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W. rowoll, director | — | Th(> paleozoic fishes | of | North America | by \ John Strong New- berry I [Vignette] | Washington | government printing office | 1889 4°. 340 pp. 53 pi. [UxrrKD Statrh. Department of the interior. ( F. S. geologieal lureey). Monograph XVI]. United States geological snrvey | J. W. Powell, director | — | The paleozoic fishcH | of | North America | by | John Strong New- berry I [Vignette] | Washington | gjvernmout printing oflico | 1839 4°. 340 pp. .w pi. I United States. Department of the interior. {U. S. geotogieeU lurviy). Mouogrnph XVI]. iil i«.H I Ky;gir., s;;3; \ ) -BK" ADVERTISEMENT. 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Introduction - ^"^''j SSn.^'r "V"' Upper siiuw;„vj;k;::;;:: ^^^- "": 13 Part IXrFisheB of tliB Devonian ago x7 Origin of tlie Devonian fishes . 21 StraMgr.,pUicaldistdb„tionofDov;ni;u;fi^^^^^ 26 Sect,onA:F,shesoftlaeCornife.ouslimeston;::".: ^ Section t'^."^*''" CorniferouH lin.estone 26 Par^m V r • ^"^^^ "'■"'•' Hamilton group - 29 Partlll: Fishes of the Carboniferous system ^ ^^ Section A: Fishes of the Chenumg group 7i, Sec. on B: Fishes of the CatskillVonp 82 Sect. one: Fishes of the VVaverlygro.p " 106 Section D: Fishes of the Cleveland shafo 120 ihe structure and relations of Dinichthys' 126 ThefinsofDinichthys ; 135 TheeyesofDinichtliys.... I44 Siejoft? T' *'" «-''-'fe-u«iimo;;on;-::;::: "« seetj'-^r-rsrs^:---^----:::::::::::::::::::::;: Z Plates «'"cture and relations of Edestus" !.' 210 Index.:::::;: -':■■";:;;; ^i? - 289 337 SECSHI ILLUSTRATIONS, Plate I. II. Ill IV. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. TitanichlhTd Agaflsizii, Newb i232 Titanichtbys Ag.-^sHizii, Nowb . 2.34 Titanichthys Clarkii, Nowb 234 Titanicbthyg ClarK.i, Nowb 2.36 Diuicbthys Terrolli, Newb 238 Titanichthys Clarkii, Nowb 238 TitanichtbyH Agassizii, Nowb 238 Diuicbthys Tcrrelli, Nowb 240 Diuicbthys iutormedius, Newb 240 Dinicbthys Terrelli, Nowb 242 Dinichthys Terrolli, Newb 244 Dinichthys corrtigatus, Newb 244 Dinicbthys miuor, Nowb 246 Diiiicbthys Gonldii, Newb 248 Dinichthys intormcdins, Newb 250 Diplognathus mirabilis, Nowb 252 Diploguatbus mirabilis, Newb 254 Glyptaspis verrucosus, Newb '. 256 Mylostoma variabilis, Newb 256 Mylostonia Terrolli, Ne-.vb 258 Mylostoma variabilis, Nowb 260 Mylostoma variabilis, Nowb 262 Holonema rugosa, Clay polo (sp) 264 Glyptoponius Sayrei, Newb 266 Hothriolopis Ijeidyi, Newb 266 Holiodus Lesley i, Newb 266 Gyracanthus ShorwoodI, Hevb 266 Ouyohodus Ortoni, Newb 268 Oanorhyuchus Beochori, Nowb 268 AntlioduB arcuatus, N. & W 268 Polyrbizodus Littoni, N. & W 268 PsammoduH gljptus, St. J. &W 268 Labodus murgiuatus. Nowb 268 Diuicbthys, sp , 268 Phyllolopis dolicatula, Nowb 268 Holoptychius Americanus, Leidy 268 Holoptychius tuborculatus, Nowb 268 Holoptychius gigantcus f Ag 268 Orthoplourodus carbonarius, N. t& W. (sp) 268 Bothriolepis Leidyi, Nowb 270 Botbriolepis minor, Newb 270 Holoptychius granulatus, Nowb 270 Holoptychius IlalKi, Newb 270 Holoptychius pustulosus, Newb .. . 270 Holoptychius radiatus, Nowb 270 BphenophoTUB Lilleyi, Newb 270 7 wmmm ■MM riii 8 ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate XXI. Mazodns Kcplerl, Ncwb 272 Heteracanthus jiolitits, Nowb 272 SandalodiiH crivsaus, N. & W 272 Cladodns concinuus, Ncwb 2?2 Harpacaiitbiis fimbrintiiH, Stock (sp) 272 FhyBonemns etellatiis, Nowb 272 XXII. Arcbtcobatia gigas, Newb 274 XXIII. ArcbiGobatia giga.s, Nowb 276 Ctenacartbas comproBsus, Nowb 276 Gyracantbiis iuornatiis, Nowb 276 XXIV. Stethacauthus Altononsis, St. J. & W. (sp) 278 XXV. Stethacanthus tumidus, Ncwb !>uo Ctenacanthus Littoni, Newb 280 Astoroptycbins clogans, Nowb 280 Hoplonohus parvnliis, Newb 280 AcoQdylacantbus Occident alls, Newb 280 XXVI. CtenacaDtbus cylindricns, Newb -^82 Ctouacanthus Clarkii, Newb 282 Ctenacanthus Wrighti, Nowb 282 XXVII. Potrodiis Bntteraii, Newb 284 Cladodns concinnus, Nowb 284 Cladodns Tcrrelli, Newb 284 Cladodns turaidns, Newb... .' 284 '.■'.-, ... Cladodns Roiuingeri, Nowb 284 Qoniodns Hortzori, Newb 284 C'vllognnthns sorratns, Nowb 284 Calloguathns regnlaris, Nowb 284 Ctenodn8(Diptorn8) Nolsoni, Newb 284 t Ctenodus (Diptorns) flabolliformis, Newb 284 Ctenodns (Dipterns) iovis, Nowb 284 Ctenodns (Diptcrns) qnadratns, Nowb 284 . ' Ctenodns (Diptorus) miuntns, Newb 884 Phcobodns politus, Nowb 284 Orodns ramosus, Ag 284 Ctenodns Wag.icri, Newb 284 Ctenodns serratns, Newb 284 Dipterns (Ctenodns) Sheiwoodi, Newb , 284 Dipterns (Ctenodns) radiatus, Newb 284 XXVIII. Rhynchodns secans, Nowb 286 Ehynohodns crassns, Nowb 286 Ctonacantuus vetnstns, Nowb 286 XXIX, Ehyncbodus oxoavatns, Newb 288 Ebynchodns frangens, Newb 288 MaobiBraoanthns major, Newb 288 Maohasracanthns snlcatns, Newb 288 Macbieracanthus peracntn.s, Newb 288 XXX. Asterostens stonocepbnlns, Newb 290 Coceostens ocoidentalis, Newb 290 Coccostena deoipiens, Ag 290 Liognathna apatnlatiis, Nowb 290 XXXI. Acauthaspis arniatns, Newb 292 Acantholepia pnstnlosns, Nowb 292 XXXII. Dinichthys Toriolli, Newb 294 Dinicbtbys Hertzeri, Nowb 294 DiDiohtbys tuberculutus, Newb 294 ; . i I ILLUSTRATIONS. 9 t Vagi, Platb XXXIII. Dinlchthys Terrelli, Newb 296 XXXIV. Oonatodug Brainerdi, Thomas (8p) 298 Oayobodus xigmoides, Newb 298 XXXV. CiBlosteus ferox, Newb 300 XXXVI. Onychodns sigmoides, Newb 302 XXXVII. OnychodiiH sigmoideH, Newb 304 XXXVIII. MaoropeUlichthysSuUivantijNewb 306 Aspidichthys clavatUB, Newb 306 XXXIX. Edestus minor, Newb 308 Edestus Heinrichsi, N. & W 308 XL. Edostng gigantens, Newb 310 XLI. DinichthysT precursor, Newb 312 XLII. Trachosteua Clarkii, Newb 314 XLIII. Khizodus ancepa, Newb 316 Diniohthys Terrelli, Newb 316 Diuishtbya minor, Newb 316 Titanichthya Clarliii, Newb 316 XLIV. Cladodua Kepleri, Newb 318 XLV. Cladodna Kepleri, Newb 320 XLVI. CladodnsFyleri,Newb 322 XLVII. Dinicbthya intermedins, Newb 324 XLVIII. Dinicbthya Terrelli, Newb 326 Diniohthys intermediua, Newb 326 XLIX. Actinophorus Clarkii, Newb 328 Cladodns Fyleri, Newb 328 L. Dinicbthya Terrelli, Newb 330 Diniohthys cnrtus, Newb , 330 LI. Diniohthys intermedins, Newb 332 LII. Diniohthys intermedins, Newb ..., 334 LIII. Dinicbthya onrtns, Newb 3.36 Fig. 1. Spines of Macheeracanthns peracntus 38 2. Cranial plates of Macropetalichihys 43 3. Cranial b>nea of Cteuodua Ohioensis, Cope 227 I « . LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. CoLUMBfA College, New York, Fchrnary 1, 1889. Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith the text and plates of a memoir on the Paleozoic Fishes of North America. In this I have endeavored to give references to all notices of our older fossil fishes hitherto published, and have added to them descriptions and figures of all such as have come under ray observation which have seemed to me to be new to science. With great respect, your obedient servant, Hon. J. W. Powell, " ^- ^^ ^^^berrv. Director U. S. Geological Survey. 11 I - I . INTRODUCTION. Although the geology of but a part of the continent of North America has yet been carefully studied, local surveys and general reconnaissances have made known all the principal features of its structure. They have shown that all the members of the geologic series are somewhere in its gi-eat area well represented and that the strata contain fossils which enable us to make satisfactory comparisons with the geology of other divisions of the earth's surface, and to fix beyond question the relative position of all miportant groups of rocks. We have learned, further, that the order of suc- cession m the strata composing the geologic column is the same here as in other parts of the world, and that the progress of animal and plant life during the geologic ages was in North America essentially the same as that revealed by explorations in Europe, Asia, Australia, Afnca, and South Amenca. ^ Here, as elsewhere, the oldest group of fossiliferous rocks is the Cam- brian and It contains a fauna which, including representatives of all the in- vertebrate subkingdoms, yet consists chiefly of trilobites. These are not only more abundant relatively and absolutely, but are more varied and larger than in the rocks of later ages. Hence the Cambrian is not improp- erly designated the Age of Trilobites. In the Ordovician (Lower Silurian) all the invertebrate subkingdoms are well represented, 10,000 or 12,000 species having been already col- lected from these rocks But the Mollusca are by far the most numerous ; and the huge cuttle-fishes, of which the chambered shells known as Ortho- cerata are sometimes a foot and a half in diameter, were the ruling dynasty 13 14 INTUODUCTIOJ^. Hence, from thoir number, size, and jji-owchs, the MoHuhcu Iiavo ^nvon a name to this age, and it in everywliero known as the Ago of MolluskH. Careful search in many countrit^a has failed to discover anywhere in the Ordovician rocks any unmistakablo traces of vertebrate life. It is true that the " conodonts," discovered by Pander in the strata tniderlyiiig St. Petersburg, were considered by him and have been thought by others to be the teeth of cartilaginous fishes, but there is little probability that they are such. I have discussed this question elsi'where' at greater length than I can do here, and have shown that they cannot be the teeth of Klasuio- branchs. Very diverse opinions have been expressed on the nature of these organs, but Professors Rohon and Zittel have recently (1886) carefully reviewed the entire subject, and have published in the Sitzungsberichte of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences then' conclusion, that the "conodonts" are the teeth of annelids. Probably no one now believes that they are the teeth of fishes, and therefore, as the evidence stands, fish life began on the earth in the Silurian (Upper Silurian) age. Even then fishes were very feebly represented in the life of the globe. In the next succeeding age, however, they exhibited enormous development, and their history becomes more and more varied, interesting, ar.d dramatic through the Paleozoic ages. In the Carboniferous and Permian their rule was disputed by the Amphibians, and in the revolution which occurred at the beginning of the Mesozoic the scepter which they held so long passed lo the reptiles, and thenceforward they played a subordinate part in the world's history. The Paleozoic ages, then, formed the culminating period in fish life, when the whole world of waters was theirs, and they expanded rapidly in every direction ; early developing a variety of structure and a nice adapta- tion to their divert^ 3 surroundings, which, when fully displayed, can not fail to excite surprise and to be instructive as well as interesting. In the following pages I shall endeavor to convey some idea of the progress of fish life in North America during their golden age, as illus- trated by the large amount of material which has come into my hands. I have given a historical review of the subject of American Pale- ozoic fishes in the introduction to my memoir on the fossil fishes of Ohio.^ ■ Falieontology of Ohio, vol. 2, 1S75, p. 41. » Palii-outology of Ohio, vol. 1, 1873, p. 245. INTUODUCTION. 15 My views on tho clnssification of our older foHsil i\sho. and thoir rela- tion to hvmg forms are there given at such longtl,, tl.at it has «ee».ed unnecessary to enter on any general discnssior. of these snhjects hero The new nmterial described on the following pages has an in.portant hear-' ing npon some of the questions of a general nature relating to the origin and dovelopn.ent of Hsh life on the earth, and reference will be found to such general questions in the descriptions given of genera «n,l species as they occur m the chronological arrangenient which follows, where the hHhe. of the different geological systems are treated of in order, beginnh.g w.tl: the oldest. This review has been carried to the top of the Coal Measures and stops there, as r>o Permian fishes from this cour.try have con.e under niy observation. I have already prepared a monograph on tho fossil fiBhes of the American Trias,' so far as they are known, and almost no Jurassic fishes have yet been found in this country. With the great .chthyic revolution which took place in the Cretaceous age the fishes were brought into much closer relation to those of the present day, and those collec ed m this country have been made the subject of elaborate and iniportant memoirs by Prof E. D. Cope, who was specially qualified for tins work by his gre aU-amiliarity with living fishes. ' Mon. U. 8. Oool. Survey No. XIV.^ ~ ' r»^iiT J. FISHES OF THE UPPER SILURIAN ROCKS. MoN XVI — a 17 stasmsammmKmaimBmumKKMH i f. i FISHES OF THE UPPER SILURIAN ROCKS. It 18 known to all geologists timt in the Old World a considerable num- ber of fish remains are reported to have been found in the middle and up- per portion of the Upper Silurian system. It is true that the ichthyic char- acter of the peculiar organisms liere referred to, those named IHcraspis and Scapluispis by Huxley and Lankester, has been doubted by many and denied by some, but the authors mentioned are positive in their statements, and there are none among comparative anatomists whose dicta deserve more respect than theirs. We do not yet know whether rteraspis and Scaphaspis had under jaws, but if they should prove to have been destitute of these organs, they would be excluded from the class of fishes by some mod- ern zoologists. We know, however, that they were aquatic in habit, fusi- form in shape, and for locomotive organs were provided with fins, and that, as in most of the best known fishes of the present and Paleozoic fiuinas, the body was protected by either plates or scale*. Without going further into this mooted question, and leaving to time their assignment to their true places in the animal series, we may at least say that the assemblage of char- acters which these fossils present is such as to permit us to compare them only with fishes, and should they be excluded from this class, there is no other yet defined into which they could be received. Hence, for the time being at least, it is manifestly wiser to consider them as fishes. Accepting, then, the verdict of Huxley and Lankester, we may say that fishes have been found in the Upper Silurian in the Old World. Un- til recently it could have been said with truth that they had not been found in America. This, however, can no longer be asserted ; for Prof. E. W. Claypole has obtained from the middle of the Upper Silurian series in 19 m 20 taleozok; fishes of north ameuica. Pennsylvania the remains of organisms similar to those that had been be- fore discovered in tiie Ludlow rocks of England. Ho [jublished' a paper on the discovery of I'teraspidian fishes in the Upper Silurian rocks of North America, and in it he describes two species of Palccasjns — P. Americana and I\ hitnmcata — "vhich he states had been obtained from the Bloomfield sand- stone, the upper member of the Onondaga salt group. This would make them somewhat older than any similar fossils found in the Old World. In addition to these bucklered fishes. Professor Claypole describes in the same \nipev two minute spines which ho considers those of Elasmobranchs. One of these was obtained from the Bloomfield sandstone; the other from a still lower horizon, the Clinton group. These spines are very small, not more than half an inch in length, and broken at both ends ; they cannot, therefore, be made the basis of any positive statement or wide generaliza- tio'i. It is perhaps not certain that they are not the spines of crustaceans, such as were obtained by tiie geologists of New York from the Clinton group in that State and named Onchiis Dcweyi, and at one time supposed to be the defensive organs of fishes. I am, however, disposed to coincide with the view of Professor Claypole, although the ichthyic character of these little objects cannot be asserted until proven by more complete specimens. The question may be definitely settled, however, by the discovery of one 8v>ine which shows the proximal extremity. If this should prove to be solid and more or less roughly pointed, we may be quite sure that these are the dorsal spines of fishes ; but if irregularly expanded, forming a rim about a central cavity, then we must conclude they were the appendages of crusta- ceans. The so-called Onchus Dcivci/i from New York has been shown to have belonged to a crustacean, and yet a. fragment of the upper end of one of these objects would be naturally taken as a portion of a fish spine. Special interest attaches to these earliest traces of fishes, and it is to be hoped that those who may have opportunity for continuing Professor Clay- pole's researches will not fail to improve it, and if possible add to the small but most important group of reUcs he has described. ' Qiiarl. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, luan, vol. il, p. 48. P^RT II. FISHES OF THE DEVONIAN AGE. MMH I l! FISHES OP THE DEVONIAN AGE. The Devonian system is perhaps better represented in eastern North a,t of the splenchd Paleo.oie section exposed between the Adirondack^ and tlllZ "' ""■"'' "'* ""' " """' ^^^^ ^^ *^- N«- York The Devonian rocks here form three great natural gronps, as follows: Portage shales. ] Geiicseo shale. ' ,, TuIIy limestone. /""'"""'""•'• 1. Hamilton groiip .....; Moscow shale, j Kucrinal limestone. Bine shale. ^Mnrcollns shale. 2. CorniroroQg group.. ) Comiferons limestone. i Onondaga limestone. I Schoharie grit. 3. OrislcKny group ....) Caud.agalli grit. ( Oridkany sandstone. By some geologists the Oriskany sandstone is made the summit of the Upper Silurian system, but it was included in the Devonian by the mem- bers of the New York survey and by Lyell and Verneuil, who personally examined the New York section, and it certainly forms the natural S.se of tl.at system. Tl:e Oriskany group is a mass of mechanical sediment, which rnarks period of physical change, and in places is plainly unconformable with the Upper Silurian strata. In New York the fossils of the Oriskany aie different from those of the Silurian below and the Corniferous above^ but at De Cewville, Canada, the most characteristic Oriskany fossils, such as Sinnfer arenosus, Streptorhynchus lupparionyx, Renssela^ria ovoides, etc , are found mingled with Corniferous species and binding the two groups together. The Devonian age has been called the age of fishes, because all over the world the rocks of this system contain the remains of fishes as their ■n affliiua! 24 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NOKTH AMEKIUA. largest and most characteristic fossils. These were Placoderms, scaled Ga- noids, and Elasmobranchs, the first preponderating in number and size, and included some of the most highly specialized, largest, and most formidable of all fishes ; for example, Dimchtliys, a gigantic Coccosteus, was perhaps fifteen feet in length, encased in armor, and provided with formidable jaws, which would have severed the body of a man as easily as he bites off a radish. The scaled Ganoids included both the rhombiferous and cycliferous varie- ties, and varied in size from the chub-like Pal(coniscus to the cycliferous Crossopterygian Oni/chodus, eight or ten feet in length. The Elasmobranchs vere represented by Sharks and Chima'ras, but these were far less numer- ous than in the succeeding age. The bone beds of the Corniferous limestone, in which the remains of millions of marine fishes of middle Devonian age are strewed over the old sea bottom, contain numerous stud-like, often highly ornamented, dermal tubercles, and occasionally fragments of the pectoral spines of Machceracan- thus, but almost no teeth of cartilaginous fishes. Many teeth of Onychodus are there, often broken and sometimes worn, as though having suffered trit- uration; but the limestone ir. which they lie was deposited in comparatively deep and still water, and they could only have been broken and worn by violence or the digestive energy of the fishes which swallowed them. These bone beds contrast strongly with those of the Carboniferous limestone, where the fish remains are nearly all of Sharks, and show that somehow during the interval between the central epoclis of these two ages the fish life of the sea was comjjletely revolutionized, the powerful Placoderms having yielded the scepter to the Sharks, for which the Carboniferous was the golden age. In the Upjier Devonian (Hamilton . period), when the sea from which the Corniferous limestone was deposited had become shallowed and its sedi- ments were more carbonaceous and earthy. Sharks were apparently more num-eroiis than before, as we find the dorsal spines of several species of Ctcmcantlms and tho teeth of ' ^ladodus, which doubtless belonged with them, and yet the Placoderms are also numerous and large. Onychodus survives from the Corniferous period, but in a new and peculiarly modified species (0. Ortoni N.), in which the large median teethof the lower jaw were planted in the arch of bone which bore them instead of being set astride of it. Little I : FISHES OF THE DEVONIAN AGE. 25 tile-scaled Ganoids, allied to Palceoniscus, were there, and served as food for the larger ones, as we learn from their scales and bones in coproHtes, but no entire individuals have yet been found. In Canada a most interesting- fish fauna has been discovered in the Upper Devonian rocks, and many genera and species have been described by Mr. Whiteaves, the pahuontologist of the Canadian Geological Survey. These fi.shes are generally small, are closely allied to, and in some instances perliaps identical with, the fishes of the Upper Old Red Sandstone of Scot- land, and, liice them, were apparently the inhabitants of fresh water. ORIGIN OF THE DEVONIAN FISHES. The derivation of this fish fauna is unknown to us. Tlie Devonian Cephalaspidians, Ccphalasim, Acanthasins and Acantholejm, have affinities with Ptemspis and Smphaspis of the Upper Silurian and are perhaps their descendants, but the origin of the most striking and characteristic elements in tliis fauna — the gigantic Dinkhthuhc and the scaled and plated Ganoids, Onijchodiis, MacropctaUdithijs, and Asterosteus, as also the great Pterichthid Aspidichthys, and the Ehismobranchs Rhynchodus and Maclmr acanthus, among the largest and most highly specialized of all fishes — will perhaps always remain a mystery. Most of these were inhabitants of the Corniferous sea, and came in from the great oceanic basins with the flood which at a certain time inundated parts of the North American continent and deposited upon them the sediments which v/e call the Lower and Middle Devonian rocks. Presenting, as these fishes do, extreme forms of development in dif- ferent directions, they must have had a long term of existence previous to their appearance in the Devonian sea, but up to the present time we have discovered no evidences of their derivation from other inveriebrate or verte- bratf; organisms, and no traces of the training schools in which they were bro':;ght to such diversified perfection according to their different plans of structure. STRATIGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF DEVONIAN FISHES. Neither in New York nor farther south has the Oriskany sandstone yet furnished any remains of fishes, but it is to be expected that when sought for patiently and discriminatingly they will be discovered. In Canada, lit 26 PALEOZOIC FISnES OP NORTQ AMERIOA. I^i north of Lake Bii-ie, where the characteristic fossils of the New York Oris- kany are associated with those of the Corniferous limestone, spines of Machcracanthm and fragments of plates with a stellate tuberculation, pro- bably of Macropetnliclithifs, have been found. The Candagalli grit occurs only over a limited area in eastern New York, and is a local exhibition of the passage from the coarser Oriskany sandstone to the calcareous beds above. So far it has yielded only one fossil, the sea-weed Sjnrop/iijfon, but it is almost certain that careful search in it will bring to light other things. The Schoharie grit is only a local siliceous phase of the basal portion of the Corniferous limestone, deposited in some off-shore locality where sometimes half the mass was land-wash. Its fossils are essentially the same as those of th. Corniferous limestone, and the remains of fishes are not unfrequently found in it. Among these I have seen some fragments that belonged to species which are certainly new, but they hardly suffice for sat- isfactory description. The remains of two yet undescribed fishes have been recently sent to me from Schoharie, N. Y., by Mr. W. G. Gebhard ; one a Placoderm, with tubercidated Plates ; of the other I have only a por- tion of a bone, apparently belonging to the shoulder girdle, and of which the exposed surface is closely set with large, rounded, smooth tubercles, resembling those of Aspidichthys and it may possibly have belonged to a fish of that genus. SECTION A. — PISHES OF THE CORNIFEROUS LIMESTONE. The Corniferous limestone was the open-sea deposit of the Devonian age ; having several lines of outcrop extending from Canada to Tennessee and being quarried in many localities for lime and building stone, its fossils are as well known as those of any other element in the geologic column. In the State of New York the Corniferous limestone, including the Onon- daga, is perhaps sixty feet in tliickness. It contains there considerable bituminous and some earthy matter, but is mainly carbonate of lime. In Ohio it is thicker, and contains much more magnesia. About the line of the Cumberland River in Kentucky it runs out, showing that the basin in which it was deposited did not extend farther to the southeast, but it com- FiariES OF TIJE DEVONIAN AGE. 27 ' f muiiiciited freely with the ocean towiird the southwest, though it was nearly inclosed by land, viz, a line of islands along the Cincinnati arch and the Canadian and Alleghany highlands. The remains of fishes in the Corniferous limestone early attracted attention. Mr. Joseph SuUivant, of Columbus, Ohio, was probably the first to notice and collect them, but he did not attempt to describe them. As early as 1836 he presented a cranium, which ho obtained in his (juarries at Columbus, to Marietta College, Ohio, and I subsequently made this tho type of Macropetalichthi/s SuUivanti as a recognition of the value of his contributions to geology. In 1840 Dr. D. D. Owen and Dr. J. G. Norwood published* a description of a new fossil fish from the Paleozoic rocks of Indiana. This fossil was very badly preserved and has since been lost, but there is no doubt it was generically identical with one of the best known of our Corniferous fishes, and therefore that the name Macropetalichthys then given must stand. Somewhat later Dr. R. P. Mann, of Milford, Ohio, became much inter- ested in the remains of fisiies in tho Corniferous limestone, and made a fine collection of them, which he presented to the VVesleyan University, at Del- aware, Ohio. Quite a number of these, with others, sent to me by Prof. F. Merrick, of Delaware, and Dr. E. S. Lane, of Sandusky, Ohio, were de- scribed in a paper read before the National Institute, Washington, January 26, 1857. In 1855 Prof William Hopkins figured and described,^ l)ut did not name, a spine from the Corniferous limestone of New York. This fossil was sub- sequently taken as the type of the genus MachcurncantJms, and was shown to be the pectoral spine of a shark. The fossil fishes of the Corniferous limestone have been further de- iScribed by the writer iu the following papers : Annals of Science, vol. 1 (1853) ; Proc. Amer. Assoc, 1853, p. 166 ; Bull. National Inst, 1857, p. 19 ; Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 34, 1862, p. 73 ; Pal. Ohio, vol. 1, p. 247; vol. 2, p. 1. ' Am. Jour. Sci., 2d series, vol. 1, 1846, p. 367. »Proo. Am. Assoc. Adv. Soi., 8th (Washington) meeting (1855), p. 287. 28 PALEOZOIC! FISHES OF NOKTli AMERICA. Ill tlio piipor roiul butoro tlio National ItiHtitute in 1857 on tlio FoHsil FiHlit'H of tho Devonian liocks of Oliio tho foUowinj? species were described ; DEVONIAN FISHES. MacropelalichlhiiH Mamil, Nowb. MiiiriijulaliihlhiiH Sitlliriinii, Nowli, OnfiihiidiiH Ili>t>kiimi, Ntnvli. IhifiiliniliiH Miiimoiilen, Niiwb. I'linmmiitliiii aHliquHii, N'invli. MiichirrncaiithiiH majHi; N«wb. Muehiiracanthiiii iieraouliit, Nowb, Miichivracantkiin HiilcalH», Nowb. i tracanthttH fniniliii, Nowb. Uracanlliim griinulntui, Nowb. OracanthUK miiltiieria.'un, Nowb. Uracantkun nftfcirrfndM. Nowb. Of these, Mnnnpctaliclttlii/s Mmiui is perhaps only the young or a sexual variety of M. SuUivaiiti. Onychodus llopk'msii is erroneously included in the list, as it i.s confined to the Chemung rocks, and will be noticed further on. Of the species of Oiacantlius enumerated, perhaps none belong to the same genus with its type, Oracnnthus Millvri of Agassiz, but they are more likely to prove to bo some of the singularly varied spine-plates of Acanthokpis. Combining all the notices of the fossil fishes of the Corniferous lime- stone published up to the present time, we have the following lists of species: ELASUOHRANCHS. Macha-racanthni major, Nowb. AfarliiiracdtilhiiH tiilcnliin. Nowb. Mi Mouogruphio der fogs. FiBcbe des siluriscluMi SyHtenm, p. 65, PI. 4, Fig. 13. lUlffiliil i iifi" MH i 1 32 PALEOZOIC FISHES OP NORTH AMERICA. niferoiis limedtone was deposited have left here some traces of their exist- ence, and with proper study a cataloj^ue, which sliould liave a reasonable degree of completeness, could be made out of the fish fauna of the basin that in the Devonian age occupied the area between the Cincinnati arch, the Alleghany belt, and the Canadian highlands. Isolated specimens found elsewliere would supply anatomical details and serve for the reconstruction of entire indiviiluals and thus of genera and species, but nowhere else, so far as my knowl Ige extends, can we get such a comprehensive view of the ichthyic fauna of the age. I FISHE3 OF TUE DEVONIAN AGE. 33 Order PLACODERMI. Family CEPHALASPIDiE. Genus AOANTHOLEPIS, Newb. Among the fisli remains found in the Corniferous h'mestone are many tuberculated cranial or dermal plates which have a prevailing spatulate ortline, but differing much among themselves in form and consistence Some are thin, and have the appearance of large, unsynunetrical scales ; others are thicker, and are produced into points that sometimes become spines. The outer surftice of all these plates is more or less tuberculated ; the tubercles in some of them being strong and closely crowded, in others sparse and fine. Whether these are body scutes or canial plates remains to be shown by future discoveries. That they form part of a somewhat ex- tended series which compose a more or less complete coat of armor is shown by the fact that in some instances two or more are found in close contact and occupying their true positions as regards each other. The fishes that bore these defenses were evidently of large size, as the scutes which formed their tessellated armor are sometimes eight or ten inches in len-th by two inches in width. Other plates are smaller, elliptical, spatulate, or triangular m outline, and several forms have angles which are produced into spines Until more material shall be obtained which may serve for the recon- struction of this remarkable fish it would be premature to make anv posi- tive assertion in regard to its zoological relations. I may say, however, that judg.ng from the specimens before mo, Acanthokpls wii^ a Placoderm, liavino- Acanthasim as its nearest ally in the Corniferous sea ; both presenting char" i.cters which indicate an intimate rel.-itionship with Ccphalaspis. In a paper published some years since in the Bulletin of the National Institute at Washington, I described a number of fish remains obtained at Delaware, Ohio, by the late Dr. Mann. Among these three .pecies of Ora- c«n^/i^«.werede8cril,ed, viz, O.fragUis, 0. <,rauuJatus, and 0. ahhrevintus, all of which I now believe to be pliases of the varied scutes of Acanthokpis. Some MON XVX .,'{ ^ wmBm 34 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. of the triangular ones seem to have resembled in form and functions the dermal spines of Climatius, Parexus, etc., and it is possible that they were set in greater or less number on the body. Some are quite spine-like in character, narrow, compressed and acute, but toward the bases of the cones they form the walls are crushed together, and it is evident that they were thin, bony, and enameled shells attached to the surface of the body or head, where composed of soft tissues, and were not planted in the integu- mevts like the spines of Elasmobranchs. There is pi-obably much hetero- geneous material included in the genus Oracanthus, for some of the spines assigned to it are solid, symmetrical, roughened, and- pointed at the base, and are plainly the dorsal spines of Sharks ; others are unsymmetrical, the sides being of unequal breadth, and these, I suspect, were the jjectoral spines of Elasmobranch fishes. Mr. J. W. Davis, in his work on the fishes of the Mountain limestone, recognizes their paired character, but locates them back on the body. Dr. Traquair suggests that a spine of this kind, which he has called Oracanthus armifferus, was the defense of the angle of the head. This seems highly probable, and it may be true of the triangular spines of Acantholejns as well as of the spines called by St. John and Worthen Pnigeacanthus. ACANTUOLEPIS PUSTULOSUS. I. I Plate XXXI, Figs. 5, 5% 5*. Ci'anial or body scutes hr.ving a somewhat spatulate form, and attain- ing in some cases a length of seven or eight inclies and a breadth of two inches. These scutes were set contiguous to each othe^ , forming a defense to the body or head ; the more elongated ones becoming curved spines, similar in general character to those of Acanthaspis, but differing in this, that they are not united by sutures with flat bones or plates, but are the extrem- ities of such plates drawn out into spines, which must have projected from the general surface. The broader plates are quite thin, and seem to have been applied to flat or arched surfaces, while those which form spines have their remote extremities narrowed and thickened till they become prominent and effective defensive organs. In some instances the plates are triangular in FISHES OP THE DEVONIAN AGE. 36 outline, and seem to have been thin cones of bone or enamel, supported by cartilaginous centers. As the latter are decomposed, the sides, which were once widely separated, were brought together or crushed in like broken shells. The external surface of these plates is tuberculated in a variety of ways. In some instances the tubercles are large, scattered, smooth and rounded, and resemble pustules. In other cases they are irregular and crowded ; while occasionally they are in rows, the interstices between them being beautifully ciiased and ornamented. Along the margins of the spi- nous extremities of the plates the tubercles are elongated until they become conical denticles. On PI. XXXI, Figs. 5, 5» represent a large pair of plates in their rel- ative positions ; Fig. .'5^ two such pairs. A number of groups of this kind have been found, thougli the individual plates are oftener met with entirely separated from their connections. The extremity of Fig. 5 is not quite com- plete. Other specimens show that it was produced to a moderately acute flattened point. This narrow end was beautifully denticulated, was tuber- culated on both sides, and evidently projected from the body or head as a defensive sp'ne. Formation and locality: Corniferous limestone; Delaware, and San- dusky. Ohio. Genua ACANTHASPIS, Newb. This name is used to designate certain cranial bones of what seems to have been a Cephalaspid, found in the Corniferous limestone of Ohio. Con- siderable variety is noticeable in the shape of these plates, and it is apparent that they formed parts of a tessellated cranium. They are generally some- what oblong in fonn, the greater part of the plate being quadrangular, while one of the margins is oblique and prolonged into an acute point, and to this margin is spliced a carinated, toothed spine, sometimes four or five inches in length. These spines bear considerable resemblance to the dorsal defenses of some extinct Sharks. They might, indeed, under some circumstances be ) accepted as the spines of Ctcnacanthm, since they are marked with pectinated ribs much in the same way, but their attachment to bony plates and the^ 36 PALEOZOIC FISHES OP NORTH AMERICA. denticulation of both sides of the pointed extremity show distinctly that they have only a superficial resemblance to the defensive spines of Elas- mobranch fishes. When complete and seen in jjosition they reveal their afiinities with the lateral cornua of the cephalic buckler of CepJialaspis. The external surface of the plates to which these spines are attached is marked with a conspicuous and peculiar ornamentation, much like that of Bothriolepls ; a series of convoluted, locally parallel, raised and beaded lines. As the central plates of Acanthaspls have never been found in con- nection, it is impossible to give at present the form of the cranium, but they are seen to be in pairs, and it is highly probable that when united they formed a rounded heaii buckler, which diff'ered from that of Cepha- lasjiis mainly in being composed of a series of separable plates, instead of forming a solid box. m ACANTHASPIS AUMATITS Newb. Plate XXX, Fiss. 1-4. Cranium consisting of a number of bony plates, forming several pairs, jind differing considerably in outline. To at least one of these pairs are attached, on the outer margin, strong, ."^lightly curved, carinated, tuber- culated and toothed spines. The external siu'face of the plates is covered with convoluted or radiated raised lines, which are more or less tuber- culated. Several cranial plates of this species are represented in the figures now published, and these will give a better idea of their form and markings than any verbal description can do. These plates, and the spines which are con- nected with some of them, are frequently met with in the Corniferous lime- stoTio of Sandusky and Delaware, Ohio, but like the cranial ])lates of Ony- ihodiis, they seem to have had no bony attachment to each other, and in the dissolution of the body of the fish which bore them they have been widely separated. There is little doubt that sooner or later some cranium will be found in which the bones hold their normal positions, and from such a spec- imen a more complete description of the fish can be drawn than can now be given. Waiting the discovery of such complete material, the plates now Flotiiiia OF THE DKYONIAN AGK. 1J7 %ured will doubtless be looked upon with interest, and will stimulate the search for nioro remains of what has till recently been an entirely unknown Devonian fish. Order ELASMOBRANCHII. Genus MACULE RACANTHUS, Newb. Spines often of large size, curved, ani.pital, unsymmetrical (dextral and .sinistral); edges and point generally acute; base somewhat narrowed will, a rough and irregular extremity ; central cavity reaching nearly to the apex; external surface covered with a thin coating of enamel, in some spe- c.es smooth, in others punctate and longitudinally striated; microscopic structure that of dense, ivory-like bone. These spines are very characteristic of the horizon of the Corniferous imestone, having been found at this level in Indiana, various localities in Ohio, m New York, and at Gaspc^, Canada. Though representing some anomalous characters, among winch the most remarkable is their want of symmetry (being rights and lefts), it is hardly possible they can be any- tlnng else than the defensive spines of fishes. Their dense, bony structuie enameled surface, and rough irregular bases would seem to prove that, like the fin spines of many Sharks and Rays, they had been implanted in the integuments without articulation. Probably they were the first rays of the pectm-al fins, which would account for their being in pairs. In that case it might be expected that the bases would exhibit some marks of their artic- ulation to the pectoral arch; but as the fishes which bore them were undoubte iwnimai^i^ 40 PALEOZOIU F1SUE8 OF NOlCTU AMKKICA. Mach^kacantiius PERACUTU8 Newb. Plate XXIX, Fips. G, 6». ^faehwracanthull pcmcutiiH N.j Bull. Nat. Iimt., loc. cit. rnln-oiitologj of Ohio, vol. 1, p. 305, PI. XXIX, Fig. 6. Spines five to six inches in length, seven to eight h'nes wido; point and edges very sharp; wings nearly equal ; central axis on the upper sur- face forming a sharp and narrow carination, below a higher but more rounded ridge. This is perhaps the species most common in Ohio. It will be recognized by its small size, the acuteness of its point and edges, and by the angular ridge of the median line above and below. It is the species referred to in the generic description and that which furnished the figures employed there to show tlie paired character of these spines. The average size and appearance are well sliown in tlio illustration cited above. Formation and locality: Coi-niferons limestone; Delaware and San- dusky, Ohio. Mach^racanthus sulcatus ^.ewb. Plato XXIX, Figs. 5, 5». Machwracanthus sulcntun, N. ; Bull. Nat. Iiist., loc. cit. Palaeontology of Ohio, vol. 1, p. 305. Spine four to eight inches in length, six to ten lines wide; upper sur- face smooth, with a strong and sharp carination along the axis; wing of convex side widest; opposite wing narrow, and exhibiting a strong marginal sulcus, giving it a double edge; under surface of axis rounded, with several longitudinal sulci and carinse and with oblique angles at sides. At the time of writing the description of this species I had no suffi- ciently good specimen to furnish a satisfactory figure. Since then I have, however, found better specimens in the collection of the late Dr. Mann, now belonging to the Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware, Ohio, and a num- ber of more or less well-preserved spines have been sent to me for examina- tion from Canada. It would seem that the sharks that carried these spines were more numerous in those portions of the Corniferous sea which covered FISHES OF THE DBVONlA]*J AGU. 41 weBtern New York und southern Canada tl.au iu tlio more open waters of the area now occupied by Ohio. In tlie exposures of fho Coniiferous lime- stone on Kelley's Island, Lake Erie, at Sandusky, Delaware, and Columbus, Ohio, fragments or complete spines of Macho; raca nth us major and M ju-racu- tus are not at all uncommon, but though collecting extensively myself in those localities I never obtained there a specimen of M. sulcatus. As will be seen by the section which accompanies the figure now pub- lished, the spines of this species we-e much narrower and more stiletto-like than the others, which rather suggest bayonets, and afford an interesting illustration of the device that gives strength with economy of material^ viz, a prominent carina along the middle, with concave slopes to the acute edges. A fairly good figure of this spine was given, without a name, by Prof James Hall, in the Geology of New York, part 4, page 174, and a reducc-d copy of Professor Hall's figure is published in Dana's Manual of Geology. The spines of M. su'catus are frequently, perhaps generally, twistedras the pectoral spines of Gijracanfhus formosus are. Formation and locality: Coniiferous limestone, Milford, Ohio, and many places in New York and Canada. Order GANOIDEI. Suborder CHONDROSTEID.S. Genus MACROPETALICHTHYS, N. & O. I have elsewhere > defined this genus, and have reviewed its characters and relations to other fishes, living and fossil, at such length that it will not be necessary to go over the subject again in detail. The generic descrip- tion given by Drs. Norwood and Owen was very defective from the imper- fections of the specimen which served as a type. The essential generic characters may be briefly given as follows : Ganoid fishes of large siz*, ; cranium composed of large polygonal plates united by double sutures, whicb are nearly concealed by (he tubercled enameled surface; tu- beiculat.ou s tellate, surfa«!e or namer.tc-d by double rows of pores and single-thread ' PuliEoutology of Ohio, vol. 1, p. 290. ~ ' 42 PALEOZOIO FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. lines, forming a pattern wliicli do«9 not uorreNpoiul witli the pliitea below ; eye orbitH couHpicnoHS, inclosett in tlie orbital (frontal T) plates ; nanul plate (ethmoid T) wedge- ahapod, the apex tnrned backward, and reaching to the center of the cranium ; occip- ital plate (HUpra occipital) oblong, einarginate behind, prolonged anteriorly into a point, which meets the opposing point of the nasal plate; teeth and scales unknown, probably wanting. Since tlie publication of the above description numerous heads of Ma- cropetalichthifs have been found at different phices in the Corniforous lime- stone, and two of these which I have examined show the under surface. This is in a general way flat and smooth, but is marked by a transverse furrow, which probably indicates the position of the mouth. No jaws or teeth are visible, and it is almost certain that fishes of this genus had no bony jaws or teeth; otherwise they would long since have been discovered. It seems probable, therefore, that the mouth of Macropetallchthys was like that of the sturgeons, with which I h m inclined to associate it, soft and suc- torial. Whether there were rudimentary jaws like those of Acipenser attached to the head of Macropetalkhthys we cajinot say, but it is quite pos- sible. Yet, even if jaws were wanting, that would seem to me no good reason why this should not be considered a fish and a member of the order Chondrostcidve. Professor Ha?ckel has made the possession of an under jaw a condition of the acceptance of any organism as a member of the class of fishes ; but this seems to me to be unphilosophiccal and unwarranted. No one can say to what limits the atrophy, by modification or disuse, of any single organ among th., veitebrates may be carried. Perhaps nine-tenths of the organs might reruain distinguishable and even normal while one perished, and it is a short sighted philosophy which would classify the animal kingdom by a rule so narrow. A wing is generally reg.arded as a characteristic and es- sential organ in a bird, but we know that in Apteryx and Dinornis the wings are practically obsolete, and yet no one would dare to exclude these from the class of birds. Macropctalichthys was c Hently a large and doubtless nor- mal member of the great group of fishes which led and gave character to the life of the Devonian age. As I have elsewhere urged, it was undoubtedly a fish, and probably an ancestral form of the sturgeons of to-day. Indeed, it has been a matter of surprise to me to find that it represented so well the FI8HK8 OF TIIK DEVONIAN AGE. 48 essential clmmctorH of tlio sturgeons. The niunbor mu\ size of tlio body- Hciites of the sturgeons viiry much. In Saiphbhifuchns thoy are nearly con- tiguous; in rolyodon they are absent; and of the sturgeons with fe^-'or no scutes nothing but the cranium would be likely to be preserved in fossiliza- tion. I have often found on the beaches of islands in Luke Erie the remains of sturgeons thrown up by tlie waves. Tiiese usually consist of scattered dermal scutes and the bruin-box ; often the cranium alone was found, a hollow shell of bone, from which all the appendages of the under side and interior had been removed by decay. The resemblance of such an object to the craniinn of ManoprfalicJitlii/s is striking, and when we compare the cranial plates of both, there seems to be as close correspondence as we often find between living and fossil fishes I give below a diagram of the cranial plates of Maanpctalkhthys with my reading of their homologies. I have mentioned in the Palae- ontology of Ohio that Macroptta- lichthjfs occurs in the Devonian lime- stone of Germany, and have leferred to the fact that the cranium of a species of this genus was described by von Meyer' with the name of riacothomx Ayassizi, as he suj)posed his fossil to be generically identical with Plarothorax of Agassi/, ; but these fossils have really no relation- shii) with each other. Plncnthorax is nothing but the pectoral organ of a large species of Ptirichtfiys. Von Meyer's specimen is also reversed, the occ'pital bone beinjr taken for v v,, ?," ^ craniaipiatcofM.acmpctniichtiiy.. " ^. Etlimolil. Fr. Fr^r.'f' Pa PnrielaU the nasal, etc. By reference to his rA^irSl!;!!"'