aidea to anaro the life of 
 jonr own ofBocr. for die ho will if you withliold joatico. Tlie 
 murdor of captain Uuddj ia an oOenoe not to be borne with, 
 and tlioro ia no aeonritj with which wo can havi^ that aiu^h 
 actiona or aimilar onaa ahall not bo repeated, bat bjr making 
 the poniahment fall upon yoaraelrea. To deatroj the laat 
 jMoritT of oaptiTitT, and to take the unarmed, the onreaiat- 
 ing pnaoner to piiTate and iportiTe ezeoation, ia carrying 
 barbarity too high for ailence. Hie «Til mati be put an 
 •nd to ; and the choice of jporaona reata with yon. But if 
 year attachment to the goiity ia atronger than to the inno> 
 eent, yon inrent a crime tliat moat deatroy your diaractor, 
 and if tlie cauae of yoar king needa to be ao. anpported, fur 
 erer ceaae, air, to torture otur remembrance with tiie 
 
 . wretohod phraaea of Britiah honor, Britiah goneroaity, and 
 Britiah clemency. 
 
 From thia melancholy circnmatanco, learn, air, a leaaon of 
 morality. The refngeoa are men whom your predeceaaoin 
 hare inatmcted in inckodneaa, tho hotter to fit them to their 
 maater'a pnrpoae. To make them naeful, they hare made 
 them vile, and the oonaeqnenco of their tutored Tillainy ia 
 now deacending on the heada of their encouragora. lliey 
 have been trained like hounda to the aoent oi blood, and 
 eheriahed in erery apeciea of diieolate barbarity. Their 
 ideaa of right and wrong are worn away in the oonatant 
 habitude, of repeated infamy, tilL like men practiaed in 
 
 ^•zecndon. they reel not the Talue of another'a life. 
 
 ^ Tba taak benm yo% though painAU, ia not difficult ; give 
 
 zip the murderer, and aave your officer, aa the fiiat ontiet of 
 
 Jieoeaiaiy reformation. * 
 
 ;. « OQKm SmoL 
 
in 
 
 V NUMBKB XIT. 
 
 TO TBI lASL OF 0RELnt7RNl. 
 
 Ml I/mbi — A fepem, wMoh Km h^m prfnt«d fn tereiil 
 of the Britifth aad Now-Tork newipaport, at coming ft-oiu 
 fowr lordihip. in tntwer to on« from the doko of Richmond, 
 -«f th« 10th of Jnly last, oonUini exprMtlbm and opiniont 
 •0 new and lingular, and to enTelopod in myiiterioua rea«on« 
 iiigt that I addreis thlt pabUoation to too. for the pnrpouc 
 orgiTJng them a free and candid imimfnation. Xht apeech 
 thatlAllndetoiiinthfliewordiv "n i'-'~« 
 
 " Hii lordahiD laid, it had been mentioned in anotlier 
 plaoe^ that he had beerf guUtr of inconiiatencj. To clear 
 himielf of this, he aiMrted that he itill held the Mme 
 prinoiplet in respect to American independence which 
 he at nnt imbibed. He had been, and yet waa of opinion, 
 wheneTer the parliament of Great BriUln aoknowledgea that 
 point, the inii (^ England's g^onr ia lit forever. Sudi were 
 the lentimenta he pooeeis^ on a former day, and inch the 
 lentimenU he continaed to hold at thla hour. It was th^ 
 opinion of lord Chatham, i» well as many other able states- 
 men. Other noble lord^ however, think differently : and aa 
 the minority of the cabmet rapport them, he acquiesced in 
 the meaanre, dissenting frote the idea : and the point is set- 
 tled for bringing the ittatfer into the Ml disonssion of par- 
 liament where it will be candidly, fairly, and imparti4Uy 
 debated. Thn independehce of Ainerica would end in the 
 ndn of England ; and that a peace patched up with France, 
 Iwould give thatproud enemy the means of yet trampling on 
 this country.^ The son of En^and's glory he wished not to 
 tee set forever; he looked Ite a ipark al least to be left, 
 which might in time light us np to a new day. But if inde- 
 pendenoe was to be granted, if parliament deemed that 
 measure prudent he fiKreiaw, in his own mind, that England 
 was undone. He wld^d to Ood that he had been deputed 
 to oougrees, that ha wiAt plead the cause of that country 
 eiu as of thi% alia that he might aKercise whatever 
 
 .^1 
 
 
 f 
 
 ■ ! 
 
 ■ . »<■ 
 
 . 1 
 
 ! 
 . i 
 
 ^'- -h 
 
 TBTW 
 
 powers he posses^ as an orator, to sare both fi^m mln,^ 
 a conjiotion to oonigmsr tiiat, If th«ft iAdapeaodanoe wis 
 ngnod, tpeir Ubertifla w€i» gone Rffevet^ / 
 
 / 
 
 II ^\ 
 
,^ 
 
 •< FiM% Ilk lofftUiip ftddtd, WM ft aiii^M* <a^ 
 lji|Ml b« M hooorabb mmm, And not m hamilktiBjr on«, 
 dieUted hf FimiMM, or liMiiitod on bj Amarioa. •IIwmtwt 
 titi«, th«t this kingdom wm not in a BatuUi^AmMm^ It wat 
 impoTwrkbcd bj war. But it w% mn not rioBy t wm «H- 
 dmt thnt FnuuM wm poor. If w« wwt itnlitiiMd In our 
 llnAnoM, the mmaj w«r« «zbAatted in th«ir nitmnm. Tltig 
 VM ft gTMt ftinpire; It aboundod with brare mtm, who wer« 
 ftblft ftod willing to fight in ft oommon oftMft ; Um IftngUAiro 
 of hnmiUfttion ahoiild not, thflrafora. b« thft Inngiuura of 
 OfMtBritftin. Bi*Iofdi%iftid^tUtliftWMiioUM^ 
 SihftiiMd rf thoN M tJ umdiMM goi|# to Amftrioft. Ili^t 
 w«rt noabn grtnt nimib«n tli«<Mqi ww of tho Mmo 
 wftj of thinking, la ratpoot tothfttooiiAtrj botngdepandftnt 
 on thift,ftnd who, with hia lordihip, ponMlYod ro&i pnd Inde- 
 pandonoe linked togftthw." 
 
 TliM fftr the tpmdi ; on whioh I .ranfti^c-i-tliftt hii lord- 
 ■hip ift ft totftl atrftnger to the mind ftnd aentimeata of Ame- 
 rioft; thftt he hM wrftpped himaelf np in fond deloaion, that 
 •omcthing leaa thftn independanoe mer, onder hia ftdtfiinia- 
 trfttion, be aooepted ; ftna he wiahaahbnaelf aenttooongreai^ 
 lo proTe the moat eitrftordinftrr of ftll dootrinee, wUSi la, 
 thftt irndtprnidrniMf the aablimeat of ftU homftn oonditiona, ia 
 
 ^In ftnawar to which we mfty mj, thftt In order to know 
 w^t the oontrftiy word dfpmtdanm meena. we hftre onlr to 
 look bftok to thoM jeftTB o( aerere homOifttion. whan the 
 mildflai of all petitiona oonld obtain no other noM thftn the 
 hftnghtleat of ftUinanlta ; ftnd when thebeae termi of nnoon- 
 ditionftl iobmiaiion were damended, or ondlatingaiahftble de> 
 atmotion thr^tened. It ia notMng to na thatthe miniatrr 
 bftTO be9i ehanged, for the^ may ba changed' again. 11i<) 
 
 £ lilt of a goramment ia the crime of a whole oonntrr : and 
 e nation that can, though bat lor a moment, think and act 
 M England kM done, can nerer aftorwarda b# beUerad or 
 tmaled. There are caae| in whioh it ia m impoaalble to re- 
 atcvadinaoter tollfe,Mitiatoreoo?«r tibedead. Itiaa 
 nlianiz that can eipire but onea, and ftom whoM aahea there 
 fa no reaHixeolion. Soma oiffenoai an of anch a alight oonH~ 
 poaition, that ther reach no-fbrther than the temperi and are 
 creatod or ooradDT a thought Bntthatincf &iglandlua 
 e tmek the heart of Ame r ica, a n d aatw Iwi n^laftin nw 
 p(m«r to ai^ we can fbnd?«. 
 
 Tow WrU^ wiaiMftr M opiwrtan^to plead bcAM 
 
1«T 
 
 A 
 
 "xCri 
 
 1*1 Um oouitry. whi«li, fbr Hiorb tktit Mfw jisrt Ins 
 •ought <mr dtttraoUon, •hoakl now orixun to tolioU our pro- 
 iMtkm, b ttddloff tho wr«tohodii«« of dWnuM to tho mimrr 
 of diMpDointBMiit ; and If EngUnd hit tho UmI gjpmtk J^ 
 foppoMd honor loft, that tptjrk mutt bo darkened by aaking, 
 and «ztingiiiih«d hr rtodTing, tho ■nuOlait faror from 
 ABMrif ; for tho criminal who owei hia life to th« graoo and 
 wmm Hi tlM i]\jiifed, la more oeonted bj the U?ing, thtfl 
 
 nom juuF UHUiiupL 
 
 Bat a thooiMtffthi^tiiy, ^ 
 
 haT* no eAMt Honor, Intcreet, and erify Moaatlon o^ the 
 henrti would plead againat jon. We are a people who *M«lt 
 nol aa TOO think ; and what la eqaallj traoi too cannot feel 
 aa we feel The iltaation of the two ootmtrlea aio eioeed- 
 Inglj dUTerent Oora haa been the aeat of war ; jonra haf 
 aeen nothing of It The moat wanton deatmotion haa be«i 
 •ommitted m onr eight ; the moat inaolent barbaritj haa been 
 acted on our feelings. We can look roond and aee tho re- 
 maina of bomt and deatrojed honaaa, once the fair fralt of 
 hard indoatn^ and now the atriking monnmenta of Britiah 
 bmtalitj. We walk OTer the dead whom we lored. in ereij 
 part of America, and remember bj whom thej fell Thara 
 la acaroelj a Tillage but bringa to lijfo aome melaneholr 
 thought) and raminda na ot what we havte aafferod, and of 
 thbae we hare loat bj the inhamanitj of Britain. A thon- 
 MBd imagea arlae to na, which, from altnation, jon cannot 
 aee, and are aooompanied bj aa manj ideaa which jou can- 
 not know ; and therefore joor anppoeed ayatem oftleaaoning 
 wonM applj to nothing, and all jonr aspeotatioiia diatf 
 thamaaiTaa. . ■ .• ♦■.■.\ 
 
 The qnaatloB wlieChcr Eng^d ahall accede to the ind*» 
 pendance of America, and which toot lordahip aaja ia t^ 
 undergo a parllamentaiy diaonanon, ia ao Terr al|npl% 
 and oompoaed of ao few oaaei^ that It ioaioelr needaS 
 debate. . -t;.4 ■,. ; 
 
 It ia tiia onlf wax oil! of in tipeoil7« Mid hil^ 
 which haa no objedi and without which aoknowledgmeni 
 
 ihs wm q f OfMi Briiam wiB mt 
 
 there can be no peace. 
 Bat yonr lordahip a 
 
 , Mroantp aaya, t ^ __. 
 
 aaAmaiMr §ks aaknawUdgti ths indepmeUnoe rf Amerioek'^ 
 Whereas the metaphor would hare t>ton atrictlj jnat %ti 
 yn, lift Ihft jAA^siiol^ iMi^.cMh» ig«% JA h»iw% 
 
 '~\\ 
 
 
 '4&tk^ 
 
/ 
 
 BmtkB 
 
 oimld 
 
 BMi4«| §ad ftumlabii Amm^«m wiik 
 
 . , --t ii mm imk Amtnamt mj% 
 
 TmZ\kompmt»»who mB ^kmmtwm tn^khmm, 
 0im littto inlMVAl oooMqiuauM, UmI wImb AmmAm & goiMr 
 m ttaM Imt 9jm apoa tll«ni. tiMir m !■ mI, tkMr tMi ihiii^ 
 m mm% birt gid^ »l^t te •bMorttf, muI oi»ira«t lai^ 
 iailgiiiiMuitMteMaif WMAaMriB«|tt«,j*«giMii<iltb# 
 «ii|]Hk MMi IkifiMMi Mlj Imt dwwf In wdMafff la iim 
 mmm linnigvly •Itarwt, tluit thorn who ooM tboight w« 
 •0«ltf not Ihw wHhoot tlMB» am bow bvoaglit to d«akr» 
 tiuil tktf oo^boC oiiil wltkoot Iff Will lEvr tafl to tli« 
 inHd, 404 thAl from Uicir fliit nfaUalar of ililA* tbot 
 4»«W it tlMir ai in oil; thirt it ii by Imt fanporloiiot only 
 ^ItlMprmn Uv^aml bffwtho,«id lioTooMiigt Will 
 tbigr, wEp long ifaMO thrtolMMil to bHoc «• to tMr tm^ 
 wm t b wmh ru ot oofi» mm! own that wMiovt oa tlMnr ovo 
 Ao«oiiotl<»t Artthof bwxmioaoinmioliilodtodobotoon 
 ia ^q pWM l M oe , tbot tbej hovo kwt^ idoo of it thomMlTM. 
 •Ml MO Mlifaig to tbo roeka and roooBtalM of AmmUm to 
 oofw ttiely iadgpiiflooBoaf Or, if Amarieo if loat k It 
 
 sioBlj to Mb oiTfr it UlM o oUM ft»r ite fmtt^ nd inirito tbo 
 iMghlM o# tbo world bvdooloratloM <if dfamoot 8«o1t, 
 o MOM OQoalrttat Um ofVdiMt wobld bo to bMT il withoii^ 
 MB^IaiBt; oad to abow thot Engbnd, witboH Amarteo, 
 OMi OTMVTe her inda^danoe, and a aoitablo luOc with 
 ptlMrloraiMOBpowan. Too wan not oootantad wbilo roa 
 bod bar» and to wotp iar bar now la eblldfab. 
 ^Brt lord Sbolbono thiols aonotfaiiig mnr t«I bo dono. 
 Whal that mbmAIm ^ or bow¥i^toU 
 a mattar in obaeorify. By anna theio ia no hope. Tho 
 jamrianoo of wmAj alght Tann, with tho omniio of an 
 hnndrad niilUm iKMMda atwBng, and tho loM oAwo aii^ 
 innatpoaitiTeljdoddothatpohit Baaldaa,thoBri«iahhaTO 
 
 "vT" 
 
 LMl of il baa boan triad. Thaio la nd now aoaae loft ftTr 
 dalnalon: and tho ^naanda who bavo baan rained br ad* 
 '--'^lotbaMyaadhi^nofrto 
 
MM Um 4iMi1i Of A«fwliM ftMd Not »4kolK hM p«l Ml 
 iMl to aU AvUmt wiMUiioiM of eti. .... 
 
 . 1/ yoa <Mal /our tjM on Um p^pU ^ EiurlMMi, what hmyt 
 ^ey to outMwUi thuttiMlvM wltlt far th« ittilUgM MMiuiwi I 
 „Qi, wtiAl MMxiarAMintet U Ihor* leA to ooiili»a« tlifowiiig 
 Coud iiuMi«7 sA«r iMd t Anicrk* car oarry on tli« war (br 
 Un T«M« Umikw, aiul all Uia oliargM of guromiiMBil iBoladad, 
 totUm ' ' ' * ' ' ^ 
 
 
 joo «ui (liifra/ thm charg«i of war and forarn- 
 moil Ibr oaa jmr. And 1, who know both ooo«M«i» know 
 watLthal th« Mopk of Jjutrkt Mn affoiii to mt iKi^ 
 ^ of tha •mmmmmkkmm Umi Om ptopU^T Xii» 
 UDdoaflL B«Jde«.Uiath«Jb^owaaatatfl«aiidpropar^,lli^ 
 own riglklii Ubartiaa and goiranimenl« that tboj ara iabnd- 
 and wara Ibar not to do it, tliaT woold dMarto to loat 
 _, aad noM woold pit/ Uiam. ISa Caalt would ba tiidr 
 ffWn, Md tltiir piiiiiahm«nt JMt. & . t ^ 
 
 thoBHtiah arm J In America aar« not W W »« WV 
 illti. ' Thaj ei\jo/ an aa^ and Indol^mt lifa. Thaj UtHm 
 M tha foUr of ona eoontry and tha tpoila of anothar ; and, 
 batwam tbalr plondar and thair paj. maj go korna rkk. 
 Bat tha oaaa la very ditferani wi^ thie laboring AuniMr, tha 
 working tradeaman, and tha m^liltftoaa poor in England, 
 tha fwaat of whota brow got* ^t ikft» <i*7 *<> »•«» "» 
 prodigAUtT and iloth, tha army thai la robbing botjii ttMan 
 and oa. Bttno^ad from tlia are of that oooniry thai tnp- 
 portt than, and diitant from tha govarttment that ipnplofi 
 Uiem, th^ oaW^ oarra (or ihinmXrm^^Md th«r» li pQQ* 
 to oaU thMpa to aooonnL 
 
 rBol-Sn^bitfl wiU be ndxnd, M|I lord Shalbiini%JI 
 ^LmarioA Ifindapatdeolt ' 
 
 Th<n,'I liT, it England ilridh: rdfaM^ ibr AmvlM li 
 
 "ilraady independent: and if lord Bhelbunie will not allow 
 
 Hiia, ha lininediataly daniga the Jket which heinfon. Beiidea, 
 
 to make ypgl*"d tKe mere creature of America, ia paying 
 
 * loo great a oompliment to ni, and too little to himielf. 
 
 Bat the dedamtion ia a rhapaody of inooniUteDey. For 
 
 to ■ay, aa loid Shdborm baa nomberlcM timet takl, that the 
 
 irar againtt Ai»*r*^^ it niinoot,^and yet to contimie the 
 
 ' %veeeoatioik of that ruinoua war for the pmzpoep ofaToidinc 
 
 * • ' which cannot be nndeiitood, KiitherM 
 
 „. f i ■ it poeiilie to tte how the independence ^f AmmJm it to 
 ^ HiwsooiBplif^ the ndn of England afWthe war iaoircr^ ai^d 
 ^i_^^^ not affect it before. America caw»t be more* 
 
 ■2.^ 
 
 ^' 
 
i 
 
ia..- I 
 
 II* « 
 
 «Bt if btr, nor A jmlv «Mi^7 to iMT, k««dl» ihM Aft 
 
 tb^ at praMot : wlir then it rain to folWiHirS^ baMitalt 
 orthooMatiidnot&itheivontt AndlfnoliBtlio vonZ 
 whr if itfo follow at dll •«^»« u wn m «• woti% 
 
 ^L^S^JT/iH'^ Md joonomT ; but ninlir tbo true 
 !!?k^?^]I^^***?^'**»«''^ <*■»«• ©^•mlt.fooliih. 
 
 JBotJi «t P0iribl.th4t lord BheHmiM eu b« lerioiit in 
 
 Woring tS« the But •dT.nUgB oMi bftobtoiMd by MiM. 
 or that uy •dTutage eu be •qui ta th* azpeoM mmS 
 
 |jg«-«'*««»P^iH Wffl7otth.o«ptiu^nne^T 
 2««U^j;^ »>• tte iport of h<.p<S Mrf thTtlctim rf SS^ 
 
 S3f mSLfi"i!5^»/.'^^TV» p~»tao- w«« to moifc • 
 
 IndOluithunwuof thiiopbionl and Ibid mmuh^Zl 
 gjio babirf«l with . nfflta. of nwooTSd thJIK 
 
 ^^SL^:?* tt WM, £o flM^TSOBiitlBIMtUipOW^ 
 
 •BAncrio. •npportvO.t th^ will ■KrforShSJSvwS? 
 pwgliriiUBTor, until tho mioonditbninl Md nnooSiQ 
 
 Sj^jj^a-o^fAj^ ^«^i:?^a«^ 
 
 clf^A 
 
 
m 
 
 #.1 
 
 Iwd ShrflmnWrooifaig hifHS^aittit. twoold Uthj 
 •refttMt dkfraoa wf ooaU do than to olRnr it Sj^M 
 would apPMur ft wratoh indeed, al this time of dftj, tOMk or 
 owe Kiiy thing to the hoantj of America. Hee not the 
 ni^e ofEn^Ajabnai bkyti enough upon it, without inTcnt- 
 inir moietjiten Lneifer wonUTiooni to reigninheeTenby 
 pSmiwion, end ret en Kngliihmen cen oreep for onlj en 
 Sntrenoe into Amerioa. Qr,heee lendofUbertjio meny 
 oherme. thet to be e dooi^lmper in it it better then to be . 
 an^gUehminiiterof stetet ^ 
 
 Bat ifMoenthie expected eomelhin^ bet Or,if obteinfd, 
 whet een it emonnt to. bnt new diagreoee, oontentioni 
 and qaenelel' Hie people of Amerioe neve for Teere eoonft> _ 
 tomei ihemeelyee to. tmnk end ipeek eo fntfy end oon- 
 temptnonalT of ^lieh enthoritj, end the inyetereor ii to 
 deeply footed, thiS a peieon inreeted with env enthoritr 
 from thet oonntiy, end ettempting to ezeroiM it hera would 
 here the life of e toed nnder e herrow. They would look 
 on hfan ee en interloper, to whom their oompeaeion permit- 
 ted B leeidenoe. He wonld be no more then the Mungo of 
 « foroe ; end if he dieliked thet. hemnet let o£fl It wooldbe a 
 •tetion <4 degradation, debeeed by onr pity, and deepiaed bf | 
 our pride, end woold place England in a more contemptible 
 •itoation than any she has yet been in daring the war. We 
 have too bi^ an opinion of onraelyes, ever to think of yield* 
 ing again t£e least obedience to ontlandjili anthority ; and 
 iw athoosand reasons, Inland woiddpi the last oonntry 
 inihewofldtoyleldilkto. She hes bete traacherone, and 
 we knowit aar oharaoter is gone, and we haye seen the 
 
 ftaneraL 
 
 Barely sheloyee to fish in tronbled watery and dilnk the 
 cop of contention, or she woold not now thmk of mingling 
 her affairs iHth those of AiJierica. It woold be like a tool- 
 ish dotard teldng to hie arms the brid^ that despises him, or 
 whohasplijoed on his heed the ensigns of her du^gost. It is 
 kissing the hand that boxes his ears, and proposing to renew 
 the exchange, Hiethoa^^tisasseryileasihewariswioked, 
 and showithe last scene of the drama to be as inconsistent 
 
 » the first ^ 
 
 As Ameriea isj^e^ihe only act of manhood ia to M Am* 
 ^iK_ Tonr loidsh$ bad no hand/fai the separation, and yon 
 
 win gsin no honor by tenn 
 is something s o eie oo dingy 
 
 -politics. Besidee, there 
 ;al, n na t ea dy, and cye n 
 
m 
 
 
 ■* 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft*»4 <m T«»«S nSIS^ fad«oidont paople. ^e 
 
 :ip 
 
 #'" 
 
m 
 
 U 
 
 / 
 
 ^b% «• ftmnor miniitiT wm mtm* a^ltrrid; dww 
 
 which it hM beeft moan, trf o]dd^ and ddQiiv«r^l»B one went 
 ffroodilr into tlie pMiion otrtrmgp, tho othwiiito thotnbtl^ 
 ties of low contrivance ; till, between the crini«a«f boll; there 
 is icaroelj left a Baa in Am^ol^ be he wh% or toiy, who 
 ' doet not doepite oi detest the oon4act of Britain. 
 
 The managMiont of lord Shelbome, whatorer mar be hit 
 TiewB, ii a caution to ns, and moat be ti^ the worlds nerer 
 to re^tfd British aaenrancee. Aperfidjt6fM>to#nt|^iniiol, 
 be hS? It ftands evej in Ae pnblio papers of K eWToii^ 
 with the namei of GaAston anaJpil^bT •ffixtd to it It ia V 
 prodam^kii that the kinff of England ia not to be beUered i . 
 &st thelpirit of Wing & the goreming principle of the 
 miiUstry. JLt is hofdii^ np the character ef the honse oT^ 
 commons to pab^elni^yyand wamixigill men not to credit 
 them. Bach ate the OQnaeqnenoes wmeh lord Shelbnme't 
 management has bron|dit upon his conntrj. 
 
 Alter t^ anthoriiea d«eiarations contained in Oarleton 
 and OigbVa lettert jon ooght from erery motive of honor, 
 poUoT and pmdenoe, to hare nAfiUed them, whatever might 
 have bean the event It was the laast atonement that you 
 oonld posalbly make to America, and the greatest kindnen 
 ton ooMld do to yonzselves: for yon will live millions by a 
 genenOpeaoet and yon will loie •• miny bjr oontinniiig th« 
 ■war,- '■ J^-, ■ ■■-___ ■• '■ 
 
 p. 8. 13ie mannieript copy of this letter ii Mnt yonr lord- 
 ship, by the way of onr head-quarters, to New-Yorkindoft- 
 big a Ulie piunphlet of mine, addressed to the abbe Baynal, 
 wMoh win eerve to giye your lordship aomeideatf ih6pdii<* 
 dnlei and MOtimeatf <^ America. 
 
 ^^^ T as. 
 
 *'• 
 
 '^•■^ 
 
 •»-«. 
 
 **% 
 
 ■> 
 
 ■♦♦•■ 
 
 w 
 
 KUMBEB XV. 
 
 m- 
 
 ^ttm tiinfla that tried men'a 001^*^* are (vv«f*-*«ad the 
 greateit and oompleteat revolution the world ever knew, 
 gloriouily «nd hapi^y aooompliahed. 
 
 tfyMi>gB«li* Th>Orl#i»iatlii MT rt n i 
 
 ■■?*.r 
 
 ■ iP^-' 
 
m 
 
 ^a tnmniTSwmr to the tnt^mtj^^i^^SS^ 
 to receive it »reii oelimii hw the Swer 5 iS«S 
 
 hiirri^e thit il^iiU wJKlbrrinomeiit. we«& We^lS 
 • lUte rijther of Wonder .thwi enjo^t; wd IJmo 
 
 JL!r* ^ J** Pi**«»^ ^J lefleotioii end oomperiMn. end 
 thojrm«t^h*Teti«etoect,brf^ 
 
 lect 
 
 _Ji the prMQiit WMh^^Ee nra^ nuigiiltode of the ebjec 
 
 ttuwM end Mmplioeted dan^en we herelSfawd 6r 
 e^po^the eminenoe we now i£uid on, and the rut woJ^ 
 pect Wore iM, mwt aU oonipiiB to Impii. B. with^nC: 
 
 «.^J^ 5L^ our power to meke » world hatmy— to teedi 
 
 Jianfandthe Mt/bemg «>~to exhibit, on t&^SStrTrf 
 
 the muvene, e diarMrter hitherto iaifci)wn--wia to hev^ 
 
 ^A «;!!^ ' n«wcreetion intnuted to our Jumde, aie hbnora 
 ^toommwiditdecti^andc^ 
 
 mated, Jior too gratefoUj receired. ^^^ 
 
 «^«- S"!!!.?^ of reooUection— wjifle the ttdrm is 
 op«nng, and throng agitata mind Tibrating to a nat, let 
 
 erejy oomitiy (p^ape there ii not another in th^WoriS 
 rf America wneapondiwith^e duutmoer olT the rerolnSra! 
 
 ^uSkTSit p^Jisr *^'>^^«^ 
 
 abindofniffiant: Phmdi^ and rapine naidehe^iSL and- 
 >roppf«ri<m of milHoni made^hw ™S^ 
 
 taae a ^rwhidi ^ roae to empire. 
 
 ataipbywhidi she ro«> to empire. ^ "^ ""'^ «ie 
 
 Ihe ramembraniBo, then, of what it peat, if it opWatet 
 
 ■^ • . 
 
 id£sLj^w 
 
 AtS 
 
 oLi'siji^ii^&afe. 
 
 
m 
 
 woHa hM iein iMT gml in adif^iiCT. «8Kni«rfhut, wl^t 
 • thmuilit of 7ial<0iig» b«iraMli •lbo«m«Uttd difloumtt. 
 BrtftOy, lUkj jiwmdly» cnoooiMiag dli^rjiij i^ fWng in 
 KMhSoQ M th« ilom IneNMdL AUfili UjwUydMto 
 her, for bcr fortitade hM mwfMd Ae elutrMtar. M, a<a| 
 the worid tie that the e«a betr yruM wri t y : pad thai Mf 
 hontit Tiitat In time «f ptaoe, it equal to tM braTttt TiHnt 
 
 In tinit of 'War. 
 
 Bha Itnow dttoen^init to «lM aeiilt of gnl^ •■* dfr^ 
 fiietdctlBk K^i bentath the oyoratt thade of ditappotnt* 
 menty^ist to c^Jot In her own land) and under her own Tine, 
 tht twoet of her laboit, and the reward of her tolL— In thit 
 eitnation. may the aerer forget ttiat a fkir national repvta- 
 tionit «r at mneh importance at indep^enoe. That, it 
 pottetttt a eharm that wint npon the world, and maut 
 efea enemiea dviL— That it glret a dignity which k often 
 tpperior to power, and commandt rererenoe where pomp 
 
 and tplandflr iiiiL 
 It would be a droomttanoe erer to be lamented and tttviir 
 
 to be fbrgotlen, were a tingle blot^ from any oanae what* 
 cTer, loatied'to fiJl on a rerolntion, which to the Old of 
 time mnit be an honor to tho age that aceomj^yked it: 
 and wBoh hat contributed mora to enlighten Awwld, 
 and diflbae a tpirit of freedom and liber^tgr amoag man- 
 kind, than ant hmnan erent (if thit maj be calltd co^ that 
 ever preceded it> 
 
 m ■ 
 
 It.it not among the l^att of the ealamitiia of a iMig ma^" 
 tinnad war. thatlt nnhinget the mind ft^om thota ntoa ttn- 
 iationt which at other timet appear to amlabltu Tim aoii- 
 tinoS MBtacle <4^ wo blnnit the liner fedingk and l|e 
 necetiitj of beating wiih the tight, rendert It familiar. In 
 like manner, are manv of ^e moral obligaticfit of toelel^ . 
 weakentdt tul the. ondfenn of acting by necta^tsr beeomct 
 an apelogT, whsii it it larolj a orima. Yel let bnt a 
 nation conoeiye rlf^tlT of itt oharaoteri and H wiu be 
 chattebr jntt in i^otecting it Ncfne nerea^begnft^irith a 
 fairerihan Amtrioa,aadnimecanbatmdOTagt»S»oWgii^ 
 tion to i^reterva it * , \ • ^^ 
 
 . Tha Mbt which' Ameiiea hat eontraetad, omnpared with 
 tOie caatt tha haa gained, and the fdranti^cpf to flow from 
 it, ought to atc e ly to b » m e ntion e d sh e hat it in h e r choi*^ 
 
 lo.d«i,aadtoliYeathi»|.pjatthapl«ttQa» Ilia wvhM it i< 
 
 -^Z'" 
 
171 
 
 
 oomiiMrat, Mrpln h«r WBf^n, or oootrol ^r teMpt^ij. 
 rheHnipb ii oT«r, whtthMil on* day hAft happeiied, 
 and. porfiftpi, nerer o gJ l^ Vfe bagpened at a b«ttar tiii.«.« 
 And intlMMi oTf domirt^ng ttbler, the hag ffainedfan 
 otfy, whoM eze4|lM7 gkPiB«M» i"*! imifenal lib«nditjr, 
 have eitortod a confoHlin evni from her enamtca. 
 V • With the bloipiiica of poaoe, iBdependenoe. and an tini- 
 ▼eraal oommeroe, the aUtea, hidividaallj and o6llectiT6ly» 
 will hare lelanre and opportonitj to regnlate and eatab}i«h 
 their domaatio ooaipiia, and to pot it bejond Hie powei^ of 
 ealnmny to throw flie leaat reflectioi^oa thehr honftr. CO^ 
 acter ia mooh iaaier ^t than reeovtiid, and that man, if 
 anj iooh there be, who, froa liniater rieiln, or littleiieii of 
 
 • TiMt lk« mohriloBbtgimtllfotiMl iMfMoTtftM bMlfMtoifw 
 IMnrpoM, !■ ««flol«na7 prorwl bv tha •▼•nl— Bat Um grmi hbmt oa whioh 
 4km wM« MMhlM (unMd, k lh« Uni«m of tk§ 8imt»»; moA thC ■aUa wm 
 BAtantllj p ro to oejl bv th« loabilitT of M17 on* lUit* to «n»ort ludf anloil 
 MyfbrdfBMtaywfthoottlMaMbteiiMortiMrwt . ' •". 
 
 HadtlMsUlM MT^rallTbMn lfl« abl* than th^j. i»«ff» whie Ijk* ww bMUi. 
 tMrailsd ttoMgtb wvOA not Imto bora ooimI to tho wtelikiM, «nd Oiey 
 ^Mt tai nB boMa pr^UblUty havo fkiM.~Xiid, on tho othorhitad, hMl they 
 mfmtXtf boon Mro/ftblo, thoy micht not h*v« mm^ or, what to nofo, might 
 ■ot half fUt, tho iooaaity of nnltiiiff : and, oithor by attaaptfaig to itand 
 aloM, or la aMll ojbfbdaffadaa, wovldhaTrbaoB aapantaly eo n goarad. 
 ;M«iv, at wo «muM tm • «hM (and nany yaara moat paa awi^y boforo It 
 oaa arrlva) «||a th^afrangthof anr oaa atata, or aarofal anhad, oaa ba aqoal 
 to tho wholaw tho pr^t Unftod Stataa, and aa wo hara aaaa tha axtrama 
 difleo^y of ooOaotivaly ^taaaootlng tho war to a aaniiajfld Imm. and pro- 
 aarrlnff aar^aatlMal laporlaMO la tho worid. tharofora. flrMa.tha azparianoa 
 wahavohad,and tho.knowladM wo hafo galnad, wo araal, aalaai wa naka a 
 of wMofiB, ba alroB^/VqmoMd wllh tho adTaataf^ ^waO aa tha 
 
 oT ittoagthOBlag that happy aakm whIoh hm boS lor aalratioi. 
 
 •adwItboalwhIahwoahoaldhaWboaaaniteadpaoplai 7^ ^ 
 
 .,^""»"fL'^.'7*i'"f I!* ?**^ I oaatm^ayo oa tho pamphlat, Oovmoo 
 Sanaa, freai whiah I ahall aaka *a oxtraol, aa it osaody appQaa to tha oaaa^ 
 
 Itii 
 
 ^^'I ha^ aofw aal with a maa» dthar la Baglaad orAaatlaa, who hath 
 aotao nft — i d teaa Ua oplalon thata aeparatioQ batwoaa tha aoaatriaa woald 
 *aka phte oao timo or othor | and thara la no laataaoa la whlob Wa hava 
 Bhowa laoiJ«4giMnt, than la attdaarorlagio daaoriba, what wa oalL tho ripo- 
 mm^ mm. OftMaa ^ ^K^ ffl nfit flw fadapaadaaoa 
 
 ** Aa aB Ma alltw tho m eaa ar a . and dUbr ooIt la tbalr oolnlon «^ tl» 
 
 ' Aa a Ma aOtw tho m eaa ar a , and dUbr ooly la tbair oplnloa of tho 
 tioM. lot aa la aiite torMOva arfatakaa, tako a gonoral Borr^ af thtega. and 
 •adaafor, If p oa rt da, to tad oat tho wry «fc»a. Bat wo nead not to go ftf. 
 •^ *'^^i?T* ^ .***\*5 ^ *^ la»fomd wa. Tha genoral obnour, 
 laoea, tha porlaaa oakm of all thlnga proTo tha Ami. 
 
 ** It k MM in amabafa, bat ia a aidoo, that onr mat atraagth Dca. The cob- 
 -'^ • ' I l a wh i ah a o rinj^ eo l oay l a abi a 
 
 W Mart IImU; aad.tho whoio, whoa naltod, oaa aoMmplU tho iu^^ and 
 ^•^ -"--^ if IpiliiwilhK aright baiktal la Ito — -^^ ' 
 
 ^ 
 
 % 
 
m 
 
 ■ '•;\, 
 
 s-* 
 
 ,-.,-t ■ 
 
 liAiunN»%|w« it, «oiilHf# ft IKMoia 
 Pow<(4BmL 
 
 
 'k* 
 
 gmiL iteilt miMMi liit 
 
 " H will ii«T«| Wb% hb pov^ — ^ 
 
 A& wo hlH MUblUhod A»*^erltonoe for poiteril^, let 
 ibftt inhoritwioe 4<»cen4 with j l »i/^u >rk of »n honorable 
 
 V conveyance. The UVMii wiEi*oet, OQiDp*rod with the 
 worth of th0 itMM, th#|rreatn«M the opbt. and the vaIm 
 of national character, wiU be ifprditable exchan«p«. • -» 
 
 Bat that which 'moat iMore forciblj ttrlke a thooghtnil. 
 penetrating mind, and "Which inoludot and rondert eaay all 
 
 tfcferior ooneemi. ii the UnUm of ths Slates. On thia our 
 great nfttioMl cnaractor depenoa. Ifili thla which moj^ 
 jrive ni importanoe ftoroad and lecnrlty at home. It Hi 
 aroaffh thia only, tini i^e are, or cjan be nati<mallv knoWn^ 
 in the world ; it if the flag cf the United BUtea yfiich ren- 
 ders our i^ijjM and commerce safe on the leat, or in |k fotreipn j 
 port Our Mediterranean pMaee must beohtainid imder \. 
 file same ityle. All our trea^oa. whether of alUancegpeace i^ 
 or commerce, are formed nnder tne lovereigntj of the United 
 Btatei, and Europe knows ne^by no other nameToif title, j 
 
 The diTiiion of the empire into states is for onr owi^^qfO^] 
 Tcnience, bat abroad this distinction ceases. The affairi ofj 
 each sUte are local. They can go no Jtfth^ than to Hi 
 And were the whole worth of even, thf richei|t of iheitf ^ 
 pended in'reyenae,it would not besamoientt0iiapportsoy< ^ 
 
 - rrilgnty agdnst a foreign attack. , In shor^k we have no ' 
 other nitional sovereignty than «s Ukited SUtes. It would 
 even Jje fatal for us if we had— tpo expensire to b« mi^in* 
 tainod, and unpoiiible to be sap||Hr^d. Individuali^pr in-. 
 
 ' dividual itiitee, may call theduN^es what they please; but 
 the world, u^d especially the world of enemies, is not to be 
 held in awe by the whistling of a name. BoTereignty mutt 
 
 ^ have power to protect all the piirtsthat compose and <^npti- f ■ 
 ti^te it: and as uan^P atatss we are equal to the import* ' 
 ance of the title, bit otherwisewe are not Ourunion^weH 
 and wisely regolated |md cemented, is the cheapest way lyf 
 being great^-thd eaaiest way of beinff powemd, and the 
 
 ' barest hiTention in ffOTemment which the oiroumftancea v^, 
 of America ean admit of. Because it coUeoti from each 
 
 > state, that which, iby being inadequate, can be <^ no use to 
 
 - it, ani^. forms an agmgate that serves lor alL . 
 
 The btates of H^ind are an unfortunate instance of the 
 effects 01 individual sovefeignty. Their diijointfed cwiditiop 
 exposes 4hc<p. . to numerous intrigneflu losses, OfJainities and 
 
 ° ADoniei; ana, tHe almost impossibili^ of bringing their 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■)x%i-M'. 
 
 r^4 
 
m mm 
 
 to than, and would 1m to U|% tovrooof widlf mtafmniiia. 
 It If with ooiiiU«r«tod'ftiO« M with IndiTidMli in tooi- 
 
 •ty: ■omothiitf aiiiiftlleylildodvptomdkotbowholoiwnii^ 
 In thif Tiow of thing! wo jnfai hr whnt wo giTo, tad dnw 
 Ml onnwd laln«il grtntor ttnn tbo on|iHnL---I otwIM mj- 
 •alf hurt whon I hoor tho nnloni thnt grtot poUndinm of o(ir 
 Uboiityoadaofirtj, thokoatinw^iiNBttyfpoloBoi: Itiotho 
 moot Morad thfaig in tho oonotitiitl^i ti Amorian, and tliat 
 whioh oTorr mnn thimld bo OMMt tntmd tad tnd«r oH Oaf 
 dtinnihipin tho United 8tat« h an notioMa ohnraeter, 
 Onr oitiMDihip in mn J portieolor itoto ii only Mr kxsolditr 
 tinotion. Bjtho Uttir wo oio knowm at homo, bj the 
 fonnor to tho world. ' Our croot titlo !• Ambvcuvo— our in- 
 ferior ono Tarioi with tho plMA. 
 
 60 fnr M mj ondooTon oonld go, thej htmo oil been* dj- 
 roetod to oondlioto tho tffootioiv^ unite tho Intorarts, and 
 drow ond keep tho mind of tho oonntrj together; ond the 
 bettor to aieiit in thio foondotion work of Bio rorolation, I 
 hoTO AToided all plaoea of proilt or ofBoo, either In tho atate 
 I Uto in, or hi tho United Stotea ; kept mriilf at a diatonce 
 Dram aU partiea and paitf oonnajdona, and erran-diirogaided 
 aU priTato and inferior oonoema: and when loe tun into 
 ▼lew tho mat woi^ WUofa wo haTo gone thioogli, and feel, 
 aa wo ought to fbel, the jnat importnnoe of it, wo ahaU then 
 aeo, tiiat tho little wrangiinga and indeoent oontedUona of 
 penonal pailex, are aa dlahonorablo U^ oar oharaotan, at 
 thof am Iniarioaa to oar repnae. 
 
 It waa tno eaaae of America that made ma aa aathor. 
 Hio forpo with ifhieh it atniok mj mind, and the daageroiit 
 ooadition the ooontrj appeared to mo in, bj ooorting an 
 impooaiblo and an aanatoral reooneOiation with thoaa who 
 wove dfllermined/tD redaoo her, inatead of atrfldag oat into 
 the oalf lino that oonld oemeiit and laTo her. ▲ OMLiaATiov 
 m n m ar a wjMnj a. made it impooriblo for me, fbeUng aa I did, 
 to bo aOent: and it; la the ooarM of mora tium aofm Toan, 
 I hafa rendered her anY aerrioe, I hafa Ukawiaa added 
 aomethinir to tho ropntatton of litarataia^ br ftaely and dia- 
 in t a re a t e d lT canaloTing It in the groat caaao of maaklnd, 
 and ahowing that there maj be ganhia withovt proatitu- 
 ti<ni.' .^ . ■ ■ ". . ... - 
 
 Indapendendt dhfay i a pp ea r e d to l a a praotlcabk and 
 
 tte M 
 
 [ndapendi 
 proliabie; moHdad t&e nniimeoftof the oonntnr oonld U 
 funwd and h'sU to tfaaablOQt: aad there la no Liitancc in 
 
 f^the 
 
 #. ion 
 em 
 
 i -*■ 1 
 
 (■ 
 
t7f 
 
 ^^ tiim l« fwlWoi, i» b tht «Mt of Wep»dtBoj. M^ 
 
 * .» 
 
 But M the Menet of ww are o1om(L and oroiy mAn pre- 
 Pftrins tor homo •ad happior tinwi, I therefore t^<> niy 
 Wo Mtho Mit^oet I haro moat ■boereljr foUowod It from 
 V, bMiBning t* «M, and thrtmgh aU iU lurna^ winding! : 
 ^ »3 wUfowr ooimtiy I mayl«mfi«r ho 1%I *»U always 
 M an boQMt prido at tbo p*rt I haTO taken and aotod, and 
 
 » gratitado to nature and prorldonoe for pattlAg U In mj 
 power to ho of aom* ttW to mankind. 
 
 
 " >••■ 
 
 > \ 
 
 
 u 
 
 to TBI FKOPLS or AMIBIOA. »^ 
 
 far ^Blrfaigton^i Kow-Tork Gawlte;^ o^lj^eeemhtf li^il 
 a pnhlioatioii, imder the appearanoe ui a letter finom Lon- 
 don, dated Septomher 8<mi: and ia on a anhjoot whkii 
 demaada tiw attentkm of the United Statea. 
 
 The vnblio will rememher that a treaty of oommeroe h^-. 
 tweoi die United Stotea And EnglaadSmaet on foot U»t 
 ■pring, and that nntil the aaid treaty ooSIa be oompletod, a 
 bm w«a broodht into ike Briiiah parliMnent by the then 
 ohanoellor of^e ezoheqper. Ifr. Pitt, to admit and lesaliM 
 (aa the eaie ihen aeQurea) th^ oommeroe of the united 
 Btatflf Ib|o tha\ BdPm pora and dominions. But neither 
 the eno nor the otbtr haa beea completed. Ihe oommereial 
 treaty Is iithBr broken oir,wi>r remains ss it bsgan : and tho 
 biU m parliament has been thrown aiide. And in lien 
 thereof; a seliish system of English polities has started op, 
 ^]fffl^ft^ t4> fptt ^ *h« oominwww of America, by engroas' 
 ing to Enf^and the oarrying trade of tha Am s rli!i a n prodooe 
 to the Woit India ialaads. * ' 
 
%m 
 
 AuMMf 
 
 lOf^ SlMf. 
 
 r*« 
 
 field, ft m«mbir &f th» BritUh puUtmmt^ who hat |wblUh«d • 
 
 A p«unjphlot entitled ** ObMrrfttioM on thm Ooouneraf of Ui« 
 Atn«rio«ii BUUt.^' Tlio pAmpliliit liM two obJ|KUi ; tli« oii«) 
 la to alldro th« Americana to parohaia Briliah nUHufao* 
 turm : and the other to apirlt up tho Britkh parUa|iout to 
 pA>hibit the citUont of vm United Stataa from tildinjr to 
 [he Weat India Ulanda. 
 
 Viewed in thia light, thapamphlat, Ihooffh In ioma paria 
 daitaronalj written, ia an abaoroitjr. It omnda, in the varr 
 act of endeaToring to Ingratiate ; and hia lordahip aa a poll* 
 tioian, ongfat not to hara aoibrad the two objeota to tm^ 
 appeared together. The letter alladed to, oootaina eztracta 
 tkmk the pamphlet, with high enoominma on lord Sheffield, 
 for labocionalj endearoring (aa tho letter atjrloa it) "to 
 show the mightr adrantagea of retAinintf tho carmng tndtf.*^ 
 Binoe the paolioation of thia pamphlet in England, the 
 oommarco of the United Butea to the Weat Indiea, in 
 American Teiaela, haa been prohibitod ; and all intoroouraeu 
 axoept in Britiah bottoitii. the propertj of, and narigatea 
 uf Britiah anbjeota, ont o^ 
 
 Tliat a ooantrj haa a right to be aa foollah aa it pleaac 
 liaa bean proved bj tho praotioe of EngUnd for man j jea 
 Mat : in oar ialand aitnatioii, aaqneaterad from the work, 
 Jk» fomta that her whiapara are heard hj other national; 
 Ai^ in Ibar plana of politioa and comm^ro^ aha aaema not U 
 now, that dthar Totaa are naoaiaary beaidaa bar own 
 Ajkarioa would bo equallr aa fooliah aa Britain, were iho to^ 
 aoffar ao great a degradation on her flag, and aaoh a atroke 
 te tho fraodom of her oommaroa, to jpaia withoot a balance. 
 Wa admit the right of anj nation to prohibit the oom- 
 merea of another into ita own domhiionii i^ere thara are no 
 treatjea to the contrary ; but aa thia right Balonga to one 
 aide aa wall aa tba other, thoro ia alwaja a waj laft to bring 
 ararioa and (naoWnea to reaaon. -^ 
 
 Bnt tho gronnd 6f aeomritf which lord ShaAald haa ohoaaii 
 to araet hia policr iipop, ia of a natnra which oof^t, and I 
 think ^nit, awaKan. in erarr Amarioan. a Jnat and ptrang 
 Moaa df national' (Ucnitj. Xgvd Shaflield appean to bo 
 aenaibk^ that jn adri^ng the Britiah nation and parliament 
 td angr^ to themaalfipa ao great a part of the carrying 
 
 m^UOBmanr^ which ca"tR:»t" 
 
 aiocead. if the pblitio^ tiTo XRk&d 8tat« bo pn>parly 
 durectad t<f oonntaraet Iftb aianmpli^A. 
 
 ,> w 
 
 ^ hare 
 our 1 
 
 ' 
 
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 ndiUi«r Im Utfy to b« (mnd m nioh bj w**^ 
 A Wkil It UK mora or IfM thto to UU n^ that whH« wt 
 bftf* i#jMtioiiml fYtmn of ooaunaroe, the BtWah wlU goveni 
 our tra<»^b/ tiait ofim Uwa Btui prool#in«tioiii M tbjflf • 
 nlntrr T**'* qaotAtion dlMloMt * triith too ttrions t« «| ' 
 overlooM, Mid too mlMhief oui not to b« remaditd; ^r :^ 
 
 Among otbtf oiroamftMiott whlob led them to thb dl|| 
 eovW.^MM ooald o|^«rat« to effeotualljr m Uie madloioii|| 
 mi ^^ tytM Mid iodMffit oppoaition made bj niadrj p^raooi 
 itY MrtsUi •111% to the re(M>nimendatloD« of oongrvM Uft 
 wialtr, Ibr aii^ iaiport dat/ of Ato per o«nt It ooald not 
 bat apUia to the Britlih • WfakneM in tb« Mtloiua pow«r 
 of Amtrli^ii and enaonraffe tliam to attefanpt reitriotiona on 
 hor jlni4% wbioh oUiarwuiB they would not have darad to 
 basani Keither la there anj eUta In the union, wboea 
 polioT was more mttdirected to Ito intereat than the eUta ( 
 aUudw tO| becaoie bar prlnoipal topport ia the oarrrinff trad% 
 which Britain, induced bj the want of a well-oentredpowif 
 In the United iutea to protect and eeeure, ia now attempi- 
 iog to take awaj. It fortunately happened (and tonoitata 
 b the union more than the itato in (jueation) that the torma 
 of peaoa were agreed on before tb«i^ opDoaition apMared. 
 othcnHae, thera cannot ba a doubt, thkt if tbe lama Idea of 
 the ^i-ri^i^y^^ atotbority of America had booarrad to them # 
 at that time aa baa occurred to them linoe: but they would 
 hare mada the lame gnub at the fiaheriei^ aa tbflj baTa 
 done at the carrying trade," ^ _ , 1^ _• 
 
 Itia iurpriaing thai an aUttMOitty wWdh can ba rappofted 
 with eo much eaM, and lo llttla expeiiMk and capable of 
 «ioh esttenaire AdTantagee ^ the country, ehould be oaTilled 
 at by thoea whow du^ it ia to watch ojcr it and/wboea 
 ^iftenoa aa a pe(ypla depe^da upon it But thia, ierhape, 
 m prer be the cate^ tiU w^e miafortune awal^oni ua into 
 reaaon, and the instance now before ub is but a g^tle begin- 
 ning of wbat Aifnerica mu«t expect. unleM Aejjpiardalier 
 /onion with nicer care and etricter honor. Ui^tod, ■haia 
 f formidable, and that #iA the leaat PO«\ble diaifey •^J^ioa 
 can be aojaeparated, she ia a medley of indiyidujia nothing!, 
 
 aow^inwrea may — 
 
 •ubiJhet to the sport of fonign natiofia» 
 it tis y e r / p r obable that the ingenuity of 
 
 have foun/out a method to erada nd inpwi^^ ibten- 
 l^...s of th3 British, in intardictiiig m t*»da witb the West 
 
 N 
 
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 ihdr OMioaM w«U vMbniodI, llM ▼«Mlt oT <hm OMntrT 
 OMj, hj d9ot0Um, pMi for llMMior Mio<W. B«t Ihb wimia 
 k^AMdliM too d«bMiiif for »«im«i(ii p«ml«toat<Mm 
 lo»Mi4top|Mrc»llIf«t«Dollob«diMOMl«uai(Md. An iill4 
 Irsd^ umW mij aliAiM it mo Im pUotd, oaiUMt b« oarri^l 
 OB wltboot • jriol*Uoii of tomtli. Anorioft If now •OTtrDiirn 
 and indMmdmi, mi oti|^t to ooodM km afkin in a rtjgu. 
 kr i^lo of oftMnMtor. Blohoi tho«Bii||g|it tOMjtliAtno 
 BHtidi TMMl thftU oolv h«r porta, or Hmtiio Britidi manii. 
 ftoterat ihAU bo importid. Sat in AoMriona bottonia. tiio 
 
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 lMtto«iijthoMmo thinf foroootinf tlMWWlndiM. Or 
 
 ■k* Biny Ujn datj of t«, ifiUw, or tw«itT thillinim p«. 
 
 ta (oidadro of oOior dallM) on ovory Britiih TiMol o^W 
 
 fton M J Dort of tho ir«t Indioa, wtMroohoii not p«miUtod 
 
 to tTMl^ Om Mid loiiBtgw to eontlnoo M long on hir aida M 
 tlM probibltion oootlnaw on the otliir. 
 
 Bot it if onlj by toting in udon,, thnt tbo uomtlona of 
 
 flHvign nntioni on Iho fNodom of Irtdo o«n bo oonntonustod, 
 
 ■M ■tenritr ottondod to tho ooaunoroo of Amorfon. And 
 
 whio wt Tiow n iin^ wbioh to tbo ^t is bonntifol, nnd to 
 
 oontoinpUto its rlgMd origia insplrwnosnsnlionof rabUmo 
 
 doUghtf onr nstiootf bonir most oaito with oar intorwt t^ 
 
 fMfmt ii^ni^ to Ibo w^or iMai| |q tho othsr. 
 
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 Amao the inoliiUtiet by wiilob nations or indlTidnab 
 nroToln and irritate eaeh otber^Kr. Borke't pamphlet on 
 fiijl|Wchi«T<4iitioniaaneiAraordiBai7iiiataiioei KflHbir 
 the people of France, nor tl^e national aaMinblT, wwe 
 tronuing themielTfla abont the affain of Knglanif, or iha 
 En^^idi parliament; and why Mr. Boi^ ■hoiud eommene*^^- 
 an VBMofolced attack upon them, both in ^pailianMBt and 
 in pnbIio,ia a oondnot that cannot oe pardoned <m tfaeiMNre 
 of mannm, nor jnatified on that of polioy, 
 
 Ibite if narocly an epithet of abnie to be found in tlie 
 En|^ laoffnage^ with which Mr. Bmrke haa not loaded the 
 Frmh naoon and the national aMomblr. Etmj thing 
 whiioh ranoor, prqn^lce, iffnoranoe or knowledge eoold aog* 
 
 ~ in ue oqpioni tm of near fonr hnn* 
 
 13 
 
 aredpageiL Jb Um atrafai and on the pun Mr. Boike wii^ 
 writings he ndi^i haTe wrote on to aa many thoniand./ 
 Whea ttie toogae or^the iien la let looie in a phienay %i^ 
 
 phienay 
 paariont it ^ & num, uSk not the mbjeot that beopmei 
 
 BSthntolfr. Bmke haa been iniatakenand diiaj, 
 
 ^IIm onlniona he had fonned on the a£biri of Franoei b^l 
 
 ■noli ia the ingnni^ <tf hia lu^ or the maUgnis^ oC hli 
 
 deepair, thai d ftmiahea him witk new pretaieea to' go on. 
 
 - iMe waa a tinia whin it wip impoiiible to make Mr. 
 
 ^^laike beliere thiife wonld be any refohition in fVanoe. 
 
 Hia opinloii then waa, thai the French had neither iplrit to 
 
 ipport it; and now that thara 
 
 jm< 
 
 li epie^ heaeeka an etoape by oondenming it 
 
 ■.« 
 
 

 Kot niftoiflntlT oonteot wiih abiuiiig tli« nktkmAl MMtm 
 Wj, ft great p«rt of liJa work ii U^en iro wHh mhudng Dr 
 Price (one of the beet hearted men that fudat) jandthe two 
 •qdetiet in England, known bj the name of tiie Berolntion 
 and the Oonetitutional looietiea. • ^ 
 
 Dr. Price had preached a lennon on the 4th of Korem- 
 ber, t789, beimr the anniTenaiy of what ia eaUed in &- 
 
 a rerolittion, which took pkoe in 16884 Mr. BnSe 
 of thia lermon, aajt. " the poUtical diTine proceedi 
 jally to aMert, thai by the principlea ofthe r«yola- 
 wmf tifo people of England hare ioqoired three fimdamentd 
 '.tigatti ' ,jj, ___ __^- , .-. .. "^ 
 
 let, To d^ooae obt owtfgOTwmora. . ,. ^ ^^ 
 
 Sd, To oasmer them for miioondaet ^ f§v ' 
 
 - • M,' To frame a goT^Mment for onnetTea.'^ ^^ -^ V 
 V ,'Dr. Price doei not mj that the rightHip do ^aae fhiiuM 
 eoditi in thia or In that pmon. or in this or in thit deionp- 
 Hon of peraona, but that it ^ta in the whoU^i^t it fa a 
 iPmt rendent in the nation. Hr. Bnrke, op the oontrary. 
 d^ei that aoch a richt edali in the nation, either in whole 
 or "^ PM> or tnat it eriata any where; and whil is still 
 more abranga and marrelloni, he layi, that **, the people of 
 SnAlcnd utterly diadhdm inoh right, and thiit ttiey will 
 leiiit tl^ pHK^oal aiMTtion of it with their lirea atfd for^ 
 
 That men win take irb^arntal,. and fpend their Um 
 
 uea nai to maintain t|)gir riji^ti, but to maintain 
 
 have n9$ ri^ti,ii An entire new itoedei of dia. 
 
 foited to the paradozieal ge&itul of Ifir. Bnrke. - 
 _iod which llr. Bnrke takei to prota that the 
 '^E^land hare Jbomdi %hti, iiid Oat &oh rights 
 !pet m the nation, either ilk Irhole or in ptrt, or any 
 aU, ia of ihiB aame marveUooa ind Inonttraiie kind 
 ^, he haa already said ; for hia argnoliiati «re, that 
 ^ _^^_^ or the geiiOTation of peakm m wbom they did 
 edM, ai» dbad» and with th^ tho x%ht ia dead alio. To 
 mrn ttdf, be onote^ a dedantti<^ iik«dtf % ^Hament 
 ly^ Ml hpdrad yean ago. to Will^alkr a^ 
 worda: <<Tho lorda i^tul Mid teinporal, aad ^»^ 
 d% Jn tt|e name dT thejpeople afoi'6aiia---6noaidiiff 
 plr of Eni^and tlien Ey^ moiT hmnbhr imdltftttiimiiy 
 tf^nH diemadlTeB, their Aeirf and Jk»#^ iip xf&''--]^ 
 -A qnotea > dayeof i»nothjr artt?f parifiMnd^ 
 the ame reign, the terma of jMdt^ 1m sayt, *<biifd ns-^ 
 (meeidng the peopla of thai di^)H>v Aa4r« and oar pot- 
 
 ^ 
 
 y ■ 
 
■r.?**' 
 
 mt^^ Vim, tii«b ilJ«^ iiid |w<i^ A«^««l «#' 
 
 *i£^nik«'o<mildeff «• point •nfflcjiiiUrMUbU^ 
 
 Sier MEdadtt the rigHto? the nation fir eveffMnd m»t yet 
 fiontent with making luch declaration*, repeated ojer en* ; 
 o^ngto> ftirthi -Y., « that if the people oC EnjrUnd , 
 SoioISriiieh J^ right Wore the rerofution" (whiai h# • 
 id^^wlidMr to have hma the c~^'^* f'^'f^ ♦S^Si *' 
 bat thronghont Europe at an early period) « yet Aat the £kfr 
 Uth nad^ did, at the time of tfce revolntlon, moat •w«n|W 
 ; renoonee and ab^te it, for^^emt(^T«y»d /<w» aUthmt^^ 
 
 Tiii hwrid prineiplei (if it !• not a profanation to oaU ^em 
 
 SrZiMneofprincip^ 
 bJt^t^e Frenc£ revolntU 5^^ 
 
 ehai«ei lhatan|oit,mnminated ^^9^^*H^l£r^ 
 • »^SSwith the ^ithet of f^«i3W»,t ihaU,^ «^^ 
 
 plaoe another ^rtem ofpriw^pl* 5Ji^??i**?^{S«^-i.l«W 
 The EwtfiA pMliam^ 
 \ for theSSrei and th«|ir6onrtltn«njaH tl^y had^ » V«HJ*. 
 do, and whioh appiM right ehonld be doiw; but, ia na- 
 tion to fliisrighfJ^ifhioh^poiMeifed by ddegftl«f,M^ 
 --tmoihst' rSikiiyMnmSpiot^ that ill binding and control- 
 miteritrtotheendoftinM. i:fieQMe,iherefoie,dividee 
 itifflrintatwopartij theriiJitirfiiiAtheyp^^^ 
 iratioB, Hud Omj right which they aet up by MroinpUpn. Tb0^ 
 ISto idmitted •b«t^**» wipect to the ^nd, I teply :— 
 There never did, nor never oa%dl^ • parbtment, or toy 
 dfltdtetion of men, or Any generation of jsen, jp toy oonn- 
 trv/wMe«ed of the rigfalor the power of bmding. or «^ 
 tioifigrloSerity to the « end 4>f time,'* or of oommtoffl^ * 
 for wor how Aewwld^htUbe^ governed, or who ihaU 
 govemH; tod therrfoire »ll auch clanwi^ ActiL or JeGly%. 
 SoDa, by whidi the mnkera of them ajttempt todb what thif' - 
 Save neither the r^t nor <iiepo#ertod<^,northep<ywar 
 to^iBonte, «ro in themMlves nnlf tod void. Every age aial 
 genortklion mnat be M fire^Jio afe^^ , 
 
 flie toei and ge6ArtftM)ni which preceded it The vanity 
 and S«inmptia» of govendM boyond the^ 
 ridi<mloiii tod inaotent of all tyrannies, Hjm baa na pro- 
 pertyinman; neither has anTgenewtiou h Piupisrty in to* 
 g^i^nitioBa whi«& are to foUow. The |firliMi€ttt or the 
 
 
 ■>1 
 
 N 
 
 - '%. 
 
N, 
 
 '■»»■ ■ 
 
 aw afji0 I«opl« of tho pr«ient daj. or to bfafor to 
 •ontrol then jn any «A^ «MJ«Mr, tbtfi tW|NirU«m«it or 
 Ihe pwp^o of th« prtwont dsjliftve to diM»S« of, bind or 
 
 TiMj Imicd. Every ireneratiiNi Js wad mott b« oorapetent 
 
 UWn|fwidnotditdo^,thatawtob«sooomiSodmted. When 
 iBMi MM«i to be, hit powerimd hit wuiti ceMe with him^ 
 
 5S: i!25*v'^J^*«^t*"^ P^tidpetioii in the oonecnit o/ 
 SriiTn^ ^ ^ ***«* f*^ •■thority in dfreoting who 
 
 w.ij'lIL'^ oi»l»iiding for, nor egdna^ ftny ibm of g«yr«m 
 Mtnorfoijior^jniM That 
 
 Jrtii^mwbole nation diooMt to do» ii hea • right to do. 
 ' Mr. Bi^ denial it Wh«re then d^ the i%htW ? I 
 ^ {S*''*^^'****'*'^*^' the iMitiv and^^aS^^ 
 •M?1L!!2!L!r'y» •"4 oonMled and oontrneted ftv, by 
 ^ in«iiaeifot^jiai««^ 
 
 SSS ^.^22^ 5r SfSl^'^^ the daai «r« the 
 as? JSlif^J^ *** "^- Thew Waa a lime when 
 
 bjWijf^ : bnt the |»a^^ 
 
 SrSf^JjS!?J?!ir ^J^^^ nopawntS maater, nor 
 l£j?«J»^^ ^lR!?i*?«*» oniniWont aa it haa eiUed 
 }S&5?°i^^ «• o^tool thepenonal fieedom eren of an 
 S2lS^ ^?!L?* •(?/ *^«y-<»e yeaia: on what 
 groond of ri(?it then oonld the parKament of 1^88, or any 
 otb«rpariiani5nt,bindaIlpoat«a5jbreTert "^"^r^ 
 .J£f? TJt^^* ^'******^ Ae world, and thoae who ai« not 
 ^^L^i^Jt^ ^"^ from eaeh other aa the nlmoet 
 
 ^%ati«th<» <»n eiSrt between them, what rde or 1^^ 
 geoan be Wddoira, that two nonentitiea, the one 5iitor 
 «i*ten^aad the other not in, vad who nerer oan meet in 
 ^i^g yi, that the oim ilkHiM 
 
 
 In lojipand, it k laid that men^ ean^ 
 
/fj" 
 
 .:t- 
 
 .1. ;! 
 
 IS 
 
 ■ r . ■ 
 
 iU VodMft ^ A« ftoph wMioMt ikth Doant*, but wk« 
 
 AQtboriMd, Atti who oottM MitboriM the iwrUameiit of 1688 
 
 (0 oonftral and tnkt Alray Hie ftwidoni of pMUrity, »nd lindt 
 
 tnd oonAiw their right cf acting in certain aaaca for ever. . 
 
 who were^noi in eximnce to give or withhold their content I 
 
 A greaiker abanrdity cannot proeent itMlf to the nndoi^ 
 
 lUnduig of man, than what Mr. Burke offers to liii rcadera. 
 
 He tells them, and be teUa the world to como, that a <*rtain 
 
 'body of mn who ^teiittd a hundred years ago, made a law, 
 
 * and that tha« does not now exist in the nation, nor nerer 
 
 will, nor neter can, « power to alter it Under how many 
 
 - i^btletiea, <* abanrditiea, has the divine riglit to govern been 
 impesed on <£e credulity of nianJdnd: Mr. Barke has dia- 
 «overed a new one, and he hap sltortened his ioomj^ to 
 Bomej by appealing to. the power of this infaUiblo parU»> 
 
 7 nient of fonner days; and he produces what it has done aa . 
 ' ^f divine authority ; for that p<>wcr most be certainly more 
 -than humaa, whicn no human power to the end of time can 
 
 ' . alter* <^' 
 
 But Mr. Bnike has done some lerviee. not to his cause, 
 
 but to hia oonntry, hj bringing ^loae clauses into publif 
 
 Tiew. They serve to demonstrate |iow necessary it is at aU 
 
 times to Mratoh against the attempted encroachment of 
 
 -ijower, and to prevent its rumung ,to ezceiis. It ja some- 
 . what extraordinary that the of eneelbr which Jamef II. wa» 
 expelled, that of setting up power by 4tiw»mp<wf», should 
 be re-acted under another shape and fdrm^ bT theparliauMkit 
 «that expelled him. It shows that the rights of «an wevft 
 but imperffetly understood at the^revolnUon ; for certain iC 
 is that the rii^t which that parliainent flfi up by 0»nmfkm * 
 (for by d^legatidn it had not, aaKcould not have it, because 
 none could give it) over the peiWiis and freedom of posterity 
 for ever, was of tiie same tyrannical unfounded kind whidi 
 
 \ James atlsmpted 1^ eet up oyer the parliament »nd tha . 
 nation, and for which he was expelled* ' , \ , „ . ^' 
 The oiJy differance is, (for in principle tbey 4iffer not) 
 
 , that the one was an usurper over thd living, and thepther 
 
 ' over tibe unborn ; and as me one has no better authority .to 
 
 - stand upon than the jiythe^ both of them must be oqfually ^ 
 nuIlaaaT<^ly and of nddfeot' ^ , * 
 
 ' From what or whence, doea Mr. Burke prove the rijgfat of - 
 bti# t» pnwflr to hind porteri^ fbr evert He baa pr» 
 
 any human power to oma poawniy ror cvbti av umm 
 
 duced his eUuaes; but he must produoe also hia proo& 
 such a ikhteadaled. and show bow U existed. Hit 
 
 ^ 
 
 at 
 
 
 
10 
 
 tsiil«i. It ami BOW «iiit{ fcr wIuiWtw •ppcrtdM Id i]i« 
 ii*tw« of man, OMmol b0 annihiUtod bj num. It it th. 
 nature of man to die, And ^ will continno to dio m lonir •■ 
 . he oonttnuM to bo bora. Bat Mr. Un^ hat aet up a aort 
 of political Adam, in whom all poatorit/ikro bound for or or' 
 be muat therefore prove that Lie Adam poMwaed aucb a 
 
 ^ 
 
 ) 
 
 pro 
 
 power or iiioh a right 
 
 Tlie weaker anj cord ia, the le« ft will bear to be •tretdiocL 
 and the woTM b the poDoy to ttreteli it, nnleta it ia intendo<i 
 to br^ it Had a penon contemplated the overthrow of 
 Mr. Burke a po^Uona, he woold hare proceeded aa Mr. 
 Harke liaa done. He woold have magnifled the aiithoriti«r 
 on porpoae to hare oaUed the rioM of them into qncation^ 
 and the inatant the qneation of rfght waa atarted, the autho! 
 ntiea mnat hare been given np. 
 
 •k'! I]?!"*"*!.**?* • ^«7 •«•" glMC* ot thought to perceive, 
 3 Miftt Although lawa made in one generaUon often continue 
 J In foroe through iucoeedhMp generationa, vet thej continue - 
 S to derive their force fW)m the conaent of the Mvini. A law 
 
 ■on*pe^ed oontiimM in force, not becanae it Mimot be 
 
 wpealed, but becauae it MiM< repealed; and theaon-iepeal- 
 . inflrpaaaea for eonaant ^ *^ 
 
 *iJ?"S ^' ®"3tf* *'^°** hav^not even thia qualifloati<m in 
 
 Im^^Slf '^^^^J'*^ ^'^""'^ **y itttempang to become 
 immortal. "Ihe nature of them precludea conaent Thev 
 
 f !55^SfJ!?5.* "'^^^ ^•^ mdghih^r^ by grounding it oi 
 t^l Z^^^l^TS^ '^^•- I«»n»ortal poweriTnot a 
 hjmali right, and therefore cannot be a right of parUament 
 pie pariianient of 1688 mi^ht aa weU have paaa^ act to 
 
 auAority live for ever. All, therefore^ that can be aJd 
 wri* S?*l*^*^ T * formaUty of HWda, of aa much 
 ^^!^*i^ JT" '^^o,''^ ]>««n ^ »ddreaaed a con- 
 
 Mi^mi^, had aaid, O r parliament, Uve for ever I ^ ' 
 The drwimatancea of Ihe world are continnaUy chamrinff. 
 
 5./fKS*^^!^^ .""^^i?' *• ^^^ ft ^ theTiving oiily 
 ^d^^^^^^in^^ ^^"^l^ thon^rigia 
 S^aI^^J^T^^^^^^ anoSSmr.- la audi oaM, iISo°« 
 
 iving,o r $hcaeadt 
 m nil ' ' 
 
 M ^oat otteJBujidred pagea of Mr. BmWa book are 
 nploy^ upoD th'^ie <sl*iiaei» it wiU cMuwquAiily IbllowL 
 
 .^ 
 
-dT •• 
 
 mau 
 
 11 
 
 
 thrt If tib» «!•»••• Ili«iiidv«i, to ikr M An tet up Ml 
 \,mnfif murwtd, dominion oTor Boiterity for ev«r, ftPi 
 ISJXriuS^nd' In their nmluw null Mi4 jold, t!i«t »U 
 hi« yolmninoiM infofencei v>*l <i«ci«ination dimwn there- ■ 
 fn»m, or fonnded thereon, arc null »nd roid »Uo : and on 
 tliii irroand I reet tlie in«tter. ' « . * « 
 
 'We now flpme more pertiouUrly to the •(falri of Frwice. 
 Mr BurWi book hat the •f)pe«rq,nc5e of being written m In- 
 liruction to the French nation \ bat if I may permit myielf the , 
 Bui^ of an extravagant meUphor, •uit«^ to tha oxtravaganoa 
 -of the eaM, It U darkneM attempting to iUnq||M^ Ugo*- 
 
 While I am writing thii» there ia accidentilly before ma 
 >iome propoiaU for a declaration of righta by tbe marauia da 
 ^ Fayette (I aak hii pardon for nting hii former addm% 
 and (io It only for dlitinction'i take) to the naUonal aMemblj 
 1/ on the nth of Jnly, 17^9, three dayt before the t^«^« 
 • the Baftile: and I cannot but be ttmck how opjpotlte tha 
 '•onrcea ar^'from which that gentleman and Mr. Unrfca 
 % draw their prlnciplea. Inatead of referring to ttinaty recorda 
 and monldy parchmenta, to prove that thj righta of^ the 
 living ara loat, "renounced and abdicated for over by 
 thoM'who are now no more, aa Mr. Bnrke haa done, M. da 
 J, Fayetla appli«i ta the liviwL^ world, and emphatically 
 . lavi, "Call to mind the aentimenta which nature haa en- 
 .inived in the heart of every citiaen, and which take a new 
 force when they are aolemnly recognized by fUjfor a na^ 
 tion to loTO Uberty,it ia lufflcient that ahejmo^ it ; and 
 to be free itia aufflclent that she wUla iV* How dry, 
 
 barren and obtcure,ia the ^'^^J^'^^'^^^^^'^J^^J^ 
 
 boia ; and how ineffecttial, though ^belliahed with now^ 
 
 ^ ia aU hit declamation and hia argument^ compared Witn 
 
 these dear, conpi«> and aonl-animatmg teptimaito : few and 
 
 short aa they are, th.ey lead on to a /wt fl^ld of g^*^ 
 
 7n^ manly ikJring, Jnd do not flniah, like Mr. BurEe»» 
 
 periods, With music in the ear and nothing in the heart. 
 
 AsThave introduced the mention, of M. de la Fayetta, 1 
 
 r mm take the Uberty of adding an anecdote respecting ha 
 
 ^ faiwreU addwsa to Ijie congress of America ml 783, and 
 
 which occu^ fresh to my mind when I saw Mr. Burkes 
 
 thundering attack on the French revolution.---M. de la 
 
 FaYette^mnt to America lit an early penod of the war, and 
 
 oontlnaed a volunteer in her service to the en^' ms con- 
 
 duct tiiroo«h<mt the whole of that enterarise 18 one ^ the most 
 
 nS^^^nSy tbat#a to4?afouiid in tfie hJiK]^ of * j<«>i»g 
 
^"■"^i 
 
 dmrt«i«» h« prwmtod hiniMlf lo ooammLtm mOoiii. 
 
 M«,iiiMrtfeMd hiniMlf ia tiMM wifdi: ** Mm 4JU$ arm* 
 
 ^^^ ^<^P^^^^*^2Ppmi$dr Whm this AddnsM 
 {MM to IkthMidior JDr.rmiiklin,wlio wmUoi ia Inibcii. 
 ft^pplM 16 b(Mui|.y«g«MMt to liav* it iBMrtod ialhi! 
 J5l*^^ gMitto, but Dsirvr oosld obteiii kit ooMMit The 
 met w«ty tiMt eoiiQt TergoBBMVw an arittooralie dtipoL 
 ? ****? V*^ dwidtd Um «zMnpl« of tli« Amirioaii mSo!' 
 tfon in Franoo; M oartain otW pmona now draad tha 
 axanpla ii^ tlia Fraaek rovolatioa in Em^ad: and Mr 
 ^Mt tribato <^th^Jm In IbJ. UgC^^S;;.^ ba oon: 
 iWrtjd) fuat pamlW wfUi ooont Van|«in«» lafa^ Bat 
 m rttara mora pattioaiarlj tohii wcdb . 
 
 "Sr V;« •««(••/• Mr, B«»kaV tha Frvioh rabal agabiil 
 • mm and lawftil monarch, with more AuT) ootrace aiid 
 towlt, than anr paop)a hat baen known to raka •misu^ 
 tba fltoil Ul«gal nniiper, or tha matt ■aagninarj trwSt^-f. 
 nk ii<Mia a?Bdn(|a tkjMiMad other initanoti, in wfakshM^. 
 
 llwMnot againit Look XVI. bat agalirt tka 4enotla^ 
 
 E™"'*'?? *7,^,«'*''*'™*^ *^ *^ n*ti6n rarStad,"^ 
 f^f>Mp|<f kad not tkdr oriisin in kin^ kat in the 
 •lynil artakUekmcnt, manToeatariei kack; and tbar wara 
 kaeoiiia too deaplj rooted to ba ramoTed, and tka Anaean 
 mla of parasltei and plaadaren too aboBilnabhf filthy to^ 
 ba MWaiMd, by anj tking ikort of oomplata and^Tanaf- 
 layolation* ■ „ ■ 
 
 -i.^'S^ i* keebmei aaeelMij to da a ^ing, «ka wki^akeailr 
 ■TOBld Jdn in tke meamira, or it ihonld not ba attomptad. 
 |kAt oUt WM tkan arrirad, and tkaia innainad noohoica 
 j|ii to •ctirit k daH w rm ina d ▼jgor. orn a t to act at elL U te— 
 
 ■*-t- 
 
 ■»% «18 kBO#li to ba te friend of tka nation, and tkit oir> 
 BM If ii tiia ityla of an aMUirtaldag^ arar pwiinil a 
 

 11 
 
 SrL I^Sr lTCM»t IdM of fr»MM. Bttl1iM|lM^0l 
 
 l^"^aMMr«kj w«« dliliaAl And topmlt UiiWi m^ 
 
 -LiZJSS^ 99mm or prteclplm of tb« foniwr, tb»t th* 
 
 TolftSBliiniiir iiid thn rt-^-^'*- *-- ^— " "'^'^ ^ , 
 
 Mf Biwlw <lo«i not Otond lo thk dUUnotloii h«tmM^ men 
 
 {j^y^ H p^ NP^iB^ ^« d«ipo(l«ii of th« Uttor, whiki 
 
 Momm II WM nol tho itwplto of o rfigii thot would 
 MlidV FtWMso. oallghloiHKl M iho wti th«i boo<wifc A 
 ^--ttil dlioomtiBunoo of tho vraciiM oi dofpotliiii, to not • 
 XMHiftiMMOo of iUprinaMM; tho formor dopondt on tho 
 TirtuTrf tho ^diirkNal who to la ImmodUte poow«d^ 
 tho vowmt tho l»ttor, on tho Wiue and fortitttdo of tho 
 mtLtiSL I» tho CMO of Oharlio L ond Joniot IL of EngUnd, 
 Si iwolt WM ogoinat tho portonol datpottom of tho mon j 
 ^rkitm in Fraaoo, it wm ogoliift tho horoditary d«q»otto m 
 of tho ortobltohod gorornment But mon who <»«»«»««» 
 orm tho fklito i^ poiterlty for oror on tho onthoritr of o 
 
 iuXSvSSn^ntioii. Itt^eilnoilAltooirMtforaiolf 
 jhm to «K]doi«, oBd pnMoodo with o mig^UBOM of lOMott 
 
 ^^Lt thoM MO nuBiT poliiti of Tiow in whloh thlt ff^oii^ 
 lion muflio ooBikioiod. Whon d«ipottom hot wUbltohod 
 itMlf fot icot fai » oonatiT, to in Franoo. it it not in tho por- 
 •on of th^UAff only thot it rwidoo. It hot the oppoonnoo 
 of bfinff §6 in ihow, ond in nominol onthority ; but it to not 
 ■o Swmotk», and in foot. It baa its lUndofd orenr where. 
 . ifiiroflloo ond deportment hot itodetpoUsm^foimdod npon 
 eo^ and ntogo. Every plooe hot its BottHe, ftnd eveij 
 BMtil^iti deqwt The originol hereditoiy deoMtom re*- 
 dent in^ p«Soii of the kinK. divi^ md wbjdlridoi itwlf 
 Into 1 tKfin r^^ 'i*^**^ ^"^ ^rm^ tJtt oi lort the whole of xi 
 
 
 to oetiA W doptttat&Q.— -Thto wm the omo in Fmaoo : and 
 1 aiilaft vw ipoeioo of deipotismt prooeoibff on throngh on^^ 
 
li 
 
 llb«#foio 
 
 •# 
 
 tf"*-^ .r::^ .!'rr» * i-«ii xrtftwr: 
 
 Wnm, 
 
 i 
 
 M6gM tt onitht toftel for S. right , tj^-i j irrfniil rfuji! 
 
