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Bangor, Mq<»> la 33 p.m. Bath, Me., xa 29 p.m. POR MEASUREMENT OF TIME Moncton, N. B..ia.,j SEE PAGE 773- i Montrrnl. Can., la 14 Tabie Showing the Time in Nashve icnn., n 21 Various Parts of the World when it is Noon at r/ASHSNGTON, D. C. Boston, Mas s., 13 24 p.m. Buffa lo. N. Y., n 52 A.M. | Camb'ge, Mas s., la 84 P.M . Charl cst'n, S.C., 11 43 a.m. Chicago, 111., II 17 A.M. Cincinnati, P., 11 30 A. M. Clev eland, P., n 41 A.M. Columbia. t;. C., ri 4 4A.M. Colum bus, P.. II 36 A.M. Danville, Va.. 11 50 A.M. Denver, Coi., 10 o3 a.m. Det roit, Mich., 11 35 A.M. Dubttqu e, la., ii os a-M- G aiv^ toii,Tcx. , 1049 A.M. H aHitoTNTS-Tig 54 P.M. Hamilton, Ont., 11 49 a.m. Hanniba l, Mo., 11 07 a.m. Hartfoid, Ct., 12 17 p.m. Havana, Cuba, 11 38 a.m. H outton , Tex. , 10 44_A.r.i. indianap's. Ind., 11 34 a.m. JackBonv'e, 111., 1107 a.m. JefTn C;^i k \Io., 10 59 a.m. Kalama, WT l .. 8 58 a.m. Kansas Cityy^I o- 1049 a.m Knoxv'e, Tinn., 11 3a a.m Laramie. W»T., 1012 a.m. LouisvilieTKyM 11 a6 a.m. Lincoln, Neb., 10 41 a.m. Little Rodt,Ak., :o 5 9A.M . London, Eng., 5 8 p .m. M acon, Ga., 11 37 a.m. M emp's^Tenn., n o3 a.m. Meridian, Miss., 11 14 a.m. Mexico, 103a A.M. AHlwau'e, Wis., xi 16 a.m. Minne apolis, xo 5 5 a.m. Mobile, Ala., xx 16 a.m. 1879, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. N. Haven, Ct., la 1 6 , N. F.o:iJon, Ct., 12 ; New V;):k, la la p.m. I N. Orleans, La., 11 o8J Omaha, Neb., 10 44 aJ Ottawa, Can., 12 05 p.l Paducah, Ky., 11 16 aJ Panama, 11 50 a.m. Paris, France, 5 17 p.mJ Pcnsacola, Fla., 11 ig 1 Philada., Pa., 1207 vA PitfsburjT, P.T., II 48 a1 Port Hope , Can., 11 ^4/ Pt. Huron, Mch., 11 34 ai Portlan d, Me., 13 27 r.u Pbrtsm'th. Va., 12 03 p.j Providc'c c, R.I.,i2 2Tp| Quebec, Can., 12 23 i'. Quincy, III., 11 07 a.m iiichmond, Va., 11 58 a Rome, Ga., 11 32 a.m. 3'. Jo'.'.n, N. B., 12 44 p, St, Johns, N. P., I 37 p, St. Joseph, Mo., 1050A, S\'. Louis, Mo., II 07 A.i St.. Paul, Minn,. 10 c;6 s St. Stcp'n, N,l>., 12 39 A Salt Lake City, 9 40 a.m Santa Fc, 10 04 a.m. San B'rancisco, 8.s8a.m Sault St. Marie, 11. 31 a. Savannah, Ga., 11 44 a. Selma, Ala., it ao a.m. S!^reveport, La., 10 57 a, ■ioiix City, fa., 10 42 ,\, 'I'crre Haute, 11 18 a.m I'oronto, Can., 11 51 a.m Vincennes, Ind. 11 17 a Vera Cruz, 10 43 a.m. Vicksb'g, Miss.. 11 05 a WiimTng'n7NC., 11 58 a Active Agents furnished with permanent and profitable employment selling mm mmsAL tmm ms comsiE xecmic, everywhere throughout the United States and Canada. An Agent wanted i every County, \ '^A This woi important o; compilation: for the great and the favo result; has b past, he has present an ii mation relati vital concern all-importani and to make plete, he haj works, when extracts incli diagrams for ist " and Hal the publisbei PREFACE This \rork is issued with the- design of supplying very important omissions in the author's antecedent writings and compilations. His most fervid acknowledgments are due for the great encouragement accorded to his previous efforts, and the favorable opinions expressed regarding them. The result; has been that, stimulated by the experience of the past, he has in the present work, made special exertions to present an immense array of rar<> and most valuable infor- mation relating to Commerce and the Industrial Arts. The vital concerns of health, home, domestic felicity, and other all-important interests, have also received due attention, and to make the information more comprehensive and com- plete, he haj quoted largely from his previously published works, wherever he judged it necessary to do so. These extracts include a few items for machinists use, and the diagrams for saw-filing, selected from the " Boston Machin- ist " and Halley's work " On Saw-filing," by permission of the publishers, John Wiley & Son, of New York, together 6 PREFACE. with a few extracts from the " Watchmakers' Manual," by permission of the Publishers, Jesse Ilaney & Co, New York. In addition to the matter above alluded to, many valuable tables are now published for the first time, together with much new and most important matter specially adapted for the use of commercial, manufacturing, and mechanical men in both hemispheres. A past experience of many years devoted to the welcom« task of supplying technical informa- tion to business men, mechanics, &c., has qualified the author to judge regarding their wants, and to act intelli- gently in endeavoring to supply them. Ilis effort has been to act as the harbinger of mechanical improvements and general progress, and he can say without ostentation, that the present work is the result of prolonged and continuous labor ; the best authorities have been consulted, and endea- vors have been made to make it plain, easily understood, and commensurate with the exacting requirements of this progressive age. Baking, Cooking Farmers, 8tock-o nary Receipts, j For Lumbermen, builders, 8hip-o Merchants, and Natural, Meohonii For Dyers, Bleacl Medical Departme Grocers, Gonfectic Tanners, €urrien Marble and Ivor Painters, Cabinet Organ Masnfaot Masons, Briokla} China Doooratois Watchmakers, Jei Silversmiths, Bu smelters, Ename For Bngineers, ] Locomotive Shof Power required foi On Water-wheels, Boring, DriUing, Mining, Ac . For Blacksmithsi' Spring, and Safe Machinists' Depart For Iron, Brass, Manufacturers, 4 For Mill-owners. Fi Fot Plumbers, Gas, Brass Finishing, Tinmen's Diagrams Facts for Gas Com tions... ^ Gunsmiths, BngraV For Prin1;ers and P Oil Manufacture, & Calculations for Coi Warming of Buildlt Sugar Refining, Coi Iron and Braes Tub turorg Gold and StoeVpra, GENERAL INDEX. rAOB 81 74 117 184 147 201 Baking, Cooking and Preserring Beceipts. . , Farmers, Stock-owners, HorBe-anoers, Liv6rymon*g and Veteri- nary BeceiptB, Bee-keeping, dec For Lombermen, Boilders, Contractors, Mill-own era, Ship- bnilders, Ship-ownerB, Navigators, Quarry-men, &ito|ie-oatt«rs, Merchants, and BusineBs-men ..:.,..,...., Natural, Meohanical, and Scientific Faois, Ac. . .v. , ,.>/,„.,:.'.. For Dyers, Bleachers, Hatters, Clothiers, FurjieMjl^..^^. jT.;.. Medical Department. Maintenance of Health, A<};-^,.......^.;v,; Grocers, Confectioners and Mannfaotorera' Departni^iU. , Tanners, Currier*, Boot, Shoe, and Rubber Manufactui'era, Marble and Ivory Workers, Bookbinders, 3{0, 240 Painters, Cabinet-makers, Vamishen>, PoHsfaert, PiianO and Organ HannfaoturerB, Gilders, Bronzers, Archltebts, Bdildelrii, Masons, Bricklayers, Plasterers, KalBominerB, Sintcco Workers, China Decorators, Potters, CrlaBSrmakers, 0teiner>, i^O....... Watchmakers, Jewellers, Gilders, Culorem, Befiners. Gold and SilverBinitha, Bamishers, Diamond cniters, Lapidaries, Sweep- smelters, Enamellers, 4c 807 For Engineers, Engine^iversj Firemen, fingine Bnilders, Locomotive Shops, Ac ,.,....,....... .^ .. . 854 Power required for various machines, Ac .........."....... . .485-441 -4l2 On Water-wheels, Whed Gearing, HydrauUos, Ac 443-696 Boring, Drilling, and Mining Machinery, Gold and Silver Minmg, Ac 448-581 For Blacksmiths, Tool-makers^ Cutlers, Locksmiths, Saw, Spring, and Safe Manufacturers, Ac 45T Machinists^ Department 446 For Iron, Brass, Bell, Type, and Stereotype Founders, Iron Manufacturers, Ac ........ •.•.•••••••••• ^^^ ^55 For Mill-owners, Factories, Ac 604-5.59 For Plumbers, Gas, and Steam Fitters, Bronzing, Lacquering, Brass Finishing, Soldering, Ac ^ Tinmen's Diagrams, Measurements, Receipts, Ac 583 Facta for Gas Companies and Consumers, Tables and Illustra- tions... 532 Gunsmiths, Engravers, Die-sinkers, Photographers, &o 543 For Printers and Publishers, Paper Manufacturers, Ac | 578^7^ Oil Manufacture, Ac 5.^3 Calculations for Contractors, Ac 131-S03-.'>57 Warming of BuiWitigs, Value of Fuel, The Compass 5e0-5«l Sugar Refinrng, Corn Starch, Button M'f rs, Ac 565-566 Iron and Brass Tube, Lead. Pipe, Cutlery and Needle Mannfao- turcra 5C7-568-.'i60-570 Gold and Steel Pen, and File Manufacture, Ac 571-572 s^ ^ ^. i ^,»^..l«j•■^Jj£.^ OBMERAL INDEX. ^ • ( 414-418 Portraits aad Notices of Eminent Engineers, d:o < 430-440 { 47;]-474 Smelting of Metals, 4o 688-584-686 Useful Items for Daily Remembrance 587 Interest Table at and 7 per cent 597 Ready Reckoner for Coal, Hay, Ac, at any rate per ton S08-2M) Ready Reckoner for Pounds, Yards, Bushels, dkc, at sight.... 600-604 Expectancy of Life, Weight, Stature, &c. , of Man 605 Weights of Cast Iron Pipe from 1 to 22 ins. diam 60tt Weights of Brass, Copper, Steel. Lead, Plate Iron, FUit Cast Iron, Wrought Iron Pipe, Planting Table, Ac 607 Torsional Strength of Metals, Capacities, Size and Weight of Coppers, Weight of Square and Round Cast Iron 608 Weights of Round, Square, and Plat Cast Iron, Flat Steel, Moulders' and Pattern Makers* Tables 608 Strength of Iron Columns, Capacities of Cisterns, Weights of Cordwood, Arithmetical Signs and their Signification 610 Ready Reckoner Table for Board, Wages. Rent, Ac, Weight of Lead Pipe. Different Sizes, Capacities of Cnbs, Boxes, 4c 595-611 Diameters, Circumferences and Areas of Circles 612-615 Diameter, Ac, of Circles, Contents of Vessels in Gallons, Area in Feet ^ *^® Scantling and Timber Measurement Tables 617-618 Lumber Measurement at Sigl^ 1 inch board measure 619 Lumber and Log Measurement, j^et Proceeds of l4>gSi Ac 620 Cubical Contents of Round Logs. Masts, Spars, Ac f 21 Gordwood and Bark Measurement at Sight.... 623 Miscellaneous Tables for Mechanics 623-684 Rules Tables, Ac. , for Engineers and Mill-owners, . Ao 635-687 Facts, Calculations, Ac, for Agriculturists, Ao 68S-727 Geological Facts, with Diamm 728-735 Age, Origin, and Ultimate Duration of the Earth 735-746 Tables, Estimates, Ac, for Printers and Publishers 746-760 Information Concerning Patents 760-763 Facts Relating to Human Life, Population of the Globe, High- est Mountains, Longest Rivers, Ac 763-772 Measurement of Time, the Circle, Zones, Ac 778-775 On Telegraphy, Photography, Ao 776-784 On H untiM^ and Trapping 785-791 Dtreotions, Tables. Ac. , for Merchants and Book-keepers 791-803 Business Forms for Merchants, Mechanics and Farmers 808-825 Special Laws of 49 States, Territories and Provinces •. . . 828-923 Facts, Tables and Processes Relating to Metallurgy, Gold and Silver Mining, Treatment of Ores, Ac 984-951 Quartz Maohinery, Stamp Battery, Ao 1 ...... . 954-955 Metallurgy of Gold— full details, Illustrated ,. .:..., 957-9fi0 Metallurgy of Silver— complete details, Illustrated...'..:.;::.. 960-981 Description of Furnaces used mKoasting Ores 982-991 Blowpipe Assay, Fluxes, Hydrostatic Weighing, Cupellation... 991-995 To Identify and Test Metallic Ores, Chemistry, Geognostio Situation. Ac, of Metals 995-1008 Dry and Humid Assay of Ores, Reduction of Photographio Wastes, Ao ..1009-1018 Valuable Processes in Various Trades 1013-1010 BAKING NoTE.--The ( fbrmulsE; may be in any desired i teriftls nsed. Hop Tbast.— of good flour in i make it into a st the hop-water in 4^ qts. stock yea until it drops. Stock ob Mai water for about among 8 lbs. of paste, working it of the liquid to t any remaining h and 6 qts. stock } and falls again. ^ a hair s!eve and £ water might beat COMPRESBBD 1^ ie obtained by sti leries until a mo bags, and the res dry. It is then ff will keep a long Vienna Bread. Fbbmekt.— Boi in a ferment tub; all thoroughly tog to make it milkwi allowing it to rise as it is liable to so NoTB.— Good J may be made by 1 when about done, 8ut 12 lbs. flour ii le hop-water; i rubbing tlie potatt St ,>ir>-w 1* BAKING AND COOKING DEPARTMENT. NoTR."The observaut tradMman wiU notice that the followtng formalse raay be adapted for smaller quantities, or for household ose, in any desired instance, by a proportionate subdivlaion of the ni»> terials nsed. Hop Tbast.— Boil 9 oza. of hops with 3 pails of water ; pat 9 Iba. of good flour in a tub, and strain enongh of the hop-water over it to m^a it into a sti£C paste ; beat it up thoionghly ; strain in the rest of the hop-water into the paste : let it stand until lulcewarm ; then add 4.^ qts. stock yeast It will rise 1 to 8 inches, but do not diatorb it until it drops. Stock ob Mai.t Teast.— Boil 12 oss. onpod hops with 4 palls o( water for about 5 minutes; then strain off enough of ^e liquid •mong 8 lbs. of good sifted flour in a tub, to render it into a stiff paste, working it ap tborooghlv with a clean stick ; then add the rest of the liquid to the paste: tet it stand till lukewarm, and pnlrerize any remaining lumps with your Augers. Now add about 8 lbs. malt and 6 qts. stock yeast; allow it to work in a warm place till it rises and fiuis again, which wiU occupy from 8 to 12 hours; strain through a hair sieve and stand in a cool {riaoe. In warm weather 4 gals, cold water might be added to the above, previous to stocking it away. CoMPKESSED Tkast,— This yeast, so extensively usm in Europe, Is obtained by straining the common yeast in breweries and distll« leiies until a moist mass is obtained, which is tiien placed in hair bags, and the rest of the water pressed out until the mass is nearly dry. It is then sewed np in strong linen bags for transportation. It will keep a long time, and la very higlily esteemed by oakeis. See VUmna Bread, FsBMEKT.— Boil 2 peeks of good potatoes, strain, and jdaee them In a ferment tub; add 8 or 9 lbs. flour, and, with a masher, intermix all thoroughly together and turn in, say, 6 or 8 gals, water, or enough to make it milkwarm : add 2 gals, stock yeast, set it in a warm plaois, allowing it to rise and fall, not letting it stand very long after it falls, as it is liable to sour in warm weather; strain, and all u ready. Note. — Good yeast for the puirpose of renewing your old stock may be made by boiling a peckof clean potatoes in 4 pails of water; when about done, add il ozs. hops, and boil the potatoes until soft: 6ut 12 lbs. flour into a dean tub; make into a stiff paste with part oi le hop-water; next add the whole, including potatoes ana hop% ruMlhig tiie potatoes through a coarse sieve, letting it stand till luke* » ,m r 10 BAKING AND COOKINO RECEIPTi irarra; then stock away. This is for renewing your old malt or hof yeuat when the latter riius oat, and not (or goueral use; or it may b« substituted by yeast from another shop. SsmNQ SpoNaB.— For a quantity of, say, 3 barrels of flour., put it in the trough ; sift it ; add 4^ pails of ferment, and about 4^ ^ water (cold water during warm weather, and warm water during coil); in- kermix and work it up smooth, allowing it to rise and fall, when it la ready. A delav Jln the process, for the space of 30 n.lnutes or so, may bo effeQtodf, if desired, by the addition uf a handful of salt wheu the sponge is being set Tlie sponge being ready, 9 lbs. of salt, in- cluding the last mentioned, are now weighed, dissolved, and turned Into the sponge, together with pails of water (of 2^ gals, to eacli pail): mix all thoroughly and knead the dough, letting n get a good proof, when it will be ready to mix up into loaves. A gO(^ method for warm weather to work flour that is new and soft, is to make your dough right up, straining in all vour ferment, salt and water, with- out setting any sponge. When the dough riata well, work it down, turning up tlie sides, and allow it to rl»e once more previous to throwing it out of the trough, adding alum if desired. With (lour that works soft and clammy, requiring 9 lbs. of salt to the batch, omit 4^ pounds, and substitute 2^ lbs. alum, 1 lb. of alnm being equivalent to 2 lbs. salt. Alum assists inferior flour in making white bread. The rule here laid down is 8 ozs. salt to each pail of water, but a little more might be used occasionally with benefit. LoKDOX White Bhead.— The common proportions nsed by the Loudon bakers, are: Flour, 1 sack; common salt, 4.^ lbs. ; alum, 5 ozs. ; veast, 4 pts. ; warm water for the sponge, about 3 gals. Tlie alum is used for the purpose of whiteninff the bread, but Liebig has demonstrated thaf< this purpose may be better subserved by the use of dear lime water in mixing up the dough. It is the commendable ambition in the English bakers to Impart that peculiar tint so highly prized by connoisseurs, and so success- fully produced at Yienua and Paris. At Vienna, it has long been known that if th« hearth of an oven be cleaned with a moistened wisp of straw, the crust of bread baked in it immediately after pre- sents a rich yellow tint; the theory is that the aqueous vapor retained in the oven has a beneficial effect. The proper temperature of the oven Is between 200^ and 225o Centigrade, equivalent to 424^ and 480° Fahr., and may be known by the emission of sparks from a piece of wood rubbed on the oven. The dough loses Vkhont l-7th of its weight if baked iu batches, but fully i if baked in small loaves and placed in the oven separately. The best bread contains about ll-16ths of its weight of added water, and common bread often much more than \. The proportion of wa- ter iu the London bread has greatly increased of late years, owing to the use of the fraudulent' method of making the dough with rice jelly or moss jelly, in which Iceland moss, Irish inoss, or other moss- es are used, by boiling 7 lbs. of moss iii 10 gals, of water, and using the resultant jelly in making 70 lbs. of flour into dough, which is then fermented and baked in the usual way. It is said that flour treated in this way will yield fully double its weight of good bread. According to Heern, 100 lbs. of wh eaten flour will yield at least 125 to 126 lbs. of bread— some say 135 lbs. ; 100 lbs. of rye meal, 131 lbs. of bread. A i oz. carbonate of magnesia, added to tlie flour tor a 4-lb. loaf, made from Paris B from the pi as will n^ r^ij has risen, 8 day's bakin then addeil As soon Hs shortly afto out toucliin, Tho Skcj bread, conf< water and n ozs. Accon compare fav llie fresh pr masli in act! must lie repc yeast settles the water ha hydraulic pn tie, dough-lil is the pressec ir.uch longer The mixing lined trough ; Then with a i ter are poureS ature of the n one end of th( portion oi the next crumble< ozs. to every 3 tion is hitermj and left undls flour Is incorp The mass oi smooth, tenaci indentation wi pound masses pieces, each | : are brought to the lump is rei fermentation, bemg introduc stored to thei] volume, to be i size of the ori^ and the baking are touched in which besides brilliancy of tl grateful su na li' • BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. 11 ^•Ib. loaf, materially improves the qaality of the bread eveu when made from the very worst Becondo flour. Paris Bakrr's White Brbad.— Oa 80 lb«. of the doagh left from the previoua day's baking, as much luke-warm water is poiired as will make 320 lbs. flour into a rather thin dough. As soon as this has risen, 80 lbs. are t^aken out and reserved iu a warm place for ne.Tt day's baking. One pound of di^/ yecut dissolved iu warm water is then added to the remaining portion, and the whole lightly kneaded. As soon as It is sufllciently "' risen," it is then made ii to loaves, and shortly afterwards baked, the loaves being placed iu the oven with« out touching each other, so that they may be " crusted" all round. Thb Skcrets of Yiknna Bread.— The proportions of Vienna bread, confessedlv inferior to none in the world, are: Flour 100 lbs. ; water and milk, 9 gals. : salt, G lbs. 4 ozs. ; pressed yeast, 18 lbs. 12 ozs. According to Prof. Uorsford, good fresh middlings flour will compare favorably with the average Hungarian flour used in Vienna, llie fresh pressed yeast is obtained by skimming the froth f rou beer masli in active fermentation. This contains the upper yeast, which must1)e repeatedly washed with cold water until onl^ the pure whit '^ yeast settles clear from the water. This soft, tenacious mass, after the water has beeu drawn off, is gathered into bags and subiected to hydraulic pressure, until there remains a semi-solid, somewnat brit< tie, dough-like substance, still containing considerable water. This is the pressed yeast, which will keep for eighty days in summer, an ' much longer on ice. For use it should be fresh and sweet The mixing is commenced by emptying the flour sacks into a rinc* lined trough about 2^ feet w'de and 8 feet long, half round in form. Then with a pail holoiu,^ f-.i it 6 gals., equal parts xly as limpid water among tiie flour, forming a pasty mass of tiie requisite tenacity. The pressure is now withdrawn, and the gas escapes from the water, and in domg so, raises the dongh in a beautiful and rapid manner, the intermixture being thorough and complete. The mixing vessel may have, say, an inter- nal capacity of IG oushels ; to fill wis with the inflated bread dough onlv.^ bushels of flour are - required. In the intermixture of water witn flonr the pasty mass measures rather less than half the bulk of the original dry flour, or about 1^ bushels instead of 3^, the expand- ed dough represents nearly 6 parts gaseous to one solid. The subse- quent naking expands it to a much greater extent, making the proportions of gaseous to solid in all about 10 to 1. It must be self- evident that this bread is very pure, nothing but flour, water, and salt, being used, and reliable experiments have demonstrated that 118 loaves can be made from the same weight of flour which by feiv mentation will make only 105 or 106, the loss in the latter being caused by the emission of carbonic acid gas through the dongh dur- ing the process of fermentation and manufacture. In baking this bread, it has been found necessary to have the heat admitted through the bottom of the oven, with means of regulating the heat of the top, so that the bread is cooked through the bottom, and the heat subse- quently admitted above towards the last, in order to perfect the top crust. These precautions are taken owing to the low temperature of the dough when placed in the oven, caused by the use, of cold water in the baking process, and the sudden expansion on rising inducing a temperature of 40<> Fahr., lower than ordinary fermented dough. This in connection with its slow springing imtil it reaches the boiling point, renders it desirable to delay the formation of the top crust until the last moment Another Aerated Bread.— 1. Dissolve 1 oz. of sc«qui-carbon- ate of ammonia in water, sufficient to make 7 lbs. of flour into a dongh, which must be formed into loaves, and baked immediately. 2 Divide .3 lbs. flour into two portions : mix up the first with water, holding in solution 2 ozs. bicarbonate of soda ; then mix the second portion of flour with water, to which 1 oz. of muriatic acid has been added ; knead each mass of the dough thoroughly. When this is done, mix both portions together as rapidly and perfectly as possible, form the mass into loaves and bake immediately. This bread con- tains no yeast, and is very wholesome. JVbte.— Carbonate of mag- nesia and muriatic acid ch&mically combined, form common salt. Hbaltht Mixed B'ltEAD. — Boil 8 lbs. of rice to a sc/ft pulp in water ; pare and ooo^i: by steam 6 lbs. of your best potatoes, mash your potatv?8 and rcb them up with rice pi^lp ; add to the whcde 6 lbs. flour It stand a AlfOTHI pared and steamed o; warm, ad ats. milk-1 lepotatoc and let it t French bag, giving hours tUl i flour ; add the dough doat them : Dyspepb proved hig quarts unb 1 gill off re teaspoonfu For the i they are sn minutes' ba additional f loaf require StrpERio] buckwheat i ficiently co< yeast, and enough to m risen light, b sour while r dissolved in way, using i CORN-MEi a pint of (thi about a half rise and then C!orn-Mea three pints c spoonfuls of stand in a w( wheat flour, i hours, then p rise a few mi CJorn-Mea (ftblespoonfuj stir it well th of cold water beaten eggs, 1 hour In a m night. Best Bost< lbs. rye meal toough; strain BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. 18 Ikw. floiir , make alliuto a dough with water, fennent with yeast, lei It stand a proper lengtb of time,* and then place it hi the oveu tobalce. ▲nothbb BxoEiiLENT Bbead.— Kiiead 21 lbs. flout with 9 lbs ol pared and mashed potatoes, from which the water has been well •teamed o£f previous to mashiug : mix t(M;ether while the potatoes ax* warm, adding about 3 or 4 spoonfuls of salt Then add abont 8 ats. milk-warm water, with large spoonfuls of yeast gradually to le potntoos and flour ; knead and work it well into a smooth doughy and let it stand 4 hours before putting into the oven. F&ENOH Bbkad.— Tuke nice rice, £ lb. ; tie it up in a thick linen bag, giving it enough room for it to swell : boil from three to four hours till it becomes a perfect paste ; mix while warm with 7 lbs. flour ; adding the usual quantities of yeast, salt, and water. Allow tlie dough to work a proper time near the flxe, then divide into loaves, dust them in, and knead vigorously. Dyspepsia Bread.— The following receipt for making bread has proved highly salutary to persons afflicted with dyspepoa, viz. :— 3 quarts unbolted wheat meal ; 1 quart soft water, warm but not hot : 1 gill of fresh yeast ; 1 gill mola&: ^a, or not, as may suit the taste ; 1 teaspoonf ul of saleratus. lor the sake of the industrious house-wife, and not for bakers, as they are 8upi>osed to know already, it may bie well to state that 90 minutes' baking will suffice for 1 lb. loaves and cakes ; and 16 minutes Additional for every lb. after the first for larger ones. Thus a 1 lb. loaf requires ^ hour, a 2 lb. loaf | hour, and a 4 lb. loaf 1^ hour. StTPEBioR Bread from Buckwheat Mbai..— To 2 qts. of sifted buckwheat meal, add hot water enough to wet the same, when suf- ficiently cooled, add 1 t^aspoonfulor more of salt, half a pint of yeast, and half a teaspoonful of molasses ; then add wheat flour enough to make it into loaves (it should be kneaded well) ; and when risen light, bake or steam it three or more hours. If tiiis should get sour while rising, add a teaspoonful of sugar and a little saleratus, dissolved in watot. For bread from Indian meal proceed in the same way, using it instead of buckwheat meal. CoBN-MEAti Bread, No. 1.— Take 2 qts. of com meal, with about a pint of (thin) bread si)Ongo, and water enough to wet it ; mix in about a half a pint of wheat flour, and a tablespoonf ul of salt ; let it rise and then knead weil the second time ; bake 1^ hours. Cobn-Meai. Bread No. 2.— Mix 2 qts. of new corn-meal with three pints of warm ■ water ; add 1 tablespoonf ul of salt, 2 table- spoonfuls of sugar and one large tablespoon ml of hop yeast ; let it stand in a warm place five hours to rise ; then add 1^ teacupfnls of wheat flour, and a half pint of warm water. Let it rise again 1) hours, then pour into a pan well greased with sweet lard, and let it rise ft few minutes. Then bake m a moderately hot oven, li^ hours. CioRN-MEAii Bread, No 3.— Take 2 qts. of white corn-meal, 1 fttblespoonful of lard, 1 pint of hot water : mix the lard in water , stir it well that it may get heated thoroughly, and add one-half pint of cold water. When the mixture is cool enough, add two well- beaten eggs, and two tablespoonfuls of home-made yeast Bake 1 hour in a moderately heated oven. If for breakfast make over night Best Boston Brown Bread.— Take 100 lbs. of Indian meal ; 5Q lbs. rye meal : and 10 lbs. flour ; sift and intermix together in the trough ; strain iP four gals, molasses ; 2 gals, fcr ment or yeast ; dissolve 1 V u BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. !l lb. •)da and 4 lbs. salt in water and add that. Now add watei enough to mix all latber stiff, mixing well and breaking all lurapii •Now mix in water enough to form a batter sufflciently thin to remain even on top : allow it to stand 2 or 3 hours after mixing, before pntf ling it into the pans and oven, then bake from 6 to 10 hours m • alow oven. Boston, ob Soft Crackers. — First sift in 4 barrels c< flonr into the trouj^h, add 2 pails of stock-yeast, and about 9 pails of water ; mix all mto a sponge and allow it to stand until it rises and falls twice. The sponge will require about 6 or 8 hours to become ready, if it sours a little, so much the better. Usually it is set about noon for the work next day, and if set warm, for using stock yeast int *ead of ferment, it will come less rapidly. The sponge being ready, add to it from 8 to 10 pails more water ; mix and break the sponge np well, making a stiff dough, and let it stand until next morning. Itia reaudsite that tlie dough should be sour, to ensure good crackers. Wnen ready, remove a sample of it sufficient for one ovenfnl of crackers ; ir'Ke it to another part of the trough, and add to it from 5 to 6 lbs. of butter or lard, the proportion to Ihd added to be estimated by the dimensions of tlie piece so separated ; soda in solution is now to be addcd,^made by dissolving soda, 1 lb. in cold water, 1 qt, and the detached piec« of dough may be intermixed with 1 pt. of the liquid, representing 8 ozs. of soda, but the exact quantity required must be asceruiined by the acidity or age of the dough, and the judg- ment of an experienced practitioner. Mix the soda and butter thoroughly into the dough, and put it through the rollers repeatedly or until smooth. Place a sample of this dough in the oven to deter- mine wliether or not it contains the proper quantity of soda. When baked, too much soda will induce a yellow appearance, and more doogh without soda must be added ; a deficiency of soda will be in- dicated by a sour smell, and in that case more soda must be added. When all is right, the dough is put through the machine, and the succeeding batch of crackers is commenced by selecting another piece of dough and proceeding as above, adding the butter and soda in the required proportion, each batch requiring more soda on ac- count of the increasing acidity acquired by long exposure to the air. Akotrzb way. — Set the sponge on the previous night, and the next day instead of maldng dough of it, select a portion of the sponge, adding it to the butter and soda as abo^c directed, working tliem well into it, and adding flour enougii to v^ake a stiff dough, and it is ready for the break. When you detach part of the sponge to make the bc*£h, add water enough to the sponge, and stir it up with more flonr, thus continuing to renew the sponge as fast as it is used. Soda Crackkbs are made by the same process, of the siime dough ; after using the scraps, add a little more butter, rolling them thiimer and cutting them square. Oybtkr Crackers are made of the same dough, using the scrapi also. Butter, Sugar, and other crackers are made the same way, adding respectively butter and sugar. Cbbam Crackers.— Rub together 14 lbs. flour and 1 lb. butter ; then add 1 lb. pounded sugar, 48 eggs, and flavor ; mix thoroughly, and work it quite stiff and smooth ; roll out quite thm ; cut them with a cutter in the form of a oak leaf ; put them into boiling water and bcril till they float ; remove with a skimmer and ^ them on cloths, and bsike on clean pans without being buttered, in a warm oven. Cheap mbbing a third at dissolved tether, ba to 3 lbs. side. Ma I^ST quite light a little oxt square pa the under). CrrRON tion of sli citron on ti Shrews gether, adc twice as mi flour, roll a buttered til Leuon ( 2 lbs. of lat dissolved tb flavor, and with the ha carrautBon Rock Ca hollow in th ter, and 2 o plain cutter, of each until Cup Cak] a third at a ammonia 2 small pans 1 Wbddino well togethe add 2 pts. m cassia, and c add 6 lbs. flc intermix all ready for tlu and will reqi otherwise it caka beat up sugar to ret usmg a wood f ether for 1 ecomes cool of the frostii until the da J f ected with t frosting oomi used. Note. cake will be I BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. 15 Gheap Ladt Cake.— Break np 2 lbs. butter, mix !n 3 lbs. sngar, mbbing well together for 5 or 10 minutes, add 2 pts. whites of eggs, « tiiird at a time, beat lUl up light, then add 4 lbs. flour, and 1 ot. soda, dissolved in 2 pts. milk, and 2 ozs. cream tartar ; intermix all well to- f ether, bake in pans about 1^ ins; deep, in loaves that will weigh from to 3 lbs., when baked, take out of the pans and frost on the undw flide. Mark in slices | of an inch thick. Fbost Gakbs.— Beat 2 lbs. butter and 3 lbs. sngar together until quite light, add 30 eggs, 10 at a time, beating after each addition, then a little oxt lemon, add 3 lbs. flour, stir just enough to mix ; put in flat, square pans, greased, and bake in a slow oven, when d tiion of sliced citron when the flour is added, or preferably put the citron on the batter after it is in the pans. Bake as the last Shbewsbury Cake.— Kub 2 lbs. butter, and 2 lbs. of sugar to- gether, add 2i eggs, 6 at a time, beating them in, dissolve and add twice as much scKla as will lie on a dime in a little water, mix in 4 lbs. flour, roll and cut out with any plain or fancy shaped cutter, put on buttered tins, and bake in a moderate oven. Lemon Cake.— Rub together 6 lbs. of liglit brown sugar, and 2 lbs. of lard or butter, add 16 e^, 12 qts. of milk with 2 ozs. of soda dissolved therein, 2 ozs. ammonia, a few drops extract of lemon for flavor, and flour sufilcient to make a stiff batter; drop them either with the hand or with a spoon, into scalloped pans, and sprinkle a few cmrrants on the top of eadi, and bake in a moderate oven. Rock Cake.— Bub together 4 lbs. sugar, and 8 lbs. of flour, make a hollow in the middle, and add G eggs, 1^ pts. milk, 1 lb. 8 oz. of but- ter, and 2 oz. ammonia, mix all t^ethcr, roll out and cut out with a |dain cutter, rather thick, put on pans, and witii a fork scratch the top of each until it is quite rough. Bake in a moderate oven. Cdp Cake. — Break up 2 lbs. butter, add 3 lbs. sugar, and 16 eggs, a third at a time, beat up light, add lbs. flour, 2 pts. milk, and ammonia 2 ozs., make all smooth by thorough mixmg. Bake in ■mall pans in a moderate oven. Wbodino Cake.— Rub 4 lbs. butter and 4 lbs. light brown sngar well together, adding 40 eggs, one quarter at a time, beating well, then add 2 pts. molasses, 2 pts. good brandy, 1 oz. each of mace, nutmeg, cassia, and cloves, all well blended in and mixed with the mass, thezn add 6 lbs. flour, 8 lbs. currants, 9 lbs. stoned itusins, and 3 lbs. citron, intermix aU thoroughly, put it in pans, spread smooth on top, and it is ready for the oven. These materials will make 4 loaves of 9 lbs. each) and will require careful baking for from 4 to 6 hours in a cool oven, otherwise it will be burnt on the outside. To frost this amount of cak« beat up the wliites of 10 eggs in a bowl, with sufficient pulverized sugar to render the mixture stiff enough to spread on the cake, usmg a wooden spoon (probably 2^ lbs. will be required), beat all to- f ether for 16 or 20 minutes ; spread it on the cak3, after the latter ecomes cool, and set it away until the next day, when another coat of the frosting composition must be applied, and the cake set away nntll the day following to await the final ornamenting. This te ef- fected with the assistance of ornamenting tubes, &c., tq^cther with a frosting compusition of a much stiffer consistence than that previously nsedrNoTE.^-Oiie-half , or even one-quarter of the above quantity of cake will be found amply sufficient for most oc^asIous. 1j6 BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. Akotheb Wedding Cake.— Um 2 lbs. sagar, 3 lbs. Oont^ 8 iroti megs, 18 eggs, 1 oz. Ellspice, 1 oz. doves, 3 lbs. currants, 2 lbs. citroiL 3 lbs. SftHana raisins, a little annnonla, and 1 gill branay. Proceed with the mixture as directed in the foregoing, and bake in a slow oven. CoooAyiT Cakes.— To each lb. of grated cocoanute add 1 lb. ol powdered sugar and the whites of 4 eggs, put aU in a kettle and cook on the fire for about 80 minntes, stirring well all the time, and avoid burning, cook to a soft and mushy consistence, turn It out and add to each lb. of cocoanut as previously weif^ed 2 ou. of flour, working it well into the mixture. Kow put it in well greased pans, selecting a small piece in your hands, rolling it round and lay ug it on the pans, putting them about 1 inch apart, to allow for spreads ing. and bake in a cool oven. QvBBir Cake.— Rub together 2 lbs. sugar and 2 lbs. butter, next add 16 esgs, 1 pt milk, 1 oz. of ammonia, stir all weU together, then add the flour ; bake in square pans with a few currants on top. Dbop Cake.— Rub together 3 lbs. sugar and 1^ lbs. of butter, add 13 eggs, in 3 different lots, 3 pts. of sour milk, 1|^ ozs. soda, 1^ ozs. of ammonia, flavor with ext. lemon, stirnl) rrell iogvtlier, add flour suffi- cient to make a stiff batter, drop on buttered pans, bake in a quick oven. Molasses Pound Cake. —Mix together 1 gal. molasses, 3 lbs. but- ter, 8 eggs, 2 qts. water, 8 ozs. of soda, and add sifted flour sufficient to make a stiff batter. Bake in small scalloped pans, in a cool oven. Cross Buks.— Work 24 Iba. dough, 2 lbs. sugar, 2 lbs. butter. 12 I and a little dnnamuu into the dough, and set away to rise : tneu pinch them off in about 2oz. pieces: mould them up'; pin out; put on pans, and mark them across with a knife, or cross them with strips of dongh. Gold Cake.— Rub together 2 lbs. butter, and 2} lbs. brown sngai ; add the yolks of 30 eggs, a few at a time, beating all well np ; add 1 qt. milk with 1 oz. soda dissolved In it, stir well up ; and add 4 lbs. flour ; 1 oz. cream tartar ; a little lemon extract ; mix all up lightly^ and bake in small pans in a warm oven. New York Sponge Cake.— Beat 16 eggs and 2 lbs. sngar together aooutS minutes ; next add 2 ozs. ammonia, 1 pt. milk, and flavor ; mix •11 ; add the flour, stirring carefully, but sufficient to mix. Bake in little round pans, in a warm oven. Ladt Cake.— Rub 2 lbs. butter and 4 lbs. liugar together until it la quite light: then add the whites of 60 eggs, one-fourth at a time, beating well; next flavor with a little oil of almonds; stir slightly; then add 2 lbs. flour and 1 lb. com starch, and stir up_ Ughtly. Base in a slow oven and turn over and frost on the under side. Gbound-bice Cakes.- Rub together 2 lbs. butter and 4 lbs. sugar; add 16 eggs; beat up thoroughly; add 2 pts. milk, 4 ozs. ammonia, and flavor with lenon; stir all up; add 4 lbs. of rice flour, and mix tiioroughly: drop on buttered pans about the 8\ze of an egg, and bfUte. Cbeah Cakes.— Take 1 qt. water, and 1 lb. dark coarse-grainel lard; boil together in a kettle, and then stir in 17 ozs. of best qualitv florar; boil all 4 or 5 minutes, or until it is quite smootli; tlien turn it out ou a board, and scrape the kettle with a knife; now put your paste in the kettle again, with 10 eggs; stir well together until all ia smooth; then add 18 or 20 more eggs, or until the batter is of tha ri^t thickness; next dissolve i oz. soda in a little water, and mix in thoroughly; drop on pans slightly greased; wash fhem on top with ^, and b to bake wii them throw Place on sugar, 4ea turn in the fire, and fla RoqK Ca making a a eggs, dUssoI to mix up I dongh the Snow Ca then add th( flour, 24 lbs. loaves of top, and bak Moss CaK then add 2 11 together unt push it thro put on buttei a delicate bn New Yobi ter; then add rowroot; mia big as walnut clean pans in Tea Cake.- 6 lbs. sugar, ' add milk sn£ out, and cut \i Vancy Cai 40 eggs in 4 d mix well; thei tract of lemon Raisin Cai sugar; add 18 dissolved sods flour; 1 lb. 1 o a slow oven in Pound Cai with 1 lb. of p up lightly; ad tlie llour srnoo Silver Cai sugar; add th( •M 2 pts. mill a little vanilla OiNGBR Sn ground ginger together; add lbs. sugar; rol off with a kni flatten them d BAKING AND COCKINO RECEIPTS. 17. ege, luid Wke in a quick oven. They will require IC t< 18 minntea tobalce wit h a proper lieat When baked, remove from tl e fire; split them tliTOTTjh the ceutre and fill them with the following cream: Biace on tiie fi'te 1 qt. milk in a kettle, mix 4 oz. flour, 8 ok. white sugar, 4 eggs, and a little salt in another vessel; wh^n the milk boUs» turn in the mixture, stirring briskly ; when it boils, remove from th« fire, and flavor with lemon or vanilla as desired. RoqK Cakes.— Rub well together 6 lbs. flour, and 2 lbs. butter, making a cavity in the middle; put in 2 lbs. sugar, 2 lbs. currants, 8 eggs, cusBOlved soda, 1 oz., and a little ess. lemon, with milk sufficient to mix up stiff; now take a four-pronged fork and work of pieces ol dough the size of walnuts : place on pans, and bake in a cool oven. Snow Cakes.— Bub 2 lbs. butter and 2 lbs. sugar well together; then add the whites of 24 eggs, 3 at a time; beat up well; add 12 ozs. flour, 2^ lbs. of arrowroot; add the flavor and mix lightly. Make 6 loaves of this quantity, either round or square; put lemon peel on top, and bake in a cool oven. Moss CAltB.— Rub 6 lbs. of flonr and 3 lbs. of butter we}l together then add 2 lbs. sugar, 8 eggs, and flavor with ess. of lemon; mix well together until smooth and stiff. Now take a piece the size of an egg push it through a sieve, and form it in bunches to resemble mosa put on buttered pans, and bake very carefully in a moderate oven to a delicate brown color. New Yobk Lunch Cake.— Rub together 14 lbs. flonr, 2 lbs. but- ter; then add 3 qts. mUI:, 1 oz. soda, 1 oz. tartaric acid, and 8 ozs. ar^ rowroot; mix all auite stiff, break it welU and snap them off about a« big as walnuts; pm them out; dock them full of noles, and bake on clean pans in a warm oven. Tea Cake.— Rub 12 lbs. of flour and 6 lbs. of butter together; add 6 lbs. sugar, 24 eggs, 2 ozs. of soda, 4 ozs. cream tartar; flavor and add milk sufficient to make a nice, soft dough ; mix up lightly, roll out. and cut with any fancy-shaped cutters, tttke in a warm oven. ifAKCT Cake.— Rub togetlier 4 lbs. sugar and 3 lbs. butter; add 40 eggs in 4 different lots; add 1 oz. soda dissolved in a little mUk; mix well; then stir in 4 lbs. of flour; 1 oz. cream tatar; a little ex* tract of lemon; mixing an well together, bake in a moderate oven. Raibut Cake.— Rub together 1 lb. butter and 1^ lbs. powdered sugar; add 18 eggs, oi)e third at a time, beating well in; add | oz. diraolved soda, stirring well iu; add a little ext lemon; 2 lbs. 2 ozs. of flour; 1 lb. 1 oz. sultana raisins; and mix all well togi^tber. Bake in a slow oven in pans about 1§ inches deep. PouKD Cake.— Break up and well mix 1 lb. of fresh butter with 1 lb. of powdered sugar; add 10 eggs, a few at a time, beating up lijehtly ; add 1 lb. of flour ; a very little soda ; mix all so as to make tiie flour smooth; bake in a slow oven. Silver Cake.— Rub together 2 lbs. butter and 4 lbs. powdered stunr; add the whites of 30 eggs, in 3 lots at a time; beat up well; add 2 pts. milk with 1 oz. soda; 6 lbs. flour, 1 oz. cream tartar; with a little vanilla flavor ; mix up lightly and bake as the last OtNGER Skaps.— rut 2 qts. molasses; 1^ lbs. of lard; 3 ozs. loi ground ginger; 2 ozs. of soda, and 1 pt water, into a bowL Mix all together; add flour enough to make a stiff dough; then work in 2 lbs. sugar; roll thin; cut in long sti-ips in rolls on tl.e table; cut them off wlui a knife or cutter the desired size; put un buttered tins; flatten them down a little with the hand, and bake m a slow oven 8 ;8 BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. GiKOER Cake. — Pat 12 eggs and 2 ptn. cream on the fire in a eop» per or tin dirih; stir until warm; then add 2 lbs. butter; 2 lbs. sagar: 10 ozs. gineer; alluw it to stay on a slo^ fire and continue stirring till the butter is melted; then set off; when cold add 8 lbs. flour; mix u» ■mooth; roll out thin, and cut with a circular catter: place on paper, and bake in a hot oven. Cinnamon CAKKS.-^Pat 12 eggs and 6 dessert s]rK>on(als of tom water into a bowl; whisk together, and add 2 lbs. nue sugar, and 1 oz. of ground cinnamon and llonr sufflcient to make a nice stiff paste; roll them out; cut into any desired shape, and bake them on paper, in a slow oven. Seed Cakes.— Rub together 1 lb. butter and 2 Iba. flour; then into a hollpw in the centre; put 4 lbs. sugar; 2 qts. milk; 4 ozs. carawav seeds, and a little ammonia; mix up, but do not work it much; roll out; cut with a small cutter, and bake in a warm oven. Spioe Cake. — Mix together 3 lbs. sugar and li lbs. butter; add IJ pts. milk; 15 eggs, a few at a time; ^ oz. ammonia; one nutmeg and a hall ; |lb. currants; 5 lbs. fiour. Mix up well and bake in deep, square pans in a slow oven. New York Fano7 Cake. — Rub together 2 lbs. sugar and 1 lb. butter; add 12 eggij a few at a time, beat all up well; add § qt. of sour milk: 3| lbs. flour; § oz. soda; § oz. cream tartar, and extract of lemon for flavor. Mix up smooth and bake in scalloped pans. Machine Jumbles. — Rub together 3 lbs. sugar and 2 lb. 4 ozs. butter: add 12 eggs a few at a time, beat all up well ; | oz. of ammo- nia; 1^ pts. milk; a little exfc. lemon, and 5 lbs. 4 ozs. of floor; and stir sutflciently to mix. Champagne Bis(;uit8.— Work up 2 lbs. butter in a basin to • thick cream; add 2 lbs. of sugar; 2 lbs. flour; 36 yolks of eggs; 1 on caraway seeds; a little salt; whisk up the wmtesof the 36 eggs and add them; get a sheet of strong paper; fold it in reversed plaits like a fan, to form trenches about 1 inch deep ; fill a biscuit forcer with par) of the batter; force out some finger-Uke biscuits into the trencher about 3 inches long; sifting sugar over them, and bake them of a light-fawn color in a moderate oven. Cbeam Tabtab Biscuit.— Work in 3 lbs. sifted flour with 2 ozs. butter; add 2 ozs. cream tartar; dish the middle and pour in 1 pit. milk and 1 pt. water, previously addhigl oz..soda to the milk; mix all u^ briskly, but don't make it too stiff. Flatten it out; cut with a Hscuit cutter; place them on buttered tins close together and bake in a quick oven. WASHINGTON Cake.— Rub together 4 lbs. sugar and 2 lbs. 8 ozs. of butter; 16 eggs; 2 pts. water and 2 ozs. of ammonia; with flour sufficient to make a suitable dough to roll; cut out with a scalloped cutter, and bake in a warm oven. Brandy Snaps.— Mix up 1^ pounds flour, J lb. butter, h lb dugar, 4 oz. gloves, and it pint molasses. Mix all together and bake. Washinoton Pie.— Rub together 1 lb. butter, and 1^ lbs powder- ed sugar, add 1 pt. of eggs, a Tittle at a time, beat up well, add j^ oz. soda dissolved in ^ pt. milk ; flavor with cxt. lemon, stir up, ana add 3 lbs. flour and 1 oz. cream tartar ; mix together, put on pans one* eighth of an inch tliick and bake in a quick oven. Anotot:r.— Rub together 2 lbs. lard, 3 lbs. powdered sugar, and add 1 qt eggs, a little at a time, 1 oz. soda dissolved in 1 qt. milk 't ozSk cream- tosether an FlLLlNO apples, I Ih stirring wel raspberry jj apple filling made by eU with enougl a little butt( with puff-pa Lemon Pj water salDci rimming th< mixture : pu with n lbs. and fill your Amtlierfil and nutmeg. Another loi i oz. tartaric Froatingfo beaten to a st thoroughly, c into a moden Shobt Pm butter, add 4 all to a 8mo< butter in the j let it stand 5 1 out to the lent half of these < that the sidet paste will be f Common Pa lard with salt i may be better sal^ lard, wat Paste to c with 2 lbs. flot pies should ha^ a strip or puff outside of the < Custard fc ext. lemon iatc Filling for i It up and stew to a mush thro milk, 2 oz. gini Filling voi bones and tous apples, add 4^1 meg, cassia, clc brandy, 1 giU c vessel, omittiiii BAKING AND COOKING BE0EIPT8. 19 0Z8. cream>tart%r, a little lemon extract and 4^ lbs. float mix all tozether and bake as above. riLUNO FOR THK ABovB PiES.— Add to stewed and utrainod dried apples, I lb. of suj^r to eaob lb. of apples, boil all together for { hoax stirring well ; fill with this, or use cmnbeirr jelly or cturrant jelly cH raspberry jam, or the latter intermixed with stewei dried auples, ot apple filUu^ alone is very good. A good filling for sliced apple piea is made by slicing sour apples, bottom your plates add the aUced applea with enough powder^rd sugar to sweeten, adding cinnamon, ealt and a little butter, with M'ater until the plate is two-thirds full, then oovei with puff-paste, and trim it round iu proper style with a knife. Lemon Pies.— Bub together 1 lb. butter and 1^ lbs. flour with cold water suillcicut to make a good stiff dough to bottom your plates with, rimming them around with puff-paste, and fill with the following mixture: put into a bowl the juice of Slemtms, the grated rind of I with 1^ lbs. of finely powdered sugar and 9 eggs. Mix thorouglily, and fill your plates with the mixture ; bakeki ft moderate oven. Aiwtlier filling. —S lemons, 6 eggs, ^ lb. sugar, ^ pt. milk, with salt and nutmeg. Mix as the last. Another without lemona.^l lb. sugar, ) lb. flour, 10 eggs, ) pt. milk, 4 oz. tartaric acid, a little lemon essence and salt Frosting for Lemon Pies. — i ozs. pulverized sugar, whites of 6 eggs beaten to a stiff froth and the sugar gradually adaed to it, intermix thoroughly, cover the pies, top them off with this frosting, run them into a moderate oven and bake them to a nice brown. Shout Puff Paste fob Pies.— Mix together 4 lbs. flour, 1^ Ibe. butter, add 4 eggs, a little salt and 1 pt. water or a little more, work all to a smooth paste, spread out with the hand, put 1^ lbs. more butter in the middle, fold the dough over the butter, so as to cover It. let it stand 5 minutes, sift flour over the paste and on the slab, roll out to the length of 7 feet and 3 feet wide (for half this quantity one half of these dimensions ^vill be required). Fold it over and turn so that the sides will face you, repeating the rolling twice, when the paste will be fit for use. Common Paste for Pies.— Rub together 4 lbs. flour, and 4 lbs. of lard with salt sufficient ; add just water enough to mix the dough ; it may be better to put flour on the bench, make a set of it, adding th^ salt, lard, water, and stirring together. Paste to cover Pies.— Mix together li lbs. of lard or butter with 2 lbs. flour with sufficient salt and water to mix. Cranberry pies should have strips of puff paste across the top, the edges wet, and a strip oi puff paste placed around the rim, keeping this strip | inch outside of the edge of the plate, as it will contract while baking. Custard for Pies. — ^Putl2 eggs, i lb. sugar, ^ oz. salt, and a little ext. lemon into a bowl, beat well together, add 2 qts. milk and strain. Filling for Squash -P«e«.— Thoroughly clean 5 lbs. of squash, slice it up and stew it ; when thoroughly cooked drain off the water, rub to a mush through a strainer, then add 1^ lbs. sugar, 6 eggs, 2 qts. milk, 2 oz. ginger, a little ext. lemon, and ^fr sufficient FiLLiixa FOR Minor Pies. — Boil 3 lljts. of chopped meat, dear of bcncs and tough pieces, chop fine; peel, core and chop 9 lbs. of good apples, add 4^ lbs. brown sugar, 3^ qts. molasses, 3 ozs. each of nnt* meg, cassia, cloves and allspice, 3 lbs. roisius, IJ^ lbs. currants, 1) pts. brandy, 1 ^ill cider, £ lb. salt Mix all the in^edients together in a vessel, omitting the apples and brandy, intermix well togemer; thee tf' %& "M le BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. ndd them and reduce to the proper oonaistency with water. Covei with« cloth, tying it down tightly to prevent evaporation and set away ' in a cool place for nee. Ice CbHam Manufaotitre. — Beat the required quantity of ice very fine in a atont bag or by any other means, and add fine salt In ratio of (me part of salt to four parts of ice, mixing thoroughly with a stick. I*ack the oomponnd neatly in the freezer around the ojrllnder to the top, then pat in the ciream (which should be cool) you wish to freeze, and, after covering, proceed to turn the crank back and forth alter- nately 10 or 12 times each way until the cream is snfflciently thick to beat, which will be known by the opposition to the beater, then turn forward quite briskly for a short space in order to impart an even and Siod ai^)earance to the cream ; make thorough work of the beating, en remove the beater, fill the pail with ice and salt, and set away Co harden. It will not do to introduce additional ice or salt, or allow it to grow stiff while beating, or beat it too mnch, or to retard the freez- ing process by pouring ofif water from the melted ice. The light time to beat it is when it is dense enough to rise, or nboat the tnickncss of light batter, if beaten when rigid the product will not bo so satisMctory. As the cream expands in freezing, the cylinder should be filled | full ."ud no more. Strawberry and Bxuphtrry Cream Ice. — 1. Pass 3 lbs. of picked strawberries or raspberries through a coarse hair-sieve, add 1} qts. double cream, 2^ lbs. sifted sugar, mix well together, freeze as above, and mould it If a deep red is desired, it may be imparted by a few droi)B of cochineal. 2. ICB OBRAii, Best Qcalitt.— Beat well together 9 eggs with 1) lbs. sugar ; boil 3 qts. good cream, set it off for a short space to cook, then add the sugar and eggs, flavor with vanilla, etc., to suit the taste. LcA it cool, place in the freezer and proceed as above. 3b Subatituf" for cream. — Boil 1 qt, of good milk with IJ ozs. of arrowroot, having first brought the milk to the boiling point and mixed the arrowroot smooth with a little cold milk, remove from the fire; add 2 fresh eggs, 8 ozs. of powdered sugar, stir well, al'ow it to cool and flavor previous to putting in the freezer. 4. Chocolate Cream Ice. — Grate f lb. of the best French choco- late into 1^ qts. of l>oiling milk, allow it to boil till thick, adding J lb. sugar ; add when cool, 1^ qts. cream, stirring well, and emp^ into the freezer. The addition of 8 eggs and lemon flavor to the above will greatly improve it. 6. Ginger Ice Cream. — Boil together 1 gt. milk, 1 lb. sugar, 8 ozs. pulverized gii^er, and 4 yolks of eggs, until it commences to thicken. 6. Orange Cream /cc.— Mix togetiier in a stew-pan, 1 qt milk or cream, 1 lb. sugar, the juice af 8 oranges, the rinds of 4 oranges rub- bed on the sugar, and 4 yolks of eggs, until the compound begins to thicken ; stir briskly, and strain, freezing when cool, as above. 7. Fine Apple Cream Ice. — Put on the fire in a copper or tin vessei lib. of strained pineapple pulp, 12 ozs. sugar, 1^ pts. milk or cream, and 3 yolks of eggs ; beat sufficiently to thicken, not to boil the cream, strain the mixt^ire into a vessel and set aside to cool previous to freezing. See other fonnul» for icecream under the Grocers' Dept. Crbah Tartar Biscuit. — Use 2 qts. flour, 2 teasnoonfnls of soda, 2 ditto cream tartar, 2 pts. milk. Mix, and follow t'je ditrectons foi cream-tartar biscuit given above, and bake in a warm oven. COOOAS whites of of egg to the size of French made yeast through /th and a littl into large MiTFFZlfe flour, a lun milk— and added. Le and bake ta Bath Ca and a cupfi rises, add i in, and roll No. 1 Cr Rub thorou] beat well, a pinch off pie Sugar Cs ilb. ; water Naples £ Lemon B ounce solera them outab< and bake the Abernete of sweet mil mix dough o mould them moderate ov( Savoy Bis the weight of grate in the : grate on som or any flavoi Ginger Si< brown sugai take 1 gill oi dough, and c them in a m( York Bisc raise with so TRAVELT.EI butter, 1 teat a dough. Cu in the salerai it tUl it beco i of an inch tumbler. Bal BAKING AND COOKIKO RECEIPTS. 21 CoooANTTt Dbops.— 1 lb. nated eoooaant, ) lb. frhite nigar. the whites of G eggs, cut to a stiff froth. You mast have euoogh 'wnitM of egg to wet the whole mixture. Drop on battered plates, in pieces the size of an egg. Fbbmch BoiiU.— 1 ounce of butter, 1 lb. of flonr, 1 gill of home- nukle yeast, 1 egg, milk enough to make a dough. Uud the batter through .the flour, beat the egg and stir in, then add tlie yeas^ milk, and a little salt Knead the dough ; when it is light, mould it out into large biscuits, and bake them on tins. MiTrFiirs.->A auart of milk, 2 eggs, 2 spoonfuls of yeast, 2 lbs. of Hour, a lump of batter size of an egg— which is to be melted in the milk~-«nd a little salt ; the milk is to be warmed, and the higredients added. Let it rise, and then toxn the mixture into buttered pans, and bake to a light brown. Bath Cakes.— Mix well together, 1 Ih. flonr, ir lb. butter, 5 eggs and a cupful of veast, set the whole befbore the fire to rise ; aftern rises, add i lb. wlut' sugar, and 1 ounce caraway seeds well mixed in, and roll the paste into little cakes, bake them on tins. No. 1 CsACKERS.— Butter, 1 cup ; salt, 1 teaspoon ; flour, 2 qts. Rub thoroughly together with the hand, and wet up with water ; beat well, and beat in flour to make quite brittle and Lard ; then phich off pieces and roll out each cracker by itself. SuoAB Cbacksbs.— Flour, 4 lbs. *, loaf sugar and butter, of each i lb. ; water, 1^ pts. ; make as above. Nati/bs Biscuit.— White sugar, eggs, and flonr, of each 4 lbs. Lbmox Biscuit.— Take 3^ lbs. white sugar, 4 lbs. flour, ) ounce saleratus, i lb. suet, a little milk to wet the dongh, cut them out about the size of marbles, put them on pans a little greased, and bake them in a hot oven and flavor tiiem with essence on{ute of soda, 1 tenspoonful of salt, flour enough to make a batter ; boil in n bng 3 hours. Eat it with sauce. Baked Apple Pin)DiNn. — Pare and quarter four large apples, boil thera tender with the riud of a lemon in so little water that when done my water may remain, beat them quite fine in a mortar, add the cnimb of a small roll, t lb. butter molted, tho yolks of 6 and whites of 3 eggs, juice of ) lemon, sugar to your taste, beat all well together, all in paste. QnouND RicB, OK Sago PITDI)T^o.— Boil a large spoonful of it, heaped, in 1 pint milk with lemon i^ecl nnd ciuuumon; when cold, add sugar, and nutmegs, and 4 eggs well beaten. Custard Pudding.— Take 1 pint milk, 4 spoonfuls (lour, C eggs, ■pice to your taste aud bnke. WiNTEB PcoDiNO.— Take tho crust of baker's loaf of bread, nnd fill it with plums, boil it in milk and water. Baksd Potato Pudding.— Baked potatoes skimmed and mashed, 12 02;., suet 1 oz., cheese, gmted fine, 1 oz., milk 1 gill. Mix tho potat)08, suet, milk, chet^se and all together, if not of a proper oonskitenoe, add a little water. Bake in an enrthen pot. ' . C!oi.i.HaB Pudding. — j lb. of stalo bread, grated ; the same qnan- tity of beef suet, chopp^ very fine ; 1 lb. of currants, |^ nntmeg, a few doves, a glass of brandy, 2 or 3 eggs, 2 spoonfuls of cream or 24 nAETNO AND COOKUfO KECEIPTS. l- milk; mix thoso voll toccthor, and mnke iofaf a pnsta in the shape of oggg. Fry tUora gcnUy over a clear Are, in ) lb. of butter ; let them be of nice brown color all over. You may add blanched almondfl and Hweetmonts. Serve them np -with wine. Family PuDDiNa.— 1 qnart of sweet mlllc, 1 pint of bread cmmbs Boolced in the milk, 3 eggs well beaten, 1 teacupful of sugar, little lUtace, 6 good tart apples, pared, cores day out, and stand them in the pudding, and steam until the apples aro well done. An hour will sutllco. CoTTAGB rtTDDiKG.— 1 og<;, 1 ctip of sogar, 1 of Bwcet milk, 1 teaspooufnl of soda, 2 of cream of tartar, 1 pint of flour, and a little salt To be eaten with milk and vngar. Qnsay Gooskderriim make a nice pudding by stirring a pint of them into a pint of batter, and either baking or bouing. Lbmox PuomNO.— Melt G os. of butter, poor it over the samo qufintity of powdered loaf sugar, stirring it well till cold, then grate the Ti;id of a large lemon, and add it with 8 eggs well oeaten and the juice of 2 lemons : stir tlie whole till It is completely mixed together, and bake tlie padding with a paste xound the dish. Sauces and Creams foii roDDiKOS.— 1. Take equal qaantities of sugar and molasses, boil them together, and stir in a little flour. 2. Take tlte Juice of an orange, a cup of sugar and the same of good cream. 3. Good sour crejim made very sweet with sugar, with or without seasoning, makes n good sauce. 4. Beat 2 eggs well, then add a cup of stewed apples and a cup of sugar. Bbbf Steak with Oxions.— Prepare a rump steak hv pounding it till quite tender, season with salt, pepper and fresh batter, put in the steak and fry it, when brown on one side turn over, do not let it scorch, when nicelv done take it up, put a little flour over tlie steak, then add gradually a cup of hot v/ater, seasoned with more salt and pepper, if necessarv ; tlien put tlie water over the fire and boll again, and pour over the steak. Peel 2 dozen onions, put them on to l^oil vrfth about 2 quarts of water an hour before the stealc is put on to trj. When the steak is done, cut them up, put tliem in tlie frying jmu, season well with salt, pepper, and butter, sprinkle with flour,, stir all well together, idooe over tlio fire, stir often to prevent scoraliini^' ; whta they are a little bTo^vn and soft, turn them over the Btei>\k. Sbasonikq for Stuffing.—! lb. of salt, dried and sifted ; half an ounce of ground wliite popner ; two ounces- of dried thyme ; 1 oz. of dried mnrjomm ; niia one oz. of nutmeg. AVIien this sensoiiingis used, parsley only is required to bo chopped in suffi- cient quantity to make the stuffing green. Tlie proportions are-r- I IK>und of bread crumbs ; 8 eggs ; i lb. of suet ; ) oz. of soa- Bonmg ; and the peel of half a lemon, grated. Economical Soup.— Put into a saucepim orAe-pound pieces of stale bread, three large raiions sliced, a small cabbage cut fine, a carrot and turnip, and a small head of celery (or the remains of any cdld vegetables ), a tablespoonf ul of salt, a tablespoonful of gspper, a bunch of parsley, a sprig of marjomm and thyme, ut thoso into t^vo quarts of any weak stock, (the liquor in whkh Buittou has been boUod -wUl do,) and let tli^m ooU fox two houn milk, boU Vbgkta yedow on summer hours : nd a good fai Pea So turnips, _ fire, let it vegetables, a slow fire solve ; tak crumbs ; . FniCAsai pieces, pnt put in sau( EfiD dreiue otter, 1 with the c pepper and aisl). Vaked T n dressing salt, batter Stewed ' off the skin and add bui Mastcbd ' colander, pn butter and e Hashed I cold; 1 lb. put in chopr add 2 ozs. l make it soft; serve hot. j TX)BSTEn { yo'k of 2 egi iuIm of sweel well; add ci with hard-bo 8(JCC0TAS£ cok add 1 q boil in 3 qts. sal; to taste. quantity, sen Maooaron turnip, onion through a m inch long ; pi minutes, and BOUJBD Qu DAKIXO AND COOKING RECEIPTS. 25 two honm ; rub through a flno bair-slovo, add a pint ol new lullk, boil up, nnd sorvo nt ouco. Veqktablb Soup.— Talco a «liin of a Isoef, 3 large carrots, 3 large yeilow oaioiiH, G turnips, h lb. o( rice or barley; parsley, loelu, (tummer mvory ; put nil futo a soup-kettle, and let it boil four hours : ndd iiepper and salt to taste ; serve altogetlier. It makes a cooa family soup. i'r.A Sour.— Ucof 6 lbs., water 6 qts., 6 Inrce carrots, G good tnniira, 3 lar<;o ouionH, salt sufllcieut, put It on a good slow ilre, let it boil 3 houns then strain all the broth from moat and vegetables, and then add 3 Ibn. of split peas to the broth; set it on a slow fire for 2 hours, stirring often, so that all the peas will dls- Bolvo ; take 1 lb. fresli sausage meat, fried to a crisp and fried bread crumbs ; put altogether, add a few fine herbs, and serve hot. FoiCAsaEK CuiOKKvs.— Toko 2 large young chickens, cut in small pieces, put in cold water for 1 hour to take all tlie blood out, tlieu pat in saucepan to parboil for lialf an hour, then take from sauoo» E!iD dreiued well, have ready 1 qt good frMli cream, 2 os. good utter, 1 oz. of flour, all well mixed together ; put in saucepan with the chickens ; put on the fire to boil tender ; season with pepper and salt; served with toast bread in the bottom of the olsl). Baked Tomatoes.— Wash the tomatoes, take out the seed, make a dreashig of crumbs of bread and oniouii chopped fine ; add salt, buttw nud popper. Bake and serve hot. Stewed Tomatoes.— Scald the tomatoes with hot water, take off tlie skins, put them in an earthen vessel, strain oil the water, and add butter, salt and pepper to taste. MASiiEn TuBKn>8.— Wash turnips, boil well, take them r.p in the colander, press out all the water, mash very ihie ; season witli salt, butter and sugar. Serve hot with trimminm, cut the grains from the cobi Add 1 qt of Lima beans, nnd mix with tlie coru; put it on to boil in 3 qts. of water witli 1 lb. of pork cut; ndd black pepper and salf to taste. When thewat«r has boiled away to ^ the original quantity, serve in a tureen as soup. Haooaroni Soup. — 1 lbs. of lean beef, 4 qts. of water, carrot, turnip, onions ; set it for 4 hours till all mix together ; stram it all through a sieve ; have 2 lbs. of maccaroni broken into pieces of one inch long ; put all into a saucepan together, and let it boil for 10 minutes, and serve it hot. BovLBD GuBTXRi}, OJt MocK CBEASL'^Tako 2 tablespooof uls com wr- 16 BAKING AND COOKIIfO RECEITTS. Starch, 1 qt of milk, 2 or 3 cggH, ^ a tcnspoonfol of edit and a fltnoU piece of butter ; heat the milk till nearly boiling and odd the starch, previously dissolved in 1 qt of milk, then add the eggs, well bcaton, with 4 tablespoonfals of powdered sngar ; lot it boil up once or twice, stirring it brin^^ly, and it ia done. Flavor with lemon or \-anilia, or r&spberry, or to suit yoor taste. Lbmox CnBAM.— Tako a phit of thick cream and put to it tlie yolks of two eggs, well beaten, 4 oz. of flno sugar and the thin rind of a lemoR , boil it up, then stir till almost oold ; put the ;^iice of a lemon in a dish or bowl and pour the cream upon it, stimng till quite cold. Frdit Cjwams.—- Take ^ oz. of isinglans dissolved in a little water, then put 1 pt of good cream, swoeteucd to the taste ; boil it. when nearly cold lay some apricot or raspberry jam on tho bottom of a gUiss dish and pour it over. This is most excellent Raspberry Crkam. — I'ut C ozs. of rasiiberry jam to 1 qt of cream, pulp it through a lawn sieve, ndd to it tlie juice of a lemon and a httle sugar, and whisk it till thick. Servo it iu a dish or glasses. To roast fowls the firo must be quick and dear. If smolcy it wUl spoil both their taste and looks. Baste frequently, and keep a white paper pinned on tlio breast till it is near done. , TcBKXT. — A good sized turkev should be roasted 2\ hours or 3 hours-^very slowly at first If yon wish to make plain stuffing, pound a cracker or crumble some bread very fiue, chop some raw salt pork very fine, silt some sage, (and summer savory, or sweet marjoram, if you have tliem in tlie house, and xancy them,) and mould them all together, seasoned with a little pepper. An egg worked in malies the stufiiug cut better. lioiLED Turkey. — Clean the turkey, fill the crop with stuffing, and sew it up. Put it over the fire in water cnoi^h to cover it let it boil slowly— take oK all the scum. When this is done, it should ouly simmer till it is done. Put a little salt into the water, and dredge the turkey in flour before boiling. Roast Ducks axd Geese. — ^Take sage, wash and pick it, and an onion ; chop them fine, with pe]>per and salt, and put them in the belly ; let the goose be clean inched, and wiped dry with a clotli. inside and out ; put it down to tlie fii'o, aud roast it brown. Duck are dressed In the same way. For wild ducks, teal, pigeons, and other wild fowls, use only pepper and salt, with gravy in tlio dislu Roast CHiCKEif. — Chickens should bo nianaged in ro:uting the same as turkeys, only that they require less time. From an hour to an hour aud a half is long enongh. Boiled Chicken. — A chicken should be boiled the same as a turkey, only it will take less time — about 35 minutes is suffi- cient Use tne same stuffing, if any, aud servo it up with parsley, or egg-sauce. BROILED CniOKEV.-^Slit them down the back and season with pepper and salt ; lay tliem on a clear lire of coals, the inside next the fire till half done, then turn aud broil to a fine brown color^ Broil about 35 muiutes. Boiled Pigeoxs. — Boil them about 15 minntes by themselves ; then boil • piece of bacon ; soxve with slices of bacon and melted butter. i FxsH Cue fish in sma place them potatoes, on Stew over a Roast Bj Spit the mo wtth its owi ■moke diawi and clear, ing. Bbbv Boi moot in the Blow at first the scum as rule for boilii Bebv SXKi cnt/iboutjioi and set it ov minutes is th< HOASS Poi skin in equa pepper and i under the ski into the ijnd over with a 1 Uu«e hours to , B^ThkSj u> the same n , Boast Vbai '•oast before a it down, baste; Iittie flour. Roast ilxm lamb most be d ed with a qui dredge it witti j ton of Biz ponm ToBoilEgc partisoomplete neas in cold wat Sausagb Ms, and mix with 2 1 edaage, andSo Atolb Costa ■nffldent to oovc >>akeitAofiinh Oder down to i (sweet apples ai dnced,andstU!k Ifovent biuning, tify of pulvorizc< BAKIXO AND COOKING BECEIPTS. &I fxsH CuowDKR.— Fry a few slices of salt pork, dress and cut the fish iu small pieces, pare and slice the potatoes and onioiiS, then place them in the kettle, a layer of fish, then of the fried pork, potatoes, onions, &c., seasoning each layer >vith salt and pef^per. Stew over a slow fire 90 minutes. Roast Beef.— The slrioin is considered the best for roastinff. Spit the meat, pepper the top, and baste it well while roasting with its own diippuig. and throw on a handfnl of salt When the smoke draws to ^e fire, it is near enough ; keep the fire bright and clear. From Ifi to 20 minutes to the lb. ia tno rule for. roast- *^. IBSV BoiucD.— Tlio round is the best boiling piece. Put tlio moat in the ix>t, with water enough to cover it ; lot it boil very slow at first— this is the great secret of making it tender— take oil the scum as it rises. From 2 to 3 hours, according to size, is the rule for boiling. liBEF SxEAK.— The inside of the sirloin makes the best steak; cut About ^ of an inch tliick— have tiie gridiron hot, put on tlie meat and set it over a good fire of coajis— turn them often. From 8 to 10 minutes is the rule for broiilTig. Roast Pobk.— Take a leg of pork and wash it dean-^^ut the skin in squares— make a Etufflng of grated bread, sage, onion, pepper and salt, moistened witli the yolk of an egg. Put this under the skin of the knuckle, and sprinkle a little powdered sago into the iind where it is cut ; rub the whole surface of the slcm OTer with a feather 'lipped iu sweet oiL 8 lbs. will require about three hours to roast it 19^ Thb Shc jld£b, Loik, on CmsB, and Spaxue-Rib are roasted In^e same manner. Boast Vsaii.— Pursue about the same course as in roasting pork. lUiast before a brisk fire till it comes to a brown color ; tlien you lay it down, baste it well with good butter, and when near done, with a little flour. Roast Muttok.— The loin, haunch, and saddle of mntton and lamb must be done the same as be^f. All other parts must be roast- ed with a quiok^ clear fire ; baste it when you put it down, and dradge it wim a httle flour, just before you take it up. A legrof mnt- ton 01 six pounds will require 1 hour to roast before a quick nre. To Boiii Eoos.— In 3 minutes an egg will boil soft in 4 the whita put is completely cooked, in 10, it is fit for a salad. Try their fresh- ness in cold water, those that sink the soonest are the freshest Sausagb Mbat.— Take 2 )bs. lean meat, 1 lb. fat pork, diop fine^ and mix with 2 tablespoonf uls black pepper, 1 of cloves, 7 of powder- ed sage, and 6 of salt AFPiiB CoBTABD.— Take apples, pared, cored, and slightly stewed, ■uillcient to cover the dish, 8 ^gs, 1 qt ol milk ; spice to your taste ; bake it iof an hour. Naw-EwoLANP AppT^u-BAncB ob BcTTiat.— Boil 3 bria. of new cider down to | a brL Pare, core, and slice up 8 bushels of applea (sweat apolet are preferable), ana put them into the dder thus re- duced, and still kept boUing briskly. Stir title whole mass constantly, to prevent burning, ull of the consistence of soft butter. A small quan- tify of pulverized allspice, added daring the boiling, is an improve* BAKINQ AND COOKING IlECEIPTS. f. ; meat. Boil in a bmns kettlo, and, whon done, put it into a wooden firicin, or a sraall canlc, and it will keep for years. Appub BvTrsa (Pennsylvania Method). — Boil new eiderdown to ). Pare, cut, and core equal quantities of sweet and sour apples. Put the sweet apples in a large kettle to soften a little first, as they are the hardest. Add enough boiled cider to cook them. After boiling ^ an honr, stirring often, put in the sour apples, and add more boilea cider, with molasses enough to sweeten moderately. Boil until ten- der, stirring to prevent burning. Pack in firkins or stone pots lor winter use. Ibish Stew.— -Take 4 lbs. good breast of fat mutton, cut in small pieces ; 2 lai^ white onions ; 10 latge potatoes, well peeled and ■Ucod ; put tSi in saucepan together, with fine herbs, pepper and salt to suit ; a little salt pork is a good addition : ^ la of flour ; k lb. good fresh butter, well rubbed together, and let it boll tot one Lour, and have it well cooked. Appuc DmiFLnras.— ti eggs, 1^ lbs. of flour, some butter to tout taste, and tablespoonful oiyeast, and sufficient milk to maxe a dough to roll out : when raised, cut in small pieces, put in the apples, and cook for £ of an hour ; serve with white sugar or wine sauce. Boiled PouiiTBY.— Take large chickens, well cleaned with cold water, put in saucepan with water to cover, boil 1 honr ; served wiUi sauce. Uabiieo TcBKET.—Take meat from boiled fowls, chop fine, put in saucepan, with seasonings to suit taste. Served on toast Boiled Maccahoni.— Take 2 lbs., break in small pieces, put in warm water to steep 1 hour, drain off, put in saucepan with 2 qts. fresh cream, with grated cheese : seasoned with red pepper. STBASBuna Potted Meat.— Take 1^ lbs. of the rump of beef, cut into dice, put it in an earthen jar, with ^ lb. of butter, tie the jar dose up with paper, and set over a pot to boil ; when nearly done, add cloves, mace, allroice, nutmeg, salt, and cayenne pepper to taste, then boil till tenaer, and let it get cold, pound the meat, witii 4 anchovies mashed oud boned, add ^ lb. of oiled butter, wxnrk it well together with the gravy, warm a little, and add codiiueal to, color then press into snail pots, and pour melted mutton suet over the top of each. Bologma Sauc^qes.— Take equal quantities of bacon fat and lean beef, v«U, pork and beef suet ; chop them small, season with pep- per, salt. &C., with sweet herbs and sage rubbed fine. Have well ^;ni8hed intestines, fill, and prick them ; boil gently for an hoar, and lay on straw to dnr. Ricu Sausages.— Take 30 lbs. of chopped meat, 8 oz. fine salt, 2^ oz. pepper, 2 teacups of sage, and Ih cups of sweet marjoram, passed through a fine sieve, or, if preierred, thyme and summer savory can be substituted for the latter. llow TO SAVE YOUB ICE BiLL.— Gct a quantity of empty barrels or boxes during the coldest time in the winter, and put a few inches of water in eaeli; the evening when the cold is most intense is the best time to do this. After the water is frozen solid, fiU up again, repeat the process until the barrels are full of solid ice, then roll tlicm into your cellar, cover them up with plenty of sawdust or straw, anil yoos ic« crop i» safely luuveBtod, 0-tiABix)r] isinglass ant and flour, si cake, and pu Wuns Jbl the juice of then add win a cotton or fi] To Make {tress, made ndia molMs as that woolc said to be 08 molasses. l»~Acid. metal, and th vessels shoidc a ptrison whicl Jellies.— 2 Bugar, 1 lb. ; lemons, and t mix well, stra Hartshorn Jell boil over a ge: sugar, \ lb. ; ^ mix well togetl and 2 oz. cloves upon 4 lbs. of 1 tie. Apply Jet sugar, 2 lbs. ;li 4 lbs. ; water, 2 to this syrup, a< bou, cool, then rante, and loaf i hours ; put it hi a firm jelly. Ti Jt hi 1 gal. fresh set all on to heal with wine and si Blaokberry agreeable than \ not agreeable to but the fruit is ik juice in sugar. Peab Marma put the pears in and set it over \ cold water ; pan cups of water, se fruit fine and sn it is thick, like je Bcoureitasjelly. P&ESBBVED Cl BAEINQ AND COOKING IlEOEIPTS. S^ OHARZ.OTTE RrssE.— Tako 1 pt milk, dissolve with Iteat, 3 os. iainglASB and 1 lb. sugar; add, after it is cool, 1 qt. beaten cream and flour, suit your taste and line out some mould with sponge caice, and put the cream in it and cooL WiMB Jellt.— Take 1 pt water and 3 oz. isinglass, 11 lb. ragar, the juice of 2 lemons, and dissolve that and let it come to a -boil, then add wine, brandy and spice to your taste, and strain it thiougli a cotton or Ibmnel doth and put it in moolds to cooL To Make Afpcb MoiiASSES.— Take new sweet cider just from the {iress, made from sweet apples, and boil it down as thick as West ndia molasses. It should be boiled in brass, and not burned, as that would injure the flavor. It will keep in the cellar, and is said to be as good, and for many purposes better, than West India m olasse s. 19* Acid fruits should be cooSed In bright tin, brass, or bell metfil, and iKtured out as soon as they are done. Brown earthen vessels should never be used, as they are glazed with white lend, a pdson which very rcMidily unites with an a[cid. jEXJuacs.— Lemon Jelly. — ^Isinglass, 2 oz. ; water, 1 qt. ; bdl ; add sugar, 1 lb. ; clarify ; and, when nearly cold, add the juice of 5 lemons, and the grated yellow rinds of 2 oranges ajid 2 lemons ; mix well, strain o9 the peel, and put it into glasses or bottles ; Hartshorn Jelly. — ^Hartshorn, 1 lb. ; water 1 gal. ; peel off 2 lemons : boil over a gentle Are till sufilciently thick ; strain and add loaf sugar, h lb. ; whites of 10 eggs beaten to a froth ; juice of 6 lemons ; mix well together, then bottle. Isinglata Jelly.— VxA 4 oz. isinglass and 2 oz. cloves into 1 gal. water ; boU it down to half a gal. ; strain it upon 4 lbs. of loaf sugar ; add, while cooling a little wine ; then hot* tie. Apply Jelly from CVder.— Take of apple juice, strained, 4 lbs. ; sugar, 2 lbs. ; boil to a jelly, and bottle. Uooseherry Jeny.---Sugar, 4 lbs. ; water, 2 lbs. ; boil together ; it will be nearly solid when cold; to this syrup, add an equal weight of gooseberry imce ) give it a short boil, cool, then pot it CurrarU Jelly.— TaiiR tne juice of red cuz^ rants, and loaf sugar, equal quantities ; boil and stir gently for throe hours ; put it into glasses : and in three days it will concentrate into a firm jelly. Tapioca Jdly. — ^Wash 8 oz. of tapioca well ; then soak it in 1 gal. fresh water, 6 or 6 hours ; add the peels of 8 lemons, and set all on to heat ; simmer till clear*; add thp juice of the 8 lemons with wine and sugar to taste ; then bottle. Blaokberry Jellt.— This preparauou of the blackberry is more agreeable than the jam, as the seeds, though very wholesome, are not agreeable to all. It is made iu tne same way as currant jelly; but the fruit is im> sweet that it only requires half the weight of tne juice in sugar. Feab MABMAiiADB.— To 6 Iba. of small pears, take 4 lbs. of sugar ; put the pears into a saucepan, witli a little cold water ; cover it, and set it over tiie fire until the fruit is soft, tlien put them into cold water ; pare, quarter, and core them ; put to them three tea- cups of water, set them over the fire ; roll the sugar fine, mash the fruit fine and smooth, put the sugar to it stir it well together until it is thick, like jelly, then put it in tumblers, or jars, and, when cold, secure it as jelly. PaESEBVED CiTBOir.^Fare and cut open the citron ; dean all out 80 BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. i ! except the rind ; boil till soft. To 1 lb. of citron add 1 lb. of sugar, and a lemon to each lb. ; put the sugar and lemon together, and boil it till it becomes a sjrrup, skimming it well ; then put the syrup and citron together, and boil it an hour. Scotch Mabmalade. — Take of the juice of Seville oranges 2 pts., yellow honey, 2 lbs. Boil to a proper consistence. Raspbbkry Jam.— Allow a pound of snear to a pound of fruit, mash the raspberries and put them, witu the sugar, into your preserving kettle. Boil it slowly for an hour, skimming it welL Tie ft up with brandy paper. All jams are made in the same manner. S&BifCB. HoiTET.— White sugar, 1 lb.; 6 sggs, leaving out the whites of 2 : the juice of 3 or 4 lemons, and the grated rind of 2, and ^ lb. oil butter ; stir over a slow fire until it u of the consis- tency of honey. / ' Ahaovo Blano Makgb.— Take four ounce of almonds, six oz. eogar, bdl together with a quart of water, melt in this two ounces of pure isinglass, strain in a small tin mould to stiffen it. When wanted, dip the mould in hot water and turn it out. Lemon Blano Mange.— Pour a phit of hot water upon half an ounce of isinglass ; when it is dissolved, add the juice of three lemons, the peel of two lemons grated, six yolks of eggs beaten, add about a good wine-glass of Ma^ira wine to it ; sweeten to your taste ; let it boil ; then strain it and put it in your moulds. Moii ASSES Pbeserves. — Boil 1 qt. of molasses about ten or fifteen minutes to a thickish consistency, tiien add 6 eggs well beaten, and a spoonful of flour. Boil a few minutes longer, stirring constantly, then set off the Are, and flavor with lemon or allspice as desired. Fkuit Extracts, &c. — Good alcohol, 1 qt., oil of lemon, 2 oz. Break and bruise the peel of 4 lemons, and add to them alcohol for a few days, then filter. For currants, peaches, raspberries, pine apples, utrawberries, blackberries, &c., take alcohol and water half and half and pour over the fruit, entirely covering it, and let it stand for a few days. For essence of cinnamon, nutmeg, raace, vanilla, &c., pulver- ize either article thoroughly, and put about 2oz. of the resulting pow- der to each pint of reduced alcohol, agitate the mixture frequently for 2 weeks, then filter and color as desired. Measures fob Housekeepers. Wheat floor. 1 lb — is 1 quart. Indian meal 1 " 2 oz " 1 quart. Batter when soft. . 1 •«...." 1 " Loaf Bugar, broken 1 "...." 1 " White sugar, powdl' sugar lib. ? oz. l3 1 qt. Egg» 10 eggs ore 1 lb. Flour 8qtB. " 1 peck. Flour 4pk8. "Ibush. Liquids, 16 large tablespoonfals are % pint. 8 large tablespoonf uls are 1 gill. 4 large tablespoonfuls are % gill. 2 ^Is are i^piut 2iuut8ai« 1 qt. 4qtfl. are 1 gnllon. A common sized tumbler bolus y^ a pint. A common sized wlne'Clasa « 14 a gill. 25 drops ore equal to 1 teaepoonful FARMERS Rarey's Dib —In training ho laws that goven whenever he gei from whatever ] hearing, and sm iiew that he is 1 him with nothin handle him at w: that ill a gJiort tii contact with. A stumbling, &c.,i for It, it only add otherwise be ; el He should never for anything tliat assists the trainei colt with the seen Bcent of hogs, for attempt to escape namon, or salt. ' preparation of ooi «uinot teach hto ^1 FABM£BS' B£C£IPTS. m FARMERS AND STOCK OWNERS' MENT. DEPART- Rakey's Directions for Breakino and Training of Horses. — In trainiog horses you must remember that there are certahi natural laws that govern thera. For instance, it is natural for him to kick whenever he gets badly frightened ; it is natural for him to escape from whatever he thinks will do him harm. His faculties of seeing, hearing, and smelling, have been given him to examine everything new that he is brought in contact with. And so long as you presem him with nothing that offends his §yes, nose, or ears, you -can then handle him at will, notwithstanding, he may be frightened at first, so that in a short time he will not be afraid of any aing he is brought hi contact with. All of the whipping and spurring of norses for shying, stumbling, &c. , is useless and cruel. If he shys, and you whip him for it, it only adds terror, and makes the object larger than it would otherwise be ; give him time to examme it without punishing him. He should never be hit with the whip, under any circumstences, or for anything that he does. As to smelling oil, there is nothing that assists the trainer to tame his horse better. It is better to api)roach a colt with the scent of honey or cinnamon upon your hand, than the scent of hogs, for horses naturally fear the scent of hogs, and will attempt to escape from it, while they like the scent of honey, cin- namon, or salt. To affect a horse with drugs you must give h im some preparation of opium, and while he is under the influence of it, you cannot teach him anything more than a man when he is intoxicated 32 FABMERS' BECEIPTS. i i( i ' with liquor. Another tliinc, you must remember to treat him kindly, for there you require obedience from any subject, it is better to havo it rendered from a sense of }oye than fear. You should be careful not to chafe the lips of your colt or hurt his mouth in any way ; if you do he will dislike to have the bridle on. After he is taught to follow you, then put on the harness, putting your lines through tho shaft straps along the side, and teach nim to yield to the reins, turn short to the right and left, teach him to stand still before he is ever hitched up ; you then have control over him. If he gets frightened, the lines should be used as a telegraph, to let him imow what you want him to do. No horse is naturally viciou«», but always obeys his trainer as soon as he comprehends what he would have him do ; you must be firm with him at the samo time, and give him to under- stand that yon are the trainer, and that he is the horse. The best bits to be used to hold a horse, to keep his mouth from getting sore, is a straight bar-bit, 4) inches long between the rings ; this operates on both sides of the jaw. while the ordinary snaffle forms i clamp and presses the side of the jaw. The curb or bridoon hurts his under jaw so that he will stop before he will give to the rein. To throw a horse, put a rope 12 feet long around his body in a running noose, pass it down to the right fore foot through a ring in a spancil, then buckle up tho left or near lore foot, take a firm hold ol your rope, lead him around nntn ho is 1 time drawii him steady, to liold him Take you monce snap liocks, stopi you; while! extended toy him as soon get your liac to caress hin In this way ] his head tow away from y ing him, call] jsome familial If a colt is ( remembering him his own i you must thei such a way th disposed torn around his nm hhidfeet In falls on hte jax Iiim until yon i Colts should broke, ^len yo; best unless you keep him from taught to give 1 iutch them up l»ave no oontro stand at the wo CauELTr TO horses, by the < vere punfshmen frozen bits into] *P"gue and the the mouth and t nerves of the hei The whip should ture ; and your I «o frozen iron w Rarhy's Lnra o« of origanum, well before using cover with a tight temples and appl Rabey's miA optnts torpontino, FABMERS' RECEIPTS. m TiBtil ho is tired, give him a shovo \dth yoar shoulder, at the ■ama time drawing up the right foot wlilch brings him on his knees, hold him steady, and in a few moments he will he down. Never attempt to hold him still, for the more he scuffles the better. Take your colt into a tight room or i)cn, and with a long whip conv> monce snapping at the coirs hind leg, taking care not to hit above tlie hocks, stopping immediately when we colt turns hia head towards yon; while nisnead is towards you, approach him with the left hand extended toward him, holding your whip in the right, ready to snap him as soon as he turns his head from yon. In this wav vou can soou get your hands upon him. As soon as you have done this, be ca/ef ul to caress him for his obedience, and snap him for his disobedience. In this way he will soon learn that he is safest in your presence with his head towards you, and in a very short time you cannot keep him away from yon. Speak kindly and firmly to him. all the time caress- ing him, calling by name, and saying, " Ho, boy, or " Ho, Dlna," or some familiar word that he will soon learn. If a colt is awkward and careless at first, yon mnst bear with him, remembering that wo. too, were awkward when yoimg ; allowing him his own way, until by degrees he will come in. IX ne is wilful, yon must then clumge your course of treatment, by confining liim in such a way that he is powerless for harm until he submits. If ho is disposed to run, use my pole check on him ; it to kick, fasten a ropo around his under jaw, pass it through the collar and attacli it to his hind t&eL In this way one kick will cure him, as the force of the blow falls on hte jaw. If he should be stubborn, lay him down and confine him until yon subdue liim, without punishmguim with the whip. Colts should be br(^e witliout blind-bridles : after they are well broke, ^en you may put on blinds. Bridles without blinds are the best tmless you want to speed your horse, then it will be necessiiry to keep him from seeing the whip. Colts should be well handled and taught to give readilv to the rem before they are hitched up. If yon hitch them up the first thing and they beoMne frightened, then yon have no control over them ; out if you teach them to start, stop, and stand at the word before they are hitched, then you can govern toem. Cbubltt to Horses— Besides the cruel punishment iufilcted u^iou horses, by the careless and heartless driver he is subjected to se- vere punishment in the winter season, by being compelled to take frozen bits into his mouth in cold weather, tearing the skin from tho tongue and the roof of his mouth,^ producing a heavy inflammation in the mouth and throat ; he gets poor, hidebound, ana the sympt^etic nerves of the head take up the mflammation, carrv it to the head and eyes, frequently producing blindness, and a hundred other diseases. The whip should be need as an instrument of pleasure instead of tor- ture ; and your bits should be wound with flannel or leather ; so that no frozen iron will oome in contact with his mouth, lips or tongue. Rarby's LnnuENT. — Sulphuric ether, 4 ozs. ; hartahom, 4 ozs., oil of origanum, 4 ozt. ; alcohol, 4 ozs. ; sweet oil, 4 ozs. Shake well before using. For sprains on horses, &&, apply by rubbbig and cover with a tight fllaonel bandage. For headache, rub a little on the temples and apply a bandage wet with the liniment to the forehead. Rabet's Wizard Oil.— Oil of origanum, 6 ozs. ; alcohol, C ozs. } opirita tuipcntino, 1 oz. ; camphor, 1 oz. Shakg vcU beloro usinji. 3 34 farmers' receipts. Rabet's Directions fob Shoeing Houses.— "There are very few blacksmiths that ever once think what a complicated piece of machinery the foot of a horse is, and by one careless blow they frequently ;?top the working of this machme. The majority of smiths, as soon as they pick up a horse's foot, go to work paring the heel, from the fact that it is the most convenient part of the foot, and there- by destroy the heel and braces of the foot, causing, in many instances, contracted heels. The heels of a horse should be well kept up and tho toe down. By lowering the heels you throw the entire weight of your horse upon the back tendon of the legs, and thereby produce lameness from overtaxing a very important set of tendons. By keeping up the heel you throw the weight nppn the wall of the foot. In this position you prevent stumbling, clicking, &c. Next the sheer commences to pare away the sole, thins it down luitil he can feel it spring with his thumb. Ask him why he does this, and he gives you no reason, except from custom ; next comes tho bars or braces of the foot, they are smoothed down ; next in his ruinous course, comes the frogs of the feet, they are subjected to the same cutting and smoothing pro- cess. All the cutting, paring, and smoothing of the soles, bars, or frogs ifl a decided injury to the horse as well as to the owner. All the corns in the land are produced by this process of paring. The froga have been placed in the foot by nature to expand the wall of the foot, and as soon as yoa commence to cut it, the oily substance commences to leak out, it drys up, becomes hard, losing its oily substance, make» the wall hard and dry, inducing it to crack. The nerv'es of the feet are very sensitive, and smiths should be very careful not to prick tho foot, as it requires quite a time to relieve them. The foot is a very complicated ))iece of machinery, and if you keep a horse well shod and nis foot in good condition, you can then generally manage tho balance. The feet suffer from being kept too dry. Horses that stand on board floors should have their feet wet every day, or there should be a vat five inches deep, five feet long, and three wide, filled with water and clay, in which each horse can stand for one hour per week, imless his feet are feverish, then he should be kept in it an hour per day, or until the fever subsides. Another source of injury to horses' feet, is the habit of patronizing cheap blacksmiths. If a niau can FAR3IEBS BECEIPTS. 35 et Ith ber BS' drire a noil, ho then sets up a sign as a farrlor or areterlnary irargeon, when in fact he knows nothhig of the anatomy of the horse's foot; not havhig spent any tbaeor money in acquiring the necessary infor- mation, he can afford to shoe a few shilling cheaper than a well-in- formed man, but the patrons of such cheap shoeing are generally the sufTerers. All horsc-siioers riioold be well skilled veterinary surgeons, or there should be a skUful surgoon attached t6 every shop. Another source of poor shoeing and injiu^ is the loss of elasticity of the frog, refusing to perform its proper f onctioDs ; the heel contracts, the foct rolls, and you have a sore horse for ten or twelve months, for it rfr> quires this lon|; to relieve a horse's sufTering from being badly shod. Under the circumstances, the first thing tliat tonches the road or the floor of the stall, sliould be the frog, and the wall of the foot should be kept cut so as not to prevent it nom touching at every step; and no man that owns a horse should ever allow a blactemith to cat the soles, bars, or frogs of his horse's feet Nature has adapted the frogs to all description of roads, climates, and weather, without being Eared. So many liorses liave been ruined by tliis process of paring, lat there are now several establishments in this count^ that manufacture India rubber pads, thinkingthereby to supply the wasted frog and the elasticity of tlie natural foot Tho frog is insensible to pi-essure, and you may place tlie whole weight of your horse on the frog and he will suffer no inconvenience, as may be seen from shoebig with one of my com shoes ; besides, this is tlie onlv reliable way to cure contracted feet; by throwing the weight upon the frog, you force them up between the walls : it acts as a wedge, and soon relieves tho contracted feet Smiths should never have their shoes hot when fitting them, as the application of hot iron extracts tho oilv substauco from the hoof. The amount of cruel punishment inflicted on horses by cross-grain blacksmiths, is auotltcr source of poor shoeing. As soon as the horse docs not stand the smith gets angry, and com- mences whipping and jerking the animal, which only adds terror to it, so that he soon refuses to go to the shop if he can avoid it : it is natural for horses to dislike to be shod, because the hammering shocks the nervous system, until they are accustomed to it. He should be taught to stand, and his feet well handled at home, before he is ever brought to the shop by the owner. You tli en save the horse pounding, and the smith cs and pulleys attached to a cross beam atove, he is elevated, or lowered, as may be required. By the adoption of Uiis plan e\ery facility is allowed for the satisfac- tory treatment of fractures. Lasipas. — ^This consists in a swelling of the first bar of the npner ]mlute. It is cured by rubbing tho swelling 2 or 3 times a day witn ^ oz. of alum and the some quantity of double refined sugar mixed with a little honey. GuAVEL. — Steep ) lb. of hops in a quart of water and give it as ho^ as the horse can stand it Halter Pulling. A new way to prevent horses pulling at tho lialtcr, is to put a very small roiKJ under tlie horse's tail brhigiug tlie cuds forward, crossing them on the back, and tyin<^ them on tlio breast. Put the halter strap through the ring^ and tie the rope in front of the horse. When the horse pulls, he wiU, of course, find nim- sclf in rather an uncomfortable position, and discontinue the effort to free himself. Hide Bound.— To recruit a hide bound horse, give nitrate potassa (or saltpetre) 4 oz., crude antimony 1 oz., sulphur 3 oz. Nitmte of potassa and antimony should be finely pulverized, then odd tho sulphur, and mix the whole well together. Dose, a tablespoonful of this mixture in a bran mash daily. To Prevent Horses from Jumping.— Pass a good stout «urcingle around hie body ; put on his halter, and have tlio halter strap long enough to go from nis head, between his fore legs, tlien through the surcingle, and back to one of his hind legs. Procure a tliill strap, and buckle around the leg between the foot and joint, fasten tho halter strap in tliis — shorter or longer, as the obstinacy of the case may require. It is also useful to keep colts from running where there fs likely to be danger from the result ; if the thill strap should cause any soreness on the leg. it may be wound witli a woollen cloth, and it would be well to change it from one leg to another occasionally. Big Leg. — To cure, use the "Blistering Liniment" with regularity every third hour until it blisters. In 3 days wash the leg with liuseed oil. In 6 days wash it clean with soap and water. Repeat every 6 days until the swelling goes down. If there should bo any callous left, applv spavin ointment SoRK Breasts.— ITiis generally occurs in tho spring, at the oom- menoement of plowing. At times tho fault is iu having poor old FARMERS* RECEIPTS. 37 collars, and not having the tX)llarwcU fitted to the horse's brennt; and often, the hames are either itoo tight or too loose. There is a peat difTcrence iu horses about getting chafed or galled, and at times it lias seemed to be imixvssible to Iteep their breasts from getting sore ; but a thorough application of str')ug alum water or white oak bark to the brcii^ts of the animal, 3 days before going to work, toughen them ko that they will not get sore. Another excellent i>lan in, when you let your team rest for ti few moments during work, to raise the collar and pull it a little forward, and rub the breast thoroughly with your naked handi !f'^ HO g Thb Check Rein on Horses. —We desire to register an earnest protest against this barbarous appendage to horses harness. It re- tards the horse's progress in every position both while he is at work, and while travelling on a journey. It is botli useless and cruel in every sense of the word, without any compensating qualities to recom- mend it. Mr, Angell, of the " Itoston Society lor tne Prevention of Cruelty to Animals," who has travelled over a great part of Europe iu the interests of humanity to our dumb servants, says, that the use of the check rein is confined to America alone, being deserve-dly dis- carded every where both in England and on the Continent. The reason why it is so discarded, was very graphically explained by an extensi'.e horse owner in Glasgow, as he remarked, in conversaUon ■with Mr. Angell, that *' We cauna get the wark cot o* the horse wl* the check rein." To check rein a horse, is eouivalent to tmssin^ a man's head backward towards his back or heels, and compelling him, while bound in this position, to do duty with a loaded wheelbarrow. Feeding Horses on the Road. — Many persons, in travelling, feed their horses too much, and too often, continually Htnfllng them, and not allowing them to rest and digest their food ; of course they suffer from over-fulness, and carrying unnecessary weight. Horses should be well fed in the evening, and must not be stuffed too full hi the morning, and the travelling should be moderate on starting when the horse has a full stomach. It a horse starts in good condition, he can go 20 or 25 miles witliout feeding. Tlie provender required by horses while travelling or engaged in ordinary farm work, per day, may be stated thus : Hay 20 lbs., oats 3 gals., water 4 gals. Muddy water is the best fur horses. Beeves require 20 lbs. of hay and 88 FAUMERS' RECEIPTS. Rilfl. of water per day. Quantity will vn ry In every cano acoordln;? to le size, conditiou, breed, &c., together with the kind of work la wliich thev are employed. iTCH.— To cnre ahorse affected with itch, first reduce his daily Allowance of food, putting him on low diet nnd then Rive him a tea- |tiM)onful of a mixture of equal parts of snlphur and antimony, and at tlie end of a week or 10 days the sores will hare disappeared and the horse will be covered with a fine coat of new hair. Stoppage of Ukwk.— Symptoms : Frequent attempts to urinate, looking round at his sides, lying down, rolling and strctcliing. To cure, take ^ lb. of hops, 3 drs. oil of camphor ; grind and mix. Make this into3pill8. Givel every day, witiiaarcnchmadeofasmall spoon- ful of saltpetre and 2 oz. of water. This will cure as a general thing. To Cuke Balky Houses.— Ono metlicd to cure a balky horse Ifl to taJce him from the carriage, whirl him rapidly around uU he is giddy. It requires two men to nccompli.'jh tliis, — one at tl\o horse's bill. Don't let him step out Hold him to the small "^tportsiblo circle. 1 dose will often cure him, 2 doses are final with the worst horse that ever refused to stir. Another plan is to fill his mouth with tlio dirt or gravel from tlie road, and he will at once go, the philosophy of this being that it gives hira something else to think about. Dr. Cole's Kino of Oils.— 1 oz. green copperas ; 2 oz. white vitriol ; 2 oz. common salt ; 2 oz. linseed oil ; 8 oz. molasses. Boil over a slow fire fifteen nunutes in a pint of urine ; when almost cold, add 1 oz. of oil of vitriol and 4 oz. of spirits of turpentine. Apply to womids with a feather. A very powerful liniment Sloan's House Ointment.— 4 oz. rcsm ; 4 oz. bees-wax ; lard, 8 oz. ; honey, 2 oz. Mix slowly and gently, bring to a boil ; tlicu add less than 1 pint spirits turpentine ; tlien remove and stir till oooU Unsurpassed for horse flesh, cracked hoofs, human ilesh, &c. Mexican Mustanq Liniment. — Petroleum, olive oil, and carbon- ate of ammonia, each equal parts, and mix. MFjicn ant's GABOLiNa Oil.— 'rake 2^ gals, linseed oil ; 2^ gnls. spirits turpentine ; 1 gal. western petroleum ; 8 oz. liquor potu^. ; sap green, 1 oz. ; mix all togetlier, and it is ready for use. Abablan Condition Powi>f.K8. — Groimd ginger, 1 lb ; sulphnret of antimony, 1 lb. ; pov/dered sulphur, 1 lb ; saltpetre, 1 lb. Mix all together, and administer in a mosii, in such quantities as may be ro- qcdred. The best conditiou powder in existence. Busteblno Liniment.— ^1 part Spanish flies, finely iK)wdered ; 3 of lard ; and 1 of yellow resm. Mix the lard and resin together, and add the flies when the other ingredients l)egin to cool. To render it more active, add 1 pmt spirits turpentine. Medicated Food fou Houses akt> Ca'^tle. — ^Take linseed cake and pulverize or grind it up in the shape ot meal, and to every 60 lbs. of this ingredient, add 10 lbs. In^i.u meal ; 2 lbs. sulphnret of antimony ; 2 lbs. ground ginger, 1^ ii)^. of saltpetre, and 2 lbs. powdered sulphur. Mix the wliole thoroughly together, put in neat i)0xes or packages for sale or otherwise as desired, and you will have an article equal in value to " Thorley's Food," or almost any other preparation that can be got np for the purpose of fattening stock or cnnng disease in everv case when food or medicine can be of any nso whatever. This ai.u'ue can bo fed in i uy desired quantity, begiuuiug with a foT^ grain, and doso and i liOTION add sulpbi Foil Sti common sti 1 oz. of w] gunpowder water, and cations laio UooF-Bo oil.Soz. J To Toug; turn brijie i SCBATCHJ 8oai>-snds oi ftndaftorwa Cough. — i Sprinkle hui with his grai mash of sea honey. Adi of heaves, pi vender, and i Split or each side of t clinch tight Boon grow toi CoLio Cun raw cotton, m ■when it bogii ^To Cube I then adniinist Founder < half an hour, with wet woo application, ta Imsc^d oil. I Curb for , bran, 1 gal. ; i siissalnis tea, water for half RiNG-nONB fli!e«, of each 2 red precipitate verize all, anc scorching or bones, cut off once in 48 hoi Wasli well pre place witli a i This has remo\ fahaiers heceipts. no with a fow txblosi^oonf Ills nt n timo, for a homo, mining it witli h\a Srain, nud iu tlio same i)ro]>ortlou to Rmnllur nmmal.s, iCpcntiiiK tLo oso nud incrcxwiug tlio qiiautity as tho cuho may bociii to roiiuiro. Ix>xiox Fon Ma NQK.— Boil 2 OK. tolmcuo iu 1 qiuut water ; Btiain ; add Hulpbur aud soft B'^ap, oncli 2 oz. Foil Stkaiks and Swkixinos.— Strong vinegar saturated with rommou salt, used wami, iit good for stra'.:.! aud rcduciu;;; ewolliugft. 1 oz. of white vitriol : 1 oz. of grocu c*y: oraii ; 2 tea.Hi)ooiiXulii of ' gunpowder, all piUvorlzcd togetlier, aud dittaolvcd iu 1 quart of soft water, and iiseacold, rubbing in tlioroi^hly, ia ouo of tho best appli- cations laiown for reduciug swollings. lIooF-BouKD Wash. — Spirits turpentine. 4 oz. ; tar, 4 oz. ; whale oil, 8 oz. Mix, and apply tu tlio hoofs often. To Toughen IIoois.— "Wash thcin frequently in stronR brino, and turn brijie upon the bottoms, aud soak a few muiutes each time. ScBATCBES. — Cut ofl tho hair close, aud wash tho legs in strong 8oai>-6nd8 or urine, or wash with warm vuiegar saturateii witli sal^ and afterwards dress over with a small quantity of hog's lard. Cough. — Quit feeding mustv hay, ana feed roots and huativo food. Spriukle human urine on his fodder, or cut up cedar boughs and rabc with his grain ; or boil a small quantity of fux-sced, and mix it in a mash of scalded bran, adding a few ounces of sugar, molas$te8, or honey. Administer lukewarm. If there bhould he any appearance of heaves, put a spoonful of ground ghigcr once per diiy iu his pro- vender, and allow him to driiik freely of limo Avator. Split or Buoken Hoof.— Let tho blacksmith bore two holes on each side of tho crack or split ; pass long nails througli the holes and clinch tight. After auointing with the hoof-bouud liquid, it will goon grow together. CoLio Cube.— Bleed freely at tho horse's mouth ; then take J lb. i-aw cotton, wrap it aromtd a coal of fire, so as to exclude tho air ; when it begins to smoke, hold it under his nose till he becomes easy. To Cuke Distempek. — Take IJ gals, of blood fromtlie neck vein ; then administer sassafras oil, 1^ oz. Cure, speedy and certain. Foundeb cuitED IN 24 IIouKfl. — Boil or steam stout oat-straw for half an hour, then wrap it around the horse's leg quite hot, cover up with wet woollen rags to keep in the steam ; iu six hours renew the nppUcatiou, take 1 gal. of blood from the neck vein, aud givo 1 quart Iinsc<&d oil. Ho may be worked next day. Curb fob Staggers. — Give a mess twice a week, composed of bran, 1 gal. ; sulphur, 1 tablespoonf ul ; saltpetre, 1 spoonful ; boiling enssafraa tea. 1 quart ; assafootida, 1^ oz. Keep the horse from cold water for lialf a day afterwards. RiKG-BOXE AND Spavin Curb. — Vonico turpenthie and Spanish flies, of each 2 oz. ; euphorbium and aqmwimmonia, of each 1 oz. ; red precipitate, ^ oz. : corrosive sublimate, ^ oz. ; lard, 1^ lbs. Pul- verize all, aud put into the lard ; simmer slowly over coals, not scorching or burning ; and pour o£F, free of sediment. For ring- bones, cut off the hair, and rub the ointment well into the lumi)8 once in 48 hours. For spuvins, once iu 24 hours for 3 mornings. Wasli well previous to each application witli suds, rubbing over the place with a smooth stick, to squeeze out a thick, ycUow mattez; iTiis has removed very large ring-bones. 40 rA.RlIERS' EECEIPT8. 'i AxoTiren Citre.— Take sweet oil, 4 oz. ; spirits turpentine, 2 oz. ; oil of stouo, 1 oz. Mix, and apply tiiree tlmCvS per day. If the horse is over four year old, or in any case -when this is not sufH- cicnt, in addition to it, you will nt a bar of lead just above it, wiring the ends togetlicr, bo it constantly wears uiwn the enlargement ; ana tiie two together will euro nine cases out of every ten. m six weeks. Cure fob Bone Spavins — $300 Recipe. — Corrosive sublimate, quicksilver, and iodine, of each 1 oz. Rub the quicksilver and iodine together : then add the sublimate, and lastly the lard, rubbing them thoroughly. Shave off tlio hair tiie size of the bone enlargement ; grea^ all around it, but not where the hair is shaved off, this pre- vents the action of me medicine, except on the spavin. Then rub in as much of the jiasto as will lie on a 3-cent piece, each moniing, for 3 or 4 mornings. In from 7 to 8 days, the whole spavin will come out ; then wash the wound with suds for an liour or so, to remove the poisonous effects of the paste ; afterwards heal up the sore with any good healing salve, or Sloan's Horse Ointment, as per recipe above, keeping the sore covsred while it is healing up. Another very Valuable Recipe For Ring-bone. — ^Pul- verized cantharides, oils of spike, origanum, amber, cedar, Barba- does tar, and British oil, of each 2 oz. ; oil of wormwood, 1 oz. ; spidte turpentine, 4 oz. ; common potash, i ox. ; nitric acid, 6 oz. ; sulphuric acid, 4 oz. ; lard. 3 lbs. Melt the lard, and slowly add tiio acids ; stir well, and add the other articles, stirring till cold ; clip off ti»e hair, and apply by rubbing and heating in. In about 3 days, or when it is done running, wash off with soap-suf's, and apply again. In old oases, it may take 3 or 4 weeks ; but, in. xecent cases, 2 or 3 applications have cured. ANOTHEn.— Pulverized cantharides, oils of origanum and amber, and spirits turpentino, of each 1 oz. ; olive oil, J oz. ; sulphuric acid, 3 drams ; put all, except the acid, into alcohol ; stir the mixture, add tlic acid slowly, and continue to stir till the mixture ceases to smoke; then bottle for use. Apply to ring-bone or spavin with a sponge tied on the end of a stick, as long as it is absorbed into tlie parts ; twenty- four hours after, grease well with lard ; and in twenty-four hours more, wash off well with soap-suds. One application is generally sufficient for spavins, but may need two ; ring-bones, always two or tliree applications, tbrea or four days apart, which prevents \<^ of Lair. This will stop all lameness, but does not remove the lump. Splint and Spavin Liniment. Oil of origanum, 6 oz. ; gum camphor, 2 oz. ; mercurial ointment, 2 oz. ; iodme ointment, 1 oz. ; melt by putting all into a wide-mouthed bottle, and setting it in a kettle of hot water. Apply it to bone spavins or splints, twice daily, for four or five days, and a cure is guaranteed. Poll Evil and Fistula. — Common potash dissolved in J T^lnt of. water. 1 lb. ; add i oz. belladonna extract, and 1 oz. gum arc ly :: dis- . Ivea in a little water : work all into a paste with wTieat flour, and ; • jttle up tight. Directions : wash the sores well with Castile soap- suds ; then apply tallow aU around tliem. Next, press the above paste to the bottom of all the orifices ; repeat every two days till the callous fibrous base around the poll evil or fistula is completely de- stroyed ; put a piece of oil-clotli over the eorcs, and afterwards Iieal up with Sloan's Uui-se Oiutmcut 1. Forehand 2. Forehead. 3. Face. 4. Nose. C- Wings of i 6. MuzzJo. ' 7. Jaw. 8. Throat. 9. Windpipe, tie. "iO. Point of tl .. ^ "^er. ^ n. Chin. 12. Curb of th« 13. Outer conn *». Juner come Eye. tt. Foretop. Compauatt^ Is equivalent ii o4 lbs. of rye clover, 275 lbs. straw, 400 lbs. ^ H'8. of sun- ■trnw, 105 11:8. bage. POINTS IN A HORSE. DIAGRAM OF A SOUND HORSE. 4'i POINTS IN A HORSE. 1. Forehand. 2. Forehead. 3. Face. 4. Nose. 6. Wings of the nose. G. Muzzlo. 7. Jaw. 8. Throat. 9. Windpipe, or Throt- tle. 10. Point of the Shoul- der. n. Chin. 12. Curb of the Chin. 13. Outer comer of the Eye. 14. Inner comer of tho Eye. 15. Foretop. CoMPAiiATivE Value op Food for Houses. — 100 Iba. of good r.aj t8 equivalent in value to 59 lbs. of oats, 67 lbs. of com, 275 of carrots, 64 Iba. of rye or barley, 105 lbs. of whput bran, 400 lbs. of p^reen clover, 275 lbs. of green corn, 374 lbs. of wlieat straw, 442 Iba. of rye straw, 400 lbs. of dried corn stall- s, 45 lbs. of wheat, 59 lbs. of com, 62 lbs. of sun-flower seeds, 69 lbs. of linseed cake, 195 lbs. of oAt straw, 105 U*s. of wheat bran; 1 lb. of oil cake is equal to 14 lbs oab bage. IC. Neck. 35. Girth. 17. Breast. S6. Barrel (the Ribs). 18. Shoulder. 37. Plank. 19. Withers. 38. Quarter. 20. Arm. 39. Tldgh. 21, Fore-arm. 40. Stifle. 22. Fore-legs. 41. Hamstring. 42. Point of tiieHock, 23. Knee. 24. Cannon-hones. 43. Hocks. 25. Nape. 44. Fetlocks. 26. Crea^. 45. Small Pasterns. 27. Middle-hand. 46. Large Pasterns. 28. Back. 47. Crown of the Hoof. 29. Back-hand. 48. Hoof. 30. Loin. 49. Heels. 31. Hip. 50. Head. 32. Croup, or Kump. 51. Mane,orMauoHaIft 33. Dock. M. Elbow. ^%i- 42 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. I' ! DIAGRAM SHOWING DISEASES OF THE HORSE. The above diagram, copied from a circular issued by L. W. Warne & Co., manufacturers of Dr. Herri ck's Horse Mediciues at 67 Murrav St., N. Y., is, notwithstanding its higubrious appearance, of the ut- most value to owners of horses ; for, taken in connection Svitli the following references descriptive of the various numbers, indications, itc, it will prove of great utility in identifying and locating diseasea in many doubtful cases. C Glanders. 3 Discharge from the Nostrils. ) Membrane. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 10. 11. 12. 13. 15. 16. 17. 18. 20. 21. 22. 23. 124. '25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 31. 9 ( Glandular Swellings. Caries and Diseases of the Jaw. Fistula Parotid Duct. Diseases of the Eye. Scars on Forehead and over the ,r. Eyes. .S3. Scars from old Fontanels and 34, Brain Diseases. ;>. Poll Evil Prurigo, 'aiENT FOB Sweeny,— -Alcohol and spirits turpentine, of each 8 oz. ; camphor-gum, pulverized cantharides, and capsicum, of each 1 oz. ; oil of spike, 3 oz. ; mbc. Bathe this liniment iu with a hot iron, and a cure is sure to follow. Fob Looseness oh Scoubino in Horses ob Cattle. — Tormcn- tU root, powdered. Dose for a horse or cow, 1 to 1^ oz. It may be stirred into 1 pint of milk, and given ; or it may be steeped in IJ pints of milk, tlien given from three to six times daily, until cured. Scours and Pin-Wobms in Horses and Cattle. — ^Whito ash bark burnt mto ashes, aud made into a rather strong lye ; then mix h i>int of it with 1 pint warm water, and give all two or three times aaily. This will certainly carry off the worms, which are tlio cause, in most instances, of scours and looseness. English Stable Liniment, very strono.— Oil of Bi>ike, aaua- ammonia, and oil of turpentine, each 2 oz. ; sweet oil, and oil of amber, each, 1^ oz. ; oil of origanum, 1 oz. Mix. CoLio Curb for Horses and Persons. —Spirits turpentine, 3 ox. ; laudanum, 1 ox. ; mix ; aud for a horse give all for a dose, by putting it into a bottle with half a pint of warm water. M relief b nc^ obtained in an hour, repeat the dose, adding half an ounce of the best powdered aloes, well dissolved. Cure, certiin. For Persons, a dose would bo from 1 to 2 teaspoonf uls in warm tea ; children or weak persons, less. Liniment for fifty cents per gallon. — Best vinegar, 2 qts. ; pulverized saltpeti-e, J lb. ; mix, and set in a cool place till dissolved, luvaluablo for old swellings, sprains, bruises, &c. SnoEiNO Horses. — A smith who shod for the hunt, and avIio said that he would have to shut up shop if a shoe was lost, as it might cause tho loss of a horse worth a thousand pounds, fastened the shoo as follows : — As he drove the nails, ho merely bent the pomts dovm to the hoof, without twisting them off, as tho usual practice is ; he then drove the nails home, and clinched them. Ho then twi.stca off the nails, and filed them lightly to smootli tliom, thus having, as he zemiirkcd, a clinch and a rivet to hold the nails. Horse Aiih— Make a slow fire of old shoes, rags, herbs, &o. ;»• ^ VTI! farmers' BECEIPT0. Bi n :! '■ ;^i;l \i When fired a. little, smother so as to mnko a great sinoh i and steam, then set a barrel without hcnda, over tlio liro, and hold the horse's head down in the barrel, and smoke him ■well. This will soon jiro- duce a copious running at the nose, and he will be so well pleaded that he will voluntarily hold his head in the smoke. Continue this half an hour or more daily, meanwhile give him potsvtoes and warm bran mashes, and gently physic if there be much costivcness which the Laxative food will not remove. If he has fever, treat him for it. Saddle and Hakkess Galls, &c, — White lead and linseed oil, mixed as for paint, is nnrivalled for healing saddle, harness, or col- lar f^lls and bruises. Try it, applying witli a brush. It soon forms an air-tight coating and soothes the pam, ]wwcrf ally assisting nature. Grease Heel. — Ley made from wood-ashes, and boil white-oak bark in it till it is quite strong, both in lye and bark-ooze; when it la cold, it is fit for use. Wash off the horse's legs with Castile soap; when dry, apply the above ley with a swab fastened on a long stick to keep out of liis reach, as tlie smart caused by the application might make uim let fly without much warning; but it is a sure cure, only it brings off the hair. To restore the hair after the cure is effected, make and apply a salvo by stewing elder bark in old bacon; then form tlie salve by adding a little resin, according to the amount of oil when stewed, or^ lb. resin to each pound of oil. Valuable Remedy fob Heaves. — Calcined magnesia, balsam of fir, balsam copaiba, of each 1 oz. ; spirits turpentine, 2 oz. ; put them all into 1 pint best cider vinomr; give for a dose, 1 tablespoon tul in his feed, once a day for aweek; tlicn every otlierday for 2or3months. Wet his hay with brine, and also his other feed, lie will cou^h more at first, but looser and looser till cured. To Distinguish and Cuke Distejipeh. — ^Wet np bran with rather strong lye; if not too strong, the horse will eat it greedily. If they liavo the distemper, a free discharge from the nostrils, and a conse- quent cnroj will be the result, if continued a few days; but if only a cold, with swellings of the glands, no change will be discovered. Remedy kou Founder. — Draw about 1 gal. blood from tlie neck; then drench the horse v/ith Unseed oil, 1 qt. ; now rub the fore-legs long and well with water as hot as can be borne without scaldmg. Physic-Ball for Horses.— Barbadoes aloes, from 4 to 5 or 6 drams (according to size and strength of the horse); tartrate of potassa, 1 dram; ginger and Castile soap, each 2 drams; oil of anise, or peppermhit, 20 drops; pulverize and make all into one ball, with thick gum solution. Feed by giving scalded bran histead of oats, for two days before giving the physic, and during its operation. Physic fob Cattle. — ^Take Aa//only of the dose above for a horse, and add it to glauber-salts, 8 oz. ; dissolve all in gruel, 1 qiuirt, and give as a drench. IIoop-AiL in Sheep. — Muriatic acid and butter of antimony, of each 2 oz. ; white vitriol, pulverized, 1 oz. ; mix. Lift the foot^ and drop a little of it on the bottom, only once or twice a week. It kills the old hoof, and a new one soon takea its place. Sutebphosphatb of Lime, the greatest Agricultural Dis- covery OF the Age.— Take a large puncheon, large tub, or ban-el, and put into it 200 lbs. water; add, very slowly and cautiously, 100 lbs. of pure sulphuric acid; you must bu very careful, while handling this FARMEK3 i RECEITTS. 45 t^ article, not to let it touch your skin or clothing, as it ■will instantly blacken the sldn, and destroy the clothing, wherever it comes in con- tact; and, when mixed with water, it engenders a very intense heat. Into this mlxturo tlirow 200 lbs. of bones, no matter how old or use- less they may be. Tlio sulphuric acid instantly attacks and enters into combination with the bones, reducing them to a pasty consistence, and completely dissolving them. Keep under cover, and turn them over occasionally," while the process is going on; and, when com- pleted, dump out the whole contents on the bam floor or on a plat- form of boards, and thoroughly work into the mass four times its bulk of dry bog-earth or dry road-dust; mix and pulverize completely with a wooden shovel. The bog-eartli acts as an absorbent or drier, retaining the fertilizing properties of the compound, and rendering it easy of uniform distribution. If whole bones are used, it will take six or eight weeks to dissolve 'hem; if tlicy are broken witli an axe, they will dissolve in about tliree weeks; if' they are ground in a bono inill, four days will be sufllcieut.' This manure is the most powerful fertilizer in existence; and, wlien made by these directions, it is the cheapest.t'as one ton is equal to thirty-two tons of barn-yard manure. For top-dressing grasslands, use 300 lbs. per acre; for com, potatoes, beans, turnips, &c., apply 450 lbs. per acre in the drill, mixmg with the soil; for wheat, rye, oats, or barley, 400 lbs. per acre, harrow in with the seed; for buckwheat, 300 lbs. per acre.' fc SuPEKi'HOSPHATE IN TwENTY-FOUK HouRS.—Any farmer who has got an apparatus for steaming food for cattle can make super- phosphato in quick style by admitting steam from tlie boiler into tbe barrel eontammg the water, acid, and ground bones. The heat thus generated quickens tlie dissolution of the bones in a wonderfnl man- ner; and, if the process is properly conducted, it will not take over twenty-four hours in any case. It is indispensable tliat the barrel bo tightly covered to retain the steam. FERTiLizEU FOR ToBACCO. — Add 40 Ibs. of the best Peruvian guano to each 100 lbs. of the superphosphate made by the above receipt, and you will have one of the most jwwerful fertilizers for tobacco that can be made. If you do not have Peruvian guano, use in- stead 30 lbs. of hen manure to each 100 lbs. of superphosphate. II0ME-3L.VDB PouDUETTE. — Fcw fertilizers are wasted with the prodigality of extravagance which attends the use of night soil, while tlie exercise of a httlo care and attention is all* that is required to secure one of tlio most powerful fertilizers in existence. Kight soil contains phosphate of lime, which is essential to the gro^vth of animals* bones, and which is not supplied from the atmosphere like carbonic acid and ammonia. In order to receive the droppings in a manageable and inoffensive state, the vault should be provided with a large, tight box made of matched plank, placed to slide on scantling, , 60 that it can be drawn out, by attaching a horse, whenever rcquirccl. Provide plenty of dry, black loam from the woods or swamps; refuse charcoal, dry peat, or alluvial deposits answer first-rate. Keep them dry, in barrels or boxes on the spot, under cover ; spread a thick layer on the bottom of the receiving box, and at intervals of a few days tlxrow in a liberal supply of these absorbents on tlie accumulating do- posit. If a few handf uls of plaster are thrown in occasionally, it will suppress unpleasojit odors and increase the value of the manura 3E', 46 FAKilEES RECEIPTS. Tho cmptyiiut of slopg and dish water in the box should be s' detly prohibited. Wlicu tho box is filled, you can remove it, and convert it into i>oudrette. For this purpose it must be worked over with an additional quantity of mucic, or other absorbent, in such proportions that it will form, witli what has been previously added, about three- quarters of tho entire compound. The worlcing should bo done luider a shedj and the whole kept perfectly dry. It should be shovelled over and mixed several times at intervals, and finally screened, and made as uniform throughout as possible; tub finer it is 2:^ulverized, and the drier it is kept, tlie better. UoME-MAou Guano of Unequalled ExcEiiLENCE.— Save all vour fowl manure from sun and rain. To prepare it for use, spread a layer of dry swamp muck (the blacker it is tho better) on your bam floor, and dump on it the whole of your fowl manure; beat it into a fine powder with tho back of your spade ; this done, add liard wood ashes and plaster of Paris, so that tho comix)und shall bo composed of tho following proportions: dried muck, 4 bushels; fowl manure, 2 bushels; jwhes, .1 P'lshelj plaster, li bushels. Mix thoroughly, and spare no lalKir" - .' this matter, the elbow-grease expended will bo well pjiid for. . ' icforo planting, moisten the heap with water, or, better still -.v u; cover well over with old mats, and let it lio till wanted for use. Apply it to beans, com, or potatoes, at tlie rate of a handful to a liiU; aud mix with the soil before dropping the seed. This will be r.i'nJ**>o be: t ""bstitute for guano ever invented, and may bo depended . . fc. great crops of turnips, com, potatoes, &c. To Dissolve Laboe Bones fob Mantoe ■without Ext^nse.— Take any old flour barrel, and put into tho bottom a layer of hard- wood ashes ; put a layer of boucs on the top of the aslics, .and add another layer of ashes, filling the space between the bones Avitli them ; then add bones and ashes alternately, fiuishiug off witli a thick layer of ashes. "When your barrel is filled, pour on water (urine is better, ) just sufficient to lieep them wet, but do r.ot on any account suffer it to leach one drop ; for that would be like leaching your dungheap. lu the course of time they ynU. heat, and eventually soften down so that you can crumble them with your finger. When sufficiently softened, dump them out of the barrel on a heap of dry loam, and pulverize and cmmble tliem up tiU they are completely amalgamated into one homogeneous mass with the loam, so that it can be easily handled and distributed when required. You may rely on it, this manure will leave its mark, and snow good results wherever used. Substitute for SurEKruospnATE. — If you havo inch bono ground in a bone-mill, and cannot afford to purchase sulphuric acid to work it up Into superphosphate of lime, you can reduce your bones into a fine impalpable powder by simply using three barrels of loamy soil to every barrel of inch bones ; mix them together. Tlie bones will soon begin to heat and ferment, and continue so for some time ; they will then cool off. You will then proceed to chop down ancl pul\ erize and work the mass thoroughly ; it will begin to reheat and ferment and cool doAvn again ; and you will continue worldng it over tUl the contents are brought to the proper state of fineness, when yon will havo a fertilizer of astonishing power. It is only a year or two since a staten^eut appeared in tho ^' Country Gentloinan/' of tho expcrimei method, ^ IIow 1 Fakm.— F tljo woods one foot t] tlie loam day, but Ii it with th( simple mei tlie qualit; poorer by i of the ingi estimated. Josiah Q Ftables the The amoun fertility of crop had in arranged st and altemc quarters. ] Ifjur cows. &c., wliich mouths, to I crop is his i 3 cords of li( Boston, sucl estimate, ho made as vali Twenty I If you have liorso,— do u to tlie woods distance onlj of muck orl quick -lime, s to make, wi loads ; and ^ worth S20 f( tionate quant twenty good too great a re Fish Coan Fish Kefusb matter and I similar to fles being water ; terrestrial ani fishes will ac animals ; 100 400 lbs. of fis effect is due FAliaiERS RECEIPTS. 47 experiments of a Mr. IIaskei ti witli a manure preijared after this method, who found it even superior to tjuperphosphato of lime. How TO DOUBLK THK USUAL QUANTITV OF MaNUKK OTiT A Faksi. — Provide a good supply of black swamp mould or loam from the woods, witliin easy reach of your stable, and place a layer of this, one foot thick, under each horse, with litter as usual, on the top of the loam or mould. Remove the droppings of the animals every day, but let tlie loam remain for two weeKs ; then remove it, mixing it with the other manure, and replace with fresh mould. By this simple means, any farmer can double not only the quantity but also the quality of his manure, and never feel himseli one peimy the poorer by the trouble or expense mcurred, while the fertilizing value of the ingredienta absorbed and saved by tho loam can scarcely be estimatedi. Josiah Quincy, jnn., has been very successful in keeping cattle in ptables the year through, and feeding them bv means of soiling. The amount of manure thus made had enabled him to improve the fertility of a poor farm of 100 acres, so that in twenty years the hay crop had increased from 20 to 300 tons. The cattle are Kept in a wolf- arranged stable, and are let out into the yard an hour or two momuig and afternoon ; but they generally appear glad to return to theii (||uarters. By this process, one acre enables him to support three oi lour cows. They are fed on grass, green oats, com loader, barley, &c., which are sown at intervals through tho spring and suraniei mouths, to be cut as required ; but he remarks that his most valuable crop is his manure crop. Each cow produces 3^ cords of solid, and 3 cords of liquid manure, or 6^ cords m all. Five to eight miles from Boston, such manure is worth five to eight dollars a cord. From this estimate, ho has come to the conclusion that a cow's mauura may be made as valuable as her milk. Twenty DoLiiARs' Worth op Manure fob almost Nothiko.— If you have any dead animal, — sjiy, for instance, the body of a horse, — do not suffer it to pollute the atmosphere by drawing it away to tho woods or any other out of the way place, but remove it a short distance only, from your premises, and put down four or five loads of muck or sods, phvce the carcass thereon, and sprinkle it over with quick -lime, and cover over immediately with sods or mould sufficient to make, with what had been previously added, 20 good wagon- loads ; and you will have witliin twelve months a pile of manure worth S20 for any crop you choose to put it upon. Use a propor- tionate quantity of mould for smaller animals, but never less tnan twenty good wagon-loads lor a horse ; and, 1£ any dogs manifest too great a regard for the enclosed carcass, shoot them on the spot. Fish Compost, Substitute for Bone-Dust, Mantjre from Fish Kefuse, &c. — The fish owes its fertilizing value to the animal matter and bone-earth which it contains. Tlio former is precisely sinuiar to flesh or blood, consisting of 25 per cent, of fibrin, tlie rest being water ; and their bones are similar in composition to tliose of terrestrial animals. As fertilizing agents, therefore, tho bodies of fishes will act nearly in the same way as the bodies and blood of animals ; 100 lbs., in decaying, produce 2^ lbs. of ammonia. Hence 400 lbs. of fish rotted in compost are enough for an acre. Tho great elloct is due to tho amiaoniacal portion ; xox it zendoig the herbs^o ,f 48 FARMERS RECEIPTS. ri -'! ( ^i darlc-grcen, and starts it very rapidly. Ono of tlio best composte is luado as follows : Dried bo^-earth, loam, or peat, eeveu barrels ; hardwood ashea, two barrels ; Ush, quo barrel ; slaked lime, ono bushel. Place a thick layer of the bog-earth on the bottom ; on tho top of this put a layer of tho iisli, then a sprinkling of lime, then a a layer of ashes : on top of tho ashes put a thick Layer of bog-earth, loam, or peat ; then another thin lay^r of fish, lime, and ashes, and 80 on till your materials are workod in ; then top off with a thick lajrcr of the absorbents, to retjiin the jlertilizmg gases. Tlie decorapo- eition of the fish will proceed very rapidly, and a very rich coniiwst Avill be the result. It should be slaovellcd over and over and thor- oughly intermixed and pulverized. Put this on so as to have 400 lbs. of fish to the acre. It may be applied wth tho greatest benefit to com, turnips, potatoes, beans, &c., in the drill, and broad cast on the grass. Superphosphate can be made from pogy-chum, or the refuse of other lisIi, after the oil is expressed, by dissolving in sulphuric acid, and afterwards mixing with dry loam, precisely as directed for making superphosphate with bones. Wliale-oil or the oil of any fish, when made into a compost with loam, and a littb lime or wood ashes, yields a very powerful manure, merely mixed with absorbent earth and applied at the end of tho mouth. Impure whale-oil, at tho rate of 40 gallons per acre, has produced a crop of 23J tons of turnips per acre ; while on tlie same soil, and during the same season, it took 40 bushels of bone-dust to produce only 22 tons per acre. Ashes from Soii. by Spontaneous Combustion. — Make your mound 21 feet long by 10^ feet wide. To fire, use 72 bushels of lime. First a layer of dry sods or parings on which a quantity of limo is spread, mixing sods with it; then a covering of eight inches of sods, on which the other half of tho lime is spread, and covered a foot thick, the height of the mound beiu" about a yard. In twenty-four hours it will take fire. The lime sliould '9 fresh from tho liiln. It is better to suffer it to ignite itself than to effect it by the operation of water. When the fire is fairly Idndled, fresh sods must be ap- plied ; but get a good body of ashes in the first place. I think it may be fairly supposed tliat the lime adds full its worth to tho quality of the ashes, and, when limestone can bo got, I would ad- vise the burning a small quantity in tlie moimds, which would bo a gteat improvement to tho ashes, and would help to keep the fire in. Substitute for Barn-manure.— Dissolve a bushel of salt in water enough to slack 6 or G bushels of lime. The best rule for pre- paring the compost heap is, 1 bushel of this lime to 1 load of swamp-muck, intimately mixed ; though 3 bushels to 5 loads makes a very good manure. In laying up the heap, let the layer of muck and lime be thin, so that decomposition may bo more rapid and complete. When lime caimot be got, use unleached ashes, — 3 or 4 bushels to a cord of muck. In a month or six weeks, overhaul and work over the heap, when it will be ready for use. Sprinlde tho salt water on the lime as tho heap goes up. Sheep-Dipping Composition.— Water, 1 gal. ; benzme, 8 ounces ; cayeime pepper, 2 ounces. Mix ; make what quantity you require, using these proportions. Dip your sheep and lambs in tho composi- tion, and it will make short work of the vermin. Oat or Wheat Straw m.\de equal to Hat.— Bring 10 gallons waiter to a I 3 gallons of enmtv tlio v and let it ri t will be re ./on straw, a iquid from as fat on it, q Death foj boiling water tor vermm, oi Remedy re coal oil, and p iW Oi". clear little holes ai leet each waj wood on tlie gi in largo numb( woi-miigs and ] GlUFTINo \ Bufflcienfc to sof .To CULTIVA situation, wher fuu ; burn ovei iJest), rake it w «iud after a she quarter-dollar, i and weed out cf f oot-sfilks, as tl well advjuieed,- lor seed, which i of tol»acco is Ini i lie plants shoul or siuishme, aiK withered, gather cover to cure and 10 Preserve wn with limo, ni with lime as befo to 40 bushels of r toes, and effectua An old veteran fought the potato the latter part of nioon. When six Juceiy. Now fori a»d 1 part fine sa i^ns compomid as ripe, take them oi cenar, and keep th Packing Fruit «ze, soft paper, > bottom, thea e.acl farmers' receipts. 49 (rater to a boiling licat ; tiko it off tho firo, nnd add to it at on.B 3 gallons of linseed ungroimd ; let it remain till it gets cold ; thet, eniuty the whole into a cask containing 4i gallons of cold water, ana let it remain for forty-eight hours. At the end of that tinio, X will be reduced into a thin jelly, Uko arrowroot Spread out i 'x)n straw, and spriiiklo it over regularly with tho whole of the- iquid from the caak. The stock will eat it up as clean, and keep as fat on it, quantity for quantity, as they would do on hay. Dkath foh Vekmin on PtA2seeds : have a dry, mellow, rich soil, and after a shower, when tlio x>laut8 liave got leaves tho size of a quarter-dollar, transplant as you would cabbage plants, 3^ feet apart, and weed out carefully afterwards. Break off the suckers from tlio foot-stalks, as they appear ; also tho tops of the plants when they aro well advjuiced,—- say, about three feet high,— -except those designed for seed, which should be tho largest and best plants. Tho ripeness of tobacco is known by small dusky spots appearing on tho leaves. The plants should then be cut near mo roots, on the morning of a day of Biuishme, and should lio singly to witlier. When suHlcicntly withered, gather them carefully together, and hang them up under cover to cure and prei>are for market. To Piir.sEuvE Potatoes fkoji Rot.— Dust over tho floor of tho bin with lime, and put in about 6 or 7 inches of ix)tatoos, and dust with lime as before, then more potatoes, using about 1 bushel of lirao to 40 bushels of potatoes. Tho lime improves tho fhivor of tho pobi- toes, and effectually kills the fungi which causes the rot. An old veteran farmer, witli G3 years' experience, lias successfully fought the potato rot in tJie ground, as follows: lie plants them in the latter part of April, or beginning of May, and in the old of tlio moon. When six inches high they aro plastered and dressed out nicely. Now for the secret When bloesoming, take 2 parts plaster, and 1 part fine salt, mix well together, and juit 1 large spoonful of tills compomid as near the centre of each hill as possible. ^Vhen ripe, take them out of the ground, have tliem dry when put in the cellar, and keep ^eua in a dry, cool place. Packino Fkuits for Long Distances. — ^Tako a box of tho prope^ size, soft paper, and sweet bran. Place a layer of bran on tho bottom, theu each bunch of grapes is held by tho hand over a 4 00 PAliMERS* RKCEIPTS. iliect of tl\o pnpcr ; the fonr comers of tlio pnpcr nro brought np to tlio Rtnlk and nicely secured ; thcit laid on itn Hide in the box, and 80 on luitil the first layer is finished. Tlieu dust on a layer of bran, giving the box a gentle shake as yon proceed. Begm the socund layer as tlie first, and so on until the Avhole is full. The bloom of tlie fruit is thus preserved as fresh, at the end of a journey of 500 miles, as if they were newly taken from the tree. Never fails to preserve grapes, peaches, apricots, and other fruit. T HORLEV's CoNDiMENTAL FooD.— The following is a formula to make 1 ton of the food : fcike of Indian meal 900 lbs. , locust beans finely ground GOO lbs., best linseed cake 300 lbs., powdered turmeric and Bulphur of each 40 lbs., saltpetre 20 lbs,, licorice 27 lbs., ginger 3 lbs., nnlse-seed, 4 lbs., coriander and gentian of each 10 lbs., cream of tartar 2 lbs., carl)onate of soda and levigated antimony each 6 lbs., common gait iJO lbs., Peruvian bark 4 lbs., fenugreek 22 lbs., mix thoroughly. Curb fob Swelled Bags in Cows. — An excellent remedy for Bwc''.cd bags in cows, caused by cold, etc., is gum camphor A oz., to sweet oil 2 ozs. ; pulverize the gum, and dissolve over a slow nre. To Increase the Flow op Milk in Cows. — Give your cows three times a day, Avater slightly warm, slightly salted, in which bi-an lias been stirred at the i-ate of 1 qt. to 2 gals, of water. You will find if yon have not tried this daily practice, that the cow will give 25 per cent, more milk, and she will become so much attached to the diet that she will refuse to drink clear water unless very thirsty, but this mess she will driuk at almost any time, and ask for more. The amount of this drhik necessary is an ordinary water-pail full each time, morning, noon, and night. Avoid giving cows " slops, " as they are no more tit for the animal than the human. Home-made Stump Macihne.