- 5>^: S1;iJ{:„.Lu... ^^p.te„T" figure^ this will be se en at a gjance. Unfortunately the tuberculated ' Neues JabrbuoU fUr Mineral., 1846, p. 596. " ~ . Palseontograp^, vol. 1, p. m, K^. 44 I'ALKO/OIC FlHirKH OF NORTH AMKUKJA. onftmelod coatinj? of tlio craiiiiil pliitoH ia wanting, and we cannot make a (lotail(((l connmrisdii with our spocieh. Rooontly I liiid an opportunity of seoinj,' another Hpocinien of Macr(q)e- taUchthfs in iierh'n, where it waH exhibited witli other Devonian fisheH found by Prof. A. von Koenen in Devonian Htrata near (Jflttinfrcn. 'I'his iH remarkably like our Hpocie.s M. Snllimnfi, but is HUialler and diU'orent in the oriianientation of the cranial plates. In our specieH they are closely set with stellate enameled tubercles, but in von Koenon's specimen the tuber- cles coalesce, running into convoluted parallel lines like the ornamentation of Vterichtkijs and Acanthaspis. I Genus ASTEROSTKUS, Newb. Of this fit;h the cranium only is known, and of this all the specimens yet obtained are incomplete. The head was ajjparently long- and narrow, the sides nearly straight, broadeiung siuldenly in the occipital region. The posterior margin of the cranium shows two broad arcdies— one on either side of the main line — in which the cranial bones are deeply excavated, as though for muscular attachment. The skull is terminated behind by two conspicu- ous rounded projections, having the aspect of condyles, but which, so far as can be seen, show no articulating faces. The upper surface of the cranium is covered with relatively large, beautifully stellate tubercles, which vary considerably in size. Toward the nasal extremity are two linear furrows, which diverge from the middle line of the cranium and inclose two strongly marked elliptical pits that closely resemble the nostrils of some reptiles In none of the specimens of this peculiar fish yet obtained have the out- lines of the cranial plates been distinguishable, the surface being covered by a sheet of tuberculated enamel, by which the sutures are entirely con- cealed. On the sides the cranium is somewhat beveled off, as though for the attachment of some coriaceous or ligamentous appendage, or perhaps for co-adaptation to lateral head plates ; none of which have, however, been found. The dentition of Asterosteus is quite unknown, as no jaws or teeth have been discovered witi. its remains. p FlHilKH Oi' TIIK DEVONIAN A(iK. 45 AhTKHOSTKL-8 STKNOCKIMIALirs, Nowb. IMiiUi XXX, Fijf 1. AHtero»teu» HlenocephaluH, N.; I'.ilajoutology of Ohio, vol. 2, p. 3J, pi. 54, (|g, 1. Head eight inches ,.i- more in length, by two nnd u half in width, ex- cept lit the occiput, wliere it H.uhleidy widens mid becomes fouror'five inchcH broad. It terminate^• posteriorly in two excavated arches, of whicli the surface is roughened, apparently for mus(!ular attachnKuit. Proj(H!ting behind and below these arches are two bony condyloid pn.minences an inch or more in length The upper surface of the craniiun is somewhat irregularly covered with stellate tubercles, which vary in size from one- eighth to one-twentieth of an inch in dianieter The sides of the crnnium are somewhat beveled and roughened, and ai-e traversed by an irregular line of relatively larger tubercles. Near the anterior end the head seems to be suddenly narrow, and just at this point it bears two deeply impressed, elliptical nasal (I; orifices, placed side by side, somewhat divergent for- ward, and having a length of live lines and a breadth of two lines. The dentition is entirely unknown, as is also the covering of the body. Formation and locality: Corin'ferous limestone; Sandusky and Dela- :vare, Oiiio. Order HOLOCEPHALI. Genus KHYNCHODUS, Newb. In the PaUt,«ontology of Ohio (vol. 1, p. 307) I described a peculiar group of dental organs of Klasmobranch fishes, under the name of lUiyu- chodm. These occur not infrecpiently in the Corniferous and ILunilton limestones, but had not before attracted attention, simply because no one had interested himself in the vertebrate fossils of American Devonian rocks. The following is a brief generic description of these fossils : Teeth somewhat crescent-shaped or semi-circular, much compressed ; the exterior margins regularly curved, the interior nearly straight and more or less thickened; one of the cornua produced and somewhat acute, the other rounded and obtuse. Tha straight side formed a triturating or cutting edge. In some species it was sharp, and played upon the similar edge o^f 46 PALEOZOIC FISHES OP NORTH AMERIOA. U tlie opposite tooth ; in others it was broader, and was fitted for crushing niolhisks or other food. Internal structure of teeth cancellated ; the trit- urating surllice being roughened by the extremities of calcigerous tubes. The number of teeth and details of dentition are not yet known, but we may infer from their shape that thoy were placed at the anterior extremities of the head to form a kind of rostrum or beak, much as the dental plates of Chimaira are placed. As none of the margins show marks of contact with other teeth, we may conclude there were but four having this form. The internal structure of these teeth varies somewhat in the different species, ad? pting each to its functions. In B. secmis the central portion is cancellated by interwoven calcigerous tubes, while the surfaces are com- posed of tissue almost as dense as enamel, so that the cutting edges pro- duced by the friction of opposing teeth on er.ch other were kept constantly sharp and effective. In R. frangens, however, in whicli the upper edge is thick and presents a broad triturating surface to the opposite tooth, the den- tal tissue is cancellated throughout, affording by use that peculiar rough- ened surface seen on the teeth of Cestracionts (Psammodus, etc.). Speaking of the zoological relations of Rhynchodus in the article referred to I used the following language : In regard to the aiBnitios of Bhynchodus, it seems to me we have no good reason to doubt tbat they form the dentition of Chimseroid fishes, and that we have in them evidence of the existence on the globe of the Holocephali at a period long anterior to the date of the strata in which their oldest remains have hitherto been found. As has been stated in the general review of our fossil fishes, the Chimferoids of our present seas (Ghimccra and Callorhynchus) are the remnants of an order of cartilaginous fishes which once held a much more important place than now in the fauna of the jrlobe. In Europe the remains of the teeth of O'lijseroids have been discoven'd in Tertiary, Oretaueous, and Jurassic strata, but none in older formations, if we exct^pt the some- what anomalous Ptyctodus found by Pander in the Devonian of Russia.' • • • Tho affinities of P'i/ci'< •?»<« may be somewhat doubtful, although I have been inclined to consider the teetL descsribed under this name as probably the dentition of some Chi- majroid fislies. Whatever may be though^ of the relations of Ptyctodus, those who are familiar with the fossil Chimasroids described by Sir Philip Egerton will i)robably not hesitate to group Rhynchodus with them. Although the Holocephali have heretofore been supposed to be limited h\ their downward range by the Jurassic formation, since we have evidence that our Jiving ■ Ueber die Ctenodipteiiren des DeroniHcben Syiit«DiB, p. 48, pi. 8. FISIJKS OF Till'] DEVONIAN AGE. 47 Cliimseroids ar;* only tlio remnants of an expiring fuina, it was to bo expected that the life of this fauna would ht found to reach far back in tinie; and it was quite con- sistent with all the facts before known to find traces of Chinneroids in Paheozoic rocks. The Kavs, on the other hand, are ai)parentl.v a couii)aratively modern offshoot from tlie original Silachian stock. We have no evidence of their existence at a period anterior to the .Jurassic age, and they are evidently now in tl"Mr epoch of fullest development; while the Chimicroids, iu their decadence, should naturally have had an earlier birth. Since these notes were written Sir Philip Egerton lias said in a letter to nie that he had no doubt of the affinities of the fishes which bore the teeth of Ithynchodus with the Chima;roids of the present day, and as he has studied tins family more carefully than any other naturalist, this conclusion will probably not be questioned. Quite recently I have received from Mr. Thomas A. Greene, of Mil- waukee, Wis., a number of fragments of the teeth of a large species of Mynchodus, obtained by him from the hydraulic limestone quarries in the vicinity of that city. On another page I have described these remains and named the species after the discoverer. From Prof. T. C. Chamberliii, State geologist of Wisconsin, I have received a tooth of another and smaller species, found in the Hamilton rocks of Brown Deer, Wis. This species I have called Rhynchodus excavatus, and have briefly described and figured it in another part of this memoir. Rhynchodus skcans, Newb. Plate XXVIII, Figs. 1-3. Rhynchodus secans, Newb; Paleontology of Ohio, vol. 1, p. 310, pi. 28, fig. 1. Teeth somewhat semi-circular in form, posterior angle rounded or obtuse, the anterior prolonged into a more or less acute point; posterior and inferior margins thin and sharp, anterior and superior margins thick- ened ; lateral surfaces smooth, almost polished; interior face flattened, ex- terior sloping from the anterior and upper thickened edges to the thin mar- gins behind and below; upper margin nearly straight ; anterior Iwlf often worn to a sharp, knife-like edge by contact with the corresponding edge of the opposite and overlapping tooth. Of t.iese singular teeth I have quite a number from the upper portion of the Corniferous limestone at Sandusky and Delaware, Ohio. In outline 48 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTU AMERICA. il i they forn tlie segment — from one-third to one-half — of a circle, and are from three to four inches in lenjjth across the straiolit side. They were apparently four in number, so set as to form paii's of shears. All the speci- mens I have are considerably worn, the anterior half of the upper margin being beveled off to form a straight, acute, cutting edge. In general form and structure these teeth correspond closely with those I have described under the name of Rliynckodus frangens, but are smaller, narrower, smoother, and much less thick and massive. They are also at once distinguishable by their cutting edges. On PI. XXVIII, Fig 1, is represented a tooth of Rhynchodus secans, showing a nmchworn cutting edge. Fig. 1* represents a section of the same. Figs. 2 and 3 are a pair of these teeth placed in their natural posi- tions. All these figures are of natural size. Figs 2 and 3 are taken from a group of four found together, and forming apparently the dentition of a single fish. Formation and locality : Cornifevous limestone ; Sandusky and Dela- ware, Ohio. Rhynchodus frangess, Newb. Plate XXIX, Figs. 2, 2», 3. Teeth semi-lunar in form, one side slightly concave, the opposite mar- gin strongly convex and regularly rounded ; type specimen four inches and eight lines in length, depth at the crown of the arch two inches and nine lines ; sides flattened ; greatest thickness, six lines ; concave side showing a triturating surface on its anterior half and rising upward into a beak-like point; lateral surfaces smooth and polished ; the lower and rounded portion of the tooth formed by thin walls of bone inclosing a deep cavity ; crown portion thick and strong The above description is based upon a tooth that seems to exhibit an unusual perfection of preservation, as there are several in the collection before me which apparently represent the crown portion — the massive an- terior angle with its beak-like point and triturating surface — while the broad and smooth expansion of the sides formed by the thin and shelly portion is altogether wanting. It is, however, possible that these are corresponding teeth from opposite jaws, of which one form exhibits a crown portion with FlSHEd OF TUE DEVONIAN AGE. 49 a broad expansion of marginal wall, inclosing, perhaps, a pulp cavity, while the other is simply concave below, for adaptation to the convex siuface of a supporting jaw. Just such a difference, indeed, is seen in the teeth of the upper and lower jaws of Callorhjnchus. The microscopic structure of these teeth is similar to that of many of the teeth of extinct Selachians, such as Cochliodus, rsammodus, etc., viz, a cancellated or reticulated tissue formed by radiating and branching calcig- erous tubes completely solidified near the exterior, but wearing in sucli^a manner as to leave a peculiar roughened and punctate grinding surface. The general form of the most perfect of these teeth is very similar to that of those I have designated by the name of Rhynchodus secans; but in that species the lower margin is not so strongly arched, and the crown forms a cutting edge which played on that of the opposite tooth. If my view that these are the teeth of Chima;roid fishes is accepted, it will perhajjs be thought that the differences between these two species have generic value, as they are quite as striking as those which separate the genera Edaphodon, Ganodus, Ischyodus, Elasmodus, etc. Yet, as it seems to me, with so little material before us and knowing so little of the complete dentition of either species, it would be somewhat premature to attempt now to define more than one genus. The resemblance presented by these teeth to those described by Buck- land' under the name 01 Chinmra Towmcndii is so striking, that to any one who will make the comparison the question will seem to be not so much whether the teeth under consideration are those of a Chima;roid fish, as whether the present species and that of Buckland do not belong to the same genus. Rhynchodus crassus, Nev/b. Plate XXVIII, Fig. 4. Rhynchodus erasstis, Newb. ; Palieoutology otObio, vol. 1, p. 312, pi. 29, fig. 3. Teeth large and strong, three to fi^e inches in length, one and a half to t wo inches in breadt h. Bas e expanded, with a somewhat semi-circular MON XVI ' P"W. Geol. 800. London, vol. 3, 1838, p. 206. 50 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMERKJA. outline, from which the sides converge upward to an irregularly flattened and roughened crown, that rises at the anterior extremity into a pointed prominence; base excavated; crown thick and strong; upper surface show- ing attrition from use. In the teeth described above we have a form of which a number of examples have been taken from the Corniferous limestone. None of these, however, are sufficiently complete to enable us to give all desinible details of their normal outlines and structure. So far as we can judge from this material, the original form of these teeth was not unlike that of the one I have described under the name of Ithijnchodus secans, but they were evi- dently much thicker and stronger, and were fitted for crushing rather than for cutting. For the reasons already given I have been led to group these with the other teeth now described under the same generic title, and to regard them as the remains of fishes having more affinity with Chmcera and CaUorhynchus than with any others now living. Probably the accumulation of more material will enable future paleon- tologists to determine more accurately the relations of this grouj^ of fishes with each other and with our living fauna; and it is possible that their researches will modify in some degree the views now advanced. 1 have thought, however, that the publication of figures and descriptions of this singular group of fossils would at least serve a useful purpose in stimulating collections and researches by which their structure and relations would be more fully ascertained. Formation and locality: Corniferous limestone; Sandusky, Delaware, and Kelley's Island, Ohio. Shynchodus excavatus, Newb. Plate XXIX, Figs. 1, 1". B. excavatm, N.; Geol. Survey Wisconsin, vol. 2, 1877, p. 396. Tooth small; size when entire perhaps two and a half inches long by one and a quarter deep; the crown alone preserved. Of this the external surface is marked vertically witli vermicular furrows; superior margin sin- uous, terminating anteriorly in a prominent point; the superior surface irregularly excavated and roughened, showing two elevations or tubercles. FISHES OF THE DEVONIAN AGE. 51 one on the middle of the exterior margin and one near the anterior ex- tremity. Tlie inner surface of the tooth shows a prominent ridge running up to the anterior point. Tin's tooth is evidently fitted for triturating rather than cutting, and resembles in its general form It. frangem, of the Corniferous limestone. It is, however, much smaller and thinner; and the tubercles of the upper sur- face are situated differently from those in that species. - • Formation and locality: Hamilton group: Brown Deer, Milwaukee County, Wis. Collected by Prof T. C. Chamberlin. Rhynchodus Gbeenei, n. sp. Teeth large and massive, six inches in length, one inch in thickness at the anterior border; elliptical or semi-circular in outline, the anterior angle produced into a strong triangular point ; posterior to this a triturating flat- tened surface extends to or beyond the middle of the superior margin. This surface is broadest anteriorly, where it is three-quarters of an inch in width, and bears two obtuse rounded tubercles. The sides are smooth and jjolished, terminating below in sharp, somewhat waved, edges. The teeth of this species resemble those of Rhynchodus frangcns, from the Devonian rocks of Ohio, but are narrower vertically, and are longer and much thicker at the anterior border. Formation and locality : Hydraulic limestone of Hamilton age ; Milwau- kee, Wis. Collected by Mr. Thomas A. Greene. Order PLACODERMI. DiNICHTHYS PBECUESOB, n. sp. Plate XLI. In the Corniferous limestone at Sylvania, Ohio, Mr. G. K. Gilbert, when connected with the Ohio Geological Survey, obtained a dorsomediaii plate of what seems to have been a species of Dinichthys. It is about eight inches long by five inches broad; the sides nearly straight, the anterior border emarginate. The plate was transversely arched, nearly straight along its central line; the external surface in parts smooth or finely pitted, 52 PALEOZOIO FISHES OF NORTU AMERICA. in other portions set with scattered, soniewliat remote, tubercles. The keel of tin under side is buried in the rock, and its form cannot be made out; but one character is noticeable in which this differs from the dorsal shields of other species of Dinichthi/s ; that is, the keel did not extend to the posterior border, and that border projected from its base in a flange five-eighths of an inch in width. Unfortunately the specimen obtained by Mr. Gilbert remains unique, and little can therefore be said of the structure of the fisii which it repre- sents. It is, however, certain that this was the dorsal shield of a Placoderm belonging to the Dinichthida; and probably to the genus D'michthys, as no other is known to have had a dorsal shield of similar character. If so, it is interesting as being the oldest member of the genus of which we have any record. COCCOSTEUS OCCIDENTALI8, Newb. Plate XXV", Figs. 2, 2\ In volume 2, P ihrontology of Ohio, page 32, pi. 53, figs. 2, 2*, I have described and represented the dorsomodian and ventromedian plates of a small Placoderm which I have suspected to be a species of Coccosteus. A com- parison of these specimens with the corresponding parts of the dermal defenses of Coccosteus decipiens Ag. and C. citsjAdotus Ag. shows so strong a resemblance that the conclusion that they are generically identical seems fully warranted. As I have elsewhere stated, it also seems highly probable that the little mandible which I described' with the name Liognathus spatu- latus was a jaw of the same fish. To this conclusion I have been led by an examination of the jaws of Coccosteus in the British Museum, some of which have been recently found, and are much more complete than those figured by Pander and Agassiz. As the specimens referred to above remain up to the present time the only traces yet discovered of the existence of Coccosteus in America, more than usual interest attaches to them, and I have thought best to reproduce in this memoir the figures before published. The Corniferous limestone has proved to be a great treasury of ichthyic remains, and there is little doubt that future collectors will find in it not ' Pnlirontology of Olifn, vol. 1 . p. :<0f). FISHES OF TOE DEVONIAN AGE. 53 only many new things, but what will perhaps be more instructive, the missing parts of organisms but imperfectly represented in the collections hitherto made. Am ng these, portions of the structure of Amnthaspis, Acan- tholcpis, and Coccosteus may be mentioned as special desiderata. Order CROSSOPTERyGID.flE. Genus ONYCHODUS, Newb. Ganoid fishes of large size ; cranium composed of a large number of bony plates covered with enamel and tuberculated; tuberculation relative!}' fine, and formed by what may be compared to small grooved cones, pressed down and adherent ; jaws set with numei'ous conical, acute, more or less recurved teeth of nearly uniform size ; maxillary forming a low triangle, with much produced acute lateral angles ; dentary bones posteriorly acute, where they are overlapped by the articular portions of the mandibles, long and narrow, curving upward to the symphysis, where they support an intermandibular arch of bone, to which was attached a single series of large, curved, conical teeth ; teeth all smooth, covered with enamel, without basal plications; those of the maxillaries and mandibles implanted in socki is or anchylosed. The teeth of the median crest are seven or eight in number, attached (by ligaments?) to an arched base, from which they radiate. They are much curved, often sigmoidally, have a circular section near the summit, are somewhat compressed below, and expand at base into several prominent roots or tuberosities. They have a central cavity extending nearly to the point, surrounded by dentine simple in structure ; the exter- nal surface is formed by a layer of smooth and polished enamel. The body of Onychodus was covered with imbricated scales, nearly cir- cular in outline, and about an inch in diameter. The under surface of the scale is marked by fine concentric lines, as in Holoptijchius. The exposed portion of the outer surface is ornamented with a tuberculation not unlike that of the ])lates, consisting of radiating but broken lines, and confused groups of minute, furrowed, appressed cones. This genus was established by the writer many years ago to receive certain conical, curved teeth found in considerable numbers in the '^oraif- 64 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMEltlCA. m erous limestone. Figures and descriptions of these teeth are given in an article on the fossil fishes of North America. ' Ah tliey are generally found detached, nothing was known until recently of their relation to any other fish remains found in the Comiferous limestone, and as the most abundant cranium in this rock is that of Macropetalichthys, it was suggested that they formed part of the dentition of that fish After a time, however, some of these teeth were found associated together in rows of seven ; an arrange- ment most like that of the teeth of Sharks. And as they seem to have been connected with thc'r basal support by only ligamentous attachment, as the teeth of Sharks are attached to their jaws, this circums*ctnce was regarded as confirmatory evidence of their Selachian charactf r. It hajipened, how- ever, in several instances that plates of v.arious forms, maxillaries and man- dibles set with teeth and numerous scales — each group evidently the frag- ments of a single individual — were found on slabs taken out of the quarries at Sandusky and Delaware. Among these fragments there was almost invariably a single series of the teeth of Onjfchodtis. How to establish a relationship between these teeth and the associated remains, which were those of a well-marked Ganoid fish, was for a long time a puzzle ; but by a fortunate discovery of Mr. Hertzer the problem was at last solved. He found at Delaware a large dentary bone of Onychodus, to which the peculiar series of large teeth are attached in their normal position ; that is, be- tween the extremities of the mandibles, where tliey hold the position of the median row in the dentition of a Shark. They are attached to a bony arch, from which they radiate. This is inserted in the symphysis of the jaw, supported by a shoulder on the internal face of the extremity of each mandible. So far as we yet know, there are no corresponding or interlocking teeth in the upper jaw ; and hence it would seem that they armed the pro- jecting extremity of the under jaw, just as the steel point arms the prow of a steam ram. We shall probably find more perfectly preserved specimens, which will fully explain this apparently anomalous structure, and perhaps correct in some degree our conclusions in respect to it; but the specimens ■ NotuB on American Fossil Fishes ; Am. Jonr. Soi., 2d series, vol. 34, 1862, p. 73 ; also desoribeU in Bnll. National lust., Jan., 1857. ii FISUES OF TUK DEVONIAN AOK. 55 « 1 before me seem to establish beyond question tlie position of these teeth in the symphysis of the jaw. The pattern formed by the numerous plates that compose the cranium of Onychodus is very comphcated, and presents a puzzle not yet solved, foi- the cranium hfxs never been found entire; and indeed it luis rartjy happened that any two plates have been seen in connection. In this we have evidence of a want of solidity in the structure of the cranium, such as has not been noticed among any of the congeners of this fish. A number of the plates which compose the bony sti-ucture of tlie head can, however, be easily iden- tified, such as the opercula, parietals, frontals, etc , and all the plates which belong to Onychodm are easily recognized by their peculiar tuberculation. This is relatively fine, and may be compared to a series of small, jjtriated, appressed cones. In some instances these cones show but a single furrow by which they are notched at the summit ; their height is two or three times the diameter, but each is laid over and adherent to the plate by its entire side. A similar tuberculation, though finer, covers the exposed portions of the mandiblei and maxillaries. In regard to the affinities of Onychodus, it is impossible now to speak with absolute certainty, as all the specimens yet found have been in such a dismembered condition as to leave some important points of structure unde- termined. There is little doubt in my mind that it belonged to the Cross- opterygidae. The features which lead to this conclusion are the cycloidal, imbricated scales, having the exposed portion strongly, the covered portion more delicately, yet elegantly, ornamented, much as in Glyptolejns ; the spatu- late or sandal-form jugular plates, and the large rounded opercula. Both these latter plates, as well as the supra-temporals, resemble in form those of Polypterus. Heuce we may infer that when the structure of Onychodus is more fully made out, we shall find that the paii-ed fins were more op#bss lobate, the body fusiform, and the general appearance not unlike that of Holoptychius and Glyptolcpis. The peculiar dentition I have described is a point in the stru^ ire of Onychodus vrhere it differs widely from the fishes with which I have asso- ciated it ; but I have elsewhere shown how much the dentition vaines among both recent and fossil fishes, which by other characters are somewhat 66 PALEOZOIC FISUES OP NOKTIl AMBUIOA. N II H ■ 1: ii closely approximated. It nmy also be said that while on some large slabs of linieHtoiie we have found apparently most of the bony portions of Oni/- chodus, among these were no plates such as belong to the carapaces of the Placoderms; and we have, therefore, no evidence that it has any affinity with Astcrokpiti, Coccosteus, etc. The scales of Onychodus are not unlike those which were attributed by Hugh Miller to Asterolepis; but we now know that these scales really belong to Ghj^ftolepis, and that, so far as known, the body of Asterolepis was without scales. Since the above notes' on Onychodus were written, in 1873, two other species of the genus have been diijcovered, viz: 0. Hopkinsi, N., and 0. Ortoni, N., both of which are noticed on the following pages. IJut of the first only the intermandibular teeth have been found, and of the second a single intQr- niandibular arch carrying teeth; so that they add little to what was learned from the abundant remains of 0. siffmoidcs in the Corniforous limestone. The descriptions and plates are here republished for the purpose of bringing together all the material yet known which can serve to illustrate the remarkable dentition of Oiiifcliodus and to enable the reader better to appreciate the comparisons which have been made between that and Edcstm. Onychodus siomoiues, Newb. Plate XXXVI, Figs, 1-1"; Plate XXXVII, Figs. 1-10. OnychoduH Kiginoides, N. ; Piilivoiitology of Ohio, vol. 1, p. 299. Fishes of large size ; head at least eighteen inches long, composed of numerous angular and rounded plates, su[»ported on a cartilaginous brain- box, and so imperfectly united that in the fossil state they are usually dis- connected and scattered. Of the head plates, the opercula are from three to %re inches in diameter, nearly circular, but with a produced anterior angle. The maxillaries are triangular in outline, the anterior and posterior angles much produced, the lower margin nearly straight, and set with a large numbei' of conical, pointed teeth. The dentary bone of the mandibles is often more than a foot in length, curved gently upward at its anterior extremity, which is rounded. Its posterior extremity is thin and flattened ' PaliBootology of Ohio, vol. 1, pp. 296-ii99. It FISHES OF THE DEVONIAN AGE. 57 i 11 'i m running off to a pointed edge, where it was overlain by the articular portion of the mandible. The upper margin of the dentary bono is thickly set with conical, pointed teeth. Embraced within the anterior extremities of the mandibles IS an arch of bone, which supports a series of large, conical, sigmoidally curved teeth, seven or eight in number, set vertically, and projecting down- ward, forward, and upward. These teeth show several pron.it.ent roots which partially embrace the bases of the adjacent teeth. The exterior sur- faces of the cephalic plates and the exposed portions of the niaxillaries and mandibles are thickly set with small enameled tubercles, which have the form of appressed, striated, or sulcated cones. The body was covered with relatively thin, highly ornanient.Hl scales. These have a circular or ellip- tical outline; the imder surface is smooth, or faintly marked with concen- tric hues, and often bears a central elevated tubercle or ridge. The exterior surface shows an anterior semi-lunar space, occupying about half its area, where adjacent scales were superimposed This space is comi)aratively smooth, but is delicately orUamented with radiating lines of pits. The pos- terior and exposed portion of each scale is roughened with appressed, striated tubercles, similar to those on the cephalic plates, and with branching, some- what foliated ridges of enamel. Formation and localit,,: Corniferous limestone; Columbus, Delaware and Sandusky, Ohio. ' Section B.— Fishes op the Hamilton Group. In the State of New York the Hamilton group consists mainly of shales-argillaceous and bituminous-with only two thin bands of lime- stone, never over three feet in thickness in a thousand feet of strata As we go westward and recede from the old shore the sheet of land-wash becomes thinner, the sandstones and clay shales of New York disappear while the bituminous shales are more constant, running together and form- >ng a mass, which in Ohio and further south is a very striking feature in the geology. I have called this in Ohio the Huron shale, because it forms for a long distance the banks of the Huron River, and as it represents several distinct strata in New York and Pennsylvania, it could not with propriety 68 PALEOZOIC F1SUE8 OF NOUTU AMEllIOA. M i) -n take the name of either of them. By other {feologist» it has received various names, and has l»een rogai'ded as the equivalent of each (»f several strata, dis- tinct and somewhat widely separated in the east. The first geological corps of Ohio called it simph- the hlack shale; I'rof E. H. Andrews, the Ohio black shale; Prof Kdward Orton, the Ohio shal(»; Prof E. T Cox, State geologist of Indiana, the New Albany black shale, etc., and it has been re- garded as the ecjuivalent of the Marcellus, and sornetinjes of the Oenesee of New York. In fact it is neither, but rather both, and it also includes the western extension of the Portage and Hamilton shales. This is shown by the fact that in different localities it has yielded fossils of all these horizons, viz: C'li/mcuia comphumta, Ithifnchonella liinitaris, Styliola /tssiirella, Discina lodensis, Linynla spatulata, etc. In Ohio the Huron shale is from three hundred to four hundred feet in thickness, contains from ten to fifteen per cent, of carbonaceous matter, and it is the principal source of petroleum and gas ir New York, Pennsyl- vania, Ohio, and West Virginia. In most localities the formation is very barren of fossils ; often in good ex[)08urcs nothing being discoverable but obscure impressions of sea-weeds, which are thickly spread over the surface of the layers, and doubtless furnished the greater part of the carbonaceous mutter. In 1866 Rev. H, Hertzer, of Delaware, Ohio, found in calcareous septaria that abound near the base of the Huron shale some large bones which formed the nuclei of such concretions. These were submitted to me by him at the meeting of the American Association at Buffalo in 1866, and I recognized them as the plates and bones of large Placoderm fisheK, up to that time undescribed. During the succeeding year Mr. Hertzer pursued his search for these fossils with great enthusiasm and success, obtaining nearly the entire bony structure of the great armor- cliid fish which I described in the- first volume of the Palu'ontology of Ohio under the name of Dinicht/iys llerizcri. In this fish, while the gen- eral structure is similar to that of the other species of DiniclithjiN since described, the characteristic and distinguishing feature is the denticulation of the borders of the maxillary and mandilde ; in the others these borders are sharp edges, that play on each other like the blades ot shears. I! pisnEs OF tUe devonian aok. 69 Mr. llortzor hIho found in tlicmi ooncretiouH the honei* of HniuUur indi- viduulH of DittichUii/s, probably a distinct HpocieB, inuHnuicli as tlio fonu of tho dorsal rtliiold is different and the nock is relatively nnicli longer tlian in J). Jfirtzeri. Tn tlie hIuiIo outside the concretions Mr. I lertzer discovered tho greater part of a dorsoniedian plate which api)arontly belonged to a Pterichthoid lish. 'i'hirt was about eighteen inches long by thirteen inches wide, sonie- wliat six-sided and short coffin-shaped; the exterior surface is set with large, smooth tuben-k's which may bo compared to split peas. I have named this fish J.spi(tirhtlii/,s, and have supposed tliat this was the central plate of a dor- sal carapace, as it corresponds in form to that plate in J'tcriclitliys, but is a hundred times larger in area. A few fragments of plates bearing this pecul- iar tubercnlation have been found in the Huron shale at the Falls of the Ohio, but this seems to be the rarest of all the great Placodernis of which the remains are found in our Devonian and Lower Carboniferous rocks. ^ No one has thoroughly explorod the exposures of the Huron shale in Ohio and Kentucky, and yet fragments of the plates of iishes have been obtained from so many localities, that we may be sure a rich harvest will some time bo gathered there. In tho valley of Paint Creek, near Cliillicothe, and in the cliffs bordering tho Scioto and the Ohio near Portsmouth, splendid exposures of this shale maybe seen, and there is little doiibt that fishes nuiy be found at all these h)calitios. In central Kentucky Mr. William Linney has found in the Huron shale, which forms a kind of border to the blue-grass region, many fragments of large fishes; among other things two dorsoniedian plates much like those of BinichtlujH, and quite as large. Outline sketches of some of these have been kindly sent to mo by Mr. Moritz Fisher, of the Kentucky Geological Survey, but I liave been unable to identify them with any of the fish ' Prof. A. vein Kcieiien, of (iiittiiigon, Lhh obtiiiiied from tli« Dovoiiiau rockH of Oormimy wliat Beeiim lo )>" t\w contrul durmil |)latH of miotlier Hpccies of .tHpiilichlhyii, which he haH called A. higena, itnil described in vol. 'M, Abhiiiidl. der Kiiiii};!. GcHell. der WinHcii. zii (iiittingen, p. ;!4, pi. 3, fig. 1. I have bad an opportiiiiity of exaiiiiiiing thiH Hpeciiiicn, and confirm fnlly von Kounun'H view of it. It scarcely diflcrH from the jilato diHcovored by Mr. Hertzer, except that tho tubercles are much Icsh uni- form in size and the anterior margin is produced in a itind of point at the center. This plate ig very strongly arched, while that obtained at Delaware is nearly ilat; but this is doubtless in a large degree due to vertical pressure. 