 
Thiit mvpb nr 
 r«v*tiitlt«. I 
 I know 
 
 lib 
 
 ilarWt Uii|ri»f«, ll conthluaUy 
 
 to oih«r o«MMid«mioiit. m 
 
 » Ottilia Poliil.iM>-Poiiit ; ijiiVM 
 
 the •liof% |»T ttnd flowtry ii 1^ 
 
 *t » dliUMiiM tt Wd ; «n4 wiMUt yoo h*v« got tj «kr •• Tom 
 
 llPJ" 
 
 and 
 
 ««( 
 
 e»ii fto» Ultra U no Doinl »l »U. JuM Uiaftji^ wHb Mr. 
 
 difioolt to raply to him. ,m% m tho polate tbat ho WMMt 
 to ttti MJ^K moy b« Uiferrtd from irli*t ho abait% n it 11^ 
 kit poradoiM l£^i wo ni««l look for tiia Mrguinoalt. ^ 
 
 Alto Um UmIo pointiiigo hy which Mr. BvuAm »• •^ • 
 rtgod hit owtt Ewkilnifctlon, and t^ilui !• work upon thai if 
 hit iMden, thiy tro rory woU ciUcoUtAd for thooWoal f^J 
 •enUCion, whoro fsoti aro manttlkoturtd for tho mMM «f 
 •liow, Md aooomiaodatwl U^ P WjiMfc ^"!^ J»\^ * ?' 
 or •fmpathj, ft woooing oMpPil Mf. Burl* ihojM 
 fooofloct that ho U writing hlrtorr, and iiot |>Ioy# ; and tha 
 
 his rmdv will expoot tmth, and no4 tho apontlag ruti « 
 hiffbtonod doohunaaon. .... . , .,,_ 
 
 When wo ••■ a man dramatloall/ lamontlng in ft jwbUoft- 
 Uon intondod to bo boUofwl, that "* Thsa^of emvakf U 
 gtmr that ^ tAs aUny qf JRm*p* *• tatim^M /fr49tr T 
 that " iAs mkfUffM i/roM qf Uf* (if any ono know^ whit It 
 ia,)M. ckmp d^mc^j/nafums^ths 'TT^.t^!^.^ 
 mmtmdkmrmoiMmrmrmtsffonsr And aU thia bMSOM 
 thoQaizoCio ago of ohirftMo nonienM U gono, what y»piBkNi 
 can wo form of hia indgmMit, or what roffard can wj pftj lo 
 hit fb«bt In the rhapwidir of hit imftginfttioo, ho hoa dift- 
 oortwd ft worldof wiiidminft,ftnd hliionrowt ftro, flutt tbttw 
 
 ftio iioQia«ol« to ftttftok thorn. But tf tho «Cf^f v^ 
 toorftOT, liko thftt of ohlTftlir, thonld fkll, ftnd thd(r b^ 
 origliiiiny lomo ooimoihp, Mr. Burko, the tnnnpMer of Aj 
 of&Tmfty oontfarao hii jmroAj to the end. fnd fi^ "^m 
 wAJoj^^^-^ OthdUft ootfUf^ ^^^ 
 
 Notwit&tftiiding Mr. Bnrte'a horrid paintiiigi, whm ih9^ 
 Fienoh ipyolatJonU oompftred with thftt of o thor owuyjg^ 
 thf h fM mf ^y»*"^ »<ii 1m», that it it mtarked with to fow ' — 
 
 ftooi; Imt thia ftttoniahipont will ooftto when we rdUci that 
 it waa pFimMm^^M not p«tMn$, that were the modltfttoU 
 
 objoctftof dftMtmotion. The mind of the nation wat 
 
 'w-vmm' 
 
 t.t: 
 
 ftctod 
 

 ». 
 
 ^, 
 

 ¥ 
 
 M 
 
 
 OV MAV. 
 
 m ha Itttradm it la a aort of obHeoro qontiVn, and uk»-.'* \mraf'mia! 
 latera vN ooar aarra radi •.Ungwitli bat JT daoeni appeannoa of nspect. 
 floMy obay tha ord^f akOMTwhom but tha other aJTlnWa SoSf thJf 
 
 ^ghafadter Itt tha ftaneh gnarda who aariiradln dawoUritini 
 
 ^^■^f■ 
 
 jgyb y a hiffhcr iHiiiiiliii than what tha <ionMmdin of 
 panooa oonld iiin»ir«, and ■ongfai a higher oonqnert than 
 oouM b«jpodaooa bj the downAUl of an enemy.-Amonff 
 the ftw who foD, there do not appear to be any that were 
 iatc^tionallj dngled out They all of them had their fate 
 In tho oironniatanoea of the moment, and were not pnriHed 
 with that long, oold-blooded, unabated revenire whiolr nur 
 fnod the nnfortnnate Scotch, in tho affair of 1745 ^ 
 
 Throujrii tho whole of |lr. Burke'e book I do not obMrvo 
 that the Baa^e ia mentioned more than once, and that with 
 • kfn^^ impUcation as if he waa torrj it ia pulled down, 
 and withed it waa built up amin. « We have rebuilt Kew- 
 «»*• V"»y» n«) «>d tenanted the inaniion; and we have 
 
 priapnaalmoit aa strong ag the Baatile fbr thoee who dare to 
 
 libel the ^een of France.*^ Aa td what a madman, like 
 
 the penon oaUed Lord Qeorge Gordon, might lar, and to 
 
 whom Kewgate ia rather a bedlami than a priwn, it ia un- 
 
 wortiij a rational consideration. It waa a madman that 
 
 ttbeUed--and that is sufficient apology, and it afforded an 
 
 . •pportunity for confining Mm, wliSch was the tWng wislied 
 
 fcr : hut oertam it is that Jfr. Borko, who does notStH him- 
 
 •df a m a dnvf n , whatever other people may d^, has libelled, 
 
 m the mo^t unprovoked manner, and in the "grossest style 
 
 i^^ most vulgar abuse^e whole rqnesentaSve authority 
 
 of France; and yetJ£r. Burke takes his seat in the Britial 
 
 house of commons t— From his violence and his grief, his 
 
 silence on some points and his excess on bthenL it Is difficult 
 
 not to believe that Mr. Burke is sorry, ezti«m4y sonv, that 
 
 arbitrsrv power» the power of the pope and tjie Bastao, are 
 
 puneddown. / - >? ' # . . 
 
 Kot one glaneto of Oompassion, not on^ commlsei^tinir 
 refleetion, that I can find throughout his h6ok. 1^ heb? 
 stowed on those that lingered out tho mostjrretolied^ lives, 
 a JifewidHmt h(»e, in thO most miserablelf prisons. Itis 
 MinfU to behold a man employing Ida talenti focormpt 
 hltnself; Kattfta hat been kindwto^lf^. Burke tlum^ he his 
 
 ia a^Mflli tha rnaa of Baatite ia MeDtlonad bat i« tho akmo manner 
 
 '^' 
 
 k«« not," m ha, •'Jbisot tba taUaf tha kliig'a tatSimiA 
 \ Avfca^ vho yfotaada to writa on ooaatltalkMul tkm. look 
 
 4t- 
 
 ^aria.' 
 
'^'*^^:-^^'^.*i^ 
 
 '■■ ■ Mr- 
 
 ;■■::■ ;^- 
 
 •41 
 
 upon Wi liwtfti bftt by tiM ifowf wwAUniJ^ oT it tHOci^g 
 liUimMiiiMfton. H« pitiM tb« plmiuss but forgcti the/ 
 dyiarbfid.* Aooiif|k>iii«d to]|diiithe«rifloonitioiabMidtb»t 
 hatrporioiiMd him from UDomH, ho d«g«iienittt intoacom- 
 poduon of art) and the geniuhie icml of nfttnre fonaJiee him. 
 JSe h«ro or ^ heroine moit be a timffody-viotlmi eexpiiing in 
 •how, aikI not the ro*! ^ riadner of miaery, lUdi^g into dostli 
 in.ih»fileriM)eofftdniigeoii. 
 
 Ai Mr. B^rl^e hae pMMd orer the whbletnmMotion of the 
 B«ftQA(aiid.hii rilfloce ii nothing in hiif«voar)ftiid hi# 
 entertiiMd hit readera with lefleotions mi eappoeed fiMsti^ 
 distorted Into reel ftliehoodi, I wiU giTe, ginoe he hM not, 
 tome soQ«uit of the drowietehoet which preoeded th^ 
 traiVMetleCL Th/ey wiU lonre to dtrow thet leie mlMihiif 
 oonld foeroe htire acoompenied fuoh en event, when oopp 
 ndered tritii the treiioherona end hoatilift eggreTAtiona of the 
 oMmioaof ^rerolntlmi. ^:> , 
 
 Th^lidndLoanhariilT pietoie to itMlf a more trcmendoaa 
 aoaaethS^whaitheeCtjof Pa^ eihibited at the time of 
 taklngihe Baatilei a^ for two daya h«fora and alter, nor 
 oono^Te the poadbilitT of its qtlietinff ao aoon. Ataahh 
 taniiei Hda tranaactionhaa appeured onlT aa an aot of herolam 
 ftanmnff on itadf : and the oloae poli^cal oomiezioA it had 
 irith thS#eTolntloE.ia loat In the hrflliinoy of the acWer^- 
 ment. Bit we are to oonaider it aa,the atrength of tha 
 T^aii bmnght man to man^ and ooniending for the laao*. 
 {^eBaalilewavtd be eltfaarthe pHae^ or thepiiaeiiofthe 
 aaiaihintg The downMl of it mdladed th^ idea «f ^ 
 dowofdl <ar demdaoi; and thia compomnded ktage waa 
 b666m« aa llgiunSiTely nnHied, aa ^v^yan'a Doubting Oaatki 
 
 jpidc^aot 
 Thenirf 
 theBMiile^ 
 from Park 
 Una and their 
 
 Slot waa - 
 'Artda,the 
 
 aaMnibly;fbefm ind at the time of ^fMm 
 te aitting at Yeraaillea, tw^TO mBaa diatant 
 Lbont a week before the iteing of %Paria^ 
 g the Baitlle,it Waa diaoiyreifd thatA 
 at the head of which %aa |he ooint 
 f9 Yonngeat bniOiflif, fdr dettoiiahing the 
 
 t£&iu; ita mimberl^ laid therebf icriu^ 
 • aUhoM andpfomilrfliD^^ 
 
 national aaaemi 
 
 afree goternntontTSrAe wie of hl£Sty^aa;w<^ aa <? 
 freedom, it ia well thia plan ^d ftot #eoeacL Kxmnpl^^^^^ 
 H0^ ^m } t t! ti < n t¥4 nr k Atv t r hrtw dtw a dlhUr ^rilfcdietifl^ al^d!a rB e l a l f a^ 
 
It 
 
 ^^J^^^t*^*™^ ngtthift what 
 
 ^fe Ait riaa mart hstr* bean mntmUm In oootempliitioii • 
 
 ft^'^JjHWMfe, itt order to tmrrj it into ezaoutioQ, it WMiMOMMrT 
 
 to ooUeot^ 1«M mffitaiy foroe roand PariiS »^ 
 
 the oommoiikAlioii Wwem that oitj tad the natioiua eiMm. 
 
 ^if J* !i*T^ »5* troope deetined for thii aerrioe wero 
 
 thii pMtioaUr pufiioM, were dnwn from the diitmit W 
 
 iSbSJ;^*!?''^ "^^ ^"J •Utioned. When thef were 
 Jglwla^ to the ampnnt of between twenty-flre endTthirty 
 ^^ij^^wMJiidged time tomit the pUn fn eieontioiC 
 ine ninirtiT who were then in offloe,j|adVho were friendlT 
 H feLTi'!^ y^ inrtantly <dMed, end a new 
 mii^^^med o^ thoie who had <)oiiomte| ttie prvject:-* 
 
 gtrenVoofl^Bimid «f thoM troope. Tactometer of Si 
 mM|^M4ej^ owmmmioirted ; 
 
 W^S^S^i"^^'^?^ 7"^ ,^<^ WM good, WM 
 
 ^jnOla jflmmmtttew WW 
 » ^pod in tlm jnort penloQs end oritiMl aitaiitiQn that a body 
 
 ▼Jitoy, and ^\new it TW had ifci hearta and wiZa ■ 
 ofthefr ooTOtiy on th^ dldiL W military authari^ they 
 A^^Si:J^ ?^ ^ ^*^ tnnonnd^i^ hall whe^ 
 Ai!!S£2?^\'?t^' •^^^ T*^ <*^ <K»imand, to ieize 
 
 J- 09«n^,,«nd^i«b|^yof £iime,aro taken into mm view -^ 
 ttoimbnt a BmH <»^i With piwn^^ 
 
 ^^S^i^JSS^ "»^ bringfoiSL \A man 
 
 IIT rnor^ aofay i far . and b o lder t^tnA . ^g, neomw y ; and 
 
 .. ■*>'.•-,; 
 
 
 V'tl 
 
 :«^*s*«si3sa;^;s:^^ 
 
 •Vr 
 
 m 
 
 \-4 
 
 ^ 
 

 t# 
 
 v. m. 
 
 (f» 
 
 f^i^' 
 
 4m%t ibr Hm ^tmAdmaj M ntM in the trohbiihop) M. d« 
 li FiyetU ; and^tliii it the only inttaaoe ot a Tioe-pretii^eiif 
 b^nff ohoMu. It, WM i^t the moi^eat thii etonn wm pend- 
 Ing/jnlj 11, that W dedUuration of ri|(hte wm brought fyr^ 
 -wtadhf it de le FeyettOjimnd it the tame which it eUnded 
 to in pege 61. It wet hettilT d|pkwn up, end meket only |i , 
 part of e mory extentive deoleration or rightt, agreed np6A 
 aod adopted afterwardt b j the national attemblj. Hie par-, 
 ticolar reaton*fer brining it forward at thit moment (It. de . 
 U Fayette hat tince inrormed me) wat,, that if the national ' 
 MtenibiT thioiild Ml in the threatened dettmotion thtt then 
 •orronnaed itk line trace of itt prindplet mighrhaTe a 
 ofaanoe of turriving #e wreck. 
 
 Etetj thing wat How drawing to a coritit. The erent wat 
 freedom <»■ tiayerj. On one trne an arm^of nearly thhr^f , 
 thoutand men; on t6e other an nnuitMd^>ody of dtiaenty 
 for the dtiaent of Panii^on whom the national titembly 
 mn^t then immediately aepend, were at unarmed and. on* 
 ditoiplined at the dtizent <n London are now. Tbe French.^ 
 goarat &1 giVen ttrongijmptomt of their ^eing attfdied 
 to ^e national oaute ; but their numb^e were tmalL not a '^ 
 ' tenth pan of the feroe which JM>glio commanded, ana their " ^' 
 offioert were in the interett of Broglio. 
 
 Mattert being now'ripe for (Sfoutioh, the new mlniitt^, 
 mtde thiir apj^rance m offiodr The reader wiU eanjlii' 
 hit niin4i that the Battild wat taken the 14th of July : the 
 point iof lime I am how tpeakinff to, it ihe Idth. At eooii 
 at the! newt of the change of nunlttryreaqh^Fltfiiiikti^^ 
 afternoon, all the play-hoiitet-and placet 4>f eiiftifainnMait^ 
 |h^ itna hooaet, were thut up. The ehinge of ininii^ 
 wat (oditiderefl at the prelude or hottiUtlet» end thcToipinioii 
 wat ri^^Mily Ibnnded. 
 ' lie ibrab^ ti^^^ 
 
 ThepriEieciae Lan^betcs, who c6mmanded a Mh^ of Qeinnan 
 cattJOTy appjroadied by the palaof of I^ which oonr 
 
 neott ittelr with tome of the ttreets. In hit mareh he in- 
 tolted and ttrodE ftn;dt^ with hit tword. The !Freneh 
 are remarkablb for their rei^pect to old apl^ and Ihe iniolfliiioe 
 with which it appeared to be done, nn|tmg jrith thck general, 
 fermentation they were in, produced 1 poweiful effiwt, end 
 a dry pt to armtl to arms / tpread itteif in amonient OfeT 
 the whole c^ty. ^ t , V V V^ S 
 
 Armt they had none, nor tcareely any who knew ^ lite 
 of ti^am ; but detperate. resolution, when every h<^ i# at 
 
 «i 
 
•J^_f»P^ft»«wW¥»»l»«wwitirfMn». Near wW 
 the frUm de UmlMW wm dmwn or wera larae pHet of 
 ■tonet o<;ll«otod for building th« iMiw bBdga, •nd ^& tljeM 
 tho people aitooked the cftTalry. A p^tj^the French 
 guw^ij upon hearing Uie firing, nuhed from their qnarten 
 •nd jomejl the people; and night oonOng on, th« iaralrr 
 vetrcMited. * 
 
 The itreeti of Parii, being naifow, an faronrable for de- 
 fenoe; and the loitmeM of the hooaea, conaieting of ntany 
 t^nm^ frpn^ whioh great annojanoe might be ^v«l aeoured 
 them a«^t nootonial enterpriMe j a^the n&it was ipent 
 In proTiding themaelTfla wfth vwiej aort ofweapon they - 
 oonld make or proonre: gnna, aworda, blaokanitha' ham- 
 »«J TTf'J?*^*^ *~" crowe, pikea, halbetdi, pitohlbrki, 
 
 ^Die incredible numbera with which thcj aaaambled the 
 llMt morning, and theatOl more ineiedible nadntion they 
 flshibtted embarraaaed and aatoniahed their <«fw»{t t Jittle 
 did the new miniatiy ezpeot anoh a aalote. A4seiiatomed to 
 daverjr themaelTea, they had no idea tlmt fibertr waa cap*. 
 We of anoh jnapiration. or that a hpdy of uaam^d citizens 
 would dare face the milltaiy force of thirty thonaand men. 
 Erory moment of thia day waa em^oyed in collecting arms! 
 conctfting phma, and arranging themaelTea in the beS ord^ 
 which each an inatantaneona moyement oonld afford. " 
 ^glio continued lying around |he city, bntmade no ftirther 
 adrancca thia day^ and thd aucceeding nidlit paaaed with 
 aa nnch tranqniUily aa anoh a aoene could iteiUy pro- 
 
 Bnt the defence only waa not the objtel of the tdfjcata. 
 
 Therhad a caoae rtataie, on wUch depended itheir fteedom 
 or theiir alaTery. They e^ery moment eipaoted an tttack, 
 or to hear of one made on the national aMcimbly; and in 
 inch a aitnation, the moat prompt meaaurei are iometimea 
 «^_.S**** "* object that now preaented itaelf; waa the 
 BaatOe ; and the edat of carrying adch a Ibrtrm In the face 
 of anch an army, could not fiul to atrOoeterKMr into the new 
 miuatry, who liad acarcely yet had tbne to meet By 
 Bome intercepted correapondem^ thia minrning, it waa dia- 
 coTeiMl that the mayor of Paria, H. de FlMii%a« wlio ap- 
 
 'm 
 
 I imaning 
 
 wnwi a a a iy to ttlwdt it fti^ i^; but belbra thia conhihe 
 
 eniiur* 
 ini Gefc 
 
 n^ 
 
• -. ' 
 
 
 
 ■m 
 
 A,o«, It wti if* Mfl^i^y to prooBft • UiMr wpi^ ^ 
 
 tflM thAA tlMf W«m thw pOMflfMd of. ; 
 
 Thiiro w.!, joining to th« ^Ij^v* !»'8«:?*^»f »S 
 
 trmi d«podtedi4 the hotpltd of the inralid^ which the 
 
 eitijAai ittinmoned to' whrender ; and •■ Uie pUoe wm not 
 
 dcfcnrihle, no? »ttcmpted much dofonco, they looii eue- 
 
 , ^gd. thnt iiippHod; they marched to •ttack the Bwtilo : 
 
 '7r$»i miied matit«do of ell egot end of *»Vdegreee, end 
 
 mrocd with eU iorU of weepone. Im»«ination would tell 
 
 of dflicribing to iteiiaf tte eppeeranco of euoh e proooMion,^ 
 
 And of the anxiety for the events which a few hours or * 
 
 few mlMteeniJrfit produce. What plane the miuiitrr waa 
 
 forming WM^niOnioihi to the peopb within the city, aj 
 
 what t& dtiaena were doing was unknown to them; ana 
 
 what moTenwnti BrogUo nSght naiike for the eupport or 
 
 relief of the place, Wcjre to the citikeni eq[ttallT unknown. 
 
 ' All wai myftery and hasard. yv , * : 
 
 That thilEtae wan attacked with an f^^^ ^ 
 heroiini, weh only ea. the highest aikinwtion of liberty omad 
 
 hiipire, «nd cawried iix the space o^a>w hours, i^.^^ •J«* 
 -which the wprld is fWlyposseased of. I amnot undertaking 
 a detail of the i^ok," but bringinginto ^»«»« J^JSf ^^^7 
 aininsrthe natfe which provoked it, end^hich U^ wit^ 
 ti^e Bastile. The prison to which the new ministry w«r« 
 doomihg the national assenjbly, in addition to its being toe 
 " * 'h ei&r and castle of (|Motism,beOau>e the proper «l>ject 
 i>iegfli with. Hiis enfl^rise broh ^gp the "'^^^J'"^ 
 #l»bsgaii;no« to ily lrom» the ruin pB^ had 
 othets.lCMtroopsofBrogUo^i«pefwd,^and 
 
 -Ur Bnike has spdcen a great "deal about plots, aw| ne 
 MttineTer onoe spoken oC thS plot against the national aj 
 mbly jand tjbie fibOTtiee of the natiwi ; and that he 4ni|At 
 not :i baa pawed over all the circumstances thaMnigUt. 
 tiirowttinhSsSi^. Theexileewh<thave^ 
 whose eause he so much interests himself in, and from w^m 
 hehaahad his le«on,fled in conseouence of the iniseamage 
 of this fiot No plot was formed ag*iMt^««l « 7*f 
 they who were plotting against others; anClhose wlio fell, 
 met not nmnstly, the punishment they weiro^prepaxing ^ 
 «^uT Itt Witt MrVBurke say thit if t^^ plot, oonr 
 trived with the subtlety of an ambuscadei had sijfecoeded 
 
 fir 
 
 I ^ 
 
 Buco esf fnl party would have r est raine d t hei r wrath so 
 Let the hi^v^ of aU old governments ans»w the q^estioiU 
 Whom4ias'i|u^ tfationd: assembly brotight to thi 
 
 »ldi 
 
 ; ■> 
 
"1 ;:^' 
 
 ^1 
 
 ;v' 
 
 'iim 
 
 %. 
 
 »^' # 
 
 i. 
 
 
 .'* 
 
 '<;iJf-4" 
 
 4wS 
 
 .^'fV^,mK^9at(9 ^tlBsj hAT« no! 
 ytWuf ft liboje 
 L^iMoteri lire 
 ff 1^ iiiirftole of . 
 f Agftiof t Ui«in, ift 
 Ij^pent When m< 
 \MS'T'^'^^'^^ liAtoftoed with m 
 
 the 
 
 to be expected 
 
 •ore with tho 
 
 Bt of new 
 of inBen- 
 
 > .'.*=i.^-i 
 
 (■■<f; 
 
 '>•:. 'V 
 
 iiftl 
 
 *.* 
 
 
 ■i^ 
 
 H^ 
 
 <4& 
 
 ^v 
 
 16 ^reftteit Ji thftt whl<^ )i«lfts oommitted. 
 
 k^r^ «iti«iif fell fii 4^1 Ktra^re thft^ of thefa. oppbnentik 
 
 .m^^^ in the |tet of betrmymff . 
 
 Jftjm^; Mid ftfterWftiiU Fowlon, dne of the vSmndnii^^l 
 ^^^^r^'^^-i^-];^w who hftd Apoeptea the offioe of 
 
 * 2;?L*^J^- ^3 ^"^^Ji gr«it..pftrt of hii^trftgio 
 
 Menei. . Iirt^ m therdbre dxamiiie how men oitme hr 3i, 
 
 id^ft of pnniihinff in thig i^umui^. . 7 - - ^^ ^ 
 
 _Thef Wn it frpm %j^7obmenti ther, 
 
 Tetoliftte the pmilthmaitij; th^ hftre bee 
 ^ykoid. T3ie^ rtadPiJJm pi^ - 
 i jiMi op Terorti^r difered notMn^ 
 
 iQ^iMfroiii thiMbried ftbont raMOii 
 
 liiift wan done bj ihe EngUsh ^vemm 
 
 ^•H be tftid, thftt it liffidfite fiothinf 
 
 dodHM^ him ftfter he if deftd ; but it sL 
 
 IiTbig: it either tortures their feeli]|M 
 
 heftrti; ftnd in either case, it instroota tl 
 
 when power falU into their hands. - 
 
 ^ Lay then the axe to thg^wt, and teaoh 
 
 nuu)it^. It ia their aanffti&ary ponii* 
 
 n^ankmd, Bi England^e punuhmi 
 
 ^j hanging, d r awing, Ind ^wfdSrii 
 ■nfierer la cut out, and held np to the ^low 
 Jtt; Franoe^ under the former ^Temm^nt, 
 
 <f^. 
 
 at 
 
 them 
 
 le 
 
 ',%' 
 
 llmd 
 iified to 
 ledfor 
 iorror of the # 
 Paris: yet 
 it may, per- 
 il what ■ 
 iticih to the 
 ins^eir 
 »anjflh 
 
 « 
 
 gOT( 
 
 lebts hn- 
 ^m.caaea i3f ^ 
 
 ^hicfa 
 
 heart of the 
 
r%: 
 
 
 .N-.-' 
 
 •yrfP*' 
 
 1>» 
 
 Vi^ not !«■ bArbaroiuk Who doet not remimb«r the •Ji«> 
 Adtion qf Dunien, torn to pieoet br honail The effect of 
 theM orael tpeotAclet exhibited to tbe popubee, it to dettrojr 
 teaderaeM or excite revenge ; and by tot) btae and falae iduA 
 of 'governing men bj terror instead of roaaon, they become 
 ta^edente. It ii over the lowest olaMof mankind that goiN 
 ernment by tertt)r it intended to operate, and it if on them 
 that it ojperatua to the worst effect They have senae enoo^^h 
 to feel that they are the obieota aimed at ; and tlioy inflict 
 in thdr turn the examples of terror they hare been inatruoted 
 topraotiae.- 
 
 - There are in nil Enropean eonntriet, ft^brgr elMi <» P«o*^ 
 pie of that deacription which in England are called the 
 ^mob,^ Of thia claaa were thoee who committed the bnm- 
 inga and derMtationa in London in 1780. and of thia claa» 
 were thoae who carried the heada apon pikea m Paria. Foii- 
 lou and^erthier were taken up in the country, and aeiit to 
 Faria to undergo their examination at the hotel de Yille; 
 for the national aaaembly, immediately on the new.mlniatr^ 
 poming^pta office, paated a decree, which the^ communi* 
 f^ted tu.thelaiijg and cabinet, that they (the national aaaem- 
 ly) would holothe miniatry, of whicli FouloncFM one^ re- 
 ponsible for the iiM^ftSurea they were adviaing and puranmg ; 
 ut the mob, inconaed at the appearance of Foulon and Ber- 
 ier, tore them firom their conductora before they were car- ^ 
 ried to ^ hoteldqiyille, and executed them on the apotl 
 W|liUdi^,4i9elHbr. Bttrke charge outrages of thia kind upon 
 j^^Wm people % Jp%eti ili»ylie charge the ri<>to and out- 
 LYages of 17o0 on tibiB whole neo|>le of London', or thoae in 
 llraand on nai hii oountiy^ . 'V. ^ 
 
 ^ But efery^hing weade ^ heid^ offnttfVe^ to <rar feelinga, 
 and derogatory to the human chMcter,ahould lead toother A 
 :frefla5tiona than thoae^of repr^^I Eren the bdnga who 
 loommit ^em have aomia claim^x) our conai^eration. flow . 
 thei^ia it that auch vaat olttaes of ^mankind as are distin- 
 gu^iiyby the^appdIatio% oL the «^|gM^or the ignon^i. 
 murfHM^numeroua in all old m^tpM^i , JSfe|;j^tant we 
 ' as^MK^ thia question, re^^tidn mm an answer. They 
 ari9e,'fjP& unavoidable consequtoce, out of the ill construe* 
 ~ tion dT aU ^ old gbtdra^en|B in Europe, JSngland included 
 wi^°%B rest^ It S h^ distortedly exal^ some men, that 
 Bi rr mr#U|AU>r t edly debaaed, t ill the whole is ottt of natur e ^ 
 ~ mankind are degradjeial^ thrown into the 
 th^ hnman p]otar% t«i bring forward, with 
 
 \''- 
 
 
 *#*- 
 
 »!T-J 
 
 lit 
 
 Avast 
 
 back groimd of 
 
 
r 
 
 ^. 
 
 mmtm glAr% tb« •^mptMiow oi itoteMMl »riilo(irM«. Jg 
 ^« oommenoeiiiMi of » rtTolatUm, thcM men aqi rithm* tlt« 
 followers of Uio <Mm|9| tluui of tk« Mandard ^t Uborty, and 
 ha^o Tet to be ioatrnol^d how to rerereooe it 
 
 I giTO to Mr. Burke >bU hit theatrical ezaggerationi for 
 faota, aad I then aak hi^, if thejr do not eatabliah the oer- 
 taintj of what I here U7 down I Adtnitdng them to be 
 
 nthey ihow tho noceiaitjF of the French isolation, ai 
 at anj one thing he «mld have tMerted. Theee out- 
 ngen are not the effeot of the prlnoiplea of t^ rerolotion, 
 but of the degraded mhid thkt exiited before the reT^latioiL 
 and whieh. the rerolution i«\ calculated to nAmn. Place 
 them then to their jproper caikci| and taka tha luiroaoh of 
 thmn to jour own aida . A^^ #:;•■• ■■'■..'■.^ 
 
 It U to th^ honor of the natidnal anemblj, and the dty 
 oi Paria, that during anch a treinendoui scene of arms and * 
 oonibston, beyond the oontiol of all authority, thai the*' 
 hare been able bj the influence ofWample and tehortation, 
 to legtrain so much. Kevor was more pains t&an to in- 
 duct and enlighten numkind. and Wmake them see that 
 their mterest oonaifted in their Tirtite, and not in their re- 
 venge, th^ what have been displaje4 in the revolution of 
 Franoa. — I now proceed to make sobie remarks <m Mr, 
 Burke's account of the expedition to Yarsaillea, on the 5th 
 and 6th of October. 
 
 I can consider Mr. Burke's book in scarWj any other light 
 than a dramatic performance ; ant* he mtMt, I think, have 
 considered it in the same lig^t himstff, by the poetical liber- 
 ties ha has taken of omitting some faot% dkt^ting othersr 
 and ma^g the machinery lend to produoS^a s^ jsffect 
 Of this kmd is his aooonnt of the ezpeditiok toTatiailles. 
 He begins thia account by omitting the only f)|cfeii which, aa- 
 •canaes, are known to be true ; eveiy thing DeVpni these' is 
 conjecture even 4n Paris ; and he then works ^1 tale ac- 
 commodated to his own pasaions and prejudiceaX ^ 
 It is to be observed throughout Mr. Burked bo^k, that hi 
 iiOTer speaks of plots againttike revolution ; and it is from 
 those plots that all the mischiefs have arisen. It\ suits his 
 purpose to exhibit o<nueauenoee without their oaus^ It is 
 one of the arts of the drama to do ao. If the <nimes of ' 
 were exhibited with their safiering, the stag^ effect' 
 i ^»«*:.»^ v^ i^_A an^ the audience would be in dined 
 
 4-*' 
 
 . . )ve where it was intended they should commiserate, 
 iitlfir All % intMtigiliop Jial liA?^ been made intoAhia 
 
 > ' ■ ..... . ^ . . . . 
 
 he 
 
 [ 
 
MTtbiMia la all that find of myttwy wtoE •▼« Moonp^ 
 aIm evwiti prodac^d more from • concwrwnoo of twkwmra 
 clrcunifUiioit, thiui from fUod dciign. WliUo tko chjrmo. 
 tort ofmmTU forming, m U alwmjt tha cat. Ui nrrolttttoiii, 
 a,orf i« • i«jlpro<»l pv^idon, wd • dkpo^Uon to^^ 
 tcri>ret moti olher; and oren ^rUef direcUj oppoilli ftl . 
 principte, wttl |tomollm«i concur in purfiing forwwd th«i/ 
 {wno moToment with ▼ery different riewt, wid with the 
 hop«« of iti producing very different con«squ«nc€e. A great 
 dJiof thie may b^dlwovered in thi* embarrMM ^nb, 
 tad yel the iM^e of the whole wei what nobody ^ th 
 
 The only thtogt certainly known ure, that con^er«|ltt|y ^ 
 nneafinMi waa at thia lime excited in Paria, by the delaylTi. 
 the king In not •auctioning and forwarding th* deoreea of 
 the naSonal aiaombly, parUcukrly that ojthe dielarakm 
 (fftherigh$9qfffui^*ndi\w decreeiof tho/o«r<A (f Avffuti^ 
 which contained the foundation prindpjea on which the o<m- 
 •dtution waa to be erected. The kindeet, and perhapa the 
 fidrett. eomeoture upon thia matter lis that some of the 
 miniftteit intended to make obtervationa upon c<)rtain parta 
 
 4l|..<'fc. 
 
 lerolution, iineasin< — 
 
 During thia itate of lUfpenae, the garoM du cofp»i which 
 iraa compoMd, as such regimente generaUy are, of persona 
 
 ttiich CMnected with the court, gave an entertainment at 
 YerdV (Ocl 1,) to some foreign xegiments then amyed: 
 imd^iPh the entertainment was at ito height, on a signal 
 riven, ih9garde$du oorp§ tore the national cockade from 
 tteir hats, trampled it under foot, and replaced it with a 
 eounlffl^ cockade prepared for the purpose. An indig- 
 nitv« this kind amounted to defiance. It was like decUr- 
 
 Jng Itr; and if men wjlfc give . chaUengeSj^ *^®^J??i^ 
 expect conseauenc^ik But AU»iis 1'' -r*-— ^ .. - 
 
 kept out of sight He begijosng ac 
 iory will vecora, that on thei||Hp:(^ 
 1789, A4jpnff and queen of^aipiy; 
 Bon, mnkk. dism y and js lau^ ty 
 
 pledged sedority 01 . 
 
 nours of respite, and troubled melan< 
 neither the sober atyle of history^-^ 
 
 /. . ■ ^ ,.a 
 
 Blirk^has carefully, 
 pt by saying, ** His- 
 tit^llh of October, 
 day of confu- 
 [own under the 
 nature in. a few 
 ^oly repose.*' This is 
 kthe mtoution of it. 
 
 ._T^^p^ 
 
 

 L^ 
 
 
 i.\ 
 
 ri 
 
 pro^blj would h»r0 bm, bad it not bM for th« 
 kOng prudance of lb«Ni wbotn Mr. Uorke invoU«. in 
 
 iDf putting t^« km^r And <|utMn in Uieir plAoe*. m if th« 
 ^ ^jMt of the eip«ditida waa ajninAt tliem.— But. taMiiim 
 V. to mj M^unt^ • :, • • : -^■w#wiwi| 
 
 Thk ocmdnoi of the ^vif^tjb <ftt <N>r««, m mlirht well W 
 
 imM •liraed and ODim^ the ParWana^ aSbolon of 
 
 ' ^*^*¥ ^^ ^•"^ 1?<^^. wwa become toHiniUKl to 
 
 ^-l£!;i?A^^*^5H?* **'^ i?*^^^ •"^ **»« Pariaian. wm^ 
 
 waa o^taUig^ nothing of the oowardioe of a«aMinaUon lit 
 
 marohing in the fkae of daj to demand latiafaotion, if wch 
 
 - phraM mar be uaed. Ma body of armed men who had 
 
 .luntanlj given defian<k Bat ebe oirtsumatanoe which 
 
 rree ^J^;^^^:j^^ ipo e^barnuwntot la, that the 
 
 •«»«?"«l,« /hfiliToIflBon appear to ha?e enoouraged It at 
 
 weUatJtafnendt. The one hoped to pi^vent a civil w»p, 
 
 bjrcheeking it^^ne, and ^e otiier ^ ma^e one. . T3,e 
 
 #opea of thoM ^gSed to thtWoWti^ reittd ia making 
 
 ge Mng of their party, and gettj^ hini frorf-VeaiaiU^ & 
 
 - Me% where they eii»ect^ toilRot * force. anH aet up ft • 
 
 •tandard. WehavetheM||etw«difl()BrentdbjectapfeKmUnff 
 
 themaelrea at the tame ■! M to be accompUa£ed by the 
 
 l^mejiieaM; the one, ta^Jbafc the i^<ir«^ 
 
 m ^*V*?*'®**J^A**^ **** Ptriiiwia; the other, to re^er the 
 
 ^^'^SL?' •** |e«n9 wi indaoement to the |d|ig to sot 
 
 <m for Jietit 
 
 ^ On the 5th of October, * terf Hamennu body of women, 
 •nd men in t^e diiwolM oi women, ooUeited round «he' hotel 
 dB Vme, OT townJhaU, at Paris, and let off for Verttmes^ 
 Jheir jprofeMed object w^alhe gardet 4u eorpt^ but nrii- 
 dent men readily recollected that miachlef i# easier b4run 
 than ^ed ; and this itjipreMed itwlf. with the more force, 
 ftOu^e suspioidna abeady itated. and the irregularity <^, 
 roch a caYalcade. As so<^n therefore as a sufficient ibree 
 ' !Si^ ^1 inflected, Mvde la Payette, hr orders from the 
 dfil auUiorit^ of Paris, set otf after them at the head of 
 , • twenty thousand of the Paris militia. The revoluUon could 
 denye no b^efit fW)m oonfbsion, lud its opposera michf. 
 
 **# ' 
 
 *. 
 
 ;•%► 
 
 ■■Ij 
 
\J> 
 
 Uiliirlo hm^ IbrlBiiAte to etXn^n 4lif|iktiite mi4 Ib 1^ 
 
 hfl wM «rtf»ortiiii«rU J •uoo«MftiI ; to ftruntmU, Ui«rrfof% M 
 hoi>«« of Ihowi who might tmk to Improv* Uili mm* Into ft 
 ^ of juititt^bla nm!>*mij for th© king'i quittinrVertiUlli| 
 M(l wlUidmwlng U> Ipc, and to pr«v«nt, at th« ••mo Uin«. 
 tho con««^lu«ic«i tharmlirht ©ntue between th« MnU» du 
 wrpi *i»d tbli iihalanx of men and women, ho forwanied 
 iiuri«Mt to Umi king, thmt he wm on »il» m»r«h to Ver«aiU«% 
 W the orde« of the ofvil authoritir of Pari*, for tho purpowj 
 of peeoo and protection, eipreMlng at Uie teme time tlie 
 iiecoMity of reetr aiiiing tha (foinim dm wr^ frum flriag m 
 
 thn liMIDte* '' ' ~ ^ ? 
 
 • l^rrivad at Voraaillei betweisi ten and eleren o*oloolc 
 at nighl. Tho ffardss du oorpt wore drawn up. and Uie 
 people had arrived tome time before, but every thing had 
 '^^ ined toaponded. Wisdom and policy now oonaiited in 
 ring a icone of danger Into a hapoy event M. de l# 
 itte iecame the mediator between Uio enraged partiei } 
 tofl the Iting, to remove tho unoaainoM which had ariaen 
 -•from the de£y already aUtod. aent for the preaidont of thf - 
 national ai«>mbly, and aignod the decUvraHon qf tA§ ngm; 
 qf man, and inch other parta of the oonatit^n M ware In 
 
 leadineMk . . /• . .^. .^jim- .. . 
 
 It waa now atxmt mn fsk the mommg. jgHIr thing ap- 
 peared to be compoaed, and a general conpinimUon took 
 place. At the beat of drum a proclamation waa made, that 
 the eiUaena of VeraaiUea would give Uie hoapiUUty of thdf 
 honiM to their fellow-ciUaeni of Parii. Thoie who could 
 notbi accommodated in thia manner, remained In tho 
 •treeta, or took up their quartora in the ehurchea; and at 
 two o'clock the king and queen retirwL^ ■ U ^ •: 
 
 In thia atate mattera paiaed until the break of day, ^itn ft 
 a freah diiturbance aroae from the cenaurable conduct of some 
 of both partiea ; for auch charactera there will be in all anch 
 •cenea. One of the gardsi du carpt appeared at one of the 
 windowa of the palace, and the people who had remained 
 during the night in tho atreeto accoated him with reviling 
 and provocative language. Instead of retiring, aa in fuch a 
 case prudence would hare dicUted, he presented his musket, 
 €red, and killed one of the Paris miliUa. The ^eaco being 
 thus brokpn, the people rushed into the palace m quest of 
 ider. They attacked the quarters of tho gard e s du 
 
 the offender! Tj^ey attacked the quarters of tho gard e s du 
 
 • I an wwrantcd In MMrtInf thii, m I bad it from M . d« la FajatU, «Mh 
 ■hwa lkafeHfedlahimieffiiwMiphipfaffo arttMyam 
 
 
klaf. CTn thb 
 
 pyb «itw«« th<, p«rti«, tK« oTiint of wtikOi w««, that th« 
 '"■ „ if'UiP'? ** *i* i»UonAl (Mckftd*, and iIm 
 
 -A- ..^ . ' roorlhi 
 
 hich Uii« oonf^jaton 
 
 
 •▼whig, Md w«r« oo^rntuUted <» tli«ir vHwnX hj M. 
 
 Mr. Btrke, who throofl^at hli b^k ooMnrndi tiiiiifm, tZi 
 ■00% and principle, W in hk reoiarki oo iTKUlS? 
 
 WfUumt the mltahM thmi UirMtaned : Mid duU It k to thii 
 •rrirdlof the king at P«rU Not ki thwi tSwThiSdrSi 
 
 ISZ^^^iL^t'^^L?? "**^ •? "ct iPf molMtioii WM com., 
 ml^ doriBg the whole nuuvli. -•«vi». 
 
 AUU^^ to be hanged ftt th^ Untem or UniiH)orta, U^ 
 ES.T!TS^'*^^u'*^^ *»~<"» ImttXroV ^ 
 
 te^ t'T* ^^^' been introdaced before into any scene ol^ 
 llr. Bwke't dnuAA: whj then «ie th«^,,U ^ ^ff ^^wS 
 
-r--h 
 
 nititWMMv sovf - Ibii 
 
 bbhoM Mid him kmUg% VkM 
 
 nuttt 
 
 Httrk« briaiii Ibrwtrd hti 
 
 Hgurvf (a a m«ici<3 lantiini, tad rmTttt kit tooiMi br contrMl 
 iftaU«a of ctmnMlon. Uul ll wrvet lo show wllk th« fMt ^ 
 bit book. wUal little crodit oaght to b« Ki^tm, vhar* ev«i * 
 prolMibittly b tot At tl(Tfl*t)rti^ r«ir t)i« porpOM ot d«fftBiiii«| 
 and with thia rtJnction, inalcmd of a toUloquT in pr»iM 
 of chiTalry. m Mr. Ilurka hat doao, I oUim tlio moovaI 
 ^ Uio QipMitioii to VcraaUk*.* 
 I bftVD DOW to follow Mr. Uarke tbnragb a pfttbUM wfld«r> 
 
 _^»«i of rbspici dkik aad ft l Oft oC d«to»at sfoa govomniMto, 
 in whiek h» aimHI uStlfWr 1m plMM%Mtiui prvmuiiptioa 
 of ill boiag bolltjirod, withoot offoriof «llk«r tTideiico ot 
 fBMont Am to doing. 
 
 ikfor« Mij thing ean b« riMoned upon to ft eonelmioB, 
 aulain fat/tis prinoiplea, or data, to roMon from, matt b« 
 wtabliahed, adnilttod, or deniod. Mr, Barko, with Ida aaoal 
 Mtnigt) abnaoa tho tUolaraiiim </ M« right* qf num, pab^ 
 lahod br the national aaaomblj of Franoe, aa the baait on 
 Hhich tho oonatitution of France ia btdlt Thia be oaUa 
 ** pidtrj and blurred ahoeta of paper about tho righta of man.*^ 
 l>o«a Mr. Bnrke mean to deny that man baa any righta f If 
 bo doea, then he moat mean tnat there are no anob thinga ia 
 
 ^.righta anr where, and tliat he liaa none bimielf ; for who ia 
 Ibore in vie world bat mani Bot if Mr. Biirk« meana to 
 •dmit that man ha^sfigkta, the qneation then will ba, 
 what vm thoae imliAnd how oame man \>j them origl- 
 
 Tne errar of thoee wild' nuem. vf preoedenta drawn from 
 ■ 'antiqoitj, roapecting the righta of man. ia, that tiunr do nol 
 go iar enoQgn into antiqoity. They (lo not go tne wbola . 
 waj. Thay itop in aome of the intermediate aUg^ of aa "f 
 bundrad or a thonaand yeara, and produce what waa then 
 dooi aa a mle for the preaent day. Thia ia no authority at 
 all. If wo travel atiU ftirther into antiquity, wo iball find a 
 diraotly oontrftTT opinion ftnd practice prerailing; aiid.il 
 antiquity ia to De authority, a thouaand aucb anthiaritiet 
 Biay\e produoed, taoceaeiTeiy contradicting each other : but 
 If w« srooeed on, we ahall at laat come out right : we ahall 
 eoiBilo the time when mtn came from tho hand of hie 
 maker. Wbfct waa he then f Man. Man waa hia high and 
 
 * An Mowmt of Um tipcdltion to TerMlIlM L^j b« Nra ia Va. 1*, of Ika 
 ' lUtoltttoa d* Pwli,* oOktdalAf ite avula fr«b (b« M «• tha lOlh af Ort» 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 i 'l<^c 
 
^i 
 
 
if 
 
 pntr titlei and » hb^er oaimot b« giren him. But of tttlw 
 
 1 snail speak hereafter. ' 
 We have now arrived at the origin of man, and at the 
 
 o/igin of his rights. As to the manner in whMi' the world 
 
 has been tovemod from that day to this, It is no fVirlher an? 
 
 concern ofou^ than to make a proper nse of the errors or tl»e 
 
 improveraebts whiqh the history of it presents. Those wlio 
 
 lived an hundred or a thansand years ago, were then modema 
 
 ^ as we are now. They had t W ancients and thos^ ancients 
 
 : had others, and we also sha I be ancients in onr tnm. If 
 
 the mere name of antiquity is to govern in the affairs of life 
 ' tiie people who arato live an hundred or a thousand years 
 
 hen«6w may as weir take us for a precedent, as we make a 
 >f :precedent of those who lived an hundred or a thou^d years 
 ^ago* Ihe faoi is, that portions of antiquity.ibyAvinff 
 ::«v«iify thing; establish; nothing. K is authori^^^inS 
 r authority ajl^ thd way, Wlffe come ^ tli§ divine forigin of 
 , th0 rights of man, at the ereation. Herd our inquiiiSfind 
 xa restmg-place, and our reason find* a home. K a dispute 
 jbout the rights of man had . arisen at the distance of an ^ 
 
 hundred years from liie" creation, it is to this soureoof / 
 
 authority they must hare referred, ^nd it Is tp the Same 
 , sohree of authority {hat w6 must now i^r. ; . ^. ' -. 
 
 ^Thou^h I mean not to touch upon any sedtarian^iindple 
 
 of rehgion, ;^et it may be worth obseiring, that the gene- 
 
 tf ogy of Ohn^tJs traced to Adain. Why Aot not tra(S the 
 
 nghtsof man\to the creation of^mitnl ' J wiH imswer the 
 
 • C|uestion. Because there have been upstarts of governc 
 
 m^t, thrusting themselves between, Mfid prejiiu^ptonsly 
 
 working to unrmake man. • ' , ^ . ^ . - ' 
 
 V If anv generatipn of men ever possessed J% i^ht of dic- 
 
 tatm^ the mode bv which the world should be govem^tfi for 
 
 •▼Wj^^M.the first generation that existed: and if that* 
 
 gener«fon did not do it, nj sujBceedhig generation can shov 
 
 any authority for^douuf it, nor set any up/ ^^e mumina^ 
 
 mg aAd diTino pnncjpres <* the equal righ^»Bfii (foi; it 
 
 has Its on^ from the maker of man,)- r *' " '' 
 
 the living mdividuals, but to generationil^ 
 
 .each other. Every feneration is equal in^ 
 
 rations which prfeceded itj bt the same i«„.«^,, „,« 
 
 dividual is bom equal in rights with his cOnltemporaTV. 
 
 Eveiy Wstory of the cif^tion, and eve«y ti*diti<mAit 
 •*^**'*?^"®*"®^ F*?^ ^^ lettered or unlettered World, how- 
 ever thef may vaty in their op nion or belief of cei1mm>ar- 
 
 ^1 
 
 » 
 
 «<*. 
 
 \M^ OBfe to 
 li SU0C6!§dUlg 
 
 to tiie^^ne^ 
 
 lat evei^l 
 
 ) 
 
 <4 
 
 
1 'V' 
 
 iMMpi o# VAX. 
 
 4" 
 
 t: 
 
 \6 
 
 denlM •!! H'^' ^ «tte1»Uihiiig one poioti t^-mm.. if 
 mtmf by which I iii««ii that man is aXl of fia: degrefi tkwi, 
 conBeqnently thirt all mon are born edual, auclmth^iMl ' ;, 
 
 , Bfttnral rfffiiti, in tho tame manner at ii post^ri^ ha«^bo«piT:';^;° 
 eon tinned Dj creation inttead\>f ffenmftibny tho Uitter be^ft; ' 
 only the iliode by .which the former is carried ^rward ; aha * 
 conseqnontly, every child bom into the i^orld miist ht ' 
 
 y coniidered as deri^gits existence from Qod. The world is 
 as new to him as it was to the first ^an t^at «dsted| ipdhii ^ 
 Bjitiiral lights it is of the saiiiie kind* - ' ' f ;* 
 
 Th»:::iloiiaio account of the creation, whether taken ai ' 
 diyine authority, or merely historicid, i| ftilly up to this \ , 
 
 ' {k)int, tHe un/Uy or iBouali^qf^ man. Tho epq»reesions a4B^i^; .1 
 of no oontroTersy. ** And Uod said, let us make man in on^ 
 
 .. own iiiiaffe. Iti the image of God created he him ; male ■ 
 and female created be them.'^ lltf disttncitu)n of sexes is 
 
 . pointed o«t, but if6. othe# distinction is ^Ten Ipiplied. If *L 
 
 . Mb h^ not divine authority, it is at least histol^c^l authority, 
 and shows; that^^e Quality of man, so far .from being i^^ 
 modem doctrine, is'thb oldest upon record. ' j ; i > .., 
 it U also to be obiierved, that aU tlie' rellgtons l^own & 
 
 ' ^4 World are founded, so Was they relate tO' man, on the 
 unity ^ maUfi, iu basing all of on% degree. Whether ill 
 heaven or in hellf or in whatever state man ibsaybesup* 
 nosed to exist hereafter, the good and the bad are th0 onl^ 
 \ distinctions. Kay^ even tne- laws of govenun^tdi arsf ' 
 obiu^ to slide ii^^to this pirinciple, by np^g degrees to 
 
 " o^apist in crimesfesaiidnbt in persons. '^ \ 
 
 ; It 1s<one of the giieatest of 'all troths, a^id of the highest 
 
 »'advant|Mv. to cultivate. By^ Considering niia^ in this ^ht^ 
 and by^nstracting him; to Consider himself in this light, 
 it places hiSopi in a cloto obnn^<m with all ^ Is duties, whemer 
 
 '« ; io nis Orei^r, or to the crea$on,1)f which he is a part ; and 
 
 ' \ it is onfy when lie forgeto his origin, or to use a moi^ fasMon- 
 . able.plirase^i% hirthand.fam3/yj tnat he beciofie& dissolute 
 |t IS no^.among the leas1^of the evOs of die present enstihg 
 ^vernn%OD^inia)Ll.narts^ Europe, that man, considered as 
 van^lis thT«c»wii bac|p to a vaist distance frohi his maker, and 
 the jurt^ciidx^aAm filled np bjr«a succession of barriers, or a 
 ' sort of tunm^e gates, through which hi has to pass. X ^ill 
 '4aotQ^|]'. !Burk^8 catalogue of barriers that he has set np , 
 Jbetweem ii!ian ana his^ H&er^ Fuitting' himself in the char- 
 »bter of a heritld.lie says--** ^e fear Crfod—we look with 
 mh^ Io lrji>gif--^tBif fa rffeoiaon to parliamenti— WJtfa duty to 
 
 6 
 
 ■ir 
 
fi^ 
 
 ' «I!S^»^*3?^& iwwmoe to pr^^rti, wid Witk ntpeet ta 
 
 ' «obility." Ifr. Bufke htM foroot tQ pot in** chiralrT^ H. 
 
 mjalio forgot to pirt in PotSr "^ *'''*"' cWTaliy. ^, 
 
 ^^Ue duhr of man if not a wildemewi of turnpike iratet. 
 
 tbroiigh which ho If to,|>«« bytiekcti from one to the Sic/ 
 
 i^i• ^^^y** ??*?'^ *^ ^^™*« ^"* <>^ two poipte^ IIU 
 duty to GML whicB every man most feel ; And with rerocct 
 to^hi. neighbor, to do •• htf would be done%. ^th^ 1 
 
 _ Hitherto WQhiTjs.flpoken only (and that bnt in iMuiVof 
 the natui^l i^htf^i^. jinam^ m now to conw^v^Ve 
 
 T*i '''^.K '*^'1S''» *??,*<^ "how how the one originaiite out 
 ^^^"i:^^^ '^^^ enter into «)cietjr*?^ b^Z 
 ^fT?^*°v^®.'!•■v*^*''^''^^ t<* h»^« leaf r&hta than be 
 lia4 be^re^bnt to^hare thow riijht. better enured, m 
 
 } Wtiii^ ngh^we the fonndadon of all hia civil riirhts. But in 
 order to pufgfiethiadiiiteiicdon with morepreSaSn?? anSc^ 
 
 -iTiT^ ^^^' ^'^ «^l»"i tbia. Natural rights are iM" 
 J^t'^r *PPf*J"^.to„ma>» m rifipht oAia existenciig^ 
 - Of tins ^a are aU the mtellectnal ri^Ita, or rights of tS/ 
 wmd, and also aD those nghtst)f adSi^ as an^individijF ' 
 for his owTi comfort aitd happmess, which are not iniurioS ' 
 » the nghts of othem-Ci^il rights ait, tC whi^C/e? , 
 
 Kva^ «^ nght ha. for its foundation some natural ritfht 
 
 Bre-ensteng m the ilidividual, but to which his indiri^al 
 
 •K!^ "* ?o^^i»aU cases, suffidentry competent Of this 
 
 Ifrcm this short renew, it wiU be easy to distininiiah b©. 
 tweem th«t elass of natural rights wjhich man retAMafter 
 cntCTinginto society, and those whicli he throws into^ 
 -* ( stoek as a member of aoeiely. ■ 
 
 The natm«l rjghts which he retains, are all those in wt 
 
 w^i.?1J!Sf *?^''^\l?' V"^^^^ the individual as. 
 ire^; 11^**^ ^. «^!^,i» Jbeforeinentioned,^ 
 affjflp intellectual nghts, or rights of the mind ;T^ 
 I ^nenfly, rebgion is one of tho^ ^hts. The natnn^l n^i 
 ^fhjdi are not retwued, are aU those in which, though 'the 
 
 -^SiiSS^ n-?" individual, tbe power to ieeXth^ 
 ^^ Thay anawAy t»|%t 1.,^ r^rptuM^ A mail bj 
 
 f 
 
 ch 
 
 le"- 
 
 S. 
 
BAtnral light hat ft right to judge in hii own'oaiue; «nd to 
 (iurMlherigtiiof'themiiid it oonoemed, he neTer ■urren- 
 den it * but what araileth it Mm to jndgCL if l4e«„has not. 
 jpoirer to redreta itf lie therefore deposits tlils right mi the 
 common ntCtck of BOciQij, and takes tlio arm o^ society, of 
 
 * which he If a patt, in preference and in addition to liis own. 
 
 * Society gnvi^ta him nothing. Every man is a propi'iutor in 
 •ociety^ and draws on the capital as a matter or right. 
 
 From these premiaes, two or throe certain qonolosiona will 
 follow. •• .. 
 
 "^ 1st, that ^err oiril right j[rows ont of a natnral right ; or, 
 in other worda, Is a natural nsht exchanged. 
 
 ''^ iNi. That dWl power proper^ conkiderad as such, is made 
 
 -tip ot the' aggregate of that class of the natural rights of 
 inan, which becomea defectire in the indiridoal in point of 
 
 ; power, and answers not his purpo^ hut when collected to a 
 focus, beeomea competent to the pntposo of every one. 
 
 ^"^ 3d, That the powelr. produced by tiie aggregate of natural 
 
 '^rijB^tif imperfect in power in the' indivional, cannot bo ajp- 
 
 |£ed to invade the natural right^jhichjire retained in the 
 
 mdiyidual, and in which the power to ^ecute ia as perfect 
 
 as the rfg^t itself: . ^ mt ^ 
 
 ^ , We have, pow, in a f^ ;wotd^%sBea man from a natural 
 
 t^individoal to a mismberof sod^&i^imd shown, or endeavored 
 
 to show, the quality of^ tl^ j^atnral lights retained, and of 
 
 those wnioh tse ^chi^iiBd for-^^vil rights. JM us now 
 
 - apriy those principlcis'tb^Ve^iilnt „ ^, 
 
 In casting onr eyes over tiie wfinrld, it is eitremely easy to. 
 distinguish the jjovemments which have arisen out of soerety, 
 or out of the social compact, from tiiose which have not rbnt 
 to place this in a clearer light than a single glahce may affoi^, 
 it will be proper fd ti^e a review of the several sotnrc^s froin 
 which govemmettts have arisen, and, on Whieh^lhiy have 
 
 •'been&iiiided. -V'^ y\ •' ^^ '4 ■ 
 
 They ntay be all compr^ended under three heads— lit, 
 superimtion ; id, pow^ ; 8d, the eommon interests of society, 
 and the common i^hts (^loian. 
 
 The first wat a government of prietrt-crai^ the second of 
 C0^<meror8, aiv4 the ^hird ^^^ / / 
 
 When a set of artf^ m^n pretended, thropgh the medium 
 of oracles, to hold intercourse with the deitv, aa ftodliarly 
 as the^ now march up the back Btairs in £ur<|{:^an courts, 
 the World was completdy tmdelrthe governm^t of super- 
 
 stitiqp. The o y aol e a wary eonsnlt e d, and whatever 
 
■/■ '# 
 
 ■Mnt iMked jmt m Umgm thai nrt of rafMnlitiofi iMtod. 
 
 After the«e ft nee of conquflvon ftrom, wtioae i^Tenitnoiit, 
 Ukii that of William the conqueror, was foiinUeti on powor 
 »nd tlie aword ajMumed tita navio of a seoptra. Govern- 
 ments tliufl (mtabliiiiwl, laat as lon^ at the power to auppori 
 lliem la»t»: but that tlioy ini^^ht avail tiicnieolvca of «very 
 mij^m in thoir favor, thev aaitod frand to Ibrce, aud net up 
 •a idol which tliey caliecl diffma rif/Uj and which, in imita- 
 tion of the pope who affocta to be apiritval and tcraporah 
 and k coutra<fietion to tho fovMlN' of tl»e Chriatiati religion, 
 twiatcd itself afterwards inli^ an idol of another ahapo* 
 icalleii ehmrch a^i siaig, % key of St. Peter, and the 
 key of the trcasnrj, bccdbe qj^artered on m6 mmm, and 
 the wondering, cheated mnltitiidc, worahipped the invention. 
 Wlien I contemplate tlie natural dignU^ «f qmui : when 1 
 feel (fornatnre has not been kind enough to m<3 to blant inr 
 feeling) for the honor and- happineaa of ita character, I be- 
 eome irritated at tlie attempt to govern mwokNMi by force 
 and frand, aa if they were all knavet and fo<^j ai|d can 
 ■oarcely AVf^d lioieling diagoat for thoae who are thua m^ 
 posed upon. 
 
 We^havo now to review tlio governments which ariae o«l 
 c^ society, in contradiatinction to tfioae which aroae out of 
 ai^emtition and conqpeat ^ 
 
 ithaa^aen thondhtf conmder»ble acirance towards eatab- 
 
 lishing the principles of freedom, to aay, that government 
 
 is an.eomtMM^ between tliose who govern tmd thoae who a# 
 
 gorernea: but this <$annot be true, because it is putting the 
 
 effect befora the cause : for aa m*h moat have existad before 
 
 governments existed, tliore necessarily was a tiaie when 
 
 gQ:^mm«|its did not exist, and consequently there oould 
 
 ori|^illy exist no gotMimorB to form sucJi a compact witlL 
 
 ~^Ihe fact tlierefore must be, tiiat thQ individuals (Aemadvetf. 
 
 MKtb in hia ^wn persona} and sovoreign right, miersd into^ 
 
 jacompaH wiiheach others to produce a government : and 
 
 'tliJB is the only mode in which governments have a ri^ht %0 
 
 I bo established; and the only piiiiiciple on which they l^y0 
 
 mrij^ht to exist. " ' 
 
 1^ Josaeas ourselv^ of a clear idea of what gov^mm^t 
 
 Sf^ or ottghtUb be, we must trji<^e it to its origfti. ^ dotrig ' 
 
 this, #e sM easily dkcoyer tiiat g^v^i^pmtts ^nat have ' 
 
 >n, dttillr oiil of t^e 
 
 B^cl »» diitiairtioih , ^ja 
 
 <^ om^ 
 
 ,ff ¥^ . 
 
 .9 
 
 ■'■:■/', 
 
 i 
 
OV tUlb 
 
 ' itf mmt% mad ^tmionht «0Bf«ii]ida eferjr thing: bnt Ifi 
 hm tigniiAii hit ifitonlioii olt underiakiDg «t tome Antfurt 
 MypcNTtnaity, s oonpiiiiioii between the conntitotioiia of r'v , 
 Kii^lftad And Frspce. At be tbiu rendore it a iiiJbjt)Ct of ' 
 coiiti-ovHiej hj tbrowioff the gaantlet, I take hiju ap on hi« • 
 own grvond. It is in l^gh challenges that high trutba have v 
 the nght id aui^pcwinff ; and I accept it witli ^e ;i^ore . 
 readiness, beeaiiiM) it aflords me, at the tame time, an opporr , 
 t unity of pursuiu*^ the subject with resftect to govemmentiv*^ -; . 
 iu"i»iug ont of sociuty. ' -' '4 L 
 
 ,Bnt it will bo ilnt necdssar^to define ii^hat is meant bjr a '. ' * 
 comi^itUon. It is not safficmt that wo adopt the word { 
 „ we mmt flx also a s^aadafd 8%ni^^Qn ta it . ' 1 ^ ^ 
 
 It-has not an ideal, but a real eflstenoe; an d wherever il ^ 
 c annot be produoed in a visible form, there is none. A . 
 cunsttlntioii is a thing antecedent to a government, and a , ,. 
 jgQVflmment is onlv the cre%ttin^ ftf l^ ^^"♦J^^^J^ llie con<^ 
 siitntien of a country is not the act of its . government, but .^ 
 of tiie people conslitutiug a government, ft is the body of *' 
 elements, to which you can refer, and ^uoW article by ar-/ 
 tide ; and contains the principles on wluch the government 
 shall be esftablislied, the form m which it sliall he orsanise^t 
 the powers it shall have, Che i^ode of elections, tlie auration 
 of parliaments, or by whatever name such bodies may hft ' 
 called ; the powers which tho exocutHre part of tht govern- 
 ment shall have ; and, ih.%ej every thmg that relates to the ' V ' 
 ' complete organization of « civil government, and th^ prin< 
 
 dple on which it shall act, Jtnd by which it shall be bound. ; 
 - %■ oonatitutiosi, therefore is to a government, whftt the laws 
 made afterwards by thitt government are to a court o£ judi* 
 oatore. 'f he court itt judicature does not make laws, neither ' . «. 
 oiui it aker them ; it only acts in <3onfortuity to tua laws 
 made ; and the government ia in like manner governed by 
 tlie constitution. * v > 
 
 Can then Hr. Burke jprodi/ce tho En^Uib c<^nBtitution 9 
 
 • If he cMHtiot, w^ tilay ftirty com?) iido^ thfilt jhoijgh it has 
 been to much taU^ed about, no such thing a« a eoufttitution 
 
 ^"^^xistsi or ever did exist, and coiifie^ufintly the people have 
 ^ac«nS%tfon"t<>;f^ ,''.^:'#. '> l".^' 4-, . • r^- e- 
 
 aripo ^iUiei'l 
 \ g6»fq. l^; 
 
 ^^^S"^!^'^'^ 
 
 ^\ 
 
 Wfllah 
 
 ic p6o 
 
 ergiej 
 
 mf90 mi 
 
 ami not 
 
 I'j* ' 
 
 ^'•n 
 
 
u 
 
 ■Mm 09 maH. 
 
 r."^- 
 
 
 OQt of toeiety, and ooofeqitttly it arotfe ot«r the p«opl«* 
 
 l^^and though it haa been much modiiled from the opportunity 
 
 '^^ of circumftancet, lince the time of WilUain ^o conqueror, 
 
 tho country haa nevor yot regenerated itad|ll and it ii there* 
 
 fore witliout a constitution. ^ . ^ 
 
 I readily perceive t))e reason why Mr. BnrklfiiTl^lined 
 
 * \ going into tlie comparisojn between tlio Engl^ and tlul 
 
 j^, f French constitutions, oecaiiso hetould not but peiroeiTe, when 
 
 7' *: he sat down to the task, that no constittj^Ion waa in oxisir 
 
 I ** ence on his aide of the question. Hil book is oertainlj . 
 
 ;4>ulky enough to haVc^ contained all ho could say on tbif 
 
 * subject, ana it would have been the best manner in #hidi 
 
 ^ people could have jndgea of their separate merits.^^^^ 
 
 then has he declined the only thing that wak woriki Wfiijle to 
 
 Write upon f It was the strongest ground he could tak^j if 
 
 the advantages were PpJ^ sMei ont the weakest if thdy' 
 
 ' wore not ; and his declin'qig to take it, is either a sign that 
 
 he could not possess it^ or could not maintain it 
 » -^ Ijir. Burke has said in his speech last winter in parlla^ 
 ment, that when the national assembly of France first met 
 in three orders, (the tiars etaUy the clergy, and the nobleate) 
 thatrFmnoe had then a good constitution. This shows, among 
 numerous other instances, that Mr. Burke does not under- 
 . Itand what a constitution is. The persons so met, were not 
 a oQnatitutiony but a ootwerUum to make a oonstitnlion. 
 / The present national assembly of France is, strictly speak- 
 ing, the personal sociaijp^mpaist. The members of it are the 
 delegates of the nation in lti, oriainal character ; future 
 aasumblies will be the dellgatea of UxenMldfm in.i^ organized 
 character. The authority of the present assembly is di68»> 
 ent to what the authority of future assemblies will be. The 
 authority of the present one is to form a constitution: the^ 
 finthorit^ of fntnre assemblies will be to legislate according 
 to the principles and forms prescribed in that constitution ; 
 niid if experience sliould hereafter show that alteradons, 
 amendments, or additions are necessary, the constitatic^ if^ill 
 point out the mode by which such things shall be done,'^nd 
 ' not leave it to the discretionary power of the future govern- 
 ment. . _,• ""'..> -■" . '■^- ■ S, ■ V ■•"■■: -. 
 
 Agovemmenton the princii>le8 on which oonstitntionaK 
 
 > |ovepiments, arising Out of society, are establiahed, cannot 
 
 > Aave tho right of alteringftself- If it had, it would he^rlA 
 4\ trtay^ It m i ght m a H it aa lf whatit ple a a e d; an^^w hweve] 
 
 iudli a rin^t is aet np; it fhowi that were la no oon4itui|i 
 
 X 
 
 ion. 
 
 m- 
 
 f'i 
 
 *-H-'.-- ■ -i- -■-■■- ■.. 
 
 :*■'': - :: '•■ 
 
 *». 
 
 -^■A 
 
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or MAS. : it 
 
 fk0 Mt bj wldok the EngUih parliament empowered itMlf 
 to git for Mven jmn^ ihowe fbme it no oon«titation in Eng- 
 Und. It mifflit, by the Mime ielf authoritj, h«Te tat anj 
 grottt«r number or yean or for life. The bill which the 
 present Mr. Pitt brouglit into parliaraont iiome year* ago, 
 to reform parliament, was on tlie tamo erroneous principle. 
 
 Tlie right of reform is in the nation in its original character; 
 and the constitutional metliod would be hy a general con- 
 vention elected for the purpose. There is moreover a para- 
 dox in the idea of vitiated bodies reforming tliemselvos. 
 
 From these preliminaries I proceed to draw some oom- 
 parisons^ I have already spoken of the deolaratioii of rights : 
 and as I mean to be as ooncise as possible, I shall prooett^ 
 to other parts of- the Fr«ich constitution^ 
 
 The constitution of France says, that ermj man who pays 
 ft tax of sixty sons per annum (2*. and OA English) &an 
 elector. What article will Mr. Bui^e plac^ against this t 
 Can any thing be more limitod, and at uie same time more 
 capricious, than what the ^uiUifications of the electors are in 
 England! Limitod—I^ecdl^se not one pan in a hundred (I 
 speak much within compass) is admitted to ^ote : capricious— 
 because the lowest character that can be supposed to ^st, 
 and who has not so mndi ^ the visible means of an honest 
 livelihood, is an elector in" some pla^i^ ; while, in other 
 places, the man who pays very large t^xes, and with a fair 
 
 -^ 
 
 ./I 
 
 i: 
 
 amount, ^ 
 
 ted to be an elector. Every thing is put ef nature, as Mr. 
 Burke savs on another occasion, in this strange chao82andalL 
 sorts of fbllies are blended ldth all sorts of crimes. William 
 the conqaeror, afid his descendants, psircelled out the country 
 in this manner^ and .bribed one ^art of it by what they called 
 iharters, to hold the other part» of it the better subjected to 
 their wilL Hiis is the reason why s6 many charters abound 
 in Cornwall. The people- were averse to the government * 
 established at the oQnquost, and the towns were garrisoned' 
 And bribed to enslave the counky. All the old charters are 
 the bad^ of this.conquest, anf ^ is from, this source that 
 tiie caprimousness of election. arises. ; . . ^ 
 
 TheTrench ocfstitntioiliurs, tblattlie numbeif of reprCsen- 
 ti^y^B for anjr place shai bo in a ratio to the pt^ber of 
 fth«.ki« '"*»«»>^*««»* nordeotbrB.' Whatarticlo will Mr. Burke 
 
 place against this! The county of Yorkshir*, which, con- 
 
 'A 
 
 -%.. 
 
■T* 
 
 ■/ 
 
 Uiiu DMT • mmioD of toolk MBda two oontT nttniberf 
 
 hundnxlth part of tUt owAer. it town of old Sarum. 
 
 whioh conUini not thro« hooMt, •€&<)« two mimben; anj 
 
 the town of ManchusUir, wlUch oout«int upwartU of •ixtr 
 
 thouHttrid ioulis i» uot •dmitUHj to iond any. la th«ro auv 
 
 I>riiuM|.lo m them thinffs I !• there any tiling by which you 
 
 gin tf aco the uiarkii of froodom or di«x>Ter thono of wi«dor.. J 
 
 No wonder then Ur. Bnrke hae declined the coiupariBOiu 
 
 and ondearourtt! to load hit readers from the point bya wild 
 
 imjYitematical diiplay of paradoikal rhapecKliea 
 
 .1. i/*^u , ^ conrtituUon sayi, that the national tMemblr 
 
 "S^ be eleeted every two yeart. What article wUl Mr, 
 
 Bnrke place againrt thitf Why, that the natron hai no 
 
 mhtataUin the cane: that the goTemment it perfectly 
 
 jrbitraiy with reepect to thia point; and he can quote for 
 
 W^"^"^\ ^® precedent of a former parliament. 
 
 rhe French cougtitntion aay», tiiero thall be no irarao 
 
 tow8 : Aat the fanner on whose landi wild game ehall be 
 
 found (for it.iB hv the produce of thqfte lands they are fed) 
 
 •hall hare a ri^ht to what be can take. That tLere shall 
 
 he no miMiopolies of any kind, that all trades shaU be free 
 
 •nd every man fi^ to foUow any occupation by whieh he 
 
 can procure an honest livelihood/and ia wy place, town ^ 
 
 ^t^ throoghont the nation. What willX^fiXry' Z 
 
 tnis I in iingland, game is made the property of those at 
 
 ^ttJT'^ ^*'''* ^^ "^^ monop^^esTETtrT chartered 
 town M an anrtocratic mom^ly in itself, and t&e qualifica- 
 
 ^fi?^^^'^f''¥^ **^* ^ ^«» charteiW molopoU^ 
 
 «Ji* SfS **«^*««^ »<»aP^ • maiiSiiing fhom another 
 P«t of ^Ihe conntiy, is hnnted from th^Ti if he were a 
 for^ enemy. A^fe^glishman is not fe«e in Us own<J8nn. 
 TIa fW,?»? of tjioie places presents a barrier in his way! 
 and tellB him he is not a fre^an-that he hasaoriJhtL 
 WithiA tiiese monopoUey, aro o^er monopolies. In a tity. 
 S^fSf^^^*; B^, whicb c^mtakuTbetween twen§ 
 !fnl«i^.*^'*''!!i^^ inhabitants, the riffht of electing repr^ 
 ■entatives to paij^sment la monopoUaedlnto abont tffity^ 
 persomi. And within these m^^»Ues are stiU oS«i A 
 man, eve n of t h e si me town. who£na n. »u w .»> not in d^ 
 
 > -i 
 
 •^- 
 
 eumatancei to give Wm j|i <icii^tion, is debarred, in many 
 

 eti6»t from ih« luttunJ right «f Ao^uirin^ om, b« bb gvnliM 
 
 or ititliMitry what it itflj. ; » , * . 
 
 Aro Uiote thingi exaniplii td Md out to » oomntry Mgvn- 
 fil^tiug itMslf from lUvery, liko Fmncti t Certainly they are 
 jiut ; and certain am I, that wh<» the people of Eiiglaad 
 oome to reflect upon theni, they will, like France, anuiniiate 
 those badji^ of ancient oppreMioii, those traces of a oon- 
 qiitire<i nation. Had Mr. Burke poitaeaaed taleuta similar to 
 tlie author " On the Wealth of Nationa,'' he would hare 
 compreh^ded idl the parts which enter into, and, by assem-* 
 blage, form a conititutioD. He would have rvMOned from 
 itMnotin to magnitude. It is not from his preindices only, 
 but from the disorderly east of hisgonius, that lie is oniitted 
 for the iubject he writes u^n. Even his genius is without 
 A constitution. It is a genius at ^andoin, mad not a genius 
 constituted. But he must say soMkhing— He has therefore 
 mounted in the air like a biulo<mS|to draw the eyes of the 
 multitude from the ground tho7 4tand upon. 
 
 Much is to be leaned from the French oonstitutioo. Oon- 
 quest and tyranny transplanted themselves with William the 
 conqueror, from Normandy into England, and the country 
 it yet disfigurad with the marks. Hay then the example of 
 all Franoe contribute to regefiJU|ate the fr^^om whioh > 
 proviuoe of it destroyed I ' *^ \ / 
 
 "Die French constitution says, that to preserve the national 
 ' tepreeentation from being corrupt, no niember of the national 
 aMembly^efaall be an oflteer of go^Hlment, a placeman or a 
 penuioner. Whi^ will Hr. Barki pliioe egaiiut thiaff I 
 will whieper his answer i loavet and jUK6$, Ah 1 this go^^ 
 emment of loaves and fishei has more ^mischief in it than 
 people have yet reflected on. The natioi^al assembly has 
 maoe the discoveiy, and b«flhtf&t an example to the world. 
 Had governments ag^ped ^HRarrel on purpose to fleece 
 their oov&tries by taxes, thMlllkl not have succeeded bet 
 ter than they iuive done. 
 
 in the £nid 
 
 JTTiTf'i'T'r'^l^' 
 
 itaimeanlo 
 
 c^'TTft iffy^f.' 
 
 _be. 
 
 roTene -- , , ,, 
 
 The parliament, Ipiporfeotly and <WH(aOiiaiT elect 
 
 is, is nevertheleti mmond to hold tBl#itioiiel pnr|e in imuA \ 
 
 for the nation ; but in the manner in whiJb an English pai^ \ 
 !:..««.* t. ^^^i./k^^,ji u :. i:irA <> »..« \>^£L^ kw^k Tn/««.f «*•»•»» 
 
 tstr^cted^ itJaJ 
 
 b bth m or tg i^ger 
 
 ....V. mortgagee: and in the ease of miiftpplioatioii of trust, 
 it is the criminal sitting in judgment on himself. If thtnie 
 persons wlio vote the supplies are the Bam« persons who re- 
 
 i-&:. 
 
 % 
 
 \ 
 
mmmta mm. 
 
 4 
 
 :r. 
 
 pe«co ig in 
 ihoM 
 In 
 
 the lioni ; 
 
 «df* Uw fiiimlfM wBen Yotod, and art to iioooaikt for th« 
 •xpcnditurw of thoM •a|)i>lict to tiioM Irho rotaci tliciii, it it 
 thmnMlw MkxmniabU to lAtmtdwt, and tha Cotnmly of 
 Erron concludot with Uio j>Ant<)niimfl of //u#A. Ncithor 
 tlio miniftanal party, noir Oio opi>otition will touch umm 
 thi« cMo. Tlio national niine ia th« common Hack which 
 «a«li mounU upon. It i« liico what tho country people crH 
 " nid* and tio— You ride a little wfj aii4 thiut JL*' Xhuy 
 order thfNM things hotter in France.'' ^ ' 
 
 Tlie French conititution saya, that the righi of war* and 
 nation. Where oiao ahoiUjt ftrcmde, but in 
 ^o pay tlieoipeniot ^ 
 
 tiio right it aaid to reside in a fneiaphar, 
 •wor for sixpence or a sliilling a-piece ; so are - 
 , it would bo a step nearer to reason to say 
 
 ft resided in them, for anj inanimate metaphor is no more 
 than a hat or a cap. Wo can all soo tlie absurdity of won- 
 •hipping Aaron's molten calf, or Nebnchadnezzar''s golden 
 Image; but why do men continue to practise on themselves 
 the absurdities tliey despise in otliersl 
 ' It, maj with reason b^ said, that in the manner the Englfsl 
 nation is represented, |t mf^tters not where this right rcwdeA, 
 Whether in the crown or in the parliament War is the 
 eornmon harvest of all those who participate in the division 
 «nd expenditure of puWic money, in all countries. It is the 
 •rt of oon^uermq at furtM: the object of it is an increase 
 Of revenue: and as rorenne cannot be increased without ' 
 Uxas, a pretence must b^ made for expenditures. In re- 
 Tiewing the history of the English government, its wars and 
 Uxei, an observer,, not blinded bj prejudice, nor warped by 
 interest, would declare that taxes were not raised to carry 
 Qh wars, out that wars were raised to cany on taxes. 
 
 Mr. Burk& as a member of the house of commons, is a 
 Pfrtof the English government ; and though he professes 
 himself an enemfj^ to war, he abuses the French constitution, 
 If hich seeks to explode it, He holds up the English govern- 
 ment at a model in aU iU parts, to Prance ; but he should 
 first know the remarks which the French make upon it. 
 They cdntend, in favor of their own, that the portion of li^ 
 orty enjoyed in EngVind, is just enough to enslave a coun- 
 try by, more productively than by despotism ; and that as 
 
 object of a despotism is revenue, a government so 
 vmned obtains more than it conld either by direct dctpotisra 
 or m a full itate of free dom, and is^ thtr^aro. on the groaad 
 
u- 
 
 .3 
 
 © 
 
 ■-mil 
 
 ^ 
 
 df IrMNI^ Imeidr H ^»ot}i. Hp «c(M)anl alto for 
 ro«din«M whioii alw^jt amH)«rt Vrtncli pivomiiionUi for en- 
 fl^ng in wtri, bj remarking on <l1iudin«rontmotivaiwhicli 
 prudttoe them. In dnpotio gorornnionU, wart ara tho offedi 
 of pride ; but in tliOM tfovertinicnUi in which ttiej h6com« 
 tiw tiuwni of tftiatioiit fclugr soq^ulra therabjr a mora p«nu»* 
 neiit pruinptitude. • 1. 
 
 Hi* French <M)n«titution, therefore, to provide agminat both 
 UiOM eviU, h«^ taken away fVoni kiiiga and mlniitera tht 
 power of deolaring w«r| mi plao#d UM.figbt wiMff tb* 
 ponao muit fall. ^ \ . ' ■ , ^ — 
 
 When the/queation ob the righi of war and peao«^ 
 
 agitating in /the national aaaembiy. the people of EngUnd 
 appeared to bo mnoh interoated in tiio eyent, and bigiUT to 
 applaud the/ dooialon. Aa a princijplo, it appUea aa maon to 
 one coantnr aa to anotlier. WilUant the conoueror, a§ a 
 conqueror Aield thia power of war and peace in nimaelf, and 
 hia deacendanta have evor ainou cl*ijmed it aa a right 
 
 Although Mr. Burke has aaaerted tho right of tue parlia- 
 ment at the revolution to bind and control the nation and 
 posterity /br every he denies at the lame time, Uiat the par* 
 liament or the nation has an^ right to alter, what he palla, 
 the Bnccession of the prown, m anjr thin|j[ but in part, or bj 
 a sort off modification. By hia taking thia grpnna, he throwi 
 the case pack to the Norman conqueet: and by thus running 
 auccesaion, springing from William the conqneror 
 saent day, he makes it necessary to inquire who and 
 lliam the conqueror was, and where he came from : 
 the origin, history and nature of what are called 
 ▼ea. Every thing must have had a beginning, and 
 the fog! of time and of antiquity should be penetrated to 
 dlscoYer it Let then Mr. Burko bring forward his William 
 of Normandy, for it is to this origin thaihui argument goes. 
 It alio nnfortunatdiy happens in nmning^tl|is line of sue 
 o«i|dicml that another line, parallel thereto, presents itself, 
 whksh IS, that if the succession runa in a line of the con- 
 quest, /the nation runs in a line of being conquered, and ii 
 ought /to rescue itidf £rom this reproach. 
 