— Take 3 pieces of common joints, put them together in form like a common han-ow, letting the tapering ends lap by each other some G inches, making a place for the chain to rest in. (Jut oIT tho roots at any distance you please from the stump, place tho machine at one side of the stump, tapering end up ; hitch the chain on the opposite side and pass it over tlie machine ; then hitch a good yoke of oxen thereto, ana you will see the stump rise. Another method is as follows : in tho fall of tho year bore a 1-inch liolo 18 inches deep into the centre of the stump, and put in 1 oz. , of saltpetre, filling up with water, and plugging the hole up. In tho spring take out the plug, put in half a j^U of kerosene and set fire to it. It will bum oitt the stump, to the farthest root. Here is another plan : in the fall, with an inch auger, bore a hole in the centre of tho stump 10 inches deep, and put into it a 4 lb. of vitriol, and cork the hole up very tight. In tho spring tho whole stump and roots extending all throu{j;h their ramifications will be found so rotten tliatthey can be easily eradicated. To Sprout Onions.— Pour hot water on tho seed, let it remain 2 or 3 seconds, and they will immediately sprout, and come up much earlier. ■ To Renew Old Orchakdi?.— Early in tho spring, plough tlie entire orchard, and enrich the whole soil with a good dressing of compost of manure, swamp-muck, and lime ; scrape off the old bark Avith a declc-scraper, or a sharp hoe ; apply half a bushel of lime, and the same of ground charcoal round each tree. Then apply diluted soft soap, or strong soai^suds, en the trunks and FABMERS' RECEIPTS. 51 the of 'old ol Chen and limbs, OB high ns a man ctm reach. When tlie trees are in fall bloom, throw over tliem a good p.-oportion of fino slaked lime, aud ;'ou will reap abundant fruits from your labors. To DicsTKOY TUB MoTiiou MiLLEB.— Dr. Watcrmon says, "I took two white dishes (beaiuae white attracts their attention in tlia night) or deep plates, and placed them on the top of the hives, and filled tliem about half-full of sweetened vinegar. The next oruiug I had about 50 millers caught- ; the second night I caught CO more ; the third night, being cold, I u 1 not get anv, tlie fouith light, being very worm, I caught about 400; tlie fiftu night I got about 200." To Keep MiiiR Sweet, and Swekten Souk Milk.— Pat Into the mlllc a small quantity of carbonate of magnesia. To Make Cheap and Good Vinegak.— To eight gallons of clear raui- water, add G quarts of molasses ; turn tlie mixture into a clciin, tight cask, shako it well two or three times, and add 1 pt. of good yeast Place the cask in n warm place, and in ten or llltoen days add u sheet of common wrappuig-impcr, smeared with molasses, and torn into narrow strips ; and you will have good vulvar. The paper is necessary to form the " mother," or life of the liauor. Mtt. Culley's Red Salve, to cuke the Rot in Shkep. — Mix 4 Ol. of the best honey, 2 oz. of burnt alum reduced to powder, and If a. pound of Armemnn bole, with as much train or fisli oil as will convert these ingredients into the consistence of a solve. The honey must first be gnulually dissolved, when the Armenian bole must bo stirred in ; afterwards the alum and train-oil are to bo added. To iMPt-ovE TiiB Wool of Sheep, by SaiEAUiNO. — Immediately after tlie sheep are shorn, soak the roots of tho wool that remains all over with oil, or butter, and brimstone ; and, 3 or 4 days afterward, wash tliem with salt and water. Tlio wool of next season will not be much finer, but tlie quantity will be in greater abundance. It may be depended upon, tliat the sheep will not be troubled with the scan or vermin that year. Salt water is a safe and effectual remedy against maggots. To M Aiuc Sheep without Injukt to the Wool. — To 30 spoonf nls of linseed oil, add 2 oz. of litharge, 1 oz. of lampblack ; boil till together, and mark the sheep therewitli. To Pkevent the Fly in Turnips. — From experiments lately made, it has been ascertained that lime Bovm by hand, or dis- tributed by a machine, is an infallible protection to turnips against the ravages of this destructive insect. It should be applied as soon as the turnips come up, and in the same daily rotation in which they were sown. Tho lime should bo slaked immediately before it is used, if the air bo not suHicieutly moist to render that operation umiecessary. CoiX)RiNO fob Cheese. — Tho coloring for cheese is, or at least should be, Spanish anuatto ; but, as soon as colorhig became general in this country, a color of an adulterated kiud was exposed lor sale in almost every shop. The weight of a guinea and a half of real Spanish annatto is sufficient for a cheese of fifty ix>unds' weight If a considerable part of the cream of tho night's milk bo taken for butter, more coloruig will bo reouisite. The loaner the cheese is, the more coloring it retxuires. The manner of using 52 FAnMKRS UECEIPTS. I ' 'i ! ;!i ;!! ' ■; annatto In to t»o up in a linen ra^ tho quantity docracd unfflcicnt, and put it into ^ pt. of warm water over niglit. Tliis lnfu»ion is ))ut into tlie ti b of raillc in tlio moniin^ witli tho vcnnot infut>ion : dipping tho m{i into tho niillt, and rubbing it agalnnt tlie palm of tlio hand as long as any color ruuii out. Tho yolk ol egg will color butter. TiiK GuKAT Secrets yon TBArriNO Foxes and other Game. — Blusk-rat mu«l< and sltunlc musit mixed. Can be procured at tho druggititH, or from tho animals themselves. To be spread on the bait of any trap. This receipt has been sold as high as $76. Another, costing ^0, for minks, &c. — Unslaked lime, A lb. ; eal-ammoniae, 3 oz., or muriate of ammonia, 3 oz. Mix, ana pulverize. Keep in a covered vessel a few days until a thorough admixture takes place. 8prinlea meal, 1 lb. ; salTron, 3 grs. ; yolks of 2 hard boiled egg?- leduco ail to a powder by rubbing through a sieve. Place tho nr:.- tare in a frying pan over a fire, and add 2 oz. butter and 2 oz. honey. Sliglitly ooolc for a few muiutes, stirring well, thcu set oL: to cool, and preserve in a closely corked bottle. Much Uutteu from Little Milk. — Take 4 ozs. pulverized alum, J oz. pulverized gum-arabic, 50 grs. of pepsin ; place it in a bottle for use as required. A teaspoonfid of this mixture added to 1 pt. of new millc will, upoi\ churning, make I \}^ of butter. Agents are sell- in" this secret for $5. CoMrosiTioN FOR Drivino otTT Rat."?, ETC. — Kocp on hand a quantity of chloride of lime. Tlie whole societ consists hi scattering it dry all around their haunts Jiud into their holes, and they will leave at onco, or a fiberal decoction of coal tar placed in tho entrance of their holes will do as well. How TO F0R5I Springs. — Tlio finest sprhigs can bo made by boring, which is performed by forcing an iron rod into tho earth by its own weight, turning it round, and forcing it up and down by a spring- lK)le contrivance. Tho water will sometimes spout up several feet aLove the surface. Iron pipes are put down in the nolo after the water is found. Depressca situations, having a southern exposure, with rising ground towards the north, are tlio best situations in the United States or the Canadas to find water. To Burn Lime without a Kiln. — ^lake a pyramidal pile oi large limestones, with an arched furnace next the ground for putting in the fuel, Icavuig a narrow vent or funnel at tho top ; now cover the whole pile with earth or turf, in the way that charcoal heaps are covered, and put in the fire. The heat will be more completely diffused through the pile, if the aperture iu tho top is partially closed. Produces a superior article of lime. Eye Water for Horses and Cattle. — Alcohol, Itablespoonful; extract of lead, 1 teaspoouful ; rain water. ^ pint. To Destroy Mosa on Trees. — Paint them with white-wash made of quick lime and wood ashes. To Protect Fruit-trees from attack of Mice, etc.— Tar, 1 part ; tallow, 3 parts ; mix. Apply hot to the bark of tho tree with a paint brush. Points op the head light nostrils thems Jiead, eyes pro on ; neck ratlK thrown back, til in and smal ' ■ "^Iv largo tn •ly for t -1- oblinnel "•('11 -shaped he not too much the collar at th( spread into the liiiid-logs bent uhat round, bu and tail of shoi incJies long, bro or fetlock join! nearer vou appi perfection. The ErizooT hackhig cough, cold legs, with nasal nienibrane colored, and th col • and the pi ^'' ; the anin T lowing pr ^s i turpent together, and ap t.irtarized antim gether, and give talis may be om the mucous men from the epigloi assumes a decide the disease at on( «Il the strength is usual mess of oa Repeat till all sy mixed with the o£ Age of Horsi teeth, or grinders, called gatherers. tween 2 and 3 yea nnd 2 below. Aft side of those for horse's teeth ; wlu of age, the horse i his tushes appear white, email and & farmers' KECEIITS. 53 u Ide 1 Points op a Good IIoiwe. — TTo should bo alx)ut ir>i ImndH hiRh the lu-ad light nnd clean made, wide between the nostrils, and tb« nostrils themselves large, transparent and open ; broad in the fonv licad, eyes prominent, clear and sparkling ; ears small and neatly pet on ; neclc rather short and well set up ; largo arm or shoulder, well thrown back, and high ; withers arched iind liiju:h ; le^s fine, flat, tliiii and small-lmncd ; liody round (u»d rathor light, thougli suffl- < ■'-"tiv large to afford substance when it is needed ; full chest, afford- ay for the lungs ; back short, with the hind-quarters set on ^i- oblimiely. A good dravf/ht horse should have a rather large, wdl-shapea head, a clean, long ear, full eye, neck rather long, but not too much arched ; strong withers, lyiiiR well forward to catch the collar at the proper anplo for draught, and broad sh* iilders, well fjpread into the back, back very straight, ril)s long and well rounded, hind-logs bent at tho hock, fore-logs forward, hind-quarters some- what round, but not sutHciently to make them look short ; tho nuine and tail of short, but not coarse hair, and with a fetlock about two inches long, broad knees, long hocks, short shanks, and hard ankles or fetlock joints, nnd round hoofs, well opened behind, and the nearer yon approach this description the nearer tho horse will be to perfection. TnE Epizootic— The early symptoms of tho disease are a light, hac'khig cough, with a general dulness, and an Indisiwsitioa to move ; cold legs, with a watery discharge from the nostrils. At fir.st, tho nasal membrane is pale, but, as the disease advances, becomes highly colored, and the mucous discharge changes to a greenish yellow col • and the pulse becomes more rapid. As soon as tho symptoms a'- •, the animal should bo kept warm in the stable, by blanketing. T lowing prescriptions are recommended : No. 1 — Linseed oil, l.j ; turpentine, 1^ ozs.; liquor ammoliia fort., 1 oz. Mix all together, and apply to tlie throat. No. 2 — Nitrate potash, 1} ozs.; t.irtarized antimony, 1^ ozs. ; digitalis, IJ ozs. Pulverize all to- gether, and give one night and morning. If not very bad, the digi- talis may bo omitted. The disease con.sists of an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the throat, which gradually extendi! from the epiglottis downwards till it reaches the lungs, when it assumes a decidedly dangerous character. The following will arreafl the disease at once, it tjiken mtime: Boil a handful of smart- weed till all the strength is obtained, and pour the liquid boiling-hot over thv usual mess of oats, and, when all is cold, feed them to the horso Repeat till all symptoms disappear. Cure certain. Ground gingei mixed with the oats, has also proved effectual. Age of Houses.— Z??/ Teeth.— A horse has 40 teeth, 24 doubl* teeth, or grinders, 4 tushes, or single file teeth, and 12 front teeth, called gatlierers. As a general thing, mares have no tnshes. Be- tween 2 and 3 years old, the colt sheds his four middle teeth, 2 above and 2 below. After 3 years old, 2 other teeth are shed, 1 on each Bide of those formerly changed ; he now has 8 colt's teeth and 8 horse's teeth ; when 4 years of age ho cuts 4 new teeth. At 5 years of age, the horse jiheds his remaining colt's teeth 4 in nnmbcr, when his tushes appear. At G years of age his tushes are up, appeartac white, small and sharp, while a small circle of young giowiug teetb 84^ TARMERS' RECEIPTS. Mi are observable. Tlie mouth is now complete. At 8 years of ft;;e tht teeth have filled up, the horse is aged and his mouth is said tobefulL Bij Eyelid. — After a horse is 9 years old, a wrinkle comes on the eyelid at the upper comer of the lower lid, and every year thereafter he has one well defined wrinkle for each year over!). If, for instance, a horse has three of these wrinldes, he is 12 ; if 4, he is 13. Add the number of wrinkles to 9, and you will invariably judge correctly of a horse's age. Those who m.'inage horses should be careful never to inflict any unnecessary pain, for it is » uly by the law of kindness that a horse can be trained and managed. No man ever yet struck a horse, but he made the horse the worse for it. Patience and kindness will ac- complish in every instance what whipping will fail to do. Horses having a vicious disposition are invariably made so from cruel treat- ment Horses are designed to work, and daily labor for them is as much a necessity to their existence as to that of man's. It is not the hard drawmg and iwnderous loads that wear out horses and make them poor, balky and worthless; but it is the hard driving, the worry by rough and inhuman drivers, that nses up more horse flesh, fat and muscle than all the labor a team performs. Another great reason Avhy there are so few really somid animals is because of their being ?ut to work too soon. Horses are not developed until they are 5, 6 or years old, and they should do very little work until they reach that {)eriod. When a horse is worked hard its food should chiefly be oats ; f not worked hard its food should chiefly be hay; because oats supply more nourishment and Hesh making material than any other food; hay not so much. Artificial Rubber from MirKWEED.— Tlie j nice or sap is express - od from the milk-weed by running it between iron rollers and then allowing it to ferment or evaporate to the consistency of thin molasses. It may then be slowly boiled to reduce it to a thick mass wliich may be treated in the usual way of manufacturing the genuine rubber. See Boot, Shoe and Rubber 3 fanu/r's Dep't. To PiCKiiE Meat in One Day. — Get a tub nearly full of rain or river water, and put two pieces of thin wood across it and set the beef on them at about the distance of 1 inch from the water. Heap as mucb .salt as will stand on the beef and let it remain 2-1 hours, then take off the beef and boil it and you w"l find it is completely impreg- nated by the ssvlt. the water having drawn it through the meat. Baron Liebig s Great Fertilizer.— Dry peat, 20 bushels, nn- leached ashes, 3 bushels, fine bone dust, 3 bushels, calcined plaster. S bushels, nitrate of soda, 40 lbs., sulpliate of ammonia, 33 lbs., sul- phate of .soda, 40 lbs. Mix numbers 1, 2 and 3 together, then mix numbers .'), G and 7 in 6 buckets of water. When dissolved, add the liquid to tlui first, hccjnd, and third articles. When mixed, add the fourth article. This is a cheap and etflcient fertilizer, and this riuan- tity applied to one or two acres of turnips, beets, oats, corn, wlieat, grapes, &c., will bring abundant returns. Another Cheap Fertilizer. — Ammonia, 60 lbs. ; nitrate of soda. 40 lbs. ; ground bone, 250 lbs. ; plaster, 2r)01bs. ; salt ^ bushel; wood ashes, 3 bushels; stable manure, 20 bushels. Use the above quantity on G acres. Labor included, it will cost about $ir), in some places less, and is equivalent in value to some fertilizers which cost $50 oi £jO sterling per ton. To Prote tember this i hatched and through the protection, sn on a board, a lion. The taj bealth. TtrnmniKQ by l^ith inch cyllnd Uitonsl40permi J20 bushels per da 01 5 horse power t ther of 6 horse p AnotharofThorsc Another of 8 horse Another of 10 hors Scwt. The ecom TARMERS' RECEIPTS. 55 iin- ter. )nl- tnix lth« Ithe |an- To Protect Sheep phom ttte Gad Fly.— In Angnst and Sep- tember this fly lays its eggs in the nostrils of sheep, where they are hatched and the worms crawl i^^to the head, and very frequently eat through the brain. In this way many sheep are destroyed. As a protection, smircii their noses with tar. Lay some tar in a trough or on a board, and strew fine sait on it. The niieep will finish tlie opera- tion. The tar will protect them, and what they eat will promote theii health. PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE. TiTRBsniNa BY Si'EAM PowEU. — A 4 liorse power Portable Engine with G inch cylinder ; pressure of steam 45 lbs. per feqiiare inch, revo- lutions 140 per minute, has threshed, under favorable surroundings, >20 bushels per day of 10 hours, coal consumed 3 cwt. Another engine 6f 5 horse power threshed 400 bushels, coal consumed, 4 cwt. Ano- ther of 6 horse power, threshed 480 bushcis, coal consumed 5 cwt, Anothsr of 7 horse power, threshed 5(10 bushels, coal consumed G cwt, Another of 8 horse power, threshed 640 bushels, coal consumed 7 cwt Another of 10 horse power threshed 800 bushels p4r day, coal consumed 9 cwt. The economy of these performances iS evident at a glancit ft6 farmers' receipts. mnd even if much less work than the above were effected, it is evident that 8uch an engine as the one represented above, would, if mounted on wheels, prove a most valuable acquisition to anv neighborhood eomposed of thrifty fanners, who might, by an equitable arrangement, become both the owners and beneficiaries of the same. Many poxtft* Ma enelnes are known to be performing excellent service, not only in threshing grain, but in chaffing straw, hay. &c., food for cattle, cutting wood for f iiel,aud sawing logs into boards. Among other late inventions, we have one as novel as it is meritorious, consisting of a self-propell- ing engine, capable of moving itself from one i/jcolity or farm to another, togel of horses. Ai «ented in the < EXCELSIOB *»«o»llb.;hei HOKSB m I or LAmt Co AJfp 18 Mil nnmber of pound pomt three place, of coal at $14 per Proc( To Measure G it occupies in cnbl point off one place Example: A b( Ptt)cei Or, .,^'«-— €orrectnc Mtra bushel. QDAirriTY OF Si Zi} di-111; carrot, ; onion, loz. tolOOf toaOOftdriU^Sdis uminioi!. tolSOfi tolfidliiUsjcom,! •^eJon.ioz.toSOhi FABMEBS' BEOEIPTS. 57 another, together with the necessary fuel and water, without tlie aid of bors^. An excellfcnt view of mia most useful invention is pM> sented iu the cut. Excelsior Axle Gbease.— Tallow, 8 lbs. ; pabaoil, 10 Iba. ; plonw bego, 1 lb. ; heat and mix weU. Ploughinq Table.— SHOwma the distance tbavelled by a Horse ik Plowing an Acre of Land; and the QUANTinr or Land Cultivated per Dat, Computed at the rate or 10 AND 18 Miles per Day of 9 Hours. Furrow •lice. space tnirel- led in Flough- ing on Acre. Extent Ploughed per Day. Furrow ilice. Space travel- led in Plough- ing an Acre. Extent Ploughed per Day. InahtM. Jfflet. lilSk*. lOJfOeJ. Inche$. Mile*. 18 Mile*. liMOa. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1-2 12 1-2 11 9 9-10 • 9 8 1-4 7 1-2 1 1-4 1 1-2 1 3-6 14-0 2 2 1-0 2 1-3 1 1-8 1 1-4 1 1-2 1 3-5 1 3-4 1 9-l( 2 l-K 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 7 6 1-2 6 1-6 6 3-4 6 1-2 6 1-4 4 9-10 2 1-2 23-4 2 9-10 3 1-10 3 1-4 3 1-2 3 1-5 2 1-4 2 2^5 2 3-5 2 3-4 2 9-10 3 1-10 3 1-4 Rapid Rule to Reckon Cost of Hay, Coal, &c.— JIultiply the nnmber of pounds by half tlie price per ton, and remove the decimal point three places to the left Example : What is the coat of 764 Ibi. of coal at $14 per ton ? Ans. : $5.m Process: 764 14.j.2= 7 6.348 To Measure Grain.— Rule. — Level tlie grain; ascertain the space it occupies in cubic feet; multiply the number of cubic feet by 8, and point off one place to the left Example: A box level full of grain 20 ft long, 10 ft wide, and 5 ft deep, how many bushels does the box contain 7 Ans. : 800 bushels. Process: 20X10x5=:1000x8-^10b800 Or, 1000 ft 8 800.0 Ni-te. — Correctness requires the addition to every 300 bushels of i extra bushel. Quantity of Seed required for a Given Number of TIilla 1 OB length of Drill. — ABparagus, I oz. to CO feet drill; beet, 1 oz. to 60 ft drill; carrot, 1 oz. to 180 ft. drill; endive, 1 oz. to 150 ft drill; onion, 1 oz. to 100 ft drill; parsley, 1 oz. to 160 ft. drill; parsnip, 1 oa. to 200 ft. driU ; mdish 1 oz. to 100 ft. drill ; spinach, 1 oz. to 100 ft. drill , tumin,loz. to 150 ft drill; peas, Iqt to 100 ft drill; dwarf bears, Iqt to ISO hills; com, 1 qt. to 200 hills; cucumber, 1 oz. to 50 hills; water- melon, 1 oz. to 30 hills ; muskmelon, 1 oz. to w hills; pumpkin, 1 oz. to i.l'^ oa PAEMEB3' RECEIPTS. 40 liills ; early equash. 1 oz. to 50 hills ; marrow squash, t cz. to 16 hiUa cabbage, 1 oz. tu 3000 plants; cauliflower, 1 oz. to 3000 plants; celery, 1 oz. to 4000 plants; egg plant, 1 oz. to 2000 plants; lettuce, 1 oz. to 4000 plants, pepper, 1 oz. to 2000 plants; tomato, 1 oz. to 2000 plants. Quantity of Seed bequikeo peb Acre, and AcruAii weioht OF EACH TO THE BusHEL. — Wheat, broadcast, 1^ to 2 bushels; ditto, lu drills, 1^ bushels, weight per bushel, 60 lbs; rye, broadcast, If bushels, weight 66 lbs. ; oats, broadcast, 2 bushels, weight 33 lbs. ; timothy, broadcast, 2 gals.. 45 lbs. per bushel; red clover, broadcast, 3 to 4 gals., 60 lbs. per busucl; while clover, broadcast, 8 lbs., 50 lbs. per bt^el; lucerne, broadcast, 10 lbs., 54 lbs. per busliel; herd or red top, broadcast, 1 to IJ bushels, 14 lbs. per bushel; bluegrass, broad- cast, 1 to 1^ busliels, 14 lbs. per bushel; millet, broadcast, | to 1 bushel, 45 lbs. per bushel; Hungarian, broadcast, f to 1 bushel, 60 lbs. per bushel; com in hills, 1 to l^gals., 56 lbs. per bushel; tur nips and ruta baga, 1 lb., 60 lbs. per bushel; onion sets, 28 lbs. per bushel. Tjie ViTAiiiTY OF Skeds may be tested by placing almost any ol the larger seeds or grains on a hot pan or griddle; when the vitality is perfect the gram will pop, or craclc open with more or less noise. Where tlie vitality is defective, or lost, it remains immovable in the vnssel. A celebrated botanist's recipe for improving and fertilizing all kinds of seed, consists in the preparation of a solution of lime, nitre, and pigeon's dung in water, aud therein steeping the seed. Tested on wheat, the produce of some of these grains was reported at 00, 70 and 80 steins, many of the ears 5 inches long, and 60 corns each, and none less than 40. The same botanist (Millar) produced 500 plants from 1 grain, and 576,840 grains, weighing 47 lbs. Grains of wheat in different countries jrield from 6, 10, 16, and even 30 to 1 : Cape wheat 80 to 1. Barley yields from 60 to 120. Oats mcrease from 100 to 1000. Wheat and millet seed germin?ite in one day, bar- ley in 7, cabbage in 10, almond and chestnut and peaches require 12 months, aud rose and filbert 24. A field cf wheat buried under an avalanche for 25 years, proceeded on its growth, &c., {is soon as the snow had melted. A bulbous root found in the hand of a mummy, above 2000 years old, lately produced a plant. Potatoes planted be- low 3 feet do not vegetate; at ^ foot they grow quickest, and at 2, are retarded 2 or 3 months. Compound fok Reviving Exhausted Orchabds— Sulphate ol Potash, 30 lbs. ; sulphate of magnesia, 15 lbs. ; salt, 35 lbs. ; plaster of aris, 15 lbs. ; chloride of magnesia, 5 lbs. All to be well powdered and mingled with bam manure, and then dug in around the roots at the rate of 10 to 20 lbs. to a tree. This compound is assumed tore- store those elements to the soil of which it hiis been exhausted during many years of fruit bearing, and the secret has been sold to hundred* at extortionate prices. Abtificiaij aIanube.— The composition of Dr. Jeannel's artificial manure for pot plants, as detailed to the Central Horticultural Society of Fiunce, is as follows : — Nitrate of ammonia, 400 grammes (a gramme = 15 grains); phosphate of ammonia, 200 grammes ; ni- trate of potash, 250 grammes ; hydrochlorate of ammonia, 60 gram- mes; sulphateof lime, 60 grammes; and sulphate of iron, 40 gram- mes. Que gramme or 16 grains of this mixture is dissolved hi a litre of water, aud used once or twice a week. FAKMEUS liECEirTS IM Itr* Equivalent Febtilizinq Pboperties of Vabious BIakobxb.- 1 lb. guauo equals 38 lbs. cow mauure, 33fanu yard do., 22 swiue do. 21 horse, 14 human. Seed Oats. — Place your oats in a heap at the leeward end of th« tlivesbing floor on a day when a gentle breeze is blowing through the barn. Take a common wooden flour-scoop and throw the oats against the wind, towards tlie other end of the floor. A few minutes' ezperi- euco will enable you to throw them so that they will fall in a semi<- circlo at a nearly uniform distance from where you stand, the oats which fall farthest are the best for seed, and are to be carefully swept together as fast as they accumulate in sufficient quantities. jSEED Wheat should not only be thoroughly cleaned from the seeds of weeds, but small grains should be taken out with a separator or suitable fanning mill, leaving only the largest, plumpest, and ear- liest ripened kernels, lo prevent smut, soak the seed wheat in brme, aud then dust it with unslacked lime; this will prove a i)erfect preven- tive. To Pboduob the Feab in Pebfection.— Pears are liable to crack when tlie trees stand in soil deficient in lime and potash. These es- . oentiivl elements are restored to exhausted soil by the application of wood ashes at the rate of 400 bushels to the acre, which ensures the reuewal of the proper proportions necessary to supply the require- ' lueutg, viz., 40 per cent, of potash and 30 per cent, of lime. This will check the cracking of the fruit Tested. Applied to the roots of the trees and vegetables, 12 qts. of soot mixed with 1 hothead of water, is a most powerful stimulant of growth and production. Apaint oi Boot and sweet milk applied to fruit trees will keep rabbits off. Saxt and its Uses. — Salt appears to be as necessary for vegetable life as it is to animal life. Applied in combination with other manures at the rate of 2 cwt. to the acre, it never fails to produce wonderful results on all kinds of grain and vegetable productions, and the vor- acity shown by animals for salted hay is well known. To Kiiii. THE Potato Bug. — Mix 1 lb. Paris green with 10 lbs, poor flour or fine whiting. To use, take a circular piece of wood 4 or 6 inches in diameter (it may be cut out of a 2 inch plank), insert a mop handle in the centre, tack on nn old tin can with one end removed for the reception of the block, punch the other end with holes through which to sift the compoimd on the hills as you pass along the rows, and bore a hole in the wooden end for the reception of the mixture, and fit a plug to secure it. The compomid should be sifted on the bills while the vines are wet with dew or rain. The Striped Bug on Cucumbera and Melons may be destroyed, Ist, By sifting charcoal dust over the plants 3 or 4 times in succession. 2ud. Use a solution of 1 peck of henhouse manure to 1^ gals, water, and sprinkle the plants freely with it after sunset^ Chinch-bugs.— Flace any old rags in the crotches of the trees. The worms will take refuge and spin in the old rugs, when the latter may bo thrown in boil- ing water. C'a/e»piWa»a.— Use a solution of Ipart in 500 of sulphide of potassium, sprinkle on the tree by means of a hand syringe. Curculio. -Make a very strong solution of water and gas tar, so that after itanding 48 hours it will be powerful and dark colored like creosote On the appearance of tlie curculio, drench the tree 'horoughly with • hand-forcing pump, repeating it every 3 days for 2 weeks, and d* itroy all fallen fruit. 60 farmers' receipts. To Rblteve CnoKED Cattle.— In choking, tlie accumulation of eas (chiefljr sulphuretted hydrogen) is the cause of the aniinal'ii death. This gas can be decomposed by forcing a, strong solution of ■alt and water down the animal's throat ; or, force the beast to jump over the bars of a gate or fence. When she touches the ground od the opposite side, the obstruction will be ejected. Another way is to use four or five feet of i^-inch rubber hose, and push the obstruction down. Farrow Cows.— Feed them liberally, and they will give ricli milk, though perhaps but little of it. Let them have three or four quaiti cf meal per day through the winter and spring, and do not stop giv« ing it when the grass comes. As soon as it dries them up, they will be fit for the butcher. To Cook Food for Cattle. — To Cook JIay.— Cut it, wet it well, put it in an upright tank or cask, with a false bottom and tight cover, press it down firmly, and pass the steam in under the false cover. To Cook Com.— Soak as many barrels, half full, as you wish to cook from 16 to 24 hours ; turn on steam and cook until done, and tlie barrels will be full. To Make J/«s/i.— Fill as many barrels, half full of water, as you wish to make barrels of mush ; bring the water nearly to a boil by passing the steam to the bottom ; stir into each barrel from li to IJ busheS of meal until well mixed ; then cook until done, when the barrels sliould be full. To Cook Vef/etables.— Fill the barrels full, and, if no other cover is at hand, chop the top fine with a shovel ; then cover them up with meal or proven- der, and cook until done ; have holes in the bottom of the barrels to carry c^ condensed steam. To Fatten Sheep.— Sheep will fatten readily on good clover-hay alone, if the hay has been cut in full bloom, so as to retain all its juices before they are turned mto woody fibre, and of a good green color. A sheep of, say 120 lbs. live-weight, will consume 21 lbs. of clover-hay per week, aiid increase in weight 2 lbs. Allowing that it would orainarily tivke 14 lbs. to keep it in good stationarv condi- tion, an expenditure of 7 lbs. of hay extra will produce 1^ lbs. of mutton, worth in the spring 10 cents, — perhaps more, — so that the hay is literally realizing to the utrmer at the rate of $30 or more to the ton. No other stock, we think, will give a return for the trouble of fattening Uke this. To fatten sheep more rapidlj', the daily addition of a small quantity of oats to their feed will pro< duce good eilects. Keep their quarters dry, well-ventilated, and abundantly littered with clean straw, with freedom of access to good water, and an occasional taste of salt. The health of sheep durin;]; the grazing season will be promoted by giving the sh(;ep tar at the j rate of a gill a day for every 20 sheep ; and, if given pine boughs once or twice a week, they will create appetite, prevent disease, and Increase their health. The best sheep to keep, both for wool and mut- 1 ton, is the American Merino. Hat Racks for Sheep.— The cheapest and best rack for sheep I can be made of 8 boards, 4 long and 4 short ones, nailed to 4l Ksts, forming an enclosure 12 or more feet long, as the case may! , and 32 inches wide. The bottom board should be at least lOl inches wide, and the top one need not be over 4, with a space be'l tween of from 6 to 8 inches, depcudin&: eomewliat, upon the size off the sheep that are to eat, with their heads through this aperture. te«*^. 3 inches gcked on the sides po leave an* in ^ ished by nailing S ON UEK KEEriMO. 61 le. CoNSTnucTioN OF Bee Hives.— Few departments of economjraud use are more productive of utility, profit, and real pleasure than tlio intelligent management of tlie hon- ey beo, but perhaps no other sub- ject is loss understood by the enor- mous masses of the vast population who in every grade of society, might be benefited by a correct knowledge of the subject. In order to manage bees with profit it is ne- cessary to discard the old method of suffocation with sulphur, the old barrels, hollow logs, straw hives, boxes, &c., of the past, and keep abreast with the new discoveries of the age. All that is required for Buccess is to plan well, and always work iu harmony with, and never against, uie heaven derived instmcts which guide tho marvellous operation of tliia •wonderful insect Fore- most among the appliances wliich benefit man and fa- cilitate tho labors of the bees we would mention tho American Movable Comb Ilive, cuts of which are pre- sented herewith. Directions for making the American Hive. — ^The bot- tom board is 13^ inches wide, 18 inches long and li mches thick. Tho front ana back are 14J inches wido and 19^ inches long. Tho 8x10 obse^^'ation door in the back, is cut out with a buzz-saw, 3 inches from the bottom, and thm strips f in. wide are tacked on the sides and top of tho opening even witii the outer edge to leave an \ in. rabbet on tho inside for the glass. The door is fin- ished by nailing an inch clamp on end and side, beveled and hung to the clamp above. Both front and back have a rabbet for the frames on tlie inside, across the top ^\ in. wide and || in. deep, and tiie samo extend down the edge i in. wide, against which tlie moveable side is to fit. The clamp is nailed on the front 74 in. up from the 'x^ttom, and the IJ in. fly noles are bored 3 ins. &om centre to centre just above it. The stationary side with tho 1 J in. clamp on tho upper end is 19J {03. Ions gether that tlic same time a tn immes, is affoi eides, and tho 1 removuigtheei surplus lioueyii aiKi2ins. widej «'id Bidea close <«chend. A St) wch side and tm Pi'ice. Twelve fn ;op, and another }^e best shape fo l«^j.ns:les8thanh Another impon tjc Honey Extrac chmonmde of IBX CLIMAX BEE HIVB AMERICAN BEE HIVE WITH Cl-TMAX IMPROTEMENT. die on the outside. By this pimple contrivance, all communication between the two parts of the hive may be instantly cut off, and divi- ding or any other operation performed without difficulty. The bottom board of the lower part is made of plank Ij ins. thick; and is beveled from the centre to each end, and projects far enough in front and rear to form alighting boards. Along the summit of the bottom board is nailed a triangular strip notched on the upper edge. Corresponding notches are made in the centre of the lower edges of the bottom bars of the frames. Then notches are cut bevel- ling, so that the frames are easily inserted or withdrawn, but when in place, are immovable,s,nd will not shake or jostle, no matter how the hive is turned. Then there is a central rest for the frames, which renders them entirely independent of each other, and of the walls of the hive. The well knovm propensity of bees to glue every thhig to- linteriorarmngement |e* by the rapid robi: ""^ years, if require. ON BEE KEEPING. gether that thcv cnn ia^u, . Bides, and the £0?^'^ /^® J*'?^®'' Pa" lias two Vl.fl^" '^'^ ^e^ow the Burplushoneyinthe Smh^^^.'^W®^ vei,tiliuoS^i«Pi«'eau. By and 2 ins. wide aren^^'^^'i^^-^ou^* small SZintf®'^*®*^' a^^for «nd eides dose fitd'?' ^jj^ °' "'^se framesS^K^?' each 5 x « wch end. A Trin if ?' ''"^ *» P^o «' glass 5 x^^f 1 ^^S^'"^®'. top «'ich Bide and t,Sfed„J°"^5P^P*''*' ^^^utS^^widp T^l?'' P^««d at ,5 fflfty 09 iauQ^ _L .06 ON BEE KEEPINO. I^ned when it is known that each i)ound of tlio comb, bo far as the bbor of the bees is concerned, is equivalent or equal to the collec- tion of twenty iwunds of honey. 'I'ho knife represented herewith is used for uncapping honey for extracting. As thr itility of the preceding remarks will bo greatly enhanced by additional information regarding bees, we herewitli append tlio fol- l(iwing excellent representations of the tenants of the lave, together uith practical iustructious for proHtablo management. tJio tnmny J natiual taieni m Inisiness, » with an undei Jv-ce])ing. 10. "10 lower par ™' they are or two boxes a riii^f combs al QUBBN* DROKB. BLACK WORKER. ITAL. WORKER. The Italian bees are becoming great favorites wherever they have been introduced, and are rapidly supplanting the black bees. They arc credited with being very industi-ious workers, making three flights for every two made by the black bees, and storing nuicn more than double the honey, besides being more prolific, as is cvideurcd by their more frequent swarming. Besides, the Italian bee is very hardy, working earlier and later in the season and gatheiing honey from sources not frequented by the common bee. Useful, Hints fob Beoinneks. — 1. Work quietly; r.void sudden jars ; never fight your bees, and always keep cool. 2. If you get etung, remove the sting, squeeze out all the poison you can, and a]>j ply hartshorn. 3. Use plenty of smoke; a roll of dry rags or dccay-i ed wood makes the best ; blow in the entrance and at the top of] frames. If you are timid, use rubber gloves on your hands, and, veil over the face and head ; tho veil must be long enough to alio the vest or coat to bo put on over it 4. When iiasture first becomi plenty in the sprmg is a good time to transfer bees. Always wo; among the hives during the middle of tlie day, when tho bees a: busy. 5. Stocks without eggs or young brood in June, must qiieenless and should be supplied with a queen or queen cell, or thi will dwindle away and perish either by robbers or moth. G. Wbi symptoms of robbing occur, nse tho utmost caution. Contract entrance of weak hives, and allow no comb, honey, sagar or sy to bo around. Avoid opening hives as much as iwssiblo. 7. Av' i excess of drone comb by the presence of a queen in swar combs are to bo constructed. As swarms having young q _ dom swarm tliat year, less drone comb is built in swam ■ youn^ queens. 8. Qidct is essentially necessary to the well n? au apiary. Do not place it nearMiils, Steam Works, or Man , lories of any kind. If jxissible have it iu view from the windows ,bers2afe^verein n(ni .^^^rJyin thol Jlin: !ld notice . WK,'- other.| receive •' fVesrop7f"''h!?^' «/,gi«^'o/the«g ;^8 a clock— for 7 --■J^ or nail on a' M ON BEE KEEPING. W tho family room, m much extra tronblo may bo avoided. 9. Ai natuml talent or buaincsH tact, is requisite, with education to bucccbs ill business, so a careful turn of mind and a love for tho busiucsB, with an understanding of tlie subject, is necessary to success in bee- keeping. 10. Tut en noney boxes pavtly filled with comb as soon an tlio lower part of tho hivo la well filled with honey and bees, and w hen they are gathering k/ plentifully ; commence with only one or two boxes at a time on tlie most populous stocks. 11. In transfer- lins combs always give those tho preference that contain worktr I IS 3Yf8 DRONE AND •WORKER COMK. brood. Put brood comb near tho centre of the hive in tho order in which they wore in the box hive. Do your transferring where rob- bers cani.ot possibly be attracted. 12. Avoid weak awarms, as they Rather but little honey, breed slowly, and are m danger of destruc- tion by robberp th:> moth, or severity of winter. Weak swarms [should always bo united in the fall, and should never be made by "ividing early in the .'oason. 13. Whenever you notice the bees rim- ing about the entrance in the evening in a disturbed condition, marlc hn^ M\ ' notice it the next evening. If the bees run about 'ling wuu other, it is a sipi they have lost their queen and lid receive attention. 14. In establishing an apiarv, select a eiale slope t he south-east; face the hives in the same direction, if ossible hav anning water near ; shade and protection from wind* nd the heat of the sun are important. Set every hive as perpendi- 1.' .18 a clock — for a stand, take two short pieces of 4 x 6 scantlinB ^ ay or nail on a board. 15. To make queen cases, cut wire clotn 68 ON BEE KEEPING. 8x4 mchcs; pull out two or three transverse wires from one of the 3 inch edges, and insert the projcctiiig ends thus leit in the corres- ponding meslics of the other tiirce iucii edge, and fasten them ; stop one end with a cork or wood. When you wish to introduce a ?[ucen, put her in the cage and stop the other end with wax, 10. A ew inclies of drono comb is amply abundant for any hive, as drones consume a great deal of lioncy and pithcr none. The movable frame hive render? any preventive operation very easy : the cut will enable the beginner to identify the drone by the largo cells. 17. In the Northern States and llritish Provinces, experiments demonstrated that bees wintered in the open air have consumed ftbout 45 lbs. of honey per hive, while beca wintered in the cellar COMB SnOWINO BROOD AND QUEEN CELL. during the same period cor' umed on an average only 5 lbs each In another case 6 hives wintered out of doors lost an average of 29J lbs, in weight each, during 3 months, while 20 hives in the cellar lost! only 6J lbs, each, during the same time. Do not place them in tlio cellar until the severe weather begins ; give them p'enty of upward] Tentilatlon in order to pass off the vapor irenerated fr-jm the bees place the hives in rows on shelves, keep tliem in a clean dark placi but not in a dan t' bees, and kee 11 ' dry absorbe pJaced in the upj iicaithy emanatic especially, tliis is it absorbs the efl slioiild always be and extra protect \vJien errgs are d( "•orkers, in 3 dayi «"« fed , until aV are sealed up in t bee emerges in fro 121 days from th -ud queen cell butt the royal form with toSdayg after emer theair, forfertilizf except when she go. "^posit dOOO eggs n( colony of contmoS t e cage in the cen iu Sb hours release 1 to crawl down amo jsoodandcheapf ybs addodtowate — • Another. Tj»ke «jm5;.re,tooneparl Sl^/l"?.rtofthem wricir , dissolve tlio empty comb with tin «ynip to drain th "c return the frames to Si'ia/if Pmpei^s a'l the dish with tlie ^ prevent the bees f bee bread or natural rye, use other flour ;» wluci, bees a?e be ^tove pipe by means , ;ornmo„hivcs,''anJv !a7t^?,»]*-''''/hogreate attendi„,fe, the folio ,«nd ,.ge, butnot ov "Educed to comment combs to the under s ON BEE KEEPIKO Iflr but not in a damp or badly ventilated cellar, for that is certain death t') bees, and keep wire cloth tucked over the entrance to each hive ; if dry absorbent material such as cut straw or shaviiigH, can be pluoer* in the upper part of the hive to receive and absorb the un- healthy emanations from the bees, all the better; in out door wintering crtpecially, this is a most desirable plan, as it retains the heat while it absorbs the ctHuvia. 18. 13ecs wintered on their summer stands should always be allowed from 30 to 50 lbs, of honey to each colony and extra protection around the hive if the cold is very intense. 19. When cgffs are deposited by the queen in the cells prepared by the workers, m 3 days they hatch into small worms which are nuitured and fed .until a^wut the eighth day the larvia become ujmphs, and are sealed up in their cells to reappear as perfect bees. "^The queen bee emerges m from 10 to 17 days, the drone in 24, and the workere ill 21 days from the egg. The cut illustrates a comb showing brood and queen'cell but the artist has not succeeded very well in representing tlie royal form with which nature has endowed her majesty. In from 3 to 5 days after emerging, the queen leaves the hive to nieet'the drones in the air, for fertilization. She never leaves the hive at any other time* except when she goes with aewarm, and one copulation is all sufllcient to ensure fertility for life. Under favorable circumstances she will deposit 3000 eggs per day. 20. In introducing an Italian queen to a colony of common bees, enclose her in a wire cloth cage and inpeit the cage in the centre of a comb where the bees will cluster upon it. la 3G hours release the queen, smear her with honey, and allow her to crawl down among the bees. 21. When bees aie t:liort of honey a good and cheap food may be provided }^y using good coffee sugar, 4 lbs, added to water, 1 qt., bring to a boil, pkim jind allow it to cool. 22. Another. Take of the best quality of brown sugar, two parts by mtasnrc, to one part of pure soft water ; toil and skim it ; then to eveiy quart of the mixture, a the under side of the top, and placing the boxes directljr h i 70 ON BEE KEEPING. over tho breeding apartment, witli largo openings under each box to admit tho bees. 3. Early in tho gcasou select a lew populous stocks, giving a box to each, aiid when the bees liave coinmeuced in them, give boxes to tho next strongest, being careful not to give too much room imtil a start has been made. 4. Keep the hives cool by shad- ing from tho sun, and if tho bees cluster outside, when flowers aro plenty, ventilate by enlarging tho entrances and giving more room in the boxes if needed. Alter a populous stock has nearly filled its boxes it will often take long enough time to finish them, to havo half filled empty ones, besides tho difficulty so often experienced in getting the bees to commence in tho boxes after those first filled aro removed, which objections are both overcome in tho American hive, described in the article on hives." Dee-Keepers' Text Book. Hatching and Fertilization of Queens.— "In about eight days after the old queen leaves with the first swarm, tlie most advan- ced sealed queen is ready to emerge. During this time the old stock is without a hatched queen, the young queen immediately uiX)U leav- ing her cell, if not restrained by the workers, commences the work of destruction upon her yet imprisoned sisters. Sho accomplishes this by biting oi>en the side of each cell near its base, and diapatchmg tlio unfortunate inmate with her sting. Sho is yet incompetent lor tho maternal duty, and must leave tlie liivc to meet tho drones in the air for the puriK)se of fertilization. This once accomplished, the work- ers, awaiting her .safe return, greet her with a reverence and affec- tion never shown before. They hasten to prepare the cells to rccoi\ o her tiny eggs, and seem to realize that on her existence the perpetua- tion of the familj depends. There is also a perceptible o.hango in tho queen's form, her abdomen being a little swollen and somewhat lengthened, but not as much as at tho height of tho breeding bcu- BOn. She now remains the fruitful mother of tho prosperous and happy colony." Dee-Keepers' Text Dook. To Pkevent new Swarms from lea^tno their Hives.— •' Natural swarms occasionally refuse to stay after having been hived, usually in consequence of heat or strong odor about tho hive. In nucleus swarming this seldom or never happens, beoauso the bees are never without a comb containing brood and honey ; and they •will not leave voluntarily. Therefore when hiving a swarm in a moveable comb hive, go to any stock that can spare a comb contain- ing brood and honey. Brush back the bees, being careful not to remove the queen or any queen-cells with comb, and place it in tho hive that is to receive the new swarm. It will not only prevent tho bees from decamping but will greatly encourage them, and should bad weather confine them to the hive they will be secure from star- vation. If the swarm is nut in a common hive.j)lace over them a box of honey taken from the parent stock." Dee-Keepers' Text Book. The Nucleus Svstem of Swarming.-" The introduction of a mature fertile qneen to a colomj two %oeeks sooner than when they $ic^:nn naturally is an admntaqe sufficient to pay for the extra trouble. The time gained in breeding is equivalent to a swai-m. M. QUINBY. In swaniilng bees on this system, we first rear a queen in a small cluster nuch us of uees, allov.-inx the nucleus hive to remain in its i»laco mitil t.io queen beoomcb fertile, when wo swarm the bees by fiimply oausiu' swarming, the go on scarcely huv, that bees exact sj)ot of ti ptlier populous trance and opej ped brood, but iookmg tjiis ov ^vith Its adherin containing hone f o^ wait mUHhfi "'^a In transferrin f the' S" »'>"'" "^ OK BEE KEEPING. la>v, that bees, aftr /n^fjjj.he system ishSedixSthT"^ its Jabors exact spot of their oidSf!'^ "^" *fao flowered fc«'^ 'f "o«'" other populous sf^Hr k i , ^^^'""' *^onn a nurioni f '®*"'"n *<> tho trauce3openW S,^^uV'o«^iug a few wh,Z if LrfT ^" '*»"au or ^]mS^MKk!Si^ Will return to «,e mJe^f i *^° °W bees aiid set it ou a nlTL^^J^'i'''^ «' bees rods distant. Srf J? tL*'^*' ^^ "'^ tl'at but one or two K ?^.*^ ^"''^"co bo Mme time, and setTl^i" P*** «* the frames, or a snon-fi finf? !«» on tho e«ed water wiKfonlviS- '^'^^ «^ee^ theypim;. bees go Tttl^n"^ "^^^^ location. In nlarfi nfti, "* '^eir now frames witl^ a fuuTr'iJ^' '" empty frames arc put nea° th^. '^f "' " "'o stock will inoreasf in fL*'?*'''' "'o old gueen wmS tho'new.n\'^*"' ••«« « o foftasit is buft ThoT^^'"?^«-««« two combs stimu kteJ th« r'"^ °^ ">© activity by ffiSn; Vh-i?® boes to great and detachef-inPf^iJ"®™ ^^^ to wo^ their ch;Sn7d'jJ1STl!'o*"'r"«' The nucleus will V^nW^ !"° entrance, swarm. Besides thAnn^ ?"** ^«r a n^een as l?n* *l»een.ceJls nowwait.intilfh;ft^?K®*"''''^a«'ly found nm^nl'^^'i "« » whole ivas formed whif '®"''' ^"^ eleventh day frSm iE^ ^^^ bees, "n^o iiiva In h^n«?i^ ^***^'^' '^"^ before describJ} ^. ?®,^' '^""ib and beef press or demthlm'"^ 'l"««»-«ells gSt ca^' ?il? *'"^ '» "» emp?; fearof dSvS^VS''*'''P^'"«them*'Wto '-^ *''^'*«n "ot to n>ovebutoiEl"f^^^® roval occupanS Thl i ' ''."" ^cx)] air for make an\peni,r„mn^'"';tbocombor IrZT^^^ ^^mb attached " serfs'!?-" "S-^ortfc ?" 1^ ""^^il^ .r / 72 ON DEE-EEEPINO. •took. Bo-w when no more qncen-ccllg are needed, leave one to hatch, and as by this time the brood will all be capped over, the bees will b« liable to follow the young queen on her excursions to meet the di-ones. To prevent tills, ezcoange one of the combs for one containing egga andyoung larvso. When forming the other nucleus, young queens will return unless lost by birds or other casualties, to which {Ql queens are once exposed. Such loss is easily ascertained among so few beos, and we have only to insert another queen-cell, adding a comb contain^ ing eggs and brood and repeat the trial. Should the parent stock b« very populous it may be swarmed by taking a queen from the nucleus belonging to a less populous stock, and another queen reared there. Wmh and lu)w to Swarm the Bees. — Every populous stock, from which a nucleus has been formed, should be swarmed, if the weather is favorable, as soon as the queen in the nudeiis has become fertile, This is, usually, in from six to ten days aftei insertkig the queen-cell, and is readily determined by examining the combs for eggs. We now, unless the yield of honey is very abundant, confine the young queen in a gauze wire cage. Having filled up the nucleus hives wit£ empty frames, exchange the places of the two hives, bringing the entrance of the nucleus hive where the old stock has stood, and where the mass of the old bees will return from the fields, thus throwing out of the old stock swarms of workers into the nucleus hive while the old bees from the nudeus will enter the old hive and minister to the wants of the numerous brood of the parent stock. The bees mtist not be swarm- ed between the hatching and the fertilization of tlie (jueen, and should they be swarmed when the houey harvest lias received a check from a storm or drought, the bees thus empty ot honey and consequently more quarrelsome, being suddenly thrown mto the presence of a strange queen (although of the same scent) are inclined to sting her. To prevent this she is caged for thirty-six hours, when the bees from tlie old stock will mostly have joined the nucleus colony and she may be safely liberated. But, if she was taken from another nucleus, we sometimes let her remain caged a day longer, or smear her well with waion honev, and drop her in among the bees. They immediately commence licking up the honey, And forget to sting her. If from any cause the stocks are swarmed when the bees are working but little, and after three or four days the nucleus swarm be found deficient in bees, it may bo strengthened by exchanging some of its empty frames for frames of capped brood from the parent stock, or should the flowers yield bountifully within a week, the location of the two hives may again be exchanged. The bees will not quarrel as they are of the •ame scent. Unless a nucleus has been formed several weeks, or when honey is scarce, it is sometimes necessary to treat both stocks, especi* ally tlie old one, to tobacco smoke. This precaution, however, is only for the inexperienced, since, in the midst of the swarming season, when the flowers are in proftision, little protection is needed either for the queen or the operator. Hens Made to JPbotbct Bees.— A bee raiser has patented an in* vention for the protection of bees from the attacks of the honey moth, which enters the hives at night, and rifles the stores. The idea arose out of his familiarity with the daily routine, not of bees otily, but of] hens. Hens, he observed, retire to rest early ; but bees setk repoiei ciarlier still; no sooner are they sunk into slumber, than the moth steals into tiieir abode and devours the produce of their toil He iuu now buiit a sta hetake themse niffht The he take their place ^ ^?^^' ^hich the day dawns, of their weight] to the bees in ti, Explanation OF to various stages fro brood cappefat c commenced .^t from a ceu from which th cells destroyed ; C moth or miller; 'pfe ToKillBebMot pan of grease on wl te?«erdark:th When they wiU be de ♦/v ♦i*°y persons are thi»W"<^»o'dolla that the late Mr. Qui, from this Eouwe S oy bees compared wii J^JU'^wl compare! "^n, engaged In b^-k •rnapphaiicesforthe ON BEE-KEEPING. n now built a sLiTid of hives with a hen honse coiinectod. The bees flnrt betake themselves to their dwelling and settle themselves for the nicht. The hens then come home to roost on their perch, and as they take their places upon it. their weight sets some simple mechanicism to work, which at once snuts down the doors of all the hives. When the day dtwus, however, the hens leave their roost, and the removal of their weight from the perch raises the hive doors, and gives egreu to the bees in time for their morning's work. ErPLANATiON OP THE ABOTE CuTS.— The cut A represents brood in various stages from eggs and larvse in the lower part of the comb to brood cappedat e, and just emerging at/; n, is a queen-cell just commenced at from larvae ; b, a perfect queen-cell capped over ; a, a cell from which the c^ueen has just emerged. B represents queen- cells destroyed ; C unimpregnated queen; D fertile queen; E mxile moth or miller; F female miller. To Kill Bee Moths.— Bee moths can easily be killed by setting ft G,n of grease on which is placed a floating lighted wick, near &• ves after dark : the light will attract the moths in large uumberB, when they will be destroyed by falling into the grease. Many persons are deriving substantial yearly i:icomcs amounting to thousands of dollars from bee-keeping, and it is credibly reported that the late Mr. Quimby left property valued at $100,000, all derived from this eotu'ce alone. Mr. Quimby wrote that tlie honey gathered by bees compared with what was lost for the lack of bees to gather it, was but as 1 compared witli 1,000, so that it seems as if a careful per- Bon, engaged in bee-keeping, and thoroughly equipped with all mod> em appliances for the business, possesses: as old honest Sam Jolmsci -a,. i 74 BEE-KEEPINQ, &C. Ei il onco expressed himself regarding a different subject, "The potential- ity of growing rich beyond the dreams of avarice," and what is ol still greater importance, the pleasure derived from the business is &k most ineffable in comparison with the satisfaction of being rich. Limited space forbids the further consideration of this attractive subject in this place, and the author would conclude by expressing his sincere obligations to the editor of the " Bee-Keeper's Magazine for according permission to make extracts from the varied contents of an excellent little manual called the "Bee-Keeper's Text Book," and other reliable sources of hiformation. For the benefit of parties de- siring further light on this fascinating topic, he would state that the " Bee-Keeper's Magazine " will fill the entire bill of their require- ments. It is SLjfirat rate illustrated monthly journal of 32 octavo pages, devoted exclusively to Bee-Culture, edited by Albert J. King, con- taining monthly contributions from Mrs. E. S. Tuppor, and other eminent writers and bee-keepers in both Europe ana America. A large space is devoted to Beginners, givuig useful information, just when it ia needed, throughout the year. Terms $1.50 per year. The proprietors will send the Magazine four months on trial, and include a 64 page pamphlet (price 50 cents), containing a beautiful life-like chromo of Honey-Plants and Italian Bees in their natural colors; Prize Essay by Mrs. Tupper ; Queen Rearing bv M. Quimbv; instruc- tions for beginners, &c., all for 50 cents. Address, King & Siocum, 01 Hudson street. New York. Food fob Mockinq Birds. — ^Mix well together com meal, pea raeal (made by drying split peas in an oven and then grinding them in a mill), each one part, moss meal, prepared from the moss seed imported from Germany, ^ part, add sufficient melted lard not to make it too fat or gi'easy, and sweeten witli molasses .. Fry the mixture in a frying-pan for ^ an hour, stirring it all the time, to avoid burning. Mocking, and other birds of like nature, will leave all other food for this. FOR LUMBERMEN, BUILDERS, CONTRACTORS, MILL OWNERS, SHIP BUILDERS, SHIP OWNERS, NAVIGATORS, QUARRYMEN, STONE CUTTERS, MERCHANTS, AND BUSINESSMEN GENERALLY. To Phfvent wood from Crackino. — Place the wood in a bath of fused parafflne heated to 212® Fahr. and allow it to remain as long as bubbles of air are given off. Then allow the parafflne to cool down to its point of congelation, and remove the wood and wipe off tho adhering wax : wood treated in this way is not likely to crack. To Bend Wood. — Wood enclosed In a close chamber and submitted to the action of steam for a limited time will be rendered so pliant tliat it may be bent in almost any direction. The same process will also eliminate the sap from the wood and promote rapid seasoning. FiBK Pkoofinq for Wood. — Alum, 3 parts; greoa vitriol, 1 part; make a strong hot solution witli water, make another weak solutioa with green vitriol in which pipe clay has been mixed to tiie consis- tence of a paint. Apply two coats of the first, dry, and then finish witli one coat of the l&st. ^Ni\V LUMJ SJ'?*^"' Canada a «und the uses of th Jjany a forest wand Jabtationasthecoii p tlie substantial m( gyed under the hoTj Khmvovernnmeroi ««> they are not few i] or nil" °^ ""'"'own., or pleasure, in the hu lumbermen's Camp. 7ff 13* LUMIJEUMA^rS SHANTY OR CAMP. Many of the honest fanners and sturdy lumbermen of the North- ern Suites, Canada and New Brunswick, will be at no loss to under- Btand the uses of the humble mansion represented in the cut, and many a forest wanderer and weary hunter will identify the modest hribitation as the counterpart of another where ho has been refreshed by the substantial meal, and invigorated by the i>eaceful slumber en- joyed under the hospitable roof. However poor the lumberman may be, however numerous his trials and privations, and we are sorry to say they are not few in number, this we will say, that whether you ar* known or unknown, rich or poor, whether you are bent on business or pleasure, in the lumber camp you are always made to feel at home; 7G CUTTINa LOGS, AC. the "befltia the house" ig at your service, and hospitality is di»- peiiscd with a princely generosity. Under such circumstances it i; wisdom to accept and folly to refuse the proffered beneficence, and many cau attest that they have enjoyed these kind offices to exhaust- ed humanity with a relish (thanks to the pure oxygen so bountifully supplied to their lungs by a forest atmosphere), known to but few iii the dwellings of the wealthy, or in the sumptuous and costly hoteli of tlio crowded city, with their bountiful and costly bills of faro, em- bracing the best in the market CUTTING LCGS IN THE Tlie usual time for commencing k Brunswjkk aud maiiy parts of Canada, 1^1 JLLXE. WESTERN PINE FORESTS. i commencing lumbering operations in New] arts of Canada, is iu the fall, soon after thi ^ I.OADING 4r| operators, many oJ insisting of hTyH tinues with very iil K?«edthatlum "i.tne minds of tJ scientific agiicultu J irieutintlutresDerl ness Which yery'^frJ or tlie farmiuij worl sequence coinparedf t^c necessity Aiisin J In ^//'V?^^'y "«esl in selecting the sil S^^'^Position vi f hmber adapted tot] sequence that it sho Poiting- or-portagi CUTTINO LOOS, AC. n LOADING PINE LOGS IN THE WESTERN FORESTS. operators, many of whom aro farmers, have safely housed their crops, consisting of hay, oatSj buckwheat, iM)t{itoes, &c., and the work con- tinues with very little mtermission until towards spring. It must bo confessed that lumbering pursuits arc not well calculated to produce, in the minds of those who follow them, a very strong bias towards scientific agriculture, the tendency being rather to produce derange- ment in that respect, but there seems to be a fascination in the busi- ness which very few who enter upon it seem able to resist, and much of the farming work is considered by many as only of secondary con- sequence compared with lumbering, being stimulated principally by the necessity arising for agricultural products in the lumber camps, and for family uses at home. In selecting the site for a camp, the princiiMil object Is to obtain a central position within easy reach of water, and an ample supply of iimber adapted to the wants of the market. It is also of great con- sequence that it should bo easily accessible for the purpose of trans- porting-, or " portagiur," as it is termed, the substantial supplies re» 78 BREAKING A JAM. BREAKING A JAM. quired by the men and horses engaged in the work, and convenient to I a puitable " landing," usually on or near a etreani, where the loesare unloaded to await the brealcing up of the ice, and the spring floods, which are to convey them to their destination. The work is systemati* [ cally conducted, every man from the boss to the cook having his post, but the labor is very severe, and taxes the utmost energies of Dothj man and beast, some of the loads drawn by the latter being of enoriu'l ons bulk and weight. This kind of toil continues during the fal! ad I winter mouths, only to give i)lace in the spring to another form oil labor, which is, if possible, still more arduous, and is certainly morej dangerous; that of "driving" the lumber down stream. The driv-j ing operations are commenced by rolling the logs into the stream odI the breaking up of the ice and guiding them down the current, thel poor fellows being often up to the waist in cold water, and when al *' jam," or lock of the timber takes place in the stream, owing to ob| structions or barriers of any kind, the danger of "breaking" iti positively fearful, many havnig been killed outright, by the sudde; ''shoot taken by the liberated timber as it rushes forward, impelle by the surging floods in the rear. ^1 lufflberii ranges from J Brunswick m 5'rch timber, hauJincr of ep f« getting out |««^est avniial «n before beiii the density of water, and for jndu-e floatatic Jf/ of light sp States and Can cJiantable tlmb* «"y, box, lignu ayarnicli^tc as that grown o] composed of loa selected from th and are usually, a^I' *5?" "mbe flnes adjacent to Bheltered situaUo oark, green color a soiuid, healthy number, decavinc eased b^rk,3S condition firlong 'n January or Fn% ;ivorked up as s(S, des red dipS /he nature of 'llustrated in the ( best style from ex Vvestern forests n ^;etti«f.outlumbS t'lemfiitolengSis o<^ or near th?s?i S- by s^^ iK-r from mountain Ji-a to run on the /rota high elemio "•« flume, and at t the water, and whi J|rangemeut,thi8 fc '^"d it ruis •^omK ,Tas, durin i ON LUMBERING. 79 In lumbcrlne districts tlio season of nctivo work for cutting timbei ranges from November until towards tlio middle of Marcli ; in New Brunswick much of the work performed in f/ettinrf out, or hewinc birch timber, is done during the summer months, but the cutting and hauling of spruce logs is the principal object of winter operations. In getting out birch timber, the tree is felled and hewn square to the largest available dimensions, and allowed to remain till sleighing sets in before being hauled to the stream for transportation. Owing to the deositv of birch timber much of it is lost by submeivence in tho water, and for tho purpose of rendering it more buoyant it is usual to induce floatation by forming connections withBpruce logs or other tim< ber of light specific gravity. The rigorous climate of the Northern States and Canada is most favorable for the growth of hardy mer> chautable timber, such as pine, spruce, &c., but is inimical to mahog* any, box, lignumvitse and other dense tropical woods which require a warm climate. Timber grown in hnmid, swampy or wet localities, with ithe exceo* tion oflcedar, willow, poplar, &c., is not so firm, sound, and durable as that grown on dry and elevated situations, where the ^oil is largely composed of loam interspersed with sand, gravel and stones. Trees selected from the midst of the forest possess greater elegance of form and are usually straighter, less knotty, and more merchantable every way, than timber exposed to the ravages of storms, &c., on the con- fines adjacent to the clearings, or on nill sides and exposed places, sheltered situations being the most favorable for the growth of timber, but not so promotive otnardneaa as unprotected localities. A dense, dark, green color in the leaves of trees during June and July indicates a somid, healthy growth, while the sere and yellow leaves, scanty iu number, decaying brancnes, with spotted, streaked, loosened and dis- eased bark, indicates defective timber. To secure timber in its best condition for long endurance, it should be cut during mid-winter, say in J.inuary or February, and during July in summer, and should be worked up as soon as possible by sawing, splitting or hewing, into the desired dimensions. The nature of the various departments of the work is very well illustrated in the cuts presented herewith, which are engraved in the best style from exceedingly fine photographs of actual scenes in the Western forests, and therefore truthfully depict the various stages of j:etting out lumber, from the cutting down of the great trees, sawing them into lengths, hauling them out, and finally " landing " the logs on or near the stream, in readiness for the spring freshet to drive tl em to market. Though many of these streams are too shallow in summer to float an Indian in the lightest bark canoe, yet, when BAA'ollen by sprmg freshets, each one becomes a wide and deep ri^■er. Many ingenious contrivances have been constructed to procure tim- 1>si from mountains. A novel locomotive has been made iu Caiifor- nia to run on the long flumes that are used to float lumber down froii high elevations. The wheels^ fit on the edge of the sides of the flume, and at the ends of the car are paddle wheels dipping intc the ^^ater, and which are turned by the swift current By a simple arrangement, this power is made to proijel the locomotive up th« flume, and it runs back itself. Alpnach, in Switzerland, as is well knowT\. was, during war time widely noted for its famous slide, oi ■m 80 ON LUMBERING. UNLOADING LOGS ON THE LANDING. wooden trough, containing a stream of water, in whicli the timber was launched with terrific velocity from the forests on Mount Pilatus into Lake Lucerne, a distance of 8 miles. Snrnce forests jwssess a wonderful recuperative power, it being well known that they may be stripped of merchantable timber dur- ing any given year, and ten years subsequently, if nothing happens, another harvest will be ready for the axe. The great bane of all for- ests is fire, and the loss resulting from this one cause is simply incal- culable. While it is true that many forest fires are accidental, it can- not bo denied that the majority are purposely set ; and, while such atrocious wickedness cannot be too severely denounced, it is equally true that owing to the privacy of the act, and consequent want of proof, the offender too freonently escapes the retribution which his enormities deserve. The recent forest fires in Michigan, Wisojnsin, and other places, proved terribly'destructive, and the so-called "great Miramichi fire" will be memorable for generations to come, on ac- count of the terrible destruction of human life and property of every kind effected by it. Many of the old settlers on the Miramichi have a vivid remembrance o! tliat awful calamity, and con recount many haiTowing i breadth escj one slioet c itroved eve •oitli, rende A most si: •go, as relat fire, undoubl forest trees a sumcd ; flam Seaaoning Bv piUng a of from two ■Ion in water both flat, squi quickly, let hi niug water, — subsequent ea Fell your treej jJiem to lie uni haust nearly « month to six weatlier. 4tj). perfectly by li ont of the wo< pth. Kiln-dnjiT. ble to check, cri cautiously cond at all : for this cess has been t ating the sap tn retion of the wo nde of mercury impregnation of pressure of 150 ride to 10 gals. effected as in t square inch,-.^ water, loth. lit to an end-wavs r soteoilintorniixe See full descripti this work. I2th withdrawing the' and forcing in a s per square inch ft "Oil of carbonate lu preserving a creosote, etc., ft la pletely withdrawn ensue. Woodtrei etc^ and i.s greatlv Or- Feuclitwangt 8EASONINO OF TIMBF.R. 81 haiTowinj; narratives of Rufferinj;, constemntion, death and hair- breadth OHcanofl dtirinj; that terrible time, wlieu the sicy appeared ai one slicet of tlame, omitting a universal rain of tire, wliich de- stroved ovcrythinc in itit course, even btmiinR the noil from the •aitu, rendering tiiousauds of acres a barren desert to this day. A most singular case of forest-destruction occurred many yearn Ago, as related by the Allemaine Zeitunrj, in which a subterraneai. fire, undoubtedly of volcanic origin, burnt the roots of 250 acres of forest trees at Ma^'land, in Switzerland, wuich, failing, were also cou> Bumcd ; flames also, issued near Lausanne. Seasoning and Preserving Timber. — Tliis may be effected— Ist Bv piling and completely ventilating under cover for a period of from two to five years, for thorough seasoning. 2nd. By iuuner slon in water for a few weekx. This improves all kinds of timber botii flat, sfiuare and round. If a man wishes to season green boards quickly, let nim throw them into water, — all the better if it is run- niug water, — and the san will be withdrawn very rapidly : a short subsequent exposure to tiie air wii. be all that is nccessarv. 3rd. Fell your trees during June and July, while in full leaf, and allow them to lie until every leaf has fallen ; it is said the leaves will ex< haust nearlv all the sap f lom the tree, leaving it dry in from one month to six weeks, accordutg to the dryness or wetness of the weather. 4th. Small pieces of non-resinous wood can be seasoned perfectly by boiling four ur five hours ; the process taking the sap ont of the wood, which shrinks nearly one-tenth in the operation. 6th. Kiln-dry ing, is adapted only for l)oards and small timber ; it is lia- ble to check, crack, and otherwise injure the wood, unless the process is cautiously conducted. Black walnut cannot bo seasoned in tliis way at all : for this wood use Process No. 1. Gth. Steaming.— 'ThiB pro- cess has been adopted by some, and has proved successful in elimin- ating the sap from the wood. 7th. Kyanizing consists in the siitunv- rationof the wood with corrosive sublimate, — solution, 1 lb. of chlo- ride of mercury in 4 gals, water. 8th. Bumettizing. — By tliis process, impregnation of the wood is effected l5y submitting it to an end-ways pressure of 150 lbs. to the square inch, — solution, 1 lb. of the chlo- ride to 10 gals, water. 9th. Jioucheri's Process. — Impregnation is effected as m the last instance, usuig a pressure of 15 lbs. to tlie square inch, — solution, 1 lb. sulphate of copper to 12^ gsils. of water. 10th. Bethel's Process. — As above, by submitting tlie wood to an end-ways pressure of 150 to 200 lbs. per square inch, with creo- sote oil intermixed with bitummous matter. 11th. Jiobbins Process.— See full description of this process in the Mecliaiiiual Depaitment of tills work. 12th. Samnel Wood's Process, coiisists in vaporizing and withdrawing the sap from the wood, as described in Uobbins' Pro<;esH, and forcing hi a solution of sulphate of iron nt a pressure of 175 lbs. per square inch for tliirty minutes ; then finishing with another solu* tion of carbonate of lime. In preservuig and seasoning wood by imprejrnatlon with coal tar, creosote, etc. , it is essential that the juices of the wood should be com- pletely withdrawn and tlie albumen coagulated, otherwise decay will ensue. Wood treated in tliis way repels decay, the atUiuks of worms, etc., and is greatly increased hi strengtli and resilience. Dr. Feuclitwanget's process for preser\ ing wood consists in stoam* G 8. SEASONING OF TIMBER. 'jig the tirnlMr, and injecting a solntion of silicate of soda for eight ocun ; afterwards, soak wood for tlie same penod in lime-water. George Woods, the celebrated organ manufacturer, in Cambridge* port, near Boston, has also discovered and patented a very valuable method of seasoning timber. Lumber k, improved by repiling, and th<^ "lifting of its position at 8 roper intervals. Violent currents of heated air cause cracks, etc., la tie lumber durhig natural seasonhig ; a moderate temperature \b the best in every respect The proportion of water in different Tvoods varies from 26 to 60 per cent A beam of green oak weighing 972 lbs. lost 342 VoB. by seasoning. The best results are attained by piling the lumber under shelter in properly arranged piles, elevated on blocks at least 2 feet from the ground, each kind of timber by itself, with 1 inch slats interposed l>e- twecn the boaids at short distances, to keep thum straight, and permit the air to circiiLate freely, while square and round logs should be stripped of bark and raised from the ground. 27ie best timber, is that which haf» been allowed to attain full ma- turity previous to being felled. The age of a tree ii) easily determined by the number of concentric rings displayed on the stump. Spruce and fir matures very rapidly, pine more slowly, and oak matures in from 75 to 200 years. White oak is said to be favorably influenced by the vicinity of sea water; the growth of many other trees is re- pressed by it In Nova Scotia the great valley extendhig from Com- wallis to Digby, is noted for the enormous quantity and excellent quality of the fruit produced, while on the other side of the mountahk fronting the Bay of Fundy, the propagation of fruit trees has proved an entire failure, and no man could form any conception of the pro- digious extent of tho New Brunswick forests from a steamer's deck, while sailing along the treeless, rock-bound coasi, of that Province. Tlio best timber in a tree is always the part near the ground. The Quality of the wood may bo freuuently determined by a healthy, fresh, and uniform appearance, free from wltite or yellow n\K>ta, blending to a deeper shade ncaf the heart. Yellow stains indicate tho existence of dry rot, caused by tlie fermentation of the albumen in tlie wood ; and tlie sapwood, betug liable to early decay on account of the putrefactive decomrositicn of tlie vegetable juices, should be removed. The loss to b'.mbermen from tliis cause, when they are obliged to " hang up," or abandon their drives, owing to tho insuifl- ciency of water in the stream to float them to their destination, is very grcjU, and in tl^e event uf failure to drive them down witli the ensuing full or spring floods, often proves ruinous. The excellence of timber is liable to be impaired by many causes, among others, 1. Wind-shakes or circular chinks, or rents, involving the separation of tho annular layers of wood from each other; a very bud imperfection. 2. Brash-wood, caused by deterioration or deoa^ In the tirabcr,induced by ago, imparting a brittle crumbling grain to the wood, togetlier witli a reddish and porous appearance. 3. Twisted wood Is very unsafe for long stretches, on account of its liability to break suddenly, owing to tlie screw like formation of tlie grain. 4. Splitt^ ehe-^ks, and cracks, if greatly expanded and enlarged, almost ruin 4he timber for any useful purpose excejit tlie most common kind; the same is true concerning, 6. Knotty timber, which tliough it ma| be substi 'iiportaii elsts of t] 'eiled; rj ^•rioos k *o Alteroj perfect ve spots, and Mmber. j •"id Insect contained theravagei HfVUBKU oKXHaa ' Woe Aider, dry. " Asb, <« Apple, «• Beeoh. " u Birch, eommo Box. "^"'^^ Bullet-wood. 1 Cork, ' Cherry, Chestnut, « ibooy, mean o Elrj, dry. f;'-, New Engl, «um, Blue, drj g*»el, ' « «fmlock, i« Hollv, d4^*" »'l JM'iiper, •' i:5Il£i«;ood^^ COMPARATlvi THEIR ^ JrglUh Oak II 11 II SEAHOKr^O OF TIMBER. 85 be substantial is not well adapted for fine work, but subserves many important uses, such as roofing, fenciug, &c 6. Belted timber, con- sists of trees whicli were dead and panially decayed previous to being felled; rjually very bad. 7. Comrium rot.— Timber and lumber of various kinds, are liable to be affected in this way, whenever exposed to alternate humidity and dryness. I ^ may also be induced by im« perfect ventilation in sheds, and manifests itself by yellow decaying spots, and as^ilpbar colored dust in the apertures and crevices of the timber. 8. Per/orated timber. — ^This mischief is caused by worms and insects which infest timber and exist on the albumen, sugar, &c contained in it. Submei^ed timber Is affected in a similar manner by the ravages of the Teredo navilis, a genus of testaceous mollusks. NOXBEB OF CCBIO FBKT O? TIMBEB JX A TON (AVOIBDUPOIS), TO- OETHXB WITH THB WBIOnf VX LBS. PEB CUBIO FOOT. Woodii. Alder, dry. Ash, " { Apple, " Bay, Beeoh. Birch, common. '< American black. Box. Bullet-wood. Butternut, dry. Cedar, Cork, Cherry, Chestnut, Ebony, mean o2 2 aet*. Elrj, dry. | Pit, white. FJr, New England, dry Fir, Norway apruce '* Fir, Riga. Oum, blue. dry. Hackmatack, ' Haxel, Hemlock, Hickory, pig nut. " shell ba:k. Holly, dry. Juniper, •' Lance vrood, dry. <4 per Cubic Foot. 50. ^2. 43. 49. 43. 51. 43. 63. 43. 46. 62. 58. 23. 35. 15. 44. 38. 79. 41. 35. 35. 34. 32. 45. e2. 37. 53. 23. 49. 43. 47. 36. 45. 12i 562 601 375 8 25 8 9 5 5 62 '587 X25 4 017 626 5V 4 9 687 10 75 5 125 6 376 TSaRo Feet per Ton. 44 42. 4S, 4&, 80 414 18 001 ao.4o .800 Woods. Larch, dry. Lignum YitsB. Logwood' Mahogany. Maple, dry. Oak, Canadian. " English. " live, seasoned. " " green. " white upland. Pear, dry. Plum, •' 03. 149.333: Poplar. o3. 02. 25 97 60.37 45. 51. 2152 012 ^Ine, pitch, dry, " red, " '• white, " ■' well seasoned. " yellow. " " dry. Poplar, mean of 2 sorts Uosowood, dry. Satlnwood, " Spruce, " Tamarack, " Teak, African oak. Walnut, dry. «' black, dry. Willow. LmT per Cubic Foot. 84. 35. 83.312 57.062 30. 66.437 46.876 54.5 58.25 66.75 78.75 43. 41.312 49.0C2 26.31 41.25 36.875 34.625 29.562 33.812 28.812 28.5 45.5 55.312 31.25 23.937 46.9 41.9 31.25 .'W..V52 30.375 Feet per Ton. dS.8 26.866 .30.225 64. 33.714 47.66 41.101 38.458 33.658 62.09 4/.4r 51.303 60.746 64.69!i 75.77S 60.248 71.68 53.42 71.68 CI. 261 73.741 COMPARATIVE VALUE OF DIFFERENT WOODS, EXIIIDITi:>i3 THEIR CRUSHING STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS. Teak 6555 Beeoh 3079 Walnut 2371 English Oak 4074 Quebec Oak Maliogany 2927 Yellow plno 2Hia 3671 2671 Sycamore 18.33 :&im 3«68 Spruce 'M£t Cedar TOf *'ui 84 AGE, &C., OP TR£ES. LOGS OK THE LANDING AWAITING THE SPRING FllESHETa. AoR, &0., OF Tkeks.— An oak tree in 3 years grows 2 ft. 10^ ins. A larch 3 ft 7h ins. ; at 70 years it is full ^rown : and a tree of 79 years was 102 ft luKli, and 12 ft." girth, confciinin^ 253 cubic ft Another of 80 years was t>0 ft. and 17 ft, aud 300 cubic feet. An elm tree in 3 years crows 8 ft. 3 in. A beech, 1 ft. 8 in. A poplar, 6 ft. A willow, ft. 3 m. An elm is full grown in 150 years and it lives 500 or 600. Ash is full grown in 100, and oak in 200 The mahogany is ftiU grown in 200 years to a vast size. A Polish oak, 40 ft round had GOO circles. An oak in Dorsetshire in 1755, was 68 ft round; 2 near Cran- bome Lodge are 38 and 30 ft There are yews from 10 to 20 ft diam., whose ago is from 1000 to 2000 years. A lime in the Crisons is 61 ft round, and about COO years old. An elm ia the Pays de Vaud is 18 ft. diauj. and 'XO years old. The African baobab is the patriarch of liv- ing organizations; one specimen by its circles is estimated at 5700 years old by Adamson and Humboldt The tru. is but 12 or 15 ft. to the branches, and often 75 ft. round. A cypress in Mexico is 120 ft round and is estimated by De Candolle to be older than Adamson'a baobab. The cypress of Montezuma is 41 feet round. Strabo wrote of a cyjiress in Persia, as being 2500 years old. The largest tree In Mexico is 127 ft round, and 120 liigh, with benches of 30 ft A chest- nut tree on Mount Etna is 1% ft round close to the ground, and 5 of its branches resemble great trees, De Candolle says there are oaks in France 160 year» old. old. That at Brabun the same. 1 ft. in diam. Eortedfrom Jgh, witJio thick and tt from 160 to watered troj which grow genetrable b 'girth from ■Ar icdisd T. V8II.B Sti vvjjioax oj Lance Looust... Mahoyain ... Box :. African OakV Bay Teak "" Ceda^ Aph ^fS"::.'"\ ChrlatianaDefli Dpaniaii Mahog BVYTNQ Am Bcantliiie arc gi ^oot of board Kound timber or Bf.wiug is es M estimated to faw", is also b< •»". but as usu en bin feet Pine and spi raking the diam end ; they are i under 4 Ins. bei: Tlie soundnep middle of one o The blow will b( mny be. if tlio v eet in, tlie sound a tre«j will alway , HwTisH Cari "om Memel, Kic corve:iieut for si BUYING AND SELLING TIMBER. u France ISOOycars old. The Wallace ok. near Paisley, is nearly 800 years old. The yew trees at Fountain « Abbey are about 1200 years old. That at Crowhurst, 150a ThatatFortingal, above 2000. That at Brabum, 2500 to 3000. Ivys readi 600 or 600 years. The larch the same. The lime 600 or 700 years. The tnink of a walnut tree, 1) ft. in diara., hollowed out, and furnished as a sitting-room, was im* Sorted from America and exhibited in London. The trunk was 80 ft igh, without a branch, and the entire height 150 ft, the bark 12 ins. thick and the brandies from 3 to 4 ft. in diam. The California pine is from 150 to 200 ft high and from 20 to 60 ft in diam. The forestA in watered tropical countries are formed of trees from 100 to 200 ft high, which grow to the water's edge of rivers, presentuig a solid and im' genetrable barrier of trunks 10 or 12 ft in diam. The dragon tree is 1 girth from 40 to 100 ft and 50 or 60 feet high ; and a misosa in Soutli Ani' ica is described, whose head is 600 ft roimd. T >sn.E Strength OF nirFERENT kinds ok Wood, showino thr Wkiqut ob Poweh bequibed to teah asunder 1 SqcABE Inch. I. < ■ Lbs. Pitch Pine 12,000 White Pine, (American) 11,800 White Oak, «' 11,600 Lignum VltSB 11,800 Beech 11,500 ( liestuut, sweet 10,600 Maple 10,600 White Spruce 10,290 English Oak 10,000 Pear 9;800 Larch 0,60o Mahogany, Spanish 8,000 Walnut 7,800 Poplar 7,000 Cypress 6,000 Lbs. Lance 23,000 LocuBt 26,000 MahogaiiY 21,000 Box 20,000 African Oalt 14,500 Bay 14,600 Tealt 14,000 Cedar, 14,000 Aph ., 14,000 OaK, },- .n«d 13,600 Elm 13,400 Sycamore 13,000 Willow 13,000 Christiana Deal 12,400 Spanish Mahogany 12,000 BuYma AND Seixino Timber.— Inch boards, nlauk, joists and scantline arc generally sold by board measure, tlie dimensions of one foot of board measure being 1 ft. long, 1 ft wide and 1 in. thick. Round timber is sold by the cubic foot, and when squared by hewing or savring is estimated to lose one-fifth, hence » ton of round timber is estimated to contain only 40 cubic feet. Square timber, hewn or sawn, is also sold by the cubic foot and rated at 50 cubic feet to the ton, but as usually surveyed, a ton of timber contahis 50 92-lOOUu cubic feet Pine and spruce spars, from 10 to 4i In. diam. are estimated by taking the diameter, minus the bark, at A of their length nt the large end ; they are generally bought and sold by the inch diameter, all under 4 ins. being considered poles. Tlie soundnepa of timber may be tested by ap])l ying the oar to the middle of one of the enf\a, while another pnitv strikes the other end. The blow will be cleany and distinctly heard, however long the beam may be. if tl'O wood is sound and of good quality, but if decay lias set in, tlie sound will be muffled and indistinct. The toughest part ol a tre« will always be found en the side next the north. BwTisH Carpentry. — The fir timber in general use in imported fiom Memel, Kl^a, Dantzlc, and Sweden. Memel timber is the most coi'velient for size, Riga the best in quality, Dantzic the stionge.it, 'INKiWi'X- 86 BRIT/Sn CARPENTRY, AC. 12 13- 14 i( and Swedish tlie toughest. Riza timber can alvrays be depended upon; red pine maybe used -wnenevor durability and strength are objects ; and Quebec yellow pine for light dry purposea. Dmls are from Norway, Sweden, Prussia, Russia and New Brunswick. Foi framing, the best deals nre the Norway, particularlv the Cbrlstittna battens; for pannelling, the Christiana white deals; for ground floon, Siockholm aud Gefle yellows; for upiier floors, Dram and Christiana whites; Archangel and Onega planks for warehouse floors and stair* casefl, and for best floors, &c., PetersbuK;,Onega and Christiaiui battens 100 Superficial ft. make 1 square of boarding, flooring, &c. 1!20 deals are denominated one hundred. 60 cubic ft of timber equal 1 load. Also, 600 superficial ft. of incli boards equal 1 load. Battens are from 6^ to 7 ins. in breadth, deahi, 8) to 10 Ins., and planks 11 to 12 ins. 12^ 12-feet boards to 1 square of rough boarding or flooring. i^ " edges shot wrought and laid f elding. " •• straight ioint " " ploughed and tongued. 17 12-ft. battens to 1 square of wrought folding door. 18 " yellow to a straight joint floor. The duration of well seasoned wood, when kept drr, is very great, aa beams still oxint which are known to be nearly ilOO years old. Piles driven by the Romans, and used in the formation of oridges prior to the Christian era, have been examined of late, and found to ue per- fectly sound after an immertlon of nearly 2000 years. ► Kjssian Way uf Stoppino IIolks in Ships.— In that country, there has lately been invented and succcssfnllj applied, a ready means for utopping lioles made in ships by collision or otherwise. It consists of a nhister made of two rectangular sheets of cjinvas sewed together, bordered with a rope, and containing a water-proof material. A sounding-line has to be passed under the keel, and brought up on the other side : then the plaster can be lowered to tlie hole, aud made fast. Several coses are <;ited in wiiicli this invention has been era- ployed with advantage : and a large number of RnsHtan ships aio now funiishcd with such plivsters. It is projx)8ed that men be spe- cially trained and ready for tlie manoouvring of the nppaiatus. To Raise tub Body of a Diiowned Person. — In a recent fail- ure to recover the body of a di-owno decide whost appears to claiii able features, tJ cision seems to the saws are an able kind (circi. wade but ^lart diagram. fiV t Wchthelogie distance nearer! With nu overpliu another lever a 1 made to imi)el t after tiio board i J^ >ii»es, are tut credited with ha\ MACniNISTS, ENOINEEBSS AC, BECEIPT3. 87 nvDHAULTO Cemknt.— Powdered day, 3 Ibo. ; oxide of iion, 1 lb. ; and boiled oil to form n stiff paste. Ekoineebs' Cement.— Equal parts of red and white lead, with dry^ Ing oil, spread on tow or canvas. An admiraI>lo composition for uniting large stones in cisterns. WONB Cembnt River.— Sand, 20 ports; litharge, 2 parts; quick- lime, 1 part: mix with linseed oil. Glux. — ^Powdered chalk added to common glue strengthens it A glue which will resist the action of water is made by boiling 1 lb. of glue in 2 qts. of sldmmed milk. Cheap WATEBPROor GLxm.— Melt common ^ae with the smallest possible quantity of water: add, by degrees, liiisecd oil, rendered diying by boiling it with lithaise. while tiie oil is being added, the ingreaieuts must be well stirred, to incorporate them thoroughly. FiBB AND Watebfroof Glub.— Mix a haodf ul of quick-Timo with 4 oz. of linseed oil; thoroughly lixiviate the mixture; boil it to a goo«? thickness^ and spread it on thin plates in tlie shade: it will become very hard, but can be dissolved over a fire, like common glue, and Is then fit for use. Frepabed LiQiTiB Glihc.— Take of best white glue, 16 oz. ; white- lead, dry, 4 oz. ; rain-water, 2 pts. ; alcohol, 4 oz. With constant stir- ring dissolve the glue and lead in the water, by means of a water- bath. Add the alcohol, ond continue the heat for a few minutes. Lastly, pour ii.to bottles, while it is still hot To Make Gi4IND81ones fkosi Common Sakd. — fiiversand 32 lbs.: shellac, IC parts; powdered gloss, 2 ) urts; melt in an iron ^H)t, ana cast into moulds. PoLisumo Powder for Specula.— Precipitate a dilute solu Jon of sulphate of iron by ammonia iu excess; wauh tlio precipitate ; press it in a screw press till nearly dry ; tlieu expose it to heat xmtil it apnears of n dull red color hi the dAtk. On Saw-Mills.— To Get the Most Lubibeb from Saw-Loos. — Experience has abundantly proved to cor satisfaction tliat this can be done only by the use of tae circular nnw. Some parties are in favor of the mulay saw. Human ingenuity lias been so prolific in the inveutiou and construction of this Itind of imicliincry, that tlie prin- cipal difficulty with the intending purchaser seems to bo lui )aaljiiity to decide whose machine is really the best Every builder or inventor appears to claim for liis macliine such a perfect coiistellatioK of valu- ablo feature;), tliat a certain amount of heftitation in comfuj.^ to .^ do- cision seems to be inevitable. In tlie stationary form ol «tfiw mi' Is, the saws are arranged either single or in gmigs. Son. e of t'.icport,- able kind (circular saw mills) have an npjier kuw to complete the cut made but partially tlirough large logs by the lower saw. See diagram. By the single movement of a lever, the lictad-blookR on which the log rests, are simultaneously moved up, moving tlie log a distaace nearer tlie saw, adenuate to the tliicknessof board desired, wlUi an overplus the width or tlie cut made by the saw. By moving another lever, a pinion meshing into a rack beneath tlio log-carriago is made to imi>el ti:e log againnt tho saw, and run the log backwards after tho Ixuird is cut. Tiiese movements, on tho best constructed Eiaclunes, are made with surprising velocity, some of them behig ac- credited with having cut over tiO,000 feet of lumber in one day. I—. 8S I Jtf ■ - OLD FASHIONED SAW-MILL, AC. The i>erformance of a 36 horse-power steam engine attached to a modern saw-mill, is equivalent to that of 76 saw-pits requiring the labor of 100 men. COKPARATIVB ReSILTEXCB OT YARIOVS KiKDS OF TlUBKR, ASH BEiKQ 1, Fir -4, Elm '54, Pitch Pino -57, Teak -59, Oak '63, Spruce 'W, YeUowPine '64, Cedar -66, Chestnut 73 I^rch 84, Beech -m. By resi- lience is understood the quality of 8])ringiug bacli:, or tuugiiness. Percentaob of Increase in Stkength op Different Woons BY Seasonino.— White pine, l) per cent., Elm V2i per ccut., Oak 26 "6 per cent., Ash 447 per cent, Beech GIU per ceut TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF WOODS, SHOWING THEIR BREAKING WEIGHT FOR A THICKNESS OF ONE INCH SQUARE AND ONE FOOT IN LENGTH, WITH WEIGHT SUSPENDED FROM ONE END. Brrakino Value wkioiit. fokusb, Lbs. LoOUSt 295 80 Hickory 250 M Oak, live American. . . 24.5 K " white «' ..230 50 « African 208 so Teak 200 CO Maple 202 Oak, English, bust. ..188 45 Aeh lt>8 55 Pine, American 60 r>0 Birch leo 40 Gbostnut loa 53 Brkakino Value WEIUHT. FUIl USBi Lb8. Oai?, Canadian H6 30 " live Aiiiorlcan...245 60 •« English 140 35 Deal Christiana 137 45 Pinepitch VM 45 Beech 130 32 Pine whiteAmerican. 130 45 Elm 125 30 Pine Norway 123 40 Oak Dantzio 122 fO "White wood.. 116 &8 UlKaFlr fU 30 Pino, white 92 30 Oecasif tudes of These tini who, in i( finally Ob] eaw-mill, J sawj-ers, \ ueadcerta .n" I i^! MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 89 Occafiionnlly -we listen to a creat deal of rant refiiardinK the beati« tudesof "the good old times, during the lives of our forefathem. These times proved very disastrous to the enterprising Dutchman, who, in 1663 started the first saw-mill in England, which he was finally obliged to abandon, and fly to save his life. la 1767 another eaw-mill, at Lime-bouse, near London, was demolished by a mob of sawyers, who considered tliat their business would be ruined to a dead certainty if things were allowed to go on. Mi •'I i;'. I 1 «« Tho old : lipping logs| bmnce of downwards I pit below, eves. We hi able us to dia Having trij would again [ formanuiactl of opinion, le the bept niacll true. When! If yon have ' soon find out I themanagemd of running it, | and quantity tooth saws, at vantages, and| vpperpartot^ facture, spread thickest part ol| dispense in a |_ ed tooth saws f ullv swaged j as six or seven | bchig cut. In of the teeth absl from perfect tt it is termed, or ' log. Some prcl enough 60 as to of the die beloii slightly cur\'ed scarcely so mm running machii rapid work witl these two points your mill, the 1< large saws are { thccircumferen sufflcieutly stroi pccially during tlie log before 1 case came to xn: sustained a sci canting over on to break off the near tlie saw, ai saw in the colla expense of rcpaj that you handle MACHINISTS, KNGINEEIIS', &.C., KECEIPTS. 91 • Tho old method o£ mimufacturins lumber and dimension stuff by ripping logs lengthways on tlie euw])it, is still fresh iu the remern* branceol mauv. One man moimtcd the log and pushed the sa;7 dowuw'ards and pulled it upwards, assisted by auotlicr man iu tlio pit below, with a veil over his face to keep the sawdust out of his eves. We hail with ^titude the modem improvements which en- able us to dispense with every such form of labor. Having tried the np and down saw and the circular saw also, wo would again repeat our conviction tliat the last mentioned is the best for manufacturing lumber, and should any person act on this expression of opinion, let them in tlie first place bo very careful to get. if iMssiblc. the best machine, bring it to the mill, and set it perfectly level and true. When you get it iu operation, see that you nandle it carefully. If yon have been used to running the up and down saw only, you will soon find out that vour former experience avails almost nothing in the management of the rotary machine; but when you get the hang of running it, the compensation in the way of couvcnicuco, mpidity. and quautity of worlf , is immense. Some prefer to use tho inserted tooth saws, and will use no other. They seem to possess many ad- vantages, and are entirely safe. A late invention of spreading tho vpixrpart of the tooth towards the point during the process of manu- facture, spreading it out so as to make the point of tho tooth tho thickest part of the circumference of the saw, enables tho sawyer to dispense iu a great measure with the use of the swage. Those insert- ed tooth saws which do not possess this improvement must be care- fully swaged aud filed at least twice per day, and somcf imes as often as six or seven times per day, depending upon tho kind of lumber bcmg cut. In filing or swaging tne saw, be careful to form the point of tho teeth absolutely Bvhcii lu motion. Tho very jwints of the teeth do tho cutting. If one tooth is a twentieth of an inch longer than two or three on each side of it, the long tooth will bo requn-ed to do so much moro cutting than it should, that the sawing cannot bo done well, hence tho saw goes Jumping along, working hard and cutting slowly; if o'le tooth is onger tlian those on either side of it, tho short teeth do not cut alUiough their points may bo sharp. » When putting a cross-cut saw in order, it avIU pay well to dross tho points with an old file, and af- tonvards sharpen them with a fine wlietstone; much mechan- ical skill is necessary to put a ^w in prime order; one careless thriist witli a file will shorten tlie point of a tooth so much that it will bo utterly useless, so far as cutting is concenicd ; tho teeth should bo set with much care, and tho filing done with tho greatest accuracy. If tho teeth aro uneven attlio points, a large fiat file should bo sccurcrl !l IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I m IM |50 '" IIIIM • IM ':'. 14 IM = 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" — ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 £: 4>^ iV i\^ N> .o'^;> #^ 9) V S %^ #' o*^ !l Ux ^ \ 94 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. MACn to a block of wood in such a manner that the very points only maji be jointed, so that the cutting edge of the same may be in a straight line, or circle, if it is a circular saw; every tooth should cut a little as the saw is worked. The teeth of a hand saw for all kinds of work should be filed ileaming, or at an angle on the front edge, while the back edges may be filed flerming or square across the blade. Tho best way to file a circular saw for cutting wood across the grain, is to dress every fiith tooth square across, and apart one twentieth of an inch shorter than the others, which should be filed fleaming at au angle of about forty degrees. As regards such saws as are used for cutting up large logs into lum- ber it is of the utmost importance to have them filed at such an angle as will ensure the largest amount of work with the least expenditure of power. The following diagrams will help to illustrate our mean- ing. Fig. 1 shows the shape of teeth which nearly all experienced Fig. 1. mill-men c^ isider as that standard form which combines the ^eatest amount of strength and capacity for rapid work, with the mmimum of driving power while doing the work. Figure No. 2 represents a passable form of teeth which are capable of doing a good deal of work, but their great weakness lies in their Blender points. Look out for "breakers" when teeth o£ this description are passing through dry spruce or hemlock knots. Fig. No. 3 ill wood rasps whi tiiink what an a a "jigger "like Fio. 2. Fig. 4, at a, is proDcr-angle, tha filed. Thediagra elucidation here, towards the circui of a circular saw. horizon, and the meridian, where t is 45° ; look up a 1 radiatinglinewhic and this is the gu applied to a strai Manv good autl set with the uistru lieu thereof tho t swage or upset to operate without h handled, and the s to every emergenc be quite safe to sa this description wi ufacturer, howeve the subject, some rectly the reverse. To Repair Fa^i this is to drill a sm c£fectually prevent saws very neatly r fracture, both clar level with the surfi the crack as to impt To Mend Brok the broken edges i MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS^ AC, TtECEHTS, 95 Fiz. No. 3 illnstrates the appearance of one of those intolerable wood rasps which are altogeuier too common in saw-mills. Only tbink what an appalling waste of valuable power is required to drlvo a " jigger " like wis through a large log! Fio. 3. Fig. 4, nt a, is intended to show the method of ascertainmg the proper-angle, that of sixty degrees, at which such saws should bo filed. The diagram being self-explanatory requires but little further elucidation here. A quarter circle with liues radiating from the centre towards the circumference is represented near the verge of the segment of a circular saw. The lower part corresponds with the level of the horizon, and the higher part at 90° corresponds with the zenith or meridian, where the sun appears at noon-day. Exactly half-way up is 45°; look up a little higher and you will find 00°, indicated by the radiating line which runs parallel with the angle of the tooth of the saw and this is the guide you must follow in filing. The same rule is seer applied to a straight mill saw at b. Many good authorities contend that mill saws snould in no case ho set with the instrument commonly used for that purpose, but that in lieu thereof the teeth should be spread out at the points with the swage or upset to a sufficient extent to i>ermit the body of the saw to operate without binding. Both instruments require to be skilfully; handled, and the swage, when used in this way, has proved itself equal to every emergency without the risk of breaking the teeth. It would be quite safe to say that the saw-set should only be used on saws of this description with the most extreme caution and care. Every man- ufacturer, nowever, has hw own opinion, and consequent practice on the subject, some contending that one way is right and the other di- rectly the reverse. To Repair Fractured Circular Saws. — The best way to do this is to drill a small round hole at the termination of the crack, which effectually prevents its further extension. I have seen some circular saws very neatly repaired by riveting thin clamps to each side of the fracture, both clamps and rivets being countersunk so they will be level with the surface of the saw, and placed in such a position across the crack as to impart the greatest ix)ssi ble strength to the weakest place. To Meno Broken Cross-cut Saws. — In the first place scarf off the biQkeu edges iu such a mauuer that when lapped over each other m 96 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS , AC, RECEIPTS. they will be about the same thickness as the test of the plate, and rivet them together loosely with iron rivets inserted through noles which must be punched lor that purpose ; the ends must h« united with great accuracy so tliat the teetli, &c., of the saw may range truly. Now place me saw in the fire, then a flux of ^wdered borax and sal ammoniac is flowed all over it after having it raised to the proper heat. See-page 270 for preparing and using the composition. Ketu}i the saw to the fire and when it is raised to the proper welding J^*. place it, S.f the ham jViieuthejob found as stron Cmndawhoto w his bnsiiioss. ^VAUTlTY A tashedfortJ affording a basis ries required fo iitesecalculatioj ■-•"^ are based Quantity of 0° lla « Floi " Por; « Bee « Bcai « Fish ., Onic Pota hrtn V*"^y «1^0Wa ;fffe, butitmustb and more hay wiSi i ?sedT^^"^^^i «sea by oar InmiJ I f.'^^er retS^W-^ I'oT --..: ■" oj v.... 23'.'.'*** 90 21 20 •.... 10.'.",' lis... ..::;; , J Barrel Mess aVera r 6 uio Beam, cover « 14 .; S::;. ;•-::::::::::;: 9...... ISO. fi jhaV* *:••••••••• 1161 10 78 10 05 9 33 8 69 786 7 13 040 Barrel Mess aVen;ges37^5s''' '^-'''' -:'::: - '1 To M-. ^^^^ Mess 24 ''^'.f^easo, 6 lbs b^n^' U^ ^ 4C iDart.^^^v^^OKBNSAWs P 13 ^''^' ^^^en cooked. 98 MACHINISTS, ENGI^'EERS^ AC, RECEIPTS. coal ; now -with a spirit lamp and a jewellers* blow-pipe hold tlie coal dust in place, and blow Bufflcient to melt the solder mixture ; then with a hammer set the ioint smooth, and file away any bu- ©erfluoiis solder, and you will be surprised at its strength ;» the 'neat will not injure the temper of the saw. Vklocitt of WHEEtiS, PuLLEYs, DRUMS, &c.— When wheels are applied to communicate motion from one part of a machine to an- other, their teeth act alternately on each other ; consequently, if one ■wheel contains 60 teeth, and another 20 teeth, the one containing 20 teeth will make 3 revolutions while the other makes but 1 ; and if drums or pulleys are taken m phvce of wheels, the effect will be the same ; because tlieir circumferences, describing equal spaces, ren- der their revolutions uneaual ; from this the rule is derived namely :— • Multiply the velocity of the driver by the number of teeth it con- tains, and divide by the velocity of the driven. Tlic quotient will be the number of teeth it ought to contain : or, multiply the velocity of the driver by its diameter, and divide by the velocity of the driven. Example 1. If a wheel tliat contains 75 teeth makes W revolutions I)er minute, required the number of teetli in another, to work into and make 24 revolutions in the same time. According to rule, you mul- tiply 16 by 75, and divide tlie product, which is 1200, by 24, and you Lave the answer. 50 teeth. Example 2. Sup[)ose a drum, 30 inches in diameter, to make 20 revolutions per muiute, required the diameter of another to maka GO revolutions per minute. According to rule, you multiply 20 by 30, and divide the product, which is 600, by 60, and you have the answer, 10 inches. Example 3. A wheel 04 inches in diameter, and maldng 42 revo- lutions per minute, is to give motion to a shaft at the rate of 77 revo- lutions m the same time ; find the dianicter of a wheel suitable for that purpose. According to rule, multiply 42 by 64, and divide the Sroduct, which is 2088; by 77, and you will Uavo for the answer 35 iches nearly. 77)2688(3410-12 231 378 308 70 Example 4. Suppose a pulley 32 inches diameter to make 26 revo- lutions ; find tlio diameter of another to make 12 revolutions in the same time. According to rule, 26 X 32 ^ 12 = 09J— .....; 26 and 12) 832. This will be seen to bo 694 . < 32 ......I... : — 694-12=i • 832 Example 6. Find the number of revolutions per minute made by n wheel or pulley 20 inches in duimeter, when driven by another 48 inches in diameter, and making 45 revolutions in the same time. Ac- cordmg to nUc, 48 x 45-J.20 = 108. That is, 48 multiplied by 46 = 2160, divided by 20, gives the answer, 108 revolutions. Const; construct ^',orizonta placed on iKiiniiiff o nientof t consists es. ^'onzojitai i'lg. i_ gi. lottom 0/ 1" 5^7/^0 sake ^^^(^r beam, ^^ one woni in roofs of j- l^rt of the iS ;Sfert«d on anv A ^^^erethospaui ^UCIIIMSTS, ENGINEERS' ^r « ^^' AC, RECEIPTS. , «.v., RECEIPTS ft»| I^^^MH. a uall}Sfe%'^itern rest oj t« very .mall' "JV a cross strain n, *^\^^ *^^cre is i..^ , 1— is i-cu — ' which spring additional struts ; and, ijy extending this Fig. 3. principle ad infinitum^ we might construct a roof of any span were it not that a practical limit is imposed by the nature of '^tlie materials. Sometimes roofs are constructed without king posts, the queen poBts 1)eing kept apart by a straining piece. Thia construction u shown in Fig. 4. Sg. 4, which shows the design of the old roof (now destroyed) of tho church of St. Paul, outside the walls, at Rome. Tliis truss is interest- ing from its early date, having been erected about 400 years ago : the trusses are iu pairs, a king post being keyed in-between ^ch pair to support the beams in the centre. . _ Of late years iron has been much used as a material for the tmeses of roofs, the tie beams and suspendmg pieces beuig formed of light rods, and the principals and struts of rolled T or angle iron, to which sockets are riveted to receive the purlins. "V. -DcKABLE Insulation for Electric Wibes. — Tin the wires and then cover with pure rubber. '^0 followlnj «on 8 experimer •qoareinchoffl P^*anieter,a tothe&Btcolui 2nionthBlonge? ^^d of Wood AldeZ Ash, Box, Beech, Birch, ^gjh Birch. White Deal, Hornbeam. Elder, ' Bm, larch. Mahogany, am VltsB, Ojik (English) Pine (Bed)/' Poplar, ^ore. Wahi'nt, SS"J?f niaterials, t 'J^ooght Iron was i: -^P^'ms of timber, i AKTl-FoDUNa Co J^erfatoanlmpSr to» : mix thoronglBvi {^ to the flhipTbJ Water," nnder PaiT STBENGTH OF WOODS. 101 ml The following tabulated form shows the results of Hi. HodgUn- son's experiments on the crushing strengths of different wooos per square inch of section. The samples crushed were short cyUnden 1 iiich diameter, and 2 inches long, flat at the ends. The reanlta given In the first column are those obtained when the wood was modentely dry. The samples noted in the second column were kept seasoning 2 months longer than the first The third colunm is appended by the author, to illustrate the resilience or toughness of cerUun woods. Kind of Wood. Crushing strength per square inch of section. Length in feet of a rod 1 inch square that would break by its own weight Alder, Ash, Bay, Box, Beech, Birch, English Birch, Cedar, 6831 to 6960 8683 to 9363 7518 to 7518 10300 7733 to 7363 10300 3297 to 6402 6674 to 5863 42,060 88,940 65,600 99,060 40,&00 42160 Bed Deal, White Deal, Hornbeam, Elder, Elm, Fir (Memel). 6748 to 6586 6781 to 7293 7300 7461 to 9973 7461 to 10331 Fir (Spruce), Larch, 6499 to 6819 Mahogany. Lignum vitse. Oak (Quebec), Oak (English), Pine (Pitch), Pine (Red), Poplar, Plum (Dry), Sycamore, Walnut, Willow, 8198 to 8198 9900 4231 to 6982 6484 to 10058 6790 to 6790 6395 to 7518 3107 to 6142 8241 to 10493 32,900 36,800 86.049 8241 to 12101 6663 to 7227 2898 to 6128 It was also found that in pillars of the same dimensions, but o; different materials, taking the strength of cast iron at 1,000, that ol wrought iron was 1,746, cast steel 2,518, Dantdc Oak 108.8, and Bed Deal7a6. Beams of timber, when laid with their concentric layers vertical, are stronger than when laid horizontal, in the proportion of 8 to 7. Asn-FouuNa Composition fob Ships.— Melt, mix and grind to- gether into an impalpable powder, 1 part copper, 4 of zinc, and 1 of tin : mbc thorongnly with red lead or Torbay mineral red, and ap- plr to the ship's bottom. (See "Marine Faint fpr petals in Salt Water," under Fahiters' Department) 102 TONNAGE OF SHIPS. ; ' si AlBASimBMBXT AXD CALCaLATIOXS OF TUB TOKXAOB OB YBSSBLI ▲Ko Saips OF thb UmTBD States, vkseb tub Act of Cokobui or May 6, 1S64. The tonnage deck, in veasels having 3 or more decks to the hall, A»L bo tlie second deck from below, In all other case$ the upper deck qf the hull b to be the tomiage- ducting from this length what is due to the rake of the now in the thick- nes3 of the deck, and what is due to the rake of the stern timber in one- third of the round of the beam : divide the lensth so taken into the num- ber of equal parts required by the following table, according to the class In such table to which the vessel belongs: Table op Classes. Class 1. Vessels of which the tonnage length according to the abov« measurement is 50 feet or under, into 6 equal parts. 2. Over 60 feet and not over 100, feet into 8 equal parts. 3. Over 109 feet and not over 150 feet, into 10 equal parts* 4. Over 150 feet and not over 200 feet, into 12 equal parts. 6. Over 200 feet and not over 250 feet, into 14 equal parts. C. Over 250 feet, into 16 equal parts. The extent of the areas is found by measurement and calculation, and if there be a break or poop or any other permanent closed in space on the upper decks, or on the spar deck, available for cargo, or stores, or for the berthing or accomodation of passengers or crew, the tonnage of siich space shall be computed. If a vessel has a third deck, or spar deck, the tonnage between it and the tonnage deck is also computed. In ascertaining the tonnage of open vessels, the upper edge of the upper ■trake is to foiin the boundary line of measurement, and uie depth shall be taken from an athwart shipline, extending from the upper edge of said ■trake at each division of the length. llie register of the vessel must express the number of the decks, the tonnage under the tonnage deck, that of the between decks, above the tonnage deck ; also that of the poop or other enclosed spaces above the deck, each separately. In every registered IT. S. ship or vessel the num- ber denoting the total registered tonnaze shall be deeply carved or other- wise permanently markM on her main oeam, and shall be so continued, and if at any time cease to be so continued such vessel shall no longer be recognized as a registered U. S. vessel. By a subsequent Act, approvea Feby. 28, 1865, the preceding Act was so construed that " no part oz any ship or vessel shall be admeasured or rez' istered for tonnage that is used for cabins or state-rooms, and coustruci* «d entirely above the first deck which is not a deck to the hull." Oabpbntebs' Meabubembnt fob a Sikolb-Deck Vessbl.— 7?i|7e. Multiply the length of keel, the breadth of beam and the depth of hold together, and divide by 99. fon A Doi tto breadth o The British n»«utln 1864. WOTlatethes difference bel method, whlol ,^»^ Vessels of 2. Over Man 3. '* 120 « 4. " 180 lvlde the lei «nd the forepai most, middle, a these throe pil„ under side of tl case of a break 1 of the deck. Pc measure the Ins the upper deck c *^f upper deck ship depth, from Then tot^ceth lor the sum of t lower breadths, 3 midship, and the Multiply togeth the length, and <5 tons or register 1 "PPer dec^ mea such part thereof tyfZ ^P^ ^esse fJ^J^^ Vesst .^t^ <*«t«nnlne thj ^M'?J*™o«»t to th< midship depth of breadth at .fofttc «orth America to Jng water from h performing that di nggedoutaspar, end wliicli project* J?' corked do'wnT butt, the other en( retoins of the wa butt, tSe piston^ "e aid of the crew, TONNAGE OF SniFS. 108 PoR ▲ DouDLB Dkok YiM«El..—Pule. Maltlply as iil)ov«, taking hall die broadtli of boam for the depth of the hold, and divide by 95. British Mbabcreubnt. The British mode for measurlna Teseels, authorised by Act of Parlia meut In 1864, has been substantially copied Into the abore noted Act t« regulate the admeaauiement of tonnase In the United States, the nudii dinerenoe being a reduced number of areas or sections by the Brltlsk method, which stands as follows. 1- Vessels of which the tonnage length Is 60 feet or under are divided Into 4 equal parts. 2. Over 80 and not over 120 feet, Into C " " 3. " 120 •' " " 180 " «• 8 " " 4. " 180 " " " 226 " M 10 " ** 6. " 225 ft. Into 12 " " Divide the length of the upper Jeck between the after part of the stem and the forepart of the stern-post Into G equal parts, and noto the f oro most, middle, and aftermost points of division. Measure the deptlu at these three points in feet and tenths of a foot, also the depths from tli« under side of the upper deck to the celling at the timber strake ; or, in case of a break in the upper deck, from a Tine stretched in continuation of t^e deck. For the breadth, divide each depth Into 6 equal parts, and measure the Inside breadths at the following points, viz. : at 2 and 8 from the upper deck of the foremost and aftermost depths, and at 4 and 8 from the upper deck of the midship depth. Take tlie length, at half the mid- Bhip depth, from the afterpart of stem to the forepart of the stem-post. Then, to twice the midship depth, add the foremost and aftermost depths for the sum of the depths ; and add together the foremost upper and lower breadths, 3 times the upper breadth with the lower breadth at the midship, and the upper, and twice the lower breadth at the after division for sum of the breadths. Multiply together the sum of the depths, the sum of the breadths, and the length, and divide the product by 3500, which will give the number of tons or register. If the vessel has a poop or half deck, or a break in the upper deck, measure the inside mean length, breadxh and height of such part thereof as may be included within the bulkhead ; multiply these three measurements together, and divide the product by 92.4. The quotient will be the number of tons to be added to the result, as above ascertained. For Open VestelM.—Th9 depths are to be taken from tho upper edge of the lower strake. For Steam Vessels.— '£he tonnage due to the engine room Is deducted from the total tonnage computed by the above rule. To determine this, measure the Inside length of the engine-room from the foremost to the aftermost bulkhead ; then multiply this length bv the midship depth of the vessel and the product by tne inside midship breadth at .4 of the depth from the deck, and divide the llhal product by 92'4. 8ew-Acttsq NAnnoAt Pump.— Captain Leslie, in a voyage from North America to Stockholm, adopted an excellent mode of empfty* ing water from his ship's hold Wneu the crew were disabled from performing that duty. About ten or twelve feet above the pump, he rigged out a spar, one end of which projected overboard, while the other was fastened as a lever to the machinery of the pump. To the end which projected overboard was suspended a water-butt hall full, bat corked down, so that when the coming wave raised the waters butt, the other end depressed the piston of the pnmp ; but, at the retiring of the wave, this was reversed : fotr, by the weight of the butt, the piston came np again, and wl^b it the water. Thus, without tie aid of the crew, the ship's hold was cleared of w\ter in a few hoonk F™ 104 ENGLISH FBEIOHT TABLE. GOODS PBOPOBTIONED IN STOWAGE. Hm following Table If tnm**Harri$oti'$ Freighters* OuUte," Un&am Edition. 184h. The Ist column bIiowb the Quantities, In Numben and Deoimal parts ; the 2d column the character, or Idnd of Goods ; tJi* 3d column the Gross Weight of the Goods in Tons and Decimal parti of a ton : and the 4th column the number of Cubic Feet requirea for Stowing the same. [860 Cubic Feet equal 21.2 Tons, or 1 Keel.] Quantitieiin Numbers & Decimals. •9T. 81. 106. 106. 114. 136. 10. 9.10T 7.760 6.826 4.444 6.267 7.2727 17. S: IT. 17. 17. 14.923 6-1616 4.867 1.276 1.300 1.200 0.840 0.708 1.054 &886 10. 8. IS. 19. Articles of Freight. Quarters of Wheat, 61.2 lbs. per Bushel, eqnal do. Tares, Beans, & Peas 63 do. do. Bye, 67 do. do. Seed, 62 do. do. Barley, 62 do. do. Oats 87 do. Tons Clean Hemp and Flax, do. Outshot do. do do. do. do. do. do- do. do. ' li. do. do. do do. do. Half-clean do. do do. do. Codilla do. do do< do. Wool, do do. Wool, compresse:!, do do. Dried Skins, do do. Tallow, do. Ashes, , do. Hides (Salted).- Loads of Timber (Baltio sqiuired Fir), do. dc (N. American do.),.. do. do (Bkch do-), do. Masts (round) do. Piecet. Ft. In. In, Stand. Hund. Deals, 120 12 11 do. do Battens, 120 12 7 Mille Baltio Staves reduced Viz. 1200 piecet, 66 1». Umg by 1^^ tMck, do. Odessa do. do do. Quebeo do. do do. Baltio Staves rough 1200 pveee$ 72 inches by 8*^ do. Odessa do- do 1200 piecet 76 inches by 3V^ do. Quebeo do. do ... 1200 oi«eet 66 inches by 2% do. West India do. do 1200 pieces 42 inches by IV4. Castes Pot and Pearl Ashes, .'do. Tons Bones (calcined), in Bulk, do, do. do. (manure, &0-), do ....do. Ido. do. (best quality), do. do. > • • • • t • • do- 21.2 20. 21. 20. 21. 16.5 10. 0.107 7.76 6.825 4.444 6.257 7.272r 18.6 13.5 22. 17.6 17. 17.75 15.25 16. 8. 12. 16. P50 do do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. (to. do. dOi do. do. * Wheat is the standard, 8 imperial bwihels of Wheat equal 1 Quaiter and 1 English Quarter equal 8V4 United States bushel. t The Stares arerage 6 inches in breadth. ft«w»tltlea Numbera i>eoimali . 9 414 10«. 100. 100. 138. 140. ICO. 8.333 8.168 4.76 7. 9.7 6. 17. 20. 40. 230. 17. 17. 8. 4.500 10. 8. 110. m. 120. 635. 180. I'M. 20. SO. 120. 16. 21. 160. 40. 60. 80. 100. 890. /Tie /Bai iBai iPir /Bar . <>< /Hog do /5*«' Toni . do Carb Cratt /Crat€ |Gro8( We do. W( •'■i I' 105 BNaLiSfl FREianT table. QMntltlea In NumboM A Deolmala. 8.333 9.166 4.75 7. 9.7 0. 17. 20. 40. 330. 17. 17. 8. 4.000 10. 8. no. IS6. 120. 035. 180. I'M. 20. 20. 120. 16. 21. 100. 40. 00. 60. 100. 900. f Tona Wflw n.i ^^ cotton.' do. 20 . I Tong (Cnk Wolghtrif K p pressed,.. -~«««,«oi< 10 per cent. So?e tiffi tSt^^'^^^'toJ 1 ^ Ti^Vc!fl-''''''^«^'«vV.;;ii;; f'ho: Bau. Coffee, fcwt. do ' do. 16.0 «*K'^ - daiucwt. do do. 14. o' 262 rala. each. do. 17.25 Ton, 0?aVes w/Kr "^•.CwS, * do. 20. .or20B5?MS; Jl«™«n» <"10 Chest . do. Cork, (Paro) ' / <*<>• W. daBark^e^C^^^^^^^^ ...do. 40 Iti^°* '^^^ (Copp/ce) do 10 ten' '^^'i^' 2cn^ eS do 1S5 do ^^J,S«"ins«», .'::;: ^0.16.5 Tof. Soda Ae; AlkkiUi- ia cii'' •••*'• '^-l J.' in.Z' do. In Bulk ' Casks, do ir g!^^/. Oil Vitriol" .:: do2i: P^*J«8 Glass, 18 Tables do. 8 do. »% Bottles « 5' Deroi»'^^^*«'')' / **^' P- woVt per Doz^ara*J!2r. .".^l .^.^; | do.(ll.75 do. do. do. do. do. do. do. 106 ENGLISH FREIGHT TABLE. Qnantitlesin Numbers & Decimals. 28. - 22. 16. 7000. 8000. 26. 17. 20. 21. 300. • 8. Articles of Freislit. Crts. Bottles (Glass) 10% cubic ft. each, equal do. Earthenware, small size, do. do. do. mixed sorts or middling size,, lo. do. do. largestsize, do Fire Bricks in Bulic, Common do., also Tiles, do. Chaldrons Grindstones, do. Tons Potatoes, do. do. OilCalco do. do. Slates, do. Pigs of Lead do. Wagons of Coal, 53 cwt. each, do. I. do do 'A o. Tons Weight. 10. 10. 9. 7. 21. 21. 21. 17. 20. 21. 22. 21.200 Cab, Feet 850 do. do. do. 638 do. 425 do. do. 667 283 850 • The Contents of each Wagon of Coals is 126 Cubic Feet, 8 Wagons looa Feet, but when stowed in bulk on board a ship, from the spreading out and pressure, become closer jpaclced, and are proved, from practice, to ■tow in the space of 850 Cubic Feet. NoTR. —As wheat is the standard equally for weight and measurement. It will be necessary to explain how it is so. The imperial corn bushel is 2218.192 cubic inches : this multiplied by 776 (the number of bushels in 97 qrs. of wheat), and divided by 1728 (the cubic incites in one foob), gives 006 cubic feet ; but, when stowed in bulk on board a sliip, is reduced in measurement nearly 15 per cent., viz., to 860 cubic feet ; 1st, about 8 per cent, by the sliip stowing it in spaces where no measurement goods canba stowed, aiid tlie immense pressure on the lower parts of the cargo ; and 2d, about 7 per cent, difference between tlie bushel being filled in the customary way, and what it can be made actually to hold ; this, by sev- eral trials of wheat, 61 lbs. to tlie bushel, average nearly 5 pints, or &-64tIis, making, in all, about 15 per cent, as al>ove. This seeming paradox, widch I have taken some pains to clear up, althougli well known to exist in practice, by me and every one acquainted with the stowai^e of goods, Applies to e vei-y sort of grain, and in tact, to every tiling in bulk, according to its weight au.d elasticity ; and 97 qrs. of wheat, is equal to 850 cubic feet. TREENAILS.— 6333 pieces of 9 inches equal 1 load of timber ; 4000 do. 12 do. do.; 3200 do. 15 do. do, ; 2660 do. do. 18 do. do. ; 2285 do. 21 do. do.; 2000 do. 21 do. do. ; 1777 do. 27 do. do.; 1600 do. 30 do. do. ; 1451 do. 33 do do, ; 1333 do. 36 do. do.; 1142 do. 42 do. do. FIR AND OAK PLANK.— 1200 pieces of % inch equal 1 load of timber; eOO do. 1 do. do. ; 400 do. VA do. do.; 300 do. 2 do. do. ; 240 do. 2V3 do. do.; 200 do. 3 do, do. ; 150 do. 4 do. do. ; 120 do. 5 do. do. ; 100 do. 6 do. do. FuEioHT Table.— The forejjoing Table gives about 100 different de- jcriptions of goods, proportioned in stowage. RiiLB.— If 97 Qunrtera of wheat equal a keel (21.2 tons or 850 cubic ft.) then how many quarters of Barley, or how many tons of Hemp, Wool, or Cotton, or barrels of Flour can be stowed in a vessel whose carrying capa- city is 294 tons ? Ex AMPLE.— 294 tons multiplied by 40 (the number of cubic feet in a ton) equals 11.760 cubic feet, whicli di»l(ied by 850 and tlie quotient multipUed by 140 (the number of barrels which cau be stowed in 850 cubic feot, as itated in the table) gives 1936 barrels of Flour, as the quantity which such ressel can cany. LIGHTNING Ttt^CTOKS, &C. Stones Boxes, "evera/ lengths EXAATPLE.-] Package. 6 feet Inches thick, an and under 46 jiH Tf«f3'V»»" "tlieresiiould breadth or thick double any guitai required. ' ci,?/!fl"feetan Tn .""^«'' each LIGHTNING CALCULATOR. lor LIGHTNING CALCULATOR FOR MERCHANTS, SEAMEN, CON- TBACTOua, &c., Bliowing the Solid Coktents or Cubic FcETcf Timber, Stones, Boxes, Bales, Biirrels, Casks, Hogsheads, &c., according to their several lengths, breadths and thicknesses. Condensed from JtlunPa Ex* pcditious Aieasurer. Example.— Required the cubic contents of a Box, Stone, Bale oi Package, 6 feet long, 36 ins. thick or deep, and 46 ins. broad ; turn to 31 inches thick, among the running titles over the tables, and opposite (i ft and under 46 ins. (indicated by B, denoting breadth), you will tiud fheau Bwer 69, the number of cubic feet. If there should be a package exceeding the extent of the tables in lengtb, breadth or thickness, its solid contents may, however, easily be fouim by halving the dimension so exceeding, and doubling the solid content ; or, double any suitable number, add any two togetlier, or subtract, as maybe required. Sizes in feet and inches may be determined by applying the scale for in- ches under each table, adding ar deducting as may be required. In measuring casks and hogsheads, it is customary to deduct one-fifth on account of the bulge. Thus supposing the square or solid contents of a cask should be bythe table 20 cubic ft, the 5th off would leave it but 16ft. Lenutki 5 Inche- Thick,— By ft. m. SB 6B 7B| 8B 9B 4 10 B 4 UB 6 12 B ' 13B 6 14 B 15 B 1 2 3 sl 3 5 6 6 2 —m 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 1 I 1 3 — 6 8 9 10 11 1 1 I 2 1 3 1 4 1 6 1 7 4 — 8 10 1 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 6 1 8 1 10 1 11 2 1 6 — 10 1 1 1 3 1 6 1 7 1 9 1 11 2 1 2 3 2 6 2 7 6 1 1 1 3 1 6 1 8 1 11 2 1 2 4 2 6 2 9 2 11 3 2 __ 1 6 — o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — 6 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3j 4 Length 6 [nches Thi 3k,-By ft. VI. 6B 7B 4 8B 9B 10 B 5 11 B 12 B 6 13 B 7 14 B 15 B 16 B 1 __ 3 4 6 6 7 8 8 2 — 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 3 — 9 11 1 1 2 1 3 1 5 1 6 1 8 1 9 1 11 2 4 — 1 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 1 10 2 2 2 2 4 2 G 2 8 :> — . 1 3 1 6 1 8 1 11 2 1 2 4 2 6 2 9 2 11 3 2 3 4 6 1 1 G 1 9 2 2 3 2 G 2 9 3 3 3 3 6 3 9 4 — 1 1 1 1 1 — 2 1 1 1 J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 Length] * Inches Thick. -Bv ft. in. 7B 8B 9B 5 10 B 6 11 B C 12 B 13 B 14 B 15 B 16 B 17 B 1 _ 4 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 4* — 8 9 11 1 1 ] 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 1 7 1 8 3 — 1 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 7 1 9 1 11 2 1 2 2 2 4 2 4 — 1 4 1 7 1 9 1 11 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 1) 2 11 3 1 3 4 5 — 1 8 1 11 2 2 2 6 2 8 2 11 3 2 3 5 3 8 3 11 4 2 6 — 2 1 2 4 2 8 2 11 3 3 1 3 6 1 3 10 4 1 4 6 1 4 8 5 — 1 1 1 1 1 — 2 1 1 1 ] 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 — 3 1 1 ] 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 i^ 6 2 2! 3 3 3l 4 4 4 5 5 S 108 LIGHTNING CALCULATOR. .■11 L«ngUXi 8 Inches Thick,- _Bt ^^^ /t. in. 8B To 9B 10 B 11 B 12B 13 B 9 14 B 15 B 16 B 17 B 18 B 1 d 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 Oil 1 2 11 1 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 S 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 11 2 3 1 4 1 « 1 8 1 10 2 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 S 2 10 3 C 4 1 9 2 2 3 2 6 2 8 2 11 3 1 3 4 3 7 3 9 4 6 2 3 2 6 2 9 3 1 3 4 3 7 3 11 4 2 4 e 4 9 6 6 ~ 2 8 3 3 4 3 8 4 4 4 4 8 5 6 4 ff 8 6 „.. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 — 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 — 6 3 3 3 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 L«nffth| 9 Inches Thick,- -By ft- m. OB 10 B 8 11 B 12 B 9 13 B 14 B 11 15 B 16 B 17 B 18 B 19 B 1 ^^ 7 8 10 11 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 ..^ 1 2 1 3 1 5 1 6 1 8 1 9 1 11 2 2 2 2 3 2 6 3 _ ! 8 1 11 2 1 2 3 2 6 2 8 2 10 3 3 2 3 6 3 7 4 _ 2 3 2 6 2 9 3 3 3 3 6 3 9 4 4 3 4 6 4 9 B 2 10 3 2 3 6 3 4 1 4 6 4 8 5 6 4 6 8 fi 11 6 — 3 6 3 9 4 2 4 G 4 11 5 3 1 5 8 6 6 5 6 9 7 2 ^^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 w^ 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 •— 6 3 4 4 6 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 Lensth LO Inches Thick. -By fi. m. 10 B 11 B 12 B 13 B 14 B 15 B 16 B 17 B 18 B 19 B 20B 1 _ 8 9 10 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 2 ... 1 6 1 6 1 8 1 10 1 11 2 1 2 3 2 4 2 6 2 8 2 9 3 _ 2 1 2 4 2 C 2 9 2 11 3 2 3 4 3 7 3 9 4 4 2 4 2 9 3 1 3 4 3 7 3 11 4 2 4 6 4 9 6 5 3 B 7 6 — . 3 6 3 10 4 2 4 C 4 10 5 3 5 7 5 11 6 3 6 7 6 11 6 — 4 2 4 7 6 5 1 5 10 6 3 6 8 7 1 7 6 7 11 8 4 _ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 _ 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 — 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 — 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 Lerethl 11 Inches Thick, -By ft. in. 11 B 12 B 13 B 14 B 1 1 15 B 16 B 17 B 1 4 18 B 1 5 19 B 20B 21 B 1 ._ 10 11 1 1 2 1 3 1 5 1 6 1 6 2 .^ 1 8 1 10 2 2 2 2 4 2 5 2 7 2 9 2 11 3 1 3 3 3 _ 2 6 2 9 3 3 3 3 6 3 8 3 11 4 2 4 4 4 7 4 to 4 ..M 3 4 3 8 4 4 3 4 7 4 11 5 2 5 6 5 10 1 6 5 6 _ 4 2 4 7 5 5 4 B 9 6 1 6 6 6 11 7 3 7 8 8 6 — 5 1 6 6 1 6 1 6 6 1 6 11 7 4 7 10 8 3 8 I 9 2 9 8 ^_ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 __ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 _ 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 6 5 — 6 5 6 3 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 10 Length 1 I— 2 — 3 -_ * I— 6 — 6 _ -I 1 —I 2 j-l 6 2 9 2 5 5 5 6 10 7 8 2 8 3 4 I 7 1 3 2 3 4 8 5 6 3 6 7 10 8 9 5110 2 T 3 5 m ; LIGHTNING CALCULATOB. 109 Leiigtli 2 Inches fSIcT -Jjy ft- m. 12 B 13 B 1 1 14 B 1 2 15 B 1 3 16 B 1 4 17 B 18 B 19 B 20 B 21 B 1 22 B 1 .^ 1 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 10 2 — 2 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 2 10 3 3 2 3 4 3 6 3 8 3 — . 3 3 3 3 6 3 9 4 4 3 4 6 4 9 6 6 3 5 6 4 — 4 4 4 4 8 5 6 4 5 8 6 6 4 6 8 7 7 4 e — 5 5 5 6 10 6 3 6 8 7 1 7 6 7 11 8 4 8 9 9 2 6 — 6 6 6 7 7 6 8 8 6 9 9 6 10 10 6 11 „ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 i— 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 — 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 7 71 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 15 Lengtn 13 inches met' -KL "" ft. »tt. 13 B 14 B i 3 15 B 1 4 16 B 1 6 17 B 1 6 18 B 1 8 19 B 20 B 21 B 22B 23B 1 « 1 2 1 9 1 10 1 11 2 2 1 2 — 2 4 2 6 2 9 2 11 3 1 3 3 3 6 3 7 3 10 4 4 2 3 — 3 6 3 10 4 1 4 4 4 7 4 11 5 2 6 5 n 8 6 6 3 4 — 4 8 5 1 5 5 5 9 6 2 6 6 6 10 7 3 7 7 7 11 8 4 6 — _ 5 10 6 4 6 9 7 3 7 8 8 2 8 7 9 9 6 9 11 10 6 6 — 7 1 7 7 8 2 8 8 1 9 3 2 9 9 2 10 4 10 10 11 5 11 11 12 6 ^_ 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 _ 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 _ 3 4 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 ^ 6 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 1 1 Lencthj 14 Inches Thick,- -By ft. in. 14 B 15 B 16 B 1 7 17 B 18 B 1 9 19 B 20 B 21 B 22B 23B 24 B 1 ^^ 1 4 1 6 1 8 1 10 1 11 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 2 9 2 11 3 1 3 4 3 6 3 8 3 11 4 1 4 3 4 6 6 10 3 — . 4 1 4 5 4 8 5 5 3 5 7 R 10 6 2 6 5 6 !) 7 4 •« 5 5 5 10 6 3 6 7 7 7 5 7 9 8 2 8 7 8 11 9 4 6 — 6 10 7 4 7 9 8 3 8 9 9 3 9 9 10 3 10 8 11 2 11 8 6 — 8 2 8 9 9 4 2 9 11 10 6 2 11 11 11 8 12 3 2 12 10 13 6 14 __ 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 — 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 .— 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 — 6 8 9 9 10 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 'Lengtlii 15 Inches ITiiek,— By ft. \,n. 15 B 16 B 17 B 1 9 18 B 19 B 2 20 B 2 1 21 B 22 B 23 B 24 B 26B I 1 __ 1 7 1 8 1 11 2 2 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 3 2 3 4 3 7 3 9 4 4 2 4 6 4 7 4 10 5 5 3 3 — . 4 8 5 5 4 5 8 5 11 6 3 6 7 6 11 7 2 7 6 7 10 4 ^ 6 3 6 8 7 1 7 6 7 11 8 4 8 9 9 2 9 7 10 10 5 5 7 10 8 4 8 10 9 5 9 11 10 6 10 11 11 6 12 12 13 6 — 9 5 10 2 10 8 2 11 3 11 11 1? 6 13 2 13 9 14 6 15 16 8 , 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 R 6 6 6 » 3 5 n 5 6 6 6 7 .1 7 8 8 — 6 lo 9 IC 11 11 1 1 1 1 2 1 2I 1 2 1 3 1 3 4 110 LIGHTNING CALCULATOR. LeiiKtb \k Inches Thick,— By Jt. tM. 16 B 17 B 18 B 19 B 2 1 20 B 21 B 22B 23 B 24 B 25 B 26 B 1 __ 1 1 11 2 2 3 2 4 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 — . 3 7 3 4 4 3 4 6 4 8 4 11 6 1 6 4 8 7 5 10 S _- 5 4 5 8 6 6 4 6 8 7 7 4 7 8 8 8 4 8 8 4 — 7 1 7 7 8 8 6 8 11 9 4 9 9 10 3 10 8 11 1 11 7 6 — - 8 11 9 6 10 10 7 11 1 11 8 12 3 12 9 13 4 13 11 14 5 6 — 10 8 11 4 12 12 8 2 13 4 14 14 8 15 4 16 3 16 8 17 4 ,^ 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 Z _ 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 5 6 6 6 — 3 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 — 6 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1314 1 C 1? LoiigUil ii Inches Thick.-By ft. m. 17 B 18B 19 B 20 B 21 B 2 6 22B 23B 24B 25 B 26 B 27B 1 _^ 2 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 7 2 9 2 10 2 11 3 1 3 a 2 — 4 4 3 4 6 4 9 5 5 2 6 5 6 8 6 11 6 2 G 5 3 — 6 6 5 6 9 7 1 7 5 7 10 8 2 8 6 8 10 9 3 9 7 4 — 8 8 6 9 9 5 9 11 10 8 10 10 11 4 11 10 12 3 12 9 6 — 10 10 8 11 3 11 10 12 5 13 13 7 14 2 14 9 15 4 15 11 6 — 12 1 12 9 13 6 2 14 2 2 14 11 15 7 IG 4 17 C 17 9 18 6 19 2 ^^ 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 — 2 4 4 4 6 5 5 5 6 fi 6 6 — 3 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 10 — 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 14 15 1 G 1 6 1 7 tengthl 18 Inches Thick,— Jiy /^ in. 18 B 19 B 2 6 20 B 21 B 22B 2 9 23B 24 B 25 B 26 B 27 B 28 B 1 _^ 2 3 2 2 8 2 11 3 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 6 2 — - 4 6 4 9 6 6 3 6 6 5 9 6 6 3 6 6 6 9 7 3 — . 6 9 7 2 7 6 7 11 8 3 8 8 9 9 5 9 10 2 10 6 4 — 9 9 6 10 10 6 11 11 6 12 12 G 13 13 6 14 6 — 11 3 11 11 12 6 13 2 13 9 14 5 15 15 8 IG 3 16 11 17 6 6 — 13 6 14 3 2 15 15 9 16 C 3 17 3 18 18 9 19 6 20 3 21 — « 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 6 6 6 6 6 C 6 9 6 7 7 7 — . 3 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 11 6 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 « 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 8 1 9 length 1 Id Inches Wilck.-By" ■- ft. in. 19 B 20 B 2 8 21 B 22B 2 11 23 B 24B 25 B 2GB 27B 28 B 29B 1 ..• 2 6 2 9 3 3 2 3 4 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 10 2 — . 5 5 3 5 7 6 10 6 1 G 4 6 7 6 10 7 2 7 6 7 8 S — 7 C 7 11 8 4 8 9 9 1 9 6 9 11 10 4 10 8 11 1 11 6 4 — 10 10 7 11 1 11 V 12 2 12 8 13 2 13 9 14 3 14 9 15 4 6 — . 12 6 13 2 13 10 14 6 15 2 15 10 16 6 17 2 17 10 18 6 19 2 6 — 15 1 15 10 3 16 8 17 6 18 3 19 19 10 20 7 21 6 22 2 23 „„ 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 — 2 6 5 6 6 6 6 '/ 7 7 7 8 — 3 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 1 6 1 3 1 4 1 6 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 2 01 1 9 1 10 1 11 —I 6 ft, in. — 13 ] ft.\tn. LIOHrNINQ CALCULATOR. Ill Lengtb fl. t» 20B 21 B 22B 23B 24B 25B 26 B 27B 28 B 29B SOB 1 _> 2 2 11 3 1 3 2 3 4 3 6 3 7 3 9 3 11 4 4 S 2 — 6 7 6 10 6 1 6 6 6 8 6 11 7 3 7 6 7 9 8 1 8 S t '— 8 A 8 9 9 2 9 7 10 10 6 10 10 11 3 11 8 12 1 12 6 4 _ 11 1 11 8 12 3 12 9 13 4 13 11 14 5 16 15 7 16 1 16 % S — 13 11 14 7 15 3 16 16 8 17 4 18 1 18 9 19 5 20 2 20 i; 6 — 16 8 17 6 18 4 19 2 20 20 10 21 8 22 6 23 4 24 2 25 I .. 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 ♦ — 2 G 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 1 — 3 8 9 9 10 10 10 Oil 11 1 1 1 1 6 1 B 1 6 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 10 1 n 1 11 2 2 1 Lenirtli 2i IncW Thlck.-By /f- tn. 21 B 22B 23 B 24 B 25 B 26 B 27B 28B 29 B SOB 31 B 1 __ 3 1 3 3 3 4 3 6 3 8 3 10 3 11 4 1 4 3 4 6 4 7 2 — 6 2 6 6 6 9 7 7 4 7 7 7 11 8 2 8 6 8 9 9 3 — _ 9 2 9 8 10 1 10 6 10 11 11 5 11 10 12 3 12 8 13 2 13 7 4 — . 12 3 12 10 13 5 14 14 7 15 2 15 9 16 4 16 11 17 6 18 1 6 — IJJ 4 16 1 16 9 17 6 18 3 19 19 8 20 6 21 2 21 11 22 7 6 — 18 6 19 3 20 2 21 21 11 22 9 4 23 8 24 6 25 6 26 3 27 2 __ 1 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 _ 2 •0 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 — 3 9 10 10 11 on 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 10 1 11 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 Length 1 5i -Inches Thlck.-By' " ft- in. 22B 23B 3 6 24 B 26B 26B 4 27B 28B 29 B 30B 31 B 32B 1 ^^ 3 4 3 8 3 10 4 2 4 3 4 6 4 7 4 9 4 11 2 — . 6 9 7 7 4 7 8 7 11 8 3 8 7 8 10 9 2 9 6 10 3 _ 10 1 10 7 11 11 6 nil 12 5 12 10 13 4 13 9 14 3 17 1 4 — 13 6 14 1 14 8 15 3 15 11 16 6 17 1 17 9 18 4 18 11 19,7 5 — - 16 10 17 7 18 4 19 1 19 10 20 8 21 6 22 2 22 11 23 8 24 6 U — 20 2 21 1 22 22 11 23 10 24 9 25 8 26 7 27 C 28 5 29 4 .. 1 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 P 6 — 2 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 — 3 10 11 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 — 6 1 8 1 9 1 10 1 11 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 4 2 6 tSnKlSl id Inches Thlck,-By Ji- in. 23B 24 B 26B 26 B 4 2 27B 28 B 4 6 29B 30 B 31 B 32 B 33 B 1 ^^ 3 8 3 10 \% 4 4 4 8 4 10 4 11 5 1 5 2 2 _ 7 4 7 8 8 4 8 8 8 11 9 3 9 7 9 11 10 3 10 7 3 — . 11 n 6 12 12 6 12 11 13 16 13 11 14 5 14 10 15 4 15 -^^ 4 _ 14 8 15 4 16 16 7 17 3 17 11 18 6 19 2 19 10 20 6 21 1 5 _ 18 4 19 2 'JO Ol 20 9 21 7 22 4 23 2 24 24 9 25 7 26 4 6 -- 22 1 23 24 24 11 23 11 26 10 27 10 28 9 29 9 30 8 31 8 w 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 S _— 2 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 __ 3 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 4 — ff 1 10 1 11 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 ,v. ; aAf" 112 LIGHTNING CALCULATOR. l t Lenstli, 24 Inches Tbick.— Bv ' ft. Jn 24B 23 B 26 B 27B 28B 29 B SOB 31 B 32 B 33B 34B 1 ^^ 4 4 2 4 4 4 6 4 8 4 10 B 5 2 S 4 5 6 S « 2 — 8 8 4 8 8 9 9 4 9 8 10 C 10 4 10 8 11 11 4 3 — . 12 12 e 13 13 6 14 C 14 e 15 C IS ( 16 C 16 e 17 4 — 16 16 8 17 4 18 18 { 19 4 20 ( 20 8 21 4 22 22 8 6 — 20 20 10 21 8 22 6 23 4 24 2 25 25 1( 26 8 27 6 28 4 6 — 24 25 4 26 4 27 28 6 29 6 30 31 32 33 34 1 4 5 6 B B 6 6 2 8 8 9 9 9 IC 10 10 11 11 11 — 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 S 1 3 1 4 1 A 1 B 1 B G 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 6 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 CenstU 25 Inobes Tliick,— By ft. tn. 25B 26 B 2'<'B 28B 29 B SOB SIB 32 B 33B 34B 35B 1 s^ 4 4 4 6 4 8 4 10 5 B 3 B 5 6 7 6 9 5 11 6 1 2 _ 8 8 9 9 5 9 9 10 1 10 B 10 9 11 1 11 6 11 10 12 2 3 — 13 13 7 14 1 11 7 16 1 15 8 16 2 16 8 17 2 17 9 18 3 4 _ 17 4 18 1 18 9 19 5 20 2 20 10 21 6 22 3 22 11 23 7 24 4 6 — 21 8 22 7 23 6 21 4 25 2 26 1 26 11 27 9 28 8 29 6 30 B 6 — 26 1 27 1 28 2 29 2 30 3 31 3 B 32 4 33 4 34 B 85 6 36 6 _ 1 4 5 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 _ 2 9 9 10 10 10 Oil 11 11 10 10 _ 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 4 1 4 1 B 1 6 10 17 — 6 2 2 2 3 3 4' 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 11 3 ZiouKtb 26 Indies Thlck.