60 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. ! i remains found in Ohio, and I suspect they represent a giganti:^ Placoderm as yet undescribed. At Delaware, Ohio, Mr. Ilertzer found in a bed of calcareous clay, lying in>.niediately below the Huron shale, a number of small concretions, each of which has the jaw, plate, or tooth of a iish as its nucleus. The most com- plete of these I have described under the name of Callognathus rcfjularii. In the black shale above he obtained a half dozen small crushing teeth of an otherivise unknown fish, which I have called Goniodua Ilertzcri. In the Portage, Genesee, and Marcellus bituminous shales of western Pennsylvania and New York a number of fish remains have bec.i found at different times, but no one has systematically worked this field, although much new material is sure to be some time obtai led from it. In 1884 Mr. E. N. S. Ringueberg described- a dorsomedian plate of a fish to which he gave the name of Dinichthys minor ; this name, as I have remarked elsewhere, was preoccupied, and I have renamed it D. Ringucheryi. This was obtained from the black shale of the Portage group, a*^ Sturgeon Point, on the lake shore, twenty miles west of BufRilo. Prof. J. M. Clarke, in 1885, described^ the mandible of a species of Dinichtliya to wiiich he has given the name of D. Ncwhcrryi; this was from the Genesee shale and from the Naples beds. From the rame formation Professor Clarke also describes (1) under the name of Palcconisrus Devotiictus the scales and cranial plates of a Paleoniscoid fish ; (2) a mass of minute quadrangular scales or dermal tubercles which he calls Aca.itliodes pristis ; and (3) a port on of a dorsal spine with a sinsrle row of large denticle." named by him Pristacanthus vetustus. More material will be re(piired to verify Professor Clarke's conclusion in regard to the generic relations of the last-mentioned fishes. No Acanthodians have been found elsewhere in a true marine sediment; those of England, Scotland, and Canada naving all been obtained from what are apparently fresh- water deposits, anu the sha- green of sharks, undistinguishable from the scales of Acanthodians, occurs in irregular masses in many formations. In the bone beds of the Corniferous limestone at Columbus, Ohio, and North Vernon, Inuiana, detached rhomboidal, plain, or ornamented tnbor- ' Am. Jour. 8oi., 3a aeries, vol. 27, i*. , p. 4V6. « U. ". Geol. Survey, Bull. No. 16. FISHES OF THE DEVONIAN AGE. 61 cles are very common, iitid Mr. Ilertzer has obtained from the top of the Corniferous 'it Delaware, Ohio, what seems to be the decomposed and sliapelesB body of a small Elasmobranch, covered with dermal tubercles, which when detached seemed simply enameled granules, but where in contact are arranged in rows and ajjpear rhomboidal. In the Maroellus shale of New York Mr. C. E. lieecher has also found masses of siinihir tubercles associated with small furrowed spines which may have been borne by an Acanthodian, but perhaps by a Selachian.' The fragment of a spine called by Professor Clarke Prhtarunthus vetustus is certainly \ei'y unlike anything we have elsewhere found in our Paleo- zoic strata, and resembles the spines obtained by Agassiz from the Jurassic rocks, and called by him Prhitacantlim securis ; but I would call attention to the spine described by Giebel, figured by Kayser^and named Ctena- cantkus ahnonnis. This si^ine has the shaft longitudinally striated, and on the posterior margin bears a flange set with a single row of large denticles. Henf e it does not belong to the genus Ctcnacauthus, in which the longitudi- nal ridges are always pectinated or tubercled and the posterior margin is flattened or furrowed and is set with two rows of denticles. Giebel's spec- imen is also certainly distinct from Agassiz's Pristacanthus, but if the flange were broken off and alone preserved it might be readily mistaken for it. Only a fragment of th(3 posterior portion of the spine is shown in Professor Clarke's specimen, and it is possible that this was attached to a si ft some- what like that of the spine obtained by Giebel from the Devonian rocks of Germany. In any caso the spine described by Professor Clarke would seem to require a new generic name. The late Prof F. H. Bradley collected from the Marcellus shale of New York a large number of the remains of fishes, principally detached teeth, which represent several new species, but they are impregnated with pyrites, are unsatisfactory subjects for study, and have not yet been de- scribed. They are in die cabinet of Yalo College. ' Frnm tlin Iteroasbnlu at A'^ancebiirgh, Ky., I liavo pntclieg of similar Nhaj^reen iiHsnciated witli (he teeth of Orodut nud Cladodm, and with the spiuos of CUnacanthu'i C"aln "itology of Ohio, vol, !i, j)l. f>9, lig. 4); also from the B«>r«a grit, at Dorea, Ohio, patches of Thonihi.ulal aermal tubercles foiiud in proximity with tlio H])iiio» of Bevcral Bpocies of Ctenaoanihua. ^Dio Kaiiiia d(>r iiltCHttni l>i>voii-Ab1agernngen de8 IIarze§, Abhaudl. geol. Specialkarto prouss., etc., Atlas, pi. 1, tig. 19 tma^mwi^m^^Hm^ I 62 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMERKU. B M\ I Prof. O. C. Marsh has a mnnbeVof large fraffinents of Placodenn fishes obtained from the Huron shale at the Falls of the Ohio; they apparently rej)resent one or njore new species, but are too imperfect for satisfactory description. From the Moscow shale, Kashong Creek, Yates County, N. Y., Mr. Ber- lin H. Wright has obtained a large and fine spine of Ctcnacanthus, which is distinguished from all other described species of the genus by its perfectly straight form, as well as by minor details. It is figured and described^ with the name of Ct. Wriyhti, and is noticed on another page of this memoii*. In the Hamilton rocks of Iowa, which are chiefly limestone, a consider- able number of fish remains have been found, a few of which have come under my observation. Of these the most imj)ortant are two species of llhynchodm'^ apparently distinct from those found in Ohio, viz, R. occiden- talls N. and R. Greeuci, n sp., which will be found characterized in the present monograph ; the latter obtained through Mr. Thomas A. Greene, of Milwaukee. From Mr. Greene I also have a fish spine of a peculiar and interesting structure, which 1 have made the type of a new genus, Hetera- canthus, of which a description will be found on another page. These speci- mens were found in the quarries of hydraulic limestone near Milwaukee, and with them were fragments which indicate the presence of a varied fish fauna in that formation. From Mr. A. F. Tiffany, of Davenport, Iowa, I have received a fine specimen of I'tyctodus calccolm,^ N. & W. The specimen from which the species was originally described was fvcm the Hamilton beds of Calhoun County, 111. From the same horizon in Rock Island County, 111., I have a large number of what f 8Cin to be the teeth of a distinct species of Ftyctodus^ but they may be only a dwarf form of the same. These latter teeth are small— an inch in lengtli by a quarter of an inch broad — and show all the variation of form rej)resented by Pander's figures.* The zoological relations of Ptyclodus still remain uncertain, but there is little doubt that it was an Elasmobranch, and probably a Chimaji'oid. The "Tairty-afth Annual Report New Tork Statu Museum Nat. Hist., 1884, p. 200, pi. 16,flg8. 12-14. "Described iu tlio Aunals of the Now York Acadfiiiy of Sciiwicos, vol. 1, p. 192. 'First described iu Geol. Survey oi IllinoiH, vol. 2, lH6(i, p. 106, pi. 10, fig. 10, as Binodm caloe- olm; aud later iu the Paliuontology of Ohio, vol. 2, p. 51), pi. 59, figs. 13, 13", 13''. ♦Die Ctmodipterinm der Devouischeu System, pi. 8. FISHES OF THE DEVONIAN AGE. 63 teeth are excavated below and were apparently set upon a cartiliigincus jaw, as in Rhynchodus and Chtmara; they are usually of the shape of a shoe, from one to five inches long, the place of the opening in a shoe filled with an enameled, transversely ridged, triturating surface. In some teeth this enamel portion is raised, in others depressed, as though one fitted into the other. The motion of the jaws must have been forward and back, and the grinding apparatus is as complete as that possessed by the elephant. None of the teeth of Ptydodus seem to have been found in Germany, England, or the eastern United States ; but in the Devonian rocks of Russia, Iowa, and Illinois they are quite numerous. The Devonian fishes of Canada have been already alluded to. Many years ago spines of Machicracanthus sulcatiis were sent to me for examina- tion by Sir William Dawson, and I have since received them from several localities. From the Devonian rocks of Gaspd a species of Cephalaspis was ob- tained some years since by Sir William Dawson, and was named by ^Ir. Ray Lankester C. Dawsoni. In 1880 Mr. A. H. Foord, o( the Geological Survey of Canada, col- lected from the Devonian rocks on the shore of Scaunienac Bay, Province of Quebec, a large number of very interesting fossil fishes, which were sub- sequently described by Mr. J. F. Whitf^-ives.' These include PtericJUhys, Dipheantlms, Phaneropleuron, Olyptolcpis (tw( species), Chclrolepis, and a new genus described by IVfr. Whiteaves under the name of l£usthenopteion, so named from its strong fin rays. Previwus to this discovery no species oi PtericJithys, Cheirolepis, Phanc- ropleuron or Glyptolepis had been found in North America, and in an earlier review* of the fossil fishes of this country I noted "the absence from all our collections of many of the most abundant and best-known genera of the Scotch and English Old Red Sandstone fishes." On the other hand, I called attention to the fact that up to that time (1873) all the most impor- tant iciithyolites of our American Devonian were unknown in Europe ; ac- counting for the difference between the Devonian fishes on opposite sides of the Atlantic by saying that our fishes were mosfly obtained from the Cor- iCvnndtua NatnralUt, vol. 10, p. U3. 'Paleontology of Ohio, Tol. 1, p. 873. 64 I'ALKOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMEKIOA. m' niferous limestone, plainly a marine and relatively deep-water sediment, while the Old Red Sandstone, which had furnished most of the fossils found abroad, was probably a lake deposit. The fifteen years which have elapsed since the publication of my former review have confirmed the conclusion then reached, but have couipolled me to modify some of my statements of act; for not only has a fresh-water fish fauna been discovered in Canada which closely resembles that of the foreign Old Red Sandstone, but in the marine limestone of Germany I)hiichthi/s, AspidicJitJii/s, Macropctalkhthys and 3Iach('racanthus have now been obtained, so that the discrepancy be- tween the European and American Devonian fish faimas has ceased to exist by the discovery in each country of similar fossils in similar deposits. DiNiCHTMYS Hkutzkri, Newb. riate XXXII, Fig. 2. DinichthyH Ilertzeri, Newb., Palaeontology of Oliio, vol. 1, p. 316, pis. 30-37. In the first and second volunio^i of the Paheontology of Ohio the two largest and first-found species of Dinichthys are so fully illustrated, that they reijuire no detailed description here. Of Dinkhthys Ilertzeri, from the Huron shale, we have no more new material. The Rev. II. Hertzer, who first dis- covered the species at Delaware, Ohio, and who cultivated that field with so much enthusiasm and success, changed his residence, and the exposures of the Huron shale in central Ohio have been of late neglected. On the Huron River, in Erie County, and in the valleys of the Scioto and many of its tributaries in southern Ohio, the formation is very extensively opened, and we have proof that it everywhere contains calcareous concretions within which are bones, but no one has been favorably located for collecting in these districts. There are some important points in the anatomy of this species of Di- nkhthys of which we are still ignorant. The head, with its complete denti- tion and the dorsomedian plate, we hav3, but the defenses of the under side of the body have never been clearly made out. I have seen in some of the concretions broken open by Mr. Ilertzer at Delaware traces of a plate nearly two feet in diameter, which does not correspond to anything known ■# FISHES OF THE DEVONIAN AGE. 65 in the defensive armor of /;. Terrcm, and I luive suspected that, like Tita- mchthys, the body was perhaps protected belo\y by ^ si„„ie great sliield. I have also a plate of D. Hcrtzerl, which, though incomplete, is triangular in outline, nearly three feet long and a foot wide at the broader end. This probably constituted the protection of the side of the body, but uothino- just like it has been found in connection with the species oi Diniddhys from the Cleveland shale. These suggested rather than demonstrated differences of anatomical structure have led me to think that, when all the plates and bones of I). Hertzen shall have been found, they will show divergencies from D. Terrelh which will perhaps be thought to have generic value. This question, however, cannot be decided at present, and will perhaps remain for the consideration and decision of palaeontologists of another generation I have elsewhere referred to the discovery of the dorsomedian plates of a large Placoderm in the Huron shale of Kentucky, and also to the discovery .n the same formation at Louisville of large fragments of bone which have not yet been classified It is evident, therefore, that the southern extension of the Huron shale offers a field for future exploration from which much is to be hoped, particularly for the complete elucidation of the structure of Dimchthys and AsjmUchthys. HETERACANTHUS, nov. gen. _ Pectoral (?) spines eight inches or more in length, robust, with a pos- tenor opening reachiMg to or near the summit; base compressed, one and a half mches wide, obliquely rounded below, shaft curved forward, regularly arched transversely, covered with highly polished enamel, and marked by fine denticulate longitudinal sutures, which divide the surfixce into broad nearly equal bands or flattened ridges. The sutures are most numerous below, but terminate in succession above, so that few reach the conical pointed summit. These spines are quite unlike any heretofore found in our Paleozoic rocks Ihey will be recognized at once by their want of symmetry, re- versed curve, smooth and polished surface, and sinuous or denticulate longi- tudinal sutures. ° MON XVI 5 66 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NOETH AMERICA. ill 11 i 1 li;, 1*1 . Up to the present time no teeth have been found associated with these spines, except those of lihynchoihis, and we may suspect that they belong together. If this were true, it wouhl be strange that no simihir spines liave been found with the very numerous teeth of Bhynchodiis in the Cornifer- ous limestone of Ohio. HeTERACANTHUS POLITITS, n. sp. Plate XXI, Figs. 4, 5. Spine eight to ten inches long, comprossod laterally at base, which is obliquely rounded below; summit curved forward, conical, with a subtri- angular section. Anterior margin uniformly arched, sides flattened toward the base, lower two-thirds of posterior face open; upper third flattened; sides of unequal breadth, making tlie spine unsynnnetrical. The want of symmetry of those spines as well as their reversed curve renders it almost certain tiuit they are the defenses of the pectoral fins They resemble in these characters Phi/sonnims, but are without tubercles of any kind, and have in the minutely sinuous sutures a character so peculiar, that I have given it generic value. Formation and locality : Cement beds of Hamilton age, Milwaukee, Wis. Collected by Thomas A, Greene. Ctenacanthus Wrighti, Newb. Plate XXVI, Figs. 4-4». Ctenacanthus Wrighti, Newb., Tliirfy fifth Kept. N. Y. State Museum, 1884, p. 206, pi, 16, fig. 12-14. Spine of large size, long-triangular in outline; anterior margin straight, laterally compressed; medullary cavity large, open posteriorly to the middle of the spine; posterior surface traversed above by a strong rounded ridge; denticles small; surface of exposed portion entirely covered with closely pectinated ridges of nearly uniform width on the front and sides, becoming narrower and less distinctly pectinated near the posterior margin. The spines of this species are very striking in their characters as regards both form and markings. The anterior margin seems to have been abso- lutely straight from base to summit. Along the line of junction between riSHES OF THE DEVONIAN AGE. 67 tlio enameled and buried portions tlie spine must have been two inches wide, but it tapered rapidly upward, terminating in a slender acute point. The exposed surface is more completely covered with ridges similar in character, and the pectination is more crowded than in any other species known to me. In its broad base and its general and uniform ornamentation this spine hi)8 some resemblance to C. speciosus, St. J. & W., specimens of which have been in my hands, but the line of demarkation between the ornamented and buried portions is less oblique, showing that the spine was more erect; the ridges are considerably coarser and the form is straighten The pectination Is also less oblique and closer, compared with the coarseness of the ridges. Formation and locality: Hamilton group, near the middle of the Moscow shale; Kashong Creek, Yates County, N. Y., where it was obtained by Mr. Berlin H. Wright, for whom it is named. GONIODUS, nov. gen. Teeth numerous, composing a roughened pavement, small, variable in size and form ; generally subtriangular in outline, depressed, with the central portion elevated into an obtuse angular ridge of denser tissue, and having a polished surface; other portions of the crown and the lateral margins roughened by a vermicular pitted or corrugated marking; the lower surface rough and bone-like. We have in these teeth another of the many phases of the dentition of the fishes of which the food consisted of crustaceans or mollusks with more or less resistant shells. Undoubtedly a large number of ancient as well as modern fishes were vegetable feeders, and it is po.ssible that some of what are called crushing teeth may have been employed for triturating vegetable tissues; but the sea-weeds, which must have composed the food of herbiv- orous fishes, were soft and succulent in character, and no more powerful organs were required for the management of this kind of material than such as would suffice to tear off fragments of the tender fronds, and these like the other food of fishes, must have been swallowed witliout mastication Nor are we to suppose that the powerful pavement teeth of the ancient carnivorous fishes were ever u.sed to masticato food after the manner in 68 PALEOZOIC FISDES OP NORTH AMERICA. which It is done by the higlier aiiimal, but where that food consisted of molhisks or crustaceans inclosed in shells it was necessary that these shells should be crushed, and the fragments, perhaps in part rejected, in part reduced to such size that thoy could be conveniently and harmlessly swal- lowed. All the marine living fishes which have pavement teeth are sup- posed to be carnivorous, and in many of the fossil fish teeth we find evi- dences of much local wear, showing that mollusks with somewhat strong shells were brought to the point where they could be operated upon with the greatest mechanical advantage, and were there crushed, as nuts are cracked by pigs and other animals We find, too, many devices for holding in position the object to be crushed. Generally the individual teeth are blunt-pointed, projecting above the surface in such a way as to retain the food in place. In the dentition composed of flatter and smoother teeth, as in Psammo(h(s, Ddtodiis, etc., the same olyect is less perfectly accomplished by a peculiar roughening of the surface by small pores; while in Archccobatis, as in the modern Ithi/ncobatus, the surface of the teeth is roughened by a beautiful transverse corrugation. From these essentially flat teeth the first departure is made in the teeth with arched or ridged surfaces of Triffonodiis, Deltod '.s, Sandalodus, etc., with wliich those now described should probably be grouped as having similar forms and functions. Next come Helodus, Choniatodus, and Orodiis with teeth which are still blunt, but have points or ridges projecting sufficiently from the general surface to afibrd a firm hold of softer and more slippery substances. From these blunt-pointed and ridged teeth the transition is easy to the sharp-pointed piercing teeth of Cladodiis, Hyhodus, and Lanina, admirably adapted to catching and hold- ing the most slippery and evasive prey; or to Chomatodus and the blunt species oi PoJyrhizodus, of which the teeth in form and function resemble those of the Rays; thence on to the teeth of the Pdalodonts, which, witli the increasing sharpness and elevation of their cutting edges, lead to the terri- ble, sen-ated, lance-pointed blades of Carcharodon. The affinities of Goniodus can at present hardly be conjectured. Some of the smaller teeth of Ptyctodus, so common in the Hamilton rocks of Iowa, exhibit considerable resemblance to these ; but all the teeth of Ptyctodus show something of the peculiar transverse striation of the flattened crown f PISUES OF THE DEVONIAN AGE. 69 which constitutes the distinctive character of the genus, and which lias so much resemblance— if we may compare small things with great— to the triturating surface of the crown of a molar of Elephas. The general form of the teeth of Vtyctoilus makes it probable that this was a Chima^roid fish, but the teeth of Goniodm indicate no such relationship, and the larger ones, both by their form and the character of the lateral surface, rather suggest PaicUodus. Probably aoniochi.s was an P^lasmobranch and a Cestracionrbut of this we cannot be certain until more material shall have been gathered. The type, up to the present time the only known species, is that de- scribed below. GomoDus Hehtzeri, n. sp. Plate XXV II, Figs. 11-15. Teeth small and varied in form, triangular or oblong in outline, de- pressed, with more or less of the central portion raised into a simple, smooth, obtuse-angled ridge; other portions of the surface punctate or vernacularly roughened; under surface flattened, somewhat rough and bony. No full descrii)tion of the dentition of Goniodus can yet be given, for only a small portion of the large number of pavement teeth, with which each jaw was furnished, have yet been obtained. The«e are, however, quite sufficient to show that they represent a new genus and species, inter- esting alike from its structure and from its geological position, which has hitherto furnished no other fish teeth at all like them. Formation and locality: Huron shale; Delaware, Ohio. Collected b)- Rev. H. Hertzer, to whom it is dedicated. CALLOGNATHUS, nov. gen. Small fishes, of which only the mandibles are known. These are from one to three inches in length; the posterior end of the dentary bone flat, thin, spatulate, smooth; the anterior half narrower, thicker, and ornamented; the upper edge closely set with numerous subequal, conical, obtuse, blunt- ponited teeth. But little can be said in regard to the affinities of these fishes until more of their structure shall be known. The form of the mandible is essentially 70 PALEOZOK- ^(i/chius, and the detached palate teeth, often rolled to pebbles, of the Dipnoans, Ctenodus and IMiodus. From what has been said of the physical history of the Ciiemung group it is evident that it marks a great break in tho order of nature in the eastern portion of the North American continent, and that it is tho record of a period of subsidence which succeeded a long interval of progressive eleva- tion, during which the Hamilton group was laid down. We liave also seen that the ocean into which the materials composing the Chenuing and Wa- verly were washed was the Carboniferous ocean, and that in its deeper por- tions the Carboniferous limestone was forming at the same time that the great banks of sand, gravel, and clay of the Chenuing and Waverly wore accumulating in the shallower parts. Only an imperfect view has yet been obtained of the very rich fish fauna of tho Chemung jxroup. Nothing was known of it, indeed, until about 1800, when Mr. Andrew Way, of Franklin, Delaware County, N. Y., discovered some bones and teeth of fishes in the Chemung rocks near his 5! FISHES OF THE CAKliOiNlFEUUUS SYSTliM. 85 place of reHidenco. Theao attracted the attention of Prof. Edward Orton, through whom I ro.-oived a niimhor of intorcstinj,^ things which led me to oiM^n a correspondence with Mr. Way. This would prohahly luivo resulted m the accumulation of a largo amount of now matorial, but Iuh death ar- rested the flow of knowledge from that source, an.I as he aione knew the locahfies that had furnished his specimens, the visits of other collectors to that region have been for the most part fruitless. About ten years si.ice Mr. F. A. Kan.lall discovered in a Chemung conglomerate at Warren, Pa., a consi.lerable number of the teeth and bones of fishes, though generally in a rolled and broken condition. Subsequently a collection of similar character was made at the same place by Mr. Charles E. Beecher, of Albany. Both the.se gentlemen have b.^en kind enough to send their collections to me for examination, and [ have described "from them a ruunber of new species. Mr. Andrew Sherwood, of Mansfield, Tioga County, Pa., who has been from childhood an enthusiastic collector of fossils, has from time to tin.e obtamed hsh re.nains from the Chemung of that neighborhood; one of these forms th. 'ype of the genus JIdiodus, to which further reference will be made. Finally Mr. A. T. Lilley, of Le Roy, Bradford County, Pa., has tound many fish ren.ains in the Chemung group near his place of residence, and among them the representatives of several new genera and species, of which brief descriptions are given on the succeeding pages. Order DIPNOI. Genus HELIODUS, Newb. Many years since Mr. Andrew Sherwood discovered in the Chemung rocks of Tioga County, Pa., the palate tooth of a fish which I have de- scribed' and made the type of a new genus, to which I gave the above name. P. J. Van Beneden describes^ the palate tooth of a fish which is without doubt generically identical with that found by Mr. Sherwood, but it is very much la rgei-^th^forn^ ;,^ ^j,^^^^^^,. ^^.^^ ^j^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. i4K^ <° 1.0 I.I 1 u US lU Ki lit 25 2.2 US. 12.0 li 1.8 1.25 |||||.4 |||||iA — |j||^^= Hill 4 — 6" ► Sciences Corporation 23 WfST MAIN STRUT WKBSTH.N.Y. 14SM (7t6) 872-^4S03 ^^ ^v iV N> V % ^> 86 PALEOZOIO FISUES OF NOKTH AMERICA. i i in latter is eight inches. M. Van Beneden considered his specimen as generic- ally identical with a fish eailier described by M. de Koninck and himself,' and which was made the type of a genus called by them PaVMaphus; but in my notice o^'Heliodus I pointed out that the two fish.es differed in this, that while in Pakedaphiis the teeth were separated, forming a pair like those of Ctenodiis, Dipterus, and Ceratodus, in Jleliodus they are united to form a single symmetrical, rounded, or semicircular triturating organ. In an excellent article on Dipterus, Palcedaphus, etc., published by Dr. R. H. Tra(|uair,^ the opinion is advanced that the two species of Palcedaphus (P. insignis and P. devoniensis) should not bo separated, and that the genus Heliodus can not stand. From this opinion, however, I am compelled to dissent, and to maintain the integrity of Heliodus as a genus distinct from all its associates in the family of the Ctenododipterini {Dipterus, Ctenodus, Ceratodus, and Palcedaphus insignis), for the reasons given in my description of Jie genus in tne Palajontology of Ohio, viz: In all the genera enumerated the teeth consist of a pair of triturating plates in each jaw, the lower pair seated on the splenial bones, the upper on the palato-ptery golds. In Helio- dus.^ on the contrary, the dental apparatus of the upper jaw (we know nothing yet of the lower) consisted of a single dental plate, which represents the two teeth of the other genera united in one solid piece. This seems to me to be a character which has generic value. The specimen upon which my description is based remains unique, and is in the cabinet of the School of Mines, Columbia College. Heliodus Lesleyi, Newb. Vlate XVIII, Fig. 3. Heliodua LesUyi N.; Palajontology of Ohio, vol. 2, p. 64, pi. 58, fig. 18. Upper dental plate rounded or hippocrepiform, one and a half inches in length and breadth; triturating surftice more than a half circle, highest in the center, where it forms a broad smooth boss; from this radiate eight tuberculated ridges, four on either side of the median line, which is marked by a deep and smooth furrow. The ridges on each side differ among them- ' Bull. Royal Academy Belgiiui), 2tl series, vol. 17, p. 143. ' Aunals aad Magazine Nat. Hist., July, 1H78. mmmmim * mimu PIHHES OF THE CARBON IFEKO US SYSTEM, 87 sehe», but are symmetrical with those on the other side, the lateral ridges being shortest and bearing several tubercles, while those which border the central furrow have but a single tubercle at the extremity of each. On both sides of the central boss the crown of the tooth is worn in a shallow, rounded depression by the opposing teeth of the lower jaw. The posterior margin of the crown is neariy straight, and is slightly crenulated at the center. It is bordered laterally by a sloping surface, wl-ich extends down- ward and backward about four lines and expands to form low, wing- like projections. This portion of the tooth was doubtless covered with integument. Formation and locality : Upper Chemung rocks; northern Pennsylvania. Collected by Mr. Andrew Sherwood. Genus DIPTERQS, Ag. On the following pages a number of species of the fan-shaped palate teeth so common in the Devonian and Carboniferous rocks of the Old Worid are described as species of Dipterus. Until recently the group of fishes which they represent was unknown on this continent, and even when the first volume of the Palaeontology of Ohio was published their paucity . was remarked upon as strange and inexplicable. A few years, however, have made quite a change in the aspect of the problem, as a large number of teeth which cleariy belong to the group of fishes which Pander called Ctenodipterines have been obtained from rocks of several different systems; for example, from the Jurassic of Colorado, the Permo-Carboniferous of Indian^., the Carboniferous of Ohio, and from the Chemung and Catskill of Pennsylvania and New York. All tliese have the same general form and structure, and are so much alike that it is difficult if not impossible to sepa- rate them into generic groups. The teeth from the higher horizons are without tubercles on the ridges, while in the Carboniferous and Devonian tboy are often conspicuously marked in this manner; but there are smooth species in the older as well as in the newer rocks, and they cannot be grouped by any geological lines. By convention those found in the Juras- sic, Triassic, and Permian have been called Cemtodus, those in the Carbon- iferous Ctenodus, and those from the Devonian Dipterus. The experienced -MSHWacWSBS 88 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. eye will easily discover differences in the groups which are arranged strati- graphically, a predominating type of form or markings associating those of the Devonian with each other, and separating them in a ro \frh way from those of the Carboniferous age. Still, the type v/hich is predominant in the Carboniferous occurs in the Devonian, where may be also found as excep- tions the smooth-ridged species of the Mesozoic. That there were strongly marked differences between the fishes that carried teeth so much alike is quite certain, for the group designated by the name of Dipferus is so abun- dant and so well preserved in the Devonian rocks of Scotland that its entire structure has been fully made oni, and we find thud it was a fish having a tessellated cranium, the palate teeUi already desci-ibeu, and a fusiform body covered with strong, ename'icd, punctate scales. In the Carboniferous and still higher strata, on the contrary, the fishes which carried the fan- shaped dental })latc.^ must have been somewhat differently constituted, for neither in the Old nor in the New World has anything like the com- plete form of the fish been made out. Iii the lagoons of the coal-marshes of England and Ohio, where the circumstances were favorable for the preservation of even delicate structures, the teeth, usually dismembered, but occasionally attached to the palato-pterygoid and the splenial bones,* and portions of the tessellated O'anium, were the only parts preserved; while, as yet, in the higher strata nothing but the teeth have been found. This is, however, an indefinable difference, and much more raateiial than we yet possess must be obtained before we can satisfactorily coordinate the fossil Dipterine fishes among themselves or demonstrate their collective or indi- vidual relations to the living Ceratodus. This has been attempted by Hux- ley, Gunther, Miall, Traquair, and others, but further than demonstrating the wide differences in structure between the Devonian and Carboniferous Dip- terines and the living Ceratodus their labors have thrown little light upon the classification of the various representatives of this great genetic line of fishes. For the present, then, it is safer not to attempt to classify accurately the similar teeth of Bipterus, Ctcnodus, and the fossil Ceratodus; but, as others have done before us, we now provisionally class all the older Dipterines as belonging to the genus Bipterus, the Middle and Upper Carboniferous species as Ctemdus, the Triassic as Ceratodus; but it would be quite impossible to FISHES OF THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 89 give any satisfactory generic definitions to these different groups. lii time more material will doubtless make easy what is now impossible. The teeth here described as new species of Dipterus are chiefly from a bone bed in the Chemung conglomerate in northwestern Pennsylvania. In this conglomerate nothing is well preserved but the dense palate teeth of these fishes, and even these are sometimes rolled into rounded pebbles; yet we occasionally find ganoid scales and those that probably clothed the fishes to vhich the teeth appertained. In this formation, generally classed as Upper Devonian, but in my judgment more properly considered as the base of the Carboniferous, a careful search will undoubtedly bring to light a large number of fish remains which cannot fail to be of great interest. What we know of them now is almost solely due to the efforts of Mr. F. A. Randall and Mr. C. E. Beecher, who, while much occupied with business duties, found time to observe and collect with discrimination and success. It will be noticed that a very important addition has been made to the list of Dipterine fishes before known by the discovery by Mr. Frank Wagner of a magnificent species of Ctenodus in the Cleveland shale (Lower Carbonif- erous) at Cleveland, Ohio. This tooth, which is fairly shown in PI. XXVII, Fig. 30, has been named C. Wagncri, in recognition of the sharp-eyed indus- try of Mr. V^agner, who has obtained from this formation and locality, before considered barren, an interesting series of fish remains. DiPTEBus (Ctknodu.s) Nelsoni, n. sp. Plate XXVII, Figs. 19, 20. Teeth ovoid or triangular in outline, one inch to one inch seven lines long, one-half inch to one inch in width; crown marked with seven strong, acute, radiating ridges, somewhat waved or obscurely tuberculated. The anterior margin is formed by the strongest of these ridges, the others dimin- isliing in size posteriorly. Though usually seven in number, the rudiment of an eighth is sometimes seen at the back end. The teeth of this species will be at once distinguished from all others described by their strong subacute ridges, of which the edges are higldy polished; sometimes quite plain, especially in large and old teeth; in those m f 90 PALEOZOIC PISHES OF NORTH AMEKIOA. which are smaller and less worn undulated, and almost but not quite tuber- culated. The best specimen in my possession was received from Prof. E. T. Nel- son, of Delaware, Ohio, to whom the species is dedicated. Formation and locality: Chemung group; Warren, Pa.; where it has been obtained by Mr. F. A. Randall and Mr. Charles E. Beechet. DiPTEBUS (Ctenodus) plabellifobmis, n. sp. Plate XXVII, Figs. 21, 21». Teeth triangular in outline, about one inch in length, those of the upper jaw nearly as wide as long, forming an equilateral triangle; those of the under jaw twice as long as wide; crown remarkably flat; the upper teeth some- times slightly concave, those of the lower set gently arched; surface marked by eight or more radiating ridges, which continue nearly or quite to the inte- rior angle; the anterior ridges strongest; the middle and posterior ones set with rounded obtuse tubercles. Though having a general resemblance to some of the teeth described and figured by Pander and Agassiz, there are none which correspond closely with these in form and tuberculation. Formation and locality : Chemung group ; Warren, Pa. Collected by Mr. Charles E. Beecher and Mr. F. A. Randall. DiPTF.itus (Ctenodus) levis, n.sp. Plate XXVII, Figs. 22, 23, Teeth triang .lar or oblong in outline, one inch six lines in length by eight lines in width; strongly arched; ridges very few, four or five in num- ber, all smooth, and, like the central portion of the crown, highly polislied. The ridges .ire relatively short, though high, all tlie central portion of the tooth being plain. Of described species this most restmbles Dij)terus glaher Pander,' but in that species the ridges are acute, while in the teeth under consideration they are remarkably flattened. 'Die Ctenodipterinon der devonisohens System, p. 29, pi. 7, fig. 10. FISHES OF TUE CAliB02 posed of plates of different shapes from those of rfcrkhthys and ornamented in a distinct and peculiar way. Slany years before Professor Claypole published the notice of his Pterichthi/fi rtujosus I had received fragments of different plates of this fish and had written a partial description of them, giving to the genus the name now used. Feeling it necessary to separate the genus from Pterichthi/s, I have thought best to retain the name then cl'osen as expressive of its most striking character, retaining Professor Clay- pole's name for the type species described below. HoLONEMA EiiGosA, Claypole, sp. Plate XVII, Figs. 1-4. Pterichthys ruijoHUS, (Jhijpole; Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, vol. 20, 1883, p. 664. In the Chemung rocks of New Jersey and northern Pennsylvania it is not uncommon to meet with fragments of flat and relatively thin plates of bone, which evidently once formed part of the defensive armor of a Placo- derm fish. These fragments are usually covered with an ornamentation ' Pitic. Am. Pbilos. Soc, vol. 20, 1883, p. 664. 94 PALEOZOIC FI8UES OF NOltTU AMEHIOA. ii El! ^ I ; which consists of raised enamolod lint a, often simple and j)anilh^l, but some- times broken and somewhat tortuous. In 1865 I received from Prof Edward Orton a, nearly complete i)late of a comparatively small individual belonging to this species. It had been obtained by him from the Chenuing rocks of Franklin, Delaware County, N. Y. This was a posterior lateral plate of the ventral series. Subsequently I found in the State cabinet at Albany, New York, numerous fragments of plates marked in the same manner, but none sufficiently well preserved to permit a restoration of the complete outlines. From Mr. A. T. Lilley, of Le Roy, Bradford County, Pa., I have recently received a considerable number of such fragments, several of which are represented on Plate XVII. The largest portion of any plate yet found, excejjt that figured by Professor Claypole, is that represented in Fig. 1, the original of which is now in the geological collection of tlie American Museum of Natural History. For the privilege of reproducing it I am indebted to the courtesy of Prof R. P. Whitfield. This is plainly a lateral plate, but whether of the upper or tinder surface is not certain. That it is a lateral plate may be inferred from its lack of symmetry and the fact that it nowhere shows the beveled margins, indicating overlap, so characteristic of the central plates in this and other related fishes. The surface markings of the plates of this fish are so peculiar, that they will be recognized wherever found, and it is hoped that the figures now given will prompt collectors to search for material which will permit its complete restoration. In Fig. 2 I have copied Professor Claypole's photograph, given in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. It is reproduced by photo-engraving, and may therefore be accepted as truthful. It is of about half natural size; the original, of which Professor Claypole has kindly sent me a cast, was not ai'ched, out quite flat ; from which, as well as from its form, I infer it was the central plate of the plastron, and to be compared with the lozenge-shaped plate of Coccosteus; the ventro-median plate of Owen. Since the above notes were written I have received from Professor Claypole a cast of another plate of Ilolonema rugosa, said to have been found in the Catskill rocks of Bradford County, Pa. It is a lateral plate, much I'lSilES OK THE CAKUOMll-'KUOUS BYHTKM. 95 llko tluit rupreseiitt'd in Fijr. 4, but rouiul(id below mid with coarsor orna- moiitatioii, like that of Fif^. •$, whicli is ji copy of a portion of a contml phito of tho ciirapacc, fonnd in tho sanio re^'ion, bnt miid Ijy Mr. Lilley, from whom I received it, to have come from iho Chemun-r rocks. GANORHYNcmrs Bkecfieki, n. sp. Plato XIX, Pig. 2. Head terminatinj,' anteriorly in a massive bony arch, of which the under surface is rounded and covered with a thick sheet of poli.slied enamel, marked with pits of irregular size and distribution, tho mouths of calciirerous tubes. Of this bono the anterior face is vertical, the under surface flatly arched from front to roar, tlic posterior face transversely straijrlit in the middle, on tho sides excavated to form two largo rounded notches, perhaps tho nasal apertures. This interesting specimen apparently represents the labial margin of the upper jaw; a strong bony arch firmly anchylosed to the head, and covered with polished but porous enamel, forming a powerfid dental organ, fitted for crushing mollusks or crustaceans. It is evidently generically identical with, but specifically different from, a peculiar and uniipio speci- men found without labe^ or history by Dr. Henry Woodward among the material inherited by the South Kensington Museum from the liritish Museum, and described by Dr. R. H. Traquair ' with the name of Gimorhyn- chus Woodwardi. The resemblances and differences between that specimen and the one before us will be apparent on comparing tho figures now given with those which accompany the article referred to. Dr. Traquair compares his specimen with the nasal extremity of the head of Diptenis, and gives apparently good reasons for considering it the labial margin of the upper jaw of a Dipnoan fish allied to Diptcrus, Ctenodus, and Palccdaphus. It is even possible that both the specimen described by Dr. Traquair and that now under consideration are the anterior and i)re- maxillary elements in the dentition of some species of Ctenodus; since the extremity of the head of Ctenodus is not known, and the labial margin of the upper jaw in Dipterus is so similar. ' Qeol. Mag., vol. 10, London, 1873, p. 55W. PfWRMVMMMMWM 9G PALKOZOIO FISIIEa OF NOUTII AMKUIOA. Tho subject will bo furtbor illtiiiiinatod by reference to the paper' of Dr. Triupiiiir on I)i(it<;rus, Puladaphits, Hdiudux, etc., also to Van l^eneden's description " of I'alddnplius. As has been mentioned, tbe liiHtory of tlie specimen described by Dr. Traquair is unknown, and no evidence is furnished by it of the geological age of the strata from which it came. From its relation to Diptcrus Dr. Traquair infers that it came from some Pahrozoic formation. The discovery of a Bccoml species of the genus Ganorh/jnrhtts in tho Cliemung rocks of Pennsylvania confirms this cctnjectiiro, and roiulers it probable ths't this was a wide-spread form in the Devonian and C^arboniferous ages. It also fur- nislies now evidence of the great development of this group of Dipterine Ganoids in the age of fishes. The tessellated cranium of Z>//;fcrMS, so well shown by Hugh Miller aiul Pander, has little in common with that of Ccratodus, but is remarkably like that c r Ctenodus, as will be seen by reference to the figure given on another page of Ctcnodus Ohiocnsis Cope, half size linear from a speiiimen in the possession of the writer. As is remarked in the Pala'ontology of Ohio (loc. cit.), the similarity exhibited in the cranium and dentition of these genera is such, that new characters must be found before they can be satisfactorily differentiated. In 181)8 Pander described tho anterior extremity of the head of a fish found in tho Upper Devonian rocks of Russif;, which, though apparently distinct from Ganorhi/nchus, is evidently closely allied to it. In this the labial margin is flattened to form an arched dental plate, behind which on either side are mammillary teeth increasing in size backward. This fish he called Holodus, and he has given'' a description and figure of it. Later (1863) Hermann von Meyer published* a description of the anterior extremity of the jaw of a fish which he called Archxotylus ignotus, but it is evident that he had not seen the description of Holodus, for his specimen is generically and pei'haps specincally identical with that described by Pander. ■ AntiaU aud M»g. Nat. Hist., July, 1878. ' Bull. Acad. Belg. , 2d series, vol. 17, 18«i4 ; see also Palieontology of Ohio, vol. 2, p. 68. "Die Cteuodipter'noii des devonischon Systems, pp. UC'^O, pi. 6, flgg. 1-14. '^Paloiontograpbica, vol. 11, p. 285, pi. 44, flgs. 1-7. FISHES OF Tin: CAUUOJSIFKUOUS SYSTEM 97 It may Hooin Htriiiijyo tlmt tlio muzzles only of Jlolddus and (lauorhyn- chus, (lisconnectcMl from other portions, should he found in several countries, so that wo are left in doubt as to tho character of tho nuijor part of the head and all the body in those fishes; but it should bo reiu(jnibered that the dental apparatus of most animals is composed of the densest and most dura- ble tissues, and it is therefore very frecjuently preserved, while all otl.iir parts have perished. In m.my ancient fishes the dentary element of the lower jaw was composed of firm and resistant bone, while tho angular and articular portions consisted of cartilage, and have entirely disappeared. In the economy of nature hardness and strength are given to organs where these are necessary and indispoiisable qualities, while those parts not ex- posed to violence or wear consist of soft porous bone or even cartilage. This is conspicuously true of the structure of tho Klasmobranch fishes, and we find tho same thing in a less degree throughout tho animal kingdom. Phyllolepis delicatula, n. sp. Plato XIX, Fig. 11. Scales or scutes thin, one inch four lines in length by one inch in ' width, elliptical in outline ; tho surface marked with fine lines, which on tho sides are parallel, but in the central portion of either f ! are somewhat confused and reticulate. In the outer of the plate the lines are very closely approximated, more widely separated on the sides, and still more so at the ends. • The plate upon which this description is based was evidently very thin, and tho nuvrkings on it are delicate. In form and ornamentation it exhibits a great similarity to the fossil described by Agassiz' and called Phyllolepis conceniricus. At the sam3 time the pecular style of ornamenta- tion is almost identical with that of Holonema ruyosa, and I can not but think that these rounded, detached, thin plates were in some way associated with large angular ones, which were united to form a carapace somewhat like that of I'terichthys. ' PoixHong FuBsiles dii Vieux Gr^ Kouge ou Syatdine D^vouien (Old Kod Saudstone), etc., p. 67, pl.24, fiB. 1. MON XVI 7 98 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTU AMBRICA. i I i i ;|: Af^assiz says of the specimens of PhyUolej^^s, " that they are not iinfre- quently met with in tlie Old Red Sandstone of Clashbeiniie, Scotland, but are generally incomplete ; often rolled as well as torn." This is also the case with t)ie plates of Hclonema, and I can not but think they are generic- ally identical.