 But/ it will perhaps be said, that though the power of de» 
 daring war descenas into the heritage of the conquest, it is 
 held in check by the right of the parliament t<| withhold t he 
 suppliee. It wul always happen, when a thing is originally 
 vn^ng, that ainendmoits do not, make it ri^t,. and oHon 
 iinppoaii that tliey do aa much miUchiet' one way ai gv»o«l 
 
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 HmWrn ; nwS m^ k m cm Imt*, fbr If (hbofm mitlj ^ 
 alartt WAT M ft iiMttMr of rifht, luid the oUmt pwcmptoril/ 
 withholdtth* •oppliM M a opftttor of ri|^ tbo rooMdj be- 
 ooiiMi M b*d or wont tluuv|ho di wiit . Hm one foro«t the 
 AfttkNi to • ixNiibat, and th« oChv ticf its handa ; but thu 
 mom pro^abVjMBo ^ Uia^ ^« oootraiit will «id in a oolltb- 
 gion between tn^partieai and be made a loreai to both. 
 
 On thia aoeation of war, three things are to be conaidered ; 
 Itt, the ri|^ of de^ariiu; it ; Sd, the expeoee of eapporting 
 it; 8<Lthemodeof ocNMUwtiiigitafterit iidedared. The 
 Freoon oooetitntioii plaoea the riaki wliere the mpmm mait 
 ihll, and this onion can be only In the nation. The mode 
 jof ooodootii^ it, alter it la declared, it oandiffiia to the ex»- 
 entlTe departaaent Were this the oaae in alTcoantriee, w^ 
 thoold hear bat little more of ware. 
 
 . Before I proceed to oonaider other parts of the French 
 •onatitotion^ and by way of rpUering the Iktiffoe of 
 argnment, I wiU introdnoe an anecdote which I had from 
 Dr. Franklin. 
 
 While the doctor resided in lyance, as Minister iW>m, 
 AmerioiL during the war, he had nnmerons proposala made' 
 to him Dj projectors of erery ooontry and of erenr kind, 
 who wishea to go to the land that floweth withjoiOk and 
 honey. America, and amon g t he rest, tiiere was one who 
 olma himself to be kinff. He introanoed his proposal to 
 tiie doctor br letter, whi<m is now in the hands of it. Beau- 
 maroikais. of Paris— statii^ first, Uiat as the Americans had 
 dismissed or sent away thttr kib^ they would want another. 
 Secondly, tiiat himself wm a Norman. Tliir^, that he 
 was of a mora ancient fiumily than the dnkes of iNwrnandy, 
 and of a more honorable descent, his line never hn^ng been 
 bastardised. FonriUy, that there was already a precedent 
 in England, of kings oominflr ^t of Kormandy ; and on 
 these gronnds he re^ed his <^r, mjoining that the ddctor 
 wonla ibrward it to America. Bint as l^e doctor did not do 
 this, nor yet send him an answer, the projeetor wrote a 
 second letter ; in which he did not, it is true, threaten to go 
 oTier and confer America, Irat only, with great dkputy, 
 poposed, that If his offer was not accepted, that an a^ow- 
 ledgment of abont 80,000{. might be made tohun for bis 
 generodty ! Kow, as all aignments respecting sncoession 
 most neoeisarily oonnect that sacceslrion with some beonn- 
 nin g , Mr. Bnike's a»i gqmenti mi this Bnh}ewt_go to show, that 
 
 Uiara la no En^^ish wigin of klqgiy and tfiat thsj are d9- 
 
 il»}eotgo< 
 ind t£at 
 
 "W^r 
 
'f 
 
 "'!' 
 
 >• ^ 
 
 J 
 
 votm 09 luv. 
 
 leendiiifi of th« NoraiAii ffiM tn rklt of tlM oonqiiflit It 
 ma/, tharvfore, be q( iehribt ^ hu doetrine to m«k« th« 
 •torj knoini, and to inform him, thftt in oaae of thU natond 
 extinction to whioh all mort*litjr is fabjoot, kingi may min 
 bo had from Normandy, on moro r oaao n a bl a tarmi uian 
 William tho oonqoeror : and, conaequentlr. that tho |;Qod 
 poople of England, at the resolution of I088, might naTO 
 done muoh better, had aaoh a generoni Norman as tM$ 
 known tKeir wanta, and thej Ms, Th» ohiralrio character 
 whioh Mr. Burke lo much admires, it certainly muoh easier 
 to make a bamin with than a hard dealing Dutchman. But 
 to return to the matters of the constitution— > ^ 
 
 The French constitution saja, ihsre thaU he no UUm ; and"^ 
 of consequence, all that class of equiTocal generation, wMch 
 in some counmes is called " ariitooracVf^ and in. others 
 ^ndbilUy^ is done aw«yi and the ^^ Is fuUed Into tht 
 eiaii. ■< : ' 
 
 Titles are but nicknames, and ererr nickname is a title. 
 The thing is perfbctly harmless in itself, but it marks a sort „ 
 of foppery in the human character which degrades it It 
 renders man diminutirO in things whid|« are great, and the 
 counterfeit of woinan in thinn whi<pltfe little, It talks 
 about its fine riiand like a gin, and'&Oirs its garUrhke a i 
 child. A certain writer, of some antiquity, says, ** When I 
 was a child, I thought as a child ; but whoi X became * man, 
 I put away childish things.*' ' 
 
 it is, jaroperly, firom the elevated mind of France^ that the 
 folly of^tities nas been abolished. It has outgrown the^ 
 baby-dothes of count and duke.faid breeched itsdf in man- 
 hood. France has not lereUe^it has exalted. It has pnt 
 down the dwarf to set up the man. The insignificance of a" 
 sensehfts word like dukej count, or earl, has ceased to please. 
 ^Ven those who j^Msesaed them have disowned the gibber- '.' 
 ish,. and, es they outgrew the rickets, have despised tiie 
 rt^tle. The genuine mind of man, tmrsting for Its native 
 home, society, contemns the sew^ws that sqpanito him V 
 from it. Titles are like circbs orawn by the maffimaa'a 
 wand,vio contract the sphere of man's felicity. His liTet' 
 ijumiured within the Bastde of a word, and tnmyt |^ • dia* 
 taace the enried life of man. ^ -i- ^;^ _^^^^ 
 
 Is it then any wonder that titles should fell in France! 
 Is it not a |neater wonder they should be kept up any where t 
 What are Sh^ What is their worth, nay "what ia theifr 
 
 
 Amount f 
 
 When 
 
 we: think or speak of a Judge, or a gm^ 
 

 _jj 
 
 .* ., 
 
 t 
 
 with ft 4h% id«M of oIBm and ohanustw i 
 w« thhik of grftTHy in tbo one, and braTOj in tbo other) 
 but whon we om a word merelT a* a title, no ideaa aaoojate 
 with it ThroQgh all the Tooabalarf of Adam, there ii nut 
 iJMh an animal aa a duke or a oonnt ; neither oan we con- 
 beot anj oertain idea to the wordi. Whether thej mean 
 atrength or weakneia, Jllfdom or folly, a otdld or a man, or 
 a rider or a horae, it amqaiTooal. What leapeot then can 
 be paid to that whioh deaoribea nothing, and whioh meant 
 nothing! Imaglnittion haa giren figure and character to 
 oepUnn, iatTra, and down to all the fldry tribe; bnt titlea 
 b^le ev tn tn> powm of Aob y , and aii r ^MTntriitil non- 
 deacript* ■■•' . ■■« • , 
 
 ^ Bnt thia ia not all— If a whole oonntry ia diipoaed to hold 
 Umh in contempt, all their Talne ia gobc, and none will own 
 y them. ''It ia common opinion onlj llg^^nakaa them any 
 thing or nothing, or worae thim nothu|HThere ia no 009a- 
 aion to take titlea away, for thej take HiKaelTaa away when 
 aooiety cononra to ridionle them. Thia speoiea of imuinar^ 
 oonaeqnence haa Tiaiblr deqlined in erery part of Europe, 
 and it haaCena to ita exit aa Ij^e world of reaaon continuea to 
 riae. There waa a time whl^ the lonTeat daaa of what are 
 called nobility, waa more thought of than the higheat la 
 now, and when a man in armor riding Ihrongh Ohriatendom 
 in aearah of adventuzea waa more atSred arthan a modem 
 dnke. Tpdb world liiaa eeen thia folly fkll, and it hip fallen 
 by beiiup laughed at and the fiuroe of titlea will follow ito 
 &te. The patriota of France have diacorered in good time, 
 tM rank and dknity in aodety mnat ti^e a new ground. 
 The old one haa fallen through. It mnat now take Sie lub- 
 
 4taatial ground of character, matead of the chimerical ground 
 of titlea: and they haye brought their titlea to the altar, and 
 made of them a bumtoffe|ring to reaacm. « 
 
 If no miachief haa annexedltaelf to the Iblly of titlea, they 
 wo^ not haTe been worth a lerioua andlbnnal deatenction, 
 anch aa the national aaaembly hnye decreed them : and this 
 makea it neoeaaary to fhquire Ihrther into the nature and 
 bharaoter of ariatooraoy. 
 Th«t then, which' & oaUed ariatocracy in aome ooontariea. 
 
 lad nobility in othera, aroee out of the gotemmenta founded 
 upon oonoueat It waa originally n militaiy <nrder, for the 
 pnrpoae of aupporfag nrilitary goyemment ; (for anch were 
 all goyernmenta founded in oonqueata) and to keep up 
 
 \ 
 
 pot 
 be| 
 
 (for 
 
 t 
 
 a 
 
 aucquiaiun of thia order for the purpoae |$Kr itrhieh it. waa 
 
 wm 
 
rtS^-Z-.W 
 
 mown Of MAM, 
 
 'i 
 
 • . 
 
 <9^"i 
 
 •ttftUilMd. all tile jomif^ VniMhtt of tkoM fkaiSBm wm% 
 disinlioritM, md the kw of primogmUturmh^ let up. 
 
 The QAtiure end ohereoter of erietocreor thowt itaelf to us Vv 
 in thii lew. It ie e lew egeinst erery lew of netme, end 
 nfttare henelf oelU for ite dattruotion. EaUbMeh fiunUr 
 juttioo end erietoo/ecy felle. By the eriitooretioel lew of 
 priraogenltnreehip, in e femily of iix children^ Hto ere ex- 
 poted. — Arietocrecy hea never but one child. The reet ere 
 begotten to be deroored. They ere thrown £0 the'oennibel 
 for prey, end the netorel perent preperee the onneturel 
 
 repett tm i 
 
 Am erery thing whioh it ont of netore in men, efliMta, J 
 moreW leie, the interelt of society, lo does this. All the 
 children lAich the eriitOcrecy diwwM (which ere ell, ewsopt »| 
 the eldeet) ere, in generel. ceet like orphene on e periah, to ^ 
 be provided for by the public, bnt et e greeter cherge. Un^,l 
 eeoeMeiy offlcee end pfeoee in govemmente end ooorte are t 
 Greeted et the ezpenie of the public to nudntein thenu 
 
 With whet Und of perentel reflections cen the fether of 
 mother oontemplete tnelr younger offepring. By netwe . 
 they ere ohU<&«i, end by merrieffo they ere hein ; but by ' 
 eriitooreoy they ere beeterde ena orphene. Ther ere th# 
 flesh end bldod of their perents in one line, end nothing ekift 
 to them in the o^er. To restore, therefore, perento to their V 
 children, end children to their pevents—reletions to eech .- 
 other, end maa to society — aftd to exterminate the mqg^^ut y 
 aristocracy^ root and brench — the French eonstitutioilHL. 
 * fprimoamUureskip, Here then lieexne 
 
 .irice, if lie plee8eB,may write its epiteph., 
 je cooAidered eristocrecy chiefly in one 
 have now to consider it in another, 
 it befi>re or behind, or side ways, or 
 
 
 anstooraoy. rooi 1 
 destroyed liie law. 
 monster, ind Mr. 
 Hitherto we h 
 
 S>int of view, 
 at whether we vii 
 
 7 
 
 any wey else, dommciUly or publicly, it is still a monster. 
 * « " ^-^-^r^jf^y\f^ Qj^Q feeture less in ite couii- 
 
 it hes ill some other countriee. ^ It did 
 
 of herediteiy leflpalators.' It was not **ia 
 
 wracu^ for such I have heerd IL de la 
 
 . |)ngT'»^ house of peers. Let us then 
 
 ids upon which tiie f^nch oonititnti^ 
 
 . .«^.,w» -©— i--i havmg such e house in France. * ^ '- 
 
 Because, in thf^rst place, as ie already mentioned, aHe* 
 
 toOTacy is kept iro by family tyranny and i njustice. 
 
 InFreaoe, arisi 
 tenanoe than wha 
 not compose a ' 
 wrpCTcmoncf 
 Feyette deecribe 
 examine the 
 has resolved 
 
 9nd!^ BeeeuaeJ^ere ia an unnatural mifl,^ 
 toeracgrtobe 
 
 in an'^arie* 
 
 tora for ft naUoii, 13ieir ideaa of c^/«i(^ 
 
 '.h. 
 
 
 wm. 
 
.SfV ' 
 
 lif« trunpUiiff OB dl Uitair 7o«ii«« bratkm Md riilmr^ 
 mMM of ^mj kind, aadmra to«gkt Mid odMAtod to to 
 do. WiMi wimt id«M of JmUm or honor oav thu oAn 
 enter » booM of legkktkm, wlio •hmurU in hit own pmon 
 th« inhvitanoo of n wholo ikmilj of ohiklim, or m^lm out 
 foi<M ijtifya portion with tho iaioliooe of • gtflf 
 M, BooMM tho idon of hortditarr kgkUton it m incon- 
 
 rontttthAtofh««ditv7jndm»orh««ditnr7jnritt: and 
 tbtoi4 at an hMneditaiy maOiamtieian, or an htradiurr 
 vita man ; and at ridiooloot at an hawlitaiy pooi-lawaat. 
 - f^ BteaoM a bodj of nip, holdiac thenMdTw aooonnt^ 
 aola to nobody, ought not to be tmittd by m body. 
 
 6th, B«oante it it oontinainf the nnd^iM prinelple of 
 fOTenunentt founded in oonqnett, and the bate idea of 
 iB^ hM^kg pioptrty in maUi and fofwnlag him hj pei^ 
 tonal nvat* ^ ■ ■ [.■ 
 
 6th, Becantt arfttoctaeyhat a tndtnqrto dt^tnerata the 
 hmman qweie^ Bj the nniTtnal eoonoBT of natore it it 
 known, and/f/ the inttanoe of the Jewt it it prored, that 
 the homan tpedet hat a t«iden^ to dtMatmte, in anr 
 tmafl aamber of penent, when aeparated ftoni thtf^ganeral 
 itook of todety, and intormariTing oonttantlr with each 
 other. It dt^ta even iti pretended end, and beoomca in 
 tinaetheoppotiteofwhatitnobleinman. Mr. Bovke talk! 
 of nobUity: lei him th^ what it it. The arttlmt eharao** 
 tan theworid hat known, haTo rote on the tenoeratie floor. 
 Aiittotra^ hat a4H betn abto to keep a pratoort^ 
 with demfl^rMT. The artiieial neNf thi&ka into a 4iW 
 befinv the ntMp of natore : and in a &w inttanoM (Ibr there 
 are tone in all ooontrlet) b idiom naton^ at 1^ a mirade, 
 hat twriTod in uittoeiaey, Moti mm d^iQMN £ Bat H it 
 thna to Mooefd to a new tnkjeet 
 
 The f>wh oqiiititaticm hat rdbimed the oonditioo of the ^ 
 . piwgj. It hilTaiatd the inoome of the lower and middle 
 claitat, and Inken from the higher. Kone an now leai than 
 twelre hnndind liTret, (flftr poondt tittling) nor any higfaei 
 
 *^^?'***K*.*'**5?~*?<>'"»^ What wiU Mr. BSrke 
 plaoelmainttthitt Haar jftiat he tayi. A 
 
 He.tayt, t^t «♦ the peMe of EngW oan tte, without 
 pain or cmdging, an archr *^ ' - • 
 
 toeabitho i 
 ion of 10,T 
 
 oCjiiiff 
 
 ^ithop precede a dnke : l^ cau 
 nh»flp<ifVlnd 
 
 wvfi vt xv,wv».^ap7ear : and oAnnoi tee whj it it in wowe 
 haudt than eetatw to the like imoant in tb* 
 
 ift 
 
 ;^-..^l 
 . ^ 
 
 an 
 
 ' da) 
 in 
 
 an 
 tbi 
 
 
 ca 
 
 
 / -S 
 
 m 
 al< 
 
 ref 
 
 ' m 
 ol 
 
 vpi 
 of 
 th 
 d 
 
 of 
 P< 
 
 01 
 
 a 
 in 
 
 01 
 
 oi 
 
 ifl 
 
 ai 
 
*. 1 
 
 •ill or UmI *^iiim.* MaAMM. 
 t^iAtt to Franotw 
 
 ij to tiM fljriit ptfi, whoUMT Um M«hUihop pMOtdit tU 
 dak*, Cir tki Mu tU biihoD, il ^1 b«li«r«| to tU pwMiU 
 in genenU. tomewhat like SUmAcla tM MopkU§^ or lu^ • 
 ifcMw u4 BUmAoU; jou m*/ pot wUoh yoa p l ttf flmt/ 
 and M 1 oonfaM thyRt I do not nndiffitond tM BMriti ol 
 this o«ai| I wUl not oontcad it with Mr. Bark*. .^ . 
 
 But With rtsfMot to th« l«tt«r, I hmr% w6miMm$ UWf, " 
 Mr. Bnrko haa not pat th« etm right Tb« oonuMriaoBlt 
 oiit of ordir hj btlaff pot batwMii th« biahop and t£a aarl, at 
 the 'aqohra. it ongnt to b« pat between tba biahop and thf 
 atwikaad thaa ft will atandthna; ih» p*ofU qf Mk^mi 
 
 k' , huhop ^-^WimekMUr^ inp09$t»%cn <(f Un ikou$qmd jpmmi$ 
 
 . a-ytar^mdacurai^(mtJUriy(fr/oriifp(mm^ 
 ^ I4o, air, they oertainlj do not aee tlteaa thinga wlthoot gvail 
 pain and gijkU^. It ia a eaae that appliaa itaalf to oraiV 
 man's aenae or ioatioe, and ia aim among man j that oatti 
 alood for a oopautntion. ' 
 
 In Franco, the ciy of ^ihs chmrchl ths «A«#reA/** war 
 rapeated aa often aa in Mr. Borke'a book, and aa loodly aa ^ 
 when the diaientois* biil waa before parliament; bat tho (* 
 
 Sneralitj of iJie French olergj were not to be doeoiTod bj 
 ia orr any kmger. Ihej knew that whatoYor the pretanoi 
 
 :^. might DO. ft waa themaolves who were one of tho prindpil 
 
 objectaorit It wm theory of the high benefiood olaigr, to 
 ypravent anj reffolatloo of income taking place botwoen thoao 
 of ten thooaanapoondaaryear and the pariah prieat Ihoy. 
 therefore, joined tjbir caae to thoae of oTery other o gpr qwa d 
 daaa of mem, and by thia onion obtained rodreia. 
 
 The Frmch conatitation haa abolidbod tithaa, that acNlitt 
 
 of porpetnal diacontent between the tith»^o]dor and tho 
 
 pamhioner. When land is held pn tithe, it is In the ooodip 
 
 tion,pf an eatato held between two partita; ope rooaiTiiu 
 
 one 1»nth« and the other nine tentha of the ^rodoca ; ana, 
 
 f cQnseqoeDtly, on . principles of oquity, if the aataio can bo 
 
 improved, and made to produced by that improvement doobW 
 
 ' or treble what it did bgiore. or in anv other ratio, thoaig^oaaa 
 
 ■'"'■ • of stdi improvement ongnt to bo iiome in like proMrtioD 
 
 ; between the partiea who are to share the prodnoe. Bat this 
 
 ' isnotthecaiMintithea; the farmer bears the whole oqMoae, 
 
 and the fltho-holder takea a tenth of the improTomoiit, in 
 
 into m 
 
 t 
 
 .1.' 
 
 y 
 
''mif^'t. 
 
 "i- » - 
 
 \ m 
 
 > 
 
 y 
 
 ■^* .' 
 
 \: 
 
 f . •■ .1 <« * . ifc. 
 
 tiliii of two loilht fBtfand of ono. llila it tnotW cms 
 lliat ottllf for ft ooiwCitation. 
 
 Tho Froooh c<m«tit9tioii hftth ftboUahad or rmounnod 
 kiliraiinn, and itUoUnMium dao, and hath aiUbliihod uni- 
 vtrml riff At qf oovMOMnot. 
 
 ToUration ia not tho oppot^ of tntolofatlon, bot ts tht 
 oimtUmftii of it. Both aro detpotiima. Tho one a«iiniot 
 to itiolr tha right of withholding Ubartr of oonAoienco, and 
 the other of granting it. The one ii the pope, armed with 
 Are and fagotand the other iithe pope Mlling or granting 
 indulgenoea. The former ia ohoroh and eUte, and the lattur 
 it ohoroh and trai&o. 
 
 ^- Bat toleration may be Tiewed in a m«eh ttronger light. 
 Man worehipa not himtelf, but hit maker: and the liberty 
 of oonaoienoe which he olaimt, it not for the aerTioe of him- 
 telf. but <A hit Qod. In thit oato, therefore, we mi^t noooa- 
 tarily hava the attooiated idea of two beingi : the mortal 
 who rendert the wonhip, and the itrmwriaL }>«i/ng who it 
 wonhipMl. Toleration, therefore, placet ittalf not between 
 man ana man, nor between oharoh and oh^Ri, nor between 
 
 <oae denomination of religion and another, bnt between Qod 
 
 «and man: between the being who worthipt, and the hexfig 
 who it worthipped°; and by the tame act ofattnmed autlio- 
 rity by which it toleratet man to pay hit worthip, it pre- 
 
 otamptuootly and blatphemootly tett up itMdf to tolerato 
 the Almighty to receive it 
 
 ' Wer^.a bill brought into parliament, entitled, " An a<3< to 
 tolerai* or grant fibertr to the AlmJghty to reodiTe the 
 worthip of a Jew or a Tark," or " to prohibit the iJmighty 
 from racing it," aU men would ttartle, and call it Ska- 
 phemy. ihere wonld be an nproftr. Hie preaomption of 
 toleration in religioilt mattert wonld then, pratent ittelf 
 vnatked ; bnt the pretnmption it not the lett beoante the 
 name of "man" only appeart to thote lawt, for the attod- 
 ated idea of the v)CT9h^pper And the wyr»hi!j^p€d cannot be 
 teiNurated. Who, then, art thon, yaita dntt and athet I by 
 wbateTer name thon art called, whother a king, a bithop, a 
 ehoreh or a tlate^ a parliament or any thing elte, Siat. 
 dbtmdett thine intigniflcanoe between the tool of man and 
 nit maker! Mind thine own ooncema. If he bdierett not 
 •t thoik believotti it it a proof that thon beliereat not at he 
 belieyeth, and there it no earthly power can determine 
 
 ^ou. 
 
 Witli itipaot to wh«t ara eallad denominatioiit of raUgion, 
 
 
- -■.■. ■■-' If - - - ,. - .-.-,- . 
 
 If vftfj 0D« ii kft to Jndg* of hk own rtll|f:<«n, iSHrnk k no 
 ftich tnlng M A rtliffion Uiil U wrooff ; but if thmw ftr« to 
 jiidgoof moh othort r«ligioii, thore i§ no taoh tiling m » 
 ruligiun thai it right; and therefore «11 tho world it rigbl^ 
 or all the world it wrong. Bat with refptct to r^iffion 
 ittolf, without regard to naniM, and at directing iliolf front 
 tlio unlvenal family of mankind to the divine object of all 
 aduration, ii w tnan hrin^ng to hia mahmr th4 frmU qf 
 Ms haarif and Uiough tlieto fruitt maj differ Irom each 
 other like tha Anita of 1^ n^rth, the grateful tribnta of 
 vrery one it accepted. ^ • 
 
 A bithop of Durham, or a bithop of Wlnohcatar, or tm 
 ttvhbithop ifho headt the daket| will not reAite a tithe-theaf 
 of wheat, becaute it it not a cock of hajr ; por a cock at 
 har, becaote it it not a iheaf of wheat ; nor a pig beoaota 
 t ii neither the one nor the other : but theto tame pertont, 
 nuder Uie figure of an ettabliihod church, will not permit 
 their makar to receiYe the varied tltliet of inan't devotion. 
 
 One of the continual chomtet of IftjJBurke't book, it 
 ' church and ttato ;" he doct not mean mff^ one particular 
 church, or tome one particular ttate, but any church and 
 itate ; and he ntet the term at a general figure to hold forth 
 the political doctrine of alwajt uniting the church with tlia 
 ttate in everj country, and he couuret the national altera- 
 bly for not having done thlt in France. Let ut bettow a fem* 
 thouffhtt on thit tubject. 
 
 All religiont aro, in their nature, mild and benign, and 
 united with principlet of morality. They could not haw 
 made protdvtea at firtt, by profetting any thing that waa 
 viciout, cruel, peneouting or immoral. Like every thing 
 elte, they had tneir be^nning ; and Uigr proceeded by per- 
 tuation, exhortation, and example. How then it it that 
 they lote th^ native^ mildnett, and become morote and 
 Intolerant t 
 
 It proooedt from the connexion which Mr. Burke recom- 
 men<u. By engendering the church with the ttate, a tort 
 of mule animal, capable onW of dettroying, and not of ^ 
 breeding up, it produced, called, the church ettaUithed of- 
 law. It It a ttranger, oven from itt birth, to any pareni 
 mother on which it it begotten^ and whom in time it kickf 
 . out and dettroyt. ■" ■ _^',. .:i^:-'^^i'' \ 
 
 The inqniiition in Spain doet not proceed from the reli* 
 gion originaHf pfofettta, bnt t jn om thit mnle anin ad^ 
 iiiid iMtwen th« ohm«h ai 
 
 RtaiA. 
 
 The barnini^ 
 
 Z^ 
 
 ' -'j- 
 
 rt 
 

 Hi: 
 
 lion : and it wm tluM^irajMiniUoii at Cbia ttrmnf^ «nirii«l in 
 £iiKlMid afWwartU, thmt r«MW«l nmoor aiid imtlitfidu 
 »iiioiig tiw luhAbiUtiU, «nd thmt druTo M>o (MWpU (mllod 
 QuaImti Mid DiMeiitar* to Aiiierioa. I*«fmuti<)u k not mi 
 
 ' Oriffin«l fMlare iimhv nUigiun ; hut it !• lUwftVB tlia strotiirt; 
 
 /BMrked f«i«tur« of Ml Uw r«JtKiou«, or r«U|^orM mtalilinTud 
 b^ Uw. Tdk« aw»j tU Uw<«»tabliihiu«iit. Mid etmrj roii. 
 ' cjioa ro-MiaruM iu origiual ben^iiUj. In AtnericA, a oAtho* 
 Bo priflit it • f^uod oitisen, a good dtATAOter, Atid a g(XMl 
 IMtignbor: mi epincopAliAn ininbt«r ii of tli« Muiie d^jAcrii^ 
 tkm: MM tbiA proowxlA indo|M)uduiit of men, frgm Uiure 
 %ita no Uw-wtAbtiAhment in Anieri«Ai 
 
 ITmao wu view thia matter in a temporal lente, we thall 
 ■•6 the ill etfoota it Laa hod on the proaperity of nAtioui. 
 Tbo union of cliurch And »tAt« Laa impoveriAood HpAin^— 
 The revoking the edict of NAnU drove tlie ailk manufacture 
 from that country into KnglMkd ; Mid diurob and ttate arf 
 now driving tlie cotton manufacture from England to Aino- 
 rioa and FrMice. I^t Uion Mr. Burke continue to preach 
 hit anti-polititml doctrine of diuroh and state. It will do 
 •ome good, f^^^^e national aitembljr will not follow hit ad- 
 ▼ioo, but will bonofit b? bit folly. It waA by obterving the 
 ill ofiectA of it in Kiigiand, that Ainerioa^ baa been wamfnl 
 •gaintt it; and it Is bv exporienciiur thoui in Franco, tbut 
 the national assembly nave abolisboa it, and, like Ajncrica, 
 baa eatabliiilied univertal right of (xyntcitnoe^ and ttniwrMal 
 right <f oUiaenthip,* 
 
 rm 
 
 Umjt iMtiinUjr l««d ut j man who bu • Uknt for obaervUion aad ioT«tt^Uon, 
 to iaquir* Into the oauae*. Th« manufkcturen of MaachMtcr. Oirmingliam, 
 and Shcflleld, are tha princi|jal manafaeturan In EogUnd. From whanco dlj 
 HOs ariaaf A lUtla obaanratlon n^jll ai plain tha oaaa. Tha prinolnal, and Iha 
 
 Eneralitj of tho inhabitanla.^ thoae placaa, ara not of what la callad in Knr* 
 id, Uia oharoh caUbUahMTby law : and thrj, or tb«ir fallicni (Tor it is within 
 bat a few yoan) withdraw from tho poraccullon of tho chartered towna, whcra 
 tc«t*law8 more particularly operate, and eatabliahed a nort of naytam for them- 
 aelvea Jo thoaa piacea. It waa tha onljr aaylnni than offorod, for tlie roat of 
 Kuropc waa worae. But tbo caao la now chaDgins.— Franco and America bijl 
 tf oomen welcomn, and initiate them into all tho i-iffhu of cititenaliip. I'olioy 
 ^-and intereat, therefore, will, but perhopa too lato, dicUte in England what rmtr* 
 •an aad Juatice oauld not. Thoae manufacturora are withdrawing to other 
 {ilaeea. There ia now erecting in Paaaej, three milca from I'Aria, a iarge cotton 
 laaiHifaetorj. and aovaral are urcadj erected ^ America. Boon after |Eo rejecu 
 
 Ing the bin rer repealing tha teat><aw, one of the richeat manofacluiwa Iu Ki^ 
 
 lasd aald ia aij iiaarteg, **BB|^aiid« ak, ia not a eovaHrj for a IMaaeotor to live 
 k^—vo SMWI IP to jyaaea^" Thojo jmo twit^ mi4 it jp ^dh^^gfi n bptlt 
 
 ./ 
 
.4-, f^ 
 
 Iwffllwp»tMntf» a t u i F ii Mi w»ffiyiglte 
 
 iit)l.« of tK« Fronch mmtUtution, And oonclud* \hk p^rt oi 
 t)i« Mihjoot with A ff)w <><]««rirfttiont on Um iirgilllfltl<m of Um 
 furttial iHirt* of Uio Frvnoh And English govtniAMiit*. 
 
 Tliu ox«('iitivd |Miwttr in flAclt country U in tlio iMnda of • 
 porAon ttylcKl tlio king ; bnt Uio Froiich ecmatitutiuu <li»tiii* 
 |PUi4i<M b«}t«r«iLMi th« king And lli« MverQign : U oontid«rA 
 Um •utioo of king aa ofiioial, Ami plAow toiTAreigntj in iii« 
 
 Tito mpfmm tMltirm of tiM Mtlon, whloh eompot^ tn« n*- ^ M) 
 tionAl Aiwimbljr, And who ato Um logiAlAtivo uowor, urigiiuiUl 
 in And fVum Um) peopio by elootion. aa mi inli«renl rignl JM 
 tilt peopl«. !• Eagfauia it to othorwiAo; And thiA ArisiS 
 from tho cNHf(tAAt eAUl>llAhiTMnt of what it OAlled iiu monAf- 
 chy ; fur aa by Ui« comjuoAt aU the rights uf Uio iwopU cnr 
 till) nation wero Ab«t)rlM)<l into tho hand* of tho conqueror^ 
 Aod who Added tho Uilo of king to UiAt of conqueror, thoet 
 lAine mAttert whioli in Fmnce ato now hold aa rights in th« \ 
 oeople, or in tho nation, Are licid in KnglAiid aa grAntA fVom T 
 what ii OAlled tho oruwn. The pArliAiuent in EnglAnd, in * 
 both ita brAnohpHwAA erected by pAtentA trom Uie doAoend- 
 ioti of the ooJj[(£Krur. The houAO of ooinmone did not origi* I 
 nAte AS A mAtter of right in tho people, to delogAte or oleot,^ 
 but aa A grAnt or boon. 
 
 By the Fronoh conatitution, the nation la AlwAya nAmed 
 boforo the king. The third Article 'of tho doclATAtion of 
 riffhti AAjt. **Tk4 nation m 4§»mHaUy iU mfurce (or foii»- ^ 
 Uio) of M MtMrvt^n^.'* Mr. Burke ArguoA. that, in EniN ^ 
 land, A king is tho fountain — that he la the fbuntAin of aU 
 honor. Bat aa thia ideA Ia evidently doACondod from the oon- 
 
 aaeat, I i^udl mAko no othor romark upon it Uum that it Ia 
 le iiAtui^ of conquoat to turn every thia|{ npaide down ; 
 and aa Mr. Burke will not be refuaed tho privilege of apeak- 
 in twioe^aod ti ibara are but two |»rtt in the figiu^ tb* . 
 
 ptrtlM to 1^ Ibai^ Tl ti ^tefly Um DtMatara tfkatlMvil oanMlliikiril 
 it)iina(ke|arM to Mm hvliiht tb«7 are noif at, and lk« imm omd hava It la tli«lf 
 power to OMTy.tbom away ; aad thovgh thoaa maiuiraetarori waald allannirda 
 continue In th<MM plaooa, tho fdrf ifn markot will bo loot Thoro frtquonlW op* 
 pi>«rii In tho London Oasetto, optraeti Oom eortain acta to provont naohinoa, 
 •ml M far u It oan oxtond to jwraona, ttwn going out of tho oooiitrr. It ap- -^ 
 penni from theoo that tho ill efflbota of tho tcot-Uwi and ohoreh ootabUilinMnt 
 hpf in to bo mncli fuapoctod ; but tho romodj of foroo can oovor ouppij tho 
 roniQily of roaion. In the progrooN of loot than a conturj, all tho unroproaontod 
 
 ptrt of Kngfand, of all deoomlnationi which la at loiat an hundrod tlmea tho 
 
 mo^t nnmorooB, aaay bogio to fool tho nocooaitj tt a anaorilAiaAj aa4 Ikaa |§ 
 aim jaaw ragalav^ batea 
 
 . # 
 
f . 
 
 '% 
 
 hmm. ^" 
 
 Th« Frwifih oonatitntion pmt» Um l«f(itUtiT« biifSw^ lti« 
 •xacutivo ; iHo Uw Iwforo th« king: /<• ^ U roi, Thii aIm} 
 It in Um naturml ortiar of lliin||« ; lMM«ttM U#i mittt baft 
 •xiativnce, Imform titn/ rmn hatr* fltiactition. 
 
 A king in Franoa (1<mm not, in AtldrnMlng hliUMlf to tli« 
 BAtional MMmbljr, mt, ** mj ■■■■mbljr." •imuAr to the |)lirtui« 
 Wmd in England at "my t>*rliUm«ni ^ n«itli«r can ha imm i| 
 conaiaUnt with ih« oonalltuUon, nor otmld il b* admlttiKl. 
 Th«r« Riftj b« propriMy in th« um of it in Kngland, hwauso 
 It ii bifera nitilimd. bolk boiiiii of P i rUaiiiit il odginAted 
 
 fMliffrtM il iilM tib ««wiN ^)f^ ftfal or boo»--^d not 
 
 of th« lnh«rtttt rights of tho p«opl«, m th« national 
 bijr do«a in Franco, and whoaa nam« daaighatai its 
 •riilB. 
 
 The preaident of the national aiaeinblj doea not aak the 
 \kil^ to arant to ths as§emblf tAs Ubfri^ ^»p4$eA, m b the 
 imtlt witn the Enfi^liah hooae of oommona. The oonatitotional 
 ] dlgkiit J of the national aMembly oannot dehaee itaelf. Bpettoh 
 ^ 1% In tne flrit place, on« of the natural richtai^ man, alwaji 
 ftlkned i and with reapeet to the nationiu membljr, tho uio 
 if It b their duiy. and the Ration ia their ouiAorii^. They 
 If^fB elected hjr tne great^l bodj of men exerolaing the 
 
 i 
 
 H|bt 
 
 ■\!\ 
 
 of election the^ Eurbnean world erer mw. Tliej 
 nmiiiJi not (Vom the filth of rotten boronghai nor are thoj 
 ^mmT mr«aenUtlvea of ariatocratical onea. FMling the 
 proper dignity of their character, tbej tapport It Thoir 
 parfiamentarj language, whether lo? or againat a qnettion. 
 M free, bold, and manlj, and extendi to all the parta ana 
 dronr^tanoea o( the caae. If anj matter or inbjoot mpect- 
 Ing the e^eontire department, or the peraon who preaidea In 
 it (the king,) oomea before them, it la debated on with tho 
 •pirit of men, and the tangnage of sentlemen ; and tlieii 
 ianawer, or their addreia, & retnmea in the lamo ityle. 
 Thej stand not aloft iHth the gaping racnitj of mfgar 
 ignoranoe. nor bend with the cringe of tjoophantic inaignifi* 
 •anoe. The graoefVU jpride of tniui knowa no eztremei, and 
 pretenrea in oTerj latitude of life tEb ri|^t^uigled character 
 of man. 
 
 Let oi now look^to the other tide m the qneetion. In the 
 
 wo M*e 
 ran CO, 
 
 bly; 
 
 a ddrm a ea pf t h e Knglj a h parl ia mont a to t h eir k i nga , w< 
 l^peithar the intrepid iptrit of the old parliamenta oi Fri 
 ^IjM t^ l ow pi dignity of tko MiiiBl BAtkual MMm 
 
 \ 
 
 V " 
 
 1 
 
«f 
 
 
 n the 
 • atto 
 baft 
 
 .V 
 
 V 
 
 40 1^ iii H) ItMiB ftiix dilif of db itytt of f n^tMb 
 
 IgamMrti whieh Umlcn KMiMwbAl on blunt Jtwa. Hinra th^i 
 Uhij Mr* naitliM- of ford|rn •itrMii<Mi, nor naturallj of Kiif- 
 lUii nroduotioti. th«ir urigin miwt b« ■ooffbl for •btwlicrs, 
 ind UiAl origin U Ui« Nurman oonquMi. Thov art otridantlv 
 of thf tAMAiro dtM of maniMini, and mnptialiiMlly ttiafK 
 the pnMtimto 4^«Uni)« Ui«t *«xitU in no oi}i«r 000^^09% of 
 nuin lh*ii btlWMU Ui« oomiuaftir and Ui« oonquarvd. Thai 
 Uiia TMMlag* idM and tUU of •{Mailing waa not gol rid ol^ 
 
 ff«l at Um rwolutiun of 16(ID, la atrident (torn tha daolar»*' 
 
 Hon of parliament to William and Marr, in thaaa worda : 
 
 «* w* do Jiiotl bumbijr md ^^Mlj mAmU otuitlrM. otiff 
 
 Mm Mi i i U i itlii im mmP^^nhrnmmh^MOiZwm 
 
 ialag« term. r«pagnant to tha dtgnitj ot fhMdom, and »a 
 iciio of tha languagii um«<1 at the (^onqumt. 
 
 Aa tha aatimation of all Uwn^i in bjr c ompariadn, tha r«T0^ 
 Btion of 16S8, howovdr fh>m circiimntant^ai it maj hava 
 Otan tialtad abov« its ▼iUua^ wiU find iu teTel. It la already 
 on the wane, deTiiMed b? the' enlarii^ng ort/ of reaaon, fxA 
 the rerolutiona of Amerioa and Franca. In leaa tlian another 
 oenturj, it will go, aa wall •■ Mr. Burke't labora, " to tha 
 familj rmtkii of all tha OapuleU." Mankind wi)l then 
 •oaroelr b«litT« lh*t » oountrV calling itaelf n-ee, would aend 
 to Holland for a man, and ofothe liira with power, on par 
 poM to put themialTea in fear of hioi, and gfre him almoat 
 a million ttarling *-T(Mur for leare to tubmii thenMeWat VjA 
 their poateritj, uJio bondmen and bondwomen for vnih 4 \ ^ 
 
 Bot there it % trutli that oUght to b« made kpoim ; 1 . 
 ha?a had the opportunity of aeoTng it : which ia, thai n4f$- 
 wthdanding appMranoes^ tKer4 is not any tUsorivtian qf 
 mm ihai d^^^ut monarohy to muck as courtiers. But thej 
 Well know. Uiat if it were laen bj others, aa it ia Men bj 
 them, the Jogglo oonld not be kept up. Thej are in the 
 oonditlon of men who get their liring bjr aliow, and to whom 
 the fbllj of that ahow ia ao familiar that they ridicule it ; 
 bat were tha aodience to be made m wiae. in thia r^peet, 
 •• tlieroaelree, there would be an end to tne Aliow ana the 
 profita with it The difference between a republican and a 
 courtier with regpect to monarchy. i«, that tho one oppoaea 
 monarch/ belieTuig it to be aomeUiiiigi and th§ othor iAiighi 
 At it laiowing it toTlM) nothB(kg» ^.>..- • T~, 
 
 Ai I oaed lometimaa to oorreipond with Vr. Barke, b» 
 lieving hinohen to be a man ci aoander princi|^cvith»i^it 
 book HOWOliim to b^ I wrata to Kiwi i^i* wja*** fttta Paaiu 
 
 ■♦ • % 
 
 I ^ 
 
 T •? 
 
 r 
 
 •M\ 
 
 V 
 
i^ 
 
,,*'« 
 
 • 7^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Mid gKT% hfat i> ieeo aai 1i<»ir pwfpeww^ ittl iii^^itit 
 coiBir OD. Among oUmt fobjeoti in thftt l«ttar, I raerr#l 
 totbe hsppj ■Itiiatkm th« natiMAl MnmblT wera placed 
 b : that thoy hid Uken » ground on whioh their moral 
 duty and their jMlitioal intoreal were nirited. Thej have 
 not to liold ^oi a language which tliey do not beliere. for 
 the fraodnlent pnrpoae of making othem beliere it Their 
 ■Ution reqoiree no artifloe to tnpport it. and ean only be 
 maintakiea by eiklightening manUnd. It is not their Lq- 
 t«eat 16 eherlah ignoranoe, b«l to difpel it Thej are not 
 in theeaee &t a mmiaterial t>r an oppedtion party it Eng^ 
 lead, who» thongfa they are oppbMd, acre itill tmited to keep 
 up the common mjatefyA The national aaaemllly tenet 
 throw open a magiuEine of light It mnat ahow man Uie 
 proper character ^ man ; and this nearer it can bring him 
 to &at ftandaord, the atronger the nation*! aaaembly be- 
 eomea. 
 y In contemplating the French oonatitntion, we see in it 
 
 ^ rational order of thiiLgs. The principles harmonise wTth 
 the forms, and both with their origin. It may perhaps be 
 SKid ss an eouusefor bad form^ tldi€ thev arenot|||ing more 
 thaa forms; bnt this is a misUke. Forms grow ont 61 
 prine^ks, and operate to oontinne tiie principles they rnlw 
 from. It is impossible to practise a bad form on any thing 
 bnt a bad principle. It cannot be engrafted on a good one ; 
 Mid whererer the forms in any goreniinent are bad, it ii a 
 eertain indication that the prindples are bad also. 
 
 J will btare finally. close this inbject I began it by le- 
 i&king that Mr. Borke had wtuitMi^ declined going 
 into • oomparison of the English and French constitattons. , 
 ^e aptdogiced ($. 341) for not doing it, by saying t^he 
 had i0 Sme. Mr. Buke's book was upwards of eq^ht 
 months In band, and it eoEtended td a yolame of thme hnn- 
 ckmd and ifty-siz pages. As his omission does imnnr to his 
 catHO, faki apology makes it wxnee ; and men on the English 
 si4B of the water will b^n to consider, wheHier there is not 
 soSw radieal defect in what is eOled the £iA|^ constitu- 
 tion, that made it neoesBary in Ifr. Bnrke to soppress the 
 comparison, to SToid bringing it hito i^eW; ^ 
 As Mr. Bnrke has not written on constitutions, so nather 
 
 > lias he written on tiieFrencJi retcdntion. He jrivesno ao- 
 oGontof its commenoement or its progreMk flie onfy ex* 
 
 pteisssTiii wonder. **It looks,*' eayslie, **t?o me as if I 
 
 in m gteat crisis, net sf Hie aAuie of Fnsiee atofie, but 
 
I- 
 
 if all larope, perliApt of more than SmropA AH oinmm* 
 itancet iakm toffetker, Ui« Frmoh rerolation it the ino«t 
 MtoniihiDg that om hitherto happened in the world.** 
 
 apparontljT 
 
 bnivt forth like a ooMlion from a chaos, but it ia no more 
 than the conaeqwenoBM>f mental revolution previoualT eziit- 
 ing in Franca The mind of the nation had ohanged odbre* 
 hand, and * new order of thin^ hat natnrallyfollowed a 
 new order of thought^ — I will here, aa oonoiaely aa I - 
 can, trace out the gn^lrth of the French revolndon, and 
 inai^ the piroumatsncea that have eontributed to produce 
 
 The deapotlfm ^ Ionia the XTT. imlted With the gtitjf 
 of his oouii, and the gaudj ostentation of his diaracter, hikd ' 
 so humbled^ and at the same time so fsMdnated the mind of 
 France, that the people appNcar to have lost all sense of their 
 Own digni^, in contemplating that of their grand monarch : 
 and the wnole teij^ of Louis XY. remarkable onlj for 
 weakness and effeminacy, made no other alteration than 
 that of mreading a sort of lethars;^ over the nation, from 
 which it snowed no disposition to nse. > 
 
 The only signs whioh apneared of the spirit of liberty 
 dnrinff those periods, are to oe found in the writings of the 
 Frenoijj^hilosophers. Montesquieu, president of the parlia- 
 ment ofBordeauz, went as far as a writer nn^er a derootia 
 ffoyemment oonld well proceed : and beinf obliged tomvidi - 
 himself between fvinoiple and prndence/nis mind often ap- 
 peaii^under a Veil, and we oivi|^t to give him credit tor^' 
 more tiian he has flKprasaed. •# 
 
 Yoltaire, who was both the flatterer and salirist of dea> 
 ]>otism; took anothar line. His forte lay in expodng aM . 
 ridiculing the snpentilions whioh priestcraft, unitoa with 
 8tate<3raft, had ititenroren with goTermnents. It was nH 
 from the iNDitf of liiapri&d|^lei,orhisloTe of maii^d,(for 
 satire and philanthropy areMnot naturally oonoordant,) but 
 from his strong cqMoUy of seeing foL^ in its true shape, and 
 his irre8istibl«;pn^itnaity to expose it^ that he made i&ose « 
 attacks. Thsj were howerer ms mrmidable as if ti^ nnytivea • 
 had been Tir&ooi; aad he merits the thanks n^ierlhaA 
 
 m 
 
 ^ *> 
 
 
 iv. 
 
 On Oik 
 
 eottftnay, mm flad fai the wridogs of Boisseao ao^ 
 
/•■ 
 
 
 abiM BftTDiJ, » ttmaBnitm of MnlinMnt in fktor of VlMortj, 
 that ensftet rMptet, and eleratai the human faonlti« ; ^e| 
 havinff railed this animation, thay do not direct its opvra- 
 tiona, Diit leave the mind in lore with an object, wiUiout 
 describing tlieinaeana of poMeaaing it 
 
 The writings of Qniaiio, Turgot, and the (Hendf of tl«08o 
 authors, are of a serious kind ; but ther labored undor tlio 
 samodlsadTantage with Montesq^en : tneir writings abound 
 with moral majums of goTemment, but are rather directed 
 to eoonomiie and reform the administration of the guvem- 
 Bient, than the goremment itnlf. 
 
 Ba^^ those wiitingi and many otben had their weight; 
 and bj the diflferent manner in which tiiej treated the sub- 
 iect of government, Montesquieu bj his judgment and 
 inowlodge of laws: Voltaire by his wit; Rousseau and 
 Bajnal bj their animation, and Quisn^ and Tdrgot hj their 
 moral maxims and systems of economy, readers of every 
 daai met with something to their'taste, and a spirit of politi- 
 eal inquiry began to dimise itself through the nation at the 
 time the dimute between £hglaiid and we then oolonies of 
 America broke oat 
 
 In the war which Franee afterwards engaged in. it is very 
 well known that the nation appeared to be oeforenand with 
 the French ministiy. Each ol' them had its views ; but those 
 yiewi were directed to different ohjec^; tile one sought 
 ^bertj and the other retaliation on England. The French 
 oflioeriMnd soldiers who after this went to America, were 
 enrentnally placed in the school of freedom, and learned the 
 ']iraetic6 at well at the principles of it bj heart 
 
 At it was impoisible to separate the militiury events which 
 look place in America from the principles of the Ameikan 
 revolvtion, the publication of those events in France neces* 
 sarilj connMtea themaelvet with the principles that pro* 
 dbced tliem.\ Hanjr of the fiustt were in themselTee prmci- 
 plet; such atXthe declaration of American Lidependence, 
 aad the treatprxof alliance between France and America, 
 which reoognued the natural rightt of man, and jai^od 
 rarittsnce to offlresaion. 
 
 Thib then niiniiter of France, connt Tei^gennes, wit not 
 ' the friend of Amen<» ; and it it both justice and mtitude 
 ' to ta^ fb|l it wat th^ueen of France who gare tiie cause 
 of Anieina a'ftshiim ttt the Fronoh court CS(wiit Yeigennet 
 ' ~ ^ ^ '^ * friend of Dr> Firanklin ; and tlie 
 
 ^ae t oiphad obtained, >|^^llly|Hiaible grmcMtum^ a aort of 
 
 V* 
 
Inflaenoe orer himi bot with ftipeot t6 |lriiidple^ ^ottnt 
 VerffeniMt wm a d«fpot / 
 
 Tlie titiutioi^of Dr. Franklin tt mmiiter from America 
 to Franco ihoan b« taken into tho dmin of circnmstnncct. 
 A diplomatio cliaracter is the narrowest spkero of sociotj 
 that man j^an act in. It forbids intercoiirso br a reciprocity 
 of siispioion; and a diplomatist is a sort or nnconncctcu 
 atom, oontinnallj ropolung and repcUod. But Uiis was not 
 the case with Dr. Franldin; he was not tho diplomatist of a 
 conrty but of man. His character as a philosopher had been ° . 
 long established, and his circle of society in France wai* 
 uniTcrsal. 
 
 OonntYergennea resisted for a considerable time the pnb - 
 lication of the American constitutions in France, translated „ 
 into the French language^ but even in this ho was obliged ;^« 
 ,to give waj to pabiio opmion, and a sort of proprietr Itt *' 
 /admitting to ippear what ho had undertaken to defend. 
 The American oonititntiona wore to liberty, what a gram- ' 
 mar is to language: they define its parts of speech, and", 
 practically construct them into syntax. 
 
 The peculiar situation of the then marqnis do la Fay 
 
 is another link in the great chain. Ho served in America 
 as an American officer, under a commission of congress, and 
 by the miiversality of nis acquaintance, was in dose fnond- 
 ship with the civil government of America as well as with 
 the military line. Me spoko tho languagiS of the country, 
 entered into tlie discussioiMiion tlie princijines of goTfpunonti 
 and was always a welcome friend at any diction. 
 
 When t|ie.war dosed, a vast reinforcement to tlio cause atfi 
 liberty sprepd itself ovej France, by the r^tntn of the French 
 offioers and sddiers. A knowledge of the practice i^ theii> 
 joined to the theory ; uid all that was wanting to give it real 
 existence, was oppornmity. Man, cannot, proper]y\ speak* 
 in^, make pireomstanoea for his purpose, but ho alwiiys has 
 it m his powerto improve them when they occur : and this 
 was the caao unlhriuioe. 
 
 It. Neckar Wii d^laced in May, 1781 ; and by the ill 
 management of the%iancee afterwards, and particularly 
 during the extravagant administration of M. ijalonne^ the 
 revenue of France which was nearly twenty-four millions^ 
 sterling p«r year, was become unequal to the exosniXtures* 
 npt because the revenue had decreased, but becMsd the ex- 
 pens e s had mier e a so d, and this w i »ih e e ir c umgtanc e whfch 
 
 ■ f 
 
 the nation laid hold of to \ttia§ tewaid a levolutionp^, The 
 
 \ ', 
 
4* 
 
 ,1>1 
 
 r 
 
 >S 
 
 BaftUih minktar, Mr. Pitt, liM ftvqntntly tHodad to th« 
 
 jUto of the Franoh finanoM in hit bndgvtL without under 
 •tunding the Bubject lUd the French i>erliamenU lieen aa 
 ready tq register edicts for new tnxoH, as nn English pur- 
 liumont is to grant tUein, there had been no derangement in 
 the tinancoi»» nor yot any revolution ; but tliis will bolter 
 Oxi>biin itMjif us I procec*!. 
 
 It will 1)0 necessary here to show how taxea wqf« formerly 
 vaised in France, llie kins, or rather the court or iltiinistry , 
 acting under the use of lEat name, framed the edicU iur 
 tana at thoir own diacration, and sent them to the parliar 
 menta to be registered ; for until they were registered by the 
 parliamenta, they were not operative. Diiqptttea had long 
 foieted between the court and the parliament with respect 
 
 I to th# extent of the parliament*a authority on thia head. 
 Tho court insisted tliat the authority of paruament went no 
 IkrtlMr than to remonstrate or show reasons against the tiut, 
 leaerving to itself the right of dfltonnining whether the 
 reasons were well or ill-founded ; umI la consequence there- 
 of, either to withdraw the edict aa a »*tter of cli<«J>» <» *<> 
 order it to be registered aa a mattar of authoritT. Thenar 
 liaments on tlieir part insisted, Uiat they had not only a 
 .right to lemouitrate, but to reject ; and on thia ground they 
 were alwi^ supported by the nation. ^ „ ^ , 
 
 Bnt to return to the order of my narrativa— M. Oalonne 
 wantad money; imd as he knew the sturdy diapoaiti^ of 
 the pailiaments with reapect to now taxes, he ingamoualy 
 ionght citliar to approadi them by a moro gentle mowia than 
 thif Of direct autliority, or to get over their heada by a 
 manoDUTTe: and, for Una puipoao, he revived the project of 
 assembling a body of men from the leveral provmoea, under 
 the style of an ** assembly of the notaWos," or men of not^ 
 who mot in 1787, and were either to reoommend taaea to 
 the parliamenta, or to act at a parliament themaelvea. An 
 assembly under thia name' had been called in 1687. 
 
 Ab we are to view thia as the first praetical step towards 
 tfao revolution, it will be pi^per to enter into spmo par- 
 ticnlara t«apecting it The assembly of tho notablea baa m 
 some places boon mistaken lor the statea«eneral,'*ut was 
 
 ^wholly a diflTcrjnt body ;; the state^general being always by 
 election. Tlie persons who composed Uie asacmbl^jr ot Jlie 
 notables were aU nominated by tlie king, jod consisted of 
 one hundiod and forty laembort. But as M. (^ne ooiUd 
 notdepciMiuponamij<wi^aftliii a M am% intoito9fih« 
 
/ 
 
 \, 
 
 Of H4B* - . "* 
 
 fvrr ingctiloiiilj tmtigtd ih«m in ntih » iii«ii|i«r it lf» 
 jntK« fortj-f<ror « mdoritj of one huiidnMl and fortj : to 
 effect tliit '^o ditpoMd of them into loven M)>ftrmt« coin- 
 iiiifteci of twenty iiioraljcrt cftcU. Every general qncitJun 
 wM to bo decided, not by • jntjority of i)eraont, bnt by ft \ 
 nmjorify of coiiiiniltooa; and, m eleven votca would make A 
 inu)ority in a coinniittcc, and four conimitteet a majority cf 
 Aev un, M. Caloniio liad good reason to coni-lude. that at 
 forty-fonr. would detormino aijy soneral quoation, lyo could 
 not bo out-voted. liut all hit plana docoived bim; and in 
 Uio event becHme bis overthrow. 
 
 Tiie tiien marqnis do la FaTotto waa placed in the Mcond 
 committee, of which count d'Artois waa preaident; and •»— 
 money mattera waa the object, it naturally brought into view 
 evjry oircumatanoe connected with it. M. de la Fjiyette || 
 made a verbal oliarge against Calonne, for selling crp#n 
 land to the amount of two milliona of livrea, in a manner 41 
 that appeared to beunknoMrn to the king. The count d'Ar- 
 toia (ii if to intfmiditte, for tlie Bastilo waa then in being^ 
 asked the marquia, if lie would render the char^ in writing! 
 He replied that h© would* The count d'Artoia did not de- 
 mand it, but brought a measage from the king to that pur- 
 /port. M. do la Fayette then delivered in his charge in wrii- 
 ' fng, to be given to the king, undertaking to iupp<fft it. No 
 •^ further proceedings were had upon this attair ; but M. Calonne 
 was ^n after dismissed by the king, and went to England. 
 *fi% M. de la FayCtto, from the experience he had had in 
 America, waa better acquainted with the science of cdvil 
 government than the generality of the members who cbm^ 
 posed the assembly of the notablea could then be, the brunt 
 of the buainess feU considerably to his share. The plan of 
 those who had a constitution m yiew, was to contend with 
 the court On the ground of taxes, and some of them, openly 
 professed their object. Disputes li-equently arose between * 
 count d*Artois and M. do la Payctto i^pon various subjects. 
 With respect to the arrears already incurred, the latter pro- 
 posed to romody them, by acoommoHdating tlie«^xpcn8cs to 
 the revenue, instead of ^tlie revenue to the expenses ; and as 
 objects of rcfonn, ho proposed to abolisli tlic Bastilc,and all 
 the state prisoners throughout tlie nation (the keeping ot^ 
 which was attended wit^ great exi)cn8e) and to suppress^ 
 (res ds caiehetf but thos0 .matters wter© not then much/ at- 
 tended.to; and w ith respect to leU r ea de ca e heiy a wM^flr^y 
 if the ndisi t^ppear^ to k* JM^<cmir qf thfm^ 
 
 ¥- 
 
 y : 
 
> ^. 
 
 \ 
 
 AMMmbly detllned ulSg tPo matter on theniMlTct, con- 
 cu^rKTiB Ute opinion thiS Uioj had not •nthority. In » 
 d«Suf on Si .ubject, M. da l/F»yette wid, that raiting 
 ^noy by t.ict could onlr bo done by a national a«omb ly. 
 Sooly elictod by Uio poople and acting m their reprewnta- 
 SveZ Do yon meaiTaid Uio count d'Artoiy, the .Utoe- 
 Seneml ? M. de la ftyotto reoliod, that lie did. Will you, 
 . Mid th^count d'Artoia, iign Wtat you fcay. to be given to 
 the kii^t The oUior replied, that ho not oiUy woiUd do 
 SiL but tUiit he would tfo lUrther. and lay, that the (rffec- 
 tual mode would bo, for UA king to agr> t to m tltabliin^ 
 
 ment of a conitituUbn. *.,,..# **? av 
 
 Ai one of the plana had thni failed, that of getting the 
 aMomblr to act a» a parliament, tlie other came into riew, 
 that of recommendU. On thii wbject, *»»••««;»>> 
 - amed t6 wcommcndlwo new tazet to be enrogirtered by 
 tEe parliament, the one a rtamp-act, and the other a tern- 
 torialUx,or8ortoflandtai. The two hare bejm wttmated 
 at about Are millions sterling per annum. We «»▼• ^o^ 
 to turn onr attention to the parllamentt, on whom the buri- 
 neii was again dcrolring. vv!-v«« ^ fUn. 
 
 The archbishop of Tonlonse (since archbUhop of Bens^ 
 and now a cardinal) was appointed to the administration of 
 the finances, soon after the diimission o/^^^jl'i^®- . ^f^ 
 also made prime minister, an office that did not alwjys 
 exist in Franco. Whea this office did not exist, the chief of 
 each of tiie principal dtopartmenti tranM^ bnamesa imme- 
 diately wltfi the \ing ; but when the^ W«e ^""^Jlh 
 appointed, they did l>usinesa only with him. The arch- 
 bishop arriTcd to more sUto-anthority than any minittor 
 since the duke de Ohoiicnil, and the nation was strongly 
 disposed in his favor ; bat by a Ime of conduct jcarcely to 
 bo accounted for, ho perverted dvory opportunity, turned 
 ont a despot, and sunk into jdisgracc, and a ^rdinal. 
 
 Tlie aswmbly-of Uio notables having broke up, the new 
 minister sent the edicte for the two new taxes recommendwl 
 by the assembly to the parliament, to bo etoreiiBterod. 
 iSiey of conrso came first before tiio parliament of Fwis, 
 who rotumod for answer; ThatwU)i9ueh arswn^eat ihe 
 naiian then tupportedy the name ofUuM aufhi not toJ>eme^ 
 tiotr-^ ^^ ^^ ihA 'ouawMof redueuia them; and threw 
 
 bothttie edioti out^ 
 
 Mr. nut I 
 
 Hit firaneli §mam aids 
 
wlS^ uTthTuIail forE; the kin* held, whiU imder the d* 
 rrT^ment wm called e bed of lotUee : eal llMJ^two edjcli 
 Sore enregiitercMl in pit-ence of Ijie P^/^^^^.V •^^'^^ 
 of lUte. In the meaner inonUoned, p. 58. Onllii% Ifce per- 
 Utfuent ImraedUtely retumcyl to Peril, renewed their ■jjmio^ 
 in form, end orderod the regiiiterinK to he itrtck ott^d«oU^. 
 L th^t everyXg done at VerjaiUee%a. illet?al. AH the 
 moiuber*^f partlamont were then lerved mih UWrtt ds 
 caoKd, and exiled to TroU; but aa they conUnued at inflwc. 
 ible in exile ai before, and ai vengeance did noj •nPFly Jf • 
 place of taxee, they were after a rfwt time recalled to Paflfc 
 ^ The edicU were again tendered to them, and the count 
 d'Artoii undertook to act ae representatiTe w' the king.-- 
 For thii purpoee, he came from Vereailles to Parte, In a train 
 of proceiion: and the parUament wee awemblod to receire 
 him But ihow and parade had loit their influence m 
 France; and whateter ideae qf importance he might tot off 
 wiUi, he had to return with thoae of mortification and di#. 
 appointment On alighting from hie carriage to a«5end th« 
 ■tope of the parUami^nt houie, thi crowd (which wa» nuraep. 
 onsly ooUected) threW out trite fexpreaeione, saying, ** Thii ii 
 mdniieur d»Artoii, Who wants more of our money to spend. 
 Tlie marked diwipptobation which he saw, impressed Wm 
 with appiehensionsj and the word aux anms, (%«'J^i) ^•If 
 ffiven out by the offlcer of the guard who attendid him. II 
 was so loudly ToJiferated, that it echoed throu|^ th« 
 ayenues of the houie, »nd produced a temporary coition: 
 I was then standing; m one of the apartmenU through wluct 
 he had to pass, ana oould not avoid reflecting how wretehed 
 is the ooncution ofa disrespected man. - .. ^ ' 
 
 He endeavoured to impress the parliament by greitt woraik 
 T^ -Tu.'- -iIi..^#i:K„ a-«i«« M T>i« Vimy- onr lord and 
 
 L_l _ Jae enaeavoureaiw iiuprvw wo j»»* .•»«.««• »j ^.^ "r t 
 and opened his authority by saying, " The king, our lord and 
 master." The >arUament received him very coolly, and 
 with their usnalydetermination not to register the taxes; and 
 in this manner jthe interview ended. _, , , . 
 
 X After this a hew subject took place : in the vanotu deoatet 
 and contests that arose between the court and the parlitr 
 mente on the iubjeet of ta^es, the parliament of Paris at last 
 declared, tha^l although it had been customary for parlia- 
 ments to onwgister edicts for taxes as a matter of conveni- 
 ence, Jhe ri|ftt belonged only to the statee-general i and that. 
 
 In tlM 
 
 parttMMBt, U vwaia b« wall that 1m 
 
 thtaM M i» 
 
 ♦•, 
 
 ' rfij^k. / ^ • ^.^^'^i. .<S 
 
tltflr«ror«, iU parlUunMlt oo« J no lonm w!t)i proyrittj 
 iiitntioti« to iUbmtm on what it had iiot aatlMiritj to not. Tli« 
 kiiitf, after thlis oanic to Ftrii, and h«ld a nMMting with tlio 
 piirUariirnt. in which h« iMmlinaed from t«n in tlie monuiij; 
 tilt ttliout Bix in tho ovening ; and, In a manner that appear- 
 '4d to prvx}0(Hl from him, aa if anoon»altod upon with tho 
 ca!>inot or tho mluintrv, gftvo hit wc»rd to tho jmrliamont, 
 tliAt tl»» Rtatow^goncral nuould Ihj convened. 
 
 But, after tlll^ anoUier ik^eno aro«o, on a grouml diiferent 
 from all tlie l\)rmer. Tha miniater ami the cabinet were 
 •▼erte to calling the statea-genoral : tiiej well knew, that 
 If the »Ut«-gonenil wore aHombled, that themielve« miint 
 fall ; and an tlw) king had not mentioned any iim^j thty 
 hit on a project cakulatad to elude, without appearing to 
 
 ' For tlib parpone, tho court lot about makhig a iort of 
 ctHwtitiition itMlf: it wa» principally tlie work of M. 
 Limoignon, keeper of the icalB, who afterwartU §hot him- 
 •elf. The arrangement conaisted in eatahlishing a body 
 under the name of a cowr pUnicr^^ or full court, in which 
 wore invested all the power that the goremment might havo 
 occasion to make nno of. Tho persons comixxiing thii court 
 to be n««ninated bj the king ; the contended right of taxa- 
 tion wae giren up on the pfl^ of tlie k»ng, and a new crimi- 
 md code of Uws, and law procoetling», wan •ubetituted m 
 tho room of the former. Tlie thing, in many pointy, con- 
 tained better nrinciplee than thoee upon which the gorcm- 
 ment had hith^to been administered : but, with reepeot to 
 the owr cfont^w, it was no other than a medium through 
 which deepotiam waa to paaa, without appearing to act 
 
 directly from itself. . * t ..^ 
 
 The cabinet had high expeoUtions from theirtiew contn- 
 vanoe. The persons who were to compose the cour pUmerey 
 wore already nominated ; and as it was necessary to carry a 
 fair appearance, many of the best characters in the nation 
 were appointed amoilg the number. It was to commence 
 on the 8th of May, 1788: but an opposition arose to it, gn 
 two grounds— the one as to principle, the other as to 
 
 \)a the CTound of principle it WM contended^ that g<>T©rn- 
 ment had not a right to alter itself; and th at if Uie practice 
 wa-» once admitted it would grow into a principle, and be 
 iiimle H precedent for any future alterations the government, 
 might wish to eaUbliah ; that the right of altering the gov^n 
 
% 
 
 Amfoii tho KTound of rbrm. il to cuii«..mj~ thai th* «M* 
 
 orderea • V*i~^nnu- nwinibort tent out for bed* and pro- 
 
 the province 01 ^^^^^^ ^d thote the McbbliUop M^t 
 luOiment of the oowr /h«»*»^* » "! - .i „ „-tion wi*iiot to \m 
 L *K« TUAtile Bat the tpirit Of the n»uon w»t ""* »« "^ 
 *®.^***^ri!;H it wJrio (filly ienilble of the itrong gronnd 
 
 taiP^ent ; »d the old one, by .ttemptiDg to m^% 
 ^"Th^Sjf'o'SS.em. r«.'^ the object of conven. 
 
 latoiordiiiary oceaaioM, the Uat of which was in 1014 , meu 
 
 ■••« 
 
 •1 
 
 .*.L 
 
 ,1. 
 
 #1 
 
 "1 
 
 im 
 
 A. 
 
 I* 
 
 ;]>■■ 
 
 *: 
 
 4, 
 
/ 
 
 ♦ y 
 
 'J 
 
 \^^ ^^^ ?**.^T?^' "^fP^ **'* •'WM^tJ of M. Notkar, tliM 
 tt« mmJo of 1014 woulcf atuwor ncilhor Uie panxjM, of tlM 
 ^ thon ^ovoniimmt, nor of tho nation. Ai niittwrTworu tt 
 Uiat tune cm;unwta«<w<J, it would have \imu t«Mi ctoiitiintioui 
 to •rgiia u|Kin. anything. Tho clobatoa wouhl havo htrii 
 •ndltMN mMin privifogua aiul ex«ini>tiona, in which neither the 
 W»"ta of the govflrnnmnt, nor tho winhm of tlio nation for 
 • c<*iiititution, wouhl hav« Inien attflndcxl to. Hut aa \w did 
 »0t chcwae to take tho decinion ujK>n hiniaclf, ho •ummonw) 
 •Win Ui« AHmnblj of Uio noto/»^#, and rofcrrcHj it to thtuu 
 1 lifi bod^ waa in general interwited in tluj dooUion. lieiim 
 chiefly oi the anito<Ta<7 *'»! tho high paid clcrgj ; and they 
 decided in favor of the iimkIo of lfll4. Thia%ci«i<,n wuV 
 •ffainit the tenne of Uie nation, and alio againat die wi.luHi 
 or the court ; for the ariatocracy oppoacd itnelf to both, and 
 pontende<l for nnvilogoa ind«iHjn<Iont of either. The tub. 
 ject waa Uien taken np by tlio parliament, who rccommendod 
 that tho number of the commona nhould bo eq»»I to the 
 other two ; and, that they aliould all ait in one Lujkj, and 
 yot^in one My. The numlwr finally dotormined on wat 
 t^elye hundred ; aix hundred to be choaon by tlio commont 
 (and Una waa leia than their projiortion ought to have been 
 When their wortli and conHcqUenco is conaidercd on a national 
 •oale), three hundred by the clergy, and Uiree hundred by 
 the anatocracy ; but with roapect to the mode of aaaemblinff 
 themaelyea, whether together or apart, or the manner iS 
 Which tbe^ ihould yote, tboae matten ware referred.* 
 
 OMlHlad with rr«adi %fti\T%y%onk\ng umd this Mhitct wri " TIjh tiXi 
 
 iK" bS.^SSS; 5m :*7il-.S'.ff '* ^ ^t^i^. •" U-» WM to follow^* 
 
 1S«T^nir;K*'*Lr' "m ^.'•'t_**i "*•'• bS ■«« m neither would b« be. 
 •irJr -lil? /''•Jl^ ^"''* dltthiotlr le. .11 the- jmrt., «Mn i||« whole wm 
 J!L1 ^ "Tk ***'*3'* ?^ co««4heMloB. And with rikp^ to (he " de- 
 
 wiTriSiiLll^-'lif •• "«•«<»"*«»*•«» »i»h eirewB.Unce.. The departure 
 Thinjr^'i,?!^.?' etperionce had apoo It, that the oncimt couiIm was 
 \!^i n "' . • f^^S'"*"' •f 1«I4 wcro called at the coni»M»nccmcnt of 
 
 The author of ffntriffm dm Oabimt, dutrigtM of Uie Cabinet.) »-h*» wrote 
 "" .^*^ "V^ *«HSP; ■•Jf t^ jWHwM Ml t mptu m iv« mootha • aad bv Iht ' 
 
 "rf -fi 
 
I 
 
 -«v. 
 
 •. ' Wmwrt am ma*. 
 
 but •!» »nlin»twl «»ii«. Thtj owuiid^Uw w«r« not iii«ii. hui 
 nrinoii.lo^ H<K'i^ti«i w«ro (bmiiKl In I*arK •n<l cominltl««* 
 of oomwiKindfliK'o mi4 cotiimunlailloii mtahlWuKi tlm»«gliout 
 Um nation, for tUe |.uriMji«i «)f riiUffht.ming th« ihh,|i1«, »na 
 «xt>Uining to thfiii th« i»rinoipl« uf tjivil guveniiiient ; aiul 
 gi, orti«rly wm th« nUxiUon wmductcd, that It did tiol giv« 
 riM eretk to tho rumour of tumult, _ Vr a^h 
 
 Tb« iUtiMhK""®'*^ ^^^ '*' *"•** •* VnniAUii* m Apni, 
 1789 but did not aiywimblfl till Maj. Th«jr Imrato*! thcni- 
 •fllvM In thrtw acparato ohaniUm, or ratli«r th« clergy and 
 Uie ikri«uwracj withdrew each into a aenarat* cham!>«r. 
 Th* majority of Ui« ariatocracj claimed what they call the 
 privilege of voting an a separate InKly, and of giving Uieir 
 {;<,riiMmt or thflir negative in that nmnner ; and many of the 
 \m\M^ and hi^h-lwn«lic<»d clergy claimed tho Muue privllegt 
 
 ou tlie part of their order. „ 3. ,, , i^,^ 
 
 . The Hsrt eUU (aa they were called) dliowned any tnow- 
 ledge of artificial oVdora and privtlcgea; and they wcr« not 
 only rt!aolut« on thia iMiint but aomewhat diiMlainlul. Tliey 
 began to conaider aruitotjracy aa a kind of fungua J^wiMt 
 out of the corruption of iocioty, tliat could not be admitted 
 erenaaa branch of it; and from the dinpoaition the anito- 
 cracy had ahown, by upholding lettrM d« cachet, and in lundry 
 oUier inatanc«a, it wii maniteiit that no conHtitution could bo 
 fonned by aduutUng men in any other character than M 
 
 national men. / , . , . ^1. ^» ^^ ^ 
 
 After varioua irttercatloni on tbii head, the ttert eUO^ or 
 CommoM, (aa they were then called) declared tliemaeWea 
 (on a motion made for Uiat purpoae by tlie abbe Sieyea,) 
 "the MxrmMMXMTATvrm OF THB MATioH ; ond thai iM two 
 ordert could b4 4»iuidsred hut ob deputus qf oarporaltans, 
 and oould only A<»w a deUbtrativa voice hut when ihmf 
 asaembled kk a fuUumal eharadery with the national repre- 
 tniatM}^:' Thia proceeding extinguiahed Uie atyle of eiaU 
 generafumoT ■Ute»^g«ner»l. and erected it into the style It 
 now bearih that of PasiembUe maiumale or national aaeembly. 
 Thia motion waa not made in a precipiUte manner : it 
 waathe rcault lyf WMJ df^^Ntratlon, an^ concerted between 
 
 avMtiou acltoted th«f«ln« •xA lb* hwit with wMob lh«y w«rt pot, h 
 plitoi uTm to procur. th« rood ©T Ui« lutton ; wd »h« '^>'«>5 ""''' l"^; 
 
 
 
 •(.■. 
 
 •^': 
 
•«., ■:* 
 
 - ( 
 
 
 % 
 
^ • r VORTt Of MA*. ; 
 
 fHua meh o|b«r, under mt drcnmiUnoM whmtevor, de»A 
 S^ted. nnSltteT hud eliiabliAed ft comtitutlon. At th« 
 expeHmJat of thutting up the houw h*d no other effect Ui»q 
 thit of Drddttcinir • closer connexion in the memberi, it wat 
 opened Sgftin the next day, and the public builiMSW r^ui- 
 menced in the uiual place. • ■ ,. 
 
 We now are to have in view the forming the new minia- 
 trv which wai to accorapliih the overthrow of the naUo^al 
 aiimbly. - But as force would be necessary, orders were 
 issued to assemble thirty thousand troops, the comnaand of 
 which was irlven to Broglio, one of the ntiw-intended mini*, 
 try^ who was recmlled from the country for this purpose. 
 But as some management was necessary to keep this plan 
 concealed tUl the moment it ahould be readv for wecution, 
 it is to this policy that a declaration made by the count 
 d*Artois must be attributed, and which is here proper to be 
 
 Introduced. .^, . . , « ^ , * * ^ 
 *^It could iiot but occuTf that While the malcontents con- 
 tinued to resort to their chambwrl separate from^enaUonal 
 assembly, Uiat more jealou|J^w#uWl)e excited than if tiiev 
 were mfxed with it, id th/t the plot might be swoected. 
 But as they had taken their irround, and now wanted a pre- 
 t«ice for quitting it, it was necewary Aat one should be do- 
 vUed. T2iB wa? eifectuaUy :itecomplished by a declaraUon 
 made by count d'Artois, thai " %f thty took no part tn the 
 fuUiofui asmnUy, the UfeoftheJungvHmldUmd^^ 
 on which they quitted their chambers, anti mixed with the 
 
 assembly in one oody. '^^\^^ 
 
 At the tune this declaration was made, it was generally 
 treated as a piecd of absurdity in the count d»^is, and 
 calculated merely to reUeve the outstanding members of tlie 
 two chambers from the dhninutive situation they were put 
 in-, and if nothing mve had foUowed, this conclunon wotjd 
 haie been good. But as things best exphdn themsetves by 
 events, this apparent union was only a cover to the ma- 
 chinations tliat were secretly going on, and the dedaratoon 
 accommodated itself to answer that purpose. In abttle 
 
 time the national assembly found itself surrounded by troops, 
 and thousands daily arriving;. Oil this a vey ;troi« decla- 
 ration was made by the national assembly to the ki^, re- 
 monstrating on thelmpropriety of theiheMMe,.anddettuind^ 
 Sg the reJon. 'The ting, ^to^ras not m the secret ot th« 
 busin es s, as himself aft e rw aa ^s declared, gave substantially 
 fur anuwer, that he had no dther object lu view tliau to pie» 
 
 ■<«*. 
 
ienrc pabUo tnui^iiUlitj, whiob appeared -to be mach die* 
 turbea. 
 
 But in ft few daji from this time, the plot nnrevelled 
 itself. M. Kooicer and the ministry were dispiaood, and a 
 new one formed of tlie onomies of the rovolation ; and Brog- 
 lio^ witli between twenty-flye and thirty thousand foreign 
 troops, was arrived to support thorn. Tho mask was now 
 tlirown off, and matters wero come to a crisis. Tho event 
 wai, that in the space of three days, the new ministry and 
 idl their abettors found it prudent to fly tho nation; the 
 Bastile was taken, and ^roguo and his foreign troops dis- 
 persed ; as is ahready related in a former part of this work. 
 
 There are some curions circnmstancee m tho history of 
 this short-lived ministry, and this brief attempt at a countepi^ 
 ^volution. Tho palace of Versailles, where the court was 
 fitting, was not more than four hnndrod yards distant from 
 the liall where the national assembly was sitting. Hie two 
 places were at this moment like the separate head-quarten 
 of two combatant enemies ; yet the court was as perfectly 
 ignorant of the information which had arrived from Paris to 
 toe national assembly, as if it had resided at a hnndrod 
 miles distance. Tlie then marquis de la Fayette, who (as 
 has been already mentioned) was chosen to preside in tiie 
 national assembly on this particular occasion, named, by 
 order of tho assembly, three successive deputations to tlie 
 king, on the day, ana up to tho evening on which the Bastile 
 was taken, to mform ssid confer with him on the state of 
 affairs; but the ministrv, who knew not so much as that it 
 was attacked, precluded all communication, and wero solac- 
 ing themselves how dexterously they had succe6ded : but in 
 alow hours the accounts arrived so thick and fast, that they 
 had to |tart from their desks and mn : soi|>o set off in one 
 disguiso^^d some in another, and none i& tbeir own char? 
 acter. Their anxiety now was to outride the news, le^ttiiey 
 should be stopped, which, though it flew fast, flew not so fast 
 asthemsdyes. 
 
 It is worth remarking, that the national assembly neither 
 jpursued those fugitive conspirators, nor took any notice of 
 them, nor soujrht to retaliate in any shape whatever. Occu* 
 pied with establishing a constitution, founded on the rights 
 of man and the audiority of the people, the only authority 
 on which gpvemment has a right to exist in any country, 
 the national assembly felt none of those mean passions whi<!h 
 purk tluf character of impertinent govemments, founding 
 
f» 
 
 Of MAMf. 
 
 Aaamdrmim Hirfr wm •uthorftT, «r oA th* ibMiditT of 
 
 boroditary luccfllMon. It ii tne ^""^Y^ .J^n nnUan with 
 to beoouii wliat it cootempUrt«i| $pd to i^ in umwn witu 
 
 ^'^Tho^'^iipiracy being thu. dispersed, one of the first worb 
 of ti . n^ri^nMy, instead of vindictive procUmatjons, 
 M l^L l^ni^Wwitb oUier governments, pub ished a 
 M lias !^" " Y J , - , ^ i]^Q basis on whiebgtbo 
 declaraUon ot tiie riguu oi »?»•> "" "v ^lj-i, :- hMi4fch- 
 new eonatilaitiou waa to bo budt, and which is ^^^^m^ 
 
 joined. :. ■ . I* ■ : : f$^ 
 
 s-*- 
 
 «« tL feowsenUtivea of Uie people of France, fonnedjnto 
 • Ba^nid^K consideriiT^t i«°«2?^i/^^StS^ 
 oont«npt of human right., aroThe ^^^^^^^""^^ . 
 fortunel and oorruptiona of government, have resoivea to sei 
 forth Tr^lwin JedaratioS, these natural, imprescriptible, 
 Sd nnari«S ri«hta: thi^t' this dechuration being con- 
 
 SrS- tept^Sentive to their rights and their duUea: that the 
 ^of Se^dative and exSutive powers of gorerBm^t 
 bein« capa^ of being every moment <»mP"»iff* f^« 
 Md of^Hioal institSUolns, may be more wapected: and 
 3w tiJKhe foture claims 3f the citizens, being dirwjted by 
 SS^le^dhicontestable principles, may always tend to tiie 
 XnteMmee of the constitution and the genewl happmese. 
 "^Fw^^tse reasons the national •-embly doth reojgwe 
 and declare, in the presence of the Suprwne Being, «nd wi^ 
 TKI^^fWs bl«»JLg and &Tor, th* ^ fi^^ 
 
 ^^Tm^ ^bT^A alway. ooidimie fre^^ 
 
 respect of their rights. Oivfl distinctions, tiierefoie, can only 
 
 ^rS^The^nOT^^ associationsis thepreserv^ 
 tion of ie natural and^hnprescriptible rightaof man ; and 
 SSe rij5hts are Uberty, property, security, md resistance of 
 
 '^^rn'rhe nation is emwntiaMy the source of aU sove- 
 
 ? reiimty; nor can any tn(fi««M«i or, any >(fy cf flj^m, bo 
 
 \^ 3S to.any authority which is not expresSy derived 
 
 ^Av. PoUtical Uberty consist* in the power of domg whnt 
 
%..■ 
 
 n 
 
 eier do8i not Injure wiothw. The ei«ralM>of the ii^or«l 
 righte of erery mmn haa no other Mmite then thoM which m 
 mcetMrj to eeonre to eVcry other man the free exerciae of um 
 sanie rlAte; and theae Umito are determinable only by laW. 
 