-By /<, tn. 26 B 27B 28 B 29B SOB SIB 32 B 33B 34B 3SB SOB 1 .M. 4 8 4 11 6 1 6 3 6 6 8 T B 9 6 6 2 6 4 6 6 2 — 9 5 9 9 10 1 10 6 10 10 11 2 11 7 11 11 12 3 12 8 13 V 3 — .- 14 1 14 8 15 2 15 9 16 3 16 10 17 4 17 11 18 5 19 19 -4 — 18 9 19 6 20 3 20 11 21 8 22 B 23 1 23 10 24 7 25 3 26 iJ 6 -^ 23 6 24 5 25 3 26 2 27 1 28 28 11 29 10 30 8 31 7 32 6 6 — 28 2 29 3 30 4 31 5 32 6 33 7 34 8 35 9 36 10 37 11 39 _ 1 6 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 _- 2 9 10 10 10 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 3 14 14 1 B 1 5 1 6 1 6 1 7 1 8 — 6 1 4 2 6 2 6 2 7 2 9 2 10 2 11 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 £enfftb~| 6t Inches Thick.- By ' ft. in. 27B 28 B 5 3 29B SOB 6 8 SIB S2B 33B 34B 35B 36 B 37B 1 ^^ 5 1 B 6 B 10 6 6 2 6 6 « 7 6 9 6 11 2 __ 10 2 10 6 10 11 11 3 11 8 12 12 5 12 9 13 2 13 6 13 10 S __ 15 2 15 9 16 4 16 11 17 5 18 18 7 19 2 19 8 20 3 20 10 4 — ,■ ^0 3 21 21 9 22 6 23 3 24 24 9 25 6 26 3 27 27 9 R _ 25 4 2G 3 27 2 28 2 29 1 30 30 11 31 11 32 10 33 9 34 8 « — 30 6 31 6 5 32 8 5 33 9 31 11 36 37 2 38 3 39 B 40 6 41 8 ^^ 1 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 _- 2 10 11 li 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 & .. 3 1 3 1 4 1 4 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 7 1 7 1 6 1 8 1 6 — 6 2 6 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 11 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 8 5 3 7 110 32 ( —\ 6 2S>E 5 lol la 8 ] e c 1 1 1 6 1 ^III 3 I B 131 sT 6 12 919 23 ] 332 638 /^|»»J31 li 132 B 8167]" 4 13 9 20 8 8 27 7 7 7/ Jil 3 ' .'ijiJkte«d — . 19 19 6 20 1 20 7 21 1 21 7 22 1 22 7 23 2 23 8 24 2 3 — . i8 6 29 4 30 \ 30 10 31 7 32 6 33 2 33 11 34 8 35 6 36 3 4 J8 39 1 40 1 41 1 42 2 43 2 44 2 45 3 46 3 47 3 48 4 5 _ 17 6 48 10 50 1 51 5 52 8 51 63 3 66 6 57 10 69 1 60 5 6 — 57 1 58 7 CO 2 61 8 63 3 64 9 66 4 67 10 C9 5 70 11 72 6 ^_ 1 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 Oil 1 1 1 2 1 7 1 8 1 8 1 9 1 9 1 10 1 10 1 11 1 11 2 2 3 2 5 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 11 2 11 3 6 4 9 4 11 5 5 2 5 S 5 5 6 6< 5 8 5 9 5 11 6 feiifitlil ^ Inches Thlck.-by ft- m. 38 B 39 B 40 B 41 B 42B 43 B 44B 45B 46 B 47 B 48 B 1 _ 10 10 4 10 7 10 10 11 1 11 4 11 7 11 11 12 2 12 5 12 8 2 — . 20 1 20 7 21 1 21 8 22 2 22 8 23 3 23 9 24 3 21 10 25 5 3 — M 1 30 11 31 8 32 6 33 3 34 1 31 10 35 8 36 6 37 3 38 4 — 40 1 41 2 42 3 43 344 4 45 5 46 6 47 6 48 7 49 7 60 8 5 — 50 2 51 6 52 9 frt 155 5 56 9 68 1 59 6 60 8 02 63 4 6 — SO 2 61 9 63 4 &1 11 66 6 08 1 69 8 71 3 72 10 74 6 76 _ 1 10 10 11 11 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 ... 2 1 8 1 9 1 9 1 10 1 10 1 11 1 11 2 2 •2 1 2 a .- 3 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 11 3 3 3 1 3 1 - G "5 5 2 5 3 5 5 5 7 6 8 6 10 5 11 6 1 6 2 6 3 Length Ji. in. 39 Inches Thick,— By 39 B 40 B 41 B 42 B 43 B 44 B 45 B 46 B 47 B 48 B 49 B 10 1 21 2 31 8 Vl 3 32 10 63 5 1 11 I 6 i S 5 3 10 10 21 9 32 6 43 4 54 2 65 11 1 10 2 9 5 6 11 11 23 10 36 9 47 8 59 7 71 6 1 2 3 6 12 2 24 C 36 7 47 9 CO 11 73 2 12 5 24 11 37 5 49 10 62 4 74 9 12 9 I 25 K 13 26 37 21 "SO 60 11 52 63 8! a^ 70 51 78 i; 1 1 -> 1 2 3 3 6 6 116 SIZE AND COST OF VESSELS, ETC. Mr. MooRffOM's Formula to Approximate Rboister Toxnaob VSVKB any rp.oi'OSKD DIMENSIONS.— To Shipbuilders who may wish t« know, before the construction of an Intended design, the approximate register tonnage under an/ proposed principal dimensions, the following formula (which has received the approbation of Messrs. Martin and Rit- chie, the two chief surveyors at Lloyd's, who, from their great exuei-ience and intelligence, are authorities on the subject) will be found useful, as it gives the tonnage, ou an average, generally speaking, within about 2>i per cent. Let L represent the inside length on upper deck from plank at bow to plank at stern. " B represent the inside main breadth from ceiling tc ceiling. " D represent the iusido midship depth from upper dick to coiling at timber strake. Then the register tonnage of any ship will be equal to. ^ '^ ^^ '^ ° multiplied by the decimal factor opposite the class In the following table to which she belongs : SaiUna Shioa i Cotton and Sugar Ships, old form 9 aautng ampa. | ^^^^^ ^, ^^^ present usual foi-m 7 Steam Vessels i Ships of two Docks -. .65 and Clippers. ( Ships of three Decks 68 Vnohfa i Vossels above 60 tons '. 6 xacnis. { Vessels, small 4ft Cost of Enolish Merchantmen per ton. — 1. Tonnage, 660. Material, wood ; date, 1865. Wood in hull, masts and spars, $41 ; yellow metal, iron-bolte and labor, $10.30 ; joiner work and labor. *5.15 : labor ou hull, $20 ; boats, etc.— outfit, $12.30 ; rope and sails, $8 ; anchors, chains and tanks, $4.25 ; yellow metal sheathing, $4. Total, $105. 2. Iron Merchantman, of 500 Tons : Cost, $88 per ton. 3. Iron-Passenger Ship, or Steamer, 800 Tons : Cost, $125 per ton. 4. Another Iron-Steamer, or Ship, of 1600 Tons : Cost, $147 per ton. 5. Another Iron-Passenger Steamer, of 1500 Tons : Cost, $122 per ton, as follows: Material for hull, $29.60; labor, $14.60 ; rent, machinery, tools, etc., $14.50 ; fittings aud launching, $14.25 ; wood, trork, $12.25 ; equipment, $17 ; cabins and fitting, $20. Total, as above, $122. In the case of steam vessels, the vessel built of iron is more buoy- ant than the vessel built of wood by about 16 per cent, of the weiglit of the wood hull, or nearly per cent, of the weight of the cargo. In the case of sailing vessels, the iron liuU is still more buoyant than the wood hull by about 14.9 -f- 8.33 per cent. = 23.2 percent., or about 23 per cent, of the weight of the wood hull, or 13 per cent, of the weight of the cargo. To Find the Meridian. — Take a piece of board, or any simiSar material, and describe ou it a number of concentric circles. Place this in the •eun^ over the centre of a plummet. Observe the short- est shadow from the plummet ; the sim will then be on the merid. ian ; draw a line to the centre of the circle, and that will be the true meridian line. This will do to mark the apparent time, or to correct the compass for variation. Captain Bovton's New DEriCES to Save Life from thk Piers, and to Throw a Line from a Smp. — The following are Captain Boyton's statements, as extracted from the New York Swi : *' My invention is 8iiiif)ly this : Here is a wooden bobbin, to which 60 feet of the strongest Manilla lino is attached by one end, and a (our-nroiigcd steel grappling iron fits in the hollow part of tlie | wood. Tl • pound. 0' persona cent If could hold ^hich floai attempted i effort to sa f°* I p>op( ^e right to caamaketh . , Myothe * iee-shore. 'ler, the e^, ttieans of a J^d coming Now, here i* uader tlie tal »*«>ng line a f J}P '8 driven able to establ ]?e captain 1 rocket to the , by Its own for J?„^nd. In a, *he air, the ro onlhant red Ik S^O'.who fix* and the crew sa iue-preserver. ^iththearraa pressed air with Natu] Comparative ^ops... ^heat..V* J*«>« .'.'.';.'."■ 5.*an8.... ^lums^' ' One acre wili miik, 300 lbs. bi tl '«m 16 bushels oJ Pans Green, fol be made as foUo^ ^vater,ina8tonej| lbs. pearlash in H required in the Di^ "-"^thaspCT SCIENTIFIC FACTS, ETC wood. The whole is enclosed hi a leather case, and dees not we a pound. If every policeman on daty had one of these, the >av. « of persons from arowuine in the rivers would bo lessened 80 per cent. If the person in tne water accidentally fell in, the oflScei could hold the grappling iron in his hand, and throw the bobbin which floats, out to the struggling person. If the case was one of attempted suicide, or where the person was too drunk to make any effort to save himself, he could throw out the grapple, and haul him in. I psopose to give the police force of this city and Philadelphia the lignt to manufacture these for themselves ; and, I suppose, tiiey can make them for fifty cents a piece. "My other invention is equally simple : When a ship is driven on a Ice-shore, and her back is being broken by the sea beating against her, the efforts of the coast-guard to throw a rope m board by means of a rocket or mortar frequently fail, owing Oiiher to tlie wind coming into the shore blowing the rocket back or ■ o one side. Now, here is a box, four feet by three, which can bt «;a8ily placed under the tabic in the cabin of any vessel. It contains a long, fine, strong line attached to a rocket, of peculiar construction. Tlie ship IS driven on shore, and the coast-guard men are there, un- able to establish communication between the vessel and the land. The captain brings this box on deck, opens it, and adjusts the rocket to the angle of the box-cover, and fires it off. Tlie rocket, by its own force, and that of the wind blowing in shore, is carried to land. In addition to the tail of fire shown by it passing through the air, the rocket on falling on the ground bur»ts, and bums a brilliant red light for ten miuutes. This is seen by the coast-guard men, who fix the cable to the line, and it is thus hauled alK)ard, and the crew saved." A common felt-hat may be made use of as a life-preserver. Place the hat upon the water rim downwards, and witli the arm around it, pressing it slightly to the breast, the com- pressed air within will sustain a man for hours. NATURAii, Mechanical, and Scientific Facts. CoaiPABATIVB YlKLD OF VARIOUS VEGETABLES. PilODUCTIONS IM Pounds Weight Per Acre. Hops... Wheat. Barley. Oats... Peas... Beans . Plums . Lbs. per M. 442 260 600 840 9*20 000 000 Clierries . Onions... Hay Pears .... Grass ... Carrots . . Potatoes Lba. per ae. 2 000 2 800 4 000 5 000 7 000 6 800 7 500 Apples Turnips Cinque-foil giass Vetches, Green Cabbages Parsiiipa ^Mangel Wurzel Lbi. per ae. 8 000 8 420 600 9 800 10 900 U 200 22 000 One acre will produce 224 lbs. mutton, 18G lbs. beef, 2900 lbs. milk, 300 lbs. butter, and 200 lbs. cheese. A fair crop of potatoes, from 16 bushels of seed, is 340 bushels. Paris Green, for potato bugs, and other enemies of the fanner, may be made as follows : Dissolve 2 lbs. sulphate of copper in 1 gal. hot water, in a stone jar. In another jar put 1 lb of white arsenic and 2 lbs. pearlash in 41 lbs. hot water, and stir till dissolved. Mix wlien required in the proportion of 1 part of the former to 5 of the latter, and use with a sprinkler. It is certain death to vermin. ■fid Si 118 SCIENTIFIC FACTS, KTC. Tlie nverago crowth of trees during 12 years, as delcrniincd by a eonimittee of the Illinois Horticultural Society, ^hcn planted in belts and proves, is as follows: White maple, 1 ft. diain. and 30 ft. high; Ash-leaf maple, 1 ft. diam. and 20 ft, high; White willow, VA ft. diam. ftnd 40 ft high: Yellow willow, VA ft diam. and 35 ft high; Lom- bardy poplar, 10 ins. diam. and 40 ft high; Blue and White Ash, 10 ins. di!tm. and 20 ft high; Chestnut, 10 ius. diam. and 20 ft high; IHack Walnut and Rutternut, 10 ins. diam. and 20 ft high ; Elm, 10 ins. diam. and 20 ft high; Uirch (Taricties), 10 ius. diam. and 25 ft high; Larch, 8 ins. diam. and 24 ft high. The different varieties of evergreens will make an average growth of 18 to 20 ins. in height annually. The long- evity of various trees, as estimated by Mr. Don, Secretary and Li- brariau of the Linua^an Society, are as follows: The Dragon's blood tree, 4,000 years; Baobab tree, of Senegal, 5,150 years; Decidious Cypress, G.OOO; Ash, 400; Yew, 3,000; Oak, l.GOO; Cedar of Lebanon, 3,000; Juniper, 380; Lime, 683; Olive, 2,500; Apple tree, 80 to 175; Pear tree, 260; Orange, 1,600; Oriental plane, 1,200; Scotch fir, 90 to 12f ; Larch, 270; olive, 2,500; Ivy, 600; Balm of Gilead, 30 to 50; Brazil vine 8 aim, 160; Brazil cabbage palm, 600 to 700; Date palm, 200 to 300; bcoa nut palm, 330; Orieutil plane, 1,200. 1 lb. of catechu is equiva- lent for tanning purposes to 7 to 8 lbs. uf oak bark. Terra japonica ia mimosa catechu. RELATrvE Hardness of Woods. — ^Taking shell bark hickory as the highest standard of our forest trees, and calling that 100, other trees will compare with it for hardness as follows : — Shell bark Hickory 100; lied Oak, 6i) Wild Cherry, 65 ri2;nut Hickory, 1)6 White Beech. (>5 Yellow riuo, 64 White Oak, 84 Black Walnut, 65 Chestnut, Kt White Ash, 77 Black Birch, (>2 Yellow Poplar, 51 Dogwood, 75 Yellow Oak, 60 Butternut, 43 Scrub Oak, 73 Hard Maple, 56 White Birch, 43 White Hazel, 72 White Elm. 68 White Piue, SO Apple Tree, 70 Red Cedar, 66 Timber intended for posts, is rendered almost rroof against rot by thorough seasoning, charring, and immersion in fiot coal tar. The slido of Alpnach, extending from Mount Pilatus to Lake Lucerne, a distance of 8 miles, is composed of 25,000 trees, stripped of their bark, and laid at an inclination of 10° to 18°. Tress placed in the slide rush from the mountain into the lake in 6 minutes. The Alps comprise about 180 mountains, from 4000 to 15,732 feet high, the latter being the height of Mont Blanc, the highest spot in Europe. The summit is a sharp ridge, like the roof of a house, con- sisting of nearly vertical granite rocks. The ascent requires 2 days, ') or 8 guides are required, and each guide is paid 100 francs (£4). It ■was ascended by 2 natives, Jacques Belmat and Dr. Packard, Aug. 8, 1786, at 6 a.m. They staid up 30 mhiutes, with the thermometer at 140 l^elow the freezing point. The provisions froze in their pockets ; Uieir faces were frostbitten, lips swollen, and their sight mucli weak- ened, but they soon recovered on their descent. De Saussure records in his ascent, August 2, 1760, that the color of the sky was deep blue; the stars were visible in the ma.de ; the barometer sunk to 16.08 inches (being 27.08 in Geneva); the thermometer was 26Ji °, in the sun, 290 (being 87° at Geneva). The thin air works the blood into a high fever 10 ; Cow, 20 ;' C Geese, 80 ; Hen SCIENTIFIC FACTS, ETC. 119 you foel as if yoii hardly touched the ground, and you can scarcely make yourself hoard. A Frenchwoman, Madcjnoisello d'Angeville, ascended in Sentetnbur, 1840, being dragged up the last 1200 feet by the guides, and crying out, *' If I die, carry me to the top." When there, sho made tliera lift her up, that she might boast she had been liigbor tlian any man in Europe. The ascent of these awful solitudoa is most perilous, o>. ing to the narrow paths, tremendous ravines, icy barriers, precipices, etc. In many places every step has to be cut in the ice, the party being tied to each other by ropes, so tliat if one slips he may be held up b^ the rest, and silence is enforced, lest the noise of talking should dislodge the avalanches of the Aiguille du Midi. The view from the mountain is inexpressibly grand. On the Alps, tlie limit of the vine is an elevation of 1600 feet; below 1000 feet, figs, oranges, and olives, are produced. Tlie limit of the oak is 3800 ft., of the chestnut 2800 ft., of tlie pine 6500 feet, of heaths and furze to 8700 and 9700 ft ; and pcri)ctual snow exists at an elevation of 8200 feet On the Andes, in lat. 2°, the limit of perpetual snow is 14,760 ft In Mexico, lat 19°, the limit is 13,800 ft. ; on the peak of TonerilTe, 11,454 ft, ; on Mount Etna, 9000 ft. • on Caucasus, 9900 ft. ; on the I'yre- uees, 8400 It. ; In Lapland, 3100 ft; in Iceland. 2S90 ft. The walnut ceases to grow at an elevation of 3600 ft. ; the yellow pine at 6200 ft; the Ash at 4800 ft ; and the Fir at 6700 ft The loftiest inhabited spot on the globe is the Port House of Aucomarca, on the Andes, iu Peru, 16,000 feet above the level of the sea. The 14th peak of the Himalayas, iu Asia, 25,659 feet high, is the loftiest mountain iu tho world. Lauterbrunneu is a deep part of an Alpine pass, where the suu hardly shines in winter. It auounds with falls, the most remarkable of which is the Staubbach, which falls over the Balm precipice in a drizzUng spray from a height of 925 feet; best viewed in the morning .sun or by moonlight. In general it is like a gauze veil, with rain- bows dancing up and down it, and when clouds hide the top of the mountain, it seems as if poured out of the sky. In Canada, the falls of Moutmorenci are 250 feet high, the falls of Niagara (the Horse Shoe Falls) are 158 feet high and 2000 feet wide, the American Falls are 164 feet high and 900 feet wide. Tlxe Yo.«e- raite Valley Falls are 2600 feet high, and the Ribbon Falls of the Yosemite are 3300 feet high. The water-fall of the Arve, in Bavaria, is 2000 feet The Periods op Gbstation are the same in the horse and ass, or 11 months each ; c. mel, 12 months ; elephant, 2 years ; lion, 5 months ; buffalo, 12 months ; in the human female, 9 months ; cow, 9 months ; sheen, 6 months ; dog, 9 weeks ; cat, 8 weeks ; sow, 16 weeks ; she wolf, from 90 to 95 days. The goose sits 30 days, swans 42, liens 21, ducks 30, peahens and turkeys 28, canaries 14, pigeons 14, parrots 40. Ages of Aiomat-s, &o. — ^Elephant, 100 years and upwards ; Rhinoceros, 20 ; Camel, 100 ; Lion, 25 to 70 ; Tigers, Leopards. Jaguars, and Hyenas (iu confinement), about 25 years ; Beaver, BO years ; Deer, 20 ; Wolf, 20 ; Fox, 14 to 10 ; Llamas, 15 ; Chamois, 26 ; Monkeys and Baboons, 16 to 18 years ; Hare, 8 ; Souirrel, 7 ; Rab- bit, 7 ; 'Swine, 25 ; Stag, under 50 ; Horse, 30 ; Ass, 30 ; Sheep, luider 10 ; Cow, 20 ; Ox, 30 ; Swaus, Parrots and Ravens, 200 ; Eagle, 100 ; Geese, 80 ; Hens and Pigeons, 10 to 16 ; Hawks, 30 to 40 ; Crane, 24 ; ««■■ 120 SCIEXTIFIO PACTS, ETC. Blackbird, 10 to 12 ; Peacock, 20 ; Pelican, 40 to SO ; Thrash, 8 to 10, Wren, 2 to 3 ; Nightingale, 15 ; Blackcap, 16 ; Linnet, 14 to 23 ; Gold* fincli, 20 to 24 ; Redbreast, 10 to 12 ; Slcylark, 10 to 30 ; Titlark, 5 to 6 ; Cliafflnch, 20 to 24 ; Starling, 10 to 12 ; Carp, 70 to 150 ; Pike, 30 to 40 ; Salmon, 16 ; Codfish, 14 to 17 ; Eel, 10 ; Crocodile, 100 ; Tor. toise, 100 to 200 ; Whale, estimated, 1,000 ; Queen Bee? live 4 years ; Drones, 4 months : Worker Bees, 6 months. The melody oi singing birds ranks as follows : The nightingale first, then the linnet, titlark, sky lark, and wood lark. The jnocking bird has the greatest powers of imitation ; the robin and goldfinch are superior in vigorous notes. Gardner's notation of the music of birds affords conclusive proof that most of the best ideas of the great composers were derived from these melodious warblers. One well known bird in the Canadian woods takes great delight in calling out. Whip poor Will, Whip poor Will ; the red-eyed fly-catcher seems to Bay, Tom Kelly I Whip I Tom Kelly I The condor of Peru has spread wings 40 feet, feathers 20 feet, qoilla 8 inches round. In England, a qnartor of wheat, comprising 8 bushels, yields 14 bushels 2^ pecks, divided into seven distinct kinds of flour, as fol- lows : Fine flour, 5 bushels 3 pecks ; bran, 3 bushels ; twenty-penny, 3 bushels ; seconds, 2 pecks ; polUurd, 2 bushels ; fine middlmgs, 1 peck ; coarse ditto, 1 peck. Fourteen pounds of oats produce 8 lbs. of oatmeal. In America, 1 bushel of buckwheat, or 50 lbs., will produce 25 lbs. of buclcwhcat meal ; more may be obtained, but the quality will be impaired. A 20-inch Harrison light vertical burr-mill will grind 64 bushels of com per hour. Revolutions per minute, 1300 ; 20 liorse power will drive two suv'^h run of stones. In England, 2 bushels of seed will produce 18 of wheat in fair crops. The ancient Greek phalanx comprised 8000 men, forming a square battalion, with spears crossing each other, and shields united. The Roman legion was composed of 6000 men, comprising 10 cohorts of 600 men each, with 300 horsemen. The ancient battering ram was of massive timber, 60 to 100 feet long, fitted with au iron head. It was erected under shelter to pro- tect the 60 or 100 men required to work it. The largest was equal in force to a 36-lb. shot from a cannon. Pile Drivikq on Sakdy Soils.— The greatest force will not effect a penetration exceeding 15 feet Vabtous Sizes of Type.— It requires 205 lines of Diamond type to make 12 inches ; of Pearl, 178 ; of Ruby, 166 ; of Nonpareil, 143 ; of Minion, 128 ; of Brevier, 112^ ; of Bourgeois, 102^ : of Long Primer, 89 ; of Small Pica, 83 ; of Pica, 71i ; of English, 64. To supply a population estimated at over 40,000.000, there were in existence in the United States and Territories during July, 1876, thq enormous nuirber of 8129 newspapers and periodicals, embracing 738 daily, 70 tri-weekly, 121 semi-weekly, 6235 weekly, 33 bi-weekly, 105 semi-monthly, 714 monthly, 13 bi-monthly, and 67 quarterly pub- lications. Of these, the New York Smi has the largest circulation, liaviug circulated 46,799,769 copies during the year ending March, 1870 ; weight of white paper consumed, 3,426,610 pounds. Its dailj drcnlatioa i« it requires tl a weekly exi ponderous Bi per minute. copies per hoi fopies at one tjpenlates wl Wire ropes wch diam. for rope, made of provided with more or less, at grooved, cast ir traiismitted pov ^eil cushioned tion of a durab] iast from 3 to 6 In paper maki revolutions per pump and access ISyardsofpapei per day of ^C faper making ma rn» r'.?°^<'onsu ins. In diameter. « silver buckets, is engme which it sii -„PeSt.Gothar( finished, 9.3 miles Shooting, the leng be not les" than I; -.•i^fo^S^ons of C ^l^^M charcoa OOlbs., ball344.dr e^'?eK^«>n plates, ed with more por' A 32 pounder ^tl bnck, or 12 inn m 200 feet. "^'^ Cannon balls go I Jfe less; the raSg direction of the ea' «^;}«.isattherate The air's resfsta diameter, 2.78 iniT resisted by a foS Bnck-layersasc. ^bere are 484 brici A power of 250 d SCIENTIFIC FACTS, ETC. 191 circulation is over 138,000, -weekly 85,00a To supply this demand it requires the combined rcsxiltsof the labor and brains of 249 men, a weekly expenditure of about $16,000, and the services rxf seven ponderous Bullock printing presses, having a capacity of 1400 copies per minute. Another press, of double size, with a capacity of 60,000 copies per hour, has been ordered. Each press prints two completa copies at one impression, not from type, but from cylindrical stereo* type plates which revolve with the press cylinder. Wire ropes for tlie transmission of power vary in size from § to { inch diam. for f^./^ 3 to 300 horse power ; to promote flejtibility, tlie rope, made of iron, steel, or copper wire, as may be preferred, is provided with a core of hemp, and the speed is 1 mile per minute, more or less, as desired. The rope should run on a well-balanced, grooved, cast iron wheel, of from 4 to 15 feet diam., according as the transmitted power ranges from 3 to 300 horse ; the groove should be well cui^ioned with soft material, as leather or rubber, for the forma* tion of a durable bed for the rope. With good care the rope will last from 3 to 5 years. In paper making, 10 cylinders for preparing the pulp, making 200 revolutions per minute, 1 paper maldng macnine, cuttuig niachmes, pump and accessories, consumed 50 horse power. The macliiue made 13 yards of paper per minute, and the produce was 1 ton of paper per day of 24 hours. In another instance, 28 pulpmg cylinders and 3 paper making machines produced 2 to 3 tons of paper per dav of 24 ^oTiTP^ and consumed 113 horse-power. A Leffel Turbine Wheel, 10 ms. in diameter, strongly built of fine brass and steel, with German silver buckets, is new performing the work of a 120 horse power engine which it superseded ; it has a head 01 228 feet. The St Gothifd Tunuel, under the Helvitic Alps, will be, when finished, 9.3 miles long, and will cost 289,000,000 francs. CoATHUPES Rule for Length or Gun Babbels. For the best shooting, the length of the barrel, measured from the vent holn, should be not les'^ than 43 times the diameter of its bore, nor more than 47. Proportions of Gunpowder as made by the English Government, is, nitre, 75; charcoal, 16; sulphur, 10. That of the French, niire, 77; charcoal, 14, sulphur, 9. A 13 inch Armstrong jgim, with a chai-ge of *J0 lbs., ball 344.6 lbs., velocity 1760 ft. per second; penetrated 11 inches of solid iron plates at a range of 200 ft. No field piece should be load- ed with more powder th'm a fifth or sixth of the weight of its bolL A 32 pounder with a charge of 8 lbs. will penetrate 15.25 ins. of hard brick, or 12 ins. of hard ueestone, or 3*5 ins. of granite, at a ran^e of 200 feet. Cannon balls go furthest at an elevation of 30°, and less as the TmiUs are less ; the range is furthest when fired from west to east in th« direction of the earth's motion, which for the diurnal rotation on iti axis, is at the rate of 1037 miles per hour, and in its orbit. 66,092 miles. The air's resistance is such, than a cannon ball of 3 lbs. weight, diameter, 2.78 ins. moving with a velocity of 1800 ft. per second, is resisted by a force equal to 156 Ibis. Estimated Thbcst of Screw PBOPELiiEB with ekqineb or 1000 HoRSB Power, 20,000 lbs. Brick-layers ascend ladders with loads of 90 lbs., 1 foot per second. There are 484 bricks in a cubic yard, and 4356 in a rod. A power of 250 tons is necessary to start a vessel weighing 3000 tons So'' ■Jii 122 SCIENTIFIC FACTS, ETC. yB orer greased slides on a marine railway, when in motion, 150 tons onlj Is required. A modem dredging machine, 123 ft long, l>eaav 26 ft., breadth ever all, 11 ft, will raise 180 tons of inud and clay per hour, ii foot from water-line. In tanning, 4 lbs. of oak bark make 1 lb. of leather. Flame is quenched in air containing 3 per cent, of carbonic acid ; the same per ceutage is fatal to animal life. 100 parts of oak make nearly^ 23 of charcoal; beech, 21; deal, 19; apple, 23.7; elm 23; ash, 25; birch, 24; maple, 22.8; willow, 18; pop- lar, 20 ; red pine, 22.10 ) white pine, 23. The charcoal used in goji- powder is made from willow, alder, and a few other woods. Th^ charred timber found in the ruins of Herculaueum has under gone no change in 1800 years. Four volumes of nitrogen, and one of oxygen compose atmospheric air in all localities on the globe. Air extracted from nure water, under an air pump, contains 34.8 per ceut of oxygen. Fish breathe this air, respirmg about 35 times per minute. The oxyhydrogcn lime light may be seen from moun- tains at the distance of 200 miles round. Lightning is reflected 150 to 200 miles. lOSo cubic feet of 13 candle gas is equivalent to over 7 gals, of sperm oil; 62.9 lbs. of billow candles; and over 44 lbs. of 8i)erm candles. Tlie time occupied by gas in travelling from a gas well (in Penn- sylvania) through 32 miles of pipe was 22 minutes, pressure at the well was 55 lbs. per inch, pressure at discharge 49 lbs. The flight of wild ducks is estimated at 90 miles per hour, that of the swift at 200 miles, carrier pigeons 38 miles, e wallows 60 mUes, migratory birds have crossed the Mediterranean at a speed of 120 miles per hour. Were it not for dry rot, ships would last on the average about 30 years, as it is their average duration, when built of ordinary timber, is 7, 8and9 vears. Calomel is composed of 50 grs. of mercury and 10^ of chlorine gas. Carbon is the base of organic fitmctnres, and Silica of mineral. At birth, the beats of the pulse are from 165 to 104, and the inspira- tions of breath, from 70 to 23. From 15 to 20, the pulsations are from 90 to 57, the inspirations, from 24 to 16, from 29 to 50, the pulsations are 112 to 56, the inspirations, 23 to 11. In usual states it is 4 to 1. The action of the heart distributes 2 ozs. of blood from 70 to 80 time« in a minute. Daniell makes the heat in a common parlor fire 1141o. Solids be- come incandescent in the dark, at 600° or 700°, but not in daylight tUl 800© or 1000°. Sea water is seldom below 40°, springs about 45°; and pools and small rivers are as the atmosphere. The lowest heat for fermenta- tion is 57.6, the highest 77°. The lowest for drying herbs, etc., 77° tmd the highest 122°. The mean heat of the human bodv is 98° and of the skin 90° Tea and coffee are usually drank at 110°. Tlie explosion of nitro-glycerine is so sudden that it acts against the air as agamst a solid body, thus formhig a deep chasm m thi earth. _ DROntAL third Ib thoi •nd24hmu 1-10, .01 u ] ■Ignlflcation _ VALVB < ^ron Age, ] |"ads of mel been taken f "le im'tials ii assumed as 1 Vauadluni. err A*"tal«ni, pur. Cerium, fused Uthlum,wlre.. Erbium, fused. £idgmiura, fuge Strontium/ ele* I&'Kr ' ^"-' ffii'i'uV*"^^'^^ Osmium.. Go7d^""^--'- Oh '«num, fused Magnesium, wire'. Cobalt, cuiJes^ Nickel, cubes.. ^ad.mium.... ;;. Sodium.... i«l8muth,ciud;" Mercury * Antlmony'.V.V.V.. 9°PPorV.V. Arsenfc... Zinc... liead...;. Irou... 18 SCIENTIFIC PACTS, ETC 12S Decimal Notation, &a.— The first Ugare to the right of the point If always tenthx, the second ileure from,the point is always hundredths, the thirdi* thousandths, &c., thus 4.5, la\ units and 6 tenths; 9.24 is 9 units and 24huudreths; orS-GlOisS units and 610 thousandths. Again, .1 i« 1-10, .01 is 1-100, and .001 is 1-1000. The Arithmetical Signs and their signifieation can be formed by consulting the Tabular part of this work. Value of Metals.— The following table, transcribed from the Iron Age, may be considered as showing the value of 44 different kinds of metal during J uly, 1876. The prices of the rarer metals hav* been taken from Trommsdorff's and Scnuehardt's last price list, and ^e initials indicate the authorities consulted. The avordupois lb. la assumed as being equal to 453 grammes, and the mark to 24c. gold :— Metal. Vanadium, cryst. fused . . . Rubidium, wire Calcium, electrolytic Tantalum, pure Cerium, fused globules. . . . Lithium globuleti Lithium, wire Erbium, fused Didgmium, fused Strontium, electrolytic ... Indium, pure Uuthonium, pure Columbium, fused IthocUura Barium, electrolytic Tliallium Osmium PalL-ulium Iridium... Urarium Gold Titanium, fused Tellurium, fused Chromium, fused Platinum, fused Manganese, fused Molybdenum Magnesium, wire and tape Potassium, globules Silver Aluminum, bar Cobalt, cubes Niclcel, cubes Cadmium Sodium Bismuth, crude Mercury Antimony Tin. Copper Anenio Zinc Lead Iron Value in Price in Au- gold per lb. gold per thor Avord. gramme. ity. »4,792.40 •10.80 s 3,261.60 7.20 S 2,466.20 6.40 s 2,446.20 6.40 s 2,446.20 5.40 S 2,228.76 4.92 s 2,935.44 6.48 s 1,671.57 3.96 S 1,630.08 3.60 s 1,576.44 3.48 s 1,622.08 3.36 T 1,304.64 2.88 T 1,250.28 2.76 S 1,032.84 2.28 T 924.12 2.04 S 738.39 1.G3 T 652.32 1.44 T 498.30 1.10 T 4G6.59 1.03 T 434.88 96 T 299.72 ^ , • • 239.80 62 , , 106.20 43 • • 196.20 43 • • 122.31 27 • • 108.72 24 T r4.34 12 T 45.30 10 T 22.05 09 T 16.60 , , 16.30 036 S 12.68 028 s 3.80 008 T 3.26 007 T 3.26 007 T 1.95 0043 S 1.00 • s 36 T 25 22 Prioei l.-S taken 10 from 6 recinv quot» Uoni 124 SCIENTIFIC FACTS, ETC. 1 '• 1 , 1 i ' i- i ■":i i Absenioal Soap fob the Skdts or W11.D Ajtimals.— The gkhii must be well scraped aud divested of all fat, aud well rubbed with th« following soap. Luae, 1 oz. : camphor, 1 oz. ; arsenic, 1 oz. ; alum, 1 08. Mix all thoroughly with 1 lb. of yellow soap. This will prove a good preservative. PosiTiVB CcTBB FOB FooT RoT IN SHEEP.—Thla is caused by exposure to bad weather, more especially to wet pasturage, etc. When lame, pass them through a trough coutaiuiug a warm solution of arsenic, of nearly the following strength: 4 ozs. arsenic, 4 ozs. of eoda ash or pot^h, 1 gal. of water. Boil till dissolved; keep it about three inches deep, so as to cover the foot as the sheep walk through ; the trough snould be about 20 feet long, and just wid» enough to admit one sheep walking after the other. A 74 gun ship consumes 2000 tons or trees, the produce of 57 acres for a century. The deepest coal mine in England is, or was, at Killingworth, near Newcastle, and the mean annual temi)erature, at 400 yards be- low the surface, is 77°, and at 300 yards, 70°, while at the surface it is but 48°, being 1° of increase for every 15 yards. This explains the origin of hot springs, for, at 3300 yards, the heat would be equal to boiling water, taking 20 yards to a degree. The heat of the Bath waters is 116°, hence they would appear to rise 1,320 yards. Feron relates, that at the depth of 2144 feet in the sea, the ther- mometer falls to 46°, when it is 86° at the surface. Swemberg and Fourier calculate the temperature of the celestial spaces at 50 deg. centigrade below freezing. In Northern Siberia, the ground is frozen permanently to the depth of 660 feet, and only thaws to the extent of 3 or 4 feet in sum- mer. Below 660 feet internal heat begins. River water contains about 30 grs. of solid matter in every cubic foot. Fresh water springs of great size abound under the sea. Per- haps the most remarkable springs exist in California, where they are noted for producing sulphuric acid, ink, and other remarkable pro- ducts. St. Winifred's Well, in England, evolves 120 tons of water per minute, furnishing abundant water power to drive 11 mills witnin little more than a mile. The Nile has a fall of 6 ins. in 1000 n?»iles. The rise of tho river commences iu June, continuing until the middle of August, attaining an elevation of from 24 to 26 ft and flowing the valley of Egypt, la miles wide. In 1829 it rose to 26 cubits, by which 30,000 persons were drowned. It is a terrible climate to live in, owing to the fester* ing heat, and detestable exhalations from the mud, etc., left on the retiring of the Nile, which adds about 4 inches to the soil in a cen- tury, and enroaches on the sea 16 feet every year. Bricks have been found at a depth of 60 feet, showing the vast antiquity of the coun- try. In productiveness oi soil it is excelled by no cciier in the world. Belzoni considered the tract between the first and second cata- racts of the Nile, as the hottest on the globe, owing to there being no rain. The natives do npt credit the phenomenon of water falling from above. Hence it is, that all monuments are so nicely preserved Buckingham found a bu'lding left unfinished about 4000 years ago and the chalk marks on the stones were still perfect. Porapcy's Pillar is 92 ft. high, and 274 round at the base. TLe Frencl HO tons, from architectural i seen anywhere iuistern counti uumber, that ii Babel, now nsed as an obs( posed of 8 squa «ie same dimen The Coliseui] ^••w in its longe braced 6i acres. fJght aquedu {^"'o«f of cubic 100 feet hiffh «» which 37 wire or never have been w Its own level .The Temple" c bmad with 127 c 220 years in build oolomon's Ten len^h tliebreadt or 54 feet. Thepo thA-tf^'^^stofi Je Bides, and its I ThTi^' ; many ^ The Temple of ' ««tout of tho solid Ifh, 25 ft over £ Seso«tris erected ■WJ/ and his wife, 5( . I» the Temple of '0"?,24ft.th/ck an squared, sculKd enormous columns • diameter. Sesostri •upnnteinsofAmbia i he engineering a of these immense "resent day. „„P»f'ng modem tin nsedasthepedestei" ie?e^'i?'r^S^ were placed spheres •Pheresthefmmewl I A" 1716, while vet h tein8port(onrolfiS5,B 'nount,iins,2ga]iey|,"l SCIKKTIFJC FACTS, ETC «eeu nny»her» l^fk? Thebes Is one of Si„ m„ !" <''»P'»y of 5)sMf The Temple of^Vr^o^^u^"? o^erao feet lon^^l^ °' ftouesare m sT^ ^ ^^ over t.^Sj:S:Zt^^l fSi^^^^'^'i" Sesostris erected in thnf , • ^^"^"^ ®*« over mountains of Amhin If ^^ Eitone, 155-3; Marble, Mean, of nineteen Kinds. 180; Grindstones, 133*9; Firebrick, 137*6: Tile, 114*44; Brick, Mean, 102; Clav, 120; limestone, Mean, of seven sorts, 184*1; Loose Earth or Sand, 95; Coarse Sand, 112*5; Ordi- nary Soil, 124; Mud, 102; Clay and Stones, 160; Slate, 167 to 181-25; Plaster of Paris, 73-5; Plumbago, 131-35; Anthracite Coal, from 89-75 to 102*6; Cau< nel Coal, from 77*33 to 82-33; Charcoal from Hard Wood, 18-6; ditto from Softwood, 18; Port Wine, 62-31 ; Frosh Water, 625; Sea Water, 64-3; Dead Sea Water, 77-5; Vinegar, 67-5 ; Alum, 107-10; Asbestos, Starry, 192-1; Ice at 32°, 57-5; Sulphur, 127-1; Peat, 375 to 83*1; Marl, Mean, 109-33; ^lydraulio Lime, 171*60; quartz, 166-25 ; Bock Crystal, 170-94: Salt, Common, 133.12 ; Lard, 69*20; Whale Oil, 67-70; Olive Oil, 57*19. Weight op a Cubic Inch of various Metals nc Pouiros.— Hammered Gold, .701 lbs: Cast do. (pure), .698; 20 Carats Fine do., .567'; Hammered Silver, .382 ; Pure do., .378 ; Cast Steel, -287 ; Cast Iron, .263 ; Sheet Iron, .279 ; Rolled Platinum, .797; Wire do., .762; Hammered do, .735;: Sheet Copper, .323 ; Sheet Brass, .364 ; Lead, .410 ; Cast Tin, .264 ; Cast Zinc, .245. Sundry CommerciaIj Weights.— A ton of wool is 2 stones of 14 lbs. each, A pack of wool is 240 lbs. A sack of wool is 22 stone of 14 lbs., or 308 lbs. In Scotland, it is 24 of 16 lbs. A keel of 8 Newcastle chaldrons is 15V^ London chaldrons. 66 or 60 lbs. is a truss of hay, 40 lbs. a trasa of straw ; 36 trusses a load. A bushel of rock salt is 65 lbs. ; of crushed salt, 66 lbs. ; of foreign salt, 84 lbs. A tierce of beef, in Ireland, is 301 lbs.; and of pork, 320 lbs. A fodder of lead is 19% cwt. in London and 21 etrt, in the North. A man's load is 5 bushels, a maiket load 40, or 5 qnarten. A last is 10 quarters of com, or 2 cart loads, 12 sacks of wool, 21 barrels of gunpowder, 12 barrels of ashes, herring, soap, &c., and 18 barrels of salt. A hundred of salt is 126 barrels. Sundry Measures of Length — The hair's breadth is the smallest, of which 48 are an inch. Four barley-corns laid breadthways, are% of an inch, called a digit, and 3 barley-corns lengthways are an inch. An Inch is divided into 12 lines and by mechanics into 8ths. A nail used in cloth measure, is 2\4 ins. or the 16th of a yard. A palm is 3 ins. and a ■pan 9 ins. (See Table of Measures of length, for other desiguationsO Au English Statute mile is 1760 yds. or 6280 ft., an Irish mile 2240 yds., a Scotch mile 1984 yds. ; 80 Scotch miles being equivalent to 91 Engllu, and 11 Irish to 14 English. 128 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 4 In. make 1 Hand. tttln. 18 In. 12 In. • Ft. it ILink. 1 Cubit IFoot. 1 Fathom. AIEASUBES OF LENGTH. 3 Feet make 1 Yard. 6% Yds. " 1 Ilod or 40 Poles " 1 Furlong, 8 Fur. " IMile. 69 1-12 Miles make 1 DegrM. 141 9 60 Geograpbical Miles makes 1 Degree. MEASURES OF SURFACE. Square Inches make 1 Square Foot. 4 10 •40 Square Feet Square Yards Square Rods Square Roods Square Chains Square Acres 1 Square Yard. 1 Rod, Perch or Pole. 1 Square Rood. 1 Square Acre, or 43,660 sq. ft. 1 Square Acre. 1 Square Mile. Gunter's Chain equal to 22 Yards or 100 Links. MEASURES OF SOLIDITY. 172S Cubic Inches make 1 Cubic Foot. 27 Cubic Feet ** 1 Cubic Yard. 27H M !• S8 4 20 AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. Grains make 1 Drachm (dr.) or 27^ Grains. Drachms Ounces Pounds Quarters Gwta. f 1 Ounce (oz.) or 437 1 Pound (lb.) or 7000 1 Quarter (qr.) 1 Hundred-Weight (cwt.) 1 Ton. TROY WEIGHT. 24 Grains make 1 Pennyweight, or 24 Grains. 20 Penny wts " 1 Ounce, or 480 " 12 Ounces « 1 Pound, or 6760 " APOTHECiiilES' WEIGHT. 10 Cndns make 1 Scruple. I 8 Drachms make 1 Ounce. 8 Scruples " 1 Drachm. | 12 Ounces " 1 Pound. 45 Dropsscl teaspoonful or a fluid Drachm; 2 table8pooufuls=>l < DIAMOND WEIGHT. 16 Parts make 1 Grain (8-lOths Grain, Troy). 14 Gridns " 1 Carat (3 l-5th Grains, Troy). LIQUID MEASURE. 2 Gallons make 1 Peck. 31% Gallons «' 1 BarreL 64 GaUons " IHhd. 4 Gills make 1 Pint. 2 Pints «♦ 1 Quart. 4 Quarts " 1 Gallon. DRY MEASURE. S Qnarts make 1 Peck. I 8 Bushels make 1 Quarter. « Pecks " 1 Bushel. | 36 Bushels « 1 Chaldron. 1 Bushel equal to 2815% cubic in. nearly. A bushel of Wheat is on an average 60 lbs.; Barley or Bnekwheat. 46 lbs. ; Indian Com or Bye, 56 lbs. ; Oats, 30 lbs. ; Salt, 70 lbs. 14 Ibs.^ Lead or Iron make 1 Stone ; 21% Stone, 1 Pig. 1 Bbl. of Flour oontafau 196 Ibe. ; Beef or Pork. 200 lbs. The Imperial Gallon is 10 lbs. arotrdop Kis of pure water ; the Pint 1 1-4 lbs. 1 GaL Sperm Oil welgha, V/a I. ; 1 do. of Whale Oil, 7 lbs. 11 ozs. ; 1 do. of Linseed, 7% lbs. ; Ido. o! OUto, 7% lbs. ; 1 do. Spts. of Turpentine, 7 lbs. 5 ozs. Proof Spirits T lbs. 16 ozs. ; 1 do. of Ale, 10.5 lbs. ttelr n»lie-40( «»Wts,or4Eni •onie8ay24iniJ Ephah or Bath lOlns-sol. The 5K«« (John 11. The Gerah*. JL «# The Shekel..;*" • Sheffi^'.^'.fOOO Roman nion^TmJ *"d American /taS ^Mlte.... jJI^W-'ab^)', NoTE.~Th'e Kve «;.areprincipXg, ili"k;100]iMkMSlla ^orQr poiea of ^'^ •CT^.^iIfi '*«*» way. A £^.'*9»*rterSfaS p -■ " ^■'«® In pare "~ — — i—-~-~J^^T&T¥^ >e?«^--:^^ "0 .: : tr:-r- A Farthing; ii^-^j- ^ oVs « eta N^TE^^i^'-Minr. ! or i'^ -• o5:cSr J An Engiigh acre 1. f - * ""ood, and M 9VV."P'*e<* make *mo i. .- 9 '^f*% 130 STHKNGTII OK MATERIALS, ETC ■..M Naotical DiHTAircEfl, Lou LiNKS.—A nautic*! mile, the 60lh of • degree, la 202C.5 yards ; a marine league, or 20 to » degree, is 6079.6 yardf. I/w-Uues are divided into spaces of 60 feet, and the way measured by a hau minute sand-glass, wiiich bears nearly tbe sanie proportion to au hour, which 60 feet l>ears to a mile, the number of knot* wuich run oil the reel in half a minute showing the number of miles the vessel sails in an hour. The line should be about 160 fathoms long, having 10 fathoms between the ship and first knot for stray line. Estimatmg a mile at 6139.76 feet, and using a 30^' glMs, 1 knota:61 ft. 1.95 ins. and 1 fathom, 5 ft. 1.305 ins. Or if a 28^' glass is used, and 8 divisions, the result wUl b« tlius ; 1 knot«47 ft. 9.021 ins. and 1 fathomB5ft. 11.C27 ins. BowDiTcii's Navigator computes 6120 ft. to a sea mile, which If taken M the length with a 28^' glass, will make the divisioxia 47.G ft. and ».96f». TzHsxxB Strength of Materials, Showixo thr STRRxoTa on FOUGB REQUIRED TO TEAR ASUKDER 1 SQUARE iKCU. Iron Wire, wrought, Swedish bax Iron, Uussian " " Mean of English Iron, Gun Metal, mean of Iron, Clyde, No. 1, •• « neck of a iih niateriaC,*,? w2.«sSr ln4eWV «'36 Materiaia. Arbroath »< Portland Cement, Stourbridfeeb,,, Hard Brick, Common *< " Masonryl -jj j5?!«niore^ BTBENQTH OF IfATfiBIALS, ETC ist •minder by a weight of from 16,243 to 19,4«4 lt>i.,and 1 squaro Inch of Iroa wire would suBtaln a mean weight of 126,340 Ihs. In sixteen experlmentfl by Mr. Falrbalrn and Mr. Hodgklnson, on oa«t Iron, the aTorage strain Sat one wiuare Inch aartalned was 714 tons, the weakest bearing 6 tons, and the strongest 9% tons. Telford's and Brown's experiments show that mal- leable Iron will bear, on an average, 27 tons, the weakest being 2^ andtha strongest 29 tons. Hodgkluson's and Fairbalm's experiments prore that east iron ean sustain a compression of from 36»^ to 60 tons to the square inch. In thla respect malleable iron Is inferior to cost. With 12 tons to tlie sqaare Inch it yields, contracts In length, and expands laterally, though It will bear 27 tons, or more, without actual fracture. Rennle crushed cast Iron with a weight of 93,000 lbs. Strength op Shafts.-44 lbs., acting at a foot radius, will twist oft the neck of a shaft of lead I inch dlam., and the relative strengths of other materials, lead being l.is as follows :~-Tin, 1-4 ; copper, 4-3 ; yellow brass, 4'0 ; gun metal, B ; cast iron, 9 ; Swedish iron. 9'6 ; £ngli;ih iron, 10*1 ; blistered steel, 16-16 ; sh ar steel, 17 ; cast steel, 19-5. The strengUi of « shaft increasen as the cube of its dlamoter. A weight of 36,000 Ibi. attached to a bar of iron 1 Inch square and 1,000 inches in length, will draw it out 1 inch : 46,000 will stretch it 2 Inches : Bl.OOalbs., 4 Inches ; 63,000, 8 inches ; and 72,000, 16 inches, where it will finally break.— Prq/l LeilU. „,„,.., .^ ^ , Stbrkotu of Cast Ibok Bkams.— Kale. Multiply the sectional area of the bottom flanges in square Inches by the depth of the beam in inches, and divide the product by the length between the support also iu inches. Then 514 times the quotient will be the breaking weight in pounds. Table gaowiNa tub Cbushiko Stsbnoth of VAsioua matjebials ox A BASIS OP 1 SQUARE IKOH. Materials. Crushing Weight. Oulney Granite, Aberdeen " Arbroath «* Portland Cement, " Mean, S tourbridge Firebrick, Hard Brick, Common ** •« •• Masonry, Marble, Lee, Mass., " Italian, " Baltimore, small. Lbs. 15,300 10,360 7,884 16,000 8,300 1,717 14,368 2,000 4,000 800 (ftOO 1600 22,702 12,624 18,061 Materials. Crushing Weight. Lbs. Marble, Baltimore, small, 8,057 Stock Brick, 2,167 Portland Cement, 1 sand 1, 1,280 '• « 1 sand 4, 1,244 Gneiss, 19,600 Good Mortar, 240 Common " 120 Roman Cement, 342 Sandstone, Seneca, 10,762 " Acquia Creek, 6,340 " Adelaide, 2,800 Brick, Sydney, 2,228 Clay, flue, rolled and baked, 400 Portland Oolite, 8,850 Nearly all granites cominenoe to crumble under a superstructure oi MO feet elevation. 1 cask of lime (210 lbs.), will make from 7*8 to 8'15 cubic ft. of etlft paste. Bricks should be thoroughly wet previous to use. Brick walls should be washed down ttith diluted sulphuric acid when finished. A good Mastic is burnt clay, 93 parts, litharge, 7 parts, all ground very fine, and thoroughly dried by artiticial heat, mix with linseed oil and apply, after giving the surface to which it is to be applied 2or3 coats of oil. Soot will n9q. yds. % inch thick, aud4>/^ ■q. yds. ^A inch thick. 8 lbs. of Aspkalte Flooring composition will cover 1 superficial ft. % inch thick. 808 pounds of finely ground cement will make from 3*7 to 3-8 cubio feet of stiff paste. 1 cwt. ofmastic and 1 gal. of oil will cover 1^4 yds. at Kt or 2% at ^ inch in thickness. Pointing Mortar consists, by weight, o( finely ground cement, 1 part to from 3 to 3^ parts of find slllcf mix under cover, in small quantities at a time. icions KsA, ^Jass (baroi \\ solid m'' cast, Yntjnum, p j,a iadium, , popper 8 pan popper 2, zi'm Brass 36, tin ^rass wire... ^^sscast.... ^?Wer, tin 1, Jjsmuth... j^PecuIun,^;-,: ll^V'^lJowte 2n,Fa]r„outh, Zinc. .. ■*'cohol...'. EXPANSION OF BODIES, ETC. 133 EXPAT«H0N AWD CONTBACTION OF BOOIKS.— Tlie following tftbU exhibltB the linear dilatation of varloua bodies from 32° to 21 ording to Laplace, Smeaton, R o y, etc ao Flint glass Glass (barometer tubes) " solid rod *' cast, prism of Platinum, per Borda Talladium, per WoUaston.. . Gold (French standard) Silver (French standard) Copper 8 parts, tin 1 Copper Copper 2, zinc 1 Brass 16, tin 1 Brass wire Brass cast Solder, tin 1, lead 2 Bismuth Speculum metal Iron Steel (yellow temper) Tin, Falmouth Lead Zinc Mercury, in volume Water Alcohol All the gases Mercnry freezes at 40° below zero, and mclta at 39°. Ether freezes tA 47° below zero; wine freezeg at 20°; sea water freezes at 28°3. Alcohol has been exposed to 110° and 120° below zero without f reez- \ng. Granite decomposes at a red heat. The second's pendulum, of 39.130 ins., is lengthened by 30° of temperature 128th of an inch, or 8 vibrati ma in 24 hours. Tlie heat conducting powers of metals, etc., are as follows: €iold, 1000°; platinum, 981°; silver, 973; copper, 898.2; iron, 374.3; nine, 363; tin, 303-9: lead, 179.6; marble, 23.0; porcelain, 12.2; fine clay. 11.4. 1 lb. of coke melts 94 lbs. of ice: 1 lb. of coal, 90 lbs. : 1 lb. of wood, 62 lbs. ; 1 lb. of chai-coal, 95 lbs. ; 1 lb. of peat, 19 lbs. Tlia capacity of the solar heat all over the globe Is the ability to melt ao icy covering 46 feet in thickness. 6 lbs. white lend added to 1 gal. tar TamiBb, and applied as paint, wiU prevent damp coming through walls. H i -'Mil 1S4 DYEKS AND BLEACHERS* RECEIPTS. m To TUEVKXT DnCAT OF FARM btTLEMENTS.— WllCU not iu USO have them slicltercd from tlio Bun, •Nviud, raui, aud buow. By tliis incuns, Hlcighs, wagons, carts, jilouglis, thresh ing-madiincs, har- rows, aiid the like, would last twice as loirg as they would if left in the oi)cn air, swelling from moisture one week, aud Bhriukiug tho ucxt from tho induenco of the sun and wuid. OiLiNo OK Cleaning old CAuuiAGE-Tors. — Eiwmel Icathcr-topg should ho first washed with Castilo soap and warm water, then oiled with neat's-foot oil ; or sweet oil and a coat of enamel varnish put on, tlie leather ■will look lilco new. Dashes may be cleaned i« tho same miunier, but vaniish color is not very beneficial to ptateut leather ; however, whcu old aud cracked, it may bo colored to improve tho appcanuioe. DYERS, BLEACHERS, AND CLOXniERS' DEPARTMENT. In accommodation to tho requirements of dyers,' many of tho following receipts describo dyes for largo quantities of goods, but to make tliem equally adapted for the use of private fam- ilies they aro usually gireu iu oven quantities, so that it is quite an easy matter to ascertain the quantity of materials required for dyeing, when onco tho weight of tho goods is known ; the quantity of materials used being reduced iu proportion to the snaialler quantity of goods. Uso soft water for all dyeing purposes, if it can be procured, using 4 gals, water to 1 lb. of goods; for larger v ■ lutities, a little less water will do. Let all tho implements used in dyeing bo kept perfectly clean. I'repare tlio goods by scouring well with soap aud water, washiug tho soap well out and dippiu"' in warm water, previous to immersion in tho dyo or mordant. Gooda should be well aired, rmsed, aud properly liung up after dyeing. Silks, and fine goods should be tenderly handled, otherwise injury to tlio fabric will result. Saxon Blue.— For 100 lbs. thibet or comb yam, use alum, 20 lbs., cream of tartar 3 lbs., mordant 2 lbs. ; extract of indigo 3 lbs., or carmine 1 lb., makes a better color. When all is dissolved cool tho kettle to 180° Fahr. ; cuter and handle quickly at first, tlien let it boil i hour, or imtil even. Long boiling dims tho color. Zephyr worsted yam ought to bo prepared, first by boiling it in a solution of alum aud sulphuric n^id, then tho indigo is added afterwards. GiiEEN Fusvic Dye.— For 50 lbs. of goods use 50 lbs. of fustic with alum 11 lbs. Soak in water until tlie strength is extracted, put in tho goods until of a good yellow color, remove the chips, and add extract of indigo iu smaU quantities at a time, imtil tho color is satisfactory. FuKPLK Blue on AVool. — 100 lbs. of wool aro first dipped in tho t hie vat to a light shade, then boiled in a solution of 15 lbs. A alum, ..nd 3 Iba of half refined tartar, for Ij hours, tlio wool taken out, cooled, and let stand 24 hours. Then boil in fresh water 8 lbs. of powdered cochiueal for a few miuutes, cool tlio kettlo to 170° Fahr. ; iiaridle the prepared wool iu this for 1 hour, when it is ready to cool. liuso, and dry. By coloring first with cochineal, as aforesaid, aud "» "»W CO/o *»uatemaia ^'^ in a?, Pst« ; add J^,al>out 17C g^inutes, the duces a verv ^Jich have^t^ i-OOWOOo y ;-o or the Cloth refined tartaV "' a bag or r Jaadie ^» II or ^ogUud rinse D\S FOR \Vi then enmtv?!. ^ ■uixtareSf ,^- DTEK3 AND BLEACHEKS* RECEirTS* 13* finishing in the blue rat, the fast pnrplo or d.ililia, so much admired in German broadclothd, will ho produced. Tin acids must not bo used in tliia color. Blue Dye ron Hosiebt,— 100 lbs. of wool aro colored with 4 lbs. Guatemala or 3 lbs. Ben-^al indigo, in the soda or wood vat ; t'acn boil in a Icettle a iew mmutos, 5 lbs. of cudbear or 8 lbs. of orchil {kiste ; add 1 lb. of soda, or better, 1 pail of urino, then cool the dye about 170O Fahr. : and enter the wool. Handle well for about 20 minutes, then take it out, cool, rinse, and diy. It i» all the same if the cudbear id put in before or after the indigo. 3 ozs. of analine purple dissolved in alcohol, h pt, can be used instead of the cudbear. (Wood spirit is cheaj)er than alcohol, and is much nsed now by dyers for the purpose ^jf dissolving analine colors). It pro- duces a very prettr shade, but should never bo used on mixed goods which liave to be bleiiched. Logwood and Ikdigo Blub Dvb for Cloth.— 100 lbs. of cloth, diy. Tl ') uqnld *s good for subsequent operations, only keep up the proportioua, and u^e no soap. Stauch Lustre. — A portion of stearine, the size of an old-fashioned cent, added to starch ^ half lb., and boiled with it for 2 or 3 minutes will add greatly to the beauty of linen, to wliich it may be applied. See also Starch Polish uuder'the Grocers' Department. To DvE Hats. — The hats should be at first strongly galled by boiling them a long time in a decoction of galls with a little logA\ oca, that tho dye may penetrate tho better into their substjince ; after which a proper quantity of vitriol and decoction of logwood, with a little verdigris, are added, and the hats continued in tliis mixture for a considerable time. They are afterwards put into a fresh liquor of logwood, galls, vitriol, and verdigris, and, when the hats are of great price, or of a hair which with dilficulty takes the dye, the same pro- cess is repeated a third time. For obtaining the most perfect color, the hair or wool is dyed blue previously to its being formed into hats. Chestttut Brown on Straw Bonnets. — For 25 hats, use ground ganders IJ^ lbs., ground curcuma 2 lbs., powdered gall nuts, or sumac i lb., rasped logwood -^ lb. Boil all together with the hats in a large kettle (so as not to crowd), for 2 hours, then withdraw the hats, rinse, and let them remain over night in a bath of nitrate of 4° Baume, when they are washed. A darker brown maybe obtained by increasing the quantity of sanders. To give the hats the desired lustre, they are brushed witli a brush of dog's (couch) grass, when dry. VioiiET Dye on Straw Bonnets. — Take alum 4 lbs., tartaric acid 1 lb., chloride of tin 1 lb. Dissolve and boil, allow the hats to remain i sliade, a: dissolved SlX-VEi and softe JJme watf ioursinj ^- •• alum <^rmine o neutralize feradienb H^^ff I>at lime water "iwutes, tjj "ear; add t Dark Stj proportion o f^'-vll quant To UEHDm ffelatineiaac «?a tile auilir 60 as to make over a water "^«t heat fort aniline Gi acid. ' ^ ? ios. white vi ^atothi^baSi^f; wr a few mi^u "'.the same bat t^" 'sadded ?he Bis.irARcK Br pis. water, and fot water and m ba«P» ^^^ Wl. oaths one contain £f.«oda or borax ^^ed to 2120 Fall Sii-VEB Grev Drp ^« a ^ ^°'"° ^"m lias been hAV,!. . '^'^ "as been add^ri ^.'-ysuuiized soda tn«,Y 7 ,*'"''*"«»' hati ."hiff,? "'"ter bat°°to*!hf ,'" P^'o- Them W^ f?^:"^ »« tteSio lor a few minutes tih„-,'.*^®n add the coin^t ' P^^^o 'he goods same conthuiaiiv -T-i • • an^^iue scarlet in q i^^' P^^epared by boiling ed tothobath ^TJ,P'^^?^"tion StoiS lif^^'^^ter, stirrin^ t f tliey hav-e becoma^ r/'^^i ^^'"aiai^ the w/i^"";** before be[u>add color by smalf porti'/C'''f ''^«°oil 20 minutes longer ; tlica rinse and dry. If the aniline bo added in two or three proiiortions during the process of coloring, it will facilitate tlie evenness of the color. Aniline Ked. — Enclose the aniline in a small muslin bag; have a kettle (tin or brass) filled with moderately hot wiiter and rub the siib- fitauce out Then immerse the goods to be colored, and in a short time they are do)ie. It improves the color to wring the goods out of strong soap suds before putting them iu the dye. This is a permanent color on wool or silk. Aniline Violet and PunrLE. — Acidulate the bath by snlphnrio ncid, or use sulphate of soda j both these substances render the shade bluish. Dye at 212° Fall. To give a fair middle sliade to 10 lbnge moistened in fine oil; then block. Jtcd Dye. — Boil ground Brazil-wood in a ley of l)otash, and boil your straw hats, &c., in it. Blue Dye. — ^Tako asufll- cieut quantity of potash ley, 1 lb. of litmus or lacmus, ground ; mako a decoction and then put in the straw, and boil it. DfEs FOR Hats.— The ordinary bath for dyeing hats, employed by the London manufactures, consists, for twelve dozen, of 144 lbs. of loj*wood; 12 lbs. of green sulphate of iron or copperas; 7i lbs. verdi- gris. The logwood having been introduced into the copper, and digested for somo time, the copperas and verdigris are added in suc- cessive quantities, and in the above proportions, along with every successive two or three dozens of hats suspended upon the dripping machine. Each set of hats, after beuig exposed to the bath with occasional airings during forty minutes, is taken off the pegs, and laid out upon the ground to be more completely blackened by the peroxy- dizement of the iron with the atmosuheric oxygen. In three or four houra, the dyeing is completed. When fully dyed, the hats are well wa.shed in running water. Waterproof Stiffexino for Hats. — ^Mix 18 lbs. of shellac with 1\ lb. of salt of tartar (carbonate of potash), and 5^ gaLs. water. Thei»o materials are to be put in a kettle, and made to boil gradually till the lac is dissolved, when the liquid will become as clear as water, without any scum upon tlie top, and if left to cool, will have a thin crust uiMjii tho surface, of whitish cast, mbced with tlio light impuri- ties of the gum. When this slun is taken off, the hat body is to bo dippjed into the mixture in a cold state, so as to absorb as much as possible of it; or it may be applied with a brush or sponge. Tho hat Dody.being thus stiffened , may stand till it becomes dry, or nearlyso ; and after it has been bmshed, it must be immereed in very dilute sulphnric or acetic acid, in order to neutralize tlie i^otash, and cause tlie shellac to set. thrown i Metik o^yffenat muriate c wiilte, an Br.EAc» ." In a clof ""rrel is t] stone bein barrel coni sboHjd be ] Varnish ted With oi To Blea portion of 1 jet It settle, 1 gallon of I and boil it j, above; ajjd j mnslin may the tub wlier DvB for ; «t first Jiot, , JPart. Lluc bromi dyes f, cudbear. p,> ^th the red d a nm, foijowej alum, fpllowec S'^'« and well and dip th into the saiSm nsediudyiugi; Colors for Jine cambric nm 'gently thin S ^rtionsof the dissolved In oil c tartar or whitine Jiquid archil. 5 «jr} or in spirit^-; little salt of tarti eeneraliya^pij^ * Of • ; pulverized •intii the wax is ta the sun. Thlgi -feprinklothofurj to set. Tftho, f B£CEiPTi J.. ^nto the saiS ^«!i®^*^ew, thev hn,H« ', ^™ "^ter i nf . . *^^^'® of ■I 14G DYtnS AND DLEAcncns RECEinS. in which thcv nro kept, \Titli gpirits of turi^cntliio, tho unpleasant Bccnt of which will speedily cvuporuto on expoHuro of tho btufTs to the uir. Somo person;* iiliico sheets of paper moistened with spirits of turpentine, over, iinuer, or between nieces of cloth, &c., and find it a very effectual method. Many woollen drapers i)ut bits of cam- phor, tho gi/oof n nutmeg, in papers, on different parts of tho shelves 111 their shops, and as they brush their cloths every two, three or four months, tliis keeps them free from moths : and this should bo dono in boxes where the furs, &c., nro put. A tallow candle is frequently put within eacli muff when laid by. Snuff or pepper is very good. CLOTiiiNa Ur.NOVATou. — Soft water, 1 gal. ; make a strong decoc- tion of logwood by boiling tho extract with tho water. Stmiu, when cool, add U oz. g«im arabic in powder ; bottle, cork well, and set asldo for use ; clean tho coat well from grease and dirt, and apply tho above liouid with a si)ongo evenly. Dilute to suit tho color, and liang in the shade to dry ; oitcrwarda brush tho uup smooth, and it will look like new. Watkki'uoof ron ronons Cloth.— Dissolve 2^ lbs. alum in 4 gals, water ; dissolve also in a separate vessel tho same weight of ncetito of lead in the same quantity ol water. ^Vllen both are well dissolved, mix tho solutions together ; and, wlien tho sulphate of lead resulting from this mixture has been precipitated to the bottom ol the vessel in the form of a powder, pour off the solution, and plungo Into it tlie fabric to be renaered waterproof. Wash and rub it well durUig a few minutes, and hang it in the air to dry. To Remove Gueask. — Aqua ammonia, 2 oz. ; soft water, 1 quart ; saltpetre, 1 teaspoonful ; shaving soap in shavings, 1 oz. ; mix Altogether ; dissolve tho soap well, and any grease or dirt that cannot be removed with this preparation, notliing else need be tried, for it Wateuproofino roil Clotuixo. — Boiled oil, 15 lbs. ; bees-wax, 1 11). ; ground litharge, 13 lbs. ; mix and apply with a brush to tho article, previously stretclied afrauist a wall or a table, i^reviously well wasliing and drying each article before applyhig tlie composition. To Hknkw Old Silks. — Unravel and put them in a tub, cover thctn with cold water, let them remahi one hour ; dip them up and down, but do not wruig ; hang up to drain, and iron while very damp, and they will look beautiful. DvES FOR I'tms. — For black, use use the hair dye described in these receipts. Brown, use tincture of logwood. Red, ground Brazil- wood, ^ lb. ; water, 1^ quarts ; cochineal, A oz. ; boil the Brazil-wood in the water one hour ; strain and add tlio cochineal ; boil fifteen minutes. Scarlet color, boil ^ oz. saffron in ^ pint of water, aud pass over the work before applyhig the red. Llue, logwood, 7 oz. ; blue vitriol, 1 oz. ; water, 22 oz. ; boil. Purple, logAVOod, 11 oz. ; alum, G oz. ; water, 29 oz. Oreen, strong vinegar, IJ pints ; best verdigris, 2 oz. ; ground fine ; sap green, i oz. ; mix all together and boil. PoTTEU's IirvisiBLE Waterphoofino. — Imbuo the cloth on tho wrong side with a solution of ishiglass, alum, and soap dissolved in water, forming an emulsion of a milky thickness ; apply with a brnsh, rubbing in well. When dry, it is bnishcd on the wrong side against the grain, and then gone over wdth a brush dipped in water * afterwards brushed down smootli. To UAisE A Kat ox Clotu.— Clean tho article well : soak it la cold wfl bare pa teazle o riglit wj 3 lbs. ; J And it id RCTLES f'ld disen Wyllo, la longobser occurring more mini rcct action nand rem each, in a operation. eggs alone "ases of ( 'or ligiit b n is dest y>ii the bad raise the he oncd wound cut out tho ] cjgar or a In a vem is c cough. Bef "len go nhc careful. Sra buriiing oil ; oy dashing w ^'thasoft.sr cold, bvrogu Baid: "^ThS j temperance, c cold water, ir have adopted iuted with 2 p "ig, if liberal] file of lemon il parte. Toave from different the natural lie( In arranging si »>er will bo enj< MEDICAL DEPARTMEIH'. 147 cold vrator tor htilt nn J 1 1 a uan U raised ? '^ K?' ^''l-ith . teaxlcJ orn p ijJS f;;?'""^ ''""'''"; oa;j'^j™';"'J rub the thr, and It i. ready for uso* ^^' ' ^^■^''^^' ^ T'urts ; Ctwo hoirs^^^T^ the MEDICAL DEPAKT3XE.XT, &c. lonffobservat , i,S),l» * '°, *^mperor of R3?''^rJm°- , ^l** •^'"»a» occurring in rSms a -eii^^r'*'''" ^l"''-** coiintiy ^flSv ?E'^°^ ^'"ring more mtmeroiw Than t!!efil[T ^'^^ ^'^J^' of tT o si m wrSf f °^ ^ «»tS i"ect action of Um 1 7i ^® ^^^' cases hi tli« t^J ' ^^^^° ^o»r times hand remedy ;°?o"'Sw?^^u ^^^'^^^ Polson iSjfo'rr' *° "»eT cadi, in a KlLJof " "^ salt and jnustird 1 J.P.l.iTP''' ^Sood off. operation. ^£rfe,V'"f ./^"'^^immSiatej'^^^^^^^ of egffs alone if coffPA ^n *"° Y^"tes of 2 0--^/,, V;,, " l^ ^""-*^« ^'» its •'nses of onimi . ^^""?* ^o l»'id. For aHri \.^.^"P °^ <^offco, or the cj.fc out tiiS SSwISJuTL"?"""^ i« ^^reKVlJI^^^^^^ Sue'! vot cigar or a hot coal if I.?*^'iiy' «V"teri2o it aSTi c i1h°""A °^ ^^ttop careful. Sraotl/era fiiL^^."/ ^^''r ^^''Iwu'c acid ijgi^'t?"'' ^^P low, l>"rning oil Sd iJprnn^'^''i,''^^«"l-"cteorcaSs^nU '^^^^ bo bydaslTingwator StoS *''° ^''^"-°r- I e'Ko dn,/^"'^'*"^!'^^^^^ ^ithasoit .snSio ^^^''^"davoid nibK Rn^' ^''°'." tbo oyea «old, hvriinlS^dLT&T^^-. i^r«s"r?efalth'SZ "''?'"' *«^' said: '''Till JnetlmdVfv *i^{°°**"»d cleanlhiess sl^/'i'/^^'^*<^l»"ii toniperauce earlvr? i. ^^^''J^^^ Il'avo preserS *», ^'' ^^"'^J^ ^'ooiie? parts To7v^ertl;,,7SSf? 'i"^«'^«^"^« ^ rrcKrtli^^.^ «"^- fiom dififereiit fabrics on?n^:° ^!^*' '^^'^^ two paS of «tni'® ''^'^^^od the natural heat of ths w^'^ m°/ 'Cotton or siUftim ntif„°'^'^'"»3 '"ado In arrangint^ sleenfni tf ® ^V^ ^^ presen-ed if 'tl,« f« * " "^ ^^«oI. and 148 MEDICAL DErARTMENT, ETC. and anxions pursuits exhaust vitality, producing disease and prem- ature death, therefore the hours of labour aud study should be short Take abiuidant exercise and recreation. Bo moderate in eatmg and drinking, using simple aud plain diet avoiding strong drinlc, tobacco, snuff, opium and every excess. Keep tlie body warm, tlie temper calm, serene and placid ; shun idleness ; if your hands cannot bo iCse- f uliy employed, attend to the cultivation of your mir is. For pure liealtli giving frcsli air, go to the country. Dr. Stockt i Ilough as- serts tliat if all the inhabitant? of tlie Avorld Tvero living in cities of the magnitude of London, the l:.imau race would become extinct ma century or two. Tlie mean average of luimaii life in the United States is 3l>i years, while in New York and Pliiladelphia it is only 23 years ; about 50 per cent, of the dcatlis in these cities being of cliiidren un- der five vcara of ajje. A great percentage of this excessive mortality is caused by bad air and bad food. To ASCERTAIN THE STATE OF TIIT!! LUNGS.— DkVW lu aS mUCh breatli as you conveniently can, then count as long as possible in .a slow and audible voice without drawing hi more breath. The number of seconds must be carefully noted. In a consumptive the time doe.^ not exceed 10, and is frequeuiiy less than G secouas ; in pleurisy and pneumonia it ranges from 9 to 4 seconds. When the lungs are somid the time Avill range as higli as from 20 to 35 seconds. To expand the lungs, go into the air, stind erect, throw baclc the head and shoulders, and draw in tlie air through the nostrils as much as ix)ssible. After liaving then filled the lungs, raise your arms, still extended, and suck in the air. When you have thus iorced tlio arms backward, with the chest open, change the process 1>y svhich you draw in your hreath, till tlie lungs are emptied. Go through the process several times a day, and it will enlarge the chest, give the lungs better play, and serve very much to ward off consumption. IlEViiEDY FOR NEURALGIA.— Uyiiophosphita of soda taken in 1 dram doses 3 times per day in beef tea is a good remedy for this jiainful affection. So is tlie application of Lruised horse-radish, or the application of oil of peppermint applied lightly with a camel hair l)enciL Resiedt for IXeadactie.— a Parisian physician has published a new remedy for headaches, lie uses a mixture of ice and salt, in proiwrtion of oue to one-half, ^\a a cold miivture, and this he applies l)y means of a little purse of silk gauze, with a rim of gutta percha, to limited spots on the head, when rheumatic headaches are felt It gives instantaneous relief. The application is from i minute to i^ minutes, and the skin is rendered white and hard by the applications. To Cure a Cold.— Before retiring soak the feet in mustard water as hot a? can be endured , the feet should at first be plunged in a pail half full of lukewarm water, adding by degrees very hot water until the desired heat is attained, protecting the body and laiees with blankets so to direct the vajwr from the water as to induce a good sweat. Next, to 2 table spoonfuls of boiling water, add 1 table spoonful of white sugar and 14 drops Of strong spirits of camphor. Drink the whole and cuddle in bed under plenty of bedclothes and sleep it off. Uemed V FOR Consumption.— Tlie following is said to be an effectual remedy, and will in time completely cure the disorder. Live temper- ately, avoid spirituous liquors, wear fLauncl next the skin, and take, every morning of the express( " Four weeks' breast, gave n and liarmonizi tlian I had enj Trichina is worm, scarcelj discovered toe: transferred to < of tliese filthy ] to engender 30, ing birth to froi thread-like wor testines, lemaiii intestines, cans present in sufflc to penetrate the the voluntary ii (luring cramps, i Hon they encysi begin to secrete In tliis tori)id sti Remedy for Bwabbhig tlio ba Table salt, 2 dr alum, 1 dram ea water ; stir well, hour, one, two, { may swallow ah sweet oil, and an throat, aud to tl the part. IlOLLOWAY's oz. ; yellow rosii evaporate ; and i balsam of Tern, ginger, of each 2 Abernethy's 3 grains compoun WORJI LoZENf mix with mucila divide in 20 grain Soothing Svr l.oz. ; mix ; add nzed ginger, 40 g Soothing Svu Jiaregoric, and tlK make a tluck syi epoonful occaaion Infant's Syru i ounce of anise sc aniso seed, and cu MEDICAL DEPARTMEXT, ETC. 149 every morning, half a pint of new millc, mixed with a wine glaiisfol of tlie expressed juice of green lioreliound. One who has tried it says, •' Four weelcs' use of the ncrfc..ound and milk relieved tho pains of my breast, gave me ability to breathe deep, long and free, strengthened and harmonized my voice and restored iuo to a better state oi health tlian I had enjoyed for years." TmcniNA is the term applied to a miunto, slender, and transparent worm, scarcely l-20th of Kii inch in length, which has recently been discovered to exist naturally in the muscles of swine, and is frequently transferred to the human stomach when pork is used as food. Enongu of these filthy parasites have been detected in half a iwnud of pork to engender 30,000,000 more, the females being very prolific, each giv ing birth to from GO to 100 yomig, and dying soon alter, 'flie young thread-like worm at first ranges freely tlirongh the stomach and in- testines, lemaini tig for a short time within the lining membrane of tho intestines, causing irritition, diarrhoea, and sometimes death, if present in sufflcieut numbers. As they become stronger, they begin to penetrate tlie walls of tho intestines in order to eiTect a lodgment in the voluntary muscles, causing intense muscular min and severe en- during cramps, and sometimes tetanic symptous. After4 weeks migra- tion they encyst them.«;elves permanently on tho muscular fibre, and begin to secrete a delicate sac which gradually becomes calcareous, lu this toq)id state they remain during the person's lifetime. Remedy for DirnrnEuiA. — ^Tln treatment consists in thoronghly Bwabbhig tho back of the mouth and throat vrith a wash made thus : Table salt, 2 dmins ; black pepper, golden seal, nitrato of potash, alum, 1 dram each ; mix and pulverize ; put into a teacup half full of water ; stir well, and then fill up with good viuegar. Use every half hour, one, two, and four hours, as recovery progresses. Tlxe patient may swallow a little each time. Apply 1 oz. each of spirits turpentine, sweet oil, and aqua-ammonia, mixed, every hour to tho whole of tho thraat, and to the breast bono every four hours, keeping flannel to the part. IlOLLOWAr's OiNTjrENT AXD P1T.T.S. — Buttcr, 22 oz. ; beeswax, 3 oz. ; yellow rosin, 3 oz. ; melt ; add vinegar of cautharides, 1 oz. ; cvafwi-ate ; and add Canada balsam, 1 oz. ; oil of mace, ^ dram : balsam of Teru, 15 droits. Pills : Aloes, 4 parts ; myrrh, jalap, and ginger, of each 2 parts ; mucilage to mix. Abernethy's riLLS.— Each pill contains 2 grains of bluo pill and 3 grains compound extract of coiocyuth. Worm LozENOEg.— Powdered lump sugar, 10 oz. ; starcn 5 oz. ; mix with mucilage ; and to every ounco add 12 grains calomel : divide in 20 grain lozenges. Dose, two to six. SooTiiiNa Syuup. — Alcohol, oil of jieppermint, castor oil, of each, 1 oz. ; mix ; add oil of anise, ^ dram ; magnesia, GO gmius ; pulve- rized ginger, 40grain3; water, 2 oz. ; white sugar to form a syrup. Soothing Syuui*. — Take 1 lb. of honey ; add 2 tablespoonfula of jiaregoric, and the same of oil of anise peed ; add enough water to make a thick syrup, and bottle. For c'.Jildren teething, dose, tea- Eix)onful occaaionally. Ixp ant's Sybup.— The syrup is made thus : 1 lb. best box raisins ; ^ ounce of anise seed ; two sticks licorice ; split tho raisins, ))Ound the anise seed, and cut tho licorico fine ; add to it 3 quarts of rain water, 150 BIEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. and boil down to 2 qnartR. Feed three or four times a dny, as mack as tlie cliild will willingly drink. The raisina strengthen, the anise expels tlie wind, and tlie licorice is a pliysic. Bkakdbeth's Pills. — Talte 2 lbs. of aloes, 1 lb. of gamboge, 4 or. of extract of colocynth, ^ lb. of Castilo sonp, 3 fluid dramn of oil of peppermint, and 1 fluid dram of cinnamon. Mix, and form into pills. Davis* Pain Kh-ler latrnovED.— Powdered guaiac 20 lbs. ; cam- phor, 2 lbs. ; powdered oayenno pepper, (J lbs. ; caustic liquor of ammonia, 1 lb. ; powdered opium, ^ lb. ; digest tlicse ingredients in 32 gals, alcohol for two weeks, and tilter. Ojmtound Svrup of HvroPHOsPHiTES AND Iron.— Dissolve 2B0 grs. each of hj'pophosphitcs of soda, lime and potassa, and 126 grs. nypophosjihite of iron, in 12 oz. water, by a water bath. Filter and add Bufflcient water to make up for tlio evaporation. Add 18 ozs. sugar by gentle lieat, to make 21 fluid ozs. syrup. Each fluid oz. con- tains 12 grs. each of the lij'pophospliites of soda, lime and potassa, and six grs. nypophosphite of iron. Odeb for Drunkenness. — Warranted a certain Remedy. Confine the patient to Iiis room, f uniish him with his favorite liquor of dis- cretion, dUuted with § of water, as much wine, beer, coffee and tea as he desires, but containing \ of spiric ; all tlie food— tlie bread, meat and vegetables steeped in spirit and water. On the fifth day of this treatment he has an extreme disgust Tor spirit, being continually drunk. Keep up this treatment till !ift uo longer desires to eat or drink, and the cure is certain. Fahnestock's VERaiiFUGE. — Castor oil, oil of worm seed, each 1 oz. ; oil anise, ^ oz. ; tincture myrrh, ^ ditas8a, dlEgoived in 1 at. of soft water. Tliis last ingredient is intended to produce a aeep black color if the others should fail. Keep away from the light. Phalon's (One PuErAitAxiON.)— To 1 oz. crystallized nitrate of silver, dissolved iu 2 oz. of aqua-ammonia, add 5 oz. soft water. This is not an instantaneous dye ; but after exposure to the light and air, a dark color is produced upon the surface to which it is applied. Remember to remove all grease, &c. , from the hair befora applying these dyes. Professor wood's.— To 8 oz. vinegar, diluted with an equal part of soft water, add 2 drs. sulphur, and 2 drs. sugar of lead. Altine Hair-Balm.— To 10 oz. of soft water add 8 oz. of alcohol and ^ oz. spirits turpentine, ^ oz. sulphur, and ^ oz. sugar of lead. Glycerine Preparation. — New rum, 1 qt. ; concentrated spirits of ammonia, 15 droi)s ; glvcerine oil, 1 oz. ; lac sulphur, 5^ drs. ; sugar of lead^ 5^ drs. ; put the liquor into a bottle, add the ammonia, then the other components. Sljake the compound occasionally for four or five days. Crystalline Cre^vm.— Oil of almonds, 8 oz. ; spermaceti, 1 oz. ; melt togetiK liergaraot or it stand till using campji Macassah tlicn tie 1 oz t.'ie oil, let it red, then ren O.v Makhc C oz. ; when > Bears' On K.VTiUCT c otto of rose, i Ska Foam inonia, k oz. ; the alcohol, tli ^PnioaALLK distilled water epirit, ^ fluid o Fine Shami of borax in 1 c land rum, and blianipoo with vS witli clean ' Barber's Sj cream tartar, i Cheap Bay with oil of Bay water through ftlcohol. The q the desired stre l-ay, 10 fluid di ars, ; alcohol 3 c tiJter. " Liquid jroBF( J dr. ; tinct can ^2 drops. App] reliable. Court Plast; spirits or warm \ application apnh cuts or wounds off until the skin Balm of a Ti white bar soap, 4 place till dissolve neroliandrosema ^ewYgrkBa li Pts. ; citronella *«ANOIPANNI.- * 02. ; macerate f P»i- ; omuge-flow( JocKBY Club.- MEDICAL DEPARTMEXT, ETC 15fl melt togetlier. When a llttlo cooled, add J oz. or lesa of essence of bergaraot or other perf urao ; put iuto wide-mouthed bottles, nnd let it staud till cold. Camphorated crystiUine cream may bo made by using camphorated oil {L. Camphoroe) instead of oil of almonds. Macassar Oir.— Olivo oil, 1 qt. ; alcohol, 2.^02. ; rose oil, l.|j07!. ; tlicn tie 1 oz. of chiiH>cd nlkanct root in a muslin has, and put it in t'.ie oil, let it alone for 8omo davs till it turns the color of a i)retty red, then remove to other oils. Uo not press it. Ox Maukow. — Jklelt 4 oz. ox tallow ; white wax, 1 oz. ; fresh lard, C oz. ; when cold, add 1^ oz. oil of ber^amot Bears' Oil. — Use good sweet lard oil, 1 qt. ; oil bcrgamot, 1.^ oz. E.vniACT OF Patchouli,— MLk li oz. otturof Patchouli, aud^oz. otto of rose, with 1 gal. rectified spirits. Sea Foam tor BARnERS.— Alcohol, 4 oz. ; ca.stor oil, 1 oz. ; am- monia, j^ oz. ; water, 1 pt. Dissolve the castor oil nnd ammonia in the alcohol, then add the alcohol mixture to tlio water, PvROOALLic IIair Dve. — Pyiogallic acid, i oz.; dissolve it in hot distilled water 1^ oz. ; when the solution cools add graduiilly rectified Epirit, ^ fluid oz. Fixe SnAJiPOO Ltqutd. — Dissolve i oz. carb. of ammonia and 1 oz, of borax In 1 qt. water, then add 2 oz. glycerine, 3 qts. of New £ug- hnd rum, nndlqt. of bay rum; moLstcn the hair with this liquor. bh.iuipoo with the hands until u Blight lather is formed, then wash cff with clean water. Barber's SnAMPOO Mixture, — Soft water, 1 pt. ; sol soda, 1 oz.; cream tartar, i oz. Apply thoroughly to the hair. Cheap Bay Kutw.— Saturate a i lb. block of carb. of magnesia vrith oil of Bay ; pulverize the m.ignesia, j)lace it in a filter, and i)our water through it until the desired quantity is obtauied, then add nicohol. The quantity of water and alcohol employed depends on the desired strength and quantity of the Bay rum. AnotJier— Oil of B.ay, 10 fluid drs. ; oil of pimento, 1 fluid dr. ; acetic ether, 2 fluid drs. ; alcohol 3 gals. ; water, 2^ gals. Mix, and after 2 weeks' repose, filter. Liquid fob FoRCixa the B eard.— Cologne, 2 oz. ; liquid hartshorn, 1 dr. ; tinct cantharides, 2 drs. ; oil rosemary, 12 drops ; lavender, 12 drops. Apply to the face doily and await results. Said to be reliable. Court Plaster. — Brush silk over with a solution of isinglajss, in spirits or warm water, dry nnd repeat several times. For the last application apnly several coats of balsam of Pern. Used to close cuts or wounds, by warming it and api)lying. It docs not wash off until the skin partially lieals. HxLM OF A Thousand Flowers. — Deodorized alcohol, 1 pt ;nicc white bar poap, 4 oz. ; shave the soap when put in, btand in a warm place till dissolved ; then add oil of citronella, 1 dr., and oils of neroli and rosemary, of each ^ dr. New York Barrers' Star Hair Oil.— Caster oilG^ pts. ; alcohol, li nts. ; citronella and lavender oil, each J oz. Iranoipanxi. — Spirits, IgaL ; oil bergamot, 1 oz. : oii of lemon, loz. ; macerate for 4 days, frequently sTialdng ; then add water, 1 gal. ; orange-flower water, 1 pint, essence of vanilla, 2 oz. Mix. ./ Jockey Ci.cn.— Sphrits of wine, 6 gaL ; orange-flower water, 1 V- 15G MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. gal. ; balsam of Feni, 4 ok. ; essence of bcrgamot, 8 oz. ; essenM of musk, 8 oz. ; essence of cloves, 4 oz. ; esseuce of neroli, 2 oz. Ladies' Own. — Spirits of wine, 1 gal. ; otto of roses, 20 drops ; essence of thyme, ^ oz. ; esseuce of ueroli, J oz. ; essence of vamilo, ^ oz. ; essence of bcrgamot, i oz. ; orange-flower water. 6 oz. Kiss ME Quick. — Spirit, 1 gal. ; essence of thyme, J oz. ; essence of orange-flowers, 2 oz. ; essence ueroli, ^ oz. ; otto of roses, 30 drops; essence of jasmine, 1 oz. ; essence of balm mint ^ oz. ; petals of roses. 4 oz. ; oil lemon, 20 drops ; colorus aromaticus, ^ oz. ; essence neroli, | oz. Mix and straiu. Uppkb Ten.— Spirits of wine, 4 qts. ; essence of cedrat, 2 drs. ; essence of violets, J oz. ; essence of neroli, ^ oz. ; otto of roses, 20 drops ; orange-flower essence, 1 oz. ; oil of roscmarj', 30 drops ; oUa bergamot and neroli, each ^ oz. India Cholagoguk. — Quinine, 20 grs. ; Peruvian bark, pulverized, 1 oz. ; sulphuric acid, 15 drops, or 1 scruple of tartaric acid is best ; brandy, 1 gill ; water to make one pint ; dose, 5 tcaspoonf uls every 2 hours, in the absence of fever ; an excellent remedy. FEimiFUGE Wine. — Quinine, 25 grs. ; water, 1 pint ; gulphnric acid, 15 drops ; epsom salts, 2 oz. ; color with tincture of red saiidcrs. Dose, a wiuo glass 3 times per day. This is a world-renowned med- icine. Barrell's Indian Linisient. — Alcohol, 1 qt.; tincture of cap- picum, 1 oz. ; oil of origanum, sassafras, pennyroyal, and hemlock, of each i oz. Mix. Cod Ln'ER Oit>, as usually pre^^ared, is nothing more or less than cod oil clarified, by which process it is in fact deprived in a great measure of its virturc. Cod oil can be xnirchased from any wholesale oil deal- er for one thirtieth mrt of the price of cod liver oil as usually sold, and it is easy to clarify it. Dealers might turn this information to good account. To make it more x^alatablo and digestible, put 1 oz. of line table salt to each quart bottle. Cod Liver Oil.— The first livers are pLaced in a jacketed pan heated by steam, and when the oil is separated from the scraps it is passed through felt b.ags until it is perfectly clear. To remove a por- tion of the stearine, it is subjected to refrigerating mixtures in tho summer, and tho incongealablo portion is drawu off and placed in bottles. Paregoric. — Best opium, i dr. ; dissolve in about 2 tablespoonfola of boiling water ; then add benzoic acid ^ dr. ; oil of anise, ^ a fluid dr. ; clarified honey, 1 oz. ; camphor gum, 1 scruple; alcohol, 7G per cent, 11 fluid oz. ; distilled water, 4 fluid oz, ; macerate (keep warm) for two weeks. Dose for children, 5 to 20 drops; adults ; 1 to 2 tea- spoonfuls. Cough Svrxjp.— ?nt 1 at. horehound tea, 1 qt. of water, and boil it down to 1 pt. ; add 2 or 3 sticks licorice ; 2 oz. sj'rup of stiullls, and a tablespoonfiil essence ol lemon. Take a tablespoon! id 3 times a day or as the cough requires. Cough Syrup. — Syrup of squills, 2 oz, ; tartarized antimony, 8 frs. ; sulphate of morphme, 6 grs, ; pulverized arable, ^ oz. ; honey, oz. : water, 1 oz. ; mix. Dose for an adult, 1 small teaspoonfol; re* peat in half an hour if it does not relievo : child in proportion. Vegetable Sxtbstituie fob Calo^iel.— Jalap, 1 oz. senna, 2 oz.; peppermii ted throuj spoonfuls drink all ; not operat( DVXAMI meal will f .'Ubsof icf, that of 9 li lean beef. or«Jbs. of< to health, ai man of avej solid matter contains 50 1 ozs-.oraibs ^i»ly. Tlie sa nous matter 1058, total 2 vary greatly eini>Ioynientfl digestion, as "?»chalso, d given to the f nature in the lbs, of such ir tains 21 lbs. i nouns also ve "our; hence i other ailments 100 iwrts, the indian corn 1' is well adante required may^ weighiHo, 154 . (consisting of o nitrogen 3 Iba. jos., ix)fcissium 2ozs.47g^g .^ death, the hun these its comn< complex and w( forms of vegeta [^7 by yielding vvjiat a sugges; present iulmbit iucrative comm( itants from the < fields of years a order to fertilize tue bone and sir Cube fob Sn^ i'ovemment rei: MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. 167 peppennint, loz.(n little cinnamon if desired), all pulverised and Rif- led through gauze. Dose, 1 teasnoonful put in a cup with 2 or ;l spoonfuls of hot water, and a goon lump of white sugar ; when cool, drinlc all ; to be taken fasting in tlie inoniing ; drink freely ; if it does not operate in 3 hours, repeat ^ tlie quantity ; use instead of calomel. Dynamic Power of various kinds or Food.— One lb., of oat- meal will furnish as much power as 2 lbs. of bread and more than li lbs of lean veal. One lb., butter gives a working force equal to that of 9 lbs. of potatoes, 12 lbs. of milk and more than 5 lbs. of lean beef. One lb. of lump sugar is equal in force to 2 lbs., of ham, or 8 lbs. of cabbage. The habitual use of spirituous liquors is inimiciil to health, and inevitably tends to shorten life. A mechanic or laboring man of average size, reauires, according to Moleschott, 23 ozs., of dry solid matter, daily, one fifth uitro.ijenourf. Food, as usually prepared, contains 50 per cent, of water, which would increase the quantity to 46 ozs. , or 3 lbs. 14 ozs. , with at least an eouai weight of water in addition daily. The same authority indicates as healthy proportions, of albumi- nous matter 4.687 ozs., fntty matter 2.yt>4, carbo-hydrate 14.250, salts 1.058, total 22.859 ozs., for daily use. Tliis quantity of food will vary greatly in the requirements of individuals engaged in sedentary employments, or of persons with Aveak constitutions or impaired digestion, as also whether employed in the open air or within doors nuich also, depending on the temperature. Preference should be given to the food which most readily yields the materials required by nature in the formation of the human frame. Beef contains about4 lbs. of such minerals in every 100 lbs. Dried extract of beef con- tains 21 lbs. in each 100 lbs. Bread made from unbolted wheat flour is also very rich in such elements, much more so than superfine flour ; hence the common use of Graliam bread for dyspepsia and other ailments. The analysis of Liebig, Johnston, and others give in 100 parts, the following proportions of nutritious elements, viz., Indian corn, 12.30 barley 14.00, wheat 14,06, oats 19.91. A fish diet is well adapted to sustain intellectual, or brain labor. What is required may be best known from the fact that a human body weighing 154 lbs., contains, on a rough estimate, of water 14 gala, (consisting of oxygen 111 lbs., of hydrogen 14 lbs.), carbon 21 lbs., nitrogen 3 lbs. 8 ozs., calcicum 2 lbs., sodium 2^ ozs., phosphorus IJ lbs., potassium ^ oz. sulphur 2 ozs. 219 grs., fluorine 2 ozs., chlorine 2 ozs. 47 grs., iron 100 grs., magnesium 12 grs., silicon 2 grs. After death, the human body is by gradual decay, slowly resolved into these its component parts, which elements are again used in the complex and wonderful laboratory of nature, to vivify the countless forms of vegetable life. These in their turn fulfil their appointed law by yielding up their substance for the formation of other bodies. What a suggestive comment on mortal ambition to witness the present inhabitants of Egypt engaged in what they con.sider the lucrative commerce of quarrying out the bones of the ancient inhab- itmts from the catacombs where they have been entombed for thou- sands of years and transportinij them by the ship-load to England, in order to fertilize the crops which are destined to assist iu forming the bone and sinew of the British nation ! CcBB FOR Snake Bites.— The Inspector of Police in the Bengal Government rei)orts that of 939 cases in which ammonia was freely 158 UEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. ftdministcrod 207 victims liavo recovered, nnd In tlio cured iiuttances the remedy wan not administered till about i^.^ hours nftcr the uttick, on tlio nvcmgo of the latal coses the forrcspoudiug^ duration of time wna 4^ liours. Kf'ijikdy For Smaltj Vox. — Sulpliato of zinc, 1 gr., foxglove [digitalis,] 1 gr., sugar ^ tcasixxsnful. mixwith 2teaspoonful8of water, add 4 oz. of water. Dose 1 bihwuIuI every hour, child in ])roix)rtion. From experience it is known that nothing will break up tins frightful disease sooner than contiiuicd and i)crsovcriug bathing, witli the water At a comfortable temiierature. Kklfarlb Small I'ox Hivmedy.— Tested. — A child 9 years old was effectually cured of email ytox by administering la grs. 8od;o sulphico dissolved in milk, sweetened, every 3 hours. The entire body was oiled with crude ix)troloum applied' by hand. Next monung tlie erup tion was killed and dry; and tlie disease broken up. To prevent pit- ting with small pox, as soon as the disease is distiugnished, apply au ointment made of lard and charcoal to the face, neck, hands, &c., nnd continue until all signs of sunperativo fever has ceased. One case is worthy of notice, being that of a gentleman who suffered terribly for many days with this dreadful diseiise. Everything wiw done for him that medical skill could suggest, without civuig the Bli"[htest relief. Finally, as a last resort, lie was removed from tho bed nnd placed in a warm bath: tho transition was so soothing nnd delightful that he exclaimed, ''Oh, my God, I thank Theo for this great relief! " In a short time he fell sound asleep in the bath, and continued in this position for many hours, the water being renewed from time to time to lieep up tho tcmpenituro. The cure proved to be immediate and i^rmauent. Nothhig is so conducive to ncalth of body, and tlio eradication of disease therefrom, us the intelligent use of pure water. Sir Astley Cooper, beiu^ cojnplimeuted on ouo occasion for his great skill, remarked, tltat ne liad "made mistakes enough to fill a graveyard," but it is scarcehr ix)ssiblo to make a mis- take with water, ns no diseased person cou lail to derive benefit from its use. PottTABLE Bath. — Make a small circular boiler of copper or tta, and fit the same into an upright tin stand, in which, directly under tho boiler, you must leave an aperture to contain a small spirit lamp. Tho boiler lid must fit tironderf ul recuperative power in the frequent use of this batli, nnd all will find it incomparably superior to tlie use of drugs in any form whatever. In this connection a new and very ingenious invention called SroNGio Piline, is deserving of favorable mention. It con- sists of wool and snull particles of sponge felted together, and attached to a Bkin c ncs», and < i^'ater, &c. nearest to felted snrfi Bkin, and c retaining tJ Jiart, from IhjI disease ^, 1'x.Y Pap tlio varnish SWEATm of each, 3 o; fi'tcr. A t< until free pi tions, &c. ] SvRup ro without ross hoi)s, 2 oz. prater; strain jjcst lioney, n l>oae, drink 1 more; curev CoMMo:i C mix. VviMomc parts; gum, i canum, 2 pari Sill jAaiEg Tiiict. of opiiii drams; oil of cholera. Veoetable fnnger 8 oz., c cup of boiling TlNCTUKEa to each pint of Essences ai nlcohol. pepp with tinct. of r Substitute lamp sugar. 4 i ^^ I yields li Certain Cu Dose, 1 teaspoo COKNS A.VD recommended f Dkuggist's < to dissolve, dihi cocluneai, to co ^olve, then dilu JlKirts, dilnto 1 oz., dissolve. c UEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC 151 to a sldn of IiulLi-nibbcr, tlio wliolo bclnj* nbont hall an inch in thick- nc99, oiul of iuctitiraablo valuo afi a inciui8 of applyin;; cold or tepid iratcr, &c., to such exterior parts of the hnnian fmroe an may bo nearest to tlio scat of paiu or aiscaso. The water is Rpoii;;cd over tho felted surface, tho Burpltifi, if any, wiped off; it in tlion ))laced on tlio ekin, and covered over witli Hovcral fulds of bandages, which assist in retaining the heat and moisture, tlius attracting healthy blood to tlio part, from which nature selects such f(xjd as is most conducive to ex- l)cl disease and build up healthy tissue. Fly Tater. — Coat i>aper with turpentine varnish, and oil it to keep tlio varnish from drying. Sweating Dbops.— Ipecac., saffron, boneset, and camphor Kara. of each, 3 oz. ; opium, 1 oz. ; alcohol, 2 qts. Let stand 2 weelu; and filter. A teaspoonful in a cnp of hot sa^jo or catnip tea every hour until free i^crsniration is induced; good in colds, fevers, iullainn\A> tions, &c. Uatno the feet in hot water at tho same time. Svuup roil CoNsujrPTiVES.— Oftamaracbark. take from the tree, without rossing, 1 peck; spikenard root, ^ lb.; dandelion root, Jib.; hoi)9, 2 oz. lJk)il tiiese sutflcient to get the strength in 2 or 3 gsila. water; strain, and boil down to 1 gal. ; when blood warm, add 3 lbs. best honey, and 3 pints best brandy; bottle and keep in a cool place. Dose, drink freely of it 3 times per day before mculs, at least a gill or more; cure very certTin. Common Castoh Oil.— Palo vegetable oil, 1 gal. ; castor oil, 3 gals. ; mix. rnuMTONic W. FEBS. — Lnmp sugar, licorice, and starch, of each 2 parts; gum, 10 parts; squills and ipecacuanha, of each 5 parts; luctu- carium, 2 juirts. Albc, and divide uito 8 grain lozenges. Sib Ja.^ies Clarke's Diarrhcea and Cholera Mixture. — Tinct. of opium, tinct. of camphor, and spirits of turi^entine, of each 3 drams; oil of peppermint, 30 drops; mix. Dose, 1 tcitspoouful for cholera. Vegetable ob Cojitosition Powdeb.— Fine bayberry bark, 1 lb ; ginger 8 oz., common cayeimo, 3 oz., mix. Dose, 1 tcasix>oiiful in a cup of boiling water, sAveeteu and add milk. TINCTURES are made with 1 oz. of gum, root, or bark, &c., dried, to each pint of proof spirits ; let it stand one week, and filter. Essences are made with 1 oz. of any ^veu oil, added to 1 pint alcohol. Peppermints are colored with tinct turmeric; cinnamon < with tinct. of red sanders; wintergreen with tinct. kino. Substitute fob Abbowboot.— Finest potato starch, 75 lbs. ; lamp 8U{^ar. 4 lbs. ; finely-ground rice, 21 lbs. Mix, and sift through lawn ; yields 100 lbs. excellent arrowroot Certain Cube fob Cboup. — Goose oil and nrine equal parts. Dose, 1 teaspoonful. A certain cure if taken in time. Corns and Warts. — Take a small quantity of the potash pasto recommended for Poll Evil, and apply to the com or wart Druggist's Colors. — Yellow, take iron filings, hydrocliloric acid to dissolve, dilute with cold water. Red, solution of sal ammoniac, cochineal, to color. Blue, indigo, 1 part, oil of vitriol, 2 parts, dis- solve, then dilute with water^ Green, verdigris,! part, acetic acidj 3 iMirts, dilnte with water, 1 oz., dissolvo. Purple, cochineal, 25 grs., sugar of lead 160 MEDICAL DEPARTMEXT, I.TC. SirELLiKO SAI.TS.— Snb-cnrbonRto of nniTnonIa, 8 ixirts ; pjit it in conno iK)wder iii a bottlo, and pour on It oil of lavcndar, 1 imrt. TuNnniDOR Wells Wateh. — Chlondo of sodiuiu, 5 grains ; tinct. Bteol, 2() drops ; distilled water, 1^ pints. MmEUAii AVatkr.— Epsom salts, 1 oz, ; crc«m tartar, ^ oz. ; tar- tiric acid, i oz. ; loaf su^ar, 1 lb. ; oil of birch, 20 Hrops ; put 1 qt. old water ou 2 tablespoon fuls yeast (winter green oil will do), let it work 2 hoi' s and then bottlo. CoxoKr,ai Wateu foji Fountaixs.— Common salt, Tj ozs, : hydrate of soda, 20 gre. ; bicarbonate of 80nato of Hm< monia, 10 grs. Ulix. Add water, 1 gal. Let it stand 1 day, filter and then charge with 10 gtil. of water. Genuine seidlitz Powdeks.— Kochcllo salts, 2 drs.; bicarb, soda, 2 scr. ; put these into a blue paper, and 35 grains tartaric acid Uito a white paner. To use, put eacli into different tumblers, fill i with water, adding a littlo loaf sugar to the acid, then pour together and drink quick. liOTTLED Seidlitz "Wateii. — Fill soda-water bottles with clear water ; add to each, as below ; cork and wire immediately : Kochello salts, 3 drops ; bicarbonate of soda, 35 grs ; sulphuric acid, 11 drops. Excellent Tooth Powder. — Suds of castilo soap and spirits of camphor, of each an equal quantity ; thicken with equal quantities of pulverized chalk and charcoal to a thick paste. Apply witli the finger or brush. Kat ExTERMiNATon.— Warm water, 1 qt. ; lard, 2 lbs ; phospho- rus, 1 oz. I mbc, and thicken with fiour ; to bo spread on bread and covered with sugar. Bug I'oisoN.— Alcohol, ^ pint; turpentine, i i)int ; cmdo sal am- moniac, 1 oz. ; mix all together, and let it digest in a warm place for n few days, and it is ready for use. Medicated Cough Candy. — To 5 lbs. candy just ready to pour on tl\e slab, odd the following mixture, and form it into sticks to correspond with the price asked for them : Tinct. squills, 2 oz. ; cam- phorated tinct. of opinm and tinct. of tolu, of each ^ oz. ; wine of ipecac, ^ oz. ; oils of gaultheria, 4 drops ; sassafras, 3 drops ; and of OJiiso seed oil, 2 drops, and use this freely in common coughs. Ague 1'ill. — Quinine, 20 grs. ; Dover's powders, 10 grs. ; sub- carbonate of iron, 10 grs. ; mix with mucilage of gum arable and form into 20 pills. Dose, 2 each hour, commencing 5 hours before tlie cliil). should set in. Then take 1 night and morning until all nv taken. Agk at "wincn Menstiiuation Commences.— Dr. "Walter Rig gives tlio sul^joined statistics obtained from females who were c^ fnod nt Unli occurcd for tl K IJ V2 13 U U 10 17 Jt tluis nnpcn peat care slmuj Atkinson's I f firs.; sugar, 2 < '•'•idunHmT 1 dr t^iraway water * J ills to riioii and myrri,^ f'^^ into 100 pill's*'}" *0R OnsTRtrcT ^ocd, coveriuff it i .^eed iiisteadTi'k^ (or about 10 JeS JAJECTION vmt SKUIJ of i)opi,ie8 to morning/ /J ^M . "^* wcastruauon At tho ago of ■At tho ago of }\" m 14 "GQo 35 " tao J<> " 455 17 " 272 ' ^Rether r"^''. Caatile^D *4™"'^^'^' each 10^"'. "P"'* 'or A 'm^' Ai lo2 MEDICAL DErARTlIENT, ETC. 1«) iili — Mbc 1 dr. cniionato o! l>ei)i)cnnint water. Dose, To CVnS TOMTTIXO ly rRKOXAKCT. magnesia; ^oz. tiuct. of Colombo; 5^oz. 1 tiblcspoonful 3 times a day. IIauland's VENEREATi CURE. — Wix together powdered ciibcbp, 1 V oz. .; balsam capaiba, ^ oz. ; i)owdcrcd gum aribic, ^ oz. ; cinna- mon water, 3 ozs. A tablespoouf ul of tlio mixture to bo tiiken at intcn'als 8 times a day. Incontinence of Urine of Ota) Peopls.— Tlio continued use of 1 to G drops tinct. of iodine lias proved a successful remedy. For other persona, put 4 drops tincture of aconite root in a tumbler of v.jxtor, and use a teaspoohf ul every half hour until relieved. Compound Extract Buchu. — Buchn, in coarse powder, 12 ozn. ; nlcohol, 3 pts. ; water, pts. are sufflcieut. Treat the leaves by maceration and displacement, first with a portion of the alcohol and then with the remainder mixed with the water, evaporate the result- iiig liquid with a gentle heat to tliree pints, and add 2^ lbs. sngar, continue the heat till it is dissolved, and after removing from the fire, .idd oil of cubebs, oil of juniper; of each 1 fluid dr.; spinta of nitric ether, 12 fluid ozs., previously mixed, stir together. Anopynk for Painful Menstruation.— Extract of stramo- nium aud sulphate of qumine, each IG grs. ; macrotin, 8 grs. ; mor- crotin, 8 grs. ; morphine, 1 gr. ; make into 8 pills. Dose, 1 pill re- peating once or twice only, 40 to 60 minutes apart, if tiie pain does not subside before this time. Pain must subside under tlio use of this pill, and costiveness is not increased. Powder for Excessive Floodino. — Gums kino and catechu, each 1 gr. ; sugar ol lead and alum, each h dr. ; piilvcrize all and thoroughly n.ix, Kien divide into 7 to 10 grain iiowders. Dose, one every 2 or 3 hours until checked, then less often merely to control tlio ilow. Injection for Lkucorrhoia. — When tho glairy mucus discharge is present, prepare a tea of hemlock inner bark and witch hazel (often called spotted alder) loaves and bark, have a female syringe largo enough to fill the vaginrj., and inject the tea, twlco daily ; aud occa- sionally hi bad cases, sny twice a week, inject u syringe vt tho fol- lowing composition : For Chronic Female Complaints. White vitriol aud sugar of Icad^ each, ^ oz. ; common salt, pulverized alum, aud loaf surair, each, ^ dr. ; soft water, 1 pt Inject as i\bove. For Prolapsus Uteri, jr Falling of a he WOMn.~Not only the cheapest but the best support will bo found to be a piece of lino ii^-m SDoiige, cut to a proper size, to admit when damn of being pressed up the vagina to hold the womb a.i its place. The spoiigo should have a stout pi^ce of : mall cord sewed 2 or 3 times tlirough its centre, up aad down, and left sufflcieiitly long to allow its being taken hold of to remove the sponge, once a day, or every other day at the farthest, for the purpose of washing, cleaning, and lining tho necessary injections ; and this must bo o'^no whiio the imtient is lying down, to prevent the v omb fiom again falling or prolapsii^. After having injected soro ^ of the above tea, wet tho spoa^e in tho same, and intiXHluce it sufficiently high to hold tlio womb in its place. If pam is felt about the head, back, or loins for n few days before tlio menses appear, prepare and use the following : Emmenanorpte Tinc- ture. Alcohol, i pt. ; red oxide of iron, 1 oz. ; oLi cf juniiicr and J"»cturo S] ffuni arabii or^iise tho i ■li'MMaNAi ^ynh, of J^»--;aiid , ■■00 lulls by Uterxxjs f'rgot, 10 CI, ^vell mixed, in very b "Ji'mtes, or t profuse wn.st ^irgency of th ill every cm r^nnt of ii,,u fiiio iron miu, ?Poon 3 times course imtu we Of orimnum, i ; ?.™se,Joz.,alc, *i'nes a day ? ff'imioa. Ton Phate of moSu' "3« tincture of /-AMPHon ICR , ^&^ "EDICAl, MPABlaoCT, „c. ffuni arabic, aiS driSi^^! ^''.^^ take, in m,S ''^^'in tftW. Dol' 0^ origanum i «, •. ^ Gravel ax-ti t- ^,«»o„WSffta?,L1i!!._"'« .-pooch „.„ , "' 'y every dav^S^ J°» Scahlet FEvim n 164 MEDICAL DErARTMENT, ETC. pponge tho surface -wltli tepid Mrator, two or tlireo times a day ; while it is hotter than natural, admit fresh air ; live on a bland diet, such OS a cupful of arrowroot, several times a day ; toast-water for com- mon dnnk. Gargle made of strong sage tea, honev aud alum, or bor- ax, may be used from tlie commencement, if tho throat is affected. Nervk and Bone Liniment.— Beef 's gall. 1 qt. ; alcohol, 1 i)t. ; Tolatile liniment, 1 lb.; sirits of tuq)eutmo, 1 lb.; oil organum, 4 oz. ; aqua ammonia, 4 oz. ; tincture of cayenne, i pt ; oil of umber, 3 oz. ; tincture Spanish flies, G oz. ; mix well. Cephalic Snufp. — Take asarbacca leaves, marjoram, light Scotch snuff, equal parts ; grind and sift, use like common snuff. Downek's Salve. — Beeswax, 4 oz. ; opium, i oz. ; sugar of lead, I cz. ; melt the beeswax, and rub the lead up in the wax, then tlio opium, then 1 gill of sweet oil, incorporate all thoroughly together, spread lightly on cloth; good for bums, piles, &c. Anothek Salve.— Burgundy pitch, beeswax, white pine pitch, nnd resin, 1 oz. each, mutton tallow, 8 oz. ; goose oil, 1 gill ; tar, 1 gill : melt and mix thoroughly. A first-rate salve. WHOOPiNO Cough Sykup.— Best rum, 1 pt. ; anise oil, 2 czs. ; hoBev, 1 pt ; lemon juice, 4 oz. ; mix. Dose for adults, 1 tablesiKwn- f ul, 3 or 4 times per day : children 1 teaspoon, with sugar and water. Liquid Opodeldoc. — ^>Varm brandy, 1 qt ; add to it gum cjvnipljoi-, 1 oz. ; sal ammoniac, ^ oz. ; oils of origanum aud rosemary, c:icli \ oz. ; oil wormwood, ^ oz. ; when tho oils are dissolved, odd oz. soft soai). CiReen Mountain Salve. — For rheumatism, bums, pains in l!io back or side, &c., take 2 lbs. resin, burgundy pitch, J lb. ; beeswax \ lb. ; mutton tallow, i lb. ; molt slowly ; wlien not too warm, add oil hemlock, 1 oz. ; balsam fir, 1 oz. ; oil of origanum, 1 oz. oil of red cedar, 1 oz. ; Venice turpentine, 1 oz. ; oil of wormwood, 1 oz. ; ver- digris, 4 oz. Tlie verdigris must be fmely pulverized and mixed witli tho oils ; then add as above, and work in cold water liko wax till cold enough to roll ; rolls 5 inches long, 1 inch diameter, sell for 25 ceut«. English Re»iedy fob Canceb. — Take chloride of zinc, blood- root pulverized, and flour, equal quantities of each, worked into a Imste and applied. First sprend a common sticking-plaster much arger than tlio cancer, cutting a circular piece from tlie centre of it a little hirger than the cancer, applying it, which exposes a narrow rim of healtuy skin ; then apply tlio cancer phxster, and keep it on 24 hours. On removing it, tlio cancer will bo found to be burned into, nnd appears the color of an old shoe-sole, and the lim outside will jippear white and parboiled, as if burned by steam. Dress witli slippery elm poultice imtil suppuration takes place, then heal with any common salve. Chkonic Gout— To Cuue.— Take hot vinegar, nnd put Into it nil the tiible salt which it will dissolve, and bathe tlie psuts affected Avitli n soft piece of flannel. Rub in with tho hand and dry tho foot, &c., by tho lire. Rei)eat this operation four times hi 24 hours, 15 minutes t^ch time, for four days ; then twice a day for the same period ; then once, and follow this rule whenever tho symptoms show themselves at any fui,nre time. Gout Tincture.— Vcratmm riride (swamp liellebore), ^ oz, ; opium, i OS. ; wLiO, ^ pt ; kL cucm stand for sovcnil days. I)o60, 13 to 30 drops -'to4houi, iARALYl J'ludaniini, recent case tlioroiighJy jninntes, usj i-'Ke interna ^'hakcoai »Ix)o„a of ^j ^'•'J'. In less ;ri'en caused "»o stomjicli. in every insta J«^If of tjje r J^\"'.'el seed, A «" into tJio'sn ^^Veek8,thcn8tj «»imeringrt f( f7'J>"'ffiuany l>OKe,!tablesiH i»«so, „n to tj. expected, and ii '^"'LBLAIVH - 'oor then let i .T?'^02.;oilo oiJ before puttiiH if«- ; and put i„ JJ"J^ until {ije'n "wt on a ciotJi '%9^t, it Ml fren «s, tJ en pujvori^i, w reheve the mu 'WI-AMMATOIIV I "WICAI, DEPABx^j,^.^^ „j,. ""AiajijfT, ETC ■"ImilJ" ^l,w' m I,".',"*, '■°'">«' ™ h Uita nf "'» '"■'"1' "uwkce „^' Al?- ' °'' »' iS^ol fi^-™ t"rS.ta„'''2" "■^'°/'" "'■■'"'J „ ^f^a Salvk^M® ^"^"i "» sue Loure *^ • " "'^ ^aao is SaJy ^mTMEXTlWj'^^^^na^'^tor. ^^ ^ '^^^ ^«alu,g salvo in it .,«*.i X, :'f*«o sweet oil. i ,^* -_ . »>aox Oiin.Mi5."lSt«""''™™'or. "' "*" '"™^s solve piece of nnfn.K „t"A^'— -io CtmE rv T«.„ ,,.. * I>TLA3mAToiiv iSi*l^,"^twaiitcdr ' '"^'^^ prevents it 166 MEDICAL PEPARTMENT, ETC. m n<^r cent, oi use ciutai].« ^^•ecks the] fecipitateg "bserveda r «oine 1500 roc eiJceiodio, .;'se, and at ■ffp"""!"^' u nn The Conservation or Health.— This important object, so neoe9> gary to tlie enjoyment of life, can only be fiecured by conforminjs; to an orderly state of existence. Every man is in duty bound to dis- charge with fidelity the debt which he owes to that frame, so " fear- fully and wonderfully made," and so well adapted by the Divine contriver to fulfil the uses of life, by living with regularity and mod- eration, abstaining from every excess calculated to induce disease or inflict injury either on body or mind. Excessivf intellectual labor is i'ust as fatal in its degree as violent physical exertion. We have a imentable proof of the truth of tliis remark in the sudden termination of a most useful life, that of the late Dr. Hall, Editor of Hall' s Journal of Health. As is well known, the fatal stroke was induced by an overworked brain, it being his habitto apply himself ardently to study, writing, &c., from 5 in the morning to lO'in the evening, an impru- dence all the more reprehensible as it was ( ne which he was continu- ally denouncing in others. Business men are particularly liable to afTections of the heart result- ing from trade anxieties, &c., and in the male, the number of deaths from enlargement of the heart are as seven compared with five in the femr.le. This phase of mortjility is caused not only by intranquillity and worry of mind occasioned by lack of success in the grand struggles of life, but is too frequently brought on by conjugal infe- licities and disturbances, which seldom fail to accelerate a crisis whidi terminates in death. Many a well meaning man lays plans which ho fondly anticipates will resiilt in securing to him and to those depend- ent on him, an honestly obtained comiietence, and confident of pros- perity, does his best endeavors, and often risks a great deal, to ensure success, little dreaming of the poetic a])othegm, that " the best laid schemes o' mice and men, gang aft ajEjlee." The result too often is, as many know to their sorrow, entire failure, and subsequent reproaches, opprobrium, asperities, ascriptions of incapacity, &c., are showered on his head, and continued to tne end of life, with more frequency and greater regularity than the dispensation of Ins daily bread, by the verj* one who should be all gentleness, all love, and her husband's chief com- forter and consoler under misfortune. This is the most fatal kind of I mental trouble, inasmuch as it involves a grinding grief of mind, which f dissipates happiness, induces gloom, and tends to destroy life ; whatever Lfj^^ . — "mg t/,Q ^ affects the love, which is the real man, or spirit, reacts upon, «iiidio„jQ^'®'nent3, hoard nftnofa In nil oniiol fiocrron fVio V><-«lw iirliipli /'rmffiina that, unirit TlifltH;... . '^VGla n..j • from Yj,« .^""bt€ «'e in »«*'«», K 274ciiJ?nr"*"nes] from tlm nV *'"'"c 'Tifi Work more 's due ".»V®-'-**Ps. «s si!^.^«o^n;?,^i affects in an equal degree the body which contains that spirit. 'A'iatIj;)ji)riL'„'''*'®'s. and boi this is so, results from the correspondence existing between the Houlijnfj ,-ij j '®^ "Prints i and body, as may be palpably manifest to every one capable of ^"t^'iiF/ijVe li ^'*'' "nist'e? rior reflection, and this to such a degree that to obfaiin convincing prooMj) ^g in^*^®^*'i rate i it Is not necessary to extend his observations beyond his own experi-J/gp,, j^ ^ pf the j)oi)i eiico. Grief caused by financial loss and the reaction which sets in on tiring from business, after spending an active life in amassing a foi tune, are also pregnant with evil results to health. No man hiw right to retire from the duty of making himself useful to society, evei if he has a f«)rtune, and can afford to do so. If he does, this evil like every other, is sure to work out its own retributioiA with a fi harvest of unexpected misery. Many of the influences which are patent for evil, and evil only, ai nelf inflicted, such as the habitual indnlgence in alcoholic drii.hs, win beer, &c,, the use of tobacco, opium, and other narcotics. Eighty-sev "efafraiw^enssa '''^^ticsofZT'^ °' 2 ''>rta/itvi,o,,°'«""eci( ''"''rioHs nlr"^" to 1 ""on t/ie iZ^r^'o'is 1^' the so/an -^^miJei m 168 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. As disinfectants, the following may be used with gooA effect 1. Quicklime, to absorb moisture and putrid fluids. Use fresh lime, scattering it about, finely powdered, and whitewash with lime. 2. Charcoal powder, to absora putrid gases. The coal should be dry, and fresh, mixed with lime. 3. Chloride of lime, to gi ' e off chloride to absorb putrid effluvia and to stop putrefaction. 4. Sulphate of iron (copperas) 1 lb. dissolved in 1 qt. water and poured down a water closet will destroy the foulest smells. A qujvntity in an open pan will purify the air in rooms. 5. Fluid carbolic acid dissolved at the rate of 1 part to 100 or 150 parts of water is also very good. Among diseases liable to be spread by the distribution of organic, poisons, may be mentioned scarlet fever, typhus fever, typhoid fever, yellow fever, measles, sraall-pox, diphtheria, infectious' ophthalmia, hydrophobia, erysipelas, cholora and glanders. The poisonous par- ticles which effect contagion, are in every instance of organic origin, and are evolved from matter composing living bodies. They float in the atmosphere, are inhaled by the breath, and are absorbed by the walls of dwellings, hospitals, etc., and are liable at any time to enter on a career of baneful activity. Tlic walls of hospitals should be glass lined, the better to prevent contamination, and means should be used to destroy the contagious matter by means of chemical agents, such as powerful heat, nitrous acid gas, bromine, chlorine. Iodine, sulphurous acid, etc. Solar light is anotlier powerful disin- fectant, and as a means of healtli has been ranked by Lavoiser as superior to pure air. Dust is highly inimical to health, and it is everywhere present in the air we breathe. Its jiresence is made manifest in a manner per- fectly startling, by admitting a beam of sun-light through an onfu^e into a dark room. It has a most pernicious effect on tlie health in cities, and indeed everywhere, but the air may be filtered firom the noxious particles previous to entering the lungs, by the use of a cot- ton-wool respirator. Tliis contrivance possesses tlie further merit of being an effectual barrier to the admission to the lungs of those germs or poisonous particles whereby coutagious disease is propa- gated. Good health is impossible without pure water. The amount of or- ganic and mineral impurities held in solution or suspension by Avater, IS perfectly astonishing, and wherever suspicion of such impuritiei) exists tlie water sliould be filtered. Good reliable filters mjiy be pur- chased ready for immediate use, but wherever tliey cannot be ob- tained, an excellent substitute may be made from an oak tub made to hold from half to a barrel of water, according to the needs of the family. Let it stand on end, with a faucet near the bottom, or jire- ferably, a hole through the bottom, near the front side, with a Uibe inserted to prevent the water from rotting the outside of the tub; then put clean pebbles 3 or 4 inches in thickness over the bottom of the tub. Spread a piece of clean" white flannel over the pebbles; now have cliarcoal, pulverized to the size of small peas (that made from hard maple is best), and put in half a bushel or so at a time ; 1K>und it down quite firmly, then put in more and pound again until the tub is filled to within 8 inches of the top, and again put in 2 inches more of pebbles, the n i)ut a piece of clean white flannel over tho whole top as a strainer. The flannel may be washed occasion* ally, to ren be well to 1 i he result Keckless sons, sJiouU l>y tJie Hegi winter moni crea.sing rati i« an iiiciea ^•■om Joss to "'"g of Septe wm pneumc of Janiiarv, I pecliiie, and : Ji'g to increase wth moisture eases of the lu Duriunr col fioiise in apart IS nuicli prefei steam pipes, oi "lornmg, do nc Y^t, and be su f'e clotJiin,, et sp"'>g, eat wit! and take a dai nimutes after di ;"g tJie night;^ for as a rule, th n'ost rest and w excited way n mentofbojyan ft 'dy, sliouJd, w a'^OR at once « Peiided energies soothes «ti4'^^,, senibhug cliilihiej inodifymg dan<'ei «^1tes that equals andf.-eqj,e„tlych, "«"». Ciothinw oc «!' to health iTwo" J«/f8l>ouldbeK destroyed or purifi and te"f "''"^t" anrtKeptatatcmpe "'•aughtsonthosle. m. n i BIEDICAL DEPAR13IENT, ETC. 169 ally, to remove the impurities collected from the water, and it might be well to replenish the tub with fresh charcoui once a year at least. The result will be wholesome water, Keckless exixjsure to cold, especially by aged and sensitive per- sons, should be carefully guarded acaiust. From returns published by the Registrar General in England, it was found that during the winter months the body wastes, the loss of weight varying in an in- creasing ratio ; that durinj' summer the body gains, the gain varying in an increasing ratio, and that the changes from gain to loss, and from loss to gain, are sudden, and take place, the first at the iKJgin- niug of September, and the second at the beginning of April. Deaths from pneumonui, and bronchitis attain their maximum in the months of January, February, and March ; in the succeeding 3 months they decline, and in the next quarter reach their minimum, re-commenc- itig to increase in October, November, and December. Air saturated with moisture te ds to develop rheumatic disease, and organic dis- eases of the heart which spring from rheumatism. During cold raw weatiier, aged persons should keep close to the house in apartments warmed by a cheerful, open, blazing fire, which is much preferable to the oppressive heat from a hot air register, steam pipes, or close stoves. If called out by business during a cold morning, do not go out too early, nor until after a good warm break- fast, and be sure to return before the chill of the evening. Add to the clotliing early in the fall, diminisli it very gnidually in the spring, eat with great moderation and regularity of nourisliing diet, and take a daily nap on a lounge, or in an armchair for 15 or 20 minutes after dinner, or during the forenoon. If rest is broken dar- ing the night, make it up witli prolonged rest during the morning, for as a rule, those aged persons will live the longest who take the most rest and work the least, except in a very calm, placid, and un- exclted way. During old age guard against haste, hurry, and excite- ment of body and mind, for notliing can be more dangerous to life. Authow, clergymen and all others engaged in intense mental study, should, whenever they become exhausted by severe brain labor, at once cease from further effort, and recuiHjrate their ex- pended energies by taking as much sleep as nature requires. Nothing soothes, strengthens and invigorates the brain like refreshing sleep. Clotliing should not be worn in quantity to induce oppression or inmecessary smothering, but only enougli to repel every feeling re- sembling chilliness. Keep a clean skin at all times, and as a safe pre- caution wear flannel next to it, as it i)ossesses a powerful influence in modifying dangerous extremes of temjwrature. Dr. Pettenkofer states that equal surfaces of various materials are permeated by the air as follows, flannel being taken as 100: Linen of medium fineness, 58; silk, 40; buckskin, f»8; chamois leather, 51 ; tanned leather, 1. The dress should fit loosely, should be warm and light througiiout, and frequently ch.anged to remove the impurities exhaled thi-ougli the skin. Clothing conUimhiated with excretory matter is highly inimi- cal to health if worn too long. In cases of infectious disease, the suf- ferer should be isolated, and tlie infected clothing and bedding either desti-oyed or purified. Sleeping apartments should be elevated, roomy, well ventilated, and kept at a temperature of about(K)°. They should be free fn)m direct draughts on the sleeper. The mattress, should be hard, but may be ■4'- 170 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. easy and springy if so desired. Feathers sliould not be used, th« emanations from tliem are most unliealtliy, and they geuenite an ex- cess of lieat which is very enfeebling and unwholesome. The sweet- est reiwse is obtamcd with the head towards the north, — with the bed insulated by means of glass interix)sed between the feet and the floor, to bar the ])HSHage of the electric currents, which are liable to leave the body depleted of strength unless they are retained. Guard against sleeping iu new dwellings before the plaster and iiaint have become fully dry. Thousands of deaths, seemingly very mysterious and principally of aged persons, have taken place from neglect of this precaution. The natural allowance for sleep is ( ight hours out of the twenty. four, and the most favorable time is from 10 o'clock until 6. Intellectual labor is more exhaustive than physical, consequently per- sons thus employed require more rest than working men. The rao.st favorable position for sleep is on the right side; the worst is to lie on the back, as it generates a perilous heat over the region of the kid- neys and spinal cord. Solitiiry repose is the most beneficial every way ; when two jjarties sleep together, each one inhales a deleterious effluvia thrown olf by his neighbor, and the weaUe.'CK, uulesd yoii wisJi t( J "St the wa ^'iiildren. "Peecjj, ,r,a, for an hour the lun^rs^ j, in nine casei empty, Dr ce-ssful stain by the niethc It is only ^or health an sentiment ai: forest, but a i ^ery apt to c greasy blanke «»pt to make g] romance, or s ?'ess,"audit' Ideas regardin. Ef^'frenotic lately lengthen eoniiwred witJi observance of g the proportion t WO years after ( most favored c terra of life fl^em J5«fwhoatS *"AgncuIturistq - »vhen man h 0' a health veiis'^t Jood, aud Iromt «ttamed, and deat «« 'nuch in tlie ,H policing out of an na uml!,"'^?ed ter ■ire &'\"^ ">oui "^rnCAL MPARTME»r, ETC. ,,, Bpeecu, may be cured i7,h«™'''^ ^ «ffli>ted with i.« ^. for an hour or two eve'-v d fv'^.'"if-^'^ '« »<>t or^aT, " bv .M'"^"*" <>' tl'e un;rs, before reSj 3. ^''^'''^^^'e to Th iS j;?/*''^^'"^ «lond imuuecaspsniif^f* ^ ^''■<^" Para^mnh o„*i ® *"r. and well fiii empty. Dr Hu„f *?'J« ^''^ endea Sr'i,"!,^^^^^^ ^?fs nn!''^ J»«t "S '^"'^•'^ ^'^J^ snivels Z^',%l^,tZ^ ^"^ , i.tisouiy,n^.iyi,.,^^ ,.;_^, . "'' ''"ectiug cures "uacrvaucoof sanitfli..ri„ """ared year oOO years after t!iP r'h«- i- '" 'lucient Rome in *i,« • . most favored clits^^l"?'*" «'". the aveS duL.r"''?,?^ 200 to average loueeviiv If ^^ ^^ jears, while in thl™^'°" ^'^ ^'^e in the 16th century^lS^^ir'''?"^ «f t/ie sam^cki^ f r^^"* ^«"t"»'y tho twppii lan "'^' V ® 3,vera"re loj)£?pv!t,r ,-. ^■ c^ass is 60 veai-q r^ *i 7rt ^eii 1814 and 1833 it wa<» 4n ra ^J^ Geneva was 21 9i I « '" *'^® J0ashvedto43 300 vpT^ ^•^^' •'^"'^ as iarce a nrn.t.1- ^^^^^ ^^ from 63 to 72 and 3^ th! f ^'?- '" 1000, oily 20^"^^^ V^w live to •ittainedTand deSl. ,^ "^ "^^y- but when thu' ^«•nl>«^•atl^'ely asmuchirtLffiJ^"'f7"«t"^al, takes SLp? consummation ij policing out of il^*s%^^^^^^ for"'? -^ ''^^'^^ ^•e make to this iiSm-« nf^v"^ beneficent law aniVi.? '' '" ""' «'"derly r(>?ai-ded as a S"i!/J'i^'*o' e*^^^^^^^^ ^'•ich ig indeed teiTihlp 1.? "^'pething very drVSl • h*"'^*'' ?« "«"a"v natural death it ili '® beyond all powers of i.^" ' "'^re is a death „ Harassing thouffhtf Si, ?'^,"^ ^"«^''est good ^' ^"' ^ ^'^«e Pro- (. 172 MEDICAL DEPARTMKNT, ETC. do not (tcrnplo to msiko iiso of such diversions or amusements as will cfTectuiilly divert an invalid's thou;;ht.s from being too mucli en- grossed with self. When nature calls for rest and recreation, do not neglect the warning. Guard against extreme fatigue of either body or miud.espccialLy a cumi)lication of both together. Keep the pas- sions under thorough control; in doing this the good old Quaker's rule will be found of great assistance, viz., Never to allow himself to speak in aloud tone of voice. Nothing preserves health bettor than a placid temper. Kxcrcise and physical training should not be neg- lected; persons engaged in sedentary employments should resort to exercise, or rest on finding their thoughts become confused, and labor- ers should not carry their efforts to the verge of exhaustion ; the lieart's action is greatly injured thereby, and tho bad cilccts will become ncrmanent. Of all peoples, the Jews are notably tho longest lived race ; the reta.4ou is because they live orderly lives, they take care of themselves, so to speak, u.se proper fowl, and abstain from ix>rk, which, from its liability to promote diseased conditions of the blood, and thence of the whole system, is decidedly injurious as an article of diet The use of immoderate quantities ol' meat has an unhealthy influence on the body, and induces ferocity of the mind, as in Indians and others who subsist on it. Plutarch was astonished to think what api^etite first induced mun to taste of a dead carcase, and Pope said that the horrid and shoi'kiug sight of one of our modern kitchens gives one the imago of a giant's den in romance, bestrewed with scattered heads and man- gled limbs. Vegetable food is not liable to distend tho vessels, load the system, or becloud tho mind, but the heat, fulness, and weight of animal food is unfavorable to its eft'orts. Cornaro, the dietetic, allowanced himself to 12 ozs. of dry food and 14 ozs. of liquids i^qt day, from the age of 40 to 100. See Di/namic Power of Food. In eating, select good nourishing diet, so as to insure variety Mith- out excess, cat with regularity, without long intervals of abstinence, and eat leisurely. In drinking, avoid taking largo draughts of cold water, drink with extreme moderation during mojils, and avoid drink- ing water which has stood long in rooms or in lead pipes. Impure ■water is liable to produce malarial affections. Tea and coffee, if used strong, and in largo cjuantities, are certain to prording to Hoffman, " If there be any universal medicine it ii water; for, by its assistance, all distempers are alleviated or cured, and the body preserved sound and free from corruption, that enemy to life." As Dr. Gall said of another subject, so the writer would siiy hero, that " This is Tuutu, though at oumity with tho philosophy of ages." Os Bathing. — Nothing is of more transcendant importance to tho maintenanco of health than cleanliness, and this can only bo obtained by the free use of water, in washing, sponging, and batliin?. Tho modes of bathing are various, and, when rightly useii, are most powerful for good. The rule is, the more robust the constitution of Jhepationi be the wat ^'itliin two cooling a ft( water befc inenxtriial bath wliiJo i t'Hffonthol "wy is war on tho first] "'ifJily bene powerful elii »' tlie hot bat" 174 MEDICAL di:i*autmi:nt, etc. friends, who look on from tljo wooden Rallery Avhioli runs around the wall. Tlio Maters are botii drank and bathed in, Ikmu^ considerecl txcoUent for weak nervcR, palsy, diHeasos of the skin, and many chronic couiitlaints. Klevation, 4«>7r) feet above the Hca. PooK Man's Vapou IJatii. Heat two or tlireo bricks and i)laco them undt'r the ]>atient'8 chair, sprinkle sonic water over tiie i)rioks, and cover tlie patient to keep in tlic steam, or, a larj;c lunii» of quick lime placed in a pan or old iron pot and snrinkled with ..'ater, or wrapped up in a wet, coJirso towel. Neither of these methods, however, are iit all coinjiarablo to the efficiency of a i)roneriy administered va- por bath, cither pure or medicated, in which the temperature of tlie titeam, &c., can bo regulated as follows: Temi)eratnro of tepid vapor bath, to be breathed, W° to 100°, warm ditto 10<)° to 110°, hot ditt(. 110° to 130° ; not to be breatlicd, tepid bath, m° to 10(jo, warm lOH^ to 120°, hot 120° to loQo. These baths have i)erformed wonders in cases of chronic rheumatism, BtifTuess uf joints, indurations, diarrhcca, supnressions, &c. The SroNOE Bath is a means of liealth of enoh transccndant ini- nortancc, that in the absence of otlier bathinvj facilities, it should never ne neglected for a single day. It is a powerful consorvor of health, and affords positive relief in almost every phase of disease. The water may bo used of any desired temperature. Apply with a towel or spongo, and when througii i)olish olf with a regular hard flnisii witli a coarse towel, or still bettor, two of tliem, well laid on, the last ono dry, to induce a glow on the skiu by friction. l-ig. 1. Fig. -2. The Sittino or Sitz Bath, Fig. 1, should be arranged to admit of the complete innnersion of the lower part of the back and abdo- mhial regions, the thighs, &c., with ami)le room for laving the water and kneading the parts. The cold tonic bath given in this Avay is ex- cellent for diseases of the kidneys, bladder, urino-genital organs, piles, constiiMition, &c. In cases of colic, spasm, grij)ing pains, gravel, suppressed or iKiinful menstruation, mflammatKm, &c., it should bo given warm in order to prove effective. Cover the patient, if rteed be, to prevent catching cold. Tho cuts are borrowed from an excellent little work by Dr. Trail, entitled, "Tho Bath : its History and Uses in Health and Disease;" published by S. R. Wells, New York. Thk I hack, on ail around Jiis i"?^:?» and covered ^1"! , which gives pawk from 05 uihnu '"""'"■ ■>'^-AnT,,K.VT, .xc. of wator, warn, or (o ,i . «'''''>m,n..rlato t|,o i i \ ^T}" ^ '"•'"''' witi „ 176 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. m: to fall aBleop in it. To receive the f ullent benefit, it Bhonid be foUo^rcd at once by a plunge bath (See Fij;. (>), or thurouAh ablution in cold water previous to ure.4Biiig. TIicu rul) v^ itii friction by ineauH of u coarse towel. In cases of severe di»eai«e, tlie benefit of tliis trcHt- meut is manifest from tlie very ofleusive odor imparted by the per- Fig. 6, Fia. a spirations to the sheet. Mcrcnry, also, which lind lodged in the pyH- tem for years, having been talien under tlio pu:: e of calomel, luis been witlidrawn tl>rougli the pores by tlie wet sheet, and detected hi its woven fabric. The wet .slieet jmck is of great value in fevers, colds chronic diseases, and general derangement of ilie system. Spirit Vapor lUxir. Tlie patient diverted of all clothing exocjit a night shirt, is sented on a wooden Ijottomed cliair, and well covered before and behind witli blanliets or coverlets reacliing from liis shoulders to tlio floor. A saucer conicaining a few 3|)Oonf uls of alclio- hol, whisliey or any spirit tliat will burn, is now placed on the floor under tlie chair and ignited. The vaixir ascends, and, confined by tlio blankets, it will sl the body subject to its action. The spirit may be rcidcnishetl when it bums out, but not wlii'.e bnvnUig or while under tlio j)ati'?nt, owing to the possible resulting,' danger. The operation is liighly beneficial to the system, and may last from 10 to 15 minutes, or until a free pcr- Bpira'tion is induced. Ho careful that no damage results to the iiatiunt or his clothing from the burning spirit. For SroN(no Pilink, see Portable Bath. SuLPHirRANDMEDicATKoHATiis.— The formcf is comnoundcd by mixing sulphuret of potassium 4 ozs. and sulphuric acid 1 oz. in '>0 gals, of water. The latter are decoctions of vegetable or other mrce- nals in water, in which the patient is immersed ; or, it can be jippiiinl with a sponge if so desired, and may bo tepid, warm, or hot, as pre- ferred. The Air Bath, taken by exposing the naked body to the air in a cool room, is very salut'iry and beneficial. When not carried too fjir, it is very soothing in itn effects, and, in wakeful states, is promotive of Blecn. The gootl eiTects are greatly enlianced by friction with ii towel during exposure. The same reinarks are eminently true when nnderstoot whk-h, in , vigorating GAr.VAJ iry I'laciuff t."h), filled 1 tivo pole oi uected with with the bo< wjdyaud et J'ighest degr seated on a tlie glass i)la Jiolds the pri tive elecrtnrjlt /hk a cm ""a may bo water, abgah or non-metalii , ^"R Shov f^"»>; but, to •>eneficial. for "ction. TJiisi feeble, by the placed overJii descent. . 'I'nr. Foot I| "•correcting or. '^at in the hen, «^)tremftie«. j^ «'/ mustard or rI.ouniatic i)ai„, J^atmonttotho "f ino most poH't "peiiing tho mti ,7"-'»g disease, tlie test. »- .ould 1)6 weaker -peases affecting iodine vajKjr l«,th ^ '»'« TrnKiHH ^^y be, r.nd ofte, ""long of tho hiu regularity „H J «S ft iiHtionai (.„^(, ;««li"g tho doOM "•e I«i8t, and the r \.^'- w MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. 177 understood of gun-hathinr/, or eTpoenre of the nude body to the nun, wh'.ch, in certain diHcuHcd (-onditions, has a moHt vivifying and in- vigorating t-ffect. Ga' vANio, ELKcmir, and Maokrttc Baths. —The f^rst is tAkon by placing tlio patient in n wooden ixith tub (or in a painted metallic tub), filled with water iinpreguaccd with any dcHired drug. The nega- tive iwle of the battery Ih Huspcnd'^ in the water, and a wire con- nected with the positive pole, with a sponge attached, coinmnnicatcfl with the body. The electric current from the positive jiole enters the body and escapes through the pores. The effect is beneficial in thn hljjrhest degree. An electro-iiositive batli in given wliile the ixitient is seated on a chair, insulated by i)lacing glass under the feet. While the glass plate of tho electric machine is being revolved, the patient holds the prime conductor, and his body becomes charged with iKwi- tive electn(!ity. The efTcct i>>. \er>' stimulating to deficient vitality. TiiK AoiD Bath is highly beneficial in liver and other complaints, and may bo com{)oundod with water acidified with vinegar, or with water, 30 gab., muriatic acia, 14 ozs. Use the latter in a wooden tub or non-metallic vessel, as tlic acid is inimical to metals. Thk Showkh Hath, witli t;old water, never fails to produce a nhock wliloh nervous and weak jwitients find it very hard tc with- Htjuul; but, to persons of "^-ong constitution, it cannot fail to prove 1)encflcial, for the shock is visually succeeded by a nio.-^t agreeable ro- iiotion. This bath may, however, bo rendered'agreoable, even to the fopble, by tho use of tepid or warm water, appMod in tho form of n (lolioato spniy, ]>assed tlirough niinuto ])crfonttions in a tin vessel placed overhead, and fitted with a pru^xsr apparatus for regulating the descent. The Foot Bath Is calculated to produce tho most decided benefit in correcting cold feet, induced by liver complaint, etc.; also, to reli«jvo Iiont in the head, caused by fullness of bI nuul acts on tlie Imdy, opening tho ]>ores, withdrawing effete matter, cooling tlie skin, and riiring disease, if any di»ea.scd person duubtft this, let him put it tu the test. Thk Iodint: Bath, for adults, is comiwundtifd of iodine, 1 dr. ; iodide of iiotassium, 2 drs. ; water, 20 gals. For children's use, it hliould he weaker. It is not adapted for iudlscri.jiinato us'.i, but for «lif»ease8 affecting tho glands, tubenMilar tmubles, scrofula, etc. Tlio iodine vaiK)r l>ath nuiy Ixj used as descrilxd under npirit vapor Itatli. TiiK TiTJiKisH Bath, by means of dry healed .-lir, i.Honenliioh may be, and often is, pnMliictivo of nnuii benefit iu diseased con- ditions of tho Ixxly, but is most inimiejil to health when used with regularity as a social enjoyment or luxury. Wherever it has become a national custom, thii bath hjwi always proved the imnciiKil agency in sealing tho doom of that nation, as witii(}, as fol- lows: " I predict it will be the same here, under the same principles. I predict that whenever Englishmen give np the active occupations I hava named (he had been ur^^ng healthy men to spend the time re- quired for the bath in digging, walking, rowing, rifle drill, criclteting, etc. ), and, in Rlipi>cred pantaloons, luxuriate daily in a bath, to rid themselves of the i>roducts of excretion, then this country will have passed its zenith. Then there will be no great hero to bid every man do his duty, no man to do the duty, and uo England for which the duty should be done." The foregoing, presenting a choice of between 20 and 30 different methods of bathing, is of great utility to all, but especially so in the prevention and cure of the complex and delicate ailectionH to which females are liable, and which call for such careful treatment from medical practitioners. There is room for deep regret that this class of diseases has opened a wide field for the operations of numerous itipacious and incompetent men, who are a disgrace to the profession, and wlioso ravenous proclivities and infamous i)ractice3 blind them to everything but the acquisition of plunder. The medical profession, an a cla8.s, have always been held in high estimation; so much so, tliat, during the reign of tlie Emperor Augustus, they were exempted fron\ the payment of taxes; and that there sho\ild be so many oornioranis in their ranks, is regretted by none more sincerely than by the respect- able members of the profession. The real impostor is generally known by his resonant puffs, in the shape of advertisements, iii which, while uttering the most savage maledictions against quacks and quackery, he almost lays personal claim to the powers of omnipo- tence in the cure of disease. These incorrigible rascals generally parade a dazzlhig list of fictitious certificates of cures ])erformed by them where every other doctor had failed; but they will not hesitate to act the thief as nearly as the law allows, and strip their victim of his or hf/r last dollar, exacted for services fifty times worse than use- less. Grateful, indeed, should he be who escapes with nothing worse than the loss of his money. The advertising quack is generally a dead shot, something of the Dr. Honibook genus, as immortalized by Ihims, very profuse in his promises to cure disease and conceal in- firmities, but like his illustrious in'ototyijc, very imcauny, and alto- gether too ready to send his patients " aft to their laug hame, to hide them there." In England, previous to the advent of the modem ncw.spaper, tlio quack used to transftn-m himself into a living advertisement, by itin- erating through the provincial towns in a blazing uniform, dressed like a mountebank, with cocked hat and wig. Accompanied by an assistant, ho would mount a platform, gather an immense crowd, ami proceed to deliver an extravagant oulogium on his profound skill, pto- digious wealth, and the wonderful virtues " his pills, panaceas ami elixirs, as he offercl them for sale. The assiotaut, wlio seemed to an- swer to the character of a modern clown in a oircus, would aid witii tlie sales, and keep up tlie farce by making witty remarks on the doc- tor's wild averments. For example, after listening to the doctor's statements regarding liis boundless v.ealth, and S'-i^t condescension in consenting to travel for the purpo.se of healing the sick, as he wa« not obIlg( dience thj want, for '"UiJli, the «"f' the bi I'RACTif Pi'ed from presenting Clements c( AloJooa J^J;^dTuro,; Cabbage .CurrautB .'.::' ;;'>JppedEgg, iiplca '.'.'.''" ^'•■acbos. foiled Codaih Forfuriiac, .JJ'c llgureH n "ivariu) .. ,„., «" 'ncal, flour, plied oy oeefis cent. ; xvhiiQ t ^'calthinessoft S^oa dige«t,on "10 sound sleei) luxurious livh '^<^nk otilving It will boi/rean» a^^'°.«e"^to I ived ti,e id,„» J u clirtcases of tlu '>' sfaincd glass t (lows. The A'Tm -^— ^^j-^^ MEDICAL DEPARTMEIH', Boiled Beans... o. Barley Bread... •• |^ Baked Corn Breid" " n/ SS Barley.!.*^:: »J Sienceffi * ThPrfn^P'' ^*"*« the clown woniH « Boiled TurDlpi' ■ ■ ' ?iv. £"*ato«"8 ^ ' * ^^^ Milk "'P»--. 4;tf Fried Veal ol^ ^^^bage .;::;;;••• ^^. B«a«tpork.;::::" 24 Oarranta "' n,^ Boast Toultry . . «« ppiea. ...::; .1* '' piuia.. ::'•• jj 1 Vachoa .... i* Broiled Mutton ^ ' ^ Boiled codfl;b-::::jj Sjl'^B'^f ^'°^«o: 7^ vastly «''nwlor tS;„,™°'' ■■'="• crashed whSf S ?"" ""icles, m liMlti;i„™„r',S,^„"» room for dUp„T„»>'°l^ from 78 t„o^^^^^^^ good di"oalm„ . J '""'k'ndsofdlol Th5i '" "'° comwrallv,. Baojo rcil cbaiu- ii^ 180 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. ber. In a blueone, ahlghly ©xcitcd Tnadman with a Htniisht wrist- coat on, wa.s kept all day, an hour after iio appeared much oaliiicr. The action of bme light in very httouHoou tlio optic nerve, and seeinH to cjiuse a sort of oppresHiou. A ])atient was made to i>as8 tlie night in a violet chansbcr ; on tlie following day he begged Dr. Ponza to Bend Iiim home, because ho felt himself cured, and indeed he ha^ been well ever since. Dr. Fonza's conclusions from his dxperiments, are these: "The violet rays, are, of all others, those that ijossess the moat intense electro-chemical power. The red light is also very ricli in calorific rayn : blue light, on tlio contrary, is quite devoid of them, as well as of chemical and electric one'-.. Its beneficent influ- ence is Iiard go explain ; .s it is the absolute negation of all excite- ment, it succeeds admirably iu calming the furious excitement of maniacs." AVeak Back.— Take a beef's gall, pour into it 1 pmt alcohol, and bathe frequently. It acts like a charm. SruAiNKD AxKLK. — Wash the ankle fror|nently with cold salt and water, which is far better than warm vinegar or decoctions of lierbs. Keep your foot as cold as iwssiblo to prevent iuflammation, and sit with it elevated on a cushion. SiMTTiNO OF nhooD.— Two spooufuls of sage juice in a little honey, will speedily stop either spitting or vomiting blood, or, take 20 grains in water every two hours. Apoplexy.