^ Formation andlocality : Chemung group ; Bradford County, Pa. Col- lected by Mr. A. T. Lilley. D'NICHTHYS TUBERCULATUS, H. Sp. Plate XXXI I, rig. 3. In the fish beds of the Chemung conglomerate at Warren, Pa., Mr. F. A. Randall and Mr. C. K. Beecher liave obti'ined numerous fragments of the plates of a Placoderm which is closely allied to, if not identical with, Dinichthys. Aside from a large number of ixniiitelligible fragments of plates once evidently of considerable size (because they are from one-quarter to one-half an inch in thickness) the greater part of two supra-scapular plates and the anterior half of a dorsomedian are sufficiently well preserved to merit description. The supra-scapular plates have essentially the form of tiiose of Dinichthys Terrclli, viz, are trapezoidal, and have a similar though still more prominent condyle projecting from the anterior margin for artic- ulation with the angle of the head Also, as in the larger species of Di- nichtLj'^, a straight and deeply incised line runs from the base of the articu- lating condjjle to the jxtsterior border, traversing nearly the middle of the plate. The portion of a dorsomedian referred to abo e also has pre- cisely the structure of that of Dinichthys, viz, it is evenly aiched in outline posteriorly and carries a strong keel on tlie under surface which terminates behind in a neck-like process projecting downward. These characters justify me in associating these specimens with the species of Dinichthys. ^^hey present, however, one character not yet noticed in any other member of the genus, viz, the exposed surfaces of the plates of the head and body wei'e strongly tuberculated. This is a character which has given its name __ ~_^ . — y , 'Since the abovo description was written I have soon in the collection of M. Mh'z Lohest, of Liego, Bolgium, a nniiilii i' of hciUcs of a Hinall xpecies o( PhyUolepit apparently idoatical with this. They were from the PHamniitc do Coudroz, the equivalent of our Chemung group. FISHEb OF THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 99 to Coccosteus, the near relative of Dinklitliys, and it is therefore not out of place in the latter genus. In size this fish was comparatively sni.ill; the supra-scapular plates are about threa inches in length and breadth and nearly half an inch in thickness at the center. Two specimens from the same side, and therefore belonging to different individuals, are of about equal size. The dorsome- dian is also very small ; it was not more than three inches in breadth and leng„h, judging from the portion preserved. The tuberculation of the sur- ftice is relatively coarse, and tlie tubercles vary nnich in size and are irreg- ularly scattered. Most of tiiem seem to be hemispherical and plain, but others are more or less pitted and a few are stellate. The great thickness of the plates compared with their area is a striking feature in this fish. In this .-espeot it is quite diffei-ent from the smaller species of Dinichthys from the Cleveland shale— i). minor, I), corruoaius, and R Gouldii. Tins species also occurs in the Psanunite de Condroz, near Liege, Bel- gium. Onychodus HopKiNsr, Newb. In the Chemung rocks at Franklin, Delaware County, N. Y., Mr. Andrew Way collected many detached teeth of a species of OnycLdus, to which I have given the above name. Tiiese teeth are generally about one inch in length, conical, acute, and simply curved. Occasionally, how- ever, the point is slightly turned forward, giving a hint of the sigmoidal curve which is so conspicuous a feature in the great species of the Cornif- erous Ihnestone (0 sigmoides). Tlie bases of these teeth are expanded, and it is evident that they rested upon and embraced the arch of bone which supported them; in this respect resembling the denticles of 0. sigmoides, and differing from those of 0. Ortoni, m which they are sunk in the substance of the bone as posts are planted in the ground. As in the other species of Onychodus, the teeth above described formed >■ series of six to eight in num- ber, set on a short arched bone, which was embraced in the symphysis of the mandible, constituting a piercing, tearing instrument, sucii as has no known counterpart in the animal kingdom. The genus, as far as yet known, is represeiited only by the three species enumerated above, viz: 0. sigmoides, from the Corniferous liiue- ■■■■Bl 100 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NOKTU" AMEFICA. I 1 . ■ t i stone; 0. Ortoni, from the Huron shale; and 0. Hopkinsi, from the Che- mung. They were all apparently marine, cycliferous Ganoids of large size, probably Crossopterygians, of which the head was covered with a large number of enameled plates ornamented with appressed double cones of enamel, and forming a tessellated pattern most like that of Polypterus. The bones of the head seem to have disarticulated readily, f(;r they are always found separated and genev 1\ scattered. The cranial structure has never been fully illustrated, but jaws, teeth, and scales are described and tig- lu'ed in the first volume n le Pahcontology of Ohio. It may be remarked in this connection that in the genus Aspuhrhynchus a detached triangular bone ia set in or on the symphysis of the mandibles, serving to complete the arch of the jaw and protect it from rupture. HoLOPTYCiiius ? pusTULOSus, n. sp. Plate XX, Figs. 11, 11'. In the Chemung group at Warren, Pa., occur many large, thick, bony scales, of which the generic relations must remain doubtful until more ma- terial shall be obtained. These scales are round, ovoid, or elliptical in outline, the largest two inches in the longest diameter, one and a half inches in the shortest. The centi'al portion of the exterior surface carries a con- sidera'de number of relatively large, round, scattered tubercles; the mar- gins being plain and smooth. By these characters they will be recognized wherever found, and doubtless in time much more will be known about the fishes which bore them. The specimens now in my hands I owe to the courtesy of Mr. C. E. Beecher, who collected them at Warren, Pa. HOLOPTYCHIUS QEANULATUS, n. Sp. Plate XX, Fig. 9. Scales circular or elliptical in outline, one and a half inches in greater diameter; covered portion smooth; exposed portion closely set with fine rounded granules of enamel, which on the posterior margin are arranged in parallel rows; in the center and on the sides are promiscuously aggregated. These scales are not unfrequently found in the Chemung of northern % FISHES OF THE CAltB02;n.EltOUS SYSTEM. lOi Pennsylvania, but as yet they have not been connected with any bones which are decisive of their generic relations. The form and general char- acter is that of the scales of Holoptychius, and it is certain that the fish which bore them must be related to, if not connected with, that genus. HoLOPTYCniUS TUBEECULATUS, n. sp. Plate XIX, Fig. 14. Among the fish remains sent to me by Mr. A. T. Lilley, of Le Roy Bradford County, Pa., are some scales of Holoptychius, which seem to be different from any heretofore described. They are round or eHiptical in outline, one inch to one and a half inches in diameter, and have the poste- rior portion occupied by coarse round or elliptical tubercles. They resem- ble some of the scales figured by Agassiz ^ and called Holoptychius 1. la, ilg. 13. |i, i_-r.^ „ FISHES OF THE OAKBONIFEROUS SYSTEM 103 mung, Waverly, and Carboniferous Ihnestones occur teeth that cannot be chstrnguished fron> the equally abundant and wide-spread Hdodics gihherulus of the British Islands. , Cladodus carinatus, n. sp. In the collections made by Messra. Beecher and Randall from the fish beds at Warren, Pa., are numerous teeth and impressions of teeth of Clado- clus. Nearly all these, however, are too imperfect for accurate description. Ihey apparently represent several species, but they are very much decom- posed. One small species, however, collected by Mr. Beecher, is better preserved, and is so peculiar, that it deserves special notice. It is less than half an inch in breadth and height, the base narrow, and bearing one central and four lateral cones, the exterior pair larger than the intermediate ones, but all nmch lower than the central denticle. This carries the characteristic feature oi the species ir four relatively strong carinations on the flattened smtace. Of these the outer two are short and low, the inner two rela- tively stronger than in any other species known to me. Cladodus Eepleri, n. sp. Plate XLIV, Figs. 1, 2 ; Plate XLV. Fishes three to six feet long by six to eight inches wide at the pectoral fins; body long-fusiform, as broad as high; upper surtiice covered with shagreen, composed of fine, apparently plain, tubercles; under surface near he.^ transversely striated; jaws partially ossified; teeth very numerous, half an mch m height and breadth, consisting of one striated median cone with one lateral denticle on either side; pectoral fins oblong, conical, rounded at the extremity, five inches wide by eight to ten inchea Ion.., traversed by about twenty strong unarticulated, ossified rays, simple below, torked above ; eyes large, cnpsules bony. We have in these fishes another illustration of the unusual amount of ossification in the skeletons of certain Carboniferous sharks to which I have referred elsewhere, viz, complete ossification of the rays supporting the lower lobe of the tail in the large selachian found bv Mr. Patterson in the 104 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMERIOA. IU> 1! Berea shale at Vanceburgli, Ky., and now in the museum at Frankfort; also the partial ossification of the cranium and jaws of Diplodns, as shown by the specimens obtained by Profes-^or Cope from tlio Upper Carboniferous of Texas and by the writer from the cannel coal of Linton, Ohio. Again, it is shown by the ossification of the rays of the pectoral fins of Ctcnncanthus Clarkii of the Cleveland shale, and in the ossification of the jaws of Mazodus Kepleri from the Berea shale, Berea. Thongh generally considered as sela- chians and having certainly strong affinities with living sharks, the bones of the cranium and tlie jaws of these fishes are better ossified than those of most Cretaceous and Tertiary sharks and than those of the present day ; while the vertebral centra, following the common and inscrutable law of progress visible among fishes, have become more and more ossified in later ages Since the above description was written I have received from Prof William Kepler a magnificent specimen of this fish, which enables me to make the description somewhat more complete. This specimen consists of the halves of a flattened calcareous concretion, which includes the anterior half of the body, with the under side of the liead and pectoral fins very sat- isfactorily shown. The muzzle is rounded, the mouth terminal, the head eight inches long by six inches wide; the eye capsules are elliptical in ont- line, two inches in the longest diameter ; back of the eye are rounded plates, obscurely defined, which look as though they represented the opercula of the Ganoids and Teleosts. The respiratory slits are faintly indicated, but cannot be numbered; the interval between the head and the pectoral fins is occupied by the remains of a fibrous integument of which the fibers were transverse ; the pectoral fins are eight inches long by five inches wide at the base, are very clearly defined, are widely expanded and have a reach of twenty-two inches from tip to tip ; the basal cartilages are but obscurely shown. They seem to have formed meta, mesa, and propterygia, but this cannot beasserted without further proof The structure of the fin was evi- dently simpler than that of sharks now living, but on the same plan. We see nothing of the axial arrangement called archiptery/jium by Gegenbauer, so common in the ancient Ganoids, and surviving in Ceratodus. . Formation and locality : Cleveland shale ; Brooklyn, Ohio. FISHES OF THE CARBONIFEKOUS SYSTEM. 105 CxENACANTnUU RaNDALLI, 11. Sp. Dorsal fin-spines twelve inclien or more in length by one and a half inclies in width at base of ornamenled portion ; form slightly curved back- ward, sides compressed, basal portion conical, smooth, or finely striated longitudinally ; line of demarkation between ornamented surface and base strongly marked, inclined downwai'd and forward at an angle of 30° with the axis of the spine; ornamented surface nefr base formed by about forty fine, parallel, subequsil, closely crovi^ded ridges on each side of the median line, and these bear small, rounded, closely approximated tubercles. The basal portion of a large spine, showing about two inches of the ornamented surface, is the basis of the above description. This was ob- tained from the Olean Conglomerate, two miles northeast of Warren, Pa., by Mr. F. A. Randall. Several much more peifect specimens have been found in that vicinity, but they have been sent to Philadelphia and are not within my reach. Better material will be needed for a complete description; but enough is shown in the specimen now described to prove this spine distinct from any other known. In the character of its surface markings this species resembles Ctenacanthus tenuistriatus, Ag. and Ct. spcciosus, St. J. & W., but diffex's from both these in its nan-ower form and the character of the ornamentation of its surface. In Ct. tenuistriatus the ridges are separated by spaces as wide as themselves, whereas in the species inider consideration they are for the most part contiguous or separated by very narrow furrows. In the former species also the ridges along the anterior border are nuich wider than on the sides, whereas in Ct. BamlaHi they are of nearly uniform size throughout. The tuberculation in the present species is very simple ; rounded papilla;, separated by spaces but little greater than tlieir diameters, are set regularly along the summits of the ridges, while in Ct. tenuistriatus and in Ct. speciosus the tuberculation consists of transverse ridges, as is most common in the genus. The general aspect of this spine must have been similar to that from the St. Louis limestone described elsewhere in this memoir under the name of Ctenacanthus Littoni, but the ridges are in that species fewer and the tuberculation is much stronger and more crowded. 106 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. Skction B. — Fishes op the Catskill Group. Tlie Catskill formation took its namo from tlio Catskill Mountains, which are in larfjo part composed of it. It consists of a series of conglom- erates, sandstones, and shales, of which the prevailing color is red, and the thickness in southern New York and Pennsylvania is not less than 5,000 to ^,000 feet. The area occupied by the formation is not largo. It reaches souihward along the Alleghanies into Virginia, but does not pass westward beyond the limits of New York and Pennsylvania. In its lithological char- acters (all land-vva.sh) and its limited area it resembles the Trias of the eastern United States and the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland, and there are many reasons for believing that, like these formations, it v/as deposited in a circumscribed body of fresh water. Aside from the tishes it contains — which are for the most part generic- ally identical with those of the Upper Old Red Sandstone — comparatively few fossils have been found in the Catskill; these are land plants (ferns, Lepidodcmlm, and Sifjillaria) and fresh water shells (Anodonta). The most cothmoi ferns belong to the genus Archceoptc.ris (formerly included in Cy- doptcris and Palcoj)teris), which is very characteristic of the Upper Devo- nian and Lower Carboniferous rocks. From these facts and others which might be cited we may fairly con- clude that the Catskill rocks were deposited in a fresh-water lake, which lay immediately along the west base of the ancient land now represented by the Highlands of New York and New Jersey and their southern con- tinuation, the Blue Ridge. Just how far this lake extended north and south we do not know, but apparently not more than two hundred miles, while its breadth from east to west did not exceed one hundred and fifty. I have elsewhere given my reasons for considering the Chemung group, which immediately underlies the Catskill, as the base of the Carboniferous system. This was not the classification originally adopted by the New York geolo- gists, but since their schedule was made up many new facts have come to light which have led me to adopt the views now presented. The Catskill also was formerly attached to the Devonian system, but there is no other reason than conservatism for this usage. We know, of PISUES OF THE CARBON IFEUOUS SYSTEM. 107 course, that the stream of time flowed steadily on throii<:fh tlie geological ages; and we have reason to believe that over vast areas of the earth's sur- face constant marine conditions have prevailed, and there the stream of life flowed on without break, and the geological record nnist be without chap- ters or sections. But from time to time the sea overflowed its banks, and left landmarks which form convenient division lines of history. Such an event occurred t the close of the Hamilton age and the beginning of the Chemung. It seems to me more natural, therefore, to consider the latter the introduction of a new age, the Carboniferous. In regard to the Catskill there is less difi'erence of opinion, and it is now quite generally referred to the Carboniferous age. The first notice of the remains of fishes in the Catskill group was published by Prof James Hall.* In this paper are figured the scales of a species of Hohptychius, considered identical with //. nohU'issinms, Ag., from the Scotch Old Red Sandstone. It is, however, a distinct though closely allied species, the scales of tho American fish being not more than half the size of the Scotch, ami having smoother and more continuous enameled ridges than those of the type sjiecimen.^ Later (18.56) Prof Joseph Leidy described' a number of fish remains from the Catskill of northern Pennsylvania, among others the scales and part of a cranial plate of this fish, to which he gave the name of Holoptychius Americanns. Some conical teeth having striated bases and a circular section were .also referred to Holoptychius, but the relationship is uncertain, inasnmch as they were not found in connection, and it is quite possible that the teeth belong to some other one of the several Ganoid fishes associated with Holop- tychius in the Catskill rocks. Professor Leidy also referred to Holoptychius a scale or plate,* of which the exterior surface is covered with tubercles arranged in flexuous and confused lines. This we now know is not a scale, properly speaking, but a dermal plate of a difi'erent fish, which has left abundant remains in the Catskill, and which I have considered a species of Bothriolepis. • Nat. Hist. New York, pt. 4, Geology, 184:i, i>. 280, wood cut 130, figs. 1, 2, 3. 'Mod, des Poissons Fossiles, etc. (Old Red Suudstono), pi. 23. ^Joiir. Acad. Nat. Sci., Pliila., 2d series, vol. 3, p. VSR. ., Clovelanil Bhalo, Ohio. eompresmia, Nowl.., Clevolaiid Hhalr, Oliio. Clarkii, Nnwb., C'lovolaud Hhalc, Ohio. funicariniitiia, Nowb., BoreaBhale, Kentucky. anguatiis, Newb., Berea grit, Ohio. cylmdricm, Nowb., Knobatones, Kc^'nnVy. ffoplonohua parvuhia, Newb., Chvclaiid shalo, Ohio. Aateroptychiua ekgana, Nowb., Hi'ica grit, Michigan. Gyracanthua Allem, Newb., Cuyahoga shale, Ohio. comprcaaiia, Newb., Cuyalioga shale, Ohio. inornaliia, Newb., Cuyahoga shale, Ohio. Claiodua aubulalua, Newb., Berca shale, Ohio. Patleraoni, Newb., Berca shale, Ohio. Homiiigeii, Nowb., Berea grit, Michigan. Uirtzeri, Newb., Bedford shale, Ohio. coMoi«H«», Newb., Cleveland shale, Ohio. parvulaa, Nowb., Cleveland shale, Ohio. Ktphii, Newb., Cleveland shale, Ohio. Terrein, Newb., Cleveland shale, Ohio. Fghri, Newb., Cleveland shalo, Ohio. tumidiia, Newb., Cleveland shale, Ohio. Orodua eUgauMus, Newb., Cleveland shale, Ohio. vnn(iii7i», Newb., Berea shale, Kentucky. ramoaua, Ag., Berea grit, Michigan. Phabodiia politua, Newb., Cleveland shale, Ohio. Polyrhhodiia modeatna, Newb., Cleveland shale, Ohio. Slethacanlhua tumidita, Nowb., Berea grit, Ohio. Helodua coniculua, Newb., Cuyahoga shale, Pennsylvania. Mazodua Kepleri, Newb., Berea shalo, Ohio. Flatyodua linealna, Newb., Knob stones, Kentucky. GANOIDS. Gonalodm lirainerdi, Thomas, sp., Berea grit, Ohio. Cttnodua WagHnri, Newb., Cleveland shale, Ohio. Aelinophorua Clarkii, Newb., Cleveland shale, Ohio. 122 PALEOZOIC FISHES OP NORTH AMERICA. I i II PLACOOEKMS. DinlcHthyi TendU, Newb., CUwelaiul Hhale, Ohio. (loulitil, Nowli., Cl«Vfli4ii,, t'ieveliiiiIo. TravhonleuH Vluikii, Newb., Cleveland shale, Obio. A few facts of special interest in regard to the fishes of the Waverly deserve to be montiontd, viz : In the bhick shale at Vancebiirgh, Ky., formerly worked for the artificial distillation ol' oil, a very interest! n<>- series of fish remains was obt.-iined by Mr. Patterson, which are now in the State collection at Frankfort, Ky. Among these is the tail of a shark which must have been eight or ten feet long; the outline of the entire fish was traceable on the shale, but only this part was preserved. The tail is about a foot and a half long, and very heterocercal ; the vertebral column lias entirely dis- appeared, and its place is marked by a smooth stripe between the spinous apophyses, which are plainly discernible. The rays of the lower lobe of the tail, neai-ly as large as one's little finger, are thoroughly ossified. Asso- ciated with this hnpression, but not in immediate contact with it, were numerous spines of Ctenacanthus and teeth. of Orodus, all of which probably belong together. A similar case of the ossification of the caudal fin-rays has been found by Dr. AVilliam Clark, at Berea, Ohio. Here the spines of Ctenacanthus Clarkii were so closely associated with the ossified fin-.-ays as to make it almost certain that they belong to the same fish, and the fins are connected with jaws which carry the teeth, called Cladodus Pattersoni The geological level at Vanceburgh is essentially the same as at Berea, Ohio. Teeth of a small species of Cladodus (C Pattcrsoni) are very com- mon at both places, and at Vanceburgh a jaw was found which carries a large number of these teeth in place. They form many rows from front to rear (ten or more) and are nearly all of the same size, but some smaller ones FISHES OP THE CAICUONIFEUOUS SYSTEM. 128 occur at the aiigloH of the mouth. This specimen io in the Ooological Museum of Cohunbiu College, New York. In the Waverly, on Oil Cmek, PeiuiHylvauia, Mr. O. K. Gilbert, found Hhihs of sandHtone covered with tiio HpiiieH of ('tcmianithus- (riurif/ularL-i, N. ; a dozen or more lying within an area of two Hquaro feet. As oniy two could have been worn by one fish, their accumulation in such numbers is not easy of explanation. The Cleveland shale, through northern Ohio, is a black carbonaceous mass, twenty to sixty feet in thickness. It there rests upon tlio argillaceous Erie shale, which at Cleveland is several hundred feet in thickness, but which thins out toward the west ; in Lorain and Huron Counties it is some- times wanting, letting the Cleveland shale down near to or upon the Huron shale, from which it can scarcely be distinguished by its lithologic char- acters. Over a large area, however, it i& very distinct, and it is the source of the petroleum and gas of Grafton and Liverpool. It has also become celebrated for its fossil fishes. It is relatively barren of fossils, but, aa in many other Carboniferous bituminous shales, at most localities the rhom- boidal scales of Pala-oniscoid fishes can b<^ detected ; these are highly pol- ished, plain or ornamented, and somewhat abundant, but the fishes which bore them have never been found entire, and remain undescribed. At Bedford, Ohio, the surfaces of the layers of the shale are sometimes covered with Conodonts, of which thousands occur on a square foot. They exhibit considerable variety in structure and dimensions, but nothing what- ever is found with them which can explain their origin. Whether they are the teeth of Cyclostomous fishes, shell-less mollusks, or Annelids, remain? undecided, but I know of no other locality where they are anything like ab abundant as here. They occur in millions, and possibly careful study would reveal their history. In this locality I also obtained small teeth of Poly- rhigodus and Orodus (P. modestus, N., and O. ekf/anttdus, N.). At Cleveland, the Cleveland shale forms a part of the hills which border the Cuyahoga Valley at its mouth, and is the surface rock in the cemetery where President Garfield is buried. From this region Mr. Frank Wagner, of Cleveland, has obtained a large number of bones and phites of Dinichthjs Terrelli and one splendid and as yet unique tooth of a species of Ctenodus, 124 PALKOZOIO FIH11H8 OF NOltTFI AMKItlOA. •!l perhaps tlio fill(!^t <>F tli« go.iUH, It Ih dc'Horibed iiiid (i{,'Hi't'(l in another port of tliis niomoir, inul in named Ct. Woyncri, after its discovcn-r. Ii. tho vaUi'yH of liocky, lUark, and Vermilion ItivorH, ail of whicli enter Lake Erie west of Clevehind, tho Waverly rnckH are freely opened. Rocky lliver, draining tht Conglomerate area of central Medina ( bounty with itM upper bruncheH, and having itH mouth in the Krie Hhale, cutH through tlio entire Waverly formation, FIhIi remaiiiH have been revealed at many levels in this Heotion, and Honie of special interest. At the top of tiie Wav- erly at Medina, Kagdad, and iJoyalton we find three species of Gi/racanthitu, the only ones yet met with in tho United States (C. Alien*, ('. compressus, and C. inornatus.^) Those are ♦ho uectoral spiiies of sharks, and were often used for crawl- ing over shallows and shores, as we know by their worn .londition ; the young ones being perfect and acute, the older ones, which should have been naarly two feet in length, redticed to mere stumps, with every inter- mediate grade. All the spines of (hfmainthus yet known have been four:d in the Lower Carboniferous rocks in Kurope, Canada, and the Uiuted Statch- Sir J. W. Dawson^ has described two species of Gijracanthus {G. ihtplicatus and G. mafin'ificus), and refers them to tho Coal Measures ; but Rev. I). Honey man informs n>e that G. vntymficus was obtained from the Lower Carboniferous limestone of Cape Breton. As to the other sjjecies, G. ditpticatus, it is doubtful whether this should be included in the genus Gymcunthiis. At Berea, the Berea shale, the Berea grit, and the calcareous bands of tho Bedford shale have nil furnished the remains of fishes in considerable numbers, viz : In the Berea shale occur the teeth of Cladvdus J'attcrsoni, and the striated rhomboidal scales of P' \'',oniscus ( Gonatodus) Brainerdi, and Dr. William Clark has here found in +1m iove-colored clay-shale just above the sandstone, several specimens of I'h yonemus {Sle(hacanthus) tiimidits, to which the rays of the pectoral fins are still attached. On the surface of tho sand- stone he has obtained a large number of these spines, but here denuded of all appendages. From the want of symmetry which tliey exhibit I had been led to consider them as pectoral spines. The specimens in which the > Recently another species bus been found by Mr. Sherwood iu the Catskill rocks of Tiog.i County, Pa. It is described in another part of this memoir. 'Acadian Ueology, p. 210, "^ -^ FISHKR OP TriK (UKnONIFFJUOUS SYSTKM. 125 fin-myM iiro in plaoo uIhohIiovv a hiillxtiiH «'X|)iiriHioii »if tho jtioxiiiiiil extremity of tlio Hpiiio, which iippareiitly sigiiifioH lui articuhition; a iiatiiiHl fcatiiro in a [lectoral Hpine, but iiover present in thoHo of the (lomil line. In tlio Ikren K'it it«elf, at Ik-rea, Independence, and especially at ('ha^^nin I'jills, Ohio, Imvo been found luunorouH Hpecinienn of /'«/<* o«iA(M.s iM/iwm//, which wtnio- tinies attain a lonnfth of fifteen or nixteen inchcH and not unfnujuentlv are fonnd entire. ' In the pyritous layer of the HandHtone at Herea Dr. Clark has obtained nwnieroiiH Hpeciniena of three specieH of avnaiauthus- {('t. Jhinwsus, it. Chirhil,^., and Ct. rt«7M.s/M,<(, N.), of which descriptionH will be found in another part of this memoir. It iu somewhat remarkable that with these sj)ineH iio tcieth have as yet been discovered. Ill the calcareous bands of the Bedford shale Mr. II. Ilertzer discovered years a{,^o a species of Cladodus (f. yA-rtori),' which has the peculiarity that the external deiticles are smaller than the intermediate ones, and these in their turn smaller than the central ones. I'his is perhajjs a character whi(th has generic value, but as the specimen upon which the specific description was based remains unique, I have hesiUited to erect a genus upon a foundation so narrow. In the Cleveland shale farther down the river Drs. Clark and Gould have obtained some of the most interesting- renuuns of ilshes yet found in Ohio. These are the cranium, dorsomedian plate, suprascapulas, and man- dibles of TtUinkhthijs Clurkii (the largest known Placoderm), and the same bones and plates of a small species of JHnichUii/s (D. (louldii), in which are preserved the eye-orbits, surrounded by circles of four sclerotic plates, both of which will be found described in another part of this memoir Mr. Jay Terrell also and earlier found a cranium with the supra- scapulas, clavicles, mandibles, etc., of Titankhthjis A(/asskii in the Cleve- land shale on the banks of Black River. 'Dr. I,'. H. Trii.|iiiiir, of K.liMl.iirBli, hnn Boimniteil from tlie gouus j-alnonincm ortuiii HpeoieH which hiivc n-hilivcly mniill dormil Una, mt h.himl th« iiii.hllo of tho haeU, with siriitted st^ales and teeth h.M.t at an aiiKl.', under Iho nnnio of ConaloduK. It is prohnhle that PahuuiociH ItrainenU Mho.ild b.! included in tlimciitegory, but I have not yot seen miy Hi.ocinioi)8 in which llio teeth weieHuiHciently well preserved to show whether they have the peculiar character which Dr. Traquair has made diajj- noatio of his genus. »Desc-lbed in Palusontology of Ohio, vol. t, p. 328, pi. 30, fig. 2 ; vol. U, p. .W, pi. 59, tig. 1. "Pahtoutology of Ohio, vol. 2, p. 4G, pi 58, fig. 5. 126 PALEOZOIC FISHES OP NORTLl AMERICA. I K I ft J ' Before closing this notice of the fishes of the Waverly in Ohio, I should refer to tlie discovery by Mr. M. C. Read, at Warren, Ohio, of a splendid dorsal spine (Cteimcanthus fonnosus^); also to a true fish-bed, filled with bones and teotii, generally fragments, discovered by Mr. McGuire at Younggtown. There is no doubt that the Waverly formation wijl prove to be rich in fossil fishes at various localities, and many new things are yet to be f md in it. The great success whicli has attended the search of Messrs. Terrell, Clark, Gould, Hertzer, and Wagner in northern Ohio is an evidence of their energy and sagacity, rather than of any local richness of the depohit. It is altogether probable also that the Waverly of southern Ohio, Kentucky, western Pennsylvania, and Michigan offers fields which will as well reward thorough cultivation. Dr G. Roniinger has kindly sent to me a collection of fish remains ob- tained in the Waverly rocks at Grindstone City, ilich., in which, with many imperfectly preserved specimens, are several spincj and teeth of new species of sharks; and, what is of special interest, a si)lendid tooth of Orodus ramosus, Ag., one of the most characteristic fossils of the Carboniferous limestone of Armagh, Ireland. Section D. — Fishes op the Cleveland Shale. The Cleveland phale, though a formation which never exceeds one hundred feet in tliickness — generally less than one-half that — and occupyirg a limited area in northeastern Ohio, has proved to be the most interesting of all the fish-bearing strata in North American geology. It therefore deserves a few more words than are devoted to the description of tlie asso- ciated rocks. As already stated, it is represented in my reports on the geology of Ohio as a part of the Waverly series and of Carboniferous ao-e. It is found outcropping ',n the hills which border the valley of the Cuyahoga, and good eivposures of it P"e seen within the limits of the city of Cleveland. It is there fifty feet in thickness, a homogeneous mass of bituminous shale, and was one of the first strata distinctly identified when, at the organization of the Geological Survey o^ Ohio in 1869, the work of making out the geological structure of the State began. In all this region the rocks have ' Paleontology of Ohio, vol. 2, pi. 5y, fig. 1. FISHES OF THE CARBONIFEROUS afSTEM. 127 a general though gentle dip toward the east, rising westward to the great arch of the Cincinnati axis. From Cleveland to Berea this rise is quite conspicuous, and in the eariy days of our geological explorations it was supposed to continue toward the west. Later, however, it was found that a bn .d arch was formed in the vicinity of Berea, and thence westward the Waveriy series dipped rapidly down to the valleys of Black River and the Vermilion. This dip misled us, and the thinning of the Erie sliale, bringing the Cleveland down near to the Huron, caused these two to be confounded, and led to the supposition that the fish-bearing black shales wliich form the lake shore in Lorain County were the upper part of the Huron; hence all the great Placoderrns discovered by Mr. Terrell were at first referred to that formation. This matter was, however, cleared up by an excursion made by the writer westward from Cleveland in 1886, and it is now definitely estab- lished that all the outcrops of black shale in Cuyahoga and Lorain Counties belong to the Cleveland shale, and that none of the fossil fishes described from northern Ohio should be credited to the Huron. From the Cleveland shale we have now obtained the remains of more than twenty species of fossil fishes, some of which in magnitude and interest surpass any others known. This has rendered the determination of its precise geological age a matter of special importance. In the reports of the Geological Survey of Ohio it was made a part of the Waveriy series chiefly on the testimony of Mr. Andrew Sherwood, one of my assistants, who brought to me fragments of an earthy limestone which he claimed to have found in the valley of Tinker's Creek, near Bedford, Ohio, '^ beneath the Cleveland shale." These specimens contained numerous Waveriy fossils, among wiiich SyriwjothjHs typus was conspicuous. Subsequently, when a question was raised in regard to the accuracy of these observations, efforts made to redis^jover the stratum of limestone reported by Mr. Sherwood were without success, and we are compelled to depend for the time being upon other evidence as to tiie age of the deposit. As a general rule the Cleveland shale is verv barren of fossils, many of its exposures having yielded nothing but the imprints of sea-weeds. Aside from the great fishes which are its characteristic fossils, and which, being all new species, do not decide this question, we have not a great array m 128 PALEOZOIC) FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. it Dfii ! i' of evidence. In the excellent exposures at Bedford, Ohio, except raillior» of Conodonts, having no geological significance, the only fossils found are the spines and teeth of three species of Elasmobranchs, Iloplonchus, Orodiis, and Polyrhizodus. These three genera are characteristic of the Carbonif- erous system, and have never been found in the Devonian; but they will hardly be accepted as decisive, being specifically new. To solve this problem, Mr. M. C. Read and Prof H. P. Gushing have within the last year made diligent search throughout northeastern Ohio for molluscous fossils in the Cleveland shale. Their efforts have been reasonably successful, as they have found large numbers of four species of Brachiopods, three of Lingula and one of Liscina. In order to make the specific determination of these shells as certain as possible, they were submitted, without info "'na- tion as to their origin, to Prof R. P. AVliitfield, whose accuracy and pal; ii- tological knowledge are proverbial. lie reports them to be Lingula Cuya- hoga, Hall; L. melk, Hall; and Disciua Newberrgi, Hall; all well-known species of the Cuyahoga shale (Upper Waverly). The fourth species, not identified by Professor Whitfield, is a pointed Lingula, apparently unde- scribed, but found in the Bedford shale, which overlies the Cleveland, and is full of Waverly fossils. The evidence, then, that the Cleveland shale is the basal member of the Waverly and a part of the Carboniferous system, as stated in the Ohio reports, though not overwhelming, may be considered as satisfactory. Prof. IMward Orton, the present State geologist of Ohio, has in several of his recently published papers united the Cleveland. Erie, and Huron siiahs, and called them collectively the Ohio shale. This seems to me unwarranted, as these strata are essentially distinct in their fossils, and the upper and lower members of the trinity are separated on the eastern border of the State by ai: interval of at least one thousand feet. It is true that in western New York and Pennsylvania the rocks which represent the Huron and Erie shales of Ohio, viz, the Genesee shale, the Cashauqua shale, the Gardi3au shale, the Portage sandstones, :iiid the Chemung group are suffi- ciently distinct to be separately recognized and to receive different names. But in passing westward into Ohio they are found to thin and blend until they ultimately form two distinct strata; the upper — as we know by the m ! i FISHBS OP THE 0AKIiO>flFEliOUS SYSTEM. 129 fossils— the equivalent of the Portage sandstone and the Chemung group (the Erie shale); the lower, which contains fossils of the Genesee and Port- age shale, by the loss of the argillaceous members has become in central Ohio a nearly homogeneous bituminous shale three hundred to four hun- hundred feet in thickness (the Huron shale). At the mouth of Rocky River, at Cleveland and eastward to Erie, the lake shore is composed of gray shale, with bands of flaggy, often micaceous, sandstone and lenticular concretions of iron ore. This was named the Erie shale, as throughout the interval mentioned it has a distinct entity, and is not the equivalent of any one stratum or formation in New York. At Painesville the Erie shale, by the boring made at General Casement's house, was proved to have a thick- ness of seven hundred feet, and there to rest upon a black shale, from which it was sharply separated. From two hundred to three hundred feet of the upper portion of the Erie shale are here wanting, having been removed by erosion; but this portion may be seen by following up the valley of Chagrin River. Hence we have evidence that there the Erie shale is not far from one thousand feet in thickness and is essentially alike throughout; that is, is composed of soft dove-colored clay shale, with flags of sandstone. Above the Erie shale we find in that vicinity, at the base of Little Mountain, the edge of the Cleveland shale; which, having a thickness of fifty feet at Cleveland, thii.s towards the east and apparently runs out before reaching the Pennsylvania line. All the fossils yet obtained from it are identical with those found in the Waverly beds above. Toward the west the Erie shale thins rapidly, and in Huron County is in one locality not more than ten feet in thickness. So far as known none of the fossils of the Huron occur in the Erie or Cleveland shales. Hence, to unite these thre^ distinct formations is, in my judgment, to misrepresent the geologic record. Prof L. E. Hicks announces' the discovery of the Cleveland shale in Delaware County, Ohio, but I think he has found there the Berea shale, which lies immediately above the Berea grit. This latter shale is persistent southward, and is apparently the black shale, so rich in iish remains at Vanceburgh, Kentucky. I suspect the Cleveland shale does not pass south of the line of the Western Reserve. MON XVI- ' Am. Jour. Soi., M series, vol. 16, 1878, p. 70. -9 130 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. The followiri}? is a list of the fishes found in the Cleveland shale up to the present time : 1. Titaniohthijii Agnssizii, Ncwb. 2. CJni'Aii, Nrwb. 3. Diniohthya Terrelli, Nowb. 4. intermeiliue, Newb, 5< minor, Nuwb. 6. Gouldii, Ncwb. 7. corrnijntua, Newb. 8. ontim, Ni'wb. 9. GlyplMpia lerrueoaua, Nowb. 10. DiplognathiiH mirahilia, Ncwb. 11. MyloHtoma Tenclli, Nowb. 12. miiiahilis, Nowb. 13. Traehottoiis VInrkii, Newb. 14. Ctenacanihi,^ oHuatui, Newb. 15. Ctenaeanthua ClarkU, Newb. 16. cumpreaaua, Newb. 17. noplomhiia pareiiliia, Nowb. 18. Oiuiliti cliijanttihia, Nowb. IS). I'ohirh'noihia iiiodcaliia, Newb. 20. Cladodiia concinnua, Nowb. 21. Kepleri, Nowb. 22. parvulua, Newb. 23. Fyleri, Nowb. 24. Terrelli, Nowb. 2.5. tamidua, Nowb. 20. Ctenodita fVayiieri, Newb. 27. I'habodtia politiia, Nowb. m. Actinophorua Clarkii, Newb. ; |i I I .1 Order PLACODERMI. Genus TITANICHTHYS, Newb. In 1883 Mr. Jay Terrell, of Slieffiekl, Lorain County, Ohio, found in the Cleveland shale, which liad yielded to him so many bones oi Dbiichthjs, the cranium and some body plates of a Placoderm fish of still more gig'antic size. While evidently belonging to the family of Dinichthidse it was generically distinct, and I gave it the name of Titanichthys. As in D'michfhi/s, the head is triangular in outline, but the largest cranium of the largest known species of that genus, i). Terrelli, measures but three feet across the occiput, while the cranium of Titanichthys has a breadth of four feet or more. The cranial surface, as in Dinichthys, is granulated or nearly smooth, and is ornamented with a series of incised lines or grooves (" Schleim Caniile"), which form a distinct and somewhat graceful pattern. The dorsomedian shield is rounded in outline, about two feet in diame- ter, much thinner than that of Dinichthys, and with a long and relatively slender process, which reaches backward and downward apparently to gain the support of the neural spines. The supra-scapulas are, as in Dinichthys, quadrangular or trapezoidal, lighter than those of Dinichthys, but broader; their longest diameter being from eighteen to twenty inches. They articulate with the cranium by a ^^-""BS OF TUE CAEBOJflFEltOUa SYSTEM. 