 " V. The law ought to prohibit only actions hnrtfiil to 
 society. What ia not prohibited by tlie law, should not lio 
 hindered ; nor should any one be compelled to that which 
 the law does not require. 
 
 " VI. TKe law is an expression of the wjll of the com-: 
 munity. All citizens hare a right to concui", either peraoi^ 
 glly or by their Tfepresontatiyes, in its formation. It Ihould 
 bo the same to Jl, whether it protects or punishes ; and all 
 being equal in its dght, are W^Uy eligible to all honow, 
 
 {►laces, and employments, according to their different abi- 
 itiesj without any other distinction than that created by 
 tiieir vhrUies and talents. , ,, , 
 
 " VIL No man should be accused, arrested, or held in con-v 
 finement, except in cases determined bv the law, and accord- 
 ing to the forms which it has prescribed. All who promote, / 
 BoScit, execute, or cause to be executed, arbitrary orders,/ 
 ought to be punishod ; and every citixen called upon or ap- 
 prehended by virtue of the law, ought inmiediately to obey J 
 and not render himself culpable by resistance. ; . ~^ . v 
 
 " VIII. The law ought to impose no other penalties than 
 such as are absolutely and evidently necessary ; and no one 
 ought to be punished, but in virtue of a law promulgated 
 bdbre the dflfence and legally applied. ^ 
 
 " IX. Evrt^ man bemg presumed innocent till he has been 
 convicted, whenever his detention becomes indispensable, all 
 rigor to him, more than is necessary to secure his person, 
 ought to be proi^ded against by the law. ^ 
 
 « X. No man ought to be molested on account of hia 
 opinions, not even on account of his religious opimons, pro. 
 eided his avowal of them does not disturb the public order 
 
 estalilished by the law. . . - ., i.^ j 
 
 " XI. The unrestrained communication of thoughts and 
 opinions being one of the most precious rights of man, every 
 citizen may speak, write, and publish freely, provided he la 
 responsible for tbe abuse of this Uberty in cases determined 
 bv the law^ 
 
 " Xn. A pubHc force being necessary to ^vo securi^T to 
 the rights of men and of citizens, that force is institnted for 
 ., ,:^_ .j». of the ftommunitar, igd not for the particular 
 
 VmeS of ie pcnriOM i» intnttted. 
 
4B^^VIiRW ^^W ^■^■^■^ 
 
 f ' , * 
 
 i.i '. 
 
 M XIIL A oomiiKni oootrflmtlofi being 
 
 fer tlie 
 
 _^__^ _^ IMMMMlurf 
 
 rapport of the pnbUo force, end for clefreTing ue othei 
 ezpenaet of government, it ought to be oiTided equally 
 emonA; the metnben of tne oommunitj, eooording to their 
 ebilitMA. ' ■ • ¥; ■'•'■ ■,•■ ^ •' 
 
 " XIV. Every cftlien hei •rfght, either by liliiiielfwbi« 
 repreMntative, to e free voieo in determininff the neceeait^ 
 ofpnblio oontribntions, tiio appropriation of tKem, and thuir 
 amount, mode of aiaoaiment, and dnratiotiu 
 r ** XV. Every community naa a right to demand of all iti 
 •genti an account of their conduct. 
 
 *<XVI. Every community in which a ■oparation of 
 powen and a security of r^Jhti id not provided for^ wintt a 
 '^nititntion. ' -.■•...•■■■ ^. ,■•■■•:• "^ ■. t-'.' y. 
 
 *<XVII. The right to proper^ bellig InTloUbW and 
 
 •aered, no one ought to be depnvea of it, ezoeut in oaim of 
 •▼ident public neoeasity le^ly aeoertainedj-ana on condition 
 of a previous just indemmty.' < *^-. • * ' 
 
 Obserpaiions en the dseUmUMnqf righU» 
 
 'r"i'' I ■ • ' [ . / 
 
 The three fii^t articles comprehend in general terms the 
 whole of a declaration of rights : all the succeeding articles 
 either originate out of them, or loUow as elucidations. The 
 4th, 6th, and 6th, define more particularly what is only 
 genendly en>re8sed in the 1st. 3d^ and 8d. 
 
 The 7th, 8th, 9th, lOth, and 11th. amdes are decUrctory 
 of wineipUs upon which laws shell be construed conform- 
 able to fight9 abxMdy declared. But it is questioned by 
 some rery ff<K>d people in France, as well as m other coun- 
 tries, whether die lOth article su£$ciently guarantees the 
 riffht it is intelnded to accord with ; besidee which, it takes 
 on from the divine dignity of religion, and weakens its ope- 
 rative force upon the mind to make it a subject of human 
 laws. It then presents itself to man, like lignt intercept 
 ij a cloudy m^um, in which the source or it is obscured 
 from his sight^ and he sees nothing to revereAoe in the dusky 
 ray*.* . '■%" v''4:^-.S -!'■'■"',■■ :'':\y--yu -'-''■■■ 
 
 • Thim b ft rfagit Mm, iriiteli, tf « iMkflt rfi^ tqwn Uie mind, eltlier in 
 ft Ifgftl or ft i^giottf MOM, will prftTftnt ftnj nnftn or ftny body of mno, or any 
 
 ETemm«it,irom'g<riagirroBf on tlio rabject of reiigion; which it, (hat 
 fore vnj hftiftn institotiom of gOTOmMont were known in tho worid, there 
 if I may ftp etprew it, ft conyet between God end iwm, from the 
 M wo jobtion ftad eooditioa whidb ouA in hi* 
 
 > 
 
 L*^i.'.a 
 
irt 
 
 Th0 NnMioliig ATttolit, bttginniiig with tbt twvl 
 •nbtUntUUiy oonUined in the prinoiplet of Um prMeding 
 ftiticlM ; bat, in tho particular tituatiaB in which Franc* 
 then was, harinff to undo what waa wrong, as well ai to mI 
 up what was riffTit, it wae proper to be more partionlar than 
 in another condition of things wonld be necessarr. 
 
 While the declaration oi rights was before the national 
 fu«embljr, sonurof itr members remarked, that if a declara- 
 tion of rights was published, it slioold be accompanied by A 
 declaration of daties. The observation discovered a mind 
 that reflected, and it only erred by not reflecting far enough. 
 A declaration of rights is, by reciprocity^ a declaration of 
 duties also. Whatever is my rignt as a man, is also th« 
 right of another; and it becomes my dnty to guarantee, aa 
 well as to possess. » , ^ 
 
 The three first vrtidea'aro the basb of liberty, ai wiH n»<f 
 dividasl as national: nor can any country be called free, 
 whose government aoes not take ita beginning from the 
 pri|ieiples they contain, and continue to preserve them pure s 
 and the whole of the declaration of rights is of more valne 
 to the world, and will do more good, than all the laws and 
 statutes that have yet b^en promul^ted. 
 
 la the declaratory exordium which prefaces the dedara**,,; 
 tlon of rights, we see the solemn and majestic spectacle of a 
 nation opening its commission, under the auspices of its 
 Oreator, to establii^ a government; a scene so new, and so 
 transcendently nnequMlod by any thing in the European 
 world, that the name of a revolution is inexpressive of its 
 ^arocter, and it rises into a reoperation of man. What j 
 are the present govemnienta of Europe, but a scene of ini^ 
 quity and oppression f What is that of England 1 Doet 
 , not its own umabitants say, it is a market where every man 
 hss his price, and where corruntion is common traffic, at tlMF 
 expense of a deluded people 1 No wonder, then, that the 
 French revolution is traduced. Had it confined itself merely 
 to the destruction of flagrant despotism, perhaps Mr. Burko 
 
 iBdiTidwl iMraon stands in towards liis Maker cannot bo changed, by anr ba* 
 nan laws or baman authority, that religious dcTOtion, which Is a |Mut of this 
 compact, cannot so much as l>e made a subject of human laws; and that all 
 . laws must conform themseires to this prior existing compact, and not aasumo 
 to make tha compact conform to tho laws, which, berides being human, if* 
 snbseqoant thereto. The Urst act of man, when he looked around and saw 
 himself a erentare which he did not make, and a world ftimisbed for bis re> 
 
 toerery ladlvldaal nu, M It Mfasni right to hiaii aod nwmnuma^ do 
 ehiefbyinterteinf. ^ M-"/^ .-^^ ' ..--■. ■.-.; iZW/r/,. ■ 
 
 f ■ 
 
 • . ■. / 
 
 #■■■ 
 
H 
 
 /■ 
 
 •ad loaM oClMn bad bam iSkm%. Their erj now b, ''It ))m 
 gone too ttJt :** that ia gcme too &r for tham. It ttarw co^ 
 inpUoii in the faoe, and the mtud tribe aro all alarmed. 
 Thoir lear dincovora itself in their outrage, and they are but 
 pabliiilung tjie ffroana of a wounded vice. < Hut from lueli 
 oppotitioii, the French revolution, inttoad of Kufl'criiig, re- 
 oeivee homage. The more it it struck, the more apurkM Will 
 it emit I anutlie fear ii, it will not be atruck enough. It 
 haa notliing to dread from attaoka. Truth haa given it Mn 
 eatabliahment ; and time will record it with a namo aa hut- 
 ing aa ita own. 
 
 llaTing no]^ traced the ^r o g r ^ of the French reroladoQ 
 7hroiigl\ moat b¥ ita j>rinoipal atogea^ from ita commence- 
 JDent to the taking of the HaatUe, aixi ita eatabliahment bj 
 the deolahition ot righta, I will cloae the anbiect with the 
 energetic apoatrophe of If. de la Fajette— Jroy MtV great 
 mot%ummU raised to liberty ^ terv m a l4§tim (o tM opfftuor^ 
 mnd.oneaoamjpUtotJuopjprtaHdii^ 
 
 ■* ■ >>■ " m 
 
 ■ ■■■' ■■ . t',- 
 ;^ MISCELLANEOUS CHAPTER. 
 
 To preront intcnupting the arffnmeBt in Ihe preccdinff 
 part ox thia work, or tuo narrative tnat foUowa it. 1 reaorved 
 adme i^baenrationa to be thrown together into a4niaceUancoua 
 chapter; by which variety mJghl not be oenanred ibr con- 
 fuaion. Mr. Borko'a boOK ia oU miacellany. Hiahitention 
 jwaa to make an attack on the French revolution : but in- 
 atead of proceeding with an orderlv arrangement, ho hai 
 •tormed it with a inob of ideaii tumbling oyer and destroy- 
 ing one another. - 
 
 .But thia confusion and contradiction in Mr. Burke's book, 
 is eaiElUy accounted for. When a man in any cause attempts 
 to steer hia course by any thing else than s(^o popular truth 
 or prinoiplO} ho is aurojk) be lost. It is bqyond the compass 
 of liis ciapacity, to keep all tho parts of an argument to- 
 gether, «nd make them nnito in one issue, by any other 
 ^meaiiis tiian having liis guide always in view. JN cither 
 
 • 8aa p. It af this yiifc—y.B. 8hic> tlw taking tba ftuaJto, tlK occar' 
 jMpei hav b— a |wblMi«di fct tha —ttwa r— ord>d la tto ■aiwattv u% 
 attar to thai ptiiod, and mvm of tkaa, m SMf mtOa te mm, «ui b« bal 
 «wj littta klowa. " . 
 
 ■'*-;^ 
 
^„^. «_ faitwHoa will iroply tli« wm* of Mi 9» 
 formw f*ilt Ikim. and the Utter iMifam^ him. 
 
 NoiwithaUndinK the nonaoiiM, for it doMrrct no better 
 nfttnu, that Mr. Barko hat aMort«d about lioreditary ri|i;hta, 4 
 And herodilary •uccowlon, and that a nation Imi not » r»gU|~ 
 to forni a fj^vcniinoiit for itMilf, it liapi>onod to fall in nit 
 way to give iomo account of wliat govorniuont ia. " Oovtrtt. ^f, 
 ujoiit," Myi ho, ** ii a oootrivanco of human wiadom.** 
 
 Admitting that government it a contrivance of human 
 wisdom, it mutt neoottariiy follow, that herwlitary tuo* 
 coMion, and hereditarr righti (at they are called^ can makt 
 no part of il, beoaote it it impottible to make witdom here- 
 ditary ; and, on the other hand, thai cannot be a wite eoiK— 
 trivanco, which In itt operation may commit the goTern- 
 mcnt of a nation to the wiidom of an idiot The ground 
 which Mr. Burke now taket it faUl to every part of liii . 
 aaute. The argument changet from horodiUry rightt to 
 heivdiury witdom; and the ouottioi) it, who it the wite^ « 
 man? He mutt nowthow tliat everyone in the lino of 
 hereditary tnooettion wat a Solomon, or hit title it not gooi^ 
 to be a king. What a ttroke hat Mr. Burke now made I t^- 
 use a tailort phrate he hat noabbdd tke deck, and toarcoly 
 left a name legible in the litt of kingi ; and he hat mowed 
 down and thinnod tlio houte of poert, with a tcythe at for. 
 midable at death and time. 
 
 But iit, Burke appears to have been aware of thit retort|^ 
 and he hat taken care to guard against it, by making govv 
 emment to be not only a contrivance of human wisdom. Dot 
 a vwnopoly of wisdom. He putt the nation at foolt on ona 
 side, and places his government of wisdom, all wite men of 
 Gotham, on the other side : and he Uion proolaimt, and tay^ 
 that ** men have a woht that their wamts should be jjfrovtdetr 
 for by thit witdom^ Having thut made proclamation, \m 
 next prooeedt to explain to them what their wanit are, ^<i 
 also what their r^Ai* are. In thit he hat succeeded dex- 
 terously, for he maket their wants to be 9^v>ant of wisdom ; 
 but at this it but cold comfort, he then informt them, that 
 thoy have a ri^fht (not to any ot the wisdom) but to be gov* 
 erned by it; and in order to ii(iproat them with a solemn 
 reverence for this monopoly-government of wisdom, and of 
 its rati capacity for all purposes, possible or impottiblO} 
 right or wrOng, ho proceeds with' astrological, mytteriout 
 imooAanee, to toll tLem its powers in the se w or d s "Th t 
 
 ^ 
 
tra oAm In bdaiioM b«twe«n diffemiMM of good ; and 
 in oompromiMM ■ometitnet b«twmr. good and m/, and •omo. 
 iimtm h«tww»n fvU and fvil. Political roaaon it a oomptuing 
 prinripla; adding, ftubtrncting, inultiplyinf^, and dividitij^ 
 norally and not motaph^ilcalJy or maUi^iuaUcAil/, irui 
 Bond demonitrationt.'' 
 
 Aa tho wondering andionce whom Mr. Bnrlco uuj^THmn 
 himself talking to, may not undoniUnd all this jargon, I will 
 undertake to l)o its interpreter. The meaning Uien, good 
 people^ of all this, la, that gov^mnuni is ocvemed by no 
 prtnotpU %ohat£wr; that it can maks ivil good^ or gnod 
 J^y Jtut 09 it pU<m$, In ihcrt, that govcmmmU it arbi. 
 trary po%o€f. 
 
 Bat there are tome thi^ngs which Mr. Bnrke hat forgot- 
 ten: Itt, he haa not shown where the wisdom originall? 
 came horn ; and, 2d. he has not shown bj what anthoritj ft 
 first began to act. in tho manner he introduced the niat- 
 
 Sit is either government stealing wisdom, or wisdom 
 tng goremmont. It is without an origin, and its powon 
 out aathority. In short, it is usurpation. 
 Whether it b« Arom a sense of shame, or from a con- 
 •oiposness of some radical defect in government necessary 
 to be kept ont of sight, or from both, or from some other 
 oanse, I undertake not to determinl»| but so it b, that a 
 monardiical reasoner never traces govommont to igHMurco, 
 or from its source. It is one of the thibboUtfu bylrhich he 
 may be known. A thousand years hence, those who shall 
 lire in America, or in France, will look back with contem- 
 plative pride on the origin of their governments, and say, 
 thit wot ths work of our glorious ancestors ! But what can 
 a monarchical talker say f What has he to exult in I Alas I 
 be has nothin|^. A certain something forbids him to look 
 back to a beginning, lest some robber, or some Bobin Hood, 
 •hould rise mm the long obscurity of time, and toy, / am 
 ths origin. Hard as Mr. Burke labored under the regency 
 bill and hereditary succession t^jro years ago, and much as 
 he divod for procedents, he still Wi not bolanoss cnougli to 
 brin^ up William of NormandjJ^hd say, there is the head of 
 ths listythsre is the fountain qfnonor^ tno son of a prostitute^ 
 imd the plunderer of the Ei^lish. nation. 
 
 The opinions of men, with "respect to goyemmont, are 
 
 changing fast in all oountries. The revolnuons of America 
 
 imd France haye thrown a beam of light oyer tbb world, 
 Vhiob N ia ohe s into man. The enormona expense of govern' 
 
 
m&atM hmr9 proroked p«op1« to thlnli bj mAUag ili«in M ; 
 (Mid when onoe the ttdi bogiiui to rend, it ftdmita not of r»> 
 rffiiftir. Iffnor»nc« !• of » u«culUr niituro : onco ditiH^Hcd, if 
 ii iiniKMUiiDlo to roMtabliiia it. It ia not ori|^inalljr a t^'nff 
 of itiolf, but is only tho alMionco of knowlcdgo ; and tliou^ti 
 man may bo k«pt ignorant, be cannot be mads ignorant. 
 The mind, in diMcovuring truUit, acta in tlio luune manner at 
 H acta tliroogh tho oyo in diacoToring an object; wlien onoe 
 any object uaa been aeon, it ia impoaaible to put the mind 
 beck to the aame condition it wm in before it taw it Thoae 
 who talk of a oountor-reTolution in Franco, aliow bow littte 
 they undentand of man. There doea not exiat in the oom- 
 paaa of Umguage, an arrangement of worda to oxproaa to 
 much aa tbe meant of efTectmg a counter-revolution. Tbt 
 moana n^oit be an obliteration of knowledge; and it bat 
 never yet been diacovered how to make a man unkruno hia 
 knowledge, or utUhink hia tho6fi^hta. 
 
 Mr. Hurke la laboring in vain to atop tho progreaa of 
 knowledge ; «nd it cornea with tbe worao grace trom him, At 
 there ia a certain tranaaction known in the city, which rend* 
 era him nuipected of being a pepaioner in a nctitioua namei 
 Thia may account for aome atnui^ doctrine he baa advanced, 
 in hia book, which, though he ^mta it at tbe Revolution" 
 iociety, it ineotaduj 4irocted mtnat tbe whole nation. 
 
 " 'foftkdnff of £ngUnd," aaya ne, ** holda his crown f for tt 
 doea nof^olong to the nation, according to Mr. Burke) in 
 ixmtempi of tbe choice of tho Revolution aociety, who htTt 
 not a ainglo voto for a Idng among tliem dtlior tndividuaUy 
 or ooU^BcSvely ; and bia majeaty'a neirs, eacb in bia time and 
 order, will oome to tho crown tot^A ths$am6Coniemptoi\h.e\T 
 choice, with which hia majeaty baa aacoeeded to that which 
 he now wears." • ^ 
 
 At to who ia king of England or elaewherO) or whether 
 there ia any at all, or whether the people choose a Cherokee 
 chief, or a Heaaian huaaar for a king, la not a matter that I 
 trouble myaelf about, bo that to themaelvea ; but >vith reapoot 
 to the doctrine, io far ta it relatoa to the rights of men and 
 nations, it is as abominable as anything ever uttered fn the 
 \ moat ensUred country under heaven. Wfiether it sounds worse 
 to my ear, by not being accustomed to hear such despotism, 
 uim it does to the ear of anotlier person, I am not so well a 
 jnd|^ of; but of its abomlntble principle, I an^ at no I gg. 
 
 4 
 
 X- 
 

 b iLa mUoo, m wfAi ia Ito orifinalytm In its r0pr4^m%taUv$ 
 akftimctflr ; Mid bo hat tak^i osr* to n*k0 hiiiMolf andor. 
 gbod, by laying, Uiat Ui«T h»r« not a vota oltlMsr <x>/Z<!«?/»im/j 
 /or i-liimdualltj. Tho llovolution •ocioty ii_ coinnowxl of 
 cltlfoni of all dcnoiniurtlioiuK and of inomlMJniyf both \\o\xim 
 of iiarliamont, and coiiacquontly, if iboro |l J|9t ft right to 
 Tot« in any of Uia obaracUJra, tliaro can bo na riglit to any, 
 
 • «lth«r in the nation or in ita parliamonL Tliii ouglit to ha 
 
 • a caution to every country, how it importa foreign familiyg 
 to bo king». It iaioinawhat ourioua to obMnro, that although 
 the pwplo of £ngland have boon in the habit of talking 
 ^boQt the kinga, it la alwayi a foreijro houMof kinga j hating 
 foroiijiierm, yet governed by theiiA# It la now tha houao of 
 Urnnswick, one of Uie petty iribeaV Gorraanr. 
 
 It haa hitherto been tlie praotioe of tho Engliah parlia- 
 monti, to regulate what waa called tlie luccevion, (Uking it 
 for granted, that tlio nation tlion contiivtted to aeoord to the 
 form of annexing a monarchical branch to ifc| govonimcnt J 
 for wiUioat thia. tlie parliament oould not have had authority 
 to have tent eiUier to Holland or to Uanover. or to impoiie 
 % king upon a nation againat iU will.) And thii niust be 
 the tttmoat limit to which parliament can go upon tho caiao ; 
 but tlio right of the nation goes to the tofwU coao, bocauHo it 
 ii the right of changing the vthoU form of government. The 
 right of a parliament in only a right in truit, a right by 
 delei^tion. and that but from a very small part of tho nation ; 
 and one of ita housea haa not oven thia. But the right cf 
 
 •^e nation ia an original right, aa universal as taxation. The 
 nation ia the paymaaterof eveiy thing, and erery thing must 
 conform to ita general will. , . , , „ , , 
 
 I remember taking nodoe of a ipeech In wLat ii oallod the 
 £ngliah house of peers, by the then Earl of Shelboomo, and 
 I think it was at the time he waa minister, which ia appli- 
 
 / eable to this case. I do not directly charge my memory 
 ^ wit^ ererj particular ; but the words and tho purport as 
 nearly aa I remember, were theao : that the form of govern- 
 mmt was a matUr tohoUy cU the will of a naiion at all times : 
 that if it o/uMe a monarohioalform^ U had a right to haw it 
 ar>, amd if it qfterwarde chose to be a repvhliOt it had a right to 
 be a republic^ and toeaytoa kir*g^ wc have no longer any 
 oceanifmfor you. 
 When Mr/ Burke saya t hat " liii majesty*! heirs and eac 
 
 oessors. each in their time and order, will come to the crown 
 vith ue lao^ oootempt of tlMir oboioe witll which hiv 
 
 •-( ■■ 
 
 y 
 
%. 
 
 BiAJflstj hM hkwimmImI to Hiftt ti« WMf*,** (i U Mytnic (no 
 moflh •▼mi U> thfl hamblmt individual in th« r>otintry \ V^^^ 
 of whfMMi dailj Iftbor K«M« tfiwanla m»kinf( up Ui« million 
 |t»rliag »-J«if which th« country ifivi'ii « |»cnK»n it itjl** • 
 king. OoTemm«nt frith inMlcnce, ii dflf|M)tiam ; bnt whon 
 {Kintempl b add«d, it hflcomm wonm ; and to pajr for c»n« 
 tumpl i« the iiiOiMi of ilavory. Hi in iijocii^a of gov«mmmit 
 ^<»m«« fVom (icmiAny ; and r«min<!i uic of what one of th« . 
 lirunjiwtck ■oldieni told me, who wm idifm prisoner bj th« 
 AmcrioAiiA in the UC« war : ** Ah t** Mid he, ** America (• • 
 flno free coantnr, it ft worth people*! fighting for ; I know 
 tlm difference br knowing my own ; in mjr ooontry, If th«._ 
 prinre ■•▼, eftt ibaw, w* c^t itraw."— Oo<i h«lp Uiat country, 
 thought I, be it England or eliewhere, whoec liberties ar« 
 not to b« protected by Gorman principlce of govemmi^nt and 
 p%coa of Urunawick. 
 
 Ah Mr. linrke •oroetimea npeaka of England, Momotimea of 
 France, and aometimea of the world, ana of government im^ 
 general, it ia difficult to anawer hia book without apparentlj \ 
 meeting him on the aame ground. Although princinlea ot 
 government are general «aQectfi, it la next to iinpoMible, In 
 many caaea, to teuarate them from the idea of place and 
 circumntance ; ana the more to when circnmittancea are oat 
 for argumenta, which ia frequently the caao with Mr. Burke. 
 
 In Uie former part of hia book, addrcnning himself to the 
 people of France, he tava, ** no experiencxj haa taught uiw 
 (meaning the Engliah.^ that in any other conrac or method 
 ^an that ot an K&reditary oroum^ can oar libertiet be Tega- 
 larly perpotu^ted and preaerrod aacrod aa onr htrrfditary 
 riglit. I aak Mr. Bnrke who ia to Uko thom away f M. do 
 la Fayette, in ipeaking of Franco, aaya, " F^ a nation 
 to UftM^ u %» 9%^fflcimt that tho wills it" But Mr. Burke 
 repreaenta England aa wanting capacity to tako care of itaelf ; 
 and that ita libertice muBt be taken care of by a king, hold< 
 ing it in " contempt" If England ia aonk to this, it ia pre- 
 paring itaelf to eat atraw. aa m Hanorer^or in Bmnawlok. 
 But beaidea the foUy of tne declaration, it happoiia that the 
 facts are all against Mr. Bnrke. It Waa by the goTemment 
 being Kereditaryy that the liberties of the people were endan* 
 gored. Oharles I. and James 11. are instances of this truth . 
 yet neither of them went so ikr as to hold the nation in 
 contempt* — — ^ — ^ — 
 
 As it is sometimes of adTantage to tiie people of one conn* 
 tfj, to hear whnt those of other oonntnes nsre to say reepeoi^ 
 
 . . . \ ■ ..-..■ . ■ "" - ■ , ...••, ■msr . ■ - 
 
 ■•••■■. ^ ■ • ■ ■■.»■■■ -•-' '''W .■ " ' ' ■ 
 
^: 
 
 % 
 
 InK it. It U |M«i(l>l« IhftI Ui* |Miopt« of Frmjki* vmj 1««r« 
 •omothing fWiiii Mr. Harko't book, miH UiaI Ui« |M^i|)lt) m 
 KtigUml niftjr aImi Itmrti Mimnthinff (Wmi the «tMW«ni it wfli 
 ofu:a«ion. Wlirii tiAtiotm fall «»ut »iMmt fri)««lim», a widMtittliJ 
 of (lttbftt« it o|Mm«(l. Tti« »rirtiin<yit oomni«mc« witli tlt« 
 rkbtt of wart witbout iCi «vlli ; and m knowlwJg* U th« 
 obJ«t f^finli^ndod for, Uio part/ Umt tiuiUiM lli« dofaal 
 obtains tbn priM. \ 
 
 Hr. Hiirka Ulka abottt wbmt b« cdUW liarwilUfjr ofown, 
 M If It WW toms prodttoUon of ii«tur»Vor m if, liko liiiti^ 
 H bad power to oixtrato nut only indiYi>«n(iently, but in ipUo 
 crtf mmn; or m If it www « tbfng or • •uhje«l univerMfiy 
 coriMntMl to. Al«a I it bM none of tboi« pro|>«rti«^ but (■ 
 tba r«ToraD of tbom^ all. It It • thing of ImaffinAtion, ttie 
 pr»»t»rifltj of wbich bi more tlian d<>ubt«<i, anil the legalltjr of 
 wblnb in a few jnam will l>« d«mi<wl. 
 
 Ibit, to i»rraii^« tbia inattcir in a olear«r view tlian wbal 
 general eiurvMaiona can oonvej, It will be neceaaarr to 
 atate the (Uatljict beads under wliiob (wbat ia oalled) an 
 hereditary erown, or, more properly ipoakUig, an bereditarir 
 aoooewion to tbe gOTommont of a nation, oan l)e oonaidered, 
 wbich are, 
 
 lit Tbe right of a particular family to eaUbliab itaelf. 
 "^Sd. Tlie right of t nation to eatabliab a particular family. 
 With rwi|)0ct to the Jir§t of thoa«» heada, that of a family 
 Citablialiing itaolf with berediUry powura on iU own autbo> 
 fify, and independtmt of tbe conaont of a nation, all men 
 will concur In calling it deapotiam ; and it would be treapaM* 
 inx on thoir underatanding to attempt to-^rovo it 
 ^^nt the MooTki head, tliat of i^ nation eaUbliihlng a par- 
 ticular family with heredUwry pawertyAow not prcacnt itaelf 
 M dtiapotiam on tbe flnt reflection ; but if men will nennit 
 • aooond lefloction to take ^laoe, and cany that reflection 
 forward but one remove out of their own peraona to tliat of 
 tlieir offering, they will then aee that hereditary aucceaaion 
 becomes in ita conaenuoncea the aame deapotiam to othera, 
 /which they reprobated for thcmaeWea. It operatea to pro- 
 /dtode the oonaent of the auoceeding generation, and the 
 I precluaion of c<Miaont la deapotiam. When the peraon who at 
 I any time ahall be in poaaeaaion of a govomment, or thoio 
 who atand in anoceaaion to him, ahall aaj to » nation, I hold 
 thia power in "contempt" of you, it aignlflea not on what 
 
 * '. 
 
 .. -iSt™ -'^--Jk.i . 
 
 ^ 
 
 '-' -, ' * * 
 

 bJ« pumi ! Ml^ M OlAl whyh Mg!itimi Oi« rffmtfllin^ of 
 AD it <»nnot l»« |mKlu<^fl<l Ut |»r*»vn thu l«^*ntr «" »^ iMH^* 
 
 Ill ortlflf t«« mfrivn •! • mor« \>er(mi dcwUiufi «»ii Uil« iifl*d| ^ 
 H will Ix proiHir U> n<mtl«l«r Ui«^«iionit»an whicli uiMlrrt«k«ii 
 lO fliUbllJi ft fftinllr wlM» A*»W»/'W7/ />''«^'-*. ••l»«r»t*iljr fr..nt 
 tlin |rtm«<r*tioiw wliloh Ttt to foll«»w ; aiuI »U» to c'.«tii«liir 
 Ihn 3i«rfM^l«r in which thc^iffl ^•Tfttiou i^U with WiJ|?ct 
 U) «ur«'fl«Hiiiin jwjnormlloili. • '^ : ^^ • 
 
 Tlifl ir««««"«» "^^^^ icIaotiB ptwwi. ftntl pnU wm ftl 
 tho )icft3 of ito g«ir«mmimt. nitliar with th« tltlo of km^, or 
 my othor <li«tii»i'liofi, miU lU ouni cAaui^^ b« it wi*o or lool- 
 Uh fti ft fre« ftKtmt for lu«il£. Tlie pcrfton io Mt ap !• Bol 
 horodlury, but ielcctod ftrul ftpiK.int«d ; mnd the g«nnrftUon 
 who ••'tft liim op, do«i not Uto under ftn hwrwliUry govom- 
 minlt, but under ft goT«m«ient of itft own choi<!« ftim oftUb- 
 lUhinent Wore Ui« ircnorftlion who mU him up. ftnd Ui« 
 mmm m ict up, to IW« for •▼«, ii noiw could bwHjine 
 her«dlUry iucceiftion : horedlUry fttcoaMion mn onlj follow 
 on dcftth of tlio firtt pftrti^. ) 
 
 Aft thorefon* horwJiUry •ucoeftftlon it out of the qaoftUon 
 with r«ipoct to the jini gcnorfttion, ^wo hftTO now to oon- 
 •idor th© chftrftctor in wWch thai gimerftUon %cU with r«ip«ct 
 to th« ooramancing gem^rfttlon, M to ftll ftocooedinj^ oni*. 
 
 It ft«iumeft ft chftrj^ctcr, to whlcMt hfts neither nght nor 
 title It chftngot Itwdf from ft U^islator to ft UMtahr^ ftnd 
 ftffecU to raftke iU will, whi«h ia to hftre operftUon ftftor «Im 
 demiM of the mftkeri. to boqneftth the gWnment; and it 
 not only fttteropft to bequeftth, but to efttfthti«ii on the iuo- 
 ceedinir generftUon ft now and different form of govomrnont 
 under which itftolf lived. lUelf, ai ia before obiorved, Uved 
 not undor ftn herediUry government, hot under ft govern* 
 /mentof iti own choice ftnd eetftblifthmont ; ftnd it now ftt- 
 tetnptft by virtue of ft will ftnd teetftment, (and which it hfti 
 not ftuthority to raftke,) to tftke from the commencing gene- 
 ration, and ftll future one% the righU and free ftgoncy by 
 
 which itMlf ftcted. , , , , , ^ ' ^^1^ t. i^ 
 
 y But exclnilT* Off the right whfeh tny gcneffttloii hu to 
 met coUectivelj fti ft tesUtor, the objecto to which it ftpphet 
 itBclf in this cftfte, ftre not within ^ oomjpMi of mij l»w, ot, 
 of ftny will or tefttament . ; ; J, V, 
 
 — The right! of men in l o ci e ty, ar e neither d e viiftbl ^ , nor 
 tr»nftfer»ble, nor ftnnihiUble, but are deftoen4»ble onlr ; ftnd 
 ll it not in the powtr U •tkj g<meratioii t» jnt proiyt naiUjrt 
 
 /. 
 
 1 ^mS^ *^ ' 
 
 
 > » 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 '/"' 
 
# 
 
 i 
 
mkI eat off tfM daiMnt If the j weeent generetloii. er enj 
 oUier, are cUipoeed to be lieTee, it doee not leMOi toe right 
 
 of the ■uoooeding ffenei»ti<Hi. to be free : wronge cannot have 
 .a legal ^^eaoent. When Mr. Burke attempta to maintain, 
 that tlie EnglUh nation d4dj at the revolution qf 1688^ mottt 
 iifO^jnnly renounot and abtUadte thsir righU for tKemMel/oea^ 
 and for all their potteritu for every he ipeaKi a hmguage 
 that merit! not repl^, and which can only excite contempt 
 Ibr his proatitute pnnciplei^ or pity for hia ignorance. . 
 
 In Wnatever light hereditaiy aucoeiuon, aa growing out 
 of the wiU and teatament ot wme former generation, pre- 
 •inti itMlf it ia an abanrditj. ▲ cannot make a will to 
 take from a hia ftf upcr tj , and giTO it to 0; jet thia ia the 
 jnanner in whichi(wnat ia called) hereditary aacceieton by 
 Law, operates. A certain former generation made a will to 
 take away the righta of the conmiencing generation and aU 
 fbtnre oneii and conyey thoee rights to a third person, who 
 •Aerwarda comea forward, and tells them, in Mr. Bnrke's 
 langnage, that ther have no righi$, that their righta are 
 already bequeathed to* him) and that he wUl govwn in eon- 
 tmn^ of them. From such principle^ and snob ignorance, 
 lodLorddeliirer the world! i 
 Biit, after all, what ia this metaphor, called a crown, 
 
 or 
 
 imtiker, what is monarchy t Is it a thing, or is it a ham^ or 
 £i It a ftmnd t Is it a ^NDOntrivance of nnmui wisd<mi,' or 
 humaa craft, to obtain money from a nation under specious 
 pratenoest Is it a thing ne c ess ar y to a nationf If it is, in 
 what does that necessi^ conalit^ what' aenrice doee it^p^ 
 fbm, what is its business, and what are its merits! Doth 
 theyiitne consist m the meti^ori or in the mant; Doth 
 the ffoldsmitih that makes the erown, make the Tirtne also f 
 Dota it operate like Fortonatos's wiahing cap, or Harle^ 
 min'a wooden sword t Doth it make a man a eoi\)are: 
 in ine, what is it t It appears to be a something 
 mnoh (Nit of fashion, fallmg into ridictol^ and rejeci 
 seme boontries both aa umeoessary and expenaive. In 
 America it is considered m an absurdi^, and in France it 
 has so frur dedined, that me goodness or the man, and the^ 
 n^eet for his peraoiHd oharaeter, are the only things that 
 pi is s i f II the ^) p ea r ance cjf its aaristence. 
 
 If goTemment be what Mr. Burke deserilxyi it "a con- 
 triyaaee €i hnmaa wiadomy** I might ask him, if wisdom 
 low ebb hi Knd[snd. that it tras benomw 
 to hnport U'teB S^aad aad ttoai Hanoyerl 
 
 i ' ': ■ " ■:„ - y. 
 
OV HAS. 
 
 8i 
 
 *.*-- 
 
 Bst I will do th0 ooimtrT the jofdee to My. thM that wm 
 not the OMO ; and eren if it wm, it miitook tae cargo. The 
 wiadom of every oonntry, when properly exerted, ia aaffl* 
 .oientfor all ita pnrpoMs: and there conld exist no more 
 real occaaion in England to have sent for a Dntoh ttadtholder, 
 or a Oorman electw, than there was in America to have 
 done a timilar thing. If a country doea not nndentand ita 
 own aJflTairSk how is a foreigner to understand them, who 
 knows neitner its lawa, its manners, nor its language! If 
 there existed a man so transoendantly wiM above all others, 
 that his wisdom was necessary to instruct a nation, some 
 leason mis^t be offered for monarchy ; but when we cast 
 our eyes about a coniitry, and observe how every part un- 
 derstands its own affairs ; and when we look around the 
 world, and see that of all men ift it, the race of kihffs' are 
 the most insignificant in capacity, our reason cannot fail to 
 ask us-*What are those men kept f^r ff . 
 
 A If there is any thing in monarc^ which we people of 
 America do not understand, I wish Mr. Burke would be so 
 kind as to inform us. I see in America, a government ex- 
 tending over a country ten times as large as England, and 
 - conducted with reg^anty^ for a fortieth part of the expense 
 which government oosts in Englan^ Ii X ask a man in 
 America, if he wants a king, he retorts, and asks me if I 
 take him for an idiot:^ How is it that this difference hap- 
 pens : are we more or less wise than others I I see in 
 America, the generality of the people living in a style of 
 plenty, unknown in monarchical countries ; and I see that 
 the principle of its government, whioli is that of tl^e 4puU 
 
 ^ mA^f of many is making ft rapid progress in the World. 
 
 If monarohy is a useless thing, why is it kept up any 
 where f Aiid if a necessary thiiijg, how can it be dii^nsed 
 with? ThaX cMl ^ovemtnent is necessary, all civilized 
 nations will agree in; but civil government is republican 
 government. All that part oi the government of England . 
 which begins wim the office of constable, and j^rooeeds { 
 through the deparanent of magistrate, quarter-session, and ; 
 general assize, imunding the trial by jury, is republican/ 
 ^vemmgnt. Kothing of monarchy appears in any^part of 
 It, exce^l'the name wnich William the conqueror impo6ed| 
 upon the English, that of obliging them to call him '^their 
 sovereign loro the king.** 
 
 It is May to eonoeivv, that a band of intetettod men, such 
 M plaoemeoy pertiionera^ Iqida of the bed-chamber, lords of 
 
 /• 
 
 / 
 
v^ 
 
 ' wt^ 
 
 amm ov wua, 
 
 tibe khSiflB, iordi of th« neoMMiy-honM, and the Lord 
 knoiTB wh4 bedde%.o«n find m vomhj roMom for monurchj. 
 M their Mlaries, paid at the expenae of the oountry, amount 
 to * bat if I ask tne farmer, the manufactarer, the merchant, 
 ■the tradesman, and down throngh aU the oocupations o< Hfe 
 to the common laborer, what service monarchy it to him, ho 
 can give me no ansF«r- If I •* ^"» ^^* monarchy is, he 
 believea it it tometUng Uke a sinecure. 
 
 Notwithstanding the taxes of England tmofunt to almost 
 ieventeeA i^Uions a-year. said to be for the qftienses of 
 
 BTemment, it is still evident that tiieaense of the nation is 
 \ to govern itself, and does govern itietf by magistrates and 
 juriec almost at iU own charge, on republican prmciples, 
 exduSve of the expense of taxes. The^kries of the judges 
 are almost the only charie that is pai4Fout of the revenue. 
 Oonsiderfng that all theflitemal goremment is executed bv. 
 the people, the taxes of England ouriit to be the bghtest of 
 any nation in Europe ; ihstead of which, they are the con- 
 trary. As this cannot be accounted for on the score of civil 
 government the subject neceiBarily extendi itself to the 
 
 monarohicaJ part ]_ , « >, ' v / ^ ./ 
 
 When the people of England sent for George I. (and it 
 would puszle a vuer*inan than Mr. Bnrke to discover for 
 ^what he could be want(j^ or what service he could render) 
 ^they ought at least to ha^ conditioned for the abandonment 
 of Hanover. Besides the endless German intrims that 
 must follow from aGemUn elector's bein^ king of England, 
 there ie a natuial hnpoasibility of unitin^ni the same person 
 tiie principles of freedom and the prindpMI of derootism, or, 
 as it is Ailed in Englsnd, arbitrary power. A German 
 elector is, in his electorate, a despot : how then should it be 
 expected that he should be attached to principles of Uberty 
 in one country, while his interest in anothor was to be sup- 
 ported by dispotism f the union cannot exist ; and it might 
 ' " • * * ^, that Qerman electors would make 
 
 ~r. Burke's words, would asenme 
 
 ^ipt." The English have been in 
 
 a kmg of England only in thecha- 
 
 i to themj whereab the same per- 
 
 „ , lasts, has a hojneH»at in anotdor 
 
 country, the interest of [which is at variance witt^their own, 
 sad the ' principles of tike g over nm e nt in opposition to e ach 
 other. To sueh a ptmsi Inland will appewr asfttown- 
 midMioet and tbe electorate as ^ estste. The Enghiih 
 
 easily have been foi 
 G^maa kings, or In 
 
 S* vfflrnment with " con 
 B iMibit of consideri 
 racter in which he ap_ 
 son, while the oonnexi' 
 
I i 
 
 BtiMqi ov nor. 
 
 / 
 
 
 IM7 wi^ •■ I beliere they do, raocMit to tM prindplat of 
 liberty in JSVinoe, or in Oermany ; bnt ft Qtirmm electof 
 trembiM for the fate of detpotiim in his tfeotorat* ; and 4he 
 duchy of Mecklenburg, wtiero iho present <meen*s family . 
 governs, is under the same wretched state of aroitrary power, .^ 
 and tho people in slavish vassalage. 
 
 There never was a time when it became the English to 
 watch continental intrigues more circumspectly than «it the 
 present moment, and to distinguish the politics of the electo^^ 
 rsto fW>m the politics of the nation. The evolution of 
 France has entirely changed the gronnd wit& respect to 
 England and France, as nations : bnt the German despotii 
 witn Prussia at their head, are oombinintf against lihwty |j^^ 
 and the fondness of Mr. Pitt for office^ andthe interest whidi 
 .all his family oonn<|i|ons have obtamed, do not give %ii§» 
 ficientsecnritT^^ainst this intrigue. « ; 
 
 As everythlnsr which passes in the world becomes matter 
 for history. I will now qnit this subject, and take a concise 
 review of Uie state of parties and pohtics in England, as Mr. 
 Burke has done in France. _ 
 
 Whether the present reign commenced with contempt, I 
 leave to Mr. Burke: certain, however it i^ that it had 
 •trong]^ that appearance. The aninvwity or the English 
 nation, it is very well remembered, fan hi|^ : and, had the 
 true principles of liberty been as well ui^erstood then as 
 th<7 now promise to be, it is probable the nation would not 
 have patiently submitted to so much. Geor^ I. and IL 
 were sensible of a rival in the remains of the Stuarts : and 
 as they ooidd not Ji)ut consider themselves «s standing on ^ 
 their .good behaviour, they had prudence to keep|heir Ger- j ■ 
 man {Hinoiples of government to themselves; but as the / 
 8tuart family wore away, the prudence became less neces-^^ 
 
 The ^nteet between rights, and what were called prero- i 
 gatives, c<mtinned to heat uie nation till some time i^r tlie > 
 conclusionVif the American revolution, when all at once it 
 fell a ciUm ; execration exchanged itself for^ applause, and 
 court populari^aprung up like a mushroom in the nignt. 
 
 To account ror this sudden transition^ it is proper t* ob- 
 serve, that there are two distinct species of popularity ; the 
 one excited by merit, the other oy resentment. As. the 
 nation had fonned itaelf into two parties, and each waa 
 extolling the merita of its parliamentary champions for and 
 i^n^ the prarogatire, nothing could operate to give a muif 
 
 Kvl 
 
 \'.^f^f^.-- 
 
U tfawil ihook ktm uk Immediate coaUtkm of tU chMnplom 
 
 themielyae.; The partiMni of mch being thus ■oddenlT 
 \ \ left in the Inreh, end mataiOlj betted with dlignpt at the 
 \ meMiire, felt no other relief thei\ in uniting in iTcomiiion 
 ^ecration agaitait both. A hi|dier atimiaaa of reaentm^at 
 b^ing thui exited than what the oonteat on prerogatives 
 had ocoaaioned, the nation quitted all former objeoU of 
 
 . - riffhti and wronga, and aongbt only that of gratifloation.:-. 
 Thtx mdig^atioki at the ooalition, lo effeetnallT raperieded 
 the indignation againit the conrt, aa to eztingviah it t and 
 without any change of prindplea on the part of the court, 
 
 - "'■. ■:. Mie iame people who had reprobated ita demx^iam, united 
 
 - --^ J5"» >*» to rt^enge themaeWea on the ooalition parliament. 
 The caae was not, which they liked beet-^buL which they 
 hated moat : and Uie leaat hated paiMd fat lo>«. The dii 
 Bolution^ the coalition parliament, aa it afforded the means 
 of grat^ring the reaentment of the naiion, could not fail 
 
 eo^-^^ ' *^ ^t^ *'^*** ^ popularity of the 
 
 Tinnaitions of thia kind* ei^it to ua a nation under the 
 goremment of temper, instead cf a fixed and ateady prSi- 
 
 mple ; and ''"-* "* '- '* ' -'^ 
 
 feeb itself 
 
 prooeipding. 
 
 aure, it now approree^ and acta perauaaioii upon itaelf to 
 ■nnoeate its indin^ent. - ^' - 
 
 ■uffoeateitB 
 
 _ On the r^TO of a new parliaiiient. the new miniflter, Mr. 
 mtt, found h^oaelf in a secure migori^ ; and the nation 
 pre him cnMit, not out of rmrd to hunielf, but because 
 it hadvripolTed to do it out of reieBtmeiit to another^ He ^ 
 mtroduoed himself to pubUc notice by a nropoied reform 
 rf parliament, u^iioh in its dperation would hare amounted 
 to a puDho justmcation of corruptioiL The nation was to 
 be at tiie expense oC buying up the rotten b<»tyii^ whereas 
 It OTghC to punish the persons who deal in tho tti^ 
 ^ Pasainjg over the two bubbles, of the Butch bunfiieM, and 
 the mfllion a^year to sink the national debt, tiie matter 
 which is most prominent, is, the aflW* of the regjoncy. Nevpr 
 in the comie of niy obs^ation, i^ delndon more iuccess- 
 , fully acted, nor a nation moine o^mpletdy deodyed. But, 
 to make this appear, it wiU be neoessanr to go om the ciiw 
 cttmstanees. ' °, 
 
 TMr. Fox^gfl statfid hk the house of oominoBi, that ibe 
 priaco of WftTes, M^h«ir in piweiMBian, had m ^ in him- 
 
 /•■ 
 
 fOlftd 
 
 Fitt; 
 
 trino, 
 
 . tainuc 
 
 extcn 
 
 lish I 
 ropr© 
 . Vl 
 is nut 
 vritUc 
 Arom 
 Iti 
 then 
 tkiuU 
 thee; 
 parlii 
 theg 
 
 forO 
 right 
 
 the 
 groo] 
 and! 
 W 
 one< 
 trol 
 supp 
 and 
 who] 
 men 
 
loU to MtniM tii6 goTerament this wm oppoied bj Hr. 
 Pitt; iiMi, io ftup M the opposition was confined to the doo* 
 trine, '\i wm ja»t But the principles which Mr. Pitt m»in- 
 tikinod on the contrary side, were as bad, or worse, in their 
 extent than those of Mr. Fox ; because tliey went to <»tab- 
 lisU an ajristoksracj over the nation, and over the smaU^^. 
 representation it has in tlie honse of commons. 
 
 Whether the English form of ffovemmont be good or bad,- 
 is not in tliis case Uie question : but, taking it as it stands, 
 without regard to its merits or demerits, Mr. Pitt was fUrth«f 
 fW)m the point than Mr. Fox. , „ ,^ ^ 
 
 _ It is'"aupposed to consist of three parti ; while, therefore 
 ^e nation is disposed to contmue this form, the parts h»T<r~ 
 a neUianal tUmav^f, independant of each other, and are not 
 the creatures of eaokothsr. Had Mr. Fox passed through 
 parliament, and said, that the person alluded to claimed on 
 the ground of the nation, Mr. Pitt must then have contended 
 for ^hat he called) the right of the parliament, against tho 
 right of the nation; *■ ]». 
 
 ^T the appearance wMch the contest made, Vr. Foz took 
 the h^^tiu7 ground, and Mr. Pitt the parliamentaiT 
 ground; but the fact is, they both took hervditiury ground, 
 and Mr. Pitt took the worst of the two. , 
 
 What is called the parliament, ia made up of two henaet ; 
 one of which is more hereditary, and more beyond ilie oonf 
 trol of the nation, than what the erown (as it is c;alled) it 
 supposed to be. It is an hereditary aristocracy, assuming 
 aniiasserting^indefeftiiblei irrevocable rishts and antheri^, 
 wholly. independent of the nation, where then ^as the 
 merited popularity of exalting thia hereditarr power orei 
 another heredttfry power less mdependent of the nation than 
 what itsdfasfttmeavto be, and or absorbing the ri^hti of 
 the nation into a house over which it has neither election nor 
 
 .controlt . \-- : . 
 
 :nie genen4 fanpnlse of the niktiQ^ was tL|^ ; bnt it aeted 
 
 i without r«fleetioiLy>ItapproTed the opporition made to the 
 
 ri right S9t up by M^ Fox. without perceiTii)g that Mr. Pitt 
 
 was supporting anether indefeasible right, more remote firom 
 
 ihe nation in opposition to it 
 
 With respect to th6 hohse of commons, it is eleoted 
 J>y a amstU part 6f thenatioii; but were the eleotion ~ 
 , Vtfrsal Si taxa^ofn, which it onght to be, it w6nld 
 
 •*f. 
 
 aeoted but/ 
 tion as ul|i^/ 
 dd still be/ 
 IS inherent^ 
 
 Qnly the^organ of the nition, and cannot possess ^ . 
 rights. WEen tiie natioiud assembly of France resolres a 
 
 ^■.,..- 
 
■^■^sp S^*- 
 
 < 
 
 0, 
 
 BfttMr, Ibe retolra it vaaAt in righl oT tha natioa ; but, Mr. 
 Pitt, oo dl DAtioiuU qiiflttioiiaj m fkr m thej rafer to tlie 
 hoDte of ADmmooA, ftbaorbt the ri(^t of tlie natioii into the 
 orgeiif.eiid makee the orgMl into af liatioii, and the nation 
 itMlf into a cipher. 
 
 »■ In a few words, the qaofUon on the rcffenor was a quo*- 
 tlon on a million a-jear, which ia appropriated to the exocu- 
 
 . tire department: and Mr. Pitt conid not poneie himiolf of 
 any management of thi« ■nm, withont letting up the •upro 
 maoj of iwrliament: and when this wae aooomplialicd, it 
 was indifferent who uiould be regent, at he most oe regujit 
 
 ; at hie own cost Among the curiontiee whicb tliie oonton* 
 tioot debate afforded, waa that of making the great seal into 
 ft king; the affizinjlp of which to an aet wae to be royal au- 
 thority. If, therefore, royal authority is a great aeal, it con- 
 ■eqnentlT ii in itaelf nothing ; and a good oonatitation would 
 .be of infinitely more Talne to the nationy than what the three 
 nominal powers, as they now stand are worth. 
 
 Hie continual use of the word oontitiUuiim in the English 
 perUameni shows that there if none ; and that the whole it 
 meirely a fonn of goTemment without a cMstitution, and 
 oonstitnting itMlf with what powers it pleassa. If there 
 
 C/)^ . oouMiraang laeu wiw wnac powers it pleassa. if there 
 iT ir -^MB a coQsntution, it certainly would be referred to ; and the 
 *%j^ rdebate on any constitutional point, Would tenninate by pro- 
 )dnciiig th« dc^nstitution. One member says, this is oonstitn^ 
 tionaf; another myi, thai ia constitutional— To-day it is one 
 thing; icHnorrow it is aomething elae while the maintam- 
 _ ing the ^bate proTea than ia none. Q^oiatitution ia now 
 the eant word of parliament, tumingitaalf to the ear of the 
 nation. Formariy it waa the vmif^r§al tmprJhacy tmd iha 
 ommmitmas <ifpartufmmL But ainoe the im>gress of lib- 
 «r^m France^ thoae/phraaea ^ye a dmfxMo harahneas in 
 thor note : and tha IBngiiah ptu-Hament haa caught tilie fash- 
 ion flfom the national aaaembly, but without the aubatance, 
 
 M the preaent generation ci people in Englapd did not 
 
 :. . ^make the goyemment, they an not iooountable for any of 
 
 ita dflAota; but that aooner or later it mnat come faito their 
 
 J hmnda to nndeigo a oonatitutional information, ia aa certain 
 
 } aa that tiie aame thing haa happened in France. If France, 
 
 . yritli a reyenne of neariy twen^-foor nuUiona aterling, with 
 
 • an aktant of ri e h a n d^ t ile oountry abo y e four timcalargef 
 
 thtti England, witii a population of twenty-four millioiia oi 
 
 iiih a bit a nt a to aapport taxation, with npwardaof ninety mil- 
 
 V 
 
 00. 
 
 . V 
 
V 
 
 lioM Ailnr of gciA and ■Ilrer di^alatlttg m Hm iiAtloo, »& J 
 irith ft 4«bt 1«M than the pretoit d«bt M Eng^ftoil— «tiil 
 foaiid it MOtM^, from wk*teT«r oAuae, to mom to * aattlo- 
 ment of iu aflain^U ioItmi tli« j^blttiu of ftiodiog £» feotk 
 OQuntviei* 
 
 It . ii out of the qnaftton to mt how long, what la eaOod 
 the EiigUah oonatitaaoB, haa laatod, and to argne from thenoe 
 bow loag it ia to lait : tlie aaeadon ia how long oan the fimd- 
 ing tjatem laetf It ia a thing but of modem InTention, and 
 has not jret continued beyond Uie life of a man ; yet, in that 
 abort apaee it haa to fkr eoonmnlated, that, together with 
 the owient expenaea, it reonirea an amotmt of tazea at leaat 
 eqoal to the whole laifdea rental of the nation i« aoraa, to 
 delVay the annual expenditurea. That a goremment oonld 
 not al wiqra haire gone on by the iame syitem which haa been 
 followed for the laat MTenty yean, muat be evident to 
 every man ; and for the aame ro ai on it oannot ilwaja go 
 
 on* 
 
 The funding ay stem is not money ; neither is it, propeilj 
 ■peakiiigt credit. It, in eflfeot, oreatea upon paper the sum 
 which it appeara to borrow, and lays on 1a tax to keep tha 
 imaginary capital alife by the payment of interest, and 
 ■en£ the annuity to market, to be sold for paper ahready iH 
 oircnlatioiL If any credit is ffiven^ it ia to the dispodtiim ol 
 tl|B pei^^ie tqpay &e tax, aiid not to the goTemment whidi 
 lays it oo. W hen thia diBpoiition expires, what ia supposed 
 to be the credit ol goyemme^t expiree witn it The in^anoa 
 of Fhttce, under wo former gor^mment, shows that it ia 
 • impossible to compel the payment ttf taxea by force, when 
 a whole nation ia determined to t|Jca ita stand upon thai 
 
 ground- ■ 
 
 Mr. Bufke, in his review of the finanoes of France, statea 
 tiie quantity of gold aAd silver in France, it aboiil eighty* 
 flight millions sterling. In doing thia he has, I msnmoi 
 divided by the difi^ce of iBXcfiange, ins^sad of the stin* 
 dard of twanty<four livres to a i^ond steriinf; for M. 
 Neckar'a statement, from which Mr. Buike'a is taken, ia iioo 
 ihoutmd iwo^Hmndrtd mUUont qf Utfrei, which la upwarda 
 7«f ni]|ety-<xn6 nillmna and a half sterling. _ ■ 
 
 M. lleckar.^lf'niafoat and Mr. Qeorve Chalmart of ^ 
 office of trade and plantation in Eng^d, of which lord 
 
 it, publish e d n e arly about th e sa me 
 
 i-v ■ 
 
 1 S- 
 
 
 1. 
 
 *i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' • /' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • «»■ 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ■ ' ' '^ 
 
 n 
 
 ■i 
 
 / * 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 ^Saw 
 
 time (178(1) an aocouAt of the qnantiW of monepr in eaih 
 natiou, from the returns of the mint ot (oaehnatioA. Hi^ 
 
•9 "amn or mjk 
 
 Ckt!tm»r% from llie rmnnm of Ili« Knglbh minimi tti« lowot 
 of London, tUtw tho ouantiijr of tnoni)/ in Enffland, in. 
 eluding fckoUaad »ud IniUuid,^ b« twenjtj luimuni iter. 
 lintf.* 
 
 M. Ne<i:«rt wiji, that the araoimt of money hi FrAncCf ro- 
 roinod from the old coin wliioli wm caliml In, wan two 
 thoiiMand flvo hundrod millions of livrtM, (ti{)war<lM of ona 
 hundred and four uiillionB atorlinf,) and. after do<lucting for 
 waAte, and what may he in the. WeHt-Indioa, and otiier powU 
 ble eiroumatancotf ttaioa the oironlating quantity at home, to 
 be ninety-one milliona and a half •terliiur ; hut, taking it at 
 
 — Mr. Uurke hat pat it, it ii tizty-eigbt tniiftmif man than the 
 national quantity in England. 
 That the quantity of money in France cannot be under 
 
 , thit »um, may at once be ■een from the state of the French 
 revenue, without referring to the recorda of the Frencli mini . 
 forprooiEb. The revenue of France prior to the revolution,* 
 was nearly twenty^four millions iterling ; and an paper had 
 then no existence in France, the whole revenue was col- 
 led^ upon gold and silver ; and it would have been im-, 
 jpossible to have oollectod such a quantity of revenue upon 
 
 * » less national quantity than M. Neckar has stated. Before 
 the establishment of paper in England,, the revenue wai 
 about a fourth part of the national amount of gold and sil* 
 ▼er, as may be known by referring to the revenne prior to 
 kinp William, and the quantity of money stated to be in ths 
 nation at that time, which was nearly as much as it is now. 
 It can be of no real service to a nation, to impose upon it^ 
 ielf, or to permit itself to be imposed upon ; but the preju 
 dices of some, and the imposition of others, hare always ro 
 presented France as » nation possessing bui little money 
 wh^refts the quantity is not only more than four times wha* 
 the quantity is in England, but is considerably greater on a 
 
 Sroportiou of ^umbers. To account folr this <£ficienoy on 
 lb part of England, some reference should be had to the 
 Ei^lish system of funding. It operates to multiply paper, 
 •nd to substitute it in the room of naoney, in various shapes ; 
 
 and the more paper is multiplied, the more opportunities are 
 i^orded to expoH the specie ; and it sdmits of a possibility 
 (by extending it to small notes) oi increMing paper, tifi 
 there IS no money left . ; 
 
 • 8m fcjimatt 
 
 Jflse 
 
 of Om ooapwallfe Stt^englh of Qmk Briuin, b> On. 
 
 
IT 
 
 % 
 
 '.^piRN'JH'SV, ^AF flWBiPfv 
 
 1 know this It not A pWMnt ■oMeot to Ing-lih rmA^n ; 
 but the mfttt«ni I am jB^oiiitf to tnontion are ao important in 
 ' UieinioWea, m to ro<|um) Uie att^mtion of men IntAtMited io 
 nioiiu/ trsnaactio^ of a publiu nature. There la n oir^ 
 eumitanoe atated^ br M. Neckar, in hia treetiae on the ad- 
 ministration of Utfi nu»hc(», which haa never lieen attended 
 to in Ktiglandf but which foraia the only baaia whereon to 
 eitti mate the quantity of money (gold and aiUer) which 
 ought to be in erery nation in Eolrope, to preaenre a relative 
 proportion with oUier nationa. ^ \ 
 
 IJiibon and Osdii are the two ports IntojwWoh (money] 
 gold and iilirer from South Amorica are imported, ana 
 which afterwarda dividca and apreada itaelf oTor Europe by 
 meant of oommoroe, and Increaaea the quantity of money in 
 til parta of Enrope. If, tliel^fore, the amount of the annual 
 importation into Europe can bo known, and the relative 
 proiwrtion of the foreign commerce of the several nationa bj ' 
 which it ia diatriburted can be ascertained, they give a rule, 
 •ufficientlr trae, to aacortain the quantity of money which 
 ought to oe found in any nation at any mven time. 
 
 M. Neckar ahows from the regisUira of Uabon and Cadiz, 
 that tlie importation of gold and*iBilter into Europe, is five 
 millions itorling annually. Ho haa not taken it on a aingle < 
 
 iear, but on an average of fifteen ancceeding yean, from 
 763 to 1777, both inclusive: in which time, tlie amount 
 was one thousand eight hundred million livrea, .which ii 
 seventy -five millions sterling.* 
 
 From the commencement of the Hanover succession in 
 1714, to the time Mr. Chalmers published, is seyenty-two 
 years : and the quantity imported mto Europe, in that time; 
 would be three nundrea and sixty millions sterling. 
 
 If the foreign commerce of Great ^ritam^be stated at a 
 sixth part of what the whole foreign commerce of Enrope 
 amounts to (which is probably tin inferior estimation to what 
 the gentlemen at the exchange would allow) the proportioia 
 whicn BritaiiK8hou]4 draw l>y commercoj/of this sum, to 
 • keep herself on i^ p^^rtion with the rest of Europe, would 
 be also a siicth part, which is sixty millions sterling; and if 
 the same allowance for waste and accident be made for 
 England, whidh M. Necl^ar makes for France, the quantitT 
 remaining after thes^ deductions, would be fifty-two mil* 
 lions, ana this sum ought to have bo^i in the nation (tt the 
 time Mr. Ohalmen published) in addition to the lon^ which 
 
 - ♦ A4aitnkt n ition<rfthar i i i>B wsoffwuwt,val.B. ^^ 
 
 / • 
 
X 
 
 w 
 
 ¥ 
 
 'f 
 
 
 / '■■•'■ 
 In Ui« tiaUoQ At th« 'nonuiMniomnmit 4 ( ikil HaaoTir 
 
 ion, and to haT« mado in>th« whol« at leMl lijrtjHiii ! 
 
 niiUiona ttarling; inttMul of which th«ro wero hut twontj 
 milliona, whiok k fbr^-tix miilioui b«low its proportion »ta 
 quantity. ' 
 
 A« tile cj^aantity of cold and ■Hrer, importod Into Lialwii 
 and C)adis !• nioru iMuuIjr attoortaininl than that of anjr coni- 
 modit? impoKtxl int<i Kngiand ; and at the({uaiititjof mon«>y 
 ooinod at tJieTowor of London, iaitiU mor0po«itivulj known, 
 tJi« leading facta do not admit of a oontroTeray. Eitlior, 
 tliarefore. the oommerce 0/ England it anpriMlnotive of proHt,^ 
 or the gold and tilrer which it hringt in, leak eontintiallj 
 awaj bj unaeoo meant, at the arerage rate of %hout tlirce 
 qaartera of a million a-jrear, which in the couree of tevcnty- 
 two yetTt, acoonntt for the deficiency } and ita al)teoce ia 
 tuppfied by paper.* „ . -. ^ 
 
 * Wh«Uiflr the RnglUh comni«rc« doM a<M briitf In noMj, or «h«th«r lb* 
 fOirctanMrnt Mnd* it out afUr It ia brought In, ia • matter whieh tha partita 
 conoamail can b«at aipiain; but that tha daflelaocj ailati, ia not In th« nnmt^ 
 ofaithar to diaprotra. Whlla Dr Prka, Mr Bdan,(now Auoliland,) Mr. Cha^ . 
 man, and Othiini, wrra debafltig whathar tha quaatlt/ of monajr waa fr«atar 
 or !«■ than at tha revolution tha ciroumatanca waa not advartad to, thai 
 aiBea tha ravotution, thara oannot hava baan leaa than four hundred milllona 
 ■tariJng Iniportad into Europa ; and tharafora tha quantitj in Boglaod ought 
 at laaat to hava b««>n four tini«f graatar than it wai at tha ravolution, to b« on 
 t profMrtion with Ruropa. What lairland Is now doing br papar. la what 
 •Im abonkl hara boon abia to do bj aolid nooay, if gold ao(( ailTar had oom* 
 Into tha nation in tha proportion It ought, or had not baan aant oat; and aha 
 la audaavoring to restore bT papar, tha balanoa aha has loat bj monaj. It ii 
 oartain, that tha gold and allver which arriva annually in tha raglatar^hipa to 
 Bpaio mod POrtnal, do not rtmaia in thoao oountrlaa. Tddvg Vbm v»1im half 
 b gold and half in ailvar, it ia about four hundred tona annually; and fVoia 
 (ha nunb^ of ahipa and galleona oniplo7a4 In tha trade of bringing thoae 
 metala fWna South- Amerioa to Portugal and 9pain, the qnantity ■oflekntlr 
 protao itaelf, witboot referring to tha r«||;iatora. ^ 
 
 In tbo aitotlioo Inglaod now ia, U ia fiapoNibla ahe oan laereMa la money. 
 High taieo not only leMen tha proptrtf (rf the indiriduala, but they leaaeu 
 dtao the money capital of the nation, by Inducing amug^^ng, which can only 
 be oarriMi on by goM and sUrer. By (bo poUtioa which (ho Britiah govern, 
 ■eat have earried oa with the IbIimmI itowon of Oaraany and tho continent, 
 i( baa mMie ao eneniy of all tha maritfmo powers, and ia tharafora obliged to 
 keep up a Urge nai^; but thoqgh tha oavy ia built in Kn|^d, tha naval 
 flioraa moal ba porchaaad from abroad, aad that from coantrioa where the 
 greatest pari moat bo paid for la gold aad idlTar. Soma (kUadoos minora 
 haTa boea set afloi^ In BngUnd to indooe a belief of moaay, and, among 
 others, that of the French refugees bringinff great qaanatias.> The idea la . 
 ridieolots. The general part of the rooooy Ui France Is silver; and It would 
 ■laha up#arda of twenty of tho Urgesi broad wheel wagons, with tan howot 
 
 ^iach, to remove one miilioa sterling of sUver. Is It then to be supposed, tlmt 
 i Tew peoplf fleeing 00 horaeback or la post^haises, In a seeret manner, and 
 having the freneb cuatom^hoase to pass, aad (be ssajff cro«, eooM brini 
 ovMi a stiflkiiaasy for their own sjtpsnssag -- •• ■ - — ^— t—,-^^ 
 
 ^■wiB^' 
 
 
 .-«ii 
 
• Tht wvoltttion dTTmnot k altandod wiOi mukj iiovol 
 eirouiiwUnoi^ not only la Um political •?!»•«, but In Ui« 
 droU of money irmmadintuL Among oth«r«, it ihow* Uiat 
 a i{oYernm«nt mar Ihi in a ikUUi uf ioioWenojr, and a nation 
 ricli. Ho ekr M th« Ou^t i« conflnad to tli© Ut« governmont 
 of FrwM», it WM inioWent ; liocaiuMi tli« nation woyld no 
 longer iupport iU eitravaganc?«, and th«r«for« it could no 
 lon5«r •ut>{K>rt itiMjlf -but with rmp«ct to th« nmtum all tho 
 numoM flxuit«<l. A govtinjiuont may \m »aid to b« inaoUont 
 «i|ory Ume it applioi to a nalioa to diwjhargw Ito arrean. 
 The inioW«iey«l'H» Uto goTernment of ^? ranea^ ilA rtl» 
 pnMent goyernmont of England, differed In no other rHpief 
 tl\ao M 3ia disposition of the jniople «liffor. The iMWpla of 
 FraUca reftiaod their aid to the o W govei^iment, and tha peo- 
 ple ^ Kngland submit to Uxation without inouiry. What 
 lallcd th* crown in England haa lieen inaolvont several 
 
 ' ri ■• 
 
 t....„_. _- 
 
 tlmesi 1*ie laiit of wbich, publicly known, was in May 1777^ 
 whnnHt appli^ to the nation to discharge upwards of 
 600,000/. private debts, which otherwise it could not pay. 
 ; It m the error of Mr. Pitt, Mr. Burke, and all those who 
 wore unacquainted with tlip aifaini of I^ ranee, to confound 
 Uio FVtmch nation witli tlui French goromment. The 
 French nation, in elFwjt, oudoav^rod to render the late gOT- 
 arnmeit inK)ltent, for the pur^iOfe of Uking govommentx^ 
 into its own hands : md it reserved Its me^ns for tlw support, 
 of the new government In a country M such vaat extent 
 and populat&n as France, tho natural means cannot bo 
 wanting ; and the political meani* appear the instant tho 
 nationis disposed to permit them. When Mr Borko, in • • 
 speech last wjnter in the Britisli parliament, catt hi$ «ye$ 
 &v^ tke map of Europt^ and $aiD ajchoMm thai once was 
 Frano6^ he talked like a dreanier of ^ drean^ The samo 
 natural France existed as before, and *11 the nntniial meant 
 existed with it The only chasm was that whith the ej^tino- 
 tion of despotiano^ had left, and which was to Ve filled up 
 with a oonstiti^jllbn more formidablo in nBiOiir|p thim thii 
 power whioh had expired. ^ \ 
 
 Wbcn.Qitnioaa of toMMV are ■pokra of, it thoald b« i«ootI«fltod, tiiat mioll 
 ■unu 0*0 only MOQinidat* m a country bj alow d«gr««t, and * long procflMiun 
 of Ume. ThO'-most frtnd ajBteni that England ooold now adofrt, would not 
 rMorer In a oentury the baknoo ahe haa lost In monej ainee the oommencoment 
 of the Hano f Of a ueo eaa lon. — 8he la —treaty rani l on e behind Frence . and who 
 
 mukbe, la MCM eooaiderable proportion, behind ere^ eountry is Europe, lie- 
 eauae^tbe r«lama of the Bngliah mint do not ahow an Inereaae o^^noney. «rhilo 
 
 «ie regtirtem of Uabon and Oadia aha* a» lanftaa iaorasas o' bolwtta tkr«t 
 tad f^ hitudfod aUlkMa ei««a^^^ — "^— ^ " ' ■ ' — '— — " 
 
 jUC- 
 
 *'f 
 
 .\\ 
 
*l«^ 
 
 Althotitfh th« Fnmeh n«tifiti r«Bd«rod the l«te(ro Tern metti 
 inaoltrttit, It <lifl niyt pormit the liiii>]niD4ijr to aiitliiWAnU thf 
 •rvditoni ; and tlie crmlitort, oonaitlering th« nation m tii« 
 r«ial imrmiMtor, and tJii) govnrnninnt only m tlio Agvut, 
 KmHikI th«ftUKtlv«Mi on tho haiion, in i)raformir<i to tlin govnni* 
 nmt. Thii «p|ioari KHMtUr to Uiaturb Mr. Huxko, ad t)i« 
 prMtdtnt it ffttAl to lli« polio/ b? which gofvmmatiU h»v« 
 •iipiKMKxl Utemanlvw MMura. fney have oonlr»ct«id iM^i^ 
 with A Ti<iw o( Attli< liing wlmt ii oalltyl th« nioniml intitrt^t 
 of a nation to thuir iiipixirt ; bat Uio luiamph in Fr«n<« 
 •liowt, UiAt tlio ponnanont •oGuritj of Hie orodiUir i» in the 
 naUon, and not tn tlie ffortYmnmnt ; end thet in a11 poeeihle 
 rt^vuliitiona that majr iiappeti in govemmnnta, the mcaiui 
 are aiwave with tlic nation, and the nation a! ware in oiiiit- 
 tntje. Mr. Hiirke argu<«, tliat tho creditort ought to have ' 
 Abided the fato of tlte g^remnnmt which thoj trtitted ; but 
 the national ajwnmblj (^onaidered ihtm m Uie croditort <^ 
 tiio nation, not of tlie ^vwnmimU^^ the maiter, and not 
 of iiio tUiward. 
 
 Notwitliitanding the late government could not dlachargu 
 the current exprnuwa, the pmeent goTemment baa paid off a 
 
 eat part pt the capital. Thia haa hewn accomplialiod bjr 
 
 o meana i the one by leMening tho expetiMa of govc^rn- 
 ■l^itf and the other by the Mle of tho monaatio and occh'Mi- 
 Mtical landed eatatM. The deYoteea and penitent do-' 
 baaoheea, eitortiouera and tniaeri of former da^a, to oniure 
 'themaeWca a l>etter world than that they were about to 
 lAavo, had b<if)aeathu<l itnmenae property in truat to the ' 
 prioathood for maus tuM§ ; and the prieathood kept It fop v/ 
 themaelves. The national aaaomblj haa ordered it to be told 
 for the good of the whole nation, and the prieathood to h9 — 
 decently provided for. 
 
 In ooueeciucnce of the revoludon, the annual intereat dt 
 the dibt of France will be reduced at leaat aix milliona ster- 
 ling, hy paring off upwarda of one hnndred milliona of tha 
 capital; which, with leeaoning the former expensea at gov< 
 eniment i^ least three milliona, will place Ffanoe in a iitua* 
 tion worthy the imitation of Europe. |^ 
 
 Upon a whole reriew of tho subject how yait if the ron- 
 
 traat 1 While Mr. Burke haa been Ulking of a general bank- . 
 
 ruptcy in France, the nationa l aw emblj h aye li cen paying 
 
 'uni 
 >ffl 
 
 i 
 
 avc 
 
 'r+s 
 
 the capital <^ the national debt; and while taxea 
 
 inureaHod nearly a milUon a-ycar in England, they have 
 lowered several piiUiona aryear in Fraooe. Not a word hat 
 
 Tf, 
 
 .,_^' 
 
 ^^- 
 
 . ;• ,/: y- 
 
■*% 
 
 V 
 
 Mm Mr. Bufkm vf Mr. IHll mkd abo^l ft^ch uHmirs of 
 
 "l^i^l. Tb. iubimtt b«Kiii« to U loo w«U «Jul«rH«)a, 
 
 lliorTbm K«««'^ ««»%«»• runaijig through lk« whoU of 
 
 ZLmblj : but wbst b b« «ir««?«<l •»>«u^J ,,^[, ^'^ -^'"^ 
 Hw •• Ifn. »• lb«y •w gnmiull*., i»d If tr«i»o6» bj b« 
 Lolutlom bi-i •nnibll^t*! b«r iniwar. aiui b^rnn wbM 
 hTrijb • Motffs It migbl «ciUi (J»« grU ^of • I r«»cbiii^ 
 ^...iib^ring blmitlf tiia i^on^i man.) aiid pmYok. bijr« 
 
 rSJi of Mr. Burke I A Im ! It b not tbo naUon of I? rma^ 
 thS Mr IkiA# «*w«i, but Uw «n#rt ; •nd «v*ry oourt to- 
 Kurupe, driiillig tbe iiun* f«t«. b In moummg. i^^jrj^^ 
 
 but III *• Owning cbmracur of ^^^^J^^^^^ Jj^^^^i^^eJ^i 
 
 ^urtrfV«rMai««, or tbo court of 8t ^•nxm, or of Ourlton. 
 Tul or uToonrt in «p«uaan. iigniU^i not; fof tb. 
 J^^iUar principle! of alT court, wd «ourti«rt •;• •!""• 
 fh^Vform • ooimon poUcj tbrougliout Eufowi, feUcb^d 
 
 «D«Sto Qum^. tboY agree to plunder. Notbiiia «»ii be 
 S^^^5l?r; court or couriier, tbiu. tb. re.oUon of 
 F^cr^Tb.t wbich b • ble«ng to nation., i. biU«mc^to 
 Oiem ; Mid, M tbcir emittencc depend, on the duplkity of m 
 country, they tremble .t the .pprouch of prtnciple, and 
 Hwftd the precedent that threaten, their oTertbiow. 
 
 
 
 jfit 
 
 « . ^ 
 
 ■ 'AS 
 
 ■ '^ •« ■ ■ .A • , ■ " • 
 
 • ^..-■^ ^ijfenflfknoft. the oppotite. of eacli other, influenoe 
 tbfZftbSWmSind/^^^ 
 . doroniffloienUy extensive in a country, ^•^jJ«J^.«^^ 
 % government goe. eaaily on. Reason bHows itwlf, and igno- 
 rt nce iubmi& tPurhate Yer i. dicUtcd to it. 
 
 nice iuomiy w wh>w»^<» " ^..u..--^ jr - - . , . , — ft-i. i 
 
 .re, K' government by election and OTi^^J^o^ v^ 
 guJemmimt bj hwedltwy iuooiMMm. The fonn«r i. gene* 
 
^■' 
 
 I 
 
rtlly known by tiie name of npnbUo; tha Uttor faj tli«|fl| 
 flvmarohy «id arittoeimoj. 
 
 XhoM two diidnot and oppoiita fonm, areot thamielrfliOQ 
 
 the two diitinot and oppotito baaet of raaM^n and iffnorancf . 
 
 y A« the ezerdie of ffovanunent reqniret talentt andabilitiea. 
 
 *^ and aa talenti ana abititiet cannot have henditary descent, 
 it ia aWdoit that heredUaiy iuooewion roaniraa a belief from 
 mani to which hie reaaon cannot iabioru>e, and which can 
 onl J be eetabliihed npon hie ignorance ; and Uie more igno- 
 rant anj oonntrj ii, the better it ii fitted for thia ipeoiea of 
 
 ■ ,- gorenunent* .:,..—- 
 
 On the contnrr, jgoTemmenf ia a well oonitltoted republic, 
 reqnini no belief horn man beyond what hii reaeon au(tho-! 
 yfiMm, He aeee the raUoHaUoiihe whole iTitem, ita origin, 
 and ita operation ; and aa it ia beat inpported |rhen beetnn- 
 deratood, the hnman faonltiei aet with DoldneM^ and aoqnire, 
 nnder thia form of gOTemment, a gigantic manlineia. 
 
 Aa, therefore, ea<2i of thoie forma aoti on a different baeii, 
 the one moting freely bj the aid of reason, the other by 
 ignorance ; we hare next to consider, what it ia that gives 
 motion to that spedea of government whidi is called mixed 
 goyenunent, or, as it is sometimes Indicronily styled, a gov- 
 ernment of Mm, tAaty and f other, 
 
 Hie moving power in this species of government is, of 
 neoessitj, cormption. However imperfect election and re> 
 , presentation may be in mixed governments, they stiU give. 
 exertion to a greater portiop^f reason than is convenient to 
 .the hereditaxy part ; and therefore it becomes neoesiaiy to 
 iKnv |2|0 i^eason np. A mixed government ia an imperfect 
 -.thiiu^, cementing and soldering the disoordantparts 
 „ iier. bv ooirnption, to act aa a whda Mr. Bnrke 
 appears highly disgusted, that France, since she had resolved 
 on a revointion, did not adopt what he ca]]a**a British 
 «onstitation;^ and the rmet which he eorpresaea on this 
 occasion^ implies a sospicipn, that the British constitation 
 needed something to keep its defects in ooimtenaiice. 
 ^ Li mixed governments, there is no responsibility; the 
 parts fiover each other till reBponsi|ility u lost; and the 
 oormption which moves the machined contrives at the same 
 time Its own escape. Whenit is laid down asa maxim, that, 
 a Kry dom do no wnmg, it placea him in a state of similar^ 
 secanty with that of idiots and persons <insane« and teivtm 
 
 sjbili^ is ont of the qneetion, wit h r espect to himself; vTt 
 tlieu descends upon the minister, who shelteri himself uu^ 
 
 
 
4I<. 
 
 thmwToff ftom th« p«rU, wid from the whole. ._ .„,^ 
 Twhm5i«« ii » pit In . gOTernment whtoh <»»*»"• 
 .™i it SpB- a«» i» do5 nothing: "^ ta^ya. 
 '^?;. otMothor power, by whoee edVloe end dhreothB U ( 
 "!f^"w^ MBpbMd to U the Hng, In mixed gotwn^y 
 •"•thL^IT^ mST"* m thecebinS ie dweji . P«t oT 
 
 w &WT eot in MiothV, » mixed g<>'«™"»» J^? ' 
 n^n^^niEnu : entiOlliW npon « oonntry, by the ipunti^ 
 "^TSSSSiZfM^eZrrto^eoMer the fiU, flie «T?»«,«'- 
 »JSm^ aStoS of Wemment et once, md finrflr 
 
 SSffitKto a gore&ient by <»"'»i"?«i,tl A 
 !?^^TJ™^e eoton. th« mpproven, the jnitiflen, Ui* 
 '^'!^!X^^-V«SLm reeponiible. «e th. 
 