— Occurs only in the corpulent or among high, livers. To treat — rai.se the head iu a nearly upright rKisitlon ; unloose all tight clothes, strings, etc., imd apply cold water to the head, ami warm water and warm cloths to the {cet Have the ajiartment cool and well ventilated. Give nothing by the mouth until the breathing is relieved, and then only i'raughts of cold water. BiiKJiiT's D.SEASE. — Dr. Arthur Scott Donkin, extols a skim milk diet in this disesLso. "The first appreciable action," ho says, " of skin milk taken to tlie extent of or 7 pts. daily, is that of a most energetic diuretic, a nrofuse flow of unne being rapidly i>ro- duced. The effect of this in Bright's disease, is to flush tiio urinifer- ous tubules, and to dislodge and wash out the concrete casts of dis- eased epithelial cells by which they are blocked up and distended. The emptying of the tubules relieves their pressure on the surround- ing secondary capillaries, the blood begins to flow more freely througli them, the distension of the primary malpighian capillaries, is k;- lieved ; less and less albumen escapes through their walls, until tlus renal circulation is gradually restored, when it finally disJippcars from the urine. AVhile this beneficial change is progressing, heultliy epithelium is developed in the tubules, and the urinary excrement is withdrawn from the blo(Ml. In short, a healthy nutrition beconio.s re-established in the kidneys thi*ough the agency of milk, which, above all other substances, seems to exercise a controlling infiueuco over this process. Remeoy kou Gout anp Rheitmatism.— Gum guaiacum, 1 oz. ; rhubarb in ix>wder, 2 drs. ; Hour of sulphur, 2 ozs. ; cream of tartar, 1 oz., ginger jwwder 1 oz.- "lake into an electuary with mohisses. Dose : 2 teas|)<)onfuls, night and morning. liheumatii; Planter, resin i lb., sulphur I lb., melt thorn by a slow fire ; then add cayenne pepper 1 oz., camphor gum J oz. Stir'well till mixed, and tenqKir with lU'aUs- f(X)toil. To guard against rheumatism, adhere to a regular diet, brciUh pure air, and avoid exposure. m \'m ^NDISTIIY pno; K very true niai "•"'/>f old kinu' s M'oy u-oMian, "i.s ''^'' sung her pmi MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. 181 .•r- f, 182 H£DICAL DEPARTMENT. thank his Maker for an incHtimable blessing in tlie conipanionshiji of a virtuous, loving, devoted and ail'ectionate wife. WImt caitlilv prize can for a moment be compared with tlua. In lier person we nee the perfection of loveliness — modesty, grace^ and beauty voice wo hear the sweetest music ; in her ninid we , ni lior see a fragrant blending of the most attractive attributes, and the nearest created approximation to that Love which is Infinite. Sherlock avers that *' The perception of woman is as quick as lightning. Her penetra- tion is intuition : almost instinct. By a glance she will draw a deep and just conclusion. Ask her how' she formed it, and she cannot answer the question. While nhe trusts her instinct she is scarcely ever deceived, but she is generally lost when she commences to rea- son." Every one Irnows that this is true, but very few loiow the reason whjr it is so. This we find unfolded ni the following quotation from the illumined Swedenborg : " The man ia bom to be intellectual, thus to think from the understanding, but the woman is born to bo voluntary, thus to think from the will; which also is evident from the inclination or connate disposition of each, as also from their form. From the disposition, in that the man acts from reason, but the woman from allection. From the form, in that the man has a rougher and less beautiful face, a heavier speech, and a harder body, but the woman has a smoother and more beautiful face, a more tcli- der speech, and a softer body. Similar ia the distinction between the understanding and the will, or between thought and affection." Again, "The male is born into the affection of knowing, of under- standing, and of being wise, and the female is bom into the love <>f conjoining herself with that affection hi the male." The special at- tributes of the will principle are perception, allection, and eveiy re- sultant feminine grace, or in one word — Love. The question which eclipses all others in importance ia, How shall this most precious quality be trained and cultivated ? Or, into what channels should its course be guided and directed ? On tliis subject, hear Swedenborg once more : '' Love truly coujufjal, considered in its origin, and its corresiwndence, is heavenly, spiritual, pure, and clean, above every love which is with the angels of heaven and the men of the churcb." Again, '* I know that few will acknowledge, that all joys and delights, from first to last, are gathered into coniu- gal love, because that love trnly conjugal, is at this day so rare, that what it is is not known, and scarcely that it is." We may learn from tills, that love is of heavenly origin, and was given that it might be used for he».venly ends and purposes. It follows from this there- fore, that in order to attain to a full and healthy menbil and physical development, it is imperiouply nercssai-y that immorality and un- chastity in every for.o, should i>r discountenanced and shunned, fur it is only in total abstinence from inii)uri' and illicit measures, that we can fnid immunity from ruin, degradation, and ncuth. This is true in the case of man, and it is still nh>re so in the c:is*' of woiii.nn, for In almost every case after the first false step, she is led on to swift destruction by the ascendancy of hei alTcctions. without beiiiK arrested in her career by the wholesome restraint of tlie reflective or reasoning faculties wliich operate so power*. illy in man. Every mo^uiH should be employed that will operate to pi event such a haloftil consummation. All obscene, immoral, and inipUiO boohs, everytliiiig Jn the 8ha Diotelicei deposited *l'e. Labi and practi Jiold tljem parable wil Perhaps Busceptibic husband. attracts the ning mann sweet tempi wJjieh seeini repels. Me. t 'py most di citledly deft(. ffi-eat 8clenti lately nnrrie jnarriage, as '0' til his prel '■epJy was; '» will so contiti In every n nc'-, without, t'on, if you wi card at once j "Ppliances In tight lacing, ct tlie observer ti^^niptr, and re it the moth fcter andis i, 9 orderly, clea, lie vcrynatur, ^''•ofrspring,a, <"o^vthat,b>„ |;t's and endow, t^-y good or ,n i'leniostpo nation of jrooci mind. Usefu. Jcrnalograoe,8„ to absorb and uj Jiuman being du ''f*'*^ fVivoh-ty, d ''"^« <'•« moit' m Ladies sliouid crciso, cltherhM, c'losc rooms, IV 'oiJUst Health. I «iiCo of those hl-ii bcautlfu,, delicau luuctioasoi-eanco MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. wJucU seems to soHdtan Jl*'^?''™' together with th^ f P?" '^''« 7pel8. Men never rcgpeckhiM' ""''"^ "' the same timoui"*.^™^" t 'cy u,08t desire to sSn Ji ^^^'^nees or audacltvL^^ it modestly cldedly dem..Ient themse ;.- ''"i ^V^^^^thing 0^^,^?,^"' ^''"t great scieutiHn nf/„i '^®*' Prof. Tvndni **v. **'"*-•" they are do- marrliitre, as to whnf « 1^ 'pterro/rated by a fSn^? ' "?^'' «nd but forth his i)referenP^"V*".''"«"oris lie saw iuVi; i?» ''f ''?^'^««8 to his roply was- .'Eh *'•'■ '"0'« thai for o,,,'"''*"'^*'^ ^^i»lch drew tlio observer •V^uf''' ?'*'' calculatc'd to ru n h, ?' ^",'"'"^^'' curlin/ temper, and represS nrn^-.^'"'^"«««. cLer "uluei' '""'' "'"^ 'i^^ei?; „^ lai.eniothrbeeXw'i.Ht^f"^^'-^^ "" "'^''^ ^"^«' j"« very^\Sme'onS?i^ri"^'^' k'nd and ?ov S 'T^^ "^"" that 'crofTsprlnLr und thrn. ^f' to transmit these hS? ?'"i'^ ^'''''tnhj ja lo'ow that, bV « Iiw f?"^'^ ^'"^«» " t^lessim. toBolS^^^^ qualities to i^l'o most poH^rf. 7 ^^' ^''"t very net im an i/' Vf ''^"'^'-''ves, bo nation ottroodtnll l"^'"^ '«•• the repress Snnf 1 n ''^''^ Posterity. "L^»:'"«try promotes bodilv ^'"fr^'ent olbody or '■«i^U8t he^ It " it I'a.Vr •^'•'"'-'^aee Kt s ,' n'l^- ^•""""'^'"•-'"6 »« 4 184 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. feet state of health. The mind should be kept free from moral con- tamiuatiou of every kind, and trained to liubits of ][)iire thought, sobriety and etabifity. Notliing can bo of greater iinimrtance to humanity tlian the proper adjustment of the physical and mental equilibrium of woonan. The weal or woe of the human race seem to tHHi on this primary essential as on a pivot. What our children are, is in a great measure wliat their mother's have made them, for in the tuni on this primary essential as on a pivot. What our children are is in a great measure what their mothers have made them, for in the very nature of tilings, children are in the mother's hand, like phis- tic wax under the seal, and the impression is generally in harmony either with what she has taught them or neglected to teach. Equally Important Is the duty Incumbent on every female to vigi- lantly guard a;;ainst forming matrimonial engagements with men of defective liealth or vituited morals. The neglect of this wj.se precau- tion lias caused an extent of misery and wretchedness Ix-yond all human conception. On tliis subject, one of tlie ablest living' medical lol- men, Dr. IJ. SV. ilichard.son, of London, En^jland, remarks as lows: " The first step towards the reduction ot diseases is, beginning at the beginning, to provide for the health of the unborn. If the intermarriage of disease were considered iii tlio same light as the intermarriage of poverty, the hereditary tKinsmis.«iion of disease would be atan ond in tliree, or at most, four gciienitions." He re- marks in another place, " Greater care than is at present manifested, ought to be tiiUen witli women who are about to become mothers." As many estimablo ladies are pardonably anxious almut their chances for marriage, the following curious statement, by Dr. Gran- ville, is drawn up from the registered cases of 870 married women in France. It is the firsf. table ever constructed to exhibit to ladies their chances of marriages at various ages. Of the 870 tiibulated, there were married :- - Years of age. Years o* age 9 at 13 118 at 20 11 ac 14 80 at 21 10 at 15 85 at 22 43 at 10 59 at 23 45 at 17 53 at 24 77 at 18 30 at 25 115 at 19 24 at 20 Years of ago. 28 at 27 Years of age. 5 at 34 22 at 28 3 at 35 17 at 29 Oat 3(» '.) at 30 2 at 37 7 at 31 at 38 5 at 32 1 at 39 7 at ■« at 40 It should not be forgotten that women, and men, too, in England, Canada, and the Northern States, are no nearer r.i. v'.iicy at 20, than the French at 18. This is owing to the war.a ilimate, which in France accelerates m".turity vith greater rapidity than in mora northern cliuies. From salutary exnerionco, it would l)e safe to say that the best results would follow, aid our girls not marry until after 20, and our men till after 22, or even 24. Women married at 25, live four years longer than unmarried ones; 72 married women live to 45. for 52 unmarried. Among mar- ried men, 41 attain 45, for 18 unmarried. At 00, there are 48 married mou for 11 unmarried. At 80, the numbers are 9 married for 3 unmarried. CEREwno-SnyAii Mfxinciitis, ok Si'Otted Fkver, is fre- quently caused by bad Hiet, malaria, cold, repression of the secre- tions, changeable weatlier, etc. It is a most malignant trouble, con- sisting of inflammation of the bmln and spinal marrow. There is fever, pain In the he.".d, rigidity of the muscles, Intense thirst, ter- rible irnin, and an abundance of purple spots. The head is forced backward \ tions, stupi cJiso is not In treating i immersion i to bring the ni a woollen blanket bot scribed und< ation and all nal heat, an< Won on the s tract of yen by adduig 1 1 «gaiu8t const head is seven Citoup Si gills ; white i Dose, from i \ •i»g to the sev tus water, an tea.spoouful (t teiisjjoonfuls c SUH'IIIHK carbonate of i spirit into a gl bath, so thatll Jt forms ijass ( tion until a he.- add the reinaii; siipenmteiit tx fi»ftily, distil tl stoppered bottl J-Jlbs.; mix in I'liid ozs., and c >a the water it i ^vater, agitate it f'Jirbonate of ba I'^rm, consists ii , Prof. Nnssba diiced by chloro "mtaining 1 gr 1-* liours and und wliatever. The 01 chloroform, | Carbonic O ytrbonic Acid G\ w)ttle, strong end ^^». to the mpiare •Hid a small i)ot c hisoit tlie latter c I'll air tight cap, K 'liner i)ot The g ''imi on opening til itish out, and par MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. 185 backward with fearful agony, the intense suffering induces prostm- tions, Ktupidity, deiifnc^ii, — ui some cnnes blindncHii, and if tlio dig- ciiso is not reHtruined by skilful treatment, iuscnsibility and deattt Id treating this dineose, keep the bowels oiien, and the Inxly warm: imniei-sion ui a liut batii, nuido strong witli salt and mustard, is good to bring the blood to tlie surface. Anotlier way is to wrap the body in a woollen bliiuket wrung out of hot water, and place outside of the blanket bottles tilled with Iiot water, and cover over close, as de- scribed under the wet sheet jiack ; this will induce a copious perspir- ation and ailord relief. Warm guiger tea is useful to generate intei> nal heat, and tincture of jiepper for outward application, with fric- tion on tlie skin. If tiic pulse is liigh, give two to three drops ex- tract of V'eratrum t'//7(itj (American Hellebore), every hour, diluted by adding 1 tcasiKK)uful of water to each drop of tlie extnict. Guard against constipation, retention of urine, convulsions, etc., and if the head is severely pained, relieve by dry cupping over the neck and spine. Ckoup Sykui'. — Crushed bloonge the body with strong snlern- tiis water, and if inllanunation exists, give, for a child of 1 year, n tciuspoonful (every hour) uf a mLxture of drops of veratrum in 20 teasiKwnfuls of water. Sun'iiURic Ethkb.— Rectified spirit, 3 lbs. ; sulphuric acid, 2 lbs. carbonate of potossa (previously ignited), 1 oz. ; poiir 2 lbs. of the sitirit into a glass retort, add the acid, place tlie vessel on a sand bath, so that tlic liquor may boil as soon as fKJssible, and the ether as it forms, i^ass over into a well cooled receiver; continue the distilla- tion until a heavier fluid begins to piiss over, then lower the heat, add the remainder of the spirit, anu dLstil as before; pour off the Hupeniatent )K)rtion, add the <'iirl)onate of potassa for one hour; finally, distil the etlier from a large retort, and keep it in a well- stoppered bottle. CHLORoroRM.— Take chloride of lime (in powder), 4 lbs.; water, 12 Ibfl. ; mix in a capacious retort or still, add, of rectified spirit, 13 fluid ozB., and cautiously distil, as long as a dense liquid, which sinks in the water it passes over with, is produced ; separate this from the water, agitate it with a little sulphuric acid, and, lastly, rectify from carbonate of baryta. The only safe way known of purifying chloro- form, consists in agitation with pure water and redistillation. Prof. Nussbaum has succeeded in prolonging the anaesthesia in- duced by chloroform, by the sub-cutineous injection of a solution containing 1 gr. of acetate of morphia. In one case the patient slept 12 hours and underwent a painful oi)ei'ation, without any sensation whatever. Tlie injection performed without the previous hihalation of chloroform, produced no such effect. Carboxic Oxiue Gas, is iuflammable, but arrests animal life. Carbonic Acid Gas may be liquefied as follows : — Get a strong iron bottle, strong enough to resist a pressure of 40 atmospheres, or (iOO lbs. to the Sipiare inch ; put into it about 4 ozs. of sorlic bicarbonate, and a small i>ot containing about tlie same quantity of oil of vitriol. Insert the latter carefully, so as not to spill any : close the bottle with an air tight oep, surround by a mixture of ice and salt, and upset the inner i)ot. The gas becomes condensed and liquified in tlie bottle, and on opening the bottle, by means of a stop-cock in the lid, will rush out, and part will fall down in a frozen stite like snow. A jet 18G MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. of the linuid carbonic arid, directed on the bnlb of a npirit thermom- eter, mnao it full to liMo ImjIow zero. A jet i»n»«ed into a nliial is ex- panded 400 tinjcH, and the cold solidifleH it uh a wliite powder. Then, if the finKer is placed on tlio powder, the e-xpaimion repelH the finger, the cold beinj; 2'M.° below zero ! It Ih too dHngerouely cold for medi- cal ai)plicationH, but a niixturo of Halt and tinely broken ice, have l>een uned to promote iniinuuity from ])aiu during amputation, and in cases of pevero lieadache. Aiiicothesia may uIho bo produced by projecting a spmy of 8ulphuric ether and rhi{;()line, whii-ii produces a tcmiH>niry freezing, during which time an operation may be per- formed without pain to tlio patient, after which tlio ])arts ihaw, and HciiHibility returns. KULEH TO BE FoM.OMF.I) UY TIIK IJY-HTANDKRS IN CASE OK IN- Jl'llY 1»Y MAOHINEKY &C'., WHKltK SrUOICAL ASHISTANCE CANNOT nK onTAiNF.i),— In cahcn of severe hhock. inducing palencj*H, chillincFH, and ^)ro8tration, place the HulTeier on a bed witli the head but nlight- ly raiHcd, keep up warmth by Avrai)piiigliim in blankets and covericttt, aHsinted by bottles containing hot water, or by warm bricks, wm|>- ped in clotliH, and njiplied to the armpitn, 8ide», feet, &c., stimulato with tjible pnoonful dofien of whinkey or brandy every 15 or 'iOminuteH, until partial recovery, and iiouriMh by giving strong Houp occasionally. If the patient is Hor bleeding, do ngt bind tho limb tiglit, but cover the bruised part lightly with rags. If bleeding results, do ncjt try to stop it by binding np the 'ound, but find the artery by iU beating, and place a firm and snKK)tl. wad made of cloth or rags rolled uj), or any round smooth article of proi)er sire, wrapped up and place ocer (he artcn/ as shown in the fignres, tie a hauuKerchief around the limb and tighten up; put a stick through uu(kT the handkerchief as shown in Fig. II, giving it just enough of twist to stop the bleeding, then enter one end of the htick nnder the handkerchief as shown in Fig. C, to secure ti»o bind. When the leg is bleetUng below tlie knee, api)ly the iwid over the artery at the back of the thigh, as shuwu ut (J, ou Fig. A, and becurc in front as above described. Tlie artery in the thigh runs along the inner side of the muecle in front near the l)ono. A little above the knee, it passes to the back of tiie l)one. In injuries at or alxive the knee, apply the compress high upon the inner side of the thigh, at the point where two thumbs meet ut ,on Fig. D, with the knot on the outer side of the thigh. The artery in the arm runs down the inner side of the large muscle in front, quite close to the Iwne; low down it pets further forward towards the bend of the ellxiw. It is most easily found and com- pressed a little alH)ve the midiUeat C, as shown on Fig. E. Examine the limb from time to time, and relax the compression if it becomes very cold or purple, but tighten the handkerchief again in case of bleeding. To transport an injured person, make a soft bed for the injured part, of straw, folded coverlets, &c., laid on a bojird, with sido-ideces of lx)ard nai bo laid on a foverod, and lorUL-icfsai item. TorBnds f'idcs, nso stii ated liniment For ii.M.1Ial"i Drowned.— I INSTANTLY ON 1 iieclc, and chest i to clear the T1 jvrlst under the i forward, and lea CITE KESI'IUATIC some irritating c mLUTE AMMONi; Make the face wt ''• U not success; I'laco the patient ^ t!io face, and so o j^ntl perseveriiiirlv 'M on the breast, l^ody, and ej;i)irati pressure is remoi position is resuuK THE si'iNE. reniov ^"le. (Tiiopressu "spinition). Con retiiri of venous h ^vet dothin- if po. MEDICAL DEPAUTMKNT. 187 of Iward nailotl on, when this can l)e done. If po.'sib.o let tho pntlont bo laid on a door, shutter, settpc, or other firni «ui)iK)rt couifortjibly covered, and carry him Htcadily. Scndjhr a ithysiciHii in (ill cascis. ForUt'KNsand Scalds, consult tho Eugiucera Department under that For jBrMja"*, use topid anplicatlons at first After inflammation sul)- sidos, iiHO stimulating applications, us vinegar and water, or oiuiphor- atcd liniment. , . , x i ^ 1 1 For ^'p>•rt/;)J», elevate tho limb; keep tho joint ea.-iy; apply tonid lotions or fomentations. W lien inflammation Hubsidcs, apply stimulat- ing liniments, and shower tho iiart alternately with cold and topid Av*itor For NoroxEss fhom Cold.— Restore warmth gradually, in pro« iwrtion as circulation in tlie iMirts or body increases. Foil A Fkozen Limb.— Uub with snow, and place in cold water for a short time. When sensation returns, place again in cold water; add heat verij i/raduollij, by adding warm w.ater. 1/ apparently dead or insensible, strip entirely of clothes, and cover body, with exception of mouth and nostrils, with snow o>- ice-cold miter. When tho bcKly is thawed, dry it, place it in a cold bed; rub with warm hands under the cover; continue this for liours. If life appears, give small injec- tions of camphor and water; put a drop of spts. camphor on tho tongue; then rub body witli spirits and water, finally with spirits; then give tea, coffee, or brandy and water. In' Appauknt Death fhom Ukeatiiino Noxioirs VArons.— Ex- pose the person to tho air; sprinkle cold water tm face and head; rub btrong vinegar about nostrils; give drink of vinegar and water. // suffocated b}/ brcathin;/ charcoal j'utncs, trojit in tho same manner, and excite breathing as directed in cases of drowning. Dil. M. IIaLL'3 DmECTION.S FOU UeSTOIUNO the AlTAnEXTLV Drowned. — 1. ,Send for aphysician in all cases. 2. Treat tho iKitient IX3TANTLV OX THE SPOT, in tlio OPEX AIR, freely cxiM)siug tho face, neck, and chest to the breeze, except in cold weather, y. In order to CLEAR THE THROAT, nlaco the patient gently on tho faco with ono wrist under tho forehead, that all fluid, and the tongue itself may fall forward, and leave tho entniuce into tho wiudpiiw free. 4. To ex- cite RESPiuATiox, turn tho patient slightly on Ins side, and apply some irritiiting or stimulating agent to tho nostrils, as vekatuixe, piLUTE AMMONIA, &c., OT snuff, or ajiply a feather to tho throat. 5. Make tho faco warm by brisk friction; then dash cold water upon it. (i. If not successful, lose no timo, but, to imitate uespiratiox, jilaco tho patient on his side, and a littm: hkvoxd; then again en tho face, and so on alternately. liepoat these movements deliberately and persevoringly 1.5 times onlv in a minute. (Wlien Iho paticiit lies on tho brea.st, tliis cavity is compresskd by the weight of tho body, and ej:j)iration tikes place. When ho is turned on tho side thi;> pressure is removed, and iaspirsition oc(!urs). 7. When the i)rono position is resumed, make a uniform and ofHcient i)ressure along the spine, removuig the pressure immediately, before rotation on tho fiido. (The pressure augments thofijepimtion ; tlie rotation commences liispiration). Continue those measures. 8. Rub the mmijs ipwakd WITH FIRM pressl're, and with energy. (The object being to aid the reti'.r i of venous blood to tho heart). 9. Substitute for the ])atient's wet clothing, if possible, sui-li other covering as can be instantly pre IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 Hi ill i' tu m '""^ |M 2.0 11^ 1-4 ill 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4^ \ V N> %< «■ <" o ^y A- ■%'- ^■j-^ ///// % ■^ WJa Q- 188 MEDICAL DEPAKTMENT. cured, each bj^-stander supplying a coat or vest, &c. Meantime, and from time to time, to excitk insimkation, let the surface of tne body- be SLAPPED briskly with the hand. 10. Kub the body bri.«lily till it is warm and dry, then dash cold water u^wn it, and repeat the rubbing. Avoid the immediate removal of the patient, as it mvolves a dan- gerous LOSS OF time; also, tlie use cf bellows, or any forcuig in- strument, and ALL KOUGH TREATMENT. Rules for Aci^ioEKTS on Water.— When upset in a boat or thrown into tlie water and unable to swim, draw the breath in well; keep the mouth tight shut; do not struggle aud throw the arms up, but yield quietly to tlie water; hold the Jiead well up, and stretch out the hands only below the water; to throw the hands or feet tip will pitch the body below tlie water, hands or feet vp will pitcli the body head down, and cause the whole person to go immediately under water. Keep the head above, aud every thing else under water, Evef youe should leam to swim ; no animal, aquatic fowl, or reptile requires to be taught this, for they do it naturally. Few persona exist who have not some time or other, seen a bullfrog perform his masterly movements in the water, and it would detract from no one's dignity to take a few lessons from him. In learning, the beginner might sutitain himself by a plank, a block, of wood, an attaclunent composed •_>/ ^ork, an iufiated bladder, a flying kite, or a stout cord attached to a long rod held by an assistant on the land. Leaiii to swim cost tjhat it v:ill. Anorl^'-er of the New York police force wears three medals, and receives ?oO per month from the Life Saving lieuevoleut Association. He has saved 12 lives from deatlx by drowning, but he says that when a boy he received a thrashing every night from his father for going in swimming. Oxygen Gas. — 1. Use red oxide of mercury; heat over- a spirit lamp, or ignited charcoal in a green glass retort, or in a short tube of Bohemian glass, closed with a perforated cork furnished with a piece of bent glass tube of small bore to convey the liberated gas to the veosel arranged to receive it. Pure. 1 oz. yields about 100 cubic Inches. 2. Treat chlorate of potassa as above. Pure. Product 100 cubic inches of gas from 100 grains. 3. Bichromate of potassa, 3 parts; oil of vitriol, 4 parts; heat gently as before ; yields pure oxy- gen very freely and rapidly. 4. Binoxide of manganese and oil of vitriol, equal parts : treat as the last. Product, 256 cubic inches from 1 oz. binoxide. 5. On the lavf/e scale ; expose nitre to a dull red heat in an iron retort or gun barrel, Prodnct, 1200 cubic. inches of gas (from 1 lb. nitre), contaminated more or less with nitrogen. G. Trent f/ood commercial binoxide of manganese, as the last. Product, 1500 to 1600 cubic inches, or from 5 to 6 gals, from 1 lb. of binoxide. 7. Chlorate of potassa li lbs. ; binoxide of manganese, | lb. ; treat as the last. Gas procured from manganese or nitre, may be purified by ]Missing it through lime water. When required for nice experiments, the first gas should be allowed to pass away, or else be gathered separately, as it is apt to be impure. Oxygen gas is the supporter of vitality and fire, ana is often used as a remedial agent in asphyxia, arising from the inhalation of carbonic acid or carbonic oxide. It was first discriminated as a distinct gas, by Priestly, in 1774. Gs oz. ; camp cent, horse Lin oil of inyrrl; sional LiN] and a spirits iaudan 2oz. ; form, 1 iaiown IXHA liquid t mmuies Kpirit or excite a moves a Canc] about 1 ( used as { Tavlo 1 lb. oil is effecti^ Cure : ""m, dip aud covei Ottaw aock, and 1 02. hops mgredienl yeast, and , To Ext «c.— Take fJe, nnd pc hours, and swim upon i'uatiQAi of alum 1 c nibcturo of melt the gu flips of the heeva])ora< . iRANSr^t jnchlorofor i)ige»t for 5 camel's hair Moum W MEDICAL DEPARTME.NT, ETC. o*rr^«i%^£fe^^^^^^^^ Of each oil of origanum 2 n^^"^^-~^^cohol, 1 qt • S^^^' ^"^ ^®"eved. inyrrlj, 2 oz • r^'nTJ^^* ' 9«mphor gum 2 oV • 1 "^ amniouia, 4 02. ; BionaUy foJa'^e^r" ^^ ^^'^ taflespo^^?' '^S^rk^d shS^j ^^ LmiMENT.— Goon Qa,,.^ ^® occa- to evaporated tK,,"'"' °™'^ " "sl't, when uTo J '' " '""■ spiwuto 190 MEDICAL DEPARTilEKT, ETC. gum myrrh, 1 oz. ; rod sanders wood, 1 oz. Rub the honey and borax ^vcll to<;cthcr ina morUir, then gradually add the gpirit, the myrrh aiid Sanders wood, and macerate 14 days. Wash for hemoving Pakticles of Zinc or Ikon from the Eve,— Muriatic add, 20 drops | mucilage, 1 dr. ; mix with 2 liuid o?.?. rose water. Iron or steel X)articles may be extracted by holdiug near tliem a powerful magnet. To liEJiovE Tusioiis.— Dr. Simpson of Edinburgh introduces a hollow acupuncture needle, or very line trocar (a surgical instrument in the form of a fmo hollow needle) into their tissue, and injects a few drops of some irriUmt liquid, such as a solution of chloride of zinc, pcrcholorde of iron, or creosote. The effect is to destroy the vitality of the tumors so treated, and admit of separating them. Compound Svuup of lIvropHospuiTES.— Talce of hypophosphito of lime, 1^ oz. ; hypophosphlte of soda ^ oz ; hyixtphosphite of pot- assji, i oz. ; cauo sugar, 1 11). troy : hot water, 20 fluid ozs. ; orange water, 1 fluid oz. Jlix a solution of the mixed salts in the hot wator, filter through paper, dissolve the sugar in the solution by heat, and strain, and add the orange flower water. Dose, a teaspoonful, con- tauiing nearly five grains of the mixed salts. Cook'8 Electro-Magnetic LmraiENT.— Best alcohol, Igal. ; oil of amber, 8 oz. ; gum camphor, 8 oz. ; Castile soap, shaved fine, 2 oz. ; beef's gall, 4 oz. ; ammonia, 3 F.'s strong, 12 oz.: mix, and shake occasionally for 12 hours, and it is fit for use. This will bo found a strong and valuable liniment. London Liniment. — Take chloroform, olivo oil, and aqua ammo- nia, of each 1 oz. ; acctiite of morxihia, 10 grs. Mix and use as other liniments. Very valuable. Ointjients.— For Old Sores.— Red precipitate, ^ oz. j sugar of lead, i oz. ; burnt alum, .1 oz. ; white vitriol, -\^ oz,, or a little less ; nil to be very finely pulverized ; luivo mutton fcUlow made warm, ^ lb. ; stir all in, and stir until cool. Judkin's Ointment. — Linseed oil, 1 pt. ; sweet oil, 1 oz. ; and boil them in a kettle on coals for nearly 4 liours, as warm as you can; then have pulverized and mixed borax, J oz. ; red lead, 4 oz. ; and sugar of lead, 1^ oz. ; remove the kettle from the fire, and thicken in the powder ; continue the stirring until cooled Us blood heat, then ^tir in 1 oz. of spirits of turpentme ; and now take out a little, let- ting it get cold, and if not then sufliciently thick to spread upon thin soft linen as a salve, you will boil again until this point is reached. It is good for all kinds of wounds, bruises, sores, burns, white swell- ings, rheumatisms, ulcers, sore breasts ; and eveii where there are Avounds on the inside, it has been used with advantage, by applying a plaster over the part. Magnetic Ointment. — Said to be Trask's. — Hard raisins cut In pieces, and fine-cut tobacco, equal weights ; simmer well together, then Bti-ain, and press out all irom the dregs. MEuVd's Salt-Kiieum Ointment. — Aquafortig, 1 oz. ; quicksilver, 1 oz. ; good liard soap, dissolved so as to mix rejidUy, 1 oz. ; prepared chalk, 1 oz. ; mixed with 1 lb. of lard ; mix the above by putting the aquafortis and quicksilver into an earthen vessel, and when done elwrvcscing, mix with the otlier ingredients, putting the chalk in last ; add a little spirits of turpentine, siiy ^ tablespoon. GlIEI tnrpNent digris, ] a cop])e] Itch Jfirits o: the pitcl irom tlie lastly th« Jaund iodide of Commen< day until JQiiMcdiat «Jid fuJne; to drops liEMEDi spirits, 1 p turijentino armg on a little at a time, and rubbing in all you can for 20 or 30 minutes. Asthma Remedies.- Elecampane, angelica, comfrcy, and spike- nard roots with hoarhonnd tops, of each 1 oz. ; bruise and steep in lioney. 1 pt. Dose, a tablespoon, taken hot every few minutes, until relief IS obtained, then several times daily until a cure is effected. Another. — Oil of tar^ 1 dr. ; tincture of veratrum viride, 2 drs. ; simple syrup, 2 drs. ; mix. Dose, for adults, 15 drops 3 or 4 times daily. Iodide of potassium has cured a bad case of asthma, by taking 5 gr. doses 3 times daily. Take ^ oz. and put it in a phial, and add 32 teaspoons of water ; then 1 teasixwn of it will coutjiiu the 5 grs., which put into i pill more water, and drink before meals. Composition Powder.— Thojitson's. —Bay berry bark, 2 lbs. ; hemlock bark, 1 lb. ; ginger root, 1 lb. ; cayenne pepper, 2 oz. ; cloves, 2 oz. ; all finely pulverized and well mixed. Dose, \ a teaspoon of it, nnd a spoon of sugar ; put them into a tea-cup, nnd pour it half full of boiling water ; let it stand a few minutes, and fill the cup w'th milk, and drink freely. If no milk is to bo obtained, fill up the cup \nth hot water. French Re3iedy for Citronio RHEt:::kL\TrsM.— Dr. Tonnet, of GraiUbet, France, states, in aletter to the " Abeillo Medicale," that ho has been long in the habit of prescribing " the essential oil of tuqicn- tiue by friction for rheumatism \ and that lie has used it himself with perfect success, having almost mstantaneously got rid of rheumatic pains in both knees and in the left shoulder." DfURETics — Pills, Drops, Decoction, &c .—Solidified copaiba, 2 parts ; alcoholic extract of cubebs, 1 part ; formed into pills with a little oil of juniper. Dose, 1 or 2 pills 3 or 4 times daily. This pill hart been found very valuable in affections of tlie kiduevs, bladder, and urethra, as inflammation from gravel, gonorrhoea, gleet, whites, leiicorrhoja, common inflammations, &c. tor giving them a sugar coat, see that heading, if desired. Diuretic Drops.— Oil of culwbs, i oz. ; sweet spirits of nitre, J oz. ; balsam of copaiba, 1 oz. ; llarlcm oil, 1 botUo ; oil of lavender, ■.m 192 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. 20 drops ; spirits of torpcutine, 20 drops : mix. Doso, 10 to 25 drops, as tho stomach will bear, three times daily. It may bo used iu any of the above diseases with great satisfaction. DiuBETio Tincture. — Green or growing spearmint mashed, put into a bottle, and covered with gin, is an excellent dioretic. Diuretic for CmiiDREN.— Spirits of nitro— a few drops in a littlo spearmint tea — ^is all sufficient. For very young chlldrra, pumpkin- seed, or water-melon-seed tea is iierhaps the best Dropsy. — Syrup and Pills. — Queen-of-tlie-raeadow root, dwarf- elder flowers, berries, or hmer bark, juniper berries, horse-radish root, pod milkweed, or silkweed, often called, root of each, 4 oz, ; prickly-ash bark of berries, mandrake root, bittersweet l)ark, of tho root of each, 2 oz. ; whitc-mustard-seed, 1 oz. ; Holland gin, 1 pt Pour boiling water on all except tlio gin, and keep hot for 12 hours ; then boil and pour off twice, and boil down to 3 qts., and strain, add- ing 3 lbs. of sugar, and lastly tho gin. Dose, take all tho stomach will bear, say a wine glass a day, or more. Dropsy Pills.— Jalap, 60 grs. ; gamboge, 30 grs. ; podophyllum, 20 grs. ; elatarium, 12 ^. ; aloes, 30 grs. ; cayenne, 35 grs. ; Castile soap, shaved and pulverized, 20 grs. ; crotou oil, O0droi)s ; ^lowdcrail finely, and mix thoroughly ; then form iuto pill mass, by usmgatliiclc mucilage made of c(iual parts of gum arable midgumtragacanth, and divide in three-grain pills. Dose, 1 pill ever]f 2 days for tho first week ; tlien every 3 or 4 days, until the water is evacuated by tho combmed aid of tlie pill with the alum syrup. This ia a powerful medicine, and will well accomplish its work. Liver Pill. — Leptandrin, 40 grs. ; i)odophyllin and cayenne, 30 grs. each ; sanguinarin, iridin, and ipecac, 15 grs. each ; see that all are pulverized and well mixed ; then form into piU mass by using ^ dr. of the soft extract of mandrake and a few drops of anise oil ; tlieii roll out iuto three-grain pills. Dose, 2 pills taken at bed-time Avill generally operate by morning ; but some persons require 3. Irritating Plaster.— Extensively Used by Eclectics.— Tar, 1 lb. I burgundy pitch, ^ oz. ; white-pine turpentine, 1 oz. ; resin, 2 oz. Boil the tar, resin, and gum together a short time, remove from the fire, and stir in finely pulverized mandrake root, blood root, iwko root, and Indian turnip, of each, 1 oz. Pills.- To Sugar Ck)AT.-rPills to be gngar coated must be very dry, otherwise they will shrink «vmy from the coating, and leave it a shell easily crushed off. When they are dry, you will take starch, gum arable, and white sugar, equal parts, rubbuig tliom very fine iu n marble mortar, and if damp, they must be dned before rubbing together ; then put the powder into a suitable pan, or box, for shak- ing ; now put a few pills into a small tin box having a cover, and pour on to them just a little simple syrup, shaking well to moisten the surface only ; then throw iuto the box of powder, and keep in motion until completely coated, dry, and smooth. If you are not very careful, you will get too much syrup upon the pills ; if you do, put in more, and be qmck about it to prevent moistening the pill too much, getting them into the powder as soon as possible. Positive Cure fob Hydrophobia.— The dried root of elecampane, pulverize it, and measure out 9 heaping tablespoonfuls, and mix it Arith 2 or 3 teaspoouf uls of pulverized giun oxabic ; then divide iuto 9«qDa one of half th tlxemo Jepeate doses a The J abstain J « dose c takelesa Eyjcf o* each J T»'ater of ^ow-add ^pooD ; bl prove too .J maP wncture of "^Portw< •^OTHai and use as, eyes of long »PP«cat/ont iSDlAK Ey Wack oils air ^«ea through ;«'ra 12 to 24 Jo'A childly, tf r?'™^ start I Xtn 9 •qoal portion* wi,«« ' ^'^* * ^^« 194 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. asthma, shortness of breath, congh, inward or ontwnrd sores, drop- sy, worms, gravel, fevers, palpitation of the heart, giddmcss, head- ache, &c., by taking it internally ; and for ulcers, malignant sores, cankers, &c., anointing externally, and wetUng linen with it, and applying to bums. Egyptian C(Jiik fob Cholera. — Best Jamaica ginger root, brais- ed, 1 oz. ; cayenne, 2 teaspoons ; boil all in 1 qt. of water to ^ pt., and add loaf sugar to form a thick syrup. Dose, 1 tablespoon every 15 mhiutes, until vomiting and pur^g ceases ; them follow up with a blackberry tea. Indian Tbescbiptiox fob Choleba.— First dissolve gtim camphor, Joz., inl^oz. of alcohol; second, give a teaspoon of spirits of hartshorn in a wine glass of water, and follow it every 5 minutes with 15 drops of the camphor in a teaspoon of water, for 3 doses ; then wait 15 minutes, and commence again as before ; and continno the camphor for 30 minutes, unless there is returning heat. Should this be the case, give one more dose, and the cure is effected ; let them perspire freely (which the medicine is designed to cause), as upon this the life depends, but add no additional clothing. Isthmus CuoiiEBA Tinctube. — ^Tincture of rhubarb, cayenne, opium, and spirits of camphor, with essence of peppermint, equal parts of each, and each as strong as can bo made. Dose, from 5 to 30 drops, or even to 60, and repeat, until relief is obtained, every 5 to SO minutes. KiNQ OP OHiS, FOB Neubalgia and REtEUMATisM.— Burning fluid, 1 pt. ; oils of cedar, hemlock, sassafras, and origanum, of each 2 oz. ; carbonate of ammonia, pulverized, 1 oz. ; mix. Dibections. — Apply freely to the nerve and gums around the tooth : and to tlie face, in neuralgic pains, by wettmg brown paper and laymg on the parts, not too long, for fear ci blistering, — ^to the nerves of teeth by lint. Nkubalgia.— IiTTEBNAi, Kemedt.— Sal-ammouiac, 4 dr., dissolve in water 1 oz. Dose, one tablespoon every 3 minutes, for 20 minutes, at the end of which time, if not bief ore, the pain will have disappeared. ABTiFiciAii Skin.— Fob Bubns, Beuises, Abbasions, &c. — Proof AGAINST Watee.— Take gun cotton and Venice turpentine, eaual parts of each, and dissolve them in 20 times as much sulphuric ether, dissolving the cotton first, then adduig the turpentine ; keep it corked tightly, water does not affect it, hence its value for cracked nipples, chappy hands, surfoce braises, &c., &c. Indian Balsam. — Clear, pale reshi. 8 lbs., and melt it, adding spirits of turpentine, 1 qt. ; balsam of tolu, 1 oz. ; 1)alsam of fir, 4 oz. ; oil of hemlock, origanum, with Venice turpentine, of each, 1 oz. ; strained honey, 4 oz. ; mix woU, aud bottle. Dose, 6 to 12 drops ; for a child of six, 3 to 5 drops, on a little su^r. The dose can be A-aried according to the ability of tbe stomadi to bear it, and the necessity of the case. It is a valuable preparation for coughs,' inter- nal pains, or strains, and works benignly upon the Iddneys. WENS— To Cube.— Dissolve copperas in water to make it very strong ; now take a pin, needle, or sharp knife, and prick or cut tbo wen m about a dozen places, just sufficient to cause it to bleed ; theu wet it well with the copperas water, once daily. Bbonchocelk.— Enlabged Neck.— To Cure.— Iodide of potiw- flium (often called bydxiodate of potash), 2 drs. ; iodine^ 1 dr. ; water 2§02 for In A litu enJan It will Is perl onoda Verton Dal] oil nuti ofassa/ W drop! Posit ond one the salt strength ^.CURB tnem wit down to stand till "ose, imn ToImpj powder oi )ra* in a 1 ure, and n UiesepijJsi .OCRR PC nrtor this U "'o»t8o,au Necessai established Its energies "'^ recupcK expenditure Jn^lish hist vented trort starved tod «iu not sJee The time «'« 5"id, bodyai g'veaUthatf »7<»nipelJiji. ^.*« tn the m »t, Nature Joose the bone lor the wants felGNS OF L ^oud, long, to, JJ the chest '^'"'y, as if CI DAiBv'«tfAiB&»Ai???.^''';'e''er. ""■""iM. U« cure can ba fire, and mix iTTal^'l'^^ '> ^i»en melted Sm^™^u^™ ^«» Uio nre recuperated S^»,"°S^ "»« hou«^ wSefSf,?® ^^» «^endS cxpenditur™^e B,f ^f,?' " ^^ rempemtiaJ^A^ ^^ tliat these vented from flleenirmP «i ^"° ^®re condenmfS t^'^ Ihus it w m early starved to featote^ijlS ^'^,^^^^^1^^^ an ?ffe ^^^^Pre- vented from flieenW of ^^° ^^^ condemnedT.'^ ^i\"l" ^s «» early starved to featote^ijlS ^'^,^^^^^1^^^ an ?ffe ^^^P«- «"i not Bleen TK^ ®"^'^»e .' the brainia;;!.* ' ^" . "*°se who aro iiie time "savpH"^!^"*'' "''^w work rfinii{i.i*i' ^'- ^nosewho ^ind bodyandState^S ??««««*'y ^e^pT 2^^°^ t% ^ E^L'i^ "^?' are?S v^u '^MWel'. your SSi^.±^^ Mind, body and estate ^ r^r'"''""'^ ""^ep is infainhiT;'^: ^"i*-. ^a. giveaU that itw, „S^:_**; Give vourself, yom-cffiS^ <*«8tn»ctlye to i, the /uUest aSt?f sleeW."''-.^"*"' ^7 ?omp?l?hirthSn?^°"' *^«^^^^^^^^^ n'ght. Nature, SJ^^^T^''^ ^hey awSS^SS^^» »»d t(^ loose the bonds of s£«.„*^^ regularity of toe' riSn!,'^*"^ » '<>«- for the wants of toe s?StSf ""Si?.®"* enough re,l?S 5'^' ^1 «u- , Signs of Disease S/?" ^'« ^^ the on^y SVn^ ^e? secured If the chest is aflfecte*i if «i * mometJ Stately, „ u cryi^^HS^i « «"« «« 1».P 07, breaitog oa tan«. 196 MEDICAL DErARTMENT, ETC If the head la affected, it cries, In sharp, piercino sJirieks, with Iota moans and waila between. Or there may be quiet doziiig, and start- ings between. It is easy enough to perceive, where a child is attaclccd b^ disease that there is some change talcing place ; for either its skin will Im) dry and hot, its appetite gone ; it is stupidly sleepy, or fretful and crying ; it is thirsty, or x>ale and languid, or in some way betrays that some- thing is wrong. When a child vomits, or has a diarrhoea, or is cos- tive pad feverish, it is owing to some derangpraent, and needs atten- tion. But these various symptoms may continue for a day or two before the nature of the disease can be determined. A warm bath, warm drinks, etc, can do no harm, and may help to determine the case. On coming out of the bath, and being well rubbed with the hand, the skin Will show symptoms of rash, if it is a skin disease which has commenced. By the appearance of the rash, the uatiiro of the disease can be learned. Measles are in patches, dark red, and come out first about the face. If scarlet fever Is impending, the skhi will look a deep pink all over the body, though mostly so about the neck and face. Cuicken-pox shows fever, but jiot so much running at the nose, and appearance of cold, as in measles, nor is there as much of a cough. Besides, the spots are smaller, and do not mn much together, and are more diffused over the whole surface of tlio skin, and enlarge into little blisters in a day or two. Let the room where the child is sick be shady, quiet, and cool. Bo careful not to speak so suddenly as to startle tlie half-sleephig patient and handle it with the greatest tendeniess when it is necessary to move it. If it is the lungs that suffer, have the little patient some- what elevated upon the pillows for easier breathing, and do everthing to sooth and make it comfortable, so as not to have it cry, and to thus distress its inflamed lun^. If the child is very weak, do not move it too suddenly, as it may be startled into convulsions. In administering a bath, the greatest pains must be taken not to frighten the child. It should be put in so gradually, and so amused by something placed in the water on purpose as to forget its fear ; keep up a good supply of fresh air, at a temperature of about G0° Fah. If a nired nurse vnust be had. select if possible a woman of Intelligence, gentle and loving disposition, kind and amiable manners, and of a most pacifio xuiruffled, and even temper. If a being can be got possessed of these angelic qualities, and we believe there are many such, you will bo quite safe in intrusting to her care the management of your sick child or yourself either, in case of sickness. She should not be under twenty-five or over fifty-five, as between these two ages she will, if liealthy, be in her full strength and capacity. Whoopiko Cough.— To empty the child's stomach by a lobelia emetic, Is the first step. After this make a B3rrup of sugar, ginger- root, a little water, and enough lobelia tincture to produce a slight nausea. This, given two or three times a day, will loosen the cough very much. See " Whooping Cough Syrup.^' DiABRH(EA. — Nothing IS better for looseness of the bowels than tea made of ground bayberry. Sweeten it well, and give a hnlf- teacupf ul once in two hours, until the child Is better. Bathing must not be neglected. For CJroup Remedy see " Cure for Lockjaw/' Couc— This can be cuim with warm injections of simple soap* rods, team faniij neede Fe\ other syrup, genera fiiCK these d niirahn< *wid out FlTS- ciiiJd 111 emetic, 1 /he Warn t'onal, th "Josur/ai consists ij with it, fl, ^^So braij cnlargenie ternaT obj, Jiabituai h( and idiocv w this dis« r./^eotmen andmuscuj; in the ton o: rfe The , Symptoms irpm having » de;ect^ rhe disease Jonn of attack Pulsions, flu-h, P«i^>. teideS; MEDICAL D£rARTME.yT,-Ejo, f"M, or warm water irif i, « I are. diiii«fl=„ '* , °^?so- The «»/ni«/««,. :; -"•artfeiueut of the bmh, «»« V^ , *^ "^m disease t ,T " """ ""a temaT objects, in-ital?A t^^' ^^^^Mess of inielS in^ «'^'"^'«»w of Iiabitual headach? S;. *^?^P*''» inordinate flnSsf^'%®"ce to cx- and idiocy Th?™ , Sometimes there So p.^«^^* •*®' fiidf'incss, and Pf uSS^^^So^T'SioTP- an e„^ 0, .^, „toa. , ^yrnptoma —Csinr^,.;^,, Biioma bo early no- •limy and iSmpy^^iS cMm '""» ^'"ated bilo feudal "s'''^><>red . The'dteeaso may bert, „„, .^ '^' ""* ""' *» ■» «°<^^g lug, intoler^nceof KdJ.? i^fe tenderness in thTL^I?'^^^ " t^e back ^ug, intolerance of liD-Lf 1^"1\ tenderness in thA onViVr ^ :" *^e back 198 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. is very Ir.iportant, and An oxcellent purgative croton oil, four dropa ; Uub wcli togetlicr in a or two, till it operates. canning retching and vomiting on every attempt to nit ap. Tlio tliird mode of attaclc is very insidious — tiio early Byiuptoiua being bo mild OS liardly to be noticed. In tliis case, tlio convuiMiong or palsy come nuddenly, without notice, bringing swift and unexpected destruc- tion. In the first stage of the aiscaso there is increased sensibility ; in the second decreased sensibility ; in the tliird, palsy, convulsions, squinting of the eyes, rolling of the bead, stupor, ,vud a rapid, thrcad- liKe pulse. l^eatment.— In the first stage, purging must 1)6 continued for three or lour days. Is this : pulverized scamraony, six grains ; pulverized loaf sugar, sixteen tcjuspoouful.i. inortar. Give one teaspoonful every hour Apply cold water or ice to the head. In the second stjigo put blisters upon the bade of the neck, and one on the l)owel3, if very tender. Ill the tliird stage use the warm bath, also alteratives and diuretics. I'or an alterative, use iodide of potassium, on© dram ; water, half a.i ounce ; mix. Thirty drops to a child sevcu years old every hour, lor a diuretic, use tincture of digitalis, one ounce ; syrup of squills, one ounce ; mix. Ten drops for a child seven years old every four hours. The patient should bo kept in a dark room, away from all noise and excitement, and should lie upon a hair mattreH.«4, with his head somewhat elevated. The diet in the first stage should bo noth- ing more than gruel ; after that, more nourishmg, but easy of diges- tion, such as bccf-tea, i)lain chicken-broth, animal-jellies, etc. At the same time the patient should bo supported by the cautious use of wine-whey, valerian, or ten droits of aromatic spirits of ammonia every four hours. Mumps. — Tliis disease, most common among cnildren, begins witn soreness and stiffness in the side of the neck. Soon a swelling of the Iiaratoid gland takes place, which is painful and contmues to increase or four or five days, sometimes making it difficult to swallow, or open the mouth. The bwelliug sometimes comes on one side at a time, but commonly upon botlu There is often heat and sometimes lover, with a dry skin, quick pulse, furred tongue, constipated bowels, and scanty and high-colored urine. The disease is contagious. Treatment. — Keep the face and neck warm, and avoid taking cold. Drink warm herb teas, and if the sjTnptoms are severe, 4 to G grs. of Dover's powder ; or if there is costivenesa, a slight physic, and observe a very simple diet. If the disease is aggravated by taking cold, and is very severe, or is translated to other glands^ physic must he used freely, leeches applied to the swelling, or coohng poultices. Sweating must be resorted to in this case. ScABLF/r Fkv£B is an acute inflammation of the snin, hoth exter- nal and internal, and connected with an infectious fever. Svmvtoms. — The fever shows itself between two and ten days after exposure. On the second day of the fever the eruption comes out ir. minute pimples, which are either clustered together, or spread over the surface in a general bright scarlet color. The disease begins with languor, pains in the head, back, and limbs, drowsiness, nausea and chills, followed by heat and thirst. When the redness appears the pulse is quick, and the patient is restless, anxious and often delirious. The eyes arc red, the face swollen, and the tongue covered in tho cxti Jiyt heig conn In disfi; the t throa tonsil nndej ficesse difflcH tliat o Bcariet fourth ^ lYea TJie ro coverin often ai istored. needed. If tlie: tincture Tmctu oz. ; raij It wou and to R wustaru •» day, foi having se pepper. Dowels be Allowed ; ] tamarind- raay be • muriatic ai iuid given i . Where tl immediate] prostration folor ; the "le ulcers i ent from th( wven freely y Wiiia is mj « pzs. ; Buipi wme-giassfu oe given in a made of pui, J^et It stand mouth onco i 5:''..' i IM^ . wddlo with whito m "19» under tlie ™r "J^l"" H'lw wSid, iS?"?' ""I u1m„ ',;±''- Th. needed. "^ ^*"^ ^^I* of beUaiizS SSfS ^/^^ SSuTbe'^'d" ^'i"- ,. If there is m„oh / ^ *"*^ monUnff S «?i'il'"j"- i -* 1 II 300 liiEDICAL DErARTMENT) ETC. M the skin begins to peel ofF, to prevent droTMny. If dro^ l^Jt» In. tlie liath once in 3 days is sufficient, and sweating should be promoted by giving the tincture of Virginia snake-root and similar iwticles ; a generous diet .\hould be allowed at the same time, to bring vp uta 'diild's strength Measles is an acute inflammation of tho skin, internal and exter- nal, combined with an infectious xever. Symptoms. — Chills succeeded by great heat, languor, and drowsi- less, pains in the head, back^ and limbs, qu/ck pulse, soreness of throat, tliirst, nausea and vomituig, a dry cough, and high-colored urine. These symptoms increase in violence for four days. The eyes are inflamed and weak, and the nose pours forth a watery secretion, with frequent sneezing. There is considerable hiflammation in tho larynx, windpipe, and bronchial tubec, with soreness of the breast and lioarseness. A1x>ut the fourth dajr the skin is covered with a breaking out which produces heat and itching, and is red in spots, upon the face first, gradually spreading over the whole body. It goes off in the same way, from the face first and then from the body, and the hoarseness and other symptoms decline with it; at last the outside skin peels off in scales. Treatment. — ^In a mild form, nothing is required but a light diet, slightly acid drinks, and flax seed or slljipery elm tea. Warm herb tc£», and frequent sponge baths with tepid water, serve to allay the fever; care should be taken not to let tne patient take cold. If tho fever is very high, and prevents the rash coming out, a slight dose of salts, or a nauseating dose of ipecac, lobelia, or hive-syrup should bo given, and followed by teasponful doses of compound tincture of Virginia snake-root until the fever is allayed. If the patient from any derangement takes on a low typhoid type of fever, and the rash does not come out until the seventh day, and is then of a dark and livid color, tonics and stimulants must bo given, and expectoration promo- ted by some suitable remedy. There is always danger of the lungs being left in an inflamed state after tho measles, unless the greatest care is taken not to suffer the patient to take cold. Should there be much pain, and a severe cougu, this must be treated as a separate disease, with other remedies. Typhoid Feveb. — Symptoms. — Is generally preceded by several days of languor, low spirits, and indisposition to exertion. There is also, .. usuallv, some pain in the back and head, loss of appetite, and drowsiness, though not rest. The disease shows itself by a chill. During the first week there is increased heat of the surface, frequent pulse, furred tongue, restlessness, sleeplessness, headache, and pain in the back; sometimes diarrnoca and swelling of the belly, and somo- times nausea and vomiting. Tho second week is often distinguished by small, rose-colored spots on tho belly, tod a crop of little watery pimples on the neck and chest, having the appearance of minute drops of sweat; the tongue is dry and b&ck, or red and sore; the teeth are foul; there may oe delirium and dullness of hearing; and the symptoms every way are more serious than during the first week. Occasionally, the bowels are at this period perforated or ate through by ulceration, and the patient sudoenly sinks. If tlio disease proceeds imfavorably into the third week, thoro ia low, muttering dcliriom; great exhaustion; id^^ding doxr mns skin brig} Chan Tn watei andb be re Powd( Ingby produ( hour. hops a let the Tv-ater. >vine w hyson. quinine nursing aisaise( GKOCJ Cheap molasses a best 0/ vin stock Is so] Fob Gr, your vineg molasses, 2 portions in your old vii time ; whei on to sell oi the last ; th case when n vinegar on I low- the nex admit air. ' , VlNKaAR haeswood ch three days. P'erced with freeadmlsslo tlie better, to another bam *'™<"a.e patients ^ "ECElWs. 20) case when nf ».,^ '^^'^ to the firn^ ^nH™® ^^ is disDosprf «V^° P^^a S02 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS* RECEIPTS. chips and tho other half above it The top tab must have its bottom pierced with a number of gimlet holes, in which are placed 8t> reral threads of twine, to conduct the vinegar evenly over the chips. Tho liquid drains down slowly through the chips and out of a faucet near the bottom of the barrel into the lower tub. It should nm through every four hours, and then bo baled or pumi)ed back. Directions to make vinegar from sugar : Use 1^ lb. to each gal. of water ; of tho drep of molasses barrels, use 2 lb. to each gal. of water ; small beer, lager beer, ale, &c,, which have become sour, make good vinegar by bdug reduced with water ; small beer needs but little water, lager beer as much water as beer ; to 2 gals, cider, add ^ gal. of water ; you can a!so make excellent vinegar out of the artificial cider mentioned below. Use, in every case, soft water to make vinegar, and use 2 qts, yeast to every barreL It makes much quicker if the fluid is slightly lukewarm. Leach either of these preparations through the shavmgs. Tliis process should be attended to during warm weather, or in a room where a pretty high temperature is kept up, as it will not trork otherwise. Excellent Vinegar, Cheap. — Acetic acid, 5 lbs. ; molasses, 2 gal. ; yeast, 2 qts, ; put them into a forty-gal. cask, and fill it un with rain water ; stir it up, and let it stand one to three weeks, letting It have all the air possible, and you will have good vine^r. If wanted stronger, add more molasses. Should you at any time have weak vinegar on hand, put molasses mto it to set it working. This will soon correct it. Make in a warm place. White Wine ViNEaAB,— Mash up 20 lbs. raisins, and add 10 gals, water ; let it stand in a warm place for one month, and you will have pure white wine vinegar. The raisins may be used a second time the same way. To Preseu^ts Eggs.~To each patent pailful of water, add 2 ptg. of fresh slacked lime, and 1 pt of common salt ; mix well. Till your barrel half full with this fluid, put your eggs down in it any time af- ter June, and they will keep two years if desired. Liquid Mucilage.— Fine clear glue 1 lb. ; gum arable, 10 oz. ; water, 1 qt. ; melt by heat in a glue kettle or water bath ; when en- tirely melted, add slowly 10 ozs. strong nitric acid, set oil to cool. Then bottle, adding in a couple of cloves to each bottle. Candied Lemon Peel. — Take lemon peels and boil them in syrup ; then take them out, and dry. Baking Powder.— Tartaric acid, 6 lbs. ; pure sesquicarbonate of soda. 8 lbs. ; potato farina, or other flour or starch. 16 lbs. Dry separately by gentle heat. Mix this perfectly in a dry room, pass the mixture through a sieve and put up at once into damp proof hard pressed packjiges. To use, 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls are mixed with dry flour, which is then mixed witli cold water, and baked imme- diately. Another. — ^Tartaric acid, 1 lb. ; pure bicarbonate of soda | lbs. ; potato farina, J lb. Treat tho same as the last. To AlAiCE AN Ice Chest.— Take 2 drygoods Iwxes, one of which h enough smaller than the other to leave a si^ace of about 3 inches all around when it is placed inside. Fill the space between tlie two with sawdust packed closely, and cover with a heavy lid made to fit neat- ly inside the lai^cr box. Insert a small pipe in the bottom of tho chest to carry oil tho water from tho melting ice. For family use or ffro twe had centJ eiion must ciear sedim taliow white neons J when ii afterws handles /ngs;p, juffgrad ^ oz. BSLl J^ansabo len-th or 20 Jbs.8aJ veri^ed « *}^% and T dissolved. "'en add i ^'^i^yontli Best So S?'2V^iffht 1" a barrel, OOAp \yn ^'0"rwith2^ je '5 «og soft vrater ; now mix in the lime, stirring occasionally for a few hoars ; nfter which, let it settle, pouring off the clear liquor, and boiling the txillow therein until it is all dissolved ; cool it in a flat box or pan, cut into bat's or cakes as desired. It may be perfumed with sassafras oil or any other perfume desired, stirruig it in when cool. One hundred pounaa aoapy very c/ieop.— Potash, C lbs. ; lard, 4 lbs. ; resin, ^ lb. Beat up the resin, mix all together, and set aside for five days ; then put the whole into a 10-gal. cask of water, and stir twice a day for ten days, when it is ready for use. Yabiegated Soaps.— Soft water 3qt8., nice white bar soap 3 lbs., sal-soda 2 ozs. : Chinese vermilion and Chinese blue, of each about 7 grs., oil sassafras ^ oz. ; shavo the soap into thin slices and add it to the water as it begins to boil, when dissolved set it off the fire, take out a cup of soap and stir in the vermillion, take out another cup of soap and stir in the blue ; then pour in the contents of the first cup, givui£ two or three turns only with s. ntirring stick, then add the other cupf m in the same way, then ])our into moulds, or into a proper box. and when cold it can be cut mto bars ; it wiU present a beautiful streaked appearance. Cahphob Soap. — Curd soap 28 lbs., otto of rosemary l|lbs. Reduce the camphor to powder, add one oimco almond oil, then sift it, when the soap is melted and ready to turn out, add the camphor and rose- mary. WJiite Windsor Soap. — Curd soap 1 cwt., marine soap 21 lbs. oil soap 14 lbs., oil caraway, 11^ lbs., oil thyme and rosemary of each 4 lb. oils of cassia and cloves of each i lb. Brown Windsor Soap. C ur d soap | cwt. , marine soap J cwt. , y eUow soap J cwt. , oil soap i cwt. Brown coloring (caramel) J pt. oils caraway, cloves, thyme, cassia, petit grain and French lavender of each 2 oz. Sand jS^oan.— Curd soap fibs, marine soap 7 lbs., sifted silver sand 28 lbs., oils tnyme, cassia, cara- way, and French lavender of each 2 oz. Solid Candles fbom lard.— Dissolve i lb. alum and i lb. salt- petre in J^ pt. water on a slow fire ; then take 3 lbs. of lard cut into small pieces, and put into the pot with this solution, stirring it con- stantly over a very moderate nre imtil the lard is all dissolved ; then let it simmer until all steam ceases to rise and remove it at once from the fire. If you leave it too long it will get discolored. These can- dles are harder and better than tallow. • Tallow— To Cleanse and Bleach. — ^Dissolve alum, 5 lbs., in water, 10 gals., by boiling ; and when it is all dissolved, aid tallow, 20 lbs. ; continue the boiling for an hour, constantly stirring and skimming ; when sufficiently cool to allow it, strain through thick muslin ; then set aside to harden ; when taken from the water, lay it by for a short time to drip. Imitation Wax Candles.— Purify melted tallow by throwing in powdered quick lime, then add two parts wax to one of tallow, and a most beautiful article of candle, resembling wax, will be tlie result. Dip the wicks in lime water and saltpetre on making. To a gallon of Avater odd 2 oz. saltpetre and ^ lb. of lime ; it improves tne light, and prevents the tallow from running. Adamantine Candles fbom Tallow.— Melt together 10 oz. mat* ton tallow ', camphor, ^ oz, ; boes-waX| 4 oz. ; alum, 2 oz. Altao iieef, r." < Bnckv Beans Butter " 1 " t Coffee, lb r/' '^« <^Jover 8( Corn, r>ei Cement, 1 Cotton, b{ a »»«.. Dried Peaii: fj^x, bale, i'«li,quinu P, ' barrel, ^Jaxseed, bi ^^.?"r, bbl. n ,, includi T ■,. ^b8. fndlan Meal, I ^^|^£e^^88e^ab( ftatuteaon^«l ^^^l^»>ox. double 0,300 to 050 Bye b'"'- " '*"^'^ ^' ^^^ **» 350 ti ,110 to Ib8.'''"'^-^«»08t Places, 65 riour, bbl.net, 196 IK, Gmger, ground, box 24 Jb Ib«. ™''- ■" ■"»»( place M ™" '" — '-■ - Teneriff' »^«aJ». Ahogsh'er?3««i,10«^al,. ««ki8 one-?Surth^' *,mmerce. In freighting vessels by the ton, in the absence of a definite agreement betflreen the owner of the vessel and freighter of thegoods, the following regulations shall be the standard of computation : That the articles the biuk of which shall compose a Ton, to e-^ual a Ton ofJieavy materials, shall be in weight as follows. Coffee m casks, 1568 lbs. ; Coffee in bags, 1830 lbs. ; Cocoa in casks, 1120 lbs. ; Cocoa in bags, 1307 lbs. ; Pimonto in casks, 952 lbs. ; Pimento in bags, 1110 lbs. ; Dry hides, 10 cwt. ; Chinese raw silk, 8 cwt. ; Bohea tea, net, 10 cwt. ; Green teas, 8 cwt. ; Ship-bread, bulk, 8 cwt. ; Ship-bread, Dags, 7 cwt. ; Ship-bread, casks, 6 cwt. ; Grain, Peas, or Beans in casks, 22 bushels ; Grain, in bulk, 36 bushels ; European salt, 31 bushels ; West India salt, 31 bushels ; Sea coal, 29 bushels ; Tobacco, 9 hhds. ; Pig and Bar iron. Potashes, Sugar, Logwood, Fustic, Nicaraguf wood and Heavy Dye-woods, Rice, Honey, Copper ore, and vll othet heavy goods, 20 cwt.=l ton ; Coffee, cocoa, and dried codfish ii bulk. If cwt.=l ton ; Dried Codfish, in casks of any size, 12 cwt.=l ton ; uil. Wine, Brandy, or any kind of liquor, reckoning the full contents of tlie cask, wine measures 200gals.=l ton. Mahogany, Square timber. Oak Plank, Pine and other boards, Beavers, Furs, Peltry, Beeswax, Cotton, Wool, and ala of all kind8j40 cubic ft.=l ton. Flour, in bbls. of 196 lbs. each 8 bbl8.= Iton; Beef, Tallow, Pickled flsh. Pitch, Tar, and Turpentine, 6 bbls. =1 ton. A Cab-load.— As a general rule the following quantities constitute a car-load throughout Canada and the United States, viz. : 20,000 lbs. or 70 bbls. of salt, 70 of lime, 70 of flour, 60 of whiskey, 200 sacks of flour, 6 cords of hard wood, 7 of soft wood, 16 head of horses, 18 to 20 head of cattle, 50 to 60 head of hogs, 80 to 100 head of sheep, 9,000 feet of solid boards, 17,000 feet of siding, 13,000 feet of flooring, 40,000 shingles, one-half less of hard lumber, one-fourth less of green lum- ber, one-tenth less of joists, scantling and all other large timber, 340 bushels of wheat, 3G0 of corn, 680 of oats, 400 of barley, 360 of flax-seed, 360 of apples 430 of Irish potatoes, 356 of sweet potatoes, 1,000 bushels of brau. Exchange on England. Exchange is the method of adjusting accounts or paying debts, when the debtor and creditor are distant from each other, by means of an order or draft called a bill of exchange, so as to avoid the transmission of cither money or goods ; for example, A of New York wishing to pay a debt to B, of London, pays an equivalent fimount to C, of New York, who has a debtor, D, in London ; and A receives from C an order, addressed to D, requesting him to pay the amount to B. This is sent in a letter to B, who f>resents it to D for acceptance or payment. Thus the debtor in one place B substituted for the debtor in another, and two accounts may be adjust- ed at the same time by the simple transmission of a letter. I'ar of ex- ehatif, count precit ingto to25f Londc precia by the and an mand standa change if less I ■"KITISH ^' 19 c. m i:^^2.o Flavo] *ozs.;sug{ Ipt. Cut •111 into a si a water bat colate thro extracts, as i^'ie respect] Essential , «c., are obtj to a coarse pi o^er in » ^ essential oilj «^c are obta JoPkesei fsUar floor, v fiirel, then j t'»en a layer packed in this Change, fs the eaiii ^' ii « « W.88.9 4.90.0 4.91.1 4.93.3 4.94.4 4.95.6 4.96.7 4.97.8 1 24.2 iiTTrrH- ^L. *•" * « c7l£T~S~rr-.-T. 1 24.2 2 • 48.4 3 72.6 4 90,8 C|l.21.0 Cll.45.2 7(1.69.4 «)1.93.6 9 2.17.8 i:^.42.0 2.60.2 2.90.4 3.14.6 3.38.81 , 3.63.0, 3.87.21 4.11.4 4.35.61 4.59.8 4 84 9 68 14 52 19 36 24 20 29 04 33 88 38 72 43 66 48 40 63 24 68 08 62 92 67 76 72 60 7744 82 28 87 12 91 96 96 80 101 64 106 48 111 32 116 16 121 00 ,^25 84 ,^. 130 68 137 135 52 38 Ji2 ^ 39 J45_20 40 160 04 154 88 159 72 164 66 169 40 174 24 179 08 183 92 188 76 193 60 198 44 203 28 208 12 212 90 217 80 242 00 290 4Q 338 80 387 20 436 00 tsseiitial oils enclospH i» *i ^^Y'sioii with thfiol^'^^**J'e carried «^c., are obtaiiiPfi h,r "^*^'® skius of iJLl, « essel, then press the juice through a fine cloth and add ^ its weight of sugiir, mfxw ill air- color c To I airangi known itiea of remove! sel by r siirroini clean bi ciiarcoal •1 short bad sme fresh, ma jmpnrted lug opera, . Anothei Its weight """ pour "'•Iter to 1 l', wash i the rancid water, ^j previously, portion. ^^ , .'^" Can 1 "'"g fruit ^ "aiiie of the j!°'^'»ff,and <^"n-ants, o. fosebenie«, J'peacJies(/ ^"' tomatoef Jo Can Gn «»fl use 1 tea* '^*- When '^'^"s of corn" ^EKCBNTAOJ m^ Whlske,, Gill.. Brandy". B"rgr„f,u-V- ,<;«P«Muwat.:' CJiumpag„e^;ij„. Clder^* ^*Par: Co"8tantia.'."" Gooseberry Wln'e niw well, brfn.» ♦).« • . arrangement for t&? Bi;tter._t] itJes of charcoal T? ^'f odorizi„„ o,,^*^ removed fw)^ he firki^''"«d bffirt sel by removW thfi .♦ " ^' other vea *-'c™^-j?™«« J * wi port. •" ""'« wiii J TODffe'S'Sft for^the'if ? »^TTER._Th« n * ' """' """ "^ ^''^ SSra»''"-Va^XrrX and can. «!"" ^.'', .: (Jill... Brandy Burgundy V; f«P« Muscat.: ™Pagiie (still) Clder^' <»Park]ing>;;; I Constantla.'. [Gooseberry win';:::::::;; M.53 .53.9 .53.68 .61.6 63.39 •••.J4.57 ••.18.26 •••13.80 •■•-.12.61 •«.2to9.8 19.73 11.48 PoT"*^^"« Madeiia... Jeneriffe..:"' ' anerrv. "" Claret.. Elder.... Ale.... J*orter 5^«Iaea...: Klienish . . Small Beer 20.50 ..22.90 ...22.27 ..19.79 ••.19.17 •..15.1 • 8.79 •• C.87 .. 4.2 ••17.26 -.12.8 •• 1.28 IJ 210 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. Rapid Phockss of markino Goods at akt desired teu cent. PuoFiT. — Retail inerchanta, in buying goods by wholesale, buy a great many articles by the dozen, such as ^x)ts and shoes, hats and ca)>s, and notions of various kinds ; now, the merchant, in buying, for lu- Etance, a dozen hata, knows exactly what one of these liats will retail for in the market where he deals ; and, unless he is a good accountant, it will often take him some time to determine whether he can afford to purchase the dozen liats and make a living profit by selling them by the single hat ; and in buying his goods by auction, as the merchant often does, he has not time to make the calculation before the goods are bid olT. He therefore loses tlie chance of making good bargains bv be- ing afraid to bid at random, or if ho bids, and the goods are cried off, he may have made a poor bargain, by biddUig thus at a venture. It then becomes a useful ana practical problem to determine instantly wliut per cent, he would gain if ho retailed the hat at a certain price, to* tell what an article should retail for to make a profit of 20 per cent. Rule. — Divide wJiat the articles cost per dozen oy 10, which is done hy removing the decimal point one place to tlie left. For instance, if hats cost $17.50 per dozen, remove the decimal pohit one place to the left, making $1.75, what they should be sold for apiece to gain 20 per cent on the cost. If they cost $31.00 per dozen, tnev should be sold at $3.10 apiece, etc. We take 20 per cent, as the basis for the following reasons, viz : because we can determuie instant- ly, by simply removiuof the decimal point, without changing a figure, and, if the goods woiud not bring at least 20 per cent, profit in tho home market, tho merchant could not afford to purchase, and would look for cheaper goods. The reason for the above rule is obvious, for if we divide the cost of a dozen by 12, wo have the cost of a single article ; then if we wisli to make 20 per cent, on the cost (cost bemg 1-1 or 6-5), we add tho per cent., which is 1-5, to the 6-5, making 6-5 or 12-10 : then as wo multiply the cost, divided by 12, by the 12-10 to find at wtiat price ono must be sold to gain 20 per cent, it is evident that the 123 will cancel and leave tho cost of a dozen to be divided by 10, to do this remove the decimal point one place to the left. Example 1.— If I buy 2 dozen caps at $7.50 per dozen, what shall I retail them at to make 20 per cent. ? Ans. 75 cents. Example 2.— When a merchant retails a vest at $4.60 and makes 90 per cent, what did he pay per doz. ? Ans. $45. Example 3. — ^At what pnce should I retail a pair of boots that cost $85.00 per doz. to make 20 per cent ? Ajis. $8.50. Now, as removing the decimal point one place to the left, on tho cost of a dozen articles, gives tho selling price of a single one with 20 per cent, added to tho cost, and, as the cost of any article is 100 per cent., it is obvious that tho selling ])rico would bo 20 per cent, more, or 120 per cent. ; hence, to find 50 per. cent, profit whidi would make the selling price 150 per cent, we would first find 120 per cent, then add 30 per cent by increasing it one-fourth itself ; lor 86 per cent., increase it one-eight itself, etc. Heuce to mark au wrticle at any per cent profit wo find the following : —General RxTLE.—t'irstfind 20 per cent, profit by removing the dec- imal point one place to the left on the price tTie articles cost per doz.; then, as 20 per cent profit is i20per cent, add to or subtract from this quot iMirt of 100, a« S §f?^"LgenaniUy take a per cent th„f • « <4 (I • I (( l( repared with great care and labor. Each leaf is picked separately, an(l nipped off above tlio footstalks ; and every separate leaf is rolled in the hand. It is much esteemed for its flavor. Gunpowder Tea is only Hyson rolled and rounded to give it the granular appear- ance whence it derives its name. Tho Cliinese call it Choo-cha (peal tea). Jlyson-Skin is so named from the Chbiese term, in which comiection skin means tho refuse, or inferior portion. In preparir/j Ilyson, all leaves that are of a coarse yellow, or imperfectly twisted appearance, are separated, and sold as skin-tec, at an inferior price. Twankay is the last pickmg of green tea, and the leaf is not rolled or twisted as much as the dearer descriptions. _ There is altogether less trouble bestowed on the preparation. Coffees.— Java Coffee.— Use of the imported article, 20 lbs. ; dried dandelion root, 7 lbs. ; chiccory, 13 lbs. Roast and grini well together. ron West ba>iA, use rye roasted with a littlo butter, and ground very fine. I OR Turkey Coffee, nso rice or wheat roasted with a little butter, 7 lbs. ; chiccory, 3 lbs. ; grind.' Essence of Coffee is made by boiling down molasses till hard ; grind to a powder ; add J lb. of good Java coffee to every 4 lbs. of tho mixture. . Put up for sale in round tin cans or air-tight paper packages. Coffee for Voxtsd PACKAGE3.--Bcst Java coffco, 1 ib. ; rye, 3 ct d /bs. ; dust. careful]' ficparate aroma. 'I'o Fr.i Mch of 1 h jMirt ea p.iitpctro, W) jwrts 1 solution ( decoction to tliis eu( nieated w fl'id final] I-'i-avou oz. ciunan tliom into ; macerate ; common oi will bo un( Tabao I^j jasmines, tt chest or jar, Maccabo mixture of t Spanish i «ddiug groui ^vater, and a Veli^w S ^ith a mixtu spoonfuls of 1 I'erfumes musk civet, le or oils of bei rojes, as well UXERRljfo yellowish or your hand ; 1 J^ead a little poor. Throw like powder, it ^liolesome, pr, "sed, and absor ■^-RATED Br] mon salt; 1 teas 'CRs, accordin" t require less. ^V vessel, then odd fPoou.- Bake in '■void tho use of ^bs. ; cawfoUy dean ii,« . ^'^ dust, drain oj* ffwlL'^'® t^mnM ?iad im»i„. carefuUy aUrriig ^ tt^ .*"<> P"t the gS"^!,,^""!^ to remove Ct,„„°i|vS^ K'O". ■"Mtfcf a SjSrt ?'"' .«" "Kite common ot inferim vT""*' "W witli iS,i. i,* '?}'■ few day, to . Perfumes FOB s™?T'^*^"«dded ^'"''^' *« ^vhicha fS? i^TLS^^^S'^^^ o^itto, ..^^ fojes, as well as Smi ^f,'^' ^^^^es, lavender L«f°"^1 ^oot, esseSJ ^'prS'TiJX^^^^'^i^^^ '"»•; flour, "sed, and absorbs Si- ^?**®^ and better b?P^^^l' ^° become moro 'w, SSrtiSS?.?e"d"«l»>4arf?MS?^>' =«'»; CO ™ oom 214 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS* RECEIPTS. Patent SELF-TlAisixa Floitb. — Kiln-dried flour, 1 cwt. ; tartaric acid, lO-i oz. ; mix thoroughly. After 2 or 3 duvs, add, of bicarb, soda, 12 oz.; lump sugar 4 lb. ; common salt. 1^ lb. Mix, and pass through the " dressing machine." Have all the articles perfectly dry, and separately reduced to fine powder before adding to the flour. Bli.x with cold water, and bake at once. It produces light and porous bread. To CurE Butter. — Take 2 parts of fine salt ; 1 part loaf sugar ; i part saltpetre ; mix completely. Use 1 oz. of this mixture to each pound of butter ; work well. Bury your butter firkins in tho earth in your cellar bottom, tops nearly level with the ground, or store away in a very cool place, covering the butter with a clean cloth and a strong brine on the top, and it will keep two years if desired. To Keep Butter dumno Hot Weather.— A simple mode of Icecping butter in warm weather is to invert a largo crock of earthen, or a flower pot if need be, (varying with tho size of the vessel con- taining the butter.) over tho dish or firkin in which the butter is held. The porousness of the earthenware will keep tho butter cool, and all the more so if the pot bo "wrapped in a wet cloth, with a little water in the dish with tho butter. Not the i)orosity of the earthenware, but the rapid absorption of heat by external evaporation causes the butter to become liard. To RESTORE Rancib Butter. — Uso 1 pt. Water to each lb. of but- ter, previously adding 20 grs. chloride of hrao to each pt of water ; vrash well tho butter in this mixture, afterward re-wash in cold water and salt ; or melt the butter in a water bath Avith aninwL charcoal^ coarsely powdered and previously well sifted to freo it from aust ; skim, remove, and strain through flannel ; then salt Tomato Catsup.— }'oil 1 bushel of tomatoes till they aro soft; squeeze them through a fine wire sieve; add 1^ pte. salt, 2 oz. cayenne pepper, and 5 heads of onions, skinned and separated; mix together, And boil till reduced one half; then bottle. The Nokthern-Lioht Burnino Fluid.— Get good deodorized benzine, (iO to 05 gravity, and to each brl. of 42 gals, add 2 lbs. pulver- ized alum, 3^ oz. gum camphor, and SJ^oz. oil of sassafras, or 2 oz. oil Lergamot; stir up and mix thoroughly together, and it will soon bo xeady for use. N. B. — As this fluid creates a much larger volume of light and flame than carbon oil, it is necessary to use either a hish "burner, such as the sun burner, to elevate the flame away from the lamp, in order to keep it cool, or instead thereof, to use a burner pro- vided with a tube for the escape of the gas generated from the fluid, such, for instance, as the Meriden burner. Test foh Burning Oil.— Heat water in a pot on tho firo to 120° Fahi. Take a tin and put in it a tablesiwonf ul of the oil you wish to test, place tho tin contiining the oil in the hot water, let it cool down to 112° Fahr. ; when at this point, approach a light very cautiously to- wards the oil, and if it takes firo before the light touches it you will be safe in rejecting it rRESERVEO OR Solidifii:d ItfiLK.- 1. Fresh-skimmcd milk, 1 gal; sesquicarbonate of soda (in i)owder), IJj dr. Mix; evaporate to ^ part by heat of steam or watcrbath, with constint agitation ; then add of powdeiod sugar 0^ lbs. and complete tho cvaxx}ratiou at a reduced tempcrat draijied, put the w 2. Carboi milk, one and finis Observe— a good su Sealin a bright ( Venice tii remove ^i color, use blue color, Each color uso only si IIORTICL parts, and i Bottle i powdered i substitute ^ GOLD-COI turpentine 1 J)e ground, dust. Mix LlTHOGIM iiard tallow vax 10 j)arta Inks.— 1. tion of logwc <> ozs. siuj)ha siiffar, and 8 > to boil; Ktraii Ijlack. 2. G) ;«-.";er 8 part. lake sulpliat, quired color, aJiiliue in wat little auilino i Mosaic gold, t condition. G. foil and sulph.- the salt out, ai gum arable v i'^f^- 1 lb. pr ius. acetic acid pnnter's varnif Add 1 lb. of El ™- ; glim, 10 ] Macerate for 3 ^lU endure for ihs. Put them Allow tho Avho] GROCEBS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 215 temperature. Reduce the dry mass to powder, add tlio cream well draiued, which was taken from the milk. After thorough admixture, put the whole mto well stopped bottles or tins, and hermetically seal. 2. Carbonate of soda, i dr. ; water, 1 fluid oz. ; dissolve ; add of fresh milk, one qt. ; sugar, 1 lb. ; reduce by heat to the consistency of a syru]>. and finish the evaporation on plates by exposure, in an oven. 06sen'e— About 1 oz. of the powder agitated with 1 pt. of water forms a coed substitute for milk. Sealing-wax, Red. — Shellac (very jwile), 4 oz. ; cautiously melt in a bright copper pan over a clear charcoal fire ; when fused, add Venice turpentine, IJ oz. Mix, and further auJ vermilion, 3 oz. ; remove -ue pan from tlie fire, and ix)ur into a mould. For a black color, use ivory black, or lampblack, instead of the vermilion ; for a blue color, use* Prussian blue, instead of the vermilion, same quantity. Each color must bo well mixed with the composition ; of the lampblack, use only sufilcient to color. lIOKTicuLTuuAii Ink.— Coppcr, 1 part ; dissolve in nitric acid, 10 parts, and add water, 10 parts ; used to write on zinc, or tin labels. Bottle Wax— Black. — Black TQnin, G^ lbs. ; beeswax, h lb. ; finely powdered ivory black, IJj lbs. Melt together. Red, as the last, but substitute Venetian red, or red lead, for the ivory black. GoLD-coLOKED Sealing-w AX. —Bleached shellac, .'J lbs.; Venice turpentine 1 lb. ; Dutch leaf ground fine, 1 lb., or less. The leaf should 1)0 ground, or powdered sufflciently fine, without being reduced to dust. Mix with a gentle heat, and pour into moulds. LiTnoGKAPHio Intc. — Venice turpentine 1 part, lampblack 2 parts, hard tallow soap G parts, mastic in teai-s, 8 parts, shellac 12 parts, vnx lU parts; melt, stir, and ix)ur it out on a slab. Inks. — 1. Tine Black writing Ink. — To 2 gals, of a strong decoc- tion of logwood, well strained, add l^lbs. blue galls in coarse powder, ozs. Sulphate of iron, 1 oz. acetate of copper, G ozs. of well ground supar, and 8 oz. gum arable. Set the above on the fire until it begins to boil; strain, and then set it away until it has acquired the desired llick. 2. Green Ink. Cream of tartar 1 part, verdigris 2 parts, wr^er 8 partri. Boil till reduced to the proper color. 3. Blue Ink. Take sulphate of indigo, dilute it with water till it produces the re- quired color. 4. Violet Ink. Is made by dissolvnig pome violet aniliue in water to which some alcohol has been added : it takes very little aniline to make a large quantity of the ink. 5. Gold Ink. Mosaic gold, two parts, gum arable, one part, rubbed up to a proper coudition. G. Silver Ink. Triturate in a mortar equal parts of silver foil and sulphate of i)otassa, until reduced to a fine powder, then wash the salt out, and mix the residue with a mucilage of equal parte of gum arable water. 7. Fnllam's Itecipe for Indelible Stencil-plato Ink. 1 lb. precipitate carbonate of iron; 1 lb. sulphate of iron; Ij lbs. acetic acid. Stir over a fire until they combine; then add 3 lbs. printer's varnish and 2 lbs. fine book ink, and stir until well mixed. Add 1 lb. of Ethiop's mineral. 8 Exchequer Ink. Bruised galls, 40 lbs. ; gum, 10 lbs. ; green sulphate of iron, 9 lbs. ; soft water, 45 gals. Macerate for 3 woeks with frequent agitation and strain. This ink will endure for ages. 9. Asiatic Ink. Bruised galls, 14 lbs. ; gum, 5 lbs. Put them in a small cask, and add of boiling soft water, 15 gals. Allow the whole to macerate, with f re(iueut agitation, for two weeks, 216 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS* RECEIPTS. mm v'l then farther add green copperas, 5 lbs., dissolved in 7 pts. water. Again mix well, and agitate the whole daily for two or three weeks 10. Extra good Black Ink. Bruised galls, 2 lbs., logwood cliips, green copperas and gum, of each, 1 lb, ; water, 7 gals. Boil 2 hours and strain. Product. 6 gials. 11. Brown Ink. A strong decoction of catechu. The sliade may bo varied by the cautious addition of a little weak solution of bichromate of potash. 12. Indelible Ink. Nitrate of silver, J oz. ; water, J oz. Dissolve, add as much of the strongest liquor of ammonia .as will dissolve the precipitate formed on its first addition; then add of mucilage li dr., and a little sap green, syrup of buckthorn, or finely powdered indigo, to color. Tunis black on being held near tlie fire, or touched with a not iron. 13. Indelible Ink for Glass or Metal. Borax, 1 oz; shellac, 2 cz, ; water, 18 fluid oz, ; boil in a covered vessel, add of thick mucilage, 1 oz. ; triturate it with levigated indigo and lampblack q. b., to give it a good color. After 2 hours' repose, decant from the dregs and bottle for use. It may bo bronzed after being applied. Resists moisture, chlorine, and acids. 14. Common Ink. To 1 gal. boiling soft water, add J oz. extract log- wood; boil two mmutes; remove from the fire, and stir in 48 graius bichromate of potash, and 8 grains prussiate of potash ; for 10 gals, use 64 oz. logwood extract; 1 oz. bichromate of potash, and 80 grains prussiate of potash ; strain. 15. Black Copying Ink, or Writing fluid Take 2 gals, rain water and put into it gum arable, i lb. ; brown sugar, J lb. ; clean copperas, J lb. ; powdered nutgalls, ^ lb. ; mix, and shako occasionally for ten days and strain; if needed sooner, let it stand In an iron kettle until the strength is obtained. This ink will stand tho action of tho atmosphere for centuries, if required. IG. Red Ink. In an ounce phial put 1 tcaspoonful of aqua-ammonia; {rnm arable size of two or three peas; and G grains of No. 40 carmine; fill up with soft water, and it is soon ready for use. Liquid Blacking. — ^Ivory black, 2 lbs. ; molasses, 2 lbs, ; sweet oil, 1 lb. ; rub together till well raixetl : then add oil vitrol, 'i lb. ; add coarse sugar, i lb.; and dilute with beer bottoms; this cannot bo excelled. , -„__ Ticketing Ink for Gk6cebs,&c, — Dissolve 1 oz, of gum arabic in C oz. water, and strain ; this is the mucilage ; for black color, use drop black, powdered, and ground with the mucilage to extreme fine- ness ; for blue, ultra-marine is used in the same manner ; for green, emerald green ; for tohite, flake white ; for red, vermilion, lake, or carmine ; for t/eWoto,* chrome yellow. "VVlien ground too thick they are tliinned with a little water. Apply to the cards with a small brush. The cards may bo sized with a thin glue, and afterwards varnished, if it is desired to preserve them. ^ BiiUiNG FOB Clothes.— Take 1 oz, of soft Prussian blue, powder it, and put in a bottle with 1 quart of clear rain water, and add ^ oz. of pulverized oxalic acid.,' A. tablespoonf ul is sufllcient for a largo wasli- PsEMnrai Method of keeping Hams, &c.— To 4 gals, water, add 8 lbs. coarse salt ; J oz. potash ; 2 oz. saltpetre ; 2 lbs. brown pngar. Boil together, skim when cold, put on the above quantity to 100 lbs, meat ; hams to remain in eight weeks, beef, three weeks. Let tho liams dry several days before smoking, Jleat of all kinds, s.'^lmon oud otlxer fish, lobsters, &c., may be preserved for years by a light uy« V plication a.s usual, an effecti TOPBI SKA LED. - and freed are quite tare, is thi fectlyfuu, the cooldn soldering v is now alio tlio sides of sure, and 1 iwvlly seale( «iny climat< food of one tioii, months ed longer thj the canisters Frencli proct t»o-tliirds of concentrated canisters, wh aperture is mitted to fart above stated, 10 rBESEB' nioiitlied bott a copper or Jai "P to the moi Jo bottles, an bottles to prev der the kettle,, oe continued f( scalded ; after 1 an. inch of the taeir sides ; cl i^eek during th fny fermentatic Jept by the pro '"7 are to bo j AXOTHER Me sufficient sugar ( or 4 lbs. oV f l^oihng with feat them throw ^VOKCESXEBaHn ^^°«CBsxEB«nBK Sauce w.. ^^^'^^^ ^^^^ribU^ofi! "^°ffarlofi:aJs.;waliiutcatsup 218 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS* RECEIPTS. w iii 10 gnls. ; Madcria wino 5 gals. ; mushroom catsup 10 gals. ; table salt 25 Jbs. ; Canton soy, 4 gals. ; powdered capsicum 2 lbs. ; iHjwdered aUapice 1 lb. ; powdered coriander, seeds 1 lb. ; cloves, mace, and cin- namon, of each, i lb. ; asafostida i lb. ; dissolved in brandy 1 gal. Boil 20 Ibe hogs livers in 10 gals, of water for 12 hours, renewing the water from time to time. Take out the liver, chop it, mix with water, work through a sieve, and mix with the sauco. Gherkins.— Take small cucumbers (not young), steep for a week in very strong brme ; it is then poured off, heittcd to the boiling ix)int, and again poured on the fniit. The next day the ghcrkina are drained on a sieve, wiped dry, put into lx)ttlcs or jars, witli some spice, ginger, pepper, or cayenne, and at onco covered witli strong pickling vinegar. Mixed pickles from cauliflowers, white cabbage, French beans, onions, cucumbers, &c., are treated as ffherkins, with raw giuKcr, capsicum, mustard-seed and long pepper, added to each bottle, A little bruised turmeric improves both the color and flavor. Indian pickle. — Piccalilli. — ^I'ake one hard white cabbage (sliced), 2 cauliflowers, pulled to pieces, 20 French beans, 1 stick of horse-radish, sliced fine, 2 doz. small white onions, and 1 doz. ■ gherkins. Cover these with boiling brine ; next day, drain tlio whole on a sieve, put it into a jar, add of curry powder, or tur- meric, 2 oz, ; garlic, ginger, and mustard-seed, of each 1 oz. ; cap- fiicum h oz. Fill up the vessel with hot pickling vinegar ; biuij it up close, and let it stand for a month, with occasional agitation. To Presekve Fruit Juice without Heat. — Ingredients : 10 lbs. of fresh-gathered, picked, red-ripe currants, or other fruit, 2 qts. cold water, 5 oz. tartaric acid, lbs. of coarse sifted sugar. Put the fruit into a large earthen pan, pour the water with the tartaric acid dissolved in it over the fruit, cover the pan with some kind of lid, and allow tlie whole to steep for 24 hours in a cold place, and it would be all the better if the pan contaming the fniit could bo immersed in rough ice. Next, ]Tour the steeped fruit into a sus- uice has run through, on a large earthen pended stout flamiel bag, and when all the ju tie up the open end of the bag, and place it dish, with another dish upon it ; place a half-hundred weight uiwii this, to ijress out all the remaining juice, and then mix it with tho other juice. You now put tho sifted sugar into the juice, and stir both together occasionally, until the sugar is dissolved, .and then bottle up the syrup, cork, and tie down the bottles with wire, aud keep them in the ice well or in a cold cellar, in a reclining position. To RESTORE Injured Meat.— When the brine sours and taints the meat, pour it off ; boil it, skim it well, then pour it back again on the meat boiling hot ; this will restore it, even when much iniured. If tainted meat is injured, dip it in the solution of chlo- ride of lime prescribed for rancid butter ; it will restore it Fly- blown meat can be completely restored by immersmg it for a few hours in a vessel containing a small quantity of beer ; but it tvill taint and impart a putrid smell to the liquor. Fresh meat, hams, fish, &C., can* be preserved for an indefinite length of time without salt, by a light application of pyroligneous acid applied Avith brush ; it imparts a fine smoky flavor to tho meat, and is an effi ual preservative. But pure acetic acid may bo used instead FRE.«in f r others ^cry nice i'l^^eat till i vrthstron-gpi, "•IX over tli^ , K(I cabbages (^ S^^oreSS «"d coarser kin t'^'SpickluTg, ^«^^'^^, 8elect''r ^^o^es, free w Sri pi"'* J"loui,lo71S.5«• ginger m. . , «"ffar; S Ji, taS'.-Pl't in a barre? J ^^ ' "^^« "» tlio ,/^«S;b I^ S^^«r Will ieep'Z^^lf^^^^^ «"d no ,U2"t^^" "^O"^ ttV?£fF- o'fa^^^^.S^^^^ ^V ^'-""^^ water J^ruised n»^ P ^"^^P suc-ar- f^- -^ '"^ee davs fV or, 1 oz, • add i ^nmiJROii Atv T. > ""a Will bo stronger thor^r *^^s, , "« ^Mi-Employ tJio best no. ^"*>u ^ *"WDestpalomaIt-isf ^„ ,. "^ist, mash 2 barrels 222 GROCEKS AND CONFECTIONERS* RECEIPTS. Er. quarter, at 183°. mash three-quarters of an hour, let it stand 1 oar, and allow half an hour to run off the wort; 2d, mash 1 barrel ]M;r quarter. 180°, mash three-fourths of an hour, let it stand about three-fourths, and tap as before; 3d, mash 1 barrel per quarter, at 170°, mash half an hour, let it stand half an hour, and tan an before. The first and second wort may be mixed together, boiling them about an hour or an hour and a quarter, with a quantity of hops proportioned to the time the ale is required to bo kept. Tho first two may be mixed at tlio heat of 00°, ui tho glyetun, and tho second should be fermented separately for small beer. Tho best hops should be used in tho proportion of about 4 lbs. for every quarter of malt employed. Bottling Porteu.— Brown Stout. Pale malt, 2 quarters ; amber nnd brown malt, of each 1^ do. ; mash at 3 times, with 12, 7, aiul (i barrels of water ; boil with hops, 50 lbs ; set witJi yeast, 29 lbs. l*roduct, 17 barrels, or li times tlic malt. Lemon Beer.- To make 20 gals, boil G oz. of ginger root bruised, J lb. cream of tartar, for 20 or 30 minutes, in 2 or 3 gals, water ; this will be strained in 13 lbs. coffee sugar, on which you have })ut i oz. oil of lemon, and six good lemons squeezed up together, laving warm water enough to make the wliole 20 gals, just so hot that you can hold your hand in it without burning, or about 70 degrees of heat ; put in 1^ pmts of hop or brewers* yeast, worked into paste with 5 or G oz. flour. Let it work over night, then strain and bottle for use. Table Beer. — Malt, 8 bushels ; hops, 7 lbs ; molasses, 23 lbs. ; brew for 10 barrels ; smaller quantity in proportion. Hor Beer. — Hops, G ounces ; molasses, 5 quarts ; boil the hops till tho strength is out, strain them into a 30-gallou barrel ; add tho molasses and one teacupful of yeast, and fill up with water ; shake it well, and leave the bun" out till fermented, which will be in about 24 hours. Bung up, and it will be fit for use in about three days. Molasses Beer.— Hops, 1 oz. ; water, 1 gal. ; boil for ten minutes, fitrain, add molasses, 1 lb. ; and when luke-warm, yeast, 1 spoonful. Ferment. Koot Beer.— Water 10 gals, heat to G0° Fah. then add 3 gala, mo- lasses ; let it stand 2 hours, iK)ur it into a bowl and add powdered or bruised sassafras and wintergreen bark of each J lb. ; yeast 1 pt. ; bruised siirsaparilla root, ^ lb. ; add water enough to make 25 gals, iu all. Ferment for 12 hours, then bottle. Ottawa Beer and Ginger Ale. — Ottawa beer is made by using 8 ozs. of a fluid extract which contains the concentrated strength of 4 lbs. of 13 different roots and barks, added to 1 gal. syrup which is mixed with 14 gals, water, into which carbonic acid gas is forced at a pressuro of 80 lbs. to the square inch. Ginger Ale is made in tho same way except that 4 ozs. of extract is suflicient. When the ginger is really Qsed, an extract deprived of resinous impurities is nude use of. \rhich gives a clear amber colored drink. Cheap Beer.— Water, 15 gals. : boil half the water with i lb. hops ; then add to the other naif in tho tun, and mix well with 1 gal. molasses and a little yeast To RESTORE Sour Beer.— Good hops, 1 lb., powdered chalk, 2 It*. Put in tho hole of the cask, and bung close for a few days ; for frosted I beer, honaj with I To I ♦cloves, to eve] Lbm( lemon, Crba njiy so , H ounc bring to crystaUi; other syi 'o»ntain. , Freezi 3 part ; J soda, wel rations (v "siJig) an( Quantity, i "P, andf y, Wines tJiis Sausap^ «nd strain < awiiiogias; ^"1 of soda I*0«TABL] essence of h aessertspoo] liU'ERiAL yond ; Sou w carbonate ( Peppb«mxn weii^orSedii Stand one wee ^on have any J^easpoonfuig, Sot? •"* «J^P tartaric acid, t( Jf spoonful it\ ^Ohe glass), to TQAnvn EEK.- "^^rl^"' fountain VnV^'** *®'''spoonf 111 of .1 ^^"'P instead nV/i°®' ^'^^^ togetJier • nn* i.. it. ' S24 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS* RECEIPTS. yrliich odd tartaric add, C^ oz. : dissolve in hot water ; to flavor, use extract of lemon, orange, vanilla, rose, sarsaimrilla, strawberry. &c., &c., i oz. or to your taste. If you use juice of lemon, add 2^ lbs. of sugar to a pint, yon do not need anv tartaric acid witli it ; now use two tablespoonf ula of syrup to £ of a tumbler of water, and J tea- spoonful of super-carbonate of soda, made fine ; drink quick. For soda fountains, 1 oz. of super-carbonate of soda is used to 1 gallou of water. For charged fountains no acids are needed in the syrups. SxocaiiTON Bitters. — Gentian, 4 omices, orange peel, 4 ounces, Ciolumbo, 4 ounces, camomile flowers, 4 ounces, quassia, 4 ounces, burned sugar, 1 lb., whiskey, 2^ galls. Mix and let it stand 1 week. Bottle the clear liquor. Common Small Beer.— A handful of hops to a pail of water, a pint of bran, odd half a pint of molasses, a cup of ^ oast, and a spoon- ful of ginger. RovAL Pop.— Cream tartar, 1 lb., ginger, Ih oz., white sugar, 7 lbs., essence of lemon, 1 drachm, water, G galls., yeast 1 pint Tie the corks down. Raspberuy STRtn» wrrnouT Raspbekries. — First make a synip with 36 lbs. of white sugar, and 10 gallons of water, and put it into a clean mixing barrel. Tlien dissolve ^ lb. of tartaric acid in 1 qt. of cold water, and add to the syrup. Next take A lb. orris root and pour over it half a gallon of boilinff water ; let It infuse until cold, then filter, and put t% into tlie mixing barrel, stirring it well. To Color. — Boil * oz. of cocliineal ; i oz. cream tartar; i oz. saleratus ; and h oz. alum in 1 qt. of water imtil ^ou get a bright red color, and add this to the syrup till the color suits. The above is a very valuable receipt, and will make 16 gals, syrup at a very low cost per gallon. If it is desirable to produce a richer synip, add more sugar. Colors should be made in a brass or copjer kettle. Bottled Soda Water without a Machine. — In each gallon of water to be used, carefully dissolve J lb. crushed sugar, and one ounce of super-carbonate of soda ; then fill pint bottles with this water, have yoar corks ready ; now drop into each bottle J dram of pulverized citric acid, and immediately cork, and tie down. Handle tlie bottles carefully, and keep cool until needed. More sugar may bo added if desired. OrsTER Sour.— To each dozen or dish of oysters, put i pint of water ; milk, 1 gill ; butter 4 oz. : i)owdered crackers to thicken ; bring the oysters and water to a boil, then add the other ingredients previously mixed together, and boil from three to five minutes only Season with pepper and saJt to taste. Mock Terrapin.— J. supper dish. Ilalf a calf's liver ; seasoned, fry brown. Hash it, not very fine, dust tliickly with flour, a teaspooii- ftil mixed mustard, as much cayenne pepper as will lie on a half dime; 2 hard eggs, chopped fine, a lump of butter as large as an egg, a teacup of water. Let it hoil a minute or two ; cold veal will do, if liver is not liked. Blackberry Wine.— Wash the berries, and pour 1 qt. of boil- ing water to each gal. Let the mixture stand 24 hours, stirring occa- sionally ; then strain and measure into a k^, adding 2 lbs. sugar, and good rye whiskey 1 pint, or best alcohol, ) pint to each gal Cork tight, and put away for use. The best w|he that cau be made Mv. season and U catsup small , liardfx lMir> mix toe add 10 1 *er, thei Iemoj drop in t it stand liiiprove : StO'ER] Btcma ant ;vater; Jei (^rana pij WitJi bnrn "cf ter tho ^ater and c/'opped n ^0 whole I ^^sins, and .^esseJ, leavj "ien to eve — w uve P^nffes, tht i"e whole St -;« »viioie St niain bottled "»>he wine i Pour ^jj^ ^ood brandy J oef , and tl!^ ^^inos, orusel ^.fls^-.bestf l!ts.;iaiUf ,i^ D«ms„ Cb, l^-> water (wa Jem;>erature^; ^J^U Wild Z iJ»msH Mad ^^sh and Htrnt j;jnt,Sad?^ &eKr^^^- f,'^lJ^Si!lT£-l\^^^^^ » oat. t 8taud 2 days. „?'/ ^SS, anSHtrainil- ^'i '« ^^aterdoS J^utes. liuprove it '' ' ^^^^0 ofteu • lo ^ "' ^*- Add i o^ irJ^ *« a quart stems and diiS^"'"! ^^^'E.-^Takn -^ „ '""'^ ^i" ffluSf -•""■nolo stanti inV i "J' "«11 waaJiXi «?'• o' tlii. nHj"; ,Vv ol oranges, the hJS ^^«' add C lb, i ^i^'^ wpe^t tin ^^^ ^^ *notW 1 126 GROCERS AND CONFIXTIOXERS' RECEirXS. and qt. brandy to every G pjals. ; Bomo prefer it •without orandy. After fermentation, fciko 4 oz, i«inj;lasH dissolved in 1 pt. of tlio wine, and Sut to eacli barrel, wliicli will iiuo and dear it: wlieu it must l)o rawa into clean casks, or bottled, wliicli is iireferablo. Blackhkuuv and Stkawijeuuy Wines arc made by takin»; tlio above wine wlien made with port wine, and for every 10 pals, from 4 to qti. of the fresli fruit, bruised and strained, are added, and let (tt'ind four days till tlio flavor is extracted; when bottling, add 3 or four broken raisins to each bottle. ^MouELLA Wink. — To each quart of the expressed juice of thomor- clla, or tame cherries, add 3 qts. Avatcr and 4 lbs. of c«)arso brown su- gar: let them ferment, and skim till worked clear; then draw olT, nvoidinj? the ^orly t imvo ni oil of c'l 8 Jhs. w Srosr. root, n wriiiuclc Lark, i c nito tlie t'iear tine strain, ai "» tlio ho tincture ] tlio dregs iiOKEJl' fJcicd cat luacerato tor, and a Ccuaco of ueroli, i ^"j1. Diss( 'liQn put i: Piigar Byru] ^Ijove. Co CUKACOJ ^eyJoa cin minutes wi ^.JTUP ; the dark yellov Anisktti I>er cent. J>er cent, ah Jiuusion of ] Ijarrel 2G ga •ind lot it re ^'?"»S pai iUTAFIA.- •^ sals, cherr steep in 2^ ' oz. peach-le "aiiids, and AlUlACK I J^eU ; tlieu i ti 1 the liqui, '"^^'I 5 gall SnjuPSFo JO lbs ; watei "i>t water, an geuUoheatan GK0CER3 AND COXFECTIONEBS* SEOEIPTS. f27 CnAiirAQNE CiDEH,— Good palo cider, 1 hhd. ; spirits, 3 gals. ; sugar. 20 lbs. ; mix, niid lot it stuiid onu fortui^ht; tlien fiiio witli Hkiunnoa milk, ^ gill. ; tliiH will bo very pulo, oud a similar article, wlicu nro- norly bullied and liibcllcd, opcud so brisk, that evcu good judges iuivo mistaken it for Kenuino chamnaguo. Bkklin Cakraway uoiiDiAL.— TakeSgalfl. spirit, CO per cent. ; 1 oz. oil of carraway, whicii you dissolve iu spirit 1)5 per cent. ; 8 lbs. sugar; 8 lbs. water. DLssolvo your sugar in tlio water : mix, stir and filter. Stomacu Bitteus hiiVAjj TO HosTETTKRS . — European gentian root, Ih oz. ; orange peel, 2.^ oz. ; < inuamou, ^ oz. ; anise seed, ^ oz. ; coriaudcr seed, ^ oz. ; cardam( i ^ seed, J oz. ; imground Peruvian bark, ^ oz. ; gum kino, ^ oz. ; bruise all these artides, and put them into the best alcohol, 1 pt. ; let it sUuid a week, and pour off the dear tincture ; then boil the dregs a few minutes in 1 qt. of water, strain, and press out all the strength ; noAV dissolve loaf sugar, 1 lb. ill the hot lupiid, adding 3 qts. cold water, and ndx with tlio suirit tiucturo first iK)urcd o£f, or you can add these, and let it Btaud ou tho dregs if preferred. UoicEii'sBiTTKKS.— Rasped quassia, l^oz. ; calamns, IJoz, ; pow- dered catechu, 1^ oz. ; cardamon, 1 oz. ; dried orange peel, 2 oz. ; macerate tho above ten days in ^ gal. strong whiskey, and then fil- ter, and add 2 gal.*?, water ; color with mallow or malva llowers. Ccuacoa Coudial, 40 (jtALS. — Essence of bitter oranges, 2oz. ; ess. of ucroli, 2 oz. ; ess. of cimiamon, i oz. ; 3 drs. mace, infused m alco- liul. Dissolve the above essence in 1 gal. alcohol, 1)5 per cent. ; thgn put in a dean barrel 13 gals, alcoliol, 85 per cent. : 2G gals, (sugar syrup, 30 degrees liaumd ; and add 1 gal. perfumed spirit as above. Color with sJiff ron or turmeric. CuKACOA D'lIoLLANDK, 20 Gals.— CuKicoa orange-peel, 2 lbs ; J lb. Ceylon chniamon. Let them soak in water ; l>oil them for fivo minutes with the niice of 32 oranges and 14 gals, of plain white syrup ; then add G" gals, alcohol, 1)5 per cent. ; strain, niter ; color dark yellow with sugar coloring. Anisktte Coudial, 40 Gals.— Put in a barrel 13 gals, alcohol, 75 l)cr cent. Dissolve 3.^ oz, essence of green anise-seed iu 1 gal. 1)5 })cr cent, alcohol, and add J gal. orange-flower water ; 8 or ten drops mfusion of mace, and 5 drops essence of cinnamon. Tlien put in tho barrel 2G gals, sugar syrup, 25 degrees Baunie ; stir fii'tcen minutes, and lot it rest four or five days ; then filter. Add 2 or 3 sheets of liltering paper. IUtafia. — llatafia may be made with the juice of any fruit. Take 3 gals, cherry juice, and 4 lbs. sugar, which you dissolve in the juice ; steep in 2^ gals, brandy ten davs : 2 drs. cinnamon, 24 clo\'es ; IG oz. peach-leaves ; 8 oz, bruised clierry kernels. Filter, mix both hquids, and filter again. AiiBACK Punch Svkup, — 53J lbs, sngar ; 3J gals, water. Boil up well ; then add 1§ gals, lemon-juice to the boiling sugar, and stir till the liquid is clear ; pour it in a clean tub, and when nearly cool, add 5 gals, Batavia arrack, then filter, Sykups fob Soda Fodntatns, &c — 1. Simple ayrvp. White sugar, 10 lbs ; water, 1 gal ; best isinglass, i oz. Dissolve the isinglass in hot water, and add it to tho hot syrup. The syrnp is to be made with gcutlo heat and then strained. 2. ZiCjnonr-a—Grato off the yellow tind 228 GROCEBS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. of lemons and beat it np with a sufflcicnt quantity of granulated sugar. Express the lemon juice, add to e^Mh pt. o* jaice 1 pt. of 'wa:ter, ond 3 lbs. of granulated sugar, including that r -»bbed with tbo rind ; warm until the sugar is dissolved and strain. 3, Lemon— b— Simple syrup 1 gal., oil of lemon 25 drops, citric acid 10 drams. Rub the oil of lemon with tlie acid, add a small jwrtion of syrup, and mix. 4. Slrawber>-ij — a — Strawberry j nice 1 pt. , simple sjmip 3 pints, solution of citric acid 2 drams. C. Strawbenij—b — Fresh strawber- ries 5 qts. white sugar 12 lbs. , water, 1 pt Sprinltle some of the sugar over the fruit in layers, and allow tlie whole to stand for several hours ; express the juice and strain, wasliing out the pulp with water ; add the remainder of the sugar and water, bring the fluid to the poiut of boiling, and then strain. Tliis will keep for a long time. 6. Easp- berry. Raspberry juice 1 pt., simple syrup 3 i)t8., citric acid 2 drams. Raspberry syrup may also be made m a way similar to No. 6 for strawberry. 7. Vanilla. — Fluid extractofvanilIaloz.,citricacid,2oz., simple syrup 1 gaL Rub the acid with some of the syrup, odd tho extract of vanilla, and mix. 8. Vanilla Cream.— Fluid extract of vanilla loz., simple syrup 3pts., cream or condensed milk Ipt ; may be colored with carmine. 9. Cream. — Fresh cream 1 pt., fresh milk 1 vt, powdered sugar 1 lb. ; mix by shaking, and keen in a cool place. The addition of a few grains of bicarbonate of soda will for some time retard souring. 10. Ginger. — ^Tincture of ginger 2 fluid ozs. simple syrup 4 pts. 11. Oranrte. — Oil of orange 30 drops, tartaric acid 4 drams, simple syrup 1 gaL Rub the oil with the acid, and mix. 12. Pineapple. — Oil of pineapple 1 dram, tartaric acid 1 dram, simple syrup 6 pts. 13. Or^/eaf.— Cream syrup 1 pt, vanilla syrup 1 pt , oil of bitter almonds 4 drops. 14. i^ec^ar.— Vanilla syrup 6 pts., pineapple syrup Ipt., strawberry, raspberry or lemon 2 pts. 15. Slierbet.— Vanula syrup 3 pts., pineapple 1 pt., Irrnon syrup 1 pt. 16. Qrape.— Brandy f of a pt., spirits of lemon '^ o%., tincture of red sanders 2 ozs., simple syrup 1 gal. 17. Banana. — Oil of banana 2 drams, tartaric acid 1 dram, simple syrup G pts. 18. Coffee. — Coffee roasted | lbs., boiling water 1 go'.. Enougn is filtered to make about igal. of the infusion, to which add granulated sugar 7 lbs. 19. Wild C/ierry.— AVild cherry bark coarse powder, 6 ozs. Moisten tho bark with water, and let it stand for 24 hours in a close vessel. Then pack it firmly in a per- colator, and pour water upon it until 1 pt. of fluid is obtained. To this add 28 ozs. of sugar. 20. Wintcrgreen. — Oil of wmtergreen 25 drops, simple syrup 6 pts., and a sufficient quantity of burnt sugar to color. 21. Sarsap^rilta — a — Oil wiutergreeu 10 drops, oil of amse 10 drops, oil of sassafras 10 drops, fluid extract of sarsaparilla 2 ozs. sunple syrup 6 pts. , powdered extract of licorice 1 oz. 22. Sarsaparilla — &— Simple syrup 4 pts., compound syrup of sarsaparilla 4 flmd ozs., carara""! lioz.s). Citrie acid 4 ozs., water. 8 ozs. Host of tLe syrni order Bo: rum. essen( coutai pine a; Ami dicnts, pear, a acetic ( alcohol wlien e IKirts tl I*JEr,A «ffi"eeab proporti ACKT. vitlyric < VALEJ ether in %iid UE ■n'ater, 1 blerful ol getlier, ai and no ic( GCiASGO of a coupl bet, and n of rum to cacli secti< squeezing ^ater; mix them well bmudy, an( »iiiiit, and i] the leaves v ^niail piece: Jamaica ru or straw. , Cider Nj 1 *imali glass nud nutme<» icoitallwlj] Half axu Erterandhf fold ale. Apple Toi glass of cider ™U of boiling Applb l\^ eymps not mad« fr«™ * .. acetic ether, wfth half f °'!1'° ^"fferent Iimi?„ r^ff "*'«<'/ «^«''/7o;S^ alcohol, form wh itrno'^ f*""* «' acetic etlicr S^ J ^®" ^''^^8 amylo- parts the^or of the RnLo"^^''' "^^^"^ated wuK>/^„^i^'?<^^, which, water,' vjno tni,i^ . a Werfiil SCther, .„., and no ice. -o w« wp. xo uuilrA ii-'i,:;^!'"'"" """ to- Gi^SGo^r Puxcir-nr.Tf , ^ '^"^''^^'^ot, use ;*«« milk each section mAdWnfr: 9'\^ co"Ple of lemS^^"^ *"""' «»« Part Mwx jiji^2p--nn«i ,,'^a*Q acd, when nil r.? °f "^H genUv tlieieaves will benwli *1\® ^^^ with ti e stPmi^!^ "' the sprigs of ^n>ail PieceTof 8& Viln'^^ ^^^'^Pe of Su$S arS.'?^*'' «> that Jamaica rum ai,,i ^^.*?'^'^"o on top in a w^'i^'^'^^Se berries and CiDEB N-ECTAn-o„«nf .^ * ^^8 tube AlTLE TODDT ^Onn tnW ^ ^' "^^^ a^arts of carmine, one part of gum, aud one part of sugar, and proceed as before. If the almonds are not perfectly covered, give them a coating in which there is considerable giun; anil when tlioroughly moistened, throw on them some silted sugar, stir till the mixture is all absorbed, then add successive coatings of sugar till they are large enough, and put tliem into the stove to remain till the next day, wlien in order to whiten tliem, yon vnU. proceed to boil C or 7 lbs. of fine clarified sugar to a blister, add 1 lb. of starch after taking it from the fire, stirin^ it constantly till a ixiste is formed a little thicker than that used for imstilles; a few drops of blue lake may be added to produce a pearl white. Put the almonds, warm, in- to the swuighig basin, add enough of the prepared sugar to coat them, swing the basin till thejy are nearly dry, then set on the fire to finish the drying, then take the basin off the fire, heap them up in the mid- dle, so as to allow the bottom of the vessel to cool; then add the coat- mg of sugar, swing and dry them as before, and continue the process until 4 successive coatings of equal thickness have been given; then heat them well in the basin, put them into pans, and set them in tho stove to remain over night, ion will then proceed to polish them by giving them a coat of the j>repared sugar and starcli, aud shake them violently until they are quite diy; give them another coating and pro- ceed as before, and continue the j^rocess until they have received 4 successive coatings, when they will generally bo lound sufficiently IK)lished. When the i)olishing is finished, put the almonds over a firo and stir gently till all are thoroughly heated, then place iu a stove till tho next day in a wicker basket lined with paper. Spanish Suoaiied Aijmonds. — Make verdun sugared almonds about the size of pigeon's eggs, whiten and polish them by tlio pre- vious directioas, and paint diuerent designs on them when completed. Superfine Vanilla Suoaked Ai.monds.— Proceed in tho same maimer as iu the manufacture of verdun sugared almonds, make t!ie solution of sugar in pure water ; crush the essence of vanilla with a little sugar, and put in tho solution. Ck}MMON Sugared Almonds.— Common almonds, 2011m., sugar 8 Ibs.^ farina, 20 lbs., starch, 2 lbs. Heat tho almonds hi the gwi^hig basm, when they boil, make them into a pulp with diluted starch ; give first a warm then a cold coating, cover them with larina, shakiog tlieba i^uisi "1 a st( descril Supt BheJJed starch vaniiJa ol gum, SUPEJ ftarch, 4 flavor to color and ^ CottiAl Wlbs. 'J «irina wi •^e" pres are used i PoWshed w , ConiAsi {orthewhi e Sme ' riT^^^'^its; CO ] b«^ ^"^ brokef MI^'T SvGj^%^''SgeneTan^^}tli^ovcrdimm^ boated "•J'iter tlian 1*^""® "banner a, o^? P^PPerraint «7;^ • <^JnfON TiTTo^ ^ ^"^^ P^irts of non^ V'Q first and boll it wnf r, ^■*?^^.--Clan7v ^ ,, Peppermint and Ser Ji-lrF^ aSlf «.{WS £ S™"-utf ^ilfWf*^* . '^ r ■:■' I! 284 GBOCERS AND COXFECTIONEHS KECEirTS. to tlio boiled syrnp a few minutes before it is taken from the fire. Orange and Lime caramels are prepared in the same manner from these respective fruits. Coffee caramel, coffee, 2 oa., sugar 1 lb. ALiko an infusion of tlio coffee, using as little water as iM)ssible ; strain it through a cloth," and stir it gradually into the boiled syrup a few- minutes before takiug it from the fire. Chocolate caramel, choco- late, 4 oz., sugar 1 lb. Dissolve the chocolate in as little water as pes- Bible, and add it to tlio boiled sugar, as iu the coffee caramels. Van- illa and Orange cream caramels are made by using the respective cs- Beuces of tlieso fruits. Cocoa Nut Candy.— Pare and cut cocoa-nut into slips, or grito on a coarse grater the ■^vhito meat of cocoa-nuts until you have i a ix>und ; dissolve ^ lb. of loaf sugar in 2 tablesjpoonf uls of water ; put it over the fire, and, as soon as it boils, stir m the cocoa-nut. Con- tinue to stir it until it is boiled to a Hake, then pour it on a buttered* pan or marble slab, and cut iu whatever forms you wish, when it is iiearly cold. Lemon or other flavors may be added. Candy Drops o» PASTUiLES.— Pound and sift double-refined su- gar, first through a coarse, and then tlirough a fine sieve. Put tlio Bugar into an eartlien vessel, and dilute it with the flavoring extract, mfeeci witli a little water. If too liquid, tlie syrup will bo too thin, aut' ' ; "^ ops will run together ; while, if toothiclf. the syrup wUl Lo to , I*"., and cannot bo poured out easily. When the sugar is IP IX <> ratlier stiff paste, put it m a small saucci)an with a spout and set i:. over the fire. As soon as it begins to bubble up the sides of the saucepan, stir it once iu the middle, take it from tlio fire, and 0*. op i^ in snu 11 lamps, of the size and shape required, ujion sheets of til.; tu "d 5 ) -Jours, then put them in the stove to Imish dryinjj. AsBOonastli'Viii jpcifectlyhard and brilliant, take tliem from Iho fire, otherwise' they will loso tlxeir aroma. Color the syrup just bc- foro taking it from the firo, Okangk, Jasjiink, and Clo-n'ES Dnors are made by mixing the above paste Avith tlieso respective extracts : Foil Salad Ditors. — AVater distilled from lettuce is used. Saffron Drops. — Mako an infusion of saffron, stmiu it, let it cool, use it to mix the paste, and i^rocced as before. IIeliotroi'E Drops. — Proceed in the same manner, flavoring tho paste with a few drops of oil of ueroli, or oil of orange, jiusmino and tube-rose, and color violet. Pink Drops. — riavor tho taste with tincture of red pinks, and color with c.irmino lake. Cinnamon Drops. — Mix S drs. powdered ciimamon and 8 oz. of sugar with mucilage enough to make it into a paste, and proceed OS above. Chewino Goti. — Take of prepared bals-im of tulu. 2 oz. ; white sugar loz., oatmeal 3 oz., soften the gum in water bath and mix in the ingredients ; then roll iu finely powdered sugar or flour to form •ticks to suit MarsiimalIiOW and Licorice drops are made the same way. Rose Drops. — Mix the paste witli rose water, and color with carmine lake. Proceed as above. Lejion and Orange Drops. — ^Raspoff tho ycUow rind of anonmge or lemon; mix the rasphigs with doublo-rcfined sugar; add 5 grs. of tartar «Jld p; "^yill a< Vio] nndco JU.TV b« COFI for Wat Choc chocola ""fit foi Vanii fjrouiid ^ Bolved ill IjinTAX iittJe esse wrtaric a( above. l^^PPER .^rongpei; liiorough], ^»Jtliafow Moments, i /" tjie san ^uric and t diops. _ EXTEBIPO tovorinrr th. iioars, then ivanted for i ""fl flavor { f r«Ps, take 5 7 esseuce of ' 'e jar, and i ''cin ouasi, ^''6 etlier. ij '"Wionetto, c ^'"i,""g their < ^'S'GBu Ca: •^ti^acidori ^f Jamaica c d'.'^wlvo it to , ' P asrainst the f^tJy to ^vo "''' very s^' il ;'^^-edoutia'« "^^ squares ^vh '"f,'«JfauJ,oiV fc'trtaricadiitopr.n Receipts, oq* nnd color with hh.r*^'^^*'^' "'o nasto «,•« ' ® '^'^^^ 236 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS* KECEIPTS. ^i!P^ •!'it -, a tablospoonful of orange-flower water, ami a few drops of acetic acid. l*roceod as directed iu tlie preceding. No color. Vanilla Candy Tablets. — Ingredients : 1. lb. loaf sugar, a few drops of essence of vanilla, sugar, and a few drops of acetic acid. Proceed as for ornaments ingrained sugar. Peppermint Candy Tablets.— Ingredients : 1 lb. of loaf sugar, a few drops of essence of peppermint, and a few drops of acetic acid. Proceed as above. No cnlor. LiQUOH Candy Tabl^tts. — ^Ingredients : 1 lb. of loaf sugar, and a gill of any kind of li(iaor. ]3uil the sugar to the crack, then in- corporate the liquor, and linish as in the preceding. No color. Cinnamon Candy Ditops. — Use 1 lb. loaf sugar, and a few drops essence of cinnamon. Proceed as in the last. This may bo colored rose pink, the color is to be added while the sugar is boiling. Clove Candy Tablets are prepared in the same -vvay as the fore- going, essence of cloves being used instead of cinnamon. Rose Candy Tablets. — Use 1 lb. loaf sugar, a few drops of es- sence of roses, a few drops of acetic acid, and a few drops of prepared cocliineal. Proceed as in the preceding. FauiT Candy Tablets. — Use 1 lb. of loaf sugar, J^ pint of the juice of any kind of fruit, cither currants, cherries, stniwberries, rasp- berries &c., extracted by pressing with a spoon through a clean hair sieve. Boil the sugar to the crack, then mcoi-porate the fruit inice by rubbing it with the sugar, as directed in the preceding, and finish the candies as therein indicated. To fueb Molasses fuom its Sharp Taste, and to hinder IT FIT TO be used INSTEAD OF SuGAR.— Take 24 Ibs. molasscs, 24 lbs. water, and G lbs. of charcoal, coarsely pulverized ; mix them in a L-ettle, and boil the whole over a slow wood fire. When tlie mixture has boiled half an hour, jxtur it into a flat vessel , in order that the char- coal may subside to the bottom ; then pour off the liquid, and place it over the fire once more, '>at the superfluous water may evaporate and the molasses bo brought to its former consistence. 24 lbs. of mohisses will produce 24 lbs. of syrup. l*EPPERMiNT Lozenges. — Ingredients : 1 oz. of picked gum traga- canth soaked with 5 oz. of tepid water in a gallipot (this takes some G hours), and afterwards squeezed and wrung through a cloth, about IJ lbs. of fine icing sugar, and a teaspoonf ul of essence of peppermint AVork the prepared gum with the flattened fist on a very clean slab until it becomes perfectly white and elastic, then gradually work in the sugar, adding the peppermint when the paste has become a com- pact, smooth, elastic substance ; a few drops of thick, wet, cobalt blue should also be added wliile working the iKisto, to give a brilliant whiteness. Tlie iwste thus prepared is to bo rolled out with fine su- gar dredged over the slab to the thickness of two penny pieces, then if you possess a ribbed rolling-pin, use to roll the paste again in cross directions, so as to imprint on its whole surface a small lozenge or diamond pattern. You now use your tin cutter to stamp out the loz- enges ; as you do so place them on sugar powdered baking sheets to dry in the screen. GiNGEit Lozenges. — Proceed as in the last; use a tablespoonful of essence of ginger, or 1 oz. of ground ginger to flavor, and a few drops of thick wet gamboge to color tlio paste, llorehoitnd Lozenges, hi' gredi of he mint luaiiB spoon a few pinch J^ozem for fla' Jjigred the gui I'cpperi ffum, ]; acetic a fioaJced * oz. of Ccf/etDu soaked i pyenjie, lozenges GUAI l" "irabic, U orange ilc IS afterrra ff»m into i It over fi V l^earl deer tJiofiro,^re •lud use till J>owder ,3o, SPANlgjI Itoz. ofsu ^oil it with 'educed by mnish Ijco ; 'e Jin-ubea g afterwai juice, and a loregoing ca« rant Juf^il^ fn^redieuti ; ?\l'fepared c J"J«bes, bnt U Po^vder,' wien set It to dry in i iff' ^educed by bj ]^^ ,^« jl'rcctod ]« S' ^^'^* Prepare V .« ^^" «' hot !>''misli licoSo llf?!''*' «'"'i]I pear] 1 P'^^'^^^'^J? Sc ^ '^!.'» a»d artrai-i«S! ,??3in4te„ |^fe%t^ o "io surface it i)rorna "^* «"«- fm im 238 GROCERS AND CONFECTIOXERS* RECEIPTS. elaBtic to tho touch, romovo it from tlio heat, nnd nllow it to heconio cold ; tlio sheet of jujubo may then bo easily detached, and id to bo cut up witli scissors in tho shape of diamoudg. Stick Applk Sugar. —Boil tlie sugar to caramel, flavor with anplo juice together with tartaric or other acid, pour it on a marhlo slab, draw it into sticks, cut them of equal length, then roll them on a slab till they arc perfectly cold ; when finished, wrai) them in tissue-paper and put them in fancy envelopes. CuRKANT Airo liAsrr.KiutY Pastr Drops,— Ingredients : 1 lb. of pulp (tho currants and raspberries in equal proportions boiled, aiicl afterwards rubbed through a sieve), 1 lb. of sifted sugar. Stir both together in a copper sugar-boiler or preserving iian over a brisk fire, until the paste becomes sufilciently reduced to show tho bottom of the preserving pan as yon draw tho spoon across it ; then proceed to Lay out the drops about tho size of a florin, using a spouted sugar boiler for tho purpose. Tho drops should then bo placed in the screen to dry, at a low heat for an hour or so. When the drops are dry. use a thin knife to remove them from the tin sheet on which you laid them out, and put them aAvay between sheets of paper ui closed boxes, in a dry place. Damson Paste Z)rop.s.— Ingredients : 1 lb. of damson thiclc pulp, 1 lb. bruised sugar. Stir the pulp and sugar on the fire witil reduced to a thick paste, then proceed to lay out tho drops on square eheets of polished tin ; dry them in tho screen (moderate heat), and remove them in the mamier aforesaid. These drops may bo prepared witli all kinds of plums and also with gooseberries. Pear Paste Drops. — ^Use 1 lb. pear pulp (made by peclmg the pears, and boiling tliem to a pulp -witn ^ pt. of cider or perry, and rubbing this tlirougii n coarse sieve), 1 lb. of bruised sugar. Proceed as for damson paste. Apple Paste Drops. — Use 1 lb. of apple i^ulp (mado by peel- ing, slicing and boiling the apples with ^ pt. cider), 1 lb. of bruised sugar. Proceed as in the foregohig cases, adding a few drops of cochineal to half of the paste for tho sake of variety. Pine Appla Paste Drops. — Use 1 lb. of pine-applo pulp (mado by firet peeling, and then grating tho pine-apple on a dish, using a clean coarse tin grater for the puriwse), 1 lb. of bruised sugar. Proceed as m tho former cases. Vases, Baskets, Figures, ANniALs, &c., ix Graixed Sugar.— The sugar being boiled to tho ball degree, add a few drops of acetic acid, and work the sugar with the back part of tho bowl of a silver tablespoon up against the sido of the sugar boiler, fetching up the whole in turns, so that every portion may acquire an opalized or whitish color. As soon as tho sugar has been Avorkcd up to this sUitc, which constitutes "graining," pour it immediately into tho ready prepared mould ; and when it has become perfectly set firm in the centre, you ntay turn the vase, basket, animal, or whatever tlio object may be, out of its mould, and place it in the screen or hot closet to dry, at a I'tenj moderate heat. Afterwards they may lio painted in colors to imitate nature. Everton Taffy. — To make this favorite and wholesome candy, take 1^ pounds of moist sugar, 3 ounces, of butter, a teacup and a half of water, and one lemon. Boil tho sugar, butter, water, and half the rind of the lemon together; and, when done, — which will be known by dropping into cold water, when it should be quite cri.s tlio' of I Btlrt Ca lunir kcttf, candi W.sh'i l>ieces very,: tJiem j •1 miim little; , fmt be flavor J J^'J^iduai. ^-'W'lr, ai AifOTl strong V iiouey, J ?"S:«irauc "1 tlie cr ^'^'^'■iy me t^ff, let it s '^oinmoii * <^>im. Til, fit'r jji cfg, '^J'oonfui, a „ Jo Kkei 2o^. Melt / 'e fruit sc] (to i)revent i tlio solution J«ck away c Lneqi,a]jed \ ^"fflciently^; J"' a small s ^'"'.■^^vith a k ^^•om tho fi^o"* 5?«; whisk ra Cioaiauio.ji,J2 240 Lr\.TUEB WORKERS, AC, RECEIPTS. TANNERS, CURRIERS, BOOT, SHOE AND RUB- BER M'FRS, JMARBLE WORKERS, BOOK- BINDERS, &c. Best Couya fob Shoe and IIaiixess Edge. — Alcohol, 1 pint ; tincture of iron, 1^ ozs. ; extract logwood, 1 oz. ; pulverized nutgalls, 1 oz. ; soft water, A puit ; sweet oil, ^oz. ; put tliin InHt into the alco- hol before adding tne water. Notliing can exceed tlie beautiful fuiiyli imparted to tlie leather by tliis preparation. Cheap Ck>u)B fob the Euoe. — Soft water, 1 gallon ; extract logwood, 1 oz. ; boil till tlie extract is dissolved ; remove from tho fire, add copperas, 2 oz., bichromate of xiotasb, and gum arable, of eacn j^ oz., all to be pulverized. Beautiful Buonzk fob Leatheb.— Dissolve a little of tho so-call- ed insoluble amliu>3 violet in a little water, and brush the solution over tho leather : after it dries repeat the process. SuPEBiOB Edge Blacking.— Soft water C gallons; bring to a boil, and add 8 oz. logwood extract, pulverized ; boil 3 minutes, remove from the fire, and stir iu 2^ oz. gum arabiu, 1 oz. bichromate of potasli, ftnd 80 grains prussiate of x)Otash. For a small quantity of this, uso water, 2 quarts ; extract of lo?- -wood, J oz. ; gum arable, 9G grains ; bichromate of ]x>ta8h, 48 grains; prussiate of ix)taHh ; 8 grains. Boil tho extract nu the water 2 minutes ; remove from the fire and stir in the others, and it is ready for uso. For tanners' surface blacking, which is not required to take on a high polish, tlie gum arable may be omitted. SizixQ FOB Boots and Shoes in Tuekino Out. — ^Water, 1 quart; dissolve in it, by heat, isinglass, 1 oz. ; adding more water to repln'c- loss by evaporation ; when dissolved, add starch, 6 oz. ; extra of logAvood, beeswax, and tallow, of each, 2oz. Rub the starch i , first by pouring on suthcient boiling water for that purpose. It makes boots and shoes soft and x>liable, and gives a splendid appear- ance to old stock on the shelves. Black Vabnisu fob the Edge.— Take 08 per. cent alcohol, 1 pint ; shellac, 3 oz. ; rosin, 2 oz. ; pine turpentine, 1 oz. ; lampblack, i oz. ; mix : and when the gums are all cut, it is ready for use. 'fliis preparation makes a most splendid appearance when applied to boot, Khoe, or harness edge, and is equally applicable to doth or wood, ■where a gloss is required after being painted. "Watekpboof Vabnish fob Habness. — ^India-rubber, 4 lb. ; spts. turpentine 1 gal. ; dissolve to a jelly, then take hot linseed oil equal parts with the mass, and incorporate them well over a slow fire. Blacicino fob Habness.— Beeswax, i lb. ; ivory black, 2 ozs. ; spts. of turpentine, 1 oz. Prussian blue, ground in oil 1 oz. ; copal varnish, ^ oz. ; melt the wax and stir into it the other ingredients, before tho mixture is quite cold ; make it into balls, rub a little upon a brush, apply it upon the harness, and polish lightly with silk. Best Habness Vabnish Extant. — Alcohol, 1 gallon; white tnr- Sntine, l^lbs.; gum shellac. 1^ lbs.; Venice turpentine, 1 gill. Let em stand by the stove till tho gums arc dissolved, then add sweet oil, 1 not a IfAJ IJIH vine;ja Vowdc Kiigar J J»iit in 1 ^et off; "SO. Jl sneet oi ;v.-iter; , '""prove , Wate india-nil lampblac SlXORJi and add i liBHT 11 111 ivory I jwwderod or leaden i yWANJTE solved to a CEatEXT Oitta perc oi,2ol.,. n * Ijart; oi] , ;W»tofw WacWof, .P^i^ Pasti ^. uoLD Vat ?o??' '■ *^^» ^orfourteen c "'eutakespS ^J'JswiJlflu/si hoft water i „ or indigo, yjj mixed pS' .Bl"LLIA.VTFft^i,?i«-'00t0iI, 1„„, . , ' °''- Tills X,ill ^"«?ar, a pints- J,?' ^^"•'^■'S" FOitSvi^PWadf, 4 or nr, pondered iraJI*. 9*^ '" «0'iegal iii ^. ^^"^"•— Snfri^nr" /''"f ^ol. ««,i|jartrnrii Ll^'^'^^^o'T-blacIr t ' ^^' ^ °^i SoftwSTyjT^^Wn Boots »«or, dliSii ?««? acid, 2Sh£°^» «•» tEAT».„ ^- 242 LEATUEB WORKERS , AC, RECEUTS. of red lavender, ^oz. ; gum arable, 1 oz. ; and the juice of 2 lemons ; mix well together, and cork for use ; apply with a sponge ; when dry, polish with a brush or a iiieco of llaunel. If wished paler, put iu less red lavender. Ox JluEKER Goods. — As many parties require to use rubber goods who are entirely ignorant of the cheap mixtures which are vended in large quantities, at enormous profits by manufacturers, I have tliought proper in this place to irradiate tho subject with a littln "light" lor tho benefit of those whom "it may concern," and nc- cordiuglv present the formuho for conipoun 'ing t!ie different mix- tures which enter into tho comiwsitiou of m^uy articles sold quite extensively as pMre.'i6&cr goods, but which, owing to large adulter- ations, iu many cases cost 7o per cent, less tliaa tho prices charged lor them. The first I shall present is for Light Buffeu Spulngs.— Gruid together clear Java nibber, 2"» lbs. ; Tara rubber, 5 lbs. ; common magnesia, 10 lbs. ; pure sulphur, 25 ozs. This is brown at first, but in A few djij's turns grey or white, nnd just sinks in water. Springs macio from this compound, 4^ x 2^ X 1, pressed to half an inch, showed 3^ tons on tho dial. GuEY TACKiNa Fort MaiuneEngj>f.s, &c.— Grind to^jethcr clean- ed Java rubber, 51bs. ; Tara rubber, 25 lbs.; oxide of zinc, IG lbs.; carbonate of magnesia, G lbs. ; Torcelain or Cornwall clay, 3 lbs. ; rcil lead, 2 lbs. ; pure sulphur, 30 ozs. It may bo proper to state tbiit good purified Java rubber might bo substituted by engineers with good effect for I'ara rubber iu tho above mid somo other coir.- positions. Kao PACKrN'o FOR Vai.\t8.; ox lb.s.; po C'031P, «nc, 5 Ji "Uvr< Java gur siilphiirc g^trinonts ;i'0 Vrx cd by ill, rtibber tn tallio oxid being regi wrticJe. 1 O'lindrica] ^ to G feet fit one end J'ltroduced i^teixm is h kept up foi means of t] •iJid quality under the p process. TJ ex|)ei7ence t Jo Deodi foal dust, pi ture to 940 J and dean tli txce from all GUXTA-P£ smaU pieces, boi/er with ' <^oliol, well si «oak. After ni'iss, which. ;"iy shape, w Jatter-hasbee 10 Utilize t'lem m wat( I'.'Uenal becor "y steam. Ji, *« 100 lbs. of «;idbmughttc '">fl slioos. !\'",t.'ikoab.; s^inorsldnslic •"'^' ffi-ain ; the ; 'f^;itriol,al ^iilbedis.so]ve( ^W^^ I LEATHER •\VORKERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 24a lbs. ; oxide of jsinc, 6 Iba. ; can>, rnagnosia, 2 lbs. ; commou chalk, 3 lbs. ; rorcelaiu or Cornwall clay, 2 lbs. ; puro sulphur, J) oz. Companion Quality to aijovk.— Fara rubber, 30 Iba.; oxido of line, 6 lbs. ; Porcelain or Cornwall clay, 5 lbs. ; pure sulphur, 32 oz. "llvro" Cloth Fon "Waterproof Coats.— Grmd together clean Java gum, 30 lbs.; iainpblack. 6 lbs.; dry chalk or -whiting, 11 lb.'*.: snlphuret of lead, C lbs. This composition is applied to waterproof garments. To V'JLCANizT! India RunuiirB. — ^The vulcanizing process patent- ed by 'Jio lato Charles Goodyear consists in incorporating witli the rubber from 3 to 10 per cent of sulpliur, together with various me- tillic oxides, chielly lead and zinc, the quantity of the latter articles being regulated by the degree of elasticity &&, required in the desired article. The goods of one largo establishment are vulcanized iii cylindrical wrought iron steam lieaters, over 50 feet long and from 5' to 6 feet m diameter. These heaters have doors oponmg on hinges at one end, and tlirough theso doors the goods to be vulcanized are introduced on a sort of railway carriage, uien, after the door is shut, ^team is let on, and a tempei-ature of from 250° to 300° of heat is licpt up for severjil hours, the degree of heat being ascertained by means of thermometers attached to the heaters. The value, solidity, and quaUty of the goods is much increased by keeping the articles under the pressure of metalic moiUds or slieets while undergoing this l)roccss. The whole process requires careful manipulation and great cxpeiience to conduct it properly. To Deodorize Eubbek.— Cover the articles of rubber with char- coal dust, place tliem in r ;> enclosed vessel, and raise the tempera- ture to 94° Fahr.j and let it remain thus for several hours. Remove aiifl clean tlie articles from the charcoal dust, and they will bo found i!ice from all odor. Gutta-Percha and RtTBBKB WASTE. — The waste is cut into small pieces, and 100 lbs. of tlie same are placed m a well-closed boiler with 10 lbs. of bisulphide of carbon and 4 ozs. absolute al- cohol, well stirred; then the boiler is closed, and loft a few hours to Koak. After this time it is found to be changed into a soft dough mass, which, after behig ground or kneaded, is lit to be formed into any shape, when the solvent will evaporate. If too much of the latter has IJecn used, a thick unmanageable liquid is obtained. To Utilize Leather Scrai'S. — First clean the scraps, then soak them in water contjiining 1 per cent, of sulphuric acid vmtil the iiKiterial becomes soft and plastic, then compress into blocks and dry by steam. In order to soften the blocks, 1 lb. of glyceruie is added to 100 lbs. of the material ; they are then ])assed 'through rollers, and brought to the proper thickness to bo used as imicr soles of boots iiiul shoes. Deer Skit^s. — Tanning and BtrrFiNO for Gloves. — For each Fkin, take a bucket of water, and put it into 1 qt. of lime ; let the Bkinorsldns lie iu from 3 to 4 days ; then rinse iu clean water hair, and gram ; then soak thom in coid water to get out the glue ; now jiiour or pound in good soap-suds for half an liour ; after which taliO white vitriol, alum, and salt, 1 tablespoonfiil of each to a skin ; these vill be dissolved in sufllcieut water to cover the sliin, and remain in it for 24 hours ; wring out as dry as couvcuicut, and spread on with a 244 LEATHER WORKERS , AC, KECEinS. 'fflilBI bnish 4 pint o£ cnrricra' oil. and hang in the sun abont 2 days ; aftci which you will scour out the oil with soap-suds, and hang out again until perfectly dry ; then pull and work tliem until they are soft ; and if a reasonable time does not make them soft, scour out in suda again as before, until complete. The oil may be saved by pouring or taking it from the top of the suds, if left standing a short time. The buff color is giveu by spreading yellow ochre evenly over tho surface of tho skin when finished, rubbing it well with a brush. TANNDfO WITH Acu), — After having removed the hair, scouring, soaking and iK>unding in the suds, &c., as in the last recipe, in place of the white vitriol, alum, and salt as tliere mentioned, take oil of vitriol (sulphuric acid), and water, cc^ual parts of each, and tliorouglily wet tho flesh-side of the skin witli it, by means of a sponge or cloth upon a stick ; then folding up the skin, letting it stand for 20 minutes only, having ready a solution of sal-soda and water, say 1 lb. to a bucket of water, and soak the skin or skins in that for two liours, when you will wash in cleaii water, and apply a little dry salt, letting lie in the salt over night, or that length of time ; then remove tlio flesh with a blunt knife, or, if doing business on a large scale, by means of the regular beam and flesh-knife ; when dry, or nearly so, soften by pulling and rubbing with the hands, and also witli a piece, of pumice-stone. This of course is tlio quickest way of tauuiug, ana by only wettmg the skius with tho acid, and soalung out in 20 muiutes, they are not rotted. Anotheb Method.— Oil of vitriol, ^ oz. ; salt, 1 teacup ; milk sufficient to handsomely cover t'uo skin, not exceeding 3 qts. ; warm the milk, then add the salt a.'ul vitriol ; stir tho skm in the liquid 40 minutes, keeping it warm ; then dry, and work it as directed in the above. Canadian Process. — Tho Canadians make four liquors in using tho japonica. The fibst liquor is made by dissolving, for 20 sides uf upper, 15 lbs. of terra japonica in sufficient water to cover the upper being tanned. The second liquor contains tho same amount of ja- ponica, and 8 lbs. of saltpetre also. Tho thikd contains 20 lbs. of ja- ponica and 4^ lbs. of alum. The fourth liquor contains only 15 lbs. of jaiK)nica, and 1^ lbs. of sulphuric acid ; and the leather remauis 4 days in each liquor for upper ; and for sole tho quantities and time are botli doubled. They count 50 calf-skins iu place of 20 sides of upper, but let thera lie iu eacli liquor only 3 days. To Tan For Skins, &c. — ^To remove the legs and useless parts, soak the sldn soft, and then remove the fleshy substances, and soak it in warm water 1 hour. Now take for each skin, borax, saltpetre, and Glauber-salt, of each 4 oz., and dissolve or wet with soft water sufficient to allow it to be spread on tho flesh-side of the skin. Tut it on with a brush thickest in tho centre or thickest part of the skin, and double the skin together, flesh side iu ; keeping it iu a cool place for 24 hours, not allowing it to freeze. Then wash the skin clean, and take sal-soda 1 oz. ; borax ^ oz, ; refined soap 2 oz. : melt them slowly together, being careful not to allow them to boil, and apply tho mixture to the flesh i^ide at first. Boil up again and keep m a warm place for 24 hours ; then wash the skin clean again, as above, and have saleratus 2 oz., dissolved iu hot rain water sufficient to well saturate the skiu; toko ulum 4 oz. ; salt 8 oz. ; and dissolve also m hot rain wat( out scaldi and hang drj'uig2c finished, hing with iJko a cliai 1'ROCES) FROM 6 T( ponica, coi i«'ith sufflci will be lim ^hen it wi you YTiU. pi: eame night handling 2 to use the t keeping the aark color t ekms will rt calf-skins fr To Tan P fide up; tlie. !^med, make H alone a foT and nail the ™'iko it soft ] "1 tlje sun a f^Jiapcd stick, , To Tan Ji tolOg.nis.col pulverized bo been salted, a than 8 to 10 pnuric acid h ivann soft wai ivfirm room. time. Muski aim rub with tiikon off will ( To Di-E Fuj and an immcBs department I oonn next tho tlic set of the f oi)en.s easilv an ^liENCnFlNl "CRxps (the legs jntUtheygetn 'list application '« p soft soap, I leather will be « ^^^•^> AC., KECEIPTS. rain out and 245 ished. Lastly Sn sh i?i°° t? ^^^e desiredsoftoe« r^fi soakw „„ ^ :::-'5 with a piece otvum^L^i^^'S and worff- a?d A.^^^^ 'flien I^koacharmonsh4S£tS« «nd fine. BrSriSer^^'lTipy '°^ ^rith sufficient water V^Xf-'i**^"™' lib.; put them ?« o'' *^' *"'^ J-i- ^nll be limed haired anr<2:'^.iJ° ^'>«lo SSfen^^PSL ^ettlo when it will ic nni- T^f ^ treated every wavna f^wu ^- The skin you will nut in 1 piS 0^1!^"^ ^^"' ^tS^to fame nig{,t and SLi for tw ^5^'"°"' ^tiSi^ it w^lf Ti'l?^ ^^'"o iaudW2 or 3 timel 3aH v n f*? ^^^y^' ^i»en you wiH'/« **^'? *ho to use tfiQ taimln^ livfn.vi 1^ '^H *bo time tannmrr .11"°^ *^« w^'olo, keeping thSrSoT''^ by adding half tS^S^;X^° «»n continuo dart color ?otCTe^7h«"' ^°'" ^'7 «"ionnt 1?"?^, l^?«h time, by ^•kin3willi?q,S;jX^^^^^^ ^#P»' i»i lb o^f Llfr° ^'^ «i^o a I^P; -!;"J^n?cS^Sr!?S*^S^^ it flesh Phuric acid hast]>«!' tiT^ ^^''^ sbonld soak til? ?•„ ''® ^^^'^^'d more wann soft wa?i Si ^ ^°^,'""S Proces^ FoiLn^T '°^'' The sul- ;yarm roor'T/.en ad?«}n* ^"'H' '^i' welUud le?K *° ^^ ^1«- !'»e. Musk rat 84«lt£?r^L««tlmric acd 24^ih?.^S?li th* . «uu uran, 4 bushel- Kiil\^Iri ^*T "luoi t""e7 KicrnVsklnslfho'^^K^^^ . - " and rub with^fin. , ^^,°"1** remain hi RhontdSJ^ ^^^v' ^'i"" all tho tl'osetof the ffir ii*^i,?"J^f y bedoneby^^^^^^ of the ■mm 246 LEATUEE WOKKEKS', AC, EECEirXS. FRENCn Patent Leather.— Work into the skin with appropriato tools 3 or 4 successive coatings of drying varnish, made by boiling linseed oil with white lead and litharge, in tlio proportion of one l)ound of each of the latter to one gallon of the f ornffer, and adding a portion of challc or ochre, each coating being thoroughly dried boforo the application of the next Ivory black is then substituted for the chalk or ochre, the varnish thinned with spirits of turi)enthie, and five additional applications made in the same manner as before, except that it is put ou thin and not worked in. The leather is rubbed down with pumice-stone, in powder, and then placed in a room at DO degrees, out of the way of dust. Tiie last vaniish is prepared by boiling J lb. asphaltura with 10 lbs. of the drying oil used in the first stage of the process, and then stirring in 5 lbs. coiwil varnish and 10 lbs. of turpen- tine. It must have 1 mouth's ago before using it. CnEAP Tanning "without Bauk ou Mineual Astringents.