131 strong and ingeniously devised joint. In Dinkhthys n tliinible-liko process projects from the anterior border of the supra-scapulci and plays in a conical cavity in the angle of the cranium. To prevent this conical condyle from getting wedged by sinking too deeply into the cavity, a guard projects from the under side of the angle of the head, upon which the supra-scapula rests. In Titanichthys the margin of the angle of the cranium is doubled, so as to form a deep groove, which is partially inclosed; that is, its margins approach each other. Into this groove a liorizontal condyle, which is thinner behind than before, projecting from the anterior margin of the supra-scapula, may be slipped from the side. When thus inserted it cannot bo directly withdrawn, but apparently had both a lateral and vertical motion. Aside from the parts just mentioned, the clavicles, corocoids (?), sub- orbital plates, the mandibles, and a ventral plate are all that have been dis- covered of the two known species of the genus. We are, therefore, without the means of making minute comparisons, part by part, with the much better known dermal skeleton of DinicUtliys. We have data enough, how- ever, to determine that these gigantic liones represent a relative of Dinkh- thys, and yet one widely different. The area of corresponding jiarts is greater in rUankhthys than in Dinkhthys, but all the superficial bones are much lighter. A strong frame-work was, however, required for the locomo- tive apparatus of so large a fish, and some of the bones of the shoulder girdle are remarkably massive and strong. The corocoid (?), for example, is nearly two feet in length, and one end is a massive, subcylindrical bono nearly as large as one's arm. The clavicles are more than two feet in length, but were composed of a relatively thin shell of bone, which was once lined and re-enforced with cartilage. The under jaws of Titanichthys are strikingly unlike those of Dinichfhys. In one species, T. ClarMi, they have the same general form ; that is, the posterior end is a spatulate oar- blade, the anterior more massive, turned up like a sled-runner; while in T. Ao'issizii the entire mandible, though nearly three feet long, is a slender rod The jaws are, however, alike in this, that instead of having cutting edges or rows of denticles along the upper margin the anterior portion is deeply furrowed, evidently to receive some kind of dental apparatus which =i-x:t=iiM:^aiasaissasa^im 132 PALEOZOIC FISIIK8 OF NORTH AMERIOA. \l I n has disappeared. This may have consisted of one or several bony wedges, or what is more likely, was a coutinj^ of horn, as in the turtles. Similar rods i.0 the mandibles of Titanichthys At/assmi have been found beneath the head of Iluj^h Miller's Astcrolepis (Homostiiis, Pander), a Placoderm closely allied to Dinkhthys. These rods would be useless as organs of prehension or mastication, and the thought suggested itself to me, on seeing a fine series of heads in the hands of Dr. Traquair at Edinburgh, that they must have been sheathed in horn. The jaws of Titanichthys nowhere show the con- densed tissue and acute worn edges of the mandibles of Dinichthys, and it is evident that such a bony dentition for cutting or piercing did not exist in the former genus. The texture of the bone where the teeth or cutting edges should bo is porous, and shows no evidence of wear or use; hence it seems inevitable tluit it must have been sheatlied with some denser material, that encountered the wear and violence to which dental organs are exposed. Nothing corresponding to the plastron of Dinichthys and Coccosteus, composed of five distinct plates, has been found associated with the other bones of Titanichthys, but instead a single large triangular plate, which may have been its representative; at least its symmetry indicates that it was placed on the median ^''ne, and, since the back was covered with a dorsome- dian plate, we are compelled to locate it on the under side of the body. The affinities of Dinichthys and Coccosteus have been referred to in my description of Dinichthys in the Pala3ontology of Ohio, and it is certain that Titanichthys, Astcrolepis (Homostiiis of Pander), Heterostius, and Coccosteus form a natural and closely assimilated group. The jaws of Coccosteus are imperfectly shown by Agassiz and Pander, and there was perhaps some variation of form in the different species; those they describe being narrow, flattened rods two or three inches long, bearing denticles on the upper margin near the anterior extremity. But I found in the British Museum a number of jaws of Coccosteus discovered since Hugh Miller, Agassiz, and Pander wrote about these fishes, in which the form is essentially tliat of Dinichthyt,, viz: the anterior extremity is turned up and forms a prominent denticle, and the whole organ is only a miniature copy of the mandible of Dinichthys Hertzeri. The difference in size is, however, very striking; one being three inches long, the other two feet. FISHES OP THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 133 TiTANiCHTHYS AoAssizii, Newb. Plate I, Figs. 1, 2; Plate li, Figs. 1, 2; Plate IV, Fig. 4. Cranium about four feet broad at tlie occiput, triangular in outline, three feet or more in length, the nasal portion being imperfect in air the specimens known. The surface of the cranium is smooth or somewhat granulated, and is marked by incised lines, as is the cranium oiBinkhthys; but these lines form a different pattern. The supra-scapulas of Owen— which should, perhaps, be regarded as supra-clavicles— are rhomboidal or trapezoidal in form and are about fifteen inches in the longest diameter. The clavicles are two feet in length by eight inches broad in the middle, strongly turned forward and narrowed at the lower end. The mandibles are from two and a half to three feet in length, subcylindrical or subtrian gular rods of bone, roughly rounded or pointed behind and gently curved upward at the anterior extremity, where the upper surface is excavated by a deep groove, which is broader and more shallow anteriorly, giving to the extremity of the jaw the form of a gouge. The suborbital bones are triangular in outline, sixteen inches or more in length, the anterior end pointed, the posterior rounded, and the upper margin excavated in r u-oad sinus around the eye. The surface is marked by two intersecting curved lines similar to those on the corresponding bone of Dinichthys. The figures given on PL I are inside and outside views of the cranium drawn from photographs, and are about one-ninth the natural size linear. The type specimen is now in possession of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., to which it was given by Prof Alexander Agassiz. TiTANiCHTHYS Clarkii, Newb. Plate II, Figs. 3, 4 ; Plate III, Figs. 1-4. Cranium triangular in outline, four feet four inches in breadth across the occiput, surface smooth or granular, marked by incised lines, which form a pattern indistinctly shown in the specimens yet obtained ; supra-scapulas subrhomboidal in outline, twenty inches in width by thirteen inches in antero-posterior diameter ; clavioles twenty -two inches long by eight inches 184 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. II a {if* ■' f 1 i£ wide without the curved point; corocold (?) twenty -two inches long, for one hsilf its length . Tcrrelli the suborbital plates are sometimes eighteen inches in length and eight inches wide, oblong in outline, rounded behind, and with- out any evidence of contact with other plates. Hence it is not strange that they were considered the homologues of the "post-ventro-lateral" plates of Coccosteus. In I), intennedius, however, they are much shorter, and closely resemble in form and markings the suborbital bones of Coccosteus. They show, too, the incised lines which are wanting on the other bones of the plastron and are traceable on all the cranial plates. It is u singular fact that the pattern formed by these lines is the same in general plan in J)i- nkld/ii/s and Coccosteus, and is practically alike on the suborbital bones of Dinkhthys, Coccosteus, and Titankhthys. Hence the positi.n of these subor- bital plates in the cranium now figured would seem to be normal, and we must replace them by others in the posterior part of the plastron. That otiier plates did occupy this position is j)roved by the rhondjoidal expansion of the posterior end of the sternal plate, which by its beveled n)argins shows that it was overlapped by other plates on all sides. Since the bones of the plastron are always separated, we can only be guided in its reconstruction by Hnding places for all the cranial and dorsal ijlates, so as to complete the defenses of the upper side of the body, and then distribute the j)late8 which covered the under surface according as they ada))t themselves to those of which the places are known. The plates of the under side of the body were relatively thin, devoid of surface ornamentation, and were probably to a more or less degree (-overed with an integument. Of these, a pair which when united formed by their outlines a Gothic arch, I have supposed to be jugular plates, which filled the space between the mancUbles. One of these is rep- resented by outside and inside views, half size, on PI. VI, Figs. 1, 1». They are each semi-elliptical in outline, sixteen inches in length by seven and a half wide; the anterior ends are pointed ; the outer nuugin is symmetrically {irched ; the inner margin nearly straight ; the posterior eiuls are obliquely truncated and overlapped by the anterior extremity of a second pair of 188 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NOBTU .MBIUOA. plates. The firat pair are Hniootli on the outer surface, about lialf an inch in tliicknosH, the nuiler Hide nearly tsinonth hut Honiewhat nuliately nnirkcd, aH ni(»Ht of the platcH of IMacoderniH are. Alonjj; their inner n)argins they overlap, ho that tlie points are brouj^ht near toj^ether. liy a Hin;,''uiar and ingenious device they are prevented froni slipping on each other by a deep notch in the edge of the upper plate, which surrounds and is filled by a cor- responding conical ridge rising from the surface of the under plate ; by this key they were firndy locked together. The posterior pair of jugulars — or as they should perhaps be called, hyoid plates — are long-triangular in out- line, smaller than the anterior pair, but much thicker. Their anterior angles overlap and are sunk into the oblicpiely truncated ends of the jugulars. The outside and posterior ends of the hyoid plates are irregular and thin, and show that they were overlapped by other plates. I have been led to conclude that the four plates just described covered the under portion of the head, because they were plainly on the median line, and when in apjmsition formed a shield, which had the proper outli'" and would nicel}' fill the otherwise defenseless area between the mandil and {interior to the j)lastron. It is evident that while so flat and so firmly locked together they would not be adapted to the protection of the posterior part of the body behind the plastron or the dorsomedian plate, the after part of the })ody requiring more flexibility than they would permit. No figure is given of the plates which are supposed to have formed the posterior half of the plastron, because no perfect ones have been found, but I have numerous fragments of relatively large plates which must have been oblong in form and had the moderate and uniform thickness and plainness of surface which characterize the plates that defended the under side of the body. As they are apparently assignable to no other place in the armor of Dinkhthys I provisionally locate them here. Dr. Traquair, in his important paper published in the Geological Magazine of January, 1889, calls the suborbital bones of Coccosteus the maxillaries, ai.d that would seem to be the most natural reading of the anatomical structure. But in Dinkhthys Terrelli the denial armature of the upper jaw consists of a cleaver-like plate, of which the lower cutting edge played on the upper margin of the mandible like the blades of shears; a li« FISHES OP TDK CAUBONIFEROUH SYSTEM. 139 very poculinr and effoctivo stylo of (lentition. T\m plato I havo called tlio maxillary, tlioufjli (listinctly Htating that it was not proved to be the lioniologiio of iliat organ in other Mwh or the higher vertebrates. In T). Ifnizrri, of the Hnron Hhale, tlm first described species of the genus, the "niaxillaries," like the margins of the mandil)les, are set with acute denti- cles; and in J), intermvdhis, now described, wo see a connecting link between the two forms, the posterior margins of the cutting edges of the niaxillaries and mandibles being set with compressed and scarcely functional denticles. The relations which the plates 1 havo called niaxillaries sustain to the "sidiorbital jdates" of Owen, the "niaxillaries" of Tra(]uair, aro intimate, since the former rest upon and aro sujiported by the processes of the latter, which pass beneath and form the lower margins of the eye-orbits. Yet there was no bony union between them, and thoy are always found separated. TTence, if the suborbital bone is to be regarded as the true maxillary, f se cutting jdates must bo considered as modified teeth; a view which 1 am inclined to adopt. A similar question arises with reference to the homologies of the dental organs at the anterior extremity of the head. Professor Huxley calls the T-shajied plate which terminates the snout the pro-maxillary, while Dr. Tiwpiair calls it the anterior ethmoid, and two little plates which are situ- ated on either side of it in Coccostcus — plates not mentioned liy Huxley— the pre-maxillaries. In Dhiirhfhijs there were apparently no plates corre- sponding to these so-called pre-maxillaries in Corrosteus, but instead are two great triangular dental organs, which meet on the median line and, diverging, interlock with the upturned points of the mandibles. These teeth I have provisionally called the pre-maxillaries, and if they were not such, the nasal plate must be considered as tlie pre-niaxillaiy, and my "pre-max- illaries" as teeth, which are supported by the nasal bono in part and partly by the anterior edge of the jireorbital plate. It will thus be seen that the dentition of Dinkhthys, though remarkably effective, is very peculiar, and, so far as 1 know, without analogy with that of any other vertebrate than Protoptcrus; with this it lias much in common, especially if we consider the two great anterior teeth as the homologues of the two so-called vomerine teeth of Protoptertis annectens. 140 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. To proceed with our analysis of the cranial plates of Dinichthys, we find tlie nasal plate jiist referred to succeeded behind by an oblong or elliptical plate, which corresponds to the posterior ethmoidal of Traquair in the figure cited, liy Huxlev it h denominated the ethmoid. In all our specimens of Dinichthys we find in this plate what is not indicated or described by Pander or Traquair, a remarkable conical opening, which I have considered the pineal fontanelle, so marked a character in the crania of the buckler-headed Siluroids, Arius, Phradocephalus, etc. It is broad- trumpet-shaped, though oblique below, and penetrates the exterior wall of the cranium by a minute but persistent circular orifice. The anterior angle of the head is formed by a quadrate plate, of wl'.ich the outer margin is thin and excavated in an arch that forms the upper border of the eye-orbit. This is the plate called prefrontal by Huxley, preorbital by Traquair, It is followed behind by an oblong plate, veiy thick and massive, with a strong ridge below, bearing a robust columnar process, seen in both the views now given of the interior of the cranium of Dinichthys. The outer surface of this plate is marked in Dinich- thys as in Coccosteus by an intersection of the incised lines which constitute the surface ornamentation so conspicuous in both.* By Dr. Traquair this is called the post-orbital plate. Behind this is a triangular plate or bone which terminates in a point and is the prominent lateral angle of the head; more pointed and posterior than in Coccodms. 3r. Traquair calls its homo- logue in Coccosteus the marginal plate. I have represented a small specimen of this bone from the head of D. TeirelU on PI. L, Fig. 1. The middle portion u" the posterior margin of the head in Dinichthys is formed by an extremely massive bone sometimes two inches in thickness, which has a triangular point at its center behind, as in Coccosteus. This plate is rarely found detached in D. Tcrrelli, but one such, seen from below is shown on pi. 59 of volume 2, PaljEontology of Ohio. Near its center arc the two pits, which are characteristic features of this bone in Jlomosteus, Heterosteiis, and Titanichthys. By Owen and Huxley the plate occupying this position is called the supraoccipital; by Dr. Traquair, the medianoc- Tho "lateral line system" of Tra Beitrag ziir Keuutniss der Flacodermeu, Abbaudl. konig. Geaell, d, Wisseu. zu Guttiugen, vol. 30, 1883. MON XVI 10 146 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTU AMEIIICA. These, I am iuclined to believe, are pectoral spines or bony supports of the pectoral fins, different in form from those of Coccosteus, but similar to them in function. These bones are generally ten or twelve inches in length, sub- triangular in section, with one broad, flat, or gently arched surface, while on the other side is an obtuse central keel with sloping sides. The ends are irregularly sharpened as though buried in cartilage. A narrow zone of the broader surface is flattened and smooth and may have been exposed, while the margins, ends, and under side were plainly covered with integu- ment of some kind. Probably these bones formed the anterior margin of the pectoral fins, articulating with the shoulder girdle by a cartilaginous joint. Confirmation of this view is afforded by the fact that they ai-e distinctly in pairs, and not more than one or two have been found with any group of Dinichthys bones. Outside and inside views of these bones are given on PI. V. k The Eyes of Dinichthys. Plate VII, Figs. 2, 2». Only one head of Dinichthys has been found in which the parts were substantially in their proper positions. This was obtained in 1867 by Mr. n. Hertzer from a calcareous concretion near the base of the Huron shale, at Delaware, Ohio. The entire head was present, but the occipital portion was considerably mutilated in removing the stone which enveloped it. The anterior extremity of the head showed n broad, flattened muzzle with the great premaxillary teeth in place ; behind these the maxillaries, with their denticulate margins, and beneath all the two mandibles with their extremi- ties turned up, forming triangular teeth, which interlocked with the premax- illaries. One suborbital bone was in its proper position, and in the deep sinus of its anterior and upper side the place of the eye could be determined, but nothing was left of it. In subsequent years many heads of Dinichthys TerrelH in a better or worse state of preservation were discovered by Mr. Jay Terrell on the shore of Lake Erie. In some of these the cranium was nearly complete, but the associated plates, jaws, and teeth were either absent or scattered irregularly l! FISHES OF THE CAK150NI FERGUS SYSTEM. 147 t iibout in the vicinity. None of these heads showed any traces of the eye orbits, and they remained unknown until 1885, when Drs. Goukl and Clark, of Berea, Ohio, found in the valley of Kocky Rive»- the head of a small and new species of Dinkhlhys (D. Goiddii, N J, of which the eye orbits were preserved. The length of the cranium was about a foot; the opening of the eye was elliptical in outline, an inch by an inch and a quarter in diameter, and was surrounded by a circle four inches in diameter, composed of four sclerotic plates. This showed that the eye of Dinkhthi/s Gouldii was nmch like that of Ichthyosaurus and relatively as large. In regard to the structure of the external eye in the other species of D'michthys we have until recently had no information. It was deemed probable tliat their eyes were provided with sclerotic plates, but from the fact that they had not been found with the other portions of the head I had supposed that they were cartilaginous and had perished. Since the MS. for this monograph was sent to the printers a head oi" JHnichthys curtiis has been found by Professor Kepler at Linndale, Ohio, which shows that the eyes of this species also were protected by bony sclerotic plates. They are described on another page. Several years ago Mr. Terrell called my attention to some perforated bones which he found adhering to the inside of the skull of Binkhthys Ter- relli. They were not always in the same position, but they were two in number, one on each side, and located well within and near the anterior extren:ity of the head. These bones were conical in form and elliptical in section, having a broad excavated cup at the larger end, a narrow and deeper one at the smaller, with an orifice a quarter of an inch in diameter connecting the two depressions. The shallower cup of the larger end was uniformly arched and had a kind of raphe on the bottom along the line of greatest diameter. From this radiated a series of dark bands, bundles of tubes or fibers, passing with great regularity and exactness to the lip or margin of the cup. These singular bodies have been a great puzzle to me. I was at first disposed to consider them otoliths, but better-pre^.erved specimens showed the hour-glass structure with the central perforation and the regularly radi- 148 I'ALEOZOIO FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. I I ; I ating bands of the larger cuj), wliicli were characters not exliibited by the ear stones of any fishes known to me In these circumstances I was forced to regard them as pai-t of the optical aijparatus, and a study of the organs of sight in fishes of different groups h, s given me the conviction that they are the optic cajmtles, which held the lens and vitreous humor in the broader cup — of which tlie margin perhajjs supported a circle of sclerotic plates, perhaps was a substitute for them — and that the central perforation was for the passage of the ojjtic nerve. In most fishes of the present day the eye capsule consists t)f two hemispherical cartilaginous cups ; but in many these are bony, and in some, as Cerntodus, Xiphias, et'' , they are united to form ovoid or cup-shaped bony shells, which hoh^ -nd support the lens and have an orifice for the i)a8sage of the optic neve. In many fishes the crystalline lens has a peculiar banded structure, and in some — as the cod — the bands radiate from and converge to oj)posite poles, like the meridians on a terrestrial globe, while in others — as salmons and sharks — they converge to a line or septum instead of a point at each pole. The figure formed by the intersection of the radial fibers and the septum is a very elegant one, and precisely that which is found in the bot- tom of the hemispherical or sen)i-elliptical cnp of the broader end of the conical bones under consideration. In Xiphias and Tetrapterus the eye cap- sules are ellij)tical or sub-globular shells of bone, which inclose all the optical apparatus. Over the large orifice the cornea is stretched like a drum- head, while below is a smaller opening for the passage of the optic nerve. These homj shells are marked at each end of the ellipse hi/ radiating lines much like those in the organs which I have considered (he eye capsules of Dinichthys, and this structure affords additional evidence of homology. Taking all these facts into account, I think we may assume with a good degree of confidence that in these turbinated bones found in the anterior portion of the head of Dinichthys we have the osseous capsules which sup- ported the globes of the eye. In Owen's Palaeontology, second edition, page 144, it is said that Mr, David Page found in the tile-stone of Lanarkshire, Scotland, the base of the Devonian system, a Cephalaspis which, with a dorsal, pectoral, and a large heterocercal caudal fin, " had ireU-murked eye capsules." PISHES OP THE CARBONIPBRCUS SYSTEM. 149 D1NICHT11V8 MINOR, Nevvb. Pluto VIII, Figs. 1-8. IHnichthys minor, Newb,; Annals N, Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 1, 1879, p. 191. Tlie (lorsul plate of this species is about eight indies long, of wliicli b'ttlo more tlian half is occupied by the dorsal shield, the remainder being made uj) by the long and slender neck, which forms the extension of tiie crest of the inferior side. The plate itself is shield-shaped, termiiinting anteri- orly in an acute point, posteriori} in an obtuse one. The sides, irregularly rounded, run to a feather-edge, which was probably buried in the integu- ment. The superior surface is marked by several obtuse, longitudinal stria*, and by a peculiar transvarse, crape-like wrinkling. Near the anterior bor- der are some corrugations which look like places of muscular or cutaneous attachment, and the whole aspect of the upper .surface is more that of a buried than a supei-ficial bone. The under surface is uniformly excavated and arched transversely on either side of the low and shai-p central crest. This crest is prolonged into a narrow, neck-like process, which projects backward and downward from the posterior margin of the shield, and is excavated in a broad furrow along its upper surface. The supra-occipital bone, which seems to have readily disarticulated, is two and one-fourth inches long by three inches wide, rounded behind, with a low point at the center of the margin ; anterior portion wedge-shaped, truncated. The upper surface is marked l)y several broad shallow furrows, separated by low, obtuse, radiating ridges, the whole marked with the charac- teristic crape-like wrinkling. The under surface shows a backward slope with a prominent ridge, which forms the terminal point. Anterior to this slope is a semi-elliptical excavation bordered posteriorly by a relatively sharp ridge, the anterior margin of the slope mentioned above. In the bottom of this excavation are two shallow pitj '• narated by a low ridge, as in the other species of DinicJdhys and the allied genera. The anterior portion of the inferior surface slopes rapidly upward. The dentit' mi is not certainly known, but nn imperfect jaw found with the specimens cribed above and corresponding in size is some four inches in length, and consists of an ex- posed and a buried portion as in D. TcrreUi. The posterior extremity is I ,,i..jiilliyui,,lBi.wi- I : \\ f 150 PALKOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. thin and relativoly short and hroad ; the anterior portion, composed of very dense tissue, is thick, pttlishod without, and terminates above in a sharp cut- ting edge ; the extremity is broken away. The outside of this jaw is sliown on PI. VIII, Fig. 5. It will bo seen that all the anterior portion is gone, and it is only interesting as showing tlio peculiar broad and short outline of the posterior extremity. Recently another small jaw has been found by Mr. Terrell, which is represented in Fig G of the same plate. This apparently belongs to the same species, though to a somewhat smaller individual. In this specimen the posterior extremity is wanting, but the anterior is nearly complete, and it therefore supplements the one before mentioned. In the figure given the inside of this jaw is shown; the second denticle is unfortunately broken away, but its position is plainly shown by the fracture and the ridge which runs up to it. These prove that it is situated at an unusual distance from the anterior point. In Figs. 7, 8 are given views of a premaxillary of a small species of Dinichthi/s which is quite different from any other we have met with. In Fig. 8 it is seen in profile, and in Fig. 7 from above. It will be noticed that it is flatter and more obtuse than the corresponding organ in the other species of Dimdtthys, and that it bears a row of tubercles along its anterior angle ; a character which is also present in the very different premaxillary of DinichtUys Hertzeri. DiNICHTHYS GOULDII, n. Sp, Plate IX, Fig. 1 ; Plate X, Figs. 1, 2. Fishes of relatively small size ; cranium about twelve inches in length and breadth ; dorsomedian plate circular or transversel}' elliptical in outline; external surface marked by concentric lines and roughened as though cov- ered by integument; inferior crest and neck relatively thin and small; suprascapular bones trapezoidal in form, five inches wide by three inches long ; mandibles seven to eight inches long, relatively narrow ; posterior and buried portion spatulate, l)lunt pointed, narrow, and thick ; cutting edge ong, nearly uniform throughout, bluntly beveled ; premaxillaries triangular in outline, two inches broad above, one and a quarter inches in vertical I' I: mmmm^immT VmUEH OF THE CAUlR>NlFKHOUa SVSTHM. 151 height, Hniooth, and relfitivoly thin ; Huborbital hono Hix and a half inches lonj?, liioadly rounded behind, witli n deej) HinuH above to receive the eye; it is rehitively tliin, and was apparently covered by inte<^ument ; eye very larpje, orbit elliptical, one and a half by one and a (piarter inclicH in diaiuetc.'r, mirrounded by four thin, anchylosed, sclerotic plates, which are on the out- side «niooth or Hnely granulated, within radiately striate. This species was discovered by Dr. I). T. Oould in 1880 in the valley of Rocky River, below Berea, Ohio. The head, dorsoniedian and supra- Hcaj)ular plates, a suborbital bone, one preniaxillary, and portions of two mandibles were found together, and with them two circles of sclerotic plates, one dislocated the other entire, by which the orbits were surrounded. These circles were foi-med of four pieces nearly equal in size; the aperture of the eye was elliptical, an inch and a half long; the ring of circumorbital plates was somewhat elliptical in outline and four inches in its longest diameter. In life the eye must have had somewhat the aspect of that of Iclithyosaurm and was relatively as large. Whether other species of Dinich- thi/s had eyes of similar construction and equal size can not yet be said, but ihe fonn and size of the suborl)ital plates and the de))th of the sinus which received the ocular apparaltis indicate large eyes in all the ger.us, but rela- tively smaller than in the present species. To maintain the same propor- tions the eyes of I). TcrreUi would need to be about a foot in diameter. It seems probable, too, that B. Gouldii was peculiar in Imving ossitied plates around the eye orbit. If the larger species of the genus had possessed sim- ilar bony plates we ought long since to have become familiar with them, but none have been found ; and we may hence infer that the external envelopes of the eye were cartilaginous. This species has been dedicated to Dr. D. T. Gould, the discoverer. DiNICHTHYS C0RRUGATU8, n. Sp. Plate VII, Figs. 3, 3». Of this species we have only the anterior half of a mandible. This mandible was originally six inches long but all the flattened spatulate por- tion is wanting. That part which has been preserved is the thicker, denser, and more exposed anterior end. This is broken along the upper margin, so mmmmm BJPMH 152 PALKOZOIC FISHES UF NOIITH AMKUICA. I i:: ; that it 5m inipoHSiblo to Hny wlietlu»r it curried denticleH or a cutting edge. Tlio iintorior oxtreuiity foniit'd an iicuto iiiitl ixiliHlicd tciotli, hcarinj,'' a cnrina along its autorior l)ordcr; bolow, tho niaiuliblo \h uniformly arclifsd and terminates In a rather sharp edge ; outside it is peculiarly corrugated and roughened. On the inside it shows the same rough bony surface, with a furrow parallel to tho lower margin. Tho jmsterior extremity, wliero'broken off, is quite narrow and thick, and it is evident that the fracture was just along the lino between the exposed and covered [)ortions. No evidence is given by an internal ridge of tho presence of a second ))oint on tho upper margin, but a small denticle may have existed there where the margin is broken away. This mandible differs from all others known to mo by its narrowness, the roughness of the surface, and tho similarity and simi^licity of the inner and outer surfaces. Formation and localthj : Cleveland shale ; Black River, Lorain County, Ohio. Collected by Mr. Jay Terrell. DlNlCHTHYS INTE 'MED1U8, n. Sp. Plate X, Figs. 1, 2; Plato XLVII, Figs. l-4»; Plates LI, LII. Cranium fifteen inches in length and width ; mandibles having the gen- eral forms of those of D. TerreUi, but smaller — fifteen or sixteen inches in length ; posterior portion of cutting edge of dentary bone set with com- pressed, lancet-shaped denticles ; maxillaries about four inches long by two inches wide, strongly arched vei-tically, and like the dental plates of the under jaw carrying denticles on the posterior margin ; premaxillaries appar- ently similar to those of 7). TcrrelU, but much smaller ; suborbital plates relatively short, the expanded portion being in some cases nearly square and about four inches long and broa(^ eyes about three inches in diameter. The dorsal shield and supra-scapulas are rounder in outline than those of D. TerreUi and, like the other parts mentioned, are about half as large. Of the })lastron the anterior lateral plate is shorter and relatively broader than in the larger species, tho posterior ventral plate oblong in outline, about as large as the anterior ])late, but thinner. Some years ago a mandible of Binichthys of medium size was found by Mr. Jay Terrell in Lorain County, Ohio, which, with the general form and I m wfpw^ummppw^pp^piiiw FIShES OF TUK t!AUIn)NII.M<:R()rH HYHTKM. 153 proportions of tlmt of the larger Hi)oci(>H, luul this pooiilinrity, tlmt tl.o pos- terior end of tho cutting edge carriod dontich-H. At fiist hight tlioHo roHon.ble thoMo on tlio niandihleH of 1). Jfntzai, but wl.en oxununed th(»y are Been to 1.0 compressed and to be only strong serrations, M'liich could have bad little functional importance. This (character seems t(. bo an iidieritanco from tlio older species of tbo genus, J). Jfrrfzrri, in wliicb both the mandibles and niaxillarios are sot with conical pointed teeth, and thus it is a kind of con- necting link between tiiat form of dentition and the cutting edges of the mandibles and maxillaries of R Terrdll, etc. It is not true, however, that all the earlier species of Dinichtlii/s had pointed teeth on the mandibles and maxillaries and all the later ones cut- tinr edges, for Prof J. M. Clarke has described in the Unlletin of the U. S. Geological Survey, No. IC, page 1 7, the mandibles and maxillaries of a species of Bhikhthys which he calls D. Xewhcmji. They are about the size of those of I), intcnncdius, and have cutting edges precisely as in J). Tcrrelli. These specimens were found in the Hamilton shales of western New York, the geological equivalents of the Huron shale of Ohio Hence I). Ilertzcri and 1). Neivhernji were contemi)oraries, and the two styles of dentition wore in use at the same time. The dentition of I), intermedins does not therefore represent a phase of progressive transition from one form to the other, char- acteristic of an intermediate period, but is rather a kind of hybrid between the two older forms. After the discovery of tiie first mandible with the characters mentione ' above a nundjor of others were obtained, all of about the same size and having the compressed denticles at the back end of the cutting edge. I have therefore been led to accept the suggestion first mado by Mr. Terrell, that these represent a distinct species, and I have given it a name indicative of the intermediate position it holds between the larger and smaller forms of Dinkhthys found in the Cleveland shale and also in the denticulation of the mandibles between them and I). Ilertzcti of the Huron shale. It should also be mentioned as confirmatory of this view that these smaller mandibles are as much worn by use as any of the larger ones ; from which we mivy infer that they belonged to mature individuals. I may add that in the Clevelan ^ shale at Brooklyn, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, while the remains 154 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. i of this species are somewhat abundant, scarce any traces of D. Terrelli have been discovered. Mr. Terrell has obtained from Lorain Comity, Ohio, several crania, dorsomedian and supra-scapular plates of intermediate and small sizes which may have belonged to the species under consideration. Among these is a pair of supra-scapulas about half the size of those of D. TerrcUi and with much rounder outlines. The dorsal plates have little to distinguish them fiom those of D. TerrelU except their smaller size. Some of these bear marks of the teeth of the larger species ; by which it is made evident that the smaller ones were often attacked by them, and in one specimen we have proof that such attacks sometimes proved fatal The specimen referred to is a dorsal plate that, with the ))osterior process, must have been originally about iifteen inches in length, of which the wings are crushed quite together, as though by violence, and still bear deep pits and furrows, evidently mav^o by the "mandibles" and "j)remaxillaries" of D. Terrelli, between whicli it was St. zed and crushed. In this specimen we have evidence that the gape of the mouth in I). Terrelli was wide enough to embr? tre a body a foot or more in diameter, and that the jaws were moved by nuisdes of such power as to deeply indent and even crush the armor of the smaller species of the genus. Since the above notes were written Dr. William Clark has obtained from the Cleveland shale in the valley of the Cuyahoga a large number of bones and plates of Diniclithyd which we may confidently refer to this species. Of these several are figured on Pis. XLVII, LI, and LII. They include crania of which nearly complete specimens are figured on Pis. LI and LII, the first tlse outside showing the suborbital plates in position ; second the inside with the supra scapulas attached to the skull. Tiie sub- ;>rbital bones, though relatively and absolutely nuich shorter, are apparently the homologues of the plates which I have figured .ind described in the Palivontology of Ohio as the posterio'- pair of the plastron. One of these, which i have with some doubt referred to 1). iiiteitnedius, is represented in views of the outside and inside on P'.. XLVII, Figs. 1,1*. These and many others .tie in the collection recently purchased of Dr. Clark, all of whicli are relatively longei than this. 1 was therefore at first inclined to regard FISHES OF THE OARBONIFEItOUS SYSTEM. 155 it aa representing tlie species, to which I had given the name of i), curtus, bill am rather inclined to the opinion tliat it in only a variety of 7). intermedins. Ah nientioned in the general discnssion of the relations of the genus, this plato corresponds ao closely in form and markings witli the so-called suhorbitid of Coccosteus that they must be homologous, and Dr. H. II. Tra- ([uair, in liis jiaper on the relations of Ilomostctis and Coccosteus, in the Geo- logical Magazine for January, 188!), advances the view that they are really the maxillaries. Should that prove true, wo siiall be compelled to consider the dental plates with cutting edges (PI. XLVII, Figs. 3, 4, 4") as modified teeth. On PI. LI, Figs. 2, 3, I have given ))l;otographic views, hnlf size, of the inside and outside of the anterior extremity of the cranium ofi) ititer- medins. These show distinctly the nasal plate, behind this the (ithmoid, and on the sides the jjreorbitals. In Fig. 3 is represented the under side of the ethmoid with the i)ineal fontanelle, with the minute foramen which pierces the skull. On the left side of Fig. 3 is seen the roof of the eye orbit, and part of its up|)er margin complete. The suborbital plates in this specimen should l)e brought forward so as to form with the preorbital and postorl)ital plates a nearly circular orbit, which was about three inches in diameter. This indicates a large eye, yet not as large as that of /). Goiddii, although that was a smaller species. No traces of sclerotic plates have yet been found in cop.nection with the head bones of D. intermedins, thonj; this is not proof that they did not exist. Attached as they were to the eye, a movable and l)erislu,ble organ, they would-be very likely to be scattered, and if thin and delicate, destroyed. In this connection I would call attention, as I have elsowhere omitted to do, to the resemblance of the ring of sclerotic j)lates of Acanthodes to those of Dinichfhifs iind Coccosteus. Dr. Ferd. Roejn(n- has gi\en a beautiful figure of the sclerotic plates of Acanthodes in the Zeitschrift der deutsch. geol. Gesellschaft, vol. 9 (1857), page 61, pi. 3, and he has shown that it consists of four pieces, as in Dinichthys Gouldii and Trachostcus Clarkii. In A. von Koeneti's figures of the sclerotic ing of Coccostcm^ it appears to be 'Ueitrag ziir Kcniitiiiss dor I'hu'.oilerinoii, Abliandluiigen der kouiglioheu Gesellschaft , we have in it an example of extreme specialization ni another dn-ection, but no less marked and surprising than in Dimchthys und I),i>h>!jmthus. In a former notice of this genus I have compared its dentition with that oi Dipterus, Palcdaphus, Ctenodus, and Ceratodus, and the points of resemblance are sufficient to justify the inference that they were all related. In regard to the cranium and external defenses of the body in Myhstoma we are yet in ignorance, although the number of dental plates collected by Mr. 1 errell js already considerable. I have elsewhere described a portion of the body ,)Iates of a large Placoderm, Glyptcispis, found in the Cleveland shale, with which no jaws and teeth have yet been connected, and have suggested that either the jaws of mplogmthus or the teeth of Myhstoma might have belonged to this fish. It is hardly probable that, while living m a community so generally armor-clad as the Diniclithida3 were, and with reason, that either Myhstoma or Diphgnatlms was without some protection of this kmd ; and though neilher of these genera could have contended suc- cessfully with the formidable armament of Dinichthys Terrelli, they would have been less entirely at his mercy if the vital portions of the body were 164 PALEOZOIC FISIIKS OK NORTH AMKUIOA. shielded by bony pliitCB. Wo can im!ij>iiie tliiit JJiplofjnatltu.s, if Hwift in its uioveuients, might have found parts of tlio body of l)inkhthifs that were penetrable by the j)ointH of its mandibles, but Myhstoma was provided with no means of oft'ense, and, unless armor-clad, would have had no safety but in flight. The plates of Glyptaspis which we have found are often broken as though by violence, even where composed of dense, bony tissue half an inch or more in thickness, and the surfaces of the plates, at least in one case which has come under my observation, show deep furrows, tluit have been traced by the points of the premaxillaries or mandibles of Dinkhthys. ' I. Mylostom^. Tekkelli, Newb. Plate XIV, Figs. 1, 2. Mylostoma Terrelli, N.; Trans. N. Y. Ac -tci., vol. 2, 1883, p. 147. Principal inferior dental plates in pairs, each of which is spatulate in outline, with one margin nearly straight where it joined its fellow, the other strongly arched ; length six to seven inches by two inches in greatest breadth; crown composed of dense, enamel-like tissue eight lines in thick- ness at the front and gradually thinnin gtoward the narrow posterior end ; triturating surface punctate or vermicularly roughened, slightly arched from front to rear, and rising into a low rounded boss near the external margin, where the tooth is broadest, and about one-third the length of the crown from its anterior extremity. The crown is supported below by a strong, bony keel, which begins at the anterior fourth of the length and gradually descends backward until it has a width of two and a half inches, terminat- ing in a thin irregular margin twelve to fifteen inches from the anterior extremity of the crown. Of this large species only a single specimen has yet been discovered. This includes the crown complete with a part of the splenial (I) bone on which it was supported. The entire dentary bone must have been fifteen to eighteen iiiche.. n length. This specimen is figured on PI XIV, views of both the side and crown surfaces being given. FISHES OF THE CARBONIFEltOUS SYSTEM. 