 '^tC'^fato.^rfoJ eontrivM.ce, end chMi«of mm 
 ^T^i^Jta Om^hU help each other out in mrtten, 
 •^.hWtihS'oftiiiMngly, ''onW prennne to act When 
 loi^y S, tSbi owKSe'U- of Variety apparently d» 
 Sl?2 J^. P^Sr^parUamentanr prai«« P««^ ^ 
 !^!lrdurMrta. Each Wmirea, with aatonuhmenVthe 
 • *JSL S,fSbiraKTand>^ereetedne« of Ae oth«; 
 
 *^; Bat in a welH-conditldned rop^U( 
 
 ing, pnuring imd pitying, cw^ ^; 
 bemg eanarthrongbout the coimi 
 however it may bo wranged into *«|^««— • ^-^ - 
 
 - iww« all Mie and the same natukl source. The parts 
 
 *^^lif I!JSI^ to ea^ oAer.like d^^ 
 awnotfomgnerttoe^iner,^ discSdant distinctions,! 
 
 oontrivancTpuhUo meawre. appeal erf ^V"^^^^^ 
 ^erstanding of the nation, an^, restang ^ «V^ ?J?* 
 
 - contoal whine o/lamentin^ *^^ M?M^ J?;^^^^/ 
 .. wccessfallftt^^ 
 
 r 1nc6n«^ the sense and '^^^''^f'^^^'^^^^^^ 
 
 ■—'' -'^ '• J . ■ /'■-■ 
 nothing of ttis solder- 
 i6e ; the wpresentatioit 
 
 id completo in itself, 
 tiye and ezecntiTe, 
 
 an< 
 
 ■^*fe.;; 
 
 /• 
 
 ,,'i1 
 
 :^z r ^j^;s ; ;>>fa^i^»^i^"^« 
 
n 
 
 L •'iiif^l»?jg^S» I 
 
 
 
 When moD art ipokeii of m kfaigi and lobjeds. or wIia« 
 foTemment i. mentioned nnder^SSnct or oSnffii h^Z 
 ofmonwchj, ariitocracy and democracy, what £ it tha! 
 wajofMly man ii to nndentand by the termtf If th«!f 
 2;ny«^ in the world two moi diatilT^d Z^^Z 
 
 mSS^* ^ kT!? P^"^' ^« ■^^^'^^^ then aee the wverS 
 ongfai. to which thoM tormt would deeeiiptiTelT apply • bat 
 
 !a«™ r ^J'''* ^^ "I^** of man, the^ ca/ S% one 
 dement of hnman power, and that element ia man himwtf 
 Monarchy, anrtocracr, and democracy are bntlwatoTof 
 
 \. 
 
 'te^ 
 
 j^ljtomi tiiat have aopeared in other oomitrieiL it iaefident 
 that the ODimon of the World is ohanirimr wi3i rci^t^ 
 j jvitmn. of government and that wyoK. mb n^to 
 Itheoompaa. of poUtioid calculation.. TheprogwiBof S 
 •ud ciicumrtance^ which men aMini to the acSmpliahmeffl 
 ofgn»tchanfe^ittoo*mechanicaFto meamire theforceT 
 tiie mind, anJ^e rauiditjf of reflection, bywhich wyoIu 
 ^ZTfiS^tE^ir r 2'^ gorenimentohayer^v^ 
 mS^^^^^r *^* •*'«^7»PP«»'»»nd which w4tteonce 
 f ^iSf^^PS '^ ^ • «^^^ »*»W of wondw; than 
 • ©now" wvolution in Europe would be now. T -^' 
 
 'When we surrey tiie wretched condition of ili«i:^der 
 SLZ'SSIk"'^ hereditaiy lyrtem. of gotSmienl^ 
 f^SRS^^S ^\^™? ^^ ''''^ power, or driven^r another, 
 !^^iS^Ti?*^ ^^ taxesmoreihanbv enemies, ft become^ 
 iJint^L^^ ^"^ '^r^m^fe bad, and that a g^eral reyc 
 lution m the ^inciple and oonstmction of goyemmentB is 
 
 < JY^**.^ «^e™maJt m<nre tiian the management of the 
 ^nm ofa nation? Itis i^ot and from itsnXjcamSt be! 
 tbe property of any particular man or fanuly- but of the 
 
 S^^^T?g!g^^.^,^_?^ ^^'Py^ it is suppcSidrand 
 ttouA by foroo or eon t ri y anoe It has been uJnraed iito au 
 Uihentanoe, the usurpation cannot alts^ the rightof things. 
 
 \ 
 
^^Ilp-t 
 
 timet an iahami, indtfaMlble rlgHt to •Doii*n W lorm « 
 iroverament it findi liiconTeiiicnt, and MtabUtfi «»<»»• I 
 Sccordi with iU IntvmL diqxNiition, and hmppbeifc The 
 romuitie and barbarooi diftinotioiii of men into kingt muV 
 ■ttbieoti, though it nuij tnit the condition of co^^en oen- 
 notthetor^tSoui; ftad ie exploded by the prinoiple upon 
 which goTiWinenti ei* now foonded. Erery citisjnit a 
 mertiber of toe lOTereignty, end •• inch can t^nowledge no 
 •nlijeotion; and hit obediiomaai b«<pJjtothA 
 
 X 
 
 4 
 
 men think of what goTernmoQt istibnr mnit nepiir 
 •arilT lappoie it to poMtn a knowledge of aU the 6bieeli 
 end mattere npon whieh iti anthoritr is to be entdMd. 
 In thii Tiew of government, the repnblican ayitflin, aa ea- 
 tabliihed by Amerioa and France, dteratea to embrace the 
 whole of a nation : and the knowledge neoepMuy to the in- 
 terest of aU the parte, is to be found in the centre, which 
 ' the pi^hy repreeentatlon form :, but the old govwrnmenti 
 are on a, o^nrtmction that ezdadea knowledge aa weU aa 
 happineia: goremment by monks, who know nothing of 
 the world beyond the walls of a convent, it as consistent aa 
 iroyemment by kings. ^ ^ . 
 
 What were formerly called revolntioDs, were little mere 
 than a ohaiMte of penons. or an alteration of local dronm- 
 ftanoes. They rose and fell like things of oonrse. and had 
 nothing in thdr ezisteooe or their fate that could inflnenoe 
 beyond the spot that produced thein. But what^ now 
 Me lit the world, flwm tbereTolntkma of Amerioa andFranc^ 
 are a lenovalioii of the nilural order of th]n|;8, a system of 
 TOinciples as nniversal/iis truth and tihe enstenoe of man. 
 and ooii^>iBing m^ iHth poUtieal ha|^iness and natibnal 
 
 . *^ 1^ are bom, tdki always continue, j&ee and jaqual, 
 
 in rei^eet to their rig^ Civil distinctions ^ ihsiefore, eJm 
 
 he founded only on publk utility. .4 
 
 <<^IL The end of lOl political associations is the preservaf* 
 
 tion of .the natural and imprescriptible rigfataof man, al^ 
 
 these ri^ts ire liberie, property, security, and resistance of 
 
 oppfeflsion. ^ 
 
 ^nL alienation is etssntiaUyihe source of ansomwj^^ 
 
 nor can any individual; or any body of men, be q nt^tod to 
 auy authority whieh is not e^nisly4i«hred»(m 
 
'#»^% 
 
 ]^ fliiM prinolplM di«« it BOllllBffjto 
 tonMoiiy by iaftuniiiff ftmUtUm. Thij am oiUoiiktod to 
 > eftU forth wjgdom uia itbilitiiii and to eEoraiae them % 
 the pnbUo good, and not for tha amolninflnt or affffrandize- 
 •-, ment of partiisttlar deioHptlona of ipen or famiUM. Mo; 
 narohioal aoTereiffnty. Uie enemj of nuuMdnd and the iOQrc« 
 otnda/earjt la abokahed ; and aoyereignt^ iMf ia rettored to 
 Jta natiural and original j^laoe, the naaon.~Were this the 
 <09(»B thioaghoat Europe^ tho caoM of wn iroold be taken 
 Vaway. * 
 
 It if attribnted to Henrf IT. of Franoe, a* man of in en- 
 vlarged and benerolent heart, that he propoaed, about the 
 — year 1680, a plan foi^ aboUih^ war in JEnrop^ Hie plan ^ 
 eoniifted in obnatitining an Eniopean oongreM, dt, as the ' 
 rFrenoh 'authors style it, a padflo republic;, byy.appointiag 
 delegatea from ^e several natidaa, who were to act, as a 
 court of arbitration, in any diaputSi thj| mighl ariae be* 
 .' tween nation and natidn.' • ;■ ^^ " r i*^ 
 
 ^ad iuoh a plan been adopted at the time it was profpoaod, , 
 > ihe taxes of England and France, aatwo of the parties, 
 would have been a( loot ten millions sterling annuallj, to 
 each nation,* Um than vi«j were at ihe commencement of 
 . the French retolutfon. • . 
 
 To oonoeiTe a cause yhj such a plan hat not been adopted, 
 (and that inatoad of a QOUgreaa for the purpote of preifentiiig ^ 
 irar, it haa been called pnlj to iamiMkits a war, after a 
 fruitleaaezpettae joi aerera^yeais,) it will be neceaaaiy to 
 . eonaider the intereet of gOTemmenta aa a distinet interest to 
 t^ofnationa. -^ 
 
 Wha^BTer is the eaine of . tazea to a nation, beoomea also 
 
 the i^eana of retenne to i goTemment ETery war te^ 
 
 minMea with an addition of taica^ and consequently with 
 
 . an addition of rerenue ; and in any e?ent of war, m the 
 
 f manner ^y are now comm^ced and concluded, tihe power 
 
 and interest of govemmenta are inoreaaed« War, therefore, 
 
 from ita produetiTeneiiik aa it eaaQy flmdahai the pretence 
 
 of nieepny for taana and appointmenta to plaoea and ofi^ces, 
 
 becomeathe tnine^pal part of tiiie ajatem of old goTernments; 
 
 end to eatabliah any mode to abolish war, howcTer advan- 
 
 tageoua it miffht be.to nationa, would be to take from such 
 
 ffovemment the moat lucratiTe of ita branchea. The ^vo- 
 
 foui matters upon, which war ia si^el ahow the diepoutSonf 
 
 . and avidity of govermnenta to uphold the ayatein of war, 
 
 and betray the votivea Upon whi<»i they eel. 
 
.^_— . — — ■* 
 
 , . i- ' ■ ' ^. - ' 
 
 DAtnraoT tli«ir gorerameni do«t not admit of tfi intorort dte' ^ 
 .tinctfrolii4hfttofih«nAtioiit £▼« Holland, thoairfa an ill- 
 ■ ooid^oted republic, and with a commerce .«rt«K&ig over *; 
 ;ibe world, ejripted nearly a centnrj|with<i«t w|kn Md ^e 
 Inttiint the form of goremment waa ohaiigedln frpmoe, the 
 republican princirfea of peace, and domettio pronperity and 
 economy, arote with the new gOTemment ; and ttie aame . 
 conseqnenoeB would follow the Mmtf oauiea in other Rations, 
 
 Aiwar if the ayttem of goyerAment on the old conftrue* n 
 tion, the animoiity which nationi recitprocafty evtertaln, ii 
 notWng more than what the foUey of thilirgoTemmenti «i^ 
 citTto keep up the spirit of the tyiten^ i#ch ffoyerrimenL 
 toovam the^ other of perfidy, intrlffue und apbition, ai a 
 meani of heating the imagination of their reipectiTe nations, 
 md incenringtoem t<|-hoatiUtie^ Man ii not % enemy of 
 man, but through the mediu^n of a.false (*y«teiil of gOTern- 
 ^. mout. Inrtead, iherefolfe, of ^claiming :agi||nst the amW- 
 tioi^ of kings, the exclamf tion shoipld be directed a|^inst the 
 principles sudi governments; and instead, of seeking to 
 reform the indiyiduill the iriidom of agnation should apply 
 
 itself torabrm the irystem, ^ v; ' r'V- 'V;\,: A 
 
 .. Whetherihe forijM and majdmsof gotwimjontiwhic^^ 
 ' still in pritotice, were adaj(>ti>d to t^ condition of the woijd 
 at the pieriod they weres established, is not in this case th« 
 Question. The ol^er they are the less coirespcmdence can 
 liey have Irith the present state of things. Time, .and 
 chwige of circumstances and opinions hiive the same pro- 
 ^ gresnTe effiwt in rendering modes ^f go^eemment obsolete, as 
 Qjeyhave upon cuitoms andjnannenL Agricriltmje, com- 
 merce, msnufactures, and ihe%anq[i|fl arts, by wM^ the 
 r prosperity of nationi iil l^est promoted, reauire a different 
 WBtftn of govemmtot and a diflferpat species of Imowledge. 
 * to direct its operations, to what mSgJit have bw th9 former 
 condition of the world. /^. - u^ « va j 
 
 As it is not difficult to percdve, ttQta. the enlightened 
 state of mankind, that the hereditary ^jovernments ai« Ter^- 
 ing to their deeline, aild that revolutions on the broad basia 
 bf national sovereignty. Mid govepn^ieut by jfepresentatiimi 
 are matmg thefe way mBtiropeMl would be aa act of wis-, 
 dom to i^cipate their approach, and prodjuce revolutions 
 by reason aha accoihmoaation, rather than commit them 
 t o t he is s ue df Convulsions. 
 
 \ 
 
 F|wn #h«t f?B now mmb, nothing of wform jb the political 
 
 ,:«#s,'*v\- 
 
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M 
 
 tMMi%iiiyBk«f«7ty9gaA7 bit looked ior. TlMliitrigue 
 of oourti» W wUeh tka iyilMn oT wwr k kwl wp. aiAj pn>. 
 ▼fllMteoiiftdflntiaiiof DAtionitoAboliilitt: uidMi£uro- 
 DiMi ouBcreM to pAtroniio th« promn of first coTtnunent, 
 AndFpromott tbt oiTiUtetioB of MOoatwiUi ttoE otkor it an 
 it noMW in mobtbilitj, Ihiui onot wUf lh« nfflltioti 
 
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 qOUBnOKa PR1NCIPXJC8 ATO nULOTIGl. 
 
 
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 Xwrmm tn •cqoianUnoo of B<s«riy flft««i y«wt, In dlfiotiU 
 
 t^ tltaftUoni in Amori^m, and Tfcripu. eoimolutiont in f«jroii«j , 
 
 I fool ft pl^Muro In proionting you tliln Bmmll trcfttUo, In 
 
 ff^titttdo for yo^r •orvicc* U» my baovod Amenta, ami M 
 
 « toitlmooy erf my cttoem for tUo Yirtuci, pablio and private, 
 
 wliicb I know tou to poa«fc ' , ^^^ AtJ^Ot^ wb 
 
 Jim only point upon wlilch I oowa ojrw diioovwp tnat w© 
 
 diffeiwi, wai not aa to principloa of gorwnment. but ai 
 
 nSS Formyownpi^lthinklt6qnaUya.liU«iioiia 
 
 tokood prlncipU* to p«rmit thoro to >*«««^.«itoy!!\«*S 
 
 fonrtwjn or flftaen yoawk I may b«li«v« praofioaWe ^ n 
 Vmniriortor pwioi ll^lui^ appeal* to me. «• 
 tlwaviTipo eiiongk to nnientand their Ime intiawt, pro- 
 ,* ~ded it K pi«ont6d oieerly to Uielr nndetatand^ng, and 
 * tliat in a manner not to create itkapidon by »ny tjjing like 
 • ielf4i!aign,nor to offend by aMumXhg too much. Wbo»r«w# 
 ' " would wfflito reform %e muat not reproacli, _«-^' 
 
 Vhen tlie American reTolnUon waa eaUbliAed, I IWt II 
 ^position to ait lorenely down and enjoy the calm. U ffld 
 iotappear ii me that any object could afterwarda ■jiie 
 CToat cnc^gh to make me quittn^qnillity, and feel aalhad 
 STbeforeT But wl-m princip^ and not pU«e. ia the enw- 
 getio canae of action, a man, I find, ii every where the 
 
 "^Um now 011^ mow fa to^ i^ 
 not a right to contemplate on t^mny j^ of HHnalniM 
 lifeaay?n haye,Iam reaoWedtoWiraa fwtaal can; and ;, 
 ai I ftm awdona for yonr aid and yoif eompahy, 1 wiah you 
 
 ^40 hasten your principlea and overidko mo. ,,1,^1 
 
 If you make a campaign the eniuing fpring, which it ij. 
 meet probable there will be no occasion for, I wi I como *n<l 
 ioin vou. Should the campaign commcnco, I hope it will 
 termite in the eitincUon orGorman dc8i»ot«to, andm 
 eitabliiiHig the fiBtodom of aU Germaiiy. When Ira^oe 
 SSl be f^onnded with rovolntione. she irill V m peace 
 and safety, wd her tfutea, iui wdlai those of Gennany, will 
 eonsequontly .become less. . "; 
 
 7^ YouTifacere, /^ 
 
 Affectionate friend. 
 
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 > WraitlMgttlth^oliftplsr ttifciU«d tk« OwMliiWofslD th« 
 rnntr MH of tlM Righto of Man, imbliihod Itit Timr, it 
 wito mj intmtioii to hsr« extended 1 1 to » grMtar lenirUi * 
 ¥nt in CMting the whole matt<n- in mr miAd wiieh I wiikiej 
 lo add, 1 found that I rnntt eitiier make the work too bnlJiT, 
 m ooatract my okn too mnoh. 1 tlierefore brought it to a 
 cloM at toon ae the eabjeot would admit, \ikd reterred whai 
 I had ftirther to laj to another opportoni^ 
 
 Invert I other reaaone contributed to prodooe thii deteiw . 
 mination. 1 wished lo know the manner in which a work, 
 written in a stjie of thiriktflg *nd exprewion atvarianc* 
 with what liad been onatomary in £ngland, would be re-^ 
 oeited, before I proceeded mrther. A grtat ield was 
 opening to the riew of mankind hj meant of the French 
 reroluuon. Hn Biurke'e ontrageont oppoeition thereto 
 brought the contnnr^hy into England. He attacked prin^ * 
 otplee which he knew (from information) I wonld coAtest 
 with Mm, becaoM they are prlnciplei I beliere to be good, 
 and which I ha^e contribmed to ettabliah, and conceive 
 niTeelf bomd to defend. Had he not urged the controrertv, 
 I had moft probably been a iilent man. 
 
 Another reason for deferring the remainder of th« work 
 was, that Mr. Bnrke promised in his first publication to 
 renew the aobjoct at another opportnni^, and to make a / 
 omparisoa of what ho called the EngliiA and French con- / 
 ititutiont. I therefore lield myself in reeerre for him. lle^ 
 has published two works since, without doing this ; which 
 iio ctirteiniy would not |i*^e omitted, had the oomparison 
 Li>en in his favour. 
 
 ■ 
 
 In liis laat work, his " Appeal from the New to the Old 
 
 X 
 
f, >. \ - 
 
 llti^ M hfMmtt ^rm yumdi Um trosbWiiC doing thk^ 
 
 ZaZ^b*^^ no^ ftttorapt to th« «iMll«lt dcgnw to rafnlt 
 
 Unu" MiMfam lb« priadplfli ihmnkm cofit^ii«d. 1 •■^ 
 
 !nouih ftaquftlnted wlOi Mf . Darke, to know, tUt h« wouUi 
 
 . If ho oa«ll ^tt* liwumd of oontBiting tliora, be liiun«li» 
 
 etelr Aft« $MioUM himeelf wiUi ujring tliftt " he hMdon* 
 
 hia p*a"i-H» »»•• nal done Wn part. Ue liM not pjf- 
 
 gbrmed Kk promieo of • oompmHiwn of oonatltoUooe. Hj 
 
 ■UHad A oontaowmrnw, be gmre tb4 ob»ll«nK6, aad b** fl«d 
 
 from U; i-d li« it »ow • «iiif m^owU wi& U own opiaii^ 
 
 The titlt, M well m the tabeUnos of hii Ttit wort. « 
 App«alt *• W* oond«MiMloii. Prindplm mMt roMo« thejf 
 ownmiriU, and If ther we good, they fwtMiily wUL To 
 put them luider the A^ter of other men't aitbority, m Mr. 
 Burke bM doM, mtrm to bring them Into fAtpiokM. lur. 
 Borke if not rery fond of diTiding bii bonon, b«t in this bo 
 
 ii trtftiUT diriding the diigTAO^ « . u i-^i A 
 
 BntiAonwtboeotowbomlfr.BttrkebMApMdedl A 
 
 #ttt of cbUdiA tbinkeni and b»lf-wny poUUdani born in tht 
 U«t eontvy L moo who wont mo fbrihor wHb my priadpto 
 than M H iJtdi their pnrpoi» at aparty; the nation teea 
 nothing in «wb worki, or tnob politict, worthy ita attantton. 
 A little matter will move a party, but it moat be •omethiag 
 great that morea a nation. „ ^ , , ' , .. . * 
 
 Thongb I tee notlung in Mr. Burke's Appeal worth tak- 
 Inir notioa oC there la, bow«ver, one asMefon upon wbidi 
 rSiaU offer a few romarki.— Afler ^uoiiiff largely from the 
 Rigbti of Man, and declining to oontaiit the prind^ oom- 
 ta&ed in that wwk, h« rnn,*" Tbii will moM probably b« 
 
 think with Mr. Bwrke and with tb© eame aeaL" 
 In the flint plaea, it bat not boon done by anybody. Wot 
 I km. I beUeve, tkan eight or ten pampbieta. intended aa 
 anflwew to the former part of the Rights of Man bare been 
 
 pabliihed by different persons, and not one of them, to my 
 
 :*^" knowledge, Ibss extended to a second odition, nor we even 
 
 the titles of them to much as generally remembered. As I 
 
 am aTerse to nnneoessarily multiplying publications, I have 
 
 answered none of them. And as I bePeTO that a man mar 
 
 write himself out of repuUtion when nobodi' else em do it, 
 I am carefkl to av«rfd tiiat rook. , ' V . 
 
 -^^ But aa I didise mnnocesaaty publioationi on tbe one bao^f 
 
' 
 
 L 
 
 I 
 
 •t ^ ' » V ■ • ' '-* / # 
 
 ••Would ftroMtii^rihfiif lliAtlookitfTliiiiiriM prM« on 
 Um othor. If Mr. Uurktt, or auj p«r«aii <ttt bki ^<U Ui* 
 
 aoeilioii, will prutluo* an tfiawer lo Ui§ tliKhuof Ma/i.tliAl 
 tail etUittd to AD li*l£ or «TC}ti « fotirtli part of tb« nytnb<r 
 of c«pli« t4» whUih Uii> Ultfhlaof Man fKitonilod, 1 wUI r«|»lr 
 to hb work, Hut, until tliia l>« doiui. 1 Himll a^ far tako th« 
 •mid of tl&« puhUo for injr ijuido (atul ili« worH kiu^i I atii 
 •01 • (lattorur) tb«t what Ihtj do not Uikk woftii whiU. to 
 riMid, »• not wortJi toU»«3 to aiwwor. I tuniKiM tho number 
 of copies to wliit:li tlin tirat pari of tho Ui|rhta of Man as>x 
 t^adwl, tAklng EnglaiuL BcoUand, And iMand. k ntrt t^^ 
 Ikil b^twoan fortj and flftj Ihouaand. *^ 
 
 I now come to remark oo the remainiag part of tho quot ' 
 . titioQ I have ma<l« from Mr. Barke. . 
 
 ** \t^ Mje hfH •« such writinga ahall he tlioii|ill to doairfi 
 ADT other refbUtion than tliat of criminal juatioo.** f 
 
 . ranicming the pun, It moat be criminal jailiM ind««^ 
 that thould condemn a work at a aubatitato for not being 
 able to rcfuto it llie ffreat4ttt condemnation that conld b« 
 mmmmI upon it would bo a refutation. Hut, in proc««<lin» 
 b/ the method Mr. Burke alludea to, the condomnatiuo 
 would in the Anal erent, paaa upon the criminality of tht 
 proooM and not ui>on the work, and in thia caae, I had rather 
 be the author, tban be either the judge or the jury that 
 •hould condemn it. 
 
 But to como at once to the point. I have differed fVoro 
 •ome profeiaional gentlemen on the lubject of proaecutiooi, 
 and laince find tfioy m falling into mj opinion, which 4 
 •ludl here state at imljr^but as condaelj aa i can. 
 
 I will fint put • case with reapect to any law, and then 
 compare it with a goremment, or with what in England i% 
 or haa been called a constitution. 
 
 It would be an act of despotism, or whit ill England fi 
 ealled arbitrary power, to male a law to prc^bit inTestigat* 
 insf the principles, good or bad, on which each • Uw, or any 
 other is founded. •» ■ *' 
 
 If a law be bad^ it is one thing to oppose th« ptraotie^ of % 
 but if^is quite a different thing to exfKiae its errors, to reason 
 on its defects, and to ahow cause why it shonld be repealed, 
 or why another ought to be aubqtituted in its place. 1 have 
 
 al way s h el d it a n opinion (m akin g it al s o my practioo) that 
 
 it is better to obey a bad law, ma^ng use at the same tii^A 
 of every argument to show its errors, and procure its repeal, 
 th*n fordbty to Tlolste it ; beoAose toe preoedsnt of breoh* 
 
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 of jjovf»mm«nt 
 imrtt of which t-i 
 
 It ii for thn g* , 
 Of i^nuwliM"*"" 
 meal ought to U 
 
 a>l 
 
 1 rwM«x>« -w prtA^ipit 
 t (ar« calUI 001ititUtlMia» 1^ ^ 
 
 S>^Mid not for tk0 tmolnp^l 
 in3»r Indlf ldu*l», that J#«"»* 
 
 >i^kt tU# 
 
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 » ..«ht fn iMi fm»iMli»««!. and tlmt mankind »i 
 
 STlLw md It If » doty which tiw»j buu. o»wto loelrt*^ 
 t «inTt£m out Whin thow drf.«. .nd tl.. >n«^.£ 
 
 -,r.^oJ5. ItTaiwnmwit or ltico,u6l»U«n In the oM o«o. 
 
 Th.oMr«tion of imT«mm«mt I rwtriotwl to the m«klii« »na 
 A. XwZing^f U«. ; b«t It It to . Mtion tl..t th. ri,A« 
 
 tution. Md goTsmment. ^«rS^,^°^^Zih^ 
 
 Er£' '•ruSd-r;ir.'^«t"HtB«^ 
 
 £,Th» rii-i: It i. Kttar th.t the wholo .rgam«Dt 11.01114 
 
 „p«,«l th. oontroTW./, .nd ^o'^H^^.'^J^^ ,ni oo^- 
 Tdo not bdl«T« th*t monaroUy »nd •n»««f«2 ' .„ 21 
 
 tlBU. JUn J^„ longw in -T <^ ^Jl^T^a^^ 
 «f FntniM. If b«tter roMOiii c»n be ihown for w»«"5-,™" 
 l^S;m,th7!HU.t.nd:/th.cont«ry,A« 
 
 ffinldnd «r« notiow to be told they diall "o**'-*' ^ "^ 
 •htllnot rtM : and pubUctioni that go no farthw than to 
 
 KSl«iP »rf.oi?th.er«t. •°d«»»"<»«^ f ^;; 
 ent iTitemt. !»▼• • right to kppear. If they do not excite 
 StoSSoTAer .r. n^ worth tteUonble of t proMonUOT; 
 
 1tc«imot«noimt to • prohibition of re«lb>«. TU»'«>"5 
 
 »!■« he the mott effeetniJ mode of m»ldng or hMtening 
 
 "olrin'S-. th.t .pply nnWer«ll7 to » ytton^th re> 
 -pact to vj^^miB of govenmiMit, a yarj of natw w- ^iw wyt. 
 
 «^ 
 
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 4 
 
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 •QOipaCant to deeUe. WImm Hmm «i« do wltMMti to bt 
 examined, no facte to be prmd, end where tbe whole mat- 
 ter ii before the whole peoUo, and Ae merita or demerits of 
 it reetinff on their opinion : and where there ia nothing to l)e 
 -known in a court, but wnal eveiy bodjr knowt out of it, 
 'every twelve mon are oqeallj ae good a jury id the othor, 
 and would most probably reverw) e^h otuor'i verdiet ; ^or| 
 from the variety of their opinions, fiot be able to form one. 
 It ia one ease whether a nation anprove a work, or a plan ; 
 bnl it is quite another ease whotaer it will eommil to any 
 •Qoh iary tbe power of determiBiog whether thai nsHon has 
 a rignt to, er ahall rafijni its govflnment er not I men- 
 tion tJtose eases, that Mr. Backe may see XhaT« not written 
 en gerenunent wHhovt wsienting on what it law, aa well as 
 en what are rights^— He oniy eflbetnal juty im enoh eases 
 woald be a eonventiea of the whole »attoii iMj elected ; 
 ior, to dl enoh baaes, the whale iiaiioB is the ▼ioin|ge. 
 Ai to the prnjndicea whidi nsn hafie from edBea!ien''and 
 
 haidt, in lia^ar of any parttonlar foim er mtem of Severn- 
 Msnt, tbeee prcgndioeB have ¥et to staoMl tae test ocreason 
 and vdfeetioa. In faet saon "^pngndicn are ftothing. No 
 ouMi is prejndioed in isvomr <» a thing knowing it to be 
 wioBg. He ia attached to it 6n the belief «£ ila b«ng right; 
 imd when he aees it is net a<^ the pv^naioe wiUlEo gone. 
 We luwe b«t a delbotifse idea of what prejudice ia. It might 
 be eald that uodl' oksn tibink for tbomedhrei the whels is pie- 
 jndioe and n^ opimonj for that only ia epiaion whhdi is Uie 
 residtef rsiMonaadrdfleetion. I oflcr this remark, that Mr. 
 Barke may net eonfide too mneh in whalr4ia beoi the ens* 
 tomary prejndioea of ihe ooontry. 
 ' Bit admSttiag A o ' rewmDBntoto be ehangeiall over Europe^ 
 H eertoialy may be done withont eonvnlsien er revens[e. It 
 is not worai,^^nakinr chasumi or leviefaitidns, nnless itbe for 
 some l^rattt nations! bensnt, and.whaa^tiiis shall •ppear to 
 a natien, the danger wiU m^ aa in A merica ana France, 
 to those whe oppose; and with thSa rcflec^tu^ I cilOBe my 
 
 iPhkf,t«fl. 
 
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 ■'i'l'?.; /;^'v..C;V.w^4^;^^•i■^ --# 
 
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 KIGHTS OF MAl^ 
 
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 :,.)¥' 7;^ 
 
 PABT It 
 
 INTBOD0OnOV. 
 
 v!™rY. "TT^ h«riiinii>ii oonld be mada in A»i», Aftiea or 
 
 hro^toSS ~3 the globe: *«-f>" '" "T^ 
 iwb^oa; md the d»Teiy of fe-r had nwde moitbud 
 
 Si»^5 the Anwricja governmrati toljy thein^wto 
 r^rM^Zn de^tiuTsJi * Aock, ««i »« b*^^^^ 
 
 - i/S?^^Sttd. wotld^W been » matter Vt,ot 
 
 utue .""PJv^SJJmm «nd T>netie« of gorortment. Bh« 
 
 hon in t^«,5™^^V" ^J^tV^ithe wcprW, «»d 
 
 - m<de a BtancU not lor neraeu, umji^wt*". <^ ■.-.^a ^^dtAt^i 
 
 uvon 
 
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 vioioidmoat of its 
 
 'i 
 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
110 
 
 waamn or turn* 
 
 €^ 
 
 Ai Amflrioft wm th* odIt ipot Id Um poUtloal wottd wliero 
 the prinoipletof tmlTerMarefomimtioii ooald btein, so alao 
 WM It the bett in the lutiiral world. An MteinbUigo of cir- 
 ooniAtMioet'^oontpiredj tiot onl^ to giro birth, but to add 
 giglmtio maturity to its prineiplee*. The scene which tliat 
 coantry'presents to the eye of the spectator, has something 
 in it which generates and enlarcres great ideas. Nature 
 appears to him in magnitude. 'Uie mighty objects ho bo- 
 holds, act upon his mind by enlarffinff it, and he partakes of 
 the greatness he contemplates. Its nrst settlers were emi- 
 grants fro^i different European nations, and of dtVersiiied 
 professions of religion, retirmg from the goremmental per- 
 iecntions of the ^d world, and meeting m the new, not as— 
 enemies, bat as brothers. The W^^ which necessarily 
 afioompany the coltiyation of a wilclemess, produced among 
 thratfLstate of society, which countries^^lKlsiM; harassed by the 
 onfflK and intrigues of goyemmentii|^i^id n^lect^ to 
 onerish. In such a situation man becomes what he ought to 
 be. He sees hit specie*, not with the. inhuman idea of a 
 natural enemy, but as kindred ; and the example shows to , 
 the artulbial world, that man mupt go back to nature for 
 information. '^ A , 
 
 From the rapid progress which America makes In every 
 species of .iinproyement, it is rational to conclude that if the 
 govemmen||of Asia, Africa and Europe, had begun on a^ 
 principle similar to that of Americti, or had they not been 
 Teiy early corrupted therefrom, those countries must by this 
 time haTe been In a far superior condition to what they are. 
 Ago After age has passed aw«jr, for no other purpose than to 
 bimold their wretcmedness. Gould we Appose a spectator 
 <who knew nothing of the worid, and who was put into it 
 merely to make h& c^^serrations, he would take a great part 
 ^^ of uw old world to l>e new, just struggling with the diffi- 
 cultieivand hardshi|^ of[|n infant settlemeilt^ He could not 
 •uppoie^Uiat the h^es of miserable poor, with which old 
 eoun^esN^uiit^, could be anr other than those who had 
 not yet bem. able to proTide filr ih«mselyes. little would 
 he think they^ere the consequence of what in sudi coun- 
 tries it callea gmmment; f 
 
 If, from the mbro wretched parts dfjth^ old world, we 
 look it; those which\^ in an adyanced state of improye- 
 ment,' we itill find the^ 
 °^ it s elf into i ry ery co i 
 lllg the spoil of 4he mi 
 
 ly hand of gbyemment thrusting 
 )r indust r y, and g r asp- 
 contintially' 
 
 / 
 
 ereyioe of indust r y, and g r asj 
 Inyenf 
 

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 f 
 
 Biom OV MAS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ^^t^i protperity u ftt pw/. Mid p<iitaiti noij* ttt Moapt 
 
 •IwTTi greater agminat a tlSng beginning, ^of PJ<«J«^ 
 SlXfiTha. W«n) ifci* natural to expojt ^^J^^ 
 molutioni will folfow. the amazing and "^l^.^^^*^!. 
 wr^ with which old go;»^minonU are ^^^^ncUd^ 
 nuC^Sui wfc. they engage in or I>'o^«k«'^^« ^^^^ 
 ^«nt* thev throw in the way of tiniveraal ciYlliMtlon vm. 
 ™^«i«?iL^he oDOreMlon and usurpation acted at home, 
 ^^rrSSS onW^S^ Xnrted the prop«lr 
 
 of thr^rld. m -ucTi rituation, and w^^ fuch ^mplei 
 already existing, r«f olutions are to be looked for. They m« 
 b^me wbiecu ol nnirersal converwtion, and may be oonr 
 ^ ^»iettAiiVM order qf the day. ^i,^«^iil^ 
 
 Ksvstems of go^irfnment can beintro^j^ced l«»f«P<2?jS; 
 tod more^nctiTe of geneml happinesjs than^jrhlA 
 Sve cSfted, aU attemfto to oppose, the^ P'^JnTniie iti 
 Ae end mSVe fruiaese. Keason, lie ^^^^,^2^ 
 n^^av and preittdice will fall in the combat with mtere^ 
 trS^vSS^Z hafmonv, civilization and commerce iw 
 Fv^^StSh^py lot o&an, it qamiot be ^^^^^ 
 buTby TreTolnSS^ in the%re«mt system of^ «ov«rnm^fj. 
 
 5Sl L monawhi^ f'"'^^^''''^ ^^\^^^%^^^ 
 
 Seir trade, plmider and revei^e their objecta. ^ ^Mie fjpn 
 
 iS>v^i^ti continne,*eace Sks not the absolute security of 
 
 M^^^^^^^rj of all monwtsMcal gov«rnmento 
 
 ^' but TdiSj^pictnre of Wan "^^^^^^tV^ 
 
 Md tired inth human butchery, they »* down tojf«Jt «ma 
 SuedH peace. Thiii certainly is not the conditiwi that 
 
 St monarchy be reckoned amopg the sms of ^^e Jews, 
 ^he^olutions which formerly took phM» m the world, 
 hJnouSr^them that intereslk the 'bulk of ma^ 
 TheT eS«ttded only Jto a change of persons and measures, 
 - ^l^pMlcTaiid rc^rfeT^ commcm 
 
 V SwiSLnsVth/i^nent. What T«?now beh^dji^ 
 
 ^ Xr. has Ite ebb andlowin ^^J^^^* ;°:;Sg^ ^^j^ 
 otL^r^Bo^siTis it in this. ^ »^^ 
 
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 UttJUary rigUt qf mw\ ii now rtroiTiog flrom wait to eAit 
 lij ft ft^imgw impolie Uun the govemuieat of IIm tword re^ 
 Tolv«l from eaft to wcyit It interqiM^ not particalar indU 
 ▼idniJi bnt nationg in its progrcftifcJmd pr bniiw » new em 
 te the homan tmoe. \ \^ 
 
 The danger to which the lacoeM of reTolntioiii ii most 
 •xpoeed. it th^t of attempting them before the prindples on 
 which tnej proceed, Mod the aidwMitftgee to retnlt from them, 
 mre snfflciwitly understood. Almoet vtvn thins appertain- 
 ing^ tfcifl'ftirmnmitaTiirffi of a nation haa Deen aneomd and 
 confounded under the fpaneral and mviterioup word govern' 
 mmi, llhopgh it ardda taking to ita aceount the «nrori 
 it ocmunita: and the miachlnfii it oocaaionai it faila not to 
 arrogate tr^taelf whaterer haa the appearanee of nroaperity. 
 It robi AiiduBtry ci ita honon, by pedanticaUV makins 
 itself the cause of ita effisots; and pnrloina from the general 
 (character of man, the morita thai apperta|n^ to him as a 
 
 ■9oial being* 
 
 It may&reforo be of use in this daj of rerolutionB, to 
 4Jsoiiminate between Uiose things which aro j&e effisot of 
 ADveniment, and those which aro not. This will best be 
 done by tanng a royiew of society and civilization, and the 
 Qonsequcpofis resulting therefrom, as things distinct from 
 what aro called goyemnuinta. Bvli^ginning with tills inrea* 
 tup^on, we dual be able to aisign effects to theur proper 
 
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 €V spaanr. amd cvnuauiioiv; 
 
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 A coouT part of that order which reigns ainon|; mankind 
 is not the eflElBct of goTemment. It mid its origin in the 
 piinciplos of wciety, and the natural ' constitution of man. 
 || existed priOT to government, snd would exist if the for* 
 nuiby of gotemment was abolished. The mutual depond- 
 ram and rmproeal Interest which man has in man, and all 
 t he par t s itf n ci v iliaed o o mmunity upon e ach oth e r, creat e . 
 ^tgreateliain<Kfoonnexionwhi<mlu>lds it together. The' 
 
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 each wweWet from th« otWr anA from tha whflja. Com- 
 mou interait MgulAt« their ooncenif, arid formi their lawa^ 
 Had' the lawiiduch oommoa uiage ordaina, have a »re*t«r 
 i,4uence Om^ ^e l^ws of goyernment In fin«».f^™i5^ ^ 
 form* foflClf almost everythbg which is aicnbed to gor-^ 
 
 *^'^To*wAdawtand the nature and quantity of government 
 nioDer for mm* it if necee^ary to attend to hia character, 
 i* natnre created him for locial life, ihe fitted him for the 
 ^Uon ihe intended.^ In aU-cawa the made hia natngd 
 ^t« irreatef than hia hidividnal powers Koonemapia 
 
 ;#lt' 
 
 I 9- 
 
 tioa tiotii td>a ottitre. , . , 
 
 But ihe has gone further. She has not onlv forc^ man 
 into society by a diversiW of wanW^whicVtte r«rfpr^ 
 aid 6t each ottier can supply, but ahe haa l^nplanted m bun 
 a system of social affections, which, though not necesswry to 
 W existence, are essentUl to his bappmess. Th«re is m . 
 period in life when .this love for 80CietylB|MWs to wt It b^- 
 irins and enda^tUh onr being, . ' Tg^ .^ -, 
 
 If we exanSs, witb attention, into the composition *i>d 
 constitution of man, the diverw^ of talents m differwt me© 
 for reciprocaUy aocdHmwdating tbe wants of <»ch o^er, ^i 
 propensity to sode^.QW xSonseqnmtly to.pwseirve'Ue ad- . 
 yanta^ resnlting from it, we «»#^/,^*»^Ifl^* 
 ™Sj4i^ of wSai la called govaikent is mftreaposl. 
 
 Gotemment is no fhrthernecessary than to supply t^e fem 
 cases to wl:^ society ftpd civilisation are not conTcnioitM^, 
 
 • compete? and instawjef •«^ot>¥^^J?,;^ ^* 
 eyeiythingwhidi government can. lis^ullt addjfltdreto«baf' . 
 
 ^ been pS^med by the cfimm C!«M«a^ o^ fKWy>;^*bj?^^ 
 
 eovemmiBntk x ^#ai.° 
 
 ' i'or upwards of two yeaia from thfe commencement or tot 
 ' American war, and a longer period, in sewW^of the Amwi- 
 can states, there were no establidied «OTmi,<rf governimw^ 
 Hie old governments W been abolished, and the^joimtiy 
 was too much occupied in defence, tp enij^loy its ^t^^ 
 in fes^blishing new government s ; vet , d ii ri ii g t hi s wt^ff^| 
 
 » order and barmimy were preserved as inviolate as in 
 
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 mqfe ab in tooM/k 
 
 inttani 
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 tfue, M bit Mflo protended, timt 
 
 Ibmial govci^lIn^t^|l the dlMolntion of 
 
 ,_ ooiii^W impulaei aji brings the latter 
 
 lOMi^k AU f^atpak of itWraiMtian which* 
 Imfsltted to ito goverament, <uiP^^ Ht^bi npoa. 
 f, aiii liistf ihrongh & medidtn. wJM ^nen, aawoU 
 liattiti^ fnithiot aa flrom reoipvooli; benefits, have 
 B^ted theqi|eLT«i to sodal and' dtliUM life,ibere is 
 , alwatf enough «fji<a piindpKss in^.]^ractW^ to cany them 
 5 thningh anjlchalgb thej may find nedesMijr or opnyenient 
 iolwe in iheir 'g<yt«i^ent In short, man is so naturally 
 » dTMitiire oCiociety^ that it is ahnont impossible to pat Mm 
 
 Forma] gdmnment makes bntia smillip^^ eirilized. 
 li|b ; and when eVto the best that htimaniiisddm can devise 
 l».Mtablishod^ it is a thing more bn juaaa4 IHd idea, than m 
 fiMst It is to the great and Amdamenlil pmciples of 
 ledety and ciVQization— 4o the oonim<m usage noiT^rsally 
 consented. tOf and mntnally an^vfeoiprocally maitttained^ 
 ,to the nnc<Sising circnlatidn of interest, which passing^irough 
 its innnmerabte channefo^ invigorates th« whole WMi of 
 cirOicod man— it isHftiMe thinj^ ii^ 
 thing which even ^e best inftitnted 
 form, &t tjlfciiafely and prosperir~ 
 of the whdlj^^endk 
 
 The mor^fffnct civilization is, 
 'goyemhient, becaujM the m6re d 
 Wairs/and govern itself ; but so co^i 
 cM^remments to the reason of ^e" 
 'of iSem kicrease in the proportion th 
 It is but few genoral laws thi^t oi " 
 
 any 
 
 per- --t ; 
 and 
 
 ionhasitfor .f^ 
 
 te its own 
 
 be practice of 
 
 i'the ozpenses 
 
 to diminii 
 
 reqnires, aiid 
 
 tiiose of jnch ooibmon nsefaln^ that whether thej are 
 forced by the forms Of government or np^^the effort will bio 
 iieajflytnesam^ If, we consider ' ' "' -^.i 
 tliat fir s t o D Pdense man into t ' ' 
 that regulate their mntoal ini 
 find, by the time we arrite at what 
 
 icipies are 
 
 the motived 
 
 'e eh ill 
 
 ,ed goyenimeai. 
 
 -r: -^»-l' 
 
,''^i*' 
 
 115 
 
 IM BMriy tii« whole pf the biuliiMi b Pf*»n»** ^J ^»« 
 nttuna operation of the pert! upon «Mjh othir. 
 ^lUp, with rwpect to Hi thoie niAttera, ii mow t cwatoro 
 of oSnilitencT than ho is •war© of, or thatt govammmiti 
 would wiih him to boUoro. All tho^ groat Uwi of locioty 
 ATo Uwi of nature Thote of trade and oommertse, whetlier , 
 with respect to Uie intercourse of individuals, or of nations, 
 are laws of mutual and reciprocal interest Tliey arj fol- 
 lowed and obeyed, because it is tlie interest of the P*rti«i •<> 
 to do» and not on account of any formal Uws their gotem- 
 ments may impoie or interpose. .J ■ ii^ ji 
 
 __ But how often is the natural propensity to society dis- 
 turbed or destroyed by the operaUons of goTemment! 
 When the latt«r, instead of being engrafted on the prmci- 
 pies of the former, assumes to exist for itself, and acts by 
 partialities of fisTor and oppression, it becomes the cause of 
 the mischiefs it ought to prevent i- v * .: - 
 
 If we look back to the riots and tumults, ^ich at various 
 tlmsrliaTe happen,ed in England, we shsll find, that tijey 
 didWot proceed from the want of a g6vemn[ient, but that 
 ffovdmrniia^was itself the geherating cause; inst<»d of con- 
 V SiSa3wciety, it divid a it $ it deprived it <rf its natural 
 cohesionTand engendered diicontents and 4^rders, which 
 otherwise would not have existed. In those associations 
 Which men promiscuously form for the purpose of tomde, or 
 Hrf any dbncem, in which government is totallyj)ut of the 
 "^i^on. aniiiswhich they act merely on the principles of 
 palWwiw ria parties unito;^d 
 
 wus snoi^ ^¥ c^i?aris6ii, that goyemments, so far firotii 
 bcinir always the cause 05 means of order, are often the 
 destoictite of it The jiDts ef 1^80Ti^;po Other source^^an 
 ihe wmains of those ^i^udic%wMe«rthe|56y55^ itself 
 had enoounged. Bttt with reject to En^d there «w a^ 
 other- cisuses. ■" -^-f" ' ^ --''m^ ^' " ' ■«^"V..«> ■^^»«%4'''-w' . .' 
 Excess and inetfuiOity of^ation. ho^ef er disjpsed to 
 means, never faU trappeaiUn their effect. As ft^«»» ^ 
 - 1f tfioommunity^il^ownjieiybyii^ poy^^ and 
 -nt they are constant^ i)rmbriulyjr^m|n«lon: 
 rived, as tliey unfortunately are, orthe means of 
 i<mTard easily heated to outrage. Whatever the 
 aBparenicause of jsny riot^ may be,ihe n^ 61^^ ia alwavs 
 }A of ^iat»p^ness^ It shows that Bometihing is wrong itt 
 ^iJiyrStaASrgovSMae^^ 
 / -stMiifl ^|4 * to bo preserved. 
 
 \ / 
 
 /v. 
 
 I .■ 
 
Hi 
 
 
 Bfat fM iket k oqMrUiff to rtMooIng^ tLa lattaiiM of Ameriv* 
 prenenu itaelf to coofinn tb«M obMrration*. If Uiar» b » 
 country in Ui« world, wbars ooncord, aooording to comniun 
 calculatloD, would bo loMt oxpociedf it b America. Miidu 
 up, M it is, of |>eople (mm di£fei:ont nfttioni/ accoatomed to 
 ditlerant formiand habits of gOTernment, iipeak^ng dinereut 
 language, and more difierent in their modes of worsliip, it 
 would appoar that tho onion of such a people was iiupraoti- 
 cable ; but by the simply 6peratioa of cotistruoting govern- 
 ment on tlie principles of tocietv and the rights of man, 
 •▼err difflcoltj retires, and all the parts are Drpaght into 
 cordial unison. There, the {Kxn' are not oppressed, the rich 
 are not priTHeged. Industry is not mortified by the splendid 
 extravagance of a coort rioting at its ejqpense. Their taxes 
 are few, because their government is jost; and as therais 
 nothing to render them wretched, there it nothing to en^u- 
 der riots and tnmnlts. ^ *, • • 4, 7 v 
 
 A meUphysical man, Iflte l£r. Burike, wod|d Iiair^ torfHred 
 his invention to discover how snch a peoplif could bo gov- 
 erned. He would have supposed that some must be man- 
 r by frAnd, others by force, ana all by some contrivance: 
 genius must be hired to impose upon ignorance, and 
 
 ow and parade to fascinate the vulgar. Lost in the abun- 
 
 knce of his researches, he would have resolved and re-re- . 
 Solved, and finally overlook^ the plain snd easy road that 
 lay directly before him- W ■" ;;" 7 \i^ 
 
 One of the oreat advantages of the American TeTolution ^ 
 'has been, that it led to a discovery of the principles, and laid 
 open the imposition of ffovemments. All the revolutions 
 tul then had been worked within the atmofm^ereof a court, 
 and iiever on ihe great floor of a nation. The parties wer* 
 always of the class of courtiers; and what^ter was their 
 rage for reformation, they carefnlly preser^f^ 1M ^l^>^ 9^"^ 
 the.profotBipn.. •■■...■_.:. :" vii" ■•■'■''{ 
 
 ■■B-l 
 
 • llut put of Ammfea wMeh U Mntnlly ttSUi^ TXim^^fiban; tb^lMlti^ 
 N«w-HMn|MUr«, MMMchoMtte, Rhode ItUnd, mi4. C«nn«otToat, Is people 
 ohiefly by EngUih d«ae«ndMitt. In tho oUto of N«w>Tork abovt half art 
 Patch, the net SngUab, Sootch, end Iridb. In Kew-Jereej • nlxtnre of Ens' 
 Itoh and Dntoh with aome Scoteh and IrUh. In ^enneylvnnii about one third 
 ere English^ another Oermana, and the Mmainder Beotdi and Iri»h, with aome 
 Bwedea. The lUtee to the eonthward have a greater proQgrtion of Engliah 
 than the middle lUtea, but in all of them there la • mixtore ; and beddea thoM 
 e num e rat e d, ther e a r e a con a iden i ble n umb e r of Fren c h , a nd aome few of all. 
 >t^'ithe Buropten natlona, lying on the eoaat The moot numerona rrheiona 
 denoininaUon are the Preebyteriiwe ; 
 Sn»|ber» and all men are aqueO; 
 
 bsl no one aool iw eetabUahed 
 
 hgiona 
 UKtre 
 
 « Ci 
 
 i*?- 
 
 \- 
 
 i 
 
 .^. 
 
 ^ 
 
|HW|4iMIII^' 
 
 mi 
 
 U aU OM«i tWy took «Mr« to w|»«f»^«<>^*™*^* Jl? 
 thlmr ««i* op of luyttfii^ which onlj th*MiJjr« iindif- . 
 13 -^ they hid from th* uadarttandliiK ol th« naUon, 
 uToily thing tJi»i WM bonellcial to K««^. '^'^V^'j^'J^^ . 
 
 "^jt?::r^ to ^i^ow/^^t ia« >«m 
 
 fllViliwjd Mate of inA it cpiOile of porfonning witliwi it«)lf, - 
 :im!r«.1;y thing naoJIJ to it- P-JS^t'^ •"^^^T^^ 
 
 :,"f^ p.S«iX^.:r»m««^ v«l «u™ln. wholW their 
 prinoipki mi pmotioft are oorwwpond wrt IjM lf n - 
 
 •"ftl:,' 
 
 .»(HlII 
 
 
 .4*, ' 
 
 OHAPTEBIt '* 
 
 '0t^- 
 
 OS no as»»iv of rsm ramnn ou> ooTnanranw. 
 
 It ii ImpoMlbU that ■neh gOT«ribienti m have hithwto 
 ttifted In Se world, oould have commeiicirf by any other 
 Smum than * toUl vioUtion of erery principle, iaowd and 
 S. The ob«.urity m w:Wch.the on^n of a lt jbeyeaen t 
 old govmmonta ii buried.jmpliy.the imqmty^|j^||grace 
 with whkh they began. TOie orLain of the Yf^^ymr 
 :SXTlmoA^fr^^o wS ever be ijmemberedj bj^ 
 SS«it la honorable to record it : but witii «*i««^.*«^« 
 ^tTe^en iUtte^ haa coniigned them to the tomb of t^p^ 
 
 ^'^^Iff h^te^iio difflcnlt. thing in the early «id «>li. 
 rea of the world, while the chief employment of men 
 wai tiukt ^ attending flocka and herda, for a hw^J of 
 nSan. to ovemm a country, and lay it «»derconMation. 
 ^^^Tpowtf being thua esUbliahed, the ^hief of thii band 
 !ri W to lowSie name of jobber in that ol ft^arch j 
 „ hence the ongm of monarchy and kmga. * ,/^ v- 
 The oiwrin o§lh» g<SE^ent of England, bo far aa it 
 •JlSinrhatia cal^d^^ oflinonaithy, ^b^ 
 
 the lateat, ia VO^m» th ejjil 
 ' the Norman mvaaion aninp-i 
 
 "7*t 
 
 
 
 ^--^M(||^-*fld in ^e na^ion»% 
 tofflUQkkteit. 
 
 fiow-beU, not a 
 
 Th- 
 
 
 *s 
 
 n 
 
 The hatr3 which 
 
 tm^gt have been 
 
 .VM Uie contrivance 
 
 wai talk of the cm^ 
 
 Cbrgottenik 
 
 
Ill 
 
 OV WAS. 
 
 jmd dirfdod it into <ioiiiiiiifm«, omn, m i« nAtnrmllj ilm 
 
 f, lo qbarrel with eMh oCh«r. What m% firvt wm obuinnd 
 rioloriM) WM conaidonxi bjr oUieni m UwAilio h« tAJcen, 
 ft nwond pluruleror iiiw^otio*! th« flrat. TUoj ftltonintolv 
 <1<m1 tim (iotniniotui which mkcU hud AJUii^TUKl to hiniiutlt, 
 fttiil tho bnitftlity witli which thoy trcftt««leiicii other ox plain* 
 tho original ohftnctor of monftrohjr. It wfti nifHfto tortunritf 
 rufflian, Tlio conqueror coniiilorml t})0 conqiioriHi not Hi hit 
 . priaonlir, hot hit proportr. Ho incl him in triumph rattling 
 ' bi^ohcliit, and doomed htoi, \ftt ploftaore, to tiUrarj or detth. 
 tim^ obliterttted the hlitorj of their b<Bgti^M|, their luiv' 
 ooMort ftiftomed new ftppoftrtnces, to oat off Wo Entail of 
 their dhttrsoe, bat thnir principlm and obieotft remained the 
 •ame. Wlutt at fint was plumW aosumea the tofler name 
 of reronae ; aijd the j^wer liie/ ori^oaUj ofarpedy th«/ 
 affected to (nheHt |L / /^s *# 
 
 From sQch begiann||^ of go^enmienta, what coald be ex- 
 jMoted, bat a cot^inaaj. lyitem of War and extortion t 1 1 h ai 
 0iitoblt8h9da[|elf iilto a tl«de. Th* rice ii not peculiar to 
 one more tnK to another, but it the common principle of all. 
 There doM not exiit within such foremmenti a itamina 
 
 #; whereof to ijg^Vl reform||ioa ; anj^the ibortett and mott 
 •ffbctoal remMhr ii to beeiii luiew. 
 
 '% 
 
 ■oenM of horroi^jvbat periedfloa of iniqaitj. 
 
 >iN&IIIating the (maracter, and 
 
 gOTommiiitt I If we would 
 
 I irncowm 
 
 ■m 
 
 nwj ift 
 What toenM oi 
 
 |>resent themaelTCt 
 
 rerie wing the ^^>.^_. 
 
 delineate human nat3^^ii|i al)atenet« of heart, and hyp^>- 
 
 frhy of ooantdiancej-tliat reflection would thudder at and 
 
 ' numanitT difown, it is kings, courts, and cabinets, that muHt 
 ^|it for^ the portrait Man, as he is naturally, with all his 
 
 faults about him. is not up to the character. 
 Oan we posaibly suppose that if goxemmeut had originated 
 
 in a right principle, and had not an interest in pursuing a 
 •wrong one, that the world could liave been in the wretched 
 ^and quarrelsome condition we hare seen4t f What induce- 
 ment hat the fanner, while following tho plough, to lay 
 
 tiide his peaceful ptirsuits and go to war wiih the farmer of j 
 pother country t Or what inducement has the manufao* ^ 
 
 Imfer t Jfhat is dominion to them, or tomnj class of men in 
 
 a nation f Does it add an acre to any man^ estate, or raise 
 
 "■^Xi- 
 
 '''Mm- 
 
 / 
 
^ 
 
 ov 
 
 fit 
 
 If there It wy thing to wonde?. at In thii «n»f»*^« *^*^ 
 of ior^manU. more tlum might ho ei|>.otod. It U th« ,m>. 
 t£^\ch tho vcmbM art. of •grlcultur«, mmnufiM.turcs 
 
 ittf load of dlicottragcinont M»d# ©uprcwlon. U •orYet to . 
 2w^ ioitlnct in animal. Aom not act w th .tr«ng«r 
 imuulao^an th« princlj.loa of •or.icty and cWiLxttUon oi^o- * 
 rTrln man. Under all <lt.courag«mouta ho |»uniii«. lii* 
 obioct,»ndjiaaitonoUiiPgbtttimtKwaibiiia<>. §\ ». 
 
 i***" 
 
 ♦ 
 
 CHAPTERIIL 
 
 Ncynraio can appear more contradictory tlian the prfil- 
 fiiDl^on which the old goromraonta began, and the con- 
 
 E^ which .0ciety.5viii.aUon •mJ-^-j^;^ jis 
 
 cADablo of carrying mankind. ^«vernm^ <m the Old 
 mCm i^ anwaVunption of power, for fiMrandiaemenI 
 offlVro^^ neiva delegation of poXTSTUie common 
 benSt Jf i^iety. *'« foiSier .upporU it«. f by keeping 
 n^T.v.temof war; the latter promote. » t/item of peace, 
 :? thYlTe meana^f enriching a nation, ^e one en- 
 "urage. naUonal prejudice.; the other promote. nmj««J 
 ^iety M the mSai of nnirerwa commerce. The on* 
 rn««ty«JritrOTO.Deritr by the quantity of revenue it ex- 
 TrJ^j'Se oWSJTiVe^)^ ^h-^ ^^^-^'y 
 
 ^'r^lXrtklked of old and --/^ ^"^^ 
 amuM himaelf with childiih name, and di.Unctioms I .haU 
 Tt^tommt hi. nleaaure. It i. not to him, but to ^o 
 AbbefiK that 1 addree. thi. chapter. I am ahready en- 
 g^X^Z Utter gentleman, to diwu« the «ibiect ^ 
 m&hical government; and a. it '^f*^* Py,<>«^ ^Sn^^^I 
 par^the olfand new .ptem., I make Uii. the op^jtu^J 
 Sf pn&nting to him my\)bBe rv ationfl. I i h^ Qopy^"^ 
 
 take Mr. BtiAe in my way. _,.-«-»«»--»* 
 
 ^oSi^ it might be proved that theayatem of govermnao* 
 
 t 
 
'^f 
 
 
 
 •V"^^ 
 
 '1 
 
 ■ittillti ttifMV. fe Hi* mofi siiH«bI In f»f(dalpW il ill. 
 iMI DAY* txbted, fMting foun4«(l on ih« (>ri(|iiuU inU«r«ti| : 
 rigbu of itiAn : 7«C, M tjrttnav Mid ihm tword liav« tu*. 
 iMHidtHl thn (iitmiM of ihoM ri|^U for nianj oiiiitaH«i pMt, 
 It MMTW betUr Um puqxiMi of diMiiioUon to o«ll it tlM luw^ 
 than lo olftim Utn Hghi of (mJiititf it thu okl. 
 
 'llifl Hnit gntiorsl di«iiiu;tiuii UtWMUi th<MM two •j«t«mi, 
 Ift. th«t U)« oo« oow caUwI tUo old i« furmUiairy^ oitbor til * 
 wlu»l« or in p«rt ; And Hm imw in •atireljr ryrti<ii Vali' tx. Il 
 n^wstt aU ksraditMr guTemnuMit : 
 
 ilk Ai b«iiiff AO inifMMiUion oo manfcind. _j_ 
 gN| JgJitdtQBitt la Um piirugiit fi)r wydl fpffiiuiuiut 
 
 . With re^Mot to the inl <^ thMe fiA«dA~Tt oannot !m 
 |ilt)TiMi by WluU right horaditary goremmont could liegin : 
 Boitlier do«i there exist witliiii the <x)inp«M of mortal |H)wrr, 
 • right to eilabUeh it. If «d bee do •uthoritj over poeterit/ 
 in matterv of penKiiiAl right ; and therefore, no man, or hod/ 
 of mc;o, htd, or oaa liare, • right to aoi up li(eredi€ai7 
 goreniment. Wore even ourMlvee to <M)me again into 
 ■■liluiioe, ioatoad n/f boiog fucoeeded bj poetentjr. we have 
 DAt now the right of taking ftom ounelvea the righti which 
 would then b« oura. On whnt ground, thon, do we pr9teii<l 
 ^ take tliem from othent . 
 
 ▲U hereditarj govomment ii in its nature tjrannTf An 
 heritable orovn, or an heritable throne, or bj what othur 
 fiaaciful name aoch thinge maj be called, have no othw tig- 
 uiAeant explanation than thiU; mankind are heritable pnn 
 pert/. To inherit a govemmeH^Jf I9 inhwil ^« people, aa 
 iCfchej were flooki and herda. 
 
 With reapec^ to the locond head, that of being inadeauato 
 
 to the pnrpoeea for which govemment ia necoMarj, we nave 
 
 • onljr to conaider what gorarmnent eiaontially ia, and com* 
 
 pare it with the meojoSlimm W whiil )mfii^\ifj fo?im* 
 
 fljent ii •nbject'-^' ■;:■'*■ ■^''■. 
 
 Qovemment onght to he a thing alwajs in ftiU maturitj. 
 It ought to be to oonatructed aa to be superior to all tlio 
 accidents to which individual inan ia eubjeci: and, therefore, 
 hereditary soocesaion, by being mif40i to them aU^ is Uia 
 mosi irregular and imperfect of alTlhe systems.of govem- 
 ment. a ^ , 
 
 We have heaanpeie rightt cf mem called a ^mmZTmi^ sy^ 
 tom ; but the only system to which the word levdhno is 
 
 '-ir 
 
 :■/ 
 
,,,^ II tndiMriMliMiiilf *4mii« ' 
 
 I'lif ipwiM itf '^ '" *" '*- ^"^ >-li/i>4>y. TlMftnd 
 
 rlrtis Igroorwit* •»* wl^J.^n, la ihort, tmj aoAlltir, r>«<l 
 or b*<l, » P«» »« **»• •■«»»• ••♦*'*• ^^91^ tucottd •"^ »*J»***j 
 ndt M rmlkm*K Jwrt •• aftimml*. <kn w« than Im farpriata 
 »t th« •l»j«wt tUMi of ih« homMi mliui in monArehio*! oo«ii|« 
 lrln> vbMi Um KOTeramanl ilMlf U ftirmad on fadi an fthkMl 
 l«f«lUng tyilam I— It ha« no flx«l oh*r«et«r. TimU/ ft If ,| 
 onfl thing ; •nd to-morrow it fai anmAtliing ntai. It olian|t«* 
 with th« Unnpwr of •▼•ry mcoMinK IndUldo*!, mmI i§ tiilj- . 
 UjI la m\\ tha ▼artatiaa of a<kjh. It la gorarnmant Uiroutfll | 
 ^ll^^tdiam of Maaiona and aaeidenta. It appMtfa omler-^ 
 all tha ▼ariotia charactora of cMWhooti, dflcr«pitu<lis doUga, ^ 
 » tiling at nurao, in lading atringa, and on cniUJiwa. II ^ 
 raToraaa tha whola«)nM ordar of natur*. 11 occaaionally , 
 paU childran ovar ra<h» ami tha conoalti of non-aga oraT 
 wiadom and aiparlanca. In ahort, wa cannot concdra • 
 mora ridlculoua flgnra of goTammant, Uian hareditary tof- 
 caiaion, In all ita oaaaa, prwaanta. _^ 
 
 Could it b« mada a docroe in natnrow or an edict raglij, _ 
 tarad in hearan, and man ooold know It, that Tirtne and ' 
 wiadom aliould invariably anoartain to herodlUry auocat-* 
 ilon, tha objactiona to it would bo ramoTod ; but whim w« 
 KM that nature acta aa if aha diaownod and aportod wiUi th« 
 herediUry aystem ; that tha niantal oharacttAsra of auocaiaora, 
 in all countriaa, ife balow the aTerage of human and«i> 
 standing ; that oiMMa a tyrant, another an Idiot, a third 
 iniana, and aodiifldljbree togetlier, it is inipoaaible to attaoh 
 cuutidenoe to it^bm reaaon In man ^aa power to act 
 
 It la not to the abbe Bieyet that I need applr thla reaaon- . 
 lug ; ha haa already aared me that tronblo by giving hii 
 owii opinion on the caao. ♦♦ If It be aakad," aaya he, " whM 
 iff my opinion with respect to herodHary right, I anaweTi^ 
 without heaiUtlon, that, In good theory, an hereditary 
 ♦wnBmiaaion of any power or office, can never accord with 
 Ao Uwa of trae repreeentation. Hereditaryijjilp ia, in thia 
 lense, at mnch an attaint upon principle, aa an outrage upoj 
 society. But let ua." continuee he, *^ refer to the liiatory of 
 tU electiye monarckiea and principalitiea; it there <me i»^ 
 which tibe elective mode if not worae than the heroditarj^ *, 
 luccefMHon V 
 
 Af t^ d*ba*"»g "" w htnh ta the worat of th e two, it ia ad ' — 
 
 mitting both tobe bad: and herein we are agreed. The 
 w^ireferonof which the fbbf b ^ civen, if a condemnation of 
 
 %, 
 
 -^■'%: 
 
M 
 
 % 
 
 a» 
 
 s 
 
jf 
 
 UMthiaAlM 
 ' tabjeot Ik 
 
 .'\. 
 
 ^ 
 
 i-^ 
 
 ■ ir' '. , . 
 
 . Sneh ik moda of FUMoning on luoh « 
 •u.g^» » „„...,,-.— JM^^ booanto it finallr amoimtft to an 
 acouiation of pi^videnco, m if ihe had left to man no othor 
 choice with respect to government, than between two evils, 
 the best of whijh he admita to be, " an aiUnnt vpcn prit^ 
 oipUy ar^ an 9Miril(fe upoh tooiaiy.^ 
 
 Pauing over) for the present, all the evili and miichioft 
 which monarchy haa occasioned in the world, nothing can 
 more effectnallr prove it* uaelessnesa in a stat^ of cvvU 
 gifwmmmty thain making it hereditaij. Would we make, 
 anj offiof l^ereditary that required wisdom and abilities to 
 fill it t And where wisdom a4d abilities are not necessary, 
 rtoh an pffice, whatever it may be, ia. superfluous or ineig*^ 
 
 nificant* ^ 
 
 Hereditary sn^ession k^ a burlesque uponf^moWohy. It 
 puts it in the most ridionlous li^V 1^ preseiluugi' it as an 
 officejwhich any child ^ idiot piav fill. It rej^mrei soii^? 
 talents to be a common mechanic ; but to be al4in^9*ri^tiires 
 only the animal figure of a man— a sort of breathing 'Auto- 
 maton. This sort of superstition may last a few y%^r« 
 iittre, but it cannot long resist the awakened reason iw* 
 interest of 'man* i:' ^--^'■^■. ■■/^■' :-.■''•'■■■ • -■'.''■ k ~, .^ 
 
 As'to Mr. Burke, lie ii a BrieWer fw monarchy, ikbt alto. 
 |mther as a pensioner, if he is onej which J beBeve, but as i 
 political man. Hc^ ^^ Xakssa. up a contemptible opinion of 
 mankind, ^ho. In thehr turn, are taking np the same of 'him. 
 He considers tnem ad a herd of bein^ tnatnimst be governed 
 by fraud, effigy, and show ; and an idol would be as good a 
 figure of monarchy with him, m * nwu*- I wiU, however, da 
 hSn the justice to sav^ that, with remg^ to America, ho 
 has been very complimentaiy. Ho nUliyi contended, at 
 least in my hearing, that the people of America were rtt)re 
 ^ ^lightened than thoii of England, 6r of anv country in 
 j^Sope ; and that therefore theimp<^tion Of snow was net 
 necessary in their governmetita. ' *^*<^ **i4 * '^ 
 
 Though the comp&^A between hM^i^;and elective 
 ** monarchy, which the abbe had ma 4j^£^ mi!^epei(pj^ to 
 ease, because the representati^^ smB: ijej^il^oth 
 were I to make the comp^urison, I M^n decide c(Mikary t^ 
 ^at he has'done4 * " . . -. 
 
 'Die civil wars which have originated't^ni oon 
 ditary claims, sr^ mo|^ humerons, and hii^^ '^4 ii^<>ro 
 
 f*^ 
 
ov ius. 
 
 
 1^'' 
 
 bVhewdiury cR^ or by the lmp«rf«stionjof^« kte»ditaT| 
 form, which •dmito of regencies, Of y»SMi**T •^ »°^ 
 With reepect to England, iU hUtoir ii Wof|^e *Mno mb^^ 
 fortanel. The conteeU for BucceMion between the J|loiiteittr 
 York «id LancMtor, lasted a whole centurj^; and ptherj^of 
 a iimiUr nature hay^ renewed themaelrei since that pfrio^! 
 Those of 1716 and 1745, were of the same kind. Thti yia-^ 
 co88ion-war for the crown of Spain embroiled almost half ^ ^ 
 Europe. The disturbances in HoUand are generated frdft*^*^ 
 thehereditat^pofthestadtholder. ^govemmetitaahttg 
 its^free, inth an hereditary oflce, is Bke a thorn in the . , f 
 , flesh, that produces a femM»Utoi which endeaTpii to di»- ^ 
 
 "■charge it. ' ^ ■ ,^ V ■ '■ ■i''^ i.'''"^ ' -'^''' ' ' ■ *"" ^ ■ 
 
 But I might go further, and place also foreign wats, or 
 whatever kmd, to the same cause. It is by addine the 
 evil of hereditory suiJcessien to that of monarchy, t^t a 
 ^ perm^inent famfhf inteifest is created, whose constant objects 
 ^ tridominion and revenue. Poland, though an elecUvo.; 
 monarchy, hi^s had, fewer wars than those which are heredi- 
 tary ; and it is the t)nly government that has made a voltm.« 
 tary essay, though but a small one, to refontt the coodiitioa' i 
 
 ^ ffiving thus glanced at a few^of the defects of tlie old, 
 or hereditary systems of government, let us compare it with 
 the new pr^presentative system. \ ^ , .Iv ^ ^^ 
 The representative system takes society anain^izatioii tor 
 its biwisf nature, reason, and experience for its guide. - 
 
 ; : Experience^ in all ages, and in aU countrie8,lias demons 
 strati, that it is j^possible to control nature m her distn- 
 butiffli of mental powers. She gives them as she pleases. 
 WiiiSever is the rule by which she, apparently to us, fcatters 
 them among mankind, that rule remibs a secret to man.^ It 
 would be as ridiculous to attlmpt to fix thehereditaryship 
 of human beauty, as of wisdom. ^ , „. ii ^J 
 
 Whatevtt- wisdom constituent^y is, it is^ Hk© a ji0|Bale8$ '■ 
 plant; it may be rearted when it appears ; but it akimht be 
 i^ voluntarily p)s6duced. i There is always a sufficiency some- 
 te where in'the Mq^iralmas* of society fbr all purposes; but 
 withresp^st to th« pa*ts of %iety. it is continually changing 
 itsphice. It rises in one to-aay,m another to-moiToWr, and 
 Wmott probably visited i» rotation evoy family of the 
 earthy Isnd -"-^ ~^*^''~*"^ 
 
 
 # 
 
 I again withdi»wn* " .* 
 
 y.the Older V nature, the p r da r of go v ernment 
 
 
 

 ■If- 
 
 -■■'■■■■«•, 
 
 iii.:. 
 
 dook degwienit© into igponuice. Tlie h«i«dilirf wrtem, 
 therifoi2> M wngnMit to human witdom, m to h^aar 
 Tijrhta; »nd^«i*b«u^Miti»imjnit 
 
 Ai the republie of lettcw hnnga torward the best literary 
 iitodactiowf by Riving to geniua a fair and univetwil chance} 
 
 ^KT^^tSiTefyitfm oTgoTemment is ea^cnlated to 
 prodnco the wieest lawa, by collecting wisdom where it can 
 U fomd. I smile to myself when I contemplate the ndicu- 
 foi» iniiiKnificance into which literature and aU Uie saeifces 
 
 V would £k were they made hereditwr ; and I cany the 
 iiime idea into gorermaents. An heredity gorejrnor ii^as 
 Scjonsistent as ai» hereditary author.; I know not whether 
 Homer or Euclid h«l Miia; but I wiU venture mi opuuon, 
 that if they had^ «id had left their worka unflmahed, those 
 i<MM*could not have completed them, , .j.^ - 1. 
 
 • Do we need a stronger evidence of the abtmrdity m nere- 
 
 #ditary government, than is seen in the descendanta of thoae 
 %ren/r^ny line onife, who o famous? U there 
 
 toiSeli aft instance in which there is not^a total reverse of 
 the chiiacter ? It Appears as if ihe tide of m«itel fiseult^ 
 flowed ai far as it could in certain channels, aud t^e^gjfsooiL 
 ito course, and arose in others. How irrational theffls the 
 hereditary system which efitablishes channels ofwf^ m 
 company with vrhich wisdom refuses to^flow I By c^|mu- 
 inK this absurdity, man is in perpetual contradicti^tt^with 
 himself; he acc^ts, for a kW, eir a chief magjUtrate, 
 jor a lemsktoF, a person whom he would not elect for a 
 
 *^Itapi^M to general obseiration, that wvoltitioiie create 
 ffeniusimd talents ; but those events do no mowrthan bnug 
 ^ ^em forwartL There existo in man, a mass of sense l:png 
 in a dormant state, and which, unless somethiM. excites it 
 to action, wiU descend with %n, ift that «o"^^f^^ *2,X 
 crave. As it is to the advantage of society that the whole 
 Sf its faculties should be employed, the construction ofgay- . 
 emment ought to be such as to bring forward, by a guiet 
 and regular operation, aU that extent <rf capacity fhich 
 never fells to appear in .revolutions.^ _ ^ ^ i? i;^^-*^^ 
 This cannot tie piace^ in t|ie in»pid state of heredita7^ 
 goremment. not onV because it P'J^^^ ^ J* >^^ J^^ 
 gperates to broumb. When the nAid o f a nation is bowed 
 down by any poUtical guperttitioxi in it* ffOf ermueiit. such. 
 tt hereditaiy wo^^ P<^ 
 
 ■' * 
 
■UMtn dr KAV. 
 
 ■ .J* 
 
 V^i 
 
 tti\ po w «ilP «M otfier ta'bjecto and objects. Hereditary 
 iU(!c6(^itm requires the Bame obedience to ignorance, as to . 
 wiHdoili: and when once the mind can ,bring itself to pay 
 tliis ind&crimiuate rovcrdnco/it descends below the statu m 
 : of melltal^TOa^hood. It' is fit to bo ^roat only in" little 
 thingtu It act? a tr^horj uiwn ittdi, and flultbc»l<*« the 
 l^tiumiioni thafesurgo to detection. ' 
 
 Though tho ancient govommenta present to us a miserable 
 
 ' picture of die Co^Sition of man, there is one which above all 
 
 . otiiers exempts its^^from the general description. 1 mean 
 
 the denjocracy of the^A.thenian|. We see more to admire 
 
 and less to condemn, far that great, extraordinary pec^le, 
 
 than in any thing which nwtory a^ords. r- — . ■ 
 
 Mr. Burke is so little a^aintid with conititnetit pttn- 
 ciples of government; that libsconfounds democracv and i*©- 
 j)resentation together. Repr^ntation. was a thing un- 
 known in ike ancient democraeW In £hose the mlissof 
 the pe<wole met and enacted laws (^ammatically speaking) 
 in the first person. Simple depi<|bra<5Y was no other than 
 the common hall of the andentf. It siffliifiea the /<?rm, as 
 well as the public principle of Ihe go^w^ent. As these 
 democracies increased in population^iand^e territory ex- 
 tended, the simple democratic<|l|fb|IPbecam^ unwieldy and 
 impracticable ; and as the syst^i pf representation was not 
 known, the consequence, wa6, they 6ither degenerated con- 
 vulsively into monai^3j4^!<)r became absorbed jnto such as 
 then existed. Had tiie8v;^ystem'i>f representation be^ then 
 understood, as it now is, there;iB no reason to .believe\diat 
 those forms of government, now called monardiical or a ' 
 tocratical, wouwl ever have taken jplace. It was thew, ^ 
 of some method to consolidate the parts of societjr, after it 
 became too populous, and too extensive fdr thejfliiniile dch 
 mocratical fonm and aiso tie lax and solitary condition off 
 shepherds and^erdsmen in othe| parts of twVorid, thai 
 afford^ opportiuutie& to those 4iimatural modes of govern- 
 ment to begini , • Jv; ; 
 
 As it is necessary to dear away the rabbish of erroij, into 
 which the subject of government has be^Xi thi?own, 1 shall 
 proceed to remarlT cp some others. 
 
 It has alwafs been the political craft of qourtieft and cbuit^ 
 governments, to abuse something which they called repub-* 
 Bcanism; but what republicani^ was, or is, they nevef 
 attempt to expldn.. Led us exlaiune A little into this caso.^ 
 The only forms of gorerumont ai-e, the democratical^ th* 
 
 A • 
 
^m 
 
 te 
 
 ^St 
 
 arittoor»|i<»], the dkmwrdiioal, Mid ^4i» ii a^ 
 
 '^^b'lljieii • r^fimbUc, i. not ^7 rf^fZ/"^ t 
 tfovemmofit It ui whoTlv charactorittfoal «rf the mirport, 
 ffi^Tobject for whicli gOTemment ougiit to te iii.t.- 
 S^ *and oi which it is tJ* be en^pbyed, r«^«», the 
 
 puWc^airs, or the public 1^^^ ^J^^^^J^'^tl 
 ^emMic thing It it a w<#f of » gc>od ongmal, i^n^ 
 
 to wWo«gJit to be the chan^ter ^d ^^;«»«» ^.Kf^^'^; 
 ment ; aadl^ this leiiBe it is nftt«r»Upr 03PP^ 
 mono^Aw, which haB»bi«eorigiiiia/gmficatioii. ItmeanB 
 
 which?7W«wy, and not the tw^w-WKW, i» the ob^ . 
 i^ofjg^^mt that doen not act on the prmci^e of a 
 wonblic, w, in other word*, that does aot meke the r.^ 
 
 :/' 
 
 lishod and condoojed for tne mierew m jjm, pui^^v, -pjt^ 
 indiriduaUy as obUeotively. It is «<lf«^»7*"j7 *^^ 
 with »ny particnhtf form, but it most i^turaUy assomtes 
 wis the repwjS^itatiTe form, as bring best ciaciiUjed to 
 tecure the end for which ^ nation is at the expense <rf lap- 
 
 ^^^TO forms Ofgoreniment haT^ affected to ilf^ 
 selves rwmblics. Fohmd criln itsdf a .W«Wic^ W m m 
 fiiot an hm-editary aristocracy, with what is called an ekctije 
 SSJiS^TsbLid calte iidf a re^^ 
 
 SiSoSutical, with an her^tary «*f *<>#«S^»-^*^^^^ " 
 ffovemment ii America, which is wholtyW ^^^ ">]. 
 ^^Ztotiol^ is the only real repnhlfe in Aaracter and 
 ^K, thTnow «ists. i^P^^^'^^'^^^^ 
 feet tbS the pnbUc buaness of tiie^on, J«4^^«;« J^ 
 Is properly a rtpubHc; and the Americtos have taken care 
 Mtmmd no othi, shall be the object pf thetr^vern- 
 Sent by their r^ecting eyery thing hereditaiy,. i^d esta- 
 bUsldng^vemment on the system o? repreeent^idi only. 
 
 mS^hoTiave siMd that a repnbUo is not hfarm of gof- 
 «mS^eaiated for CQimtriei* of gre^t fat^t, mirtopk, in 
 the first rface, the l»mnmf>f > government, fw a/om of 
 
 Stent of tifitory akd .TK>0dlati^_^^^ 
 pl^ce, if the^ mtani M t y thl^ yw^'y cg p o ^, to /y , Jt was 
 theSnpU democratical form, siioh Us w^ the UfWdte of gov^- 
 iittwfht in the aiMsienl^ demdwiwies, ii^ wWb thflre waftiio 
 
 ' "-l 
 

 
 w 
 
 'lijpmitmoB. TIm eM0, th«r«forl, ii iiiit ^611 i iPOfmblii 
 (i»imot be eztentiTe, hot th»t it cannot l>e extMisive on th« 
 simple demo««iio Torm ; «nd/the qnestion naturallj preaenti ' 
 itieff, Whmi ii ths bsd farm of gov^mmgnt for eonduciing 
 iii$ Biw-rfmuoA or pitblio Buanfisa of a nation^ after tl 
 k$Bome» too md§mtm)4 andpojnUouifor ths iimafs democratic 
 mlj'armf ' ' ^ 
 
 It oMUiot be monarchy, beeatue monarchy is smbject to all 
 objection of the Mmfi amount to whioh the demooratical 
 form waa ealnect i. 
 