— Tlio astringent liquor is composed of water, 17 gals. ; Aleppo galls, i lb. ; Benjjal catecliu, 1^ oz, and 6 lbs. of tormentil, or septfoil root. Powder the ingredients, and boil in the water 1 hour ; when cool, put in the skins (which must be prepared by beuig plunged into a preparation of brau and water for 2 days previously) ; handle them frequently during the first 3 days, let them alone the next 3 days, tlien handle three or four times in one day ; let them lie undisturbed for 25 days more, when the process will be complete. New Tanning CoaiPOsiTiON. — For harness leather, 4 lbs. catechu, 3 pts. common ley, 3 oz. of alum. For wax leather (split leather), 3 Ibg. catechu, 3 pts. common ley, 3 oz. alum. For calf -skins 2 lb.s. catechu, 1 pt. ley. For sheep-skins, 1 lb, catechu, 1 pt. ley, 1 oz, alum, TIio catechu by itself will make the leather hard and brittle, the ley will soften it; the alum being ouli^ used for coloring, can be dispensed with, or other matter usea in its place. The mixture is in e\'ery case boiled, and the leather is then immersed in it long enougli u, be thoroughly tanned, for which purpose tlio harness leather should be steeped from 18 to 20 days, wax leather from 12 to 14 days, Ciilf- fikins from 7 to 9 days, and sheei>skins from 2 to 4 days. French Polish or Dressing for Leather. — Mix 2 pts. best vinegar, with 1 pt. soft water; stir iuto it i lb. glue, broken u)), h lb. logwood-chijis, I oz. of finely powdered indigo, i oz, of the best soft fiL.ip, J oz. of isinglass: put the mixture over the fire, and let it boil ten minutes or more; then strain, bottle, and cork. AVhen cold, it id fit for use. Apply Avitli a sponge. Tanning. — ^The first operation is to soak the hide, as no hide can bo iiroperly tanned unless it has been soaked and broken ou a fleshing' beam. If the hide has not been salted add a little salt and soak it iii soft water. In order to be thoroughly soaked, green hides should remahiin the liquor from 9 to 12 days; of course the time varies Avith llio thickness or tlie hide. The following liquor is used to remove hair, or wool, viz. : 10 gals, cold water (soft); 8 cits, slacked lime, and the same quantity of wood ashes. Soak until tlio hair or wool will null olf easily. As it frequently happens it is desirable to cure tlio hide and keep the hair clean, the following paste should bo made, viz: equal parts of lime and hard wood ashes (lime should bo slalccil) and made into a paste with soft water. Tliis should be spread on the flesh Bide of the hide and the skin rolled up flesh side in and placed in a tul until tJi skins of and the to a cons upon the duced, w Curri: Igilljsw ntniin, an is ready f CURRIE pint; Casj ^irst paste This will i CtriiKiEj of harness yellow, J i oz. ; paste Skirtini yelJonr, ^ j "^- ; paste ^vill ffuisJi DvEs ro gneabyste* ^'ith alum : ]^i»e, and wt dwarf-elder, o"t; then be niid wet the i the^willbe^ jaymg them "1 a liquor re lastly iu the d I'lo is given j »arm water, •, decoction of fmeariug the' Dark green i.s ^•'«e till soft, elwde. (Yclloic ""dlinseed-oil Oranr/e. y-orni Joiled m alum f»lfy-coIor is giv uiomiug warmt 10 Marble J "cep and the le or copper pan ai "?e IS formed : i "'arble slab any I nif,sian blue oi ,„ , , , . "^ ' •"^■' BECEIPIS. 24} pint,- Castile smn i ^'™' CSw^.—Tato nf „ > nnd wet tto skins in ihn "^ "' ''^'ore iu a ZnS "^'' ""S tliein "icy will bo very b „d witli a Dark trm., ;'-?"""•. sai^.sreei,!.„i .,'.55! 'yJ-rOreen is „!„„„'?» 248 LEATHER WORKERS , AC, RECEIPTS. Ml Jilaek.—hnrat ivory or lamb black. Jirown. — Umber, burnt do. ; terra di sienua, burnt do. Black, mixed with yellow or red, also makes brown. 6'recn.— Blue and yellow mixed. Oranflre.— lied and yellow mixed. Furple. — Red and blue mixed. For each color you must have two cups, one for the color after grinding, the other to mix it with ox-sall, which milst be used to thin the colors at discretion. If too much gall is lused, the colors will spread : when they keep their Slace on the surface of the trough^ when moved with a quill, they aro t for use. All things in readmess, the colors are successively sprinkled on the surface of the mucilage in the trough with a brush, and are waved or drawu about with a quUl or a stick, according to taste. When tlie design is just formed, tno book, tied tightly between cutting boards of the same size is lightly pressed with its edge ou the surface of the liquid pattern, and then 'withdrawn and dried. The covers may be marbled in the same way only letting tlie liquid colors run over tnem. In marbling paper tlie sides of the i)aper is gently- applied to the colors in the trougli. The film of color in the trough may be as thin as possible, and if any remains after the marbling it may be taken off by applying iiaper to it before you prepare for marblhig again. To diversify the eflf ccts, colors aro often mixed with a little sweet oil before sprinkling them on, by which means a light halo or circle appears aroimd each spot BoOKBiNDEits Varnish. — Shellac, 8 parts ; gum benzoin, 3 ports ; gum mastic, 2 parts ; bruise, and digest in alcohol, 48 parts ; oil of lavender, ^ part. Or, digest shellac, 4 mrts ; gum mastic, 2 parts; gum dammer and wliite turpentine, of each, 1 part; \vith alcohol (95 i)er cent. ), 28 parts. Red SpnuncLE fok Bookbinders' Use.— Brazilwood (groimd), 4 puTts; alum, 1 part; vinegar, 4 prats; water, 4 parts. Boil until reduced to 7 parts, then add a quantity of loaf sugar and gum ; bot- tle for use. Blue. — Strong sulphuric acid, 8 oz.; Spanish indigo, powdered, 2 oz. ; mix in a bottle that will hold a quart, and place it iu a warm bath to promote solution. For use, dilute a little to tho required color in a tea-cup. Black. — No better black can be procured than that made by tlie receipt for edge blacking, in this work, which tee. Oi'angc color. — Ground Brazilwood, IGpaits; annatto, 4 parts, alum, sugar, and gum arable, each 1 part; water, 70 parts, boil, strain, and bottle. Purp/e.— Log wood chips ; 4 parts, powdered alum, 1 part ; soft water, 24 parts; boil until reduced to IG parts, and bottle for usa Oreen. — ^Frencli berries, 1 jmrt; soft water, 8 parts. Boil, and add a little powdered alum, then bring it to tlio reqfured shade of green, by addmg liquid blue. J5rot«n.— Logwood chips, 1 part; annatto, 1 part, boil iu water, 6 i)art8; if too light add & piece of copperas the size of a pea. TBEK-MARBI.E. — ^A marble in the form of trees may be done by bending the boards a little on the centre, using tlie same method as tho common marble, having the covers previously prepared. The end of a candle may be rubbed ou different parts of the board to form knots. Jiice-Marble.— Color the cover witn spirits of wine and tur- meric, then place on rice in a regular manner, throw on a very tiuo sprinkle of copperas water till the cover is nearly black, and let it re- in^ till dry. The cover may bo spotted with the red liauid or potash-water, very freely, before tlie rico is thrown off tho boards. 'Spotted. let it reii fcprinkie Kflake o£ colored t hug with very thia between. book is c vrith a Iit< ij Of the leaves, nearly dry, g damp sponge the leal from humisli, obsei the gold and tJ CUINBSK Ei «nd dry; then according to fa ^'^u»d blue. ^. i^9 MAKE Pj t'ou, take wish concCKtrated si "immediately. pJeta itisnS^ /roraeOtofiOlbj only about 25 lb JO Manufao parings and wast t '0 tendons and fotained and ke^ «^EBS , AC, RECEIPTS? 94c - 7 ~w., JiiiUEIPXS.' "take off tholS^r v"^ ""'' «>lor tiifu,T^" » f^Sutar nwM?^ Ijolomi With ySKor S w """P ""y bi ffi'i t^™""^™ tog with bluo tL i,^ uoforo throwiil. „„ ,r"> '"o edge niv iwC ™y thick oS differe/t'S-'"" »^« Hfo ?,!^i°„S^». »id S£ lomi «ich board and iefT"' P^^aVdroDs'S '2"^** P'««i wash It oror 2 or 3 tim« *,^^o shaded red • ^hi^'*,^^<^^ ^iii rtw Gold SpROfm^'^J"* ''ge«/orfca//igr.) ^ ^^^^ ^t a brightS 10 Giu> thbEdoes op p^^ "eautirm appeaninco > Si's 250 LEATHER workers', &C., RECEIPTS. It iiso, tlioy are first stooped for 14 or to days in milk of limo, and then draiued and dried ; tliis constitutes tlio cleaning or tlio preparation, liefore conversion into gluo they aro usually steeped iu weak uiilk of limo, well worked in water, and exposed to the air for 24 liourii. They aro then j^laced in a copper boiler § filled with water and fur- nished with a perforated falso bottom, to prevent them from burning, and as ranch is piled on as will fill tho vessel and rest on the top of it. Heat is next applied, and gcntlo boiling contuiucd until tho liquor on coolujg becomes a gelatinous mass. Tho clear portion is then rnn off into another vessel, where it is kept hot by a water bath, imd all aroui'd to rcposo for some liours to deposit, when it is rim into the congealing boxes and placed in a cool situation. Tho next morn- ing the cold gelatinous mass is turned out ui)on boards wetted with water, and aro cut horizontally iu thin cakes with a stretched piece of brass wire, and into smaller cakes with a moistened flat knife. Theso cakes are placed uix)n nettings to dry, after which they aro dipped one by one in hot water and slightly rubbed Avlth a brush wetted with boiluig water, to give them a gloss ; they aro lastly stovo dried for salo. During this time tho undissolved skins, &c., left in tho coiv per is treated with water and tho whole operation is repeated agam and again, as any gelatmous matter is extracted. Tho first runniugd liroduce the finest and best glue. Tho refuse matter from tho taii- iicrs and leather dressers yields on tho avei-ago, when dried, 50 per cent of its weight ui glue. To Dye Leathku Yeli^ow.— Picric acid gives a good yellow without any mordant ; it must bo used in very dilute solutiou, and not warmer than 70° I'ahr., bo as not to penetrate tho leatho Green Dve for Leather.— Aniline blue modifies picric acid to n fine green. In dyeing the leather, tho temperature of 85° Fahr., must never be exceeded. <5)ce Anilvie Dyes in Dyers' Dqi't. Dyes for Ivory, Horn, and Boyp..— Black.— 1. Lay tho articles for several hours in a strong solutiou of nitrate of silver, and exjwso to the light 2. Boil the article for some time in a strained decoction of logwood, and then steep in a solutiou of per-sulphato or acetate of iron. 3. Immerse frequently in ink until of sufficient depth of color. Blue. —1. Immerse for some dilute solution of sulphate of hidigo, partly saturated with potash, and it will be fully stained. 2. Steep in a strong solution of sulphate of copper. Oreen. — 1. Dip blue-stained articles for a short time in a nitro-hydrochlorato of tin, and then in a hot decoction of fustic. 2. Boil in a solution of verdigris in vinegar until the desired color is obtained. Red. — 1. Dip the article first in a tin mordant used in dyeing, and then plunge in a hot decoction of Brazil wood— i lb. to a gallon of water or— cochineal. 2. Steep in rediulc till sufficiently stiined. Scarlet. — Use lack dye instead of the pre- ceding. Violet. — Dip in the tin mordant, and then immerse in a decoc- tion of logwood. Yellow. — Boil the articles in a solution of alum, 1 lb. to J a gallon, then immerse for half an hour in tho follovnng mixurc: Take 4 lb. of turmeric, and J lb. pejirlash; boil in 1 gal. water: wlicii taken from this, the bone must be again dipped ui tlio alum solution. Mother of Pearl Work. — This delicate substance requires great care in its workmanship, but it may be cut with the aid of saws, files and drills, with the aid of muriatic or sulphuric acid, and it is polished by colcotliar, or the brown red oxide of iron left after tho distillation of tho ax J'carl is s »'orIf, &c . To Pol »"to a tiii »!ii/ncient < ^■"hquickl , 'J'OPOLI •^o presen "«vater.— 'i'Ji moist upon 'iiiiriaticaci 2i;;'rt«;tea J O OILD I find then exi ui clean ^YaU To Sxlvk] Jiortar, add i ior use. )VJ sohition, let i clear water. depicture a jj, PcnciJiutlies turned a deep simsJiine, occa " 'I tuniof a ftbriJiiautsiiv< ■lO feOFTEx J-'ter, mixe'a t owdcred pliistcr of Taria, 1^ lb. ; sifted quick lime, oz. ; mix well ; heat the marble, and qv ply the mixtiue. Seven Colgus For Staining Marble. — It is necessary to heat tho marble hot, but not so hot as to injure it, the proper heat being tliat at which the colors nearly boil. Blue ; alkaline mdigo dye, or turn- sole with alkali. Red ; Dragon's blood iu spirits of mne. Yellow ; gamboge in spirits of whie. Gold Color ; sal-ammoniaQ, sulphate of zinc, and verdigris equal parts. Green ; sap green in spirits of iwt- ash. Brown; tincture of logwood. Crimson; alkanet root in tiiv- ])entine. Marble may bo veined according to taste. To staiu marblo well is a difficult operation. Perpetual Ink fob Tomstones, etc.— Pitch, 11 lbs. ; lampblack, 1 lb. ; turpentine sufflcient ; mix with heat To CiiBAN Old Marble.— Take a bullock's gall, 1 gill soap lees, half a gill of turpentine ; make mto a paste witli pipeclay, apply it t/) the marble ; let it dry a day or two, and then rub it on, and it will ap]>ear equal to new ; if very dirty, repeat the application. To extract Oil from Marble or Stone.— Soft soap, 1 part ; fullers earth, 2 parts ; potash, 1 part | boilmg water to mix. Lay it on the spots of grease, and let it remain for a few hours. To Gild Letters on Marble. — Apply first a coatmg of size and then several successive coata of size thickened with finely powdered whiting until a good face is produced. Let each coat become dry and j rub it down with fine glass paper before applying the next. Then go | over it thinly and evenly with gold size and apply tlie gold leaf, burn- ishing with an agate ; several coats of leaf will be required to give a | good effect To Clean Marble.— Take two parts of common soda, 1 part pura- Ice-stone, and 1 part of finely powdered chalk ; sift it througii al fine sieve, and mix it with water ; then rub it well all over tlio niar-j ble, and the stains will be removed ; then wash tlie marble over witlij soap and water, and it will bo as clean as it was at first. To MAKE A Chemical Barometer. — ^Take a long narrow bottlej and put into it 2^ drs. of camphor ; spirits ol wiue U drs. When tlif camp fialtpo ^vater WeJJtt Avery ^iff tin ,'weatJie ing stoi , Thap arops oi tice any /lour doi icate fisj, *"ey can V^aybeu J'^{nffth< ^t'lns thei f'^ •'^"fi tS jermiiion, S 1 o 7«h some prenyl ^vater prior ^^ '!'"-«ninioi in!. J**""^^ff m(xtnr« ins; storm or of A' '^^''""les an Gv^i\,*'*® roaterlj, „; ^obsen-- drops of oil of ft,W«f^''^««S' SKCnFT r-. ^ ''^ ** <^ow- tJce nmrwsij ^ "."'SO, or oil vi.„!.r"^T tor Gavp *« ^ • - — vuw ice. Prussian blue fi,S '^ ^and turps^i'-^^^^'to ffd'p« ® ^^««' «"d 254 CABINETMAKEKS, PAINTERS*, &.C., RECEIPTS. ■vvlilto lead and red lead. Anothnr. — This is ft mixturo of PrnBsinn blno, l-'rcnch yellow, n small iwrtiou of Tiirkoy umber, and a litttlo burnt vitriol. Ground tlio same way. Another, in oil. — Mix PrusHian bliio aud chromo yellow. (Irouud tlio same. Another Shade. — A mixturo of PruHsiun blue and Freuch yellow, with a small qimntity of wliito '■?ad and Turkey umber; add burnt vitriol, ground the same. An- V I'/ic'/', Ufiht. — White mixed with verdigris. A variety of shades uuiy bo obtained by using bhio and yellow Avith white lead. Another. Olive. — lilack and blue mixed with yellow, in such quantities as to obtain tlio colors or shaden required. For distemper, use indigo and yellow pink mixed with whiting or white lead i)Owdcr. Freestone. color. — A ndxturo of red lead, Venetian red, Froncli j-ellow and laiu])- black, (varying the shado accordmg to taste,) with linseed oil and tuniontine. Olive Green. — Grind separately, Prussian blue and Freuch yellow, in boiled oil, then mix to the tints required witl^ a littlo burnt white vitriol to act ris a dryer. A cheap and handsome color for outside work, such as doors, 'jarts, wagons, niilings, &c. Li(/ht Gray is made by mixing white lead with lampblack, using more or less of each material, as you wish to obtain a lighter or a darker shadi;. Jh(ff is made from yellow ochre aud white lead. Silver or I'earl Gray. — Mbc white lead, Prussian blue, and ft very slight portion of black, regulating the quantities you wish to obtain, ilaxcn Gray la obtained by a mixture of white lead and Prussian blue, with a small fjuajitity of lake. JJrich Color. — Yellow ochre and red lead, witli a little wliito. Oak Wood Color. — J white lead and J part uiuber and yellow ochre, proportions of the last two ingredients being determined by tbc dcsirea tints. Walnut-tree Color. — § white lead, and ^ rod ochre, yellow ochre, and umbci, mixed according to the shade souglit If veining is required, use different shades of the same mixture, and for the deepest places, black. Jonquil. — Yellow, piulc, and whito lead. This color is only proper for distemper. Jjcnion Yellow.— Realgar and orpiment The same color can bo obtained by niixiii;,' yellow pink with Naples yellow; but it is tlien only fit for distemper. Oramie Color. — Ked lead aud yellow ochre. Violet Color. — Vcnuihou, or red leadj mixed with black or blue, and a email iwrtion of white. Vermilion is preferable to red lead in mixing this color. Purple.— Dark red mixed with violet color. Carnation. — Lake and white. Gold color. — Massicot, or Naples yellow, with a small quantity of realgar, and a very little Spanish white. Olive Color may bo obUiincd by black and a little blue, mixed with yellow. Yellow-pink, Avith a little verdigris aud lampblack; also oclire and a small quantity of white will produce an olive color. For distemper, indigo aud yellow- pink, mixed with white lead or Spanish white, must be used. If veined, it must be done with umber. Lead Color. — l*russian blue and white. Chestnut Color. — Red ochre aud bhick, for a dark chestnut To make it lighter, employ a mixture of yellow ochre. Light timber Color. — Spruce ochre, white, and a little umber. Flesh Color.— ^ ■ ' , wliite lead, and a little vermilion. Light Willow Cfn >.— aite, mixed with verdigris. Gras-i Green. — ^YeUow-piiik r"" \ir- digris. Stone Color. — ^White, with a little spruce ocL rk Lead Color. — ^Black and white, with a little Prussian blue. n Color.— White lead, etono ocnro, witli a little vermilion. CIi ntc Color.— Lampblack and Spanish broAAH. Ou account of the faiin 4 of ' ii)- I'lack, n limber, , • anuine -Whito <'lironie, i^lniw Co Ji'.'id and (I'rern. — J. liJ:ick, yel <'ipu molt ••is not to Ij much Pari it iij) tliick l"itinaj)a your work •if'Mi-ed sh; <"iiitiously Jittle on a f too light, m fT fix the ( «c(*oiid coat riiia your m I'C used. Jj j'''io, or blao IJiijr or dra .veliow, or n """leralorP; .suit very wej ;'"(1 verditer, f-nniino. Fo If "ot wantet ,"fo carmine, ''-"'k and t f""('ng, ^c, Jiirnt umber. f'"t-'k glue to 1 |"I)arts a beai ^■<^.'''»;;s, if lie. '"J-\ed abont i "'■.ver.'iswilld" "i'oilthesnbse J-. prepaiinjT ""''••^ witJi olf filK.uJd bo used ''^ «» to the •"•"ishtoeach ^'•e wall rcceivij correctly laid CABINETMAKERS, TAIXTERS', &C., RECEIPTS. 255 l)lack, mix Bomo lith.irso and red load. Porflanil Stone Colo),— Uinbcr, yellow ocliro, and whito lead. Jiosn Color.— White lead and luriuiuo or lake. Salimm Color. — Wliito load and blno, yellow, and 11(1. Pearl Color. — White lead, Prusaiaii blue, and red. Slate Colon —Whito lead, black, rod, and blue. Pea Grcvn. — Whito lead and (.liroino, or Paris green. Cream Color. — Wlilto lead, yellow and red. iStniw Color. — Wiiito load and yellow. Peach Blossom Color. — Whito lead and vermilion. Brown. — Venetian red and laninblack. Dark f/cfcn.— Ijimpblack and chromo green. Olive Color. — Ketl, green, or ])!;u'k, yellow and red. Snvff Color. — Yellow, sienna, and red. I'UKsro I'AiNTixo.— Steep good glue over night in water to Boftcn, then melt in a guit^iblo ix»t or kettle, applying tlio heat cautiously, bo :is notto lK)il, as boiling will render it unfit for uho. Then take as miicii Paris whiting as you think you will use for your fii-st coat, beat it up thick with water to a perfect pulp to get rid of lumps, &c. Now put in a pail as much of this whiting mixturo as will bo required for your work and proceed to mix in tlio colors required to pnxluco tlio ilcsired Hhade. The colors, previously ground in water, should bo cautiously mixed with the lumd, and tlie shado tested by drying a little on a shingle or whito paper; if too dark, add moro whithig, if too light, moro color. Now add enough of your melted glue to bind or lix tho color very hard so as not to rise or wash np with your Kccond coat, and test this on paiwjr or wood also, otiiorwise you may Tiiia your work. For Yellow, chromo yellow of different tints mav 1)0 used. Buff or Drab can bo got by a mixturo of yellow ochre, red, l)hio, or blact, and sometimes umber is intermixed with good effect. IJutf or drab colors may bo produced by yellow ochre, chromo yellow, or raw sienna, intermixed witli Turkey umber. For Green. mineral or Paris greens arc fii-st cla.ss. Any good chrome green will suit very well. For Blue, use cobalt nltraniarino blue, I'russian blue ;nul venliter. For Gray, use co:ni)osition of Avhito, blue, red, and black. For lied, use vermilion, Indian red, Venetian red, lake, and (•aniline. For Pink or Rose tints, use a mixture of red with wliito, if not wanted bright, uso Indian red, if a strong rich color is desired, nso carmine, lake, Venetian red, or vermilion. For Black, use blue lihu'k and the Fmnkfort, or pure ivory black. For Browns for i^liitding, rcpare the walls or ceilings atIUi a coat of paint prepared as before directed, or with a preparation coat in size made of whiting with an extra quantity of melted glue containing a small qimntity of alum. Give the walls a good coat of this, let it harden well, then applr another ; tliis oughc to be sufHcicnt if good flowhig coats are applied. Now mix the colors to the proper tints (in oil), lav in the panels first ; then tlie stiles, and when dry, put on the flat or last coat (spirit color). When the work is dry for i)anellln^, use the following for mixhig the finishing colors: Tuqieutine, a little mastic ranii^, a little white wd eithe aifiug tli( and avoid ''if/' Sat: ammonia dissolve h farefujjy. £rus/tes. Clean J'ai iorated spr of bellows. work. Ap) sand. To r! Prussian "^n shavino ashotascaj fimali qiumtj double U,o , '? ^*on acaii S« Of s and make suf ;;'red, and tb ^fussuia him 'lissolvcdfiem, "'ate last j!S blue vitriol, of fiirorae yellow «"J add water ^i>ioi/ier Green' ^ot water to mak, «"'o^wnteratih! aumionia mmh? ♦{; ® ^Po^s with fin,,„i ^^ Jietnove pA/m/ /•- '^"*edi ^^Sf's -^^SiSI''^ ^Jv""- m 258 CAUlN£T3kL\.K£BS, FAINTEBS', <&C., BECEITTS. "5 : .-^ P!'' ^vater until dissolved; when sufflciently cool to admit the hand, add muriate of tui, jf oz. Now huvo Paris white, 12^ lb. ; moisten up to a fnilvy consistence, and when tlio first is cool, stii them thorouglily tocether. Let stand twenty-four hours. PATENT Yellow. — Common salt. 100 lbs., and litharjje, 400 lbs., are ground tozetlier with water, and for some time in n gentle heat, water being aaded to supply the loss by evaporation; the carlwuato of soda is then waslicd out with more water, and the wliito residuum hc;itcd till it acquires a fine yellow color. Naples Yellow. — Nol. Metallic antimony, 1211>s.; red lead, 8 lbs. ; oxide of zinc, 4 lbs. Mix, calcine, triturate well together, and fuse in a crucible: the fused mass must be ground and elutriated to a fine powder. Cheap Y"ellow Paixt.— Wliiting, 3 cwt. ; ochre, 3 cwt. ; ground ut i i snfflcient case in n Rloss. TI time. Th I'oJisJi. It I'ietedina ««I>stitutu,, 13 required* tension. ^' CoAa-ouA-: ^""^ ^"ies ij S^Position ^°y<^limate i '^^Sd^^T'^-- ''^^'^^Sfafe"- ried according to dm.«.^ K^CEIPts. 25S must bo iifiPrf »Li.^ "® Dutch DliiifV^ ♦u ' *"" iJf a htieht n^^*®» oy teiifiioa; ^** ^^^ quite wam to J^° i?^*"^. SPb ^"ifreeii r* 260 CAUIXETMAKERS, rAIXTEUS*, AC, BECEIPTS. I' bottom of earthen i)ots, similar to flower pots, in each of which a small quantity of wealc acetic acid is pLaccd. Tlio pots are built up in al- ternate layers with spent tanners' baric, until a stack is formed, each layer of pots being covered witlx a board. Fermentation soon taker* place in the tin, and serves the double place of generating heat atui supplying carlH)nic acid. After the lapse of six or eight weolcs, tbo metallic lead is found converted into white masses of carbonic mixed Avith h^drated oxide. It is then levigated, washed, dried, and giouud with oiL To Curb Damp Walls.— Boil 2 ozs. of grease with 2 quarts of tar, for nearly twenty minutes, in an iron vessel, and have ready pounded glass, 1 lb. ; slaked lime, 2 lbs. ; well dried in an iron pot and sifted throu^^h a flonr sieve ; add some of the lime to the tar and glass, to make it the tliickness of thin i)a8te, suflicient to cover a square foot at a time, as it hardens so quick. Apply it about au ciglith of an inch tliick. To Pbotect Wood akd Brick work from Damp Weathei:. —Take 3 pecks of lime, slaked in the air, 2 pecks of wood-ashes, and 1 peck of white sand. Sift tliem fine, and add linseed oil sufli- cient to use with a iiaint bnish : thin the first coat ; use it as tliick .ia it will work for the second coat, grind it fine, or beat it in a trough, and it is a good composition. Putty for llEPAiRiNa Broken Walls.— Tlie best putty for walls is composed of equal parts of whiting and plaster of Paris, us it quick- ly hardens. The walls may bo immediately colored upon it Somo I)ainter3 use whiting with size ; but this is not good, as it rises abovo the surface of the walls, aud shows the patches when the work is fniished. Lime must not be used as putty to repair walls, as it will destroy almost every color it comes in contact with. Instructions for Sign Writing, with the Colors to he USED FOR the Ground and Letters.— On an oak ground, orna- mental letters, in ultramarine blue, filled in with gold aud silver leaf, blocked up and shaded ■with burnt sienna. Another. — Gold letters on a white marble ground, blocked up and shaded with a transparent brown or burnt siemia. On glass. — Gold letters, shaded with burnt sienna. Another. — Gold letters, shaded with black, on a scarlet or chocolate ground. On a rich blue ground, gold letters, double shaded, black and white. White letters on a blue ground, sluided with black, look very well. On a purple ground, pink letters sliaded with white Mix ultramarine and vermilion for a ground color, white letters shaded with a light grey. Vermilion ground, chrome yellow, stained with vennilion and lake, for the letters, shaded black. A substltuto for the above colors: Kose pink and red lead; aud for the letters, etone yellow, white lead and Venetian red. A good substitute for gold is obtained by grinding white lead, chrome yellow, and a dust of vermihon together. Mix your colors for writing in boiled oil, and use for drier gold size. Other good grounds for gold letters arc: blues, vennilion, lake, and Saxon. When your sign is rejidy for gilding, follow the directions given under the head of 'To Oild Letters on Wood." To OrvB Lustre to a Light Blue Ground.— After the letters nro written and dry, jiaint the ground over again, between the letters, witlx the same color, and while wet take imlvcrized Vrussian blue r.nd Blftor< with th GttD rrithye utmost I ToGj smooth J fiis8olve< quantity part biit J^t it St! .lake a lej into the b: "'0 cushio yonr moiit fl'JtJi the h( your hair; letters; wh •71a ffently iroSF^ wh To VsK g Of ,^hite su wch letter 11 ^"^ettaclryj ^'/ectlydrv 1;'"* with niS TOvered metal fitjrrmg all th !;.SinT"?i iyi.i'wideworki ^'ulo the HiJlf ^'•'''•thiorjl^^: letters: when ♦i.«P"'o SOW on thfl^S'- ^^^"^ ^ub fffS^^lf' c»Wnff. t'loslffui^th"?, *''OeoW until ir^/^' '^ineverv fi„«"^H^ »" tljo n oo/" '"^^^ <=^ean water to Uo offT"' «nd bri-uf ??*<>« wool, 262 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. Japanned Tin Signs.— Draw yonr letters on paper to suit your piece of tin, having first cleaned it with diluted alcohol and a piece of cotton. This will remove any crease or other matter that miglit bold the gold. Then take some whiting and rub it over the back of tho I>nper upon which your design is made and Isy it upon the Japanned tin. Next place a weight upon the four coiners of the paper, or otherwise fix it securely to the tin ; then, with u fine pointed piece of hard wood, trace the design carefully, bearing vpon the paper with the point just hard enough to cause the whitin<; cu the under side of the paper to adhere to the tin, jvnd after going carefully over tho whole, you will have transferred tho entire design in iine white out- line to the tin you are to finish it upon. Now size with oil size, and when dry enough for gilding, lay on the gold leaf and dab it down thorouglily, afterwards brushiug off the loose gold with your flat camel-hair brush or cotton. Chanoeable Sions.— Make a wooden sign in the usual manner, ■ and have a proiecting moulding around it. Now cut thin grooves into the moulding, an inch apart, allowing each cut to reach to tho surface of the sign. In each of tlicse grooves insert strips of tin one inch wide ; and long enough to reach quite across the sign board. When all are fitted, take out the tin strips, and placing them edge to edge on a level table, paint any desired words on tlieir united surface ; when dry, reverse them and paint other words on the opposite side. Now finish your lettering as usual on tlio wooden sign board, and when dry, insert the painted tin strips in correct order in the grooves. Tliis willpresent tho curious novelty of three signs in one, as viewed from different positions. Transparent Cloth. — Dissolve together white rosin, pulverized, 8 ozs., bleached linseed oil G ozs., white beeswax 1^ ozs., add the turpentine while hot. Apply to both sides of the cloth while it is stretehea tight A good venicle for mixing colors for painting on cloth or paper is gum shellac dissolved in alcohol. Tinselled Letter Glass Signs. — Paint the ground-work of your sign, on glass, any desired color, but be careful to leave the lettering or design naked, after it is dry, take any of the fancy colored copper or tin foils, crumple them in your hand and apply them over the bLick lettenng, &c., after partially straightening them out. To Incrust Window Glass with Jewels.— Dissolve dextrine In a concentrated solution of sulphate of magnesia, sulphate of zinc, sulphate of copper or other metallic palts, strain the liquid and brush a thin coat of it over the glass and dry slowly at the ordhiary temperature, keeping the glass level. For protection it may be varnished. The effect produced is that of an incrustation of dia- monds, sapphires, &c., accordmg to the color of tho salt used. To Paint in Imitation of Ground Glass.— Grind and mix white lead in three-fourths of boiled oil and one-fourth spirits of tur- l)entine, and to give the mixture a very drying quality, add sufficient quantities of burnt white vitriol and sugar of lead. The color raiirf be exceedingly tliin, and put on the panes of glass with a large sized paint brush In as even a manner as possible. When a number of tlie panes are thus painted, take a dry ouster quite new, dab tlio ends of the bristles on the glass in quick succession, till you give It a uniform nppeanmco. Repeat this operation till the work appears very soft *nd it , fresh t water. «"Iphat< and dal fegular/i iion wUf Paintj sel. "ivj, oUoftun Jwe it ^j^ "ARD I you wiah .^«eat floiii /napai' b< *n,e batter ti ^jl'te color, TJ in witJi cV P«"'tedorn » and T^ ^'/"epuJveig 'ortS- h-^U mire's 264 CABINETMAKERS, rAINTEIts', AC, RECEIPTS. tianicd; thin it with oil and turps, nnd strain for use. Whentlio cTonud worlc is dry, grind in beer, Yandyko brown, -whiting and a little burnt sienna, for the graining color; or you may use raw sienna with a little wliiting, limbers, &c. To Imitate Old Oak.— To make an exceedingly rich color for the imitation of old oak, the ground is a composition of stone oclire or orange chrome and burnt sienna; the graining color is burnt umber or Vandyke brown, to darken it a little. Observe that the abovo colors must be used whether the imitation is in oil or distemper. "When dry, vamish. To Imitate Old Oak, in Oiii. — Grind Vandyke and whiting in turpentine, add a bit of common soap to make it stand the comb, and thin it with boiled oiL To Imitate Pollard Oak.— The ground color is prepared with n mixture of chromo yellow, vermilion, and white lead, to a rich light buCr. The graining colors are Vandyke brown nnd smallportions of raw and burnt sienna and lake ground in ale or beer. Fill a large tool with color, spread over the surface to be grained, .and soften with tlie badger hair brush. Take a moistened sponge between the tibumb nnd finger, and dapnio round and roimd in kind of knobs, then soften very lightly ; then draw a softener from one set of knobs to the other while wet, to form a multiplicity of grains, and fmish the knots witli a hair pencil, in some places in thicker clusters than others. Wlieii dry put tlie top jpnin on in a variety of directions, and vamisli with tuirps and gold size ; then glaze up Avith Vandyke and strong ale. To finish, vamish with coiial. To Imitate Mottled Mahooanv.— The ground is prepared witli the best English Venetian red, red lead, and a small portion of wliito lead. The graining colors are bunit sienna, ground in ale, witli » small portion of Vandyke brown, sufflcient to take away the fiery ap- pearance of the sienna. Cover tne surface to be grained, soften with the badger hair brush, and while wet take a mottlmg-roller and go over the lights a second time, in order to give a variety of shade, then blend the whole of the work with the badger softener. Put the top grain on with the same color. When dry, vamish. To Imitate Rosewood. — Mix vermilion and a small quantity of white lead for the gromid. Take rose pink, tinged with a littlo lampblack, or Vandyke brown, and grind very fine in oil, then tako a flat graining brush, with the hairs cut away at unequal distances, and cut down the grain as if wending round a knot When nearly dry, take a graining comb that is used for oak, and draw down the grain. This will'give it the anpearance of nature. When dry, Tarnish. Anotlier. — ^The ground color is prepared with vermiliou and small quantities of white le;id and cnmson lake. When the ground is dr^ and made very smooth, take Vandyke brown, ground in oil, and with a small tool spread the color over the surface in dif- ferent directions forming kind of knots. Before the work is dry, take a piece of leather, and with great freedom strike out the light veins; having previously prepared the darkest tint of Vandyke brown, or gum asphaltum, immediately take the fiat graining brush with few liairs in it, draw the grain over the work and soften. When varnished, the imitation will bo excellent Akothes Rosewood Imitation in Size.— Mix Venetian red, ^liicJi, tJjia coi ^ke 801 ^Se into on the 1 coat of c To Im, mred wii /wJi Vene ^>ff color i ])roper coi ««d,havij WKoa Baa ,^"i»the^ ^y dabhim ^^WJU witli* ^^osmaJIj,, Pround by: sienna and \ luanevenm *"'' ^, to Ic varnish! ^*^ <^UIILED 11 ground bvnf; ^'"er's creai Ar tol^°''^ wl latheSi?,^*^®^ N'S.ef^,|"«col< i^^-'ers'is^^ 266 CABINCTMAKERS, PAIXTEHS', AC, RECEIPTS. To^MTTATB BriACK AXD GoLD Marble.—TIiIs description of marble is now iii great demand. Tlie ground is a deep jet bUiclc, or n dead color, in gold size, diop black and turps: second coat, black japan. Coramonco veining; mix white and yellow ochre with a small quantity of vermilion to give a gold tinge; dip the pencil in this color, and dab on the ground with great freedom some largo patches, from Trhich small threads must be drawn in various directions. In the deepest parts of the black, a white vein is sometimes seen runnh)^ with a great number of small veins attached to it; but care must ho taken that these threads are connected with, and run in some degree in the same direction with the thicker veins. If durability is not an object and the work is required hi a short time, it may bo executed very quick iu distemper colors, and when varnished, it will look vrefl. Red Makblb.— For the ground, put on a white tinged with lake or vermilion; then anply deep rich reds In natches, filling up the inter- mediate spaces witn brown and white mixed in oil; then olend them together; if in quick drying colors, use about half turps and gold size. When dry, varnish ; and while the varnish is wet, nut in a multitude of tlie fine white threads, crossing the whole work in all directions, as the wet varnish brings the pencil to a fine point Jaspku Makblk. — Put on a white ground lightly tinged with bine; then put on patches of rich reds or rose phik, leaving spaces of the white grounds; then partly cover those spaces with various browns to form fossils, in places running vehis; then put in a few spots of white hi the centre of some of the red patches, and leaving in places masses nearly all white. When dry, use the clearest varnish. Blue and Gold Mahble.— For the ground put on a light blue; then lake blue, with a small piece of white lead and some dark com- mon blue, and dab on the ground on patches, leaving i)ortions of tiio ground to shine between; then blend the edges together with duster or softener; afterwards draw on nnme white veins in every direction, leaving large open spaces to be filled up with a pale yellow or gold- paint; finish with some fine white ruuuuig threads, and a coat of varnish at last. To iBiiTATE Granite.— For the ground color, stain your whito lejid to a light lead color, with lampblack and a little rose niulc. Throw on black s|K)ts, witli a granitiug machine, a pale red, and nil up with white before the ground is dry. Anotheu.— A black ground, when half dry, throw in vermillou, a deep yellow and white Ri)ots. To Imitate IIaiu Wood.— For the ground color, take white lead and thin it with turpentme, and sliglitly stain it witli equal quantities of Prussian blue and lampblack. For the graining color, grind in alo a mixture of Prussian blue and raw sienna; when the ground is dry, epresid a tninsparent coat of the graining color on the surface of tho work, and soften; then with the cork, mottle by rubbuig it to and fro across the work, to form the fine long grain or mottle. When this is done, soften and top grain iu wavy but perpendicular direc- tions; varnish wlien dry. Substitute fok White Lead.— Sulphate of barytes ground in oil and applied like paint. It can also bo used to reduce white lead t^j any desired extent. flour ( color 1 rut in aj)J)Jy aiean: Cojuj hrick d B^'^O, 8CI H'ethe: danger • iucombt receive j whiting. I>e ad(Fe( Jt in well, fome time t'le fllJino- .wipeoff,*!, ^«Wc. 's WJllto, &c ^'iniiahcd*' coats of Bh'e fw''.5lhi ^«od. in' /oneUanrei i'o whiting a Jor black w t„"?»edwork 3ozfl J?;^^^^^ ^^;fi/elnj , I*AI.VT FOB Br .^ « ' ' KJSCEIPT8. 267 •»8«lior. WiihT- '""■• "lo em^„A '",'"• over ll,"ni ,,,'»"■ » JWrt; »i20, .Otis/ rtoi.""" ■"'■«. I Mrt. "?,''■''*«« Iron aii,,„ , wood. 6iVTr^^"*.''**KV 1 oz • ;;.-'^'^^<* Jinseed oil i"^ ^'^o^oiighiy. seed oil. 5 o!o^^> color; melt J;,a^^^^^^, 4 ozs- ♦?.""'* ^'"sced ^'^^^^^^isr^' -1 oir^f]»^'iK «flJ stir tm SJ'^'^/^sSi 4o^^^^^ 4^ ■I 'i,l 268 CABINETMAKEnS, PAINTERS', &C., HECEIPTS. nnd, Tvlien ^ell colored, jwitt olT tho denr on tho other Injjrcdio.nts, and again hcut till all are diBBoIvcd. 13. Finmituro Cream. — Dcqa. wnx, 1 lb. ; soap, 4 oz8. ; pooilaiili, 2 ozg. ; Bolt water, 1 gal., boil to- gether until mixed. To Kei>aiu tiir SiM-KRiifa of lHranons.--Ponr npon a ihoct of tin foil 3 dra. of qnicknilvcr to tho gqunrc foot of foil. Hub Broartly with a piece of buckHkiu until tho foil becomes brilliant Lay tho Sla«8 npon a flat fciblo, face downwards, jilace the foil upon tlio amaged portion of tlio gloHS, lay a sheet of impcr over tlie foil, and {tlace lipon it a block of wood or a picoo of marble with a pericctly (at surface; put ni^on it sufllcient weight to press it down tight; let It remaiu iu this position a few hours. Tho foU will adhere to tho ghiss. l»ENcn.s FOTi WniTixo ON Glass.— Stearic acid, 4 pts. ; mntton- snet, 3 pts. ; wax 2 pts; melt together and add 6 yMtU of red lead, and Ipt. purified carbonate of potassa, previously triturated together; set aside for an hour in a warm situation, stirrhig frequently; then ix)nr Into glass tubes or holloAv reeds. • ' ^ Polishes— 15 kinds.— 1. Carver^ * Polish.— Wl\\t(i resin,* 2 oz. ; Mediae, 2 oz. ; spirits of wine, 1 pt Dissolve. It should bo laid on warm. Avoid moisture and dampness when used. 2. French Polish. — Gum shellac, 1 oz. ; gum arable, J oz. : gum copal, i oz. Powder, and sift through a piece of muslin; putTuem in a closely corked bot- tle with 1 pt. spirits of wine, in a very warm situation, shaking every (lay till the gums are dissolved ; then strain tlirough muslin, and cork for use. 3. Polish for Dark-colored lFbod«,— -Seedlac, 1 oz. ; gum guaiacum, 2 drs. ; dragon's blood, 2 drs. ; gum mastic, 2 dra. ; nut in a bottle with 1 pt. spirits of wine, cork close, expose to a moacrato heat till tlie gums are dissolved: straui into a bottle for use, witli^ Sill of linseed oil; shake togetlier. . 4. Waterproof Polish. — Gum enjamhi, 2 ozs. ; gum sandarac, J oz. ; gum anima, ^ oz. ; spirits of wiue, 1 pt. ; mix in a closely stopped bottle, and place either iu a sand bath or iu hot water till the gums are dissolvccl, then strain off the mixture, shake it up witli i gill of tho best clear popny oil, and put it by for use. 5. Finishirifj Polish. — Gum shellac, 2 ars. ; gum benja- min, 2 drs. ; put into i pt. best rectified spirits of wine in a bottle closely corked; keep m warm place, shaking frequently till thognms are dissolved. When cold, shako up with ittwoteaspoonfulsof the best clear poppy oil. 0. Polish for Removinr/ Stains. Spots, and Mildew fivm Ftmiittirc.—Take of 98 per cent, alcohol, 4 pint; pulverized resin and gum shellac, of each, joz. Let these cut in the alcohol; then add llaseed oil, i pt. ; shake well, and apply with a sponpje, brush, or cotton flannel, or an old newspaper, rubbing it well after the application, which gives a nice polish. 7. Polish for Revivino Old Furniture.— Tixlie alcohol, 1 J oz. ; spirits of salts (muriatic acid), * oz. ; Unseed oil, 8 oz, ; best vinegar, 4 pt. ; and butter of antimony, l^oz. ; mix, putting in the vinegar last. 8. Jet or Polish for Wood or Leather, Black, Red, or Blue- — Alcohol (98 per cent.), 1 pt ; sealing wax, the color desired, 3 sticks; dissolve by heat, and have it warm when applied. A sponge is the best to apply it with. 9. Polish for Turners' TFbrJk.— Dissolve sandarac, 1 oz., in spirit of wine, ^ pt; next lAiave beeswax, 1 oz. : and dissolve it in a sufllcient quantity of spirits of turpenUttO to make it into a pasto, add Uie former ini:^tuio pydog] tn in iii( •appear ib., and Ujo forn pontine, Bolvo. '2 ,9f;; Copfl t'li dlssoj ^"ni; put pentino oj H'iien di8.s« i'pl^h; Blu ^acsired oii and tar wo wood ci boiled oil 1 ivater, and fa cut down: PP'wh tho ^ 'ame Ft,,,-. lushed is pti 'a dark woS ??'"«ouo/Z J'oHsh for ji f "m belizofn .*h? vinegar. Z fnseedoii,inV dered roslu, iK of lavender iV ^- f "weed oil, 1 !»• Linseed oil 1 ^f/hertenii nb^S»^S fc 2part8; toae "■ ^^omj stain.l over With Bh2jardbi»tothe depth of color desired. 13. Soae Pink Stain and Varnish.—Vnt 1 os. of potash in 1 qt. water, ^vitli red sanders, 1^ ozs.; extract tho color from the wood a)id strain : tlien add gum shellac, ^ lb., dissolve it by a brisk fire. \Jscd upon logwood stain for rosewood imitation. 14. Blue Stain for Wo(hI. 1. Dissolve copper filings in aqiiafortis, brusli the t^'ood witli it. and tlicn go over the work with a not solution of pearlash (2 oz. to 1 nt of water) till it assumes a perfectly blue color. U. Boil 2 ozs. of itifligo, 2 lbs. wood, and 1 oz. nlun, in 1 gal. water, brush well over until thoroughly stained. 16. Imitation of Botany- Hay Wood. — Boil ^ lb French berries (the nnripo l)errie8 of tno RJiamntu in'ectorata) in 2 qt8. water till of a deep yellow, and wliile boilhig hot, give 2 or 3 coatH to tho work. If a deeper color is desired, give a coat of logwood decoction over the yellow. When nearly dry, form the grain with No. 8, black stain, used hot, and. when dry, nist and Tarnish. 17. Mahogany Color— Dark. — 1. Boll * lb. of madder and 2 ozs. loirwood chips In a gallon of water, and Drusli well over while hot; when dry go over the whole with pcarlas'i solution, 2 drs. to tlie quart 2. Put 2 ozs. dragon's blood, bruised, into a quart bf oil of tur]ienthie ; let the bottle stand in a warm piece, shake fro- Iuently, and, when dissolved, steep the work in the mixture. 18. ivz-wood Brown Stain. — Hold your work to the fire, thai it may re- ceive a gentle warmth; then take aquafortis, and, with a feather, nass it over the work till you find it change to a fine brown (olw&yii xeephig it near tho fire), you may then varnish or iK)lish it VX Li'jlit lied Brov:n. Boll ^ lb. madder and ^ lb. fnstio ia 1 gal. water: brush The But solution iug :~p 3 pts spi strain ai ])olish V ^cve^al t when dr, evenly. gaJ. of w, color. I over the add 2 ozt solution, pcurlosh I Wood. — 1 Tvood will mine of M excellent Vflp/c— E wine, IG o for Musica cochineal, add the co( "SO. If yo Wiiter, and —Chipped indigo, 2 o tlie i)oarlas ^iil jmrplo. 4 ounces, g Black S f niall quant H will be a >»l.ick, on W( I'iiKsmiths' lH)li8Ji it £ let it stand tlirce-quartc i-ayou five each ; polisl like ebony. Vinegar. I g) lot stand for ^vith linseed above stahi, '^ly on three «tiuid any ki f c. a Logv \ gal. water, decoction of quarter of a 1: CADINETMAKERS, PAINTERS*, JtC, RECEinS. 27l brush oroi tlio work, whcu boiling liot, imtil properly stained. 20. 'i'lie surface of the work being quite smootli, brusli over witli a weak solution of aquafortis, ^ oz. to the pint; tliou finisli witli the follow- ing :— Put 4^ OZ8. dnujon's blood and 1 oz. soda, both well bruised, to 3 pts spirits of wine, let it ntand in a warm place, shake frequently, strain and lay on with a soft brush, repeating until of a proper color; l)oUsh with linseed oil or vamisl). 21. Purple. — Brusli the work Kcvcral times witli the logwc od decoction used for 2fo. 6 Black ; and, when dry, give a coat of i)earla8li solution, 1 dr. to a quart; lav it on evenly. 22. Jied.—l. lloU 1 lb. Brazil wood and 1 oz. iiearhxsn in a gal. of water ; and, while Iiot, brush over the work luitit of a proper color. Dissolve 2 ozs. alum in 1 qt water, and brush the solution over the work before it dries. 23. Take a gallon of tlte above stain, add 2 ozs. more pearlash ; use hot, and brush over with thb alnm solution. 24. Uk>c v, cold solution of archil, and brush over witli the .)carhish solution for Xo. 1, Dark mahoyany. 25. ilaiiogany Stain on Hood.— Take nitric add, dilute with 10 ytaxts of water, and wasli the wood witli it. To ^jroduce ivsewood finish, ghize tlie same with car^ niiuo of Munich lake. Asphaltum, tliinncd witii turpentine, forms an excellent mahogany color on new work. 2U. Mahogany Stain oti Maple. — Dragoirs blood, A oz. ; alkanet, ^ oz. ; aloes, 1 dr.; siiirits of \riuo, IG ozH. ; apply it witli a six>uge or brusli. 27. Crimton Stain for Musical Inst. , nenis. — Groiuid Brazil wood, 1 lb. ; water, 3 qts. ; cochineal, A ounce; boil the Brazil witli tlie water fbr an hour, strain, add tlio cocuineal ; boil gently for lialf an hour, when it will be fit for use. If you wish a scarlet tint, boil a;, ounce of salTrou in a quart of water, and pass over the work before yon stain it 28. J*urple Stain. —Chipped logwood, lib.; water, 3 qts. ; pearlash, 4 ounces; powdered indigo, 2 ounces. Boil the logwood in the water l^alf an hour, add the i)oarlash and indigo, and when dissolved, you will have a beauti- ful purple. 29. Green Stain.-— Strong vinegar, 3 pts. ; best verdigris, 4 ounces, cround fine; sap green, ^ ounce; mix together. Black Stains fok Wood.— 1 Drop a little sulnhuric acid into a FiiuiU quantity of water ; brush over tlie wood and liold it to the fire : it will be a fine black and receive a good polish. 2. For a beautiful hlnck, on woml, nothing can exceed the black Japan mentioned imder Tinsmitiis' Dciiartntciit Apply two coats ; after which, varnish and |>uli8h it 3. 'lo 1 gill vincgur, add a quarter of a iioiind of iron rust : let it stand for a week ; then add a pound of ory lampblack, and three-quarters of a ix>und copperas ; stir it up for a coui>le of days, l^y on five or six coats with a sponge, allowing it to dry between each ; polish with linsccd-oil and a soft woollen rag, and it will look like eoony. Iuconi|>arable for iron work, ships' guns, shot, && 4. Vinegar, ■kgal ; dry lampblack, Jjjlb. ; iron-rust sifted, 3IbH.: mix ai'd Ictstiind for a week. Lay three coats of this on hot, and then nb with iinseed oil, and you will have a fine deep black. 5. Add to t'.ie above stain, uut-galb, 1 oz. ; logwood-chips, ^ lb. ; copperas, ^ lb. : lay on tlirco coats ; oil well, and you will have a black stain that will bUind any khid of weatlier, and Is well adapted for ships' combings, &c. G. Logwood-cliii«, i lb. ; Brazil-wood, } lb. ; boil for Ih hours in 1 R.il. water. Brush the wood with this decoction while hot; make a ducuctlon of nut-galls, by gentle simmering, for three or four Aa\r., a quarter of a jwund of the galls In 3 qtg. water ; give the wood three 5* HBP * 1 -' 272 CA-IilXETMAKEIIS, TAIXTEUS', AC, RECEIPTS. coats, and, while wet, lay on a solation of solphate of iron (2 ozs. to a quart), and, when dry, oil or varnish. 7. Give three coats with a solution of 'Copper filmgs in aquafortis, and repeatedly brush over with the logwood decoction until the greenness of the copper i» destroyed, o. Boil ^ lb. logwood-chips in 2 quarts water ; add nn ounce of pearlash, ii.id apply hot with a brush. Tlien take 2 nts. of the logwood decoction, and ^ oz. of verdigris, and the same of co|>- pcros j strain, and throw in $ lb. of iron rust Brush the work well with this, and oil. Black AValnux Staix. — Spirits of turpentine, Igal.; pulverized nsphaltum, 2 lbs. ; dissolve in an iron kettle on a stove, stirring con- Btantly. Can be used over a red stain to imitate rosewood. To make a perfect bhick add a little lampblack. The addition of a little varnish with the turpentine improves It Cbystal VAuyisH, FOB Maps, &c.— Canada balsam, loz. ; spirits of turpentine, 2 oz. ; mix together. Before applying this varnish to a drawing or colored print, the paper should be placed on a stret^'her, and sized with a thin solution of isiugUiss in water, and dried. Api ' with a boft camel' s-hair brush. To Ebonize Wood. — Mix up a strong stain of copperas and loj;- "vood, to which add powdered nut-gall. Stain your wood with this solution, dry, rub do>vu well, oil, then use French polish made toler- ably dark with indigo or finely powdered stone blue. MisOEiiiiANEOUs Stains. — Yellow is produced by diluted nitric acid. Tied is produced by a solution of dragon's blood in spirits of wine. Black is produced by a strong solution of nitric acid. Oreen is E reduced by a solution of verdigris in nitric acid ; then, dipped in a ot solution pearlash produces a Blue stain. I'urple is produced by a solution of sal-ammoniac in nitric acid. Beautifcjl VABxisHroB Violins, &c.— Rectified spirits of wine, ^ gal. ; add G oz. gnm sandarac, 3 oz. gum luotttic, and ^ pt turpcn- iino varnish ; put the above in a tin can by the stove, frequently shakhig till well dissolved : strain and keep for iu;e. If you find it liardcr than you wish, thin with more turpentine vamLsh. /.NOTHEB. — Heat together at a low temperature 2 qts. of alcohol, ^ pt turpentine varnish, and 1 lb. clean gum mastic ; wlien the latter in thoroughly dissolved, strain through a cloth. Vabnish fob Fr.AME9, ETC.— Lay the frames over with tin or silver foil by means of plaster of Tans, glue or cement of some kiud, that the foil may be perfectly adherent to the wood ; then apply your gold lacquer varnish, which is made as follows : Ground turmeric, 1 lb. ; powdered gamboge, 1^ ounces ; powdered sandarac, iif^ lbs. ; powdered shellac, J lbs. ; spirits of wine, 2 gals. : dissolve and •strain ; then add turpentine varnLsh, 1 pt. ; and it is reaoy for use. Dyes fob Veneers.— ^^ne Black.—Vttt 6 lbs. of lopwcjd chijia into your copper, with as many veneers as it will hold wf*'>-.>ut press- ing too ti«|ht, fill it with water, let it boil slowly for about •> hours, then add li lb. otpowdevd verdifjris, \ lb. copperas, bnised gall-nuts 4 ozs. ; fill the copper up with vir >gar as the water envaporates ; let it boil gently 1 hours eacli day till the wood is dyed throu.'jh. A fine /7/ue.— Put oil of vitriol, 1 lb., and 4 ozs. of the oest powdered ino'','i) in a glass bottle. Set it in a glazed earthen pan, as it will ferm iit. Now put your veneers into a copper or stone trough ; fill it rutliet more tli indigo ( niece of has strui nsiug it root of trough ; white he hours, o tlio dye V iu the pr 'ortifl, ad< dye) as wi lbs. ; add cover; be »nd keep i ll>s. of Chi •"ifterpnttii ozs., aiid a: 'olor has 'ibove yelh "nffht red < i IJtPH< ;f!oner. ' m-7nht'nZ°^'''^ o^- ^d fortia, add as much of ii.^ W"^ « yellow- •h„f7^"-I^oce4d as dye) aa will pSe Ih^l^.'^S^ted Ed go (sSi 'iii^f !^^ ?' aq"^ ll>s. ; add water. 4ca!J ^l'^ ^^^r. 2?l?«/5®p*r'^«' «ader l^luo STmm Gwifi^i^^Pmt bottle ™u Si?S ^ii it at lca,t flio TOlois uS tJJ!! '!"°<"lily, to insuro nn^l^™ i " 1™". "« doslr»d • "»'i«r, vSdS.Zh^r^'""*' «KS te*"™" »"*» « ■;:! 1 * ?74 Cju»Nr.iMAiir,ns, taixters', ac, keceipts. applied first, and the darker fdiadcg over them. These colon cnst l>o liiiJ cvculy ajiil sinootlily with soft briuiheg, and should any psirt bo made tix) daxli, tlio best way is to Bcnii)e off witli a htick bcroro tlio color gct» too dry. The b^st designs for sluides consists of landsca])o views, and should alwayt; ije desijjncd to accommodate tlic form aud position of tike groiuid ou whicli they ore drawu. Stencils will be found UEcf id on tliis work, iu making comers or stripes for borders. To Paint Mauio Lantekn Sidi^m.— Transparent colors only are nsed ior tliis work, sucli as lakes, sap-creeu, ultramarine, veraieri.4, gambo<;e, jisphaltum, &c., mixed hi oil, and tempered witli Hght colored vamisl. (white Demar). Draw on the p.iper tlie design de- sired, and stick it to the gloss with water or gum; then with a fine pencil put the outlir>08 on the opposite side of the glass with tlio prop- er colors; then shade or fill up with black or Vaudyko brow;i, as you find best. Maiiin« Paint for Metals in Saw "Watku.— Ked lead 6S parbt: (][uickpilvcr, SO ]>arts; thick turpentine, 7 parts. Mix with toilcu Imseed oil to tlie proi>er consistency. The quicksilver must bo thoroughly amalganmtcd with the tliick turpentine by grinding or rubbing, and this mLxture must bo groiuid witli red lead and more boiled oil. As little oil as is necessary to make the luiint lay well must be used. To make the iviint adbere more firmly, a previous coat of ox- ide of iron paint may be used. To Imitate Toutoisb Shell.— Paint a ground of salmon color; then when dry and smoothed off, coat it over with rose pink, mixed in varnish and turpentine; tlicn wiUi a flat piece of gliuis, ])rcsi^ on tiio surface, and remove tlie glass auickiy, being careful not to pu.sh it over the paint it j us to disturb tiie curious figures whicli the prossuro will form thereon. Vaniish when dry, aul you will find you have u beautiful imitation of tortoise shell. IlANXEU PAINTINO.— Lay out the lettera very accurately with charcoal or crayon, then saturate tlie clotli with water to rcuuer tliu pabiting cosy. Ou large work a stencil will be found useful. Tuko a piece of tin, lay the straight edge to tlie mark, brush over witli a tuuli tool, and bv this means you will make a very clcan-edgcd letter. Use stiff bristle pencils in ))aintiug on canvas. Oil Cloth Painting. — To jMihit canvas for lloon, the canvuH should first be saturated with glud^wator or fiutir paste, and allowed to dry finit. Then jwiint it with any color desired. To put iu tlio figures, cut out designn iu tin j^lates or stiff iMiper, aud stcndl tiicm on in various colors. To Imitate Mauble.— for whilo marble, get up a pure white ground, then hold a Ii;;htcd candle near U)o surface, ana allow tlio smoke to form the sliadcs aud various tints desired. This will make a very handsome iiuitiitioo. Ulack marble imitation is nuulo by streaking a black surface with colors, using a feather and pencil. Anotlier plan is to get up a smooth bUick surface ; then take the colors, preen, yellow, red, white, &c., ground thick in gold size, and strcuU the surface with a stick or pencil. Allow it to dry, and apply a licavy coat of lampblack and yellow ochre, mixed with rough KtulT. V*''icu all is hard, rub down to n level surface witli lump puniice-s^Ajuo, %-umi8h, aud a beautiful varigated marble will bo the result Ltcuino on Glass.— Druggists' bottles, bar-tumblers, signs, and glassw art, by of the fluoric and hei applied hall of I traced < glass. ' wise it T the fluoi it etches the vara Etcbi or..-, of b; pitch in I the asph gradually «]jcn it u fiiigerB. tlio fire, a t!»at it ras into balls, "sa The Flcork make you ,7cttlng tJio •t intosuh •»H fluoric ) l^ottles, bu GLA.S.S-C ('tcncd a na it sliow off tlirough th( cjontlyjai^, jn^f upon tl Keeping It ^ hko the groi w'llpli Is eat , To DnrLL hy a steel di ^i>. Holes flnlled, by i "•""■"g camp] fitird against iiiaI;itl,o, „s *""« .you will filLDtNO C. "ryourgJaj,H, t'lo paper, tli "ppfllo; tie u P"imce-J)aff ^^iUi the xx)uj G CADINETMAKEBS, rAINTEKS', &C., RECEIPTS. 275 gLossware of every description, caabe lettered la a beautiful dtjrlo of art, by simply giving tlio article to be engraved, or etched, a thin coat of the engraver's varnish (see next receipt), and the application of fluoric acid. Before doing so, tlte glass must bo thoroughlv cleaned and heated, so tluit it can nnrdly bo held. The varnish is then to bo applied ligntly over, and made sraootli by dabbing it with a small ball of silk, fiUcd with cotton. When dry and even, the lines may bo traced on it by a sharp steel, cutting clear through the vnnush to the glass. The varnish must be removed clean from each letter, other- wise it will be an imperfect job. When all is ready, potir on or apply the fluoric acid with a feather, filling each letter. liet it rcnjain until it etches to the required depth, then wash off with water, and remove the varnish. Etchino VAiMnsn.—Take of virgin wax and asphaltnm, cocIj 3 or..; of black pitch and Burgundy pitch, each \ oz.; melt tho wax and pitch in a new earthenware glazed xx)t, and aod to tliem. by degrees, the asphaltnm, finely powdered. Let the whole lx>il, simmering graduallv, till such time as, taking a drop upon a ].iate, it will break \v])cn it u cold, or bending it double two or three umes bct^vixt tho fingers. Tho varnish, beuig then boiled enough, must bo tiivcnoll tlio fire, and, after it cools a little, mns* be ix)ure« into warm water tliat it may work the more easily with the nands, so as to bo formed into balls, which must be kneaded, and put into it piece of talTety for us*!. The sand blast is now in extensive use for ornamenting on glass. FLUonro Acid to Make fob Ercinxo I'lrnposEs.— You can make your own fluoric (sometimes called hydro-fluoric) acid, by ;^ctting tlie fluor or Derbyshire spar, pulverizing it, and putting aU o"f it into sulphuric acid wliic: the acid will cut or dissolve. ln:inmi.'ch ;us fluoric acid is destructl t to glass. It cannot ho kept in cmnmoD hottlcs, but must be kept h\ icad or gntta percha bottles. Gla.ss-Guinuino roil Signs, Shades, &c. — After you h.avo ctchcJ a name or other design uiwn nncolorcd glass, and wish tolmvo it show off to better advantage by i>ermitting tlio liglit to jiaf^w only tlirough the letters, you can do so by tjiking a pieco of Hat brass sufll- ciontly large not to dip Into tho letters, but ixoss over them when gild- ing upon tho surfaoo of the glass; then, with floui-of emery, and Ucej ing it wet, jou can grind tlio whole surface, very quickly, to look like tho gn)und-gl!'.fls globes often seen uiwn lumps, 'except the letter, which \a eaten below the general surface. To Du'Li. AND OnxAMKNT Glas.s.— Glass can bo easily drilled by a steel drill, hardened but not drawn, and .Uivcu at a high velo- city. Holes of any size, from tlie l(»tli of an inch Ui^wards, ran Iw drilled, by using snlrits of turpentine as a drip- and, ♦ osier still, by nslng camphor witli the turpentino. Do >not prey's the glaws very hard against the drill. If you reqiUre to ornament gliiss by turning in a latlie, uso a goml mill file aiul the turpentine and camjilior drip, and you will find it an easy matter to pi-odiice any f hape yon ciioo.-io. (iiLD'.NO Glahs Sions, &c. — Cut a pjeoe of tliin pa|K«r to tho sixo of your glass, draw out your design correctly in blac)< le.'id-i)en( II on tlio paper, tlien prick through the outline of tlio letters with a flno iicenlo; tie up a little drv whito lead in fv piece of rag; thi.<< is a pounce-bag. Phice your design npon the glass, right side np, dust :: with tho pounco-bag; and, after takhig tho paper off, tho design wiU 1 276 CABINETMAKEUS, rAlNTERS', AC, KECEIPTS. appear in white dots upon tho gloss; these will gnido you in iayUv^ oil the gold ou tho opposite side, which lutut bo well cleaned propiini tory to laying ou tlie gold. Preparing the size.— Hoil perfectly cloa. water in an cuamcUcd saucepan, and while boiling, odd 2 or 3 shreds of best selected isinglass, after a few minutes strain it through a clean linen rag; whsu cool, it id ready for use. Clean the glass per- fectly. — ^\Vheu this is done, use a iliit earner s-hair brush for layhig un the pize ; and let it drain oft when you put the gold on. When tlio gold is laid on and perfectly drv. take a ball of tho finest cotton wool and gently rub or polish the gola ; you can then lay ou another co:it of gold if desirable, it is now rc:;dy for writing. In doing this, mix a little of the best Togctablo black with black japan; thin with turpen- tine to proper worlung consistency; apply this when thoroughly dry ; wash of! tlie superfluous gold, and shade as in sigu-writing. ^ Glass Gildino, ANOTHEtt Method. — Clean and dry the glass thoroughly, then lay out the lines for letters with a piece of hard scented soap, then paint the letters on the right side of tlie glas» with lampblack mixed witlx oil, in order to/oj-m a guide for tlie work, then on the inside lay on a coat of the size mentioned in the preced- ing receipt, ushig a camel' s-luiir brush, covering the whole of the let- ters : next hiy on tho gold leaf witli a tip, until ever^ part of the let* ters is covered well. Let tlie leaf remain nntil the size is dry, wliea you will find that the letters on the front side can bo easily seen and traced. This is done with quick drying black, mixed with a Uttio varnish. Paint over the whole directly over the gold ; allow it to dry ; then wipe off with soap and water the lampblack letters from the front side ; witli pure cold water and a clean sponge, wash the su- Serfluons gold leaf and size from tho back, aud you wUl have a splou- id gold letter on tlie glass ; next, sliade your letter to suit the taste, always remembering to shade to the edge of the gold, for then you have only one edge to make straight. The other edge may be left rough, and when dry may be straightened bv scrapins^ with a knife. OnNAMEirrAL Dcsigns on Glass.— In making scrolls, eagles &c., on glass, some iiainters put on tho outlines and shades first, and then lay the gold leaf over all ; another good way is to scratch the shade? on to the gold leaf after it is dry, and put tlie colors on the bat-k of tho gold. Silver leaf may be used in the saino manner as gold, but it Avill not wear as well. A very pretty letter may be made by incor- ]iora(.ing silver with gold ; ttike pajier aud cut any fancy design to lit tlie parts of the letter ; stick it on tiie size before layhig the leaf, n"owing it to dry aud wiish off as before; tlien with a nenkuife rai.se the paiier figure, and tlie exact shape or form of the figure will be fomid cut out of the f;old hitter , dean off nicely, apply more size, and lay nilver leaf to cover the vacant spots ; wash off when dry, and a very huiidsomo utter will be the result. Colors may be used in- stead of silver, if desired, or a silver letter edged or ** cut up" with gold, will look well, Glass and Pohcbxaik Gn.DiNO.— Dissolve in linseed oil an equal weight either of copal or aiul>cr ; add as much oil of turpentine Jia will enable you to apply tho compound or size tluis formed, as thin as possible, to tlie parts of the gh- as intended to be gilt The ghiss is to bo placed in a stove till it will ivlmost bum tl;e fingers when lian- dlcd ; at thi^i temxicraturo the size be :omes adhesive, and a piece of gold le off tho burnish the golc DllILl nnd emt a steel d a lubricj Gold Bidphur, mortar, t tiirpentin the purpt ""d glint Heat is tfc is fixed an VsErvL tiirce coatj to uflo, say ground in, priming be paper, ^vj faiid-])npep '»egumriti( ^.^extdust fho whole t Jiole with th "u not to ov a"d perfect fccond coat] V"ck, but dc «own well, ?'•*. 'or prer Ji^ht lead col ^vith cliroine "0 careful «7r ejich am mo down wi '""•eful to ma] "lojice to give "(;t lavishTv, 1 The next stc "P coats. For cirria'fo work ;;;;;'nallquantij i<-'fi lead, aboui I" nearly mix i^ },' /I siiitjiblo t ]'"'} so that ^I'l'lvthiscomi eoodcoutleveij ' *C'> BECEirrs 277 tlio purpose. ^'^"^ « ^a then to be appliS to aTS^. .S'!." "'^d oU of J'^r'it lead color i7 fi. *"^ .* * co'or as llr»iif nJr«!> . *"® o'l coate ^^■■f chrome J'elow * ^^^^^^ »>«Si^A wIL^'oi'll!'?*.^''^'^^ l^^^ JJo careful with Tonr «««« ^ ' ^''^^"J' *^t«wdered drop black, mix in a i)ot with the drying Japan, and a little turpentine, grind all together, test to be sure tliat the color is right, if wished fighter, add more clirome yellow, if darker, more drop black, grade the color to the proper thickness and apply nt once. Two coats will be required, ifllramarine blue. For your ground color, grind good Pnissian blue in oil, and add to white Icsid as much of the blue as will make it sufilciently dark to form a ground for the ultramarine blue, two coats of this will be required. when hard and dry, giind some of the best ultramarine blue on the stone with a quantltv of varnish, add enough of this to your body flowing variiish to impart the right color. Two good coats of this beautiful color will be necessary; use su^r of lend as a drjcr. Before givhig the second coat rub down with ground pumice and water, using a cloth ; the next coat will flow all tlie better for tlti:i treatment. After a few days nib down again Avith ground pumice and water, wash, and dry with your chamois skin, when the work will be all ruidy for picking out and striping. Claret or Lake. Veruiliou and rose pink, in oil, same as the hist, for first cont When hardened dry, give another light coat, previously rubbing down with ground pumice and water, as directed for blue. For % rich light claret be sparing of your rose pink in the ground color; for dark claret, use more rose pink. For darker shades use more rose pink in the groiuid color, tlien use the best crimson lake, some way as for tlie light clnrct two good coats will do. For a purple shade of claret use vermilion, rose pink a spice of v.Uramanne blue, for i< ground color. Then add the proper quantity of ground purple lake to body flowing varnish and apply two coats. Japan Brown, Grind drop bhick in Japan using enough vermilion to be \1siblo. Chrome (freens. Grind your greena in Japan, or use greens com- posed of chrome yellow and Prussian blue. Carmine Color on Fire £nrfines, d:c. Cheap method. For a ground, use the best English vermilion, then add pure carmine, ground in a little dryiii;; oil, to your body flowing varnish, and apply two coats carefully. This method extends the precious color so tliat an ounce will suffice for a carriage or machine. Oxford Broicn. Use a little chrome yellow, India red, best ochre, white lead, burned umber, just white enough to be seen ; yellow is the leading color ; red to warm it, and umber to impart the browu shade, liich Purple. Vermilion and Prussian bine, T ycJiow Juay b( Kiw un red, OS makes i Strix CTre ifl 1 that the Ihies, gr color wi carriage, mixed cc tlie carri of light h>cJ» froii tlie black or deep oj hues, proc iightgreej centre of i pick out w tliree-eighi green to gc iiiiiion or i \ermilion ] uie centre < o^ack, fine ] ■light tmt o centre. On white on e f n)irrw, vei f-ers' Greens or light gree 1011, or high J^i'rplc, i)Tck vcnuilion. "»o iwhiting regards brus is ready, 1/ it Tarnish, and fsa»i, this tin « '«at"the ^'■ator, and a ' ground ; then <""amois leatlu repair witJi Jai coat be very f J ^ \prysuperi( appIicaUon of ^ ret . If the second the carriage Spii® *>"*'^^'^ incl» to one inrh hl^'i^^ack, JapS of light o^{gooAt^T^^^ «iwkes, Jmbs &? W'^°" '^ PartJ^f {>ci» from thfbSb Pte« color'alK)S&^ «"« "»cs tlie black nut, andUt hli?' "J^*^ °"o «no SlSS ?k^ ** S'"^' or deep orange lines ml^Jf' i ^" superior worKrf ?K°,f ^S'^ o' J'fflit green, black JiS Sn iJ^'^'J'?''^'-^''"*, 1 ioKt wJh? /^ A^^ ceiitro of the black Hn^L^? "ufflclent, If S ?ii^^^ ^^^^' "« I'ick out witli black i^®".^"' ^'"to, not tooL^ '^A^h '«« up tho centre. On Fawn n ""^ ^'^^ tJio bbck 1 nn iuf "'T y«"ow Trith white on Swh *^n.„ ^Nl^'^'f o"t witlfbrn-^ /?* ^^J*° down tho ^roions,vS)A' °f ''^«'^''« drab lad^ o "''^^' ^"« Ii"o tviS? or llgbt greeA. OnSmt^^ff^' '''^'"' ^'"te for fi„o f?^'<'* <"• 0«a- ,, VAnxisHmo ojp CnAorr ' °' °'*^o or f^'amols leather ^ichtlvL^} ^K%V^'''ncQ, and drv off ,? * '® ''"<^'' O' wpair with Japan c?i/nr*; " J'"" have cut thm.,^"'-'?'^' ''''"» tlio * J 280 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS*, d;C., RECEIPTS. li'.^4 ;l up with yonr pumico, cloth and water, clean ofif as before and vumish again. lu more costly imlishcd work, commence with the very finest ground pumice or Triuoli, rub until you bring tlio work to a verv smooth state, then wash on very clean and nice, dry and dust well. Use every preciiution against dust, bv sweeping and sprinkling your iloor in every stage of polishing ana varnishing. The next step in polishing is to use a fine cloth for a rubber, rotten-stone, sifted fine through muslin and mixed with olive oil ; rub with tlus imtil tlio floss IS restored, occasionally examining tlie progress of the work, his step being finished, wipe off with a perfectly clean cotton cloth, with a piece oftlie finest flax full of fine wheat flour or putty powder go over the work, rubbing well to polish it still fartlier. and remove every particle of the oil and rotten-stouo previously usea. Finish oil by rubobig the work briskly with an old silk handkerchief, which will induce a beautiful fine gloss. In every instance when a polish and varnish finish is required, do not omit to lay on an extra coat of varnish, as it will greatly enliance the appearance of the work. GiLDINO AKD OltNAMENTIMQ CABBIAGES.— Euglisll gold sizO is tllO best for this pui^se. If you cannot get it ready prepared, make a substitute by usuig English varnish and Japan In equal parts. If the gilding is for stripmg, you should mix a little chrome yellow with it, to be able to see the lines the better, but for lettering no coloring is rc(}uired. Rub vour job down smoothie, take a piece of muslin and tie up in it a Uttlo whitening to form u "pounce bag ;" with this dust over every part of the work where the gold leaf is to be put, to prevent tlio leaf sticking to the surface not covered by the size, or wash the job over with starch water, or rub it over with the raw surface of a potato cut in halves ; tlie juice of the potato soon dries, and leaves a thin film to wlUch tlie gold will not adhere. Either of the above methods will do, and tlie coating will wash oiT when the gilding is dry. The surface prepared, take tlie size aiid put on the strii>e8, figures, or ornaments, and allow it to dry just enough to enable you to pass your finger over it without stickui^, but if it is "tacky" when you place your finger upon it, it \n ready for the gold leaf, Mliicli is to be applied in the way directed for gilding letters on wood. The gold letters may be shaded with ultramarine, carmine, osphaltum, luce, Paris green, verdigris, &c., to suit the taste. Bbonzinq.— Gold bronze is used on carriage parts for striping and oma'^entiug, using the same size as tliat used for gold leat For taking up and applyuig the brouze, take a piece of plush or velvet and make a " pounce bag," by tying up a wad of cotton, rubbing the bronze gently over the sue. To vary the api)earance, a mixture of ^^PPCi^i sold, and silver bronze may be applied. For fancy work in bronze, cut out any desired pattern on thm sheet brass, pasteboard, or paper, and apply it to any nearly dry varnished surface ; rub tlte bronze on through the apertures in the patteni. Good Colors for Business Wagons.— Xo. 1. Body. — Chrome green ; frame or ribs black striped with white or cream color. Itunninrf ocar.— Cream color strincd with red, blue or dark green, or black, ana red fine line. No. 2. 1/ocZy.— Yellow ; frame black, striped with l)]ao or wliitc. Eunning year.— Light vermilion, Btrii)ed with black (jr ninff fjea MiXTl ^ater ov until it i nii'l aftei '• ith sojii t'len give I'iece of j iooseandi method is titnictod f( 'i'o Blb> vessel as \ cover with weeks nijti a i'hial and IHiiircdoffj To Copv "1.? tlie orm m>Qr over i Oa.VAMK? V?''»y be eas "erections gl Vkumilio color, before 'nilion is use. on having l< tl'3 best cole mid oil. An «oiild chang< .vcllow, and a Mtino as no vo atiio, anfi , i'itlMiNO r< 'cad with raw foatj adding i carriaMiwrts 'ooto/lead. niifi a little tor Jilt none for tl ;'"ck paste wit fo bind the pai, 'vith Japan and Inciting it with "<> muso.lMw liovan Stufi ground state), : ""'» Japan, 2 n f AX^TEBS, AC., nECEIPTS. 281 black nnd irhlto. No 1 »«^ ^ Wpri'^rS^ff^'K; few?'??"* «»-".- Mil and ctusU Hor- D^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V / O O ..* i^. y 1.0 I.I S IIIM 112 M'. m ^ M 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 .4 6" — ► V] ^ /i /. e- 'm J. §s /^ ^ ^ o 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^5 ///// f/( ^ I <^ \\ 6^ \i 282 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. Facixo Lead for CiUtBiACE Work.— Mix dry white lead w ith 3 parta Japan, 1 part rubbing varuisb, and tliiu with spirits of turpen- tine, adding a little lampblack to make a dean lead color, and run nil through tlie mill. Coach Painting.— -The panels of such work are generally painted In color, while the pillars, top strip, quarters, deck, &c., are always black ; uml)er colors, lakes, greens, and blues are some of the beiit colors used on this work. To prepare the body for any of these colors, a grotind color is ns(^ iu the place of lampblack on black work. The following are a few approved grounds. Lake. — Indian red and vermilion mixed to a dark brown, but some prefer a black ground for lake. UUrainarine. — Mix a medium blue with white lead and Prussian blue. Veitnilion. — A light pink color is generally used as a ground for vermilion. Green. — Green and all heavy-bodlcd colors will cover well on the lead colors without any ground color. Victoria lake and black Japan makes a fine color for carriages. Prepared OiIj for Carriages, &c.— To 1 gal. linseed oil add 2 lbs. gum shellac ; litharge, 1^ lb. ; red lead, ^ lb. ; umber, 1 oz. Doil slowly as usual until tliC gums arc dissolve d ; grind your paints iu thiri (any color), and rediiro ^vith turpentine. Porcelain Finish, ve/it finb for Parlors. — ^To prepare tlio wood for the finish, it" it be ^-ine, give one or two coats of transfarenk vamisli, which prevents the pitch from oo»ing out, causing the finish to.turn yellow; next, ^iv<..' the room at least four coats of pure zinc, which may bo ground i>i jnly sufficient oil to enable it to grind prop- erly; then mix to a prupcr consistence with turpentine or n^piitlia. Give cacli time to dry. When it is dry and hard, sand-i^apeir ft to a perfectly smooth surface, when it is ready to receive tlie finish, which cimsists of two coats of Frencli zinc ground in, and tliimied with Dcmar varnish, until it works properly under the brush. Japan Drier Best Qualitv. — ^Take linseed oil, 1 grd. ; put into it gum shellac, ^ lb. ; litharge and burned Turkey umber, each ^ lb. ; red lead, ^ lb. ; 8*«Tar of lead, oz. Boil in tlie oil till all are dissolv- ed^ whicli will require about 4 hours; remove from the fire, and stir iu spirits of turpentine, 1 gal., and it is done. 2. Linseed oil, 5 gals.; add red lead and litharge, each 3^ lbs. ; raw umber, 1^ lbs. ; sugar of lead and sulphate of ziuc, each, ^ lb.; pulverize all the articles to- gether, and boil in the oil till di-ssolved; when a little cool, thin with turi)entine, 6 gals. 3. Linseed oil, 4 gals, red lead and umber, of each 8 ozs. ; sulphate of zinc, 4 ozs. ; sugar of lead, 4 ozs. Boil until it will scorch a feather, when it is ready for use. 4. Nut or linseed oil, 1 gaL ; litharge, 12 oz. ; sugar of lead and white vitriol, of each 1 oz. ; simmer and skim until a pellicle forms; cool, and, wnen settled, de- cant the clear. 0. Oil 1 gal. ; litharge, 12 to 1& oz. ; as last. 6. Old nut or linseed oil, 1 pint ; litharge, 3 oz. Mix ; agitate occasionally for 10 days^ then decant the clear. 7. Nut oil and Mater, of each 2 lbs. : white vitriol, 2 oz. : boil to dryness. 8. Mix oil with ix)wdercd suow or ice, and keep it for 2 months without thawing. To Reduce Oil Paint with Water — ^Take 8 lbs. of pure un- slaked lime, add 12 qts. water, stir it and Jet it settle, turn it oft gently and bottle it; keep it corked till used. This will mix with oil, and ill proportion of half will render paint more durable. Oil Faint.— To bkoucss vixu Water.— Gum shellac, 1 lb.; sal- f C2 Foda, § lb dissolved. cool, botti desired, u! with tli<8 oi water to a Anotiie oz. ; bring ready to be I'i.EXIKL water, IJgf paint, li cw Painter* ndd of 8ug£ quantity of ( conisistency uuHnisIied v S.MALT.— J diiiim into a hour ; powd< carbonate oj DCffiii.s to fall silicate of ix)1 of 10 parts of fO'il. The pi line. It is*, Factitiocs ncetatp of leat >> oil mixed w gallon. Agaii „ VARNrsUE < ph. ; boiled o tiuo, 2 quarts recufled spirits liolo for the es ••lid when dia Coac/i liodies.- «dJead,71bs. '^Sjun boil unti «fd spts. of : fiastia Vamisl '"10, 1 gallon ; : cJoso vessel till : cii, 1 lb. ; melt "'«/i.~Pale Afr l'^.if;^- Boil the spirits of turiien Diado bycolorii miK'h of these tv proper color; the lomis lacquer. wndarac, mastic ^Zal, 1 part; fuse. Tlieu add liot j)ale oil, 2 i)ait3. Boil the mixture till iiis stringy ; then cool a little, and add fl)irit3 of turpentine, 3 parts. Lacquer Varnish. — A good lacquer is made by coloring lac varnish with turmeric and annatto. Add ax much of these two coloring substincesto the varnish as will give the proper color; then squeeze the varnish, tlirough a cotton cloth when it lomis lacquer. Gold Varnish. — Digest shellac, sixteen partM, gum Kindarac, mastic, of each three jMirts ; crocus, one part ; g«un gam- 1)020, two parts ; all bruised, •N>1th «lcohol, one hundred and forty* f -( 5"> i* 'Hii' 284 CABIXIiTMAKEKS, PAINTERS', AC.,' KECEIPTS. four i)arts. Or, digest scedlac, sandarac, mastic, of cacli ci^lit Sarta ; gamboge, two parts ; dragon's blood, one jmrt : white turi^en- 110, six parts ; turmeric, four parts ; bruised with alcohol, ouo hundred and twenty parts. J)eep Gold-Colored Lacquer. — Seed lac, 3 oz. ; turmeric, 1 oz. ; dragon's blood, one-fourth oiuicc : alcohol, 1 pt. ; digest for a week, frequently shaking : decant, and niter. La*,, quers are used upon polislied metals and wood to impart the appear- ance of gold, if yellow is required, use turmeric, aloes, saffron or gamboge ; for red, use annatto, or dragon's blood, to color. Turmeric, gamboge, and dragon's blood generally afford a sufficient range of colors. Gold Lacquer. — Put into a clean 4 gal. tin 1 lb. of g»x)und turmeric, IJ^ oz. of gamboge, 3J lbs. powdered gum sandarae. jj jiound of shellac, and 2 gals, of spirits of wine. When shaken, ais- Bolvcd, and strauicd, add 1 pint of turpentine varnish, well mixed. Varnish For I'ools. — Take tallow, 2 oz. ; resm, 1 oz . ; and melt to- gether. Strain wliile hot, to get rid of specks which are in the resm ; apply a slight coat on j'our tcwola with a brush, and it will keep off rust for any length of time. Gold Varnish. — Turmeric, 1 dram ; gatnlx)ge, 1 dram ; turpentine, 2 pints ; shellac, 5oz. ; dragon's blood, 8 drams ; thin mastic varnish, 8 oz. ; digest with occasional agitition for 14 djvys ; then set aside to fine, and ixjur off the clear. Jieatitij'ul Pale Amber Varnish. — Amber, pale and transparent, 6 lbs. ; fuse ; add hot clarified linseed oil, 2 gals. ; boil till it strings strongly, coda little, and add oil of turpentine, 4 gals. This soon becomes very hard and is the most durable of oil-vamishes. When wanted to dry quicker, drying oil may be substituted for linseed, or " driers" may bo added during the cooling. Black Coach Varnish.— \mher, 1 lb, ; fuse ; add hot drying oil, i pt. ; powdered black resin and Naples asphaltum, of each 3 oz. When properly incorporated and consid- erably cooled, add oil of turpcntme, 1 i)t. Lody Varnish. — Finest African copal, 8 lbs. ; fuse carefully ; add clarified oil, 2 gals. ; boil gently for 4i hours, or until quite strmgy ; cool a little, and tlim with oil of turpentine, 3i gals. X)rie3 slowly. Carriage Varnish.— Svm- darac, 19 oz. ; ixale shellac, 9^ oz. ; very pale transparent resin, 12\ oz. ; turpentine, 18 oz. ; 85 per cent, alcohol. 5 pts. : dissolve. Uscu for tlie internal parts of carriage, &c. Dries in ten minutes. Cabinet- makers' Varnish.— Yoty pale shellac, C lbs. ; mastic, 7 oz. ; alcohol, 90 per cent. 5 or G pts. ; dissolve in the cold with frequent stirrin;;. Used for French polishing, &c. Japanners' Copal Varnish.— Valo African copal, 7 lbs. ; fuse ; add clarified linseed oil, i gal. ; boil five minu es, remove it into the open air, add boiiing oil of turpentine, 2 pa's, ; inLx well, strain it into the cistern, and cover it up immedmtely. Used to varnish furniture, and by japanners, coach-makers, &c. Coixd Varnish. — Pale hard copal, 8 lbs. ; add hot and pale drying oil, 2 gals, j boil till it strings strongly, cool a little, and thin with hot rectified oil of turiieutuie, 3 gals. : and straui immediately into tlie store can. Very lino. Gold Varnish of Watin, for Gilded Articles.— Gam lac iu grains, gamboge, dragon's blood, and annatto, of each 12^ oz. ; saffron, ii^ oz. Each i-csiu must be dissolved separately in 5 pts. of 90 per cent, alcohol, aiid 2 separate tinctures must bo made witliUiedragou'i blood and annatto in a like quantity of spirits ; and a proper jiropor- lion of each mixed together to produce the required shade. Trans- parent Varnish /or Floughs, &c.— Best alcohol, 1 gal. ; gum san- darae, 2 of being < t'le can i Jilack Va resin, 6 oj cooled, adi oissolve 1 turpentine that procH effect of gi extremely i 1*1114 03. be uragon's bl into 8 o2. 81) vessels. Kg possible, foi ffether8uch( oesirous of Wood.—BeM or bottle in a solve quicker ^anvas.^Ta\ themmtoan S^Jmbyheat. £*•; and boil Perhaps a litt Mosaic Goj crucible, add A is reduced ton flour of siijp] , «'Jcmcdiu.4n leaves the tm y tlie bottom Thesal-ammon the utmost purl J'lantityofVed ^?t some irold JithgumaSt the gold is redi ttade from Dut( r"c«- Treat iu jVienthisinferi< ^/: Powder is pr( nitrous acid in a t«removed; or J K^,P'«cjpitate t Off the crystals gy CAMXEWAKEIis, PAISTEB3' ^r „ tlie can in hot wn?f^ "?li^ shalceit freau^util""" '^^^". ^''^^h admits resm, 6 oz. ; asDhaltnm r ^*-~"*^<^'' in an iron w ^ '^f "«e- ^»?ie cooled, add oMS^.P^- Jurying SuseSi o.^V *™^'. 32 oz ; dissolve 1 oz raLS^'P^»*^°e, warmed, ipSft ^'V^P*/ ; when partly turpentine inG?z snirii ff' ««°^»rac, i J^^'" i„ ^^^^a'" KamwA.J- tJiafc procured bvSi^*"^®o*'ne. Oneoffi F^"'^*^®' and ioz effect of greatl7he Sfj'"- *Ji«Je houeri t htW^'^'ordantsfs extremely weir ^^}»''*cnmg the color of th^J: i'' ^'"®- '* has the dniffon's blood ii to Pn."""^ ^"*^ 32 oz. mt^ofZi'^^M^^, &c. into 8 oz. snirit, nf * °''- ^^P'"*8 o' turnentinA • f'^^'in^entiuo ; 4 oz vessels. Keo^?hemin"?^"""«- WakT ^^Vmlll.! °"-.«' «°*a?to possible, forabont^^i*.^''^''" P'ace, exposed to /k*"^ "» different gether such qSan itil^^^''''^'u'T^«» ^^^Y wm be it? *"^ ^ »n"ch aa Hesirous of ^obS^^ tm'^ "^"^^ '^^^^^ ^<*<* ^ rood-Best alcoS^il^''/ ^M out. T S^rL?® S?'**' yoi^ are or bottle in a g tSi'W- •' "'ce pnm shellap^ Tk^ /arnw/,, /<,,. solve quicker tha?f fi 1? ^* ^^^^ >' J"st a Sa' S ^^^' ^^^^e the jC C'anwtS.-lSke sSri*- 2\*^^ Pa^ntl^T' ^^ it will fe them into an i?ontt.°'*i'rPentine, Icnl • nlnhof**^ •^«'' ^Voodor Pt;and boiled linspM^W^'idantt^^^ cooffl ^""^J'^^^etLo I'erhaps a little laninhil?'^' ^ P*" > ^I»en coW ^t ia*''*^^ ''^™«h, 1 Mosaic GolVKwS? '^°"'J '"•'^ke It a more^^^^ ^o*^ "se. crucible, addTlh^S^^^^'^K l^Ro^'zrxa in iK^^l*^<=t *^^aclc. isroducedt^KdeiK^^** *J"'cksilver ti, T/^-wJi^",! ^b. tin in a flour of sulnlmr ♦fn'fu^^^'^owiJd, with A 1]? Ini^*®" ^''^^ is cold, it leaves the tin cSr/.^ •'**"^®. «"blimatiSu of tim^*^ atthe bottom o^theSi'"'^*^® "mosaic gold powSa^^^- ',"»redicnts The sal-ammonLJ; mnif L ^^'^°^« ^uy blackSfc f "^j, '« '^^ind ^^ utmost puritT WhenVH'"^ -^'^^^^ ^^^S^eSSti^ V<^niclei,. qiiantity of Ved li:id S «fAl?P*^'* ^«^ i'* required^li^ "^^'•'^"ry of i^t some gold Seaf i fi, ^'^^^'^'^ 'naterials SvJ /l^^^'^s'nall ^th ffum arahi/. !!lf' ^'*" ^ litto Jionev nr ti • i ^'^^^ -Powder — the g?ld is Sce"d to^^rrr^'"'?,"^^^^^^^^ Sd^V" ^^^^ «^o ergum repeated i^J^i^^^^ ^'"all particles- ti.i!?l",*^° mixture tiU left behinS^ w fpn 'i^' '''''^"" ^^atcr/au^tho^", J''^'''» ^"' *l»e honoy made from DutVl L?/^' " ^ ^t for use ^?A 'W^<^er will bj price. Trekt i, 1,F^*^^'^'*^' ^'^bich is sold inl^^'^i ^^^ Powder h VbenthiStifeSor^^S"?'^ '^^'^nbid abJve f^,^« « ^J.^^^^ fo" clear varnish othIJ2?*^?5 '^ "sed, covorXf i?i- "^^ ^o^»ith caretul anneal- ing, and these are levigated into impalpable ix>uderp, along with a Him of tine oil, to prevent oxidizement, and to favor the levigation Genekal Diukctions fok Buonzlno.— The cIkhcc of the above powders is of course determined by the degree of briilisiiicj too wish to obtain. The powder is mixed with strong gnm water or tting]a?s. and laid on with a brush or jiencii ; and, not eg dry a* to bave s-tiji certain clamminess; a piece of soft leather wrapped* roand the finder is dipped into the powder, and rubbed over the work. When the work- lias been all covered with the bronze, it must be left to dry, and and loose powder then cleared away by a hair-pencil. Bronzing Iron.— The subject should be heated to a greater de- gree than the hand can bear, and German gold, mixed with a Einall quantity of spirit of wine varnish, spread over it with a pencil; should tlie iron be already polished, you must heat it well, and moisten it with a linen rag dipped in vinegar. Gilder's Parchment Size. — Tlie best is made from cuttings of fine parchment Wash them clean, cover them with water, and al- low tiiem to simmer for about 2 hours over a slow fire: when brought to the proper strength or tenacity, which may l>e tested by the trial of ft portion between the thumb and finger; if it proves adhesive poiir it mto a clean vessel for use. When solidilied, it restemblesa jelly; if very stiff, it will require dilution with water. Scrae gilders u.se a lactometer and a deep glass to detennine the proper strength of size. When the float indicates a little higher than 1, for bnnmb size, and near 2, for matt gold size, excellent work will result. In the United States, some gilders substitute a tchite glue for {airimient cuttings in the making of size. For Oil Gold Size, consult that item. Matt Gold Size is usually purchased from dealers ready ninde; it is prepared for use by intennixture, (in a clean vessel) over a slow fire, witli parchment size, to the density of a thickiih cream, and used while warm. Burnish Gold Size is often bought ready made from the deal- er. Good results may be obtained by using red chalk, black ler.d, and deer suet, of each 2 ozs., finely ground to a stiS paste, with 2 lbs. of pipe cLav, and for use prepared like matt size. Thick White for application to the i)arts intended to be bnmish- ed, previous to putting on the burnish size, is a composition of parch- ment size and wliitening, about the density of cream. Gilder's Ormolu. — Red Sanders wood 2 drs.. tnrmeric 1 dr., garnet shellac 1 oz., spirits of wine ^ pt. : mix all together thoroughly and strain. This is added to medium strength parchoient size in or- der to impart a more beautiful appearance to the matt and oil gilding. Clay for Gilder's Use is usually purchased from the dealers and is prepared similar to burnish size. The Stopping Composition used for filling holea and deficiencies hi the work is a compound of size and whitening, iHonght to the density of putty. To Whiten Mouldings.— On gilded work to be erpoied to the weather, paint is u^c.l ns :'. foundation, and the gilding is done in oil fl« burnii dcscripti< nioulaiuo coat of fii holes, ble then appl' «'»l>plyiug j 1-loth of smooth ofl ^TOrk to en attention U Compos 5 pts ; rosi ^nter until the glue mi jx)ur the mi mi.T up to tl and cover w by selecting dition (for tl with the han smeared witl we mould, a "'de the mou screw press i mould. This JJe press and «ttacl»ed to tl pose the corne hacked or, me tjILDlNQ ijj ^.^d fun tin gderjstowaf S'"^^* oil an f "Q white to tl 've parts with «m '*u^° over smoothness wit J'ghtedifagw f"«tofftheww W ,t to dry an, ofcWcofcis t consistency, and I "enlyover the I «'"re Burfiace co .^f "agement ; S ''^« breath, divid? CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 287 as bumisherl gildim/ is unfit to withstand exposure. This last named description of work must have a cood base of whitening applied to the mouldiug previous to gilding. I-irst apply a very hot tlnn priming cour the mixture ' .to a large vessel among finely sifted whiting, aud mix up to the consistency of thin putty. Set away in a damp place, and cover with a wet cloth ready for use. The ornaments are made by selecting a jwrtion of the mixture, steaming it to a soft plastic con- dition (for tlie mixture becomes very hard when cold), aud pressing Avith the hands into .1 boxwood mould, previously well lubricated or smeared with oil and turpentine. The composition being fitted into the mould, a board thoroughly wet, is place . against the mixture out- side the mould, and the Avliole Ls submitted to pressure in an iron screw press, which drives the mixture into the minutest parts of the mould. This done, the pressure is relaxed, and the mould taken from the press and the ornament withdrawn from it The ornaments may be attached to the frame with glue or white leau ; and when they com- pose the corners on frames, require to have the vacant space between hacked or filled np with composition softened in boiling water. Gilding in On. — The ornaments being pr':perly adjusted and al- lowed full time to harden on the frame, the fi'rrt step taken by the gilder is to wash and cleanse them, togetherwith the frame, from the adherent oil and dust. This done, when dry, apply a uniform coat of thin white to the frame, and, after drying, fill all the holes and defect- ive parts with the stopping described above. When this becomes hard, go over every part of the work and bring it to the utmost smoothness with fine glass paper. This part of the work must not be slighted if a good job is wanted, for it cannot be dispen.«»ed with. Now dust off the work and apply the clay prepared as described above*, al- low it to dry and rub smooth with fine glass paper once more. A coat of cleai' cole is now applied, consisting of parchment size diluted to a thinnish consistency with water. It is usual to apply 2 coats of thi« size in a warm condition. It effectually prevents the absorption of the succeeding coat of oil size. The gilder prepares the oil size (boiled linseed oil and ochre well ground together) by bringing it to a creamy consistency, and purifies it by straining through a clean rag held un- der pressure, squeezing out the size. This preparation is spread very evenly over the prepared surface, and allowed to stand until it be- comes slightly sticky or tacky, when the knife, cushion and gold leaf are bronght into requisition, and the leaf applied with the tip to the fntire surface covered with the sire. This process requires carefnl management ; the gilder blows the gold leaf out on the cushion with tiis breath, divides and subdivides it with his knife to cover the differ* l-l 288 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS, AC, RECEIPTS. ent wants of various parts of the work. The leaf is dabbed down with a dabber of cotton wool or other soft material, aud finished witli a badger. See Gilding Letters on Wood. The frame being now cov- ered with the leaf, is brushed off to clear it from the small gold parti- cles still adhering, and is finally finished by applving the finish, size evenly with a hog's-hair brush over the work. The finish consists of a somewhat weak, clear size, which may l>e tempered with a little or- molu if it is desired to'imjMirt ?,. finer color to the gold. Watek and Oil Gilding on Labgk, Broad Frames, &c.— Re- move all dust and dirt from the frame aud ornaments, by thorough washing and brushing with plenty of Clearwater, being careful not to damage the ornaments while doing so, dry, and api)ly a coat of tliiii white, fill all holes and defects by stopping, and treat the parts in- tended to be burnished with three or four coats of thick ic/uYe, smootli- ing down the last coat when neariy dry, by passing the fingers over it. AVlien dry, go over it with glass paper, making a complete smooth job; next apply a coat of clay, aud smooth down with jjlass paper t)iipc more. Next, apply an even coat of size, and when dry, apply anotlier. The frame is next " put ui oil " as above described, and subsequently, the mrts intended to be buniished, which have received the coats of thick white, must be thoroughly cleaned f rqm oil by careful rubbing with a wet piece of cotton applied by the finger, turning the rag at short int«^rvals so as to present a clean surface to the work. Guard against touching any other parts of the frame with the wet cloth, as the mistake will have to be corrected with the oil brush. To make sure that no trouble will result from grease, it is necessary before lay- ing the gold, to apply clay to all parts intended to be buniished, in order to prevent any of the gold leaf from sticking, as it would have to be removed with glass paper previous to applying other prepara- tions. The frame is then gilded as previously described, the leaf pressed into the cavities of the oniaments, &c., the defects corrected, the work brushed off, and size finished as above. ITie parts to be burnished or icater f/ilded, previously noted as being coated with clay, must now be treated to three or four coats of mat (/old size^! laid on evenly with a camel' s-hair brush. When dry, polish with fine glass paper, brush down, and pass over it afterwards with a damp siK)nge. Wow apply 2 even coats of burnish gold size, and apply the leaf as soon as the last coat becomes dry. This is applied in a manner en- tirely different from that previously described. The frame behig e!e- vata'd at a proper angle to allow^ the surplus water to drain off, and the gold leaf, cushion, knife, tip, camel' s-hair pencils, glass of clean water, &c., being ready, proceed to gild the bead which parses around the frame between those jiarts which have previously been oil-gilt, by dipping a proper sized camel' s-hair pencil into the glass of water, wipe it on the edge, commence at the left hand extremity of the bead, wet- ting it for a space of 4 or 5 inches or more down, saturating it thoroughly with the water, and apply the gold leaf (previously cut to the proper size and held in readiness on the tip) very neatly aud qaickly to the spot while it is covered with water. Go over the bead, ornaments, and all parts intended to be burnished in this way, beine extremely careful to allow no water to come in contact with the gilded imrt of the frame. When done, examine closely for faults, and repair all defects discovered, dry, and proceed to bwnish by api)lying the curved part of the burnisher to the work, passing it hither and thither , fteadyiij bringing care, bri the ham tiiigo Uu W'Xe frai oinaineut liRusu lits. spirit. Cabin] .^oz.,gnin - m tho su use. *^ ^fRE.VCfl spt". cain.)i Another JLj "«]>htJia, th Knoj,-,2E Hroiig vi„e. China blue = dissolved ;'s; ^i steeping ii SATm„ro^ Pf^^.. ix)wderf obtain m 8t «PDJr V'™' I PJ 'diiired. ^ S^^ I ,„^^?.E^OOD iMi r''^«i«thiuV tlUther over the COM vu R*:ceipts. 289 dissolved .%|t'^i"'«:iW'l, 2 oj"«Stoi,i.'l«., green c^peS J?;~ bATINVVOOn SJtV." " Stronor vinegar /I ' ^ •" '''^'i rust ohtnJ..«-i HI 290 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS, AC, BECEIPT8. soft rag or by dipping the wood into a vat containing the solutiou, n« it done with chairs, etc., in many manufactories. Mahogany Imitation on Bbecu. — Pulverized dragon's blood, 2 ozSm rectified spts. of wine, 1 qt. FiLLiNO FOB French Polished Wobk.— A creamy paste com- posed of water and plaster of Paris, applied with a coarse rag to the grain of the wood forms a good filling. Apply vigorously to the wood to fill the pores thoioughly, and wipe off the surplus. Finely sifted whitening, mixed with jiamter's drying oil, is another good fillhig composition. Splendid Cbimson Spirit Stain. — Brazil-wood, lor., cochi- neal, 1 oz., dragou's-blood, 1 oz., saffron, 2oz8. ; steep to obtain full strength, in 2 qts. alcohol and strain. Best Mounting Material.— Good Bermuda arrow root, 1 J ozs; sheet gelatine, 80 grains : mix the anow root to a creamy consistence with a spoon, in 1 oz. of water; then add 14 ozs. of water and the gelatine broken into fragments. Boil for 4 or 5 minutes, set it aside until partially cool, then add 1 oz. of methvlated spirit, and 6 drops of carbolic acid, tiie former quite slowly. This article has no superi- or and will Iseep for years. To Clean Engbavings. — Place the engraving on a smooth board with a sheet of clean paper between, damp the picture on both sides with a sponge and clean water; then soak it well with the following solution applied with a clean sponge: Water, 1 pt, chloride of lime, 4 ozs. ; oxalic acid, 1 oz. This imparts a fine white appearance to dis- colored prints, but it must not be applied to water colors in any case, as it will certainly destroy them. To Revive the Colors of Old Paintings. — MLx linseed oil, 2 OM., with methylated chloroform, 1 oz.; and apply a little over the painting, previously washing it with clean water applied with a little cotton wool; wipe off the composition with a soft silk handkerchief during the next day. The mixture possesses the valuable property of restoring the faded colors of paintings. The vapor of alcohol has a like effect. To Preserve a Scaling or Cracked Painting. — Clean the painting very carefully with pure soft water, and pour over, or gently apply, a mixture of equal parts of methylated chloroform and linseed oil. Allow it to remain a day or two ; carefully wipe off the excess of oil, and apply more of the fresh mixture, wiping it off as before. Re- peat the process until the colors become fixed, and the painting be- comes flexible, when it may be cleaned and varnished. Varnish for Paintings. — No better vaniish for paintings can be had than that made from good, ripe, clean, gum mastic and rectified turpentine, fully matured by an exposure of several months in a wide mouthed glass bottle. Cover the bottle so as to admit air, but no dust, and set it in the light, but out of the sun. To Preserve PAiirriNGS Indefinitely.— Varnish tlie pnintinu on both sides, and hermetically seal with well fitting sheets of polished glass on the front, and apply a good coat of air proof material to the back. According to Wagner, the real cause of the ultimate destruc- tion of {rictures aawell as of pamt,is the gradual, but continuous, yet glow, oxidation of the linoxine, resulting in the crumbling to po«rder of pohreniloit matters-^pigments usoom tvlorn. It may not CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 291 be oat of place to state that one of the best solvents of linoxine (diled uaiat) is a mixture of alcohol and chloroform, which may be ad- vanUgeoualy used to remove stains of paint, and also of wagon and carriasie grease from silks and woollen tissues. To KEMOVE Old Black Varnish from Paintings.— various articles as soda, naptha, spirits of wine, oU of tortar, &c., wUl effect this if carefully handled by an experienced person, or tlie followuig mixture may be appUed to the painting with a dabber of cotton wool: Wood spirits, 4 ozs. ; Unseed oil i pt spirits of salts, 2 ozs. Go over the paiutius, imparting a spiral movement to the rubbing wad, keei>- iu2 the picture level and the rubber clean. Watch the progress of Uie >TOrk, taking care not to go too far, and finish by wipmg with a dean ras: wet with spirits of turpentine. , , . , . f o Whites Plaster Casts, &c.— If the uncalcined plaster is im- mersed for 15 minutes in water containing 8 or 10 per cent of sul- phuric acid previous to burning it, it will after being calcined, set more slowly, and make splendid casts, which wiU be perfectly white. Semi-transparent casts of fancy articles can be made of unbaked Kypsum, 2 iiarts, bleached bees- wax, 1 i>art; iiaraffine, 1 part. It is very tough and becomes plastic at 120°. Plaster casts will bear a nail driven in them without fracture if they are immersed in a /M)<«oj«jiO» of glue long enough to become saturated. To mend Platter MoOeli, use sandarac varnish, saturating the broken surfaces well, then pres- sing them together, tlien drying. As an application to the Uuide Plaster Moulds use glycerine, or a mixture of l«rd and oil. To Polish Pianos, Furniture, French Polish, &c.— The fol- lowing method of iwlishing pianos is in use in all first cla§8 factories. Tlie same process will answer for any other piece of furniture, by merely substituting for the scrapin», where scraping is not practica- ble, a filling, properly colored : First, give the work three coats of scraping or No. 2 furniture varnish, allowing each coat to become per- fectly hard before applying the next ; then scrape off the varnish with a steel scraper, properly sharpened on an oilstone, and in scraping be careful not to cut into the wood, but merely remove the varnish from the surface, leaving the pores filled. Smooth with No. 1 sandpaper, aud the work will he ready for the polishing varnish, fonr coats of which must be put on, allowing each coat to harden. To determine the proper time required for the hardening. I would say that one coat will uot be ready for the next until it is so hard that you cannot make an impression on it with your thumb nail. The fonr coats having been put on, and the work having stood a few days—and the longer the bet- ter—rub down with fine-ground pumice-stone and water, applied with a woolen rag. The work must be rubbed until all lamps and marks of the brush are removed ; wash off with a sponge and dry with a chamois-skin : let the work stand ont in tiie open air for a day or two, taking it into the shop at night. The work should now receive two coats more of polishing varnish and a second rubbing, after which it is ready for polishing. Furniture may be polished after the first rnbbing, and in that case the polishing is performed with lamp rotten-stone and water applied with a woollen rag. Put plenty of rotten-stone on your work, with water enough to make it work easy. Rub imtil all marks and scratches are removed. Rnb the rotten-t>tone off vrith your bare hand keeping the woi^ wet What camtot be removed with the hand should ISf^ 292 CADINET^iAKERS, PAINTERS', &C., RECEiriS. bo wnshed off with a flponjre. After dryln;? with a chamois-Bkin, brlns up the polish witli the palm of your hand, mov ing it lightly an'l qnickly with a circular motion, over the work. Clean up the work with a piece of soft cotton, dipped into Bweet oil, and lightly toncli all the white spots and marks of the rotten-stone. Remove the oil witli wheat Hour, applied with soft cotton, and flmilly dust off witl. a soft rag or silk hanukerchief. Tiic following method is Jmown as the Shellac or French Polish. In preiiaring for this process, add to one pint of Sliellac varnish two tablespooufuls of boiled oil; the two to bo thoroughly mixed. If you want the work dark, add a little burnt umbor ; or you can give tho work any desired shade by mixing with tho shellac tho proper pig- ment in the dry state. Apply the shellac thus prepared with a small bunch of rags held between your fingers. In applying it be particular in getting it on smooth and even, leaving no thick places or blotches. Repeat the process continually until tho grain is tilled and the work has received sufficient body. Let it stand a few houi-s to harden, and then rub vour work lightly with pumice-stone and oil, applied with a rag, A very little rubbing is required, and this is to be followed by the cleaning of the work with rags as dry as possible. With a piece of muslin wet with alcohol, go over the work two or three times, for the purpose of kiUing the oil. Have ready i lb. of pure gum shellac dissolved in one pint of 95 percent, alcohol. With this saturate a pad made of soft cotton, covered with white muslin, and with the pad tuu» fonned go over your work two or thkco times. To become proficient in this work, practice and close attention are required. Walnut Stain for Woon. — Water, 1 gal. ; Vandyke brown, 10 ors. ; bichromate of potash, 1 oz. ; washing soda, 6 ozs. ; boil 10 minutes, immerse the article, or apply with a brush as desired. Gold Bronze for Fur^iituhe.— Mix copal varnish with gold- colored bronze powder. This is made from bisulphnte of tin. To Ebonize Wood. — Mix lampblack with good French polish and apply in tlie usual way. The lampblack may be collected on a tin held over a kerosene oil lamp, or lighted candle. Reviver fob Gilt Frames.— White of eggs, 2 ozs. ; chloride of pot- ash or soda, 1 oz. ; mix well; blow off tho dust from the frames; tnen §0 over them with a soft brush dipped in the mixture, and they will e equal to new. Bad Smell from Animal Size.— To remove bad smell pass it throngh powdered charcoal. To preserve it, dissolve one ounce of HiUphate of zinc, generally known as white copperas, in hot water, and ada to everv i cwt. It will keep any length of time. Melt your size, and thoroughly mix it PoLisHixa Brass and Stone.— Plate-glass may be polished by rubbing with emery and water, the emery being of a greater degree of fineness as the work progresses, until at last by employing an impal- pable variety prepared by suspending emery in water for im hour or more. Of course no scratches must exist in tho work when the poUsh- iiig operation begins; such must have been removed by means of a coarser emery flour. Stones, such as Brighton pebbles, & 3., are often cut and polished on a rapidly revolving leaden disc, the surface of which is loaded with diamond dust, emery, or tripoli, according to the stone under operation. Soluble Glass.— I. Silica, 1 part, carbonate of soda, 2 parts; fnse together. 2. Carbonate of wda (4 part^•; dry carbunsite of a fine, (dry), : 15 liSLTi times ii dryness Glas nnd rub line or J Before pieces o] tone of ( pieces in raents m must bo ( upper sic] ^lieu drj of ruiuiiii gJ«iss. T] IHJncU, all figures. ^y means the Lunit ^t coJoi-8 be Liid on J'lidon, tJi nud bring < refractory ; witli a stroi aiid flamo. ^ter, nboi glass. Son with a laycj nnd very er itata/iUlji indications ( watched, it When ali is Stained-! 'cd enamel ( together) : g cohoiupon" "osh-color. {ron ; mix th< ioz.; pound No. 3. Broioi 4 oz. • grind made from dc «\«tsofborai, "kewiso be ol oz. white, har nlso bo comiH)! lead, such as i CADINETMAKERS, PAINTEUS', JliC, RECEIPTS. 293 fijtastok, 70 parts ; silica, 102 pnrts ; dolublo in 1x)ilins water, yielding a Ane, transparent scmi-einstic Taniiflli. 3. Carbonate of potusu (dry), 10 parts ; powdered quartz (or sand free from iron or alumina), 15 iiarts ; charcoal, 1 jiart ; all fused togcthor. Solnble in or (t times its 'wei'^ht of boilinr/ water. The filtered solution crnpomtod to dryness, yields a trans)iarent ^lass, permanent iu tlio air. (jLAss Staining. — The followinc: colors after having been prepared, nnd rubbed u]x>n a I'tlato of p-ound-glass, with the spirits of turpen- tuie or lavender thicKcned in the air, are applied Avith a hair-pencil. Before using them, however, it is necpssjii^ to try tlicm on small pieces of gUiss, and exiiose them to thft fire, to ascertain if the desired tone of color is produced. The artist must bo guided by these proof- pieces in u«ing his colors. The glass j^ropcr for rcceivuig these pig- ments must bo colorless, uniform, and difficult of fusion. A dcs'crn must bo dra>vn on paper, and placed beneatli the plate of glass. The upper side of tho glass, being sponged over with gum-water, affords, when dry, a surface proper for receiving the colors without tho risk of running irregularly, as they would otherwise do on tho slippery glass. The artist draws on tho plate (usually in black), with a fine I^cncil, all tho traces which mark the great outlines or sliades of tlio figures. Afterwards, when it is dry, tho vitrifying colors are laid on by means of larger hair-pencils ; their selection being rc^idatcd by the burnt specimen-tints above mentioned. Tho followuig aro all last colors, which do not run, except the yellow, which must therefore be hiid on the opposite side of < ! ^ glass. The preparat'~n» being all laid on, tlic glass is ready iui bcuig fired in a mufllo, in order to fix and bring out tlio proper colors. The inuillo must bo raado of very refractory fire-clay, : ..'. at its bottom, r'nd only five or six inches high, with a strong arched roof, and close on all sides, to exclude smoko and flame. On tlio bottom, a smooth bed of sifted lime, freed from water, about half an inch tliick, must bo prepared for receiving tho glass. Sometimes, several plates of glass are laid over each other, with a layer of lime powder between each. Tho firo is now lighted, nnd very gradually raised, lest tho glass should be broken ; then keep it at a f till heat for three or four hours, more or less, according to tho Indications of tlio trial slips ; the yellow coloruig being priuciimlly watched, it furnishing tho best criterion of tho stite oi tiio otlicrs. When all is right, let tho fire die out, so as to anneal tho glass. Stained- Glass Pigments.— No. 1. Flesh-color.— Ilea lead, 1 oz. ; red enamel (Venetian glass enamel, from alum and copperas calcined together) : grind them to a fine powder, and work this up with al- cohol upon a hard stone. When slightly baked, this produces a fino flesh-color. No. 2. Black color. — Tako 14^ oz. of smithy scales of iron ; mix them with 2 oz. of white glass : antimony, 1 oz. manganese, i oz. ; pound and grind these ingredients together with strong vinegar. No. 3. Broion color. — White glass or enamel, 1 oz. ; good manganese. % oz. ; grind together. No. 4. Red, Rose and Droicn colors arc made from peroxide of iron, prepared by nitric acid. The flux iwn- Rists of borax, sand, and minium, in small Quantities. lied color may likewiso be obtained from 1 oz. of red ehalK, pounded, mixed witli 2 oz. white, hard enamel, and a little peroxide of copper. A red may also bo comijosed of rust of iron, glass of antimony, yellow gliu«s of lead, such as is used by potters, or litharge, each iu equal quantities. m- '■' 194 CABINETIIAKEBS, PAINTERS*, AC, BECEIPTS. 1^' to which a little Bidphniet of silver is added. This compoirftiGii, well grouud, produces a very fine *id color on glass. No. 6. Green. — 2 oz. of bnu», calcined into an oxide ; 2 oz. of miniura, and 8 oz. of white sand ; reduce tliem to a fine powder, wliich is to be enclosed in a well-luted cmciblo, and heatea strongly in an au* furnace for an hour. When the mixture is cold, grind it in a brass mortar. Green may, howorer, be advantageously produced, by a yellow on one sivJe and a blue on tlie other. Oxide of chrome has also been employed ; to stain glass green. No. G. A fine yelloio stain. — Take fine silver, lam- inated tliin, dissolve in nitric acid, dilute with abundance of water, and precipitate with solution of sea-salt j mix tliis chloride of silver in a dry powder, with three times its weiglit of pipe-clay well burnt and pounded. The bacic of tlie glass pane is to be painted with this ]X)wder ; for, when painted on the face, it is apt to nin into the otlier colors. A pal« yellow can be made by mixing snlphuret of silver with glass of antimony and yellow ochre, previously calcined to a red brown tint. Work all these powders together, and paint on tlie back of the glass. Or silver lamince, melted with sulpliur and glass of antimony, thrown into cold water and afterwards groimd to powder, affords a yellow. A pale yellmo may be made with the powder resultuig from brass, sulphur, and glass of antimony, calcined together in a crucible till they cease to smoke, and tlien mixed with a Dttle burnt ochre. The ./me yelloio of M. Meraud is prepared from chloride of silver, oxide of zinc, and rust of iron. This mixture, simply grouud, is applied on the glass. Oranr/e color. — ^Take 1 part of silver powder, as precipitated from the nitrate of tliat metal, by plates of copper, and wiished ; mix with 1 part of red oclire, and 1 of yellow, by careful trituration \ grind into a thin pap, with oil of tur- pentine ur lavender : apply this witli a brush, and bum in. To Silver Lookikq Glasses. — ^A sheet of tin-foil corresponding to the size of the plate of glass is cvcnl^r spread on a perfectly smooth and solid marble table, and every wrinkle on its surface is carefully rubbed down with a brush : a portion of mercury is then poured on, and rubbed over the foil with a clean piece of soft woollen stuff, after which, two rules are applied to the edges, and mercury poured on to the depth of a crown ^uece ; when any oxide on the surface is care- fully removed, and the sheet of glass, perfectly clean and dry, is slid along over the surface of tlie liquid metil, so that no air, dirt, or oxide can possibly either remain or get between them. AVlien the glass has arrived at its proper position, gentle pressure is applied, and the table sloped a httlo to carry off the waste mercury ; altei- which it is covered with flannel, aud loaded with heavy weights ; in twentv-four hoard it is removed to another table, and f urtlier slanted, and tnis position is progressively increased during a month, till it becomes perpendicular. Porcelain Colors.— The following are some of the colors used in the celebrated porcelam manufactory of Sevres, and the proiwr- tions in whicli they are compounded. Though intended for porcelain painting, nearly aU are applicable to painting on glass. Flux No. 1 minum or r»d lead, 3 parts ; white sand, washed, 1 part. Tliis mixturo is melted, by which it is converted into a grieenish-colored glass. Flux No. 2. Qrayfiux.-'Oi No. 1, 8 parts ; fused borax in powder, 1 port This mixture is melted. Flu£ No. 8. For carmines and grcau —Me: miuuE No. 3, cine, 2 «^per, verize cliromii Yelloio. 8 parts and me) «. Fau meroe, 2 sand ma iron, 1 p wjtiiont 1 a muffle i 2. 3 parts "on niad< flnx No. J enough. ^0. 10. D, 01 mangai «nd add oj urate with( "ons given lloxr TO lortis to tin of silver, j fromapap« we decantei nerthatits, /an on the 81 JJacfc oxide JJe melted CO J." gJaw stain melted and ca prepared by p f'e action of S «?s. flint giJS' ^'^ ««ofce, lind" BorxLis GtA 3>« salts, 1 ^^.-glass^w; "iuiont melting. Ko 7 n' "* I^"s '> Aux 2^ 2 «~^j; '»"'?»»*• oi enough. No 9 ?S,v? '^^!'"» earthis added^ fV'^f ^. '^ weight of ^0. 10. i)cep 6/Jfe 3~Tlie wlute enamel i^' " ^* '" "o* d'^OD twna given In anotli» n,.5^,"^rf ^'^«ft'<>n.--FollS?f.«' ^ ^^^'*'- Trit- How TO Wbitk^^''^' *''^ work, in r^tnt^Jr general direc- fortis to the oSS^« ^^^^ ^^ THE Suv S?^*'^ *^ staining gii^ from a paper the lettP^t^^^- decanter VeSn^i^^M^^^^^^^tion , ^o SxAm on Cor^n r. i^'^auoM. Usfd iu let- **T«V^"- " '*"™»fir tho operation"" t't"'/^"™*'"'' , ^o SxAm on Cor^n n i^'^auoM. Usfd iu let- tl»e melted conte^^*?"" «nd ^eU powdo«^ „ ' ^^'^^ of silver "> glass BtaE"** S?"*® ?Iass.pot, or^re 3^^^ cfher added fi melted and mS in*/'"* ■^"'e- To 10 IImT M'®** *« *lie surface m tJie action of a fire iin?««!l *^PP^ ^nto a cniVihi« o"*^ ^**PP«r. i oa. ; '4 mm 296 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. basalt, ?S lbs. to i cwt. No. 2. Pale Green.— Pal© sand, 100 lbs. ; kelp, 35 lbs. ; Imvlated wood-ashes, 1^ cwt ; fresh do., 40 lbs. ; pipe-clay, | cwt ; cullet, or broken glass, 1 cwt. No. 3. Yellow or white sand, 120 parts ; wood-ashes, 80 parts ; pearl-ashes, 20 parts : common salt, 15 parts ; white arsenic, 1 part ; very palo. Crystal GlasB.—^o.l. Kenned potashes, CO lbs. : sand, 120 lbs. ; chalk, 24 lbs. ; nitre and white arsenic, of each, 2 lbs. ; oxide of mauji^ancse, 1 to 2 o2. No. 2. Pure white sand, 120 parts ; refined ashes, 70 narts ; saltpetre, 10 parts ; white arsenic, ^ part ; oxide of manganese, ) part No. 3. Sand, 120 parts; red-lead, 50 parts; purified pearlash, 40 parts ; nitre, 20 parts ; manganese, ^ part. Flask Glass (of St. jStiennc).—T\XTe silicious sand, Gl parts ; potash, 3^ parts ; lime, 21 IMirts ; he.ivy spar, 2 parts ; oxido of manganese, q. s. Best Oerman Crystal Glass. — ^I'ako 120 lbs. of calcined flints or white sand ; best Searlash, 70 lbs. * saltpetre, 10 lbs. ; arsenic, ^ lb. ; and 5 oz magnesia, fo. 2. (Cheaper.) — Sand or flint, 120 lbs. -.pearlash, 46 lbs. ; nitre, 7 lbs. : arsenic, G lbs. ; magnesia, 5 oz. This will require a long contmuance in the furnace, as do all others wlien much of the arsenic is used. Plate Glass. — No. 1. Pure sand, 40 parts ; dry carbonate of soda, 26i parts ; lime, 4 parts ; nitre, li parts ; broken plate glass, 25 parts. No. 2. tire's. — Quartz-sand, 100 parts ; calcined sulphate of soda, 24 parts ; lime, 20 parts ; cullet of soda-glass, 12 parts. No. 3. Vienna. — Sand, 100 parts ; calcined sulphate of soda, 50 parts ; Ihne, 20 parts ; charcoal, 2J parts. No. 4. French.— Whito quartz sand and cullet, of each 300 parts ; dry carbonate of soda, 100 parts ; slaked lime, 43 parts. Crown Glass. — No, 1. Sand, 300 lbs. ; soda- ash^OO lbs. ; lime 30 to 35 lbs. ; 200 to 300 lbs. of broken glass. No. 2. (Sohemian.) — Pure silicious tiaud, 63 parts ; potash, 22 parts ; lime, 12 parts ; oxido of manganese, 1 part. No. 3. (Prof. Schweigfjers.y- Pure sand, 100 lbs. ; dry sulphate of soda, 50 parts ; dry quicklime ux powder, 17 to 20 parts ; charcoal, 4 parts. Product, white and good. Best Window-Glass. — No. 1. Take of white sand, GO lbs. ; puri- fied pearlashes, 30 lbs. ; of saltpetre, 15 lbs. ; of borax, lib. ; of arsenic, i lb. This will be very clear and colorless if the ingredients be good, and not be very dear. No. 2. ( Cheaper. )— AVhite sand, GO lbs. ; uu- purified pearl-ashes, 25 lbs. ; of common salt, 10 lbs. ; nitre, 5 lbs. ; arsenic, 2 lbs. ; magnesia, IJ oz. No. 3. Common green tcindow- glass. — ^Vhite sand, oO lbs. ; unpurified pearlashes, 30 lbs. ; common salt, 1"? lbs. ; arsenic, 2 lbs. : magnesia, 2 oz. LooTcinrf-Gtass Plate. — No. 1. Cleansed white sanct, GO lbs. : pearlashes, purified, 25 lbs. ; saltpetre, 15 lbs. ; borax, 7 lbs. Tliis composition should be contin- ued long in the fire, which should be sometimes strong and after- wards more moderate, that tlio class may be entirely free from bub- bles before it be worked. No. 2. White sand, GO lbs. ; pearlashes, 20 lbs. ; common salt, 10 lbs. ; nitre, 7 lbs. ; borax, 1 lb. This glass will nin with as little heat as tlie former ; but it will bo more brittle, and refract tlie rays of li^ht in a greater degree. No. 3. Washed white sand, GO lbs. ; purified pearlaslies, 25 lbs. ; nitre, 15 lbs. ; borax, 7 lbs. If properly managed, this glass will be colorless. Window Glass. — No. 1. Dried sulpluite of soda, 11 lbs. ; soaper salts, 10 lbs. ; lixiviated soap waste, it bush. ; sand, 50 to GO lbs. ; glass-pot skim- mings, 22 lbs. ; broken na?e green glass, 1 cwt. No. 2. (Pa/c»'. )— White sand, CO lbs. ; pcorl-Asucs, 30 lbs. ; common salt 10 lbs. ; arsenic, 10 ^bs. • ««nd; Jos. • a; window Coioi tureoti audi pa ware ves parts of mixture, «»id, anc 3 parts n shade to gjrts san fflo-'t Bit Ijunied qi MOBTAB "Parts; lia clean sand, *«e mortar excess of^ Iiair. 4. ^ jarts. Limi ^oiiiniewliei ai|dtiie«7rn ^^Jth water, 1 coiirses of b ^inldings. f '"ortarasma byvolufflerl ipart TVjp, from IB to 20 cement poV 'Mtlydimil toapastoA^-th tJiecousistenci Sa -""^ when J^^^'^ng coat. J^oJames ot fin- J'gtilatedb/t'S joate when laid "• One Coat W ^i,^"d set or ia ^^ boated Coat! - "quired : Zi^C^^J lb9. window gi^s 14 ?^ ~"««aaese, 3 to 4 02 "ii-'ir""'. ^" ^*>«- ; ii 298 pABIXETMAKEBS/ PADTTEBS', £C., BECEIPTa In common work Instead of screedintf, when the finished stirfaco is not reauired to be exact to a straight edge. It is laid in a coat of About i inch in thickness. The laying coat, except for very conunon work, should be hand floated, as the tenacity and firmness of tho work is much increaHed thereby. Screeds are strips of mortar, 2G to 28 inches in width, and of tlie required tliickness of tho first coat, ap- plied to the angles of a room or edge of a wall and paiallcUy, at in- tervals of 3 to 5 feet over the surface to bo covered. When thcso have become suutciently hard to withstand tho i)rcssure of a straight edge, the mtersi)aces between the screeds should be filled out flush with thein. so as to produce a continuous and straight, even surface Slipped (joat is the smoothing off of a brown coat with a small quantity of lime putty, mixed with three per cent of white sand so as tf} make a comparatively even surface. This finish answers when the surface is to be finished in distemper or paper. JIard Finish . Fino f tuff applied with a trowel to tlie deptli of about ^ of an inch. 13. Cement for External Use. — Ashes, 2 parts; clay, 3 jyarts; sand, 1 iiart; mix with a little oil. Very durable. 14. Compositions for Streets and Roads.— Jiitamen, 1G.875 parts ;asphaltum. 2.23 parts; oil of resin, G.25; sand, 1.35 parts. Tliickness from 1^ to If inches. Asphaltnm, 55 lbs., and gravel 28.7 lbs. will cover an area of 10.75 square feet. 15. Asphalt Composition. — ^Mhieral pitch, 1 imrt: bitu- men, 11 iiarts; i)owacred stono or wood ashes, 7 ymrts. IG. Asphalt Mastic is composed of nearly pure carlx)natc of lime and about 9 or 10 per cent, of bitumen. When in a state of powder it is mixed with about 7 per cent, of bitumen or mineral pitch. The powdered asphalt is mixed with tho bitumen in a melted stato along with clean gravel, and consistency is given to pour it hito moulds. The asphalt is duc- tile, and has elasticity to enable it, with tho small stones sifted upon it, t,. resist ordinary wear. Sun and rain do not affect it, wear and tear do not seem to injure it. The pedestrian in many cities in tho United States and Canada, can rpadily detect its presence on the side- walk by its peculiar yielding to the foot as ho stei)s over it. It is also a most excellent roofing material when rightly applied, it being on record in France that a stout roof of this material withstood tho ac- cidental fall of a stack of chimneys, with tho only effect of bruising the mastic, readily repaired. 17. Asplialt for Walks.— Taka 2 parts very dry lime rubbish, and 1 pai-t coal ashes, also very dry, all silted fine. In a dry place, on a dry day, mix them, and leavo a hole iu the middle of the heap, as bricklayers do when nialdng mortar. Into this pour boiling hot coal tir; mix, and when as stiff as mortar, put it three inches tliick where the walk is to be; tho ground should be dry and beaten smooth; sprinkle over it coarso siiud. Wli en cold, pass a light roller over it; ui a few days the walk will bo solid and water- proof. 18. Mastic Cement for Coverinr/ the Fronts of Houses.— Tl'ty jmrts, by measure, of clean dry sjuid, 50 of limestone (not burned) reduced to gi-.iins like sand, or marble dust, and 10 parts of red lead, mixed with as much boiled linseed oil as will make it slightly moist Tlie bricks to receive it, should be covered with three coats of boiled oil, laid on with a brusli, and suffered to dry beforo tho mostio is put on. It is laid on with a trowel like plasteivbut it is not so moi^t. It becomes hard as stone in a few months. Care must bo exercised not to use too much olL 19. Cement for Tile-Iioofs.—'Eciual parts of whit- ifaga ency men. for a to Imii plastei cricks applied JOOlbs. beat up Seams i «nd as I lu a few SlLVR o'%ht( Trater, Je Doiiing \f tliJn. TJi pour on Ji "'0 ffJne li wiutewaaJ ICJfeetl, Mfeetic II iiichesl Z^ne waUs ^^ns;ov^, OF ; ^ickness o I inches 13 u 10 »i 20 «< Cubic yail Perch (22 {opavei '^iy slaked 3 . °» *<^-> BBCEIPT8* tie ana A ' '*^'* "^^^''^a* :S99 toimitatestone S m!!f"*"~Cement for ti.^^^^ 20. CcwSS Piaster Of S,^^ riV^^^r '"^"S^^ iSIt;?' ^^^^^ bricks should receive ♦.' ^' '«tened wtJj iJ,ii^',.'"**'S©,5nart? applied. 21 ii^/!!y?.**''o c, tJiree eoate of !^i'^f ^ ^"weed oil Tifj w"P- %J> ^S, aniT««''' ^ ^"^^^ : bono «h^"~S"L^Iea«8aad, of hght colored cine sl^^f^^^'—Take 7 Jbs nf p- • . long ) , Q^rrj^memr Measure. lOJ feet long \ }6 inches wide J M feet long, -'' 38 inches w/de 4 10 (22 cubic feet Tobe..^^^^^ Thickness Of wall. 4 inches 7I if :; 35* 20 « ?9, S2 « ^2J SG «« ^. 42 «« ij^ o Best Wash Foa n.»®*^^^ " ds •• fr««h]y slaked S f S .tr HoDSKs.^Trater r 'Specie, yellow ochroiuSS^/e,Xjg*; 300 CABINETMAKERS, FAINTEBS', ^tC., BECEUTS. ■ r nmber, 4 Ibe. To be dissolved in hot water, aad ijflied -with a brush, DuBABiiB Outside Paint.— Take 2 parts (in bulk) of iratcr Ihnc, frround fine: Ipart (in bulk) of white lead, in oiL Mix tliem tlioroughly, by adding best boiled linseed oil, enoosh to prepare it to pabs through a paint-mill ; after which, temper witii cil till it can be applied with a common paint brush. Make any color to sniL li wiH I'ust 3 times as long as lead paint. It is bupebior. Fabmers' Paint.— Farmers will find the foUowii^ profitable for house or fence paint : skim milk, two quarts; fresh eiaked lime 8 oz. ; linseed oil, oz. ; white Burgundy pitch, 2 oz. ; Spanish white, 3 lbs. The lime is to be skiked in water, exposed to the air. and then mixed with about one-fourth of the milk: the oil in which tne pitdiiH dissolved to be added a little at a time, then the re^ of the lailk, and afterwards tho Spanish white. This is sufficient for twenty-seven 3'ards, 2 coats. Tliis is for white paint. If desirable, any other color may bo produced ; thus, if a cream color Is desirou, iu pJace of part of tho Spanish white use the other alone. ESTiaXATX: OF SlATEItlALS AND LABOR FOB 100 GQUASB TAXDS OV LATn AND PIASTES. Materials Throe coats Two Coats Materials Three coAts Tvo co«ts and Labor. hard finish. Slipped. and Labor. Laid finish. Slipped. lime. . . 4 Casks. SVa casks. AVliiteSaud 2V.haiia. Liunp Liime % , " Nails . . . 13 lt«. 13 lbs. riaater of Slasons . . 4 daja. 3% days. Paris . . 200^ Laborer . 3 " 2 « Laths. . . 2000 Cartage. . 1 « % *• Hair . . . 4 bushs. 3 bushs. Sand . . . 6 loaiU. G loads. Painting in MiLK.—Skimmcd milk, ^ gaUm ; newly slaked lime, G oz. ; and 4 oz. of poppy, linseed, or nutoil; and 3 lbs. Spanish white. Put the lime into an earthen vessel or dean backet; aud having poured on it a sufRcicut quantity of milk to make it about tho thickness of cream, add the oil in small qoantities a littlo at a time, stirring tho mixture well. Then put »n the rest of tho milk, afterwards tho Spanish white finely powdered, or any other desired color. For out-door work add 2 oz. each more of oil and slaked lime, and 2 oz. of Burgundy pitdi dissolred in the oil by a gentle heat. Pkemium Paint without Oiii or Lead.— Slake stose-lime witli boiling water in a tub or barrel to keep in tlie steam: th«i pass 6 quarts through a fine sieve. Now to this quantity add 1 qnart of coarse salt, and a gallon of water; boil the mixture, and skim it clear. To every five gallons of this skimmed mixture, add 1 lb. alom; ^ lb. copperas; and by slow degrees 2 lb. potash, aud 4 quarts sifted aalies or nue sand ; add any colorhig desired. A more dniable point was never, made. Gbeen Paint ron Garden Stands, Bunds, Kic—TUtemmeral green, ^ish T first c( willpr Prussii MlLi milk, t< «so. I( mortar, to somo best oil it on wli mug cc * eJietian years. Paiat. skimmo^ fitonewarc mkoam 00 added: ^^ the flak ""'ell fitirre( use. Paris G "^ith Jiot ^ alum Tvater P''i»?o; tlien "UW tho col Pliateofcor ^oj':- Obscri iJEAUTlFU •Wtheeffcrv nud stir tho ^ .^aJibasnot Ifapea-greei Jciiowarsenj ""diooksbet liLVE Cou Wuo vitriol ai isas stood till or color withe «*,^e manner io Harden iP'"t of floui ^J^addGgal /,i?^*^.^ater: llnckea it; then > iAJiTTERs, AC., r.ECEJrTs ?0 ffroen, and white Icmi ,^ -^^ ^ s. rfo^ Venetian red wlti, „^„*™S° desfri If a Li • S"™" «o ie, br ycira. "'"""'• """King mjUmolML';" P^^orad, 'nS well stirred in w Sonnf ''"'^"'''"y ^'^^-'^ ffSu" l^^i',*^^ 8»rlaco 7-r, G, JIC '","" "°""' ""'' "^'- "' '' ^""^ .Blue CoLon for Vpttt. . ^ °'*°^ I»i^t. i I ft S02 CILCULATIOXS, AC, FOR BUILDEBS. Slatitto.— The pitch of a slated roof should M abont 1 In height to 4 in length; tbe usual lap is about 3 ino.. but it is sometimes 4. Each slate shoula be fastened by 2 nails, either of copper or zinc. A square of slate is 100 superficial feet, allowances being made for the trouble of cutting the slates at the hips, eaves, round chimneys, etc. The sides and bottom edges of the slates should be trimmed, and the nail holes punched as near the head as possible; they should be sorted in sizea, when they are not all of one size, and the smallest size placed near the ridge. The thick- ness of slates varies from 3-16 to 5-16 of an inch, and their weight from 2.« to 4.53 lbs. per square foot. The following table of sixes, etc., of roof- ing slates is very useful: Ddscriptlon . Doubles Ladies Countesses . . Duchesses... Imperials.... It a g s and Queens Westmore- lands, of various sizes. Size. Length Bre'th ft. in. 1 1 1 4 1 8 2 2 6 3 ft. in. 6 8 10 1 2 2 Av'rage guage in inches. 7 9 10«i No. of squares 1200 will cover Weight per 1200 m tons 2 10 % iv* No. re- quired to cover one square 480 280 176 127 No. of nails re- quired to one square. 480 280 362 254 a ton will cover 2V4 to 2^^ squares. The next table exhibits the comparative weight of various roof cover- ings. Plain tiles, per square of 100 sup'l feet . Pantiles Slating, an average Lead, 7 lbs. per sup'l feet Corrugated iron Copper, or zinc, 16 ozs. per sup'l feet — Timber framing for slated or tiled roofs , Boarding, % in. thick Boarding, 1% in. thick Additional load for pressure of wind. . . Gothic roofs, steepest ancle Weight. 8 to 18 cwt. 91/4 cwt. 7 to 9 cwt. 6% cwt. 3 cwt. 1 cwt. 660 to 672 lbs. 21/2 cwt. 6 cwt. 35 cwt. Leauc Slope. 26Vi to 30* 25^4 to SO" 40 4" 40 25* 250 6OO Cement fob Maiiblg and Alabaster. — Mix 12 parts of Port- laud cement, 6 parts slacked lime, G parts of fine sand, and 1 part of infusorial eni-th, and make up into a tliick paste with silicate of soda. The object to be cemented does not require to be heated. It sets in 24 hours, and the fracture can not readily be found. SupEuiOK Blasting Compound. — ^I'he English mining engineer, Mr. W. B. Brain, lias found that one of the most available blastiuj; compounds consists of equal parts of potash chlorate, potash nitrate, charcoal, and dry oak saw-duet; 3 parts of this mixture is made to about 2 parts nitroglycerine of 1.6 specific gravity. To Thaw Frozen Sink Pipes, &c.— Place the end of a piece of lead pipe against the ice to be thawed, and tbeu through a funnel in the othc the ice i wireaut of stean done by Exnj upon a solved iu extiuguis with bJai] In clai square fee ^ COMPA SEASOXEi] green, 58.3 lean pine, soned, 28.4 green, 48.12 Shi Woo< Ktch piae. Spruce ... White pine,' YeUow pijie Alder.... ■Ash.... ■■ Birch... '" lloj-se choBto bundle of igL weather; 6 Ibt load of laths,] bushels of hi, •and, and 4 bm In lathing, ^«-t"^,187y«y bushels ofial material as ren 1000 bricks" cleaned and 1^ nJ '*^ <>' bricl tie mortar, b, cubic yard, 384. Safe Load J Jn cast-iron coh Wrought^injngJ JncastironrirS /n cast-iron Sr Jn timber..,. ' Stoue aiid brick, nv, !I thd othcf end doiit hn'r /» ciapdoardin^Thu^m , .. smother the flames green fi8.3; do^'aSLJ^ed*'S''''S^^^» oSS^2^°? '^ ««='•* axd »cai» plije, green ^o.®*V '^- ^«ech, green t»w£.* ^^^''c PooT.-Arti green 4« 19. i";"*'"" oak, green 7i nT; 'i * Cedar, green^v- ;i«^™*'* «reen,48.i2;do.,8eaaoned;36.8 ' "' ^°- ■««»0"eV43 8 ':^*'-» SS*- Ash.. *i-6|lArch... ''*«««T W00D8. Bi«l..::::;^^^^^^^^■&tenuuaii.vr ^.^ l^J«■■cLi.Ui:::■Sifc:^^v/;;;.::••giwJl^^ bunMyfei .' 'i-.nd.e «, ,^,„„. .... ' .••'°-r"'°" ::.•&' - i"^ M«eca 397 vVill ^ 50 rfer& ^%*,r' 'V'^^^l^th^mdh^^ "•?]« *^d 5bJ8hetel?.f • fe«fe?S/S^i::::::::-----"-::::::r"s''»«^ Jn timber *^ **'**^««« «»d tanki:: % " stoueandbrii^i:::::::::::: •••••'::::::::::::iJa H « I 'i i 7 4 ! ,N Whit ■ideexp comoiou Anydeej matter tc Ter&a the north selected I clay, vrhil of cW 1 difflculUcj works is t first, iadj advantage cotta(that from the ti cJay terra ( leut. Toe vitrification Av-Iiich coijti tiiebodyha aid fire brie added in vai counteract c tuo color lie under an ed cither reroh in order torn rul puffging j turo when bn a plaster mou lor five or sev heat, and is g and warpinrr , wgofclaysrt] »es3 of mater tt-eU graded, t cottabulldinjr rtrucuon, with auctions are « Pliurous fuel d fd. This mate toe formation c dutiful desi«n ;:ery cheap nito, twn required a "^"chasgoodfi "»S, stone. * ?^ stuff 11 by 8 ^"chesapawt t1 "ailed dSsetoge CABIXETMAKEnS, PAINTERS ^n matter to suit Se???J^® imparted to wtUtewa^.f i^o" of «^eet milk tlfij;, while tli« flS. nS?!*^""' an* MedalVnTS.?' «"> »'"? are ;Wclio«p raSTAS 2L^> "'J''pliodltoS,^"'?™> ••'"'i oUiS ■■It 1 II m ■ ^l mm 4 806 CABINETMAKKBS, PAINTEBS', AC^ HECEIPTA. ■oft, spongy straw paper naed in making fMipor-boxes, 'U'hich comes in rolU and coincfl very low. Lay in courscfl up and down the roof, and lap over, nailing down witli common No. lackB, witli loatlier under tlio lieods iilce carpet taclcs. Then spread on several coatings of the following composition, previously boiled, stirred, and mixed together: good clean tar, 8 gals. ; Koman cement, 2 gals, (or in its place very une, clean sand maj bo used) ; resin, 6 1m. ; tallow, 3 lbs. ; apply hot : and let a hand follow, and sift on sharp grit sand, pressing it in- to the tar comixwition. If wished fire-proof, go over the above with the following urepnmtion ; slake stone lime under cover with liot water till it falls into a fine powder, sift and mix G qts. of this with 1 qt salt ; add 2 gals, water, boil and skim. To 5 imls. of this add 1 lb of altim, and 1| lb. of copperas, slowly while boiling, 1^ lbs. potash and 4 ots. of clean, sharp sand, and any color desired. Apply a thick coat with a brush, and you have a rooi which no fire can injure from the outside. How TO DmLD Gkatei. Ilouras.— Tills is the best bnilding ma- terial in the world. It is four times cheaper than wood, six times cheaper than stone, and snperior to either. I'roportions for mixing : to eight barrows of sliiked lime, well deluged with water, add 15 barrows of sand ; mix these to a creamy consistency, then add DO barrows of coarse gravel, which ranst be worked well and completely ; you can then throw stones into tliis mixture, of any shape or size, up lo ten inches in diameter. Form moulds for the walls of the houso by fixing boards horizontally against upright standards., which must bo immovably braced so that tlicy will not yield to the immense pres- sure outwards as the material settles ; set the etiindards in jviirs around the buildhig where the walls are to stand, from six to eight feet apart, and so wide that the inner space shall form the thickness of tlie wall. Into the moulds tlius formed throw in the coucrcto material as fast as you choose, and the more promiscuously the better. In a short time the gravel will get as hard as the solid rook. VAnxisn roR Plasteii Casts. — AVhite soap and v kite wax, each ^ oz., water 2 pts., boil together in a clean vessel for a short time. This varnish is to be applied when cold with a soft brush. TuE Bronzimo of Plaster Casts is effected by giving fhem a coat of oil or size vamlBh, and when this is nearly dry, appl . ing with a dabber of cotton or a camel-hair pencil any of the metallic bronze Sowders ; or the powder may be placed in a little bag of mnslin, and usted over the surface, and afterwards finished with a wad of linen. The surface must bo afterwards varnished. SuusTiTUTE fob Pi^aster OF PARIS.— Best whitinnf, 2 Ihs. ; glue, 1 lb. ; linseed oil, 1 lb. Heat all together, and stir tlioroughly. Let the compound cool, and then lay it on ■ -"- — " ~ ■''" till it powdered wliiting, and heat it well a stone covered with becomes of a tough and firm consistence ; then put it by lor use, covering with wet clbtlis to keep it fresli. When wanted for use, it mu.st be cut in pieces adai)ted to the size of the mould, iuto which it is forced by a screw press. The ornament may be fixed to the wall, picture-frame, &c., with gluo or white load. It becomes in time as hard as stone itself. HoDELLiKO Clay. — Knead dry clay with glycerine instead of water, and a mass is obtained which remains moist and plastic for a oousidenible time, being a great cpnvenicnco to the modeller. RoMAa «nd 4 lbs lug) watt well and ( To Pol cent, of 1 confers ui of recelvli To MAK is put in a from a stej n short sjm regulated ■ into suitab Jiydraulic ready for v polish like : To TAKE Tlic person Jiostril put breathing, properly pr »'are that th few minutes formed, froi casts exactly "^ATCHM ^, On VTATcn •lie watch dot wrefuliy,soa« remove the m( ^'•lieels; next, «Pon the arbo WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', AC., RECEIFT8. 