165 Formation and locality : Cleveland Blinle ; viilloy of Vermilion River, Erie County, Ohio. Collected by Mr. Jay Terrell. Mylostoma variabilis, Newb. Plate XV, Figs. l-fl»; Pluto XVI, FigH. 1-4, Myhstoma variabiliM, N.; Traus. N. Y. Aciul. Sci., vol. 2, 1883, p. 146. Inferior dental plates probably of several forn:s, the larger ones lonjr. ovoid in outline, three inches long by one and an eighth inches wide in the broadest part, supported on and anchylosed to a vertically flattened, spatu- late bone eight or ten inches long by two inches wide ; "the crown is com- posed of dense bony tissue half an inch in thickness anteriorly, but thinner near the narrow posterior end ; crown surface dense and enamel-like, granu- lar or roughened with a vermicular marking, rising iiear the middle and on the outer side into a strong oblique tubercle or boss. Another pair of teeth, probably joining these anteriorly, are long-triangular, with the pos- terior ends obliquely notched, apparently to receive the obtuse points of the larger teeth. TUeae triangular teeth are arched above and the sides are pro- longed downward in root-like wings which were once buried in the integu- ment Possibly other teeth were joined to these to make u]) the pavement of the under jaw. Considerable diversity is shown in the character of the crown-surface in corresponding teeth. Three of these, nearly of the same size, show marked diflerences, viz: One bears a rudimentary irregular boss near the outer angle ; another, from the opposite side, rises into a strong, furrowed, depressed, obtuse tubercle half an inch in height ; while the third, corresponding in position with the last, is a little shorter and broader, ami • the tubercle is laterally deflected and compressed. Still another and very imperfect tooth of sujaller size has the crown elliptical in outline, carrying a blunt, furrowed tubercle, relatively larger than that on either of the others. All these teeth just described are convex above, and probably formed part of the dentition of the lower jaw. The dental plates of the upper jaw form several pairs, of which the central and largest are rudely triangular in outline, with a flattened or con- cave triturating surface, bearing, as do some of the inferior teeth, evidences ■i 166 PALEOZOIC PlHHEa OF NOUTII AMERICA. B :i ! I ! I\ i I + fT of wear. The Hurfnco of attacliniciit to tlio cniiiiiim of tlicHo ilontal plates h flat or concave and Honiewliat rough, from the conrse celhihir tiHHiie of tlio bono; the Hidow are straight or hoveled, apparently for co-adaptation, and by tluH chanu'ter favor the conclusion that the dentition consisted of many pairs of plates, constituting a tessellated pavement; the crowns of the teeth below being convex, those above concave. Formation mid locality : Cleveland shale; Sheffield, Ohio. Collected by Mr. Jay Terrell. TRACHOSTEUS, nov. gen. Placoderm fishes of medium size, belonging to the family of the Di- nichthidif. Hody inclosed in defensive armor, consisting of a number of large, but relatively thin, bony plates, of which the outer enameled surface is thickly set with high conical tubercles, that are acute, rounded, or cupped at the summit. The spaces between these tubercles are radiately lined. The form of the head is not distinctly shown in the only specimen yet found; the j)lates of the body consist apparently of one large oblong dorsomedian with siveral smaller and irregular lateral plates united wi*h each other and the dorsal by overlap joints. The under jaws, as in all of the Dinichthida!, consisted of cartilaginous angidar and articular parts with dense bony dent- ary portions. The dentary bones are nearly straight ; the posterior end is spatulate and was evidently once covered ; the anterior third or exposed portion carries a row of slender, conical, acute teeth along its upper margin; premaxillaries subtriangular in outline, the anterior face arched, and ter- minating below in an acute point; the posterior edge horizontal, and carry- ing slender, pointed teeth, which matched with a portion of those of the mandible. The eye-orbits are relatively large and round, and are encircled by a ring composed of four sclerotic plates, of which those of one side are much narrower than the others. The exterior surface of those plates is in part tuberculated like the cranial and dorsal plates, in part smooth or radi- ately striated Only one specimen of the fish to which the above name is here given has yet been found, and of this the parts, though all present, are so confused, that it is not possible to describe them fully. The ornamentation of the II FISHES OF THK CAItllONIFKIiOUS SYSTEM 167 Hurfaco of the pIntoH h, liowover, ho peculiar mid Hti(ni{,'ly nmi-kod, that it will servo for the identification of ovon u IViignient wliurovor found. The urtitiitioa of tlie gonim are apparently closest to Aspidichthys of the Huron hIuvIo, but more material of both is needed for a satisfactory comparison. Tbaciiosteus Clarkh, n. sp. Plato XLII, Figs. 1-8. The characteristics of this species are for the most part given in the generic description, and its more minute ami specific foafuros can only bo detailed when other individuals shall have been found. The dimensions of that which has served as a basis for the generic description can be best in- ferred from the under jaws, of which the dentary bones were ap|)arently about twelve inches in length. Unfortunately the anterior extremities are somewhat broken, and therefore the exact length and the character of the symphysis cannot be determined. The posterior portion of each is straight, about an inch in width, bhmt-pointed or rounded and flattened at the end; the anterior portion is nearly smooth without and witiiin, about an inch in width, and carries on its up])er margin acute, rather slender, tooth, which are three-eighths of an inch in length, and are composed, as in all other members of the fomily, of indurated enamel-like jaw-tissue. The premaxil- laries are about an inch and a half in length, the anterior portion arched, excavated, and i)oiiited, as in Diuichthys. The eye-orbit is one and three- qufu-ters inches in diameter and nearly round. The inequality in the breadth of the sclerotic plates and the tuberculation of some part of the external sur- face will serve at once to distinguish the eye of this fish from that of Bi- nichtln/s OouIdU, which occurs in the same beds. The external diameter of the ring of sclerotic bones is about the same in both, viz, four inches, but in Dinkhthys the orbit is elliptical and all the orbital plates are of about equal breadth. The outlines of the dorsal plate cannot be fully made out from the single specimen yet known, but it was apparently oblong, about fifteen inches in length by ten inches broad ; the anterior ( ? ) lateral plates are unsyra- metrically ovoid in outline, about six inches long by five broad. I 168 PALEOZOFJ FISHES OP NORTH AMERICA. I I Formation and Iccality : Cleveland shale ; banks of Rocky River, below Be.ea, Ohio. It was there discovered by Dr. William Clark, for whom tlie specific name is given. The unique specimen which formed tlie base of the above description is in the geological museum of Columbia College. CxENACANTHUd COMPRESSUS, Newb. Plate XXni, Figs. 4-4>'. Ctenacanthus compressus, Newb. ; Annals N. Y, Acad, Sci., vol. 1, 1878, p. 191. Spine six to ten inches long by one and a half inches wide; much com- pressed ; strongly arched above ; anterior margin smooth ; posterior flat- tened, with a well-marked rounded ridge along the central line ; upper half of posterior face thickly set with couical recurved teeth ; exposed portion wholly covered with line longitudinal ribs, which are highly ornamented by closely a} troxinated transverse lines; pectination finest on uaddle and lower portion of t ides. The flattened, highly compressed form of this spine will serve to dis- tinguish it at a glaiicc from any other species of the genus. The oinamen- tatioii is crowded and exact, and the organ must have been in life decorative as well as useful. I have recently received from Dr. William Clark a nearly complete spine of this species, only the unornamented base being absent. It is about nine irches long, and must once have been two inches longer. It is much Cui ved backward, but more uiiiforndy than the spines of Ct. Clarkii, N. Tha ornamentation is very similar to that of that species, but the form is much ni'.)'-,) compreRsed. It is possible, however, that the two species may have been the anterior and posterior dorsal defenses of the same fish. For motion and locality: Cleveland shale; Shefiield, Lorain County, Ohio. Found by Mr. Jay Terrell. Type specimen in the cabinet of Columbia College. Ctenacanthus Claekii, n. sp. Plate XXVI, Figs. 2, 3. Spines six to eight inches long, about one inch broad at the base of the ornamented portion, and five-eighths of an inch in greatest thickness; poste- FISHES OF THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 169 rior face excavated in a broad, shallow sulc-us, which is bordered above by many acute, conical teeth; anterior margin subacute, nearly straight below, strongly curved above; sides gently arched, ivholly covered with relatively fine and uniform, enameled, pectinated ridges, coarser toward the middle, where there are some twenty-five on each side, finer toward the base, where there are about forty on a side. The pectination of these ridges is every- where fine, but much closer near the base, where it forms a marked char- acter; margin of enimeled surface at base curved upwards and backwu-ds, reaclii. - the posterior fiice about the middle; medullary cavity opening posteriorly up to the niiddle of the spine. In its general aspect this beautiful spine is not unlike Ctcnacanthus spcciosus, St. J. & W.,^ but it is less broad and compressed, more acute and curved above, and the lateral ridges of the ornamented portion are much more closely pectinated. In size and general form it also resembles Ct vetnshis, N.,- but is thicker below, more acute, and curved above, and the longitudinal ridges are very nmch more numerous and more closely pecti- nated. The ornamentation of the sides is more like that of Ct. compressus, N. (PI. XXIII, Fig. 4), but it is much less compressed, and the transverse raised lines which form the pectination are closer. Tlie jiosterior face is also without the central i idge which occurs in Ct. compressus and many other spines of Ctenacantlms On the whole, this is one of the most exact and beautiful species of the genus, and 1 take pleasure in dedicating it to Dr. William Clark, who discovered it in the Cleveland shale near Berea, Ohio. • HoPLONCHUs PARVULU8, Newb. Plate XXV, Fig. 5. In the Pala'ontology of Ohio, volume 2, page 55, pi. 59, fig. 3, a small spine from the Cleveland shale is figu:v I and described under the name of Ctenacantlms parvulus. In the notes on , iiis fossil it is said : "This little spine is referred to Ctenacantlms with some doubt, as the longitudinal ribs sliow no ■tubercles or scales such as are usually found on the spines of this genus. It agrees with them, however, in the generalities of its form and markings, and scarcely affords material for the creation of a new genus." ' Geol. Survey lUinois, --ol. 6, p. 424, pi. 14, «g. ;!. ' Paleontology of Ohio, vol. 1, p, 3:^6, pi, 35, fig. :l. n MMM i i { I 170 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. Since the date of that report (1875), Mr. J. W. Davis, in a paper pub- lished in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London for May, 1879, "On Some Fish Spines and Teeth from the Lower Coal Meas- ures," figures and describes a number of small dorsal spines which should evidently be associated 'vith that under consideration. To these he hm given the generic name Hnplonchus, and his species is Hoplonchns clegans. His specimens come nearer to Ctenacanthis than that from the Cleveland shale, as according to his description some of the longitudinal ridges ai'e tubenulated near the base. Most of the striae, however, are smooth, and the denticles of the posterior border are like those of our specimen, rela- tively large and widely spaced. . Cladodus C0NCINNU8, Newb. Plate XXI, Figs. 9, 10, Cladodus concinnm, N.; Palaeontology of Ohio, vol. 2, p. 48, pi. 58, flg. 8. Teeth fr ni one-half an inch to an in(;li in height and breadth; base narrow boat-sihaped, with pointed extremities; central cone compressed, with sharp edges ; posterior face flat or gently rounded ; anterior strongly rounded; 1)ot]i striated; lateral denticles generally two pairs, both striated; external pair the larger and divergent. Tliis beautiful species is noticeable foi its compressed double edged and strongly striated cone, its divergent lateral denticles, and its narrow, pointed base. It is unusually elegant in form, and is one of the most highly orna- mented of all the species of the genus. I'he specimen figured in the Ohio report is much smaller than those since obtained by Mr. Terrell, and it therefore gives a false impression in regard to the average size. Those now shown are selected from a consid- erable number and fairly represent the species. Fonnat'um and localiti/ : Cleveland shale ; Lorain County, Ohio. Col- lected by Mr. Jay Terrell. Cladodus Tekuelli, n. sp. Plate XXVII, FigK 0-7. Teeth of various sizes, the largest one inch in height and breadth; robust; base narrow, boat-shaped, with rounded lateral extremities; central FISHES OF THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 171 cone compressed, with sharp edges ; both faces arched, though unequally ; anterior face marked by four to six strong longitudinal costaj, reaching from the base to the upper third, which is smooth and highly polished ; lateral denticles, two on either side, exterior pair much the larger, coarsely costate. The remarkably coarse ridges of the anterior face of the central cone, together with the size of the teeth, will serve to distinguish this from any species before described. Some of the teeth of smaller species of Cladodus have a few coarse ridges on the posterior or anterior face or both, such as C.carinatus, described in this memoir; C. costatus, N. & W.'etc; but none of these are likely to be mistaken for the species under consideration. A large number of teeth of this species have been obtained by Mr. Park Terrell from the Cleveland shale in the valley of Black River, Lorain County, Ohio. About seventy-five of these were lying in contact or so closely approximated that they may be regai-ded as belonging to the dental series of one fish. These show great differences in size, some b(;ing an inch in height and breadth, while others are not more than one-quarter of that size. Between these extremes there is a gradation in size, but all are css-ntlally alike in form and markings; having like characters and found in such rela- tions, it is certain that they belonged to one fish. An interesting fact in connection with this set is that many of the teeth have the central cone truncated by wear. This means that the teeth of Chdodns were more permanent than those of mo.st of our modern sharks. Apparently a large number were in service at the same time, and they remained for the most part in position and eft'ective during the life of the individual. i A jaw of a small species of Cladodus yC. PaUersoni) found at Vance- buigh, Ky., still carrying teeth, shows ten or more rows set alternately, and covering the arch of the jaw just as do the crushing teeth o{ lihyiwhobatus. The figures now given lepresent three medium-sized teeth, one of which is slightly, another much worn, the third truncated by use. The species is dedicated to Mr. Park Terrell, principal of the Institution for the Dumb and BxJnd at St^Augustine, Fla. lie was formerly the com- ' Guol. Survey Illiiuus, ^'ol. 2, p. 87, pU.flg.lS. ~~ " 172 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. 1 i ^ i 1 1 fi « 1 t panion of his fatlier, Mr. Jay Terrell, whose name is so frequently mentioned on these pages, in his fossil hunting expeditions, and shared in his enthusi- asm and success. Cladodus tumidus, n. sp. Plate XXVII, Figs. 8, 9. Teeth broad and low, transverse length one inch, height of central denticle half an inch, base half an inch wide from front to roar, slightly curved, ends rounded; crown carrying three denticles, the central one robust, much recurved, rounded and flattened above perhaps by wear, finely striated in front and rear ; lateral cones relatively large, abruptly conical, strongly recurved, striated throughout, subacute. But a single tooth of this species has so far been found. It was obtained by Mr. Jay Terrell in the Cleveland shale at Sheffield, Ohio. Others will be needed before the species can be fully and satisfactorily defined, but it is evident at a glance that this is quite different from any of the species of Cladodus which have been found in the Cleveland shale and from all that have been described from other formations. Its marked characteristics are the shortness and strength of the cones and the fine striation which covers the entire surface of each. In the specimen before us the central cone has evidently been somewhat worn, and from its great curvature the wear has not produced a blunt point as in C. concinrms and C. Terrell^ which have striuglit cones, but has worn off vhe anterior portion of the summit obliquely, so as to leave a rounded but acute extremity. The characters which have been cited will serve to distinguish it from any others with which it is likely to be compared. The small number of the cones, their recurved form, tumid aspect, and finely striated surfaces, with the narrow curved base, will serve to identify it wherever found. Ctenouus Wagnebi, n. sp. Plate XXVII, Fig. 30. Inferior palatal teeth ovate in outline, three inches four lines long by two inijhes three lines wide ; strongly arched, rising one inch three lines at highest point when resting on a level surface; crown traversed by seven strongly marked ridges, separated by furrows of similar triangular section. -^vir Wa a wJ - i : ft. *fA FISHES OF THE 0AEBONIFEROU8 SYSTKM. 178 Of the ridges the anterior is strongest, the others diminisli griuhially until the last is barely discernible. The interior and middle portions of the ridgea are smooth and moderately acute ; tiie outer third, which is muj^h broader and strongly curved downward, is marked by a series of transverse furrows, which j)roduce first rounded tubercles, and then, as tlie ridge becomes broader, a series of transverse, flattened, elevated bands. The splenial bone on which the tooth is set projects posteriorly two inches three lines, is comparatively thin and flat, one inch six lines l)road at its wiijesi part, and excavated posteriorly on the outside by a broad shallow notch, which forms with the interior curved edge an acute terminal point. This fine tooth, the largest species yet known of the genus, resembles in the number and relative size o£ its ridges Ctenoclus ohliqims and Ct. mono- ccros, from the Northumberland coal field of England, but is at once dis- tinguishable from tliem by its greater size and the broad, transversely banded ridges. No portion of this fish has been found except a single inferior dental plate attached to the splenial bone. This was obtained by Mr. Frank Wagner from the Cleveland shale, in the eastern suburbs of Cleveland, Ohio, and the species is dedicated to him. - Phcebodus politus, n. sp. Plate XXVII, Figs. 27-28". Teeth small, robust, breadth between tips of later,, 1 cusps six to twelve millimeters, height from four to eight millimeters, base broadly elliptical, thick, with a strong bi-lobed, pad-like prominence in the middle of the upper surface, concave below, with a narrow arch beneath the cusps ; cusps three, of nearly equal size, with minute rudimentary ones in the angles between them, all strongly recurved, flattened in front with salient, acute angles, rounded behind; surface smootli and polished, or bearing a few short, coarse striations. We have in these little teeth an important addition to the catalogue of fossil fishes found in Ohio, as they represent a gereric group extremely rare elsewhere, and now for the first time met with li Geol. Survey Illinois, vol, 6, p. 437, pi. 16, figs. 3-4 «. FISUES OF THE (JAKBONIFEKOUS SYSTEM. 177 which are much more widely separated and are relatively larger ; also by the ornamentation, in which the longitudinal ridges are relatively wider and fewer in number. Formation and locality : Lower Carboniferous sandstone ; (Waverly), Grindstone City, Mich. Collected by Dr. Charles Rominger. ' "/; GyRACANTIIUS INOBNATUS, n. sp. riate XXIII, Fig. 6. Spine large, slightly curved, laterally compressed with an elliptical sec- tion, both edges being rounded; s' if ace markings light, consisting of fine longitudinal striae visible over most of the surface, and parallel, oblique, incised lines, which occupy the sides and converge toward the anterior border. Only the upper half of one of these spines and the point of another are yet known. The larger specimen is very obtuse, evidently much worn and rounded by use, as the spines of other species of Gyracanthus so fre- quently are. The sides are also worn, and the oblique lines which once for the most part covered them, never being strong, are nearly obliterated. The point of another spine on the same block of stone is rounded in section and acute. The most striking feature in these spines is their nearly smooth sur- face and the single set of oblique lines on the sides. Usually in Gyracanthus there are two sets of these lines, crossing at right angles and producing a rasp-like surface. Formation and locality : Waverly group; Wayne County, Ohia Cladodus Romingeei, Newb. Plate XXVII, Fig 10. Cladodus Bomingcri, N. ; Palitontology of Ohio, vol. 2, p. 49. Teeth small, breadth of base seven lines, height of median cone five lines ; central cone flattened behind, deeply sinused at base, anterior ftice rounded ; lateral cones two pairs, with sometimes a rudimentary one at the base of the central cone ; outer pair slightly less in size than the inner ones; surface of both central and lateral coiujs strongly striated. MON XVI- 12 iimm Kmmmm 111 t 178 rALliOZOK! FISHES OF NORTH AMEUICA. This species resembles C. acntus imd C. niirabilLs, Ag.,' but differg from both in having the interior pair of secondary cones as largo as the outer pair, or even larger ; in this respect it is unlike any other species known to me except C. Hcrtgeri? C. Romiugerl was briefly described in the Pala-ontology of Ohio, but no figure was there given of it. Formation and locdliti/ : Waverly sandstone; Battle Creek, Mich. Col- lected by Dr. Charles liominger, to whom it is dedicated. MAZODUS, nov. gen. Teeth of Elasmobranch fishes often of large size, thick and massive, with an ovoid, elliptical, or angular outline ; upper surface arched in both directions, smooth or finely granulated ; under surface concave, coarsely pitted, and variously furrowed and lobed ; sides marked by irregular, often pustulous ridges ; interior similar throughout, showing irregular, vertical, calcigerous tubes or columns closely compacted into a dense, hard, and enamel-like tissue. The objects which form the basis of the above description are peculiar and their nature and functions are somewhat problematical. These speci- mens, from the Waverly of Ohio, evidently belong to a group which includes the so-called teeth of Helodus riidis of Agassiz and McCoy, and the peculiar specimen called Petrodus 1 pustulosns,'^ N. & W. They all present some char- acters which are not found in other fish teeth, and which at one time led me to consider them as dermal ossicles, viz: First, the arched upper surface is granulated or pitted in (pnte a different v/ay from that of the teeth of Psam- modus and all allied genera. Second, they are composed of dense enamel- like tissue throughout, with no division into crown and base, one enamel and the other bone, such as we find in all known crushing teeth of Elasmo- branch fishes. Third, the sloping sides are marked with irregular, often tuberculated ridges, which are absent from the borders of all other unmis- takable fish teeth, and which closely resemble the markings on the sides 'Poissons Fossiles, vol. 3, jip. 197, 199, pi. 22, figs. 9, 12-21. , , ^ PaliDontology of Ohio, vol. 2, p. 46, pi. 57, flgs .5, 5». »Geol. Survey llliuois, vol. 4, p. 369, pi. 2, figs. 5, 5«, pi. 3, flg. 6. . FISHES OF THE OAKBONIPEUCUS SYSTEM. 179 of the objects whicli are described l;y McCoy under tbe name of I'etrodus and now tliought U> bo dernuil tubercles Yet tliey are so large and nuis- Hivo that tlioy present in this respect little similarity to any hitherto known tnborcles, and one of the specimens before ns has the upper surface pecu- liarly flattened as though by wear. lienco I have thought best to consider them the crushing teeth of Klasmobranch fishes, and perhaps allied to Jlelo- dm, as defined by Agassiz and McCoy. Since tlie above description was written a large amount of additional material bearing on this subject has been obtained by Prof William Kepler, of Beroa, Ohio, who lias kindly put it into my hands for study. This mate- rial consisits of a number of the teeth of 3Iazodus and the jaws which sup- ported them. They were fcund dismemb.-red, but in close proximity, and intermingled so that there can be no reasonable doubt that they belonged to one individual, and they throw much light on the structure and relations of the genus. The jaws were coniposed of prismatic cartilage, which in virtue of the special duty they performed were more ossified than other portions of ti'e skeleton, and hence were firmer and less perishable. I have frequenuy ^oimd this condition of preservation in the jaws of Diplodus in llio Coal Jleasures and Cladodus in the Waveriy shales, the rami sep- arated, the teotJi sometimes in p isition, oftener scattered about in imme- diate proximity to them. As in all such cases, the jaws are flattened and distorted, but retain much cf their substance and approxiuuvtely their outlines. - . * The mandibles of Mazodus are seven to eight inches long and an inch and a quarter to one and a half inches wide. They show on the upper sur- faces depressions which correspond to the jrosition of the teeth. Of thes's, ten were found grouped together, all in contact and some of them in their relative positions. A larger number evidently composed the dental series, but the others were lost. Those preserved show a great diversity of size and form, the larger and more angular teeth having several smaller ones, and these more elliptical in .shape grouped around them. How many com- posed the complete dentition we have as yet no means of knowing, but those found in this group apparently form but a part of the set belonging to the under jaw. SMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) m Ki fc 1.0 1.1 ^^■2.8 12.5 Hi 1^ us |: 2.2 1^ 12.0 IL25 i 1.4 liim 6" QC Sdetices Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (711) 872-4503 .4^ i/.x ^ o^ I 180 PALEOZOIC FISHES UF NOllTD AMERICA. This discovery removes all doubt in regard to the character of the organs, and shows tliat Mazodus was an Elasniobranch fish, with strong pavement teeth, fitted for crushing nioUusks and crustaceans, or for triturat- ing vegetable tissues ; a Shark, )3ei-haps alHed to Psamnwdus, but differing from thai genus in the pattern formed by the pavement teeth, and still more in their anatomical structure. ; ^ - Mazodus Kepleei, n. sp. Plate XXI, Figs. 1-3. Teeth of various sizes and shapes, largest two and a half inches long by two inches wide and half an inch or more in thickness, outline pentago- nal or subtriangular, anterior angle subacute, lateral angles prominent, pos- terior angles -obtuse and rounded, with a deep sulcus between them, or united to form an arched posterior extremity ; upper surface arched in both direc tions; when unworn, granulated or pitted; under surface slightly concave, coarsely pitted, and more or less lobate or tubercled^ sides beveled or arched, and marked by irregular furrows, separated by pustulous or tumid ridges; whole surface polished; substance dense and enamel like. Tlie pmaller teeth were arranged around the larger, and are trapezoidal, subtri- angular or elliptical in outline, and from half an inch to an inch in diameter. The angular outlines of these teeth will at once distinguish them from those with which they must be generically united, viz, Hclodus rudis,, Agas- siz,' and McCoy, ^ and J. W. Davis, ^ as also with that described and figured in the Geology of Illinois.* The smaller of the two specimens first found (Fig. 1) is absolutely complete in all its parts ; thy surface being highly polished and having suf- fered no wear. The upper surfixce of the larger specimen is less perfect in its preservation, and shows a double depression, which seems to be the result of attrition. The under surface of these teeth is concave and peculiarly pitted and furrowed; that of the larger one somewhat lobed, and showing considerable 'Ann. Nat. Hist., 2d series, vol. 2, p. 12;i. .. , ., «Brit. Pal. Fossils, 1854, p. 631, pi. 3, fig. 4. 'Fossil Fishes Carbonif. Limestoue, p. 157, pi. 59, figs. U, 11*. * Vol. 4, p. 369, pi. 2, figs. 6, 5*. PISHES OF THE CARBONIPEKOUS SYSTEM. 181 ^ similarity to the under surface of the brain of certain animals. It is evident from these characters that they did not rest on any hard, smooth substance, like the jaw which supports the flattened teeth of rsammodus, etc., and we must conclude that they were set upon or implanted in comparatively soft tissue. Formation and locality : Bnse of Cuyahoga shale ; immediately over Berea grit, Berea, Ohio. Collected by Dr. William Clark and Prof. W illiam Kepler, •■■r';:, ,„.^ ... „ ..-:V'''^ •".- CteNACANTIIUS ANviUSTUS, n. sp. Spine ten inches long by one inch wide at broadest part, gently and uniformly arched ; laterally compressed ; exposed portion occupied by rela- tively few and broad closely pectinated ridges, of which the strongest, of double average width, forms the anter'or margin ; this is annulated by closely set transverse lines, while on the lateral ridges the cross lines are slightly oblique, rising backward; the ridges are about twelve in number on each side at the middle of the spine. This species, by its more slender form and few strong enamel ridges, may be distinguished at a glance from Ct. Clarkii, N , with which it is asso- ciated, and these features serve also to separate it from most others known. In general form it is not unlike Ct. formosus,^ N., but it is somewhat more robust and has not half the number of longitudinal ridges. From Ct.fiirci- carinatus, N. (loc. cit.) it is also separated by the latter character, though the pectination of the ridges is similar. Formation and locality : Berea grit ; Berea, Ohio. Collected by Dr. WiUicim CkM-k. Skction E. — Fishes of the Carbonifekous Limestone. Tlie central member of the Carboniferous system — the Mountain Lime- stone of England, the Bergkalk of Germany, the Calcaire Carbonifcre of France, tlie Sub-carboniferous or Lower Carboniferous limestone of Ameri- can geologists — has been described in general terms on the preceding pages. Since it is a marine deposit of great thickness, and therefore the evidence ' Palieoiitology of Ohio, vol. 2, p. 53. pi. 59, fig. 1. I! m PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NOllTD AMEfllCA. of an immense lapse of time at an age of the world when fishes had become numerous and diversified, it is not surprising that they have left here a voluminous record. Though Amphibians had already made iheir appear- ance, as we learn by the foot-prints on Lower Carboniferous rocks, fishes were still the ruling dynasty of the animal kingdom, and had not yet en- countered the rivalry of the powerful aquatic reptiles of the Reptilian age, or the mammals of the Tertiary. In the Devonian they l.ad the ocean, lakes, and rivers all to themselves, and with abundant food and no formida- ble enemies, they multiplied rapidly and soon had ti.ken complete posses- sion of the world of waters. In the Carboniferous age they had been modi- fied and specialized until some of them were adapted to all its conditions, and had taught themselves to capture and digest all kinds of food that the seas contained. Almost daily auditions are made to the list of fishes found in the Car- boniferous limestone, and it is evident that we have much yet to learn of its fish fauna, but already the names of the species described from this formation ccaipose a longer catalogue than that of any other geologic sys- tem, perhaps iiidoed of all others. When we combine the contributions to its ichthyology made by Agassiz, Portlock, De Koninck, Von Beneden, Egerton, McCoy, Davis, Worthen, St. John, and the writer, we shall find that they embrace noarly one-half the literature of fossil fishes. In the Monograph of the "Fossil Fishes of the Cariwniferous Limestone Series of Great Britain," by Mr. J.unes W. Davis,^ one hundred and sixty-three species are enumerated, while 'n^ volumes 2, 4, 6, and 7 of the Illinois Geolog- ical Survey three hundred and ninety-one species of fishes are described by Mr. St. John and myself, of whi<;h three hundred and thirty-three are from the Carboniferous limestone and Jvinderiiook group. To these should be added the species described by Daw'^on,^ Leidy,' and the writer,* and we have an aggregate of nearly four hundr. d species from the Carboniferous limestone of this continent, and about six imndred species from this country and Europe. Of these nearly all are Elasniobranchs, and the descriptions 1 Sciontific Trans. Royal Dublin Soo., » Acadian Geology. sjour. Acad. Nat. 8ci., Pliila. * Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana for 1878. 1 .series, vol. 1. it FISHES OF TUB CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 183 i p are based on teeth and spines which, separating from tlij cartilaginous jaws and perishable integuments, were with the dermal tubercles scattered broad- cast over the sea bottom. In these circumstances it is evident that the number of species has been exaggerated by giving different names to spines and teeth which once belonged together. It is also probable that the species have been multiplied by assigning distinct names to the teeth of different forms which once belonged to a single dental series. Among the Cestra- cionts, which include a large part of the Lower Carboniferous Elasmo- branchs, there is a marked difference between the teeth of the symphysis and those which cover the posterior portions of the jaws; hence it is possi- ble that we have as yet obtained from this formation traces of not more than three hundred different kinds of aharks. This,-however, ibrms a richer Elasmobranch fauna than that which inhabits our present seas ; the num- ber of living species of Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras being, according to Dr. Gunther, oidy about two hundred and eighty. Although we probably have as yet but a fraction of the fish fauna of the Carboniferous seas represented in our collections, we certainly have enough to give us a good idea of its zoological character and rela- tions. In reviewing the material before us we find an almost total absence of the Placodjrms and scaled Ganoids, which gave character to the fish fauna of all bodies of water, salt or fresh, in the Devonian age. Comparing the fishes of the Corniferous with those of the Mountain limestone, the differ- ence is surprising. In the first are many dermal tubercles, some spines {Machcur acanthus), and very rarely one of the pavement teeth of a conchiv- orous Shark ; the greater part of the remains being those of Placoderras and Ganoids. In the Carboniferous limestone, on the contrary, the spines and teeth of Sharks are found in infinite variety, but scarce a plate or scale to record the presence of a Placpderm or a Ganoid. These were, however, not wanting to the fauna of the age; for, as we have seen, along the shores and in the bays where the Waverly strata were deposited — to a large degree synchronous with the lower beds of the limestone — we find abundant remains of the great Placodi'rrns — Dinichthys, Titanichthijs, etc. — and where the conditions were favorabJo, of many little Palseoniscoid fishes. But all 184 PALEOZOIC FlbriES OP NOllTn AMERICA. in these had been driven from the open sea, as they were not capable of suc- cessfully competing with the varied and powerful Sharks. Sr.me other interesting things also come out in the study of the Car- boniiorous Elasmobranch fauna. Judging from the teeth, which are the most cliaracteristic organs, we may infer that in the Carboniferous age the Elasmobranchs as a whole were far less sanguinary and formidable than now. At least three-fourths of all the species described had crushing teeth, adapted to the trituration of sea- weeds or to breaking the shells of moUusks and crustaceans, and the number of those provided with cutting or piercing teeth was comparatively small. Most of the teeth were considerably like those of the Port Jackson shark, and there is little doubt that, as suggested by Agassiz, this peculiar mem- ber of our present fauna is a descendant and a representative of the most numerous and characteristic tribe of Carboniferous Plagiostomes. That the food of these fishes was generally mollusks, and sometimes those with very resistant shells, is proved by the massive character of the dentition, the pitted or ridged surface of the enamel to prevent the slipping of the objects crushed, and also by the evidences of wear at the places where the greatest mechanical effect was gained. The simplest form of dentition adapted to crushing was that of Fsam- modus, of which the teeth were quadrangular, from one to three inches square and half an inch to an inch in thickness, composed of solid dentine below and a thick sheet of pitted ename'. above. Closely allied to Psam- modus was Archceohatis, of which the teeth are figured on the plates accom- panying this memoir. The dentition of this genus formed a pavement of many teeth, of v>hich the largest were six inches long by four inches wide and one and a half inches thick. To prevent the slipping of the objects operated upon by this powerful crusher the enameled surface was roughened by transverse, parallel ridges, precisely as in the living Rhynclwhatus. The first deviation from this simplest style of dentition is found in Sandalodus, Bdtodus, Cochliodus, etc., in which the teeth are of different sizes and forms on the same jaw, and are more or less arched or twisted. The next is Chomatodus, in which the teeth were long and narrow, flat or ridged on the upper surface, and placed transversely, like those of the r i f ^ F18UE8 OF TUE (JAUJiONlFEliOUS SYSTEM. 185 modern Rays. Another form of crushing teeth is that of Orodtis, in which the crown rises in a series of hillocks, forming a miniature mountain chain (whence the name), of which the central summit is highest. Of these teeth there is a great variety. Some of" them have the crown most elaborately carveil and ornamented, and some are of great size ; Orodus ramosits, of the Mountain limestone, having the mouth filled with a hundred or more teeth that wure from two to five inches in length. A closely allied, if not identi- cal, species from the Carboniferous limestone of Illinois was still larger. A group of Sharks with peculiar cutting teeth — the Petalodontida?— formed a conspicuous feature in the Carboniferous fish-fauna ruiming through the Carboniferous limestone and the Coal Measures. These had teeth of which the crowns had the form of the blade of a long-handled shovel, and were usually attached to a strong root, that must have been firmly planted in the integuments of the jaw. Antliodus is a form related to Pctahdm, but in the teeth of this genus the root is very small or wanting. In Poljjfhkodus the crown of the tooth was like that of Chomafodus, while the root was divided into a number of lobes. An allied form, Dadylodus, liad the crown of Pctalodus and a root consi.sting of many finger-like l)ranches. The Sharks with piercing teeth formed the genus Cladodits and its allies, wliich were numerous and wide-spread during all the Carboniferous age. These had teeth with broad semilunar bases, which afforded a firm sup- port to an acute, conical, and usually anci})ital central cone, flanked by one or more lateral denticles, of which the exterior pair were largest. Some of the species of Cladodm must have been large and formidable fishes ; the teeth were in many rows, several hundred in each set, and the central cone was sometimes an inch and a half in length. The spines of the Carboniferous Sharks have been already alluded to; and they also afford proof of the size of their wearers. Many of the spines of Ctenacanthm attain the length of a foot or more, while the great spines of Phoderacanthus, described by Mr. J. W. Davis, were more than two feet in length and six inches in diameter at the base. The following is a list of the genera, with the number of species in each, up to the present time, described from the Lower Carboniferous limestone 1«6 PALEOZOIO FISUES OP NORTH AMBUICA. in Nortli America. The letters set opposite the names are abbreviations of the names of the describers, as follows: A<^., Agassiz; McC, McCoy; Daw., Sir William Dawson; S. & W., St. John and Worthen; N. & W., Newberry and Worthen ; N., Newberry. Genera. Acondjilacnnthiin, S. & W. AgaHHiiodiis, S. & W .f/»ncanlhus, S. & W AnadHiii'f/ilhus, S. & W . AntUodun,'ii. &. \r Anpidodus, N. <& W Astiroptycli i««, Ag IlalncanthuH, S. & W litilhjiclieilodus, S. iSr. W .. llillhuicaitthiis, 8. & W ... Cavcharopsia, Ag Calopodus, S. & \V Chohdua, S. & W Chomalodus, Ag Chitoundns, S. & W Cladodtis, Ag Covhliodtia, Ag Cwloateus, N Copodtm, Ag Ctenacanlhun, Ag Cicnopctafua, Ag Ctenoptjjchiiis, Ag Dactnlodim, N. & W LeUodm, N. &. W Dellodopsh, S. & W DeltopljichiiiH, Ag /)(«»! iofJHS, S. & W Drej)autwanthu8, N. & W . Eriemamnthiia, McC Eunemacanthua, S. & W .. Fiaaodiia, S. & W (lampaai-anHiHi, S. & W .. (rlymmataeanliiiis, S. & W (lyracantlina, Ag Hurpacodua, Ag Helodua, Ag Ifomacanthiia, Ag Hyhocladodua, S. & W No. of opocieH, 6 4 1 I 9 6 3 1 1 1 1 1 14 4 3.1 8 1 ? 21 7 3 (i 16 6 5 4 4 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 17 2 5 Qen'.ra. Lamhdodua, 8. & W . . . . Leiodua, S. & W Leptacanihua, Ag lAagodua, 8. & W A/aracnn 1 10 3 2 7 3 1 1 5 6 2 ■ M7 Fishes op the Lower Carboniferous Eocks op New Brunswick. In the shales associated with the Albert mine at Hillsborough, New Brunswick, an interesting group of Palseoniscoid fishes has been found. » JfP,-w»"W'.'."w .w WW FISHES OF THE (JAKBONIFEKOCS SYSTEM. 187 ' Most of them are small, with highly ornamented scalos and head plates, hav- ing a marked resemblance to those obtained from the Lower Carbonifer- ous shales of Burdie House and Eskdale, in Scotland, and described by Agussiz and Traquair. They have all been included in the old genus J'alaoniscus, but in the subdivision of tiiat genus by Dr. Trmiiuiir they fall partly into the genus Bhadinichthys and partly into Elonkhthys. The follow- ing species have been enumerated: Falmoniteui Alberti, 3ao\'K>a. ^o " Cairiwii, JackHon. ' " TiroioMii, Jackson. ■ " Jocfc«oiiH, Dawson. ,' . ^ , " madulu», lliiwson. The number of individuals found at this locality is enormous ; the sur- faces of the sha^e being sometimes completely covered and the fishes often overlying each other, showing that they were literally buried in heaps. They were probably the inhabitants of a body of fresh water, and were killed simultaneously by thousands in some general catastrophe. Sir William Dawson has also noticed' some remains of fishes found in the Lower Carboniferous rocks at ITorton Bluff, New Brunswick, and has described a species of BUzodus {B. Hardingi, Daw.,) and one of Acrolepk {A. Horfonensis, Daw.). Ur. Joseph Leidy has described and figured" a number of fish teeth from the Carboniferous Jfoiestone of Illinois and Missouri ; these include several species of Cochliodus, whic\\ wotjJd now be referred to DeUodus and Psephodm, and one species of " Ctenoptifchius,''' wivkfi ?.«» a Badylodus reversed. William McAdams, of Alton, III., has recei^tfy sent to me some large fish jaws taken from the Carboniferous limestone which ave unlike any- thing before found in our Carboniferous rocks. They include jaws of a new species of Bhizodus resembling B. Uihberti of the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Scotland, and jaws, teeth, and bones of another large Ganoid allied to BUzodus, which I have called Ccclostcus from its hollow bones. These will be found described below. ' Acadian Geology, p. 253, et »eq. « Trans. Am. PUilos. Soc, toI. U, 1860, p. 87. i 188 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF ^'OKTll AMElilCA. Order CROSSOPTERYGIDiE. Ca^LOSTEUS, nov. gen. Fislies of large size iillieil to Dcmlrodus uiid Rhizodus. Only a coracoid, mandible, and tooth liave yet been found, but those certainly represent a fish generically different from any before met with on this eontinent. The bones are peculiar in their structure, consisting of a thin she'l of dense osseous tissue, inclosing large cavities, once doubtless filled with cartilage. In this respect they resemble the bones of DendmlHs and contrast strongly with those of Dinirhtlii/s and the allied genera of Placoderms, TUanichthijs, . etc. In Dinichthiis the coracoid is a bono nearly as large as one's arm and half as long, comi)08ed of dense bone-tissue throughout. The correspond- ing bone in Calosteus is about a foot in length and an inch and a half in diameter at the middle, and the central cavity is as large, relatively, as in the long bones of birds ; the shell which surrounded it being but from one- eigli.h to one-quarter of an inch in thickness. The dentary bone is about one foot in length, two and one-half inches wide in the middle, where it is one and a quarter inches in thickness, and four inches wide at the posterior end, where it was doubtless joined to the angular and articular elements. On the outside the posterioi- half is exca- vated to form a deep sulcus for the reception of the motor muscle, which must have been of unusual power. On the inside the jaw is flattened and gently arched downward to the rounded lower edge. The upper side bears on the outside a subacute toothless ridge ; within and below this is a wide shoulder with seven broad and shallow pits, in which were planted the rounded bases of large, conical teeth This is a structure in some respects similar to that of the mandible of Dcndrodus, but the jaw of Cwlosfcus is much broader ])ostenorly, having a triangular outline like that of Amia, and has as its most striking feature the deep sulcus to Avhich reference has been made above. The exterior surface of the jaws of Dcndrodus is also strongly tuberculated, whereas in Ca-hsfens it is smooth or coarsely striated longi- tr dinally. The dentition, too, differs in a marked degree from that of Dcn- drodus, in which a row of closely set teeth of small size crown the upper and FISUKH OF HUE CAUIJONIFKROUH HYSTKM. m outer mai-ffin of tlio jaw, and tho jfroat tooth plaiitotl in hIuiIIow Hockota iiro in j»airH, wliilo in CadoHtcus tho nmrginal ridgo is without tooth and tho «,'roat hmiaries sot along the interior shoulder are single and nearly equidistant. 