 It is powlole that an individnal mar lay down a tyiteiil 
 of prinoipla^ on whioh goremment shaU be conatitntJonallf^ 
 establif^ied to any «zt0nt of territory. This is no more thaft 
 an operation of the mind acting by its own ^powers. But 
 the practice upon thoae prinoiple8|as apply i]>ff to the variooi 
 ai^d numerovu ciroumatanceB of a nauon, its agricnlturoi 
 manufaeturei, trade, oommei'C6) Ac, require a knowledge) 
 of a different Idnd^ end which can be had only fh>m uie 
 various parts of society. It is an assemblage of practical 
 knowledge, whidi nq one individual can possess ; and there*., 
 fore the monarchioal form is as much limited, in nsefUl prao> 
 tiee, from the inoompetenoy of knowledge, as was the demo- 
 cratical form, fh)m tne multiplicity of population. The one 
 degenerates, by extemidn, into conrasion ; the other into 
 iimoranoe and moapaeity, of which all the great monajrcbiei 
 ^ an evidence. %e monarchical form, thereforo, c<^uld 
 not be a substitute for the dembcratical, because it has equal 
 inconyebiencee. « 
 
 Much less eoold it when made hereditary. This is t)^ 
 most effectual of alLformi^ preclude knowledge. Neither 
 ' conld the Mgh demo^^«ticaI mind haye yoluiitarily yielded 
 Itself to be soTemed by children and idiots, iEmd all the mot- 
 ley insignificaooe of character, whioh attends such a mere 
 animal system, the disgrace and the r^ro^ (C reason ttod 
 of man<., ''-■■'■' :'■■ .- '- '■ ''■' -^ 
 
 JU to ^0 aristpcratical fr>fm; it has th&jame yices and 
 defects with ^e iciOnardiioa], e«eept |hat the Ghaneo of 
 al^ilities is better hfoa the ptoportion of numbers, but 
 there Is still Ho fe(prl^ for tm ri^^ ufie and applicatioa 
 
 ; of them.*:" ., ^,v^''''' ^^^"V■'> III' '^/ ■>'■£• '■:*'*■;,■ '^■\ 
 
 ^to^p thi^ to ibi (iimp^ fiui^e democracy, it* 
 affordii the fa-ue aJb^ hfiBt wJ^Qhf/>goyermtoit on a large 
 
 •toP'tt eliMM^ of ukttmwu, Hie mdat if nfi^ M» Sighti df Hoi 
 
 .tj.fii 
 
 ■ 'M 
 
 
 .' .■ 
 
o 
 
 l*:..-T 
 
 'K 
 
 tit MMSi Of MAS. 
 
 ^« <^ biwin It it lBOftp*bla of eitenilon, lib* ftoni fti 
 ^nciX^t from in^i^Tenience of . iU form; and 
 
 FnTa^Vh} and ari.tocra.y from th«ir incapac.ty. R«^»n>"«j 
 ♦l.n clemocraev a« tlio Kroiind, and liP«jecting the corniji^ 
 
 k tlw iimura denioaiacy as to form, and ti%mwipac,ity oi 
 
 ^*^er two with r^ard/to knowledge. ^ ^ -: ^ . . - 
 
 Simiile democracy waa iociety flporamg itwlf without 
 
 1,0 embSISd^onfoaerat&g tU Ae varipWi jjt^restt 
 and eveSe^ot of ^territory and ponulatjonj and that al«i 
 iSflii^^twa w much ttiierior to Wtary goTermnen^ ^ 
 1 iSiJSblTof lettiOT it to hereditary literature. 
 I? iTKismtom that ^e AmericiMi governm^^^ 
 
 /fi" has settled the form by a scale parallel in all cases i;o lue 
 ^ntT5?e principle/ What Athens was m miniature 
 A Wii^wUlbJinrnW^^e- The one was the wonder £ 
 tlie ancient f ^'l^-^ othe^ » ow?^ ^ ^ 
 
 ^^ and iiiodel of the present >* »■ "*® ?5!.\««irf' •JTirihlA ia 
 of Koverhment td be imdentood, and the ^o»t , «d^le m 
 vr^^ndL excludes etonce the ignorande «d^«^^ty 
 ^ hieditary mode, and the inconTenienoe irf tl» imple 
 
 |^l^:^os4^ a .ystem ^^^;^^ 
 
 W« of sctimr over such an extent of temtorjr, anasucns 
 
 S toSiSIW" A&«^ by «,pr<»en».tto»,-»ould hare 
 
 SS It^pcentretM tto knowledge neceinaty ««>«»« 
 in i^Wate of constnat mutun^.^ " n*; -^Ji^SLer 5 
 
 
 ■..! ■«'-;r'*'i| 
 
 
 ■V>^-!'- 
 

 Hi 
 
 It Admiti not of » •eparmtion betwaan knowledge and P<J^«»f . , 
 tnd it inperior, m ffoveramciit ought alwftyi' to he, to •U tht / 
 the tccldeiiU of Individual' man, and is therefore eaperior to / 
 what it called monarchy. ' , . 
 
 A nation it not a bodV, t!»c fignre of which It to be POp*^ 
 feiitod by tlie human body ; but it like a body oont^fned 
 witliin a ciiclo, having a common contro, in which eveify ra* 
 diusjnoctt; and that centre is formerl by ropresontation. ,To s 
 connect repretontation with what it ealled monaraby, !• 
 eccentric government Ilepresontation it of ittelf tlie tdele»" 
 gated monarchy of a nation, and cannot debase itself by 
 dividing it with anoUier. . ^ 
 
 MrTBurke has two of Aroe ^iii«i Uk vk pariiametttaij7 
 tpceches, and in liis publications, made use of a jingle <M// 
 words that conveyed, no ideas. Sweakinp of government, li# 
 eays, " It is bettor to have monarcliy for its basis, and repnb* 
 licanism for its corrective, than republicanism for its basi^ 
 and monarchy for its corrective." If he means tliat it it 
 bettor to correct folly with wisdom, than wisdom with follT. 
 I will no otherwise contend with him, tluin to say, it would 
 be much better to reject the folly altogether, . . 
 
 Bttt what is this thing which Mr. Bui'ke calls monarchy! 
 %ill he explain it: alh mankind can ondersUnd what repre^ 
 tentttion is; aad that it n»utt necetsarily include a variety 
 of knowledge and talentt. But what security it there for 
 the aame qualities on the part of monarchy ? Or, when thit 
 monarcliy is a cliild, where then is tlie wisdom ! What does 
 >t know about government 1 Who then is the monarch I or 
 where it the monarcliy ? If it is to bo performed by regency, 
 'it proves to be a farce. A regency is a mock tpeciet of re- 
 
 Eublic, and the whole of monarchy deserves na betterappel- 
 ition. It it a thing as irarious at imagination can pamt. 
 It lifts none of the staible character that government ought 
 topoaeesiB. Every tuccettion is a revolution, and every re- 
 gency a counter-revolution. The whol» of it is a sbene of 
 perpetual court cabal and intrigue, of which Mr. Burko it 
 himself an instance. ' 
 
 Whetlier I^aye too little sense to see, or too much to. be 
 bapoeed mpon: whether 1 hiavo too ranch or too little pride, 
 or of anything eke, I leave out of the question ; but certain 
 it is, tiiat what is cadled monarchy, always appears to me a 
 silly, contemptible tliii>|s^ I compare it to somethii^ kept 
 . behind A eor&in, about wWch there is agreat deal 6t bustle 
 and fttit, and a woudorff*l »!«• of iieemlng solemiiity; but 
 
 >,-■■'; 
 

 I 
 
 IM iKum or 
 
 when branj McIdent,ai«oai^t»ipp«tt to 
 Si^;4j;!7.«.e what^t i-, Uiey baft Into i»««»;^^[; .. 
 
 In the reprewnUtivo tyitom of govorament, noUiing like 
 thU oln iZi^ Like tho nation luelf, it iK)M«»e* a |>«r- 
 
 K o,m thiatro of tHo Wo^ld in a fair «"*! -'^"^JJ "'^^Jo 
 Whatever are itn cxcollenoiea or it« dot«ct*>, they are iridb o 
 to all It ^-ta nut by fraud and mystery; It deal, not in 
 cant andi^phUtry; butiwiree a lan^jiage, Umt,pii*inK 
 from heart to heart, it felt and understood. 
 
 Wo muBt .hut our eve. against reaaoii^ 7?u?nf wCi 
 niegradeour undenHancTing, not to .ee ^^f, [f ^J^/^^^^^^^ 
 cSed monarchy. Nature i. orderly in .11 1*^*' ^««;» ^f 
 thi.i.a mode of government that fcouneracu^^^^^^^ 
 turn, the progreM of th6 human facultie. upside do wiu 
 uTubjeiu Sge^o be governed b^ olaldren^ ^ wwdom \>y 
 
 '^An the contrary, the repreaentativo Byatem h always 
 irallel witHrS^e^^^^ Wof nature, and 
 
 leets tho reason of man iii every part, ^or eWple : 
 ^ In the American federal government, more power u dole- 
 trat^ t^ the president of tTie United Stat«,, ^"^.^ H 
 5£ot individual membdr of cOngrert. He cMinot therefore, 
 be e^ted to this office under the age of thirty.iiye years 
 Bv this time the judgment of man becomes matured, and he 
 hM liied Sng oningl to l>ecome acquainted^with men and 
 tWnffI Id X country with himf. Sat on the monarchic^ 
 pWexclLve of the numerous chances there arc a^amBt 
 JiWman bom into the world, of drawing a prize in the 
 lott^^^^ faculties.) the next Ia succession, whatever 
 
 fe m7y be, is put at the toad of a nation and o^ a «>vcm- 
 meS:at^eaie of eighteen year.. Does tliis appearTike an 
 STof wiSomT Is it consistent witTMJieproi^rdigutra^^^ 
 ^ manly character of a nation* f^*'^ « t^r^ff^fl^r 
 calling such a lad the father of th^ peoplel--In all other 
 ^ i person is a minor nntU the ^e pf tw«ity-one years 
 B^m tE?s peri^ he is not trusted Jlth the management p 
 Ml acre of land, or with the heritage woperty of a flock of 
 Ihc^ro^ an herd of swine ; bnt woni^l to teUl^o may 
 at the age of etehteen years, be trusted with a «»"<»• ^ . 
 That motfai4y is alt a bubble, a ^J^_^^^ ^wVcr 
 
 procure money i/evident (»t toast to me) in e v e r y charae^^ o r 
 FJ^h^ it cS be viewed: It liquid be ahnost impossible, 
 onUieraticmalsyitemofroprei^ti^tiTegovjrnaent^toj^^ 
 
■■*«. 
 
 IIWH Of lUS. 
 
 .^. 
 
 -t 
 
 ont a bill of exwmtai to ■ach ftn «iionnoai wnoant m thk 
 deception admits Go^rorarnept b not of itjwlf • rer/ chargi*. 
 ablo inititution. Tlie whol« exi>onie of the fiMiflral Koverii- 
 rocnt of Americft, fDunatMl, a& 1 bavo alruady nuU, ou tlie 
 *v«tem of roprcucaUtiou, wid oxt«ndiiig over • ,«0"""T[ 
 iLrly ten tinu« m Urge aa England, is but ilx huaditd 
 tiiouiand dollars, or ono hundml and thirty Uiouaand iwundt 
 
 '^^'l Samotbat no man In hli sober aonBca will compare 
 Uu5 (haractor of any of Uio kiiiga of Europe, wiUi Uiat of 
 ffoiieral Wwbington. Yet, in France, and alao in England, 
 Sie expiinae of the civil liat only, for the aupporiof oii« man. 
 ia oiirhtVimea greater than the whole expeiwo of Uio federal 
 firovSttiaent of America. To aidgn a roa»on for Uua appears 
 ilmoat ii»p()flBible. The generality of people in America, 
 especially the poor, are more able to bay taxes, than the 
 ffenorality of people either in France or Eiigliiiid. 
 
 JJut tlie caae ie, that the n^ewnUtive syBt^tu diUuief 
 •uch a body of knowledge tliroulJ|ut the nation, on the anlH 
 iect of government, a» to expl^ ignorance and preclude 
 impoaidon. Tlie craft of couHb cannot be acted on that 
 ground. There ia no place for mystery ; no where for it to 
 Win. Those who are not in the representation, know a*, 
 much of the nature of business $b those who are. An atteo- 
 tation of raysterioua importance would there be Boonted. 
 . Nations can have no secrets ; f^d the secrets of courts, like 
 those of individuals, are always their defects. 
 
 In the tepresentative system, the reason for every UUng 
 must publicly appear. Every ln|nis ^ proprietor m govern, 
 men^ and ^JaSs it a nWfiry part of his business to 
 underelMid. It conperns bis mterest because it aflecte his 
 property. He ensnaihes the cost, and compares it with the 
 ^vanUuns ; and above aU, he does not adopt the sl^ivish 
 customTfollowlng wh at A o ther governments are caUed 
 
 leaders. - ; , • 
 
 JtcwKinlybebywin 
 
 makink him believe thai _ 
 
 mystenons thiiig, tibat eic« 
 
 Monarchy is well calcnlata| 
 * popery 01 goveriunent ; |inii 
 
 rant and quiet them into paying Mkes. ,. . 
 
 The governm en t of a fr«e coulHlry,yoperly speaking, is 
 tTn tEe pWOTis, but in the laws. TP> enacting ot those 
 
 lO understanding of man, and 
 imei^t is some wonderful 
 revenues are obtained, 
 lure this end. It is thf 
 >t up to amuse the igno- 
 
kim 
 
 
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 th« wKo1#i of drfl gtrremin^iit U p«ffbmi«l— «• 
 
 fa«n 
 
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 TER IV. 
 
 ox odviTituTioiri. 
 
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 ItrnMi^am itmmi •diiitinct ind aoparato thinss when thej 
 talk Q||fli|kitutionfi and of gorornniontft, \b erident ; or, why 
 are t|||{HUInna distinotlj and sopartitol^ nicd f A oonstitu- 
 
 ^WtWBte act of ft govi'mnumt, but ot a jxiople constituting 
 ft gitvm&$€"nt ; and government without ft coottitntiop) li 
 
 , power without a right , 
 
 All i¥>wor eierciBod over a nation mnst hate some bogm- 
 ning. It miiBt bo either delegated, or asflumed. There are 
 no other sourcos. All delegated power is trust, and »!! 
 assmnod power k usurpation. .Time doc» not alter the naturo 
 ftud quality of either. / 
 
 In viewing this si^jjrject, the case and circmnstancei of 
 America present themikslves as in the beginning of a world ; 
 and our inquiry into the origin of government is shortened, 
 by referring to the facta that have arisen in our day. Wo 
 have no occasion to roam for information into the obscure 
 field of antiquity, nor hazard ourselves upon conjecture. We 
 are brought at once to the point of seeing goremment begin, 
 as if we had lived in the beginning of time. Tlie real volume, 
 not of history, but of facts, is directly before us, unmutilated 
 by contrivance, or the errors of tradition. 
 
 I Will here concisely state the comraencomont of tlie 
 Ameri(;an confititutions; by which the diiference between 
 constitutions and governments will sufficiently appear. 
 
 It may n!(^t bo improper to remind the reader, that the 
 Unite<J States of Ajmerica consist of thirteen states, each of 
 which established a govemmont for itself, after the doclara- 
 
 ' tion of independence, of the fourth of July, 1776. Each ' 
 state acted independently of the rest, in forming its fivera- 
 m ent ; bnt the aame genera l prin ciple pervades the whole. 
 When the ieveral state governments were formed, they ph>- 
 ceeded to form the federal government, that acts over the 
 
 ^^hole in aU matters which concern the interest of t^ whol^ 
 
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 gttktm with 
 
 \m^\n with (|^v> 
 friuiuniti (tli»t of 
 
 or wliiflb mUte to the kiut 
 «AcU other, or with foreig* 
 lug Ml iiittftiico trom one ot 
 ruiituiyW»»nl») tticl Uioii priM 
 
 motit* ^"^ 
 
 Tli« itiito of PonniYlvanU, th(i\i|j^i ne«rljr of tli« ••m© i» 
 tent of turritory with EiikUihI. wm then aividisd Into twelre 
 cotmtlei. E**:h of thtMie counthm had «l««t«<l li committor a 
 Uii< (•ommimcorncnt of th« aii»put« with tJio Knglinh govern. 
 tiuMit; ftnd »» tiio city of I'hikaulphi*, whidi iiliio h^ ito 
 committee, wm the raoet ccMitral for intolligence, it bocanie .* 
 -thu cjetiire of coramunlcaUoa to the •cveml county corninlt- — 
 t608. When it became nciceiniftry to proctwd to tlio form*' 
 tionof ft government, tlio committee of IMiiUdolphia pro- 
 posed a conference of all tlio county eoiiimitteca. to be held . 
 in that city, and which met the liittcr end of July. 1776. 
 
 Tlioagh tbeee committees had been ele<;tcd by the people, 
 they were not elected exprenaly for the purpow, nor invented 
 with tlio authority of formlujj a constitution: und at they 
 could not, conaiiiteutly with the American idea of rights, v 
 sMHume such a power, they could only confer uiwn tho . 
 iniittor, and put it into a train of operation. Hie conterees. . ; 
 tiierofore did no more than state tlie case and recommend 
 to the several counties to elect six repreaentativea for each 
 county, to meet in convention at Philadelphia, with powers 
 to form a conititutio* and propoM it for public consider- 
 ation. . . -r^ i 1. • 
 
 This convention, of which Benjamin Franklin was presi- 
 dent, having mot and deliberated, and agreed upon a consti- ^ 
 tution, they next ordered it to be publlslicd. not as a thing ; 
 establishod, but for the consideration of the whole peopl«% 
 their approbation or rejection, and then adjourned to a ^ 
 ■ stated time. Wlien the time of adjournment was expired. 
 the convention re-aaeembled ; and as the general opimon of 
 the people in approbation of it was then known, the consti- 
 tution was signed, sealed, and proclaimed on the authority 
 of the people, and the original instrument deposited as • 
 imiilic record. The convention then appointed a day lor 
 the general election of the representatives who were to coin*-- 
 pose the government, and the time it sliould commencoj 
 and having done this, they dissolved, and returned to thai* 
 
 — several homes and occupations. —^ ,. -. " , " 
 
 in this constitution were laid down, first, a declaration 
 rights. Then followed the form which the government 
 
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 ■lioold liare. ftnd the powers It lAiajild poMWi tlie aoUiuritr 
 of conrto or jodioature uid of juriee— the mannor in which 
 cloctioni ihonld Tm oonduoted, and the proportion of repi^ 
 •enutivoe^to the number of eleotoft— the time which uach 
 
 ■uoceeding aasemblj tliould oontinne, whioh-waa one year 
 
 tlie mode of loyjing. and of accounting for the expenditure, 
 of pnblio money— or appointing public officers, Ac. 
 
 No article of this oohstitution could be altered or infringed 
 At the discretion of the gOTemment Uiat was to ensue. It 
 #as to that goremment a law. But as it woold- have been 
 unwise to preclude the benefit of experience, and in order 
 ' alio^ prevent the acoumnlation of errors, if snj should be 
 found, and to preserve jm nnison of goTemment with the 
 drcumstancos of the state at all times, the constitution pro- 
 vided, that, at the expiration of ererj seren jears, a oon- 
 yentioii should be elected; for the express purpose of revis- 
 ing the constitution, and making alterations, additions,/ 
 or abolitions therein, if anj such should be found i^eoes^ 
 ■ary. ' ■ ■ ^ ■ ,--^ 
 
 Herp we see a reffular pro cei i a gOTemment issuing out 
 of a institution, lonnea by the people in their original 
 obaracter; and that constitution, sem^g, not only sf an 
 authority, but U a law of oontrol to the governments It 
 Was the political bible of the state. Scarcely a family w|fe 
 without It Every member of the government had a copy ; 
 and nothin^^ was more commob, when any debate arose 
 on, theprinciple of a bill, or on the extent of any species p^ 
 authority, than for.the members to take the printed consti- 
 tution out of their pocket, and read thc( chapter with which 
 ■nch matter in debate ws« connected. 
 
 Having thus given all^instiuioe from one of the states, I 
 will show the proceedings by which the federal constitution 
 of the United SUtes arose an4;i^ formed. 
 
 Oonxress, at its two first meetings, in September 1774, 
 and Hav 1776, was ndthing more tiian a deputation from 
 the legislatnres of the several provin<^s, afterwards states ; 
 and had no other authority than what arose from oominon 
 -eonsent, and the necessity of its acting as a public body. "^ 
 In every thing which related to the intemsl iJairs of Ame- 
 rica, congress went no further than to issue recomi^endations, 
 to the several provincial assemblies, 'who at ^disoretion 
 adopted them or not Nothing on the part of ooi^roi was 
 com^olsive; yet, in this situation, it was more faithfully and 
 aflfectioiiately obeyed, than was any government in Europe. ' 
 
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 TliU iMUiioe, Ilka that ol iM nutfonJ umMy cf fnntm, 
 •ttffldently iowt, thit the ttrwiMth of tforwrniiuait do«t not 
 cSSS^n aSj thTng within lt3. but fn the .ttjchm«t of 
 r^oiu an/ thirlSte «Nit which the people fed In wppart. 
 in« ItVhen tWt U lott, KOTomment ii bnt •child ^i 
 Sfwer- and though, like tCe old government of Franoer 
 IT^V h^ra- ^duali for • M^ U but fkclUt^ iti 
 
 ^^^Afterthe declaratlcm of Independence, It became wn^- 
 tent with the principle on which '*P«»«»^**^*;5o;«"»™««^^ 
 ia foiinded,<Aat the authority of congrja •houlfbe defined 
 and eeUbl^fcd. Whether that authority ihould be more or 
 C 3 eongre- then diicre^onately eiwdjed, waj ^^t 
 S«i tiie question. It wai merdy the r«stituae of the 
 
 "* FSnthii purpowi the act, called the act of confrferaUon t% 
 (whShWaAort of inSeri-ect federal <^^''^^^l^Z 
 pTopoied, and, after long deUberatloB, was concluded In the 
 ySSmi It wat not'^the act of congrew, becau^J it it 
 
 l^uff^t to the prindplei of "nT'^^J^^noCTfiS^ 
 that a body diould give power to itwlf.^ P^J^TLSS 
 formed the ■ereral atate. Sf the powem which it oonoeiT^ 
 werenecemry tobe inveated i«^ fi»«,«fi«°r**> "ff^i*^ 
 perform the xfotiei an^^^errioea reauired from it; andthe 
 Ste^MMTetmUy agretfl tith ea^ o^er, and oonomtrated in 
 
 ^'^'ifSy n^K'lmpifwer to observe, Aat ^ 
 initaaoJ (the one of tf^lvanla, and the other of the 
 uSSlBtite.) there i. no «ich tJ\^« "'^^J *^~ ^^^ ~": 
 pact between the people on one lide, and t^e government 
 SnthroSe^ ThJlSnpact waa that pf ihe people wiA 
 eaoh other, to iroduce and conititute a government To 
 iuppoie thit ^y government can be a party to • oo^P^* 
 ^TSe whole^iSple> «• ^ wppoie it to hare «datoice 
 brfore it can haVTa right to^^^^t^"^ 
 which a compact c«i take V^^f^^ ^^^J^^I^ 
 thofe who exOTcise the government, ia, that the people BhaU 
 
 pavth^, while they chooM to employ them. 
 Qoveninent is not a trade which any man or body of men 
 
 has a right to set up and exercise for his own emolument, 
 but ia Xgether a toust, in right^ of thoae by whom thai 
 trust is d^aUted. and by whom It IS always reaumable, It 
 
 luMi of itecirno rig^^to ; they are alto^her dimw. 
 
 lUviu' time given two instencesot the oriifmal formation 
 
/ 
 
 of • confltltatioii, I will thow ^e manner In which both h%T« 
 boen chan^ since tiieir firit eiUbliilimont 
 
 Tlie puwora vetted in tlio gOTernmenti of the MToral 
 ■tiitee, hj tlie state ooiiatitutiona, wore found, upon expor!* 
 ence, to be too great; and thoie Tested in llie fedcru! 
 
 Suvemmontf bj the act of confederation^ too little. Tlio 
 efect was not in tlie principle, but in the distribution of 
 ptiwer. 
 
 pot 
 lini 
 
 Numerous publications, in pamphlets and in the newspa« 
 
 )rs, appcarod on tlie propriety and necosnity of new-moael- 
 bng the federal eovemmont. After some time of public 
 diitcussion, carried on through the channel of the press, and 
 in cjonversations. tlie state of Virginia, experiuncing some 
 inconrenience with respect to commerce, proposed holding 
 a continental conference ; in consequence of which, a depu- 
 tation Arom five or six of the state assemblies met at Anna- 
 polis in Maryland, in 1786. This meeting, not conceiying 
 Itself sufficiently authorized to go into the business^ of a 
 reform, did no more th|M|j^ate their general opinions of the 
 propriety of the meaadHnd recommend that a conyention 
 of all the states shouldUC'held the year following. 
 
 This convention n&et at Philadelphia, in Hay 1787, of 
 
 whioh genen^l Washington was elected president He was 
 
 « not at that tii^e connected with any of the state governments, 
 
 or with congress. He delivered up his commission when 
 
 the war endec^ and since then had lived a private citizen. 
 
 The Convention went deeply into all the subjects ; and 
 havings after a variety of deoate and inveitigation, agreed 
 amotiff themselves upon the several parts of a federal con- 
 ititnti&n, the nelxt question was, the manner of giving it 
 authority and practice. 
 
 For this purpose, they did not, like a cabal of conrtiers, 
 •end for a JjuKb. stadUioIder, or a German elector ; but they 
 referred the whole matter to the seni^ and interest of the 
 country. 
 
 They first directed that the proposed constitution should 
 be published. Second, that each state should^ elect a con- 
 Tention expressly for the purpose of taking it into conside- 
 ration, and of ratifying or rejecting it ; and that as soon as 
 the approbation and ratification of any nine states should 
 be given, that Uiose states should proceed to the election of 
 their proportion of members to the new federal government ^ 
 and that the operation of it should then begin, and the for' 
 mer fedenl government oeaae. 
 
 .Im^ 
 
 X- 
 
 -*.-' 
 
 >A.^ K-- 
 
' ^ 
 
 IT' 
 
 uf 
 
 Hie mtw^ *Utat procucdid •coofdingly to dect thdf 
 convonlioM ; Honio of tlnmc cooTentioA ratified the coii.tj. . 
 tutron by very large m.joritiisa, *"**,^r** ""^ t^»«;«.w.»»»i; 
 nioualy. In others, there were much debate and divi.ion of 
 opinion. In the MaoachutetU convention, which met at 
 Boston, the majority waa not above nineteen or twenty, io 
 about three iiundred members; but suoli is tiie nature of 
 representative government,, tliat it quietly decides all mat-, 
 tefa by majority. After the debate in tlie Massachusetts 
 convention was closed, and tlie vote taken the objcctiuK 
 members rose and de^^ared, " That though thy had argued 
 and voted against it, beoau»e oeriaiii parU aj^ared to them 
 in a different light to what they aj^artd toother ^^ft 
 yet, as the vote had been decided tn favor of th* constttuUon 
 . as proposed, t/iey should five it the safMpracttoalwpporia9 
 
 it Uuy tiadvcttedforit: , ', j *i ♦<uf- 
 
 Aswoh as nine sUtes had concurred, (and tli® witfol: 
 lowed in the order their conventions were elected,) Uie oiu 
 ftibric of the federal government was Uken down, and a new 
 one erected, of which general Washington is presiut^it. In 
 tiiis place I cannot help remarking, tliat the character and 
 ser*«ice8 of this gentleman are sufficient to put all Uws*^ men 
 called kings to shame. While they are receivmg from the 
 ' sweat andlabora of mankind a prodigality ol p»y, to wliicb 
 which neither their abilities nor their services'cvi entitlo 
 them, he is rendering every service in his power, aAd relus- 
 ing every pecuniary reward. He accepted ^o J»ay as c^m- 
 mander-m-chief ; he accept^none as president ^ thfe United 
 
 ^*AfU>r the new federal copititution •A^tabliAed, the 
 state of Pennsylvania, conceiving that sdiWTparto ol its own 
 constitution riuir^d to be altered, elected a convention for 
 thut purpose.' The proposed alterations were publirfied, and 
 the people concurring tlierein, they were established. 
 
 li forming those constitutionsi or m altering Uiem, little 
 or no inconvenience took place. The ordiijary wurse of 
 things was not interrupted, and the advantages have been 
 much. It is always the interest of a far greater n^^er of 
 people in a nation to have' thmgs right, than to let tliem 
 Jerawn wrong ; and When public matters are onen to debate, ^ 
 and the public judgment free, it will not decide wrong, 
 unless it decides too hastily. . ^ 
 
 In. the two instances of changing the constitutions, Uie 
 government then in being were not actors either w:iiy. 
 
 ^^m- 
 
 
 » -i 
 
 ^ 
 
 \i*-. 
 
 B-ifc^iM-JW**'* 
 
\ 
 
 OuT«Tmi6iit liM no riglit to makm IMf * p^tj In mt 
 
 ►i' / deUto rmpecttng th« prihdpl«t or modat of forming, or of 
 \d* .- 4»h*nging oonttitutiont. It U not for the b«n«flt of tho«e 
 who ezerciM tlie powert of ijorcmment, that oonttitntiont, 
 Mid tho goTemmenU iMuing fVom th«ni, wn MUblUhed. 
 In all thoM matten, the right^f judging »nd acting are in 
 UioM who paj, and not in tho«^ who receive. 
 
 A ot»nttitution is tho proporU of a nation, and not of 
 thote who exerciae tlie goTemmeVt. All the conititutioni 
 * of America are declared to be eatibliahed on the authority 
 of the people. In Frano^ the wor4 nation ia nied initead 
 of the people ; bat in both caaea, a oprntitntion it a thing 
 antecedent to the goremmtnt, mad alwaja diatinot there- 
 from. \ 1 
 In England, it fa not difflcnlt to peroei^ that erery thing 
 
 haa a conatitution, except the nation. Every aooietr and 
 aaaociatton that ia eaUbUahed, firat agreed qpoii a niimber 
 of original articlea, digeated into form, which are iU conati* 
 ' ^-' tntion. It then appointed ita ofHoera, whoae powera and 
 •nthoritiea are deecribed in that conatitution, and tlio 
 ffOTemment of that aocioty then commenced. Tho^ offloera. 
 >^ by whatever name they are caUed, liave no adthontr to add 
 to, alter, or abridge the original articlea. It ia only to th« 
 oonatituting power that thia right belonga. ^\ 
 
 From the want of nnderatanding the diiTerenoe btitiraen 
 A . oonatitntion and a jgov^mment. Dr. Johnaon, and V^ 
 writera of hla deacription, hare alwaya bewildered therti- 
 .mrm,^ Thej could not but perceire, tnat there rouat neceaX 
 y'^ aarily be a controlling power it^mewhere, and they placed 
 \^ thia power in the diacration of the peraona exeroiaing the 
 ■ ^vQremment, inatead of placing it in a conatitution formed 
 by the nation. When it ia m a odhatitution, it haa the 
 nation for ita aupport, and the natoral and the political con- 
 trolling powers are together. The lawa which are enacted 
 by ffovemmenta, control men only aa individuala, but the 
 nation, through ita conatitution, controla the whole gorem- 
 ment, and haa a natural ability ao to do. ThefliuU con- 
 trolling power, tibereforo, and the oriirinal conatituting power, 
 ara one and the lame power. 
 
 Dr. Johnaon could not hare adranoed anch a poaition in 
 any country where there waa a conatitution ; and ne ia him- 
 aeu an cTiaence that no auch thing aa a conatitution oxiata 
 ill England. But it may be put aa a qucation, not impro^n'r 
 ti» be investigatod, that if a oonatituttou duo« not uxittt. 
 
 \ 
 
wmwn or majv. 
 
 "r 
 
 Kow etmt the Mm of tti titiUBM to 
 
 bllthodi . . , 
 
 In order to decide thii aa««tioii, it la nec^Mkry to oon- 
 aider a conilitution lo both iU oa^a: lal, iia creaUng a 
 government and giving it ill powora: 9d, aa ragtilating and 
 roitraining the powom to given. - , , , 
 
 If wo »»egin with William of Normandy, we find that the 
 government of England waa originally a tyranny, founded 
 on an Invaaion and conqueat of the country. Tliia being 
 admitted, it will then appear that the exertion of tl»e nation, 
 at different periods, to abate tliat tyranny, and render il. 
 leia intolerable, haa been credited for a constitution. 
 
 Magna Charta, aa It wa^ called, (it la now Hkf •» •I- 
 manac of the aame date,) w4s no more than oompelling the 
 govenvnont to renounce ^ part of its asaumptions. It did 
 not create and give powers to government in Uie manner a 
 constitution does; bat was, as far aa it wont, of the nature 
 jof a ro-conquest, and not of a constitution ; for, could the 
 nation have totally expelled the usurpation, as France has 
 done ito deapotism, it would then have had a constitution 
 
 to form. 
 
 The history of the Edwards and the Honriea, and up to 
 the commencement of the Stua^ta. exhibiU as many Instancea 
 of tyranny aa conid be acted within the limiUlo which the 
 nation had reatrictod it The Stuarta endeavored to pasa 
 thoao limita, and their fate is well known. In all thoae 
 instances we see noUiing of a constitution, but only of re- 
 atrictiona on awumed power. 
 
 Afler this, another William, descended (Vom the aame 
 itock, and claiming from the same origin, gained poaseaaion ; 
 and of the two evils, Jamea and William, the nation pre- 
 ferred what it thought the least; since, from the circuni- 
 Btancea, it must take one. Tlie act, called tlie Bill of Rhghts, 
 comea here into view. What is it but a bargain, which the 
 parta of the government made with each Other, to divide 
 power, profit, and privileges! You aliall have so much, 
 and I will have the rest; and with respect to the nation, it 
 said, for your tha/rs, tou thaU /uive the right of.petittonitM. 
 This being the case, the bill of righto is more properly a bill 
 of wr^ga, and pf insult As to what ia called the conven- 
 tion-pMament, it was a tiling that made itadf, and thou 
 made the authority by which it acted. A few peraons got 
 together, and callod tliomaelvea by that nam& Several of 
 
 
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 awin* «r mtn. 
 
 »* 
 
 *..» 
 
 ., *. 
 
 dim lind n#v^r boon •iootod, «nd none of Uiom for Uitl 
 
 pIll-IXMk). . ♦ 
 
 t it)m Uie Umo of WillUm, a •peciM of ii^Tomnicnt aroMi, 
 iMuiiig oat of 4hit cualitiun bill or rigtiU ; and tnoru 10, tlnoo ^ 
 tlio corruption iiitruUucod at tlio Uaiiovor siiocMti*)!!, hy tlio , 
 ai<i?iu;y ot Wtilpolu : tliat can bo clottrribtil by no other name 
 tJiait advtipotic iouii>lation. Tliuu^li tliu |>artainHycMiibarrutti 
 oiifii othur, tlio wTuile haa no boiindi; and tlio only riirlit it 
 tvknowltidgut out of itaolf, it the right of potltioning. Where 
 iliun ia tlio constitution ^tiatoitlior givoa or ruatraini powurt 
 
 It i« not Irtx^auM) a part of tho govcmtnont ia olectivo, that 
 niiik^ it leaa a doauotifni, if tho [Mjraons ito oleoted, poa«€ia 
 aHorWardi, aa a parliamunt, unliniit4xl powera. Election, *n 
 tliia.caao, buconiua aeparatod from roproteutatlon, and tlie 
 candidatoa aro caiididatca for dcapotlim. 
 
 r I cannot bclicvo that any nation, reasoning on ita own 
 rikhtii, would have thought of calling those tlungti a oontiti- 
 tution^ if the cry of conatitution had not boon aot up by the 
 got(Dmmont. It baa got into circulation liko tho worda^ortf, 
 mid^uUy by being chalked up in specchoa of imrliamont. aa 
 tliose words wcro on wiiid^pfshuttuni and door posta ; out 
 i^Knt^vlpr tho conititution may bo in otliur reapecta, it haa 
 nndoubfcdly been tha mont productive fnacAinsjor taaation 
 thfU wdH (Bver invented. Tliu taxea in Franco, under the new 
 constitution, are not quite thirteen shillinga per head,* and 
 the taxes in England^ under what it called ita preaent con- 
 stitution, are forty-eight aliillinga and sixpence per head, 
 men. women, and childron, amounting to niMU'ly seventeen 
 millions sterling, bcsidos the expenao of collection, which ia 
 upwards of a million more. 
 
 In a country like England, where the whole of the civil 
 government ia execiitea b^ tho people of every town and 
 county, by means of parish officers, magistrates, quarterlpr 
 sessions, ]uries, and assize, without any trouble to what is 
 eaiied government, or any other expense to the revenue thsn 
 
 £' 
 
 * 1>e <rbol« amount of the MMSsed taiet of France, for the preaent year, ia 
 th'i* hundred millions of franca, which is twcire milUona and a'half storlinc; 
 •nd the Incidental taxes are estimated at three millions, making in tho whole 
 Ifteon millions and a half; which among twentj'foor millions of people, Is 
 pot quite thirteen shilUngs per head. France haa leaaonea her taies since the 
 iNvolution, ucarlr nine millions sterling annually. Before the revolution, tlie 
 city of Piris pdifl a duty of upwardN of thirty per cent, on all articles broiiglil 
 Wo the cify. This tai was collected at the city gatea It was taken off o» 
 lh« ftrat uf last May, sod the gates taken dova^ 
 
 
 m 
 
% 
 
 !• 
 
 «tl 
 
 ■tOMTI Of MA** 
 
 «- 
 
 / 1 
 
 of !S« omn bo «mpf?»yo<l. Not «r«n t& Internal a«fenc« 
 of tlin country b p*id out of Uio r«r«nu«. On •*'„«»"7"J' 
 
 now lo^ and to now Uxm. No wondor then, tfi^t a ma- 
 chino of govommtmt to wlTanUROous to tho »dToc«U« or a 
 court, .hould h« •, triumphantly oxtoUod I , No wonder that 
 8t. Jiinot'i or'Ht 8topli«n'i .hould echo with tho oontlnwl 
 cry of constitution I No wonder that the I rench roToIution 
 ihould bo reprobated, and tlio fWf>i*Wica treated with ro- 
 proach 1 Th J red booh of Kngland, hko Uio rod book of 
 France, will eiplain tlio reauon.* ^u i * ^- 
 
 I will now,*^b/ way of relaxation, turn • Uionght or 
 two to Mr. Burkd I wk hii pardoil for naglocthig him lo 
 
 ^"^Am^^ wjtU, (in hU .peedi on tho Canada conitl- 
 tution biin " ne?or dreamed of iuch absurti doctrine m Uio 
 
 Kiffhtu of Man.*» ' 
 
 phy'or politics, tho morellgical Concliuiona they produce, 
 aro ridicQlouB. For instance: 
 
 If govommonts, as Mr. Burke anerts, aw not founded 
 on the riffhte of man, and arc foUnded on onf/rtgMs^i all, 
 they consequently must be founded on the rights of «wn^ 
 thikg that fs not man. What, then, is that something! 
 
 Generally speaking, we know of no other creatures that 
 inhabit the earth than man and beast; and in all cases, 
 where only two things offer themselves, and one must be 
 admitted, a negation proved on any one, amounU to an afflp. 
 mative on the other; and therefore, Mr. Burke, by provrnj 
 against the righte of man, proVes in behalf ot the beoH ; an<t 
 consequently, proves that government is a boast: and as 
 difficult things sometimes explain each other, w» now seo 
 the origin of keeping wild beasts in tho Tower; for ther 
 certain^ can bo of no other use than to show the origin of 
 the government. They aro in the place of a consfat|ition. 
 O! John B£il. what honors thou hast lost by not being a 
 wild beast. Thou miffhtest, on Mr. Burke's system, ham 
 b<'en in the Tower for fife. ,. 
 
 • Wb*t WM «iU«d Ui« «»r» r»«v«, w th« red book, ^ ftMCJi, wmojI *ip 
 •0U7 rimtkr to tho ooart odendar in BogUnd ; bat It ■aOdoBUy tbowod tow 
 % gTMt ptft of tho t«vw woro Uviahod. 
 
 
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 '^•:'^ 
 
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J' 
 
 it Mr. BttrlM*t Amm«iite h^T* not w«igtit enootfli to kttp 
 ono MoriouA, Ui« (kait b Ion mine ihAn liia ; And u I am 
 willinfi^o iiiako an aimlniij to th« reader fur the Ub«rtT I 
 have taken, 1 hofc Mi. Ikurkt wiU ftko makt Uii fur finim 
 tho cmnM. 
 
 IlaTin^ thai paid Hr. Bark* tho oompHmiQt pt romeii»> 
 berrng hi in, I return to tlie tiibjoot. 
 
 hr\»n the want of a constitution In England, to mtnUii 
 and rt)gulato tlie wild imuulM of tiower, man/ of the laws 
 AT* irrational and tjraiinloal, and the adminiatratlon of them 
 ▼ague an<l problaniatical. 
 
 Tho attention of Uie government of England (for I rathei 
 ohooee to call it bj thia name, than the English goremmeat) 
 tuppmM, iiiUM Its political connexion with Qormanj, to k*f<t 
 beon to complotelj ongrcMued and aiieorliod bj foreign 
 affaire, and the moana or raiting taioa, tliat it leema to exMt 
 for no otl^or purpoeoa. Domeetic concema are ncgloetod; 
 and, with respect to regular law, there itfcarcely luch a thing. 
 
 Almost every oaae must now be determined bj lorae pr»> 
 cedent, be that precedent good or bad, or whotlior it properlj 
 applies or not ; and tho practicxj has l)ocome so general, aa 
 to suggest a suspicion, tlial it proceeds from a deeper poUoj 
 than at firet sigfit appoart. 
 
 Binoe th^ revolution of America, and m^xre lo ilnoe that 
 of France, this preaching up the doctrine of precedents, 
 drawn from timoa and circumstances antecedent to tlioae 
 events, has been Uie studied practice of the English govern- 
 ment. The generality of those precedents are founded on 
 trinciples and opinions the reverse ot what tliey ought to ' 
 B ; and the greater distance of time they are drawn fVom, 
 the more the^ aro to be susjpected. But by asaociating those 
 precedents with a superstitions rererence for ancient things, 
 aa monks show relics and call them holy, the generality of 
 mankind are deceived into the doaign. Governments now 
 act aa if they were afraid to awaken » aingle reflection in 
 man. They are softly leadin|yf him to the sepulchre of pn>- 
 cedenta, to deaden his faculties and call his attention m>m 
 the scene of revolutions. They feel that he is arriying at 
 knowledge faster than thoy wish, and their, policy of prece- 
 dents is Uie barometer of their fears. This political popery, 
 like the ecclesiastical popenr of old, has had its day, and it 
 hastening to ita exit. Tne ragged relic and the anti- 
 quated precedent, the monk and tne moni>rch will raonlier 
 
 together. 
 
-.#• 
 
 Of jTMnw* by pfte«<!«ht, wlthotil iiif f9§C^ to ihm 
 pHiwitpla of ih« pr«co(iont, it on« of lU« vfliit •jrtUitia iUm\ 
 etai if Ml u|>. In numorous ln«Uiic<», Uio prooodotit ought 
 W uiMrttto ■• tk warning, and not ■• An Majniiln. and r«((ulr«t 
 to b« tliunuad iaaUmi o( imiUtod : bot UMt<Mid of ilii*, |>r«* 
 ctidcinta trtj taken in Uio luJiip and put at ouc«i for oonaUtu- 
 tion and for law. 
 
 Either tho doctrina of precedent it pollejr to kaep a nian 
 in a ftaU of ignorance, or U to a practieaf confoMion that 
 wiedom dcgenerat** in govemin««nti la govemmenU Incroaao 
 In age, and can only hobble along by the ttilU and orutclu* 
 of precedonta. How ia it tiiat the lanio nenwne who would 
 
 Sroudly ba thooght wiatr Uian their prtKloceMore, *HI**fr ^ 
 10 eame time only as the ghoeta of departed wisdom I How 
 •trangely ia antlouity treated I To anawer aorao purpowa, it 
 b apokon of aa the tunca of darkncM and ignorance, and to 
 anawer others it ia Dut for the liglit of Uie world. 
 
 If Uie doctrine or iJrecodenU ia to be followc<l. tho eipensca 
 of governnimit need not continue Uio same. Why pny men 
 extravagantly who hare but little to do I If every thing that 
 can hap|>on la already in precedent, legialation ia at an end, 
 ^■id precedent, like a dictionary, determinea eyory caae. 
 iPSier, tliereforc, gOYommcnt baa arrived at iU dotage, and 
 wiuirea to Iw renovated, or all tho occaaioua for ©lorciaing 
 
 ita windom have occurrea. , , , t^ i j 
 
 We now aeo all over Europe, and particularly in England, 
 the curioua phenomenon of a nation looking one way, and a 
 government tho other ; the one forward, and4he other back- 
 ward. If govemmenU are to go on by precedent, while 
 nationa go on by improvem<»1ht, they muat at laat come to * « 
 final separation, and the aoonor. and tho more civilly they 
 determine thia point, tho better it will be for them.* 
 . HaTing thus apoken of conatitutiona generally, aa tliingt 
 diitinct i?dm actual govcmmonta, let ua proceed to conaideTo 
 'the parti of which a constitution ia composed. . • , 
 
 • la Incluid, tha Improrem^nti In •BrlctJtoro, tmftil art^ wwmftctar*^ 
 •Bd ooinin«rc«, fi.Te been m.d* in opporiUoo to the gcnlui of It. RO^™"""; 
 which la th.t of following prccedentt. It li. from th. •"t^fP''^ •"'» '";^''';7 
 of tho IndiTiduab, and their numeroue aMOclatlone, In which, tritely •peaking, 
 MTemmeht la neither pillow nor bolatcr, that thcie fcproTemenU haw pro- 
 ceeded. No man thought about the govcmni^nt, or who "Mj". or who wm 
 oat. when b« waJLplannlng or execnUav thoee thlngi j and all ^e had to hop|j. 
 w^tL r«n>ect to f^emmei^ waa, that It woald let him alone Tfcree or foat 
 
 oatlonal Improvement, by aacrlMng It to a muuatar. 
 Umih. aaeriba thIa book la a -'-^— 
 
 ■ im 
 
 Tbntj may witb aa muoll 
 
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 99 mm. 
 
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 Optniofi* dlff«r nior« on thU toH^H, ihwi wIlli fttotet to 
 IIm whoUi. TliAt • natkn ottght to hAV« a annatitatUin, m 
 A ruin for th«i w>n«lttci of iu ({nv«nim©nt,li ••Implo quMtitm 
 in which mil mun, n«t ilirwtljr courtl«r», will m^c^tm. It ii 
 otilf on tli« ooropunoiit pmrt* that «iua«ti«mt aiul oplnloiw 
 
 itiuttipln 
 Hot tlitt ( 
 
 Ufllctitty, trtm tvirrf fithuf, wdl 41iiiliilali wh«i {ml 
 hito A train of UiIiik HtfUtljr undortwKl. 
 The flrtt ihljig U, titat a oatloti Imm a right to titftbliAh i 
 
 oonttittttion* . . ,. . 
 
 Whether It Uimrf*** tliU rtght In the mott jndt<'!oni mm. 
 ner At Hmt, It <|ulle another ewe. It oionltM It agreottbly 
 to the jtultftnent It p<i«mmmmw; m4 bjouulinuing to Oo io,all 
 tumn witrat lait b« oxplodc<L ^ ^? ^ 
 
 When thlt right It eetalilbhod In a nation,' there it no fear 
 that U will (m) om(>l<>yo<l to ite owii ii^jurj. A nation can 
 have no interest in Iming wrong. 
 
 Though all the constitutiont of America are on.^ne geii#> 
 ral principle, yet no twot)f them art exactly alike jn their 
 eomiKment parti, or In the dintributlon of tb?i |M)wcri which 
 they give to the ai^toal goremmenta. Borne am mora and 
 Otlfom loM complex. 
 
 In forming a conitltntlon, It ll flrtt neoeMary to oonaider 
 what are the ondi for which goTemraent It neceiaaryi 
 aecondly, wUat are the l)eet meana, and tlie leaat expenalTe, 
 lor accomplifthing tlioee ondt. 
 
 Government it nothing more than a national aaaociatlon : 
 imd the object of tliii aMociatlon la the good of all, aa well 
 indiTidnallT aa coUoctivoly. Everjr man withea to partuo 
 hit occupation, and to enjoy the fruito of hie lalmni, and the 
 
 {»roduce of hit pro[>erty, in peace and tafety, and with the 
 eaMt potiiblo ex|)ento. When ihmo th|ng» are aocoraplithed, 
 idl the objecta for which goremmont ougnt to be eatablithed* 
 are antwored. 
 
 It has l>een cnstoraary to contlder government nnder throe 
 dittinut ^noral heads. The legitlative, the executive, and 
 tlie judicial. r 
 
 Hut if we permit onr judgment to act nncnctunncrcd by 
 the habit of multiplied termt. we cah perceive no moro tlian 
 two divisions of power* of which civil government it com- 
 posed, namely, that qT lef^latin^, or enacting laws, and 
 that of executing or admmistenng them, flvery tliini* 
 tlierofdfe, appertaining to civil ^vemment, olaaies if- 
 under one or other of thee* t w o di v iaio nai 
 
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 Bo ftfcf •• witrdi tfc« •»citf«» ^j'^Jfc* ^«^ ^ ^*»^ *■ 
 •all«d lh« lodU'iml p«»w«r, b ilricUf w»d |»rop«rly Ui« M* 
 jTl^. , • J.r of ...r/ cxMmtr^, if U Uuii |«w.r Jo whiob 
 •^•ry I. dividual be* in •hmJ. wid which r«iii«ilMi Uwt 
 to bi oMcuted ; nolU.er liiVe we anr uiher cloy Mca u ii » 
 
 an. ^\m in Ain«rica wul Kraiioe, UiU |M.wor l«gi.ij wiU the 
 mimi-lrale. ltd ji^vceod. up lbn»il# •il the oourU of judi- 
 
 ^^jTSiteHo courtlorB to eip!*!n wluit It mtMt^y celling 
 mm.eft.hy the ««'utiTe power. It K °^^»/ •»»•"»;„ ■;; 
 which ecu of goTcriiiiieut ere done ; M jny otjier. Or non« ; 
 et ell, would enewer tlit .eme paqK^ee. ^^aj^ !»r*j^«'f^^ 
 more nor lee. eutliority on tbU eccoun^ MJS^^J^I 
 the juttiioM of their nrhicipK *"J ^>»« ^^^^, !t . .^ 
 netlmi f«eU therein, tliet Uiey derive •"l>l»«''* J /f "^f .'^ 
 quire e„y other th»i» U.l^ It b tjlgn Uiet •<^«*l;lnK in th# 
 •yttem of government le in»perfe«t Uwt difllcult to be 
 
 •lecutwl cennot bo Kenerelly good. 
 
 With reepect to the orgenlketion of \}i^Uaulaiw$ j^^ 
 diffeiiint m^ heve lieen adopted in ^liferent oountri.^ 
 In America it it generally coin poijrf of two 1»««^ /« 
 Franco it conaieU liut of one, but in both countriee. it ii 
 
 "^ Tl^c^i»'TJ!'u!^^^^ln^^ (from the long tyr«iny of tf 
 •nmed i>ower) haro'had lo few opportunitiee of making the 
 neceMary trialt on mode, and principle, of f^^'^l^^l^ 
 order to dlwove^ the beet, thai gavemmmd u ^f^J^ 
 gityiUng to h€ knaum, and experience U yet wanting to dtttr- 
 
 mine many particular.. ji » 4i*» ♦i»^^ 1. 
 
 Tho obfoctlon. agalnat two hoa«» ar^ flrtt, that there to 
 •H inoon2.toncy in any Dart of a whole WjJ*t«»^,f °»;M 
 to a final determination hy Toto on any matter, whllat thai 
 maUer, with rcpect to that vhoU, i. yet on^y in a train oT 
 delibe^tioD, anS conMjqutotly open to now "l«»^|*o«?^, 
 
 2d, That by taking the vote on cafsh, a. a tfptf "» o^h 
 it al^ayt admit, of ^e yo-lbUity, and i. ?<^^tliecMe b 
 practice, that tho minority gOTem. the m^ority, and tlia^ 
 in wme instance., to a groat dogroo of »';«>n*»»*^<^- ,,. . 
 
 8d, That twoliouee. arbitrarily checking or controlUng 
 each other, i. iiicon.i.tcnt; becanw it cannot bo proved, on 
 the prindple. of jn.t roprowntoUon, that either .houid be 
 iJlJf or bitter thin the otbcr. Tliey may check in the wrong 
 aa woll M in tt» right ; i ii d ^t he rtfora, to gi^e the powtt 
 
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'i^'^vrmiKff'a^ S^Hhip^/*' 
 
 • i 
 
 
 
 W9 MbhoI giT6 iho wMhMii w VM it. vor da Mfniod 
 (Mf iti being rigfatl? oiodi rendaii tbe liMtrd •! iMat ei^oml 
 to tho preomuuon.* * * /^ * / . ' 
 
 The objection agminst a dngle botue is, tbal it it alwitn in 
 
 condition of 'b^^mitting itself too toon. Bat it Bhooid Mi 
 the MRie time be rememMred that when there is a conttitn- 
 tioA which defines the power, and eetabliahea the principles 
 %ithin which a legislatnre shall act, there Is alreaaj a more 
 effectual check jproTided, and more powerftillj operating, 
 than any other cheek can be. For eiample, 
 
 Were a bill to be bronght into any of the American legis- 
 latote^ similar to that which wai passed into an act by the 
 English^ parliament, at the commencement of the reign of 
 George i. to extend thednrati^'of the assemblies to a loitjger 
 period than they now sit, tltt^ check is in the eonstitution, 
 which in effect says, thmfar $hMt th&u go and n4 further. 
 
 But in order to remote tne objection itfainst a sin j^e house, 
 
 (th|it of acting with too quick an impuue) and at the same 
 
 / — time to avoid the inconsistencies, in some cases absurdities, 
 
 arising from the two houses, the following method has been 
 
 proposed aiii an improToment on both. 
 
 I 1st, To hare but one representation. 
 
 Sd,. To diride that representation, by lot, into two Of thteO 
 parts. '_'■]■ 
 
 8d, That eveir proposed bill shall first be debated in those 
 
 parts, by suceeeuon, tnat they may become bearers of each 
 
 other, but without taking any vote. After which the whdo 
 
 , representation to assemble, for a general debate and deteir^ 
 
 xbination, by rote. 
 
 To this proposed improyement has been added another: 
 for the purpose of keOping the representation in a state oi 
 Oonstant renoyatiOb ; wh^ is, that one third of tiie repre- 
 
 * With KtpMt to th« two hovsM, of whieh tho English porllamont la oom* 
 poBod^ Uioy appear to 1>e dftetiuUj Inlloenood into one, and, aa a legislatnro, 
 tp liaTo no tenper of its own. Tm tainlater, tthooTer he -at anj time maj be, 
 tottolies it aa with an opinm wand, and it aieena eA>edienee. 
 
 But if we look at the dfaitinet abilitiea of the two hootea, the dUferenee will 
 appear ao great, aa to show the inoonristeney of pUoing power where there 
 can be no certainty of the Judgment to nse it Wretched aa the state of 
 representation ia in Bngladd, it u manhood eompaved wirii what is ealled tho 
 houae of lords ; and ao litlie is this nick-named boose regarded, that the 
 people source^y imitdre at any time what it is doiqig. It appears also to be 
 noat under influence, and the fiirtheat reisoT«!d from the general Interest of 
 the nation. In the debate dn engi^ng fn the Raarian and Tnrkish war, tho 
 minority in the houae of peers in la«^t of it waa upwarda of ninety, when is 
 tfio other hooso, which wni ■ore Im— dooMo to amrimra, tt» maj/tiM^ waa 
 
 > 
 
 p& 
 
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 mMMSIk 
 
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 •ntotioii of ••oh to^ntjnr oLXL go oat •! tU «iplr»Uoii of 
 one yMkr, Md ^^ nuttibwr b«*r^plM«i by now yootloMj 
 Another third %i the expirfttion of tho iwond T^wr, roplaced 
 in Hk« manner, And •very third J9ta to b« a gwiorel 
 •l^oUoiL* 
 
 ./.. 
 
 TIm LrooMdIon on Mr. Foi'i bm, 'r«ipw|log *• rtg»«*i o' j»H««, ««4«« 
 ilao to b* noOcaa. TIm 
 
 Mraona oaltod th* pMra, war* not th« oM«ot« of thai 
 P- - .._.. •^- "-^i bUl f»»o to 
 
 bin. ThoT MO •IrMdr la poMMMion of moro prlTtloMO than thai 
 othara. ^y ara thalr own Jury, and If any on* of that hooio 
 QStod fnUM, b* wooM not aaflbr, *t«i upon oOQTietkm, tor th* 
 
 w*r* prMt" 
 
 Th* Fraoeh 
 
 iiaoh ifii&ility'bilawa ought not to aiiat in any ooantry. 
 
 SiliationMya. that tkt ImmU Os mrm fo tmrg <wii < » < *ia l , «MA«r toprvM ar 
 
 Btit in Wibateter mMiner the Mpftntte p»rti of a conititu- 
 tion may be arranged, there is one general principle that 
 distingmBhes freedom from slavery, which is, that all Mrtdv 
 
 Oonudering government in the only light in which it 
 •honld bo conddered, that of i iiATiowAi. absogutioh, it 
 ought to be io conatructed a* not to bo disordered by 'any 
 accident happening amone the parts ; and therefore, no 
 extraordinary power, capable of produoinx such an effect, 
 ihonld be lodged hi the hands of any TndividuaL The 
 death, sickness, absence, or defection of any one individual 
 in a government, ought to be a matter or no more conie> 
 quence, with respect to the nation, than if the same circume . 
 stancehad taken place in a member of the English parliament, 
 or the French national assembly. 
 
 Scarcely any thing presents -a more degrading chfiraeter 
 of national greatneS. than its bemg thrown into confusion^^ 
 by any thitag happenmg to, or acted by an individual ; aUd 
 the T^culous&esB of the scene is often increased bj the 
 mttural insignificance of the person by whom it is occasioned. 
 Were a government so oonstru^ted, that it could not go on 
 unless a goose or a gaiider were present in the senat^the 
 difficulties woiild be Just as great and as real on the flight oi 
 sickness of the gooje or the gander, as if they were called • 
 king. We lau^ at individuals for the tillydifficiiltl^ they 
 
 * kM totbo itataof repraMBtatfon In Bngland, H ki tooalMvrd MbirioiOMi 
 vpoD. Afanoat aU tb* rapraaanted puta ara daoreaaing In poptfaUon, and tha 
 wmrcaantod pary ara ineraadng. A ganaial oooTaatiOB of tlia nallMi ii 
 ^ litfc» tim whal* tata «tf Ha goyanunant into a o n a t da r a t iaa. 
 
 
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 make to theoiMlTet, wlthoat paroeiving thtA the graatflit of 
 »U ritliouloiit thiiifft are eotoa in government*.* 
 
 AH the conitituuoua of America are on a plan that ezclndet 
 tlie childi«li embarraauuenta which occur in monarchical 
 cuuutrios. No Buiponiion of ^vemment can tliere take 
 phico for a moment, from any circuraBtance whatever. Tlie 
 tyttem of representation provides for every thing, and i» tlie 
 only system in which jiations and govemmontt can always 
 appear in their proper character. 
 
 At extraordinary power ought not to be lodged in the 
 hands of any individual, so ought there to be no appropria- 
 tions of puolio n»oney to any person b^ond what his 
 ■ervicetf in a state ^ay be worth. It signinet not whether 
 a man be called a president, a king^, an emperor, a senator, 
 or by any other name, which propriety or folly may devise, 
 or arrogance assume ; it is only a certain service he can 
 perform in the state: and the service of any such individual 
 in tiie routine of office, whether such office bo called mon- 
 archical, presidential, senatorial, or by anv other name or 
 title, can never exceed the value of ten tLousand pounds 
 a-year. All the great tervices that are done in the world 
 are performed by volunteer characters, who accept no pay 
 for ttiem; but the routine of office is always regulated to 
 iuch a general standard of abilities as to be within the com- 
 pass of numbers in every country to perform, and thefofore 
 cannot merit very extraordinary recompense. OavemmerU, 
 says Swift, is a plain thing, <»nd fitted to the cdpaeky qf, 
 many heaas. 
 
 It is inhuman to talk of a million sterling a-year, paid out 
 of Uie public taxes of any country, for the support of any 
 indiyidual, whilst thousands, who are* forced to contribute 
 
 • It ia rdated, HuA In the oantoa lot Bcma, In SwitMriand, it had b«en ena- 
 tomarr. from time immemorial, tokeep a bear at the pnblio expenae, yad the 
 
 people had been Unght to beliere, that if they had not a bear, they ahould all 
 be Siidone. It happened aome yeara ago, that the bear, then in belnff, waa 
 takett aick, and died too anddenly to hare hu place ImmediatelfjappUed with 
 
 al*olller. During the interregnum the peofdo diaeorered, that ue eom grew 
 and the fintageflouriahed, and the aun and moon oontinned to riao and aet, 
 and erery |ihiog went on the aame aa before, and, taking courage from theae 
 circumataiicea, they reaolred not to keep any more beara: for, aatd they, "a 
 bear ia a tery Toradona, expenrive animal, and we were obliged to pull out hia 
 clawa, leit he ahould hurt the ciliaens.** 
 
 The i|ory «f the bear of Berne waa related in aome of the French newapii* 
 pen, a#the time of the flight of liOuia XVI. and the amdication of it to mon- 
 aivhy ci>uld not be mlataken in France ; but it aeema, that the ariat^moy Of 
 Berne Implied it tetlmnaalTaa, and hnfo dnooprahibitod tha nadlngof Fraaok 
 
 ' mas.^i^Js.~^m.^.^^ 
 
; Mi; 
 
 thereto, are pining with w«nt, *nd straggUng witli miiorj. 
 Gk>Ternment doee not oonsitt in a oontnut between priioiit 
 and nftlftoee, between poverty »nd pomp ; it it not inslitutcxi 
 to roD the needy of hit mite, and inoreMO the wrotchednt'M 
 
 H wretched. — Bot of thii part of the anbject I shHll 
 hereafler, and confine myielf at preaont to political 
 ationi. 
 When extraordijOftiT mwor uid extraordinary pay are 
 allotted to any indiTiaoil in a government, he becomes jthe 
 centre, round which every kind of corruption genentea and 
 forma. GKve to any man a million a year, a^a add thereto 
 the power of creating and diapoeinff of placea, at the expense 
 of a coan^, and the liberties of tnat country are no longer 
 ■eoure. What it called the splendor of a throne, is no otner 
 than. the corruption of the state. It is made up of a band 
 of parasites, living in luxurious indolence, out of the public 
 taxes. 
 
 . When once such a vidoui system is established, it becomes 
 tiie guard and protection of all inferior abuses. The man 
 who is in the receipt of a million a-year is the last person to ' 
 promote a spirit oi reform, lest, in the event, it should reach 
 to himself. It is always his interest to defend inferior abuses, 
 as to many outworks to, protect the citadel; and in this 
 species of political fortincation, all the parts have such a 
 common dependance, that it is nerer to be expected they 
 idll atta^ each other.* 
 
 * It Is MATody poMible to toaoh on anj mMeot, thtt wfll not mggMt «a 
 •Ifauloii to lome oomiptkm In goTernments. Th« timlle of **/orH/hmoM,** 
 'imfortan«t«lT UitoItm with It a oirpunutanoo, whioh ia diraotly la point with 
 the matter aboTfl allnddd to. 
 
 Among the nameroos Inatanool of aboM which haTO been aoted or pro* 
 teeted by coTemmeata, ancient w modem, there la not a greater .than, thai 
 of qnartenng a man and hia heira npon Uie publio, to bo maintained at Ita 
 expenae. 
 
 Hnmanity diotatea a prorlalon for the poor— but by what rlrht, moral or 
 
 poUtioal, doea any goremment asaame to aay, that the person caUed the Dnko 
 
 of Richmond, aliall be maintained by the public f Tet, If common report io 
 
 „ true, not a beggar In liOndon oan purchase his wretched pittance of ooal, 
 
 ^^iwlthont^paving towarda the ci^ list of the Dake of Richmond. Were the 
 
 ■P'm^uA* produce of thla Impoaltion iSni a ahilling a-year, the iniquitooa principle 
 
 V!J#onld be atill the aame— but when it amounts, aa It ia aaid to do, to not less 
 
 than tt^^y thouaand pounda per ann., the enormity la too aerloua to be per* < 
 
 . Bitted to remain.— Thla la one of the effects of monarchy and ariatocraey. 
 
 Ia Btating\tUa ease, I am led by no peraonal diallke. Though I thlnlc It 
 mean In any ijoan to Inre upon the publio ; the Tioe orlglnatea In the gbverif 
 ment ; and ao general la It become, that whether the piurUea are In the miuu* 
 ta^ or In the oppoaltioa, U makes no differeqoe, they are sorai of tho guanntfo 
 e f eaah -other; ■ • . V. ■ — — ^ — — - — -^^ — - 
 
 ■i-\- 
 
\ 
 
 .m=i^ 
 
 m 
 
 wmmn ov uam. 
 
 MoiuinftT would bot b.^ ooolinoad to n«njr •»• in ^ 
 worid h«d ft not been ft>r Ui« •boMt it P~^*^ . ^* » ™ 
 IliSrXttd, which thelter. all oiheri. By •dmitUn^^ 
 S^oS^of Uh, .poil, it makes itself frendi; andwlScn 
 r^ Ho K it will c«a.e to be Uie idol of courtier. 
 
 ^UUI. Vriooiple on which oonttilationt are now tcHrined^ 
 raieott •llliewiiury pretonsion. to goTempient, it lUo 
 ;^SI lai thiU ci^UkiiiS of m-umption. known bj the name 
 
 bttt"p#rticukr^odei.lftid down in the ooortitntioii for 
 S^irW He cannot be elected under thirty-fiTe ye«. of 
 ^- and ho murt be a native of the country. 
 ^ a eomil^ of thew cawi with the poTemment of 
 EiSaidTSSdSfeonce when applied to the fatter amo«.U 
 toTaUurdity. In England, tL person who e«m^^ 
 preroirati^e ia often alorwgner; alwaya half a fo'T'tf^JTl 
 SiTSwayi married to a fcreigner. He ia nerer m f^ill 
 
 pj^le foTany thing, and beoomea of age at eighteen 
 ?^. yetinS a^^ ia permitted to form foreign alU- 
 Kwil^TeTeTthTkno^edge of the nation; and to 
 
 make war and peace without iti consent 
 
 But^^n^ Though such a perswi cannot ajpose 
 of the iroTemment, in the manner of a teatator, he dictatea 
 Ae SiSSS^nnexions, which,-in •ffect..^«comgmhi^ a 
 SLtSStS thesamewid. He cannot dhrectly Sequf *J* 
 EStlS^Teniment to Prusda, but he <^ «J™ ^X^S 
 vutnersBp that will produce the same effect, IJndej »n^ 
 SSSLa,itiBh5>pyforEn^^^^^ 
 ated on the oontinwit^r she m^t. hke ^^^«^ ^^ 
 the dictatOTBhip of Prusda. ^ Hollwid, %"» «^*g»»/^ 
 
 effectually Kor^ed by I'T^V^L'^.i^^tS^ ^^^^^ "^ ^ 
 aueathini 3ie goTemment had been the^meanfc 
 
 ^ Ihe pSside^ in America, (or, as it fa BwnetimeB called, 
 the ex^ve,) ii the only dfice firom which a foreigner is 
 wdS iS S EnglanS, it ia the only one to whicS he w 
 ^fflittS. Aforei^er cMiiHrtbeamemberofparbament, 
 buOiemaybetrhc^iBc a ned a k in g . IJ theire is any reg^ 
 for ^cb^n« foreigE^^^^ be from thp^ oflacea 
 
 jfS^M^W u. -' 
 
./ 
 
 w « 
 
 wliere mott mlaohief can be Mted, «nd whera, bj ODltlng 
 •Tory bias of interatt and atUohment, ilio tnut b h«ftt 
 ■ooiired. 
 
 But M nations prooeed in the (H^at bnsinfWM of forming 
 oonititatiuna, Uioy will examino with more ureciHiun into the 
 nature and buHinem of that department whtjoh it called the 
 ezooutiye. What the legiilattve and judicial d^nartmonta 
 are, every one can Me ; but with respect to what, in Europe, 
 ia called the executive, as distinct fh>m those two, it is either 
 a political superfluity, or a. chaos of unknown tilings. ' 
 
 l3o«ne kind of official department, to which reports shall h% 
 made from different parts of the nation, or from abroad, to' 
 be laid befolre the national representatifes, is all that is 
 necessary ; but there is no consistency in calling this the 
 eatecutive ; neither can it be considered in anr other light 
 than as inferior to the legislature. The sorereign antlionty 
 in any country if the power of making laws, and every Uiing 
 else is an offi(»al department. 
 
 N«xt to the arrangement of the principle and theorgani* 
 sation of the sevlpral parts of a Constitution, is the pronsion 
 to be made for tne support of the persons to whom tne nation 
 shall confide the| administration of the constitutional powers. 
 
 A nation can iiave no right to the time and services of any 
 person at his owu expense, whom it may chooae to employ 
 or intrust in ai it department whatever; neither can any 
 reason be given ror making provision- for the support of any 
 one part of the jrovemment and noiifor the other. 
 
 But, admitting tlutt the honor of Doing intrusted with any 
 part of a govenmient, is to be considdrea a sufficient rewara. 
 it ought to be 4 to every person alike\ If the members of 
 
 ^ >f any country are to 
 
 expense, that which is called the execi 
 arohical, or by any other name, ought to serve in like manner. 
 It is incon8iste|it to pay the one, and accept the service of the 
 other gratia. 
 
 In Ameridk, every department in the government if 
 decently provided for; but no <me is eztrayaganthrnidd. 
 Every membeiir of coi4;re6s, and of the state Msemohes, ii 
 allowed a sufficiency for his ezpenaes. Whereas, in England, 
 a most prodigal provinon is made for the support of one 
 part of the soyemment, and none for the other ; the con- 
 sequence of wbich is, that the one is frimished wiUi the 
 mejans of corruption, and the other is put into the condition 
 
 of being corrupted. Less than a fo^irth part of such expense, 
 
 •t. - - 
 
 e at their own 
 e, whether men- 
 
 IS.-'Tn^t rjT,!^ .71 f i^^*^*!; :^i^t^,^-^. 
 
 
 \^^ 
 
 iiii.*i.*iAr 
 
 ^"^. ^--t^r 
 
.•ip^-^m- 
 
 ■ d ■ 
 
 .?!!^« 
 
 f 
 
 ..N. 
 
 ippUed •• It !• In AmcrioiS would iwn^ij • r»^ P^ ^ 'J*^ 
 
 "*XStC* reform in th« Americim ooniUtutioni !•, tlie m- 
 pl(Kiiug all oatlii of penonality. The oath of allegiance it 
 to the nation only. ¥he putting anT individual m a Ogure 
 for a nation i« improper. The Bapplne^ of a nation U Ihe 
 iirat object, and therefore Uie intention of an oaUi of allegt- 
 Mioe oitht not to be objured by being fIguratiTely taken, 
 to,Tlnthenameof.anyper«>n.' "^^ f^^'^^^^l^Ji 
 oath, in France. vU, the ^' nation, ths Umff.muitAs Anty, 
 it improper. I^ taken at all, it ought to be •• inAm«n«^ 
 to the nSon only. The law may or may not be good ^but, 
 in thia place, it can have no other meaning, than aa bein^ 
 ^nduciVe tJ the happine- of the nation, and therefore « 
 inetoded in it The remainder of the oath ia ^V^m^ 
 tETground that aU peraonal oathi ought to be aboliihed. 
 Tl>ey are the remaint of tyranny on one part, and alaTery on 
 the Jther; and the nam* of the Creator ought not to be in- 
 troduced to witneia the degradation of hia Tja^ion ; or If 
 taken, at i» already mentioned, aa flgnrative of the nation, it 
 U in Ait place redundant But whatever apology may he 
 iade for Satha at the ftrat eatabliJiment of a government^ 
 they ought not to be permitted afterwards l(»jKO^«f^^,J 
 reqiirea^the iupport 5f oathi, it is a sign that ^t » jiot worOi 
 importing, anS ought not to be iupported. Make govern- 
 S?nt what it ought to K*n<iit wffi .upport it^^^ 
 
 To conclude this part of the aubject One of the greateat 
 improvem«jnta that fias been made for the perpetual aecunty 
 ana prb^ of conititutional liberty la the prevunon which 
 t!ie Mw conatitutiona make for occasionally revising, alter- 
 
 *^pS#lpSr which Mr. Burke formed his ,K>liti«a 
 ' criSu Sat "V hSiding and cantrolUnff po^ty to Ihsend 
 Tu^and \mounZg ai^d abdicaOtg iher^^ <f f 
 Zj^/or everr it no?w becospe too detestable to be made 
 rSt of deblto; and, therefore, I pass it over with no 
 
 ^^v'SSS.^ b^l?rftnning to ^^o^.^^l^n 
 it has been the mere exerSseof POW» 7^;« V^'J"^* nn 
 ^ectual inquiry into rights, vx^^^rrndfAj^}^ ^Y^^Z 
 ^^^ the en^y> liberty #a8 Its iud«, the 
 
 *^^-- of its principles must have been sniall indeed. 
 
 ..^j^A'^ ^fi k^^minA AnA nlan that Ol . J ? ra l 
 
 haTO either fixed a period for their revmcm, 
 
 laid dowL 
 
 ^¥* 
 
m 
 
 Uie mode bj which ImproTemanU ih«ll b« made. It b p«P>' ' 
 hapc impoMible to mtablifth anjr thing that oomblnet prin« 
 cipiot with opinions and praotioe. wiiich the progr«M of 
 oirconuitancM, through a len^h of years, will not in tome 
 nioaiure derange, or render lucomiitent j and, Uierefore, to 
 prevent inoonvenioncet acoumulatiiigj till tlie/ diicourage 
 refoniiationa or provoke revolutions, it it beet to regulate 
 them M thej occur. The rights of man are the riffhts of all 
 generations of men, and cannot be monopolisoa bj any. 
 Tliat which is worth following, will be followed for tlie sake 
 of its worth: and It iy in this that its security lies, and not 
 in any conditions witii wiiich it may be iiicuinliered. When 
 a man leaves property to his heirs, he does not connect it 
 with an obligation that they sliall accept it Wh?. then 
 should we do otherwise with rcB|>ect to constitutions I 
 
 The best constitution that could now bo devised, consis- 
 tent with the condition of the present moment, may be far 
 short of that excellence whicn a few years may aflford. 
 There is a morning of reason rising upon man. on tlio sub- 
 ject of government, that has not appeared before. As tlie 
 Darbarism of the present old governments expires, the moral 
 condition of stations, with respect to oach other, will be 
 changed. Mali will not be brought up with the saTag|e 
 idea of considering his species as enemies, because the acci- . 
 dent of birth gave tlie individuals existence in countriot 
 distinguished bv different nam^ ; and as constitutions have 
 always some reliilion to external as well as to domestic cir> 
 cumstancet, the means of benefiting hj every change, for- 
 eign or domestic, should be a paH of every constitution. 
 
 We already see an alteration in the nation/il disposition 
 of England and Fnmce towards each other, which, when 
 w^ look back only a few years, is itself a revolution. Wlio 
 conld have foreseen, or who would have believed, that i^ 
 French national assembly would ever have been a popnlar 
 toast in England, or that ^ friendly alliance of the two 
 nations shonPd become the wish of either? It shows, that 
 man, were he not corrupted by governments, is naturally 
 the friend of man. and that human nature is not of itself 
 vicious. That spirit of jealousy and ferocity, which the 
 governments of the two countries inspired, and which they 
 rendereil subservient to the purpose of taxation, is now 
 yielcUng to the dictates of reason, interest, and humanity. 
 The trade of court s is beginning to be understood, and the 
 affectation of mystery, with f>^^ the artificial sorcery by 
 
 \ 
 
 Xl 
 
 X 
 
 •J 
 
114 * 
 
 r 
 
 ;;^^:'T ■ - '^^^'f^w^W^^'^i^ 
 
 WUiWf m^MMMU 
 
 ■ * ' '• 
 
 •rlioli tll*y Impowd upon mankind, b on Urn daclin*. It 
 }}um nKeirid ill dt^ai wound j and Uioogh it ma^ iing«r, tl 
 
 wiU jipifii*^ ' . t t, 
 
 (hrrtmmmi onglit to li« •• mneh opim to !inpror«m«it 
 M wiy tliintf which »i»|MsrtaiiMi to man, iiiitcad of wliu:U it 
 hM bien mmiopotixiHl Irom •«« to m«i l>y the moat ignorant 
 and YicioM of tli6 human race. Ntwd we any oUier proof 
 of thoir wretched managtwnent, than Uie «xo«a of debt and 
 taxea with whicii every nation groana. and tlie qaarrda mto 
 which they have pr«cipiUt«4 Uie world 1 
 
 Juat omeriring wom ""ch a barbarou* condition, It la too 
 •oon to determme to what extent of improvement goveroj 
 ment may yet be carried. For what we can forea<«i •" 
 Europe may form but one grwd ripublio, and man be &•• 
 of the whoMb 
 
 
 ""*%" 
 
 ,^/ Qni 
 To 
 e«l 
 nu 
 thi 
 
 i*««- 
 
 OpATTKRV. 
 
 » 
 
 WATi ^n> MKAVt OF IMPBOTWO THI OOKDmOH OF KUBOFS 
 
 ormamsKD with iiMOiLLiJwoua ombbtatioiw. 
 
 III contomplating a lubjoct ihat m}m^ with ^ru^tiM^ 
 magnitude tfie whSle regfon of humanity, itii impo-ible to 
 ooSne the pursuit in any one tingle diyction. It taket 
 S^d on every character and conation that aDperUma to 
 San, tod blendB the individual, the nafaon,ana Uie world. 
 
 From • imall ipark, kindled in America, a flame ha. aTjB^i, 
 not to be extingiSriied. Without oonMUomg, like the uUimo 
 ^Zm, itWl. iU progreatfi^i* nation to nation, and 
 ^uTby a silent opeition. Man finds himsdfehaMred, 
 Karcely perceives tiow. Jle ac^niree a knowledge ofhi* 
 rights by attending justly to hia iitereat, and discovers in 
 tiSeveni Aat tkfi atJength and powers of despotism consist 
 S^hoUy ilrneal^f reaisTSnjj it, id tiiat, in on% " to Ufreef 
 
 to^blSh a ayatemV prinSff- }« a Ujk on which gov- 
 S i ^te onght to be ere c ted ; 1 AaU proceed in tins, to the 
 wm^^SiM of rendering them fnto practice. Bntta 
 o3C to introdiwe this part (rfSieaubjeetwitli more propne^ 
 
 t:_ _•- 
 
 
IWin^ or cmin€!»ctfl<! with thoto pHndplet, are nMnmmrj. 
 
 Wlifttov«r th« fann or ooiutUution of gOTeram«Bt mmj b% 
 It ought Ut have no other object than Ui« general hanpliiiik 
 Wlien, iiMit««a of thia. It op«ratet to create and Increajwi 
 wrotchednoM In any of the part* of •ocietjr, it Is on a wrong 
 •yttoin, and reformation ia neceaaarr. 
 
 Ouatoraarj lanKuage haa cla«ed the condition of maa 
 
 ^. under the two dencriptiona of ciTillxod and uncivilised Ufa. 
 
 ' To the oiM it haa aacribod felicity and afflaence ; to Ui« 
 
 othar. hardahip and want Bat, howerer oar imaginadoo 
 
 may he Tmpreaaed by painting and comparlaon. it ta nerer* 
 
 thefeaa troej. that a great portion of mankind, in whal •!•- 
 
 ' called oiriliied oonntriea, are in a aUte of poT«rty and 
 wretehedncm> far hel<)w the condition of an Indian. I ipeak 
 not of one oountry, b«t of all. It ia to in England, It tft M 
 all orer Earope. Lot na ioqnire Into the oanae. 
 