307 RoMAK Cement.— Drift cand, 04 parte ; unslaked llmft, 12 Ibi. f find 4 lbs. of Uie poorest cheese grated : mix well ; add hot (not bolU iuj;) water to reduce to a proper cousistence for plastering. Work well and quick with a thiu smooth coat. To PousH Plaster of Pakis wouk.— The addition of 1 or 2 per cent, of many saltA, such as alum, sulphate of potash, or borax, roufers ui)on gjT)8ura the property of scttmg slowly m a mass capable of receiving a very high iwlish. To MAKE Plaster of Paris as harp as Marble.— The plaster is put in a drum, turning horizonttiUy on its axis, and steam admitted from a steam boiler : by this means the plaster is made to absorb in a short smce of time the desired quantity of moisture, which can ho regulated with great precision. The plaster thus prepared is filled into suitable moulds ; and the whole siibntittcd to the action of an liydraulic press : when taken out of the moulds, the articles nro rcndv for use, and will be found as hard as marble, and will take a l)olisn like it. To TAKE A Plaster of Parts Cast from a Person's Face.— The person must lie on his back, and his hair be tied behind ; hito each nostril put a conical piece of pa[>er, open at each end, to allow of breathing. Tlie face is to be lightly oiled over, and the plaster, being properly preiMired, is to bo jxHired over the lace, taking particular care that the ejes are shut, till it is a quarter of an inch thick. In a few minutes the plaster may be removed. In tliis a mould is to bo formed, from which a second cast is to bo taken, that will furuish casts exactly like the original. f> WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS AND GILDERS' RECEIPTS, TABLES, &c. On "Watch Cleanino, — The greatest care is necessary in taking the watch down, and separating its parts. First, remove the hands c.iref ully, so as not to bend the slight pivots on which they work, next, remove the movement from the case, and take off the dial and dial ■wheels; next, let down the main spring by placing your bench key ui)on the arbor, or wiuduig jKmt, and turning as though you were 808 WATCHJIAKEnS, jewellers', AC, RECEIPTS. T U goin^ to wind the watch nntil the dick rests lightly upon tlio ratchet; fiieu with your screw-driver press the point of the cliclc away from the teetli and ease down the springs; next, draw the screws, or pins, and remove the bridges of the train or the upper plate, as the case may be, next, remove tiie balance with the greatest care to avoid injuring the hair spruig. The stud or small post into which the Imir spring is fastened may bo removed from the bridge or plate of most modem watches without uukcying the spring, by slipping a tlim in- etrument, like the edge of a blade knife, under the comer of it and prying upwaxxi, tl»is will save much trouble, as you will not have the nalr-spring to adjust when you reset the balance. If the watch upon wliich you propose to worlc has an upper plate, as an American or an English lever for instance, loosen the lever before you have entirely separated the plates, otherwise it will hang and probably be broken. The watch being now taken apart, brush the dust away f n)m its dif- ferent parts, and subject them to a careful examination with your eye-glass. Assure yourself the teeth of the wIipcIs and loaves of the pmlonsareall perfect aud smooth; that the pivots are all straight, round, and highly polished; that the holes tlirough which they aroto work ore not too large, and liavc not become oval in shape ; that every jewel is smooth and perfectly sound; and that none of them are loose m their settings. 8ce also that tlie escapement is not too deep or too shallow; that the lever or cylinder is perfect; that all the wheels have Bufflcient play t^> avoid friction, but not enough to derange their coming together properly; that none of them work agahist the pillar- Elatc; that the balance turns horizontally and does not rub: that the air-spring is not bent or wrongly set so tliat the coils rub on each other on the plate, or on the balance; in short, that everything about tho whole movement is just as reason would teach you it should bo. If you find it otherwise, proceed to repair in accordance with a carcfiiUv weighed judgment and tlie processes given in this chapter, after Avhicli clean; if not, the watch only needs to bo cleaned, and, therefore, you may go on with your work at once. ^o Clean.— The best process is to simply Wov your breath uiwn the plate or bridge to be cleaned, and then to use 3'our brush witli a little prepared clialk. Tho wheels and bridges should be held between the thumb and finger in a piece of soft jxiper while imdergoing tho pro- cess; otherwise tlio oil from the skin will prevent their beconihig clean. The pinions may bo cleaned by sinlung them several times into a piece of pith, and tho holes by turning a nicely shaped piece of pivot wood into them, first dry, and afterwards oiled a very little with watch oil. When the holes pass tlirough jewels, you must work gently to fivoid breaking them. The "Chemical Puocjsss." — Some watchmakers employ what they call the •' Chemical Process " to clean aud remove discoloration from watch movements. It is as follows : — Remove ihe screws and other steel parts ; then dampen with a solution of oxalic acid and water. Let it remain a few minutes, after which immerse in a solution nuide of one-fourth ijonnd cyanurct pot- assa to one gallon raiii water. Let remain about five minutes, and Uicn rinse well with clean water, after which you may dry in sawdust, or with a bmsh and prepared chalk, as suits your convenience. This gives tho work an cxccliout appearance. To n onglUy, two pon minutes. torn. p( tho settJi before. clialk, re tiie same Some o]K j)rovemeii adds to iti a sharper Kline way Pivot m.atcrial u met with ] Ivot woo< tera so as t Pith fo tJie Lest pit tho time inferior Toi-i»o: loss to und( 'irill into th inserted a n l>y no mean Iiard, or whi the oth T pa To teli. readily learn lug from tlio tlio roller or be just half both ^vays, a has to bo suf To CHANGJ ting on a fine cutting its p chan-o tlie es 60 much trou] staff, and witl to that in whi staff, wedgo il la instances w proceed diflfei lever, file the pallets, withoi toniiect tlie pi some solid sn "iitU the bendi tion. tlio settling lJ(^S '^*^ another vessel slnwit^ ° ^^^^^ ^ the bot- clialk, ready for ima ^ *"® second vessel W^}'onT prepared So'neoi>e«tiv&a^f?]i?ti;?'y ^P^'^ <'leaSf or'tW' *^«^K prorement; it gives «,i,d®^i'^®"er'8 roiiffe and ^^'11^'.'"? l»^dcr. Iiard, or when ff w ^^"'Sr wlien the riS^f^ Proportions. This if ?' the taljle sl.onu », J'lV"' ^just half tlio len^h ° ' *^o diameter of tLvf^',^"'Pariu!? with foth ways, and ma/bS S'^"*^ «» the levS- Th. "^^^^^ «^^«V8 J'>1« to be mippiicT^ '^ "'"^"^ "^ C'-^es whex?!a new ruht""-'" ^^°^'^ To cnAXGB Depth np. t^ '"by-pm taUe t'nsr on a fine watcJr UjX^-'^^^ KscAmirvr _Tf cnlting its pivotn"tti^f;:^-^»'''*opnVanow7faff^^^^ «P«'^ cliang:ethees(-inmv.«J* 1*° o"o side iii«t n„^ ''taff into the lover fnff, and witJi a smaU fiif^^Fi^^^^" "' tl'eircase i.' fn r"*?^' J"«tJf7 to tliat in which vn» li? • ^"' "»o ''ole oblon?1^ i iP ^^°^^^ out the staff, wedeo ttiH?n ^^'''® *« '"ovo Tour r^nl* '^I'^^^o" opposite fwuura to pas3 into posi. 810 TTATCnMAKEBSrJEWELLEBS'y'aiC., IlfiCEIPXi). CoatPEireATiox Bazjinois or dinoiroMCTEBS.— Tlie balance ]s n small piece of steel covered trith a hoop of brass. The rim, consisting of the two metals, is divided at the two extremiticsi, the one diamet- rical arm of the balance, so tlmt the increase of tcmi^erature wliich weakens the balance springs contract, in a proportionate degree, the diameter of the balance, leaving the spring less resistance to overcome. Tliis occnrs from the brass expanding mnch more by heat than steel, and it tlierefore cnrls the semicircular arcs inward:*, an action tluat will be imraediatcly understood, if we conceive tlio compound bar of steel to be stmignt, as the heat would render tlio brass side longer and convex, and in the balance it renders it more curved. In the compensation balance, the two metsils are tinited as follows: the disk of steel when turned and pierced witli a centnil holo is fixed by a little screw-bolt and nut at the bottom of a small cni- cible, with a central elevation smaller than tlie disk ; the brass is now melted and the whole allowed to cool. The crucible is broken, the excess of brass is turned off in the lathe, the arms are mnda with the file as nsual, the rim is tapiMJd to receive the compensation screws or weiglite, and, lastly, the hoop is divided in two places at the opposite ends of its diametrical arm. The balance springs ot marine chronometers, which are in the form of a screw, are wound into the square thread of a screw of the appropriate diameter and coarseness ; the two ends of the spring are retained by side screws, and the whole is carefully enveloped in platinum foU, and lightly boimd with wire. The mass is next heated in a piece of gim ban-el closed at one end, and plunged into oil, which hardens *he spring almost without discoloring it, owing to the exclusion oi Die air by the close platinum covering, which is now removed, and tlib spring w let down to the blue before remov.il from the screwed block. Tho balance or hair spring of common watches are frcc^uently left soft, those of the best watches are hardened in the coil upon a plain cylinder and are then curled into the spiral form between the ed;:;o of a blunt knife and the thumb, the same as in cur!in,<:' up a narrow ribbon or imper, or the filaments of an ostrich feather. The soft springs are worth GO cents each, those hardened and tempered $1.2ii each. This niises the value of the steel ; originally less than 4 cents, to $2000 and $8000 respectively. It takes 3200 balance springs to weigh an ounce. Watch Spkino ^lAirtrFACTtmE. — "Watch springs are hammered out of round steel wire, of suitable diameter until they fill tlie gauge, for width, which at the same time insures equality of thicUness. Tlie holes are punched in their extremities, and they are trimmed on the edge with a smooth fUe. The springs are then tied up with binding wire, m a loose open coil and heated over a charcoal firo upon a perforated revolving plate. They are hardened in oil and blazed oit. The spring is now distended in a long metal frame, sinii- Itir to tliat used for a saw blade, and ground and polished with emery and oil between lead blocks. Bv this time its elasticity appejir? quite lust, and it may bo bent in any direction ; its elasticity i», How- ever, entirely restored by a subsequent hammering on a very bright anvil which puts the " nature into Vie spring." The coloring is done over a flat plate of iron, or hood, under which a small spirit Lamp is kept burning ; the spring b continually drawn backward and /orwan orange purchas onuunei into the coutaine iiandies, Tote dear spj measure, mode of Bible to h tiling tool the two p; quired. To LEN< OVT Ham: flead file, t itave thus distance th 5nai)piug down tho I style. ^ To TUMP temper fron tueu take it little table-j place it in a feed-oil ; thi let it burn m witli oil and which, phuic like manner flpd properly tliflsjuneasv To MAKE 1 ?''j'f . i oz. j old over a i t"e M-atcJi Jia '^,'} Jieat tlie i «tead of tlie u- without breaki W'tJ> a little di w kerosene, iy your drill. la ^'.f/ed that tho witli diluted aci proceed again, io Put Teei ?^[\^0 OR SOI •00th, squaxo th ornament nii/iSt JL',' If?'"'''* « coSeS S.*^'' *««• «' Ulo distance the pie^ thf,? " «»fflcieat depih be^^? ^;''^' ^»d. when y^u Bnaj)nino. ^S^ , l^^'aWy detacK' r l'**"^*^ the desW w kerosene, in vlSh a S/" '''■^'^' «"d, instep of JT^" ^^'^^'^^ *« drill your driil. In oner ti,V *,"® ^^""^ <^nplior Ka Ln ' 'i^^ t"n^e«itiuo ^^■»dy ; and if til« f; A"^' ^<^ep Uie pressiirfi )!^f "*^^" dissolved with ^i-^l>ed irattlediflJ^m'"''' "'« iiole shS r , J°"'^.*'"" firm and proceed aSuiu "" ^'^""^i ^^^^ clean oTihSXZ' T'') ^""^^'«n i'o Put Tketh TV w.^ care/uUy, and 812 WATCnUAKERS, JEWELLERS*, &C., RECEIPTS. cut from tho edge of the wheel square down to tlie hole already drill- ed ; then flatten a piece of wire so as to fit suugl^y into tho cut of tho saw, and with a light hammer form a head on it like tlie head of a pin. When thus prepared, press the wire or pin mto possession in tlie wheel, the head iilliug the hole drilled through the plate, and the projecting out so as to form the tooth : then with a sharp-pointed graver cut a small groove each side of the pin from the edge of the wheel down to the hole, and with a blow of your hammer spread the lace of the pin so as to nil the grooves just cut. Iiei)eat the same op- eration on the other side of the wheel, and finish off in the usiuil way. The tooth will be found perfectly riveted m on every side, and as strong as the original one, while in appearance it will bo equal to the best dovetailing. To Cask-habdkn Iron. — ^If you desire to harden to any consider- able depth, put the ailicle into a crucible with cyanide of potash, cover over and heat altogether, then plunge into water. This process will harden perfectly to the deptli of one or two inches. To TIGHTEN A CANNON PiNION ON THE CENTRE ArBOR WHEN TOO LOOSE. — Grasp the arbor lightly with a pair of cuttuig nipi^ers, and, by a single turn of the nippers around the arbor, cut or raise a small thread thereon. To Fkost Watch Movesients.— Smk that part of tho article to bo frosted for a short time in a compound of nitric acid, muriatic acid, and table salt, one ounce of each. On removing from the acid, pkice it in a shallow vessel containuig enough sour beer to merely cover it, then with a fine scratch brush scour thorouglily, letting it remaiji under the beer duruig the operation. Next wash off, first in pure water and then in alcohoL Gild or silver in accordance with any recipe in the plating department. Rule for determining the correct Diasieteb of a Pinion JIY MEASURING TeETH OF THE WhEEIj THAT BIATCHES INTO IT.— The term ruiiL, as used below, indicates full measure from outside to outside of the teeth named, and the term centre, tho measure from centre of one tooth to centre of the other tooth named, inclusive. For diameter of a pinion of 15 leaves measure, with calipers, a shade less than C teeth of the wheel, full. Tor diameter of a pinion of 14 leaves measure, with calipers, a shade less than G teeth of flie wheel, centre. For diameter of a pinion of 12 leaves measure, with calipers. 5 teeth of the wheel, centre. For diameter of a pinion of 10 leaves measure, with calipers, 4 teeth of the wheel, /uW. For diameter of a pinion of 9 leaves measure, with calipers, a little less than 4 teeth of the wheel, full. For diameter of a pinion of 8 leaves measure, witli calipers, a httle less than 4 teeth of the wheel, centre. For diameter of a pinion of 7 leaves measure, with calipers, a little less than 3 teeth of the wheel, full. For diameter of a pinion of ti leaves measure, with calipers, 3 teeth of the wheel, centre. For diameter of a pinion of leaves incasuro, with calipers, 3 teetli of tlie wheel, centre. As a general rule, phiions that lead, as in the hour wheel, should 1)0 some shonld ^ watcJios. For di half of 01 ToPo bnniishii beeswax. removed, the wheel ^ili be qu clogging, { square. Sandoz' Ureguet 'wts, is tJie V) accompli «imo space t'lat its Jens ill? to the % witli the for ^(^Jngs, the uiscovered b ;nJI produce I'lese curves 1 shall given, wJucJi can be }' In theflc ^rations are \the relative ^lOi the collet ihesetwo r ■^"ug; there/c fJ'atthelsochri wcoiTecfc, since wpioducethej tliat would prev l'reedomofa< '"6 spring to d ccatro, ac^rdi'n. coiJet, ^ould hi i;""ed perfectly %regidatorp4 Jcngth enough J""rand8etdo\ J^Paceoftimeeq I O'^t generally tJ 1 11 the wide ones JgyehoursS pemberrngthat as 1 stall give n^"?,"' ««'. ttereSri'Sjr'y I'ortcct i,°Sr' "' rarfa. Ji"the,Sf *^'°^^atchwmrS ^"'i after I '"elve hours of f; """* ««"8eqnenHv i^''?. "» "'o shoiS^.^^' <^o^n: I foil has an ?^°V*^"'»uinff ^TTn,"^ ^*^^^ t"ne in thn .^^^'^'^tioiia thai I J lenfft/i of tfig -« 814 WATCHSIAKEItS, JEWELLEBS', AC^ BECEIPTS. wpnng over tfiat point, loill oatise the watch to gain in (he short vibra- tiona, and evei'y decrease back of that point will cause it to gain in tha wide vibrations. This rule is correct only for certain liinitii, as I am eoing to explain. SupiM)sing tliat a hair spring of 15 coils is per- fectly Isochronal with the tvfo poittts d^attarhe jcist opposite each other, as shown in Fig. III., the 14th and the ISth coO. as well as tlio 15th, will produce the Isochronism very neariv at the same point. Supposing that we hicrease gradually the lei^tb of that hair rorin^ of 16 coiJis, pinned up so that the two points erattache are primitively opposite each other — so that its length will novo be 15i coits— the two points d^attacJie are now in the position shown in Tie. IV., or wh.it is called pinned to the half coil. The result will be tliat the hair !«prin:; wiU cause the watch to gain in the short vibrations as mncb as it is iii its power to do. liut if we go further than the half coil, we now enter the ground that belongs to the IGth coil, and every increase of Ia^<;th in that half coil will cause the hair spring to lose iii the t^wn Tibiations, in the same proportion that it has been gaining in increasiistfae length of tlio first lialf. That change will continue until we reach the same point on the 16th coil that wo started from on the 15th., the two pins op- ?}site each other; at chat pouit we shall hare a<:ain the Isochroniani. he same operation is applicable to the 14th ooil, with the same re- sults. Now it is immaterial whether we take that half cml tothe centre, or to the outside of the spring, because both of these operations will pro- duce the same results, viz., the change of the relatiTe phiccs of tlio points d'attacJie of tlio spring. Therefore the artist has his choice, and is guided by the size of the spring and the woght of the balance; for taking half a coil to the centre of the spring will not much ailect tlie rate of tlio watch, but taken outside, the difference will be great. On the other hand, a very short cut to tiie centre will greatly affect the Isochronism, and at the outside, a full half-coil will generally produce from 15 to 25" difference in 24 hour?. If then the watch- maker would produce the greatest iK)«»ible changes of Isochronism in a watch, the change of position of the two points d'attache of the spring of one coil around, will give him the two highest degrees of gaining and losing in the short vibrations. It follows from the following pages, that if a watch loses in tlie List rianning (short vibrations), the first thing to do is to increase tlie length of the hair spring from the outside; if the resnlt is better, kt not yet good, give still more length ; if the resolt is worse, it shoirg that you are too far on the coil. Take back the whole length that j you had given in the first operation, and draw more length, so ns to affect the spring the other way ; or if your spring is already small or I your balance pretty heavy, cut to the centre so as to come around to the required positions. Some springs cannot jtroduco the Isochronism; this comes from 1 1 defect in making the spring, or a want of homogeniety in the metal;! tlie only remedy is a new spring. I In the Breguet Spring, the Isochronism is prodnced in the rannj manner as the fiat springings, but great care most be taken in makii the carve, for if it is not made in conformitj to the principle of Th lipne, the laochronism will bo disturbed. !j^^atchSSI« I . '-^^EBSy AC., RECEIPTS Am Stance, in v,^ rr .. *^^ '^g IV. I Adttt • lil- My- ."v" Wf.'""^' 5 iiii!9> ?M peatpr to the a( c:ciiemU Baving i: transniit lever alio tion; Ilea and the polished. nave the •wlauce pi '''aJance p< halanco on not accept* eminent w ^>e balanc( tue 8amec< P«t under t i"% noted. ^P. or dial i polished wil "P, whkh Is I'^'Ji^rednct fnctioii whei lf>-oicinff the tiiereby addi nsaiiist the b' "r> and loses ■'■■'..■ this one l»sitionniia« mako tlie wa^ must i>o clear i *TJ:RPBCl.'i,y Ri •'^'^ertain how- wmiting every ptUateciwatd «i Olio hour, via eULor 16,200, or «?«! teet'a, aSd , ^{erevatches' Haring found J^. and in the r wiien one mSnxau j^t 1J5, or 1*^0 f '«^t>untaaperrei ll' "■OS .5 = 1 pAnt ^hli^ iCnV-t 1 H = S =3 ^^''til • -fi^vS t o«":^ PiE§;> Z-'ji?j:\ f^'j'ii *1^c' fHS- Hi- <1S2J' Cj: ; -. »«-S; g|lg ' otu. b 1- « r J 3°^ "5 t uc:> 05 -a--"- »^ 'S * s "«-i rt .1 1 5 « Spec ^ . "-"US, 4C., SECElPTs »n •P, ''^WcJnsgeiS1wL**'*'''®P«"cy. If thoSn.".''",'^ equally S beiii^redncej as ml?® ^^«e' and tho fric«o„ ,f *^.^ ^o^wVitf Yrr w ono hoar, via: l^f"ator. fo genpAl isij ^' *"»© with a wpiT Having found out tS r?5i°"'^^ers. ""' "'^se cases ai^ scarS ;-F 818 WATCHHAKEBS, JEWEEXEBS', AC, RECEIPTS. To pick up a new hair Bprinff, after having recorded tho right num- bcr of beats — eitlier by the old hair spring or by tlio numbers of tlie train— lay first the spring with its centre well in the centre of the cock jewel, nud liaving ascertained where the coil will enter between tho pins of the regulator, note the phice. Stick to the pivot of the balance a small round piece of beeswax; then stick it totlie centre of tlio spring, so a.s to establish a temporary but firm connection of tlie two pieces, and having pinched with the tweezers the hair spring to the place indicated by the regulator pins, cause it to vibrate gently; tlicu count up the vibrations for one minute, and when you have got q spring that will produce nearly the required number of beats, pin it totlie collet, aud cause it again to vibrate, moving tho tweezer* for- ward and backward, tmtil the right number of beats is proauced ; with another pair of tweezers, pinch the hair spring about one-eightli of an inch back of the regulating point, so as to cotmterbalance the gain produced by tho regulator pins, and bend slightly the wire, which is the place where the hair spring must be pinned to the stud. Having then trued up the spring, proceed to put the regulator to tlie right place, by using the way indicated in the beginning of this article, aud tho work is done. Success is certain, when the operation h.ia been carefully performed. The balance must be made to vibrate on some hard and well polished substance, so as to keep up the vibra- tion to about the standard of regular runninj^. A little f-actlcewill soon enable the watchmaker to change a hair spring very quick, and without any trouble whatever. Op Compensation. — A most accurate way of counterbalancing oITects produced on the running of watches by different temperatures, is the expansion balance, formed of two concentric rings, one in- terior, 01 steel, and one exterior, of brass, joined together by hnrd soldering or smelting. The general proportion of these two metils is one part of Btecl, two of brass. The stronger dilation of brass, causes the rim of the balance to head inwardly^ when the heat, increasing, diminishes the strength of the hair spring; tlie greater contrnctiuu bends the rim outwaraly when cold comes to increase the rigidity of the spring's coils. Pushing forward or backward tho screws of tlio rim will affect the compensating powers of the balance, by causing their weight to be more active as tliey come nearer the end of the cut arm. Tlie thinner and higher the rim, the greater the action. A few trials will bring the balance to compensate the effect of temperature from 30° to 100° Fahrenheit. For extreme temperatures another compensation, called auxiliary, is used, but only in ship chronome- ters. A soft spring will be less affected by changes of temperature than a hardened one; tliis affords a way to compensate certain Iwl- ances, where otherwise new ones would have to be used. A precau- tion to observe in compensating is to make the screws go freely ontiie balance, and not screw them too tight, else the action of the rim not beuig free, a good compensation could not he attained, until the com- bined actions of dilation and contraction of the rim have freed the screws. For watchmakers who would want fo compensate a watch without having an expansion bahuice, I give tlie following process, which 1 have successfully used : After liaving cut off the greater part of the regulator's arm, another arm is to bo fitted with a screw on the rim of the The j)ii twopaj that me Plaoe^e placjiig in any , changes ^atorphi frying, To try- to produc fing, wiij box of tin A compel] fastened i\ ticlied to 1 «'"re, say arm gradn waenthe] spring to C( TOMAKI •lud used w lou oil the i>roceed to iToach. Ui «ient import 'batches now *o«nyoUiei . ToPousj 'n tlio same «eei by mea ••"dpreparet "le coarsest < or soft steel imparted by German JUitl onabuffwfc( *« steel or «vi tKocCS Po phato of iron "Jto a shallow "nd the mSs fnicibie and i' tlie fire haj J^s been too Pofl-dered aiu PP'^der of CK WATCUMAKECS, JEWELLERS*, AC, KECEIPTS. 319 of the regiUator, 00 as to revolre freel j around thnt scrotr as an axis. The pins are i)ut in the samo positiun us on the old arm. A ring, of two parts of bi-aw and one of oteel, is tlien faHtcucd to one ena on that movable arm, and the oilier cud b screwed at any conrculent {dace, either ou tlie regulator itself, or ou tlie cock. See Fig. 1. By pladng tlie whole ruig on the regulator, the latter may be moved as m any otlier watch, the ring oi)cninK or shutting itself under tlio changes of temperature, will push backward and forward the rcgn- lator pins, and so effect the compensation which is to be regulated by ^UTing either the proportiou 01 brass and steel, or the size of the To try the mnning of the watches, a common refrigerator is nsed to produce tlie low temperature, and then an apparaUis, self-regula-' ting, will produce the high temperature. It is commonly a square box of tin or copiHJr, hermetically closed, under which is a gas burner. A compensating arm of the form of a U, made of brass and steel, is fastened inside tlie box, and is coimected by a string with a lever at- tached to the key of the burner, and acts so tliat at the high temper- ature, say 100° Fah.j the gas is nearly shut off, the compensating arm gradually releasing itself and consequently letting out more gns when the heat diminishes inside the box. Use steel pins to secure spring to collet and stud. To MAKE PoLisHiNO BROACHES.-— Theso aro usually made of ivory, .iiid used with diamond dust, loose, instead of having been driven in. You oil the broach lightly, dip it into the finest diamond dust, and proceed to work it into tlie jewel the same as you do tlie brass broach. Unfortunately, too many watchmakers fail to attach sufD- cient importance to tlie polishing broach. The sluggish motion of watches now-a-days is mure often attributable to rough jewels than to any otlier cause. To Polish Steel.— Take crocus of oxide of tin and graduate it in in the same way as in preparing diamond dust, and apply it to the fiteel by means of a piece of soft iron or bell metal, made proper form, and prepared witli ffour of emery, same as for pivot burnishers; use the coarsest of the crocus first, and finish off with the finest. To iron or soft steel a better finish may be given by burnishing than can be unparted by tlio use of polishing powder of any kind whatever. 37ie German Metlwd of Polishing Steel is performed by tlie use of crocus on a buff wheeL Nothing can exceed the suri)assing beauty imparted to steel or even cast iron by this process. Crocus Powder fob Polishing. — Chloride of sodium and snl- Shate of iron are well mixed in a mortar. The mixture is then put ito a shallow crucible and exposed to a red heat ; vapor escapes and the mass fuses. When no more vapor escapes, remove the cmcible and let it cool. The color of the oxide of iron produced, if the fire has been properly regulated, is a fine violet ; if the heat has been too high it becomes black. The mass when cold is to be powdered and washed, to separate the sulphate of soda. The powder of crocus is then to be submitted to a process of careful elutriation, and the finer particles reserved for the more delicate work. An excellent powder for applying to razor strops is made b^ igniting together m a cmcible, equal parts of well oried green vitro! and common salt The heat must oe slowly raised and well '« * 320 WATCnJIAKERS, jewellers', AC, RECEIPTS. resnlated, othenrlso the materials ttUI boll oror In a pRBty Btatf , and be lost. >Vhen well made, out of contact with air, it has tho brilliant aspect of blaclc lead. It requires to t>e ground and elutri* ated, after which it alTords, on drying, an impalpable powder, tliot may be either applied on a strop of smooth buff leather, or mixed up with hog's lard or tnllow into a stiff cerate. To Remove Rust FROM Iron OR Stefx, &c.— For cleaning pur- poses, &c., kerosene oil or benzine are proliably tlie best tliingH known. When articles h.ave become pitted by rust, however, these can of course, only bo removed by mcclinnical means, such as scour- ing with fine powder, or ilour of emery and oil, or with very flue emery paper. To prevent steel from rusting, rub it ■with a mixture of lime and oil, or with mercurial ointment, cither of which will bo found valuable. To Makx Burnishers.— Proceed tho same ns in making pivot files, Avith the exception that you are to use fine Hour of emery on a slip of oiled brass or copper, histead of the emery paper. Burnishers which luive become too smootli may bo imi>rovca vastly v'th tho flour of emery as above without drawing tlie temper. To Prepare a Burnisher for Polishing.— Melt a little bees- wax on the face of your burnisher. Its effect then on brass or otiicr finer metils, will be eoual to the best buff. A small burnisher pre- pared in this way is tne very thing with which to polish up watch wheels. Rest them on a piece of pith while polishing. Rules for DEXERMiNtNO the Correct Lenoth of the Leved, SIZE OF Ruby-pin Table, size of the Pallets, and depth of Escapement of Lever Watches. — A lever, from the guard point to the pallet staff, should correspond in length with twice the diameter of tlie ruby-plii table, and wnen a table is accidentally lost, the cor- rect size thereof may be known by measuring hiilf tho lengtl) of the lever between the points above named. For correct size of i^allct, tho clear space between the pallets should correspond with the outside measure on the pouits of three teeth of the escapement wlicoL Tlie only rule that can be given^ without the use of diagrams, for correct depth of the escapements, is to set it as close as it will bear, and still free itself perfectly when in motion. Tliis may be done by first placing the escapement in your depthing tool, and then setting it to the correct deptli. Then by measuring the distance between tho pivots of the lever staff and escapement wheel, as now set, and the corresponding pivot holes in tlie watch, you determine correctly how mnch the depth of the escapement requires to be altered. To Prevent Watches losing Time from Action of Pendulum Spring. — Pin the pendulum spring uito the stud, so that that part, the part of the eye immediately emerging Ir "^m the collet, and the centre of the collet, are in a line; thenrci' wJll have tlie spring pin- ned in, in equal terms, as it is called by thosa ivho are versed m the higher branches of springuig. Bring the •» : rit jii to time by adding to or taking from the balance, and poise jtj tiythe watch with thcl2 npfor 2 hours, then with the 6 up for 2 hours, tlien lying down for tho same time; the ti-ials here described will be sufllcient if tho watch has seconds; keep tlie curb pin close so as to allow the spriug onlyalittloplay; thevibrattonof tliobahmce ehoold bo IJ turn or li lying. ■aowi^t Trail ^'o. of Te«th _ In th« I T« C'CTitro I** Wheel. ( c c & ft, Tralni ~60" 60 60 60 60 CO 0) 6) 60 00 00 Tt-alas, A "' . ,*C., BECEIPTS. 8H wu«?":''^«' ^^w" Si iS; ?»*''■■ « "• Lmtu Pinion. I r«rol- I'M la. 2824. mZ 283-!- 278-f 27*1 269-f. Train., for Wine Te^^h^^^^r^~;^ ^^±—L. 832 WATCnaiAKERg, JEWELLEB8*, AO., SEOEIPTS. No. of 'i'ceth in the Centre WbeaL LesTOi LwTes TMth lutha Ktcnpe- meat WheeU iMTet In the 1 -».,. of T6S 80 80 8 M 11 7 293 i - »•» m 80 8 48 11 6 293- r v: m 70 8 66 T 11 7 293 81 80 70 8 48 7 11 6 293 . M 80 60 8 48 11 6 293 H . m 70 80 7 66 8 11 7 293- . M W 80 7 48 8 11 6 293J . 3i 60 80 6 48 8 11 6 293- . 3i 84 72 8 60 8 11 6 289— 3^ 84 63 8 60 7 11 « 289— 3^ 84 54 8 60 6 11 6 280- 8S CS 72 6 CO 8 11 6 289— 81 63 68 6 60 7 11 6 889- 3S 84 64 8 66 8 11 6 287+ 4!) cU 56 8 56 7 11 6 287-1- 40 84 48 8 6J 6 11 6 287+ 40 68 64 6 68 8 11 6 287-- 40 68 66 6 56 7 11 6 287-f 40 Trains, for Thirteen Toeth In the Escapement Wheel. 64 63 « bi 6 13 6 159H-f- 46 68 53 6 50 6 13 6 298— 44 69 51 6 49 6 13 296- 48 G) 61 6 48 6 13 6 294-H 42 64 53 6 51 6 13 6 293- 45 69 58 6 49 6 13 6 292— 44 66 64 6 48 6 18 6 2914- 44 67 63 6 48 6 13 6 291- 43 64 52 6 51 6 13 6 287-f- 46 64 43 6 50 6 13 6 2S7-h 45 60 51 6 50 6 13 6 286-H 45 «l 62 6 60 6 13 6 282— 46 6« 61 6 49 6 13 6 281- ib 67 61 6 48 6 13 6 280— 44 bi 53 6 51 6 13 6 277- 48 68 53 6 60 6 13 6 276+ 46 fii 53 6 53 6 1.'] 6 293- 44 65 51 e 61 6 13 287 46 M 50 6 51 6 13 6 280^ . 46 M 52 6 43 6 13 6 280- . 44 (<« 53 6 50 13 6 292 - 44 CO 48 6 48 9 13 6 277- • 45 6^ 60 6 48 6 13 6 289- 43 C 54 6 60 8 13 6 292+ 287-1- 6S 60 53 50 T 13 6 61 GO CO 64 6 13 6 800 4( 62 50 56 7 13 6 296+ 47 63 53 61 e 13 285 60 6) 00 60 7 13 290 ff) 61 60 60 7 13 6 286 ft) '>i 70 8 63 8 13 C 280 6) 74 68 8 68 8 13 6 286+ 60 Trail Vo. of 5n the T« Centre I** Viuel.1 i 4 4 4 6< 6( 00 64 64 04 60 48 64 80 80 80 80 80 Trains, foi To RfifOTs S wsalta orremo gentle heat to er "sofui to be kn tf'ght or colore" ei TTATCnMAKEKS, JEWELLEKS', 4C., BECEIPTS. 823 Trains, for VttUen Teetb In the ISacapement Wh«el. Vo. o( IiMTM Lmtm Teeth In tha Ciicapo* Learaa In tha ho.ot Saoood* Ttxth Inth* T««thlo In 3d TM«hln In 4th BiMpa- Xo. «{ B«kt« 111 tha iUk 3d irhMi. Wheel 4th WbMl Whaol ment eiM lUaute. Wfcatl C«ntre TrbML Flnion. rinlon. nent WhecU Whoal Flnion. rasin. 54 CO 6 43 IS 6 286 48 58 48 6 46 15 6 290 60 48 45 6 69 15 6 2D1— 60 48 45 6 68 15 6 800 62 48 45 6 67 16 6 383 62 48 45 6 CO 15 6 283 50 60 48 6 46 15 6 289— 60 63 56 7 66 15 7 288 50 60 66 8 68 16 6 288 60 63 09 8 60 8 15 6 288 50 72 64 8 60 8 16 6 288 60 73 64 8 66 8 16 7 288 50 73 64 8 64 8 16 8 288 50 53 CO 6 43 6 16 6 50 54 48 6 48 6 16 6 5t; 73 64 8 43 8 16 6 283 60 73 80 8 64 10 16 8 288 50 72 80 8 66 10 . 16 7 283 50 73 80 8 48 10 15 6 288 50 68 80 7 64 10 16 8 288 50 C3 80 1 59 10 15 7 288 50 C3 8ft 7 48 10 15 6 288 50 Trains, for Seventeen Toetli In the ISscapemant 'Wbeol. CI 6i 51 54 48 51 54 48 61 48 4S 64 72 64 63 64 80 60 80 80 8) 80 64 hO » 48 48 6 44 48 45 43 6 43 43 6 41 48 6 45 43 6 43 48 6 47 43 6 44 48 6 49 43 6 45 64 8 G4 64 8 56 C4 8 00 56 7 66 50 7 49 56 8 43 80 n G4 C4 10 C4 04 10 56 C4 10 43 5iJ 1) 53 5.3 1) 43 60 8 64 eo 8 56 10 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 C 8 8 8 7 7 7 10 8 8 8 7 7 10 10 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 :7 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 7 7 6 A 8 I 6 7 6 8 7 2y9 2994- 295 292 290+ 289 286- 284+ £83— 278 272 2904- 286— 2«)- 590+ 286— 590+ 290+ 290-- 290- ■ 290+ 290- - 290+ 290+ 290-. 53 60 63 60 58 58 58 C8 C8 58 68 50 60 58 69 60 58 68 58 6;j 63 61 53 63 63 To Removh Soft SoLDinrnou Gold.— Place the work iu gpirits of salts, or remove as mucli as possible with ilio scraper, usinj? a gentle neat to enable you to get off the solder more easily. Very useful to be known where Card loidering is required, either in bright or colored work. 324 WATCUMAKEBS, JEWELLERS', AC, RECEIPTS. Train*, for Tblrd "Wlieel and Patent Seconds. 3To.o« XMth inth* Oantrt Lmtm Ii«aTW Teeth In the Sscape- tnent WheeL l.e«Tes In the -No. cf Second! Teathln In 3d Teeth In In 4th Eicape- No. ef Bekti in the 4th SdWhML WbMt tthWliMl Wheel ment oneUl&uM. Wh«el ■ ..■v , Pinion. rinion. Wheel Pinion. rcTol- TMln. 00 72 6 60 12 • 6 800 63 60 60 G CO 10 6 800 60 60 48 6 CO 8 6 80 60 48 GO 6 60 . 8 G 800 GO 60 72 ■ 6 64 12 6 270 60 GO 60 6 64 10 C 270 (W 48 GO 6 64 8 G 270 60 CO 72 G 48 12 6 240 60 60 60 6 48 10 6 240 60 48 60 6 48 8 6 240 60 3V»ii :ni Ko. of / Teetli I -, Cent,./*!' Vhoel. Trains, for Fourtlt IVlieel Seconds^ -with Eleven Teoth In tlie liecapement 'Wheel. 48 , 46 . 71 , 6 260-r 271-- W 48 >45 74 . 6 IL GO 48 ' ' 45 ■ 6 76 6 6 279— 60 43 . ^S 6 78 6 6 286 GO 60 «49 7 74 7 6 271+ 60 60 ■ 49 7 70 * 6 279- GO 60 > 49 7 78 7 6 286 00 45 66 G 74 7 6 271+ m 45 60 6 76 7 G 279- 60 45 60 G 78 7 6 283 60 C4 GO 8 74 8 6 271+ C) 64 60 8 78 8 6 279- 60 64 CO 8 78 8 6 286 00 60 66 8 74 7 6 271+ 60 60 60 8 76 7 6 279- 60 00 , 66 8 78 7 6 28!} 6» 60 48 8 74 6 6 271+ 60 48 ' 48 8 78 6 6 aSf] 6) 48 '< 60 74 8 C 271+ 60 48 - 60 6 78 8 6 286 60 50 GO 7 71 8 6 271 + 60 Trains, for Fonrth "Wheel Seconds, inrlth Thirteen Teeth In the li^scapement Wheel. ''■'«•♦ for ^'t^-r 64 CO . y 66 8 13 6 280 w 64 i eo 8 C7 8 lo 6 290+ CO 64 60 8 C8 8 13 6 295- C) 64 V C) 8 09 . 8 13 6 299 m ©) 49 .'• 7 77 7 13 7 280 GO CO 49 7 C8 7 12 C 286 (» 60 49 ;■ 7 • 67 7 13 6 290+ 60 48 45 : 6 CO 6 13 G 280 60 43 43 6 07 6 13 C 290+ cu 48 45 • 6 63 6 13 C 2G4— GO 43 45 6 C9 6 13 6 2it9 00 GO to - 8 ■ CO 7 13 283 60 80 60 10 CO 8 13 6 280 GO 64 75 ; 8 66 10 13 C 286 CO 48 60 • 6 66 8 13 6 283 CO 48 75 6 66 10 18 6 286 CO 45 56 6 GO 7 13 6 ISI OJ 50 7'. 7 G8 1) U 6 29')— C) Ko. of r° ','"' ^ Wh '1 m 3al et staiif, if a lever, or of the scape-wheel, if a cylinder. Then lift out the balance ■with its bridge or clock, turn it over and set the ruby-pin directly in line with the regulator, or the square cut of the cyunder at right angles witli it. Your watch will tlien be in perfect beat. In cage of on American or an English lover, when the regulator is placed upon tbfi plate, you will have to proceed differently. Fix the balance into its }uace, cut off the connection of tlio train, if the mainspring is not entirely down, by slipping a fine broach into one of the wheels, look between the plates and ascerttiin how the lever stands. If the end birthest from the balance is equi-dLstfint between tlie two brass pins. It is all right; if not, change the hair-spring till it becomes so. If dealing with a duplex watch, you must see that the roller notch. when Uie biUance is at rest, ia exactly between the locking tooth ana the lino of centre; that is, a Ifaie drawn from the centre of the roller to the centre of the scape-wheeL Tlio balance must start from its rest and move through an arc of about ten degrees before bringing tbo locking tooth into action. To FuosT Watch Plates.— "Watch plates are frosted by means of fine brass wire scratch brushes fixed in a lathe, and made to ro- yolve at great speed, tlie end of the wire brushes striking the plato producing a beautiful frosted appearance. To Kestorb Watch Dials.— If the dial bo painted, clean tlio figure off with spirits of wuie, or anything else that will render tlie ^1 perfectly clean; then heat it to a bright red, and plunge it into a fitrong solution of cyanide of ^tassium, then wash in soap and water, and (uy in box dust Kepcat if not a good color. India iuk, ground with gum water, will do for the figures. To Whiten SiLVEB Watch Dials.— Flatten a piece of charcoal "bj rubbing it on a flat stone: on this place the dial face upwards, ap- ply a gentle heat carefully with the blow-nipo, allowing the llamc to play all over tlie surface of the dial witiiout touching it, so as to thoroughly heat without wari)ing the dial. Then pickle and riuse, using acid enough to make the water very tart, and immersing but for a few noconds, Silver dials may also be annealed by heating tliem red hot on a flat piece of copper over a clear fire. To make a Watch Keep Good Tnus when the CvLiifDEB Edoes ahe Wokn Off, by Alteuino the EscArEMENT AviTirocr Putting a new Cylindeb in.— Look at the cylinder, and see if there is room, either above or below the old wears, to shift the action of tlie wheel. If the wheel holes are brass, making one a little dee^ier, and putting a shallower one on the other side, will perhaps be sufflcieut. This must bo done according as you want your wheel up or down. If the holes are stone, shift your wheel on the pinion l>y a new collet, or turning away more of the old one, as the case may require. If you raise your wheel see that it works free of plato • and top of cylinder, and that tlie web of wheel clears tho top of jias- Kige. Tliis last fault may be altered by polishing the passage a liHlo wider, if the rub bo slight. If shifted downwards, see to freedom at bottom of cylbider, &c. I'oiMNO WAXCU BAI.AXCE.— Thla may bo done wiUi sufTlcicut ac- ^V curacy h^ rounded a to put a U ill various tlie bjilanc to make it To PiiK' place, you 'psultfl troT chain. U i cause, Chan la cases wh rough, you 1 tlioi)roi>er8 "iclmcd to M remedy a dil outer lower ( will ijicliije ii iiavoabadca foas to cause Iwrrcl. TJUa. to Its place. '0 8i)rmgdoT ^"l^napiect soft steel wire ■■•niied with a ' f "Jor, and w loiifojieration ;"'er,>artofth ^«"d to he^ciirl «us|)cct it. ^ r.'?„'^JGHTEX ')'-iJl become ], ,;r^teSe? ''s" to a cJierrv t-ow i® '"P®' mav beHro» , "'® "mterial hX. It .«_ J "° ■•»'»> ve, or vnn m,»_ " 328 WATCnMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, KECEHTS. aiid always hammer till nearly cold. Do all your hammering; in ono way, for if, after you have flattened your piece oal, yoa attei. >^ !j^ lianimer it back to a square or a round, you spoil it, XV'hT {^"^ 9"" is in proper shape, heat it to a cherry red, ai:d ♦»-/** ^ "^*p ^ P'^co of resin or into quicksilver. Some use a 'C^^'L ^i^'^ - ^^'•"^ and rain-water /or tempering their ■*-^' *>"* **»« "^^ ^^ quidksilver ■Drill vTork liGst Otiifh l^FFTHonq Tr- « ^^MTEn SPBiNGS.—H»Tiiig fitted the Bpriiijf Into the^ S^-" *"« to your likin-, temper it hard by heating and JSJirJ® J^ tli^ater. Next ix)\\n]\ the small end ^o that yoa may bo Jlij,^?^ EB8, on Prxioxs, ■wmtoTrt SPBiKOwa THEM. — Prepare the articles as in the preceding process, using a steel , plug. Having heated the key-pipe to a cherry red, plunge it into | water; then polish the end of j'our steel ping, place the kev upon {date of brass or copijer, and hold it over your lamp with the bhue I mmediately under tlio pipe till the polished pazt becomes blue. Let cool gradually, then polish ng^aiu. Blue ana oool a tteoaai. time, and | the work will bo done. ^ ToDr IfoJd the tweezers, the articl tluco the ( To Bli many ho]( I'ill it abo ««d then i arbor holei screws, bet M|)ose the the color yi 'I'o IJemc oiequalpa] and dry hi , . To Make size and sha iwmts iuto £ on the face t aiaappear hi operation. ] ^Sht blows a inucJj sooner ^^vo small pie good way, bu ^V^'wpiana "olo, and turn «sc a bono or Soil, and w 5'th a flhght o J?'?/.d. This JahiJjty topre, "nn and stead /O MAKE Di ^th diamond c ""^o^itlUhoc, aoout an incli 1 Shape your file femperinff nnu, diasonaIJ?-.^T^, Wloil. Old *L\'? process, -oo.shglioy cut '^fttha^nat "fJe for use on a 3or2mchesin, [few diamond ! "early or quitoie ^rATCHMAKEBS, JEWELLERS' *n «ud thea m a vSl i^'* '"" "' bmis or im„ fim„ "° *"®^« "t a time arbor hoterbSd^ter*'"^* *« l^nnSrkP,?* !{» "'« S; cxiH)se tho botKf Ln i^'^^l^^^' '«to the iK „? '^,^«f^8 of your tl^« color you S "' "'^ '^"^^ *« ^o^" iiuup tS ttelvn '^ ^"^ and oil, and whilfl^,!^ '.^'^'^'y coated \vitht)!l^?' ,*o>"Poli.s1iinff To UiKB dSi,o.>„, Pa... „ "* "»° l-tate, tliau il icm Jjiseerl oiJ hm * "^ iieatiii'; to a ohor^rl?!^ " several tinipa i^y this proceS'^ Tfi£i^;f «^«f ^*y iS'drSsS^ovS^^^"'^ ^"S ^ sUghtiy cut tn wJ?' tliouglit, ono wouM hA ?n f^**^^ ">ade new wyour diamond dust oSlii*^?^'' P^c« a ""ml^r S th« L^"''*' ""^ "^»' , «ced steel liamlv,!:- ^ •^'^ different narta nf ii^* tne coarsest niecpa ™^' tiiusprei>ared, « 830 WATClUiAKESS, JETTELLEBS', AC, RECEIPTS. how used lor making pallet jewels or for grinding stone and glass of Any Idud. For polishing, use a bono or boxwood cli iick or wheel.of sim- ilar form to your mill, and coat it lightly with the finest grade of your diamond-dust and oil; with this a beautiful i)olitih may bo given to the hardest stone. To Make Diamond Dust. — Pl- >\ if no dust gets iu, and no acci- dent happens tlio watch, it will run lor years. To Clean a Clock.— Take tho movement of the clock " to pieces." Brush the wheels and pinions thoroughly with a stiif coarse brash ; also tho plates which the traiuft work. Clean the pivots Avell by turn- ing in a piece of cotton cloth held tightly between vour thumb and linger. The pivot holes in the plates are generally cleansed by turn- ing a piece of wood into them, but I have always found a strip of cloth or a soft cord drawn tightly through them to act tho best If you uso two cords, the first one slightly oiled, and the next dry, to clean ths oil out, all the better. Do not use salt or acid to clean your clock- it can do no good, but may do a great deal of harm. Boilhig tlia movement in water, as is tho practice of some, is .also foolishness. To Bush.— The hole through which the great arbors, or whidin? axles, work, are the only ones that usually require bushing. Wheu tliey have become too much worn, the great wheel on tho axle before named strikes too deeply into the pinions above it and stops the clock. To remedy this, bushing is necessary, of course. The most common way of doing it is to drive a steel \yo\\\t or punch into tlie plate just above the axle hole, thus forcing tho brass downwards until the nolo is reduced to its original size. Another mode is to solder a piece d bniss ui)on the plate iu such a position as to hold the axle down to its proper place. If you simply wish your clock to run, and have no nin- bition to produce a bush that will look workmanlike, about as good a comes ; to JioJd end of t fccuro t til read. "To lit tiiem iji 1 socuro th To On ;"erge, th( tJio loop hnt tlie 1)( f'o clock- («»ts WOHl I'linii.shinff . To Wak jnpnttingi "1 wron-' {\ slionid hap P'vots of ti; tlio train, ti "^'Jit, repeal n-orlving prt notuigoua, "7 organ pi A Defkcx at tiio point y peneraJIy fi^J iJress it out r cJocJca. ^'^GURES o: foj)perovera clear this olT ^"'«'i|I quantity snmlWanioI hi Jo Deterj I'i'A.sgEs.— iJja Htli against Of some woUk ^0 edge of yo Wd til, «nd distinct ou( a/?amst which '^S} and w hi e marlced convex •^e the best go]< PO"«ded of 440 4., . y *? w> fit a nien« «# u__ , -^7 n« any is to fit... ' -^^ "^CEirrs. 331 comes tJuoLh tho^« ^\^^ <*' hard wood K/.*-. to lioJd thoaxJo toi^P «f "'6 plat, and wii^'j;''? *''° P<>«t wl.Jch To RE3IEDV Worn Pr»rr« ^ """^l^ « ire or a To RE3IEDV WOBN Pr^ * ^"^ in putting npvo'rdS .?"*?.«« CoBREcrrr if * ^'^.0 or-an pipes. ^'''''^^ '^^'^^ is comiectS hIUi Tvvf*^ ^'^ « ^^i^e itL ^''f' ^« i-ooK AFTrn A, ^ ""^"^ ^^'^o emaJI pipes JiGUREs o.y Gold xxn ^ng Alloys. fijio fiilve? 4 t f,^io. Scrap g j^nf Colored f">12g:^ i :^^^'-solving. u" Toolf'L ««? not oiif „ Y°^ cove Jl'i'i «nd again < "•^ Sliver Wire \ 5,r'*hework K^»ot water dl color '"i''y.'?*'herl color, but if it J Gold Allots -ThA ♦« v « "irougli cui^oiJaUou by receive the ° ila? !!"'* ^ <>' «IIo^X «>ih ' T",*^'^ '•««e«, &c ],,« that tho^ areVmndo^tlfV''" J'«^«^'«' "HS^ l^^'^. '« <>«» direct /rom the refinoT Sm ^i'*' S^'f'. fine siW o«^J'"'^««'tootl « '"tentionaliy omi««;i Gold of 23 o.ni^ts fi.fn iP/- "°^ ^"o coppeT «^«m;,. red u.\ ^ -"*:'A« .^-i coi,i>cr 2 dw '/^^f %^ '/i''; Gold «"t;., silver. 1 H«.f Vu :*:•"• -«• Gold of i^ '0 inferior to stiflf . i ? ^"*^" or rolled vrrvi, V '"^^«''. dwt carats, 6grg. -«r/v. Gold^lTsj^f rdS*' ^''««^5/^, SS^^^^^^^ inn 16 carats. Gold 1 nr i-i ""'•» copper, fi /\xl r ^h}^ ^"^ratt ^^llorjs. 27Caral tZJ^VJ^^^' ^^ f^^ 2 -^f '^' ^8 d^-. 12 «;PPer, 4d^vts. I7ffra ^-iS^^T^-' ^"0 s Ivor i rtA'^''"'^'' (^old C«ra^ Fine eold ifi^Li^ ^^^^W'cr, 2 dwtq r. r,l! ^P^'^' ^ o^-. fine ^he beliows 334 WATCUMAKEUa, JEWKLLEns', &C., BECEIPTS. 1 mum irork Dcforo ro-immersion In the "color." The- color-pot must t)e emptied iiumediatoly upou the forgo, ho that it miiy bo roudy for Xutiire UHO. WiiT CX)rx)Rr,D Alu)T8.~1. Fino Rold, 1 oz., fiiio pilvor, 3 dwts. 12 f:n., fine copiker, i) dwt<). 2. Finogoid, 1 oz., linottilvor, 4dwt<). lligrs.; iiio copiMJr, 10 dwts. 3. lino gold, 1 oz., fine nilver, 4 dwta. 12 an., liuo cop|)cr, 10 dwtd. 12 grs. 4. Fine Quid, 1 oz., lino silver, 4 dwt«., liuo copper, U dwtH. 12 gra. B Orccn Gold for Fannj Work. Fino fold, 1 oz., fino Bilver, G dwta. IG grn. 0. Atwtlier Green Gold ino gold, 10 dwt8., fiue silver, 2 dw'ts. 2 gra. 7. i2c^ &o^c2, j\>f fancy work. Fino gold, 6 dwt^., fine copper, 3 dwta. 12 grs. 8. AnoUicr Red Gold. Fino gold, C dwts., fino copper, 1 dwt. Ggrs. 9. Gold solders for tluiforef/oinf/ Alloys. Take of tlie alloyed gold you are u»ing, 1 dwt, fino nilver, G grs., or, 5 ^rH, silver and 1 (,t. copper may be used. 10. Holder for llepairmii. Gold alloyed, 1 dwt., fine silver, B gra., pin brasa, 1 gr. 11, Wet Colored Holder. Wet colored scrap, 3 ozs., fine silver, 10 dwta., fino copixsr, 6 dwta. 12. Qoldf 15 carat, cost 5G«. or $14 per oz. Fino gold, 1 oz. 18 dwta., fino silver, 12 dwta. 12 grs., fine conpor, 10 dwta. 13. Fino gold, 1 oz., fine silver, 8 dwta. fine copper, 4 awt^. 14. Fine gold, 1 oz., fino silver, 8 dwta., fino copper, 4 dwta. 15. Fine gold, 1 oz., line silver, Gdwt.^., fino copper, 8 awts. IG. Gold solder for tha last. Goler, 4 oza. 14 dwta. 25. Another roay wi'Jwut scrap. Coins, 1 oz., fino gold, 2 ozs., fine silver, 13 dwts., fine copper, 1 oz. 11 dvrta. 20., Anotlier way without scrap. Coins, 2 ozs., fino gold, G ozs., fine silver, i 1 oz. 14 dwta., fiuo copper, 4 oza. 2 dwta. j To WBT-CoLOBTHKFOiiEaoiNa ALLOTS. — For B oza. of work take saltpetre, IG oza., alum, 8 oza., salt, 8 ozs., all pulverized andmuriiitic ccid 2 ozs., dissolve tho ingredieuta gradually in a black lead i)ot. When it boils up, add the acid, and stir the whole with a wooden spoon. Having annealed your work and made it perfectly clean, Uo iu small parcels with platinum or fiuo silver wire, and when the color boils up nnmerse it therein for four mmutea, moving it about to e> BUi-e A perfect contact with all parta of the surface. Then take it out and rinse it well iu boiling water, then immerse in t2ie color again for for 1| minutes and riusewell once more in fresh hot water. Now add 2 oza. of fresh hot water to the color in the pot, which will aiii.'t~I'ino Ko der 8 dwi -Ijuogold ] Another, 2io I'orldw't.4^ ^ ''V't-''-, fine rj'" «Told 1 '' ^ A\ — (^ompositio J."z-, finesiJvc /;.'"« gold loz iT,^'^^** i oz r.9'" 3 dwta. 12'' {"'Offoldloz 7 ffw., fine cor fi"Jdi5dw?s <;« ''"Ifl alloyed, 1 d JfPs its color vc '^^'^M spelter 2 ozs I'cr 3 dwte. 13 cii V y ,r'^ * "«•' fine III vlnT'®''' ^'f 1 "^•' "»« "i^ rs.. sno fo.. 1 J*'. "A ■* oz., fijin « ,„„ - r";'-'^ 1(1 fill -Fino'^roYd . er 7 dwts 18 ^rf "'^^"f—Fino cod 1 07 « " ^^•' ^"0 "'Ivor 21. Medium 9»a/,y;;;,S^ri;v" 7, *'^^t«- 3 IS it fJ'^"' >'" '^"to 1 "Z., fine Siivnr O ^^ ^^^t«- 20 rrs Ol t^/ , ' *^^^'t3., fiuo .'Onnn-T^ 336 WATCnHAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. rilyer, 7 ozs. 17 dwts. fine copper 33 ozs. 12 dwta., gpelter 5 ozs. 12 dwts. 37. Medium Qold—Wmid gold 1 oz., fine silver 12 dwts., fine copper 13 dwta. 38. Bright Oold— Fine gold 1 oz., fine silver 7 dwts., compo- sition marked No. 31, 1 dwt C grs. 39. Common Gold No. 1.— Fine Kold i oz., fine silver 8 dwts., composition No. 34. 1 oz. 12 dwts. 41. Omwum Gold, No. 2. — Finej;old 6 dwts., fine silver 3 dwts. 6 grs., fiiu copper 6 dwts. 12 grs. 42. Gold for Pins — line gold 1 oz., fiuesilvei Cdwts., fine copper 1 oz., spelter 5 dwts. 43. Dry Colored Sc"ap redutui to 368. or $8.75 Gold — Colored scrap 1 oz. 9 dwts. 12 grs., 1- e sliver 2 dwts., fine copper 17 dwts. 12 grs. spelter 4 dwts. 44. Alloy for Gold Chains. — Fiuegoldlldwts. 6grs., finosilver 2 dwts. 5 grs., fine coi>- per 6 dwts. 13 grs. 46. Another ditto — F"ine gold 1 oz., fine silver 9 dwts., fine copper 8 dwts. 46. Gold worth 45 sty. or 811.25. — Fine gold, 1 oz., composition (see No. 22) 1 oz. 47. Solder for ditto. — Fine gold 1 0£., fine silver 15 dwts., fine copper 15 dwts. 48. 12 Carat (?oW,— Fine gold 1 oz., fine silver 10 dwts., fine coppor 9 dwts. 6 grs. 40. C'o??i- mon Gold from " California" — "California," (see No. 35) 8 ozs. fine silver 13 ozs. 16 dwts., fine copper 6 ozs. 16 dwts. 50. 29« or $7.25 G^W.— Fine gold 1 oz. 13 dwts. grs., fine silver 1 oz. 12 dwts. 12 grs., fine copiier 1 oz. IG dwts. G grs., spelter 4 dwts. Stands nitric acid very weU. OBDUf AST* BBiaHT GOLD VnKE, TABLB SnOWDfO THE PROPORTICXS OF AIXOY I-UOH 1 OZ. UP TO 21 OZ. Fine Gold. Fine Silver. Fine Copper. Total. Oz. DwtB. Grs. Oz. Dwts. Grs. Oz. Dwts. Grs. Oz. Dwts. Grs. 5 21 G G G 21 1 11 18 14 13 13 18 2 17 15 1 1 18 1 15 3 1 16 G 2 3 12 2 1 G G 2 13 21 3 6 G 2 1 21 9 8 10 12 4 7 4 2 12 12 4 8 3 5 8 18 5 3 3 15 5 4 18 G 10 12 6 3 18 18 3 8 7 12 C rj 4 9 21 To Recoveu the Gold lost ix Coloring. — Dissolve a handf id of sulphate of iron in boiling water, then add this to your "color" water, it precipitates tlio small particles of gold. Now draw oiT liio "watcrj 'uemg very careful not to disturb the auriferous sediment at the bottom. You will now proceed to wash the sediment from all trace of acid with plentv o^ boiling water ; it will require 3 or 4 sei)- arate washings, witlx sufficient time between each to allow the water to cool and the sediment to settle, before pouring the water off. Then dry in an iron vessel by the fire and finally fuse in a covered skittlo pot with a flux as directed on ]>age 202. Allots for Gold.— 1. Bed /yoW.— Copper, 60.67 parts ; gold, .T).- 33 parts. 2. Yellow firo^d.— Copper, 12.50 parts ; silver, 37.50 iKirta ; cold, 50 paits. 3. Green gold. — Silver, 26 ixiits ; gold, 75 parts. 4. Tclloto jrt>W.— Silver, 00.67 parte ; gold, 33.33 parts. 5. Gray gold.-^ Snrer, b —Silver, English i gold coin fls Ame standard — Coppei GiLDn copper w oz. of bra copper, 2 -Gold, I Jewelj H oz. D Jeweij Spanish c copi)er, G j copper, 3 copper anc fuse the fo Parker's A hnoelry — *f copper, w'lc, 1 part fine, or i, a irated and i not only to ductility. ] crucible, coi Silver. --Co saltpetre, 2 w a crucib German che never discov Abtificli extensively ; parts; zinc, ammoniac, 3 are mired aa Kil-ammonia degrees, in t about A an It >n small grai entirely fuse< for about 35] ready for cas Old iwlish. 1 excellent subi restored by j «i'ic, the aUoi, and must ulti AEW Frex « I-ontonay b ITATCnMAKERS, JEWELLEBS', &C., RECEIPTS. 337 Snrer, 5.89 parts ; gold, 88.23 parts ; iron, 5.89 parts. 6. Dentists' gold. —Silver, 8.34 parts ; platinom, 66.67 parts : gold, 24.29 parts. 7. Engliih gold coin.— Coi^per^ 8.34pprts ; gold, 91.66 parts. 8. American {lol'd coin. — Copper, 10 prts ; gold, 90 parts. French cold coin same ns American. 10. Alloys Jot Silver Coin and Plate. — English standard. — Copper, 7.50 parts /silver, 92.50 parts. 11. American ditto, —Copper, 10 parts ; sJiver 90 parts. FrencB, the sjime. GiLOiNO Metai. for common jewelry is made by mixing 4 parts copper with one of calamine brass. Sometimes 1 lb. copper, with oz. of brass. Dentists' Plate. — No. 1 Gold, 20 dwts. ; sliver, 1 dwt ; copner, 2 dwts. 2. Gold, 21, silver, 2, copper. Gold for Springs, —Gold, 18 dwts. 12 grs. ; silver, 6 dwts. ; copper, 5 dwts. Jewellers' SoLDEBQf a Fluid.— Muriatic acid, ^pt; grain zino, 1^ oz. Dissolve, and add a little common solder and sal-ammoniac Jeweixers' Gold Compositions. — Common Oold. — 8il?er, Ipart; Spanish copper, 16 parts, gold, 2 parts; mix. Bing Gold. — Spanish. copi)er, G parts; silver, 3 parts; gold, 5 parts; mix. Manheim Oold.-^ copper, 3 parts; zinc, 1 part Melt, and stir well. Mosaic 6old.-^ copper and zinc, eqnal parts; melt at ttie lowest temperature tliat will fuse the former, then mix by stirring, and add 5 per cent more zinc Parker's Mosaic Gold. — Copper, 100 parts ; zinc, 54 parts. For common Jewelry — Copper^ 3 parts; i of old brass, and 4 oz. of tin to every lb. bi copper. Factitious Gold. — CopjMjr, 16 parts; platinum, 7 parts; zinc, 1 part; fused together. This alloy resembles gold of 16 carats fine, or §, and will resist tlie action of L..:,riu acid, unless very concen- trated and boiling Harmstadt's Tme Imitation of Gold. — is stated not only to resemble gold in color, but also in specific gravity and ductility. Platinum, 16 parts; copper, 7 parts; zinc, 1 part; put it ma crucible, cover with charcoal powder, and melt into a mass. Do. of &'i7i'er.— Copper, J oz. ; brass, 2 oz. ; pure silver, 3 oz. ; bismuth, 2 oz. ; saltpetre, 2 oz. ; common saU, 1 oz. ; arsenic, 1 oz. ; potasli, 1 oz. ; melt m a crucible with powdered charcoal. This comiMund, used by a German chemist for unlawful purposes, was so perfect that ho was never discovered. Aktificial Gold.— This Is a new metallic alloy which is now very extensively used iu France as a substitute for gold. Pure copper, 100 parts; zinc, or, preferably, tin, 17 parts; magnesia, 6 parts; sal- ammoniac, 3-C parts; quick-lime, J part; tartar of commerce, 9 i^arts; aro mixed as follows : The copper is first melted, and the magnesia, sal-ammonixic, lime and tartar are then added separately, aud by degrees, in the form of powder; the whole is now briskly stirred for about it an hour, so as to mix tlioroughly ; and when the zinc Ia added in flmall grains by tlirowing it on the surfnco, aud stirring till it is entirely fused; the crucible is then covered, andtlio fusion maintained for about 35 miuntes. The surface is then skimmed, and tlio alloy is ready for castii^^. It has a fine grain, is malleable, and takes a splen- did polish. It dose not corrode readily, and for many puri)oses, is an excellent substitute for gold. "When taniished, its brilliancy can bo restored bv a little acidulated water. If tin be employed instead of zinc, the alloy will bo more brilliant. * It id veiy much used ui France, and must ultimately attain equal popnlarity here. New FiiExcn Patent Alloy for Sil\"f:r.— Slessieura Do Ruolz St Fontenay havo invented tho following alloy, whicli may bo used 22 ■ i'Mi' m 83d WATCHMAKEIIS, JE^TELLERS', dX3., RECEIPTS for almost all purposes in which silver is nsnally applied. Silver, 20 parts : nurifiea uickel, 28 parts ; copper, 62 parts, Melt tlio cooper and iiickel in the granular state, then Introdace the silver. The flux to be employed is cliarcoal and borax, both in the state of i)owdcr; aud tho lnn)t8 obtiined are to be rendered malleable by annoitling for a cou- Bioerable time in powdered charcoal. Gold.— To find the number of carats otjjold in an object, first weigh the gold and mix with seven times its weight in silver. Tills alloy in T>eaten into thin leaves, aud nitric acid is added ; tliis dissolves t]io silver and copper. Tiie remainder (gold) is then fused and weighed ; by comparing the first and last weights the number of carats of puro gold is found. Tliis operation is always repeated several times, and if any difference occurs in tho result, all is douo over again. Jrwelleus' Alloys.— Solder, &c.Eighteen-carat gold for rings— Gold coin, 19j| gr. ; pure copper, 3 grs. ; pure silver, 1^ gr. Cheap gold, twelve cara<.-— Gold coin, 25 gr. ; pure copper, 13^ gr. ; pure silver, 7h grs. Very cheap four-carat gold. — Copper, 18 parts; gold, 4 parts ; silver, 2 parts. Imitations of gold.—l Platina, 4 dwt ; pure copncr, ^ dwt. ; sheet-zinc, 1 dwt. ; block-tin, 12 dwi ; pure lead, l.J| awt. If this should be found too hard or brittle for practical use. re-raoltinjj the composition with a little sal-ammoniac M'ill gonerally reuder it malleable as desired. 2. Plathia, 2 par :s ; silver, 1 part ; copper, 3 parts. These compositions, when properly prenared, so ne.irly resom- l)le pure gold it is very difficult to aisMngiiish them therefrom. A little iwwdcred charcoal, mixed with metala while melting, will bo found of service. Best oreide of gold. — Pure copper, 4 oz. ; sheet line. If oz.', magnesia, g oz, ; sal-ammoniac, Ji oz. ; qiiick-lirae, y-33 oz. ; cream tartar. J oz. First melt the copper at ns low a temperature as it ^vili melt ; tlien add the zinc, and afterwards the other articles in powder, in the order named. Use a charcoal fire to melt these metals. Bushing Alloy for Pivot-holes, cyanide of sitim. Add oz. Used b Boil llie art! Boinobicarbc Defective coi following ml pfduc, fjoz into a small ( upon the arti plate over a < when they ai heautiiui higi «ie mixture: nuepowder, ] to fumes ; ai Dissolve eithe use as reauin saltpetre, Goz jnto a thiok pi ack on a we Phmge them ii Sulphate of CO I! WATCHMAKERS) JEWELLEBS', AC; BECEIPTS. S39 gr.; oom)er, 8gr. Dpper, 1 Cheaper stUl.-'TmQ gold, 1 dwt ; silver, 1 dwt; copper, 1 dwt. Silver Soldebs.— 1. (hard.) Copper, 30 parts : riiic, 12.86 parti ; eilver, 57.15 parts. 2. Copper, 23.33 parts ; zinc, 10.00 parts ; silTer, G6.07 parts. 4. Conper, 26.G6 parts ; uuc, 10.00 parts; silver, 63.31 ixirta. 6. (soft.) Copper 14.75 parts; *inc 8.50 parts: silver, 77.05 mrts. 6. Coi)per, 22.34 parts ; zmc, 10.48 parts ; silver, 67.18 parts. 7. Tin, C3.00 parts ; lead. 37 parts. CoLOBED Gold.— 1. Full red gold.— Gold, 5 dvrts. ; copper, 6 dwts. 2. Red gold.— Gold, 6 dwts. : silver, 1 dwt. ; copper, 4 dwts. 3i. Oreen Gold.— Gold, 2 dwt. ; silver, 21 gr. 4. Gray ffold.— Gold, 3 dwts. 15 gr ; silver. 1 dwt 9 gr. 6. Blue {fold. — Gold, 5 dwt. ; steel filings, 5 dwt. 6. Antique (fold, f/reeniafi-yelloio color.— Gold, 18 dwts. 9 gr, ; silver, 21 gr. ; copper 18 gr. ThCvSO ail require to be salmuttod to the process of wet coloring. 7. Fictitious gold, very bright. — Cop- per, 16 parts ; platina, 7 iKirts ; sine, 1 part ; fused together. LNGUsn Stakdajrd for SiiiVER.— ruro silver, 11 ozs. 2 dwts. ; copper, 22 dwts. : melt Silver Imitation, — Copper, 1 lb. ; tin, J oz., melt. Tills composition will roll and ring very near to silver. FiiENCH Gou> Plate.— 1. Gold, 92 parts ; copi)er, 8 parts. 2. Gold, 84 parts; copper, 16 parts. 3. Gold, 75 parts; coi^r, 25 iiarts. Jewellers* Jlfeto/,— Copper, 30 parts; tin, 7pMls; brass, 10 parts; mix. Alloy for Watch Pxniox Sockets.— Gold, 31 x>arts; silver, 1!) parta; copper 39 parts; palLvdium, 1 part CoLOBiuaoFjEWELBV.— 1. To Heighten tite Colore/ Yelloto gold. —Saltpetre, 6 ozs ; green copperas, 2qzh. ; white vitriol and alum, of each 1 oz. If wanted rodder, a pnvall quantity of blun vitriol must be added, 2. For Green Gold. — Saltpetre, I oz. 10 dwts. ; sal-ammo- iiiaCj 1 oz. 4 dwts. ; Roman vitriol, 1 oz. 4 dwts. ; verdigris, 18 dwts. 3. To Clean Gilt Jewelry. — Boiling water in a clean Hask, i pt; cyanide of potassiiun, 1 oz. ; shake the Ihisk to dissolve the i)otas- gium. Add, when cold, liquor ammonia, ^ oz. ; rectified akoliol, 1 oz. Used by brualiin^ over gilded articles. 4. Coloring Jewelry.— Boil the articles in a dilute solution of tcrclilorido of gold, to which Bomo bicarbonate of soda has been added. 5. Coloring of Gilding. — Defective colored gilding may also be improved by tlie help of tbo following mixture : uitrate of ixttash, 3 ozs. ; alum 1^ ozs. ; sulpliato of zinc, li ozs. ; oomraon salt, 1^ ozs. Thestj ingredients are to be put into a small (juantity of water to form a sort of paste which is put upon the articles to be colored ; they are then placed upon an iron plate over a clear fire, so that tJiey will attain nearly to a black beat, when they are suddenly plun^;^ into cold water ; tliis gives them a beautii'ul high color. Dmerent hues may be had by a variation in the mixture. 6. For Red Gold. — ^To 4 ozs. molted yellow wax, n-ud, in fiite powder, l^ozs. of red ochre, ; Uozs. verdigris, calcined till it yicl'^i: no fumes ; and Aoz. of calcined borax. Mix tliem well together. Dissolve either of above mixtores in water, as the color is wanted, and use as required. 7. Fine color for Ileavy Gilt Work. — Alum, 3 ozs. : saltpetre. G ozs. ; sulphate of zinc, 3 ozs. ; common salt, 3 ozs. Mix all into a thiok paste, dip the articles into it, and heat them until iiearly black on a piece of sneet iron over a clear coke or charcoal fire, then plunge them into cold water. 8. Fine Color For Light Plated work.— Sulphate of copper, 2 dwts. ; best verdigris, 4 dwts. 12 grs. ; sal^mmo* 840 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLEBS", AC, BECEIPTS. niao, 4 dwts. ; saltpeftre, 4 dwta. ; acetic acid, 1 oz. ; pnlverizf the solid aiticlea, add tlie acetic acid gradually, stirring all tho time. Dip your articles into this mixture and heat them to a black color ou a nbeetof copper. When cold, place them in a middling strong sul- phuric acid pickle, which dissolves the coloring salts and induces a xery fine gold color. 9. Etruscan Gold Coloring. — Alum, 1 oz. ; flno table-salt, 1 oz. ; saltpetre (powdered), 2 oz.; hot rain-water, suffi- cient to make the solution, when dissolved, about the consistency of thick ale ; then add sulHcient muriatic acid to produce tlie color de- sired. The degree of success must always depend, in a greater or less degree, ujwn the skill or judgment ot the o^ierator. The artido to be colored should be from fourteen to eighteen carats fine, of pure gold and copper onlj'. and be free from coatings of tin, or silver solder. Tho solution is best used warm, and when freshly made the principle on which it acts is to eat out tho copper alloy from the sur- lace of the article, leaving thereon pure, frosted gold only. Alter oolormg, wash off, first in rain-water, then in alcohol, and dry with- out rubbhig, in fine clean sawdust. Fine Etruscan jewelry, that has been defaced or tarnished by use, may bo perfectly renewed by tho same process. For SriiVraisMiTHS, Sterlinrj Silver.— 1. Fine silver 11 oz. 2 dwts., fine copper 18 dwts. 2. Eqval to Sterling-~Tme silver 1 oz., fine copper 1 d^rt. 12 grs. 3. Anotlier ditto — Fine silver 1 oz., fine copper 6 dwts. 4. Common Silver for Chains — Fine silver G dwts., fine copper 4 dwts. 6. Solder for ditto — Fine silver 10 dwts., fine copper 12 grs., pin brass, 3 dwts. 12 grs. 6. Alloy for Platiucf. — Fine silver 1 oz., fine copper 10 dwts. 7. Silver Solde7-—Tmo silver 1 oz., pin brass. 10 dwte., pnro spelter, 2 dwts. 8. Copper Solder for Plating— Fme silver, 10 dwts., fine copper 10 dwts. 9. Common Silver Solder — Fine silver 10 ozs., pin brass, 6 ozs. 12 dwts., spelter, 12 dwts. 10. Silver Solder for Enamelling, Si per oz. —Fine silver 14 dwts., fine copper, 8 dwts. 11. Ditto, for Jilling Signet Rings.— Tm^ silver, 10 ozs., fine copi)er, 1 oz. 16 dwts., fine pin brass, 6 ozs. 12 dwts., spelter, 12 d\vts. 12. Silver Solder for Gold Platirw — Fine silver, 1 oz., fine copper, 6 dwts., pin brass, 5 d^vts. 13. Qt.x/fc Silver Solder— ¥lne silver, 1 oz., pin brass, 10 dwts.. bar tin, 2 dwts. 14. Imitation Silver — Fine silver, 1 oz., nickel, 1 oz. 11 grs., fine copper, 2 ozs. 9 grs. 16. AnotJier ditto- Vino silver, 3 ozs., nickel, 1 oz. 11 dwts., fine copper, 2 ozs. 9 grs., siielter, 10 dwts. 16. Fine Silver Solder for Filigree Work—Y'mQ silver, 4 dwts. C grs., pin brass, 1 dwt. 17. Bismuth Solder— HisiavXa, 3 ozs., lead, 3 ozs. 18 dwts., tin, 5 ozs. C dwts. Dkad WniTB ON SiLVEii Akticles.— Ilcat tho article to a cherry red, or a dull red heat and allow it to cool, then place it in a pickle of B parts sulphuric acid to 100 parts of water, and allow it to remain for an hour or two. If the surface is not right, rinse in cold water, and repeat the heating and i)ickling operation as before. ITiis removes the copi^er from Qie surface of the article, leaving pt/re silver on tlio surface. When sufficiently whitened, remove from the pickle, well rinse in pure hot water and place in warm box sawdust PiCKLK. FOR FbOBTINO AND WhITENINO SfLVER GOODS.— Sul- phnric acid, 1 dr. ; water, 4 oz. : heat the pickle, and immerse tb« silver in it until frosted as desiicd ; then wash o£E clean, and dry with a soft U smaller ToFi solved 1 Use plioi with a b SiLVE snspcndi surface. mixed b< of potasf brass. I cyanide < received Ounaj: silver, an witli a shi the bjittei not sketcl After clej fiugers, ai produced To Ext with an etj mit to a bi found at tl To SoLj shell to fit to each, th« hot irons < must not 1 white piece Abtifici with gum, hydrolIuori( Reviver and put th( rub with ch To Becoi water, anpl powdered si then scrape Poi.I8HIN( and finely r with a dry b SiLVEK-Pl crystals, in 1 cyanuret of ] becomes clea of Paris whi( ^'Quor, and i the coating p. silver fluid, ] WATCnMAKEBS, JEWELLEBS', AC, RECEIPIS. 341 n soft linen cloth, or In fino clean snwdmst For whitening only, a Bmnller proportion of acid may be used. To Frost Poijsued Silveb. — Cyanide of potassinm 1 oz. ; dis- solved in i pt of water. Do not hold the Rilver in your luuids, but use pliers made of lance wood or box wood, and apply the mixture with a brush to the polished surface. SiLV£Bi>-o Hooks and Eves, &c.— The small iron articles oro suspended m dilute sulphuric acid until the iron shows a bright clean surface. After rinsing in pure water they are placed in a bi^ of a mixed solution of sulphate of zinc, sulphate of copper and cyanide of potassium, and there remain until they receive a bright corang of bmss. Lastly, they are transferred to a batli of nitrate of silver, cyanide of potassium and sulphate of soda, in which they quickly received a coating of silver. OuNAMENTAL DESIGNS OS SrLVEB. — Sclcct a smooth part of the silver, and sketch on it a monogram or any other design you choose, witli a sharp lead pencil, then place the article in a gold solution wiUi the battery in ^ood worlcing order, and in a short time all the parts not sketched witli the lead pencil will bo covered with a coat of gold. After cleansing the article, the black lead is easily removed by the iiugers, and the silver ornament disclosed. A gold ornament may bo produced by reversing the process. To ExTBAcx SiiiVEB KKOM w.vsTE PnoDUcrs. — ^Mbc your Tofnso with an equal quantity of wood cluircoal, ^)Iace in a crucible aud sub- mit to a bright red heat, and in a short tune a silver button will bo foimd at the bottom. Carbonate of soda is another good flux. To SoLDEB ToBTOiSE SuELL. — Bring tlie edges of the pieces of shell to fit each otiier, observing to give the same inclination of graui to each, then secure them in a piece of paper, aud place them l)et\veeu hot irons or pincers ; apply pressure, and let them cooL The heat must not be so great as to bum the shell, therefore try it first on a white piece of paper. ABTiFiciAii Pearls. — Are made from beads of opaline glass filled with gum, the polish of tlie glass being reduced by the vai>or if hydrofluoric acid. Reviver for Old Jewelbv.— Dissolve sal-ammoniac in urine, and put the jewelry in it for a short time ; then take it out, and rub with chamois leather, and it will api)ear equal to new. To Becoveb Gold from Gilt Metal. — Take a solution of borax water, apply to the gilt surface, and sprinkle over it some finely powdered sulphur ; make the article red not, and quoiicli it in water; then scrape ou the gold, and recover it by means of lead. Polishing Powdeb for Gold and Silver. — Rock alum burnt and finely powdered, 6 parts ; levigated chalk, 1 part. Mix ; apply with a dry brush. Silveb-Platino Fluid, — Dissolve 1 ounce of nitrate of silver. In crystals, in 12 ounces of soft water : then dissolve in the water 2 oz. cyanuret of j^tash ; sluilce the whole together, and let it stiind till it becomes clear. Have ready some half-ounce vials, and fill half full of Paris wliite, or fine wliitiug ; and then fill up the bottles with the liquor, and it is ready for use. The whiting does not increase the coating powder : it only helps to clean the articles, and save th« silver fluid, by hall filling the bottles. 842 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS, AC^ RECEIPTS. :f^^ To Reduce Enoush Sovereigns to Loweb Fwrxass.— No. 1 15 Carat gold, Coins, 2 ozs. ; ^old, 8 ozb. ; silver, 2 ow. 3 dwta. ; copj-cr, oze. 3 awts. 2. Another ditto. Ccita, 4 ou. ; gold, 6 ozs.; silver, 2 OZB. 2 dwta. ; copper, 5 ozs. 2 dwts. 3. Another ditto. Coins, 2 u7» ; gold, 6 ozs. ; silver, 1 oz. 14 dwts. : copper, 4 ozs. : 2 dwte. 4. 14 t'amt gold. Coins, 3 ozs. ; gold, 5 ozs. ; sUver, 1 oz. 9dwto. 12 gra. ; coi^>er, 11 dwts. 12 grs. 6. Another ditto. Coins, 1 o». ; gold, 2 oes. ; silver, i;{ dwts.; copper, 1 oz. 11 dwts. 6. Another ■ ditto. Coins, 1 oz.;gold, 8 ozs. ; silver 2 ozs. ; copper, 4 ozs. 14 dw ta. FiincNEss. Volne per. Valne i)er. Carats Fine. oz. Troy. CatatoFina ox. Troy. £ £ 24 4 4 lU 13 2 2 5i 23 4 15 11 1 18 U 22 British Standard. 3 17 10^ 10 1 15 4A 21 3 14 4 9 1 11 10 20 3 10 9 8 18 3 19 3 7 3 7 14 9 18 (Lowest Hall Mark). 3 3 Sk 6 1 1 2i 17 3 2 A 17 8 16 2 17 7i 4 14 2 16 2 13 1 9 10 7i 14 2 9 (* 2 7 1 13 2 6 1 3 (;j^ Note. — ^Tho British Stanuard for gold. Is g«/.d. 22-24 of a i)onnd, equal to 11 pifrts pure gold and 1 of alloy; a ])Ouiid i» estimated to be divided iiito U-i equal parts or carats, irence tlie i>n«|iortiou is r.nte(i equal to ii2 carats. The Standatd of Hilrer is 222-.440 of n pound, equivalent to 37 parts pure silver and 3 of aUoj. A Troy ounce of Standard gold is coined into £3.17.10.2f.. and ah onnce of Standard rilver into 5s. M. A lb. Troy of gold yields 46 19-240 novereigns. A 11). Troy of silver 66 shilluigs. £150,000 in gold weighs over a ton. £75,000,000 weighs 500 tons. The American Standard of Gold and Silver n 900 parts of pjire metal and 100 of alloy in 1,000 parts of coin, tiie fineness being ex- pressive of the qnantitv of pure metal in 1000 parts. Tlie value of 1 ounce of pt/rc r/o/d is $20.67.183^, as standard gold otHn it fai worth $18.60. 4()5. The value of 1 ounce of pure silver is $1.29.29., as stand- ard sUver coin it is worth $1 16.36-36. To Melt Gold. — Prepare a good fire, and beat the ingot in which you wish to cast the gold, a little hotter tlian boiling water; next put the alloy in the crucible, add a su.. U quantity of polverized borax, and leave on the fire until melted. Cast this in a clean ingot, niid after breaking the bar into small fragments, retnm to the \)oi and remelt the gold, not adding borax tliis time, bat when the gold looks clear and smooth on the top, add, for every 6 ozs. gold, a piece of saltpetre about the size of a pea, and in about a minute pour the gold. Keep up the heat after adding the saltpetre, and^ previous to pouring the gold, pour a few drops of oil into the iron ingot If the stock wiis clean wnen you commenced, the gold will roll well. Mjich depends on the first rolling of the stock; 18 carat should be subjected to a very heavy strain; the first and second draughts, which imparts a grain to the stock ; light draughts stretch the gold on the surface, and the middle )[x>rtion remaining as cast, causes the gold to crack ; many good bars having been condemned, when the trouble was iu the roll original quire. giving i annealii not reqti little Hill red ^'old before qi every cai adinixtiii , To K, the gold, well with niaiu on ] from the cracking. piece of g , AfAKllS that the jt jphorus, wi The reined treatment unfit for c( , To Mai breadth yo "you plat roll a httl< grade metjil "smuch of "early flat a one face of rolled a piec nnd cut a w iwper can b« ^vor the sii tlie same on between thei tiiickneH.s, an gold, and HOI »»ch or so wi charcoal fire solder; when ready to roll 1» carat, or K so'der about ; ver or compos ^hen the gold covered ^th i i\'«^""»8olnti wte the silver 3d.al«irof ^ ell washed a aried. am bo r 80 tiiat it will WATCHMAKEBS, JEWELLERS, AC, RECEIPTS, 843 the rolling. After the 18 carat has been rolled to abont twice ita ori);inal length, it must be annealed, then rolled to the site vou re- quire. Proceed with melting 14 carat a» above described for 18 carat, giving it as heavy strains in the rolls, but not rolling so much before annealing as the 18 carat The other carats of choa^ier grade, do not require tlie use of saltpetre to toughen; instead of which, use a little salamnioniac, and tlien proceed as above. When you anneal red gold, do not quench it when red hot, but allow the gold to blacken before quenching, otherwise it will slit or seam. Melt new alloys in every case twice; treat solder the same way, to ensure a thorough admixture of the copper with the gold. To Remove Tin fhom the Stock. — Just previous to pouring the gold, throw a small piece of corrosive sublimate in the pot, stir well with a long piece of iwinted charcoal, and allow the iMJt to re- main on the fire about half a minute afterward. This will take tin ifrom the alloy; while the tin is in, the gold will not roll without cracking. To remove emery or steel filings from gold, add a small piece of glass-gall, while melting; it will collect them in the flux. Making Brittle Gold STiiONa.— Gold is sometimes bo brittle tliat the jeweller cannot well work it ; this Is i)robably due to phos- phorus, which, being no metal, is of course not detected in the assay. The remedy is to pass chlorine gas through the molten gold, by which treatment most of the gold which had othenvise to be set aside aa unfit for certain kinds of work, can be redeemed. To Make Plated Stock. — Ca.st tlie bar you wish to plate tho breadth you require, and roll to the thickness of the 8th of an inch. If yon plate on silver, cast the silver the same width as the gold, and roll a little longer than the gold. Generally the lower, cheaper grade metal, is 2 or 3 times the thickness of the dearer, therefore us© as nmch of each as will make the desired proportions. Polish as nearly flat and straight as possible, then file one face of silver and one face of gold, until they are bright Previous to this vou have rolled a piece of plate solder very thin, say, 30 in. round size plate, and cut a strip a little wider and longer than your gold. Emery jHiper can be used to clean each aide of this from dirt and grease. Cover the surface with ground borax from the slate, on each side: do the same on the bright faces of the gold and silver; place the solder between them, and have a piece of iron wire about f of an inch in thickness, and 3 feet long, m readiness, place this lengthwise on tho gold, and squeeze the whole tightly together in a vice, and bind every inch or so with heavy binding wire very secure. Next make a good charcoal fire in the forge, shaped so as to be like an oven, and then solder; when the solder melts on each side the whole length, all in ready to roll like any other stock. If you make gold plating that is 18 carat, or 16 carat, or 14 carat, and 12 carat, you must use a gold solder about 5 or 6 carats less than the inferior gold. If gold on sil- ver or composition, use copper solder. The clippings from the above, when the gold is on silver, may be placed in an enttmelled vfissel, and covered with nitric acid, 2 jmrts; water, 1 part. The silver will bo taken in solution, which must be saved in an earthen pot Precij)!- tate the silver from tho solution, or after the solution has been di- luted, a bar of copper placed in it will collect it; this sediment must be well washed and dried, then melted. The gold after being well dried, can be melted in a bar, a small amount of copper being added, so that it will be of the same quality as before. 344 WATCn^IAKERS, jewellers', AC, KECEIPTS. JjEWEiiiiEBs' Abmbioan Ceuent. — Isinglass sonked in water nnd dissolved in spirit, 2 oz. (tliick) ; dissolve in this 10 grs. of very ]>alo gum ammonia (in tears) by rubbing them together ; then add G large tears of gum mastic, dissolved in the least possible quantity of rec- tified spirits. When carefully made this cement resists moisture and dries colorless. Keep in a closely stopped phial. JjBWELLEUs' CehieHt. — Put iu a bottle 2 ozs. of isinglass and 1 oz. of tlie best gum arabic, cover them with proof spirits, cork loosely, nud place the bottle in a vessel of water, and boil it till a thorough solu- tion is effected ; then strain it for use. Gold is taken from the surface of silver by spreading over it a paste made of powdered sal-ammoniac, with oqiuuortis, and heating it till the matter smokes, and is nearly dry ; when the gold may bo eeparated by rubbing it with a scratch brush. To Sepakatb Gold and Silveu from Lace, &c.— Out in pieces the gold or silver lace, tie it tightly, and boil in soap ley till the size appears dimiuislied ; take the clotli out of the liquid, and after re- peated riusings of cold water, beat it with a mallet to draw out the alkali. Open the linen, and the iiure metal wiU be found iu all its beauty. Taunish ox Electro-Platk Goods may bo removed by immers- ing tlie article from one to ten or fifteen minutes, or until the taniish luis been removed, but no longer, iu the following solution : iiaiu water, 2 gals. ; cyauuret potassa, ^ lb. ; dissolve and put into a stone ing or jar and closely cork. After immersion, the articles must be taken out and thoroughly rinsed iu two or three waters, thea dried Avith a soft linen cloth, or, if frosted or cliased work, with fine clean sawdust. Tarnished jewelry may be speedily restored by this process ; but make sure work of removing the alkali, otherwise it will- corrode the goods. A BuiGiiT Gold Tingb may be given to silver by steeping it for a suitable length of time in a weak solution of gulphurio acid and water strongly impregnated with iron-rust. To Kbfink Gold.— If you desire to refine gold froa the baser metals, swedge or roll it out very thin, then cut into narrow strips And curl up so as to prevent its lying flatly. Drop the pieces thus prepared into a vessel containing good nitric acid, in the proportion of acid, 2 ozs., nnd pure rain-water ^ oz. Suffer to remain until thoi.-- cnghly dissolved, which will be the case iu from i an hour to 1 hour. Then pour off the liquid carefully, and you will nnd tlie gold, in tlio form of yellow iwwder, lying at tlio bottom of the vessel. Wash this with pure water till it ceases to have an acid taste, .after which you may melt and cast into any form you choose. Gold treated in this way may be relied on as perfectly pure. In melting gold use none other than a charcoal fire, and during the process sprinkle saltpetre and potash into tlio crucible occasiou- filly. Do not attempt to melt with stone coal, as it renders the metal brittle and otlierwise imperfect. To liEFiNE Silver.— DlsKolve in nitric acid as in the case of tlie gold. When the silver has entirely disappeared, add to tlie 2^ oz. of Bolntion nearly 1 quart of pure rain-water. Sink, then, a slieet of dean copper into it ; the silver xvill collect rapidly upon the cox>r.cr, and you can scrape it off and melt into bulk at pleasure. IntI] form n I the Litl tioliitioi plate at To R refine s iron in.si If tlio plight, a Jnto tJie of aIloy( in a perf Cold i vrith 3 m nud wel] «oll cJeai ^■itli watt "'ctjil slic ^'■jped drv ^'i'OllAR •^r.ATIXA.- P'ven in th your soldc •nninoniac J'old togetl flie article iinmediatcl ^'•'iino of yo d'>"o, ani r with copper solder for 8t are often n Rold; audtl general uso •'iro of so mi lo Soft fioldcriiig flu «f solder upc liI>on it with froin the blai brittle and ui tofipringorp solder betwee surfaces aro t ^d cat job by « sJieet ot till «vervonrlam "lay bo made J>riA'ht looking in tlie same ^v^ , ^p Cleansj mode was to c; ^rATCmiAKEns, JEWELLERS' *n I„ tj ^^-J^LEBS , AC., RECEIPTS. 84« solution poured fm.J^tf?'* ^^1 "^^oiamed nm& ',^''^«''«'7 *« ««vo M «« imp"riH« ?ra°!f> «>"ect the m^li ""="** • J"" >«» an »' "llloycd S m\v K™""^. "nd take oM7i,„"Sl''°"' ''^» pWo -^WStT" "'"'"' '^'^^^"* '-•« « ell Cleaned ) l>vm^n^* ?""'0 8nrface Of bSj^J ^ J"*'*^ wliitiim- the artrcftt,„*l^;]"» fitted "Pth^jS.a'to^^on""".^ *« "^^^^^ i'nmediately SJer tKn?nV^'^*^^'^'^ 1^ Tour IS ^^^ «««"« flame of your Hmn , 1?°'."' ^"^^ then w th vonl^ M^**®^'* mixtnre done, and rSdv^;iI^»{t "»til fusion teK the with Conner nrh^P • ^^^^^ and dressodim ^r . ^^'® Job is then soIderfSf!Lp? }I^^ •» ^«<»rdance Sh tnnJ^""" ^ "«»«^y solderS from thrK7^,'i^X?^>e until fnsiSs ^S.^ fe"''^ ^'^^ hritUe and unlaSSl^'wt*^ "'"ch hffwi"l «nVn"'^r*'^thcm surfaces wo to bS^S^®*'^^«*«thGlli,^*'^^^^^ Pieco of cellcnt job by moistenfn^.P"*' "'^" the othc? von mat"^ *r «"»ootl. '^sheetiftin^ffiela^^ 84C WATCnMAKERSf JEWELLERS*) AC; RECEIPTS. to cool, and then boil nntil bright in nrine and sal-ammoniac. It U now usually cleaned l»ith diluted sulphuric acid. The pickle is made in about the proportion of one-eighth of au ounce of acid to one ouuce of rain water. To Clean Silver Tarnisiied in Solderixo.— Some expose to a uniform heat, as in the case of gold, and then boil in strong alum water. Othem immerse for a considerable length of time in a liquiil made of ^ oz. of cyanuret potassa to 1 pint rain water, and then brush off with preiMured clialk. Nickel Platino.— The following is tlie snbstance of tlio mtcnt granted to Dr. Isaac Adams, Biarch 22, 1870. Tlie process is fiislily snccessf iiL " This improvement consists in tho use of 3 now solutioiu from which to deposit nickel by the electric current. 1. A solution formed of the double sulphate of nickel and nlumum, or tlie sulplinto of nickel dissolved in a solution of soda, notiish, or ammonia aliun, the three dilTcrcnt^-iiricties of commercial alum. 2. A solution formed of the double sulphate of nickel and magnesia, with or without an excess of ammonia. I have foimd that a good coating of nickel can be deposited from the solution before mentioned, provided they are prepared and used in such a manner as to bo free from any acid or alkaline reaction. When these solutions are used, great care must be taken, lest by the use of too high battery power, or from tlie in- troduction of some foreign matters, the solution becomes acid or alkaline. I prefer to use these solutions at a temperature above 100° Tuh., but do not limit my invention to tho nse of these solutions at that tcmi)erature. I therefore claim, 1. The electro dcixMitiou of nickel by the means of solution of tho double sulphate of nickel and alumina, prepared and used in such a manner .is to bo free from tlio presence of ammonia, potash, soda, lime or nitric acid or from any other acid, or from any acid or alkaline reaction. 2. Tlie elcctra deposition of nickel by means of a solution of tlie double sulplmto of nickel and potash, preiMred and U8C<1 in such ammmer as to be free from the presence of ammonl-i, soda, alumina, lime or nitric acid, or from any acid or alluUine reaction. 3. The electro dej^sition of nick- el by means of a solution of tho donble sulphate of nickel and ma;;- iicsia, prepared and used in such a mamicr as to bo free from tho presence of potash, soda, alumina, lime or nitric acid, or from any aud or alkaline reaction. " Stalba's Nickel Plattoo Process. — Consists in plating with nickel, by tho action of zinc upon salts of nickel, in tho presence of chloride of zinc and the metal to be pLitcd. By tliis process, Stallxa states that he has succeeded in phiting objects of wrought and cast iron, steel, copper, brass, zinc, and lead. It b only necessary that I tlie size of the objects should permit them to be covered entirely l>7 ' tho plating liquid, and that their surfaces should be free from diit. The following is the moiius operandi : — A quantity of conoentnited cliloride of zinc solution is placed in a dean metallic vosscl, and to tills is added an equal volume of water. Tliis is heated to boilin.!;, and hydrochloric acid is added drop by drop, until tho precipitato which had formed on adding the water has oisappeared. A sni.ill quantity of zinc powder is now added, which poroduces a zinc coatin;? on the metal aauxM the liquid extends. Enough of the nickel Halt (th* chloride or sulphato aiuwei» equally w^ u now introduced to color tho in it togc iKiiling. tlio objec riM in luj l»oIished, I>alt affor< tmiis as t] To Maj getiier int etrips; 2o does not b yery little rtops befoi np again ai entirely efl FIKwnful oi pour off an preparation an eighth c ingabouta To MAKE pcnnywefgh silver in 3 o; acid and 1 p M are tlie ot ^(IJ 1 or. ] e^iaa pure gold and con silver. Leti '"id refill wil oiwmtion un words, fill Of jne bottom ol 18 carat chlor potassa, and Pouit Shake ready for nse. the impressioi out never cou plate to imitat oz. dragon's b plate, proceed an ounce and i and salt To Pt^TE T sold solution U pare tlie article Ftrongleymad tliaendofthet ue taken not to pohshiiiff as th It should be he WATCmiAKERS, JEWELLEBS/ AC., RECEIPTS. 347 color tho Hqnid distinctly gToen : the objects tolio plated nro placed In it togctlier witli soiue zinc clippings, and tlio liquid iii brought to lK)ilinj;. The nicl biilt affords a cobalt plating, which is steel gray la color, not so lua- tmiis as the nickel, but more liable to taniisu. To Make Silver Solution fob ELECTBO-PLATDra.— Pat to- gether into a gUiss vessel 1 oz. good silver, made thin and cut into strips; 2 oz. best nitric acid, and ^ oz. pure rain water. If solution docs not begin at once, add a little more watei^— continue to add a very little at a time till it does. In the event it starts off well, but etops before the silver U fully dissolved, you may generally start it np again all right bv adding a little more water. When solution ia entirely effected, add 1 quart of warm rain water and a large tablo> FlKWuful of tiible salt Shake well and let settle, then proceed to pour off and wash through other waters as iu tlie case of the gold preparation. When no longer add to the taste, put in an ounce and :ui eighth cyanuret potassa and a quart pure tain water: after stand- ing about 24 hours, it will be ready for use. To MAKK Gold Solution fob Electro-Platino. — Dissolve five pennyweights gold com. 5 grains pure copper, and 4 grains pure Eilrcr in 3 ozs. nitro-muriatic acid: which is simply 2 parts mnnntio ncid and 1 part nitric acid. The silver will not be ttiken into solution nn are tlie other 2 metals, but will gather at tlie bottom of the vesseL Add 1 oz. pulverized sulphate of iron, ^ oz. pnlverized borax, 25 gmins pure table salt, and 1 quart hot rain water. Upon this tho gold and copper will be thrown to the bottom of tlie vessel with tho silver. Let stand till fully settled, then pour off the liquid carefully, and refill with boiling rain water as before. Continue to repeat tliis oi)cration until the precipitate is thoroughly washed ; or, m other words, fill up^ let settle, and ponr off so long as the accumulation at the bottom of the vessel is acid to the ta^te. Yon nuw have about an 18 carat chloride of gold. Add to it an ounce and an eighth cyanuret potassa, and 1 qnatt rain water— the latter heated to the boiling point Shake up well, then let stand about 24 hours, and it will be ready for use. Some use platina as an alloy instead of silver, under the impression that plating done with it is harder. I have used both, but never could see much difference. Solution for a darker colored plate to imitate Guinea gold may be made by adding to the above 1 oz. dragon's blood and 5 grs. iodide or iron. If you desire an alloyed plate, proceed as first directed, without the silver or copper, and with nn ounce and a half of sulphuret potassa iu place of the iron, borax, and salt To Platb ■wrrn a Battery.— If the plate is to be gold, use tho gold solution for electro-plating: if silver, ^.se the silver solution. Pro- pare tlie article to bo plated by imraersing it for several minutes in a strong ley made of potash and rain water, polishing off thoroughly at the eiid of the time with a soft brush and prepared chalk. Care should be taken not to let the fingers come in contact with the article while polishing, as that has a tendency to prevent the plate from adhering; itshoolabo licldiu two or three thicknesses of tissuo paper. At- 348 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', AC., RECEIPTS. tncli tho Article, when thoroughly cloanncd, to tlio noflitire pole ot your battery, then alllx a pieco of gold or Kilver, a» tno case nuiy bo, to tho negative pole, and iinnierso both into the Bolutiou in such a way as not to han;; in contact with eiich otlior. After the article luw been cxi>o8ed to tlie action of the battery nlraut ten nr-'nuteg, take it out and wash or poliHh over with a thick mixture of «.atcr and prepared chalk or jowellorg' rouj;e. If, in the operation, you find placea where the plating Bcemn inclined to peel ou, or where it hag not taken well, mix a httio of tho plating nolutinii with prepared chalk nr roug*^, and ml the defective part thoroughly with it This will bo likely to 8ct all riglit Govern your time of oxi)08ing tlie article to tho battery by tho dcv sired tlUclaiees of tlie plate. I)uring the time, it should be taken out and polished up as just directed about every ten minutes, or as often at least as tliere is an indicatioTi of a growing darkness on any part of its surface. When done, finish with the burnisher or prepared chalk and chamois skin, as best suits your taste and conveuienca In cuso the article to be plated is iron, steel, lead, pewter, or block tui, yuu must, after first cleaning with tho ley and chali{, prepare it by ap> plying witli a soft brush — a cjini els -hair pcucil Is best suited— a solution mado of the following articles iu the proportion named :~ Nitric acid, i oz. ; muriatic acid. ^ oz. ; sulphuric acid, l-9th oz.; muriate of potash, l-7th oz. ; sulpliate of iron, ^ oz. ; sulphuric ether, 1-Cthoz. ; and as much sheet zmo as it will dissolve. Tnis prepurcii a foundatiou, without which tho plate would fail to take well, if at all. To HAKB GoiJ> Amalgam.— Eight parts of gold and one of mer« cury are formed into an amalgam for i)lating, by rendering tho gold into thin plates, makmg it red hot and then putting it into tlie mercnrf while the latter is also heated to ebullition. The gold immediately disappears in combination with the mercury, after which the mixturo may be turned into water to cool. It is then ready for use. To Platb with Gold Amalqasi. — Gold amalgam is chiefly used as a phvting for silver, copper or bniss. Tho article to be plated ia washed over with diluted nitric acid or potashlyeand prepared chall<, to remove any tarnish or rust that uii<^ht prevent the amalgam from adliering. After having been polislied perfectly bright, tlie amal- gam is applied as evenly as ix)ssible, usually with a fine scratch brush. It 13 then set ui)ou a gnito over a charcoal fire, or placed into an oven and heated to tliat degree at which mercury exhales. The gold, when the mercury lias evaiwrated, presents a dull yellow color. Cover it with a coating of pulverized nitre and alum in equtol parts, mixed to a iiaste with water, and heat again till it is thoroughly melted, tlien plunge into water. Burnish up with a steel or blood" stone burnisher. To Makb and Applt Gold-Plates-o Solution. — Dissolve ^ oj:. of gold amalgam in 1 oz. of nitro-muriaticacid. Add 2oz.of alcohol, and then, having brightened the article in the usual way, apply the solution with a soft unish. Rinse and dry in sawdust, or with tit>- papcr, and polish np with cliamois skin. To Make and Apply Gold-Platdto Powder.— Prepare chloride of gold tho same us for plating with a battery. Add t *C., RECEIPTS. 349 air till dry. nltf-r \v^^ i ''^"'•*''' wliitii,^ nnd w f ^ '" ^^'s^o'ved. Add J^^y; tlieii, with iSS-nr^^''^''.' ^^^'theSaufin''''' '"*«* or «oft leather ^ ^•'^** amalgam, then Ix>bSh^p^wVt?i','" *'? "^« a- -ch a. Ait .rU™ «»«' '-of Zf , To CCT Glass Rnrr^ ''^'^ ^^^ i^juie ^SZ^'^S^i ^?"^^'>Su^So^S 1,^— -Scratch *!l^r just deepenon^h f"^il "'« scratch, sink ?l,« ^^'*'°?* "^ape, o R' i...ACKrr^^ rr *^ ^'■«»^« perfectly .^o Gild Eair^^Po *'^' "°^ " dnes iu a few S50 WATCnMAKEBS) JSWELLBRS', AC, BECEIPTS. The blAdo mny bo moistened tdth a clean raff, or a imtnll pleco o( very dry spouge dipi)ed iu the ether, aud the ^aaue effects will be produced. SiLVKKiNO Srelm. — Silver leaf and ffum water, a Rufflcient nnan- tity ; grind to a proper thickness, and cover the inside of the Knells. For a Gold Color, ffriud up gold-loaf with gam water, and apply to the inside of the shells. Liquid Foil for Silvertno Glass Globus, &c.— I^ad. 1 part; tin, 1 part; bismuth, 1 part; melt, and, just before it sets, aad innr- eury, 10 parts. Tour this into the globe, and turn it rapidly round. SiLVRR-PiJLTERs' Strippino Liqttit). — Sulnhnrlc acid, 8 parts; nitre, 1 i)art Used to recover silver from old plated ware. To Silver Clock Faceb. &c. — Old silver lace, J oz. ; nitric acid, 1 OE. Boil them over a gentle fire for al)out 5 minutes in an earthen ix)t After the silver is dissolved, take the mixture off, and mix it in a pint of clean water, then ytoxiT it into another vessel free from sedi- ment; then add a tablespocmful of common salt, and the silver will ho precipitated in the form of a white powder of curd; pour off the acid, and mix the cnrd with 2 oz. salt of tartar, and ^ oz. whiting, all to- gether, and it is ready for use. To U8E.--Clean your brass or copper plate with rotten-stone and a piece of old hat ; rub it with salt and water with your hand. Then take a little of the composition on your finger, and rnb it over your plate, and it will firmly adhere and com- pletely silver it. Wash it well with water. "When dry, rub it with a clean mg, and varnish with this varnish for clock faces. Spirits of wine, 1 i>t. ; divide in three parts, mix one part with gum-matdic in a bottle by itself; 1 part spirits aud ^ oz. sandarac in another bottle; and 1 part snirits and ^ oi. of whitest gum benjamin, in another bat- tle; iilx ana temper to your mind. If too thin, some mastic; if too soft, some sandarao or benjamin. When you use it, warm tho silvered plate before the fire, and, with a flat camels' -hair pencil, stroke it over till no white streaks appear, and this will prebervo tlio silvering for many years. REPiNma Gold and Sii/(rER.— The art of assaying gold and sil- ver is founded upon the feeble afBnity which these have for Oiiygen in comparison with copper, tin, and other cheap njf>tals, and on* tho tendency which the latter metals have to oxidize rap'dly in contact with lead at a high tcmperatnro, and sink with it into any iHjroiui. earthy vessel in a thin, glassy, ntrified mass. The precious metal Imving previously been accurati'ly weighed and prepa/cd, the firet proceK" 18 CuPRLLATioN. The muffle, with cuiW pr6i»crlv ananged on the " muffle plate," is placed in tho furnace, and tlie cnarcoal ad- ded, and lighted at the top by mea: a of a few ignited pieces thwwn on Ifflt. After the cupels have been exposed to a strong white heat for about half an hour, and have become white liot, the lead is put into tliem bv means of tongs. As soon as this becomes bright rc'nplolH Cd 1?iu '3 ?r'""?"« otS:Mu quarter of S^hm,r jJtif "f'"^ "^^^ a ^iral K^^«V/ '^"^<^ oui •""" . iueaiioviHciin«h«A «*''"» "loiaethod nf oZ„ ••' \""»ist or I"^.'«"^» ^>»: ^'^Pl<'tmumZiom1^L fr ^"^""tUug^tj.o*,^^^^ dissolved f.'ition ... this menst%Tm'.^!:!.^^« ^a nitric iid ^fho Kr^ '^r « i^^S^SF^fii^lg 352 WATCHMAKERS. JEWELLERS*, AC.» RECEIPTS. m ¥» which representfl 50-lOOOtfas of fineness, and so on of nnaller divi- siona. ENAMBLtiiKO ox G01.D on CJoPTEB.— Tho baals of all enamels i« a highly transparent and f nsiblo glass, called fiwt, flux, or pastk, which rendily receives a color on tlie addition of the metallic oxides. Preparation. — Red lead, 16 parts; calcined borax, 3 parts; poimded flint glass, 12 parts; flints, 4 parts. Fnso in a Hessian crucible for 12 liours, then ponr it out into water, and reduce it to powder in a bis- cnit-ware mortar. The following directions will serve to show how the coloring preparations are made : Black enamels are made with jieroxide of manganese, or protoxide of iron, to which more deptli of color is given witli a little cobalt Violet enamel of a verv fine hno is made from peroxide of manmncse, in small quantity, with saline or alkaline fluxes. Red enamel is mado from the protoxide of copper. Boil a solution of equal parts of sugar and acetate of copper in four parts of water. The sugar takes possession of a (wrtion of the cupre- ous oxide, and reduces it to the protoxide; when it may bo precipi- tated in the form of a granular powder of a brilliant red. After about two hours of moderate boiling, the liquid is set aside to settle, de- canted off the precipitate, which is waslied and dried. By this puro oxide any tint may be obtahicd from red to orange by adding .1 greater or smaller quantity of peroxide of iron. The oxiJe and puri)le of Cassias are likewise employed to color red enamel. Tiii.s composition resists a strong fire very wclL Orecn enamel can bo produced by a mixture of yellow and blue, but is generally obtiined direct from the oxide of copper, or, better still, with the oxide of chrome, wliioh last will resist a strong heat Yetlow. — Take one it'.rt of white oxide of antimony, with from one to three parts of whito lend, one of alum, and one of sal-ammoniac. Kach of these sub- stances is to be pulverized, then all are to be exactly mixed, and ex- posed to a heat adequate to decompose the sal-ammoniac. This oper- ation is Judged to be finished when the yellow color is well brouglit out. JDlue. — ^This color is obtained from the oxide of cobalt, or some of its combinations, and it produces it with such intensity that only a verv little can be used lest the shade shonld pass into black, A white enamel mav be nrcpared witli a calcine formed of 2 parts of tiu and 1 of lead, calcinca together : of this combined oxide, 1 part is melted with two parts of fine crystal and a very little manganese, all prcvionsly ground together. When the fusion is complete, the vitreous matter is to be poured into clear water, and the frit is then dried and melted anew. Reiwat the pouring into water three or four tlnien, to Insure a perfect combination. Screen the cmclble from smoke and flame. The smallest portions of oxide of iron or copper admitted In- to this enamtl will destroy its value. The artist prepares his enamel colors by pounding them in an agate moitar, with an agate pestle, and grinding them on an agate slab, with oil or lavender rendereil viscid by oxi>o8uro to the sun, In a shallow vessel, loosely covoreil with gauze or glass. lie shonld have alongside of liim a stovo, in vhicli a modorato fire is kept up, for drying his work whenever tlio flgui^s are finished. It is then passed through the muffle. Br.AOK ICnajiel on Golh ob Silver. — Take i iienn3rweiglit n( silver, 2.J pennyweights of copi>or, 3^ pcnnjr^vcights of lead, and 2\ penny weigh '..^ of muriate of ammonia. Melt together, and iK>ur into u cmcib] to bei] mixtur •ulphu] pounde into a r enameC conapoo] and poli; Sir.vE. IS made 1 a dish CO tI»o part j aa to leav plate, of I'late Hpoi then, witli the plate, adhere as wee, and i Plating plated, eit; boiling neii «pd granu] nickel is d manner. muriatic aci< neat until re "qiior into i carbonate of njuriatic acic miiriatic nci( articlea, afte; receiving n pi liquid boinL f cconds to ai ;?»'d,there< mtie practice dumtlon of t gnidualiy inc, FjWed, tfie aS '• clean water t'onofcolorin. frticles of dtv "nmersion in t ;Wug a Zil "'cnexpelliugt , Spot Gi£wn «''^«,i8doMby lie with tTrice««n,„„u._, . ^* cmciblewitht^.. ~ ""' *""' KECEirrs. 353 pounded, nnd, ivith a llntinl^®* ^^poiindh « «,, "♦'^ «"PeriIiioua into ajpaste whicJi £ ?^ ?!^^", o' murkteof nm^®"> ^e coawely plated, eithn. ii , *^^ may be ftflfn/^-j ,. . . A "rfearf 7oW ••«„„. luiaeigo tiio usual opera- S54 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. i M&^'- deposited in tliose spoto oiily-vrhcre there is no oil, and the oil is easily removed when tlie job is finished. Watchmakers* Oil.— Put thin sheet le the gecon^ coal overlhe^£"k?°'* "P^^adTlaveJ^^f^fJ^^ clJ^deiTfwJ^^J nueoiiai o-„„__r* '^'sed irradiiftji,? *„ .^ "P "team fmm /v.;J?-!r.'^ is tlie meiBe!fi 'pn?'iiSe*he air from ti^L^'^u^ ""^mp^ fuel kept from cakSe^ K^S^* *^^ ^w aw ir3?!L*®™Pf ™*°ro ig keepbig the spaSsoSn te'' *^ay «»e clSke^^**^®"*** and the absorb the ffeat kl^n^Hi *''® ^^ quite thirlJv?^*?^™'^^ cut off ipMlthegunrSvlM^'^r^ ^® "«"al ailowanri^/ "^'"^ ''•e«h fuel to «fter the fire has Wn i?"** appeam in the wi.fi u *"'* c^ery 2 or closed, otherwise ti.?!. *l™^ «* le&^on^h^^^' "'"* "ever until ■,mm, 35G MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS^ &C., RECEIPTS. ^H^' many times repeated will eventually caa«e it to leak. "Sever blow oat a boiler with a higher pressure than .50 Iba. to the sqiiare inch, as stsam at a high pressure indicates a high temperatnre in the iron, which under caretal management should oe always let down gradu- fdly. PrcTious to filling a boiler raise the valve to permit the free egress of the air which might otherwise do manifold dssage. Use every possible precaution against nsing fool wmtei* as it in- duces foaming in the boiler ; soapy or oily subctaaees and a,i insuffi- ciency of steam room have a like effect, caueinc the boiler to bum on the spots where the water la lifted from it, and the g^ass g&nges to indicate falsely, besides damaging the cylinder by priming, carrying mud, grit, water and slush into it through the pipe, and rendering the cylinder heads liable to be knocked oat. Steam from pure water at 212'' Fahr. supports a 30 inch column nf menmry. Steam from sea, or impure water at the same temperature, inll support only 23 inches. Pure soft water derived from lakes and larg«} streams, rain water from oistema, reservoirs, Ac, and springs outtide of limestone dix- tricts, is the beat for steam purposes. Water from weDs and springs in limestone dintricta and small streams, hold in solution large Suantities of chloride of sodium, carbonate of lime, sulphate of me, drc, besides quantities of vegetable matter in suspension. The carbonic acid in the water, which holds the carbonate of lime, £c., in solution, being driven off by boiling, the latter is precipitated and forms an incruHtation which adheres with obstinate tenacity to the boiler plates. By continual accretion the deposit of scale Decomcs thicker and thicker, and being a non-conductor of heat it requires 60 per cent, more fuel to rai^e the water to any ^ven temperature when the scale is ^ of an inch thick ; the conductmg power of scalo compared with that of iron being as 1 to 37. The rea scale formed from water impregnated with salts of iron, derived from percolation through iron ore, is still more destructive to ateam boUers, and in no way can the evil be completely averted except by the'nse of chemicals, which will neutralize the different corrosive impurities in the water. Hee arlide on Incrustation, page 3G8. In tubular boilers, the hand bole should be opened frequently and all sediment removed from over the fire ; keep the sheets, fines. tubes, gauge cocks, glass gauges and connections well swept ana perfectly clean, and the boiler and engine-room in neat condition. Keep a sharp lookout for leaks, and repair than if possible without delay, and allow no water to come in contact with the exterior of the boiler under any circumstances. Examine and repnt every blister as soon as it appears, and make frequent and thforoogh examinations of the boiler with a small steel hammer. In case of foaming, close the throttle, and ke^ closed long enough to show true level of water. If the water level is ri^ht, feeding and blowing will generally stop the trouble. With muddy water it is a safe rule to blow out ti or o inches every day. If foaming is violent from dirty water, or change from salt to fresh, or from fresh to salt, in addition to following the above direotiona, cheek, dnaght, and oover the fire with ashes or fresh f ueL Great watohfulness is necessary when steam ia railed, the safety valve there U latent Jfrequei boiler a coming' vnlvo jn< instant ii from a p: ^ach, ia t ought to explosive at CO lbs. From ai or to decli tent men s u»aa that < over witlio 0/ steam p, liable to ni during danc DoUcr. In " coiisideratio: eent assista occasion Tvas tne war veg vacancies bv the new "Oi W»cedno taelUustrioiu pt hold of a il! ^^as sudde (nvept the "e ijto the fire r ^'nsequentref i'i? P'aton bad «"P-oocks, wh S"ch time all ^notion of ynire '"eoiston. TJiV explosive ener-v ,„ o J'S^^ance of evS-v 3 "*® '^'^Sine at ro2. r? gent assistants TTm^r^ 'e^ doUars debar vnn^/^^ °° "<^« Jet tlio occasion wasT^ ^tu ^nrkisb mode ot^J.^ '*?'" secnriiiff IntPjii the war v2LS^*^,<*«iSe the Ssh pS''- ^"^'ness on aS vacancies b?Staffi^^^K^^'« ^"""in S?*^!? ^^'° bwuVt S? the new ''%!m^^^^^*S cheap preen hand, ^b}"^' «nd supblv S ^^'ites to the rrnrrf ■ . ' *^®*P «U)r and tJio J^of at least SO j)er ceni ^^ ^® ^^""•''Jdemblv }"w t ^^^ necessary P'/)es and steanirJlrtl f '' «"«»"? from tlis J^« ". ^F' 'o' there is a Wction of ^ive^ftVi^ '^diatlonof ioi't^b?1^^^^^^ theVtiJ,; *^' ■qoare inch on n^^ 358 UACUIMISTS, £NGIN££BS', XC, BXCEIPTS. \ pUton, tho greater the loss of power from the atmospheric pressure ; for instance, a steam pressure of 30 lbs. per square inch on the piston, leaves only 15 lbs per square inch effective pressure fur actual worlc, the other 15 lbs. being reauircd to overcome atmospheric pressure. In tightening piston roa packing, screw no tighter tluui merely to prevent leakage; any more consumes power by mction, and will des- troy the packing. Spring packing in tue cylinder should bo adjusted with great care, always kept up to its place, and never allowed to become loose, or leakage will ensue, causing loss of power. On tho other hand, if it is set too tight it will cut the cylinder, and loss will result from friction. Keep your packing free from grit, sand, filings, &c., as such substances will cut tlio cylinder and flute tlie rod. Remove all old packing before inserting new, observing to cut tho packing into proper lengths, and brealdng joints by placing each joint on opposite sides of the stuffing box. Keep the governor clean, cosy in its movements, and avoid excessive tight packing aromid tho spindle. Use good oils. Avoid waste in the use of oil, as too great profusion generates gum and dirt Use it with judgment iu combi- nation with concentrated ley when it is reauired to remove gum or dirt from these or other parts of the macuinerr. Do not lubricate the cyUnder until after starting tho engine^ and closing the drip cocks. If you have occasion to separate a rust joint, or any crank from a shaft on which it has been shrunk, the simplest i>lau is to apply heat, when the bodies being of different dimensions will expand unequally and separate. Iron when heated expands with irresistible force. Railway contractors know that the heat of the sun on a warm dav will cause such an extension of the iron, that tho rails, if laid mth close joints, will rise with tlie sleepers from the ballast, and form arches 4 or 6 feet high and 60 or 60 feet in length. In accommoda- tion to tills law of expansion, spaces are left between tho rails on mil< way traclcs. The contraction of iron by cold is eqnally powerful, and has been put to good use in trueing up large bulging buildings by fitting iron girders across them with strong wall pmt^ at each end. Then, by applying gas jets all along the £[irders they will expand ; tlie screws are then tightened up, and the girders allowed to cool, and the strain of these contractions several times repeated is suiilcient to bring the walls to the perpendicular. Again, in hoisting heavy machinery, &c. by means of pulley-blocks, if the rones stretch and the blocks coma together too soon, wet tlie rope, ana the object will be elevated by its contraction vdthout any other force. These hints will be found useful when occasion offers. In driving the kegs on the crank-pin and cross-head, nse a leaden mallet, or mterpose a piece of leatlier, or a sheet of soft metal for protection, if a steel hammer is used. The piston should be removed every 6 months, and the parts in- jured by friction, &c. carefully groimd, fitted, and if need be turned, trued, and made steam tiglit. If knockuig occurs in the enguie it may arise by the crank being ahead of the steam ; if so, move tho eccentric forward to give more lead on the valve, if caused by too much lead move the eccentric further back, if caused by the exhaust closing too soon, enlarge the exhaust chamber in tho valve ; if caused by tho eDj^e being out of line, or by hard or tight piston rod packing, these ffwilts mi the valve be that 1 blocks, ki Jiead, If fl< are too ti^ on tlie ej Knocking der, causi remedy fo Keep a ( if they are tightened t rot tight ei the engine. I^d sore t tell accurat hotter than 'team from contrivance ing with a i ^hcn steam on the outslc Steam p^ "ictallic pac and tallow fa foils, asbesto in long loose tallow, with { "';? Is always «ro cold, a£d tallow pre vioi To Work presanre to tl peater than t TO derived. ■ Btcam engine, extent, and a °t Bteam fron .^cj'es the en the fall length ihemostav the full travel, w the square ii *nc average nri requiring tnlly inilpressnr^ofi ™ch marked C, MACHINISTS, ENGINEEns', &C.f RECEIPTS 359 faults mnst be corrected ; 1( cansed by lost motion in the jam nnts on the valve, uncover the steam chest and ad j ust tliem correctly. It may be that knocking is caused bv lost motion in the crank-pin, pillow- blocks, key of the piston in the cross-head, or boxes on the cross* head. If so. tighten the key, or file off the edges of the boxes if they ore too tight. Should knocking arise from shoulders becoming worn on the ends of the guides rrom any cause, replace the guides. Knocking may be caused by insufficient counterboring in the cylin- der, causing derangement in the movements of the piston. The remedy for this is to re-counterbore the cvlindor to the proper depth. Keep a close watch over the journals of the crank and cross-head, if they are loose in the boxes, or too tight, they v/ill run badly, if tightened too ranch, they will heat and wear out the brass shoes, if not tight enough there is danger of the keys flying out and br«iking the engfaie. Be sure that ronr steam gauge indicates truthfully. It onght to tell accurately viopreisure of steam in the boiler when the water is hotter than 212° Fahr., and indicate the variation in the pressure of Btc.im from time to time; but many gauges are much worse than the contrivance used by the colored engineer, who, disdainfully dispens- ing with a gauge altogether, used to ascertain the critical moment when steam was np, or danger at hand, by clapping his open hand on the outside of the boiler. 8TEAM Fackhto.— Many varieties of packing are nsed, snch as metallic packing, packing composed of a mixtnre of duck, paper and tallow in proper proportions, soapstone and loose twisted cotton coils, asbestos, jute, occ. An excellent pacldng is composed of hemp in long loosely twisted coUs, well saturated with melt^ grease or tallow, with as much pxilveriied black lead as it will absorb. Pack- ing is always applied with the best effect when the parts of the engine aro cold, and its efficiency is promoted by soaking it in beeswax and tallow previous to use. To WORK Stbam Expanstvelt. — ^The volume of steam at 19 lbs. pressure to the square inch or atmospheric pressure is 1700 times greater than that of any given Quantity of water from which it may DO derived. When confined nnaer pressure, as in the cylinder of a steam engine, it is always in the effort to expand itself to the fullest extent, and a vast saving of fuel is effected by cutting off the supplv of steam from the piston by means of the main valve, before ft reaches the end of its stroke, instead of allowing it to flow during the full length of its stroke. The most available points at which to cut off steam is i, ) and { of the full travel or stroke of the piston. If steam at 75 lbs. pressure to the square inch is applied to the piston and cut off at half stroke, the average pressure, during the whole stroke, owing to the expan- Bive quality of the steam, would be 63^ lbs., or only 11^ lbs. less than the fitll pressure, although but half the quantity of steam Is used, requiring fully * less fuel. Imagine the diagram to be a cylinder of 3 ft. in length, with steam at GO lbs. pressure, entering the open port. During the first 4 faiches of the travel of the piston the steam port is open, permitting the fall pressnreof'the steam to operate on the piston ; but at the twelfth inch marked C, the steam lap on the valve V closes the port The 360 MACnUS'ISTS, ENGINEEBS', AC, RECEIPTS. Imprisoned steam will now propel the piston to the end of the Btroke, driving out the liberated steam through the port A into the exhaust cavity B, but by the time the piston reaches D, 12 inches B ^. ■ J • 1 E D C from C, the original pressure of fiO lbs. per square inch will have decreased one-half, or to 30 lbs., and when it reaches E, 24 inches from C, it M-ill have still further decreased to 20 lbs. Average pres- sure 39 lbs. Two-thirds of the stroke have thus been made witnout any supply of steam from tlie boiler, and forma tlie saving due to working the ^>;team expansively. The lack of this contrivance is tlio true reason why some engines use more fuel and steam, than others of the same capacity and power. It has been etatcd that the economy of the Corliss cut-off is such that it requires only 2 tons of coal instead of 61 tons used by other engines of the same power, but tlio great trouble with that engine is the liability of the complex and costly valve-gear to get out of order, entailing difficult and expensive repairs. Table.— ."^^icin/y ih<', averar/e Pressure of Steam on the cylinder when cut off" at h ^ and | of the stroke or travel of the Piston, com- mencing with 25 lbs, advancing by lbs. and ending at 100 lbs. 15 21 24 30 173 25| 28| 45 261 38 43i 50 56 160 165 [70 |76' 180 185 90 95 ilOOl |443 473(50,3531 '56; 672,72] 76|;80: 77}|82 87 i9l|l To realize the best results from steam, keep the cylinders, pip^^i &c., well covered with good non-conductors. Various materials are used, such as common felting, asbestos felting, hair, old wool, tow or hemp carpetA cut up into strips of the proper size and smeared over with a substantial composition of mortar, teased hair, &c, before applying to the pii)e8. Cover the whole with coarso canvas. Gnisti- fa? wftJ Dujiers V brown J worked i •nixture, *c.. see well cJoU tpe latter tion again bostabflor aurfion jo To Set o' its stroJi "10 crank t fMjwndinff f'tlier end justing tJio ""I'lnge aga Jiistjng the i"8ton, the e amount of h msivo ^orl trnvej of tho "cad centre ^oen the i stroke of the, wat carries th the stroke isle .^0 rrvD m {neon the hea The difference "« eccentric. Lead oy Tn of opening ^,,^ « 'It the end of presents ot/f^/cfe JWchoughttot M'espeedsfow^^. JJ^rtain wheTiJ «e steam chest • Hort batten of ' mthatwUiaD rwveseati.ioJJ*' J??,-"»«v,^co.,.<„ „ '■*"•'»■'«»'«. 361 boJiere with a tMd^i^if °' ^^»'te lend ov-ir ♦! iu'tion Kin .. ^ °°nn^ctiy Rct t . ' "'^« "«» J"st.mg the ntitfl SS's*""^ ^e equal V dK'.vi„^''° V'^pondc ""Pinge against the^-t^« '^^ ^«^ o to Ue S' *)^° "»'ef«I in «d ' ^w 862 MACHINISTS, ENOINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. dooi not tl)o cxhauBt chamber in the valve should bo euljuged to th* fight IU2tt. j-f t Lead is given to a valvo to enable the steam to act as a cxtthion on the piston, by admitting the steam to it previous to tlie end of iti KtroKe, in order to cause it to reverse its motion easily, without jar or noise, for it is not allowed to touch the top and bottom of cylinder for fear of luocking them out. The space between the top and bottom of the cylinder and the piston, when the latter is at the end of \\$ Etrolce, is called the clearance, shown at C on diagram. The term clearance is also used to designate tlte capacity of the connecting eteam ports cand passages. It is necessary to guard against too much cushion as it greatly imimirs the powers of the engine, causing violeut thumjpmg or Knocking, and sometimes a serious breakdown. One- eighth of an inch lead is sufflcient for an ordinary freight and 1-lG is sufficient for passenger locomotives, the difference being on account of the greater speed of the latter. Lap on the Sudb Valve. — The steam lap on the slide valve ii the amount by which it extends over the extreme width of th« '« reguli steajji t> faces of •'y whicfi J'liOHii ai vaive the t'JC|)lninc(j i'ABU Trai Travel ofthe I Vaivo in niches. cylinder ports, as illustrated in the diagram, the distance between the dotted lines B B LL, and the sides of the ports P P, being in each case the lap, the lines B B indicating the outside lap, and L L denot- ing the inside lap, £ P exhaust i)ort, E exhaust cavity in valve. V S vuve seat, C C valve face. The emission of steam into the cylinder ~1 ."I'd reliable fnve (?f^. pipes, the oil I °^">athirdDi^ '^^^Sh an orSS °> *C., RECEIPTS 363 Jl^SS ^^S*''?*^^ «"^ inner edg,^ of th« . faces ort™Valved!i\® ''*'^'« ^^ «« ^^Su^L*"^® T^'ye and of the »>y which each facfiPo'" ''''*«/ ^^0 steain iw^ l^,''* "V* «t«>'»e th« ^'li e the eiigiae ia eimS *"^ "''^"» o' the steam in ^ V'® i^'^ *» "fis .-5;, 1 rr " """" "'^"''"'^ ^ •^"-- «"«t;e j^eam w cut off. Travel of the Valve in iuches, \ M A i I .^ Ill' e-^ 364 MAGni>:serte(», Inmi »^hef may be weds that of extensive use l>erforated m< "composed. J attained the t< which vaijes i KaUoysun 'Ortheron. Ai attached to soi ««ch thickness exceeds that or nso should be r steam gauges, j MACHINISTS, ENGlXEERfi' ^o ^•^CCRS, XC, RECEIPTS qfi*; n pregsnre of lOO lb» n« ♦u **^ forco within it« toteriA, «#*^® »a"are inch it «,♦„, flueo, each2feet^jn«K^^^'^o"ff. feet 4i«^ ? '^ **'o "train uunn hare the force of SloVn-' «^8ed to pffi, "'^ ""D^ber of tho Ro farther, and irtiSa&S''"'* ""^^ ^ ffin'aif I ^2*' °°'* ^e H-^-o-SxSKf-tK^^^^^ should 6o IpadSilttj^^til the Jefyl'vaU k hW*«^ into o"«Si.e?S>^»^^ The force of comm«^.^°«' -red eqtia^v»«VJ^*.?..*^® same ^^ l?reater safety ^uK?" ^"'f «o d^ffeZ??t.'^"'i,''^°o"^erS^S yere in the ratj 1 to 21 f "?^®<^ ^' the diameter^f"}^**'?' «' ^S 4s regards Se rfii«?s^ "?stcadof l to 3 of th« !^°' *^® Eternal flS that '^(S^nZfguJi'^ .^d "tw^-tt. of flll™';^' o' tiTboae? «wre of one 3 Ret ?.? S^.^^ *^ <««nieteTwi?I r«c?^.' i' "ay »>e stated common iS melS it» *°i'^^^'^«te dSe^fSiST * '"«Se 5?^ inserted in,niediateJ?/.r° J,-'* "^vet of thK«L. t*? ^9^^ ^ater. Ai «!lief may be obSfSL*'!®^ **>« fi^e place win 2?^' ^.^^^h in dlametaT wtensive use is inSA%^,7«' o' tho heaff n?o^ °' V'^ steam ex- l^erfonited metoliSc if/y* ™«ta°pK ;r?nSi ^" ^^nS, an IP^ ifit 366 UAcniNiSTS, engineers', £C., seceipts of tho gUuw tubes affixed to the fronts of the hoilers, the height of the water within the boiler is indicated at once, for the water will stand at the same height in the tube that it stands in the boiler, communication being established with tho water belofw and the steam above, by means of stop cocks. When dry steam is an object, tb') nse of tho steam dome on boilers is strongly recommended; opiniou are divided as to the real value of mud drams, some reason strongly in their favor while others discard th'dm entirely ; but there can be uo question as to the true economy of luAtiiig the feed water previous to emission into th« boiler ; it should slwaya be dme when practicable to do so, by means of some one of ihe many oontrhnmoes for that purpose which are now in the marlcet. Regarding the power of boilers, it may be stated that a boiler 30 feet long and 3 feet in diameter, wUl afford 90x3x3.14x2—141.80 square feet » lis coal. Lenjrth of fluo boilers should not ctkcwvI 5 times their diametor, diameter 01 Uuob uotmoro than 12 to 14 hi. ; ii lundo loiter, use heavier iron tb4ux that used iu the i»licU ot boiler, aud construct widi butt joints. Cornish amJ Lancashire Boilers. In Euglond, Q)rui8h boilers are known as those Xuriiiahcd witlt one internal flae, and are usually of great cai)acity and \x>\fet, Itaviu^j plenty of sleam room. J^iuca- shiro boilers liavo 2 flues. Jictura Flue Boiler. ^Vlleu a boiler is Attod witU a tluo curviug round at tlio rear, a&d returning to tiio front, it is called a return Hue boiler. Sco diagrams of boilers. BoiiAU Sh£UJ3.— For a boiler of 48 iu. iu dmmeter, to carry 00 lbs. f)er square iu. pressure, uho | in. to 9 iu. good plates. Wrought irou leads for ditto, g to $ incli. Tube S/icets and Crown Sheets /or ditto. g to I indi. Jiiveta ou boilers up to 42 in. diam. aud | iu. iron, should bo g in. for curvilinear, aud g in. for lon^tuduial rircta for single riveted tcork. On dotible rlvetetl vrorK, In. rivcU will answer for both Idnds of scnms. For 5-10 iron down to 3-10 bi. smaller rivets will answer. Drilled rivet holes are preferable to punched. It is highly bcneilcial to heat the boiler plates bcforo roUhig to form the shell of the boiler. The fibre of the iron should always run around the boiler, never across it A steel shell boiler 4 ft. iu diam. and ^ in. thick, U aa strong as an iron boiler ot samo diam. and § in. tliick, aud will evaporate 25 i^cr cent, more water, besides being more free from incrustation and corrosion. Tho work- lug pressure of boilers should be 5 times less tlum the borstiug pressure. CoMrosmoir ron Covraira Boh-eus, &c.— Road scrapings, frco from stones, 2 parts ; cow manuro, gatlicrcd frum tho pasture, 1 part ; mix tliorouglily. and add to c:ich barrowful of the mixture G lbs of fire clay ; ) lu. of flax shoves or chopped hay, and 4 ozs. teased hair. It must bo well mixed and chopped ; then add as much water as will oring it to tho consistency of mortar, — tho moro it ia worked the tougher xt i«. It may cither be put on with iho trowel or daubed ou witli the luind, tlio fln bo the 01 "fi'ainst its The artic *«twfactory -njurions ac "tendency i oHhe plate, A close in » remedy cai -.AVBBAOE ^'Pe should J^irhaiist Pi, »nould be i t *f«el. Fo/h' ]^y acconih alves .houl, jwt of grate ,^aM,fortiio l^ose with rig , Rlxe fob iiie nomhial t'de tho a5 MACHINISTS, ENOmEPPQ» ^ imrnatation and umltt <«iqi « . Mr. Ham, JSta3tSS,j! ^i?»Bt. "'"°'*"« ««"». will .ho, JMr from taputS^iS Sv '» 1871, thSlK .if^''*"" A'loch- which are « '-n^ 870 UACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC., RECfilPTS. area of cylinder's diameter by 12*5, whicfa win giro the mimber of horse-power, iucluding all f: iction. Stbokb of Enoines.— The stroke of an enjB:ine rariee acoordlnj; to circumstances, wiiicli tlte designer must tain; inio consideration; but the general mlo is to make the stroke about twice the diameter of the cylinder. The diameter of the fly-wheel should he about 4 times the stroke of tho cugme, and the rim aikoald weigh about 3cwt per horse-power. RCLK TO Fiyi> THE HORSB-POWEB <^ StATIOWAKV ENOrMKS.— Multiply tlie ai;ea of tho piston by the average presaine in lbs. \\et square inch. Multiply thisproduct by (he travel of the piston in feet per minute; divide by 33,000, this will give the hone-pdiwrer.— JKojie?'. Exavfle: Diameter of cyliuder 13 if J (,.' 144 '• 7854 Area of viaion .. 113,0070 Pressure, TO ; Average pressure, SO Travel of piston iu feet per min. so 0694.880 300 33,000)1006464.000 5L horse-power. BatjAstce Wiiet:ls.— Every balance wheel should be speeded up so as to run twice or three times as fast as the crank shaft it is iu- teuded to balance. When a balance wheel is applied iu this way it makes tlie machine rim a great deal more steadily, for, when tlio balance wheel is geared into the crank shaft, and runs two or three times fluster than the crank shfift, it fionns a power of itself when going over the centre, which propels the cxaak shaft until it reaches tho quarter, where it anm takes its powor from tlio machine. Altiiough it takes an aoditiooal shaft ami coars to apply a balance wheel in this way, tlie saving of metal m the baloucn wheel fully compensates for the extra labor; for, when a balance wheel is speedca tlirce times as last as the crank shaft, it needs only CAO third of tho metal in it that it would were it not sixicdod up at all, and if balance wheels were applied in this way generally it would make ail ougiues rim far more steadily. To Reverse an LwriNE.— Make a l^ble v rk on the eccentric near the shaft, make a similar mark on the sba^t at the same place. Now place one point of tho calli|>cni on the mark made on the shaft, and with the otlier point ascertain the centre of *he sbtaft on the op- posite side, making anotlicr mark there also. Next unscrew tho eccentric and move it in tho direction in whicli yon wish the engine to run, until tho mark on tho eccentric comes into line with the second mark on the shaft, then screw the eccoitBe fut and the engine will nm tho reverse way. I ,,5^«'NE Beau 'jeamers. The \ yJ«cros8,8u^, Jftixiwerfnlwn pn orm lo the ca ted to i^ceive tlie ^."^ the main , restuig on tho//a/ i!**- MACnmiSTS AXD KXOIXEERS- DEPARTSTEKT. 371 I Warine Beam Fvo \ > I "« ui wood, forming a tJ72 BIACHIMSTS AND ENGIXEEBS' DEPARTMENT. trianslcs as shown nt DD in cut. Tliese again rest on massive beanij* styled keelsons, shown at KK, and are braced and rigidly secured to the vessel and machinery by other powerful timbers, knees, straits, and iron fastenings. The guides are shown at B. The main link is shown at A, the rowicctiuf/ rod at C, the vnh-f ttem at V, and the cyWider at F, iu a vertical position over the con- denser. The steam cylinder F, is usually a massive casting, annular in form, bored and fuiished very true for the easy movements of the piston. It rests on a roinid Hanged casting containing the lower steam ix)rt, called the cylinder bottom, which intervenes l^tweeu it and thn condenser S, and is securely attached to each, by bolts and .stcim tight rust ioints. The elevated end of the cylinder is imm(tvai)ly braced to the framing above. The valve chest is shown at £K, the air pump at I, the hot well at G, the boiler feed pump at R, and the delivery pipe at P. The condenser S, iu which the exhaust steam is reduced to a limiid form, is of the same shape and diameter as the cylinder, flanged nt l)oth ends, and its conteuta should be 13-30ths of the simce through which the piston moves during one stroke. The wooden frame which sustains tlio main beam is attached by stout bolts and kevs to strong flanges which project from the conclenser, the upper part is cast close and the lower end is open and fitted accurately on the bed plate to which it is attached by a rust joint and bolts. In the method known as " surface condensiug" the process is ef- fected by causing the steam to imss through an arrangement of tu1)eH submoreed iu running cjld water ; the other method, known a.<« "jot condennog," and by far the cheapest arrangement, consists in bring- ing the steam in contart with a jet of cold water as shown in the fol- lowing diagram, where J represents the jet; E, the exhaust pipe, P, ISf the injection piiic; H, air-pump cylinder; AA, air-pump valves, V, air-pump rod ; D, delivery valve ; H, hot well. The next cut represents Sewall's surface condenser, in which the cxlmurtt Hteiini enters at B and is liquefied by contact with the exterior surfaces of the tubes ; the Inieotion water Is admitted at the oncuing K, i)aHi»Ps through the foot valves L L L and is driven through tuo de- livery valves S. The water of condensation passes through the delivery valves N, O, P, and is driven tlu-ough the delivery valves I and fr.iry, the sur t lat It may be tills way mai //■("quent blow "10 plates of t! ^xhaust valvcf '"to the condi former to such tance owing to fied by applyin btartaig t'he enj ^ "o piston o I'.'K^king, and is I'^T and lower MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS* DEPARTMENT. 373 the outboard J, into a cistern from which the Iwilcra are supplied by the feed pumps with their water. The apertures D F, are the ciids of a pipe connecting the fresh and salt water cistenu, so that nny Hhorta^e in tlte feed water miiy bo furnished from the latter ri.«tcm. H represents the end of a pipe throi'gh which the auxiliary ])iirnp draws water, and A is an air chamber for the salt water ristern. The jet condenser is the lichtest, simplest and cheapest of tlic two, only it has tho fault of supplying salt water to the boilers, as tlie condensed steam and the sea water jet intermingle; on the con- trary, the surface condenser preserves the water of condensation so that it may be used in tho boilers many times in succession, and in this way maintains its freshness, dispensing witli tho nocessity of frequent blowing off in order to avert the danger of salt deposits on tho plates of the boilers. Care should be used to keep tlic steam and l^xhaust valves staani tight in order to prevent the leakage of steam into tho conden.ser while the engine is at rest, thereby heating the former to such an extent that tho injection water cannot find admit- tance owing to tlic pressure. In such cases the trouble may be recti- liod by applying cold water to tho exterior of the condenser, or by btarting the engine and moving it a few strokes. Tho piston of the marine engine possesses the usual form of spring parking, and is |iowerfnlly braced by diverging arms cast oji the uj> l>cr and lower tlanges. the cyliudcir head in similarly strengthened I 371 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS* DEPARTMENT. iutenially, while the exterior or ontnide is turned and nsually Itept highly imlished. Tlie steam chests contain the usual appliances of the receiving and exhaust steam passages, valves and valve seats ; the lower chest contains the outlet or exhaust port communicating with the condenser, while the higher chest embraces the throttle valve pipe connected with the supply pipe, oommnnicating with the boilers. The stejiin chests are very accurately fitted and strongly secured to the cvliuder. and the valve bonnets and piston rod glands are turned and kept bright. The valves which control the flow of the steam are of the description styled double-balance valves, because the downward pressure on one valve is almost balanced by an oppo- site pressure on the other, the two being connected in pairs, and being retained in their seats, by the highest valve in the pairs on the induction side and the lowest valve of each iiair on the exhaust side being somewhat larger than the otlicra, thiis inducing a very slight unbdanced pressure. The valve gear embraces the lifter rods, and lifters, the rock-shafts and their levers. The lifter rods, four in num- ber, have a vertical movement up and down on guides attached to the Htcam chests and side pipes, ana to these rods, eight projecting arni!i, called lifters, are attacned by keys. Four of the lifters connect with the extremities of the valve spinales, screwed, and fitted with donble jam nuts, the other four are set vertically over the levers on the rock- shaft, which imi>art8 their motion to them. The rock-shafts, two in number, one for the induction and the other for the exhaust valves, arc operated by distinct eccentrics. There are four levers on the shafts, operating and raising the rods and lifters, and to in''uce a smooth movement, they are bent or inflocted on their working \ ccn. Cast iron aide pipes polished, turned, and ornamented, connect the steam cbestri, and are fitted with expansion rings of sheet copper to accommodate or compensate for the unequal expansion or contraction of the metaL The lifter rods with the valves, are alternately elevated and de- pressed, by the rocking or reciprocating movement of the shaftn. The length of the exhaust levers is so adjusted as to impart the exnrt amount of lift and lead, and are so regulated on their rock-shaft that the elevation of one rod commences at the very Instant the other is completely depressed. The Induction or steam levers are longer than the uist noted, and are placed on thin rock-siiafts so as to incline to each other, so that a space intervenes between the elevation of one rod and the depression of the other, during which time both valves are down, and tne steam connection stopped. This mechanism forms tlie expansive cut off gear, and may be partially changed by varying tlie fixture or position of the eccentrics on the shaft, the pin in the eccentric lever, and the levers on the rock-shaft ; tlie rec,uired lift of the valves may be adjusted by changing the position of the eccentric pin. The trip, or rock-shaft is a wrought Iron shaft moving in solid bear- ings on the lower steam chest, and is fitted with substantial proicc- tiuns commensurate with similar ones on Uie lifter rods, which when in motion elevate and depress the valves, operating in the siime way as the largo rock-shafts. The rock-shaft Is fitted with aiiertures for the insertion of the starting bar, which in starting has to overcome the weight of the valves, lifter-rods and their connections. Duties to Marine a>d otheji ENaiXES.— Among the varied tasks t} tance Ui pjirtsof every thi looseues the evej fiiiugs, 1 vessels, : to heat. where mi Eumice a 1 troubl* ajid 8ub8( Ifdelaj tlie faces ( of the pif by regrint] tightness ( Uiie of the should bo I tions from proper arac on the top i place, in or at the prow The \ini- reiMiired ani "led tt8 op cover must pose. The J guard agnir seriously dei be made of openings anc 'Jfjeut tubes t le vacuum i the conden.Hc «»»8e. If tL( jection water denser with i pame will be 111 searching c covered. Tlu can, when asc wedges, or us Doted in this m useful occaslo nave hajjpened Jong voyages a condenser had •'on, or otherw '1 a reservoir i tindiiig Its way H Uie steam, MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS* DEPARTMENT. 