'Thu ditForence whicsh tho jaw hefore us exhibits from that of lih'uotlua is rttill nioro Htrouf^ly marked, though there is a similarity of plan in their construction. 'I'he tooth in lihizodiis form two rows, as in Doidmhis, and tho largo oties which compose tho inner row are also somotiuios in i)airs. Dr Traipiair iui.« shown' that tho jaws of lihizodns are sogmontod; a suture separating tluit part which bears the anterior laniary tooth from that wiiich carries the second ))air, anil this from the others, etc. The teeth of Culosteus are strong, conical, straight, acnte and smooth above, plicated below ; they have the complicated interior structure of the teeth of Dendrodus, but differ from these in being plicated only at the base. In the latter character they agree with the teeth of Ithizodits, but are appar- ently less compressed and straighter. Wo have found as yet too little of the bony structure of Cwlosteus to warrant any positive statements in reference to its zoologiciil affinities, and yet there are some points which have come under our observation which are quite remarkable, and such as suggest further examination vvhou more material shall be obtained. The hoUowness of the bones has already been noticed as a striking feature in their structure, and it may also be said tiiat tho bone tissue pre- sents a granulated appearance, which is much like that of the prismatic carti- lage we sometimes find representing the outlines and in part the substance of the skull and jaws of certain fossil Elasmobranchs ; e. (/., Diplodtis in the Coal Measures, in which parts of the skeleton were partially ossified, though the tissue retained the granular structure of cartilage. The mode of attach- ment of the teeth in Cualosteus is also peculiar and in some respects shark- like. In all the Elasmobranchs the bony and enameled teeth are attached to tho jaws by ligaments and the jaw tissue is sometimes molded onto the base of the teeth, giving them greater firmness. A similar mode of attach- ment of the teeth obtained in Dendrodus and apparently in Rhizodus, but in 'Auuals and Mag. Nat. Hist., April, 1877. m PALKOZOIC FISHES OF NOBTD aMKRIOA. those genera the socketa wore deeper and the teeth more liniily iixed in them. In Homo respects, therefore, it will he seen that CmhsteuH is allied to the Sharks, and it is possible may be toiind to form a sort of conne(^ting link between thorn and the Ganoids. Of this, however, better proof will be needed l)efore it can be made the basis of any generalization. We fnid that the ossification of the skeleton varies considerably among the Elasmo- branchs, and the most natural method of increasing the amount of bony tissue in the skeleton would be to ossify and indurate the external surface of the bones, thus giving them greater strength without adding greatly to their weight. Possibly we have in Coelosteus an example of this stage of progress, and without venturing any premature conclusion as to its cause or history, I doom it proper to call attention to this particular structure, hoping that those who may come into possession of more and better material may find an c^.planation of what is now somewhat enigmatical. Of known fossil fishes Cwlostcus perhaps comes nearer to Pappichhjs Cope' than any other. Species of this genus have been described by Leidy, Marsh, and Cope. They occur in the Eocene rocks of the interior of the continent, and have been regarded as closely allied to, if not generically identical with, Amia. Should more material show Coilostetis to be really allied to Amia, it would carry back the line of descent of this interesting Ganoid much farther than it has before been traced. C(EL08TEU8 FEROX, n. sp. Plate XXXV, Figs. 1-4. ■ The detailed descriptions of the few remains of this species yet found are given in the characters of the genus of which this is taken as the type. The specific name is chosen from the tnxly formidable character of the den- tition. The dentary bone was very thick and strong, twelve to fifteen inches in length, and carried seven conical teeth, of which the largest were fully eight centimeters in length by fourteen millimeters in diameter at the middle and two centimeters at the base. Jaws bristling with such teeth and moved by the powe-ful muscles that are shown to have been attached 'Geol. Survey Territories, vol. 3, book 1, 1884, pi. 3, p. 56. FISHES OP THE CARBON1FEBOU8 SYSTEM. 191 to tljotn inurit have })oen cnpablo of lacerating mid dcHtioyiiig inoHt of the inhubit'UitH of the Cai))oiiifeiou8 ocean. Sharks were the niont ahnndant and the ni«»Ht jiowerful of the fishes in tliat sea, and to those CnloNicus must have been a formidable aiitaj^oniat. It will be noticed that the jaw H fishes they represent, and there is no doubt that nuiterial will be ob- tained sooner or later w? ich will clear up all questions in regard to their structure and relations. The Saint Louis limestone is exposed at a great number of localities in Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri ; and at Greencastle, Alton, Saint Louis, and other places it has yielded a large number of fish remains, and it has there- fore been already somewhat carefully exploited, but no trace of the great fishes now described, not even of any Ganoid, were obtained from it up to the time when Mr. McAdams discovered the jaw of Cwlostem. "We may therefore infer that these fishes were not numerous in the Carboniferous seas, and many years may elaj)se before we shall get a more complete record of their lives. In the splendid collections of fish remains mude from the Mountain limestone by Professor Worihen, Mr. Van Home, Mr. St. John, and others, so fully illustrated in the reports of the Geological Survey of Illinois, it will be noticed that no traces of Ganoids appear, while the teeth and spines of MON XVI- -13 194 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NOETH AMERICA. Sharks are so numerous as to show that Elasmobranch fishes were much more abundant in the Carboniferous sea than in those of the present or any other geologic age. The exception to the rule of the domination of the Sharks offered by the Ganoids discovered by Mr. McAdams is tlierefore of special interest, and we can see in the evidence furnished by their jaws and teeth that they were quite capable of contending successfully against any of their Elasmobranch antagonists; indeed, none of the Sharks yet known to us as inhabitants of the Carboniferous sea were provided with a dental armament as fon)iidable as that of Ccelosteus or lihisodiis. The largest of the Carboniferous P^lasmobranchs, Archccohatis gigas, Oroilus ramosus, Psammodus grandis, and P. plenus, had crushing teeth, and doubtless lived upon mollusks, ci'ustaceans, and crinoids, while the «pecies with cutting and piercing teeth, Petalodus and Cladodus, were much less formidably armed than RMzodus. In the fish fauna of the Devonian age the great Crossopterygian scaled Ganoid Ongchodiis stood out in strong contrast to the number of large and small Placoderras with which it was associated, and it is interesting to note that in the Carboniferous sea another large and formidable Crossopterygian, RMzodus, contrasts equally with the crowd of Elasmobranchs. We may even suspect that in each case the Ganoid was the most formidable, since with very powerful dental weapons he must have had a flexible scaled body that would allow of greater celerity, and while Onychodus would have been no match for Dinickthys if once within the gi-asp of its massive jaws, it could easily avoid them, and with its projecting intermandibular teeth two or three inches in length could have lacerated the exposed portions of the body quite at his leisure. So RMzodus, with a gape of perhaps two feet, and jaws set with laniary teeth three or four inches in length, if he had the address to avoid the formidable dorsal and pectoral spines of the Sharks, would have found their shagreen-covered bodies easily pene- trable. FISHES OF THE CARBONIFEKOUS SYSTEM. 195 Order ELASMOBRANCHII, Genus PliYSONEMUS. The genus Phjsonemus wus named (thougl. never described) by Prof. L. Agassiz in 1837/ but the spines to wlnrh the name was applied were well known, so it was recognized and a generic description given by McCoy.^ He also described two species, one, that which had suggested the generic name to Agassiz i^Ph. suUeres), and a new one, which ho called 1% arcmtus Another spine, named and described by Agassiz^- as Onchus hamatus, having the strong curvature oWhijsoncmu., has been referred to that genus by Mr. J. W. Davis.^ He has also added another species to the list, {Ph. attrnuatus ) which, though having the strongly recurved form of the typo species of the genus, 18 too imperfectly preserved to admit of any positive assertion as to Its generic relations. From the peculiar form of the base, indeed it seems more probable that this is but one branch of the forked spine of Cladacanthus, Ag In all that has been written by Europeans on the spines ofPhysonemus it has been supposed that they were set on the dorsal line, with a very strong backward curvature; but in a description oi Physonemus gigas' I have called attention to the characters which indicate that this spine, as well as the one described by McCoy, was curved forward instead of being straight or curved backward, like most of the dorsal spines of Elasmobranch fishes ; supposing the line of large, stellate tubercles set along the concave border, as well as the direction of the oblique line joining the plain and ornamented surfaces, to indicate that the curved border was anterior. These characters are shared by the spines upon which I have based the description oi Drepana- canthus,'^ illustrated in the figures of D. gemmatus.' It is therefore not certain that these last-mentioned spines and Physonemus arcmtus, McCoy," should not be united under the same generic name; but a comparison of specimens will alone suffice for deciding this question. 'Poissoiis Fossiles, etc., vol. 3, p. 176. « Brit. Pal. Fossils, p. 6:W. 'Poissoim Fossiles, etc., vol. 3, p. 9, pi. 1, '« 198 PALEOZOIC FISHES OP NORTH AMERICA. I the type species of Physonemus (Ph arcmttis, McCoy), that they should not be included in the same genus. I would therefore propose for the former a new generic name and briefly defi,ie it as follows : STETHACANTHUS, nov. gen. Pectoral spines of medium or large size, unsymmetrical (rights and lefts), broadly felcate in outline, the conical summit compressed, with ante- rior and posterior margins rounded. Below the solid summit the posterior margin is opened by a deep sulcus, of which the walls, of unequal thickness, terminate posteriorly in thin and fragile edges; anterior border gently con- cave, about one-third its length from the base rising into a strong, often tumid, shoulder; basal portion narrow and compressed, terminating in a car- tilaginous condyle for articulation. In life the posterior sulcus was occu- pied by the base of the pectoral fin. Type species St. Altonensis, St. J. & W., sp. For the species found at Berea, Ohio, I propose the name Stethacanthus hmidus; giving as its specific characters those of the genus with the follow- ing additions : Spine large, massive, laterally compressed, upper half trian- gular in outline, anterior shoulder broad, tumid, overhanging, and some- what bilobed. Since the above notes were written I have received from Alton, 111., a number of specimens of Stethacanthus Altonensis which show the want of sym- metry noticed in those from Berea. One of these specimens is of extraor- dinary size and of unusual breadth, so I have thought best to give figures of both sides of it in order to show with its dimensions the want of symmetry, one of the sides being as usual considerably shorter than the other.^ Labodus marqinatus, n. sp. Plate XIX, Fig. 9. The little tooth represented by the figure cited above is one of several received from Greencastle, Ind., where they were obtained from the Saint Louis limestone. They evidently belong to a group of palate teeth of which many have been found in the Lower Carbonifer ous limestone at Armagh, I See pi. XXIV, figs, t, 2. i FISHES OF THE OAKBONlrEROIIS SYSTEM. 199 Ireland, and which were named by Agasslz, Lahodus, Cojwdus, CJiaracodits, etc. Simihir teeth occur in the Chester and Saint Louis limestones in Illi- nois and Missouri, and some of these have been described ])y 8t, John and Worthen as species of Copodus. All of these consist of oval, rounded, or quadrangular dental plates of small size, arched forn), and polished, pitted, enamel surface. Since there is no evidence of co adaptation with other teeth at the sides, it has been thought that they formed a single series of three or more, which were placed in the central part of the mouth above and below and had the functions of the teeth of 2EtobaHs, Myliobutis, etc. The teeth belonging to this group were named but never described by Agassi.'? His work has been supplemented by Morris, McCoy, and J. W. Davis, who have endeavored to perpetuate Agassiz's names and classifica- tion. Without moi'e material in our hands it would be presumptuous to attempt a review of the work of those who have endeavored to distribute these peculiar fish teeth into generic groups, as it is evident that the dis- tinctions between Agassiz's genera are not strongly marked. It is impossi- ble for us with certainty to refer the specimens we find to one or another of several genera, and if we may judge from the illustrations given by Mr. J. W. Davis in his Fossil Fishes of the Cai-boniferous Limestone, it would seem that some of these genera should be united. I am strengthened in this conclusion by an examination made some years ago, through the courtesy of Professor Agassiz, of the large collection of fish remains which he had brought to this country from Armagh. These were generally named by him, and of some of his species specimens are before me as I write. Among these is a fish tooth which beai's the name of Characodus. This is so like the one nov figured that I must think them generically identical ; but the genus Characodus, Ag., as defined and illustrated by Mr. Davis, is consider- ably different, the teeth being much longer transversely and with salient cornua. If we are to consider Mr. Davis's descriptions and illustrations as an authoritative supplement to Agassiz's work, then the tooth now figured should rather be considered a species of Lahodus. So, for want of good evi- dence to the contrary, I place it there provisionally, but record its diff'erences from any other known species by giving it the name marginatus ; the crown sui-face being bordered on three sides by a distinct uiarginal band. I- 200 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. PhYSONEMUS STKLLATU8, n. Sp. Plate XXI, Fig. 12, Spine relatively small, much compressed, broad at the base, rapidly narrowing to the summit, which is strongly recurved ; posterior margin formed by extensions of the sides until they become extremely thin and widely separated by the vjontinuous posterior fnrrow ; sides above tha un- ornamented base covered with lines of numerous, small, stellate, enameled tubercles, which on one side reach quite to the margin, on the other fade out about two-thirds of the distance from the anterior margin to the posterior furrow ; thus showing a want of symmetry. In general aspect this spine is somewhat like Ph. arcuatus, McCoy,' but is much broader and more compressed, and the ornamentation of the upper portion consists entirely of rows of distinctly separated stellate tubercles, rather than of pectinated ridges, as is the case with McCoy's species. The most striking features in the fossil before us are the compressed form and the great breadth of base, by which it may be at once distinguished from all other scribed species. Formation and locality : Saint Louis limestone ; Greencastle, Ind. Obthopleueodus caebonarius, N. & W., sp, Plate XIX, Fig. 17. I have received from Mr. Alexander Butters, of Carlinville, 111., a com- plete posterior tooth of this species, which has seemed worthy of representa- tion. It shows a beautifully punctate crown surface, having quite the form of those from which the original description was drawn, surrounded by a broad margin which was evidently overlapped by the integument. This specimen is comparatively thin, and the enamel crown has been indented probably in fossilization, proving that the base was soft, perhaps in part cartilaginous. The type specimens show only the crown, and are much thicker as well as larger. If to these were added broad, rough margins, such as are seen in the figure now given, we should have teeth two to three inches long and fully an inch in width at the widest part. ' Brit. PalTFoBsils, 1854, p. 6.38, pi. 31, fig. 29. FISHES OF THE CAltBONIFEKOUS SYSTEM. 201 Ctenacantiiiis Littoni, n. sp. Plate XXV, Fig. 3. Spines twelve to fifteen inclies in length by three centimeters in width at the base of the ornamentation ; form nearly straight, with a slight back- ward curvature ; laterally (compressed ; section elliptical ; anterior nmrgin rounded, pc erior somewhat flattened; ornamented portion occuj»od by many relatively narrow, closely crowded, longitudinal ridges, of which those on the anterior margin are broadest ; on these are closely set, prominent, transverse, vertically compressed, lenticular, enameled tubercles ; unorna- mented base very long, extending four inches or more beyond the lowest point of the enameled surface, outline conical, pointed, surface smooth or finely striated longitudinally ; sides flattened ; posterior margin open to tip. Above the base the posterior opening is nan-ow and reaches to the middle of the spine. Only fragments of this remarkable spine have yet been obtained. A complete base with a small portion of the enameled surface is shown in Fig. 3, and it will be seen that this base is of remarkable length and smooth- ness. The ornamentation h crowded, as regards both the cost.t; and the tubercles; both are contiguous, with no open space between them; the tu- bercles are transversely lenticular, much broader than high, smooth and polished. They are sufficiently prominent to give a rasp-like roughness to the surface. The summit of the spine is yet unknown, and nothing can now be said in reference to the posterior armature. Comparing this with other spines of the genus it will be seen to be quite distinct from any heretofore described. The form must have been un- usually graceful, and the ornamentation is more elaborate than in any other species known to me. The tuberculation of the surface is different from the ordinary pectination formed by transverse, sheath-like ridges on the costje, but consists of distinct, bead-like tubercles closely set along the ridges, and from their prominence and distinctness liable to be broken off", leaving a series of flattened spaces upon which they rested. This ornamentation is s. I 4 202 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. considenibly like that of 67. Harrisoni,' St. J. & W., but k much more crowded and the form of the npino is narrower ami straiQeol. Survey lUiuois, vol. 7, p. 188. "Ibid., vol. 2, p. 103, pi. 10, flg. 8. ir iv I h 3 s i :; 206 PALEOZOIC FISUES OF JfOETII AMERICA. ' i > n In size, foiin, and markings this tooth '^orrtsponds closely with some of the specimens of Orodus rnmosus, Ag., of which species a good representa- tion may be seen in the geological collection of the School of Mines, Colum- bia College, and there can be no reasonable doubt of their specific identity. It is probable also that the tooth described and figured in the Geological Survey of Illinois, volume 2, under the name of Orodus muUkannatus, will prove to belong to the same species. This specimen is only a fragment, a part of the centi'al cone of a tooth which must have been twice as large as that now figured, or any tooth of 0. ramosus before known, and the surface bears a larger number of carina) than have been seen on the central part of the crown of a tooth of that species; but these differences are rather of degree than of kind. The peculiar ornamentation of the species is repeated, and we can say without hesiti>tion that if not the same it is closely allied to that of the Old World. All the specimens referred to are found at about the same geological level; that figured in the Illinois report was ("rom the Goni- atite limestone, the base of the Lower Cai-boniferous at Rockford, Ind. The foreign specimens came from the Mountain limestone, and that now under examination from the Waverly sandstone at Grindstone City, Mich. Mr. J. W. Davis has recently published in his paper, " The Fossil Fishes of the Carboniferous Limestone,"' better illustrations of the teeth of Orodus ramosus than any before given, and has shown that they exhibit as gi'cat differences atuung themselves as they do from the teeth with which I have compared them. ACONDYLACANTIIUS OCCIDENTALIS, N. & W. Plate XXV, Fig. 6. The spines to which this name has been given are from the Saint Louis limestone. They are from eight to twelve inches in length, I'elatively slen- der, gently arched backward; sides flat or arched; anterior edge sharp; pos- terior edge deeply furrowed, and bordered by two rows of small, acute, compressed and depressed hooks. The lateral surfaces are occupied by numerous subequal, parallel, continuous, smooth, flattened costae ; near the base about fifteen, in the middle twelve, and within an inch of the summit ^ FISHES OF THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 207 • eight ; the number being increased below through bifurcation. The sum- mit is acute, the unornamented base very short and abruptly pointed ; the denticles extend from the summit two-thirds of the entire length. From Mr. William McAdams, of Alton, 111., and Mr. II. A. Wheeler, instructor in Washington University, Saint Louis, I have recently obtained much better specimens of this spine than I had when I described the species in the Illinois report.' These show the summit and base, both of which were before unknown ; the former is acute, the lattor abruptly contracted, the unornamented portion ren^arkably short. In a spine of eight inches in lengtli the costaj reach within five-eighths of an inch of the end on the an- terior border and within about an inch behind. To the description of this species in the Illinois report I added the fol- lowing remarks : We bave referred these spines to Leptaeantlnts with much doubt, as there seems to be little probability that they are geiierically identical with those from the Oolite, which Agassiz first designated by that name. It is true the general form is similar, but the striated or contusediy costate surface of the typical Leptacanthi nmst have given them an aspect widely diffeient from that of these spines, so uniformly and regu- larly ribbed throughout. The suspicion that these differences are generic is also strengthened by the fact that up to the present time no teeth have been touiul, eitiior in the Lower Carboniferous or Jurassic rocks, which have been referred to the same genus; and it is scarcely probable that, while the tin rays of these ancient riacoids have been met with in considerable nnmbers, the much more numerous teeth could have been overlooked. Wo infer, however, from the figures and descriptions of Professor McCoy (Britisli Talajozoic Fossils, p. 633, PI. 3k, Figs. 13, 14 and 10), that the spines which he calls Leptacantht:s juncms and L. Jenklnsoni are generically iden- tical with ours ; the latter species being distinguishable from that before us only by the less perfect regularity of costation near the base, greater spacing of the denticles, and the striation of the surface— fair specific differences. If, then, Professor McCoy's Carboniferous fin spines ara properly referred to Leptaeantlnts ours should be so; but for the reasons given above it seems in some degree probable that the reference of his specimens to that genus was unwarranted. The resemblance which the spines before us and those of Professor McCoy bear to some of the more slender and compressed forms now included in Ctcnacanthm, such as Ct. distans, McCoy, and Ct. graciUimus, N. & W., is very marked, and is suggestive of closer relationship than has been as- signed them. These species of Ctenacanthua have been associated with the great hybodoid spines Ct. major, Ag., Ct. hybodoides, Egertou, etc., simply on account of their sharing with them the inconstant character of the tuberculation or pectination of the longitudinal costse. As we have before remarked, this is almost too variable and superficial a character to serve as a bond of generic union between organs of which ■Geol. Survey lUiooia, vol. 2, p. 116. "^WW^SH-IJIIIIM l,,J.|l;- 208 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. illi the facies are so diverse. We sbould therefore suggest to those who, hereafter in pos- session of more ami)le iiiateriai, may be better able to adjust the classification of these fossil fishes, the questiou whether the loug, slender, and flattened species of Vtmaean- thu8, cited above, should not be united with Leptacanthiinjuncem, L. Jenkinsoni, and the pres-jut species in a generic group, distinct from both Ctcnacanlhua and Leptacanthua. Messrs. St. John and Worthen,^ acting upon the above suggestion, though without reference to it, make this species and two others described by themselves— one from the Kinderhook of BurHngton, Iowa, and the otlier from the Keokuk of Warsaw, 111.— the types of a new genus, to which they give the name of Acondylucmithus. Up to the present time we remain in ignorance of the teeth that were associated with these spines. They will probably sometime be found to be such as are known by the names of Cladodus or Orodiis ; both of which have been seen associated with the spnies of Ctenacanthiis. The spines of Acondy- lacauthus have a general resenjhlanct to those of Ctemcanihus, but are more slender than most species of that genus, and ma} be distinguished from them by the absence of all tuberculation on the i)arallel and relatively unifoi-m cost£B of the enameled surface. The base is also shorter than in any spines of Ctenacanthus which have come under my observation, though in this char- acter they resemble some spines of Asterojitychitis. So far as yet known the 8))ines of Acondylacanthus occidcntalis are con- fined to the Saint Louis beds of the Mountain limestone. Antliodus arcuatus, n. sp. Plate XIX, Figs. 3, 4. Teeth about one inch in breadth by eight lines in height; outline elliptical ; posterior face polished, gently concave laterally, more strongly vertically ; upper margin subacute, lower margin bordered by about five relatively broad and strong enamel folds, which cover the lower third of this surface ; anterior face equally divided between the crown and surface of attachment ; crown portion strongly arched and ^'i z^hly polished, its inferior margin somewhat bow-shaped, and traversed by a single deep and broad furrow; adherent surface arched laterally, flattened vertically; root low, ' Geol. Survey lUinois, vol. 6, p. 438. FISHES OP THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 209 tumid, irregular, proj acting but slightly below the arched margin of the anterior face. These teeth have somewhat the aspect of those of A. cucullus,^ N. & W., when seen from the posterior side, but they are less high, the band of enamel folds at the base is much broader, and they are more numerous ; while the anterior foce, with its upper half strongly arched and its single dtiop sulcus, proves it quite distinct. Among the species described in the report cited below, A. rohustus and A. simiiis (PI. II, Figs. 9, 10) are much like this, but neither has the char- acteristic dorsal sulcus of the present species. The differences noticeable are also increased in significance by the ftxct that all the species compared come from different beds of the Carboniferous limestone, as A. rohustus from the Chester beds, A. simiiis from the Keokuk, while the species now described is from the Saint Louis limestone at Spencer, Owen County, Ind. PoLYRHrzODUS LiTTONI, N. & W. Plate XIX, Figs. 5-6". A short description and a single view of a tooth belonging to the above species have been published.^ I have received from the Saint Louis lime- stone at Greencastle, Ind., teeth of the same species which show an interest- ing variation of form from that which was taken as the type. One of these has been figured to show this diflPerence. The root, it will be seen, is much longer in proportion to the crown, and the concave surface occupies not much more than half of the posterior face. These difibrences may be indi- vidual, but more likely are dependent upon difi"erent positions in the mouth of the fish. Living sharks and the few fjesil ones of which anything like a complete dental series has been obtained show considerable diversity of both size and form among the teeth which occupied central and lateral posi- tions in the mouth, and frequently a marked difierence between those of the upper and lower jaws. Hence there is danger that among fossil teeth which were scattered broadcast over the sea bottom such differences will i MON XVI- ' Geol. Survey Illinois, vol. a, p. 41, pi. 3, tig, 1. nbid., vol. 4, p. .%7, pi. 4, figs. 10, 10". -u 210 PALEOZOIC) FIgHKS OF NORTH AMEIUCA. I 1 be made the ground of specific distinction. It is desirable, therefore, that the range of variation in each tipecies should be determined as accurately as possible. PSAMMODUS GLYPTUS, St. J. & W. Plate XIX, Fig i. 7,8. Among a large number of fish teeth obtained from the Saint Louis lime me at Greencastle, Ind., are several teeth of Psammodus, which I have referred with some hesitation to the above species. They are oblong and quadrangular in outline, are unii«iiidly thin, and the crown surface is marked by a series of tuidulations which give them an aspect quite different from that of any other teeth of Psammodus T have before seen. Of known species of the genus those described and figured by St. John and Wortbon* are like these in being thin and undulate, but the peculiar roughening of the surface which they describe is scarcely a))parent; land yet much more material would be needed to justify the establishment of a new species upon this difference. Section F. — Fishes of the Coal Measures. The limestones and shales associated with the beds of coal and espe- cially the cannel coals, have furnished in North Amer'.ca, as in Europe, a large number of fossil fishes. Most of these are small tile-scaled Ganoids allied to Palceonisciis, but with them a considerable number of much larsrer fishes of the same order have been found, such as Bhizodus and Megalkhthys, and those belonging to the interesting family of the Cwlacanths. We also find here some Dipnoans (Ctcnodus), but fewer relatively than in the rocks of the same age in the Old World ; also a considerable number of Elasmo- branchs, which are represented by spines, as Ctcnacanthus, Edestus, Orthacan- thus, etc., and by teeth, as Cladodus, Diplodiis, Pctalodus, etc. Most of the Coal Measure fishes were apparently the inhabitants of fresh water. They include both Ganoids and Elasmobranchs which were among the largest and most powerful fishes known, such as Edestus, Ctena- canthus, Megalkhthys, and lihuodus. In the limestones of the Coal Measures, • Geol. Survey Illinois, vol. 7, p. 209, pi. 14, figs. 5, 6. J3 USHES OP TIJE CAKBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 211 however, are some fish remains which we must consider marine, as those of the Crinoidal liniestone of Ohio and western Pennsylvania, and the much thicker and more wide-spread limestones oi" Coal Measure age in the Far West. Here we find Petalodvs, Chtdodus, Ctenoptychius, etc., and in Arizona the only Pala-ozoic Pycnodonti: yet found on this continent. There are a few localities which deserve mention from the number of species they have furnished. These are Linton, Ohio ; Morris, Belleville, and Carlinville, 111. Probably there are many others quite as rich, but they have not yet been discovered or i)roperly exploited. The Linton locality is especially interesting and instructive. It has already yielded more than twenty species of fishes and nearly forty species of aquatic amphibians, all inhabitants of the same body of water. These are found in a thin stratum of cannel, which, over a limited area, underlies a , thick bed of cubical coal (No. 6, of the Ohio Reports), of which the place is near the top of the Lower Coal Measures. This is a bed of coal which extends over some thousands of square miles, and it is usually a soft coking coal, not unlike that of the Pittsbui-gh seam, which lies about five hundred feet higher. At Linton, however, we have evidence that the great marsh in which the peat accumulated that formed Coal No. 6 was for a time a lake or lagoon, inhabited by the fishes and amphibians to which I have referred. While this remained an open body of water carbonaceous mud accumulated at its bottom, derived froir the drainage of the neighboring marsh, which carried with it fine particles of completely macerated vegetable tissue. In this carbonaceous mud, now cannel coal, were buried the scales, bones, spines, and often entire individuals of the inhf-.bitants of the water above. Sometimes nearly the whole mass is made up of animal dt'l)ris. Many of the fishes and amphibians were highly carnivorous a. d powerful, as we learn from their teeth and coprolites. The largest of the amphibians must have been eight or ten feet in length, having strong jaws, set with numerous lancet-shaped teeth an inch or more in length. The largest fishes were probably not much their inferiors in size. After a sufficient time had elapsed for many generations of fishes and aquatic salamanders to live and die the lake was filled by the extension of its peaty shores into it— just as so many lakelets are filled and obliterated 212 PALEOZOIO PISHES OF NOETH AMERICA. at the present time— and afterward over the cannel was formed a mass of peat, which has now become a stratum of cubical coal seven feet in thickness. In the Linton cannel are buried fragments or entire individuals of all the inhabitants of this body of water which had hard parts— bones, scales, spines, or teeth— capable of preservation. Hence we here get a locally complete picture of the life of the Carboniferous age, and we find it to be unexpectedly rich and varied. In that age fishes and amphibians were the highest forms of animal life, and the amphibians weie comparatively new- comers on the earth's surface. Yet they had multiplied and diiferentiated until this little pool contained millions of them, varying in length from six inches to ten feet and curiously diversified in their forms, their scales and spines and in the ornamentation of their enamel-covered heads.^ The following is a list of the fishes which have been up to the present time found at Linton. They are described in the Palaeontology of Ohio: Calaeanthus robusiits, Newb. elegant, Newb. ornatiw, Newb. Palaoniscus (Eloniehthyn) peltiget-us, Newb. Eurylepis tuberciifatus, Nowb. corrugaitie, Newb. ovoideus, Nowb. intculpius, Newb. ornaiissivius, Newb. granulatiw, Newb, niiiiimi(», Nowb. striolatus, Newb. lineatus, Newb. macrops, Newb. BhUodus angiistua (tooth), Newb. lancifer (teeth), Nowb. quadratita (scales), Newb. oovidentalia (scales), Newb. Orthacanthus arcuatun, Nowb. graciUa, Newb. Compsacanthus levia, Newb. £'plodus comprenauii, Nowb. lattts, Newb. graciUa, Ne^-b. Ctmodiu aerratita, Newb. re(ioM(a(«», Newb. OhioenaU, Cope. The most striking feature in this group is formed by the species of Eurylepis. These were beautiful little Palajoniscoid fishes, clothed in pol- ished armor of smooth or ornamented scales, of which those on the sides are much higher than long ; the head bones are also highly ornamented with tubercles, granulations, or thread-lines. They vary in length from one to five inches, and, coated as they frequently are with a brilliant film of pyrites, tiiey appe ir as though wrought in gold upon a jet-black grousdi the most beautiful of all fossil fishes. ' These amphibians all belong to Owen's group of the Ganocephala, so named from the enameled plates by wliich their heads were covered. Their bodies were generally protected by scales or spines of various kinds. In these characters as well as in size they surpassed the amphibians of the present day— frogs, toads, and salaumnders— which are all small, and are clothed in a soft and naked skin. PISHES OF THE OAltBONlFEKOUS SYSTEM. 213 The several species which have been enumerated differ from eacli other in size, the relative height and length of scales, or the ornamentation of the head bones. Probably some of these differences are dependent upon sex, age, or accidental variation within specific limits, but the great diversity in the altitude of the side scales— from double to five times the length— and the linear or tuberculated ornamentation of the cranium seem to prove that there were at least half a dozen distinct species. Although so numerous in this locality that many hundred individuals have been collected, no repre- sentative of the genus has been found elsewhere except a single specimen which I detected in the collection of Mr. J. C. Carr, of Morris, III The next most abundant fish at Linton is Ccehcanthus dcgans; yet while perhaps a thousand specimens more or less perfect have been taken fr n one coal mine there, with the exception of a single one found at Morris no representative of this world-wide genus has been elsewhere seen in America. The ElonicMhys {E. peltigerus, N.) which appears in the list recurs in the cannel coal at Canfield, Ohio, and at Morris, 111. Perhaps the most interesting element in the Linton fauna is Ccehcanthus dcgans, N. This is so much like C. lepturus of the English Coal Measures, that I have been doubtful whether it should be regarded as distinct ; the only observed difference being the greater continuity and parallelism of the thread-lines which ornament the scales, jaws, and jugular plates of the Lin- ton fishes. They are at least so much alike as to show that they have been derived from a common ancestry, and that the inhabitants of the widely separated localities where they arc found came by migration from a common place of origin. The similarity, not to say identity, of structure in this highly specialized group of fishes is a striking illustration of the tenacity with which organic forms hold to their characters through long periods of time and in diversified surroundings. The migration of these fishes must have been through bodies of fresh water, necessarily very slow and through great changes of environ- ment, yet their very complicated structure, in both essentials and ornamen- tation, has been entirely unaffected by time— which would favor spontane- ous or inherent variation— and circumstance, usually supposed to have almost unlimited modifying power. 214 PALROZOKl FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. I The largest fislies of the Linton group are as yet known only by frag- ments, and we have therefore very much to learn about thcni The tesael- Uited cranium of Cfenodus has, however, been found nearly entire, '^riiis is a foot or more in length, showing that the fish to which it belonged was of considerable size ; but the few teeth of tlie genus yet found in this locality are disproportionately small. The teeth of Diplodiis are exceedingly common and some of them are of large size. In the largest (I), latus) the lateral denticles are broader, thinner, and more lancet-shaped than in any of those found in Europe.' The two smaller species, which I have called D. compressus and D, (jracilis, are hardly to be distinguished from those named by Agassiz D. (jih- hosut • but the spines of Orthacanthus found at Linton — which belonged to the same fishes — form two or tl.'ree species, which are apparently all distinct from those associated with the teeth of Diphdus in foreign localities. In several instances I have found the cartilaginous jaws more or less perfectly preserved and still bearing the teeth ; these formed many rows from front to rear, with many teeth in a row, lying appressed like the rear teeth of Carcharias, etc. Taking all things into consideration, the Linton locality is the most in- structive of all our known repositories of fossil fishes, chiefly because we have here the history of a colony which can be read with a good degree of completeness ; a kind of window, through which we can look into the Car- boniferous age, and over a limited area see everything that was taking place ; and yet this was but a part, and a very small part, of a great whole. There is no doubt that the species found here once lived in a thousand other localities, and with them were many others of which we as yet have no traces. The nodules of iron ore contained in the coal shales on the banks of Mazon Creek near Morris, 111., generally contain organic nuclei, and thou- sands of beautiful specimens have been obtained there. They are usually fragments of fern fronds, but are sometimes shells, crustaceans, myriapods, 'All the HpecinieiiH of this species found 1>»fore my description was published (Palujoiitolojry of Ohio, vol. 2, p. 44, pi. 58, fij;. 1) witc without a central dcnt'cle, and I gave that as one of its charac- ters ; liiit Mr. M. C. Read liiis recently sent to nio a large and finely preserved tooth, in which tbomiddle cone, though very suiall, ia distinctivuly visible. FISHKS OF THE (JAIIUONIFBUOUS SYSTEM. 215 scorpions, spiders, cockroaches, or fishes. Among- tlio hitter are three species oi Pala;oniscus, one of Amhlypferus, and two oi I'lutysomus, which uro described in the Palfeontology of Illinois. L.-irgcs ornamented scales of two or three kinds are also occasionally met with in the iron-ore nodnles ; they have been referred to Rhizodus, but it is not at all certain that they belong to that genus. Since the notice of the Mazon Creek fishes was published in the report of the Illinois Geological Survey I have received from there a single specimen each of Eunjlepis and Cakcanthus, probably not distinct from those found at Linton. In the shales of the Coal Measures at Belleville and Carlinville, 111., Mr. Alexander Butters has collected a large number of fish remains; these consist mainly of the teeth of Cladodus, Petalodus, Sandalodm, Orthopleurodus, and the spines of Edcstus. The latter all belong to the species E. Ileinrkim, N. & W., and are often disarticulated in such a manner as to show distinctly the structure and mode of growth of this singular organ. These I have illustrated with figures in another part of this memon, «nd I will only say here that in this species, as well as in E. minor, which I have from the Coal Measures of Indiana, growth took place by additions of sheaths to the upper extremity of the first segrient. This proves that the spine was all buried in the integument except the great compressed, enameled, crenu- lated denticles; each of which was borne at the extremity of its own segment or sheath. I'he spine is symmetrical, and therefore was placed on the median line, probably near the tail, where considerable freedom of motion would permit its being used to lacerate any attacking foe. I have suggested that it was cairied far back on the dorsal line like the spines of Trygon. I have included Megalkhthys in the list of American Coal Measure fishes, because I have found in Ohio masses of scales and bones which are scarcely distinguishable from those of Megalkhthys Ilibherti, Ag These are rhomboidal in outline, half an inch to an inch in length; the surfixce covered with brown, highly polished, punctate enamel. They occur in a black shale over a bed of coal at Mineral Point, Stark County, Ohio, in cir- cumstances similar to those in which the remains of Megalkhthys are found in England. If 216 PALEOZOIC FISHES OF NORTH AMEKIUA. Sir William DiiwHon lias described in his Acadian Geology a number of Carboniforons fisbe.s, of which those of the Albert niiiio mid Ilorton liluflf have been already noticed; most of the others are from the Coal Measures.' New species of Ctrnoptijchius, Diphdus, lUiuodm, Conchotlus, P.