 It liea not in any natural defect in the princtplea of clTfll- 
 *« ration, bat in preranting thoae prindplea having an uniTer- 
 aal operation ; the oonaeouenoe of which ia, a perpctoal ty*- 
 tem of war and expenae, that diialna the country and def^ti 
 the general felicity of which ciTiUsation ia capable. 
 . AU the European goremmenta (France now excepted,) 
 are oonatracted, not on the principle of uniTenal dTilization, 
 but on the rererie of it Bo far aa thoae govemmenta relate 
 to each other, they are in the aame condition aa we oonceive 
 of Mvage onciWllxed life; they pat themaelTca beyond the 
 law, aa well of Ood aa of man, and are, with ren>eot to 
 principle and remprooal conduct, like ao many indiTiaaala in 
 • ' a Btate of nature. 
 
 The inhabitanta of erery eonntry, nnder the civilication 
 of lawa, eaaily anodate together; but gjoYemmenti beinsr in 
 an unoirilised state, and almost contmnally at war, they 
 perrert the abundance which civilized life prodncea, to carnr 
 on the uncivilized pArt to a greater extent By thus inffrafv 
 inJUhe barbariam of ffovemmeut upon the internal dvuixa- 
 ^flp^ a coantry^l^arawB from the latter, and more eape- 
 dallr from the poor, a great portion of thoae earnings which 
 ahonid be applied to their suDsistence and comfort Apart 
 <^ from all reflections of morality and philosophy, it is a 
 melancholy fact, that more than one lonrth of the labor 
 <^ mankind is annoally consumed by this barbarous sys- 
 tem; 
 
 «. 
 
 !■ 
 
 VHiat has served to continue this cnril, is tlie pecuniary 
 
 -#^1' 
 
 ■r> 
 
 ?y?^-^,^^'^rx3^-?: 
 
 ■1 1 ^ i WF f^ST -jr^ 
 
 ■;■ \ 
 
 i£E&:Si^iS5&^iL^ 
 
r'~—^, -^^ ^^-^■:j= ^jj. 
 
 pr«<t«iic<« for iM>w«r and rovi^nuw. for which th<ir« wc 
 iiuilhor ofH'Miuii nor »p<)l"jnr. '« '•»« clrcU of civil 
 wura rwidwrwl ooiiiyloto. Cifd goTtrnmiml aloa«, 
 
 -m' .1.1 ^W** 
 
 •dvMiUgn, whbh all the surernrnflnU of Eun>p« h«va fottn<l 
 In kmpiiiK up thb tUto of un<'lvlli«*tion. Il affonU Ut Ihimi 
 
 ' VI ». .» 7ouUi 1)41 
 
 ilUaticMi 
 
 ^^ , ^. .,. „ . Um 
 
 gownrnoiit of Uwt, ia not priMluotire of ur«t«no«a for manj 
 taxna ; it 0|HiraUMi at huni«, UlrocUr un<f«ir tlm wye of UiS 
 couiitrr, and pr«5lud«« Ui« p<iiiall»iritj of inoch imp<jaition. 
 Uitt when tho M!«mo i« laid on tlie unoiTiUxod conteution of 
 govommenta, tho flold of protencca ia enlargwl, and lh« 
 oonntrj, btung no lonirar a judgtj, ia open to every linpoal^on 
 which goveniinenta pIoaaQ to act 
 
 Not a thirtiotli, w'arcely a fortieth part of tha taiea which 
 
 %n raiaod in England, aro oUhtir occaaionod bjr, or applied 
 
 U> tlM purpoaea of civil government II ia not difncull to 
 
 , Ite that the whoht Which tho actual govemmem does in thia 
 
 ' '^TwiMHit, in to ena<5t lawi, and tliat tlie country adminiatert 
 and exectitca tliem, at ita own «3Kpenne, bj meana of magit* 
 tratea, jurieaf teaaiona, and aMixo^^over and above the taxctf 
 which It pay*. 
 
 In thii view of the ««••. wehive two dbtinot charaotora 
 of govemiDont ; tho one, the civii government, or the gov- 
 enwmmt of Uwa, which oiierate* at home; tlia other, Uio 
 «court or cabinet government, which operates abroad on tho 
 rude plan of uncmli««Hi life ; the one attended with little 
 charge, tho other with boundioM oxtravaganee : and to dia- 
 tinct afo Uio two, tliat If tho latter were to wnk, aa il wero 
 by a Bodden opening of tho eartli, and totally disappear, the 
 former would not be deranged. It would utill proceed, bo- 
 oaoao it: is the common in^^eat of the nation that it ibonld, 
 end all tbe meana are in pk*fkctice. 
 
 Rerolouona, then, hare for their object, a change in tho 
 moral condiUon of govommonta, mad with thia change tho 
 burden of public taxea will lessen, and clviliaatiun will bo 
 
 ■ left to (he Enjoyment of that^abandanco, of which it is now 
 
 • ^ deprive. - 
 
 In contemplating tho whole of this subject. I extend my . 
 TiewA into the department of commerce. In all my pnblicar 
 
 - tions, where the matter would admit, I hare been an i^dvo- 
 cate for commence, becauso I am a firiend to its effects. It 
 is a pacific. system, operating to unite mankind, by neaidor- 
 
 - ing nations, as well as indivmnala. nsnfhl to each Qthor._^Aa_ 
 
 to mere theoretical reformatioB, I nare nerer preached it np. 
 Tho most offoctiial proosift it that of improving th$ cond i t ion 
 
 • \'*i 
 
 %.". 
 
 - 4^^., 
 
y"Mt' 
 
 wmmn cm vak. 
 
 %m 
 
 d4 ififtii Hy niMtit of hit interatl ; Mid il U on thii ground 
 iliAl I t^ii mjr •Und. 
 
 If oominnroi} wwe ponnttUd to aet to th« ailtT«rMt «lt(iflt 
 it b capablo of. it would iixtir^i«t4i Uio ■/■tfftii of war, and 
 pirtHltiu«a rnvolution in thflu»otvilii4Ml»ut(t of ffoTtjrnimmta. 
 Tli« Invontion of cotnni«ro« hM aHmii tine* Uiow fcovoni* 
 tiivnti Ixigaii, and U i)io grvnitMit aportiaiih towank univtriil 
 eivilUaCtoii. that haa jrnt iKmii niau« bjr anjr m«uui not im* 
 mi^liaUtljr Uowiiig from moral principlm. 
 
 Whatovnr \^ a iotidmiflj to promote tho oirU Intarooomo 
 ai nations, by mn exuhangv of l)eneflt«, it • tiibjiKt a« worthj 
 of piiil<Mopti J aa of iiolitrca. ()onim«r<H} U no other tlian tlie 
 tratlla of two peraona, multiplitxl on a acalo of iiumlxini ; and 
 by Uifl aamo rulo that nature intondod the interoourae of 
 twOf alio inUmdod thftl of all. For this purpose the h«i dk- 
 tributtMl the materiala itt manufanturea and oommorce, In 
 ▼arioua and diatant parta of a nation and of tlie world ; »iid 
 M tiiey cannot be pmourtxl bjr war ao ohvaply or ao oommo 
 dloualjr ai by oommeroe. ahe has rendered the Utter the 
 muana of eitfrpating tlie former. 
 
 An the two are neerlv tho oppoeftei of eAeh other, oonM* 
 qaoritly, the unoivilisod «tato of Kunnioan f^ovemnifuite Ig 
 injurioua to commerce. Kvory kind oi deatnictioli or ember* 
 nuMment ■ervet to leaaon tlie quantity, and it matten bot 
 little in what nart of tho commorviai world the reduction 
 bof(ina. Liku hlood, it cannot lie taken from any of the 
 parta, without boiug taken from the whole maaa in olroulationi 
 and all partake of tlio loaa. When tho ability In any nation 
 to bay Is destroyed, it equally inyoUoa the teller. Could 
 tlie goTemment of England diwtroy tlie commerce of all 
 other nationik ahe would moat effectually ruin her own. 
 
 It is poaiible that a nation may be the carrier for the 
 world, but ahe cannot be the merchant She cannot be the 
 teller and the buyer of her own merchandiM. The ability 
 to buy rauit reticle oat of herself; and, therefore, tlie pros- 
 perity of any commercial nation it regulated by the jiroe- 
 perity of the rest If they are poor, the cannot be ridi ; and 
 nor condition, be it what it may, it an index of the height 
 of the oommercial tide in other nationt. 
 
 That the principlet of commerce, and itl Qnfrvnl Openi- 
 tion mmj be onderttood, without onderttandinff the practice, 
 i s a po e rtion th at re at on will not d e ny j a nd it it on this 
 eroimd only that I argae the snbjeot it it one ^i^ in 
 Biti coanting-hoase, iti tlie world U it another. Witrr»- 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ^^B^ ■ 
 
 f 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 JR. 
 
■I" 
 
 m 
 
 <,. 
 
 %\ 
 
 
 S^^JnTto. rUlii .UU in «.ry n.ll"n. " *-S«^"2l5J 
 ^L-«ii £^no «cli U.inir « • n«tl"n floumhing «!<»• 
 
 of 11 1„ «.r p^ ""' »~-";»j ts^t nJSi^^r. 
 
 XiTn .tock of cc.mm«r«6, jmd the oohK^qatnflf if tbt 
 ..me M If eikoh hftd atUckiXi hU own. -ttHbated 
 
 to «inlS^ or to «y political oontriTanc*^ bat to U^wa 
 
 Sd the to»ng«l ioudiUon of thing, to thir propt 
 
 ^'iTu worth wmmrklng, thkt ererr ;ii»tioji "»**«°J. ^ 
 bJinoi rSdo in it. 01^ f.™ ; .nS therefore ^^^ 
 ^be inWiUr In the common IdcM "P«° ^ "^^^fj^ ^ 
 ^F^e fact, Howerer i. true, according to what »•<»"!«• 
 K^UnLi . Mid It i. fW)m thi^ cau«J thai commerce 1. umrei^ 
 iTllT wCrtid. ErSy nation feel, the fdrantjjge, or It 
 
 , mode of making up the account., and attrib|||ing wnai are 
 tailed proflto to m Wfoag ••«•% 
 
 • • h kmmAm Ui« InewM. of oomm^w* «• «~*«jr *».»^ff^J^ Jj* J 
 **•*■**: ." ^ !iw*^il!l!U ««SlM.^f vUd. cto««<l OMl of th« port of 
 
 la aaodaUoa. the ■*■■•■ ■■"» « ^w—* -^* '^ 
 
 papdaUoa, ifc. «il|l. 
 
 ^J 5W- 
 
 aPPp 
 
1^ 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 ft- 
 U 
 A. 
 
 Ml 
 
 1m 
 
 ■A 11 
 
 rn 
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 eii V 
 
 icr 
 
 IM 
 
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 mr 
 
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 : 
 
 r il 
 the 
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 Mb 
 
 OTt* 
 
 rtof 
 
 411 
 
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 1i 
 
 
 .:->- ""^ 
 
 Mr. Ptti hti willimll WMWti himmli, hf 
 
 ho callod » bftlana* of itndn (him Ui« mifloai- 
 Tltia muda of raliiaUtionf.nai only AflToitU on 
 tni<s hat oti« th«t i« fd«o. 
 
 Iti Ui«) flnt |iliu'<\ •vtery R«rffO th«t lb|i*rta 
 euat4'>m hotuMY, »|ip«)«r« (mi Ui« l)<M>kt m ah #iiMi^[ 
 •ooording Ui th« ca«tom4fiM b*Unc4s Oui loian MMi> «<id 
 by fomign (kilureis are all mukonod <»ii th«dda0f fl||pnyilt| 
 
 Hikxmdf Uooauao Uio irnpairiatioii by tha amugKi »• trait 
 do«a not «pp«*r on the ofaWii>-houi« bodu, to mrmi^ 
 againat Uie oiport*. *l 1 
 
 No iMklanof), Ui«r«ifor«, at a^tytl^g tD fiip«i>lor adf a«ii||kii% 
 t)an im drawn tram thaaA dm^nmonta ; and if wo oxam^ tiw 
 natural operation AT ooinmon^Oi t)u) id«« if fallaoiooaj and 
 if true, woald toon do injurious. Th« great aopport of mum . 
 inoroti oonaiata in tho balanco Wng a lovol of bonoflta anMMig 
 All tiationa. ^^ 
 
 Two morehanta of difforont mtlona trading togothor, ifP 
 l>oth benomo rich, and oaoh makea UiojbaUnco In hia emu 
 fkror; oonaoquenUy thoy dr^ not got riSh oat of oaoh oth«) 
 Mid it ia tho,aamo with roap«<^t bo tho nationa in which thi^ 
 r«aide. Tho oaao rntiat bo, Uiat each nation muat g«t ricA 
 odt of Itaown ineana, and incroae» ttiat riohot by fOmethilMC 
 mhiah it prooaroa fW>m anotlier la exohang*. • Ht" ' '9 
 
 If a morchant in England aenda an arttcio 6f Engllli 
 RiAQiifkotiire abroad, which coata him •- ahilling at honi% 
 i^nd importa aomething which B«lli for two, ho niAkea V, 
 balahpo of ooo ahilling in hik own faror : bat thia ia nol 
 gkinod oat of the foreign nation, or the foreign niorohant 
 far he alio doea the aeme by tlm article he roceiToa, and 
 neither haa a balance of advantage apon tho other. Hie 
 original TaJUie of tho two artiolea in tnelr jproper oountriea 
 were bat two i^Ua^ ; bat by changing their ptleea^hoy 
 
 niire a new idea of Talae, oqaal to doable what tl^ey had 
 rat, iind that inoreiied Tallio ia equally dirided. ^ 
 
 ThMre ia no otherwiae a balance on foreign ^an on do* 
 meatio commerce. Tho merohanta of London and Newoaatle 
 trade on tibe aame principle, aa if they redded^ in different 
 i;iltiona, and make their balancoa in the aame manner: yot 
 London do ea not get rich ont of Newca a tle, any more than 
 Newcaatlo oat oi London : but coala, the menshitndise of 
 Nowcaafle, have an additional Taluo at London, and Louduo 
 -itor^hiindiao Iim the aame at Newcaat l» ~ ■ , ^ • - 
 
 ^■ 
 
 /• 
 
|iO '"••'".'. '■ -^ \ ■:•. " Bioirr* or MA*. • /' 
 
 ThW tJw prfSrfple oT •» commerce is ihe wme, Uio 
 4omoitiS, in • natiomU tiew, !• the part the mojt beneficial 
 becmuie the whole of the rndTantajjcB, on both tidot, rest 
 Within the naUon ; wherew, in foreign commerce, it ii only 
 a participation of on© half. , ., ^ ♦ j 
 
 The moat unprofiUble <»f all commerce, ia that connected 
 with foreign dominion. To a few IndiTidaala it may be 
 beneficial, merely becauao it ia commerce : but to Uie nation 
 It is a loM. The expense of maintaining donumon more • 
 tlian abiorba the profita of any trade. It doioa not mcreaae 
 the general qnanfity in the world, but operates to lessen it ; 
 wd M a grwlter milsa wonld be afloat by relmquishing do- 
 minion, the participation without the expense would be more 
 ▼aluable than a greater quantity with it ^^„j„j^„ . 
 
 But it is impossible to engross commerce by dominion, 
 and therefore it is itiU more faUacioua. It cauuot e»st in . 
 confined channels, and necesttrily breaks out by regular or 
 irregular means thai defei^ the attempt, and to succeed 
 would be stiU worse. France, since the reToluaon,hM been 
 more than indifferent as to foreign posaessio-ia; and other 
 nations will become the same when they mvettigate the sub- 
 
 iect with respect to commerce. ,, :• i ^ # -r^ 
 
 ^ To the expense of dominion is to be added chat of naTie^ 
 and -when &e amount of the two is w^^^fd fr««J ^« 
 profits of commerce, it will appear, that what is caUed the 
 Wlance of trade, eyen admitting it to exls^ is not enjoyed 
 by the nation, but absorbed by the government. 
 
 The idea of haying navies fer the protection of eommerce. 
 
 Is delusive. It is putting tiie means of destruction for the 
 means of pw/tection. Commerce needs no other protection 
 tiian tiie reciprocalinterest Which eve^y nation feels m sup- 
 porting it-it is common stock— it ejpsto by a balan^ol 
 SdvanSigesto all; and tiie only interruption it meets, is from 
 tiie pie^t uncivilised state of governments, and which Is 
 its common interest to reform.* ' ^a^ «.♦♦-- 
 
 Quitting tiiii Bi^bject, I now proceed to other matteifc— 
 
 As it is bScessary to include England m^? P«>g?®^i J\* 
 general reformation, it is proper to mquire mto the defo^ 
 
 \ ^ of to wStaiitorj kpeeoh... h* •ppwwd «o me Ui know aothlng 
 V: rfttrMA^iTw^ntoSt ffwmmero.; STno maa hiiB more wmntonlj 
 V CrtowiduSMrbimMlf Poring • period of pew^ It hw been shMkled 
 
 Son^ Mid ttoVeMeto nnmnnnod by impceirtng. witMa te» Uinn foor/yeert 
 
 * iy /. 
 
 j^ 
 
 "^^^ 
 
 •4. 
 
^r^vtf- 
 
 tlio 
 ial; 
 
 >uly 
 
 2tl)d 
 
 f be 
 tion 
 iiore • 
 ease ' 
 1 it; 
 ; do- 
 uora 
 
 ion; 
 It in . 
 
 ar or '^^" ■ 
 
 been 
 other 
 sAub- 
 
 a the 
 d tlie 
 joyed 
 
 aerce, 
 >r the 
 ection 
 u Bup- . 
 nee of 
 gfirom / 
 dch Ia -7 
 
 teri.— 
 t of a 
 iefects 
 
 T«d», in 
 nothing 
 •TADtionly 
 shackled 
 > Btiigna' 
 mr/jMkn * 
 
 
 BioBTi or Mia; 
 
 III 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 9t ita ffOFomment. It is ^nly by eaoh nation reh>rmlnff its 
 own, ttiat the whole can b^TraproTod, and the full benefit of 
 reformation enjoyed. Only partial advantagea can flow 
 from partial refonni. 
 
 France and England are the only two oonntriea in Europe 
 where a reformation in ffoyemment oonld have ■uocosafully 
 begun. The one Bucure oy the ocean, and the other by the 
 inimenBity of its internal strength, oonld defy the inalig- 
 nancy of foreign despotism. But it is with roTolutions as 
 with commerce, the advantpfea increase by their becoming 
 goi;eraI, and double to either what eaon would reoeiye 
 alone. 
 
 As a new system is now opening to the view of the world, 
 the European courts are plotting to counteract it Alliances^ 
 contrary to all former systems, are agitating, and a common 
 interest of courts is forming against the common interest of 
 man. The combination diraws a line that runs throughout 
 Earope, and presents a case so entirely new, as to exclude 
 all calculations from former circumstances. While despot- 
 ism warred with despotism, man had no interest in the 
 contest; but in a cause that unites the soldier with the 
 oitizen, and nation with nation, the despotism of courts, 
 thougb it feels the dangjar, and meditatei revenge, is afraid 
 to strike. \ 
 
 Ko question has arisen within the recoras of iiistory that 
 pressed with the importance of the present! It is not 
 whether thiil or that party shall be in or out, or whiff or 
 tory, or high or low Bnall prevail^ but whether man uiall 
 inherit fiis rights, and universal civilization take place?— 
 Whether the fruits of his labor shall be enjoyed by himself, 
 or consumed by the i>rofli^cy of governments 9— Whethei 
 robbery shall oe banished from courts, and wretehednesa 
 from countries 9 ' 
 
 When, in countries that are called civilized, we see age 
 going to the work-house, and youth to the gallows, some- 
 minff must be wrong in the system of ffovemment It 
 WQuTd seem, by the exterior appear||^0B of such countries, 
 that all was happiness ; but there lies hidden from the eye 
 of common, observation, a mass of wretchedness that Jpi 
 scarcely any other chance, than to expire in poverty 6r 
 infamy. Its entrance into life, is marked with tne presage 
 of its fate ; and until this is remedied, it is in vain to. 
 punish. 
 
 Olvil govemmait. does not exltt by execatlong V tnt in 
 
 r 
 
 ■■ .* 
 
 
 :!-- 
 
i«i 
 
 Biom or MA*. 
 
 
 mftUniE that provWon fbr tho Initrnctfon of wA, md th« 
 .?.«fe5 S iLnito Mdude, M much m po«\ble, profligjoy 
 froTthe LTan^ d^^^^^^ ft^™ tho otherinitjad bf thi., 
 [ler^ur^ of a coSntry are lavished upon king., upon 
 ^urHl^hr^^^^^ im^Btort and P^ft^tutcB- an^even 
 ae^r themaolv^ witfi all their wanto upon them, are 
 Zl^ldio .upport'the fraud that oppre«ea Uie^^ 
 
 ithj i. it, that*^arcely any '^.«««"j4>J>^„P^i„ 
 Tlie fwt iB a proof; among other t^^^S^ «^*J^**T*f "^.^^ 
 Seir^nditioi 6red up without "^J^J^^^^^^^ 
 
 iSS uKvenSts are more than .^cient to reform 
 
 Th^eXaS" benefit the ^^t" "^^^iSThop: 
 nation, nS included in the purbon. of a cowt Thi. I hope 
 
 to maie appear in Ae progres. of «»« T^ff- .., ^i-fu-tnne 
 ItuithenVtureof compaMion to asBociate wiihmirfortiine. 
 
 In tSSff UP thi. Bubiect, I .eek no recomDensor-I fear no 
 
 ^^nS^ Fprtiied' with that pronS^ 
 
 dSS. to triumph or to yield, I win advocate the ngUti 
 
 ^^ ?r^ earlv period, littie more than .ixteen yew$ of age, 
 
 ^ raw aS ^^ta^, and heated with the f^'%^^^£ 
 
 Tmirter* i^o^had wrvedinaman of war, I began ^Ae 
 
 upon me as lost. But the impresBion, "*'*^*" * ^ j- 
 
 £^^?ew emlSSfe the Wd, founded on . new Byrtwn 
 to rano a now ouii" , ,~rived at an eminence in politi- 
 
 "*^^nr;o*^«rt.»a feeling m^.*t » ""^ «»" 
 
 lUv. WilUam Enowlei, njMtot of *• 
 
BfOVn OV MAW. 
 
 L 
 
 
 US 
 
 fuporior to all th4 tkimiiah of Ptftj, the tiiTelerAOy of in- 
 torcstod or mbtakoii opponents, I answer not to faltehood or 
 abate, bat proceed to tlie defects of the English government* 
 
 • PoUUoi uid MlMntormt hftve b««n m anifonnly oonneetod, Uut tb* world, 
 ttom b«lhg «o oftflii docflked, baa » right U> b« auaplciouaof pablM obaraount 
 bui with r«gmrd to mjnolf, I am parfeotly amj oo tbia b«ad. I did not, at my 
 flrat arttlnc out in puliUo life oaarlj aevaot««n yaara ago, tarn my thoughta to 
 •ubjeota o? goT«riuiieiit ft-om motlrea of interiat — and my conduct fVom that 
 Moment to thia, provaa th« fact. I aaw an opportunity in which I tbooght I 
 •ould do aom« good, and I followed ciaotly what my heart dictated. I neither , 
 r«ad booka, nor it|ki||lad other poople'a opuiloni. I thought for myself. Tb« 
 oaaewaathtat 
 
 Jurlng the tqapen^on of the old goTemmenta in America, both before and 
 le breaking oat of boetilitlea, I waa atniok with the order and decorum with 
 which every wing waa conducted; and impreaaed with the idea, that a little 
 more than what aOetoty naturally performed, waa all the goTernment that was 
 neoeaaary, and thaf monarchy and ariatooracy were frauda and Impoaitiona 
 upon mankind. On theae prinoiplea I publlabed the pamphlet Oommon Bena^. 
 The auQoeaa it met with waa beyond aoT thing ainee the InTention of printing/ 
 I gave a copy-right to every atate in the union, and the demand ran to not' 
 leaa than one handled thooaand copiea. I continued the aabjeot In the aame 
 manner, under the {Utie of The Oriida, till the complete eaiibliahmeni of the 
 revolation [ 
 
 Aftwr the dedalration of independence, oon^maa, onanlmooaly and onkaowa 
 to me, appointed/ me aeoretary in the foreign department. Tbia waa acreeable 
 to me, becauae it ga^ve me an opportunity of aeeing into the abilitiea of fpraign 
 eourta, and their nutnner of doing boaineaa. But a miaoaderatanding luriaing 
 between conmaa and me, reapecting one of their commiaaionera, thea io 
 Bwope, Mr. &\u DMne, I reaigned the olBce. 
 
 When the war ended, I went from Philadelphia to Bordentown, oh the eaat 
 bank oPthe Debware, where I have a email place. Congreaa waa at thia time 
 at Princeton, fifteen milea diatant; and general Waahlngton'a head-quarters 
 were at Rocky-HiU, within the neighborhood of congreaa, for the purpose of 
 ing hla oommiaaion (the object for which he accepted it being aocom* 
 1) and of retiring to private life. While he waa on thia boaineaa, ha 
 me the letter which I hera aubjotn. 
 
 werv a» 
 
 \reai«nin 
 pHahed) 
 wrote m 
 
 ^.i. 
 
 Booky-Blll, Sept 10, 178t. 
 iave teamed ainbe I have been at thia phoe, that you are at Bordentown. 
 Whether for the aake of reUrement or economy, I know not Be It for either, 
 for both, or whatever it may, if you will come to thia place and partake with 
 tale, I ahall be exSkedingly happy to aee you. 
 
 ' Toar presence may remind oongresa of your past aervicea to this country ; 
 and if it ia in my power to impreaa them, command my beat exertions with 
 freedom, aa Uiey wiU be rendered cheerfully by one, who entertains a lively 
 sense of the importance <^ your works, and who, with much pleasure, subscribes 
 litnijif lf , Your sincere friend, 
 
 O. WJlSBIKOTOV. 
 
 Durinr tho war, in tlie Utter end of the year 1 1' 80, 1 formed to myself th^ 
 de^gn ^coming over to Sngland, and communicated it to general Greene, 
 who was then io Phikdelphla, on his route to the southward, general WHHh- 
 higton bdoff then at too great a di^tapce to communicate with immediately. 
 I was stronpy impressed witli the idea that if I- co«M get oter to Bngliittd, 
 without being known, and ouly remain iu safety till 1 could get out a publica 
 
 / 
 
w-s-^jipprrerS-i ^ 
 
 4 ' 
 
 164 
 
 Mllll OV MAV. 
 
 ./IV 
 
 I bofftii with chftrtcTi and owf******"*; . ^ v_^ _i^^ 
 
 Tt U a Dorrereion of tomiB to lay, th»t • on*™" f T^ 
 
 t w ^. nn«MLteii bv a contrary effect, tliat of taking lighti 
 
 clTarters, b. annulling those righU in the majont^ loa^ 
 the rights by exclusion, In the hands t)f a f«^- " f/f^ 
 ter» w?re coMtructcd bo as to exproMin direct ^^^v^J^ 
 
 ^oct iB the iame Abder the form thoy now eUnd ; and the 
 tiJ/ukon iw^ "e^^"" »^«' righSr.th.n M member. 
 
 S b! •nd consequently are instnunento of injnitfoe. 
 
 «<„, I co-Id op.n »h. .,- oV-^'SStJe ~5urff?LSiIi:n?tS^ 
 
 th^VnseWe. tt far m they ««;'^^' ;X ^^* J*"^^ bat t6e .aUr of 
 ewh other. 0«ner.l Orwne «>««2>^y £ ohM hi mind, wd, under 
 Arnold wi^Aniir. »*PP«»*»«J«f. ■Jl^L^'i JJJ^?^ ^ 
 
 .trong apprehen.lon. for P.y J^^^ Xunco I did. 
 
 KlU, In MtryUnd, to glTO uptM ^•?«°» T™" / .# n,. Uurona, who wm 
 then in th* Tower) to F«nw, on ba«inM« iro fo%„d , clrcamitance 
 rorlent, and whUo I remained ^''e^. J** °«'J8 fndtah oaoket f^m Falmouth 
 occurred that renewed my fo^l'J'^^*'^ on bir^ *•• broughi Into 
 
 to New York, ''l^h RO\«'^T^ i?.^*?, „o Jerr MtS^^^ but 
 
 rorlent. That a p«5ket ahould be Uken, ta ^^^ 
 
 that the despatche. ••"•^JJ^.^^J^riV.C i*^^^^ cannon ball, 
 
 . they are always ilong at the c*»>ln window in • WR^J u at I hare aUtod it, 
 an/ready to be wnk In a moment The fact howen.r^ - i ^ 
 
 for the despatohee came Into my hwdj and im^^^ v ~t 
 
 I waa inforJied, succeeded by the J°S»*^°K ^."^S^IA the^ket, piaffed 
 
 irr/wt^ ':so^^^ js^i;is x^^^^^^^^ w too^ th. 
 
 **^" \ Snl^L wir;i unVmingT iSnm' XnT-orJ «rpeclaUy, STamong 
 colonel If"™" X5" "u^JJe Vupwarda of two hnndwd Ihonaand ponndl 
 other matter*, he had a charge m "P^»™". . v . jj „ -^^e np mTyOlan. 
 
 But I am now certain, that if I ooold hare exeouUd m U woma wn *» 
 
 nliogethcr'unaucceaaful, '' . '^ 
 
 ■ n^SfiBiraf -^,fc*^3| 
 
 ' AfahLi ; 
 

 Hi 
 
 ■ • 
 
 But ohwter* and corporationa h*TO « more cxtendre erfl 
 effect than what relates merely to election!. They are - 
 aottroea of endlow contenUon in the placet where they exiit , 
 and they loMon Uie common righU of naUonal lociety. A • 
 native of England, under the operation! of thew chaitew 
 and corporaUona, cannot be taidio be an EngUihman in the 
 full wniTof the word. He it M free of the nation, m the 
 Bame manner that a Frenchman ia free of I« ranee, and an 
 American of America. Ilia righU are clrcumacnbed to the 
 town, and. In iome caaea, to the pariah of hia birth ; and in 
 mil oiher parta, though In hia native land, ho muat undergo 
 a local natundizitioa by purchaae, or he la forbidden or ex- 
 polled the place. Thia apeciea of feudality ia kept tip to 
 aggrandhse the corporation! to the ruin of the towna ; and 
 
 the effect ia visible. ^ * # « 
 
 The generality of corporation town! are in a atate of soli- 
 tary decay, and prevented from ftlrther ruin only by wmo 
 circomaUncea in their aituation, auch as a navigable river, 
 or a plentifta aurrounding country. Aa population ia one 
 of the chief aources of wealth, (for without it land itaelf baa 
 no value,) every thing which operates to prevent it muat 
 lessen the value of property : and aa coiyoretions have not 
 only this tendency, but directly thi! effect, they cannot but 
 bemjuTMiu!. JU* any poHcy were to be followed, instead ot 
 that of general freedom, to every person to iettle where he 
 chose (as in France or America,) it would be more consis- 
 tent to give encouragement to new comers, than to preclude 
 their admiaaion by exacting premiums from them.* _ 
 
 The persons most imme<fiately interested m the aboUtion 
 of corporation!, are the inhabitant! of the towns where cor- 
 porations are established. The instances of Mwicherter, f 
 fermingham, and Sheffield, show, by contrast, the injury 
 which thoseGothic institutions are to property and commerce. 
 A few examples may be found, sucli as that ot London, 
 
 • It to difloatt to •ooount for the origin of charter and corporation townj 
 nnlMft #e inpDOM them to hate arisen out of, or haTlng been connected witft 
 • SmTa^rJfSlrrbon wrTic. The time. inwWch they began to J-sUfythlS 
 idea. TPhe generality of thoM town, haw been garriwnt, m* thexorpora^ 
 SoM were cSxged irith the care of the gaM» of t£e townvw^^^^^^ 
 garriMn wa. preaent. Their refusing or granting •dmlsrioA «o^«t"°««"i 
 which has prodnoed the costom of gfring selUiw, and buying ftj«Jj». ^^ 
 more of the nature of garrison authority than d^i gOTemment. Soldiers WO 
 free of all corporation, throughout the naUon,' by the same propriety tha 
 eTory soldier to firee of erery garrison, and no other persons are. «•««*»; 
 iow MIT employment, with the permtodoo of. hto oQcers, in any oorporattoa 
 to w n thro u gh o ut the iiat taai — — — — — ^ ' . — — 
 
 m 
 
 T 
 
in 
 
 .\ 
 
 whoM natnna Mid <Sbinm«roi»l adTanUgM, ow ng to ito dtua- 
 tion on UieTluimet, k cawkbU of b«wring up MjlMt th« 
 itoHtioU erili <d » oorponttion ; but In almost all oth«r caaet 
 tli« futallty i« too viiiblo to bo doubted or donkKl. 
 
 Tliough the wholo nation in not to directly affected hr tl»e 
 deprewik>n of property in ijorporation towiu at the Inhabl 
 tantt thenieoivoa, It parUkua of tlie ooniequence*. By leta- 
 euing the value of property, the quantity of national com- 
 merce ii curtoUed. Every man ia a cuitomer in proDortiou 
 to hii ability; ind aa all parU of a nation tfmde with each 
 other, whatever affeoti any of the parti, muat neoemiily 
 oommunioate to the whole. _ .. , ,, ... 
 
 Ai one of the houiei of th« EngUah parliament ii, in a 
 ghsitt measure, made up by elections from these isorporadons; 
 and as it is unnatural that a pure stream would flow from i„ 
 foul fountain, iU vices Are but* continuation of the vtoes 
 of ito origini A man of moral honor and good poUtic»l 
 principlet, dannoi submit to the me4n dru&ery and dis- 
 irraceM arti, by which such elections are carried. To be a 
 iuccessftil SadidateThe must be destitute of the qualities 
 JtiSkt constitute a just legislator: ai^d being thus diidplined 
 to comiptibn by the m<Se of entering into oarliament, it is 
 not to be eWted that the ropresentatiTO ahoiild be better 
 
 than the man. . "^'L a» i. 
 
 Mr. BurkTin speaking of the English roprewntation, has 
 advanced aslbold a challenge as ever was given in the days 
 of chivalry.! "Our representation," says he,^;*has been 
 found iw/fc% adfifuatfio aU the^wrwms ^r ™ch arrore- 
 aentatton of ihovpeople can be desired or devised. I defy, 
 conUnues heT* the enemies of our constitution to show the 
 contrary." This declaration from a man, who has been m 
 constant opposition to all the measures of parliMnent the 
 whole of his poUtical life, a year or two excepted, is most 
 extraordinary, and, comparing him with himtelf, admits of 
 no other alternative, than that he acted against his judgment 
 as a member, or has declared contrary to it as an author, i 
 
 But it is not in the representation only that the defects lie^ 
 and therefore I proceed m the next place t^arfatiDcracy. 
 
 What itf called the house of peers, is constituted on a groiuid 
 very similar to that, against which there isa law m other 
 oases. It amonnta to a combination of porsons in one com- 
 mon interest. No reason can be given, why a house of legla- 
 la t io i uehoald b e compo se d itirely o f me n whose occupation 
 coiuusto in letting landed property, than why it ahould be 
 
 w 
 
 i- • 
 
 #' -.1 
 
<» 
 
 T 
 
 im 
 
 ^/ 
 
 oomiwMd of tiwie who hl»«, or </ Imjwwt, ortitieii, <M'"y 
 
 oilier lepftrate oImi of men. , 
 
 Mr. Burko citllt UiU hoa*s ^tAsg^ ^tnmrf ^P^ , 
 of $«ourity to iU landsd itUeruL'' Lot ui owmine thb idea. 
 WhAt liUr of iocurity dooi the landed intoreat rwulre, 
 more thihany other interert in the tUte, or what right bM 
 it to a dlrtinct and leparate repreMuUUon frpm the general 
 iuteraat of a naUon I The onW um to be made of thi« power, 
 (and which it ha. always maJe,) is ^ ^7>, ^^J^^J J~°;, 
 [Uolf, and throw the burden upon luch artiolei of ooniump 
 tion by which it«>lf would be least affoctod. 
 
 That this hat been the oontequenoe (and wiU wwaya be the 
 ooDMQuenoe of oonatructing governraento on combmationjO 
 ii erideiit, with reajpwst to England, from the hwtory of iti- 
 
 ^ Notwithitanding taxei KaTe Increawd and multipUed upon 
 erery article of common consumption, the land tw, which 
 more^ particularly aflfecto thia **pfllar,''hai diminished, hi 
 rW. SiMunount of the land-tkx was 1,950 OOOLwMeh is 
 half a million less than it produced almost ft bundred years 
 ago, notwithrtanding the rentals arein many iuitwio^ doubled 
 ■mce that period. ,. , ^' j|t 
 
 Before the coming of the Hanoverians, the taxM were di- 
 vided in nearly equal proportiona between the land ftnd arti- 
 dcB of con«iip2on, theMand bearing rather the largert 
 share ; but since that era, nearly thirteen million, annually 
 of new taxes have been thrown upon consumption.) Ihe 
 consequence of which has be^n a conitant mcrease m the 
 numblr and wretchedness of the DOor, and in the amount of 
 the poor-rates. Yet here again the burden does not fall m 
 eouid proportion, on ihe ariatocracv with the reit of the 
 cJmmimity: Their residences, whether in town or country, 
 are not mied with the habiutions of the poor.--They Uye 
 apart from distreis, and the expense of relieving it. It is m 
 manufacturing towns and laboring villages that those burdens 
 press the heafjest ; in m»ny of Aich ft is one class of poor 
 supporting another. '.. ' «^ .^ ' 
 
 Beveralof the mort heavy and pwdncttye taxes we m 
 contrived,is to give an exemption to this piUar, ^^/*nd- 
 ing in iti^bwn defence. . The tax upon be«r brewed for m1« 
 dMS not ftflfect the arittferacy, who brew thdr own beer free 
 of thif'duty.- It falli only on ihow who have not conven- 
 i^cy^a^tobry.r,yidwho^ 
 
 qSW But what wiU mankind think of the jusUce of 
 
 /'■ 
 
 / >■• 
 
 
mt 
 
 '>, 
 
 laxation, when thej know, that thk Ui mlotui, from whioh 
 tho »riitocnM5T ^ro from cireumatanowi exempt, U nearly 
 •qual to tlio wtiol« of tho land-tax, being in tho year 1788 
 and it it not luii now. I,fl<ie,l6a/, and with iU proportion of 
 tho taxea on malt and liopa, it oxc«od« it. That a lingUj ar- 
 tide tliua paKiallr oonaumod, and that ohieflj bj ^« work- 
 ing part, idiould bo tubjeot to a tai Mual to thai on the 
 whole rental of a nation, ^ perhapt, a fact not to be paral- 
 leled in tho hiatonr of revonuea. 
 
 Thia ifl one of the oonieqaencea roaulting from a home of 
 legiilation, compoaed on the gronnd of a combination of 
 oommon intOreit ; for whatorer their loparate politioa at to 
 partiea may be, in thii tliev are united. Whether a combi- 
 natio;i acta to raise the price of an article for tale, or tlio 
 rate of w»g«« ; or whether it acto to tlirow taxet from ittelf 
 vpmr tnothor data of tho community, tlio principle and tho 
 effect are the tame: and if Uie one be illegal, it will be 
 difficult to show that the oilier ought to exist 
 
 It it no use to say, thai Uxen are first proposed in tlio 
 houte of commont ; for m tlie other houte haa alwayt a 
 negative, it can alweyt defend itself; tnd it would be ridi- 
 culous to suppose thai its tcquioscenco in the measures to 
 bo proposed were noi understood beforehand. Besides 
 which, It has obtained so much influence by borough traffic, 
 and so many of its relations and connexions are diAtributed 
 on both sidea of the commons, at to ffive it, besides an abso- 
 lute negative in tho hovise^ a proponaerancy in the other, in 
 all matters of common concern. 
 
 It is difficult to discover what it meant by the lancUd in- 
 terest. M it does noi mean a. combination of arittocratical ^ 
 land-holders, opposing their own pecuniary intereai to that 
 of the farmer, and every branch of trade, commerce, and 
 manufacture. In alliothor reelects, it is the only interest thftt 
 needs no partial protection, it enjoys the general protec- 
 tion of the world. Every individual, high or low, is inter- 
 etted in the fruits of tho earth ; men, women, and children, 
 *f all ages and degrees, will turn out io assist the farmer, 
 rather than a ha/vest tliould noi be got in ; and they will 
 not act thus bjfeitiy other property. ^ It it the only one for 
 which tiie common prayer or mankind is put up, and ilio 
 only one thai can never fail from the want of meant. li is 
 the^interatt, noi of the policy, bni of the exiatence of man, 
 and when it ceatea, he muai cease to ^be^ ■ " ' - ■■ 
 
 No other iniereti in a nation tiandi on the tauie nnitod 
 
 P^. 
 
 I 
 
k which 
 nMirly 
 
 r 1788 
 rtion of 
 
 u work- 
 
 on the 
 
 B p&ral- 
 
 OOM of 
 ktion of 
 ct an to 
 
 combi- 
 , or tho 
 nitoelf 
 and the 
 
 will bo 
 
 in tho 
 Iwayt a 
 bo ridi- 
 lurofl to 
 Beaidos 
 1 trafBc. 
 tributeu 
 in abao- 
 )ther, in 
 
 idediri' 
 >cratical 
 \, to that 
 'ce, and 
 rest that 
 
 protec- 
 ia inter- 
 ^ildren, 
 
 farmer, 
 hoy will 
 r one for 
 and tlio 
 18. It ia 
 of nuui) 
 
 lit 
 
 fipport Oommcroe, manufactoraa, Arti» icfenota, an^ 9ff«f 
 thmir •!«>, compared with Uiii are inp|K»rt«l bmt In parta. 
 IWr pr,)ai)«rity or their dec-ay haa not the aaiiie uiuv«nwl 
 liifliioiice. When tho valleya laugh and aing, It It not lb« 
 rWnnor only, but all crtjatiun that r«joic«a. It la a pro-minty 
 iliat cMludija all enry ; vxd tliia cannot bo aaid of anyUiing 
 
 Why then do«i Mr. Burko talk of hit houae of poora, aa 
 ..^Xit pillar of tho landed intereati Wero Uiat pi lar to ain|| 
 into Uio eartli, Uio aame landed prooerty would continue, 
 •nd Uio aame plpughlAR, aowing, and reaping would go on. 
 Tho ariatocracy are not tlio farmera who work U»e laiul, anU 
 raiae tho produce, but are tlie ihcro couaumun of the rent I 
 and when compared with Uio acUve world, are the dron«^ 
 a aeraglio of malea, who neitlier collect tho honey nor form 
 tho hive, but exiat only for laxy enjoyinent. 
 
 Mr. Burke, in hia finit eaaay, called anatocracy, tA$ , 
 oarirUhian capital of polished sodetyr Towaitla comoletin^ 
 the iiguro; he haa now added t^ti^piOar, but atill thol)aai) la 
 wanUng : and whenever a nation chooaea to act a bamaon, 
 not a blind, but l>old, down goea tho temple of I)i|pu, the 
 lorda and the Philiatinoa. # 
 
 If a houae of legislation ia to be compoaod of men of one 
 daia, for the purpose of protecting a diaUnct intereat, all 
 thebther intereeta should have Uie aame. The ine^iuality 
 aa well aa the ^urden of taxation, ariaea from admitting it 
 in one caao and not in all. Had there been a house of farm- 
 
 \the 
 
 ennitod 
 
 ■ BO exccsaive. It ia from Uie power oi laxauou uci«k ».. 
 le hands of thoae who can Uirow bo great a part of it prom 
 leir own shoulders, that it has raged without a check. 
 
 Men of small or moderate estates, are more injured by the 
 xea being thrown- on articles of consumption, than thev 
 •e eased by warding it from landed property, for the foJ 
 
 iwing reasons : * , •, ^ a uC 
 
 Ist, They consume more of the productive .taxafele 
 ^icles, in proportion to their property, than those of largo 
 
 »d. Their residence is chiefly in towns, and their proj^y 
 m houses ; and Ihe increase of the poor-rates, occasioned by 
 taxes on consumption, is in much greater proporUon tlian 
 the land-tax has been favor e d. In Birm i ngh a m , the poor- 
 rates are not less than seven shillinos in theDonnd. iiom 
 
 *.^. 
 
 './ 
 
 . Wm- 
 
 In- i/^tM ,»tjl< ^ t 4 ^ KJ i.i4^ ->1A.39&^ W ^ l-.l,d^*.a,jt t jf{la.«i.> 
 
-"T>«ww#»W(!(i" -W-" 
 
 1X0 
 
 OV MlA* 
 
 lUtMAuro DJiempi. 
 
 riKMo am* bat a part of lb« miaoliiofli fluWing from ^lo 
 wrotoliMl ■chanio of m hooit ot jpoeri^ 
 
 Aa a cuinbiimtiuii, It nan ffwmy throw A «oiiit4l«r«hl« 
 portion of U&m fhuii iU«U( i|i^|Ui huroditarjr hotuw, ac<Hiuiit 
 ablo to no bodj, it nMwmbl«« » rutttm boniutfb, whu«o con* 
 MDt it to b« oourtod by intwwU Tlior« ara but f«w of iti 
 monibort, wbo are not in tome miodo or other particlpatuni, 
 or di«poiuni of tho publio monaj. Ono turn* a oandliMioUler 
 or a lord in waiting ; anothtu- a lonl of tlio b^d-cbamlMjr, a 
 groom of tho atole, or any inaiffiiiticant noi^inal offloe, to 
 whioh a MUary iAUannozed, paia Oat of the poblio taxeti . 
 and whioh atroidc^e direct appearance of corruption, 
 tiuch tituationa are defoffatory to the character uf a man ; 
 and whuru tlioj can bo tuDmittod to, honor oatinot r«»ide. 
 
 To all thete are to be added ilie namorous dopondantM, 
 tlie long lilt of tlio jounM^ branbhea and diitimt relatiunii, 
 who are to be provided lor at the imbUo eipenie : in tliort, 
 wore an uttimation to be mado of the charge of the arifto> 
 oracy to a nation, it will be found noarljr equal to that of 
 •upporting the poor. Tho duke of iiio|imond alone (and 
 thuro are caaea aimilar to hia) taket away as much for him- 
 Heif. aa would maintain two tnouiand poor and aged persona. 
 I« it, then, any wonder that under luoh a sjritem of 
 govemmeu^ tazea and rates have multiplied to their present 
 extent I 
 
 In statinff these matters, I speak an open and dliintereited 
 language, aictatod by no pasaion but that of humanity. To 
 me, who hare not only refused offers, because I tnou^ht 
 them improper, bat have declined rewards I might with 
 reputation have accepted, it is no wonder that meanness and 
 imposition appear disgusting. Independence is my happi- 
 ness, and I view things as they are. without regard to place 
 or person ; my coontry is the world, and my religion is to 
 do good. . V - / 
 
 Jilf. Bnrke, ^ ipeaking of the arlitoeratical lawof prim^* 
 genitnie, saya. " It is the standard law of our landed inheri- 
 tance : and wnich, without question, has a tendency, and I 
 think," continnea he, **a happy tendency to preserve % 
 character of weight and consequence." / 
 
 Mr. Burke may call this law what h e pl e as e s^ but hm nM^r- 
 
 and impartial reflection will pronounce it a law of brutal 
 hyuatioe. Were we not ac cu itomed to the daily practice, and 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 /. •- / 
 
 /» 
 
m 
 
 did W ool/ hmi oT It, M tho Uw of •om« dbUnt part of 
 tiM WorkL w« ihould eoooludo that iko IflKblatara of mob 
 oovntHraiiftd not arriTod mt m tUU of oUilUation. 
 
 A» U) |»r<»«<'rving a rlianwliir of vm^ht and txmt^^***^ 
 tho «••« apiHrnni U» iim> dirwtly tlio revortt. It li Ml fttUinI 
 upon diar»ct«r ; a tort of prlvitwiring u|Km family profwrtjr. 
 lltiiaj hav« weight among d«|MU»daiit t«'n»nt«, but Irgivct 
 luiDu on a icalM of national, and nuu'h !««• of unlveri^r 
 t'baractor. Hpoaking for mvtelf, mjr panmU wore not abl« 
 to gir© roe a iliilllng, h«jond what tluiy gave ma In educa- 
 tion ; and to do thii tlicj dlatr««MMl themwivca ; yet I i>o«kHi 
 man of what i« oallvd con«4Mpuino<s iu the world, ttuiA MJ 
 one In Mr. Burko't catahiguu of ariiitocratA. 
 
 'Having tliui glanc<Ml at iome of the defocta of tho two 
 honaea of parliament, I proceed to what it called the crown, 
 upon whinli I tliall bo very conciae. 
 
 It tignitiea a nominal office of a million sterling aryear, 
 tlio buftinoM of which coniiata in rw^eiving Uie monuy. 
 Whether the pericm be wiie or foolifth, lane or Inaane, » 
 native or a foreignor, matten not Every mlni*try m;U u|K)n 
 the lame idei^ that Mr. Hurko write*, namely, Uiat tho peoulo 
 muat be hwHl winked, and hold in iU|)ei»titioui Ignorance bj 
 iorao bugbear or other ; and what ia called the crown answers 
 thia purpose, and tlierofore it answers all tlie [)ur{>osee to bo 
 expected from it This is more than can be said of the otlier 
 two branches. 
 
 The haxard to which tliis office is exposed In sU countries, 
 is not from any thing tliat can happen to the man, bnt from 
 what may hapi>en to the nation y the danger of its coming to 
 
 its senses. . "^ 
 
 It has been onstomarj to call the crown the executive power, . 
 and the custom has continued, th#igh the reason*has ceased. 
 It was called the «oe<mtvvs, because he whom it signified 
 used formerly to sit in the character of a judge, in admiuis- 
 tering or executing the laws. Tlie tribunals were then a part , > 
 of the court' The power, therefore, which is now called tho 
 judicial, was what is called the executive; Mid, conse- 
 quently, one or the other of the terms is redundant, and one 
 of the offices useless. When we speak of the crown now, it . 
 ' means nothing ; it signifies neither a judge nor a general : 
 besides which, it is the laws that govern, and not the maku 
 The old terms are kept up, and give an appearance of ponse- 
 
 quence to eiiipty forms : ittd the only efteci they have is 
 of incroasing expenses. 
 
 ^ir 
 
 ■ !i 
 
 .,' ■ I 
 
 ^ 
 
Ill 
 
 " ■, • '' ' 
 
 B«t0»f*i T ^ww*^ til Ifc* mMuii o^ tmAahig uornnmuniti 
 morw wiiMluf!iT« Ut tho irnnnrAl li«i>|>iiHMi yf uiftiikiiul, tltitti 
 iJitiy «ra at pmMiit, it will not \f inipruptf to tdkt • review 
 oT th« progrtwi of UMtUm In KuKland. . _ 
 
 It ii a ((imwrtll i«l«i*, that wh«n twnii tfft m|lHi mm on, th«y 
 am nmftr lakiui <»ff. Uowovnr true thla maj h«va Ikkib «jf 
 Iat«, it waa not alwaji m. Kitliirr, Uiornftiri), Uifl tMM)|ili) of 
 fortnar timet wera mora vatohAil ovtv governmmit Uian tlioat 
 of tb« |i«mi| or goTemment Wit atlminitiorfMl wilb 1«« 
 
 •itrafaifanfls. . \ . . », ' 
 
 „ It la now mrrm haiidr«d j«Art ibot Ui« KofffiiO ootM^uaaV 
 nd the«aUblialiiiM«l^«MBidltf lte«ii«. TUdnc 
 Uili portkjn of tima In ••ven •«par*t« perlodf of ona hundred 
 7«Ami«Mb. the amount of tho annual taxoa, at oaoh period, 
 wiabtMioUowis 
 
 AnniMl MBMiH ttf UiM UvWd bj WlUUlm Um flooqtMror, iMf^otiMI 
 
 In th« jmr IQM ^ ^ 
 
 AnnMl MMNMl af toMt •! om haodrwl jmh tnm \hm eooq«M«t, 
 
 (IIM) . . t . • ^ . 
 
 ▲^■wa MMaaiaf lutfallia lMa4M4 7«afa fr«B iba eoaqoMS 
 
 *^iiaa) • « • ^ • •• • • 
 
 J. AaDMl uaoMl of laxM •! Hirat 1l«i«4iN4 ^mn ftaai tX* amH|aiil| 
 
 (ll««) * . * 
 
 Anaual MBOoal of UsM U four haadr«d jmn (turn lh« eonqMMl« 
 
 414M) . . . . . . . . • • • 
 
 Theae atatemonta, and thoae which follow, wn taken from 
 dr John Sinclair*B hiatory of the Rorcnuo ; by which it 
 appetra, that taxea continued dccroaaing for four hundred 
 yeara, at the eroiration of which tiino tlicy were reduced 
 thr^e-fourtha, vu. from four hundred "tliouiand ponndf to 
 one hundred thoulMmd. The people of En|jlan<L of the pre- 
 
 " tent day, hare a traditionai7 and hiatoncal idea of the 
 bravery of their anceatora ; but whatever their rirtuea or 
 ▼icca might have been, they certainly were a people who 
 would not be impoaed upon, and who kept government itt' 
 
 < ttwe atf to taxation, if not aa to principle. Though tliey^ 
 were not able to expel the monaronical uaurpation, they re* ' 
 
 : atricted it to a public economy of taxea, 
 
 L0t oa now review the remaining thr<3e hundred yian> 
 
 InniMl uaooai of taiM at !▼• ^iuidr»A jraaig' freia fh« eOB^Mtl, 
 
 (TW55 -. -. • ^^ ' • • . ^>00.000 
 
 iipnad kmoont of tazM at dx handnd yean (Von th* oonqmil, 
 
 (ia««) 1,800,000 
 
 __j|aii^ amouQk of taxM at tb« oreMOt Uraa, (\7>t) _ ♦ jL _. ? *'|00<».«>0 
 
 1400,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 110,000 
 1M,OQO 
 100,000 
 
 - t 
 
 ^ 
 
 :V 
 
 Vt 
 
t*^ 
 
 aot or 
 le who 
 lent in' 
 
 bey r^ 
 
 I. 
 
 Tfc« 4tffiirwfM»«» t^fitwuMi #Mi #!•! fbwr fcwrffw jmn sful 
 tlia lait iUrnt\ ia «<i aal<ml«ltln|r, m to wftmuit tho o|iiuuiru 
 that tho iiatluiml ( )iiir««:trr (if Um KiigH«li tiM (ih*iigwi. H 
 Wdtild kA¥« iMMn im|HNMil>l«i to have drmgovnod Ui«s 4>riit(if 
 Eng lull i«to iha •xDeM of ui«ti<m tli«t n<iw ciilate t *"<i 
 whim it >• wmiijlnrwl tlmt tho jmy «f th« aniij, lh« navy, 
 Attd of all thA rovnnuootliot^ns i« th« Mm*) now m it wm 
 •boTO t httiidrwl ytmni ^^gu^ vhoo tlti) taiM w«r« out *bof • 
 a t«nth |mH of whftt tliey Art at prawnt, U Aiiiwari (itipQii\ 
 •ihl« to ftCCMtont for UiA aiionnoiia InonDMUi ftmf •x(>fln<litur«. 
 4>o &Dy other groiaaii tluni ostnva^pyiQ9| ooniiftkiiiy ana 
 
 tgr- 
 
 ||l Monition blniMir, Mid lMU|&n an Ind* 
 *«iir«f4ag tha (^h«r, h« ■trutih hlm\iUi 
 fl0Mi4. Mid WM Um mtMM> of hia df«Mr- 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 4«| 
 
 ^ . 
 
 W*l Tyler. Thai hia aMiiMiry ah^iuld h* tradiMMxl by wMirt ajooohaaia. Mid M 
 llMMi «b« Hva (HI th« nmil «f a pmhlU), la imH (• h« »«nd«r*d at lla waa, 
 kewavar, iKa maaJia of chaoklnff Ui« raff« aod li^aatkw af Uialkwi la kiaUaaa, 
 tkod Um aaUon owad aiu«b to hIa val«r. Tha bia««rv la oMclaaly thia (- In Um 
 (Bum af Richard II. • H^*** *•• tatM. of mm ihllUng par b«a4 upon mtfj 
 paraon In Um OAlkm, of vhatavar «l«aa or AondHlon, an poor aa wall aa H«h, 
 abora Um afo 4( ifkaan faara. ^ if any faror waa abown In Um law, U »aa !• 
 iba Hah rath«r than Ui« poor; aa no parwin ooald bo abargad mora Uiaa 
 Iwanty atillUoga for hluMnlf, family and aanranlf, Uiough arar ao nnoiaroua - 
 vhila aU oth«f (WmiUaa, un4*T Iha nombar of Iwanty, wara ohargad par baad. 
 iTolMataa hftd alwajw bo^ odMxM— Hot Uiio balng alae opprt>aai-va and atonal, 
 It aiflttodl. Mil Mtonlly^Mt, anlraraal datMta|£in anntng Um poor and mld- 
 41a oiaaaaa. Tha parMol^wn by tha namo ot Wat Triar, and ohoaa propar 
 ■MM WM Waltar. and a lyUr by trada, llrad at DaptfortL Tho mthorar of tho 
 ytttaK. on oomlng to hIa booaa, damandad a lat Air oaa of hla daughura. 
 ;:{rtM«l Tjlar doolarad wm aadar iha ^a of flrUan. Tbo Ui-gatharar Inalat^ 
 
 - ■ . ^ Indacant aiamlnatlon of tha girl, wbl«ll 
 
 haaunar, that broof ht him to Iha 
 
 Thk eireanMiaaeo Mnrad to bring tha dlaoonlanU to an laooo. Tbo InhaM 
 
 3 la of tho naighborhood aapooovl tbo caaaa of Tf lar. who, io a faw day% , 
 ijoinadl, acoording to aoma hiatorlana, by upwarda of flfty^tbouaand non, ^ -^- 
 I «hoMa thair obiaf With thia foroa ho aartshad to London, to danaod an « 
 aboiUlM of tho tai, and a radnjw of othar griavano**. Tho oouri, flnding #'»'*' 
 llMtf te • foriorn ooodlUoo, adkd anabia to aako f«iaUooa. agraad, with . - 
 BlehftH at im head, to hold a o^mfarvnoo wCth fl4|f lb Bmithflald, mahiof '^ 
 - many fkir profaaalona, courtiitr-lilM, of lU dlapoattMK t9 r«dr«M tha opprra* ^ 
 •lona. Whila Richard aod Tylor yrwn In convetaatiM on thaao mi^ra, each 
 t>«iQg on horMbaok, Walworth, tvpa n#jor bt London, and ono of iha eraa* 
 turao ot tha oonrt, watched an ^pportnnllr, an ' 
 ■tabbod Tykir with n daggor i|illf» ti tlmt 
 WM Inalantiy noriload. ^ '\ \ 
 
 dialtrte 
 
 tfht 
 
 10. 
 
 a cowardly hi 
 
 Tyler appoara < 
 hlmaelf. AU hU 
 
 bo«n 
 i.Ua made Io Richard, wei 
 
 propoo 
 ground, than thoae whteh had boon niado to John 
 
 
 raapoj^^lw 
 aod^^blio 
 ; and not' 
 
 irlthatandlng tl^a ayoophaocv of hl«to«i«n«, and roan Dm Mr. Barka, who aaek 
 io gtoM over a boM action of tha GO«rt by tradooinf Tyler, hjf fluno will MV 
 Uto jtbeir falMhood- If the barone ineritod n ■onn— t tr>g Ml Ugt lP 
 ftnM«/bUiHT]!lwfMrtetMtoaiiMii«M. ^ - ' ^"'./V - --M- 
 
•.<•" 
 
 «<n« 
 
m 
 
 MMNRi 0* 
 
 1^ ■ 
 
 With th. roTolptloA <jf Wift, «» »«• "O "^JJlJin.^ 
 Tor •coewioD. cmo the dwtruoUw •Jttcm of e?"*"''"*" 
 
 what MC«itMatioii might h.vo .xtjnded, h«i not the 
 put .m end to P«^°<2?»l«Ct^^.M;«»5te-eS! 
 
 tt ^dalSr?. « mu* celebration in «1» one oonntry u 
 
 ihi?fl5rtprZ.t.it»U:i».tof le-em»g_^bnrto^^ 
 Md Sn th«B» »dd tudi iJMtten »nd piopoeition^ r««P«™« 
 the £™e cSS^trie. of En^d, Fntnoe "d ^enc^ » the 
 
 ^«ent proepect of ihiiw( .pp«« to J»»''^A I^^IS 
 Sumio. ■& tliTtihTee, for ibe piuToie. th«t wiU be mentumea 
 
 '"»av^«i ».y 1-ppe- -jc- By Si.tjr 
 
 P^^i^Jrvir^S^^K Aft i»ri«ent circumitancesdo 
 
 *■■. 
 
 ^^. 
 
 ^l-Sr^SJrf^ t^ir ih. ,.«, »diBg - Mid-dm^ 
 1778,wiiMfQUawi:\ 
 
 LMdiMI 
 
 mmooBt « • • • \ ■ " 
 luiM ^Inchidliig oM •»< ■•^■w) • 
 
 1 
 
 
 n,fso,ooo 
 •,76i.ny 
 
 I,80t,76ft 
 
 wWiU^eSir^SSBt toowoly two BiU««, w« ptid out 
 
 
• W-t 
 
 iiUI 
 
 Othtr 
 
 To 
 
 the 
 and 
 »d at 
 Men- 
 1 im- 
 "oved 
 rnicb 
 ary as 
 
 latter 
 axes; 
 wting 
 uthe 
 an an 
 ioned 
 
 stake- 
 kseen, 
 ; they 
 ces do 
 nioha 
 tian in 
 
 elnuus 
 
 W,ooa 
 
 B9,S74 
 M,W 
 
 0t,7M 
 
 rtaxo^ 
 • ; ana 
 e unce 
 imberBy 
 
 Madoal 
 
 ■ 
 
 „* , - ..,. waam or MAM, ■ ^'--^^ftH 
 
 of the mm amount ; and the aboTe ii the net tom ^aid Into 
 the exdiequer. j ' ^»* .i. 
 
 The lam of seventeen mUlioni It applfed to tWo^iflerfiBl 
 pnrpoMS ; the one to pay the interest of the national debt. . 
 the other to pay the current expenaet of each year. Aboul V 
 nine mUliona ar# appropriatod to the former ; and the re* 
 mainder. beinff neany eight millions, to the latter. As to 
 the million, said to be applied to the reduction of the debt, 
 it is BO much like paying wiUi one hand and taking out mth 
 the other, as not to merit much notice. \ '^ 
 
 It happened, fortiinateI)[ for France, that she possessed 
 national domains fot* paying off her debt, and thereby , 
 lessening her taxes ; but as this is not the case in Eng- 
 land, her reduction of taxes can only take place by reduo- 
 ing the current expenses, which may now oe done to tho 
 amount of four or five millioni annually, as will hereafter 
 appear. When thif ia accompliahecL it will more than 
 counterbalance the enormous charge or the American war ; 
 and the saving will be from the same source from whence 
 the evil arose. ■ ■ -^^ ::':-■.:' •;■ .. ■ -^^: (■■■^'•- • •' " 
 
 As to the national debt, however heavy thd interest may 
 be in taxes, yet, as it seems to keep alive a capital, useful to 
 commerce, it balances by its effects a considerable part of 
 its own weight; and as Uic quantity of gold and silver in 
 England is, oy some means or other, short of its proper pro- 
 portion,* (bemg not more than twenty millions, whereaa it 
 . should be sixty,) it would, besides the injustice, be bad 
 policy to extinguish a capital that serves to supplv that de- 
 fect. But, with respect to the current expense, whatever is 
 saved therefrom is gain. Th^ excess may serve to keep cor- 
 ruption aUve, but it has no reaction on credit and oommeroe, 
 like tiie interest of the debt. 
 
 It is now very probable, that^the English government (I 
 do not mean the nation) is uBOriendly to the French vevo- 
 lution. Whatever serves to expoaa the intHgue and lessen 
 ihQ influence of courts, by lessening taxation; will be unwel- 
 ootne to those who feed upon the spoil. Whilst the datnor 
 of Frendi intrigue, arbitrary power, popery, and wooden 
 shoes could be kept up, the nations were ealiiy allured and 
 alarmed into taxes. Tiiose days are noif past ; deception, 
 it ia to be hoped, has reaped its last harvest, and, bettor 
 times are in prospeet fw both oountries^ and for the world. 
 
 ^•fkM«igalntri(pMt,foNigawMg,aii4fiD^ doalaloM, wffl IS a 
 
 
 .im. 
 
 "«<^ 
 
JW 
 
 Of iiijr. 
 
 uMit' 
 
 T»kin« It for gnmtod that an alHanoe may be fbrmefl b^ 
 tween E^d, ?mico and America, for the pnrpotei heiej 
 
 iSTrV^lT^JTentioned, the national «7«^^«^ *Xl ISd 
 Encland may conBcquently bo l««»«n®*l-.,,TheBainefleetoana 
 armies will no lonRcr bo noccBBary to either, and tlie roduo- 
 JSb r»t^be ^de Lp for ship on each side. But to aceoin- 
 
 a '•Ec^ Ejects, ?he goveWtB -tl^^C^Sdl^n^ 
 fitted to a common correspondent principle. U)nMence 
 cinuev'erure place, while L hostile di«PO«tion «^^ 
 either, or where mystery and secrecy on o»e Bide, is opposeo 
 to candor and openness on the other.' • v* v^ 
 
 *°Tb^ m.ttei5TdmUt«l, the "^"t tSSTe^^i^ rt 
 mt Innk. for the talct rf a prteedent, to wli»t they were «» 
 EirSiid XnFrSoe iSd&igl«nd were not enenue^ 
 
 Enirland and France a<M m t^^^, ^ ^ '^'Z *^^^Jt 
 «Sfo?of^eat extraVa^nce, it wiU eerve to show modern 
 KaSi«S1n Ism wSse light ; etoe<Wly, •» the p^ 
 S??r^anny,«ndthe revSi^iMHJifieerahw^^^ 
 
 Jlnclair's History of th« Itof^eno^^ ^ 
 
 Amy . . . • • * • * 4J00O 
 OMLIM .^ . • • • * •_J!2-— 
 
 >-> r 
 
 "ffi 
 
 Ifil^lliL 
 
 ^IF 
 
 to think .oittethlng of «••* •T»«»iiISti?i STlob wnSoTb-ldM what ho 
 Mberwiio f^«°**8^^"", "^-^Tn^ii^ iQeoree I ««t«d the lam* clooo- 
 
 AmI' •««nr ulion tet do«s nd( pmm 
 
 (ho Mvvtattoa* 
 
 J 
 
 ) 
 
^ 
 
 nd 
 nd 
 uo- 
 ►m- 
 be 
 nee 
 tin 
 Bed 
 
 be 
 » at 
 lies, 
 ion, 
 
 rery 
 ime 
 m a 
 lem 
 yof 
 ued 
 
 >eaoe 
 «r tiio 
 
 peared 
 icr h«r 
 9poMd 
 
 rhathe 
 of the 
 
 ith th« 
 r«ruid 
 f Eiup> 
 Bt In 
 
 ^ 
 
 msrtfif 1IA«. 
 
 m 
 
 «Ubli«hmeiit at 1,200,000 •* I'^«K«^<*f**,^f^S„'^ 
 Eliiabeth, Uie amount of all>e taxe. wai but halt a miUion, 
 TOt the nation bco. notUrng during that period^ that ro- 
 iroachw it witli wunt of consequence. , . 
 
 AH circumatancctt then taken - together, nmmg from the 
 French revolution, from Uie approacliing Lampny and re- 
 ciprocal interest of the two nations, the abohtion of .court 
 intrigue on both Bides, and the progress ^^.j'^'^'^Y^i^^nt 
 sdenlse of government, the annual expenditure might be put 
 back to ont million and a half, vti. 
 
 Army '.V:' ;:,:*■' .. •' 
 <' Kzp«iiMS«fgo«*rnm«at 
 
 ,i"' 
 
 , t • • »oo,ooo(. 
 
 „ . , . 600,000 
 ^ , i « 800,000 
 
 Even this sum is six times greater than the expenses of 
 government aw in America, vet the cml ^^^f^^^^' 
 ment of England (I mean tRat^admmisterea by m^niof 
 
 quarter scisfons, juri(», and assize. «^^ "f ^»^».^" ,^tf iJI 
 2early the whole/and is perfonnoi by the Ration,) islese 
 ©roense upon the revenue, than the same specicsand porUon 
 of jrovemment is m America. ^ , -. ^ 
 
 Ris time that nations should be rational, and not begoy- 
 
 emed like animaU for the P^^^PJ® «>^f^«^ "<^«!|?- J\^^^ 
 the history of kings, a lyian would be almost incUned to sup- 
 pose that govormnent consisted in stag-huntrng, and tiiat 
 ivery nation piUd a milUon a-year to tl^t,^^**f '^'nc.^S 
 ought to have pride, or shame enoueh to blush at being thui 
 Si npon,^and when he feeU U pro|»er Aaract^r he 
 wX^pSi ail^ i^ oi this nature, tiiere is often passing 
 in tiie mSd a trainkideas he has m)t ^ acci^^ 
 self to encourage and commimicate.^ Bestraihed by some, 
 thing that puts on the character of prudence, he acts the 
 C>Sjrite to*^ himself as v^rell as to oAerii.^Itis, however, 
 curiotts to observe how soon this spell qan be ^Ived. A 
 ' duffle expression, bOldly conceived^and uttered, wiU some- 
 tim^ put A whoS coiiipany into t^r proper feelings, and* 
 whole nation are acted upon in the same manwsr. ■,■ ; 
 
 Ab to tiie offices of whieh any civU govemmeniTnay be 
 composed, it matt«» bat littie by what names they are 
 
 .i^ «rMMnin«iti.^iMMd ia * WW i»ith the Datch« th« •xpMW •'•■*•■ 
 
If:: 
 
 in 
 
 BIAMIf 09 MAII* 
 
 w . 
 
 . deicribed. lu tbe roatine of l^nrfneM, u before obwrred, 
 whether a man bo styled a preiident, a king, an omperoiv a 
 Sator, or any thing elw, it » irapowdble Siat myt^cm 
 he can perfonn, can merit from a nation more than ten 
 thousand pounds a-yoar ; and as no man should bo paid 
 beyond his services, so every man of a proper .heart will not 
 accept more. Public money oucht to T)o touched with the 
 most scrupulous -consciousness of honor. It is not tbe pr<^ 
 duce of nUes only, but of the hard eamlngt of labor and 
 tK)verty. 1% is .drawn even from the bitterness of i^ant wid 
 misery. Not a beggar pattes, or perishes m the street^ 
 whose mite is not in that mast. i u i^ 
 
 Were it possible that the congress of America, could be^ 
 •0 lost to their duty, and to the interest of their constituents, 
 as to offer general Washington, is presidwit^of Amenca, a 
 million a-year, he would not, and he could not accept i^ 
 His sense of honor is of another kind. It h^ cort %;land 
 almost seventy millions steriinff, to maintain a family im- 
 ported from abroad, of very inferior capacity to thousands 
 In the nation; and scarcely a vear has passed that has not 
 produced'some mere^ary application. Even the physicians 
 . bills have been sent to the pubhc to be paid. No wonder 
 that jails are crowded, and taxes and poor-rates increased. 
 Under such systems, nothing is to be looked for but what 
 has already happened ; and as to reformation, whenever it 
 comes, it must be from the nation, and not from the govern- 
 
 To show th At the sum of five hundred thousand pounds ii 
 
 more than sufficient to defiiav •^.^V'^^^^. ^^ JSmlJi 
 ment, exclusive of navies and armies, the followmg estimate 
 is added fdr any country, of the same extent, as England., 
 
 In the first place, three bundrcd representatives, fairly 
 elected, are sufficient ftfr all the purposes to which lemsla- 
 tion can apply, and preferable to a laYgor number. They 
 may bOdivided into two, or three houses, or meet m one, |f 
 ill France, or in any manner a constitution sh^l direct.^. 
 
 As representation is always eonsidelred m free countti^ 
 as the most honorable of all stations, the allowance made^o 
 itis merely jto defiuy the expenses which ^e representativei 
 * intmr bv that service, and not to it Maii'office. 
 
 w^ 
 
 -#- 
 
wmsi^»^^^ 
 
 171 
 
 ^ 
 
 r 
 
 Tordltto^fi»ethou«nd pound, •ach ■ • / * ^ 
 \Rent,Vu»..t two ihou-nd pound, .ijch . . • 
 
 Sd ditto, at on. »»««'»"f P-;^^ 
 
 •0,000 
 10,000 
 40,000 
 40,000 
 100,000 
 •0,000 
 •0,000 
 
 •>,»oo- 
 
 l^ mlif' ' V - 
 
 ■fVr'''. 
 
 mj^ 
 
 T# *»<«« WhnoMA. It c»n deducst ftmrper cent, from^^:^ 
 
 Udih^X^, are not included ^ t^^^'^^^h of oAcc, 
 TheforegoiVlB not offered w an « J^ aew ^^^^^ 
 
 knf to Aow the number and rate of **»*"5^ .^tIJii !« 
 
 5*-,"i^?J^^A riwi ftSTn^w arefe or fout Sta« 
 Ao. do little more t"*" f's" T^rf-nned by under derks. 
 
 - co^itmue tho eame » « ^om out of the present current 
 
 ""fcyer h^, olM»ryed «i»'inaimer'ln.*Wchi^^ 
 
 ™lBt. Becanae tl»e arUtelw now on Und are •"•'^y ""T ilii 
 wi?^lSdnQJ iS* «!«> Wd""^"? cwinot tilw phuje ofi tlie 
 
 ^ '"'STb^^ on all ^ «»««»- <« ^'<?^ ¥, ""^dS 
 
 u.,^S£iiA^i£s>(£&. ^.v? 
 
1.80 
 
 mown or mas. 
 
 H 
 
 *t4 
 
 V Woiglit. or ton, Ibe ftlMiHtiop *jf the dntj doot not admit of 
 beiriff divided down to. m flilljr to relieve the consumer, who ' 
 pimJmtne bj the pint, or the ponnd. The UsI datv Uid on 
 Htn>ng beer And ale^ wa» thruo giiillings. per barrul, whicii, 
 if taken off, would IcHscn-the purchase only half a farthinff 
 per pint, and, oonsef|aeutlj, would not reach to practical 
 
 ', Tliit being the oondition of a greater part of tbe'taiei. ft 
 irili be neoesMuj to look for saoh others at are free from this 
 embarrassment, and where the relief, will be direct and visi- 
 bly and capable of immediate operation.' 
 
 In the ffret place, then, the poor-rates are ft direct Ux 
 which every hoosekeoper Jfeels, and who knows also, to a 
 farthing, thesam wlucn he^ys^ * The national amount of 
 ' the whole of the poor-rates is not positiyoly known, but can 
 be probored. Sir John Shiclair, in hjs history of the Rev- 
 eiiuo, has stated it at 2,100,687/^ A considerable part of 
 which is expended in litigations^ in whieh tlie poor, instead 
 6f being relieved, are tormented. The expense, however, ik 
 the same to the parish, nom whatever cause it arises. 
 
 In Birmingham, the amoant of the poor-rates Ib fourteen 
 thousand pounds a-year. Hiif^y though a large sum, is 
 moderate compared _^with the population. Birminghfun is 
 said to contain setenty thousand souls, and on a proportion 
 of seventy tlionsaiul to fourteen thousand pounds poor-rates, 
 .the national ampiint of poor-rates, taking the population of 
 England at s^ren millions, would be but one -million four * 
 hundred tl^oiisand pounds. It is, therefore, niost jprobable, 
 t^at tli9 jpopnlation of Birmingham is orer-rateo^ Foar> 
 t^ thousand pounds is the proportion upon fifty thousand 
 fi^ius, taking, two millions of poor rates as ^e nation&l 
 auiount. # 
 
 / Be it, howeyer, yhat it may, it is no other than the con- 
 sequence of the excessive burden of taxes, for, at the time 
 when the taxes were very low, the poor were able to main- 
 tain themselves; and there were no poor-rates.* In the 
 present state of things, a laboring man, with a wife and two 
 or tliree cjuldren^ does not pay less than between seven.and 
 "'-'ht^^unds a-year in taxes. He is not sensible >f this, 
 
 "^mse it is disguised to him in the articles which he buys, 
 
 he thinks only of their deamess : but as the taxes take 
 i him, at least, a fourth part of hia yearly eaminga, h« 
 
 1 
 
 -MNi 
 
 of Btnrj VUl. when Jtex«k began to IB' 
 
 sraaM, and Umj have iaervMed M the t&zM iaoivMed evfr alBftJ « 
 
 ., t^^^-^ --^ 
 
1 
 
 ISI 
 
 * 
 
 ciiSlviniimself, or any of them, arc ^^^^-^''^^^^^^ 
 
 •rto first rtop, therefore, of practica r«»i«f» J^»'?^ ^J.^ ^ 
 ^ i«Ii tho uoor-ratoa entirely, wid, m lieu thereof, to make 
 •S^^Vun 7taic to the ixJoV to double the -"-"^ t<>f ^^* 
 piSmU poorM-at.*, t;«. fcmr mill on» annualW^^^^^^^ 
 Slu» taxtn.. By thin n^ea.»ro, the poor ^^ould be benefl^ 
 two luilUon., and the Uottsekeepcrs two nuUioni. Tl»»f •'^^^ 
 would be equal to the reducUon of one hundred and twoiUy 
 riuon. of the national debt, and consequenUy equal to th* 
 whole expenae of the American war. , , , , .| ^ ^1^ 
 
 It wiirSion remain to be conaidered which li tl»« ,f<** 
 eir^tual m^e ^f di.tributing the remi«i«n ojonr^^ 
 ~^lt ii easily aeen, that the poor are generaUy ^^?^^ - 
 iX faiiulii of childwn, and pld people ««»^J«„|f/»^^^^^^ 
 IftLe two cla«ea an, provided for, the ^f L^auTwilK 
 reach to Uie full extent of the caao, th^t J**** ,'?"»fi'^^^* 
 V^?m.,MenUL and In » jrreat raeaanre, faH witlun the cora- 
 p^T of l^ekrcT^^^^ thougirof humble invention, 
 
 SSt tobe^ranked aniong the beat of modern tnstitutiom. 
 Admitting England to conUin ^even mdUoni of -^ v^ 
 Sni ♦ISronr ft«i of that claiB of poor Which need fup- 
 
 TrtfSi^^er^W^ 
 
 thousand, which, at five >onl. to eaclj.fan^^ 
 hundred and„fifty-two tiioujand f»mib«s 5«j4««d V^ ^°* 
 theexpenie of chUdren and tiie woi^it of taiej. ^^ . .^ 
 The^^ber of dtildren «»der fourteen yWii ^rngV^ 
 each of thow famiMB., wiU be found to be f vb to every two 
 
 otiiert foW ; ibme none, and othera fite; ^« llSTS aS^ 
 rent that mor^tiian five are undeir fourteen yetei f^ 
 K? Xti^Ttge they are capable of iernce, or of be^^ 
 
 ikmiUe% 
 
 l^riMinimlMr of ehfUrta wBI *• . • V- ;^ 
 N [fi^ mnbtr «r pwntf, iww th^ •» Bftog, wod«ai 
 
 MO,00O 
 
 •oAiOoe 
 
 /* 
 
 it ia certain that M p» ^^^^ ^J^^, fTvJS! 
 ytfenta are relieved of oOMe^ i iWei, b^«» it la fro m 
 
 r 
 
 \ ' 
 
the «x|M)iii0 of bringing op ohildron that thuir pofvftt 
 ariMi, ' ,*•/' 
 
 I Uving thm tae«rta{nfld tt« graiteit nnmlfe^ Oiit ditt 1)« 
 •uppONtid to imhhI aupuort on account of yoiinr familio*, J 
 pro<!oed to tlie modo oV relief, or di»tribiition, wliich it, 
 
 To p»y M • r«mii«ion of taxei to every poor familj, ont 
 of tlio furpluH taxwi, and in room of {loor-ratm, four pounds 
 a y«ar for ovory cliild undur fourteen yoart of age; enjoining 
 tlie parenU Of iuch children to Mi^d them to fohool, to learn 
 reading, writing,. ahd common arithmetic; the miniatert of 
 every parish', of every denomination, to certify jointly to an 
 <^ce, Tor this purpose, that the duty is perfonned. 
 
 The amount of this expense will be, for six hundred and 
 thirty thousand oliildren, at 4L each per ann. 2,620,000^. 
 
 By adojDting this method, not only the poverty of the 
 
 Sarentt wul be relieved, but ignorance will be banisned from 
 le rising generation, and the number of poor will hereafter 
 become less, because their abilities, by the aid^of education, 
 will be greater. Many a yonth, with good natural genius, 
 who is apprenticed to a mechanical trade, snob as a caipen- 
 ter, wheelwright, blacksmith, Ac, is prevented gpetting for- 
 ward the whole of his life, from the want of A little common 
 education when a boy. f 
 
 I now proceed to the case of the aged. 
 
 I divide age into two elsisesi Ist, the approach ot old 
 age, beginning at fifty : 2d, old age. commencing at sixty. 
 