375 tasks that devolve on the eof^ueer, none of them are of more impor* tancc than the imperative wntchfiihieM required to hco that nil the psirts of the encino are properly adjusted, fitted, and regulated; that evcr>'thiug i» kept in efficient order; that there is neither dangerous looseness or extreme tightnefts about the keys, nuts, bcsiriucs, etc. In the event of the crank-pin heating, apply a mixture of tallow, lead- filiugs, and black lead, or sulphur, black lead, and oil. In steam vessels, the crank-pin and the pillow-blocks ore the points roost liable to beat. The Utter may be treated witli the cooling compound else- where mentioned, or water mixed with Bath brick dust, or pulverized Eumice stome, may bo poured in through the holes in the bearings, i trouble caused by grit, the application of concentrated potash lye, and subsequent lubrication, has good elTect. If delayed in ix)rt, the piston should be removed and examined, and Uie faces of the rin^, where they compose the joints with the Hange of the piston-head and follower-plate, tried, and accurately fitted, by regrinding, etc., and the spring-packing properly adjusted. The tightness of the repairs mav be tested by the admission of steam, the use of the indicator, and a few turns of the engine. The steam cheti •liould bo uncovered, the valves, seats, etc., examineaired and corrected. The valves of the air-pump should be exam- ined us opportunity offers, and nil necessary repairs effected; the cover must ue taken off and the bucket elevated for this express pur- pose. The tcrevD-th{{fl should be kept true, and great cnre taken to guard against the glands or any other parts becoming damaged or seriously deranged in any way. Close and frequent inspection snonld be made of the condenter. which should be tested by removing the openings and pouring in cold water; and should any ooze out, the de- iicient tubes snould be either repaired or renewed. The condition of the vacuum may be ascertained by tlie vacuum guage connected with the condenser. If derangement exists, search out and rectify tho cause. If the temperature of the hot-well exceeds 100®, add more in- jection water. Test the joinings of the parts connected with the con- denser with a lighted lamp or cnndlc; if the union is imperfect, tho liame will be inhaled by the internal suction. Make thorough work in searching out leaks, and rejwiir them well whenever they are dis- covered. Tl»e entrance of air into the conden.ser and its connections, can, when ascertained, be stopped for a while, bv entering in thin wedges, or using some of the nun»erous imper^•lon9 compositions noted in this work. In the event of leakage into the conden.ser, It is useful occa8iona]ly to admit water through the aperture. Instances have happened where water-tight tanks have been fabricated (during long voyages at sea) between the side keelsons, in cases where the condenser had become inadequate to perform its use through corro- iion, or otherwise, thereby submerging the air-pumps aid condenser in a reservoir of water supplied by the ocean, excluding the air, and finding its way into the leaks, assisting the injection water In condens- ing the steam, the aperture of the injectiou-cock being iiartly shut, to IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ?^ Ilia iM ■ * IIIIM 1.8 1-25 1.4 1.6 .« 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation «■ ^\^ ■^^ { u ^'^ Kediment causin-^ thA r.w '^^o"'' cases reaiUHnU V*"®^® beineno lew »"f *'!«ly wXn„d "'""' <" "■« fire li.' We toS h?" r?''™^' « 1 1 sett,,,, »tatio„„rv bo,>„ •. '""" ""oagS "".equal settling. "^'^' ^ ^e" as prevem ^ gS/''"*^ "«» a»d Cement — q.v+^j ""»«y iineu is sewed nv^*u fi'^iK^B's Metal !l?;o^?^f"Jo~Conper1irz^^^^^^^^ and oUs^^'^ 380 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. FrRE Paris w niix to ready f( Enqineebs' Tools.— The mechanical appHances represented above, should be kent within easy reach, and, if arranged on a vertical tablel of thick plaulc, fitted with recesses conformed and adapted for the re-l ception of each tool, it would not only prove a great convenience, butj ali*o a striking ornament to the engine room. _ WAawE E BLE TO Loco BOILER^-B TJ Mts, togethe wuuterandc oils kinds T •^'.'8 a mecha JJ^^h impart £ af to exhi 'oraied by th( ''°' pressed by, MACHmiSTS AND ENGlNPi.n«' i^-NGINELRS DEPARTMENT. SSj Fire and Waterproob. n» Paris white 2 lbs., yeSow ^"^^•-^"^^'"126(1 lithar-e B lh« « 0U3 kiiids T ° 7 *^«®*J»er with gteam an^^ ^"* * Marine eiiffinn figures or numbeM^f®?* ^f^^^an^cal n,ov?mpS^ ^ "'*^ «»ff>'»o, J«l. M to exhibit^ «*?P'''>'^d throuffhihe i5^"**<^ ''' ""^^^'^r series formed by the 1^ * «^^"ce the exact i, .m?!"^^^ apertures in the pressure of stmrn^"®- ^^^ steam catiip^^'"i'' ^^^^'"tionsper- '"KorsnSi"' ''^^^ate either bvthpn£^"^^^ ^ determine tha "V°^omo«^"^.!^«»«edon8tatiol^r;te v'^ sl^owninthe '^^ conneS'i5fu"'®':<^»riaI ffaagriTformp^'ir " "^"""^ be used I ; B "'in Dotn armii of 882 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS* DEPARTMENT. the syph JU, but or the pressure rises, it will act with increasmg force on the mercury exposea to the action of the steam, and forces it to Tise iu the limb exposed to the air, and will determine the amount of the steam pressure over and above that of the atmospherej the indi- cations being exhibited on the gauge, the gradations on which arc one inch in length, consequently every inch that the mercury rises iu the tube shows a change of 2 inches in the level of the raercuiqr contained in the tube, and each inch of mercury on tlie scale represents 1 lb, pressure of steam. 'hi •?a;o7'.>cf Many excellent gauges, nearly thirty in all, are in use in the United States and Canada, among others, that of the American Steam Gauge Co. and Bourdon's, or, as it is better known in the United State:), Ashcroft's gauge, from the name of the .manufacturer, the interior of which is shown in the cut. It is composed of a thin circular metallic tube, a, closed at one end ; the steam from the boiler is intro- duced at b. The result of the steam pres- sure on the interior of the circular tube is to enlarge the circle more or less in pro- SDrtion to the pressure, the elastic proper- es of the metal operating to contract the circle to its original position on the re- moval of the pressure. The sealed or closed end of the tube is united by the link c, to the lever d, which operates a seg- mental gear or rack placed at the upper end iu gear with a pinion, which imparts .movement to a hand on a graduated circular scale as shown in , cuts above. ' The same invention, when fitted to a condenser by the pipe A, cut above, will indicate the state of the vacuum in a conaeusing //•, ^. Interior OF Ashcboi Gauge. leaks, weai aefeots witi and the tub "^placed or i Md and bln( tube fitted w ^^^" Strong ™eared on i "sed advantj "1? boilers. plate to be pn "le weak pap «id chip Its e 'n« places for »flite paiBt, d remove the de 'fell with tan , """ofl (after b, !*''5*'<'ement) *^ secnred u> »t of hemp .^.prevent le .itne boiler exi l??^*» 8 ft 10 f^, 8 ins, [:500lbs. The Jtion,andfoi ? steam, 'nns. "fang head of "a the time of be 2 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS* DEPARTMENT. 383 Sipe A, ensiag gine. lu thir. case the Indications are cansed by exterior atmospherie pressure, the gauge is graduated to extend ouily from 1 lb. up to 15 lbs., and the eutiro action is reverse from that of steam, as described abo^'e. On the opening of the tap 0, as the vacuum enlarges, the band will be flattened and the hand on the dial will move in an oppo- tlte direction from that caused by the action of steam. Ca jftE Of Steam Gauges.— A little glycerine, or sulphuric acid, placed on the surface of the mercury will keep a mercurial steam gauge in good order, by lubricating both glass and metals, preventing their adhesion. Steam Pipes.— Ruptured steam pipes may be repaired by heating and then soldering them. The condensation oj'ateam in subterranean pipes may be prevented by enclosing the pipe inside a larger one, and filling tlie vacant space between the two with a mixture of clay and teased hair, or plnster-of-Paris. Substitute fok Fire Clay for Bon.ER Fcbnaces.— To common eaith well mixed with water, add a small quantity of rock salt and allow it to stand until the salt dissolves, then use as fire clay. It an- swers very well. Watch the Leaks.— Engineers should keep a vigilant eye for leaks, weak spots, &c., and apply a prompt remedy by repainng all defects without delay. See that all the seams and rivets are tight, and the tubes and tube sheets in good order. Leaky tubes should bo replaced or stopped, by driving a tightly fitting wooden plug at each end nnd binding them by means of an iron-rod passing through the tube fitted with broad washers at each end, and screwed np tight with the"5"«««»T3 AHO E^mHEBS- DEI'ABTMENT. aos 380 MACHINISTS AND KNOINEERS' DEPARTMENT. long lino of hoso, it may bo necessary to open your relief-valve a little, but at all other times be particular to have it closed, except when you want to feed your Iwiler without forcinj; any wf.tor through the hose. 10. In the smoke-pipe, directly over the upper flue-sheet, a valve is placed, which is called the variable exhaust-valve. By oper. ating this valve the size of the aperture for the escape of the steam from the steam-cylinder is iincreased or diminished, thus reKu!atin« the draft of the chimney and the heat of the fire. This valve sliould \m closed, when the engine is started, until a fair working pressure of ntejim is obtained, after which it may be opened. 11. Care should bo taken to have tho suction hoso and its connections air-tight. 12. Open yout discharge-gate and cylinder drain-cock before starting your eni^iue. 13. Don't let the flues of your engine get filled up. 14. Bfi particular to take your engine off the springs before you work it, and to place it on the springs again when done working. 15. With a long line of hose on, bo particular to open your throttle gradually. If you open it too suddenly vou are liable to burst your hose. 16. The pumps of the engine should be examined at least once in six months, to sec tliat all the valves and parts are in good condition. 17. The pump-valves should have a lift of about three-eighths of an inch, and the suction valves tho same lift. 18. Tho inside of the steam-cylinders and the steam-valves should be oiled or tallowed always after the engine ha« worked at a fire, and as often as may be necessary to keep them well lubricated ; and all the parts of the engine, where liable to friction, should bo kept well oiled. Be particular .to use an abundance of oil on the " link-biock," where there is more friction than in any other part. 18. Tho running-gear and every part of tho engine liable to di». arrangement or accident, should be thoroughly examined every time after the engine has been out of tho house, whether it has been worked at a fire or not. 19. Whenever your engine is repaired, try to help to do it yourself, as by so doing you get a familiarity with it that you can in no other way obtain. Besides the above noted, the Amoskeag Co. manufacture self pro-j polling steam fire engines capable of attaining a continuous speed o( IG miles per hour. Steam fire engines of perfect workmanship an' immense iwwer, are also made at Seneca Falls, N. Y., Portland, Ma'iit Pawtucket, R. I., Boston, Mass. and many other places throughou! the United States. A Fireman's Respirator,— Consistmg of an iron cylinder attachi to a mask, and packed with cotton wool, glycerine, and cliarf"' ■f^dto thet 1*^ exceeds 3 'ri„^STONRwoi y. should be [W'nwmach uf "Mface, has gi l^ouJd be fitted IWjust or confon feeaSt* MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. 387 been red, tn vfitli U has bopii exhibitorl in London, by Pmf. Tvndall; the wearer \n enabled to rnniiiin in an ntnio^phero of smoke, which he could not otherwise bear, for a quarter or half an hour. An Imi'Kovkd Fikk Esc a pk, -—called tlie Jenkn-Rirhard's fire- ladder has been adopted in many p!ace«. It is a permanent fixture to the buildin;?, and is attjichcd to the csomice of the house, and comes down when the alarm ia sounded, giving the inmates a chance to esrapo when other exits are cut off, and the firemen a plan to a.,oeud with the hose, and right the fire at the greatest possible advantaRO. Cast InoN fou Steam Cymxder'*— rery Aard.— Scrap iron, 300 ll)s. Scotch plff, 40 lbs., charcoal i)ig. No. 5. 40 lbs. Anothci', very Btrong and close jirained. Scrap iron, ItA) lbs., Scotch pig, 100 lbs., charcoal pig No. 5, 80 lbs. Cylinders should bo bored in a vertical position whenever ])OBsible, removing a hea\ y cut at first and gradually cutting to within 1-32 of nn inch of the finished size, and finally bronght down to the proper dimensions by removing the balance with a cutter embodying in 1. fonn a combination of the circular and dLimond pointed iuiai^es. Some manufacturers used a mass of lead frost in the cylinder to giva it tlie proper ahane) together with emerj- and oil between the abradin;^ surfaces, for finisning their cylinders, the latter revolving slowly, ■■^ .le the operation continues. Rule fob Thickness of Steam Crr-TXDER. —Divide the I'iametcr of cylinder plus 2 by 16, and deduct a 1-lOi) part of the diameter from the quotient ; the rer a! i'er will be theproper thi kness. The deptli of the piston rings should bo equal to J the diameter of the cylinder, and the foUo^'-r plate should be equal in Uiickuess to the cylinder. The followhig (.iblo gives very f^ xxl results. Diameter of CVMNDKK. Thickness. DIA3IETEB or CVLIXDEB. Thicicness. 6 5-8 U 1 8 11-16 15 1 1-16 9 3-4 17 11-8 10 13-16 18 13-16 11 7-8 19 11-4 12 15-16 21 13-S Is s\> fcra Add to the foregoing dimensions 1-16 of an inch, when the piston ipeed exceeds 300 feet per minutd. Piston Rings. — To prevent rapid wear in the cylinder, the piston ringB should be formed of some material softer than the latter ; cast iron is much used for this purpose, as it soon attains a fine smooth seltpw-Binrface, has great endurance, and generates littl^ friction. They •hould be fitted with judgment so as to move easily between the flange ,nsbipp*Bol tlie piston-head and the follower plate, in order that they may [id, Mi^'"*»«djust or conform themselves to any slight unevenness in the cylinder. rougho^^To open piston rings, hammer them lightly with a round pene ham- mer all round their inside faces, and, as they become leaky and conode around the edges, remove them from the cylinder and true |them up in a lathe, grind, and refit them to the flange and follower plate. Piston springs are in the great majority of cases, too stiff and ;tafAie< cliarc 388 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. rigid to render them in every way satisfactory, as in many instances they entail ^'reat loss of power by unnecessary pressure against the cyhuder. Steam pistons possess the merit of low first cost, very little iriction, simpiioity, and after a proper adjustment by a competent person, give very little trouble. Solid pistons produce scarcely any friction, and when the cylinder is bored perfectly true through its whole length, produce excellent results, if tht r are properly fitted, but are irreparable when they become worn out, as they cannot be re-ad- justed. The piston speed of small stationary encjines ranges from 200 to 250 feet per minute; average speed 225 feet, tliatof large stationary enqineSy 275 to 350 feet ; average speed 312 feet; that of C'o/Viss Engine* 400 to 500 feet per minute ; average speed 400 feet; that of locomotiveg and Allen engines 600 to 800 feet per minute, average 700 ; that of engines of river steamei-s 400 to 500 feet, average 450 feet; that of ocean steamers 400 to 600 feet, average 500 feet. If the piston rod glands become tight, ease by revolving and sliding the glana back and forth on the rod, applying a little oil to the rod at the same time. In trueing up a gland, it should be chucked in the lathe by the flange, to ensure the turning of the bore and outside diameter at one chucking, without depending on the accuracy of a mandrel. Piston rods should be secured to the cross head by means of a well fitted key mstead of by the screw and jam nut arrangement used in manj cases. Rston rods are usually made of wrought iron, but steel is to be preferred on account of its great endurance, small friction, and extreme hardnesg, which render it less liable to be fluted by grit in the packing, &c. The cross-heads should, in every case, possess the essential element of strength, to resist strains of every kind, and also capacious anti- friction bearings on the guides, to resist the wear and tear of protracted running. The guides should be powerful enough to withstand any degree of speed without springmgor flinching from duty in the slightest degree, and, on horizontal engines they should be made moveable, so that thdy may be easily replaced by others when they become worn out. Crank pins are usually made of wrought iron, although for obvi- ous reasons, steel is the best material. Owing to excessive friction the crank pins are liable to become hot, and for this reason they should receive close attention from the engineer. A mixture of a little sul- phur in oil, or plumbago and oil, forms a good cooling lubricant in such emergencies. The diameter of the crank pin should be from .2 to .25 that of the cylindeT, and the length from .275 to .35 the diameter of the cylinder, or for a cylinder 12 ins. in diameter and 30 ins. stroke, the length of crank pin should be 3.3 to 4 ins., and the diameter 2.4 to 3 ins. / The Steam cJiest should be capacious enough to furnish sufficient room for the valve gear arrangement, the transmission of steam to the piston, &c., but not unnecessarily large to induce weakness hi the parte, loss of hea$ by radiation, &c. Valve rods should be constructed of substantial material to with- stand the varied strains to which they are liable ; they are usually of wrought iron, but steel is tn be preferred for various reasons. The length of valve rods may be correctly ascertained by placing the valve in a central position over the steam ports, and the rocker or interme- diate bearings in a vertical position, and measuring from the centre] of the rocker stud to the centre of the valve. f-'STeSL^^^'^^'^^ ^«« Heavv n ^'"''^^"^e* make ■*»^ Us power to reddef, u! ""^^esia ■^ luorjcantg com .^^..-i^^'-^A patent l)aqi»««.. * , 8 foJlows : fe» *»^^e" out in France 390 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. it is BUbjocted. They are often made of cast iron smoothly tamed, and should be 5-10 the diameter of the cylinder for efficient use, oi tlie diameter of the shaft may be 4-10 tiiat of the cylinder when wrought iron is used, and the length of the a-ank slu{ft hearing should be equal to 1^ times its diameter, or, for m?issive machinery, twice the diameter will be required. The area of the crank at the central part should be exactly that of the shaft ; tlie thickness should be equivalent to tliat of the shaft journal multiplied by G : the thickness of the web of the oviik should be equivalent to 3 times the diameter of shaft journal. Tlie boss of the crank, if of wrought iron, sliould be equivalent to the di- ameter of the shaft journal or pin multiplied by 4, and if of cast iron, should equal double that of the shaft journal, and the depth should equal that of the crank journal multiplied by 7. The diameter of Ci Jink at the pin should equal twice the diameter of pin, and its depth at tlic same part should be equivalent to the diameter of the x)ui mul- tiplied by 12. The Governor should be kept perfectly clean and free from all gummy deposits, or old dry packing which may retard, or impede its movements in any way whatever. The best of oil only should be used, and thorough duty should be performed when the governor spindle works through stuffing boxes, to have the boxes carefully packed at regular intervals. To FIND THE Diameter of Governor-Shaft Puixey.— Multi- ply the number of revolutious of the engine by the diameter of tlie engine shaft pulley and divide the product by the number of revolu- tions of the governor. To FIND the Diameter of the Engine Shaft Pulley.— Multi- ply the revolutious of the governor by the diameter of the governor bhaft pulley, and divide the product by the number of the revolutious of the eugine. Facts for Steam Users. — A fair horse-power in a steam boiler is an evaporation of 30 lbs. of water per hour, from a temperature of 212°. Ten pounds of water, evaporated from a temperature of 212° for each pound of coal, is high economy. Sbc i)ounas is fair work, and above the average. Under the best conditions, a horse-power can bo had from an evaporation of less than 20 lbs. of water. Every owner of steam power should weigh tlio water evaporated in his boiler, and also the coal used to produce such evaporation. A meas- ure of some kind that will show the weight of feed water, passing into a boiler with accuracy, should be used with all boilers wheu economy is an object. It should bo the duty of a fireman to know the weight of the fuel used as well as the weight of water. No man lias any right to find fault with the economy of his boiler until he knows'the amomit of water evaporated per hour and the amount of coal required to produce the same. In getting the evav)Orative pov,'eT of a steam boiler, it is necessary tliat the steam should be dry to get A fair result. A boiler that carries out water with its steam may show a large apparent evaporation, but the steam,being wet, is of less v»lu» in the engme. A boder should give dry steam in all cases. Sui>cr- lieatuig is beneficial. Boilers that are overworked, necessarily wa«t« fuel. A boiler taxed to its full evaiwrativo power, evaporates, sry, 5 lbs. of water to 1 lb. of coal : double the size of the boiler, and you win get tlie same amouut of steam, with probably 30 to 50 i>er ceut '4 n n I^5L__P Li 3 3 O 3 r^ I . ? H " o 32.3 •» ■ • o o ' x-3 3 3 a g"E 3^^ S 3 3 S'S p^ 3 =^^ ° I ." « : ? ? ? 5-?*'!i. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. . 6. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 45. 60. 75. 90. 20. . 25. . 30. , 35. . 40. . 45. . 50. . 60. . 75. . 90. .105. . a-5 . 1-2 . 3-7 . U . 3-9 .5-10 . 1-4 . 1-3 . U\ . 1-7 The steam, made from a certain weight of water, used through a non-condensing engine, at 10 lbs. per square inch pressure above the atmosphere, without expansion, would give only about one quarter the power that would be got from the same steam if used at 75 above the atmosphere, and with the best expansion. Boilers can scarcely be too large ; a^-horse power can be obtained in a 40-horse power boiler more economically than in a 20-hor8e ix)wer. John B. Root, A prominent authority verifies the astounding statement, that a record of Boiler Explosions that have occurred in the United States extending over about five years, shows the appalling results of nearly 600 explosions, about 3,000 killed, over 1,000 woimded, besides an im- mense loss of property. Fire iiisurance does not cover the loss by explosion, unless fire occurs, and, even then, litigation often ensues." The infliction of this terrible aggregation of suffering, loss of life and property, might have been averted by the exercise of common sense ni the selection of boilers which possess the elements of strength aud endurance in such a degree as to put the question of safety bevond a peradventara. Setting aside the beclouded theories of self -styled ex- ' perts, regarding certain explosive gases, mysterious chemical changes, electricity, etc., in the boiler, the simple truth is reached when we come down to the solid basis of cause and effect; and in every case of boiLr explosion we will find that the true cause is simply imperfect strength in the boiler. The deficiency may arise from defective i material, or faulty workmanship, overheating, overpressure, over- firing, burning of the boiler-plates, caused by shortness of water, or the tolerance of scale or deposits in the boiler, or by criminal negli- gence._ These are only different forms or phases of expressing the truth just noted, and whoever constructs a boiler absolutely free from I liability to destructive explosion, has achieved an engineering triumph I which entitles him to recognition as a public benefactor. As one whaj Is cognizant of much suffering arising from the causes enumerated [ above, the \vriter can truthfully aver that he is moved by no motives I b; -i., '^ "J' or these unifnim „ Y "'•'^ength. The hnn«^ .' "" "betted ^ plosion, easiv en?a.^"3 '"terchanfreaWe mSf '^ <^o"'tructed he next cut represents th^ p u ^ satisfaction tj h"'^ permit the i?sert1rSf''r ^ «*«•- of S hS^T ^."^""itv W(fer : «<\v„ ho,* ^"®: inf^able editor nf*u^l%, testimony hv ^^'^hieh stTam'',^;^ J;^d the P'^aBur^of w tS'^^r "'•^'- «^ J ^'orae.pQ,ver. af ;f,i^i^®<* '» ? boiler of this ffi V'° rapidity. wmo, I4aii47 4 «* st^.?^^'^^ment of Sj'i"^;,^" one mted street, New Yoric. The ir^s^a^^^hilt 394 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. cold, and jn half an hour there xras a pressure of 70 pounds, and the CMgino started. As the water used was for the purpose of measure- nieut inclosed in a tank of 2 by 4 feet, and 3 feet hign,we could easily measure the cvaijorating capacity, and found it to be 600 pouuds per hour, for which duty the furnace consumed 50 pounds of coal, lliig \"> •tftv Thb Reksuaw Cast Iron Sectional Boiler. agreed with the testimony of the engineer, that J ton of coal was used per day of ten hours, while it showed the capacity of the boiler and furnace to be the evaporation of 12 pounds of water with 1 pound of coal. Tliis is a very high ratio, when we consider that theoretical uuiximum, when no heat whatsoever is lost, is 14 pounds of water fori 1 of coal, (see "Theory of Steam -Engineering," on page 26 of ourj February number for this year)." I Proportion of Land Boilers — For each nominal horse power m land boiler requires : 1 cubic foot of water per hour ; 1 square yard oJT heatiug surface ; 1 square foot of fire grate surface ; 1 cubic yard capacity; 28 square inches of flue area; 18 square inches of urea oveil bridge wall. For Cylindrical Douhle-flued ^oi7ers— Length multiplied by dlani^ eter divided by 6 = nominal horse jwwer. Tubnlar Boilers require for each Horse Potoer — 1 cubic foot oj water per hour; 10 square feet of heating surface; ^ square foot tiij grate; 10 square inches sectional areji of tube; 13 square iuoliestiij urea; 7 square inches chimney area; 8 cubic feet total boiler capaj city; 2 cubic feet of steam room. Diameter of tubes l-30th of the length. The number of square feet of heating or flue surface required i evaporate a cubic foot of water per hour, which is equivaleut to r actual horse power, is iu different boilers as follows: Cornish Bom 70 squai-e feet; Land and Marine Boilers^ 8 to 11 square feet; motive Boilers, 5 to G square feet ^fAKlNE ] minff iinde wfccs charge (directed to h ''"'ne the sou •Tectingthe - /ne state c ";»*er gauge, f neral plan i "Jr thicker at ^'aym which » «C., RECEIPTS QOK TTHEJf THE AREA OF vlr^°^ NECESSARr TO T^r-^ ^ 4he area of valve bv thl^^®' ^eveb, &c \12. Z^^ ^^ ^ LEvrn t m-s product bAh«Sr^f ^°,P«««dspe?^S J V^Muftj,^^ the weight of lever W^J. ,.^' *'»e lever from th^^ f® ^^^'y moltinlv then multiply ^51^6^%^", '^ J«»gth (o? i i^ .^^^f "'^ ! miUtSv Area of valvo 7 so |n Fulcrum 3 m. - * • • I-ength of lever 24 In. .. ''height of lever niba. ^*^ ^^^^s. Weight of valve and «tcm clbf ^^'- ''*^^^^' <'f l>all. 60 lbs. Tin. 420 lbs. Sin. 1260 12GIb8. 9 lbs. 12 in. 108 lbs. 18 lbs. 136 lbs. 6 lbs. Sin. ISIbs. I'^real tjiicknls^ l"r."ii'. ''"^" hole SSh th^^^?®.'^"^^ t^e fog* a P««io may appear con- r* 396 MACUINISTS, ENOINEEItS', AC, RECEIPTS. i|.^:'= sideroblv tlucker than it roallv is. After tho holo has served its pur- pose, it IS tipped and plngged tightly up again. Ag regards the stays, they require a great anionnt of attention; for tlioy are very apt to get eaten through, near the plates by oxidation. The gauge cocla are often placed just above tho hicliest row of tubes. Now this is a very dangerous practice, for it is possible for an engineer to loso his water, let him be over so careful, when great danger fol- lows; while if the cocks were placed a little higher, the loss of water would not be attended by so much danger. Ditties to Machinery when Steam is r/etting vp. Tho water iii the boiler when the fires are lighted ought to be just above the bottom of tho glass. In a largo or even moderate sized boiler, the water will expand, and there is also not so much water to heat at first; and wo li'uow, by reason of conduction and radiation, that small bodies of water arc heated comparatively more rapidly than larger. On first lighting tho fires they should not bo kept too large, but just sufUcient to cover the bars. A large thin surface of firo is foimd to be the most effective in getting imder way. When the fires are lighted, and tho r;tcamer is going on a long voyage, it is the practice to rub the polished parts of the engine over with a composition of tallow and white lead, riiis prevents any rust forming on the rods, etc., from water dropping on them which may have been used for keeping tlie bearings cool. Tho discharge valve is also opened now, or else on starting tho engine somctlung will give way. Several accidents have occurred by neglecting to do this. The safety valves are now to be inspected to fnid whether they aro fast or corroded to their seatings. If so, they must bo freed and mado readv to act before starting. It is a good plan and one much practised, to give the engines a good blowing through whilst the steam is getting up. This warms tho cylinder and tries any joints that may have been made since tho engine'^ were worked last. It also stives the steam, for if not done now (when die eugine is starting) a great amount of steam is wasted in heating the cylinder, instead of imparting its clastic force to the piston. Starting the Engines. — All steamships are now fitted with the double eccentrics or "Stephenson's Link Motion," by which tho engines are started, or rather by this the slide valves are under the control of the engineer, and can be worked back or forward an command is given, by cither a bar, lever, or generally, in largo cnrrines, by a wheel. The handles, by which steam is tamed on and off, with the injec- tion cock handles, are placed beside the wheel, so that one man can now generally start the eugine. Some large ships have a steam piston so fitted that it rises aiid falls by steam admitted above or below, thus raising or lowering the link ii> its motioir. This is what is called steam startiug gear, tind is very handy when the link is of great Aveight. There is always hand gear fitted as well, which can be used in cases of emergency. In giving in- jection to a common coudenser, it should be opened just after the f team is turned on to the cylinders, or else if going slowly tho con- denser may become too full of water, and the air pump not able to perform its work properly. Inst filing ] commu suction Dutie level. ' require; Ii'gli tlie ^ fa.st. can det€ tv!0 third iTvo or th .'iccounto and then eitent. In fiteai supplied 1 jackets, ca ooiierlfnc to blow oui m these bo Tho fires 'nth a hea\ front The oack after t t|io fires she adhere to t ^l[um dead, c iu P"scau Z f*™ I^ara fp-iter parte danger. .pioprincip I I'teara, is to h 'Sffcnemljyt,. W"g haS •indtoansw S^e had time hliowedtoget i./« Paddle-whc l^i^en about ff ■"""nencemonto mmmMm B98 AIACBINISTS, EKOIMEBRS', AC, BECEIPTS. often pnt down, screwed up, and left to look after themselTes as beat they may. Very few shipfl, indeed, being provided witli tubes lead- ing down from the paddle boxes to the oil holes of the blocks, or in wnich means are provided for their lubrication. The cools in the bunkers must be carefully watched, to prevent spontaneous combustion. The stoppers over tlio holes should bo kept open as much as possible, and care taken not to keep damp coaLi longer in the bunkers than can be avoided; for it is only damp coal that is liable to spontaneous combustion. In new fast running engines, castor oil is ft very good thing to nee on first starting. 'NVlien new brasses have been fitted into the bearinss, till they form a good bearing for themselves, the same should be used. It appears to have a much finer body in it to lubricate Uian other oils have. The difference in the cost of the oil is not very much, coarse cantor oil being very little dearer than good machine oil. Duties to Machinery wlien Hie Ship has arrived in Por<. —The whito lead and tallow should be rubbed off with a piece of oily waste, and then the bright work of the engines will give no trouble by rusting. The engines diould have a good blowing tlirough to drive out all water in the condensers, then the Kingston's valves communicating with tlie sea, should be shut, next open the condenser drain codes, which let out aU water left in them. Tliis is allowed to run into tho bilges, which can be pumped out by the donkey pomp, or tho hand pump if no steam is left in the boilers. Some engineers always blow out thehr boilers after steaming, othen do not, the latter only let the fires out and shut the valves in tbd Rtcam pipes; both plans have their advantages and disadvantages. Perhaps the majority keeps the water in the boilers; only blowing out when repairs or an examination of the boiler is required. An engineer ehoold always examine for himself, whether all the fires are properly out, and not take tho word of the stokers for it. A great amount of damage may be done by the fire not being properly put out m tho ash pits. A frequent practice is to get a heap of hot ashes togetlier and dash some water over it. This makes it black outside and leavefl it burning inside. The ashes should rather be spread out evenly, and the water thrown over gradually and gently, to put out tho liro effectually, and. to create as little dirt and dust as possible. To find the amount of Lap on Vie Slide Valves (before setting tho elides). Take a batten of wood, and place it on the cylinder slido faco at right angles to and over tho porLs. Mark off on it the od^es of the st^m and exhaust ports with a square and scribcr. By placing this on the face of the slide valve, the amount of lax) can at ouce be found. To Set the Slides.— Tat the piston at the top or bottom of its stroke. If the eccentric is rightly fixed on the shaft, simply fasten the slide valve on the spindle with the required amount of lead. Then turn the engine to the other end of its stroke, and see if the lead is tho same; or in some engines more lead is given at the bottom tlian at tho top (as in vertical engines). If the engine is fitted with tho link motion, the reversing eccentric is then connected and the valve tested in like manner. Also with the link motion, the slide rod is placed in the centre of the link; and although the position of tho eccentrics ou the shaft ought to destroy any motion of the valve, yet there is a littlo I Theabc pattern qu ^n; C, Cy I'hrottle va fpd for wof <^ondenser; a vacuum i'l pump; t, C( wvernor- ' tion ; J,, Cor STERRO ,^4part3, ti i'ydraulic Tit ™ 43,000 . .Steaji F "?' ers and I ivithasroodl of getting uj MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS* DEPARTMENT. 899 bert cad- )r in svent id \)0 coals > coal 186 on .rings, lid be ) tlun much, le, and :uBting. out m ilcating I cocks, into tho iio hand g, other* esinthe antagea. vriuR out , engineer I properly nount oi at in tlio togetlier nd leaves Dnly, a"racti( live xx liciiiaf 1 of c6k( Jl:12. Iiottcst Tho tei pnidc, ( biistion tlio gmt ffiiscous may he IW ciibi the eniij order to tiiis roas( .'I slower uilinled I Biiioko, e firo doorj formation prate, adj door for i pieces of c sll!llJf)T(r fi tho duty, , jTorent ex ho thrown •filmed, pu jiicJuicd, it ooilcr with tho water o ftiucoa, as i iJito a comj deposits wU •'{JicI water. "cposits of and from th "sin,? bad \? '"d brass, t "OX, to perm To avert d free drcnlat pojJer will lo "Ejector is ke «»ted, and a ] and preventli iook out for engine driver ]vatchfmaess, "giiaaco and bnstioa 0/ coal roq^S ho^i'i"^''?'*'?' *« 21:^^ fS fe "^^° ^«""- tl'o grate, tJierJghrnrori ° "^'i?^ of air £Xti,ml'®,I^">P«rcom- ^ cubic feet of air ^i' '® *?*■**« onJr, I lb Tf ^ ' '^'^® *^o air tlie en.i««iou of Ilfo iraij^,»-««iv-u,g the l,^''eSta'S."'^".^*^«t order to i)romote com^S ''«"l"'e ^MnacTiihon?? /"^"l "'O fael, a sJower current n..j*'**^® »''ouJd ljeasH«r«-^" *emncmtiiro. for inhaled sho'iS' W cl'e;;':^^'* *»' "»«^ScJhaKi?'° *5 •»^" °° liro door, with aaroffl ^/®'r oa tiie dainr^r 5' *r, P«5vcutioii of formation of snio^o bv rn ^^'J??' '"•^J e&v*° '^'^ I«" «nd tho prate adj„8tin™°;,^yjj»;tr«^^% tbe admS^of «i.lr^*^"* t''0 door for the iCdmiS!jfV^^,^''"'''^o{uTtnJ "Jf^^^^^Sh tho d:o^rfo7S"",5sro^,^>^«^<^™^^^ Pieces of coal, and S fir/'J *^^« ">« ?«"l bv fiH.'.-^ "^u*«° «" KlialJoTv fires for ]."?,!? "I^^ 'o*" J»eavydatv in^ ""i".» ^'"» lar<»o tJio diitv. 3 „f Jir'.'.ter duty, bv firi„^°"/_'.'^?<* "nailer coals witf, t^'o duty, S ata ffej^l"^/ '^^ firiX'^^^^^d^-maUer coals lit tho Tvater out; never i>w H"'*''''' ^<»^ >'t tooSfnff^,''^'' ^^^ a Ao« "Sin-? bad water ^nH„r/^ ^^^ween the^iiJ; hit.^'^^''' *^e tubes. f-^rd brass, «Wd be fiu^S'/'^^y '^'"^rSiS^t^y^'^^y ^1»S K to permit the use o/^. *'^*^'^^iler^rtffn I^ ,"^'.'"-'^de of , To avert danier fr?.^ -^i'"^ ^th water for tii ^"'*^ °' t^o Aro ^rco circnla«A« I . "* '"tense heat t/TL V"^ Parpose. .l^iler ^ lose A llff "''^ «^0"ld 4a.t^J« ^"^^' '-^nJ ^cop „p » Ejector Si e'ratwirkT^^^^ ^^^ b?4!^fH* .f« "»«"thS f ted, and a f ill IS ^"^3"? ft^PP^i'es to^ l^'lfi^V^"^' ^' ">o fiid proventiuff OTrffiif Y^ ^^pt np, afeorhS*^ ^ compen- ook out for iSiSi&H;, Incesaknt watSfSfe*^® ''"'^^"» lieat 402 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS, In?, most certainly they arc of paramonnt importance in tliig above all otliera. See tliat the safety valves are properly acting, and that •43 e » > 1^- 'E M5 3 (o ts ft .t-*^ « «2 2 8 .SgoS ^a I H !3 « « s cj fe c« -3«» 'O O Lj _ fl Ci *^ H h-^O c ^ V the Indications of the steam gauge are con-ect. In experiments mads with a locomotive boiler, the fire being kept reguUir, and tlie engiiio position %iiro iud stroke wit 1q valve. F f »t represei "le fladdle-r '^'•sector. \ .^hen fnUy "le valve Vr "team, ^nr '-^ : MACHiyiSTS, ENGlNPPns' . X^GINEERS , AC, BECEIPTS. 403 at rest, in 9 niinutM tha its decree is prod„r^vJ^/ *^ *^Sht or tS W i^" '""^^^^^^ ""akiug It requires thf^eS« ^ """'^ ^^ischiSTw^e' SrM^^ ^^*^«°^e iu the bestpossibS^ f®^' considerable iiitelKn'^f"'^ i<^«« of power. >^ual ViSoe^i'S^ent of either sprinSS^"^ •^'.*' ^^^ pcale in boilei^ T ^®cessary in cuardin" o„o- !?'?P''*'^Jang. water must Wi. ^®V coxmnou pressnm in i^^'®*''^® of 120 lbs to /"•ghtem"ii',atent'? » *«^PeS?o?&^f,? boiler th^ imposinsf a wrr^i *"® ^»mace plates and nfhf - ^''^ involves a 404 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. Bcribed by the centre of the eccentric while passing from the place it oc- cUpies when the valve is at half stroke, to that which it occupies at tho commencement of the stroke of the piston. Linear Advance is the dis- tance which the valve moves while the centre of the eccentric in describ- ing the above angle. See diagram of Eccentric, Link and valvi motion A majority of railways allow for tho travel of valves, on Express Pas- senger Engines, 5 inches, for outside lap, J inches, for inside lap, J inch, for lead in full gear 1-10 inch. On E'xpress Accommodation Engines, for travel of value, 6 inches, for outside lap, 3 inch, for in- side lap, J inch, for lead iu full gear, 1-10 inch. On Ileavu Freif/Iit Engines, for travel of valve, 5 mches, for outside lap, § inch, for iu- eide lap 1-16 inch, for lead in full gear 1-lG inch. Power op Engines. — Horse-power in steam engines is calculated as the x)Ower which would raise 33,000 lbs. a foot jigh in a minute, or JM) lbs. at tho rate of 4 miles an hour. One-hcfe power is equal to the lifting, by a pump, of 260 hogsheads of wa^; ten feet iu an hour. Or it would- drive 100 spindles of cotton yam twist, or 600 spindles of No. 48 mule yarn, or 1000 of No. 110, or 12 iwwer looms. One horse power is i)roauced by 19 lbs. of Newcastle coals, 60 lbs. of wood, or 34 lbs. of culm. Coals 1, wood 3, and culm 2, givo equal heats in tho production of steam. Sixteen lbs. of Newcastle coal converts 100 lbs. of water into steam. A bushel of coal per hour raises steam to 15 lbs. the square inch, whose velocity is 1350 feet per second, and 2 bushels raise it to 120 lbs., or velocity of 3800 feet per second. A horse-iiower requires from 5 to 7 gallons of water per minute for condensation of steam, A steam engine wliose cylinder is 31 inches, with 17 double strokes per minute, performs the constant work of 40 horses with 6 tons of coal per day. One of 19 inches and 25 strokes, of 12 horses, with 1^ tons per day. They raise 20,000 cubic feet of water 24 feet for evciy hundred weight of coals. One bushel of good coals raised from 24 to 32,000,000 lbs. one foot per minute. Four bushels of coal per hour with cylinder of 31^ inches and 17^ strokes of 7 feet per minute, is a force equal to 40 horses constantly. A rotative double engine, with a cylinder of 23.75 inches, making 21.5 strokes of 5 feet per minute, is a 20 horse-power ; and a cylinder of 17.6, maldng 25 strokes of 4 feet, is a 10 horse-power ; the consumption of coals being proporiional. PuoPOBTiON OF Locomotive Bottlers, &c.— Boiler sheets, best cold blast charcoal iron f iu. thick, or best cast steel 6-16 in., douole rivefc; along horizontal seams and iunctlon of fire box to be double riveted. Waist formed of 2 sheets rolled in the direction of the fibre of tlio iron or steel. One longitudinal seam in each, above the water lino ^Acmmsrs, engineers*. &c n.. '^°> &C., RECEIPTS. 401 UbIeriretM *i, ,_ . . " ' "«'Vi!.i4TS. 40.1 to be double riveted A77 • le thick.' p __°_°^ sneetB, frfving double 406 MACHINISTS, ENGINEESS', AC, EECEIPTS. . * . ■ t • -^ ncss of metal for stud bolts and expamion braces. Furnace Plates, if of iron, 6-16 incli, if of copper ^ iu., if of steel, crown sheets, g in., itido and backsheet8(8teel>!>-16in., flao sheets (steel) ^in., water space 3 ins., sides and back, 4 ins. front. Stay Bolts, J in. diam. screwed ftnd riveted to sheets, 4^ in. from centre to centre. Crown Bars, mado of 2 pieces of wrought iron 4^ in. by g in. set 1^ in. from centre to centre, and sccnred by bolts fitted to taper holes in crown-sheets, with licad on under side of bolt and nut on top. bearing on crown bar. Crown Sheets braced to dome, and outside shell. Furnace Door opening formed by lianging and riveting together the outer and inner sheets. Tubes, 11 feet long, and 2 in. diam. set in vertical rows | of irn inch apart, give the best results. Grate Bars, for burning wood or soft coal, should have i in. openings. Smoke Stack for wood burning engines should have the *' bpnnct stack," from 5 to 5^ ft. diam. at top, with wire netting ; for engines burning soft coal, a much Finaller area of cone is required; but-for engbies Imrning anthracite coal, use a plain open stack without cone or netting. Safety Valves. Every locomotive should be provided with two safety valves fitted to brass seats, and secured by springs of sufficient elasticity to allow a lift of the valve adequate to permit the emission of all tne steam tho boiler will generate after it exceeds tlie maximum pressure. Tho bearing or mitre on tho valve face should not exceed p in. Mud Plvr/a should be provided on the side of the shell on a level with tho crown sheet. To avoid weakening the boiler, rivet a welt on the inside of the shell in the Imo of the holes. Steam Room, 6 to 7 cubic feet i^cr square ft. of growth surface. Good work has been obtained from boilers possessing 1 cubic foot of steam room to 1 square foot of water surLice, and a water surface 1-13 that of heating surface. AVEBAOK rBOPOnXlON OF THE VAUIOUS PAUTS OF IX)COM0- rivEB.— -Cylinders of locomotives vary in size, ranging all the way from 8 in. up to 20 in. diam. Crank Pin should be i the diam. of M^linder. Valve Stems should be 1-10 the diam. of cylinder. Piston Bods should be J the diam. of cylinder. Pump Plunger should be 1-0 the diam. of cylinder. Main Steam Pipe. Area should be from J to J the diam. of cylhider. Steam Ports. Area should be 1-12 tho area of cylinder. Exhaust Port. Area should be equal to A the area of cylinder. The toidth of bridr/es for different sized cylinders of locomotives vary from g to IJ inches. Chimney. Height should not exceed 14 ft., diameter a little less than the diam. of cylinder. Diam. of Boilers vary from 3 ft. to 4 ft. 3 in. Tubes vary iu number f»om 100 to 220, top row should bo 8 inches under water. Heating surface. Total should be from 1000 to 1500 square ft. Fire Grate Surface ningcs from 12 to 30 sq. ft., usual rule 16 sq. ft., with about 90 sq. ft. of heating surface in fire box. Evaporative Power should range from 100 to 200 cubic ft. of water per hour. Proportion of heating surface to each sq. foot of grate, should be from G8 to 80 feet. Petticoat Pipe, should be g the diam. of the inside pipe of the stack. Ash Pans, fihould be 9 inches below bottom of grate for wood burning engines, 10 in. for soft coal, and 12 to 14 in. for anthracite coal burners, and should be as nearly airtight as possible when dampers are shut Dampers, should wlien shut stfljid at an angle of 35° from perpendicu- lar. Smake Box, diam. should equal diam. of boiler, length from flue ihcet to inside of front door 1| times the length of the stroke of the "^ uie stroko ia feet or i»„r'""P^- MuJtiDlv tnioT"* P^'oduct by the Cylinder ''" — ' . Stroke . '. ; -■- •• .^. lOinciies Diameter of Drivers * * * ^4 „ S^?*" P«s^ure i cv&'I^'^'-o inch. 83;000 -^= ^^•<^Jioise-powcr. »u -1014, and used t/T^iTi ^"rot engine cnnefrV,^* j ' *^'^a/freatini There is a vast conH^»* v ^ cranJis and tootIie3 wcent coufltnictioS^^* between the « Roptnf ». . 108 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. English expirees enginss hare attained a speed of 73 miles ipet honr, between Holyhead and London. The illustrious Stephenson is •vrell deserving: of doiible honor as tha •worthy champion of the loftiest description of mechanical progresa, nt a time when it might tmly be said that he was opposed by almoet the entire nation. In interference with the old state of affairs nearly every one, high and low, seemed to see Tisions of binkmpt coacli companies, deserted hotels, ruined landlords, roads overgrown with grass, buildmgs and mansions burned to the ground by flying sparks from the engine, commerce ruined, and man and beast everywhere run over and crushed under the car wheels. During: Stephenson's memorable examination before the committee of the House of Com- mons, one of the questions put to him was — "Would it not be an awkward thing for an engine to run over a cow?" The honest Northumbrian's reply is well known, " Yes, it would be awkward for the coo." FraE CEJvfEXT.— Fire clay, wet, 100 parts, white lead, 3 parts, pow- dered asbestos, i part, mix 'all together and use as mortar. Railway Traik Speed Tahle.— A train going 1 mile an hour travels one and seven-fifteenths— say one and a half foot per sec- ond. To form a table of speed from these data is a mere matter of multiplication. Example :— A train going 70 miles an honr travels per second 1 and 7-15 ft. multiplied by 70«=102 and two thirds feet MACHINISTS AND EVOINEERr' t.- *'-^OINEER& DEPARTMENT. 409 J'^j'. Stephenson Link- *wrw Tr keyed on thoVivi^^rifai^ B ^"^«*f^ ^ A reJJesXThr* ^»y'." connected with thrfflo*^?- ' P " **>« ^ink. and m if *?® ««'«»»tric« the valve and G th« «i *"?" '^i^ the rods E R .7 t?'® "«trap-link" link-block The elltV^*''"'* ^"^^ing sWe-vaW *' "S°^ « ««, F is duce a bacWiXr foJi°° °' depression of the linf'^ "'"""^^'^dwith ...-- '•»..., '"galea bell-crank L, had iH'cSTS'^^'^^^^^ -^'H the "fcH. shoSrSri „k >^« ir^^'^^ '"ight rSe %tl V'^ forward oJ would be shuroff as th""^^*^*"'^ '•«^«""?" at I ?JT' ** "ho'^n «hould be cwVt«n»?^i°*« "Starting fr;mTK?»f^'^'*"'^« «hS; should be well ren iPt*"'!^ *« ^« ««ro tharaH V. *•°^ **"« engine the tank. The Sfc^i ''/''» ^a*«r, andaiV.'^^': ^he bSleJ ascending gideainf^u'V"^^ be closed befS'lf^rP^"' «*«f«d in ffcoppagefSwSe di/^?,^'^ **« opened to adrnttlfV"^' »"d wbilS beaddld at theTamf^"'^'"* ? ^o^n grade if r^^iS^^ ^5*^'' during fhodd be either pSlttT '*? ^«»«««dinV doT ai/°'*i"*' »»*/ 'ke a trusty senSeM^ ^^""'•^Jy «^"t off, andJhf el?^ the «team lever, and with all th» * always at his nost «^f K l^ H.'"*'*' should, read; to acT n rtniS. ^r"^-*'^" °f *>« body an^ Ln^' ^*"^ *"» the •n any of its v^^TSr'r^^ "«' "^ ?° thTfi^st'in" mltL"n of^H '^"•^' an easy matter to sW Modern improvementB h«ti ^ danger sometimes hanLnl P ^'^ «°ff»>e at very s K " **^ rendered it ^1 patent brSK'h^r"''''*'°«*'a«on.ttatso2;f^^^^^^^ i* ""perfect mo„T. . ® Proved inonerati^ • ® **^ *^® ™o«t power- ^vinter in3'r''*'*^j»«tment C&li?^^^ **» complicated o. 410 »IACH1NISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. 'i: Tlic valve gear and eccentrics should be frequently examined, and if found defective in any Avay, no time nhould 1)6 lost in adjusting them by followiuf:: the directions jjiven elsewhere. Use clean water ; by so doing much trouble and danger will be averted. Keep tho tubes well swept, and if one should burst, plug both ends of it with as little delay as possible ; if impeded by the emission of steam or water, an ample supply of cold feed water will decrease the pressure and permit work. If the leak is very serious, it would be the best plan to quench the fire in order to secure proper access to repair tlio defective tube. Every engineer »hould make a point of having on hand all those appliances which experience has shown to b© neces- sary for use during possible emergencies, such as plugs for the tubes, Bcrew jack, wrecking tools, wrenches, hammers, signals, wedges, files, rope, buckets, chisels, waste, oil, tallow, &c. Railway Signals. — A red flag by day, or red light by night, is a eignal of danger. Hoisted at a station it is a signal for a train " to stop." Hoisted by the road side, it is a signal of danger on the train ahead. Carried unfurled on an engine, it is a warning that anotiior engine or train is on its way. One p'-ort sound of the whistle is tho signal to apply brakes; two, to let them go; three, to back up; four, to call in the flagmen ; five, for road crossings. A sweeping parting of the hands on a level with the eye is a signal to go ahead. A downward motion of one hand, with extended arm, to stop. A beckoning motion of one hand, to back. A lantern raised and lowered vertically, is a signal for starting; when swung at right angles, or across tlie track, to stop; when swuiig in a circle, to back the train. One stroke of the alarm-bell signifies stop; two, to go ahead; three, to back. Speed op Passenoer Trains. — In the United States, the News- imper Express train, between New York and Philadelphia makes tho daily trip of 93 miles in 12 hours, inrlnsive of four stoppages. perhou by somi miles in With th( tains 51 I^ndon t Ix)udon 1 York to J J a • » o ■< S. O •' U--o'2!i2.ft<' 3 o c e-^fSj" Q;.' t ? f *" " uj"' t» Oo »3 15 -jq g cs 00 ^ Ob iS re • 1 a^*.^ 03 (• t 3 O' - wis-" "^ !i2 oo — ** I !>^ <* 3 J° 00 g 3. 1 , ...a .» ' wSsr' ].;'== r-s«; |S,3S.3o£raroS l>- 3^»»oBC Is-®-' 0»S '^ I * J ft .« ^* . Y B -,. 1^2. a- f* 5"o o S so 22% 7 =-«>..3 s'Zd^'aw-- ^„ tsos •< So -"x ^^SllS a B s' ft^^ •Sh 'D B-? bB '««rB' __ .S2B.2ou«o ' tt " O t_,73 tsSoB-.-.^fOB'm - .'oB-BroSra^'Os 1. S- g S O g Smo-O » B 0< 414 MACIIINI&TS' AND ENGINEERS DEPARTMENT. mtr GEORGE STEPHENSON, THE FIRST LOCOMOTIVK ENGINEEB, Bom June 1), 1781. Died August 12, 1848. The iron energy, indomitable perseverance, sterling integrity, and thorough practical sagacity for which this Father of Railways was noted, nave indelibly enrolled his hoi.oi "^d name among the benefac- tors of the race. Of the first rmh^ay, t lat between Stockton and Darlington, George Stephenson waa botu surveyor and Contractor, laying out every foot of the road, s?,d ''.Aking the sights through the spirit level with his own hands an •tH •!-« >. - ► « S 811] pro feet Rob Vict com RocJ the Mau( prov( lilnst asjuo . Sparks Average im v" ?^ coal, per ceut. ji ;:?^t per mil T^'^ of pj "eifflit train ^^<\ weight, . Sparks from twh. t^ UZ^ ^"'"'off^'e^--Avera^, . . , '«'' freight. <£, 418 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. EPSON'S TIME, PRESSURE, SPEED RECORDING, AND ALARM GAUGE. M. B. ED80N, 91 LIBERTY ST., NEW VOHK, INVENTOR AND PATKNiEK, ACCORDED EXCLUSIVE MENTION AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITIO.V OF 187G. RR. ; -will haul 130 loaded cars ; weight of coal, 676 tong ; of cars, 380 toiw ; total load, 1,085 tons ; on a down grade, maximum, 13-5 ft \)ei mile : minimum, 0.65 per mile. Same Engine will haul 70 loaded cars, or 561 tons, over an ascending grade 35.3 ft. i)cr mile. New York CiTV Street Dummv Engines. —CylinderH, Gins, by 10 1 ins. stroke ; can haul 2 cars, confciiniug 100 nassengers each, up a grade 100 ft per mile, at 5 miles per hour ; on a level and low grade, at 10 miles per hour, runs 125 miles per day, bums 1,200 lbs. of coal ; steam j pressure, 130 lbs. ^ 1 A Crarapton locomotive, drawing 12 carriages, consumes 35 ll»l of coke per mile in summer, and 37 lbs. in winter ; the weiglit wiuij tender is 90,000 lbs. ; the cort of running a trip per mile, all iteiw included, is 33 cents (gold). An engine is generally worn out vhr it h twic mile thee •anij „ A, stean "'rough wh ^uJatiagti .'forked by t % the reser ^wilcal open justed by th "•r operating ,«nosphere, ft P'pe througiT ''h«tmve,,M 186 000 „„ ' "■='-^™=«T. «9 twice that distauce-ff ^^^^^' althomrh srmA T,„ miles peraniiumfheKr^ P^'^o^nw^Sfm^rf^^^o^ than the cost, in England «q&® °^ a^i engCmar w, J^'^ *« 25,OOo •anungsabout^a^f^«^'««(gold), tenderil,%rtU'££/ A.ND ATKNi'EK, CHIBITION f cars, 380 3-5 ft \)et adcd CAR. ins. by 10 1 11) a grade adc, at 10 ai ; steaiu les 35 u\ eiglit withj all itemJf out fllie .^«rkedby thoSfesiou^'^t'^rough^imUar coS'""^ ^*^ ^^^ % the reservoirn^K * ®"°^ « above. E waf Pr o. 1*^^ ^Pace c, and 1 with the a^ 420 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. water is passed to the boiler. K, valve for preventing the retarn of the water from boiler when the injector is closed. L, overflow or waste-pipe. Method of OrEBATioN.—rTum the wheel so as to allow a little water to flow into the injector. Open the tap connecting the instru- ment with the boiler ; the admission of the steam will create a par- tial vacuum, into which the water will flow with rapidity. The steam condenses as it mingles with the water, and as it rushes forward it carries the water along in its course, driving it into the boil ; witli great force. The quantity may be increased or dimmished by means of taps fitted to the steam and water supply-pipes, and an^ surplun water will escape at the overflow or waste-pipe. This invention effects great economy in the transmission of hot water to the boiler, for not the slightest particle of heat is lost. Samuel Hue's injector, a most valuable invention, is well adapted to operate as a boiler feeder on land or water; but may be considered as indispensable on marine boilers, as from its peculiar coustructiou, with steam of from 40 to SO lbs. pressure, it is capable of forciug water against a pressure of over 200 lbs. ner square inch. In 40 years the miles of railway in the United States have increased from 3 miles to 60,000 miles. Railway Ckoss Ties, No. per mile, 2 ft. centre to centre, t( ^ lbs of water will raise the temperature to 212° Fahr. or boiling heat, and the combined weight will be 6^ lbs. instead of S^ lbs., as nlaced in the vessel at first. The whole of this heat has been trans- ferred from the 1 lb. of water held over tlie spirit lamp, although at no time has its heat exceeded 212°. Inasmuch as this heat cannot be measnredby any known instrument, it is called latent heat Thel lb. of water made the 5^ lbs. to boil, and from this we know by cal> culation that the combined latent and sensible heat of steam is about 1200°. The pressure of steam is measured by atmospheres. Steam of 15 lbs. pressure is steam of one atmosphere, of 30 lbs. pressure, of 2 atmospheres, &c. It is frequently used as high as 6 or 7 atmospheres. Sceam ' ■}■'■ ^ 2 atmospheres is called low pressui'e steam, and all pres- fiuro hiands, till it reaches the freezhi;; point 0°. Centigrade, so that is specincally lighter than water, and iloats on the surface, being about 10 per cent, lighter. Were it not for the interposition of tms merciful law, and were ice to sink in water, many of the lakes, rivers and streams withit^ the temperate zones would be rendered incapable of navigation during the greater part of the year by reason of the ice at th^ bottom. AppucATior FOB BuKNS AND ScAiiDS. The following has been tested in the severest cases of burning and scalding from railway aud steamboat accidents. Glycerine, 6 ozs. ; white of egg, 4 ozs. ; tinct, of arnica 3 ozs. ; mix the glycerine and white of egg thoroughly in a mortar and gradually add. the arnica. Apply freely on linen rags night and morning, previously washing with warm castile soap suds. In urgent cases, if nothing better can be had, clap on a mud poultice, a favorite and very effectual remedy with school boys who are stung while making war on hornets' nests. Cement to mend Leakt Boilers,— Powdered litharge, 2 parts, very fine sand, 2 parts, slaked quick lime, 1 part. Mix all togetlier. To use, mix the proper quantity with boiled linseed oil and apply quick. It gets hard very soon. Stkono Cement for Steam Joints.— White lead groimd in oil, 10 parts, black oxide of manganese, 8 parts, litharge, 1 part Reduco to the proper consistency with boiled linseed oil and apply. Cement Fob Holes ob Cbacks. — Red lead ground in oil. parts, white lead, 3 parts, oxide of manganese, 2 parts, silicate ox soda, 1 part, litharge, i part, all mixed and used as putty. Machinists, engikefpk' * X^GINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 42« MOKB TIME TO Set ^«i^*^*» THAN THE T aq-p 20Gib8. "^ ®^'-SaI ammonia, 2 Iba™ JJ^'l f^^ ««Qr««* „Am AND Water -^^^^ ^ "'"paur i lb., iron fiJing, Cement for Extehvat tt i •« » parts, mix tlior- ii-fi % ; 424 MACni>'ISTS) ENGINEEns', &C., KECEirTS. with 1 or 2 thlcknesBCB of canvas, or ganze -wire, as the necessity of the case inay bo. Cemknt roil JonsTS of Iro2t Ptpes on IIoles rsr Castings. — Take of iron borings, coarsely powdered, 6 lbs. ; of powdered sal- ftuimoniac, 2oz. ; of sulphur, 1 oz.: and water snfflcicut to moisten it. This composition hardens rapialy, bnt, if time can be allowed it sets more firmly without the sulphur. Use as soon as mixed, and ram tightly into the joints o.* holes. Best Cement fou Aquaiia. — One part, by measure, say a gill of litharge ; 1 gill of plaster of Paris ; 1 gill ot dry, white sand ; i a gUl of finely powdered resin. Sift, and keep corked tight until required for use, when it is to be made into a putty by mixing in boiled oil (linseed) with a little patent drier added. Never use it after it has been mixed (that is, with the oil) over fifteen hours. This cement can bo tised for marine as well as fresh water ac^uaria, as it resisto the action of salt water. The tank can be used immediately, but it is best to give it three or four hours to dry. ANOTHEn. — Mix equal nuantities of any white lead and red le^ to a paste with mastic vamisu and use as soon as mixed. Cement fou Beltino. Waterproof. — Dissolve gntta percha In bisiUphide of carbon to the consistence of molasses, slice down and thin the 3nds to be united, warm the parts, and apply the cement, then hammer lightly on a smooth anvil, or submit the parts to heavy pressure. To Rep Am Lkakaoes in Fike Engine IIose. — Pass a ronnd bar of iron into the hose under the leak, tlien rivet on a imtcU of leather, previously coated with marine glue. To Repaib Rubbeb Hose. — Cut the hose apart where it is defec- tive- ; obtain from any gasfitter a piece of iron pipe 2 or 3 inches long, twist the hose over it until the ends meet, wrap with strong twine, well waxed, and it will last a lonpr t^me. PoBTABLE Glue for Draughtsmen. — Glue 5 ozs. ; sugar 2 oza. ; water 8 ozs. ; melt in a water bath, cast it in molds. For use dissolvo in warm water. Cementing Emery to "Wood. — Melt together equal parts of shellac, white resin and carbolic acid in crystals ; add the last after the others are melted. . To Coat Iron with Emery. — Give the iron a good coat of oil And white lead, when this gets hard and dry, apply a mixture of glue and emery. To Clean Cotton Waste.— Pack the waste in a tin cyltader with ft perforated false Iwttom and tube with stop-cock at bottom. Pour on the waste bisulphide of carbon sufficient to cover, and allow to soak a few minutes, then add more bisulphide, and so on for a time or two, and then squeeze out. By simple distillation the whole of the bisulphide, or nearly all, can easily be recovered and so be used over again. This will free the cotton completely from grease. French Putty. — Seven pounds linseed oil and 4 lbs. brown umber are boiled for two hours, and G2 grammes wax stirred in. After removal from the fire D^ lbs. fine chalk and 11 lbs. white lead are added and thoxooghly incorporated ; said to be very hard and permanent. MACHINISTS, E2^GLVrPT>«' . > treme end of ^e ^Sjk ^^"^^ VEssEM.-_DriII a i.ni . thp holes with cop^rV^P^^l^^'^ts fiSber Sten IS*' ^* ^ach ex- urine, caulk the St ^^ ^'"* fi^ie irou fjHnm,^'''?' ^H "vet part of iron filings S^e it?"^ ^^"^ of pulvfed "^ ""^*4 ^>*th the bronze. '''' °'' * ^'"^ ^^^^o powde?oS*?t "I'^^P^lons with^ CE3IENT roBPET«n °^®^ ^'' famishing q^'J^ « red heat tS «ade"1l'&' ^^^Wy itaiS'lJf'.^^^ P^™ Roman Cement ~SLiii^^?^°"«j rub it ove? tifh ^®^ ^<»riy wie gravel RnnHii i^^^d hme. l bush J: ^ ^"» wax and off alltiethertoti^A^"^^- dissolve thoSpv^^''i'^'*PP®^a8. Tibs JJoil tiU dSved SmT;^^''?"'^"' BlSvS^s^ 1 "Th*^^ ^''^ irxix./^ To ATTACH GL'^lgo^M^ envapoiato to right con;^ 7*'®^' « Qts. ^arnsh 3 '5 nn^. j P® Metal LErrpna n^^ t^ ^^^^^'steuce. ^ , Cement ron iv^^^^"^^". i-w^t-u, aad ^ ib. of brown 426 MACIITXTSTS AND EXGIXEERS' DEPARTMENT. Abchitectcral Cemext— 1. Reduce paper to a smooth paste by boil. lug It in water; then addau equal weight of sifted whitiug and koou size; boil to a proper consistence. 2. Paper paste and size, equal parts ; finely powdered plaster of Taris to make it of a proper consistence. Use it as Boon as mixed. Can be used in making architectural busts, statues, columns, &c. It is light, receives a good polish, but will not stand water. AiiABASTEK CEMEJrr. — 1. Finely powdered plaster of Paris, made into n paste with water. 2. Melt yellow rosin, or equal parts yellow rosin nud beeswax, then stir in half as much finely powdered plaster of Paris. The first is used to join and fit together pieces of alabaster or marble, or to mend broken plaster figures. The second ia to join alabaster, marble, and other similar substances that will bear being lieated. French Cement fob Rooms. — A coat of oxide of zinc , mixed witli size, made up like a wash. Is first laid on the wall, celling, or wainscot, and over that a coat of chloride of zinc applied, prepared in thp same way as the first wash. The oxide and chloride effect an immediate combina- tion, and form a kind of cement, smooth and polished as glass, and said to bo superior to plaster of Paris for coating the walls of rooms. Cement fob Cloth ob Leather.— Take ale,l pt. ; best Russia isin- glass, 2oz3. ; put them Into a common glue kettle and boil until the isin- glass is dissolved; then add 4 ozs. of the best common glue, and dissolve It with the other : then slowly add li ozs. of boiled linseed oil, stirring all the time while adding, and until well mixed. When cold it appears like India rubber. To use, dissolve what you need in a suitable quantity of ale to have the consistence of thick glue. It is applicable for earthen- ware, china, glass, or leather ; for harness, belts for machinery, cloth belts for cracker machines for bakers, &c. If for leather, shave off as if for sewing, apply the cement with a brush while hot, laying a weight to keep the joint firmly pressed for 6 to 10 hours, or over night. CcTLERS' Cement. — Black rosin, 4 lbs. ; beeswax, 1 lb. ; melt together and add 1 lb. finely powdered and dried brick-dust. Used for fastening knives and forks in their handles when they become loosened by use. Cement fob Fastening Fibrous Materials to Metals.— This can be effected by dissolving glue in vinegar by heat and adding oue- third of its volume of white pine pitch, also hot. Good Paste that will Keep a Year.— Dissolve a teaspoonful of alum in a quart of warm water. When cold, stir in as much flour as will bring it to the consistence of cream, being particular to break up all the lumps ; next, place it on the fire and allow it to cook gently for a few minutes, stirring well meanwhile ; add 2 teaspoonfuls of corrosive sub- limate, a few drops of carbolic acid, and a teaspoonful of oil of rose- mary, or cloves, or lavender, or any other essential oil, stirring in well. This paste will keep for any length of time in prime condition. Mucilage. — Put 3 ozs. of gum arable in an earthen-ware vessel con- taining ^ pt. of cold water. If the liquid is occasionally stirred, the gum in 24 hours will be dissolved and ready for use. Cement to Fasten Rubber to "Wood or Metal. — Soak pulverized gum shellac in 10 times its weight of ammonia ; in 3 or 4 weeks a slimy mass is obtained which will become liquid without the use of hot water ; this softens the rubber, and becomes, after volatilization of the ammonia, hard and impermeable to gases and fluids whenever it is used on rubber connected to wood or metal, as in steam, or other apparatus. Imperishable Putty.— Linseed oil, 7 lbs. ; brown umber, 4 lbs. ; boil together two hpurs ; stir in 2 oz. beeswax, remove from the fire, and mix in 5^ lbs chalk and 11 lbs. white lead, mixing thoroughly. Cheap Gold Varnish for Ornamental Tin-Ware. — Turpentine Tarnish, 2 gals. ; turpentine, 1 pal. ; asphaltum, 1 gill ; umber, 8 oz. ; yellow aniline, 4 oz. ; gamboge, 1 lb. Boil and mix for 10 hours. on Uic JRoad. ^® Break- That the locomotive in if. i ^ "on, ;j.-ir8, and Jieavv shrill ^°°^ ^^^ ^apid tri«, «^fi a"d sjuuositieB, twiJtf,?^ J"'.°''«'' ""even rai P^',^"* '^ooWnual osdll*. miuijty from n,rni^? ^°. "°' occur niorn /..« '"*^^ wonder Th- . nieu tJ whom tW o"' ^> ^°»I>"e«s^wlU T *?"y- Much of tM, f ""^ qniclcennrl ♦T'i^t^are intrusted. wh!3i"iL„*o t'le watchfni ° ^e Jjf thj tioDs are > which the ping should be drtvi i"!" .!">" tar. VfSenl '"P'V^ 'uSe ?, raJ* •liero the action „f,? '°''' "'« »nbo to n» »^ * ""l''" leak oil«. ,?" Tot" th? ""'""cdt. bnSto.T'" i"«w t .b« ,r„'«»»'r 1"' to 428 MACHINISTS AND KNGIXEKRs' DEPARTMENT. 7. Drivinrj out t/ie Front Cylinder-head.— Uemo\e the counectlnc-rod on the disabled pido of the engine, niid detach the valve motion, either by talcing down tiio eccentric rod wtrapn or at the rock-shaft arm. Next, 6ct the valve in the centre of its travel, so as to overlap and cover both of the cylinder steam ports, bnt with the exhaust port open. Then crowd the back towards tlio tender as far as it will go and proceed with the sound cylinder. 8. Brcakinq of the Piston-rod.— -Tl^e provisional remedy for this, where the cylinder-head is not driven out, h to proceed as directed in the last noted emergency. Open the waste-water cocks of the disabled cyl- inder to check any leakage of steam past the slide valve from gaining admission to the cylinder and forcing the piston against the cylinder- head and driving it out. Block the piston securely by means of pieces of timber fitted between the guide-bars, so as to extend between the guide-yoke and cross-head. 9. Broken Sprinq or Spring-Hanrjer. — Apply the jacba and raise the engine uutil the axle-box of tlie driving-wheel is nearly in the centre of tJie pedestal, then place a suitable piece of iron crosswise of the upper part of the driving-axle box, but between it and the engine framf , so as to rest the weight of the engine on the frame and relieve the spring. To prevent the movement of the equalizing bar, and to permit the opera- tion of the spring at the other end of the said bar without movin;; it, a Jiiece of iron should be placed between the bar and the top of the engine ram.e. 10. Breaking of Piston-Rod from the Cross-Head.— In this case the piston may be removed from the cylinder, or immovably braced against the front cylinder-head, as may be'most convenient It matters not if it does leak a little steam. •* 11. Breaking a Lifting Link or the Saddle Pin Connecting the i?e« verse Shaft to the Slot-Link. — The temporary remedy for this accident is to fit a piece of wood and fasten it with stout twine on the top of the die or link-block. It should be of sufficient length to keep the linlc in proper position for duty in running the train. Next, secure another piece of wood (by the .same means as the last noted) in the link-slot below the die or sliding-block, to fasten that block in the right position to allow the engine to run. As the engine cannot be reversed on the disabled side, the driver must exercise double caution in stopping. 12. Slipping of the Eccentrics. — The provisional remedy for this 8C« cident is as follows : Place the reverse lever in the end notch of the sector forward and place the driving crank-pin or engine-crank as nearly on a dead centre as possible, opening the waste-water cocks at both ends of the cylinder. Now detach the rocker-arm from the slide-valve spindle, and move the latter until the opening of the cylinder steam-port, corresponding to the end of the cylinder at which the piston stands, will be shown by tlie emission of steam through the waste-water cock at that end of the cylinder ; the throttle-valve being slightly opened to admit a small quan- tity of steam to the cylinder and steam-chest, for if a large supply en- tered it would be liable to pass through leaks in the piston and thence through both of the waste-water cj'linder-cocks. The position of the valie being now ascertained, the eccentric is next moved upon the driving-axle, and adjusted so tliat the valve-spindle will connect with the rocker-arm without being moved, or moving the valve at all. Still an- other temporary remedy is this : Set the reverse lever in the forward notch, place the crank on its forward dead centre, and slacken the set- screw of the eccentric which connects to the upper end of the link ; the forward eccentric. This eccentric must now be moved round upon the axle until the slide-valve causes the steam-port at the front end of the cylinder to open sufficiently to afford the required amount oi valve moved being moans verso ] centric moving backwa of valve Hon is iu eve tined, tli the ttatc imist 1)0 iCiW, she tremcnd( ftnd folic ocean to liurricanc iron stean liHvo prov is sdstaint J)o.ssiblo ki <]iiickeninr vessel. Ti »ork ; it i closest calc If a ve.s; fteam, and ■I'lero ia a VI "f a first-c collier, yet . , Tile char aetermlned, pieces of W( fiiosen. Th 'eiigth. An »«t selecte( raosen. Th( ^'«"eer betw( ilfessure, so a , "le designer : if 'isbothsic I nan one-half , .w' ''sed in on ''«« of tho f I «''"cted to c( ,f«en from this J«?fety, &c.,de it^^^' drau I we the proper [""lerininorde MACHINISTS AND EN'GIXEERs' DEPARTMENT. 420 is, yi" inR ier- tb« the root ppcr C. BO Ting, ipera- ; it, & nglno le the cainst otiflt he Be- idem is the die proper jiece ol [ovr the ) allow llsabled. valve lead. To accomplish the desired rcaultji, tho eccentric must bo moved as it operates wlicn the engine is going ahead. Tlio eccentric being thus properly adjusted in position, it should be firmly secured by means of its set-screw. If the rear eccentric becomes loose, place tho re- verse lover in tlio backward notch, and elevate tho link so tliat tho e» - centric connected to tho Ijwer end ol tlie link may bo properly ad junted, moviug it around on tlie axle as it onorates when tho engino is runnin;,- backwurds, until the rear cyliudercocK is opou to tlte required amount of valvo lead, when it mast be secured as above noted. How TO Shai'E a Sailing Vbwkl or SiEAMEa.— Tho model of a vepsel is in every case determined by the nature ol the traftlc for whicli she is des- tined, tho motive power by which she will bo impelled, and tho character of tlie waters she is intended to navipatc. For shallow ports and rivers, she must 1)0 flat-bottomed and of liglit draught. If she it) to navigate northern ocas, she must be constructed to encounter and ;itride the fearful gales and tremendous stornis of frequent occurrence. If she is to visit tropical climates iind follow the great marine highwa^a of commerce in deep water from ocean to ocean, she must he eqiully adapted for conflict with the tropical hurricano and the freezing gales of the north. It is a fact that tho first-cini':) iron steamers which ply between New York and the various European porta liave proved themselves abundantly capable, where no serious derangement is sustained by the macliinery, of coming safely into port througli tho wor^t possible kind of weather. Even contrary winds have tho beneficial effect of quickening thedniught of tlio furnaces, and tlius increasing the speed of tho vessel. This wonderful endurance and nice adaptation to duty is no chancu work ; it is the result of design— the careful adjustment of rces, and the closest calculation on the part of the designer. If a vessel is to be irapellerl by the wind, she will have one shape ; if by Fteam, and with paddles, quite another ; and still another if a propeller. Tliero is a vast discrepancy between the graceful curvea and swc.iing lines of a first-class excursion steamer and the unwieldy, cumbrous form of tho collier, yet each vessel is specially designed for its particular vocation. The character, cost, length, width, depth, and capacity of tho vessel being determined, the first step is to make the model. To do this a number of pieces of well-seasoned, select pieces of wood, of a uniform thickness, aro chosen. The size may be from 4 to 7 ins. wide, and from 18 ins. to 3 ft. in length. An equal number of jiieces of veneer, of a corresponding size, aro uext selected, of a color contrasting with that of the boards previously chosen. The boards are now carefully adjusted over each other, with a veneer between each, and the whole are glued together, and submitted to pressure, so as to make a solid, compact block of tlie whole. From this block the designer forms the model of one side of the hull of the projected vessel, for as both sides will bo exactly alike, there is no use for representing moi o than one-half of the hull. Tho greatest care and the nicest calculation mtif^t be used in order to render tho form of the block an exact counterpart of tho hull of tho future ship, as in building the latter every part must be con- structed to conform, in the minutest particulars, to tho model. It will bo seen from tliis that every thing relating to the ship's capacity, speed, draught, I safety, &c,, depends upon the abiUty, forethought, and prescience of tlie de- signer in calculating every possible contingency relating to the displacement of water, draught, buoyancy, the force of the'wind and waves, &c. If the future vessel bo intended for a steamer, tlie designer must be able to calcu- Uite the proper degree of immersion for the paddles or submersion for the propeller, as either of tho two may be aged for propulsion, with numerous other minor details. 430 MACHUTISTS AND SKOHTEEBS' DBrABTMEN* V JAMES WATT, Among the benefactors of humanity, whona labors have conduced to render the latent foroea of nature BUbaervient to tho use? of mankind, the name of James Watt holda pradminent rank. The following epitaph in inaorlbed on thu pedestal of Cbantiy'a statue of Watt in Westminster Abbey : Not to perpetuate a hake, which kubt endure 'While the peacstvi. arts niourisb, but to show that mankind havk learnt to honor thosi who bist desbbve thbib gratitude, the king, his ministers, aift> mamt of the nobles amd commonehs of xuf. kkalm, bai8ed this momu- mbnt to james watt, who dikectino the 7os0e 07 an oiuoinal oemiui, barlt exercised in philo.sofhic research, to the improvement op tub STEAM ENGINE, bnlarqkd the resources of his countst, increased THE POWER OP MAN, AND POSE TO AN EfKENT FLACK AMONG THE ILLUSTRIOUS rOLLOWBBS or SCIENCE AND THE REAL BENEFACTORS OF THE WORLD. BOBK' AT aBBIMOCK, lVi». DIED AT HEATHFIELD, IN STAFFOBDSBIBB, 181V. In IW, Watt constracted tho first cteam engine of real practical value ever made in England, and in 1786 he patented and introduced the first non-condens- ing engine. This improvement consisted in his discovery of the power of cold water to condense steam, and he applied this means In a separate vessel. Foiir onnoes of water will. In a second, condense 800 feet of steam, and reduce their expHnslve forco to one-fifth. The Watirous Engine Worrs Co.'g High Pressure Ekoine, repre- sented in the cut, Is in very extensive use in Canada, and is credited with fimt- class perfarmances. The improved Oovornor used on this engine is superior to most of the best kinds now mamifacturod in its controlling and regulntinR action, combined with easy odinstment. Outer bearinga are added to the valve spindles, and brass glands to tho stuffing boxes, which are held to place with a cap screwed on, thus obviating any liability to got out of line. The piston """"'''"-^'"^■-''F-s-....„, «r 432 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. rods and crank-pins aro of steel, and all valve spindles and engine bolts are made of Lowmoor iron. The a?)ov( noted engine must not bo confounded with the 20 and 25-hor8e power direct action portable engines manufactured by tho same company, so well known and so extensively used in driving saw mills, and performing work connected with sliip building in tlio Maratime Provinces, and other parts of tho Dominion of Canada. These engines and mills are considered by many who use them as marvels of perfection, several parties having sent in attestations of having performed nearly double the work guaranteed by the coin- jMiuy. RICHARD'S INDICATOR, BY ELLIOT BROTHERS, LONDON. The above cut represents a Richards Steam Engine Indicator, consisting of a cyUuder oontiiming an accurately adjusted piston, the U])p«r side of which is always exijosed to the downward pressure of the a to res hcnei of a jj j)ressi down placec ated 8( and th able pf siou of ward . effectec iiig the is attnc and ver stiff an( pressure uefinito l)ressure and thus indicator the uppe: tlie stean iudicatioi and the i cup is ills, through ti upwards ; ing ill posi is attached the engine piston hea< diminish o extent to ( connection rel will coi piston, in ai when the oc l^rrel, oper this motion i' now alio straight hori won of stea; motion will •nent, just a steam or dov «ncy;aiidth( outline, corap Pach point iii ?ej)resflion ah 'n that part o; "'m fitroke. ^(^hin; the at] MACHINISTS AND Engineers' n, the atmosphere and flff ^ • ^ of a pencil connected ikh ^"1^ *''? >««trun Suro' p' /^^Perates S pressure of the ste^m u *^® P'ston a»d on:~♦^. u^""^'^** l^y fflea..« down in a^Sra'irlS'j ^'!,J^«"^'^ cXeltt «"^*Sg P aced on the card hSnr'^''^ describe a Ce^„,^ *? «^ove up o? ward movement of^)f*5® ^^^awt stroke of t)^ ^^«'nst the ten stiff and riirid -m/i „ ' "^® spring on «.« '' ^'""^^ monjenViiJ,. pressure of^l'b'^i^th^ graduated iif 6??euJth".S^r ^'^ being" "7^ definite part of ^,?,f,h"'^"%';? inch y^mtorfht'^ ^ r^^atioif ifth^ pressure of steam iiS?p- ?\^ ^"dicaX iS^.P/'i'" "P or down ^^ :'"dth«sshorthl ac?„^JJ"?derateve^ to exhibU ho iudicator to horizontol «on fs on J^'Trel, operated bv^H« **-^ '^® '*^*"^" «*«>ke oiSZ^^T "ot^d, this motiS„'?Sl SLhfnf "¥' ^"^ ^•««"Dio it8 orSi*^";,?^ P«Per ' novv allowed to dZ^? ^''V "'ay be desiSwe ^Sl'^"' ""^ straight horizontal liSfl^o PS V^« "moving paper will i'' P?.""^' «o" of steam bvt^^^%,^"«d the atmosphf ric ffi O tfe^"- '^ °"Sne iomnoSS f i' <^«Se,^^^^^^ gai"« the asL d! P'ich p< iStTn S .1°' "'I *«'« motiV,nfl caCl"^- P^P^^' ** «Pce or fJ<^PreS,ion above the Tt'n,n' T^^^^ ^^i" SSt^'hvT^*? ^^^Smn,' '" that part of the otiS "^.'^^^''^ "ne, the eSl i^^ '*l elevation or J>>^«troke. Vfa?,vS?flt'*^ ««ch r^irt Sf th?T"* o^P^ssure ^-,. the atmiSeKr '"^'^ ''^ -^i^^^i dl^^J^.^ - 28 434 MACHINISTS AND ENQINEEBS' DEPARTMENT. In diagram E, tho atmoBpheric line A B, described by the peucil without steam, is equivalent to tho stroke of tho piHtou, whicli may bo divided into as many aliquot imrta as there are inches in the stioke o( the piston. Perpendiculars raised on this line 'will cut the diagram at poiuto indicating the corresponding pressure The curved line A B, traced by the pencil, exhibits the varying pressure of the steam daring the steam strolce, in tho direction A B, aud during the return stroke B A; the continuation BCA represents similaiiy the back gressure due to incomplete exhaust. The curve is thus arranged to egin and end in itself, and it plainly represents the pressure of the st^m on one side of the piston during a double stroke. Divide tlie base line into inches of stroke, say 20, aud at each division draw vertical lines; similarly draw lines parallel to tho atmospheric lino at equal distances, of say 10 lbs. pressure by the indicator scale ; the force of steam at all points of the stroke will be obvious. Comer Steam Stroke. 'Comer ^ ^ — i <' -- ■") / • ^^ J ) -- ^ ^ y J / J / / / « K ^ mm ^ mm -a ;^ , - £ X / * ■40i A ■ao -10 oA r. Cprner* mxcutemLint Corner ^ . T^ 'Mduction Ji'eadt r-r JRetum Strokm^' To Compute the Pmoer of the Diagram— Set down the length of the spaces formed by the vertical lines from the base, in measure- ments of a scale accompanying the indicator, and on which a 10th of an inch usually represents a pound of pressure; add np the total length of all the spaces, and divide by the number of spaces, which will give the mean length, or the mean pressure upon the piotou in pounds per square inch; multiply the area of the piston in square inches by the pressure in pounds i)er square inch, and by the speed of the piston, in feet, per minute, and divide by 33,000, which gives the actual number of horses' power. It Average of P»non« in 2 «non8and,ei ^erforate( water pipes Ipartof i,n, '°ortar,addl] '^Wm i MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS* DEPARTMENT. 435 At such times a register should be used to count the number of revolutions per minute. Note the size of the ports, the form and kind of enguie, the lap and lead of the valve, the exhaust lead, the pressure of steam in the boiler, diameter of cylinder, number of Htrokes per minute, the diameter and length of steam pipe, the point of cut-on, the height of the barometer and temperature of the engine room : and the vacuum by gauge, the temperature of Uie hot-well, and tnat of the injection water, if the operation has been performed on a condensing engine. To take a diagram with absolute truth it is necessary to operate at each end of the cylinder. POWEB REQUmED TOR VARIOUS PtTRPOSES.— To drive a 20 to 30 inch circular saw, 4 to 6 horse power. ♦• 32 to 40 " *' 12 " '' " 48 to 60 " " 15 " " •♦ fi0to62 " " 25 " " POWER XECESSARY TO ORTXD ORATX WITH PORTABLE MILLS. Horse Power. Size of Stones. Revolutioiut per Minute. Bushels Corn Ground per Hour. Bushels of Wheat Ground per Hour- 2 to 4 4 to 6 Cto 8 8 to 12 12 to 15 12-inch. 20 " 30 '« 38 " 48 " 300 to 900 660 to 700 550 to 600 460 to 600 350 to 400 Ito 4 6to 8 10 to 15 18 to 25 25 to 35 Ito 3 4to 6 7 to 10 12 to 15 15 to 18 Saw Machine for Stones.— ^o/f Sand Stme : Breadth of saw- cut, I inch ; time required to saw 10 square feet, 5 minutes 25 seconds ; r)\ver expended, 4.54 horses, Hard Sand Stone: breadth of cut, inch; time employed to cut 10 square feet, 1 hour 37 minutes; pow- er required, 2 horses. In sawing stone the labor on calcareous stones is as 45 to 50; on granite, as 600 to 700; on porphyry 1,200. A mar- ble saw requires half a horse power. Water WonKS.—iMoleaworth.)—! gai. of water «. Ifl cubic ft. ap- proximately; 1 cubic foot of water » 6^^ gallons approximately. Consumption of water in toum».—16 RalTons per head per day in non- manufacturing towns; 20 gallons per day in manufacturing towns. The main should be large enough for double the usual quantity. Impoundlnt; reservoirs to contain about 120 days' supply in the less rainy districts in bngland. Service reservoirs to contain 3 davs' supply. On the average. attout 6-lOths. of the rainfall Is available for storage . Loss from overflow or storm-water, about 10 per cent. Evaporation is 60 per cent, less on flat country than on an undulating rocky country. Infiltration, In England, in winter ai per cent. ,, Inspring 35 " •• " Insummer 2 " " , '• •• inautnmn 48 «• " Average of the Tear , 42 " " Filters forWater Works.— 1 square vard of filter for everv 700 gallons in 24 honrs; formed of 2 ft. 6 ina. of fin© sand, 6 in. of com- "lon sand, 61ns. of Bhells. 2 ft. 6 ins. of gravel. Perforated pipes to be laid in the lowest stratum. To Unite Water Pipes.— An excellent material for uniting water pipes is prepared by combining 4 parte of Portland cement and 1 part of unslacked lime, mixed together in small portions in a stout mortar, adding enough water to permit it to be reduced to a soft paste. 436 MACHIXISTS AND ENGIXEERS' DEPARTMENT. THE ALLEN HIGH PRESSURE CUT-OFF ENGINE. The engine represented above is constructed in the best nicanner, and valuable improvements have been introduced with a view to attain a very liigh speed aud thus ensure immense power in a limited spaco. The travel of the piston is from 600 to 800 ft. per minute, and the engine is constructed of the best material, aud is of excellent design throughout . HAMP.SON AND WniTEHILIi'S HlQXl PRESSURE ENGINE.— Tllis massive aud powerful engine (see cut) is in quite extensive use, and is noted for its substantial construction, its excellent valve arraufje- nient, powerful governor, economical expansion gear, and many other valuable points. The followino Table shows the Dimexsions, Power, WEionT, &C., OF DIFFERE>fT KINDS OP PORTABLE STEAM ENGINES AND Boilers.— /fas u?eZ^ Power. Cylinder. Driving or Fly Wheels. Weight of Engine aud Boiler. Nom- inal. Act- ual.* Diam. Strolce. 1 i Q & Revolu- tions. 4 B 7 8 12 15 20 25 30 40 4.7 7.3 10.5 14.3 19.2 24.3 30.9 36.3 43.2 58.8 4x 10 Bx 10 6x 10 7x 10 8x 12 9X 12 10 X 10 11 X18 12 X 18 14X18 ins. 2V2X 6 3X7 3%X 7 S%X 8 4X8 5X9 6 X 10 6 X 10 6 X 12 7 X 14 175 175 175 175 150 160 116 100 100 100 lbs. 2,800 3,200 4,200 4,900 6,100 6,900 11,200 12,300 18,800 16,700 ♦Computed at 60 lbs. pressure. All the Portable Eugiues have two fly wheels, or Driving pulleys. 1.1 '4, MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS* DEPARTMENT. 437 438 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DErARTMENT. The Baxter Portable Steam Enoike, as manufactured by the Colt Arms Co. of Hartford, Conn., is made of five sizes, embracing two, four, six, eight, and ten-horse power, respectively, is certainly one of the most complete, unique, simple, and economical poitablo engines ever constructed. It is too well known to require a detailed descri on ; but two illustrations are presented herewith, the first show! g a front view of the exterior part, and the other exhibiting a sectional view of the plain boiler for the two-horse power engine. ' rho largcEt pizo has a bursting strength corresponding to 600 lbs. to the square inch, whereas the working pressure is about 70 lbs. ; the ■mallest size a bursting strengtii of 1000 lbs., and a working pre.ssuTO of about 90 lbs. All the heating surfaces are below the water line, which ensures safety to tlie boiler. Tlie circulation of the water within the boiler in perfect, thus liolding the pediment in suspension, so tliat it may bo expelled by blowing out. The cylinder and its parts aro kept hot by immersion in tlie'steam, so that' no caloric is lost, and tlso piston has a vertical movement, so that there is but little wear and MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT, 43S tear resulting from friction. It is liardly possible to explode tlio boiler in any coutinsenoy, and 100 lbs. of coal will run a four-horse en^iuo for 10 hours. The whole machine is composed of about 130 component parts, all interchangeable, so that each article can be fur- nished by the manufaoturer, aa it may be required to effect repairs rendered necessary by wear or brcakaffo. The engine has a piston fipecd of about 200 feet per minute, the diameter of the piston is about the same as the length of the stroke, and the valve arrangement is most complete. GUIFFITH AND WEtMSE'S VERTICAL PORTAELR EnOINE.— The engine represented below presents a combination of many valuable features, among others, the mini- mum of friction, owing to the vertical position of the cylinder, au iiiiprovement which is ^uite a novelty on engines of this de- scription, and effectually pre- vents the unoc||ual wear of the cylinder and pistc!i to which all horizontal engines are liable. The whole mechanical ments are most complete, and so efficient that it can be driven from 275 revolutioiu, the proper speed GRIFFITH AND WEDGE'S VFJITICAL PORTABLE ENGINE. for saw ipillH, to 460 revolutions per minute, without overtasking th« boiler. 440 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. _^r^(^£Ktt%^ ROBERT FULTON, THE I'lONEEB OP^TBAM NAVIGATION IN A3IEIUCA. While Robert Fulton was in England, converting a speculation into ft reality, he was on friendly intercourse with Sir R. Phillips, to whom he wrote a triumphant letter on the evening of his first voyage on the Hudson. This letter was shown to Earl Stanhope and four or five eminent engineers, but treated with scorn as descriptive of an impo» sibility. Sir R. Phillips then advertised for a company to repeat on the Thames what had been done on the Hudson, but he obtained only two ten-pound conditional subscribers, after expendmg pome pounds in advertising! He then printed, with commendation, Ful- ton's letter in the Monthly Magazine and his credulity was general- ly reprobated. Then, for several years, the American accounts were treated as falsehoods, till a man ruined himself by launching a vessel on the Clyde. Three Smf i treatiuent accorded by Anerii*^"^r^^«« S, SXjl''Ti"^>« ^"- penerous Fulton, is a^i w " * ?* ^® "^emoif ofher nnS* '^'^'b^* thousands now avvail tiipm^?^* ^°"^ "Poa her bannpr u ^®^o»' *he geuius brought to Ti-hf «^^*^®« °* t^e great iSr^^V. ^""dreds of ago, during fisiS tSie' Z*S« '^'"'^.^ «»^d^haiJJS itfc ^^'^^ hi« was a Jangling stock anrf«K "*'"® "' «ie PoorZrlZufJ^ ^"^^ a relatiou annearpH h. ^ "* ^.^'ye-word. it i- w "°'^^n*t€d inventor accidental X?o,^'?;SfM"' ^'■^.'•^- -^'^ " Svw\'r«?*^* ««° th«f they had been grSted a fi,^''''''* "» a vauJtTwhfre LT^^^ **' the o»e|iarate itself }^„ S.« i°°f'«»' » speed U,JiuL„ 2S "" rollers 3 reabsorbed "«!, j **"® Woody refuse nftiJl ^ ^° '•^^ not time dro«s a?e requirS ^tlT'' ^'^ ^I« of jiSce I bS/L^ "'"^^ r.. pch piece beiuff 09nTi" f""J"S the doth c/illerl "Pno 1, ^^ ^it' ■'m 442 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS* DEPARTMENT. Wind Mills.— The length of nn nrm (whip) is divided into witcu parts, the pails extending ov cr six parts. The force of wind at 10 inilw Bn hour, is lialf a ix)unu per square foot ; at 14 miles is a pound ; at 20 miles 2 lbs. ; at 25 miles 3 lbs. ; at 85 miles 6 lbs. ; at 45 miles lo lbs. ; at 60 miles 17J lbs. ; and at 100 miles is nearly 50 lbs. The driv- ing shaft of a wind mill should be set at an elevated angle with the horizon when set in low localities, and at a depressed angle when set on elevations. These angles may range from 3° to 35°. To give the f nllest effect to the force of the wind, the nails are inclined to the axis from 72° to 75°. The tip.s of the pails often move SO miles per hour, or 44 feet per second. From tip to tip is about 70 feet, and the breadth from 5 to 6 feet. The penormance of such a mill is equiva- lent to the power of 34 men. Experiments prove, 1st, That in a vertical wind mill employed to p^ud 'jorn, the mill 8t^ cast-iron P 'orthesn r r, varyii fjunstood in t '".^''ingtheph 'itn an extreme lereryinstanci .MACilLVlSTS AXD KN-GxxEEns- DEPARTMENT. 443 at ' ^er uvfrinHnl • »» two In, ■ J radiuB reqi « section of a 1 plane; theynr E P 98.22 3.41 99.80 s.-ki 101.34 i.!i\>. 102.87 3.(S7 104.37 3.A3 105.85 3.67 107.31 3.72 108.75 3.77 110.17 3.82 Pitch of Wheem, BEiva . a, IXCHES, HATIXO FBOM 7 TO Lt J^''^'*'' °' ^I>*i OF Wheet. 446 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS* DEPARTMENT. tDhKl, fitted with wooden cogs. A shows the sqtiare wooden co^ geuerally driven into mortice wheels previous to being laid of! ^ith the dividers and dressed down to the exact pitch and outliue, as shown "1 ? ;■ power, In the shaded part representing the finished tooth. The teeth of the small wheel (called the driveny the large one witli the cogs being known .?« the driver) are iron, being cast with the wheel, and are snfflcientlj I stiX>ng if but half the size of cogs. The^e^ Unfi ^sec dotted lines extendi^g^m B to C, and from D •so: MACHINISTS AND ENOINEEBS' DEPARTMENT. 447 = Mteh X 0-33 = Pitch X 0-78 Pitch X 0-4S to £) is a circle of siifflcient dimensions to permit the requisite nnra- ber of teeth and spaces to be laid out on it. The length of a tooth should be .7 of the pitch, .4 of it being belotr the pitch line, and .3 above, as shown in cut. As a general thing, the greater the breadth of a tooth across the surface tho longer it will wear. By the pitch is understood the space between the middle or centres of two adioining teeth, as shown by the arrows at F F, or the bread^ of a tootn and a space, as shown by the arrows at G G. The semi- diameter running to tho niteh line is called the pitch radius. The true or dun'diai pitch is a straight line drawn between the centres of two adjoining teeth, and is that by which the dimensions of tlie teeth and speed of wheel are computed. Tho radius is the space between the centre of the wheel and the periphery of a tooth, or half the diameter of the wheel. The line of centres, shown at H, nasses throngh tho centres of two wheels, and on this line the pitch circles of the wheels should merge into each other (as shown in cut) when they are properly regulated fur operation. Proportion of Teeth of Wheem— . From pitch line to top of tooth Total depth of tooth Thickness of tooth on pitch line Space between teeth on pitch line = Pitch x 0*65 Thickness of rim of wheel = Pitch x 0*45 Thickness of arms in flat = Pitch x 2-50 Thickness round centre = Pitch x 1*30 Mortice wheels to be wider than Iron wheels by twice the thickne|#of the rim; rim to be double the thickness of iron wheels. Pitches of Equivalekt Staeitoth for the Teeth or IVhebu iir Differekt Materijils — Pitch for cast iron == 1*00 " brass = I'OO " hardwood = 1*20 " " according to other authorities =: 1-26 The number of arms in wheels should be as follows :— 1-5 to 3.26 feet in diameter, 4 I 8.6 to 16 feet in diameter, 8 3-25 to B " •' 6 I 16 to 24 •• " 10 6 to 8.5 " "61 Fly Wheem.— Weight of rim should be 85 to 95 lbs. per horse power, momentum of wheel being 4^ times that of tho piston ; dia- meter 3 to 4 times that of the stroke of the enghie. Smglc-acting engines, fly-wheel to be 5 times heavier t? ah in double acting engines. To Compute ITciV/At o/ 2Km— Multiply tive mean effective pressure npon the piston, in pounds, by its stroke, in feet, and divide tho pro- duct by the product of the itquaro of tho number of revolutions, tho diameter of the wheel, and 00023. For a light wheel multiply by OOO;?; for a heavy one by -00016, To Compute Dimensiona of ^ini— Multiply tho weight, in pounds, by '1, and divide the product by the mean diameter of tlic rin|, in feet ; the quotient will give the sectional area of the rim in iqi»re iuchcs of cast iron. Ginning Cotton — 4 horse power will drive a gin of from 40 to CO Bans, and for every additional 20 wiws add 1 horse power. TJireshing Oram — 4 horse power should thresh 60 bushels per hour ; 6 to 8 horse power will drivo the ordinary 10 to 12 horse tlirt.iher and separator. wIf 448 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS* DEPARTMENT. BORING MACHINE FOR SUBMARINE TUNNELS. The above engraving represents a back view of the tunnelUns or boring machine intended to oe used in perforating the proposed tunnel nnder the English Channel, between France aixd England. Opera- tions hiive already been commenced on the French coa.st, and fer- vent hopes are entertained that no insnrmonntable obstacles will be encountered. The chalk formation throngh which it is propoped to drive the tunnel, is 400 feet tliick on the English coast and 300 feet on the French ; and, as the Straits of Dover are in no jiart. deeper than 18G feet, it is confidently anticipated that the proposed enterprise will of steel drills or basting « ^°V"«cted withoot tS!^!:^*' '* thoaght all that will bJ Su s^°P«a«<>"8. as Bii?priiriS*iiStothe"Sae steam enaiue nin/>cH*„l Ii ' ■*'i® power will k« * ""ff tools win hfi pulley, as shown iu the e.,f iJS- ?*""«cting w?tli7hH*^® *° *''« *««- front of the machi ^"'^Kld ?M*°'*'^riJsS^4°^ rated, jt IS most DrobahiAVh^* '^'^ anangemenf VX!f ^" **"»» iu stituteforstearaSer Tifi ^^"JP'esaed f S wiU KL**^««»P«- movably braced bv mLn- J? i"*<'^e. M represented n^ "■* ""b- ^uded against ihS^Sdiiii'^*' "Prights, 3tte?wkh ^£?\®' *« in>- tnple flanges, fitted in*^ * ^-^re, and four n^JI« "***"' 'oMeis furthersecur^ bv J^*^ tempcarjr r^i- bS^ S?« wheels i^S andauothe/bSa.Xte J^«<'^ws, ^^ra'biv« «''^^« »^'^ vance from the ton ftnr^^"i^°° Proper bearino^ -.® "'o niachino thetuimeh if drh?,??h ^*l^™ of tSe tSef ^rfT'"»* "^e Sri! 23 miles long ; b„t ?n fc"«^ *^« ^o^er Slk form„ff Wtijnated & wiielming qii^Ei\,?® ®l®"* o^ serious o£tori?i'":2'V ^^ ^e about the adviM of ProfS,o/ ^/ '"•««Wng in iMs ?„??*^« '«>m om- «el through theplKic^.^i^i »«? be foDow^*.*^P2JaW6 that F--?^a£i!£p-^^^^^^^ the following tehS n« ""*i?®7 ^"^ be reoniSd J^i beyond a doubt Black Rock, ILS^i; "^ j- —__ Yard. wicke slate. . /.f ®^ j^ fioP nf '""f '"HJstoneilii^i: SO """"^ '" 'lie varied require .:) 450 MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS* DEPARTMENT. TJEW OF THE DRIT.Ij ATTACHKD TO COLUMN, Af; USED WITH COMPRESSED AIK Olt STEAM, WHEN PKACTICABLE. ^ meuts ot tauuelliug, mining, submarine blasting, &c. It works on the percussion principle, and i8 operated either by steam power, as il- lustrated in the cut, or by com- pressed air, actiug on a piston within a cylinder, secured by clamps to a ver- tical or horizontal column or tripod. It can bo adjusted to perforate the rock at any desired angle, and, on open quarry work, the large drill (they are made of differ- ent sizes), is an equivalent to the work of 25 men, and has often done the work of 40 men for successive days. In railway tunnels and other subter- ranean places pre- scntiug impedi- ments to active work, of course the progress is consid- erably less. The average boring done in hard rock, per day, of ten hours, IS from 70 to 80 feet. In un- derground work, where foul air ex- ists, the employ- ment of comprejM- ed air becomes a necessity, as it not only dissipates all danger from explo- r.lvo gases, but drives the drill equal to steam power, cools the atmosphere, and VIEW OF DRILL ATTACHED TO COLUMN, AS AB- disi>enses f rcsh air BANGED FOR USE IN SHAFTS. ^ *»? workmen. Considered in all its bearings, it is a most wonderful machine. ( gold with amp, ajKl ( nt tli( static, com|> ieavin nielte( and tlj solves gold cj salt. Got move h 3 ins. w iflstead ^ are dete In t roasted i of tJie po m. Jitha « crucible SiLVE. ps. ofth( itJiarge, a "onix ove to settle tJi ,,. ^o Ass •VlxaOOrrn •^ m. cfia scribed abc «"st, whicJ Test fc n»neml roc 'wminer it P'ace some acid over a «>'ne stainec t>ILVER .. Of the poAvdc nitric acid in T * «a,m fT^f silver , Jf paper to ,^«taddafe •^"maybep 2'«ofrthe, J'nut(..s,i/it, rfiJ? ^'» forme p';lH)ttom r^' a cup xaay ---'"« «0 3,„„,,„ ,,^^^^, , actiug -™S,^,1lrj-? f Hon. S^o.^T '"^ -"" ■■» m. cK!"'f„l;il'r''"''^'^1 ore wtth^ioS'i*^ ""•■■■■h.g silver or» «>'ne stained or tin-ed jf nvJ?'''^' ^'"'k red vai^^! .''.^"P ^ith nitric . .f'LVEn AssAv WITH ^l"^**^"^ «re present ^ ^' *^® «<^d wiil be. I- 4o2 PROSPECTING FOR GOLD. Pkospectino for QuABTz.--The first step (o be taken is to ascer- tain the direction of tlio strata of tlie bed-rocl( and quartz veins im- bedded ttierein. Tlieu talce a common piclc, shovel, and good iron pan, and prospect the surface dirt along, and just under tlio brealt of the veins every few yards, theu following the vein as far as it sIiowh itself, either by its outcrop or loose fragments ; and if gold is fouud in the surface along the vein, it is a ^ood presumptive evidence tluit the vein is gold bearing. Then ascertiun the point on the vein that given Uie best " prospect," and make a cut across it deep enough to kIiow the vein as it is inclosed in the bed or wall rock ; then make a careful examination of every part of the vein, so as to determine what part of it is gold bearing. The casing of the vem where it joins the wall rock should b« carefully tested ahio : it frequently occurs that the casing is richer than the vem itself. The best mode of testing the rock is to pound it lip finely in a hand mortar, and wash it out in a pan or horn upoou. If a satisfactory result is obtamed, tlien sink a sluift so as to cut the vein at the pouit where the prospect is obtained, and follow it down, say 40 or 60 feet. The character of the " wall rock " should be closely observed, to ascertain the " line of its texture." The smooth faces that separate the vein from the wall rock should be carefully examined ; the smooth faces have numerous small ridges upon thein, that show "the line of its projection," or the direction from which the vein was forced up between the walls enclosing it. The lidges and fine grooves on the faces of the veins will, in most cases, be found to have the same direction of the texture of the wall rock; and the rich section of the vein will most generally continue rich in the " line of its projection." It is frequently the case that a vein will have a section of a few feet that will be rich, and all the balance of it be poor ; therefore, it is very imi)ortant to learn the " line of its projec- tion," for the rich sections always follow the course indicated by tlie *' line of projection," and the " fine of texture " of the wall rock.— J. E. Clayton. To JPnosPECT A River TJar.— Tlie prospector should, during tlie season of low water, select the bend of a stream below where it emerges from a deep gorge,and,noting the spot where the eddy usually exists duriiu; high water on the inward bend of the stream, he will proceed to dig to a depth of 2 or 3 ft, as near the water's edge aspos- eible, but distant enough to keep the hole dry on reaching the rock. Now fill the pan nearly full witu the bottom dirt from the rock, take it to the stream, immerse it in tlie water and agitate the mass, break- ing up tlie lumps of clay, &c., if any exist. Keep the pan underwater, with the side next the operator slightly elevated; shake from bide to side; the muddy water will flow out, as the clear water flows in, car- rying away the dirt; the pan is now raised from the water, and the snaking continued, with tlie lower side still more depressed in order to allow the light sand to pass over the further edge ; the stones are removed by hand, and the operation continued until but a few itea are left; the particles of gold, if any existed in the sample, will be found m the pan, and a search for them will decide the question of value. To Prospfct in a GuiiLY.— Select a «pot soon after a rain, when water is abundant, and if possible let it be a level place over a vein of slate with vertical, or nearly vertical strata, presenting its raggeer, say 3 feet or more, in length, and the fuimc width as the lx)x, very even and flat on the bottom. Malie a tight, close fit on the upyxit edge, and secure each side by nailing down narrow strips of board. Next, take nitric acid, 1 lb., add to this, water, 1 lb., and apply the mixture to the cup- per plate with a rag uu the end of a stick; drop on some quicksilver, and wipe it all over the plate until it is completely silvered. Tltis is the amalgam plate. Now get a sheet of stout plate iron, equal in di- nensions to the copper plate, and perforate with numerous slits ^ inch long and 1-lU inch wide, crosswise of the plate, not in regular rows, but as it were with broken joints, like bricks in a wall, nmgcd with their ends out of lino on every half inch, in order to permit tlio easy entrance of fitiid material at all points. The perforated iron plate, being now ready, is laid in the box unmediately over the amal- gamated plate, and resting on the narrow boards, which hold the lat- ter in phice, and is firmly secured ui this position, but so as to bo easily detached when required. The sluice box is now adjusted or placed at the same grade as the others, but so that the iron plate will be on a level with the bottom of the box above. It will be found that while the gravel, stones, and gross material will easily pass over tlio iron plate, i^art of the Huid iwrtion, with tlic fine atoms of gold, Avill fall through the crevices on the amalgamated plate below, when tlio latter will be arrested at once. Each day, for the first week or less, the iron plate should bo removed, the copper cleaned from a green substance which adheres, and more quicksilver added . A rifBe bar should be i)laced below tlie plate to secure the suriilus quicksilrer, ITie gold may be removed at projicr inter^•als as it accumulates. Tlio value of the catch will bo enhanced by admittuig a small quantity of water into the sluice just above the jilato. The water used by miners is generally sold by water companies at A certain rate per inch ; it is delivered from an orifice in the side of a flume, which in many cases conveys the water from distant mountiiins over hills, ravines, plains, and along excavations on the sides of pre- cipitous mountains, &c. An inch of water is estim:»ted to be the quantity emitted through an aperture an inch sqimre under a head of 6 or 7 inches, and the price per inch varies from 12 cents up to 40 cents per day, according to tlie locality, demand, &c. Hydraulic Mining.— The operative power in hydraulic mining is derived from a reservoir of water placed at a high elevation above the point of action, from whence the water Is conveyed through a hose, and projected with terrific force under a pressure of from 80 to 200 feet, against the dirt above the bed rock. Tlie effect is equal to the combined labor of several hundred men; the force exerted being literally equivalent to the removal of mountiins, as the superincumi bert masses of earth and rock frequently comes tumbling down in quantities of hundreds of tons at a time. The dirt thus loosened i.s conveyed into and washed down the sluice. To fortify the hose to withstand the fearful pressure of the water. It should be stoutly band- ed with strong galvanized iron rings about 2 ins. broad, secured around the hose at intervals of about 2 ins. apart. The quantity of water r^nired by a hydraulic claim varies from 60 to 300 ins. Thk Long Tom, at one time in qnite extensive use by mlnei-s in California, is a trough ranging from 8 to 14 ft. In length, generally 10 QUARTZ CRUSHING, MINING MACHINERY. 455 ina. wide at tho upper end where the dirt is deposited, 30 Ins. wide at the lower extremity, and about 8 ins. deep. Tlio botUim, at tho wide end is composed of a sieve or riddle of i)erf orated sheet iron, with a !«mall riffle box, or trough with riffle bars placed underneath. Tho water entering in at the upper end. Hows through the entire length of the torn, waahbig tho dirt in its [mssage, but is prevented from forcing it over the lower end by an unward erection nt tho lower end of tlio riddle. Tho gravel, sand, and small stones escape through the perfo- rated iron, wliilc tho largo stones are tossed out with the shovel, and the gold is caught In the riffle box below, quicksilver being used oc- casionally to assist in securing the l\ner ]>article8. QuABTZ Crushing by Stamps.— The rotary «tamn is very highly commended as tho most cfflcieut stamp in uso for the cruslsing of (luartz rock. Tho square stamp is vertical, with the main part or 8na(tal)out 8 ft. long, and from 5 to Sins, square, shod with massive iron weighing from 100 to 1000 lbs. Thcj' are elevated by cams pro- jecting from a horizontal shaft, which effect a lift of from 6 to 18 ins. nt each revolution, when tho stamp falls with all its force into tho battery or tho quartz below. Tlio quartz, previously broken to pieces the size of a hen's egg or less, may bo crushed in a dry state, or in a wot condition, with a small stream of water constantly flowing through tlic battery, which is enclosed by a wire cloth or peiforated plate of (ihcet of iron, to permit the egress of the quartz wncn sufficiently trit- tiratcd, Tho separation of the gold from the quartz is effected by wash- ing, etc., as in placer rainin,i;; much of it is caught by tho use of coarse blankets laid in troughs, through which the quartz is washed nn in a sluice, and many uso tho amalgam plate, made as described above, to secure tho gold . In amalgamating in the battery, 2 ozs. of quicksilver to 1 oz. of gold is the best proiwrtion for use, and produces tho most effective results in securuig tho gold. Mining Machinery (Molksworth). Speed of crueliing rolls at periphery CO ft. per minute. Diameter of " " " 24 to 30 ins. Breadth of •' •* " 12 to 15 Ins. Koller shaft « ins. square. Tumbling shaft 4*4 '' Sifting screen shof t 1% ins. diameter. Rolls crushed together with a force of 60 tons. Weight of stamper heads, from 1 Vg to 5 cwt. Lift of ditto D to 12 ins. Number of lifts per minute 45 to 60. . Exposed area of cast gratings about 9x 10 ins. Number of holes to tbe inch for tin 140. Area of stamper l)ottom, generally C x 10 ins. I»umps for deep mines, usually 8 to 10 ft. stroke. Kach lift from 150 to ;'00 ft. Horse power of pumping engines : — Q = quantity of water raised per minute, cubic feet. : Jieight In feet, Actual horse power •0021 II Q. Ilnei-s in bnilly !*> In Smeiart of tlio furnace. The 1 w ■ff 456 81LVKR SMELTING, STUBS* GAUGE, AC. flilver is onco more put iu a furnace and boiled until all impuritie* nrt dtlTOU off. IH THE Salt Solutiow Pbocem, f^ve per cent, of wilt is added to the silver ore, and the nitxtiire is roasted until the salt is converted iuto a cliloride. ' When In tliis slate, and still red hot, It is thrown Into a very strong solution of boiling brine, to dissolve the chloride of silver. The brine is filtered at a temjiorature of 212* and the silver is precipitated by adding small pieces of cop^ier, together witli a sinall quantity of muriatic acid. BuHiNCUJU* W««.Gauc« Comjpawo with Ikchm, wW.O.«lM D. W. 0. - Ini. V .oiS ar .016 K.ir.a- % ■■B^C Na3S< r .olf ? .oia 3« .01 33 ;3 34 .007 35 .005 N0.I1W. G.=.. i«v 16 * .. i^tf in. 22 " .. ii in- Artificial Meerschaum is made with very fine sifted plaster of Paris, baked for a few hours and thrown while warm into melted wax or linseed oil; the resemblance may be increased by a coloring solu- tiou of gamboge and dragon's blood. > cent fore rini' WACUINI3TS, tVGWKfiH*. A/. forencen, ArrS and 55un". ^"^ '^n tK «1h t^^*'P*« an** pro. •- i*!i inoniac puIverf'eS i 'nr}^^'^!^ »"d alnm of i^h"? ''™^*' "« tern- P''"'ffo in, drawing nn f« ' "^*' ^ 'b"- J&t t^^'^' J <*«• ." wl-am- P iJverized bomr 1 „^ temper. 4. Wa Jr 1 , * <*heny red an 1 1 80 soft water In all theS. .^'"''^ tight, f^order terlfTt?''^ <>' this nrJ'?"T«'^« MiS }!^JT.P"r «g°Ws **" "^S^ ^ts strength. £",? dark ch?.?;^rS'^Cd •>e%TAtK'ea"??h"\""^»^^^^^ "»'il tl,o steel Is S^f ',' °" «"> »«,«.. ?'?J, ™ 'he edge Xn P»,'« of Uic steel' Wh''"''''' 'ettin-X b&! '?'',','« "s"" "»<1 often P'" 0' rain S; /J* '"*,'' •'»'«■ Lick, T.^li'i' «>"'«> close S J. 158 MACHINISTS, ENOINEESS', AC, RECEIPTS. CoKPOsmoH roR Tsupsniiro.— Rosin, 7^ parts; whale oil, '| parts; pulverized charcoal, ^ part; tallow, ^ part. Directions. — Very small tools should be dipped iu this mixture the same an in water, then polish and draw the temper as usual. Large tools should be dipped, then heated up ap^iu and temperas usual. This compositlou will also restore burnt Btr.z}. m good as new. If email tools, dip ouco. It large, dip two or three times; no han\meringrax, 1 oz. ; prussiate of potash, 1 oz. ; charcoal, 1 oz. ; salt, i pt. ; tlieii add 1 gal. linseed oil, mix well, bring your iron or steel to the proi)cr heat and cool in the solution. It is said the manufacturers of the Judsoii governor paid $100 for this receipt, the object being to case harden iron so that it would take a bright polish lilie steeL DiPPijro Tools when Habj.»ening.— To harden a pen>knife blade, lancet, razor, chisel, gouge-bit, plane, spoke-shave, iron ehavii^ knife, tliree or four square ules. and round and flat files, dip them endwise or perpendicularly. Tlii.i keeps them straight, which would not bo the aiso wcra they dip^ied iu the water ol>- liqiiely. SuBSTiTUTR FOR BoiiAx.— Alum. 2 ozs. ; dilute with water and nifcc with 2 ozs. potash, boil in a pot half an hour over a gentle fire, take it out of the water, add 2 ozs. gem salt in powder, as much of alka- line salt, 3 lbs. honey, and one of cow's nulk, mix all together, set it in the sun for 3 days and the borax is ready for use. This will go twice as far in a blacksmitli's shop as commoc. borax. Welding Cast Steel.— Silver sand 2 lbs., plaster of Paris, 1 lb.; mix thoroughly. Heat your article and dust it with the above, ploco it in the fire again until you get a red heat and it will weld. Rrsmratoii. — Au excellent respirator may bo made of a tlilfk nheet of carded cotton WtK)l placed between two pieces of muiiliii. Unequalled for arresting dust, steel particles, &c. Annealing Steel. — For small pieces of steel, take a piece of ga« pipe 2 or 3 inchei, in diameter, and put the i)ioccd in it, first heat- ing one end of the pipe, and drawing it togetlier, leaving the other end open to look into. When the pieces are of a cherry red, cover the fire with saw dust, use a cliarcoai fire, and leave tlie steel iu over night. TR) i)R'f.L Hardened Steel. — Cover vou r steel with melted beeswax, when coated and cold, make a hole in tlio wax witli a fine pointed nee- dle or other article tlie size of lu)le you require, put a drop of t-trouK nitric acid upon it, after au hour rinse oil, and apply a^aiu, it ^^"ill gradually eat through. , « To Harden Metals.— Iron, GO parts: chrome, 40 'parts: form a composition as hard as the diamond. A high degree of liardneBB may also be imparted to iron or steel by adding | part of nilvcr, Copper mav be externally hardened by the fumes hi zinc and tin. Tha specula of Lord Itoss's telescope is 1 jmrt tin and 1 V»A copper, this is as hard as steel, and takes a very higli polish ; if more than this be added it will scarcely cohere. Welding Cast Steel.— Rook saltpetre, J lb. ; dissolve in J lb. oil vitriol ; and add it to 1 ge.\. water. After scarfing the steel, get it kot; and quench iu the preiuiratiou. Tlieu weld tho same ui > I)U for ide wal G pari T. cop< inca S. G "if; parts niao, TilOB then 1 IIjoik: pieces one ca i'ild til may b( (iost Nil-ani] fiwe th^ Iiont lit liquid fl cool anc ready f( Riised U thou dij nntil it j Iwplacc ToRr 302«.;s, OZS. ; res and slmii Ped In tli *ir^^' *jO' ; pri add a gill im kettl. V'® bumi 8iiphtly]„ "KSTOtt steel may Incoldwai togitsoafl repeating t «^ the fi, , toarposi ,^; 10 pa ^ I>art sod ' ''^^^^EnS, AC, RECEIPTS. 45« piece of Iron, Jiammor 1* vnm, . . puiposo much better #1. a .; i^ ^^^^^ ^'fi Ueht hlntr- t* then brouirht fai ft«r "®** """o I^^dered with ♦^^^®"*® completely raised to « heat wiTiJif^ '"'■ ""uixwiUon lliniLTi .,'"""'•'•. I' to "»" lipped MOSS'S?. 2;S'« "PreJ^ ' by "Sh? Jl,""^?* ^ .To RSSfer Sl'JJ'S' ""SS.?.^ <» X. b. he««,, ^ ^'iZf^ '■»'«'S;;"l,r rSSi,"?"r ''■»?'™ "»' b.n,t 460 MAcnnvisTs, ekgixeers*, &c., receipts. IhOTonghly \Tith tho tolloTr. Bring your bnrnt steel to >i dicrry red and dip it in the mixture; when it gets cold it may boluudencd in the usiial manner. C!oBiPOSiTiON TO TrvtmEV Stxel.— Resin, 2 lbs. ; tnllovr, 2 Ilie. ; black pitch, 1 lb. ; me.c top;etlier, and dip in tlio steel \rhen hot BuBGLAB AVJ> Drili/-Pxioof Diamokd Cuu> 4. Quench tlie Iron or steel in the juice or water of common beans. < Temtebtno Steel Spbinos.- The steel used should be that called "spring" for the large work; for small work, "double shear '!. After I^rdening in the usual way, in water, or, as some prefer, in oil,' dry tlie spring over the firo to get rid of its moisture, then smear it over with tallow or oil, hold it over the flame of the smith's forgo, passing it to and fro, so that tho whole of it will bo equally heated,* nolding it there until the oil or tallow takes firo. Take the article out of the fire and let it bum a short time, then blow it out Tho process may bo reported two or three times if the operator fwicice that any portion of the spring has not been redacea to the proper temperature, or rather raised to it Temperinq Saws. — A Jato improvement consists in tempering and straightening the saws at one operation. This is done by Iicat- ing the saws to tlie proper degree, and then pressing them with a BUdden and powerful stroke between two surfaces of cold iron. A drop press is employed for the purpose. The mechanism is juito simple and inexpensive. Its use effects an important economy m the manufacture of nearly all kind/i of saws, and also improves their quality. - TBafTBBiTfa Spiral Spbxngs. — Place a piece of round Iron inside the sprhig, largo enough to fill it; then matce the spring and iron red hot, and, wlieu hot place them quickly into cold water, and stirthcr . about till cold; afterwards rub tliemwith oil or grease, and mo\o them about in a flame till the grease takes firo; the spring will then bo reduced to its i)ro];)er temper. MACHINISTS, EKOINEERS*, AC, ItECEIFTS. 461 To Tempek Smai>n)rLr><;« '.nmerscd liorizoutaily and edgeways into a l>ng trom^h oontainiiiff tho com- ix witlon. l*nrt of tliu composition is (vipo4 ofi tho saws witli a picco of leather, ^tIioii tlicy are removed from the trough, and licatca one Ijy one, uiitil tho gi-easo iniiames. Tliis is called " blazing off." Tho Cdinposition used by a largo saw mnpufactiirer is 2 lbs. suet' and ^ lb. of 1)oeswax, to c cry gallon of whale oil; tlie seare boiled tocotUcr, mid will 8er%-e for thin worlcs and most kinds of steel. Tlio addition <<{ black resin, altout 1 lb. to each gallon, makes it sorro for thicker iiicc<}8, and for tiiofto it refused to harden before; but resin should 1)0 added with judgment, or the works will l)ecome too hard and brittle. To iMTRorE Poon Inox, — Black oxide of manganese, 1 part: cop- l^ras and common stilt. 4 parte each; dissolve in soft water, and boil till dry; when coo), pulverize, and mix quite freely with nice welding sand, when yon have poor iron which you cannot afforU to throw nway, heat it, and roll it in this mixture; working for a time, reheat- ing, &C., ^vili soon free it from all impurities, which ia tho cause oi it» rottciuicss. By this process you can make good horse nails out of common iron. Cabe-IIardexino for Ino:r. — Casv iron may bo case-hardened b.v heating to a red heat, and then rolling it in a composition coot-,)osC(J of equal i>arte of pnissiate of potash, sal-ammoniac, and saltpetre, all ])!ilverizO(I and thrroughlv mixed. Tills mnst be gut to every part uf tho surface: then plunged, while yot hot, into a bath contilniug 2 oz». prnssiato of iK>uuih, and 4 ozs. wu-ammouioc to each gallon of cold ^vater. Moxon's CASE-IlAnDExrxa PnocE8S.^^-Cow's horns or hoofs arc to bo baked, dried .and pulverized in order that moro may be cot into Uie box witlx the articles, or bone dust answers very well To this add an equal quantity of bay salt; mix them witli stale chamber Icy. or white wine vinc^r; cover the iron witli this mixture, and bed it in tho same in loam, or enclose it in' an iron box, lay it on tho he.arth of tho forgo to dry and Imrden; then put it into tho Ore, and blow till tho lump has a blood red heat and no higher, lest tho iron n;ixturo Ik) burnt too much. -> Take the iron out and throw it into cold water. Fou MAT.i.EAnLT: Inox;— Pnt tho articles in an iron box, and strat- ily them among animal carbon, that is, pieces of horns, hoofs, skins, or leather, just sufllciently burned to bo reduced to jxiwder. Lute tho box "^'ith cqiu-il parte of sand and clay; then place it in the flro, nnX keen at a light red hejit for a length of time proportioned to tho depth of stv'icl rc>HAitDEinKO CoMPOUXD.— l>rus8iato of potash, 3 lbs. ; sal-am< moniac, 2 lbs. ; bono dust, 2 lbs. CosirosiTiojf FOR Weldino Cast Steet-— Pulverized borax any (liinntlty, and slightly color it with dragon's blood. Heat the steel red hot, shako the borax over it; ])laco it acain in the fire till the bomx emokOE on the steel, which will bo mucli below tho ordinary welding bent, and then hammer it To Weld Cast Inox.— The best way of weldin'j cast iron is to toko it at a very intense heat, closely approaching the melting point. In tliis stato it will be fouud suindcutly malleable to stand welding bv tho hammer. Thero are other methods, but most of them ore attend- ed by almost insurmountable difficulties. To Tkmpeu Taps on Reamers without springing, iielect your etccl for the job, and forge tho tap with a littlo more thai? the usual ullowance, being careful not to neat too hot nor liammer tf>occM; After the tan or reamer is forged, heat it and hold it on one id on the anvil. If a large one, hit it with tho sledge; if a small one, tlio hnmmcr will do. This will cause tho tan to liend slightly. Do not etnightcn it with tho hammer, but on nuishing and hardening tlio ti|v it will become straight of its own accord. To IIardex akd Temper Cast Steel.— For saws and springs In general tho following is an excellent liquid; Siiermaceti oil 'JO am. ; beef suet rendered, 20 lbs. ; neat's-foot oil, 1 gal. ; pitdi, 1 lb. ; black reshi, 3 lbs. Tho las two articles must b« previously melted together, and then added tc Jie other higrcdients, when tho wholo must be heated in a proper lion vessel, witli a close cover fitted to it, until all moisture is evaporated, and the composition will tako tiro on u Haming body being presented to its surface. Water Amnealino. — Heat tlio steel to a red heat, and let it lie a few minutes, until nearly biack hot; then tlirow it into soai>-Hudrt; steel in this way may be annealed softer than by putting it into thit ashes of the forge. To Soften Malleable Irox.— ^Vlien yonr furnace is changed with fuel and metal, get thn flro up to a dull red lieat, then IKinr flnorio acid all over tho coke; nso ^ pt to 1 pt or oven 1 qt adding; a handful of fit or spar; it will mnko tlie metal much softer. WoRKiKO Steel for Tools.— Tn working $ in luuden- 'iirg. Again, steel, when being hammered, should Le heated as hot sis it will stand, until finishing, and should tlien bo hammered until almost black hot, for tlie reason that it seta tlie grain Itncr, and crives tho tool a better edge. The reason for heating the steel so not while hammering is simply because it makes tho steel to'Tgher when hardened, and softer when annealed, while if it were worked at a low red heat, the continue for common lua- chino screws or for boltx, measuro with callipers, the lower part of the thread of one of the screws, and proceed to cut your tsip at the bottom of the thread the exact size of the measurement. Strong taus for square thread screws ought to be cut J the depth of their pitcn, so if the thread is five to the inch, cut one-tenth of an inch deep. The threads V.^ing 5 to the inch, leaves a space between the threads of one tenth of nn inch, and tlie thread being one tenth hi depth and one-tenth wide, would make the thread square. In square threads required for wear, the cut should bo } the depth of tlieir pitch. iii hanlenim/ a. tap, use a clear, bright fire: a fire of charcoal is the best; heat to a cherry red, and holdintj; it b\ the upper end immerso the entire thread-part first, keeping it st«rionary until the smooth part atttinsa dark red color; then gradually di|- .he wliole tool, hold- ing it stationary until cold. Brighten the fluted parts and proceed to temper the tool by heating a piece of an iron pipe t a bright red ; re- move it from the liru, place it in a vertical position, and insert the tin in the centre of the tube (but not touching any part of it) with tho threaded iiart outsnif. I'lie interior of the tube should bo twice the diameter of tlie tool, and the length but half. Revolve the tap in the hot nipe until the smooth part is warm enough to slightly pniu the hand, keeping it in motion endways, back and forth through the pipe and turnmg it until the thread Is tinted to a deep browu, and the rest of the tiM)l U) a brown purple, modify any irreguluritjr in tl»e color by holding the light colored fntrts longer in the tiibe. or if any pints cc.lor too deep, cool otT with a little oil. The squares cf taps should bu tempered to a deej) blue color. MACHINISTS TOOLS. 406 K> Wg. 1. Pig. 2. Kg. 4. Pig. a. Fig. C. Wg.7. $>>:..■ :^- i: % '^'X .'■*■ liir;:'"- :■ 466 MACHINISTS, ENGINEEBS' AC, RECEIPTS. To Dip or Tbmpeb Half-round Files or Reauer&— On account of the unequal surface presented to the water by half rouud tools, it it) necesjjjiry, in order to keep them straight, or nearly so. while tempering, that thev should be inserted with the $emi-circular «id? 20? Uaiwvi towards the water. To dip afiuttd reamer, insert it J an inct beyond the fluting, dipping and withdrawing it seveml times in succession. This ensures a reliable tcmi>er in the tool and will assist gresitly In pre vouti't; fracture, and breakage. To Set a Latub to Tuiix Tapehino.— (Jalculato a certain umouut of toiler to the foot or the extPimion jf the piece to be tiinitd, for instonce with a shaft one foot long with a thickness of 1 incli at one end larger than the other, set the pupi^t-head over i incii, and you will obtain the desired teiMsr of 1 iucli per foot. With a shalt 2U ln.1. long, you will obtain a toper of 2 ins. over its whole length, by setting your lathe over 1 inch. To Set a Lathe to Turn Siiaftino. —Find out if your centres are true, and adjust them correctly if they aro not, using a square end tool, keeping them true to a throc-squuro gauge, otherwise ytm will bo apt to ruin vour work. Now set your ))upi)et-hcad so tliat it will turn the shaft 'true and straight, and if without a straight murk upon it, turn one end of the shaft for about an inch, next, without stirring your tools, toko the shaft from the lathe, run the cnrrLige down to the main head, and if the tool comes in contact with the spot you have turned, the machine is straight, if not, screw over tho Iiuppet head, and keen adjusting it until tho tool touches the place uriiod at both ends of tho lathe. Ox Kbv4, Planinq Key Way.s, &c.— To ensure an easy cntmnco, apply oil to tho key way and enter tho key, marking where it binds, avoiding oxtreme tightnesis at the sides, and securing the lock by a proper to|v^r at the rate of aljout | of an i-ich to tho foot of Ion;itIi. To etue liardfoed key loays amt slots, use a strip of copiwr as a file on the surface of the metil, together witli emery and oil. To plane n key way in a shaft, drill a hole the size of the way the depth you wish to plane; then plane tho key way slightly narrower than the intended size ; this is done with a souare point tool, afterwards finish with a toolof the desired size; tliis method ensures a much neater finish, than the use of one tool only. To ensure true nittim/ in ad Justine a tool for cutting a key way, test each side of it by a square set on tiie planer bed, to see that it is i>orpendioular. To plane a T shajifd xhl or way, plane to tho desired depth with a « \naro point tool, then plane the upper |)art of tho way to tho proper width. Now plane the bottom part of the way with two tools, each being bent U\ a different iinglo, one to the right and the other to the left Shallow wnifs may bo cut out, the upper width and proper depth, then finished with one t(x)l shaped the desired form of the way. Powerful tools should he used la planing largo ways in order to avoid breaking, and should cut easily on each of tlie threo sides. Use a sheet iron gausre and plani* tlie way to conform to it. To plane a gibe rest or slide, plane it all over, omitting the slide, on both sides; then set the planer head at an anu'la of 30°, and finish the slide with a toper ])oiut tool. Jn planinu thin cast iron surfaces, tho outside being harder than tho inside, it is necessary In order to prevent springing owing to the expansion of the scale, to piano ever a cut on oach side previous to finishing either. machinists' tools. 467 itmnco, ; binds, k by ft length. . file on ac a keij ■wifth to iitcnded with a finish, iflting a . on the i})f (I slot n \>lauo I bottom it iinpU^. \)(> cut (HO ttx'l used In it cRBlly liho way ill over. m anul9 liH'/ ''"'" de. It i» n of the ther. Fig. 8. Side view .«f rigbt-haiul side tool, FIk. 0. Tool for cutting V threads, side view. F!;i. 10. Tool for planing n key-wny. Fi^. 11. End view of a fluted tap or reamer. FIk. 12. Side tool for Bquariiig the eiidn of wrought Iron work. Fig. 1.1. Tool for parting or cutting brasfl apart. Fig. 14. Side tool for cast Iron, wrought iron or steel, left hand form. Fig. 15. Parting tool for Iron or stoel work. 468 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS* AC, RECEIPTS. Caiib of Latiieb, PLANEnfl, DRrr-LB, kc. — In order to utilize your lathes, &c., for nice line work, and keep your wnyp, nrbora, and centrcfl in order, it in neceseary to keep them clean by brunhingaway the rubbish from the waj^H, feed goam, and other workiDfj parto; clean nvell by frequent rubl)ing with cotton waste, and keep them in eapy working order by regular oiling. 'lV)OLS Koit TuuNiiia.— 1. For titrninrf balance wlieeh, orxquminrt vp larrfe aurfares, use a round end tool constructed well tapering to cut from tlio Hide. 2. The bent tool for turninff small thnjlina i» a diamond noint tool; for heavy Hliafting use a round end tool, Hlia^ to Htand nigh like a diamond iK)int and to cut full and free from the side. H. For cuttimi njf' a shqjt, use a tool shaped thin and having the tapering down the rcvorHO of turning tools. 4. For cutting a V thread screw use a V thread tool, with the points ground to lean down when finished, so as t<^ prevent running and tle- stroying both the tool and the work. 5. For aitting a aqttare thread screw, the best way is to use a square ix>int tool about J of the tliick- ness of the thread you intend to cut, and finish with another the exncl size of the thread. In cutting a thread witiiin a hole apply the same method. 6. F'or boring out a hole use a lathe l)oring tool with the cud turned on a right angle to the left, and tiio (loint turned up hooking. Tiie side tool shown in F'ig. 12, shoulu, for light work, be hardened rightout;tcraper to a straw color for heavy work. For heavy work on a slotting machine, temper to a brownisli purple, and grind so tli.it the cutting edge first strikes the cut near the Ix. 'y of the tool, and not at the jwint ends; use at a speed of about 10 fe^-t i>er minute. The payliuff tool /or hrasit, Fig. i:i, slu)uld be nuide to conform to the sliajm as represented and hardened right out. Tlie side tool for iron. Fig. 14, cannot bo made too hard; and should be used at a speed ranging from 20 to 30 feet per minute, with feed from 20 to 30 revolutions for each inch cut, varying as the dimensions of the work ranges from 1 inch un to 12 inches in diameter, the speed decreasing as the size of the work increases. The partinrj toi)lfor iron, Fig. 15, should be tempered in accordnnoe with the sizo'of the tool and the nature of the work to Imj done; it may be hardened right out, or hardened to a dark stmw, or, for a weak tool, to a purple color. The rouf/hinf/ tool for trrou(/ht iron, Fig. 10, when used on larRC work, should be tempered to a light straw, but for work of 5 imli diameter or less, it should he made as hard as r)Ossiblc and not tem- pered at all. The cutting speed varies from 15 to 35 feet per minute as the size of the work varies from 1 irch to 20 inches or more in diameter; feed &c., ranging .nlwnt as follows: — Diuneter of Work CulUnc Sp*f d Feci ^*^JC In InchM. p»r Minute I tut. 1 or less. 36 % lto2 34 JO 5 " 10 17 1* 10" 20 M 13 20 and upwards 15 }~ In hardening and tempering the horinff tool* ronresented by Figs, n, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 26 proceed, according to the directions given «!»<;- where; making them very hard. The side tool for brass, Fig. 18, should be hardened as much as tir* MACHINISTS* TOOLS. 469 Fig. 16. Tool for roughing out wrought Iron work. Fig. 17. Boring tool for heavy work on wrought Iron. Fig. 18. Side tool for brass work. Fig. 19. Boring tool for heavy cutting on wrought iron. Fig. 20. For boring on cast iron where tool is liable to vibrate or tremble. Fig. 21. Stout flnishlng tool on cast iron. The back part of Iho tool is formed for scraping only, the front comer doing th» cutting. Fig. 22. Tool to cut out a straight comer at the bottom of a hole nTought iron. Fig. 2.'». Boring tool for wrought iron or ster 1. in IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k^O €// y ^ / f/^ 1.0 I.I I64IIIIIM IIII2.5 IIIIIM i^ m 12.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 "^ 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation V «■ ^^ A \ ^^ V # 6^ rv <^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 W i 4. ^'c ^ A 470 MACHINISTS, engineers' AC, RECEIPTS. and water will permit, and maybe used at a cuttiu'; speed of from 150 to 350 feet per minute on work ranging from 1 inch up to 20 inches in diameter, -with a feed of 30 and 25 revolutions to each inch turned. The boHnc/ tool for wrought iron, etc., Fig. 23, should, if slight, be tempered to a light straw color; otherwise, iiarden it right out, and when in use lubricate well with a mixture of soft soap 1 lb; boiling water, 1 gal The finishinrf iool for cast iron, Fig. 24, should be hardened ri^jhtoiit; the cuttiug speed on the lathe is about 25 to 30 feet per mmute on amalt work, and 18 feet on large work, with a coarse feed of say,8 revolutions of the lathe per inch of travel. To' make a counter borino toot, (Fig. 25), adjust the handle to a proper collet aad turn the governor, which ought not to be over a ^ of inch in length; next turn a spot for the lips about § of an inch, on small tools and about i inch on large ones. Above this spot, turn it about ^ Larger than the governor and straight up to the liandle, by leaving the place for the lips short, thus saving filing. Next file 4 spiral lips in them, resembling a drill; afterwards dress off the back back sJdH of the lips on the end to an edge with a file, and harden. MiUinit tools or cutters, (r"ig. 27.) ought to be chucked to fit loofjclj- on tho arbor, so that they may not i)rove to be too small after harden- ing. Now .uCPthemto witniu a 32nd. of an inch of the required thicknenfs and again heat previous to finishing. This second heating renders from less apt to spring when heated for the final hardening. The ii )nl tool for brass. Fig. 29, should be hardened right out, and the sioeed and feed should bo about tho followhig :— Diameter of '^Vorlt Cutting Speed It. Amount of Feed in Inches. per minute. 1 or less, 315 25 2 to 5, ■ 245 "^^ 5 to 10, , 195 10 to 20, '*^ 150 V2Q The tool for cutting square threads. Fig. 30, f2m\ of an inch of the finished size, then heated and allowed to cool in a perpendicular position, previous to finishing. The treatment re- moves the stmins and the occasional hardness made by the haninicr- ing, so that they will not spring in the operation of heating for tem- pering. The ifps of a reamer should be made uneven ; otherwisie, when it chatters, it leaps from one lip to the other. In reamers from 1 inch to IJ inc jes in diameter, the flutes or channels should be in number, and 11 in reamers of from Ij to 1^ inches in diameter. Reamers from i to § of an inch in diameter, should have 5 flutes, and reamers froin g to 1 inch should have 7. After cooling, as above noted,tuni the part intended for the lips ICCth of an inch larger than the finished size ; afterwards turn a spot in the middle of it g long, and l-12th of the size of the reamer smaller than the reamer. Alter hardening, this is the place to i;ene it straight. When the turning of ail but the upijer part is finished, put it on the centres, and prejiaro to flute it, deferring the turning of the upper part until after harden- ing and straightening. Place it on the centres ; if on a planer, flute with a round end tool, 1-lOth of an inch thick, and plane down to the face of each lip, to the bottom of the spot intended for the reu- ing, and plane them so that the space between every other of the two lips will be shorter than that of ihe two just before them. The next step is to plane off the back side of the lirs with a square end tool to within a 32nd of an inch from the face. The faces of tlie li] s should be planed even with the centre, the lips dressed smooth with the file, hardened again, and then pened straight. Finish by turning the upper part to the desired size, and polish it off ; grind the lips to a sharp edge and to the proper size, and it is all right. To flute taps, Fig. 38, adjust the work on the centres, and piano the faces of all the teeth witlr a cutter or planing tool, made circular at the end, the thickness at the end being i the diameter of the tap. Taps should be fluted with the teeth slightly hooking on the face. Dress the faces of all the teeth with the planer one-half the depth of ho thread deex^er than the bottom of the thread ; this dene, piano [piano iculfti (e tap. face. :,th ol i)laiio MACHINISTS TOOLS. 