->(uiiin(>(lus, and Gymcmitlius are described. Of these, Conchodus is apparently the palate tooth of a Diptoriiie Ganoid, probably belonging to the genus Ctcnodus, and the Gyracaulhiis (G. dupHcafus, Daw.) is one of the most peculiar and inter- esting species of the genua. In addition to the literature of the Carboniferous fishes already cited I would refer the reader to the following papers : Descriptions of the Remains of Fishes from tlie Carboniferous lime- stone of Illinois and Missouri; by Joseph Leidy, M. D., Trans. Am. Tliilos. Soc, vol. 11, p. 87. Descriptions of some Remains of Fishes from the Carboniferous and Devonian Formations of the United States; by Joseph Leidy, M. 1)., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, vol. 3, 1855-1858, p. 159, Pis. XV, XVI, XVII. In the Second Biennial Report on the Geology of Alabama, 1858, p. 38, Prof. M. Tuomey notices the occurrence of spines and teeth of fishes in the Lower Carboniferous limestone of that State. He mentions teeth of Psam- modm and a, spine of Ctenacanthus "closely allied to Ct. kmiistnatus, Ag," and gives rough wood-cuts of this and two species of Cladodiis, which he names C. Netvmani and C. mafjnifcus. The former of these is too imperfect for identification, but the latter I have often recognized among the fish teeth obtained from the Lower Carboniferous limestone of Llinois and Indiana; very large teeth, with a central cone one and a half inches long and rela- tively small lateral denticles. The fishes of the American Coal Measures have been so fully illus- trated in the geological reports of Illinois and Ohio that it seems imneces- sary to attempt a thorough review of them here, but notes on a few new or moie remarkable forms will be found on the following pages^ ' They are referred to in Acadian Geology, 1868, p. 209. FI8UES OV THE CAUIJON1KEUOU8 SYSTEM. 217 THE STRUCTURE AND RELATIONS OK EDESTUS. Tho first of tlio reiimrknblo group of foHwilrt now included in tlio gonuH Edcsim wns brought to the notice of HcientistH by Dr. JoHeph Leidy, in bin deHcription of Julcstus vorax} The typo flpecinion vviis only u fragment of iin organ tlmt muHt have hiid ii length of a foot or more by four inches in width and one and a half inches in thickness. The portion figured by Professor I^eidy seems to have come from about the middle, and consists of a mass of bone composed of a series of segments, each of which carries at its upper margin an^ enameled, compressed, triangidar, crentdated denticle one and a half inches in height nnd breadth. In general aspect those den- ticles considerably resemble the crenulated teeth of Carrhnrodon, but show thir, marked difference, that like all tho cutting teeth of sharks these latter are flattened on one sitle, arched on the other, and terminate below in a bony base that hnd only a ligamentotis attachment to a cartilaginous jaw ; hence in death and decomposition the teeth were generally separated and scattered. In Edestus, however, the denticles are firmly anchylosed to a bony support. At tho meeting of the American Association held in Providence in 1855 another and quite difierent species of Edcstus was exhibited by Prof. Edward Hitchcock. It was considered by him to be "the jaw of a shark, but of very peculiar character," Prof Louis Agassiz, who was present, ex- amined the specimen, and gave it as his opinion that it formed a part of the jaw of a shark allied to the sawfish. Ho stated that "the sword oi Pristis is orginally composed of two bones, and if these sliould continue separated, each part, with teeth only on one side, would not bo much unlike the fossil." He suggested that the fish had a corresponding jaw projecting from the op- posite side of its head, and that both formed a powerful weapon of offense. He regarded h as belonging not only to an undescribed genus, but to a new family of fishes. This specimen was obtained by tho Rev. John Hawks in Park County, Ind., "in a layer of shale overlying a coal seam." Subsequently it was submitted by Dr. Hitchcock to Prof. Richard Owen, of London, who dis- • Jonr. Acad. Mat. Sci. Pbila., 2d series, vol. 3, 1656, p. 15i), pi. 16. 218 PALEOZOIU FI8F1E8 OF NORTH AMERICA. Professor Owon decided cusses its relations and gives a bad figure of it.' that it was not a jaw, but a defensive spino. In 18(; ; 1 describetl' what proved subsequently to be a fragment of a spino similar to that exhibited at Providence by Professor Hitchcock, giving to it the name of Edestus minor. A figure taken from a photograph of a nearly complete specimen of this sjjecies was published in the report of the fieological Survey of Illinois, volume 4, PI. I, Fig. 2, though wrongly named on the opposite page of explanations Edestus vortix. In the same volume, page 350, was published a description of a third species of Edcslus, E. Ileinrkhsi, and a half-size figure is given on the plate cited above. To these three species I now add a fourth, of gigantic size, which 1 have named Edestus f/itjaiiteus, and give in this memoir a description and a plate of it. 'rhe geographical distribution of these species t)f Edestus is somewhat peculiar. The first specimen described (E. vorax) was obtained from the Coal Measures of Arkansas; the second (E. minor) fronj Park County, Ind.; the third (E. Ileinrichsi) from shale over coal at lielleville, III, and the specimens of which a description and n figure are now published is from the coal shale at Decatur, in the same State. I should also say that I have other specimens of jE. Ileinrichsi from Vermillion Con ity, Ind., and Carlin- vill'e. 111., and of E. minor from Posey County, Tnd. Thus it will be seen that all the specimens known, now quite numerous, are from the Mississippi coal field; that is, the coal area of Illinois and Missouri, once continuous, but now separated by the erosion of the immediate valley of the Missis.sippi. In Ohio and Pennsylvania much more extensive excavations in the coal rocks and numerous collections of Carboniferous fossils have been made, but not a trace of Edestus has been fo,;!.d there. Hence we must infer that it never passed the highlands of t'e i aicinnati arch, which separated the western from the eastern coal basins. The material in which the spines of Edestus are found is almost without exception the bituminous shale which occurs so often interstratified with the other elements of the Coal Measures, and very frequently resting upon coal. From the black shale which forms the roof of a coal mine at Ikdleville, III, Mr. Alexander Butters, the superintendent of this mine, has taken hun- 1 ' Palajontology, 2d edition, p. 124. »6eol. Survey Illinois, vol. 8, p. 84. ;L FISUE8 OF TFIK (JAUiJONIFKUOIJ!. 8Y8TBM. 919 flrods of tho HfirrmcntH which onco comji-wod tlio 8i»inoH of J, SIikIUkIiI, Lornin County, Obio. S!!K • MONOOAA^N avt »UTI I MOta INQ. CO.. N, V. i \ PLATE II. <> in I PLATE II. T1TANICHT11Y8 AoAbc:?!!, Newb. (i>. 133). Fio. 1. Maudlblc, outside. 2. MaiuliMo, inside. TiTASiciiTiiYS Clahkii, No^vb. (p. 133). 3. Mandible, outside. 4. Jlandible, inside. All one-quarter natural size, linear. 1, 2, Cleveland shale, Slieffleld, Lorain County, Ohio. 3, 4, Cleveland shale, Berca, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. 934 iWWWBBB W J l *' . ' - t ■ _ m. -r- ' ?■ PLATE HI. ^i[ ti HmpKHMinnp It 'i PLATE III. TiTANicnTiiYS Clarkii, Newb. (p. 133). Fig. 1. Ventral f platB. 2. Suborbital plute. 3. Corncoid ?. 4. Siipra-sciipulii seen from above, sliowinfr condyle of nrticnlation with angle of cranium. 5. Posterior angle of Lead seen from ueliinil, allowing horizontal socket of articulation with Hnpra-Kcapula. All one-tiftb natural size, linear. 230 f '$ MONOQRAPH KVI PLATt ' MOBS CNQ OO . N. V. ■ PLATE IV. ^ I U PLATE IV. PiNlcilTiivs Tkkukli.i, Nowb. PlO. 1. Cnuiiiiin from oiitBidc, oiio-Hixtli nntiiral size, linear. 3. C'ruiiiuiii I'liim iiiHidc, oiic-Hixlli imliiral Nize, lim-ar. TiTANiciiTHYS Clahkii, Newb. (p. 133). 3. Suborbital plate, oiic-nintb natural size. TITANICHTIIYS AOABSIZII, Nowb. (p. 133). 4. Suborbital pinto outHidc, onc-Bovcntli natural size, linear. Cleveland sbale, Lorain County, Ohio. 338 U. • atOLOOICAL lURVtV WONOOflAPH IV( t-.A19 IV T- / w r ~^^^^^HF\ "* jm|r\'. Jm^A 'V, • il v /«k P?^ "'-'4' V 1^^. ^7 byiim. M. A. KNtOHT, DEL. MOSS KNO. CO.. N. V. \\ PLATE Y, PLATE V. DiNiciiTiiYS Terrklli, Newb. Flos. 1,'i. Riglit iinil lijl't pi'ctoral .spines, naliiriil size. Cleveland sliiile, Lorain Connty, Obio. 3. Hyoltl f plate, natural size. Cleveland shale, SliefHeld, Ohio. DlNiniTEIV.S INTKRMKDIU8, Nowb. (p. 152). 4, 5. Right and left pectoral spines, natural size. Clevolaud Bbale, Cleveland, Ohio. wmBsmmmBBsmem ■^aa^i^H U. ». oeOLOOICAL fi'jRVEV M MOl I |i"K « M A. ttmnuj, OfL. MONOORAPM XVI PLATE V PLATE VI. i HON XVI 16 .. ^* PLATE VI, DiNiciiTHYs Tkrrklli, Nowb. F1O8. 1, 1». Jugular i)lateH, one half natural size. 2, 2°. Post-clavicular 1 platOH, oiiu-half natural size. All from Cleveland Hbalc, SbutBold, Obio. 242 mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm u. •. oenioQicAL tunviv .viW^IVVlP." H0f«0ailA»H XVI PLAT! VI i|PlfPll,lLll|l.J,JII.IJI PLATE VII. il PLATE VII. DiNicHTnvs Teuhklu, Nowb. Fig. 1. Fin rays, 1«. Drtached ray. It" 7 iiiuavorso s'ictioii of 1". 2. 5.V0 capsule, side viow. 5f». Eyo capsule seen from uliovi'. All uatural sizf. Clcvolaiul shale, Sheffleld, Ohio. DivicnTiiYS connuoATUS, Newb. (p. l.')l). 3. Anterior portion of nianilihle from inside. 3». Outride of Fis- ^• 4. DiUffrain of h'ns of eyo of salmon enlarged, after Owen. Cleveluud shale, Sheffield, Ohio. 244 U. 8. QEOLOOICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XVI PLATE VII 3ft '*. HOLLIOM "i ¥.. A. KNIQHT. DtL. MOU KNa. CO., N.V. ) r ^Ain'i^fair'iaMtHrrftiitiifMf^i'r'- ii i$u21»^Btfi< ju. tii4|i!|i|i,i(i I iJMWiafclwllli inn »iiiftm li i PLATE VIII. 1 PLATE VIII. Dixiciiiiivs MINOR, Newb. (p. 149). Fig. 1. DoFHal .sliii'ld from abovo. 'i. Dorsal sliicld hhIi' vit-w. :!. Siipra-occipilal boiic, outside. 4. Supra-occipital bone, inside. 5. Maiiiliblc, outside. 6. Mandible, inside. 7, 8. ProMiaxillary tooth, front and side views. All uaturul size. Cleveland shale, Lorain County, Ohio. 4 246 L. PLATE IX. Mi. 3-t_P»»TT",tJ«^>T •■ T PLATE IX. DINICIITHY8 GOULDII, (p. 150). FlO. 1. Circle of Hclorotic [iliites. 2. Pi'uiiiiixillary tooth. 3. Siipra-scapula, outHidc. 4. Suborbital plato, oiitHido, natural size. 5. Anterior lixtrcniity of inaudible. Cleveland shale, Berea, Ohio. S48 U. S. QEOLOOtCAL SURVEV MONOOHAPH KVt WlATt IX V- I s^A ^iz^b^^mi- PLATE X. I 4 i .a> ^:^'^o. e.MAGE EVALUATrON TEST TARGET (MT-3) V ^fj.. lA % 11.25 12.5 am ~ £ Itf 110 L£ 116 Photograohic .Sciences Corporation ^^ ^J«. 33 WEST MAIN STRECT WEBSTER, N.Y. 143tO (716) 872-4SC3 '^ 1 PLATE X. DlNICHTHYS INTEUMEDIUS, Newb. (p. 152). FlQ. 1. Mandible, inside ^ iew. 2. Mandible, outside view. Half natnral size. Cleveland abate, Shefllold, Loraiu Co,, Ohio. 250 W^WBPIF PLATE XI, •t PLATE XI. DlPLOGNATHUB MIRAtllLIS, Newb. (p. 159). Fig. 1. Right dentary bone, outside. 2. Right dontary houe, inside, y. Right dentary hone, from above. 4. Left dentary bono of another individnai, seen from inside aud showing deep pit for insertion of ligament at symphysis. All two-thirds natural size. Cleveland shale, Sheffield, Ohio, 253 1 '*vi:; . '- i PLATE XII. fimi9\mi^«emm»M I, ulOLOOtCAl tUNvl< monooha^h iv< PiAfi avi M. A. KMIOHT, OIL. MOM tN«. 00.1 H, V. \T/ PLATE XVII. Fig. PLATE XVII. noLO.VKMA RU008A, Claypolo (gp.), (p. 93). Lateral plate of plastron T , natural size. Central plate of plastron T, half natural size. , •• Portion of central plate of carapace f, natural size. Portion of lateral plate of carapace ?, natural size. All from Chemung group of southwestern New York and northwestern Pennsylvania. 264 U. 8. OEOLOQICAL 8URVEV MONOGRAPH XVI PLATE XVII m PLATE XVIII. J TLATE XVIII. 1 Gltptopomus Sayrki, Newb. (p. llfi). Fio. 1. Head and anterior portion of body, under side, showing two jngiilnr plates and fonr lateral jnjinliirs ; also lobato pt'ctoral llns. On the Hanio slab are seen portions of two other indi- vidnals of the same species. Half natural nizo. Catskill Kronp, Susquehanna River, near mouth of Mohopany. BOTIIRIOI.EPIS Leidyi, Newb. (p. 111). 2. Portion of anterior lateral body plate, outside, natural size. Catskill Kroup, Maiisliold, Tio};a County, Pa. Heliodus Lesievi, Newb. (p. 86). 3. U.per dental plate. Chemung rocks, northern Pennsylvania. GYRACANTHU8 Sherwoodi, Newb, (p. 119). 4. Denuded spine, natural size. 4". Portion of side, showing ornamentation. . 4''. Section. Green Catskill Sandstone, Lamb's Creek, Tioga County, Pa. 886 I U. ft. OCOLOaiCAL BURVCV MONOQRAPH XVI PLATf XVIII ' M. A. ».NtaHT, DtL. MOM INO. OO.. N, V. ^^mm^^^mmmimmi^^ PLATE XIX. PLATE X I X. Onvciiohuh OiiioM, Nowh. (p. 71). '^10. li Iiitoritinrulibiiliir lioiio, with tcolli, nidn view. l». Soutiiiii 111' Miimii. Huron dhulo, IVrry, Frmiklin County, Ohio. 0ANOUIIYN0IIU8 ItKKCIIKRI, N«wl». (p. 05). S. Labiul margin of tipporjHW. Chninung group, Warren, Pa. Antmoi)i:s AiiciJATtis, N. &. W. (p. 208). 3. Tootli, oiitni(le. 4. JnHJili) view of largflr Hpecitnen. Saint Louis liiuostono, Oreoncaatle, Ind, Poi.YiinizoDrs LiTTONi, N. & W. (p. 209). 6,6,6». Tooth, outside, inNidu and section. , . Oreencastle, Ind. P8AMM()DU8 OLYPTUS, St. J. & W. (p. 210). 7,8. Teeth, upper surface. Orcenc.Tstle, Ind. " LABOnUS MAR0INATU9, Newl). (p. 198). 9. Palate tooth, crown surface. Greencastlc, Ind. DlNlCUTIIYS, gp. t 10, 10«, lOb. Three views— front, rear, and prolile— of premaxillary. PHYLL0LKP18 DELICATULA, Newb. (p. 97). 11. Scale or scute, natural size. Chemung group, Bradford Connty, Pa. Hoi.oPTYcinu8 AMKRICANU8, Leidy (p. 113). 12, 13. Scales, natural size. Catskiil, Tioga Connty, Pa. HoLoPTYcnius TUBKRCULATU9, Newb. (p. 101). 14. Scale, natural size. Chemung group, Leroy, Pa. HOLOPTYCIUCS GIGANTEU8 f , Ag. (p. 101). 15, 16. Scales, natural size. Catskiil, Tioga County, Pa. Ohthoplecrodus cabbonarius, N. aw. (sp.) (p. 200). 17. Terminal tooth, upper surface, natural size. Coal Measures, Carlinville, 111. 968 I u. •. aioLoatoAk aunviv MONOaRAPH KVI PLATI KIN A- HOLLICK It M. * KNIGHT, DEl, MO«S ENQ. CO.. N, f. i.- i PLATE XX, PLATE XX. BOTIIRIOLEPIS ],EII)TI, Newl). (p. 111). Fig. 1. Pectoral Ri)iuo atul iiiNulo of left anterior ventral plate. ii. Narrow prctoral .spiuo. ;!. Head with diiiiib-lK'H aperture. 4. Dorsal scute, oulsiilo. 5. Dorsal scute, piirtiall,v ilenuded, showiug keol of under surface. BOTHRIOLEPIS MlNOIl, Newb. (p. 112). 6-8. Scutes, up]ier and lower surfaces. Cliemuii}; group, Leroy, Pa. HOLOPTYCIIIUS OKANULATl 8, Newb. (p. 100). 9. Scale, outside. HoLol'TYCUii:s IIallii, Newb. (p. 114). 10, 10». Scales, natural size and enlarged. HoLoi'TYc'iiirs PUHTL'LOSUS, Newb. (p. 100). 11, U". Scales, outside and inside. HOLOPTYCHIUS BADI*.TU8, Nowb. (p. 115). 13-14. Scales, natural size. ; Catskill group, Blossbnrgh, Pa. SpiiENOPiionrs Lilleyi, Newb. (p. 02). 15. Clavicie?. Cbeiuuug group, Bradford County, Pa. 910 U. a. OEOLOOICAL SURVEV MONOQRAPH XVI PLATE XX M. A, KNIOHT, DEI. WOtt tNQ. CO.. N, V. HBHB* PLATE XXI. PLATE XXI. Mazodus Keplebi, Newb. (p. 180). Fios. 1-a. Teeth, all niiturjl size. ' Berea shale, Beroa, Ohio. IlKTERA'-ANTHUS P0LITU8, Newb. (j). 66). 4,r). Siiinmit ami base of spims n-.tural size. 4«. Portion of anterior snrfnco enUrjiel to show sinuous furrows. Hamilton liinestoue, Milwaul:ue, Wis. Sandai.odus chassus, N. &. W. (p. 204). 6. Con)i)lete tooth, showing posterior produced augle. 7. Tooth, nsniil lorni. 6. Tooth, showiiii; orowu much worn by use. All natural size. Saint Louis limestone, Saint Louis, Mo, Cladodus coscixnds, Newb. (p. 170). 9, 10. Teeth of avtiraso sizo, posterior facK; Fig. 10 showing central cone much worn. Clevelanil shale, Lorain Co'inty, Ohio. HaUPACAJJTIIUS F1MBRIATU8, Stock, (p. 203). 11. Spine. Saint Louis limestone, Alton, 111. 11». Spine, from drawing l>y Dr. R. H. Traquair. Lower Carboniferous, Scotland. Phtsonbmus stellatus, Newb. (p.' 200). 12. Spine, side view, natural size. Saint Louis iimestouo, Greencastlo, lud. 272 msm u. a. oeoloqicai. auflviv MONOORAPH KVI Pt-ATE XXI M, A, KNIOHT, DIL. MOIS KNQ. CO., N, V. i f* PLATE XXII. MON XVI 18 PLATE XXII. Arch^obatus aiGAS, Newb. (p. 194). Fig. 1. Auterior tooth, natural size, a. Second tontli, natural size. a. Outlines of ilie four teeth represented on Pla. XXII and XXIII, constituting part of Diar^rinal row with ends of an interior row, seen from above, reduced. 4. Protile of same series, reduced. Saint Louis limoatoue, Oreeucastle, Ind. m li 11 u. t. olOLooiCAL iunvfv MONOGRAPH KVI PLATI XXK M. A. KHIQHT, DEL. MOSS CNQ. 00.. N, V. UHlllil I PLATE XXIII. liipflL,Dip4ll I'IBWJB W ' r PLATE XXIII. ABCH.KOI1ATI8 tllOAS, Nowb. (p, 194). FlOS. 1,2. Third and fourth t«eth of oerie» represented on PI, XXII. 3. End view of Hecond tooth, natural size. GreencAstle, Ind. CTKNACANTIIL'8 C0MPRE88U8, Newb. (p. 108). 4, Spine, basal portimi, natural size. 4*. Section at iiiid<'.ie. 4''. Ornaniflntatinn cnlarKod. Cleveland shale, Shefflold, Ohio. Gyhacantiius inounati'8, Nowb. (p. 177). 6. Spine, NUMiniit, much worn. Cuyahoga shale (Waverly), Knox County, Ohio. 276 T u. t. dfoinaicAL Aunvffv MnNOONA^H IVl PtATf lilHI M. *. KNIOMT, Dtl MOSS fNQ. 00., N, V. PLATE XXIY. !! 1 i PLATE XXIV. Stetiiacantius Altonensis, St. J. &. W. (sp.) (p. 198). Fl(!S. 1, 2. Pectoral spine; views of opposite side-s of same specimen, showing diiference of breadth. Natural size. Saint Louis limestone, Alton, 111. 878 U. 8. OEOLOOICAL SUfl^FY MONOORAPM XVI PIATF XXIV M. A, KNIOHT, Olt. MOSS INQ, CO.. N.V. - 1 -i 3 i I PLATE XXV. ^i! .i PLATE XXV. Stetiiacanthus tumidus, Newb. (p. 198). Fio. 1. Spine, natural size. ISeri'ji grit, Berea, Ohio, 2. Spine witli tin attached, side view, half natural size, slightly restored from impression in shale ovor grit. Berea, Oliio. 2*. Spine Nu. 2 seen from above, half natural size. Ctknacanthus Littoni, Newb. (p. 201). 3. Spine, base and part of ornamented surface, natural size. Saint Louis litnestone, Saint Louis, Mo. ASTEKOI'TVOlllUS EI.KOANS, Ncwb. (p. 170). 4. Spine, natural size. Waverly sandstone. Grindstone City, Mich. HoPLONCHUS FARVULU8, Newb. (p. 170). 5. Spine, natural size. Cleveland shale, Bedford, Ohio. ' ACONOYLACANTUUS OCCIUENTALI8, N. & W., sp. (p. 206). 6. Spine, natural size. Saint Louis limestone, Alton, 111, 1 S80. - !| ■«7"i,""™'ai'w-i?«"!wy' ma^i'-" '»j«^'p'< 1 PLATE XXVI. ' PLATE XXVI. CTENACANTnt'S CVLINDKIOUS, Newb. (p. 202). Fig. I. iSplne, natural size ; view of anterior face. 1", 1''. Sections. Keokuk group, Kentucky. Ctknacantiius Clarkii, Newl). (p. 168). Flos. 2, 3. Spine, natural size ; views of opposite sides of same speoimeD, 2^2^ Sections. Cleveland sbale, Berea, Ohio. FlO. 282 Ctknacantiius Wuioiitii, Newb. (p. 66). 4, Spine, natural size; side view. 4°. Section near snuiniit, 4''. Ornanieiitiition enlarged. Hamiltou group, Yates County, N. Y. U. •. MUIOOICAL IUf(Vt\ MONtKtKAPH ICVI ClATt KXVt HOiL. 30. 31, :n°. 32, 32'>. 33. PLATE XXVII. Petrodub Buttkrsii, Newb. Dermal tnherclfis. Group of united tubercles. Coal Measures, Carliuville, 111. Cladodus concinnus, Newb. (p. 70). Teeth of small form, with two and four lateral denticles. Cleveland shale, Sheffield, Ohio. Cladodus Tekrelu, Newb. (p. 170). Teeth. Cleveland shale, Sheffield, Ohio. Cladodus tumidus, Newb. (p. 172). Tooth, poatOTior face and base. Cleveland shale, Sheffield, Ohio. CLADODrs U0Mi.\(iEni, Newb. (p. 177). Tooth, posterior face. Waverloy, GrindNtone City, Mich. GoNiODiis Hertzeih, Newb. (p. 69). Teeth of various forms. Huron shale, Delaware, Ohio. Calloonathus 8EiiUATi:s, Newb. (p. 70). Deutary bone. Cleveland shale, Loraiu County, Ohio. CaLLOONATHUS RE0CLAH18, Nowb. (p. 70). Dentary bone. Huron shale, Delaware, Ohio. Ctdnodus (DiiTERus) Nelsoni, Newb. (p. 89). Teeth. Chemung i^roup, Wiirren, I'a, CTENODUS (DlPTKRCS) FLADBLLIFORMIS, Newb. (p. 90). Teeth, large and Buiall forms. Chemung group, Warren, Pa. Ctenodus (Diptekus) LEVIS, Newb. (p. 90). Teeth. Chemung group, Warren, Pa. CTBNODUS (DlPTERUS) QUADRATH8, Newb. Teeth. Chemung group, Warren, Pa. Ctenddus fDii-TERUs) MiNUTus, Newb. (p. 91). Tooth. Chemung group, Warren, Pa. PutEBODUS POLITU8, Newb. (p. 173). Tooth ; pos+oric r face and base. Cleveland shale, Lorain County, Ohio. OrODUS RA.M08U8, Ag. (p. .05). Tooth. Waverly, Grindstone City, Mich. Ctenodus Waonbri, Newb. (p. 172). Tooth. Cleveland shale, Clei'elaad, Ohio. Ctenodu.s skrratcs, Newb. (p. 226). Tooth , upper surfara and profile. Coal Measures, Linton, Ohio. DiPTKRUs (Ctenodus) Siierwoodi, Newb. (p. 118). Lower tooth, upper surface and (irolile. Catskill group, Tioga County, Pa. DipTEitus (Ctenom's) radiatus, Newb. (p.ll9). Tooth. Catskill gro ip, Tioga County, Pa. ^^4 U. 8. OEOLOQICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XVI PLATE XXVII PLATE XXVIII. PLATE XXVIII. RnYNcnoDUS skcans, Newb. (p. 47). Fill. 1. Left maxillary tooth, showing iusUlc of cuttiug edge. 1". Section. 2, 3. Upper aud lower beak-teoth in their relative positions. Rhynchodi's cra«'!U8, Newb. (p. 41)). 4. Left inferior tooth, showing inside aud triturating surface. Pigs. 1-4, natural size. Coruiferous limestone, Delaware, Ohio. Ctenacanthus VETU8TD8, Newb. 5, 5^. Side view and sections. Cleveland shalo, Sheffield, Ohio. 2SC U. 8. OEOLOOICAL flURVEV MONOGRAPH XVI PLATF XXVril M. A. KHiaHl, DIL. MOSS ENQ. CO., N, V. PLATE XXIX. !! PLATE XXIX. Kir. 1 1» 2. a". 6. 6». HlIYNCHODUS KXCAVATL'S, Nowb. (p. 50). Ltift lower tootli, natural size. Hamilton group, Btuwu l)eer, Wis. Section, . Rhynchodus franoens, Nowb. (p. 48). Lower left deutal plate, outHide view, natural sizn, . Triturating face of Fig. 2. Cornifuroug limestune, Delaware, Ohio. Solid triturating angle of right lower dental plate, iuHide view, nivturai size. Corniferons limestone, Kelley's Island, Luke Erie. MACiiKiiACANxnus MA.FOK, Newb. (p, ;iO). Short and robust peutoral spine, upper side, natural size. Section of Name. Cornifurous limestone, Delaware, Ohio. Mach.kracanthus sclcatus, Newb. (p. 40). Pectoral spine, under side, natural size. Section of same. Corniferous limestone, Canada. Macu^racantiiu8 pkbacutus, Newb. (p. 38). Pectoral spine, upper surface. Section. Coroiierous limestone, Delaware, Ohio. ; I _ ■ I. ' .» ■ U. I. OIOLOOICAL lunVEV MONOORAPH KVI PLATE XXtX M. A. KNtOHT, DEL. MOBS ENQ. 00.. N. V. T -L J^jzL X Jjj JL.J\.JL., MON XVI 19 I PLATE XXX. Abterostki'h sTKNOCKPiiAU's, Kewb. (p. 44). Fio. 1, Cronlnm nvflii frnm iilxivn, oiitliiiH ciiiii|ile(iMl from another apeoimeu, natural alee. Curuiferuii.s liiuetttono, SiiniliiNky, Ohio. CoccognsDB OCCIDKNTALI8, Newb. (p. Oil). 'i. DorHoiiimliun pliilo. '^■. Ventroincdiuu plflto, iiiHido. . CoCCOaXBUS DECIi'IRNX, Ag. 3. DorNoinetlian plato. 4,4*. Veiitrom«(lian plato, oiitaiile ami iiiMiile vinwH. Devonian liiuc8toni>, 8coMiinil. Mandible. LlOON*THf8 SPATULATDS, Newb. (p. 52). WO ^T" U. •■ MOlOOiCAl auNVlv wnhoanAPH vvi »lati mhk MOM INO. OO.. N. V. I PLATE XXXI. PLATE XXXI. ACANTHASPIH ARMATU8, Newb. (p. 36), Fios. 1,9,3. Coplmlic plates, bfiiiring R|iiue. 2'. ' iimiiu'iitiitioii, oiil;ir(f<>i}. 4. ('c|iliali<' plulo, inKiili', iiiifurnl Hizc. Curiii'Broiis liiiii'stniie, Deluwiiri', Ohio. AcANTHOLKPis I usTfi.osrs, Newb. (p. 33). 5, 5°. Two lateral Nciites in natural position, showing onter surface, natnral iiize, .')K Four senti'S in relative position, ninch reduced. CornifiroiiH liinestor.e, .Saruiusky, Ohio. 292 'TT^^*r7?vr-T37- - rff(wwwj^>vu^»), i:v immm ■■i .m PLATE XXXII. PLATE XXXII. DiNiciiTHYs Teurf.lu, Newb. Fig. 1. Premaxillary tooth, natural gizo. Cleveland shale, Sheffield, Ohio. IIINICIITIIYS llEUT/Eiu Newb. (p. <')4). 2. Premaxillary tooth, natural size. Huron shale, Delaware, Ohio. DlNlCHTlITS TrBERCUI.ATL-8, Newb. (p. 98). 3. Supra-scapula, natural size. Chemung group, Warren, Pa. 984 • i -i 1 II V m PLATE XXXIII '■& / P L A 'I' K X X X 1 I I . DiNiiriTiiY.H Tkuhklm, Newli. rimide view of anterior portion of ri^lit niiin(lil)l<', vcrv lar)!;(i and nmoli worn by nse; a frag- ment brokfn otf by violence iintl fonnd Imried in the Hoft ciirlioniiccoiis mud which ouce formed the Hpa bottom, iiiid it* now the Cleveland xhale, nutural nize, ShelHeld, Lorain County, Ohio. 396 // I /J % .n9. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) .^-^ 4,^ €4^;^ ^> iL<:'/ '^< f/. f/. br 1.0 I.I 12.8 I ^.o 2.0 i ^M iu 11.6 r /: 'cr. w IC Saences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 145S0 (716) 872-4503 ^ ^^■^ iV \ s> % i^. ''i \ ^ A I :«f. R^-y\Sfl-rf,- PLATE XXXIV. i R^nin ^H PLATE XXXIV. GoNATODDs Brainkrdi, Thomas (sp.)- Fig. 1. Entire fish, side view, natural size. Horea grit, Indeppudence, Cuyahoga Connty, Ohio. 2. Kntiro. fish, allowing dorsal snrfacp, natural size. Bt'rea grit, Chagrin Falls, Ohio. ONYC'iionrs sic.moidks, Nowb. (p. 56). 3. Maxillary, natural '^ize. Corniferoua limesto^fi, L'«-l"iwaio, Ohio. S9B i i t s „ U. S. OEOLOOICAL SURVrv M. A. KNIQHT, DtL. PMIWIJPM'I liig.l IffgT'il^-ViW.J- in MONOQRAPH XVI PLATE XXXIV ^1^ MOSS tNO. 00., N. V. ■i PLATE XXXV. ' < PLATE XXXV. CCELOSTKUH KKIIOX, N>wl). (p. 190). Flo. 1. Deiitary Ixme, innidi?. 2. Dciitiir.v limiB, ou' ido. 3. Di'iitary bone, upper side. 4. Weathered section of tooth, Hhowing ])licatioiis nt base. All untural size. Saitit Louis limestone, Alton, 111. 300 u t. nroLOOiCAt lunviv t' I M. A, KNIOHT. OtL. MONOQUAPM IVI PLATt HHIV MOU INQ. CO., N,Y PLATE XXXVI. PLATE XXXVl. OXYCHODUS 8IGM01DE8, Newb. (p. 56). FlO. 1. Dentary bone, inner surface, natural size. 1» l"". Scales, inner ami outer surfaces. 2. Dentary bone, outer surface, showing crest of iuterniandibular teeth in positioD, natural size. 2». Ornamentation of outer surface, enlarged. 3. Internianilibular arcii of small irulivijual. 4. Deutury bone of small individual, outside. 4». Cross-section of 4. All from Coruiferous limestone, Delaware, Ohio. ii02 u. •. oiOLOoicAi. (unviv . . ■■^■4a> •^ ^^■fi^^l ^ • % '~V ,.—•.<•' " •.■Sff^H"*''. :% '♦^i^.- -'■■'■^•■' • ' f. aiLSKHT, DIL MONOORfPH XVI PLATE XXXVI ■'3*-' .ft-' PLATE XXXVII, t PLATE XXXVII. OxYCnODUH 8I(;M0IDE8, Newb. (p. 56). Figs. 1, -i. Jugular plutos. ;<, Eiiriro frontal plate. 4. Ant«ri„r half „f tw„ frontalg, in position. 5. Siipra-teniporal plate. ■ C. OperculiiMi, inside. , , ,- 7. Clavicle, inside. 8. Parietal f , inside. 9. Siilinpereuliini f , ontsido. 10. Snlopercnlnni f , inside. 11. Oporeuliini of small individnal, ontside All f.^nres, except 1), half natnial size. Corniterous limcstouc, Delaware, Ohio. ao« WMIiliMI / U. •. QIOLOOICAL lunvET ■%''&0: •■r sM-i. -,r ^fWik^ M. A. KNIOHT, OCL. MONOOnAPH KVI Pl^^t xHNVU MOSB CNQ. CO . N, V. PLATE XXXVIII. MON XVI 80 PLATE XXXVIII. Macropktalichthys SiLuvANTi, Nowb. (p. 27). Fig. 1. Inside of crauiiiiii, natiirni Hizo. 2. Side view of cr.imiiin, outside. 2'. Ornamentation, enlarged. ASPIDICHTHVS CLAVATL'S, Newl). (p. 73). 3. Dorsoniedian shield, one-fourth natural size, linear. 4. Portion of dorsal shield, drawn natural size to show tnberculation. m ^ U. 8. GEOLOOtCAL 8URVEV ^y'm M. A, KNIQHT, OIL. ' PLATE XXXIX PLATE XXXIX. 1 Edestus minor, Newb. (p. 225). FlQ. 1. Doi'ttl Hpine, side view, natural size. 1*. Section, natural aizp. Coal Mcasurt-H, I'ark County, Ind. Edksti's Heinriciisi, N. it W. (p. a25). 2. Doral spine, side viev, natural si/e. 2». Young spine with sin^^li) denticle. 2''. Sheuthing sogmcut carrying denticle. Coal Measures, Vermillion County, Ind., and Bellevilie, III, 308 i u. a. oEOLOoiOAL sunviv MONOORAPM KV( PLATI XXXIH *- * V^-WWW-'BP'Wii PLATE XL, ,, PLATE XL. EDBSTim OIOANTBUH, Nuwb. (p. 225). liiuial lialf of gpinp, sidfi view, natural size. Coal MeaHiirof), Dovatnr, III, no „ I U. S. OEOLOQICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH r V( PLATf XL MOU ina. GO.. N, V, A t PLATE XLI. I PLATE XLI. DlNICHTHTS f I'RECUR80R, Newb. (p. 51), Dorsoniedian sbield, natural size. Comiferous limestone, Sylvania, Ohio. m f I k f WONOORAPH XV PUTC XLI ^Wffff PLATE XLIL PLATE XL II. TRACno8TEU8 Clarkii, Nowb. (p. 167). Fig. 1. Fost-dorsolatoral plate?, hnlf natural size. 2. Eye-orbit with ring of sclerotic plates, inuer snrrace, natural size. 3. Mandibles, right and left broken at anterior extremity, natural size. 4. Premaxillary ? , natural size. .'>. Maxillary?, natural size. 6. Tubbrculatiou where least crowded, showing stellatiou of bases of taberclea. 7. Tubercles where most crowded, enlarged. Cleveland shale, Berea, O^io. 314 . li PLATE XLIII. I PLATE XLIII. RlllzoDt's ANCKi-H, Newb. (p. 191). Fio. 1. Auteriorha.f of mandiblu, natural size. Saint Louis limestone, Alton, HI. DiNicHTHYs Tkrhelu, Newb. 2. Pineal fontoiielle, inside, natural size. Cleveland shale, Sheffield, Ohio. DiNiCHTiiYs MINOR r , Newb. (p. 149). 3. Pineal fontancllo, natural size. Cleveland shale, ShefBeld, Ohio. TlTANICHTHYS CI.ARKII, Mewb. (p. 133). 4. Tooth T, side view. 4*. Section, natural size. Cleveland shale, Berea, Ohio. 316 ^ I PLATE XLIV. PLATE XLIV Cl.ADODUS Kepleri, Nowb. (p. 103). iio. 1. Under side of anterior half of body, showing head with eye-orbits, mandibles with teeth, opercular shields, branchial arches, base of dorsal spine, and pectoral lins; about one- fourth natural size. 2. Tooth, natural size. 3. Eye-orbit, natural size, somewhat distorted. From calcareous leuticular concretion in Cleveland shale, near Brooklyn, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Collected by Kov. William Kepler. Original in the Geological Museum of the School of Mines, Columbia College, New York. 318 U. 8. aEOLOOICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XVI PUTC XLIV PLATE XLV. PLATE XLV. Cladodus Kepleri, Newb. (p. 103). Underside of anterior half of body; one-foiirth natural size, linear. Counterpart of specimen represented on PI. XLIV. Cleveland shale, Brooklyn, Ohio. 380 U. 8. aCOLOOICAL SURVEY MONOORAPH XVI PLATE KLV MOIS tHQ. CO.. N, V. PLATE XLVI. MON XVI 21 J«s««"*'^- CI PLATE XL VI CLAnoDt's Fyi.kri, Nowb. Kntirn fish, natnrnl sizp; Hliowing n. eyo orbits; b, opercular Hbiolds, pectoral fliis; o, dorsal gpinof; (I, NCiile-likc dermal plates; c, ventral tiim: /, edno of eaudu' tin. Cleveland Nliiile, near Brooklyn, Cnyabona County, Ohio. (lollected by Dr. William Clark. Original in the cabinet of the School of Mines of Columbia College, New York. 328 I-- I ! in w ; i 3 ,: U. L MOLdMAi. tUftvIV ■W KAtt «bVI 1 f ■■»m.«^.- i PLATE XLVII. PLATE XLVII. DlXlCHTHYS IXTERMEDIU8, Newb. (p. (102). Fia. 1. Suborbital plate, outside. 1». Suborbital jilate, iusidc. 2. Autcrior liiteral viMitral plate, iuside. 3. Left maxillary conipli-te, Hhowiuft teeth on posterior marRin. 4. Riaht maxillary, ontsiile. uiiieh worn, showing maturity and average size. 4». Riglit Hiaxiilary, inside, showing worn surfare. All natural size. Cleveland ahale, Brooklyn, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. 324 U. a. OEOLOOICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XVI PLATE XLVIt MOia ttlQ. CO., N, r. l.,3 PLATE XLVIII. PLATE XLVIII. DlNICIITIlVS Tkruklli, Nowb. Pio. 1. Clavicle seen from the outside, onc-thinl natural size, linear. 2. Some specimen seen I'roni the inside. Cleveland shale, Slicllield, Oliio. DlNICHTHYS INTERMKDirS, Newb. (p. 152). 3. Ventral plate f Cleveland shale, Cleveland, Ohio. 326 MKJ ^ ;:! u. 1. aroLO(ucAL luRvrv M. A. KNIOHT, DEL. MONOORAPH KVI PlATt MLVIII Most IHO. CO.. N, V. PLATE XLIX. ".'WWH-'W^^-'^'^ :-?rv^-'i". PLATS XLIX AcriNOPHORUs CI.AKKII, N«wl.. (p. nr,). p,„ , „..,. P.c,.„. .n., „. ™. .."".- »' "«"• -' •-• ■""'°' """"""*' "" ■ ■ mandU.les and teeth, natural size. 1». Scales enlarged. CLADomis Fyi.kri, Newb. ...• „f 1, .,lv 9h..winK myocom-uata or septa .lividing them. 2. Tail and posterior portion of bod.v show mt, mj 3. Ventral iitiH, mil oral size. Cleveland shale, C'.«veland, Ohio. m P,ir~- -^^ cy^f-i'- ^ f~ ^ ;->Y-,;;T*^7;-T-y-r::,;r3^; ■_": ' -^■,'v;:y ,g...i. U. 8. OEOLOaiCAL fiURVEV MONOOflAPH XVI PLATE XUX ^^^.:*«i::^fj ^PfHiP i^^BSl PLATE L. '.iyi'-zk . ^Ji'ii^ ' PLATK L. ))iNiciniiYs TKUiiKi.i.i. Nfwb. FlO. 1. Plrtto lbr..ii..K i)ostmi,.r Intrrul .ii.kI.' "f .rHirnnn, natural 8iz«. Cleveland hlialo, Shenield, Ohio. Dink THYs *>). 2. Antirior ventral plato, natural Hize. Cleveland Hliale, Cleveland, t)lii<'. SW w U. 6 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH KVI PlATE I PLATE LT. Ill PLATE LI. UlMCnXllYS INTI-.ICMKDH s, Ntiwlt. (ll. 152). K.... 1. Kxt>.rior viow of cruni.nn. Hh„vvin« s.,....r.,i.al u..uxin»r.v^ ,l.t.. in ..oHHion. o„«-thir.l n..t,.r.il .. AZl!:!^Z.uiiyo, .,..,..,, n,„«:.U. M,..wi,.« ,.a«... ia. a,,.. „.■ ..i.u. ...at-K. o,u,.ha.f nat- :.. I.Iu! :i:w ..f Fi«. .. s.,..wi..« na.a, .n). vr-'.i.a. ,,.». -Hhnu.i.. ,)• an-l piuoal ..ntan.,.!., iu ctlimoiil plat)'. Cleveland ulial.-. ClfVflaiKl, Ohio. ■ ■.«2 -- r u. I. occloo(cal lunvcv WONDOnA^H H^i Pl*ri LI .r.% V^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) & i^"^^ .V r/. z. 1.0 !J t.ZO ■A£|2.8 |2.5 2.0 U 111 1.6 P c> /. ^^ / / Pk)tDgraphic ScMices Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRHT WItSTER.N.Y. M9M (716) S72-4S03 Ka «■ ■—www Sisass'ssi. % PLATE LII. 1^ ' IHMIU-ai^>^ PLATE T-IT Fk^ DiNicHxnrs intekmedius, Nowb. (p. 152). 1 i„.i.U,ofcrani»nMlunvin.Mn,.rf...t.«pra-Hcapulnrplate«inplacc,„ne.halfnatnralsi.c. :::;pi;;T-'oxter„al occipital- ,,parietalT, «,supra.«cap.ua; d. aorso.ne.l.an. 334 U. 8. OEOLOOtCAL SuRVfY MONOGRAPH XVr PLATE LII CS9 i PLATE LIII. PLATE LIII. DmiCHTHYS CCRTU8, Newb. (p. 156). FlQ. , 1. Rifiht maiulible, outside. 2. Supra-scapular, insitle. 3. Sclerotic plate, iiiHidc. 4. Sclerotic plate, outside. All natural size. ■> !■«— »»I«W =— a . p.'^.. 1 I INDEX. [Fit:ute» iM heav.v.face.1 typn luJicato ,m«e8 on whio) descriptions are given.] A. Acanthaapis, !15-3T. arniatiis, .-la.aT, 292. AcantlioiloH, ISS. pristis, 60. AcantliolopiH, asi-.IS. pustulosus, 34, 28-. AcondjlacatitliUH, "OX- occitlentalis, 'JOO-'iOS, 280. Actinopliorus, 1T4-177. Clarkii, ir.V»rO, :i2'. jEliil)ali«nariiiari,221(no(<'). AKa«m>!, AloxandtT, fl»i. ro.nains funnshwl by. 13. Agassi/.! I.., ciU.,l, 97, M, 101, 102, 10!., 110. 113, 114, .78. 1,9 180. 184. 195,199,217. AntliiKins. 18!). nrouatun, a08,a09, 268. . cucuUus. 208. Apciioduft, 108. Ar(lia>ol)atis, 184. gigas, 191,274,276. Aspiciiclitiiys, 26, r,9, rt|-»4. clavatus, »3,r4, 30^ ABpidorhynchus, 100. Asteroplychins elegans, ITO, ITT, 2«0. St. Liidovici, 176. Asterostous, 44, 4S. sii nocoplialus. 44. 290. Atthi'y, Hancock and, cited, 227. B. Tl^ikna T.P..cited,227. B.rrando describes spine of Macbxracan'hns under name of Cteuaeantlius liohcmicus, 29. ,>„„=„„ Boccher, C. E., fish ren,ains collected by, 60. 85, 8B, 90, 98, 100, 102, lo:i. Bothiiolipis, IOS-1 m. L,,idyi, 109, lll,lia,-8«,270. minor, I I'J, 270. Biadlcv.Fn-.c""'''^''"" "''"'''' ™""''"'*"', ,, m ,„...klaud, leeth of Clunncra Towns.ndii descr.M l^v, 49^ Biitters, Alexander, flsl. i-emains collected by, 200, J15, 218 22!. C. Callognatbus, 69-TI. rigiila is, 60, TO, 284. sorratus, TO,TI,284. Callorliyncbns. 40. Carboniferous limestone, flsbesofthe, 181. Carboniferous rocks moilo of formation of. 77, 78. Carbi niferous system, tisbesof, 75-227. Carcbarodon niegalcidon, 80. Uarr, J. C fish remains coU.ected by, 213. CatskiUgroup.Hshc-s of the, 106-120. Caudaxiilli grit yields only one fossil (Spirophyton, a sea- weed), 26. Ceplialaspidic, 33-37. Ciiamb(>rlin. T. C, tish remains furnished by, 47. 51. Ciiariicmlus. 19'.'. niarginatus, 199. Chcirolepis, 63. (;hemung group, fishes of the, 82-X06. j ^'"''Townstndii of Buckland, perhaps generioally identical with Hhynciiodns frmgens, 49. Choiriatodus, 31, 184. Cbondruateidai, 41-45. I Cladodus, 174, 185. c.arinutus, 103. concinnus, ITO, 272. Fyleri, 322, 328. Kepleri, 103, 104, 318, 820. Pattcrsoni, 171. Bomingeri. ITT, ITS, 281. Terrelli, ITO-IT'J, 284. tttmidus, IT^, 284. Clark William, tish remains colleoled by, 122, 124, 12S. 134, 135, 130, 147, 151, l(i8, 169, 173, 175, 181, m, 197. CUrkc, J. M., described Dinicthys Newberryi. 60. fish remains named by, 01. cited, 163. Claypole,E.W.,citcd,19,20 described remains of llsl. now called Holonema, 93. acknowledgments to. 94. Cleveland shale, nature and eitent of; 123. flsiics of, 126-181. list of iislies of, 130. (;oal Measures, Ushes of the, 210-228. Coccosteus, 132, 137, 141, 142, 143, 145, ll». docipiens, 290. occidcntalis, H'i, 53, 290. Cochliodus, 184. Coelacauthus elegans, 213. ornatuB, !J9T. robustns, 'i'iH. m> HON XVI- -22 i: 338 INDEX. Copts I'-"-";' „,.,,|,.,i bv ii'4. .•itca.no,ioo.2'-:"- ,.,.«. , C„;;if..r.m,Un..Mo....,M..."of,^6-32. Crossoiiti-'ycxln-' ''-i"' ,»\.normii<.K'>y"""'"' fc.rnuwiis. 1-" n,.rri>.oiil,202. LUtoui. 105. i»« •-'*«*• paivnUis, Ifi!*- Randnlli. »«*• a,,ciMos"i'. 10=. IM- : , tcnmstri»tii8,105. , cU'StuB, 2W>- _ Wris.Uti.«J,0«6»,282. Ct.-no(lu9,123.124.2)4. Ohioei.3ii..-J'-»0.»**- l,.vis,9l,2'^- minutuK. ftl.-^*- >-«li«oi.i, S».2»*- quailra*"". '-St- tb08,29. ni„U.Mlnv»-C«B«naed- ^^ j,^. 1 5»-» »•• 2«. 2«»- »"• '«'• iiitiruuMUiis, mo. •■'"i ;Cue;i,5^«4,«5..53,2M.. ^ ., Ki'wbiTV.vi, l'>;i. r"rr.f m »?'m WO. 142, 14a, 147, 1S3, 154, 158, 238, O40 242 24i,i»'4. 206, 318, 328,330. „,l,..rc..latu»,»H.2»4- Hililill'Ulltllus, 83. r>iiiliMlu»l"tu«,214. , n,pl0K..«U..,B, 150-161. ,„ini\.llU. 1 5»-«« '•->-•■ Wl.noi, 85-»05. Dlpfenm, ST, 227. l,ivl», «0. 284, mimitni.,»».284- N,.lHoni. H9, 284. rarti«tu« »'».28<- „ „«4 Sheiwoo'li***''*®''^ Drcpa"»<-aiitlui!>, 105. gcinmatim, 195. D«otjlodu«,185. ,M, 185, 105, 199.208. srri:-""-^^^^^^ "-"■■ 1 fish ■o.n»i.w <>>•«■•■■"*•' ''>''''^*- ! cited, 182, 187, 210. „,,..» umlcrlakfii by. I"- l,e«..,Ba«bfor,l,™icnmop»-. r..«u»c j,^„„ „, .js, j Delaware, Ohio, fiBh ren.a.nB tolleae.l 1-5 . 40. Dellodus, 181. l)emlrodu«,183,188,189. Devonian r...l'■»■ '"'«'" "''■-■'■, , „. .trati.n.pbi«l.UBUib..tio«..f,25. P6 Cewvlllc, C«.m2. 228- ' ' corrntiatiis, 228. llneatuB, 228. EuBtheDopteron. 63. Canada by, 03. O. Gauocrphala,212("°"')- I lianoidiil, 41-45. , ois AT 268. ! (Unorh5U.hnBlWcch«.»5»7. .^j^^„.,by.2». j oebhard, W. G "T ■;,:,, c,e„acanth«.al,nonni..«. lG"""=>.';;f'^'':^^:^.on„dby,51,125. ''"'"'•'• V«-»5» 160. 101. 198. 1"- verrucoaiB, « '»''•'•"'' Olyptohl'TOllB, 117, 11* Ul'vpC'lf-P'"' "'•, , . GlyptopomuB, 117. l'"' I Kiimairdi, 117- minor, 117. ,,„ „^ S«yrol.U«-« «»■''"*• . 1 Gonatod..". 125 (""'"I" INDEX. 339 GonBtodnnBralnordl, 298. (Jonioaus. «»-«»• nert7,cri, 60, 09, 284. r.nuUl, I.. T., n.U ren.ain» f"'""';,- *;,;/",;;, 47, M, 02, 00. ,i„..m- 'n,onm« A., HhI. remain.. turnWeU i.J , ()i-„,ll..T, .-ill.!. 183, 224 (note). GjTiiiftiilli""' 124. .Mlcni, 1211. Itiriiiosi:-*, '.18. inovniitiii'. IT» 270. Sherwooili, tl9.ViO,-M. II. HiBclieI,E.,.iU'.l,4.. Hull, JivnK-K. <■'""'■ ^'■''-•,„,, ,l„l,v,i.ii.ii.i.>l'-"'il»'"'V'>'"- HainiUmi pimV. """-•;''■.';,■ ''-''• Haiicmk ami Altl.i-y, cilo.l, -I- i;Uk«,.Ii'li"."*"™"'""'' '""'"' ^^' Hfirpncanlliii". Wl- Hnibliatiis, 'iO-i. 272. noli"l.atiHr.iai:i.i>.,22U.no(e). jjclioiliii', 85-87. irilibi'liilii". "•■*■ l,,.sl,.vi, 86,87,200. Her^/:«r;;..->a...,..-..awai...,0,ilo, !.,...« 50 00,61,04,09.70.73,125,140. H,.tevaiaiit'iii»,02,«."S,««- ,i(.Utlii',0«,'-72. Hi.k»,I,.K..itHl,12fl; sri::"-r:^:^.m22i.m Holncc'pliali, '•''-•'•'• Ilolmiciiia, »!*-!♦•'*■ v,,|:(isa,»:«-«S,2C4. Hol..piycliiii«,i«7^ Anii'iitanus, 11.1, •:o». ;igu„t..,is:10l,10-|268 pru.iilat.i^,I««.«»»'2^'>- Ilallii, ll».270. iiuntllliisill', •**'••-'''■ „ . ,ra.Uali.«-H5. ••«''-'"• tulmrciilatus, 101,208. Bhulo of Amliowa, and M.« dua 59 (..o,86. Lankexter.E.Ktty, 0110.1,19. Lel.lv, .I08..ia., fl«l. roumiim »in« .•,,alBCt..a Is , 85, 92, «4, 1 i ,^ , Wimani, «-h r...„.ii,« fonml by. .9 0.. ,r.„.,,Ohi..,li»t..ff-»i' «»'»•"'■»»»'' '''•2''- I.iogimthim K|,at«lat.i.i, 5J 290 UtW.1, A„ n.l. loinaiii" .ol oaed '-yi^o-' ;0*- __^^ ^ ^^ T..,,.c,t. .lax. fl«..v.-iiiai,i. ....... '^ «"'f, . ^^.U, „,„„, of, Lower (iaibmiiferiiii* r,..k. of Now L„wo:ci>-..«»"...-one,..tof..no,.ofH..e„.V L,e«,cL.«.«n geologic. plaeeofOrUkanyaacdslone, 23. M. Macli,oiac.mtb..»,28,29, 31, 37-41. l,m.|or,:l»,288. ,,oni,-..tuH,3H,W,40,288. .„.U.itiw,40,4l,288. S..llhaiiti,27,300. ,.„„„,„* Doiawar.\01iio, by,27, Mai 1 U i..,HahroraaiuB.on6cmlat ULia« Ma,.:aO.,fra«n.e„.aofP.a.oder.«sUe,.n,„..eaalo..o. Ma/..a.i«, •»»*-'*''^. „2 M:r:"k"K!^rei,,ainsf«r„UUea.,y.27. Mover, H. von, - '■""'• "'• Morris, .Tohn,»- Mvlostoma. 1«I-1«M»; ■ r,:s.'r.i..'."i«.*"« L. sr.-rsi,-'-;Si";..». ,, .,. ,K lins riiriii-fboa by, 90. ! , , ,, Ohio Ma.:U«haloi.l.Mitical with n«r..n«liale, Ohio Bbalo .11 l'">" "',f .,.vi a annio of a .ruata.oan nii-takon for that of Oncbiix Dowey 1, a 8i>i>. ,1 flsb, 20- Dn.husbanialns.iar.. 0„yei,..aa,,24;;:.^w.UM^-^ 1 "'■'"•"••,'.,■ \a 37 72, 221, 298, 302, 304. I Oracanthu8,33.3l. 1 Orod«8,18b. "•""'"frm'M.r-iO«,284. ra.iio^i." lo.', '"'• "" " -» ogo lortboi.l-.o.'-^"'^""*""''*"' 340 INDEX. Orton, K., fl'
  • 5, 200. Altouensis of St. Jobii and Worlben, 38. gigas, lO,*). ilellatin, -too. 273. riaeodi-rnii. :t:t :i7, Al-.t.-i. I4»M-I l-J, i:co, PUiiotluiiax AgaHHi/ii of vuu Meyer ideutical with Mtcro. ItetalielitliyB, 43. Pnisearantbus, 34. Pol>odou, 43. PoIyrhimduK, ISS. Ulloiii. aO»,!J10,26g. PridtaeantlHiM meurin, 61. veleHtllH, BO, 01, PriBli«, 221. INainiModus, 184. ^ ,* ' ;^ iiiili<|UUH, 20. - ^. glypluH.'JIO, 208. KiandiN, IBt, pl< nni, lot. Pteraspin. one o. tbo wtrlient known flabei, 1ft Pleri. htbys, TO. Ptycli«lim.82,fl;i,««,09. ' " caleeolurt, 02. R. Itandall. F. A., flsU remalnii colleeU-d by, i*8, 80, 80, 91, »«, 103, 1(1 J. Kead, M. C, Hull remains eolle, lid liy, 12B, 128, 214. ICInidinielilbys ( linealun, •MH. Khixodiis, lO't. lHi<. 18,1, IU4. '^ 'ep», 101-194, ^10, ililiinlll, 187,102. Itb>n('biidiis. 20, 49-91. , eiasxus, 49,90.280. excHvatiiH. 90, 91 288. franuens, 20, :0, 4H, 40 284. ~ (Irw:ii'l, .'•1,(12. oieidentuliB, 02. ■eiaiis. 20, 40, 4T, 4«, 280. KiiiKueUiiK, K. >'. H, denerlbed remaiui uf Ulnieblhyi, Dvw eslled Dinirblbjs ItliiyiielierKi. «U. Boiucr, A, ellod, :i» innU). Koenior, Ferd., cited, ISii, UoniioKer, (;., fisli leniains fiiruisbod by, 120, 177, 178, 205, itidion, 1 V,,ainl K A. Zittil on "eoncMlonts" of Pander, 14, St.,Ti>bn and \Vflrtb->n cited, :I4,:I8, 174,208,210. St. .lobn, Oieatea, cited, 100, 205. Kaudalodns, 184. craasus. '.J04, 272. Sauripteris, II'JT. Sayrc, Kobeit II., fisb remains furnished i>y, UO. Scnpliaspis, one of tbo earliest liniiwn llslies, 18. Scaiiliirliynclius, 43. Scbobario grit, fossils of, 20. Sberwoixl, Audrnw. tlsb remains collecttxl by, 85, 87, 10), 100, 112, no, 120, 124()ir)(.'),127. • , ;,:• , •. Spbenopboriia, 9I,0!J. I.ill.-yi, O'*, 270. ?j,ir<>pliytou, a sea-weed, the only fossil found iu Caudagalll sr'il, 20. SlelbucantliUH, fON. Altoneusi«, 108,278. Li'toni, 280. till .idus, 108,280. Stock, 'iboeias, cited, M3. Sullivan t, Joseph, an early collector of Hsb remains in Ohio. 27. T. Terrell. •! . li"!! leiiiains collected by, 71, 12,'!, 130, 134, 13S, 1,10, 144, 140, 147, l.iO. 1,^, 1,13, V,i. 1,')8, 100, 163, 16S, 10U,lli8,170, 172, 171. Terrell. Pal k. lUli leiiiuius collected by, 171. Tolraptenis, 148. TilVany, A. K., lisb remains furnished by, 62, Titaiiidilhys, i:iO-i:i9. Cliirkii, 131. i:i!l-i:i.1,234,23rt,23K,3l6, Aiiaasi/.ii, 125, Kll, 132, I :l:l, 232, 234, 2.18. Tracbosteiis, ini 1U6-I0M. flarkii, l.'i5. 167,314. Traqiiair, R. H., cited. 31, 80, o:,, 06, 109, 126 (iioto), IM, 139, 140, 141, 165, 187, 180, 102, 203. TrI'ttychiiis timliriatus, IMS. Tryjton, 224. Tuoiuey, ^1-, cited, 210. V. Van IWreden, 1'. .1.. Ilsli remains found by, 85, 88. Verueuil, K. de, on KouluKicul ploiu of Oriskuiiy laudstone, 23. W. \V«Kiier, Frank, n«b remains found by, 80, 123, 173, 174. Way, Andrew, Hsh lemeilis found ill New Vol k by, 84-85, 09. Waveily (iioiip. Ilshes ot, 120-120. liHoi Hsliei< uf, 121, 122. Wheeler, II. A , tlsb liliialns cidliMt.il by, 207, 226. Wbitriives, .1. K.iii pcrilMil Cunailluii IIh!i taiiiiH. 2.Vfl:i. WhiltliliV I!, r.acknnwl.'dirmcnis lo.Oi. 112. WiHidwsiil. Hem ), lossil tit,h de»erlbe