 At fifty, thoogh the mental facmties of man are in fall 
 vigor, and his judgment better than at any preceding date, 
 the bodily i>owers are on the decline. He cannot bear the 
 same quantity of fatigue as at an earlier period. He begins 
 to earn less, and ia less capable of enduring the wind and 
 weather ; and in those retired employments where much sight 
 is required, he fails apabe, and feels nimself like an old horse, 
 beginning to be turned adrift ; 
 
 At sixty, his labor ought tohB Over, at least tram direct 
 nece«ity. It is painful to see old age working itself to 
 death, in what are called civilized cou&tries, for its daily 
 bread.' . v,' ■■■ .ir^: ■.-:." '^ '■'■' 
 
 To form iome judgment of the "number of those above 
 fifty years of age, I have several times counted the pessons 
 I met in the streets of Xondon, nien, women;, and cnildrtai, 
 and have generally found ,that the average is one in about 
 sixte e n or seven t e e n. If it be said that aged persons do not 
 
 r do infiants; and • 
 
 / 
 
«t MAS. 
 
 m 
 
 / 
 
 STkihXM .ppr.vltl.«. Tain. U«>nri«^ for •<^«*_^ 
 Tml npwrd., of IkiU. »«x«., rich »ud poor, will bofoor buB- 
 
 'l^.n.ritr w?TO.. -ilor., .nd ai.Un.l«d «,Wl«r.. worn 
 
 life, lK«in, u tge .piigMb-, to !«• »'>•'» baAi««, "O •» 
 '"d» *^'^^ wfll be*co,»Untly thrown or »«m th*— 
 JStfa^n. .n..t wheel, which - m.n«a^^or «ga. 
 Uta, » number from erery ol»« of Uf« ooninotad wlU» com 
 
 beWl. I ^^ke the number of per»n., who .t ono Ume or 
 ^,'of ILlr UTei, after flftT 7«« of •5^°'.?' f A« ^ 
 t»^o, comforUble to be tetter "PPO"^.^-*^' ^ 
 ^n!!^>t thnrnMlve*. and tliat not ■• a matter of grace an4 
 
 for whom a diitinct provition wat propoted to be made. 
 KlTJr^ be moMu w^ety, notwithtUn^i the thow end 
 
 (SfthU one hundred and forty thooMmd, I take one half; 
 JiLty thoSimd, to be of the age of fifty «^d jind«r jdxty. 
 tTd^; oSerUlf to be lixty yeara and unwards.— Havlnj : 
 Si wSSLed Uie probabfe proportion of the number oT 
 1!K^^ to L modeV'nmdering their conditio*^ 
 
 nnS^J Aaul2rive at*^ age of Sty, ^le -^ «' -^ 
 .SundBperami.<nitof the surpluB toes^^ '^«^D«2of 
 .%ertoudurlng life, after the age of alxty. Thee«pent|o| 
 
 WhiWwiUbe,. / 
 — '-^^--^ ^ - 410,0001; 
 
 Umatj fhvamaA pw?^ * ^jFyj-T, .100,000 
 
 ^ l,ltO,0«H. 
 
 * ill 
 
 Seviatjr Ihoai^ 
 
 -^ 
 
^ftHty, bal of A right. Krmry |>«r»oii iii England, mml« and 
 foiiialu, \*my on an fiv<^higo in tant» tw6 pound* eight ihiV- 
 iUUHl and six p«no« par ann. from Iho day of hi« (or hor) 
 birth : and if Ui« «ip«nii««>f collwction Imi addinl, ho pajm two 
 poundi iilovim •lulling* and aixponco: coniMMiueutly, at th« 
 «nd of fifty jmm, h« haa paid ona hundrea and twenty- 
 eight m)nnd« flftoen i»hilllngt: an<! at iiitj, one hundrtxl 
 and fttlv-four iM>und» ton nhiUingi. C)onvi»rting, thcrnforo. 
 Jiiitor fuif) Indiridual tax into a tontine, the nionojr Imthall 
 fucDive after fifty y«ar», i§ but Iittl« more than the legal in- 
 t0reet of Uio net money he hat paid ; the rwt it made up, 
 
 Jfrum thoio whoM ciroamiUnot t dft att W gnire Uieni to 
 draw iiurh mtjiiMjrt, and the caoital fn IwttTcaMi defray! tlie 
 fxpenMM of govunimunt. It u on tliia ground that I have 
 •xtended tlio probabiu cUltna to one third of the number of 
 Aged poraone in Uio nation.^lt it then better that the livot 
 of one iiundred and forty thousand aged ^^enont be rendered 
 coinrortftble, or that a million a-year t>f public money be ex- 
 penJotl on any one individual, and ho often of tfi^ moil 
 worthiest and inaignificant character! Let reaaon and jua- 
 tioe, let, honor and humanity, let even hypocriav, ayco- 
 phancy, and Mr. Burko, lot Ooorge, lot Louit, Leopold, 
 Fnj«luric, Catherine, Oomwallit, or lippoo Saib, antwer th« 
 
 " quoation.* 
 
 The Bum thut remitted to the poor Will bo. 
 
 To two hiradntd and flfty-two thooMuid pter fkadlUa, 
 
 ■If hundrad and thirtj thouMnd ohUdrra, . < 
 
 Tq om hundred and fortj thouMuid ngad pcnMoa, « 
 
 ,,■ , MtQ,oooi. 
 
 ■% . •1,110,000 
 •,•40,000/. 
 
 • lUokoninf the tnna by (kmniM, ir« to a {kmHy, Moh hMXij pnya oo nn 
 •▼cnura lit. I7f nod id. (Mr urn. to this lam ar« to b« addai the poor rntM^ 
 Hioagh nil pny ta<M lA the •riUim they dooram*, nil do loI pny poor-ntM. 
 About two miUtona nr« oxemptMl, m^ m not btlag hooMkocpera, othen m 
 Bot being nbto, nnd tia poor thomaelvM who reocire the relief. The nrerage ^ 
 therefore of poOrMlei on tho reoulnlng nam^r, is forty ahniion for every 
 IhmUy of tre penooi, whieh aukM the wholo nTersgo aBOoat of tastes and 
 ntea, 14/. lit. ad— for dx perwHii, lU iTe.— «br eeren penona, 80/. 1««. •</. 
 
 The aTarage of taxea In llnerica, ooder tho new or repreaentaUre ayatem of 
 gorenunent, inolodhig tho Interest Of tho debt contraoted In th« war, and* 
 taking the popolatlon at fW millions of souls, which it now ao^onnts tc^ an4 
 
 U dalTy tnoreadng, b fire shillings per head, men, woman, and chlldit^ .Tho 
 ^aibreaoo, tharafora, b«lw«^ tha two fovaJBmeata, la •maOtMt 
 
 
 I 
 
 \-, 
 
 fto a ftmOy oriva paiao^ — 14/. 11$. 9d. ik «o, OA 
 
 flir a Ihayiy <^ six pe 
 fir»flw4f afiavoB. 
 
 ^ 
 
 -■y 
 
 vt 17 e 
 
 iO It %:'■■■ 
 
 1 10 
 
 • 
 
 "A 
 
 
 .\ 
 
v^ 
 
 .\ 
 
 ( ' '' . * 
 
 Th«r« will Uiim r«maln lh«» hunlr^l wif tS^ ^?***i 
 pooSToTii of Uit four milUonis p^rt of which may b*^p- 
 
 ^YC lu raho.« <«.« •- proWdtd for. the* will .Ull 
 b« . ttauib«r 01 IWiulio- who, Uiough not P^f'*/ f .,^« 
 TJ of iioor. y«t find It difficult to gUii iHfuoat.u,i to Mf 
 cMU^ aiuLuoh children, under .u.h •«•«,, would b«in 
 • woHK, Condition th»« if their paren'U wer^ '"'^•"yj^f; 
 
 Ar.tlon under a Well regulated li"-«"»'"«"V«i*?. d ^.^ 
 nom to remain uniiuitrucUKi. Itli monarcldcal •"^ •'J*^ 
 Scsl govemmenU only that require Ignorance for thelf 
 
 condSuT which i. a ^«,ater number U.an onghi^h^ .ug- 
 poMd. tdUr the proviaiont already made, the methoU wui 
 
 So allow fbf «t«1i of tho«, children ten •»"»'"f 'JJ^'flJ' 
 Uio ex,«niu« of iKdiooling, for .ix year. «*«^./^»' ;»» J^* 
 tliem lix montht acdiooling oacfj year, aild half a crown 
 'a-year for paper and •p«ni';g book*. 
 
 The oxpenie of this wi I be annually* 260,000*. 
 
 ThcrSTiT^hea remain one hundred and ten thouaand 
 
 ^?r«twith«ti.nding the great modet of relief which the bett 
 iniiti"aad 2i4^prin&^ government m^j deT.i^e, there 
 wiHtiU bo a ^ber of .mailer ca«ea, WhJch it u» good 
 Zucy as well ai^ l)«neftc/ace in a nation to consider. 
 ^Were tweutrshillingTto be given to every woman imme- 
 diaie^i on u!e lirth of "child; w%o should ma^o the demand^ 
 SITd nJne will make It whose circAimstance. do not requirf 
 t« it mii^ht relieve a irreat deal of mstant distress. - 
 
 ^^mr?a^a^uUwo hundred thousand births yearly n 
 Engirt r^d if dilned by one fourth, the amonnt would 
 be50,000«. ^ . /\ M \ 1, ^ 
 
 ' • PohUo ichoob do not w-wer tho nvM parptm of «li* ^- ™2 ^ 
 
 HitsMv«tthMd • /' 
 
 ;•. ■■■ " .. •.; • r ..;. . -' -^— -r— h-^ ^ r- 
 
 »■, ': 
 
 ■4 |l 
 
« I 
 
 »'i 
 
 % 
 
 in 7' r ^ 
 
 mm of ao, (KM)/. " '' J . 4 •Jji*. 
 
 ^bo twwity thoimmn.! p«un«ii to bt ipjmjprfM^I trt «•• 
 
 j;;^ P^ii ftwH^tWi ^^mSh ^ ^f '^^i^ ^'" *'* *^ 
 ^''l*Ih»ll ftnbli thli p«t of my w1>J«^ ^^ • P^*" •te>t«!| 
 
 IW»m thone which cKCfi fcf d» «f*^"^,5'J^^J^ 
 f«r«nt, or rather an mdaitlcmtl mode of r«1 ef Ui nmeMmry. 
 In tht ooantry. even in Urge towni, people bye • know- 
 l^i«;«re*oU^oiher, and di-ire- "«-«' "^-^ »? ^»'V "^"i:^ 
 h«igl.t it iWBietimc* doe. in . metropoli^ ^^•^J^'^f'tSi 
 tiling in lb« ootintry •* p«icmt, in the literal ■ensa of tho 
 loA •i^^ to dJath,'^ dying with cold for the want ^ 
 m lodiinp. Vet iucli «flp md othon equaU/ M mmnbl% 
 
 **|Cy'a yo«th"^«iea up to London ftill of expectation^ 
 and litfle or no moaey, and anle« he get. ernplovinent he it 
 SILk half undone ;afid bor. bnd up in Lon.fon without 
 «»7mUn» '»f * Jivelihood, and, as it often liaopeni, of dww- 
 luL TMWfWta, are in a itill wome condition, •jd tervant. loM 
 ont of pla« are not much better off. In ihort, a worid of 
 little eLm are conUnually arking. ^bich bujy or aiHtient 
 life knows not of, to open fee fimt door to diitrei*. Hunger 
 it not among the poetponable wanta, and a day, eren a few 
 honr%in liSoi a wndiUon, ii oft«n the cridaof a life of 
 
 Thoae circttmitancei, wWch are tlifl^aiitnl omMa«^l¥e 
 Uttle th«fti and pilferingi that lead to greater, may be pre^ 
 Tented. There yet remain twenty i^*>r*".lP*^°«^^'*> J^ 
 the four miUions of lurplua taxee, which, with another ftmd 
 hereafter to b* mentioned, amounting to abont twenty thou- 
 •and pound* more, cannot be better applied than tp tWa 
 Durpote. Tho plan, then will be, ; 
 
 iKTto erect two or more buildlngth or M« iOBa^ already 
 iNcted, capable of conteining at least sim thonsand pefrwns, 
 I^WVi n c^chof they places Mm^y^klndi^f 
 
 ■^(Nii, 
 
 |.. 
 
 #• 
 
 ptoymeM M c«B be contrived, to that erery perwo w 
 ^11 come may find smnothing which he or slie can da . 
 ii, T(?j^T« •!! ^bo shaUcomt, without inquiring who 
 
IfT 
 
 #r wWt timy to; TW ofi!^^m4ttIdfi to W, 0i»t fcr *i 
 Pia4^h or io inmtij honm' work, r«rh infr»m iliall r«r«iv« la ^ 
 many iii«mU of #Uuli*jnfo AhmI, miul • wami lo«lKi»»«. •• 
 l«Mt M itxhI m a iMmPAok. Tluil • mrUAn |Kirtlon «>r what 
 MAh p«rwia*t work thaU h« worth •haU bo nmtnrwl, ftti<l - 
 H^vou to him, or hor. on lliolr Kolng away ; aiwl Ui»l ••< li,^ 
 p«rit<>n •h%U nUjr m Iook, or m •lioii UitMf or OOlttf •• oA^ * 
 §A ho nluHMmK on lho«o ooiulillon*, .' m 
 
 If Moh itemm •Uld Uir«* monUit, (I would iMiat br pnt». 
 lioii twenty-four Uiou««n(i jwriMin* ftnnu»Uy, though tha r«ml 
 numlMtr, At aU linuw, w«iul<l l»« hut tix t)iooMiid. By 
 iitobU«hiii|L ^ Mgrlum of ihui kind^iiu^ F^*^^ ^ whom 
 
 it' 
 
 '^%' 
 
 
 rocralt th«mae]?ei, and bo cniblod to look out for b«tt«f 
 employnimit. 
 
 AllowifiK that thoir Imlyor paid bat on« half thu w pey 
 of «ut)|H)rting Ihmii, »ft«r r^nenring a iwrtion of thdr Mf** 
 ingt for th«mtoWfla> th« •um of forty thouiand jjotindi addW 
 Honal would defray all other charg«i for oven a greater . 
 numlMr than tix thouuuid. 
 
 The fund Tory properly oonrertible to thli pnrpotj, In 
 tddition to the twenty tiiousand pounda, remaining of thj • 
 former fund, will b^ the produce of the tax uinm coal», and 
 ' ao iniquitdtmW and wwilunly /ipplied to the tupport of tli« 
 duke of HiolinK.nd- It in liorrid that any man. more cap^ 
 dally at tlie pri*» coals now are, ahould live on thjdiitreMea 
 of * ooramuntor; snd any government permlttiik inch an 
 abate denervea to be dinaol ved. Tliia fund ii aaid t6 be about 
 twenty thousand pounds per annum. 
 
 I ihall now conclude this plan with enumerating the ••▼•• 
 ^jftlparticulart, and then proceed to other matters. 
 'y^- Tlie enumeration is as followi: ^-^ ^. ;_t:_ 
 
 1st Abolition of two millions p*)o^fat«l. i 
 
 2<1, ProviflioB fsr two hundred and fifty-two fhonMUidpoV 
 
 ^nillies. . , . , . . nj 
 
 8d, Education for one million and thirty thousand ohUd- 
 
 4th, OomfortiMe pforirfon <br <m« himApea «nd for^ 
 iousand aged persons. 
 
 6th, D<^tion of twenty shiliingi each for nttj thousand 
 birtht. 
 
 "^>- 
 
 gth, Donation of twenty AflUngi (MkA for twenty thoa- 
 
 d marriagea. 
 7th» ▲Uawaaoe ^tmat^ 
 
 thmind ponndafor the lUnerel 
 
Z" 
 
> 
 
 ,^-* 
 
 .1 
 
 IM 
 
 
 •^M^fw.;. 
 
 *aiom Of MAM. 
 
 Mpemm of Dcnona tr»?«UiBf for worfcf <^ ^^/^'S *^ * ^ 
 
 Un<« lh)m tfceir fHendft j;_ J,* t i a- 
 
 i 8th, Empbvment, at all timet, for M ciuraal poor In tli« 
 citie* of London and WwUniniter. , . , 
 
 IW tho operation of this dIm, the poor lawi. thoio initru- 
 meata of civU torture, will be^supenwded, and tlio waatoful 
 ' expense of* litigation prevented. The heart* of the humane 
 will not he ahockcd bv ragged and hnngry children, and 
 persona of seventy and eighty years of ace begging for 
 bread. The dying poor will not be dragged from place to 
 place to breathe their last, as a reprisal of parish nwm 
 parish. Widows will have a maintenance for their child- 
 ren, and not be carted away, on th^ death of Uielr husbands, 
 like culprits and criminals : and children will no longer be 
 considered as increasing the distress of their parents. The 
 haunts of the wretched will be known, because it will be to 
 their advanUge; and the number of potty crimeikthe off- 
 spring of distress and poverty, will be lessened. The poor, 
 as w3l as the rich, will then be interested in the support of 
 government, and the cause and apprehension of riots and 
 tumult* will cease. Ye who fit in ease, and splwje your- 
 selves in plenty, and such there are in Turkey and Russia, 
 as well as in England, and who say to yourselves, "Are we 
 not well off," have ye thought of these thmgs f When ye 
 do, ye wiU cease to speak and feel for yourselves alone.- . 
 
 The plan is easy in practice. It does not embarrass trade 
 by a sudden interruption in the order of taxes, but effects 
 the reUef by changing the application of them; Mid the 
 money necessary for the purpose, can be drawn from the 
 excise collections, which are made eight times a-yesbr in 
 every market town in England. -- , , , , , ... * 
 
 Having now arranged and concluded this tnbject, 1 pro- 
 ceed to the next .„, , 
 
 Taking the present current expenses at seTcn millions ana 
 an half, which is the least amount they are now at, too 
 will remain (after the sum of one milbon and an half be 
 tal^n for the new current expenses, and four millions for the 
 b6forementioiied service) the sum of two millions, part of 
 which to be applied as follows ; ^; _. _, 
 
 Though fleets a&d armies, by an aUiance with Jnranige, 
 
 will, in a great measure, become useless, yet the personsr 
 
 .who have devoted themselves .to those services, and have 
 
 tliereby unfitted themselves for other lines of life, are not to 
 
 — b e attflf o rera by the me a ns th a t make ot li ers ha|>t>y ^They 
 
 't 
 
 /■ 
 
 ;**» 
 
 g^ ■ V 
 
 J4fc 
 
 Sit. 
 

 ■Man or lUB. 
 
 IN 
 
 •re • dUbrmt d««!ription of moi to thdw wl» ^nfc.«h«Bg ,^_ 
 
 ,„JK the nav/for which . prtvidon ^ f<»«»y mjde. 
 Tn theformer p.rt of thi. pUn, of one "^""j*^^ ^ 
 
 Sm«t hJf » nXlUon more tU *?.P«^,"*»2Sn 
 ti^r.rmv uid navT in the prodinl time* of Oharlet U. ^ 
 "^ SS^ then Ift^n th^oi»afd «>ldie» to;be ^Unded 
 Mid to^w to each of those men three •bdlinge a w^k 
 durii^ life, clear of all dcKluction., to be paid i?* t^e^e 
 mannSr a^'the Chelsea ^llege '^?f^'^^^r'^r^^ 
 them to return to their trades and their friend* ; •»* atoo to 
 Sd fifteen thousand sixpences per week to the pav^of the 
 soldiers who shall remain ; the winual expense wiU be, 
 
 in.oooL 
 
 19,600 
 
 «» «• p*f «f «ftw tk«««n<» dlibMitod •oldUw, rt thi^ ■hB. 
 
 linRt per week, - - 
 
 AddlUoma pay to Ui« remdntag eoldleTj, 
 
 AddlUoMa WIT to <*• remdnlng •oldlert, •,.•.. * .^ ^^ !# * 
 
 SeTame amount m the wm aUowed to thf men, . . • "«»^^ 
 
 W8,600/. 
 
 Md^ •W.OOOI. 
 
 to ti^« H i. on the ponnd of hfe •™»£'»-^7*.^ 
 i!..n«J«1 mav of thirty-nmo thoBiand pounds. A» « l»M« 
 toTwt^ the ^ei may be taken o^for instwice, wtap 
 fti,!J/SoL^ poinds &tt in, the duty on h»P« »»/*» 
 wiXS^ff; «nd «s other parts fafi in, the dnbe. on 
 ■ 3m tad 80« maybe lessened, till at last they ^ totallT 
 ^-Ser* SS^rWnuBS *tl^ one million andahalf ol 
 
 "^to* hoh«» «id windo*s¥OTerf thoM ffl^^ 
 toKiwWc Ae thepoor-rates, is not confounded TnAta»d^ 
 tXhel! taken oir,tWief willteinstanUyfelt Tbstax 
 
 falls heayy on the middle class of people.^ ,««•-«. 
 The amount of this tax by the returns of 1788, WM, 
 
 
 BowM ud wfaaom by the «» ©J J J^ 
 
 181,480 11 T 
 
 1I0,T»0 14 H 
 
 
 fold, S1«,1»0 • 0| 
 
 ->" 
 
:*- 
 
 ,> 
 
 milHoii of tnrplM t*x«i, »nd m it b »Lw*yi propr to keep 
 JT iam in wwrre, for incidental matters, it may be bett not 
 m extend reduction» fVirther. in the flrat inatance, but to con- 
 sider wh»t« may be accompllahed by other modes of reform. 
 Amonir the taxea most heavily felt is the commuUtion 
 tax. I shalL therefore, oflfer a plan for ito abohtion, bv sub- 
 stituting Another in its place, which wiU eflfect three objects 
 
 ■"ftt once J ■! ■ ,_ %. . v-i "" 
 
 ' 1st That of removing the burden to where it can best b#f 
 
 2d. Res^ring justice among fSsmilies by distribution 
 
 ^ISl Extirpating the overgrown influence arising IftSJS 
 unnatural law of primog;eniture. and which is one of the pitop 
 cipal sources of corruption at elections. ^^ t^hao 
 The amount of the coumiutation tax by the returns or 175», 
 
 was 771,657/. , , ' A_,i ^ i«. ♦i,^ 
 
 When taxes are proposed, the conntiy li; amused by the 
 plausible hmguage of taxing luxuries. Onethmg is called - 
 a luxury at one time, and something else at another; but 
 the real Itixury does not consist in the arti<ae, but^in the 
 
 means of procuring it, and this is always kept <>«*<» "g'^*' 
 I know not why any plant or herl? of the field should be a 
 
 greater luxury in one country than anotherjbut an ovw- 
 Srown estate m either is a luxury at aU timeitodi as suc^, 
 5 the proper object of taxation.- It is, thdWbre. right to 
 take those Und tax-making gentlemen up on th«r own 
 word, and argue on the principle themselves have laid down, 
 that of tatoing htmrtea. If they, or their ^ampion, m. , 
 Burke, who, I fear, is growing out of date like the mm in 
 . armor, can provo that an estate of twenty, thuwy, or forty 
 thousand pounds a-year is not a luxury, I will give up tne 
 
 "^dmUting that any annual sum, say^ for instance, one 
 thousand pounds, is necessary or sufficient for the support 
 of a family, consequently the second thousand is of the nature 
 Af a luxury, the third stiU more so, and by ^rbceedme on, 
 we sliall at last arrive at a sum that may not impro^ly b^ 
 caUed a prohibitable luxury. It would be impoUfae to set 
 boundk to property acquired bt industty, and therefore it is 
 rikht^ place the prohibition beyond ttie probable acquisi- 
 • -which industry can fixten 4 ; hnt there ought to be a 
 
 tion to 
 
 ry can exien q , nut mere vu f^ u^ w ..-^ » 
 the accumulation of it by bequest. It 
 
 Uu'it to\property, or 
 
 
/^' 
 
 one 
 
 miUM Of M4». 
 
 m 
 
 Aould PMi in •ome oth« line. The richatt In •very nation 
 hare pSoTwUtipM, and thoM often Terj near In pon.an^ 
 
 *^The^foUowlng Uble of progroMdre ta»tlotf ii «mrtrncted 
 on^o above principlea, ind ai a eubstitute for the oommn- 
 "ti^ It will rich the point of prohibition by a re^ar 
 ojS^U^ and thereby lup^e tfie arirtooratical Uw of 
 primogenituro. ' ■ • ' . 
 
 V TABLE L 
 
 A tax on all eaUtei of tl» dear yearly ▼•Im of fif^ 
 Doundi, after deducting the land tai, and np 
 
 ToSOOtr 
 ..^•00 to 1000^.' 
 On Um Id thooMBd 
 On tiMtd ditto 
 Ob tk« 4th ditto • 
 
 h \- 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 1 • 
 
 M 
 M 
 
 ' « 
 
 M 
 
 And 80 on, adding U. per ponnd on every ad4itional thou- 
 
 **At the twenty-thiM thonaandthotax becomea"tWenty shil. 
 lin« in SL pLd, and, conaeqnendy, eveiy t^pnaand be- 
 3 Sat™nm>r produce no profit but by dmding the 
 atotL Yet^rmidable a. thia tax appeara, it will no^ I 
 bdJe^e^Wuce 80 much aa the commutation tax; should it 
 Wu^C^Tt ought to be lowe«3d to that amount upon 
 MtAtM nnder two or three thousand a-year. / 
 ••oTs^ and middling.esUtesitte^^^^^ 
 to be) than the commutation tax. It is not tiU^ter seven 
 OT ^htTousand a-year, that it begins to be h«{vy. The 
 obffi not BO muci the produce 3 the tax «« thejuBttce 
 of ^^e measure. The arwtocracy has screened itodf too 
 much aStiS^es to restore a part of tibe lost eqm^^^^^^ 
 
 A^^rSSce of ite screening itself, ft is only nQcessa^ 
 to l^kbSTto the first establishment of the e^c^f^i^ws, at 
 whi^is called the revolution, or the coming ot Gharies II. 
 Sfwistocratical interest then in power, commuted Ae feu- 
 
 *f ■..■ 
 
 / 
 
19) 
 
 ■lovit Of turn 
 
 ^ 
 
 -( : 
 
 
 / 
 
 wboM the tfzoiptlmui from tiuM Mnrfdit mka^ fntended ;• 
 instead of wbioB, it wm throwa oa an tiiUi« .different deM 
 
 . of men. ' ' ". ' '■ ■ '. ■ ' ■ '- '^". ' ' : '"'-'•,'' J^' ,. '' ,< 
 
 . .But the chief olrjoct of tliii progrefsivo tax (beeiacs.the 
 jng^ieo of rendering taxce mote equal tlian they are) is, M 
 Hlroady stated, to extirpate tho over^roWn influence arising 
 from the unnatural law of primogeniture, and whi6h ii one 
 of the prihc(pi^l sources of corruption at election!. , ^ 
 
 . r .It would be attended with no good consequences to inquire 
 how such vast estates as thirty^ forty, or fifty tlioUsaud «- 
 year could commence, and that at a time when commerce 
 
 < and manufactures were not in a state to admit of such ac(|ui- 
 eitions. Let iibe sufficient to remedy ^the evil by putting 
 
 ' th^m in il.condition of descending again to the ^commm^ity 
 by the qniet meansof appoHioning them among all the. 
 heirs and heiresses of^ those families.'* Tliis will be the-more 
 neccasary, becanse hitherto the aristocracy have quartered 
 their younger children a^ connexions upon the public, in 
 
 ' useless posts, places and offices, which, wiien aroolished, wiU^ 
 leave them destitute, unless the ^wof primog&utarebealso 
 
 ; aboliflhed or^uperseded. ' / « " 
 
 V A progressive tax will, .in a g^t measure, effeoi tide ob- 
 ject, and ^at as a matter of interest to the pa^et most 
 
 .. immediately concerned, as Will be seen by' the following 
 table ; which shows the nett produce ^pon every estate, aftQl^ 
 
 . lubtracting ^q tax. By this it will appear, t^at after an 
 estate excMds thirteer or fourteen thousand aryear^ th« m* 
 mainder producee bat little profit to the holder, and ooioie- 
 quently, will e^er pass to the youngs children or to other 
 kindrecL ' . 
 
 ' Bho> 
 \ «uidK 
 
 
 
 \ ■■■.'.■.. / ■■ :-,■.■• ■ -: ■:' ■■^■■^^ ■■ 
 "» ' V> •The tes'onbMr br«wed for nOe, from whlclTtb* KAMtocnej we aierapt,- 
 \ Ii almost one million more thin th« prwent commuiation Ux, being by the re. 
 1 tarns of 1788, 1,666,162/.— and, consequently, thejbnght'to take on theni'- ' 
 > ■■ , \ lelves the amount of the commatotion tas, ■• they are already exemiitcd from 
 lane which Ualmoit a iniUionfreat«r. 
 
 ■ ■■ ■ \ 'difc, . ••..,■■., 
 
 ' \ ; \ > ' n. * .*■■■-■.■ .^ - ■ 
 '■--"•■ -l '' >-' * '■■•:- ■ :■■' ■ " '■'"■■■■- "■■"■' ■, '■"":' 
 
 ter 
 int 
 be 
 be! 
 
 IB 
 
 he 
 
 (m 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 -' ■ ^ . ■ ' • =■ 
 
 
.'■l-t. 
 
 ■^ 
 
 Its 
 
 oviiar. 
 
 TABlK n. .^' 
 
 !^ 
 
 t 
 
 \ «Uid 10 twonty-threo thouBand ponndi •rjtmt. 
 
 ||«.«fUM«Ma4i I ^MMliM^blrMta^ 
 
 •V 
 
 lOOOf. 
 1000 
 
 tooo 
 
 \400C 
 BObO 
 
 •ooe 
 
 1000 "^ 
 8000 
 
 Mod 
 
 10«000 
 11,000 
 tW,000 
 ^11,000 ; . 
 
 i;4,(ioo . 
 
 U,000 V 
 16J0OO' 
 
 ill. 
 
 59 
 109 
 IM 
 
 li«a 
 
 9t9t 
 
 ;U4l 
 
 .••91.*> 
 tl«l 
 
 56M 
 
 -'> 
 
 \' 
 
 18.000^ 
 
 i^Jooo 
 
 ■^18,0d0' 
 "#19,000, 
 iOiOOO 
 
 ti'ooo 
 
 i 
 
 "■- jwo : 
 
 ItfSQl 
 tl80 
 •MO^ 
 MMi 
 
 . -loto 
 
 i««0 
 
 6^90 
 
 6180 
 
 , » 9880 
 
 . ^780 
 
 ^ 8896 
 
 ; >«80 
 
 io,8sa: 
 
 TllO 
 7890 
 94*70 
 90t0 
 99S0 
 10,190 
 10,870 
 10.970; 
 11,890 
 11,690 
 11,870 
 19,170 
 19,910 
 19,990 
 19,870 
 19,970 
 
 , 
 
 
 H. B. Thq odd shiUings are dropped ^^^^J^^l^riAwi 
 ' AoSrcUng to this taSle, %n e^tiOe ^ot P«>^«^«J^^ 
 tliMLmSToiclew of theland tei and the prpgrewi^ tax, 
 ln?ffiori dividing ouch estktes wiU foUow •• » ni»^ . 
 
 £L fl^fitotes of Mr thonaand each and o»e of tl^, y^^ 
 be^SS^only IISNW. which is but five per cent., but if. 
 held byS^ one^poM^iiOor, wiU be charged 10,630/. , 
 
 AlSough an ^q^ii^to to origin, of thoee estates^ bo 
 •«i^S of them in;their present Btate 
 
 J^JSX^IiW^ It is a matter o^i^"{i«^»^?^S^4;! 
 
 hteeSta^ csdtes, the Uw has created the evil, jmd^it ought 
 
 ;^TS^^^ Primog^ture ought to be 
 
 ^^^?count5^eriby4tsopewttion Bycuttmgoff 
 KVMw w»— J V ^_^ „t»;i/ii««T» fW\Tn thAir nroner 
 
 k 
 
 vlSL^ObflervedV the younger children from their proper 
 
 .■^s 
 
 pSrdon of inheritance, the public is 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 ■'»\ 
 
 
 ."V 
 
 '-^\ 
 
 .•m^ 
 
f- 
 
 7- 
 
 #* 
 
 tu 
 
 '7r 
 
 of mainUlnmg tlieiii ; and the flne edom of eloetloiiii v!oUted 
 br the orerbearing inflaenoe which thU unjiist monopoly of 
 family property prodacee. . Nor U thii it aU. It oeoaiiioiui a 
 waaio of national proiH)rty. A oondderable part of the land 
 of the (Qountry ia rendorea nnproductive, by the great extent 
 of parka and chaaoa which thia law aervea to keep np, and 
 this at a time when the annual production of grain la not 
 equal to the national ccmBumption.* — In short, the evils of 
 the aristocratical systemlre so groat and numerous, so incon- 
 sistent with erery thing that is just, wise, natural and b^n*^ , 
 5cent, that when they ure considered, there ought not to bi 
 a doubt that many, who are now daased linder thit ditoriy V 
 tion, will wish to see such a system aboliihed. . ^ ^'^ 
 
 What pleasure can they aerive from oontemplatmg |ha . 
 exposed condition, and iimost oerUin beg^^ of their, 
 younger offipring! Every aristocratical familjrTiaa an ap- 
 pendage of family beggars hanging round it, which in a few 
 Ages, or a few generations, are shook off, and console thfoi- 
 selves with telling their tale in alma-hciUBea, work-hous«i, 
 and prisons. This is the natural , consequence of aristocracy. 
 The peer and the beggar are ofUOk of the sisiai HIiqii ly. One 
 extremt produces the other: to make one rich many inust' 
 . be made poor ; neither can the system be supported by other 
 
 means. ■ •'.■ --'^r- •> ■ * . 
 
 There are two ola«ei of people to whom the Uwi of Ei^ 
 land aro partioialarly hostile, and those the most helpless j 
 younger children, and the poor. Of the former I have iust. 
 spoken; of the latter I shall mention one InsUnce out of the 
 many tlial might be produced, and with which I shall cUm , 
 
 thia subject. 
 
 Several laws are in existence for resnlating and Hmiting 
 workmen's wages. Why not leave them as free to make 
 thdr own bargains, as the law-makers are to let their fanns 
 . and houses t t^ersonal labor is all the property thef Jiave. 
 Why is that little, and the little freedom they enjoy, to be 
 infrmgedt Bnt the injustice will appear str^ger, if we 
 ooni^cter the operation and effect of such laws. When wages 
 are fixed by what is called •>w, the legal wages remain 
 stationary, while every thing else is progression; and as 
 those who nlake that law, stiU continue to lay on new taxes 
 by other laws, they increase the expense of ^ying bj one 
 law, and take away the means by another. 
 
 4' 
 
 Srodii 
 iey^ 
 limiU 
 a-yoa 
 
 W a 
 
 • Hi 
 
 parti 
 
 \ Th 
 
 w, and take away ttie means ty a notner. ^ - 
 
 But if these gentlemen law-majbrs and tax-malcen thought 
 
 iHni 
 
 • nnd< 
 t'hun< 
 
 8. 
 
 thot 
 
 ■: ,:*. 
 deci 
 oft] 
 
 birt 
 
 ■•..::• -6 
 
 est 
 dis 
 
 - i 
 \ 
 
 : 
 
 th< 
 to 
 
 iff 
 
 
 • 8m Um Reporte 00 the Com Tra4ik 
 
 ■ X ■ ' : ■ ■. .,■' ' ■ 
 
 
 ■ ■•'* ■ 
 
 
 .::.«►., 
 
OtMAS. 
 
 %m 
 
 pi^cnliSi into one vtowi M^.«l« JWWd to othw mrt- 
 ^' flirt el^ .rtldei «• iionglit forwari *om 
 
 • i 
 
 # nu!^Ir«iMl rlftA ft? four DOtmds pet head for each child 
 
 d.^yti talK^rJS pA«fflt«PP<»«l -»»«»»/»»«>»«">• 
 ^^MXa'SlSS:^ dfe ^ *» fifty tio^-na 
 
 e™,;Si^p^ traTelling for Irork, and dying a « 
 
 r distance fWniihe^Mcnd^. ^ *^*i.. nam^lvLoriir 
 8/Em^JoymenJi»t aB^Umeft fitethe cawial/Doorinr 
 
 cities of liiJdonJWWefto^^ 
 Sowmd emmneration, '^ /^ , ; jt 
 
 * 9. Abdition of the tax on nonaes and 
 IQ/ Allowance of three shillinp per - 
 
 tlioniand disbahded soldiei* and a pr 
 
 to the officers of the disbanded co^HK . \,^m^ «# 1ft ROOL 
 11. Incroasoof |»af to tlj.wn^i^^ 
 
 igme increase of pay, as to th6 sj^ 
 
 '■■ "•' ' ■ i 
 
 
 .V 
 
 \> 
 
 iowa. • 
 forlifetofilteeA 
 
 lonato allo#ano^ 
 
 18. Aboli ti on of th e oommnt a t i on t aat 
 11 riM ftf a TuroirrefdTe tax, operaU 
 
 U. n^n of a 
 
 l ^^ l r^wa^Ung to itirpstetba 
 
 •»■ *. I -"n -n 
 
 

 V* 
 
 «fl|Ml Md annAtaral Uw of prtmogvnftiira, tad tlit tioltnif 
 inloeiioe of tho arktooimliosl ■jitom.* ^ 
 
 There T«t ranuiiuL m tXfpmdj lUted. one million of farploi 
 Wee. Borne fkri of tliii will De required for oirfnimAU^(0«e 
 tb«i do not Immediately preeent themielirei. and looh part 
 •• shall not be wantud, will admit of a f^irther redooUbn oi 
 taxee eqnal to that amoutit. 
 
 Among the olaimi-tbat joatioe requires to be made, the 
 eondition of the inferior rerenoeKiffloen will merit attention. 
 It ia a reproiioh to mi j goTemment to waate anoh an immen- 
 ^7 of reT«i«e in iineenrei »nd nominal and nnneceiaarjr 
 plaoea and <^oei. and not allow eren a decent livelihood to 
 thote on whom Uie Ubor fidla. The mUtj cf the inferior 
 cfflotn of the rorflnne haa atood at the petty vittanoe of liia 
 tium fifty poonda a-year, for npwitfdf of one trandred jeanC 
 Itooght to be gerentT. About one hundred and twenty 
 thouaandi ponnda applied to thii puirp<MW» wiU |at aU t^^ 
 islariea in a decent oondition. '^ . 
 
 JihiB was proposed to be done ahnoit twenty yesn ago, 
 Imt the treasury board then in being, startled at. H, as it 
 /might lead to similar expectations from the army and naty ; 
 wua the erent wss, that the kioff, or somebody for, him, 
 Applied to parlfa^ent to hi^re Ms own salary raifed an 
 liimdred thousand pounds a-y^ar, which being dona, ^~»»^ 
 ^thing eke was laidaside. _/., : 
 
 intllNspeot to another class of men, the in&nor olMfi 
 
 e WhM InqalriM an nwdt Into Um oondlUoii of Om poor, Tutow (lt«M«t 
 
 df dfalNM wOl Moit protwbly bo found, to rsndor o dURMOBt vnuicoaMttl 
 
 i nrofbraUo to that wbi<h ia alrMdy piopoMd Widows with (kmillM wfll bo la 
 
 riOtorvaiitthMi whtrstheroarobaiUndsntliuc. Tboro Io^Im o dUhfOMO 
 tho npoBM of llTing In difforont ooontriMh-nnd moro lo In AmL 
 B^ifoilo ifty thowand oitraordinafy oaaw, al tho into of *^,^,,^ 
 poonda por fkatty per ann. • x* •' •/ j S0O,000fi 
 
 100,000 Ibmllloa,. at St porfcmlljr par ana. • • • / , f??*^ 
 100,000 flunlllea, at ft )>or ^ *» ' ' * /^/ ISM 
 
 ■^ l04Wfiunlliai,atWlpor * ^ f^ - ^ jL^tU^^ 
 MM InatMid of ton abilUnfi por bond fbr tbo %6xmm^tMmi 
 
 ebUdron, to alloir fifty abllUnfi par ftmllyftr thtt >M| a n *r 
 
 iso,odo 
 
part . 
 n of 
 
 >t • 
 tion* 
 
 ijriof 
 
 Iff 
 
 } Wliill 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 "f^. 
 
 MM At 
 
 lib* la 
 
 brwM 
 
 0,00011 
 0,000 
 0,000 
 0,000 
 
 o,odo 
 ro,ooo S 
 
 80,000 ' 
 O,000<. 
 
 \^ji ni^lndtoii fcr^ MAiarti dUbrMl awtdi tnd fomui of 
 nOlaton tiki*. oonffl»«MM« ^^ <*«**'«**»^ ''^^^ 
 
 3mifli. Mid of t-i UioaiWMl to Miolbor. I ^P^ «V *^ 
 •uWoct with tho mow iVaedom, b«»«M I am ™^ n*Jj? 
 iM A PiwbytwUa ; and th«r«fora tbo oant ory of oooi* flroo- 
 pbaata. about iborah and mooting, J^ np to mum mm 
 UwUdar tlie nation, cAnnot bo ^^ "g^ 51^™ ««a .^ 
 • Yo limplo mm on both ildoi tho qvortioo, do joo no* mo 
 thAngh tGi oo«rtlt o«hl HyodMbofcioidliimthigand 
 
 uS^iMMm, Jd koibi at y^^c^^K^'T?^*^^**^ 
 teiood that tMohoimantobogood; and I know of booo 
 
 that lnatnieti\hhA to bo bad. ' . 
 
 . AU tho bofomnontionod oalcnlotlona. •nppoiOOTilj ■!»• 
 mUUona and an half of tnioa jjidd bto tho floahoqnor, 
 
 >Ie}f»r 
 
 teen miiuona ana an umu, v» •«»«■ i^«- — -- — tt; ^ ' 
 
 Sw tho oxponeo of ooUoctUm ond drawbaoki at tho one- 
 tom-booio anT^jiMHiffloo are dodnctod : whowot tho aom 
 ' poid into th* oiohoqoor U ▼etr nowly, if not qulto, lOfon- 
 Son mimoni. Tho Uiet raieoa Jn^S?^*^ •^"!f^ 'R 
 expended in thoio oountriea, and thoreforo thoir jjiingj wW 
 
 eoETont of thofar ovn t«t« : bnt if WJ^j^^J^^,^ 
 tho Engliih eaOifionor, it might bo wmitte^-^ wiU not 
 
 teebT^o hnndioAhoaioad ponndi OryOttr difttonco. 
 ^ew now iwnahii ooIt tho nationid d|ibi to bo coj^ 
 llderod. In tho tear X^sJ, tho intoiwS ^J^T^ ^f^ 
 tontino, WM 9,lM,tm. How yiiiioh tho^pital haa b^ 
 S^ilnoothrttfan^J tho minJirtor beat knowi, But 
 ^i^inif tho intwort, abolirfiing the tax on honaaawid 
 ic^tho oommntati^ tax add tho pow-irttea, and m* 
 aU tho proTiiionI for Uio poor, for the education of cUn 
 the inpport of tho aged, the diibandod part^of tho a 
 navy, Sd incro-inj tho p«y of tho remainder, thi 
 n surplus of Olio miJjioa, r ^ . 
 
 The prownt sehmno of P»ymg^ tho ;;^----^- #, 
 pears to mo, ipoakfaig m an ind^erqnt P«Wi ^ ^J^^ \, 
 SS3rtod,irwrtaSS2cious^^^ Tho buidoifof the national/ 
 
 bo tho eapital more or hm-rtho only knowlodgf 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 TTT- 
 
 »• ■ 
 
 v.a»?; 
 
 % 
 
.'■'•<•■ 
 
 ir- 
 
 * Viqaie mow moeey now to piirehM* up Ui« e||H«i|^»n 
 JXtS%|^ STto ti'iS^iSi^* of MX. PiU. - 
 
 WImh tbe iMWt of IM 
 
 • -taf' 
 
 
 It 
 
 W' MmMhinff In it whUsh ihookedi b? pub- 
 
 Fox. 
 
 .« 
 
 Mr. Pitt w«, rt that Urn., jh.* "»y tflSjirf'iS^ 
 
 S!*^tU.n 2^^ W»d*lp to him, Md hi. igjon-io. 
 
 iri.-iJ2u w^of*?^ fe»^ «;.s;"iid 
 
 ;rt?llTS«m.thiknight*T«rtjrf.^^ ^ 
 
 /'■, 
 
 ■^^Jy,- ^,_^.--i^'"' 
 
 
 
 % 
 
.in 
 
 ctiJiiioa, for m«rit in \AvMtAt, h« baa niah«d bio W Mi if i% 
 Whioh^A >B^ 1«» tiipporUd wottU Boi hA?« pr«0am«d to 
 
 ^Afll^h iMBM to iliow that ohaaffO <ii mlnlaUra amounta 
 io nothing. One go«a out, anothar oomaa In, and itiU tha 
 fmimm. Diflaauifea, TioM, and axtravaffanoa ara poraued. It 
 ilgnilai not who ia mini«ter. Tha daCsot liai in tha ftjatam. 
 The foundation and tlie ■nparatmoture of tlie goTommant ia 
 bad. Prop it aa jo6 plaaio, it <K>ntinniHf liilHi into aourt 
 •ovwmmant, and aToa win. ^ /^ 
 
 * I r«ta^^ aa I promiaad^ tha laMaet of tha natioiial 
 
 -4^ that o£bpring of tha Pnloh Anglo ravolntioB, uAMl 
 ^Andmaid, tha Hanorar luooaiaioB. 
 
 Bat it ia now too lata to inaoira how it bagan. Thoaa to 
 whom it ia doa ha^a adranoad tha inona;^ ; and whathar it 
 WM wall or ill Mnt, or pookatod, ia not (hair orima.— It la, 
 ^werar, aaaj to iaa^ that aa tha nation prooaadt in oontam- 
 
 L elating tha natnra and prinolpl^a of govanuntnt, and to 
 ttadaratand taxea, and maM oomj^arlaoni batwaaan thoaa of 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 ^yworm moat, miai uw uuuhmii>/ w« i-w v—w» -w- v^eu** *• 
 
 to not whathar ttMW prindploa preta with Uttla or much 
 
 ^ ^ fi>raa In tha praaent momant Thay ara ovt Thej ara 
 
 %, abroad In tha world, and no foroa can stop tham. IAa % ^ 
 
 ■a^at told, tha/ ara beyond recall : and be moat be bund 
 
 '^4lideed that doea not lee that a change ia alreadj baginninff. 
 
 % Nina mUliona of dead taxea la a aeriona thing; and thia 
 
 not only for bad, but In a,g^«at meaanre for foreign goTem« 
 
 mant. By putting tha power of making war Into the handa 
 
 X ^ ^^ foreignera who oama for what Uiey oonld gat, UtUa 
 
 alia waa tooe e^^eoted than what haa haf^pened. 
 
 Beaaona arraready adranced in thia work, showing thai 
 whateFer tha^reforma in the taxea may bo, thay ought to be 
 made in the/current expansea of goTemment, and not in tha 
 part M»pliea to the intereat of the national debt— By remit- 
 ting the tiucea of the pobr, M«y will be totally relicTod and 
 all diacotfait will be taken away ; and by atriking off such 
 of the tiUea aa are ahready mentioned, tha nation will mora 
 than r^6oTer the whole axpenae of the mad*Amari43an war. 
 will then ramain only the national debt aa a subject 
 af ^a fe ont c nL and jy o i der to remove, or ya th er to prevent 
 It w^ld be good policy in the itockholders theimielvei 
 uBider it aa property, iulfiaot, liko all other property, to 
 
 y 
 
 ^- 
 
Trnf-Mittr* or thli kkA W^d to £w •dd lo lk«t DaIaam M 
 '^'Tilrryt'd:^ V-«^ pd.il «•«... teie^^ 
 
 lo Uui the Uit«r«t% ■am. |W^'>ir««*^«»JP^«^*t^ 
 ^Si ftbllo Uuifi l> tfw •*»• propofUlS-ii »• 
 
 ir^« «»io t/be <Ur«h,6d «p«., SSJi^biiXS 
 Sir uS TnCXSrS tU.- or p^p»«m wlti«». any «- 
 
 •oumnaitirtbi Ux««, twenty tho»««id !>*>»», ^f. i!i 
 
 t^tTorMme olhor of tl.e like .monBt might •!*» be t^ej 
 teii i»k«d from the property of the debt towudt Ito e«in<> 
 
 le-to.-3-i. th^do now. mt they wooli »"^J »^ 
 
 ISSmSoB of the poor-retei, end the t«i on Jiontee wd 
 
 "^ ^wTwd Ae JUmnUUon t«, wonM be «on«lde«biy 
 
 pXrtk" wUt thto tax, dow, but ooUto to it. ope* 
 
 H' .TJ^Tm. to Ut»i^ t« li«fc ««t for me.liji 
 A.t m.^rini)lT onder my ciicnm«t»iioe thet m«y •pproech. 
 
 ^^f^ii!n»l" Prep«ition BOW 1. witdom. If*«»t^on 
 ^L^kTlooi*. it wTu be difflcnlt to reinetete it ; neither 
 
 b^^' tobe.tio weU n»^^^_«f,5'";^£;j5^. 
 
 V'. *tvv^\tfc^ 
 
 \ r 
 
 S^Tf^^i^ i» Wlowing th«t «< «M««l«3r, w*. 1% 
 
 ^: 
 
 >X>' 
 
il*"'T 
 
 >^, 
 
 ^ 
 
 €. 
 
 :\ 
 
 » mm 
 
 to 
 
 liMU|r*r«MlbMnl. Ul It Umm fM ^vUly ^ 
 
 kiMit ftry diilMt, wb«i teMj»«d «^ t«Nl*» •» 
 
 ^diag io SolkMl, IItiiat«r, %», or Bnaiiwi«k 
 
 " nvmm of a nfUkm ^fm* ^^ 9Mi4mnU)od 
 
 iBRroakl MMQtly >»«« Bitad Pmb for ib« offio* of 
 » Mfi£ooMtAbkk II fOf'Wiittiint «oiiW U »f««-»d to such 
 j^aPti U M«it U mmm maj and almiite thio^^HBdMd^ Mid 
 
 llfSttIt aIu tot iil la aity oowitiy In tlM woi|a, niT 
 Boor«mh»|»j: mUImv IgnonuiM nor diitMii !■ to b*«mn<l 
 
 wmmg tbMi a^ JAib iM ««^7 o^ P»*n'*»«»» »! "^"^ 
 ^TbiMnnn; tbt M«d am not in wui\ Omi taiM tra nol 
 #ppi««2v«S tho r«Bonal wotid ii BJ fii«Ad, bMMM I M 
 • ib»6i«Bdof iUbi^n«M: whiH thsM OiingtoMi tMnid, 
 iiMn B«7 thAl ttMAtiy boMi #1 ill oo mtltot i n a and lit 
 
 ^^ <7 A0llL tn/?!!^ I^tht fofni*r, th« 
 
 «u«tMtWMlonfrMia tha conflict tevwe; in the Ut4«r, tU 
 ftaUon actad wtSb moh a eottwUdatad UnpoW, that haviagf 
 Ho forain mmnf to odntand with, tha wvolotioo waa oomr 
 
 ^lata in vowm tha aonaat it appaarod. Fiwn both thoM 
 
 ^loiiUiMiea^ ii evidantythai thegreatatt Ibrota that can h%^ 
 IwoaiAt into tha flald of f«Tolutk«ia,ara raaaon and ooaimoa > 
 lutM^ WhaM thota can hava tha opportunity of acting,^ 
 .«ppoiitioa diaa with Csar, or onamUfla awikj by aoiiTiotioii. 
 
 - It la a grmX i t*Ti^ t«g which thay liafa now luUTcnftUy 
 obtafaiadTMid wa niay bamaftar bopa to iea rerolotioDa, or 
 
 "^ohaniNi io goramnanta, {wodooed with tha lama qiii<i<N^«^ 
 tion 6y wMA any meawiw, det aiinln a h l ft by w jion aod dif 
 
 Whi * n-lto SaM«a iti opinfcn aij^ 
 inff,it laiioloMMrtabagOTimed Mbalora; boiltwooM 
 nS only ba wt««, bnt bad polkqr, to •ttfttl* by W 
 
 ottghnM> bo aooonfOliM % NfiOB. B-h^lUott ooadito In 
 CttSbly oppodagAa gMianl wiUof • f^^^"*^^^^ • 
 
 ovaiT natSn aMthod tf oocaaonally aao«uiiii«g ^ rtnto 
 of publk opinion wi^ redact to goranunrtit On tUft 
 ^Uttt the «td guTenuneat ^ Fnnoo waa rnqfrnux to tho 
 
 /t*'' 
 
 '\ 
 
■'W 
 
 ..^'' 
 
 . -4: 
 
 AM 
 
 I!^M?^uid M to tho«e who »re now oJJed repreMoUtiT*^ 
 ^«i p 5 d-m. «. m«re m-hin- of th. ooort, fUoo- 
 
 iTto find oat wh«t the pnerd Kaijie of • »»»»°»« "^ 
 iL »«T«mad bT h. If ft ptefar » b«d or defeotlTe gow^ 
 begoTenMODTifc " "F to mt ten ttaw moroHMe* 
 
 gSw In dSTin which fl«fc »"»^,S^MrS 
 St bduded. It b only V B«Ble«»tin8 «d "jeotlDg ih"™ 
 
 FiSoh S;Xao!^ »d STi;^ of .^^ 
 
 Soerwiice, h<m«verrha8 diowi^ that rrf^ 
 SL3fc«»,itiBtaMtbiiMn^^ 
 U^e pwpSUiig P«rt of ihii srork, I liare spolwtt or «» 
 
"Wf^fB^^ppf^,^ 
 
 •ipiBni ov 
 
 Tt-^'"-!-?! -, 
 
 \ ' 
 
 •ni«iio« between ftiglMia, Tnam, Mi4#»Brio* ftw imf. 
 
 iwtei that were to be afterward* mentlodML Thojg^^^^?!! 
 
 nodirect authority on the part of Ameilea, I har* V*^ 
 
 reason to conclude that ^e & dirooe^ to enter into a con- 
 
 -^deration of luch a meaKre, provided that the gOTemmenti 
 
 with which ihe might aUy, acted ai national government^ 
 
 and not as oourti enrelopad in intrigue and myiterr. lyt 
 
 France as a nation and a national government, would prtfer 
 
 an alliance with England, is a matter of certainty. I«sr 
 
 ■ tions, like individuals who have long been enemies, without 
 
 Iknowing each other, or knowii« why, become bettor fln^dj 
 
 when^ey discover th« errors vad impodtioni under whlcH 
 
 X^mitting, ihereforei ihe probaMUtjr if inch a connerioo, 
 I will stote some matters by which such an alliance, to- 
 frether with that of Holland, might render service, not onlv 
 to the parties immediately concerned, but to aU parts of 
 
 ^Cl iMnk. quite certain, ih»t tf the fleeti oif England, 
 FranM, and Holland were^aoonfederated, ther^fould pro- 
 pose,^th effect, a limitation to, and a i^eral tomaniling 
 STial the navies in Europe, to a cerUm proportion to b« 
 
 Z*^ T^^no new Aip oCwar shsU 
 
 In Europe, themselves mduded. , , „ v * 
 
 9d That all the navies now m existence shall »>• jnt 
 back! supposed to on^ tenth of thdr present force. Thii 
 wSsave to France and England, each, at least two miUiom 
 annually, and their relatiye force be in the same prwortion 
 as it is now. If men will permit themselves to think, as 
 ratioiitfl beings ought to th&ik,nojSiing ^J¥P^ ™«* 
 ridiculous and absittd, exdusivaof all moral reflecttons^ than 
 to be at the expense *f building navies, filling them with 
 mem and then haiding them into the ocean, to tiy which 
 I* can sink each otheif fastest Peace, whidicosto nothing, 
 is attended with infinitely more advanta^ than any victopr 
 with all its exp«^ Bnt this, though it best answers the 
 purpose of nations, does not, thai of court government^ 
 whose habitual poU<gr4B pretenise^^ tato^on, places and 
 
 It KI think, alsoKowfciiii ifMiim^^^^^ 
 power? together with thi|t^df4e Uldtod St*toa£Am|icj, 
 San propoM, with effect, to Spain, the md^ 
 ^moricaitand "^ *"- "^-^^ ~.^.^^ «f imm«n«« «<«^t 
 
 .* 
 
 
 ■ .' ■<?- 
 
 ..ij?^-. 
 
-«p»iv 
 
 
 •ad wwdik U> til* gmmtl oomnMorat of the worid, ■• K«rtk 
 AnMriM now it. . '^ 
 
 With how mnoh mow gt«T» mi^ idwiUge to itMlf, doyj 
 t niktioii met, when it oseiti iti powers to wicne the world 
 from bondage, and to create to itMlf friendi, then when it 
 emploYi thoee po wen to increeao ruin, deeolatiofl, end niiaery. • 
 The horrid icene that ii now acting by the Enriiih ipvorn. 
 monl in the Eaat Indkt, ia ftt only to be told of Gotha and 
 Yandala, who, deatitnte of principle, robbed and tortored. 
 tiie world which they were inoapable of e^'oying. 
 
 The opening of Soath America woald<prodaoe an immenae 
 
 * iM lor commerce, and a ready money market for mannfko- 
 inrea, which the eaatem world dotenot. TheEaitia^nady 
 ft eovntiT of manoiaetuKa, the importation of which ia not 
 
 m 
 
 ^ 
 
 U* 
 
 tholSi^l&diafehipa in ailver ; and thia ia the reaaon^ to- 
 
 er with German intrigue, and German sabaidiia, that 
 iaao little aihrcr in iSfl^and. -, ;■;■- ;■,, .._:, 
 
 Bat any war iaharreat toanoh goranmenta, h^raifiir ijjiii- 
 ouaitmi^betoanatiaiL It avtea to keep i^ deoeitml ex- ; 
 peoUttona, which proTcnt people from looking into the deMa 
 rW abmaaof govermncBt Itia tiie 2p here/ and the lo 
 Mitik0t6 1 that amnaea and cheata the mnititqde. 
 W^mvs did ae great an oppbrtnnity offer itMlf to England^ 
 and to aU Europe, aa ii produced by the two iwolutiona of 
 Aaaerlca and France. Bythefbrmer, freedom haa a national^ 
 ehampien im the weitcni wcria ; and by the latter, in E«op^ 
 When another nation ahaU Join Fmnce. deipotin and ba^x 
 •evermaentwiaicaioely dare to appear. Touaealjiteex. 
 pi«mib%|the iron it becoming hot an orerEvropo, The in- 
 ^StodG^iman and the enakred fepaniard, the Bnaa and ^ 
 Bole ax« bAinniag to think. The preaont age wiU hereafter 
 merit to bexalledlhe Age of BdMon, and the preaimt gene* 
 
 ration wiU appetf to ih* firtmte aa tim Adam of n new 
 w<wld. ■ ■ ' ■^■ 
 
 V When aU 4e goTemmeaKla of Europe ahall bo eatabliahed 
 • entherepnMentatifeiysteBifnationawillbecomeacquainted, 
 and the inimoeities and pwrfudicea fomented by the intnguei 
 and artifice of ee«rta,wiUdBa8e. Theoppr«medMldierwiai 
 become a fgecBiMi; and the tarturad lador, no lyger dragged 
 
 
 xl' 
 
. 
 
 oontinae the mt of thdr loMlen dnring theb !«▼<% •7.f|T* 
 uZ^SfdTdLW »d «««. them to ft«;d°» ."Xt 
 
 ».> .>m« axDemeran * condition oJoUi* to looioty "i^ w 
 '^.^WeTi^Wie™ have WtWto 
 S^rrie.,theymightbeBaidtobewltho^t.J^^^^^ 
 
 by the citiwM on an apprehewion of their »>J»*^ «;«^^ 
 liWty. an<fW often iisulted by thow who coj^^i 
 themf their condition wa. a doubfe <,ppre.Jion But wh^ 
 
 ♦ genn ne principlee of liberty iHMryade J5P«>i^^V^^^$J^ 
 Stored to or&r ; and the iofdier ciTiiry treated, iretnrna ^ 
 
 * &templating rerolnti^ it ii «^,{«^ P*'^^!!^]^ 
 ihar mav Kr&e from two 'distinct causee; the one, to avoid 
 TLTZ ofwm^ great calamitT, the other, to o^y^ii •omj _^ 
 Z^Z ^OBitive p ; aad t^two «^»yb^^ . 
 
 By the «amM of active and pairive levclntions. In Uwm 
 
 w&roceed from the foper canae. the ^JJf ,^^ 
 Incenaed and 8<mred ; and Sie redreai, obtained bjdang^ 
 
 J^SSltulliedby^venge. ^^'^'S^^^i 
 ftom the Iftttor, tfie heart, rather a^ted ^,^^^§ 
 enters sefenely upon the wibject Beawn jnd diMUliion,» 
 
 £»t and it ia^y when thoee are attempted to^^^ 
 
 tS^^J^^ to Science, men men » m agre^ 
 
 in^^tTSwna « ao^, could it be obUdned, bucK for 
 ^.^^\lr^^ taxee and the extinction 
 
 ofST^on;^ object in more than hatf accomplished. 
 
 wStA^prove Jihe^nd,theywiUp ' 
 
 .Wm aiy nSoisay inihejpresentexceMof toxation,faniM 
 
 ««^X onUie poor; that a remission of five ^nn^s 
 ^ SiiwS^f toes to%ne hmidred and fonr ^thousand poor 
 
 ^Sl^nTi^goodtkingf WiUhes^^that aremii^^^ 
 '* eleven pounds annuaUy to onelinndred iho^ ^ 
 
 l>ifamiSes; of eidit pounds annuaUy to another hunA^ 
 
 CuMndpooifai5nes,Woften^^p^^ ; 
 
 tSou^dp^r and iddowed families are. not if^^^^l 
 " Tndto proceed a «tep further in this climax, will he say, 
 
 ' nSttop^^a^tthe '"i^fo^r *" ^Iflfln^T 
 > life is sSlgeCt, by securing six pounJ^annuaUyiora^ 
 
 distressed, and rwiuced, persons of the age.of fifty "jdm^ 
 
 f S*5vm3[ of ten poaidTiamuaUr after sixty, is not a ^ 
 
 **^^ h^ s>Y , ihat an ia)<mtion <]^^ 
 
 i 
 
 7. 
 / i 
 
 / ■. 
 
f: 
 
 mwmn cm mas. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 httai to tli^iiMifew mud of tht whula of th« bout* aoa* 
 
 wlndowlight Ux and of thtf commnUtioii Ux « nOt a ^ 
 
 MiVv ^ Or wUi he wj, that to abolirf* coiruption U a 6od 
 
 ! *^thoreforc, the goodtoTbe obtained be worthy of a pas- 
 ^ve rational, and cSatleM roToluti^n, it would be bad po loy 
 to prefer waiting for a calamity that ahould force a violent 
 Zl I have noW conaidtriug tlie reforms whidi arc now 
 p^ing and" •preading thfon^hout EuroDe,' that England 
 Hl^nnit hinKaf &%e the laat ; and wtere the occawott 
 ISd tSe opportunity duiotly offer, it ia better than Urwait 
 for a tnrbXnt necJ«V It may be considered « an honor 
 i the animal ffculties.of man t^ obtain redrew by courage 
 hnd danger, but it is far greater honor to tho wtiwial 
 JacultiMto accomplish the same object by reaion, accom- 
 modation, and general consent* "■ ^ 
 
 FT^itortoB, Sr rerolntions, call them whidi yon please^ 
 extend themselves among nations, those naUons yill form 
 connexions and conventions, and wheA a few are thus con- 
 M^iS^, the progress will Wf rapid, tiUdespoti«n and cor- 
 mpt govimmenTbe totally expelled, at least out of two 
 quWtSs of the world, Europe and Amenca^Th^^^^ 
 piracy may then be commanded to cease, for it is only by 
 the malicibus poUcy of old govemmento against each^other 
 
 tliat it exists. - , , ' *i,«-„k_ 
 
 Throughout this work, various apd numerous i^ the sub- 
 
 jecteawf which I have Ukcn up ^^^."^^^"Vg*^^'^ 
 only a single, panigraph upon rehgion, vif..«Ma< every 
 rdigian is good that teaohes man toU good. _ 
 1 have car^fuUy avoided to enlarge upon the subject, 
 
 »r.«L rSIfi Jwaw wiU b« thow who tee further into eTenU than othert). 
 Sl^li kmonte tS «oe«a m«M of cltiiens, bat of many of the principd 
 Semirt oHh! JSion^^mSj, that the mSiarchlcal plan will..»ot contlujiJ. 
 ^^Z^^TtStt^tn- Thif haT. found out, that M wiadom ««>n«t «^ 
 l^S^v^mti^K't^inot-mSaiBt for a man to merit a million aterUng. 
 S?TWf5i^nS?X ought to ha»« •mind capable of comprehending from 
 r/S^m to a unirerM whlSi, If he had. he would be aboTe recelTing the pay 
 Sit th?T wfthSd ISTtilSr U> lead tlW nation (aster than iu own roMon and. 
 totl^t^d^ctaS In JlTe conversation, whert I Imc been present uptfn 
 tlS«bl^t.tK^ idea Sways was, that when such a time, from t^e pncrul 
 l±i??&ena^S^^^^ 'hall arrir^that the hoporable and libera mjthod would 
 JT to make a handsome present in fec.*implc to the person. *^o«J« J ^o "nay 
 !• that ahall then l» in the monarchical office, and for hjin to rotiino to th* 
 f^ii.m.n[tf mrflate life possesslug his share of general right. and,privil.«e^ 
 yrbS no r<!re^ t ;uSSrS Ae pubUe f o r h ^ t ime and h i s ooud«ctlU 
 
 any other citisen. 
 
 :/ 
 
 /■. 
 
 »^'' 
 
 >/> 
 
 •N 
 
 / 
 
vovn ov 
 
 Ml 
 
 *• , 
 
 *^ 
 
 
 goLnmont. It (■ M.if tUc/weroto Mjr. "fool.</-<««y. <"• 
 *°T?« in^Kne » Urirt flunflrif children, who, on uiy 
 
 !r^^binn-Krp»ar£»^t^^ - 
 
 S«»W 1^ tbeit neniu* dicUtod, or »coor«ng to »»»* thoy 
 
 «%1a weed The pawtnto would be more gratinea ^1 J^^j: 
 WirAaii if tfe whole of them had ected <>" ooncw^ 
 IwL\d each had made exacUy^e tame offering, ihui 
 
 rirta.«fehttog, roTiling, Md »buMng each other •KOM wnKjB 
 
 Why may we •l»L'pr'„^^f ^.S^'Se gr*rtert 
 
 pleued with ▼•"e^T ™*»T?S ^JSKito toMOt ^4 
 Satoce we e»n^«it,,i. thrt by wU^ w» totMj^^ 
 
 render ewh other nnwrablel For my tf*n Pg^^^ ^ ^ 
 
 Iffl^ce I ca^ pirform,! act it cheerfully. ^ .^ ^^ ciiied 
 Tdo ncTtove that an|&^ men, on what •» «^~ 
 ii^i^nJ miintiL think alike who thmk at aU. \\ i«_ onjy 
 fl^^ttaiS nTSio^ht that appear to aRfee. ^.It la u, 
 thoBowho have noi uiuu^ the Britiah constittition. ll 
 thii»cR»ea8WithwUati8<Aiiw>u^ *^j^ie©imum» have 
 haa-bocn Uk e n for granted to be good, vi^^s^ 
 
 ' W 
 
'Sftii 
 
 ■bpphed 
 
 MoaxAimHii 
 be f^ond - 
 
 i(i|l||ftiiif or £be 
 ite {Mtftioiilur 
 
 .„i^*>. 
 
 b', M 
 
 J.- 
 
 ■I*. " 
 
 :"■'■';•. .:t. 
 
 the tMm eonm 
 
 $!butm il adnliip it will 
 
 MpMij, with fui> 
 
 _. ji||i|JMr poliCioll 
 
 ^^ ^^-^-^, Sbo %Tei7 Mtioi' 
 
 ,«^ ^jp^'Ti^ong ill the writers of 
 
 » fehinroh cletgy, wtal h»yei tinted on the jjener*! 
 «-«^^ wU«ioi^ the preMb bidiop of UniMr Em no« 
 iS^diselled^^ if with fboh pleMore that I take this 
 
 $Zt gonfl iwgh thi^SUe«the fabject, ft lewt, m fer 
 IliBSlypeen to mo et w^MenP^ It hat been my intention 
 •ftjr tiie Sro jeem I h»ve been, iAMnitme to offer mi iddreM 
 toO^ iMople of England on thH«abj«<^ o^ goTeniment, if 
 ^' ^ *^1anit7 prewiited iturff I h«fo«> I rotnrned to Am^ 
 $iirlto hai thrown Irhpvij way, and I thank him. 
 Ok a^^i^^i^ ooeadon, three yetta ago, I preewd him to 
 1»ropoM a iiational oonyention, to be fairly elected, for the 
 ptiipoM o^takfng the alaie of the nation into oonaideration ; 
 blit^f<li^ thathoweTWBtro««ly the parliamentary onrrent 
 wai thai setting agsdnal the pig^ lie acted with, theirpolicir 
 wa0 to keep erery thing. withiiS that field of corruption, and 
 tmit to accidents. Long expM^ioe had shown ttot parUar; 
 menta wonld follow any chiage of minifltere, and on thia 
 they rested their hopes and their ezpectalioni. 
 - Formerly, when diyisiofls arose retpectinggoremments, 
 recourse waa hid to the swr-^ --'' - -^^ —" '^-"'^ 
 That saTu;e' <9iist09i is expl 
 reference Is'had to national 
 tlM^mneral w^ arbitral 
 oJb n yields with a 
 iBnerrUpted 
 ^ Some gentlemen ha 
 upon which tills work an 
 lum are founded, ** a new: 
 Is not whether these prind 
 ther are right or wrong 
 
 and a inTii war ensued. 
 
 d>y the%ew system, and 
 
 ^''itions. Discussidll and. 
 
 ion. and to this, priTaw 
 
 uid ofder is weBenred 
 
 WcaU the ^diptee 
 ^er part of the Righta of 
 doctrine." The quQition 
 guew or old, but whether 
 
 ..^ ^^ _ _ _ __^^ ilSie former, I will show 
 
 th^ effectlb^ a flgju^^earily understood. ,U^^^.^.:i_' V^ 
 
 It is now towaSs the middle of Febrtary. Were I to 
 take a turn into ihe comUzy, the trees would present a leaf* 
 less, wint^ appeargnce.Tg» people are apt to »luek twigs 
 it tiiey goalong,I^l»^!l|p^t dothe smne, andby chaft^e 
 
 t 
 
 I I 
 
 ■m\'.;.' 
 
 • r 
 
 
 H/y 
 
 
 /:.. .Vi1 
 
■ ^ft#-' 
 
 '^■. ./ 
 
 
 I of , . 
 
 Tftl 
 
 \A 
 
 wmmm o» has. ^' 
 
 . . ', v.f v.- ■ :v ■■■^.. ... , ■ ^ ':.'■■.( . '■ ■. .. ■ 
 mifrht ob^irns that n nn^ii »m^ <m that tirlg li»a VifWi to • 
 twelL I iihould roMon ▼«ry wmmtaraUy. or /•"»•' «<>• 
 reMon at all, to tuppow thU wm the oii^ bud n Enf »•"*} 
 which had this appoaranoa. Initnad of deciding that, i 
 aliould Initantly conclude, that the lame •PP^»<». ^;** 
 beginning, or about to begin, erery whore; and Uiough the 
 TeSeUble sleep will continue longer on wnie treea and plant! 
 tlian on othert, and though eome of them may not blo»$on 
 for two or three yeara, afl will be In leaf in the .ummer, e»* 
 cept thoM which ar« roUm, What pace the political wwani^ 
 may keep with the natnral, no human foreaight can d^r- 
 mine. It ia. howerer, not difficult to peroeire that the 
 ■pring U begun. Thua withlng, aa I ainoerely do, firewtom 
 rad luLppineM to all nations, 1 close the bwomd faw, — ^ — 
 
 \ 
 
 
 'k 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 v/ 
 
 ^^' 
 
 X, 
 
 w 
 
 
 eaf* 
 
 vigf 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 e. 
 
 
 
 " Af the imblicatkm of tMii^k has b«ra delayed beyond 
 ihe tim^J intended, I think it not improper, all ciroumrtances 
 oonsidi^ to fUte the oanaes that havd occasioned that 
 
 i^^ Lder will probably obBerrt, tb^t 101110 parts in tbe 
 SWeJntained in this work for ,reducing the taxeiL wd 
 ^WU& parts in Mr. Pitt's speech at the opening o£ the 
 mesent Misidn, taeeday, Jannaiy 81, are io much ape, as 
 raSXSU that%ier the antU bjd taken the hmt 
 from Mr, Pitt, or Mr. Pitt from the author.-^! wiUfirrt 
 point out the pOdk that are similar, and thiJfl stal^ fudi cir- 
 r®„i_'f!.- > JtI^ .»»ii<^Utiiil with, leaving the reader to 
 
 na^thilt MaMeSiitfe should dfecur to two persona at At 
 tame time ; aild stiU more no (considering Ae ▼"trari^. 
 juid mnki|iicity of taxes,) that they shonH lut onAe samj^ 
 spemfio taST Mr. Pitt has menfion^, in h^apeech, the^ 
 
 I - ' 
 
 tax dn oartt and wagonMf that on /wnoJi/ i«rtw» 
 
 *_-^- 
 ^"4 
 
 V 
 
 
 "V 
 
* ■ 
 
 
 tlO 1 _ i^or.*.. 
 
 .t.22l It l&vinK tho. giT«n th« pwticlan, which corro^ 
 
 Tlio fit»t hint for leuoning tho twot, and th»t M » oon 
 «K.nVn«. flowimr from the Kfinoh roTolution, te to b« fotind 
 
 KeAddJl^nd Docl.r»Uonof f '• <^?«>«IS«° "^S.^nK 
 at Uio Tluitched-HooM Uvom, Aaguit JiO, Wpii A"""* 
 m«M oth^rrorticulw* •Utod in tl«t «ddr«-, it Uie foHow- 
 l!^- n,.t M an interrosaUon ta tlTd goTorament oppowri 
 
 /or««. <,«««.■« W«*. <»>d:th, cccoMn for continue 
 
 •~K'i^Srkn:ifi>ar3.0e'™on. who chiefly frequent 
 .1,. Th.f^ed.Houi Urern, we men of court <»nnexTon% 
 ind» mth dldTheytdce'.thii -Jdje- "d doclaraUon 
 r«n>tetln2 the French roTolution, and the reduction of Ux«K 
 SSfthatSo landlord ^»^^' ^^'''^'U'Z 
 temiS&e aentlemen, who oompoeod the meeting of the 
 
 that he ooidd not receiTe them." f*.j ■ J - 
 
 I 
 
 ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 t 
 
 
'^^^-' 
 
 Wh.t WM only W«ti?d In th« w&irtm ^^ .,f^'*7**n 
 
 „M.^ch oon««in» »on»o of th« «"«« rt.lngti r»tP*ct "g U««f, I now 
 
 tJo cS<, h U.U: thU work w- Inl.uac.l to ^ P«b"^»^ 
 
 ; oon^i.Umblo |mrt ofAho co,.r wm pnt Into *»»« K"J^''" 
 hilw In 8«pumbcr. a«a all if.o rrn»ainln« copy. M fif M . 
 ^«« lU whioh ooutaini tho part to which Mr. Pitti 
 / J^hV.'iimiui^a-;! vc.; to hhrTuU •!« J-" ^^^^^^^^^^ 
 Swjtiuir of p»rU»mon^ and Ho WM Inforinod of the t me a| 
 whici^l wL to appiar. He had compoiyi nearly th^ 
 ZholS about • fortnight before |ho time of P»fli*»«f ^» 
 
 mo a proof of the next sheet, up to pa2o86. W wai then 
 r.ricient forwardncmi to be out at t||kue J>">mH^^ - 
 two otlier ibocU were rca<Jy for itrikinPfft. I h»d bdore 
 tTld lUm'tU if ho thoughl l»e ahould bo.trmitcned fortime ^ 
 I cou d KOt part of the work done at anoUior pro«, wh^ch he. 
 d^^red mo not to do. In th'a manner Uio work itood on 
 
 wlU aU afonce, >?ith«ut ntiy previous intimation, though T 
 had Un witli Mm tlvo evening before be -^i;^ "J«_^^ «"« «' 
 t.^-^^bw-A„ «ii fi.A r..i„aJn ntf copy, from page 70, decUn- 
 
 had been with him tlvo evening uoiur«, m« ■""" "^ "-^ r",5" 
 hi. workmen, ftU the rcniainin^r copy, from page 70, decUn- 
 iir to go on with the work on ail^gmp^fion, > _ . 
 % account for this extraordiniSpSaduct I was totally mt 
 
 111. ^»,^.- , ^' copy, irom 
 
 mjr togooT with the work on'a r t mg m^derc 
 
 To account for this oxtraordma^«S«duct -^ -- 
 
 it Was he stopped at the part wliero the •njunjenU on 
 ' .^. «„^ «,;.w.r..l«« nf ffovornment closed, and wliere the 
 
 alos^as he stoppea ai uio pan. w.t«.« «.« -o- , r 
 
 Jyi^and principles of povornment c osed^ *"V UlSr^^n 
 dW for the redaction ofuxos. the education of children. 
 SndtK^ort of^tlie poor sl^ the aged begins^ and st.ll 
 more espec^iLlly, as lie had, at the time of his 1>««W^»^ 
 nrint. wid before ho had seen the whole copy, offered a 
 Sousand pounds for the copy-riglit, tjljether widi t^^ ftiturj 
 cooy-riirht 6f the former part of the Rights of Man. 1 told 
 th^pcSon who brought L t^ offer t^at I Bbouf^'^ot aiv 
 /u -«^ viftliM) it not to bo renewed, givmg him as 
 
 ^1 
 
 ^ 
 
 _^ . Buppr« 
 
 lirm masteyl^A ' 
 to any mifl1|Pr, ibr^ 
 matter of tr»<i>cy 
 
 .a'"** v-v •-.•-— '. d r-r-^ 
 
 lier person, or to treat 
 I iutonded slionla o-^ 
 
 r-!- ^k ■■' 
 
 yf- 
 
 Y\. 
 

 MOVft 09 IIAfl* 
 
 .iM») obliirwl iii« to umk for •* 
 
 that Mr. Pitt h»d only taken op a p^r* « »• F»»» ^ W 
 had more ftiUy itaUxl ^* 1- 
 
 id more ixiiiy •»!«"• ^^ i^^ g^,^ tlie work 
 
 WhctJier that jjwitlcmaa, «' •J^^ff^t^^y T ..y. . Bol 
 or any part <^fj^ «• "^^t^,,^ ^Tm .i^^r^i^faaa L W 
 
 y 
 
 r- 
 th« 
 
 ■ whU the optaion of Wkidl*™ vA m^^ " ^, „„ 
 
 ^ r <^ but « to my <"^°p'»'»;; rts^ ^SIL^ 
 
 
 •^^sStA^^iS^ta^^ 
 
 "«» 
 
 l,ow«^ir, « it iii.y, Mr. SS;\?^kW«d .ppeirmnoe, h.d this 
 
 deUT, from the propo«l to pn^*^ £',^3ortun.te for . 
 
 ilaviftg now flniihed thi» part, i wiu wbhihuv 
 lug another iclrciimiUii*©. 
 
 fUV 
 
 *Ar ?r togrthr.' wyk. before th« m,^ o* 
 
 « 
 
 # 
 
h*^- 
 
 •' ■ « 
 
 MjS^ or rmlhiir Ditir W w«i ^^•J.^^^iT would contain 
 
 XI a^^w-^ vol: jSS'^, Coif -t-,-* 
 
 flxod for pul>U<»Uon, nothing oonUmed in «"■ •Fr»«— 
 
 Qv mis; 
 
 \ • 
 
 v» 
 
 '■» 
 
 t 
 
 >^ r A\--- 
 
 \ '■ 
 
4-ietej* ^ ' 
 
 
 f 
 
 ^^ 
 
m 
 
 !?«» WORK Qg.TilE 1>A% 
 
 BISMARCK 
 
 F r an Q - G © rni 1 B. 
 
 \i870-1871. P 
 
 War. 
 
 DR MORITZ BtJSOH. 
 
 .^••^JMrdlaMr Ulk, mMM^t dl.«r««i or Ml. will b. «f 
 
 . Ji^lllwSom for M litfAl liHo U* t»»« •«»pll«*tloM 
 ;iliJ<yii^22riSVSw^od.«>f -odtr. Wttory^ for 
 
 
 Vjt^mnm itaMk 
 
 Um 
 
 TM ffH^*^ vmioii to fw 
 TlMToVaaM ooaUlat ft 
 
 
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 SSdaTtte mmmT m(>l»))7 duHaf tlM lift of tte ehtof Miocj 
 " n to a ftflAi»« book, wo htnf Mid. Md Mi# «%o ttkM II 
 
 BiatJMBi, CLABKE A CO^ Piibllab«i| 
 
 •• TOBM tT., TOBOBITO. 
 
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 -h 
 
 «.Y 
 

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 OREAT 
 
 «^^^;,-. 
 
 ^%'- 
 
 FOR $10.60* 
 
 -lif* wUl trnd you. bound In full rtMp, an UN ABRIDGBI 
 
 WflfiCESTEfi'S DlCTIOHiBT 
 
 AMD tOB 
 
 FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW 
 
 ^^^^FOR ONE Y: 
 
 Betoll price Wotoartert DUjUonwy • » t-f 
 
 |8ubMrlpaon prtoe par-Murani of " Foftnlfkllj . 
 
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