473 i'^ ,- ' Pig. 29. Front tool for brass work. Fig. 30. Tool for cutting square threads. .», , , >;.yj>i Fig. 31. Tool for cutting hanl metnl. Fig. 32. Boring tool for brass. Fig. 33. Tool for finishing cast iron, wrought iron and Kteel. „ Fig. 31. Die for Bcrew-cutting, face view. Fig. 35. Spiral drill. ; .T ■• '■ 474 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECKIPTS, off the back parts of the teeth, giving them 1^ the breadth of thcii pitch, leaviug them, if the pitch in 10, a 10th aim a 20th, which leiiveg them quite strong enough lor efficient service and esjsy worli. Trim the back parts of the teeth with a planing tool °';^ual in tliicknea to the size of the tap. Two taps should be used for each thread ; \vitti hte flrst, remove two-thirds of the thread, and finish off witli tlitj other. No taer is prequired on taps for 5 threads ; if tliey are fabri- cated by this plan, they are not liable to break, and work easy. Extra large mongrel-tliread taps should invariably be of two or more sizes, owSig to the coarse thread and tlie mass of metal to be re- moved by them, which otherwise would be crushed and torn. Cold Chisels should be shaped thin at the cutting end, and with the edge slightly rounded outwards, insteivd of being sciuare across or hollowed inwards, as is frequently the case. This shape imparts more endurance to the tool, and makes it cut easier than when it is even across or rounded inwards, as we see it in many cases. In hard- ening, heat the tool to a dark red heat to a depth equivalent to its width, and dip it half that length into the tempering liquid, holding it stationary about 4 seconds ; then plunge it a little deeper and with- draw ; brighten one side by rubbing on an emery or sand board, re- move the bad color with a piece of waste or rag, and bring out a clear blue color by immersion in the water. In many cases it is rather difficult to temper a piece of steel uniformly, and molten metallic mixtures are used, being chiefly made up of tin and lead ; the bright hardened steel is kept in these molten mixtures until it has assumed the temperature of the bath. The following tabulated fonn exhibits the composition of the metallic baths which experience baa proved to be the best for the manufacturing; of cutlery : — Composition of Molting Temperature. ifv m/.v Metallic Mixture. Point. .»^«»^. Lead. Tin. liflncotB 7 4 220° Hardly pale yellow. Razors 8 4 228o p"^'' y^j^iZw"'^'*' Pen-knives 8^/i 4 2.'?2° Straw yellow. Pairs of Scissors 14 4 "' 254° Brown. Clasp-knives, Join-) ers* and Carpen- > 19 4 265° Purplish Colored. ters' Tools ) Swords, Cutlasses, ) and Watch} 48 4 288° Bright blue. Springs ) Stilettos, Boring) Tools, and Fine} 50 2 292° Deep blue. Saws ) Ordinary saws j *" JSd ofl.""' ! ^^^° Blackish olue. Such tools as are required to work iron and other metals, and hard stones, are heated to a bright yellow ; razors, coining dies, en- gravers* tools, and wire-drawing plates follow next to straw yellow ; carpenters' tools to puriMish red, while such tools and objects iis are required to be elastic are heated to the violet or deep blue tint. Ti.o less steel is licated the harder It remains, but also the more brittle. :.'!^. if 1- /•iiJi /t^J^ MACiriNlSTS' TOOLS. .... ... '.^.^g- ^.Single lipped Urill, to drill ve.^t™^ , ^^^- ^- ^^^-e thread tap, .ide Vie.. ' "•• Fig. 39. Single lipped reamer '^S. 40. Counter boring tool, Side .lew ." 475 ■•«sf ■v;^;:r ;7,i^- . 470 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, XC, RECEIPTS. Single-lipped Reamers, Fig. 39, should be fabricated from a piece of steel, witli the head forped square to adept it to a proper wrench ; turn it taperin? and exactly round, and, after placing it on the centres, i)lane a groove through its entire length, one side of which groove will form the lips of the reamer. From this groove dress off the 64th of an inch half the distance round. Finish by filing up the face of the lips on a line through the middle on the end: next harden and temper. Rose reamers should be made with squaro ends, with the corners removed, lips cut al>out 9 to the inch on the end, and a little hooking, with a temper like other roamers. To Chuck Pitlleys. — This means to adjust or secure the work in sucli position as to ensure truthful drilling or planing ; the term chuck is also used to denote the instrument employed to secure the work, being merely a circular piece of iron with an aperture on one side of it, fitted with a screw arrangement used to secure it to the soindle of a lathe. The other side contauis a number of jaws, gener- ally three or lour, wnicn screw together for the purpose of securing the work while it is being drilled or otherwise operated ui>ou. To chuck a pulley, first secure it by screwing it in the jaws of the chuck as near the right i)ositioii as possible, next screw a tool into the post, with one end of it near the face of the pnlley ; then turn and true the pulley by means of the screws, so that the tool touches it all around, and true the edges tlie same way ; repeat, trying the face again to see if it has moved. Pulleys should be chucked either on a mandril or else chucked by the arms, since chucking them by the rims springs tliem out of true. To Set the Chlck Rest. — To set the rest, place it into the tool post with the centres of the slats through wiiich the drills passes just as high, and no more, as the centres of the lathe, (otherwise it will fail to bore true) and drill your wheel, using two drills, to ensure true work, or three, if the holes are cored badly to one side ; the last tool should remove no more than the ^ of an inch, which will leave the hole exactly right To ScitAPE Cast-Iron Smooth.— Place a rest close to the sur- face to be operated on, and, using a thin wide scraper, rest it on one edge and scrape, twisting it, and upholding it while cutting, in your hand. Don't bear on very hard, but remove as thin a chip as pos- sible, and you will easily succeed. Work sliould be fitted as exact and true as possible before being scraped with the flat scraper, which should be used on flat surfaces only. The half round scraper is the best form for curves, hollow work, etc., the three-cornered scraper being the least useful. Old files which have never been re-cut make very good scrapers. To Make Duill Sockets or Collets. — The best collets for correct worlc on drill lathes are those formed to screw on to the spin- dle, and constructed with a tapering hole for the retention of the drill, and a key-way to secure the end of tlie drill from turning. Sockets for ordinary job form, should be shaped with a set-screw to retain the drills, and the aperture for tlio drills should be drilled circular, adapted for the reception of round drill steel about iV o^ ^n in. ia diameter. For collets to screw on the drill lathe, bore out the end and shape the screw to conform well to the spindle, and attnch it by screwing it on to the lathe where it is reqmred for use. Next, MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS , AC, RECEIPTS. 477 a a )p€r t on e of DOve I by end: [uaro X the •work term re the n one to the geiier- curing 11. To duick le post, rue the iround, igain to mandril I spriugs the tool 9 passes snvise it ensure the last ill leave Ithc sur- ]t on one in your aspos- re being [surfaces hollow lul. Old lllets for Yhe spi"- li of the [turning. Bcrew to drilled |,V ol an 1 out the I attach it ■ >'ext, bore a hole for the drill shank li ins. deep, exactly gtraicht and true, ream it tapering, and cut a key-way through the metal, below the lower part of, and running into the aiMjrture bored for the shank. This key-way is uiteuded to secure the drill and ought to be ^ an inch long and J wide. A collet for upright drill.s should be made by drilling the centres and tuniing up the ends to be drilled for the shank so as to adapt it for running ni a back rest ; then uisert the end to be drilled into the back rest and the other end on the lathe centre and proceed to drill out the hole for the shank ; then remove it from the back rest, and, making use of Ihe hole for a centre, turn it to fit the drill, insert a set screw in it, and all is finished. ScREAV Threads. — The Exglisii Proportions, the \ WuiTwoRTH Thread. Diam. in inches .A i «^ | X ^ 4 H 1 U H H H Threada per inch.. ..21 20 18 10 14 12 11 10 8 7 7 6 Diam. in inches 1| If 1^ 2 2\ 2^ 2f 3 S\'6^ 3| 4 4^ 44 Threads per inch. ... 5 5 4| 4 ^ 4 3^ ;]i a^ 3^ 3 3 2| 2} I)iain. in inclies 4f o o\ 5^ ujf Threads per inch . . . . 2 f- 2| 2| 2f 2^ 2jf Angle of threads =>= 55°. Pepth of tlireads = pitch of screws. 0ne-6th of the depth is rounded oil at top and bottom. Number of threads to the inch in square threads = ^ number of those in angular threads. Screw Threads. — Standard American Proportions. Diam. in inches....! A f iV i I I 1 1 H H 1| No. of thread s 20 1 8 10 14 13 11 10 9 8 7 7 6 Diam. in inches.... U if If H 2 24 2i 2f 3 3V 3i No. of threads 6 5 5 4^ 4| 4 4 3^ 3^3^ "Diam. in inches.... 3f 4 41 4^ 4f~5~54 ^ 5f 6 No. o f threads 3 3 2| 2« 2| 2.^ 2^ 2| 3| 2^ Angle of threads = 60°. Flat surface at top and bottom =» J of the pitch. For rough bolts, the distance between the parallel sides of bolt-head and nut = li diameters of bolt -|- J of an inch. Thickness of head = h distance 01 between parallel sides. Thickness of nut = diam . of bolt. In finished bolts, thickness of head equals thickness of nut. Distance between parallel sides of a bolt-head and nut and thickness of nut is ^ of an inch less for finished work than for rough. Speed of Emery Wheels.— A 12-inch wheel should make 1,200 revolutions per minute; an 8-inch, 18,00; and a 6-inch, 2.400. To Trde Corundum Wheels.— A djus*^^ the wheel in the lathe «nd start it at a high speed, holding a piece of corundum stone against the uneven surface. The stone will soon melt and imite itself to the defective places in the wheel. To Cleak Greasy Cotton Waste.— Boil it in a strong solution of common soda in water, and use the resultant emulsion as a lubri- cant for drills, reamers, &c. 478 MAcniNiSTs, engineehs,* ac, keceipts. TE^rPEniN'o Tools.— Drawing tho tenii)cr of tools is iisnally dono in a charcoal flame, and to draw tho tcini>cr of n tool properly i; should bo held in the thickest part, or the part uot requiring anv temper, towards tho fire, and in tlie meautime, should be oftcu wiped with a piece of waste or rag, dipped in oil. Tho oil keeps tho temper oven, and prevents it drawing more to one placo than another. And in drawing the temper of any tool it eliould l)o drawn very slowly, otherwise it will run too far ero yon are awaro of it. Lancet blades and razors should be drawn to a straw color. Knife blades and chisels should be drawn to a copper or almost red color. Plane irons, shaving knives and shoemakers knives tho samo temper; cold chisels and stone drills, slioulil bo drawn to a dark blue. Fluted reamers should only bo drawn to a straw color, on tho end, as they never break elsewhere, and keep their sizo longer by leaving tho lips liard. Half round or tapering reamers, also taps, dies, and drills, should be drawn to a etniAv color. Jijucs and gauges, also common lathe tools, need no drawing, being tempered euougli when merely hardened. II ARDEKiNa AND FiLUNQ FOK FuiE-rBOOF SAFES.— Expericnco lias shown that the fire and burglar-proof diamond chill for iron or »tecl, described in another part of this work, has no superior as a Imrden- ing for security in the construction of safes;* and, as a non-conductor of heat, we would recommend a filling of plaster of Paris or alum. It is claimed by some that a mixture of both of these articles forms tho best known filling for safes, as an external application of interne heat is certain to liberate a large quantity of water, which is transformed into steam, thus ensuring entire safetv to tho contents of tlio safe. Other manufacturers employa concrete filling for safes, and ex tol it very high- ly. Mr. Moffat, gas and steamfitter, Boston, has informed me that ho lias applied for protection in the matter of a discovery by which he cliims that he can fully protect a safe against a double blast furnace heat, by means of an outside lining of bricks composed of asbestos and kaolin, a very small portion of the latter material bein^ used. From tho wclf known incombustible nature of these matenals, there can be uo reasonable doubt but that the claim in question is a just one. Mbtallio Bath fob Tebipekinq.— Use a black lead or cast iron crucible (of tlie requisite depth), and place the same, filled with lead, on a fire made of coal or charcoal, and surrounded on all sides by a metallic or brick wall, level, or nearly bo, with the top of tho crucible; but at a sufficient distance (say 5 or 6 inches) from it, to receive tho fuel necessary to maintain the fire, in order to keep the lead in n melted state. Let tho crucible rest on iron bars, and leave apertures to admit air to the firo. Tlie articles, slightly greased to prevent tlio adherence of oxide, aro immersed in tho melted lead (which is kept at a red heat) by means of tongs, two or tliree pairs being generally .used, in oirder that one or two pieces may be heated while the other is nndofgoing manipulation by the hardening process. Keep tho lead covered with charcoal dust or cinders. This plan is used by many cutlers and file manufacturers for giving the proper degree of heat in the tempering of their wares. The process Is highly valued by those who use it. See file manufacture. CoNCERNma Saws, Rah-way Spbinqs, &c.—Wlien the saws are wanted to bo rather hard, but little of the oil tempering composition MACniNISTS, EXGINEEKS', AC, RECEinS. 479 is burned off; when milder, s large portion; and for a spring temper the whole is allowed to bum away. Saws as well as springs appear to lose their nlasticity, after liardenin^ and temi)cring, from the reduction they nndergo in grinding and polishing. Towards the conclusion of the manufacture, the elasticity of tlie saw is restored principally by hammering, and partly over a dear coke fire to a straw color; tho tint is removed by very diluted muriatic add, after which tlie saws nro well washed in phiin water and dried. Spring nuinufacturo in- cludes the heaviet;t B|>ecimeus of hardened steel works uncombined with iron; for example, bow-spriojzs for all kinds of vehicles, somo intended for railway use, measure 3* feet long, and weigh 50 lbs. each i)icco; two of these are used in oomoination; otlier single springs aro i feet long, and weigh 70 lbs. The priodple of these bow-springs will bo immediately sec i by conceiving the common archery oow fixed liorizontally with its cord upwards; the body of the carriage being r.ttiched to the cord sways both perpendicularly and sideways with i)crfcct freedom. In hardening them they are heated by being drawn iackwards and fonvards through an onfinary fire built hollow, and tlicy are immersed in a trough of plain water. In tempering them they are heated until tho block red is just visible at night ; by daylight the heat is denoted by its making a piece of wood sparkle when rubbed on the spring, which is then allowed to cool in tho air. The metal is niue-sixteenms of an inch thick, and some consider fivo- ci^hths the limits to which steel will bard enproperly, tliat is sufnclently Alike to serve as a sprmg. Their dastid^ is tested far beyond thcnr intended range. Tejiteiiiko LocoMonvB Tibks.— This is quite ponderous work, as the tires of tlie eight foot wheels weigh about 10 cwX and consist of about one-third steeL Tlie materials for tlie tires are first swaged so- l^rately, and then welded togetlicr imder the hea'vy luunmcr at tlio fiteel works, after which tliey are bent to the circle, welded, and turned to certuhi gauges. The tire is now heated to redness in a dr- cular furnace ; during the time it is getting hot, tho iron wheel, pre- viously turned to the right diameter, is bolted down upon a faco- SLite, the tiro cximnds with tho heat, and when at a cherry red, it is ropped over tho wheel, for which it was previously too small, and is nlso nastily bolted down to tho surface phite. The whole load is quickly immersed by a swing crane into a tank of water about five icct deep, and hauled up and down imtil nearly cold ; the steel tires &re not afterwards tempered. The spokes are forged out of flat-bars with T formed beads, tliese are arranged radially in the founder's mould whilst the cast-iron centre i^ i>onred around them, tlie ends of tiio T heads are then welded together to constitute the periphery of the wheel or inner tiro, and little wedgc-fomi pieces are inserted where there is any deficiency of iron. The wheel is then chncked on a lathe, bored and turned on tho edge, not cylindrically. but like the meeting of two cones, and about one quarter of an inch liigher in tho middle than the two edges. Tho compound tire is turned to tho corresponding form, and conscqucnUy, larger within or under cut so tliatthe shrinking secures tho tire without the possibility of obliquity or derangement, and no rivets arc rcqoircd. It sometimes happens, that the tire breaks in ghrinking, when by mismanagement tho diam- eter of tho wheel i» in excess. 480 MACEtaiiti, engineers', &c., nECEirTs. Maktito ATrwTw— The Anchor nnith's forgo conBlsts of a hearth of brick-work. tomM. ibont 9 inches above tlie ground, and generally about 7 ffwt mqvxm. bx the centre of tliis is /t'cavity containing the fire. A Terti'jjQ ivjek wall w bnilt on one side of tlie hearth, 'vhich mipport* tlie d'.nu*. and a low chimney to carry off the smoke. Behind thie Trail «n» placed the bellows, > Ith which the fire Is urged ; the bellowB Itt-sas m pLnced that they blow to the centre of the fire. The anvil and i^a mrm by which the heavy masses of metal are moved from zsuS 4i the nre are adjusted near the hearth. The Jlrrculef, a Idiii <^.t stamping machine, or the steam hammer, need not be describ»Tfi a tiiw place. To make the anchor, bars of good iron are broujdrt l.-^cpitlier to be fagoted ; the number varying with the size of tlie itntii-.c- The fagot is kept together by hoops of iron, and the wbvk » placed upon the properly arranged hearth, and covered up In exaiH cnaL<^, which are thrown upon a kind of oven made of cindwi. Great rare and good management are required to keep thisi If-irjrcaTT- oven sound during the combustion ; a smith strictly attendp l'^- vhla. Wlien all is arranged, the bellows are set to work, and a bla«tt ittwI on the fire ; this la continued for about an hour, when z. jawif weldinj? heat is obtained. The mass is now brought from tie fir« to the anvil, and the iron welded by the hammers. Out TRrtion. having been welded, the iron is retunied to to the fire, and tw- iteration is repeated until the whole is welded in one mass. The d^»rf»nt parts of the anchor being made, the arms are united to the eno c< tlie anank. This must be done with great care, as the goodn«» nf the anchor depends entirely upon this process bein? enectireiT j^rformed. The arms being welded on, the nng has to be formed is£cw^dsd^ The ring consists of several bars welded together, drawn lo in the ^Vhen all |red heat, welding, ,ce. The Good inchor of .jr's im- ,, Mitche- ^000 lbs., ground, lit stay ; Alitche- Aylin'B itanco at Aylin'8, iodgcr's ; Jralty'p. ichor, as anv:l is I, 6, the ojectrnj: thank of 3cak, or horizontal cono round which rods or slinn o! rnctaV may be turned in a circular form, as in maklug rings. These six pieces are welded tciinratcl V to the first or core, and then Immnicred into a uniiorm bodv. In uianuiacturing large anvils two hearths are needed, in order to bring each of the two pieces to bo welded to a proper heat b^ itself, Aiid several men are employed in working thcin to<{cther briskly in f 10 nolduig state, by heavy swing liammers. The steel facing is ap- plied by wcldijig in the same manner, powdered borax witli sal-am- niuniac (1 i)artto 10 parts of borax) bcuig usecr, i BUfllcO bo thor- > whcnis md vul- val lieat required [ht edgo, r.alte tao B-half to I would a double r clampg, essary to possible ; in put on J, 80 that lie on the brass so , and cool Lt lemaina ne oil iind lucb loos- Lnthes, yon will first multiply the number of threads to be cut, as b»« fore, and then multiply the iiumber of threads on the lead screw, m double the number it is. For instance, if you want to cut 10 to tho inch, multiply by 4, and you get 40, put this on the lead screw, then if your lead screw is five to the inch, you call it 10; and multiply by 4 and it will give you 40. Again jint this on youi stud and your latho is geared ready to commence cutting. CuTxiNa A ScKEW IN AN ENGINE Lathe.— In Cutting V thiead- Bcrews, it Is only necessary for you to practice operating the shipper and slide-screw handle of your lathe, before cutting. After having done this, until you get the motions, you mav set tho point of the tov.l ns high as the centre, and if you keep tho tool sharp, you will find no difllculty in cutting screws. You must, however, cut very light chiles, mere scrapings in fini.shing and must take it out of the latho often, and look at it from both sides, very ca.rcf uUy, to see that tho threads, do not lean like fish scales. After cuttmg, polish with an emery stick, and some emery. Ct'XTiNa Square Thkead-Screws.— In cutting snuaro thread- screws, it is always necessary to get the depth lequirea, with a tool somewhat thmner than one-half the pitch of the thread. After dome this, make another tool exactly one-half the pitch of the thread, and nse it to finish with, cutting a slight chip on each side of the groovei After doing this, polish witli a pine stick, and some emery. Square threads for strength should be cut one-half the depth of their pitch, while square threads, for wear, may, and should bo cut thrco-fourtha the depth of their pitch. , - ( Mongrel Threads.— Mongrel, or half V, half-squaro threads are usually made for gre.it wear, and should bo cut tho deptli of their pitch and for extraordinary wear they may even be cut 1^ the depth of the pitch. Tho point and tho bottom of the grooves should be in ■width J the depth of their pitch. What is meant hero by the point of the thread, is the outside surface. And tho bottom of tho ^oove is the groove between the threads. In cutting these threads it is neces- sary to use a tool about tho shape of tho thread, and in thickness about one-fifth less than the thread is when finished. As it is im- possible to cut the whole surface at onco, you will cut it in depth about one-sixteenth at a time, then a chip oft the sides of the thread and continue in this way alternately till you have arrived at tho depth required. Make a ^augo of the size required between the threads and finish by scrapmg with water. It is usually best to leave such screws as these a little large until after they are cut, and tlien turn off a light chip, to size them, this leaves them true and nice. Planing Metals.— The first operation about planing, is to oil j-our planer and find out if tho bed is smooth. If it is n-^t, file off the rough places ; then change the dogs to see if they will work well, and find out tho movements of the planer. After doing this, bolt your work on tho bed, and if it is a long, thin piece, plane off a chip, then turn it over and fini.sh the other side, taking two chips, the last of which ehould bo very light. Great care snould be taken, in bolting it to tho bed, not to spring it. After finish- ing; this side turn it to the other side, and take off a light cut to bluish it. 484 UACHIMISTS, ENGINEEBS', &C.f BECEIPia. VLWmta PERPEiTDicri-ABLT.— In plahlng'perpcndicnlarlyj It ia necessary to swivel the bottom of the small nead arr -and, so it \rill stand about three-fourths of an inch inside of sauare, towards the Eiece you are to plane. This prevents breaking tlie tool when the ed runs back. Gear Ccjttino.— In cutting gears, they are reckoned a certain number of teeth to the inch, measuring across the diameter to n cer- tain line which is marked on the face or sides of the gear with a tool. This line is one-half the depth of the teeth from the outer diameter. That is, if the teeth of the gear are two-tenths of an inch deep, this line would be one-tenth of an inch from the edge and is called tlio pitch line. DisPTH OF Teeth.— ^Every gear cut with a different number of teeth to the inch, sJionld bo cut of a deptli to the pitch line, to corres- ¥[)nd with the number of teeth to the inch. This is called proportion, herefore, if you cut a gear ci^ht to the inch, the depth to the pitch line should be one-eight of an inch, and the whole depth of the tooth would be two-eighths. Again, if you cut a gear twelve to the inch, tho depth to pitch line should be one-twelfth of an inch, and the whole depth of tootli two-twelfths. And again, if you cut a gear twenty to •the inch, the depth to pitch lino should bo one-twentieth of an inch, while tho whole depth should be two-twentieths, and so on wi in- finitum. MEAsnitnro to fiitd the Number of teeth.— To find the size a certain gear should bo, for a certain number of teeth, is an easy matter, if you studV carefully tliese rules. If you want a gear with thirty-two teetli and eight to tho inch, it should be four inches measur- ing across the diameter to tho pitch lino, and tho two-eightlis outside of the pitch line would make it four inches and two-eighhts. Aga'ii. if you want a gear with forty teeth, and tQu to the inch, it should measure across the diameter to pitch lino four inches, and the two- tenths outside the pitch line would make the whole diameter four inches and two-tentus. And again, if you want a gear with eighty teeth, and twenty to the inch, it should measure to the pitch line, across the diameter, four inches, and tho two-twentieths, outside tlie pitch line, would make it four inches and two-twentieths, and tliese examples will form a rule for the measurement of all except bevel gears. Bevel Gears.- These are turned a certain bevel to correspond with each other, according to the angle iiix)n which the shafts driven Ly them are set. For instance, if two sliafts are set upon an angle of ninety degrees, the sui-faces of the faces of these gears will stand at an angle oi forty-five degrees. To get the surface of these gears, in turning thcin, put a straight edge across the face. Then set your level on an angle of forty-five degrees, and try the face of thetestli by l)laciug the level on the Ktraight edge. After turning the face of th» teeth, square the outer diameter by the face of the teeth; and to get the size to which you wish to cut, measure from the centre of the face of the teeth. Thus, if a bevel gear is six inches in diameter, and the face of the teeth is one inch, you will measure from the centre of the face, and find it is five inches. On tliis line you calculate the number of teeth to the Inch, and if you want a gear with twenty teeth, and ten to tho "ncli, it should measure two inches across the ^^"^^^ ' '^C., KECEIPTS. -^34 face to the centre of ti^a .., * tlie surface. And iffi ^?"^ "^^hes to the SJL *i^' ?"^ ten to as to insure thSr aM?^" Babbitt Metal ~Tn ?"'®7 P^Pe^ andS 'S^S^^Ky^ttf ll^Pe^r ^te«^ 'or the ci. 1 feet per m nutoTJ* ?i' ^''^"^""'to For Sw/1?* 'P^t^ 'o^ l^r, lor H 1 inch drUl 40 ^av^^^I-^P^^^ '"r «»e circumf^W^' '^^^"t ^0 o hole, press it S^a„Sn«']l"'' ^"'^duTit ?„Sv?n.'"V,^^°^«^ t; and the indeTtlSSf t) ^.^PP^^l^sr ^ardfoflhSoif °J^u°>y- hole, pre^ it fir^7 "' *•?« "''''ne iutrodu it; «n§ thi n&fef'i/^'' «PPoSS'wa;droT«3 'T "'« ^^ej- exactly where to Sa""" "^ '^'^ «^°^«d P^^t'of the keV tt' ^J^hdnt^ .».wj, wiiere to fiJo. --.vi^eu part of the kev win !T'*'*<^™^ f UTTINO Maori vw- rr ^ "' ^'^ow" you ^ TiUta.tdrmrt>ouI?KS.°S?^S"„T,4' I-: 486 MACHINISTS, ENGINEEES', AC, BECEIPTS. lips rounded, like a reamer, and tho hole should bo fiuislicd without holding the drill mth a rest. Squabimo, or Facing up Cast Irojt Surfaces.— A round-end tool is best for this. A rough chip should first be taken off, over the entire surface to be faced. Then speed vour Lathe up and taking a light chip, merely enough to take out the first tool mark, run over tlio entire surface again. In turning up surfaces it is always best to begin at the centre and feed out, as the tool cuts freer and will Avcar twice as long. Boring a Hole wrrn a Boring Tool.— In boring a hole with a boring tool, it is usually necessary to drill the hole first, and too much care cannot be taken in finishing. An iron gauge should bo made first; it is usually made of a piece of sheet iron or wire. The hole should then be dnlled smaller than the size desired, and then bored to the required size, and it is impossible to bore a hole perfect without taking two or three light chips, mere scrapings with which to finish. Iloles, in this way, may be bored as nicely as they can bo reamed. Boring Holes with Boring Arbor. — A boring arbor is a shaft with a set in it, for the purpose of boring holes of great length, and is designed to be used in a lathe. In doing this properly, you must first see if your latlie is set straight; if not, adjust it. Having done this, put the piece of work to be bored in tho carriage of your lathe, pass your arbor through the hole to be bored, and put it on the centres of your lathe. Having done this, adjust your work true to the position desired by measuring from the pouit of the tool, continually tummg round the arbor from side to side of the piece to be bored, while you are bolting it to the carriage, and measure until it is perfectly true. Having done this, bore the hole, and take for tho last chip only a hundredth of an inch. This makes a true and smooth hole. It is impossible to make a hole true with any kind of a tool when you aro cutting a large chip, for tlie tool springs so that no dependence can bo placed upon it. To Make a Boring Arbor and Tool that will not Chat- ter. — Boring tools, when used in small arbors, aro always liable to chatter and make a rough hole. To prevent this, the tool should bo turned in a lathe, while in its position in the arbor, upon the circle of the size of the hole to be bored, and the bearing lengthwise of the ft»bor, should bo only as wide as the feed of the lathe; for if the bear- ing of a tool is on tho face, the more it will chatter. To Straighten Shafting. — ^This should be dono by centreing. then put it into a lathe, and square the ends up with what is called a side tool. After doing this, take a piece of chalk and trj'itin several places, to find out where the worst crooks are : then, if iron have not a machine for springing shafting, spring it with a ever where the most crook is, and continue this operation till tho shaft is straiglit. IVrning Shafting. — To do this properly, two chins should ahvays be run over tlie shaft, for the reason tliat it saves filing, and leaves the shaft truer and more round, and on shafts tlkus turned, tlie time saved in filing more than compensates for the time lost In turning. Before you commence you will put your feed belts or gear on a coarse feed ; turn off one a sixty-fourth of an inch ■r-' - r " ■ m i l]»«i'rm'»x UAcniNiSTS, engineers' &c.. kecexpts. 487 and is . CnAT- liablc to lould bo circle of bo of the 10 bear- lentreing. lis called try it in then, if ■with a tiU tho ehoiild turned, IB lost in 1 belts ot Itm inch Iar<;cr than tbo size recLtiired ; haying tnrnca off this chip,' com mcnce the finishing chip, and turn it small cnoiigh to hare tho Eully \ning on about on inch without filing. This \rill leare it irse enough to file and finish. If tlicro are couplings to go on a shaft, with holes smaller than tho holes in tho pulleys, tho ends of tho shaft, where they fit on, should be turned down to a sixty-fboitli of Au iuch of the size required before any i>art of tlie shaft is lluisbcd ^ tliat is, every part of a shaft shoiud be turned to within a 6i:cty-fourth of au inch of the size required before any port if it has the finish-chip taken off. The reason for tliat is tluut it leaves every part of tho shaft perfectly true, whicli would not be the case wero it done otherwise. Ilaving done this, yon wfll file the shaft so that tho pulleys will slide on, ard the coupling so Uiat they will drive on ; polish the shaft with a pair of polisuing- damps and some emery and it is done. To FouoE A Twist Drill.— It is necessary to forge a flat blada similar to a flat drill, and then twist this blade into the resem- blance required, tlien, with a light hammer, and careful blows, ham- mer the twisted edges so that they will be thicker than the central Hue of the tool. This will give greater strength and a better drill, and, to cut well, the central line or cutting point must be made quite thin. Be careful to get the same twist at the point of the driU na ui)on tho body of tho drill. The inexperienced often leave the point straight like a flat drill. To COMTUTE THE lOTMBEB OP TEETH REQUIRED IX A TRAEi OF WHEELS TO TRODUCE A CH'EN VELOCITY, 7fu?n hinges, at the back or door side (same as a box-lid). I have placed under tho front edge of the trap two common spiral bed springs , blocked up from the ground sufflceutly to throw front edge of trap, which rests upon them, about 1 in. above the level of the flooring. Tho springs of course, are placed about 6 in. from each front comer, along front ed^e, so as to equalize the strain aa much as possible. The followin_» is easy. In the place where " New Subscriber" would fix his electric bell, let him fixer have fixed an or- dinary bell or gong, with the wire carried from it, in the way best suited to tho house, under flooring of passage to tlietrap, beneath tho front or raised edge of whnih there must be a crank that tho spring- faig of the trap shall work aud rmg tho bell, which, if well hung at a good ringing pitch, will awaken tho soundest sleeper in the event of a thief or any intruder entering tho house at improper times, or for improper purposes. To avoid annoyance in the day time, a button ::t each end of trap would fix it down firmly, and at night, upon going to bed or when locking up, it could bo released. The door-mat would cover the entire thing, and no one but those concerned need ever know of its existence. I do not hesitate to say that not one in fifty people, or even a hundred, that enter my shop know of nny- thmg or notice anything different to any other place they may go in- to, yet it has been in uca for seven years. I fitted it myself, tliough not a bell-hanger, and it has never once got out of condition, but the bell will often give fifteen and twenty beats with one person treading on the mat." Black Vabnish for Irok Work. — Asphaltnm, 1 lb. ; lampblack, Jib. ; resin, ^Ib. ; spirits turpentine, 1 quart; linseed oil, just sufficient to rub up tho lampblack with before mixing it with tho others. Ai>- ply with a camel's hair brush. *fo File a Hole Square.— To file a hole square, it is necessary to reverse the work very often; a square file should first bo used, and tho holes finished with either a diamond-shaped file or a half round. This leaves the comers square, as they properly should be. To Turn" Chilled Iron. — At Lister's Works, Darlington, Eng- land, some articles required turning in tho lathe, and cast steel could not be made hard enough to cut tliem. One man proposed cast metal tools. He was laughed at, of course, but his plan had to be tried. Well, cast metal tools "were tried, with points chilled, and they cut when cast steel tools were of no use. The article was turned up with metal tools. Drillino Holes nr Cast Iron.— By means of carbolic acid a hole \ of an inch in diameter hag been drilled through 4 iuch thickness of cast iron, with a common carpenter's brace; judge,"then, wliat can be done by using the acid and pressure drill. Hardening Wood for Pullets. — After a wooden pulley is turn- td and rubbed smooth, boil it for about eight minutes in olive oil; tiien allow it to dry, and it will become almost as hard as copper. To Solder Ferrules for Tool Handles.— Take your .ferrule, lap round tho jointing a small piece of brass wire, then just wet the « 490 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. ferrule, scatter on the joining ground borax, put it on the end oi a wire, and liold it in the fire till tlie brass fuses. It will fill up Jie joining, and form a perfect solder. It may afterwards bo turned ir the lame. HIakiko Dies for Screw-Cuttixo.— In making dies for screw* cutting, tliey should, whenever practicable, be lapped with a taper tap, as they cut more easily and wear longer tlian those which are cut straight, and tlien tapered off to msiko the screw ** take." Very fine threaded screws, however, cut well with straight dies. SmaU dies, or dies below one-fourth of an inch in size, should ouly^ have three lips in them. Dies from one-fourth to one-half should' have four lips in them. Dies from three-fourths to one Incli should have six lips in them; and dies from one inch to one-and-a-half should liave seven lips in them. The cuts through dies sliould bo only twice the depth of the thread, which is sufficient to make them free themselves from chips, for when cut too deep they are liable to break on tlxe face. Harden and draw to a straw color. To Dip a Fluted Keameb Properly. — Dip it perpendicularly to a short distance beyond the fluting— that is to say, about half an Inch and withdraw and return it several times. This hardens all tho Jips, and prevents it cracking off at tho water's edge, which is tho case when a piece of steel is dipped in to a certain depth, and allowed to cool without moving. Anti-Friction Metal. — Copper, 4 lbs. ; regulns of antimony, 8 lbs. ; Banca tin, 96 lbs. 2. Gram zinc, 7i lbs. ; purified zinc, 7i Iba. ; antimony, 1 lb. 3. Zmc, 17 parte; copper, 1 part; antimony. Imparts. This i)03sesses unsurpassible anti-friction qualities, and does not re- quire tho protection of outer casings of a harder metal. 4. Block tin, H lbs. ; antimony, 2 lbs. ; copper, 1 lb. If tho metal be too hard, it may be softened by adding some lead. 6. Tho best alloy for journal boxes is composed of copper, 24 lbs. ; tin, 24 lbs. ; and antimony, 8 lbs. Melt the copper first, then add the tin, and lastly the antimony. It should be first run into ingote, then melted, and cast in the form required for tho boxes. G. Melt in a crucible 1^ lbs. of copper, and, while the copper is melting, melt in a ladle 25 lbs, of tin and 3 of anti- mony, nearly red hot, pour tho two together, and stir until nearly cool. Tliis makes tlie finest kind of Iming metal. 7. Very cheap. Lead, 100 lbs. ; antimony, 15 lbs. This costs about 10 cents per lb. 8. For Bearings to sustain great tceipcr, 82 parts, tin, 10 parts, zinc, 8 parts. 14. Anotlier, (Stephenson's). — Copper, 79 parts; tin, 8 parts, zinc, 5,part<», lead 8 parts. 15. Anotlier (Belgian).— CoTpper, 89.02. parte, tin, 2.44 parte, zinc, 7.76 parte iron, 0.78. 16. Another (English).— Cov\>gt, 73. 96 parte, tin, 9.49 parte, zinc, 9.03 parte, lead, 7.09 parte, iron, 0.43 Sarte. 17. .4not/tcr.— Copper, 90.06 parts, tin, 3.56 parte, zinc. 6.38. of i^/cA;e/ Anti-friction 3fetal.—A.\a.te improvement in the manufacture of anti-friction metal is the introduction of a small percentage of nickel into either of tho above, or any other anti-friction compositioa MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 491 id Of a up»he rnedir atipcr licli aro rht dies, lid only, ! Bbould. L slioold id-a-balf hould bo lUo tlicm I Uablo to idicnlarly t half an ns all tlio ich istho d allowed timony, 8 c, 7i IbB. ; ^,li parts, ica not ro- Block tin, fo bard, it [or journal •titiraony, 8 antimony. ' I tbe form )per, and, 1 3 of anti- itil nearly \ery c/icap. its per lb. kluc,i.oz.; [lb. ; tin, 2 LI. Lining )er 4 lbs. ; o,. Lining , 13.97.13. parts. !*• ic, 5,par^ 1, tin, 2.^ iron, 0.43 ac. 6.38. of mufactiiro oentago oi Impositioa Composition for Crucibles.— 1. Stourbridge crucible clay 4 paits, plumbago 3 parts, hard coke 2 parts, cement, consisting of old potf ground and sifted, 1 part. If old pots are not to be had, the forego- ing must be burnt hard, ground nnd silted. The carbon chippiugs from the interior of gas retorts are superior to the best ordinary coke. Pulverize the whole and sift through a i inch mesh sieve, temper and mix with plenty of clean cold water, tread with tlie bare foot to th« consistency of stiff dough, allow it to stand for three or four dayt covered with a damp cloth to permit sweating and thorough maturity, then block by a machine or by hand. When completely dry, place in the kiln and anneal, but do not bum hard. 2. Another. — The Birm- ingham soft, tough pot consists of 2 parts of the best Stourbridge cru- cible clay, 3 parts plumbago, and 1 part cement cousistmg of old cru- cibles pulverized and sifted, &c., as above described. 3, Another. — Stourbrii^ge crucible clay 2 parts, cement 3 parts, sift through a | inch mesh sieve, temper as above, and when dry place in the kiln and bum hard. 4. -4no<^r.— Stourbridge beet crucible clay, 3 parts by measure ; cement, composed of old worn out fire brick, 2 parts ; hard coke, 1 part; sift, temper and manipulate as above. Cast Iron Patterns should be made very smooth, then slightly warmed, and waxed all over with tbe best beeswax. Facings, Sands, &c., for Castings. — As a facing for loam cast- ings use fire sand 3 parts, Whitehead sand 1 part; mix. For pipes and small cylinders use No. 1, or fine sand, facing with plumbago. Albany or Waterford sand is excellent for fine castings, or use 1 part of sea coal to 8 or 10 of Albany sand ; 1 part to 5 will do for heavy castings. To ensure very smooth castings, mix with the green foun- dry sand about 1-20 part of tar. To Prevent Holes in Castings.— In casting iron on iron or steel spindles, the moulds are cast endwise; let the cast metal spindle be an inch longer on the uppermost side than is necessary when the job is finished; thus the air holes, if any, will form in the extra inch of length, and may be cut off in the lathe. To Cast Chilled Iron Tools for Cutting Chilled Iron. — After making a tool of the required form out of wrought iron, cast the chilled part, using charcoal iron No. 5. Dysiot,— The new alloy, called dysiot, brought into the market by Rompel & Co., of Horn burgh, has been analyzed by Von Uhleuhuth, and found to consist of copper, 62.30 parts; lead, 17.75; tin, 10.42; zinc, 9.20, with traces of iron. It can be pre; ared by melting together 62 ji.irts of copper, 18 of lead, 10 of tin, and 10 of zmc Excellent Anti-Friction. — Tin 50 parts, antimony 6, copper 1. Cheap Brass.— Copper 1 lb., zinc 12 ozs. Brazing Metal.— Copper 1 lb., spelter 8 ozs., with a little lead. Tough Type Metal.— Lead 100 lbs., antimony 40, tin 20. Platinum Bronze, i?MS<-P»oo/.— Nickel 100 i)arts, tin 10, plati- num 1. Malleable or Aluminum Bronze.— Copper 90, tin 10. Aluminum Silver, of Fine Luster and Polish.— Copper 70 parts, nickel 23, aluminum 7. Ykllow Brass for Steam Engines.— Add 4* to 9 ozs. zinc to each lb. of copper. 492 UACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. Good Brass FOR MAcnnrERT.—l. Copper, 211)fl., tln2j^ozs., zino I oz. 2. Tovgh Brass.— Coftper, 10 ozs., tin, ih oza., zuic 1§ ozs. 8. }Vhccl8 and Fa^tca. —Copper, 90 lbs., tin, 10 lbs. 4. Brass, very tenacious. — Copper, 88.9 i»arts, tin, 8.3 parts, zinc, 2.8 nart.s. o. ZaJno«Aer.— Copper, SO parts; tin, 9 jmrts; lead, Ipart 8. ironze for Medals. — Copper, 80 parts; tin 8 parts; zinc, 3 parts. 9. JSrojuc— Copper, 7 lbs. ; zinc. 3 lbs.; tin, 2 lbs. 10, .inofAcr.— Cop- per, 1 lb. ; zinc, 12 lbs. ; tin, 8 lbs. Superior Bell Metal. — 1. Copper, 1001bs.;tin,231b9. 2. Coi> per,25 parts; tin, 6 parts. 3. Copper, 79 parte; tin, 2ti parte; mix. 4. Copper, 78 parte; tin, 22 parte; mix. 6. Parisian Bell J/etof.— Cop- per, 72 parte; tin, 26^ parte; iron, U parte. Used for tlie bells of small ornamental cloclis. 6. Clock Bell Metal. — CopiMJr, 73.19 parts; tin, 24.81 parte. 7. Bell Metal for Large Bells. — Copper, 100 Ita. ; tin, from 20 to 25 lbs. 8. Bell Metal for Small if eWa.— Copper, 3 lbs. ; tin, lib. 9. White Metal for Tablo i?c««.— Copper, 2.06 parte; tin, 97.31 parte; bismuth, 0.G3 parte. Yellow Bkass C/or casting).—!. Copper, 6i.6 parte; zinc, S5.3 parte; lead, 2.9 parts; tin, 0.2 parte. 2. Brass of Jemappes.—Cvjipei, G1.6 parte ; zinc, 33.7 parte ; lead, 1.4 parte, tin, 0.2 parte. 3. Slicet ofStolberg, near Aix la C/iopc We.— Copper, C4.8 parte; zinc, 32.8 parta; lead, 2.0 parte; tin, 0.4 parte. 4. D 'Arcets Brass for Gilding.— Co^ ler, 63.70 parte; zinc, 33.55 parte; lead, 0.25 parte; tin, 2.50 parts. . ilno^tcr.— Copper, 04.45 parte; zuic, 32.44 pai-te; lead, 2.86 parts; tin, 0.25 parte. 6. Sheet Brass of Romilly.—CopveT, 70.1 parte; zinc, 29.9 parte. 7. English Brass Ir ire. —Copper, 70.29 parte; zmc, 29.2G parte; lead, 0.28 parte; tin, 0.17 parts. 8. Angshurg Brass Wire.— i Copper, 71.89 parts; zinc, 27.63 parte; tin, 0.85 parte. i Ked Brass, ii"or Gilt Articles.— 1. Copper, 82.0 parte ; zinc, 18.0 parte; lead, 1.5 parte; tin, 3.0 parte. 2. -4/toi/«?r.— Copper, 82 parts; zinc, 18 parte; lead, 3 parte; tin, 1 part 3 Another. Copper, 82.3 parte; zinc, 17.5 parte; tin, 0.2 parte. 4. Frexjch Tombac for Sword 7/am«ca.— Copper, 80 parte; zinc, 17 parta ; tin, 3 ports. 5 For Parisian OjTiamcnts.— Copper, 86 parte ; zinc, 15 parte ; tin, a trace 6. Used for German Ornaments. — Copper, 85 3 prrts ; zinc, 14.7 parts. 7. C/trj/soc7t«/A;.— Copper, 90.0 parte; zinc, 7.9 parte; lend, 1.6 parts. 8. lied Tombac from Pan's.— Copper, 92 parte ; zinc, 8 parts. BuASS. — 1. Yellow Brass for Turning, (common article.)— Copper, ao lbs. zinCi 10 lbs. lead, 4 ozs. 2. Another L.^assfor Turning.— Co^h I MACniNISTS, EXGIXEEBS', AC, RECEirTS. 49J E8.. rln« ; 1§ 0Z9. US, very arts. 6. icaringi. Bunninfj to every leed nnd 1)0 melted t8; lead, 2 rts; tin, 4 md tin, ol :k)i>pcr, 83 , Statuary Ipart. 6. 3-, lead, 2 Iport 8. potts. 0. Jier.-Cop- B. 2. Cop- parts*, mii- 'etal.— Cop- he bells 01 75.19 parts; 00 lbs.; tin, ,32.8 parts; ling. 2.50 parts. 2.86 parts; aarts; zinc. 'jor 61 kin, a 14.7 parts. 1.6 parts. krts. .)_Cop^e iinrj. per, S21b«. zinc, 10 lbs. lead, 1 lb. & Jled Brass free, for Turtiinn.— Copi)cr, 100 lbs. ziuc, 50 lbs. lead, 10 IbA. antimony, 44 oza. 4. licsL Jled Brass for fine Castitv/s. — Ctjpper, 24 Iba. zinc, 6 lbs. bismuth, 1 oz. 5. Red Tombac. — Copi)er, 10 lbs. zinc, 1 lb. G. Toni&ac— Copper, IGlbs. tin, 1 lb. zinc, 1 lb. 7. Brats for Jleary Castings.— Copper, 6 to 7 iMirts; tui, 1 part; zinc, 1 part. 8. Malleable i?rcw5. --Coi)pcr, 70.10 parts; zinc, 29.1)0 parts. 9. Superior Malleable iirass.— Copper, 00 iiails ; zinc, 40 iiarts. 10. iJroM.— Copper, 73 parts ; ziuc, 27 parts. 11, topper, 05 imrts; zinc, 33 partsw 12. Copper, 70 parts; zinc, 30 l)ftrts. 13. Oerman Bixus.— Copper, 1 lu, zinc, 1 lb. 14. Watch' makers' Brass.— Copper, 1 part; zinc, 2 parts, 15. Brass for IKirc— Copper, 34 parts; calamine, 56 parts. l(i Broi^^^for r«6es.— CopiMjr, 2 parts; zmc, 1 part 17. Brass fur Heav7j Wo k. — Copper, 100 pvnta: tiu, 15 parts; zinc, 15 parts. 18. -4no(/**r.— Copper, 112 parts; tm, 13 mrts ; zinc, 1 part I'J. Tombac or Red Brdss.— Copper, 8 parts ; zinc, 1 pai-t 20. Brass. — Coplx^r, 3 parts; melt, then add zinc, 1 part 21. Buitonmakers' Fine Brass. Vmio, 8 parts; ziuc, 6 ^larts. 22. Butlonmakers' Comman Brass. — Button brass, G parts; tin, 1 part: lead, 1 iiart; mix. 23. Mallet's Brass.— Copper, 25.4; zinc, 74.G; nsed to preserve iron from oxydizing. 24. Bcxt Brass for Clocks.'— Roao copper, 85 parts; ziuc, 14 parts; lead, 1 part. To Cast IJuass solid.— Tho mctil sliould not bo run any hotter than is necessary to insure bliarp castings. Tho most probable cause of tlio liouey combings of castings is that the air cannot ^ct out of tlio way ; and tlicro ought to be proper vents made for it from tho highest parts of the mould ; tlie mctad should be nm in near or at tlie bottom of tho mold. If abont 1 lb, of lead be added to evo- ry 16 lbs. of old bmss, when jost at the melting point, solid good bras- ses will bo the result. In melting old brass, tho ziuc, or lead, con- tained in it (wlieu fluid) oxydizes freely, consequently tho proiwr- tlous of the mcbil are altered, and require an addition simihir to the above. If the brass has not been re-cast a little less lead will do, b'lt if re-cast seveml times it may take tho full quantity. New and Beautiful ALLors.— Copper, C9.8 parts; nickel, 19.8 p.irts ; zinc, 5.5 parts ; cadminum, 4.7 parts ; nsed for spoons, forks, &z. Anolicr.— Copper, 89.3 jmrts; alominnm, 10.5 parts. Oreide reserrv- Itiiig Gold. Copper, 79.7 parts; rine, 8a05 parts; nickel, G.09 parts, with .". trace of iron .ind tin. Good Buitanxia Metal.— 1. Tin. 150 lbs. ; copper 3 lbs. ; antimony, lOIbs. 2. Britannia. 2d OMoi/ry.— Tin, 140 lbs. ; Copper, 3 lbs. ; anti- mony 9 lbs. 3. Britannia Metal, for Castinfj. — ^Tin, 210 lbs. ; copper, 4 lbs,; antimony, 12 lbs. 4. Britannia Metal for spinning.— Tin, 100 ll)s.; Britannia hardening, 4 lbs.; antimony, 4 lbs. 6. Britannia Mdalfor Registers.— £'m, 140 lbs. ; hardening 8 lbs. ; antimony 8 lbs. 6. Best Britannia for spouts.— Tm 140 Ibis.; copper, 3 lbs.; anti- mony, 6 lbs. 7. Best Britannia for spoons.— Tm, 100 lbs. ; hardening Blb3.; antimony, 10 lbs. a Best Britannia for Handles.— Tin, 140 lbs.; copper 2 lbs. ; antimony 5 lbs. 9. Best Britannia for Lamps, Pillars, and i>pouts.—Tin, 300 lbs. ; copper, 4 lbs. ; antimony 15 lbs. 10. For Casting. — Tiu, 100 lbs. ; liardening 5 lbs. ; antimony, 6 ibs. 11. Tin, 82 parts; le.ad, 18 parts; brass 5 purts; antimony, 5 parts; mix. 12. Another Britannia.— Tin, 20 parte; antimony, 4 parts; brass, 1 part; mix. 13 //an?€nmi//orJ5ritonnia.— Brass, 4 ports; tin, 4 parts: when r.; 494 1L1CBITE9T9, ETVGIXEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. Ituied, vAd ImmsoSt, 4, and antimony, 4 parts. AnotTier ITardeninff. — AutimooT. tru niamuth, and plate brass of each equal parts. Add this mixture 1a- -nrtisal tin ontil it acquires the proper color and hard- ncHB. 15. Briiav.-i.uz. —Tin, 89.70 parts, antimony 0.70 parts, copperO. 30 part*, tiu' % parte. IB. Tin, 81.<>4 parts, antimony, 10.61 part"?, copper, l.Kl ',iir>. IT Tin, 89.1/7 parts, antimony 9. 12 parts, copper, 0.91 iiart*. iii ma, 'M).m parts, antimony, 10 parts. 19. Tin m/M parts, antimuBT ' 14 parts, copper, 1.78 part*, bismuth, 1.78 parts. GiutMiur &i.xzjt, Fn»T quALixy fob Casting.— 1. Copper 50 lbs. zinc, 25 11ml uadbit 25 lbs. 2. Second Quality, for Casting.-— Coiy- per, 50 lbs. rinr. iftlbs. best pulverized nickel, 10 lbs. 3. Oct man miver for JSi^Jitvp.— Copper, GO lbs. zinc, 20 lbs. nickel, 25 lbs. 4. German Hiivar f-iv B^ltn, and other Cu«*rTro3r.-». — 1. Orr/an Pipe Metal consists of lead al- loyed -with abyin -iif ite quantity of tin to harden it. Load, 100; tin, 33 parts ; and ieui, 100 ; tin, 20 parts, answer very well. The mot- tled or cryBtauius aiM^earance so much admired shows an abundance of tin. 2. Camiirh xetal. — Tin, 10 parts ; copper, 90 parts ; nidt 3. Alloy for VfrnAirLi,— Copper, 80 parte ; tin, 20 parts. 4. Chinese Gong JfetoZ.— CiyjiCWj 78 parte : tin, 22 parte. 5. Cock Metal— Copper, 20 Ibf. ; >.uiy 8 lbs. ; litharfjo, 1 oz. ; antimony, 3 ozs. 6. Metal for tal;b>y Ln,}msi/ms.—LQoA., 3 lbs. ; tin, 2 lbs. ; bismuth, 5 lbs. 7. Ali.eT, 40.4 ; nickel, 31.6 ; zinc, 25.4 ; and iron, 2.0 mrte. 12. Bail JfctoZ.— Brass, 32 parte; zinc, 9 parte. 13. Specu- lum 3/eia/.— Ccifpw; 6; tin, 2; arsenic, 1 part Or copper, 7; zinc, 3; and tin, 4 part*. H. £Z/ici;n/m.— Copper, 8, nickel, 4, zinc, 3^ parts. This compounil » ttaanrpassed for ease of workmanship and beauty of appearance. LT Common Pewter. — ^Tin, 4; lead, 1 part ^6. Best Pewter.— Tru LiX). antimony, 17 parte. 17 Queen's Metal.— Tm, 9; antimony, 1" UsBoatb., 1; lead, 1 part. 18. Chantn/s Hard Alloy.— Copper, 1 lb. ; e2x\ tk oza. ; tin, 2i ozs. Razors as nard as tempered Bteel have l»ecm iioite from this alloy. 19. Alloy for Mechanical Jnstrumente.—Cir^^ez, 1 lb. ; tin, 1 oz. 20. liivet Metal for Jlose.-^^ Ill t't Fit KiU 'vr r's Ji uscf -Np plat( JIACUINISTS,' ENGINELK9 , JtC, UEC121PT3. i^S rdeninff. ta. Add nd hard- copper 0. 51 parti, , copper, nn 8ll.30 i parts, or 60 lbs, \g, — Coiv Oct man S lbs. 4. lbs. zinc, the best, lickel, 20 Silver for 7. Cop- ppcr 41 .41 , 55 part"*, )artfl, zinc a trace of »art3. 13. copper, 4 1 1 part: :. Geniiim parts, cop- ; tiu, G.GO lin, 4Glbs. : copper, 1 lb. 21. Hard WiUo 3Ietal.— Sheet hnxm, S3 :)z:». ; lead, 2 oal. ; tin, 2 ozs. ; zinc, 1 oz. 22. Fusible Alloy, melts ill Boiling icatcr.— Bismuth, 8 ozs. : tiu 3 ozs. ; lead, 6 ozs. 23. Fusible Alloy for Silvering Glass. — 'tin, G ozs. ; lead. 10 cm.: bis- muth, 21 iza. ; mercury, a Brazil quantity. 24. Hard miite Metal I'ur Buttons.— iitaas, 1 lb. ; ziuc, 2 ozs. ; tm, 1 oz. 25. Button Mak- r's Metal. — Copiwr, 43 parts; zinc, G7 parts. SB. Another. — Copper, 3i'J2 parte, tin. 2.78 parts, zinc, 35 parts. 27. Another. — C!oppcr. 58. A jiarts; tin, 5.28 i^arts; zinc, 3is.78 iMxrts. 28. 3Ietal that expands in ojfAin'j.—Lcad, 9; antimony, 2; bismuth, 1 part This metal is very useful In filling small defects in iron castings, &c. 29. Albata Metal. —Nickel, 3 to 4 i)arts; copper, 20 parts; zinc, IG parts. Used for plated goods. SO, BirmiwjhaTn Platin. — Copper, 8 parts, 7lnc, 5 partd. 31. Imitation Platinum.— Iileli together, 8 parts brass, 6 parts of zinc. This alloy closely resembles platinum. 32. Chinese Silver. —Silver, 2.5; copper, G5.24; zinc 19.52; cobalt or iron, 0.12^ nickel, 13. 33. Tutenug. — Copper, 8; zinc, 5; nickel, 8 parts. 34. Prince's Metal. —Copier, 3 parts; zinc, 1 part. 35. Anotlier. — Brass, 8part5, zinc, 1 part. 30. Another. — Zinc and copper equal parts. Mix, 37. Queen's 3A/«/.— Lead, 1 i>art; bismuth 1 part; antimony, 1 part; tin, 9 {mrts. — Mix. 38. AnoUier. — ^Tm, 9 parts; bismuth 1 part; lead, 2 parts; auti- n;ouy 1 part; mbc. 39. Imitation Gold.—VinXinsx, 8 mrts; silver, 4 parts ; copper, 12 parts, melt 40. Jmiia/iow /j'i/t^er. -Block tiu, 100 imrts; antimony, 8 iiarts; bismuth, 1 par^; copper, 4 parts; melt 41. Spur- ions Silver Lcaf.—Tm, 90.09 ; zinc, 9.91 parts ; melt 42. Mirrors of Reflecting Telescope. — Copper 100, tin, 60 parts. 43. White Argcntan —Copper, 8 parts; nickel, Sparta, zmc, 35 parts. Tliis beautiXiil com- position is in imitation of silver. 44. Yellow Dipping Metal. — Cop- per, any desired quantity and 6 or 7 ozs. of zinc to every lb. of cojjpcr. 4j. SJiot Metal.— Lead, 97.00 parts ; arsenic, 2.94 parts. Anothcr.—Lcad, 09.CO parts; arsenic, 0.40 parts. 4C. Wiite Metal. — rarts by weight ; tin, 82; lead, 18; antimony, 5j zinc, 1; copper, 5. 47. Hard Pewter.— Melt together, 12 lbs of tm; regulus of antimony, 1 lb. : copper. 4 OZ.S. 48. Common Pewter, — Melt in a crucible, tin, 7 lbs. ; when fused throw in lead, 1 lb. ; copper, 6 ozs. ; zinc, 2 ozs. 49. British P/fl^c.~y ickel, 5 to parts ; copper, 20 parts ; zinc, 8 to 10 jmrts. Used for plated goods. 50. Composition for Strong Pumps, &c. — Copper, 1 lb. ; zinc, i, and tin, l-i ozs. 61. Composition for Ihothed Wheels. — Coi>- r,cr, 1 lb. ; brass, 2 ozs. ; tin, 2 ozs. 62. Another. — Copper, 1 lb. ; brass, 2 ozs, ; tin IJ ozs. 53. For Turning Work. — Copper, 1 lb. ; brass 2 ozs. ; tin, 2 ozs. 64. For Nuts of coarse Threads and Bearings. — Copper, 1 lb. ; brass, 1^ ozs. ; tin, 2i ozs. 55. Pewterers Temper.- Copix-T, 1 lb, ; tin, 2 lbs. Used to add in small quantities to tm. 5G. Alloy for Cylinders of Locomotives. — Copper, 88.03 parts; tiu, 2.3H laiU; zinc, G.99 parts. 57. Metal for Sliding Levers of Locomotives, —Copper, 85.25 parts; tin, 12.75 parts; ziuc, 2.00 parts. 68. Another (2''c«er, 40 lbs. ; lead. 10 lbs. ; tm, 1 J lbs. 64. Metal for Models.— Uga lead, 6 lbs. ; tin, i lb. ; anti- mony, | lb. 65. Imltution of Silver. — Copper, 1 lb. ; tin, 3 ozs. (W Von Bibra'a Alloy for Medels.-Bisimitix, 27.27 parts; lead, fjO.OI parts ; tin, 13.46 parts. If the cast objects bo bitten with diluted ni- tric acid, washed with water, and rubbed with a woolen rag, the ele- vated spots become bright, while the smiken ix)rtions are dull and the castings acquire a dark gray appearance witli an antique lus- tre. Without biting the color is light gray. 67. New Sheathinr/ Metal. — This alloy is made by melting 2^ parts of copper in one crucible, in another, 9 parts of zinc, 87 of lead, 1 part of mercury, and ^ part of bismuth, then mix the contents of both crucibles, covering the sur- face with charcoal dust, and stirring well till all are incorptrated. The mercury in this alloy protects both the zinc and copper from the action of sea water. The contents of the crucible are run into ingots and rolled into sheets. 68. Spelter.— Batumi impure zinc, which con- tains a portion of lead, iron, copper and a little manganese and plum- bago. . Iron Manufacture. — Charcoal 138 bnshels, limestone 432 11,:., tai'i ore 2G12 lbs., will produce 1 toaof pig iron. In Kugland temper- ature of hot blast is 600°, density of blast and of refining f uniaco 2\ to 3 lbs. per squaro inch. Revolutions of puddling rolls 00 \vit mmute ; rail lolls, 100 ; rail saw, 800. \ \ HOBSK rOWER (indicated) required rOB DIFFERENT rttOCESSM. Blast l'"urn:ice GO Itcfming " 20 Puddling Rolls with squeezers and shears. 80 Railway roUing train 250 Small bar train CO Double rail saw 13 Stmightening 7 One iwund of Authracite,coal In a cupola furnace will melt from 5to 10 lbs of cast iron : 8 bushels of bituminous coal will mc!t 1 toii o{ cast iron. Small coal produces about ^ of the effect of large coal of the same kuid. T() Reduck Oxides.— Tlie more powerful deoxidizing agent is un- doubtedly coal in its seveml varieties, and the gases deriving tliera- Irom durmg combustion in the furnace. The oxides of lead, bismuth, antimony, iiickel, cobalt, copper, and iron require a strong red heat ia the furnace, whilst the oxides of manganese, chromium, tin, and zinc, do not lose their oxygen until heated to whiteness. On a small scale, the reduction of oxides is generally effected by mining charcoal, to- gether with the oxide to bo reduced, m a refractory clay crucible, tho charcoal furnishing tho carbon necessary to the proper perlormauco ofth!swork. Some use a crucible thickly lined with charcoal, put- ting in tho oxide on the top of the charcoal. It is necessary, however, when using tlie crucible and charcoal, to use a flux, say a little borax in powder, strewed on the mixture to accelerate the reduction of the oxiija. Jho 1x>x-ax is generally the first to fuse, and, as the meta^ is MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. 497 .—Tin, •, 41.41 parts; jr malo LG lbs. •, . ; anti- zs. (>0 d, no.oi ated ni- tlio elc- ue dutt que liis- iff Metal. crucible, id i part ; the sur- rp'^rated, from tho ito ingota rlucli con- Lud pluin- 433 :i:... eliminated, seems to purify and cleanse it, as it gathers into a button Bt the bottom of tiie crucible. It is all the better if you give tho crud'- blo a few sharp taps when you take it off the tire. Effects op heat on vauious bodies. Fine Gold melts 2.590" •I Bii -er *' 1250 Copper melts 25-i8 ■Wrought Iron raelta SliSO Cast " " 3179 Bright red " in tho dark 752 Ked hot ♦' in twilight Ui Glass melts 2377 C ominon tire 790 Brass melts 1900 Air furnace 3300 Anlimony meltj 951 Bismuth " 47G Cadmium COO Steel 2500 Lead B'll Tin 421 Heat, cherryj;ed " bdght^' . recfviBiblo by day white Mercui'y boils " volatilizes Platinum meltj Zinc melts Highest natural tenipurature (Egypt) Greatest natural cold (below zero) «' artlQcial " " Ileat of human blood Snow and Salt, criual parts. . . Ico melts Water in vacuo boils Furnace under steam boiler . . 1500* 1860 1077 2000 C62 C80 3080 740 IIT 66 106 98 32 re 1100 Simi->'KAOT: OF CASTINGS. Iroii,hinall ryliiid's=l-10thin. per ft " Pipes =r i " "ft. ♦' <^irders, beams, cct =» Jin. in 15 ins. " Large cylind- ers, tho con- traction of di- ameter ac top. = 1-lGth per foot. Ditto at bottom. .= l-12th per foot. Ditto, in length...^ in 10 ins. Bra8.s, thin = J in 9 " Brass, thick =jt '" 10 " Zinc =5-rcth3 in u foot Lead = 5-lCth3 '♦ " Copper =!3-lCtb9 " " Bismuth = 6-32nda " " Green saud iron castings are Gper cent. Btronger than dry, and 30 per cent, stronger than chilled, but wlien the aistings are chilled wid annealed, again of 115 per cent. i.s attiuncd over those made iu green sand. Chilling tho under side of cast iron very materially in- creases its strength. To Repair Cracked Beli.3.— Tho discordant tones of a cracked IcU being due to the jarring of the rugged uneven edges of the crack against each other, the best remedy tliat can be applied is to cut a thin slit with a toothless saw driven at a very high velocity, say 3 or 4000 revolutions per minute, in such a manner as to cut away tho opposing edges of the fracture whercevcr they come in contact. This will restore the original tone of the bell. To Galvanize Grey Iron Castings. — Clcaneo the articles in an ordinary chaffing mill, which consists of a barrel revolving on its v.z:\h. containing sand ; when the sand is all removed, take them out and lieat one by one, pkuigin^j, while hot, in a liquid composed as follows: 10 lbs. hydrochloric acid and sufllcient sheet ^inc to make a saturated solution. Iu uiaking this solution, when the evolution of gas has ceased, add muriate, or preferably sulphate of ammonia 1 lb., and let it stand till dissolved. The castmgs should be so hot that when rj BJowly a, of^^iuc, , amber, t duce to J ^"fl'entin ^ To SoF wrtis to i Cast Ji ,Y'"i a scr ^0 follow fef^ALIN( on the diJi P^'o Jiard, a iJo Bbe. r."7 be ci W<^^ wea "•wanjasj vinclo"W bath ot ay, and li tlio :et on a halcc off > prevent utions o! the Tcvo- illey, and iter-sliait, tlial2in. ;e: l^^ >er of rcvo- [uUip^y t"0 ,f the mam 1 \)Q the di- ial?e a coun- 30 ii^cb pul- )ulley. HAFT, if t\io ter-shalt aio speed ol the a main p^.ti^*- So revolutions MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., IlECEIPTS. 499 To Keep "Wagon Tihes os the Wheel. — A practical mechanic guggests a method of so putting tires on wngons that they wili not get loose and require resetting. He say a he ironed a wagon some years ago for his own use, and, before putting on the tires, lie filled the felloes with linseed oil, and the tires have worn out and wero never loose. This method is as follows : He used a long cast iron lic.itcr made for the purpose; the oil is brought to a boiling heat, the wheel is placed on a stick, so as to hang in the oil, each felloe an. hour. The timber should be dry, as green timber will not take oU. Care should be taken that the oil is not made hotter than a boiling heat, or the timber will be burned. Timber filled with oil is not sus- ceptible of injury by water, and is rendered much more durable by this process. To Chill Cast Ikon A'Ery Hard.— Use a liquid made as follows: Soft water, 10 gallons; salt, Ipcck ; oil vitriol, h pt. ; saltpetre, ^ lb.; prussiate of potash, J lb. ; cyauide of potash, fib. Heat the iron a cherry red and dip as usual, and if wanted harder repeat the process. Another to Harden Cast Iron.— Salt, 2 lbs,; saltpetre ^Ib.; roche alum, ^ lb. ; ammonia, 4 ozs. ; salts of tartar, 4 ozs. ; pulverize all together and mcorporate thorouglily, use by powdering all over the iron while it is hot, then plunging it in cold water. Flux for Reducing Lead Ore.— Red argol, G parts; nitre, 4 parts; fliior spar, 1 part; grind well and mix thoroughly. Varnish for smooth moulding Patterks. — Alcohol, 1 gal. ; ehcUac 1 lb. ; lamp or ivory black, pufflcieut to color it. luoN Lustre is obtained by dissolving a piece of zinc with mlitlatic acid, and mixing the solution with spirit of tar, and applymg itl^ tho Durface of tho iron. Black having a Polish for Iron. — Pulverized gum asphaltum, 2 lbs. ; gum benzoin, ^ lb. ; spirits of turpentine, 1 gal. ; to make quick, kpup in a warm place, and shake often; shade to suit with finely- ground ivory black. Apply with a brush. And it ought to be used on iron exposed to the weither as weU as ou inside work desiring a nice appearance or polish. Varnish For Iron. — Asphaltum, 8 lbs. ; melt in an iron kettle, slowly adding boiled linseed oil, 5 gals. ; litliarge, 1 lb. ; and sulphato of ziuc, h lb. ; continuing to boil for 3 hours ; then add dark gum amber, Ij lbs. ; and continue to boil 2 hours longer. When cool, re- duce to a proper consistence to apply with a brush, with spirits of tuqientine To Soften Cast Iron For Turning. — Steep it iu 1 part of aqua- fortis to 4 of water, and let it remain in 24 hours. Cast Iron Ornaments are rendered susceptible of being finished j witli a scraper, where they cannot be reached with files, after having tho following liquid applied to them : Scaling Cast Iron.— Vitriol, 1 part; water, 2 parts; mix and lay Ion tho diluted vitriol \fith a cloth m tho form of a brush, enough to JTvct the surface well; after 8 or 10 hours, wash off with water, when |tlio hard, scaly surface will be completely removed. To Break Up Old Cannon.— Old cannon and massive castings Imai^ be cut in two by a continuous stream of hot molten iron, |which wears away the iron as a stream of hot water would eat ato a mass of ice. Or tho ^^un may bo rolled on a frivme to tho mouth 500 MACHINISTS, ENGINEEES*, &C., RECEIPTS. of ii furnace, and tho'muzzlo end shoved in as far as possible amon^ otlier iron, tue opeuiug filled up and luted around the gun, tlio end of which is nielttd olT. At the next charge shove it in another length, and 80 on until the breech is disposed of. L:irge masses of cast iron may be broken up by drilling a hole in tho the most solid part, filling it up witli -water, fitting a steel plug very aceiiriitely into tho hole, and letting tho drop of a pile driver descend ou the plug. AMALUA.M FOR MmnoRs. — 1. Tin, 70 parts; mercury, 30 parts; 2. {For cui-ved mirrors) Tin, 80 parts ; mercury, 20 parts ; 3, f ui, 8.33 parts ; lead, 8.34 parts ; bismuth, 8.33 parts ; mercury, 75 parta. 1 {For splicrical Mhrors) Bismuth, 80 parts ; mercury, 26 parts. Reflectoh Metal.— 1. {Ditpplcr' s) Zinc, 20 parts; silver, 80 parts; 2. Coi>per, GC.22 parts; thi, 33.11 parts; arsenic, 0.G7 parts. 3. (Coop' cr's.) Copper, 57.80 [parts ; tm, 27.28 parts ; zinc, 3.30 parts ; arsenic, 1.C5 parts ; platinum, 9.91 parts ; 4. Copper, G4 parts ; tin, 32.00 parts ; arsenic, 4.00 parts. 5. Copper, 82.18 parts ; lead, 9.22 parts ; antimony, 8.00 paits. 6. {Little's) Copper, 09.01 parts ; tm, 30.82 parts ; zinc, 2.44 parts ; arsenic, 1.83 parts. Metal fok Gilt Wakes.— 1. Copper, 78.47 parts; tin, 2.87 parts; zinc, 17.23 parts ; lead, 1.43 parts. 2. Copper, (U.43 parts ; tin, 0.25 parts ; zmc, 32.44 parts ; lead, 2.86 parts. 3. Copper, 72.43 parte : tin, 1.87 parts : zinc, 22.73 parts ; lead, 2.96 parts. 4. Copper, 70.90 parts ; tin, 2.00 parts ; zinc, 24.03 parts ; lead, 3.05. Amalgam fou Ei.ectkical Maciiixes.— 1. Tui, 25 parts ; zinc, 25 parts ; mercury, 50 parts. 2. Tin, 11.11 iiarts ; zinc, 22.22 parte ; mercury, 60.67 parts. TvPE Metal.— 1. For smallest and most brittle /j/pcs.— Lead, 3 paiis ; antimony, 1 part. 2. For small, hard, brittle types.— LctiA, 4 parts ; antimony, 1 part. 3. For types of vicdium s/zc— Lead, 5 paxts ; antimony, 1 part. 4. For large types. — Lead, 7 parts ; anti- mony, 1 part. 5. For larr/cst and softest types. — Lead, 7 parts ; anti- mony, 1 part. In addition to lead and antimony, typo metal also con- tains 4 to 8 per cent, of tin, and sometimes 1 to 2 per cent, of copier. 6. Stereotype plates are made of lead, 20 parts ; antimony, 4 parte ; tin, 1 i)art 7. Another do.— Lead, 25 parts ; antimony, 4 parts : tin, 1 part. 8. Type metal. — Lead, 4 parts; antimony, 2 parts, d. lough type metal. — Lead, 100 parts ; antimony, 32 parts ; tin, 8 parts. DowLAis Iiio.v WoKKS, {England.) Furnaces. — Eight, diameter IG to 18 feet, 1300 Tons Foi-ge Iron per week ; discharging 44,000 cubic feet of air vicrmiiuito. Enfiine. {noncondensinrj,) Cylinder, 6') ins. in diam. by 13 feet stroke of i)iston. Pressure of steam, GO lbs per square inch, cut «)1T at itlio stroke of tho piston. Valves, 120 ins. in area. Jjoilcrs. YAixht, (Cylindrical flue, mtemal furnace,) 7 feet in diam. and 42 feet, in length ; one fhie, 4 ft. in diam. Grates, 288 square feet, Fly ichcel. Diam. 22 feet, weight, 25 tons. Bloioinr/ Cylinder, 144 ins. diam. by 12 ft. stroke of piston. Jievolut ions, 20 per minute, lilast 3i lbs. per square inch, Discharr/e pipe, diam. 5 ft. and 420 feet in lengtii. I aires, l-'.xhaust, 56 squarb feet, deliverv, 16 square feet. To Enamel Ca.st Ikok and Hollow Wake.—' 1. Calcined Hints, C parts ; Cornish stone or composition, two parts ; litharge, 9 parts ; borax, 6 parts ; argillaceous earth, 1 part ; nitre, 1 part ; calx of tin, G parts ; purified potash, I jiart. 2. Calcined flints, 8 parts ; red MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 501 »amoM tho end : length, lie In tho ins very descend parts; 2. Till, 8.33 parts, L 3. 80 parts; 3. (,Coop- ; arsenic, tin, 32.00 i.23 part? ; tin, 30.82 [.—Lead, 3 !.— Lead, 4 —Lead, 5 arts ; anti- irts ; anti- ,1 also con- of copper. 4 parts ; parts ; tm, 9. Tough ,)art9. [amctcr IG 1,000 cubic , 55 ins. in per square ■^ in area, in diam. kiare feet, Under, li^ Ir minute. Id 420 Icet lare feet, ficd Hints, 9 parts ; ilx of tin. lead, 8 parts ; borax, parts ; calx of tin, 5 parts ; nitre, 1 jart 3 Totters comvwsitioa, 12 parts ; borax, 8 parts ; white lead, 10 parts; nitre, 2 parts; wliite marble, calcined 1 part; purified potash. 2 parts ; calx of tin, 5 luirts. 4. Calcined flints, 4 i)arts ; potten coin))0.sitiou, 1 part ; nitre, 2 parts : borjix, 8 paits ; white marble, calcmcd, 1 part ; argillaceous earth, ^ part ; calx of tin, 2 parts. Wliichcvcr of the above compositions is taken must be finely pow- dered, niLxcd, and fused. TI\e vitreous mass is to be ground wbeu cold, sifted, and levigated with water ; it is then made into a pap with water, or gum water. The pap is smeared or brushed over th» interior of the vessel, dried, and fused with a proper beat iu a maffl& Clean the vessels perfectly before applying. Russia Sheet Iron.— Russia sheet iron is, in the first instance, a very pure article, rendered exceedingly tough and flexil>le by refining and annealing. Its bright, glossy surface is mrtially a silicate, and partially an oxide of iron, and is produced by luuoii^ the hot sheet, moistened with a solution of wood-ashes, tixrong^ polished steel rollers. Liquid Black Lead Polish.— Black lead pulverized 1 lb. ; tar- ptntine, 1 gill ; water, 1 gill ; sugar 1 oz. CoppEKAs Dip fok Cast Irok.— Dissolve 3 lbs. of sulphate of copper and add 2 fluid ozs. sulpl"ric acid. Enamelled Cast Iron.— Clean and brighten tho iron before nnplying. The enamel consists of two coats — tlio body and the glaze. llie'^boay is made by fusing 100 lbs. ground flints, 75 lbs. of wnix, and grinding 40 lbs. of this frit witli 5 lbs. of potters' clay, in water, till it is brought to the consistence of a pap. A coat of this being applied and dried, but not hard, tlie glaze-powder is sifted over it This consists of 100 lbs. Coniish stone in fine powder, 117 lbs. of borax, 35 lbs. of soda ash, 35 lbs. of nitre, 35 lbs. of sifted slacked Ume, 13 lbs. of white sand, and 50 pounds of pounded white glass. These are all fused together ; tho frit obtained is pulverized. 01 tills powder, 45 lbs. are mixed with 1 lb. soda ash, in hot water, and the mixture being dried in a stove, is tho glaze powder. After sifting tills over tho body-coat, the cast-iron article is put into a stove, kept nt a temperature of about 212 °, to dry it hard, after wliich it is set m a muflle-kiln, to fuse it into a glaze. ae inside of pipes is enamelled (after being cleaned) by pouring the ibove body composition tlirough them while the pipe is being turned around to insure an oqiuil coat- ui{,' ; after the body has become set, the glaze pap is poured in in liko manner. The pipe is finally fired in the kiln. To Enamel Copper and Other vessels.— Flint glas.", 6 parts . borax, 3 parts ; red lead, 1 part ; oxide of tin, 1 part. Mix all to- gether, frit, grind into powder, make into a thin paste with water, ap- ply with a brush to the surface of the vessels, after sailing by heat and cleaning them, repeat with a second or even a third coat, after- •wards dry. and lastly f u.so on by heat of an enamelled kiln. Emery Wheels for Polishing.- Course emery powder is mixed with about half its weight of pulverized Stourbridge loam, and a little water or other liquid to make a thick paste ; this is pressed into a metallic mould by means of a screw-press, and, after bemg thoroughly dried, is baked or burned in a muffle at a tempenituro above a red, and below a white heat. This forms an artificial emery stone, wliinli 502 MACIIIXISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. cuts rery greedily, witli very little wear to itself. Unequalled for griiidiug and polishing glass, metals, enamels, stones, &c. MoDLDiNG Sand fob Casting Brass or Iron.— The various kinds of good moulding sand employed in foundries for casting iron or brass, have been found to bo almost uniform chemical composition, varying in grain, or the aggregate form only. It contaijis between 93 and !X) parts silex, or grains of sand, and from 4 to 6 parts clay, and a littlo oxide of iron, in each 100 parts. Moulding sand which contains liiuo, magnesia, manganese and other oxides of metal, is not applicable, particular for the casting of iron or brass. Such sand is either too close, will not stand or retain its form, or- it will acuso tho metal to boil through its closeness. Refining Fluxes, fob Metai^s. — Deflagrate, and afterwards pul- verize, 2 parts of nitre and 1 part of tartar. The following fluxes answer very well, provided the ores bo deprived of their sulphur, or If they contam much earthy matter, because, in tho latter case, they imito with them, and convert them into a thin glass, but. if auy c[uantitv of sulphur remains, their fluxes unite with it, ana form a liver of sulphur, which has tho power of destroying a portion of all tho metals, consequently the assay must be, under such circumstances, very inaccurate. Limestone, fieldspar, fluorspar, quartz, sand-slate, and slags, are all used as fluxes. Iron ores, on accoimt of tho argilla- ceous earth they contain, require calcareous additions ; and the copper ores, rather slags, or nitrescent stones, than calcareous earth. Burning Iron Castings together. — ^The usual mode is by imbed- ding the castings in tho sand, having a little space left vacant round about the joint where it is to bo burned. Two gates must then bo provided, one lying on a level witli the lower side of tliis space, and tho other raised so that tho metal, which must be very hot, is iK)urc ► Cornish Reducing Flux. — Tartar lOozs., nitro 3ozs. and Gdrs. borax, 3 oz. and 1 dr. Mix together. ^ Crucibles. — The best crucibles are mado from pure fire-clay, mixed with fiuely-groimd cement of old crucibles, and a portion of black-lead or graphite ; some pounded coke may be mixed with the plumbago. ,Tho clay should be prepared in a similar Avay as for making pottcry- ,Avare; the vessels, after being formed must be slowly dried, aud then l)roperly baked in the kiln. .-^ .,^--t-^. — ... . f Black-lead crucibles are made of 2 parts grapliite, and 1 of fire- clay, mixed with water into a paste, pressed in moulds, and well dried, but not balced hard in tho kiln. This compound forms excellent small or portable furnaces, f ^"' — _:7^ - !• Malleable Cast Iron.— TfiVgreat secret of this sort of work is the annealin", which if not done properly tho castings a*e of no uso at all. Tho best mode is to take an iron pan, say one foot square; put in a layer of charcoal, then some of tlio castings, then another layer. ^Vllen tho pan Is full cover it over with some sand, to keep tlio charcoal from buniing away. Put on an old piece of iron for a lid to jjA^cniNisTs, engineers', &c., receipts. 503 led for IS kinds ir brfiss, varviiis 3aiuUK) a little ns lime, plicable, thcr too netal to irda pnl- ig fluxes Iphur, or aso, they t, if auy d f oral a ion of all nstanccs, ind-slate, le argiUa- he copper 1. by imbcd- ant round t then bo ipacc, and is poured ". runs oft ,ip, tUl the lius. The cool, and ut as if it [nd G dr3. ly, mixed llack-lead llumbago. pottery- [aud then _ of firo- pell dried, 1 excellent ' work is ^f no use ; square; another [kceptbo Ir Ji lid to cover all. put it in the annealing furnace, and get the heat up quita plow ana gradually, taking care not to get the heat up too quick. After you have got it to the proper heat, which is this, the castings must be red hot through ; keep it at this heat for 5 or 6 hours, then let your fire die gradually out, or, if you want to take some out and put more in, take them to a comer and bury tlicm, pan and all, — let them lie tliere till properly cooled. Rcgardmg tlie melting, procure not less than two good sorts of No. 2 pig iron, which you may mix with. some good scrap if you choose ; the casting, melting, and moulding are conducted in the same manner as common cast-iron, only the metal Icing hard, when casting, you have to make properly constructed runners and risers, or flow gates, if the article is likely to sink, for you cannot pump it well. Japanning Castings. — Clean them well from the sand, then dip tiiera in or pamt them over with good boiled linseed oil ; when moderately dry, heat them in an oven to such a temperature as will turn the oil black, without burning. The stove should not bo too hot at first, and the heat should bo ^adually raised to avoid blistering ; the slower the change in the oil is effected the better will be tlio result The castings, if smooth at first, will receive a fine black and polished surface by tliis method. Hardening Aklktrees and Boxes. — The metliod now used hi the manufacture of Murphy's axletrees is to use wrought iron and weld two pieces of steel into the lower side, .where they rest upon the wheels and sustain tlio load. The work is heated in an open forgo fire, in the ordinary way, and when it is removed, a mixture, princi- nally prussiato of potash, is laid upon the steel : the axletree is then Immediately immersed in Avatcr, and additional water is allowed to fall upon it from a cistern. The steel is considered to be very ma- terially hardened by the treatment, and the iron around the same is also partially hardened. One very good way to chill axletree boxes is to mould from Avooden patterns on sand, and cast them upon an iron core which has the effect of making them very hard. To form tlio annular recess for oil, a ring of sand, made in an appropriate core- box, is slipped uix)n the iron mandrill, and is left benind when the atter is driven out of the casting. CojiPosiTE Iron Railings. — ^The process by which this light, ele- gant and cheap fabric is manufactured, js as follows :— Rods and bars of wronght-iron are cut to the lengths desired for the pattern, and sabjected to a process called crimping, bv which tliey are bent to the desired shape. These rods are then laid in the form of the design, and cast-iron moulds are afllxed at those points where a counection is desired ; the moulds are then filled with melted metal, and immedi- ately you have a complete railing of beautiful design. Casting in iron moulds has this great advantage over the old sand moulding, it does not require any time for coding, as the metal is no sooner rnu than the moulds may be removed and used again immediately on another section of the work ; and besides, it is so much more easily effected. By tiie combination of wrought and cast-iron in tliis pro- cess, the most curious and complex designs may bo produced with great rapidity and cheapness. To Galvanize Cast Iron Tmtoucn. — ^To 50 lbs. melted Iron add 1 lb. pulvexicedpure cine. Scatter the zinc powder well over the ladlo^ tOi MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. ■iv ; tlien catch tlio melted iron, Btir It up ^rith an Iron rod and pour at once. To OBTAix CosnviERCiAT. Antimoxy,— Fuso together 100 narts snl- phuret of antimony, 40 parts metiillic iron, and 10 parts dry crndo Bnl])hate of soda. This i)roduce3 from (iO to 05 parts of antimony, ■besides the scoriaj or ash wliich is also valuable. Metallic Antimony. Mix 1(5 mrts sulphuret of antimony and G parts cream of tartar, botli ill powder ; nut the mixture, in small quantities at a time, into a vessel heated to redness ; ^vhen reaction ceases, fuse the mass and after 15 minutes, pour it out and separate the metal from the bIu^;. The product is nearly pure. Holes in Millstoxes are filled ■with melted alum, mixing burr Band with it. If the hole is large, put some pieces of burr mill stouca in it first, and pour in melted alum. These ^licces of block should bo cut exactly to fit. There sliould be small joints, and fastened with plaster of Paris. These holes should be cut at least 4 inches deep ; there is then no danger of their getting loose. Fitting a New Uack on an Old Mitxstone. — Block yonr Btono up with a block of wood, having its face down until it lies even, solid, and perfectly level ; then pick and scrape off all the old plaster down to the face blocks, so that none remains but what is in the joints of tlie face blocks ; then wash tliese blocks, and keep them soaked with water. Keep a number of pieces of burr bloclcs, at the samo time, soaked with water. Take a pail half filled with clean water, and mixed with 2 fciblespoonf iils of glue water, boiled and dissolved ; mix i'l with yonr hand plaster of Paris until it be tliick enough tliat it will not run ; and, breaking all tlie lumps, jwur this on the stone, rubbing it with your hand ; the stono being at the same time damped ; nud place small pieces of stone all over the joints of the face blocks ; you tlien, with more plaster, mixed in the same way but more stilT. "With this and pieces of burr stones, build walls round the eye ana verge 4 or 5 inches high, leaving the surface uneven and tlio eye larger, as it will be brought to its proper size by the hist oneration. It is better to build up the wall of the runnmg stone round the vcrgo for 3 inches without any spalls, bo that the holes may be cut in to balance it. If you wisli to mafee your stone heavier, you will tako small pieces of iron, perfectly clean and free from grease, and lay them evenly all around the stone in the hollow place between the two walls just built ; and, "witli plaster mixed a little thicker than milk, ix)ur in under and through all the crevices in the iron until tho surface is nearly level with tlie two walls. It the stones do not re- quire additional weight added, uistead of iron, use pieces of stono iiie same way, leaving the surface rough and uneven. Again, as before, build walls round the verge of the stone, and round the eye of the stone, until tliey are within 2 inches of the thickness you want ?'our stones to be, the wall round the eye being 2 inches higher tliau bat round the verge, and filling the space between the walls with stones ; and pouring in plaster again, make it nearly level with tho walls, but leavuig tlie surface rough and jagged, to make tho next plaster adhere well to it. Let it stand until the back is dry and perfectly set, when you raise the stone upon its cdjjo, and, with a trowel, plaster round the edge of the stone neatly, givmg it a taper of hali an inch from the face to the bftck of tho stuuo. When cased ^^^EERS, ic., RECEins. fiO-i fouiKTIn this way Hvt],« * " tho baloiico r3-nc hJt th«^^°° ^°^ on tho cock h,^nH u v a Iioop of wood or iron ''*^'=*^ ^^"ed to its nlaTc ^ni '*'?"*' *<* 1x5 at tie tluclcnessfrom t]?o S ^"""d tho vcrqo ] auK,„"^'''^° ^^t? «»cufit all round; This hoS^i^^^^^^ ""^^e of tl?6 andtliotin iii tho ?v« ff ^ bo greased; Sid au tu ''®'^?' """^ ^"«1 more ghic water thn?f' ^^^^^ stoi^pcd, Vou A^„r V,°""'^''»'-0"»d it «o qi'icklyS to^^^^ PVemtio^us" tS^reveSift^^^^ ^^^'^ level with tho llA/^J?t. '?° *o finish off thn wV "' '^ ^^o'" settiiie cyo; tJieu, by mS'lf r"'°S^^'«^ endrestiu- o?/? 'S^'^sc, one .1 trowel, make tho «.,?fn ^?""d, and workin"° th '°, ^"^ '^t tho tlicsotwopohits Tf.n/'^*^^ 9^ *ho back even ail ^° ^'^^^^ with planed smSt • 'th Jn ? ^'"""P \^ "'^n taken off nnnl, ^'l'*^"^ between «"d put yonr bind or w'' *^° enindlo Sntu' vo.fr l'° ^^'^^ *"d edges tuldig care that ?M°L^''^li on, it bein-r f,J^t^,,^;p"f runner lies solid n fitthig too tf4tlv ?/ «"«c/o"t size not to rS^?,!!,"*^^'^^ ^«d hot, aS I'laco ; Tt mav h«^k' '"^^^ ^"o^cn the wJ^^ ^^? ^°° '""''b drlvi,," • liALANCtVa A RFrrrc^ ' ""d, When Btone may have full ,Tin '"^'^.'^^irst, take off fh« i • n motion, and into th^u li^"^^^^ *o retain tho le^rl S^ !^ ^'der at l^rmgs tho stono comiwi?'' -"1°^'*^^ ^C'-^d S,oi Id bo ^' *^° ^^no is' cover over with miSSPSiH^ "'*« balance. \v^it1.„^"''S'^.'^*" it "^cac'hrof ^^teef^' i /?^- -d^fbJu^tf «^^^^^^^^ \gal • Bcrubbing brnX ^vi,f .*^*-'^ '"^d api)lv it tn ?i, ^? *^^ * hazef takoupt?ieburiga\«n''^i'i'^.^^«Sff^^^^^^^ ^^itb a tho burr twice i^ ^ ""' ^^ '^ sufffcient to Hrn^^I "''* necessary to »''eu, causii."ruSf i " """ « ■«>' done tL/,l^° f""; ""'W 506 JiAcnixisTS, exgixeers', &c., receipts. m^> Elevator, 18 ina. diam., 40 revolutions per minute. Creepers. 3J^ in!>. pitch, 7a revolutions per minute. Screen, IG ius. diam., 300 to im revolutions per minute. 788 cubic feet of irater, discharged at n velocity of 1 loot per second, are necessary to grind and dress a bushel of wheat per hour=1.40 horses' power per bushel. 2000 feet per minute for the velocity of a stono 4 feet in diam. may bo considered a maximum speed. Rock Dasis are incomparably the best in use, if there is plenty of material at hand for building, and a rock bottom to the stream ; if there is not n rock bottom you should dig a trench in tlie bottom, deep enough, so that the water cannot undermine it This should bo tlio same as if vou were building the foundation o^ a largo building. I'bo Wiall to bo built should bo of a small circular form, so that the back of the circle should bo next to the body of water, which may by ita pressure tighten it. To secure the water from leaking througn at tho ends of tho dam, dig a diteh deeper than the bottom of the river ; then fill this with small pieces of rock, and pour in cement Tliis cement is made of hydraulic cement, audismado of ono part of cement to five parts of pure sand. It will effectually stop all crevices. A rock dam if well buUt Avill bo perfectly tight Uso as you conveniently can move ; building this wall 4 to 6 feet thick, according to the length of tho dam, with jam or buttressess every place where they are needed to strengthen it; make true jouits to thcao rocks, especially on the cjids BO that tliey may join close together. When you have the outside walls laid in cement for every layer fill the middle up witli pieces of small rock, pouring in your grout, so that there may not be a crevico but ■what 13 filled. If there is any crevice or hole left open, the water will break throngh, wearing it larger and larger. If the stream is wide and large, it is necessary to build tho dam in two sections, which should be divided by a waste way, necessary for the waste, or surplus water, to rim over, to keep tho heivd in its proper place or height. Let each section, next to where the water is to be run over, be abutments, built to strengthen the dam. Tho last layer of rock, on the top where tho waste water runs over, should project 5 or 6 niches over the back of tho dam bo that the water may not imdermine it This last Layer should ba of large rocks and jointed true ; then laid in hydraulic cement, in proportion of 1 of cement to 3 of sand. When the dara is guilt, the front should bo filled up with coarse gravel or clay ; this is best dono with teams, for tho more it is tramped the more durable it becomes. Frame-Dams. — ^In building a frame dam, commence with a good foundation, laying the first sills in tho bottom, of sufficient depth. They should bo large square timbers that will hist in the water witli- out rotiiing. Where there is a soft foundation, the bottom should first be ma^e level ; then dig trenches for the mudsills, about 7 or 8 feet apart, lengthways of tho stream, and 10 or 12 feet long. Into these first sills other sills must bo framed, and put crosswise of the stream, C or 8 feet apart, to reach as far across the stream as necessaiy. Then two outside sills should be piled down witli 2-inch plank driven down to a depth of 4 or 5 feet If this can bo dono conveniently, they arc to be jointed as closely as possible. It would be better to line with somo stuff 1 inch thick : then with posts their proper length, about 12 or U Indies square, which should bo framed into tho uppermost sill, in both MACUINIST8, EXCIXEEBS, AC, RECEIPTS. 507 Icnty nf cam; it m, deep bo tlio g. llio ) back of ly by its Tb at tbo cr ; then I cement lerocntto A rock ently can length of re needed a the ends aide walls sol smi^ll revico but water will J wide and ich Bhoidil lu8 -water, Let eack ents, built ■where tbo le back of last layer bydraulic the dam i» J; this i* arable it (ides, and all the way acrow the dam, from bank to bank, at a distance of () feet apart. Then, with braces to each post, to extend two-thirds of the length of the post, where they should be joined together with a lock, instead of a mortLje and tcuon, with an iron bolt 1 or li inches ill diameter, going through both, and tightened with a screw and nut When mortises and tenons are used, they often become rotten and useless in a few years. These braces should be set at an angle of CO or (JiP with the other end mortised into the mud siU. These braces re- quire to bo about U to 8 inches, and as long as tou find necessary ; be- ing covered with dirt it will not decay for a long time, as the air is excluded. These posts should be capped from one to the other, plate fashion. The posts should be lined with 2 or 2^ Inch plank on the in- side, pinned to the plank, and should, in the middle, bo filled in with dirt. If the stream is large and wide, the dam should bo built in two sec- tions, which should bo divided by a waste-way for the surplus water, which should bo in the centre of tbo dam, and sufUcient for all tho vastc-water to run over. Let each section of tho dam form an abut- ment next to tho waste-way, placinjj cells or sills 4 feet ajMirt tho length of tho waste-way ; in each of these sills, posts shorld be framed with a brace for the sides. These rows of posts, standing "rross tho dam, will form tho sectional abutments ; tho middle one may bo con- gtructcd by being lengthways of the stream, with short braces, so that they will not be in tho way of drift-wood passing down tho stream ; it being necessary for strong pieces for a bridge. Then cover tho sills with an apron of 2-inch plank joined perfectly straiglvt, to extend SO or 40 feet below the dam, to prevent undermining of tho dam. Tho pLiuits wiiich are used for the purpose of lining tho posts which lorm the abuhiients of each section of the dam, and tho ends of tho waste-way, should be truly pointed, so as to prevent any lealoigo. The dam bekig built, the dirt ghoold be filled m with teams, aa tho more it is tramped the better. Clay or coarse gravel is the best. Then place your gates on the upper side of tho waste-way, tho sizo that is necessary to a level with low-water mark ; which gates are not to bo raised except in times of high water, as the proper height of tho mill-pond should bo regulated by boards placed over tho gate for tho desired head, as tho water should be allowed pass at all times freely over them. To strengthen the dam, if yon thuik necessary, 2-inch plnnk maybe used in lining the front side of the dam, long enough to reach from tho bottom of the stream (on an inclined plane, and next to tho body of water to tho top of the dam, and filled up nearly to the top of the dam with clay or gravel well trampled down. i Buusn OR Log Dams are very often used in small, muddy streams When tho bottom of tho stream is of a soft nature, take a flat boat where you want to fix your dam, and drive piles the whole length of tho rtrcara, about 3 or 4 feet apart, aa deep as you can. Take young oak laplings pointed at the end, for the purpose. If you can, construct a regular pile-driver, similar to those in use for making trestle-work on the railways. This weight may be pulled up by horses instead of an engine. When you have finished driving piles, make some boxes or troughs of 2 or 3 inch plank, about 3 feet wide and as long as tho plank is. Sink these in the water the length of the dam, close to tho piles, by loading them with rock, until tb^ are at the bottom ol tho m JIMS' •♦ 1 • So. '■' ( i it 508 UACHCTESTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. Etream, frnrtirg as 1^ front port of the dam with dirt and brnsh, nonrij to tlie Lei^ rod wruit it Thisi kind of a dam will last a long tiiuo. Whenever tStrv a» a small brealc in tho d:iai or nico, cut up Bomo willows and l>ru>u^ pat tliem iu the break along with uome Htruw oud dirt, and ruiu VMva. down witli clay. Iu Tjard I'f tilij» tfiime, the greatest care must bo taken to insure strength m>3 iimhilicy combined Avith tightncHS. Every Btcp tiiiioa in its coustra-.na'.a oinat be of sucli a nature as to unite tiiese qualities in the highcts yMohLe degree, otherwise tho wholo ix, iu a uiamicr, labor lot.1. BitovzuK; OswFTJsmo:? s, 32Kikd9.— 1. Silver xch'de Bronzing Pow- der. — Melt toj««Iii?r I oz. each, bismuth and tin, then add 1 oz. ouick- sUver, cool luuf :,i;^'ler. 2. Gold colored Bronze Powder. — Verdigris, 8 ozs. ; tuttv >•. V i<;r, \ ozs. ; borax and nitre, of each 2 ozs. ; biehlorido of mcrcurr'. t - r. . DoaJce into a paste with oil and fusethera together. Used in japiacia;? aa a gold color. 3. Beautiful RedBwnze Powder. — Suli)}ui.te 'A '.ijiT'efi I'^J parts; carbonate of soda, GO parts; apply beat until ti)»7 laite into a niuts. 4. Acid Bronze. — Cobiilt, 4 lbs.; jnilveriie; fci;i:uimngh a fine sieve, put in a stone pot; add ^ g:il, nitric acid, a. Srj* xt x time, stirring frequently for 24 hours ; then add about, 5 gals. 2i:matit! acid, or until tho work comes out a dark brown. 6. A Ikali Br'.'^Ci'.. — Di«*3olve 5 lbs. nitrate of copper in 3 gals, of water; and 5 lbs. jieas*:;!.*!!; a«ld 1 or 2 pts. potash water: then add from 2 to 3 lbs. sal aiunj'.tuu! or until the work comes out the required color. G. Coatlnrj Itqi. — anlphate of zinc, 8 lbs. ; oil of vitriol, 5 gals. : aquafor- tis, } gal I'o Tw*:. warm up scalding hot 7. Q,uxck Brujht Jnppin'i Acid, forBras$vhi':\iuu hcen fJrmolucd. — Sulphuric acid, Igal. ; nitric acid, IgaL 8. Jtipj-^ifj Jjdil. — Sulphuric acid, 12 lbs. ; nitricacid, Ipt ; nitre, 4ibs. ; BouL ~ hiuitlfula; brimstone, 2 ozs.; pulverize tho briin.stono and Boak it ix Truer 1 hour, add the nitric acid last. 9. Good Dip- ping Acidf'.. ; 'issolvo in i pt water; mix well and apply it to llxe artiide in a daruL- place with a brush. 15. Bhie Brom on Copper. — Cfeui ajid pc'i >)'. well, then cover the surface with a fluid obtained yr •iL'^tiolvinij feruiillion in a warm solution of sodium, to trhidi BCCT« iiBiatif! potash has been added. IG. Bronze Dip.—&>i ammoniac 1 <».; salt of sorrel, (binoxolato of poti.sh) J oz. ; dissolved in vinejraz. 17. Parisian Bronze Dip. — Sal ammoniac, ^ oz. ; common salt, I ta. ; fffcraa of hartshorn, 1 oz. ; dissolved in an English qt ol vinegax, a ^uwi result will bo obtained by adding J oz. sol ammoniac ai 2c 8o 6o 2oi aci( add Bra ioz: a fill appli of ai di5.so n-ith neces ozs. Jl ihe re redca ir.isli Bronze Uic bni niersei first ^vi of till, ^ a wet d Vb.ot^ in tlio n of ainni( strong V monJy d 'fljite ar Birniiiigj »"bJiiiiat( 'et it Stan ^ras3.-~i tiie liquia p cold w tath, tiici plication and tJien c °rr. 32 nitrate of s "'ctwoto" Wi tlie r^ Uautifiu 'A popper, Br frm^orZ f ?«■ perch , J^ed from I uiauucr, '£ste^,^^-^">^^^^^^ .ell Cleared fo«.; boil the iuSen?«fJ,'*^^f' ^ o^fl.; S'a ^, '.'r "^'■^«^^rccn. 2 ozs. 20. o/,ye 7/"' 1 1^' >. ««il aiiimoulac 2 nVi -V'/'—Nitric acif? neccssarr. oh AC-^\'"n tho oneratinn ,.„ -5"^*"' Put on tlio bronzo red can bo obtained n^v^r' "^ "^™ost nnv sSn i'° ^'^'^"^o ""tU ^■^sh With wSer dr^ °''^!,"Si ^ tbo time df im^ ° ^•''°'" ''•o"^" to ^rt,/i^<.._p„j^,,f^5' "*y and briisli. o± » j^niersion, then wpM jperse the hrn^s Ji ^/^^"'^/irSatt.mte nU^i: Ht ♦J^^^ ""'I 'mmS ff t with triS. £ w4"?if '"?A-^'"* W ?rbrSf,?Pir «"<^ iS- of till, with 2 parts ciShJ^^'^^ a solution 0/1,;;;?"^ *J'® surface a «-et cloth. 27_Sj57/?^."'^° °' ffoJd, after 10 mi„, 2^' '?'^"*'^I "'trato i lb of whiteareenfc n"^; ^r^'-^f ^'^««--TakSi ^'.''''i'*^.^' ^^ ^vith fubliinate, m' 1 J; nf ,Y,i ,"^^<* '» «io London t,;f« J'*''^® factories 1™ let it stand Shfu^^Jte^i:"*^^''. ^Sboth 11'*^^- ^^'-''o^ivS jBraM.-»UsestroSi[rif„n-i'.^' for „se. 30 o^lNi^P\ » bottle, "le liquid for an iSS i-M^l'" sufficient quantrtv h-^'''^'*' -^-^'VVor te liquid tor an i£tnV,V" "■';',"' '" '"fflcieut (,ii„.T,""5- •°'''»"' ■"'> /or to cold water, thmin^'J '''"'"'■ '""d imSSw'P 5"°"' '"»»» ta Jlix UarivalTed^as J '^^teott'iy'^^oior/orBrais W>oryt iMalL*^^ varnish T «'et«-otoS3S Jir^ ^'''^ ^nd nitmte^Kn "^ "^'"^^^ solui "ilpt wS^ ^"""toof arecSJ'io ■> «?.°°'' ""5' "'^o bs o£ 510 MACUIXISTS, ENGINEERS , &C., KECEIi'To. drs. nitrate of iron, and IGdrs. hyposulphato of sot^a, in 1 pt. water, or, 1 dr. nitric acid may be substituted for the nitrate of iron. 3, Red Brmon Bronzing for Brass. — Dissolve 1 oz. nitrate of copper, and 1 oz. oxalic acid in 1 pt. water, brouglit to the boil and then cooled, 4. Dark Brown Bronzing for Brass. — Mix 1 oz. cyanide of iwtassiuin, and 4 drs. nitric acid, with 1 pt. water. 5. Red Bronzing for Bra.nlk of pulverized bichromate of potjish; dilute with an equal ^vei,^lltof water, and apply well to the brass, swill it well immediately in water, wipe dry, and polish with pulverized rotten stone. To Bronze Polished Steel.— Methylated spirits, 1 pt ; c;im shellac, 4 oz. ; gum benzoin, h oz. Set the Irottle in a warm plare, with occasional agitation. When dissolved, decant the clear part for fine work, and strain the dregs through muslin. Now take 4 or. powdered bronze green, varying the color with yellow ochre, red i ochre, and lampblack, as may be desired. Mix the bronze powder with the above vamisli in quantities to suit, and apply to the work after previously cleansing and warming the articles, giving them R I second coat and touching off with gold powder 11 required, previous to I vamishmg. MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS' &c „ ''''^ ' *C., KECEIPTS. 513 Dead Black for tw^. « of i-alte 111 an earthen vesm ''}!:~'>'"«>he g?ai^„i„M • . i>oxt, i)la(.e It in Pait, and contact with n'^rip'^ ^ JS^?^'^ "'« wSrST'^^ J''^"^^ "^ -'"« «olved ,u lOOparts of AvS i '^ '^■"^"' of 2 vartVnf .n ^^^ I'^«''« 't in 3 parts of soda. Let iJ rl ' -^ ^^'^"ch is adJod ^ tartai io acid dis- of oxalic acid in vi'^.^I" Tar.xi.s„kd Bhax" v.l ^^ ^''^^ ^^^PPei" '"« imparts the flo^.'^''^'^'''**^ of zi„c, 2 rart?" ^p- •^'*^,' ^^ P'^-t^-; n> KS;^^K ^^ '-'"* ''^^'"^ "'' ^ilSo^SS:^ P-yil^t^^» «tro5 pJSsif w.S'V^"'^^ .*!--"'^hIy bv boi,. r"l'rvin],nVi? 7' "•''"'ff fv fine l„ncj, 1 ' '^"'fCMeJJ m cold and K and mpid V nS.^I'* «* '-^ low heat S ^ ''^^■"■'''- ^'1«^« the H' W> -K? "'"^ ',"''^^-6 with aVooH ^'- ^*^ ^•''^^"^'' '•^gu- F«'/a, work nflnr 1 "•" P^''*t« ^vann nntn'i? '^'^ed fiiie oainel's-halr tl.inlv „..^*l";: '^^tove or over rf .i.:??f^. Vojinshcd if nocd be 514 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. Contrast Colors for Painting Machinery. — 1. Beep bine and golden brown; 2, Black and warm brown; 3, Chocolate and light blue; 4, Violet and light rose color; 5, Violet and pale green ; 6, Deep red and gray; 7, Claret and buff; 8, Maroon and warm green; it, chocolate and peagreen ; 10, Deep blue and pink; 11, Black and warn green ; 13, Maroon and deep blue. Varnish for Loom Harness.— Linseed oil, 2 gals. ; gum shellae, 2k lbs. ; red lead, 1 lb. ; umber, 1^ lbs. ; litharge, 2 lbs. ; sugar of lead, ij lbs. Mix and thoroughly incorporate together. Water-proofing for Nets and Fishing Lines.— Soak the note or lines in a mixture of 2 parts boiled linseed oil and 1 i)art gold size; expose to the air, and dry. Winter Fishing on the Western Lakes.- A small portable house is erected on large runners, like thopc of a sled, with a nolo cut in the centre of the Hoor Tiiis house is moved to any desired spot; a hole is cut in the ice, so as to be directly under the aperture in the floor; the lines are dropped through the hole, and the fish are drawn in while the fishermen are seated by a warm stove. Paint for Mktals. Proof against Hot Water.— Prepare the metal by cleaning it witlx turpentme, ley, or benzine; then apply two thin coats of a mixture of white lead, spts. turjoentine and carriage vaniish, and follow at once with a thick coat of carriage varnish and white lead. Draughtmen's Colors for Mechanical Drawing.— The fol- lowing are the names of different materials, together with the pig- ments used to repre.sent them: 1, Redbrick, Induan red; 2, Yellow brick, Indian yellow or cadmium, tinged with white; 3, Wrour/ht iron, Prussian blue or cobalt; 4, Cast iron, Paine' s gray and a little India ink, or Prussian blue and India ink; 5, Steel, a purple color by the ad- mixture of crimson lake and Prussian blue; 6, Gun metal m- brats, gamboge or yellow cadmium; 7, Copper, Indian red mixed withaUttle lake; 8, Wood, burnt umber; 9, Water, broken, irregular .straiglt lines, with liquid copperas ; 10, Stone color, Chinese white and India ink, tinted with yellow. Tracing Paper, to Stand Washing.— Saturate writing paper with benzine, and follow at once with a slight coat of the following varnish; Boiled bleached Imseed oil, 20 oz.,- oxide of zinc, 5 ozs.; lead shav- ings, 1 oz. ; Venice turpentine, ^ oz. Boil all for 8 hours, cool, and add gum-copal 5 ozs., gum saudarac i part Tracing Paper.— Dissolve castor oil in strong alcohol and aiiply the mixture to the paper with a sponge. The alcohol will volatilize, leaving the paper dry. Proceed to finish your tracing, and then you raay, if you wish to do so, restore the paper to its original state, bj immersion in strong alcohol, thereby absorbing the castor oil from the paper. To Solder without Heat.— Brass filings, 2oz.; steel filings, 2 oz.; fluoric acid, J oz. Put the filings in the acid, and apply the solution to the parts to b^ soldered, after thoroughly cleaning the parts in contact; then dress together. Do not keep the "^rtuoric acid in glass bottles, but in lead or earthen vessels. Easy Soldering of Brass.- Cut a piece of tin foil the size of tlie surface to be soldered ; then pass over the surface a solution of sal ammoniac for a flux, place the tin foil between the pieces, and ap- ply a hot iron until the foil is melted. MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. 515 blue and \nA light ; 6, Deei) E;reen; it, iiid ■warm m fihellac, ir of lead, ik the note ; gold size; 11 portable I a nolo cut ived epot; a turc in the I are drawn Prepare the II apply two ind carriage varnish aud G.— The fol- ith the pig- 1; 2, Yellow ^ronqht iron, 1 little India or by the ad- etal or hrau, i with a little alar straigl t Ite aud India Iff paper ■with ling varnish; \ ; lead shav- [rs, cool, and lol and apply lill volatilize- Tind then you [nal state, by Iter oil {wm leel filinfif. 2 Id apply 7® I cleaning the luoric acid w lil the size oi . solution of pees, und »l>" To Tm CorrER and Buass.— Boil G lbs. cream of tartar ind 4 pils. of water and 8 lbs. of grain tin or tin shavings. After the mats- rial has boiled a sufficient time, the articles to bo tinned are put therein and the boiling continued, when the tin is precipitated on the goods in metallic form. Mixture rou SiLVKRiNa.— Dissolve 2-ozs. of silver with 3gi». of corrosive sublimate; add tartaric acid, 4 lbs. ; salt, 8 qts. ' To Skpauate Silveb from CorPER. — Mix sulphuric add, 1 part; nitric acid, 1 part ; water, 1 part; boil tlio metol in tlio mit- tiirc till it 13 dissolved, throw in a little salt to cause the silver to sub* side. To "Writb IX Silver.— Mix 1 oz. of the finest pewter or block tin, jind 2 ozs. of quicksilver together till both become fluid, then grind it villi gum water, and write with it. The writing will then look as if done with silver. Ti>">ixo Acin, FOR Brass or Zixc— Muriatic acid, 1 qt ; rin<^ C ozd. To a Boluktou of this, add water, 1 qt. ; sal-ammoniac, 2 ozs. To Cleak A^^> PoLi.sn Brass.— "Wash with alum boiled in strong lye, in the pronoilion of an ounce to a pint; afterwards rub with Btrong tripoli. Kot to bo used on gilt or lacquered work. BuoNZK Paint, for Irox oii Brass.— Chrome green, 2 lbs.: ivory black, 1 oz. ; chrome yellow, 1 oz. ; good japan, 1 gill; grind all together, aud mix with linseed oil. To Broxze Iron Castixos. — Cleanse thoroughly, and afterwards Immerse in a solution of sulphate of copper, when the casting will acquire a coat of the latter metal. They must be then washed in water. Removino Zixo Axt) Irox From Plumbers' Solder.— Digest the metal in grains in diluted sulpluiric acid. The acid will dissolve the zinc first, the iron next, and all traces of these metals by subse- quent washing. TiKNiNQ Cast Irox. — Pickle your castings in oil of vitriol; then cover or immerse them in muriate of zinc (made by putting a suffi- cient (luantity of zinc in some spirit of salt) : after which dip it in a melted bath of tin or solder, SfLVERiNG BY IIkat. — Dissolvo 1 OZ. pilvcr in nitric acid; add a Bmall quantity of salt; then wasli it and add sal-ammoniac, or 6 ozs. of salt and white vitriol ; alsojoz, corrosive sublimate; rub them together till they form a paste; rub the piece which is to be silvered with the pa.ste; heat it till the silver runs, after which dip it in a weak vitriol pickle to clean it. Zmcixa. —Copper and brass vessels may bo covered with a firmly adherent layer of pure zinc by boiling them in contact with a solution of chloride of zinc, pure zinc tuniings being at the same time present in considerable excess. To Cloud Metal Work. — Metal work may be clouded by put- ting a piece of fine emery paper under the thumb or finger and work- hijj it over a surface of the metol with a spiral motion. SiLVEUixo Powder. — Nitrite of silver and common salt, of each M pr,s. ; cream tartar, 3J drs. ; pulverize finely and bottle for ose Unequalled for polishing copper and plated goods. To Cleax and Polish Brass.— Oil of vitriol, 1 oz. ; sweet oD^ * 616 MACUINISTS, engineers', rs. rotochloridft >. 4. A weak 11 and apply plv another ran, rub the ich applica- and also of 9, throw the let them re- size. After afterwnrds tho bath of pieces M ith with an iu- i little olivo move them, quailed for ron, &c. I, i Rallon; to tfio a)n- ible to any X WmE.— )wing goln- itor, 3 lbs.; Water.— I when the »le to m.iko EF. In this pile of bro- iter in the 3W piece of MACHINISTS, ENGINEERa* *n JO be strong S^b a Ut«i*^fn'*« ^^o^e descrilJd .^,®^; *^en «>idcr ball of niel&],Sd holdino-*^"^?' «^er, and S; ?h'A !' '^a'«» on the under eWe '; S^^^^'J?"* <2 or 3 pigs ', iL^^^l^'^h a "^-.o i^KKriT ^'^" °^" -'"^ ^ -ysTpin^^i a:Sl"^°te|~ consist, in bath of tin ; aftff thlUn^^Jfi^'^ ."'^ pipe or thK?H-''*^^fi^ ^^ tin, vertical or nearly vertiJ^^lP-?? ^*» ^^en made S?l^f f ^^ ^^ ^lio strong cord, to whiPho I^'f'tion, and pass do«nf '? ® "^? «»me in a "-e pSx);^dat orni*r 7hW ^ ««-ichS to drw [h«°^fi'« ^"^"'a other porous or eSSS?T«?*®°."',^'end of tho cord T.^Sf "^"^ ^'''^"Sh .indof any d^redlenn??,''**"*^' is attached of a'«?.«Ti®„°'P'ef« of I-orous wa'd b^ng slJSSte.^iHV^^'^^ "lore or Jess %if ^'^ P^P<^. To Prevent Lead f^ '"^ormity and'faj^ c^^d by th'eX^t^' sra - «<^t^^^ ?< ■»"fflc, and the bW 5^5 '"°'™e *" «lio aE'S"!?* ^ "" tt« ■°<"al8 less Sdble «,ff ft, '"»''«» ". », » MDlJlh'if f '"""M oi rtich they are S,™i'"''» "^s" mS"'?! wmmenco wiS '^ctal, &c wLn^ V ^''^'<^''' ff Idinff niPt-ii» « ™r common eold 520 MACHINISTS, ENGINEEBS*, AC., IlECEIPTS. dcr mostly used is two parts tin nnd ono of lend; K>mctime8, from motives of economy, much more lead is employed, and 1^ tin to 1 lead is the most funiblo of tho group, unless bismuth is used. The flaxes B to O, and the modes of heating, a to t, arc all used with tho soft ■olden. Note. — ^Tbo examples commence with tho metals to bo soldered. Tims in the list, zinc, 8, c, /, implies, tliat zinc is soldered with No. 8 alloy, by the aid of the muriate or chloride of zinc , and the copper bit. Lead, 4 to 8, F, d, c, implies that lead is soldered with allo3-s varj ing from No. 4 to 8, and that it ia fluxed with tallow, the lieat beiui); applied by pouring on melted solder, nnd tho subsequent iiso of t»ic lieatcd iron, not tmned; but in general one only of the modes of 1 eating is selected, according to circnm.stanccs. Iron, cast-iron and Btecl, 8, D, D, if tliiclc, heated by a, b. or c, and also by g. Tinned iron 8, G, D,/. Gold and silver arc soldered with pure tin, or clso with 8, E, a, «7, or h. Copper and many of ite alloys, n^imely brass, gilding metal, gun metal, &c., 8, B, C, D; when thiclc, heated by o, 0, c, e, or ff. when thin, by /, or a. Speculum metal, 8, B, C, D, tlio heat should be cautiously applied; the sand bath is j)orhaps the best mode. Zinc, 8, C ,/. Lead and lead pipes, or ordniarjr plumber's worlc. 4 to 8 F, a,or e. Lead and tin pipes, 8, D, and G, mixed, ff, and also/ Britannia metal, C, xJ, g. Tewtcrs, the solders miwt vary in fusibility according to tho fusibility of tho metal, generally G, and /, are used, sometimes, also G, and g or/. I^ead is united •without sol- der by jwuring on red hot lead, and employing a rod hot iron, d. e. Iron and brass are sometimes burned, or united by partial fusion, by iwuriug very hot motel over or around them. Alloys and their Melting Heats. Flitxes. No, 1 2 , 8 'tm 11 12 13 *>.■■!■■ 1 Tin 25 1 •• 10 1 " 5 1 " 3 1 " 2 1 i( 1 li (1 1 2 " 1 ^ <( -t 4 '■ 1 6 (( 1 II 1 Lead (I 4 Load 4 Tin 1 258 541 • 611 ' 482 ' 441 ' 370 ' 8»i ' 340 ' 350 ' 365 ' 378 ' 381 Bismuth Fahr. 14 15 in 17 18 3 2 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 A. Borax. B. Sal-am. or mnr. of amra. " C. Muriate or chlor. of ziuc. " D. Common rosin. ', x; " E. Venice turpentine. " F. Tallow. " G. GallipoU oil, or common * [sweet oil " Modes of Atplyino Heat. " a. Naked fire. " h. Hollow furnace or mnfUe. " c. Immersion in melt^ solder. 320 Fahr. d. Melted solder or metal poured on. TTcated iron, not tin'd. Heated copper tool, tinned. Blow Pipe flame. Fhime alone, generally alchohol. Stream of heated air. 310 292 254 230 c. /. g- h. 202 Cheap Mosquito Bar.— Drop a small quantity of petroleum or kerosene oil on a piece of cotton, squeeze out the excess as much as possible, then rub the cotton over the face, hands, &c., and these re»» tiferous insects will not alight where the scent has been left cast-iron mol.i,-,C™- y^'!"" «PPlie..-' pat"; «mn,,r •5^"'*'*'- l^^rt ; Mith borax -in '/H'^''*/^'- /^ro^I'ZS^''^''' ^ parts; ziiiTl 1 ' 522 CHCTISTS, engineers', JkC, RECEIPTS. SIZES or TIN'-WARE OF DIFFEKENT KINDS. v/W Diameten. de. of C'irclea ace 2"ablet. ) DlFTZBa. - - Ccrrzjc Ftyn. Pak*. - - - Pie Pax* .----- Lasgs Wjja Boin. - - fixALL Wahi Bowx - - Milk Snuisut . - . pAu^ Aja> IiBHi Kcrrx.£d M COi-AXltOL MEAsrszs iex Drnggists, Beer, &c. HEAgTBZX cit otiier forms. 1 pt. 1 giiL a qts. 20 qt8. lU qts. 14 qta. 10 qts. a qts. 2 qta. 3 pt». 1 pt. 14 qta. 10 qts. B qts. 2 qts. 2 gal. 1 gal. Ual. 1 qt. 1 pt. i pt 1 fial- igal. 1 qt. 1 pt. Uiam. of bot. Diam. of top. Uelg't iucheslnchei 40 ■ i( 36 by G;} 60 t( 40 by 70 75 (i 40 by 84 100 i( 40 by 98 Tis < A??*.— iJizB OF Sheet, fob fkom 1 to 100 Gallons. Fw 1 gjuuifa. 7 by 20 mchesi. For 25 gallons, 30 by 5<) iiich&i. ? z G *- 15 " _ Tli» mdhA«* ail the laps, seams, &c. , which will be found sufficiently I correct 4« all practical purposes. I PATEarr Ixbricatino Oil. — Water, 1 gal. ; clean tallow, i lbs.;! palm aLL to lbs. : common soda, J lb. Heat the mixture to aboutl 210° FaiiT - «ir well until it cools down to 70° Fahr., wheu it is * lor use. 7 bf 20 inches- 10 by 28 12 by 40 14 by 40 'JO by 42 3J) by 42 f»«erdipp] J"t tJio \, •""id it rcr mfniites in r«sita lav, ^■''^.<'™"ins 15 vcScal ,h? '"'"!» Ike toiirtK lino fcStin £,•..'"' "'"> top "vein fitll'f ?""■ "nottcr j^Wjlit, s»-iiS,giS?Ef i?^" '■> i' ft'o ilrone ittrJ" "^"""nitric ^ oTEv^ Dishes. &o —"n^o-i, *t ' ^- ^^"^'"^^^ surface of the arti- ■ i M 524 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. cle to be tinned with sulpliuric acict. and n\o the eurfaco well, eo ns to have it emootti and free of blackness caused by the acid; theu sprinkle calcined and finely pulverized sal-ammoniac upon the sur- face, holding it over a fire, when it will t-o sufficiently hot to melt a bar ol solder which is to be rubbed over the auriacc. Any copper dish or vessel may be tinned in this way. ^ / *^ Pabker's CorrER Habdenhto process consists in introducing &n •dmixtoxe of a minute quantity of phosphorus into the metaL ^ '!,T r ' ..n To Strike outCobmon Flaring Vessels, Cones, kc—Fiq, 2.- Fonn a right angled paralellogram H K D V, H K equal to the cir- cumfcreuco of the wide end of the diagram, and N P equal to its cir- cumference at the indicated points, K D being the elevation; draw the right lines H N R and K P R; from R as a basis lay out arcs from H to K and N P, calculating proper allowance for backs. To Strike Out a Cone.— Form a paralellogram as in the dLigram ; the sikico from H to K equivalent to the diameter of the cone; K to D equiva- lent to the olcv.ition; next draw linos from H and K tothcccutro c 81 t( tl /Tol curvci space lay on struct tor Oil off a s( the po divisio passes V to til fotliec one Bid KACniNISTS, engineers', iC, RECEIPTS. 525 of the lino D V, and from this as a base or ccntro describo a scjrmcnt of a circle from H to K. Flux roKWEpiNG Copper.— Boracic acid, 2 parts ; phosphnto of soda, 1 part; mix. This welding powder should be strewn over tho surface of copper at a red heat; tlio pieces should then be heated ni> to a full cherry red, or yellow heat, and brought immediately under tho hammer. Heat the copper at a flame, or gas jet. where it will not touch chaicoal or solid carbon. / To Strikb oirr a CmcuLAB EiiBOw.— JVgr». 3 and 4.— Lay out t«70 cimcd lines F I and G D to suit the desired length of el far w ; tlie space from F to G equivalent to the intended diameter of tlic pipe ; lay off tho circles F D, G I into as many divisions as youdesire ; con- struct the paralellogram, Fig.' 4, tho length equivalent to the diame- ter oi the pipe you are making, the width equal to C IJ in Fig. 3 ; lay off a segment of a circle equivalent in duimeter to tlio pipe, touching tho point H; divide the segment into any desired number of equal divisions ; draw lines across the dots parallel to V V ; open tho com- passes \\ times the diameter of the pipe,' and describe the lino from V to the intersection of thejines ^^I* and R R. draw curvilinear lines (0 tlic crossings of the oUiet^UneB to the pomt H, this will furnish one aide of a section. 526 3IACHINISTS, engineers', &c., keceipts. w To Strike out Ovals, Ovat. Flaring Vessels, &c.—Fifj. 5.— Construct the paralellogram H K D V; H K equivalent to the long aod i D to correspond to the short diameter; divide it into four equal iv-irts by drawing the lines P R and N N; mark the point L one-tbird the distance from N to O ; then describe tlie arcs I S I, I S I, and from the line N N describe the segment INI. To describe an egg-shaped oval with ends of unequal magnitude, construct the f rustrum of a tone that will embrace the ovaland proceed aainifig. 6. To iitrikt out an wal Flaring Vessel in totir subdivisions, find the circnmferenrt of the arcs I S I and I N I for the bottom of the pieces; form a paral- ellogram the length of which shall be equal to the circumforencc of the top of either division, and operate as in Fig, 2. The same allow- ance must be accorded for flare on the side parts as on the ends, allowing for burrs and locks. Gold Lacquer for Tin— Transparent, All Colors.— Alcohol in a flask, 1 pt. ; add gnm-shellac, 2 ozs. ; turmeric, 1 oz. ; red snnd- crs, li ozs. Set the flask in a warm place, shake frequently for 13 hours or more, then strain off the liquor, rinse the bottle, and return it, corking tightly for use. When this varnish is used, it must be Jip- plicd to the work freely and flowing, and the articles should bo liot when applied. One or more coats may be laid on, as the color is rc- ?[uired more or less light or deep. If any of it should become th'.ck rom evaporation, at anv time, thin it with alcohol. And by tlio fol- lowing modifications, all the various colors are obtained : 1. liose Color. Proceed as above, substituting 1 oz. of finely ground best lake in :^Iaco of the turmeric. 2. Blue. The blue is made by substituting pulverized Prussian blue, 1 oz., in place of the turmeric. 3. Purple, Add a littlo of the blue to the Jirat. 4. Oreen, Add a littlo of the rose to the Jirst. Cracked STOVES.-^^Equal parts of wood ashes and ^It ; mix to a paste with water ; with thu fill the crocks. MACHINISTS, ENGINEEliS', &C., RECEIPTS. 527 ifj. 5.— [le long ireqam le-tfiird id from •shaped lunof a Slrikt -Alcohol red sand- ttly for 13 lid return list 1)C ftp- id bo liot blor is ro tmc th'.ck • tho fol- ftoseColor. loin^lafo Inlverizcd idalittlo ftho Jirsl. alt; mit To Descbibe a Heart.— Fig. 6.— Draw tho straight lino H D K equal to tho breadth of the heart; layoff tho segment* H D and D K, then with the dividers extended from H to K, describe the arcs U K and K V. # To find the circumference of a circle, the diameter be- ing kuowQ, multiply tho di- ameter by 3.1416, and to find the diameter of a circle, the circnmferenco being knowu, divide tho circum- ference by ai416. To Strike out Oval Wash Boiler Covers.— Fig. 7.— Describe the lino Y U equal in extension to half the length of tho boiler ; from the central point D lay off the circle M R N, equiva- lent in diameter to tho breadth of the boiler ontedde fhe wire around the rim; describe tho line H K so as to croM the line V R in the manner shown in diagram ; make V S three-dghtht of an inch hi^h more or less as you desire it for the pitch of the cover; place the comer of the measuring square on the line H K, laying the flat port touching the point S; then dc- Bcribe tlie Imes H N, H S, S K and K M, which, with the proper al- lowance for locks and edges, completes the cover. Japanners' Gold Size.— Gum ammoniac, 1 lb.; boiled oil, 8 ozs. ; spirits turpentine, 12 ozs. Melt the gam, then add the oil, and lastly spirits turpentine. jArAKNiNO.— Nearly 30 formula for varnishes will be found on page ,288, among them Japanners Copal Varnish, and this, together with oil, alcohol, shellac, or any other transparent varnish, admits of being mixed with coloring matter to produce different shades. 1. For Scarlet. Ground vermilion may bo used, but being so glaring it is not beautiful unless covered over with rose-pink, or lake, which have a good effect when thus used. 2. Bright Crimson. Use saff- flowcr or Indian lako dissolved in alcohol; in place of this lake car- mine may be used, as it is more common. 3. Yellow. Turmeric dis- solved in spirits of wine, strained through a cloth, and mixed with l)uro seedlac vamisli, makes a good yellow japan; saffron will answ- er applied in the same way. and chrome yellow is excellent. Dutch pink forms a cheap yellow japan ground. If dragon's blood be added to tilt yellow japan, a most beautiful and rich sab nou -colored vamisli is tlio result, varied according to the quantity of tho ingredient used. 4. Orange. Use yellow mixed with vermilion or carmine, just as a bright or inferior color is desired. 6. Purple. Add to the varnish a mixture of lako and Prussian blue, or ciirmino, or for an inferior color, vermilion. 6. Bhie. Use bright Prussian blue ; it may be mixed with shellac varnish and brought to a i)olishing stato by C or G ■■31 0^ MACHINISTS, engineers', «fcC., RECEIPTS. coata of Tamifijj of secdlac ; mix with the purest' varnish "when a lif/ht blue is desired. 7. Black. Prussian blue 1 oz., nsplialtum 2 ozs., spirits turpentine l^iint; molt the asphaltum in the turoentiue, rub up the blue with a little of it; mix and strain, then add the whole to 2 pints of the vamLsh. 8. Green. Mix equal parts of the blue and yellow together, then mix with tlie varnish until the color suits the fancy. 9. 2'ink. Mix a little of the blue to more in quantity of the red and then add to the varnish till it suits. 10; WhUa. One wliito ground la made by the following composition: -white flake or lend washed over and ground up with a sixth of its weight of starch, tlicii dried and mixed with the finest gum, ground vp In ports of 1 oz. gum to ^ oz. of rectified turpentine miz^ and gronod wrell together. This is to be finely laid on the article to be japanned, dzted and then varnished with 6 or 6 coats of the followmg: 2 ozs. of the whitest seed-lac t9 3 ozs. of gum-anime reduced to a fine powder and dis- solved in 1 qt. alcohol. For a softer Taznislitluuat tbu,* little turpen- tiue should be added and less of the gam. To Strike out Can Tops and Bevkl Covers for Vessels-— Fig. 8,— Describe the circle K K K for tlie size of the can or cover; allow the space between K K K and D D D for edges to the game, JMid the distance between V V V and D I) D for the llaro; snan tlio dividers from H to K nn^ a, ■ , t^o-thlrds of It Vt^^^^^^^^^^^^^^HHtt^^^^B 530 MACHINISTS, engineers', &c., receipts To Stbike a Set of Patterns fob the Ejrv'Ei:x)PE of a Cone.— Fig. 9.~Lay o£E the lines U N aud KN ; the space fromU to K corrcs- pocduig to the circumferenco of the coue at the largest end; II N equal to the sloping height; from N as a basis do- ficribe the segments H K, I) D, V V, R R, and P P; each of the parts between these segments will compose a section of tho oovering if allowance be made for the laps. To lay of! tlio frostrom of a cone, see Fig. 2. Joflnd the Area of a Circle, multiply the circnmference by cme-fonrth the diameter. To find the Area of a Sectioii 0/ a Circle, multiply the len.^tli of the arc by half tho Icugth of the radius. To SnuKE OUT Stkaineu Bucket and Coffer Pot Lips (Eaitern 8tyle).^Fig. 10.— Describe the triangle H K D, H K equivalent to the slanting height; from Dlay^out the section H K; describe sections of circles from K to D and H to D ac- cording to the dimensions of the vesseL In cofTcc pots, the section extending from H to K should be regulated according to tho style iu ■wiiich it is to be constructed. In describing Tea-kettll AND Tea-pot Spouts, pro- ceed as in Figs. 1 and 4, mak- ing the breadth of the paral- eUograra coraraensurato or equal to the angle you desire to cut, and tlio length equiv- alent to the circumference of tiie spout* To Strike out Lips Fob Measures, &o.— I>ay out a circle the dimensions of the top of the vessel ; describe a Ime through the centre of the circle and divide it into four equal sec- tions; span the compasses on tho line one quarter the distance from the end, aud descii))ea semi-circle touching the opposite end of the line; pass the compasses tlie breadth of the lip desired, and lay out an arc until it approaches the semi-circle, which will allow the de- sired lip. The annexed Sector is appended to enable mechanics to obtain angles when required : MAcniNiSTS, engineers', &c., receipts. 5iU ONE.— corrcs- fereiico at end; sloping osia tlo- K, 1) 1), ;h of the egmciit.-) a ol tlio bemado off tiio le Fig. 2. a Circle, rence by iter. To Hon of a iens^tli of [eugth ol iTBAINEK j'EE Pot L D, 11 K tion H K; of circles a to D ac- ensions ol )ffee pots, ding irom regulated Btylc iu instructed. A-KETTLi: lUTS, pro- id 4, roak- the paral- murato or you desiro igthequiv- ^erenceof I Lips Pou Lay out a Rns of fie Mescribc a lequalpec- Vince from End of the M lay out hw the de- blianics to ADJUsnwaLocoMOTivB Valves.— A correspondent of the Scien- tific American g\ves the following method of setting slide valves of locomotives :— Make a steel tram, about 6| in. long, with two points nt the right anglea with the straight bar, one point to be 25 in. in length, and the other IJ in. Both points are to be sharp. Take a centre punch, and make a centre-mark on the top of the steam-chest packing-box; then take a strip of tin and put it in the steam-port. Draw the valves slowly back until you can just move the tin be- tween the edge of the valves and the edge of the steam-port (which K now closed except as to the thickness of the strips of tin. ) Tako the tram, pluce the short point in the centre-mark on iho packing-box ; then make a scratch on the valve stem, and go tlirough with the same process with the opposite steam-port Now you have marks on the valve-stem just where the v^ve begins to open. the valve-stem must next be got into radius (as we term it), wnich is to show the proper length for the valve-stem. It la done thus : Cover the steam-ports equally with the valve, put the centre of the rock shaft and the rocker pin at a right angle with the bore of the cylinder: .and when the valve-stem is adjusted to this, it is of the proper length and should not be altered. To adjustthe valves in for- ward motion, hook the reverse lever in the forward notch, take the dead points for centres, and alter the eccentric rods until the spaces are equal on the valve-stem, which is determined by the ueo of the tram. Tako the forward centres and give 1-lOth. lead to the valve, for either passenger or freight engines. By adopting this ]>lan the engine will reverse her action promptly. Hook the reverse lever -^ in the back motion, and repeat as above. If the job is to be done quickly and the eccentrics are in the proper position, it can be douo by the travel, in this way : Move the engine slowly forward "nith steam, take the tram, and trace the movement of the valve on the valve-stem until the stem stops; then traco the return movement until that stops. Take a pair of dividers and measure each diieriment 30,000 cubic feet of gas, sp. gr. '42 were discharged in an hour through G inches in diameter, and 22.5 feet in length, and 852 cubic feet, specific gravity '398 were discharged under a head of 3 ins. of water, tlirougn a main 4 ins. in diam. and 6 miles in length. Loss of volume of dischai^e by friction, in a pipe 6 ins. diam. and 1 mile in length, is c stimated at 95 per cent. In distilling 56 lbs, of coal the volume of gsis produced in cubic feet when the distillation was effected in'3 hours was 41.3, in? hours 37.5, in 20 hours 33.5, and in 25 liours 31.7." The expiration of the breath from the lungs in the gentlest manner, is about «jqual to the proper pressure for the most favorable consumption of gas, while a slight blowing force is equal to the highest pressure in the mains of gas companies; tho first example is about equivalent to two or three-tenths pressure, and the Bscond to from 3 to 5 ins. pressure. The orifices of gas burners should be well proportioned, not too small, to require increased pressure to expel the gas, thus serioHsly curtailing the light, as shown by the following experiments with 4 Argands, all of one size, each having 15 holes, but the orifice of each graduated so that only 6 cubic feet of gas per hour could pass under Qio respective pressures here intimated: — Gas issuinf/ with Pressure in tentlis of inches. 1-lOth yielded the light of 12 candles. 5-lOths '• " 10-lOtlia «' « 2i " 40-lOths «' " l-« " On the other hand, if the orifice of an Argand burner is too large, the ilame will smoke offensively and thus entail waste and loss. Gmdo tl\e size of the orifice by the quality of the gns to be consumed; for poor gas the holes may be large; for good gas, smaller holes may bo used. In every case be careful to e£f^ a correct adjustment In order to obtain the best results. Its with 4 IBS koolargp. Grade icd; for . may bo [in order FACTS FOR OAS COMPANIES AND CONSUMERS. 535 Volumes of Gas Disthaboed meb Hock UxDen OF Half ah Imcu or Watbr— spscifio Gravity A Presscmb OF Gas '42. Diam. of oi>«ning. Ins. Volume. Cubic ft. 80 321 Dism.of' I Diam. of op'uiug. Volome.|op'niug. Ins. Cubic ft. 1 T23 ; i2«7 I Ilia. Volume. Cubic ft. 1625 2010 Diam. of op'nliig. Int. 5. Volume. Cubic ft. 2«81 40,100 DlAMKTEB A31U LEXOTII OP GaS PiPKS TO TnA^SUIT GiVEX VoLUJUB OF Gas to Bbaxcii Pipes.— i>r. Ure. Volume p. huur. Dtam- 1 eter. | Cub. ft. 00 250 000 700 Ins.* 4. 1. 1.97 2.G5 Voluioe Diam- Volume Diam. ieugth. p.bour. eter. Length. p. hour. eter. Length Feet. Cub. ft. Ins. Feet. Cub. ft. Ins. Feet. 100 1,000 3.18 1.000 2,000 7. 6,000 200 1,500 3.87 1,000 6,000 7.75 1,000 600 2,000 6.32 2,000 6,000 0.21 2,000 1000 2,000 6.33 4,000 V/XK) s.ao 1,000 To Dktebmine THE Size or Gas Pipe Requihed— LoxdoxRttle — For 200 lighto, 2 inch tube; 120 lighU, 1>4 inch; 70 lights, I'A inch; CO lights, 1 inch: 25 lights, % inch; 12 U|^ts, V, inch; 6 lights, % inch; 2 lights, y4 inch. DiAHETEB AMD ExTBEXE LexOTH or TUBIXO AND NCMBER OF BCRK- KBS Allowed— AJtiEBicAN Standabd. Diam. Feet of in tube. length % 6 20 30 40 60 No. of buni> ers. Capac-i No. off Diam. ity of bari». of tub- met'rs.i ors. ing. 1 3 6 12 20 5 » j 10 " I 20 " I 30 " J 6 10 20 40 00 1 1»4 2 L'ngth No. of Capac- No. of in burn- ity of burn- feet. ers. niet'rs ers. 70 35 45U't«. 90 100 CO 60 '• 120 100 100 100 '• 200 203 200 .... . . . ... .... Diamsteb axd Lexgth or Pipe ntoM the Maix, tooetiieb with TUE NlTMBBB OP LlOHTS ALLOWED IX THE GAS SERVICE FOB LaXPS. No. of lamps. Dis- tance from main in feet. 40 40 60 Diam- eter of pipe. % No. of lamps. 10 20 Dis- tance from main in feet. 100 130 150 Diam- eter of pipe. 1^* No. of lamps. 25 30 Dis- tance from main in ft. 180 200 Diam- eter of piljo. 1% l>/5 2 4 6 In experiments conducted bv Mr. Pattin.son, analvtlcal chemist, Newcastle, one burner he testetf gave liglit equivalent to 17? candlen; wmie, with the same nuantitv of gas, some burners gave only 3?, others 5.^, G, 8, and 9J c-ndle light. ' ^' ^^ As to the qualUv of illuminatinfj r/as. the English law enacts that such gas shaU, with respect to its puritv, be so far free from am- monia and sulphuretted hydrogen that it shall not discolor either lurmenc paper, or psvper imbued with acet-ite or carbonate of lead, wueu these tests are exposed to a current of ga.s, issiung for oue min- 536 FACTS roK gas companies and consumers. I ; USA- nte ODdcr a tawuie of five-tenths of an inch of water, And shall not coutaai mcwing enumeration shows the illurainatiug power of tb« r per- rrntoge of air did not perceptibly diminish the illumlnatlnff power of the compound, used with common coal gas, 16 per cent, oi air would have produced great obscurity in the resultant llKht. Owing to the cheapnens of petroleum and \t» products, Heveral tnwnf* have commenced its exclusive use for the production of illu- niin.itiug gaii, and find it much cheaper and better every way than the grw prodnced fron coal. In Pittsburg, Pa., and elsewhere, sev- eml entert'rining firms have taken n notable step in utilizing natural ga<<, which i^ conreyed in some instances many miles through pipon from the wells, and is used in the manufacture of iron, for illuniina- tion. the generation of steam power, etc. The gas, manufactured iu nature's alembic, is most probably generated by the action of subter- nuiean heat operating on an ocean of volatile carbonaceous matter at a groat depth m the ejirth, from which it frequently issues witli ter- rific noise and irresistable force ou the penetration of tlie crust by drilling or otherwise. Gas machines for generathig gas from gasoline are now in exten> «ve use for lighting factories, dwellings, ottices, etc. A good illu.s- tnition of a most meritorious invention of this ckiss can be seen on the next i)age. The gas made by this machine, known as carburetted air g(i8, is obtained l)y the impulsion of common air, bv means of an air- pump, into a carbureter containing gasoline. In this receptacle the air becomes saturated and impregnated with the carbonaceous vapors from the gasoline, and, impeUed by the action of the air-pump, it tran.smits ite burden to the burners through the service nii)es of the building, vielding a beautiful, rich, bright flame, concedea to be fully equal to tnat evolved by the best coal gas, being free from sulphur- oufl compounds and other impuiities. i^Tearly one thou-sand of these machines are now in successful operation in the United States, Can- ada, etc., and the saving effected oy them is almost incredible. The proprietors of the National Drover's Hotel, cor. 100th Street and M Avenue, New York, certify that their gas bill for one vear, with a 200 light Gas Machine, was only 9550, the light obtained Wing every way more desirable, and far superior to that formerly supplied by the " city gas " at au ainuial cost of nearly $1,400. DiAMKTER AND EXTREME LENGTH OF PlPE AND Nt MBEB OP Bt'BNERS ALLOWED FOR CARBUBETTEO GAS, SERVED BY GaS Machine. ( GUbeH A Barker). Grtitctt number of fMt to be run. 20 feet . 30 • 50 • 70 * 100 • * 150 200 '« . 300 • 400 • 8iM of pipe, inch. 1?:: 3 It Onateit number of bameit to be supplied. 2 4 15 26 40 70 . . 140 225 300 500 •• . . . 4 " . . . 600 As to the qvnlity of carburetted air gas it possesses an illnminatinc I power of from 16 to 20 candles, being nearly equal to caimel gas, and u characterized by perfect combustiou. ease of lightiug, large volume ot flame, and perfect oombinalioD. 588 ir-GAS MACHIMB, ^ Ill wC O^ GAS METERS, AC. .^^ CLASSirrCATIOK OF Wv inflated bv air. are hrflotf^u*^^" ^^e vessels «»,; . /*8*»-iJght mo- orces the gas out of thJSn^" "''"^"S^emeiit of s rhJr'''"f^ I''Pe« theburnera. The cubic eaiSoT^ r^^^'^ ^''^ the e£ f ^"'^ ^evera, this k lid of m^ly* J, others. Fies 1 9 q „ /'.'^^^CJeiffi:. and Im. 'l^"''"? alternSr/'i?®/""" evolves earhn*-/^^ ensaing de- "'ednim isSni?'-^*'"'"^ ^'th and enmtl^H ./ ' ^** compartments 540 ON GAS METERS, AC. the front plate removed ; Fig. 2 shoTrs the side of the meter; Fig. 3 is eocUoual plan; and Fig. 4 is a section through the box; a is the box a the drum, b its axis, c the endless screw; bearing in the wheel d, and carrying by means of e the movement of the dram on to the wheel-work of the dials ;/*- coming white-hot, yield a Rttons: liglit — Gengembre's and Gillard's phin. 2. By impregnating the gas with vaijors of hydro-carhoiis, as above described, the original idea being aue to Jobard (1832), of Brussels. Gas Wklls.— Although these remarkable wells are quite nunicroui in Pennayhania, they are by no means confined to that locality. In the neighborhood of Fredonia, NewYork, a native permanent Bource i of gas exists, which having been aoddentaily dbcovered by tbi| letcr; Fig. 3 is c; a is the box e wheel d, and lie wheel-work (into the valve as the meter bent tube, I l;ecbamber m, a, Hence ths pe, o i is tlie T with water; water may be iter conuectcd im rotates, aod :ie quantity of «r, they may ivaporate, and itiallv consists I with red-liot { a mixture of I a small nuas- lUy of caruouic junit by itself, ng conditions; » which, by lie- I and Gillard's iro-carbons, as >ard (1832), of juite numeroui It locality. In •maiient source jvered by tin „. ^ ' — " "-"UCTES, 4c c, p»ltogdownotamiii,i,„,.^ **' pes: 'i r^wii^k'S'j"^ '»"»•. ■»'««.,„. , ,b „,„ f 542 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS , &C., RECEIPTS. ifv: essary to bring It to the consistence of putty. Roll it in the lianrls to a proper length and apply it over the crack, prewiug it with n loug ipatula into the crack. To Remove Deposit of Cakbow from Clay Retorts,— Leave the retort uncharged for 48 hours, or as long as can be simred. Put the lid on the mouth-piece so iis to be closed at top, and open two or three inches at the bottom. Take out the stopper from stand piiw, so as to allow .a current of air to pass through tlie retort and oxydizo tlie carbon ; use no bar. Put in a charge of coal after the retort has l:iia idle the number of hours required, and ■wheu it is withdrawn the carbon comes witli it. To Prevent Gas Meters From ritrEzixo.— Half a i)int of koo(] clycerine'is said to prevent the freezing of 1 gal. water, though at least double the proportion in prolorablo in tlie country, whatever the temperature in the winter may happen to be. V^^^Ji!^^ N^^i^^ <^J^7^^. 10.000 i.OOO 100 EACH/' ' How To Read The Gas Meter. The figures on the index at ths vlght hand denote even hundreds. When the hand completes tho entire circle it denotes ten hundred, and is registered by tho h.ind is the centre circle, pomting to one— each figure in the centre circle being a thousand, this cnturo circle being ten thousand ; and is n> gisteren»osiTioN for Gux Babrels.— 1. Blue Titriol. 4 oz. ; tincture of muriate of iron, 2 oz. ; \ratcr, 1 qt ; dissolve, aud nails niid clippings of steel in gi\-en proportions, pnddlcd togetlier, made into a bloom, and subsequently pa.Hsed through till the stages of the ninniir facture of iron, in order to obtihi an iron that shall be of an unequal quality and hardness, and therefore display different colors luid markings when oxidized or browned. Other twisted barrels aro made in tho like manner, except that the bars to form the ribbands are twisted whilst red hot, like ropea, some to the dght, others to tho left, and Avhich are sometimes laminated together for greater divers- ity. They aro subsequently again drawn into tho ribbands and wound uix»u tho mandril, and frennently two or three differently prc- IKired pieces are placed side by sine to form tho complex and orna- mental figures for the barrels of fowling-pieces, described as itnb' tteiat, wire-tmat, Damascus-twist, &c. Sometimes Damascus gun- barrels aro formed by arranging twenty-five thin bars of iron and mild steel in alternate layers, welding the whole together, drawing it down small, twisting it like a rope, and again welding three such roi^s, for tlio formation of the ribband, which is then spirally twisted to form a barrel, that exhibits, when finishcMl and acted uikiu by acids, a diversified, Liminated appearance, resembling, when prui»- crly managed, an ostrich feather. L>AMAsiuxNi>'a.->Thl8 i» tho art, aow in a groat moosurc lost, oi i'' MACHINISTS, ENGlNKuna' *^ pmduciu^ a wntorod or xr-^x-x, «^ ' ' level wit), the surf-.P« nf'l?'^ "'^ t^o incised i/no,n?? f '"' «oW or Wheiahe former method "1' '*r^' «' SaoS l^Wttoft lincM, w.'w produced on » 7'^^ "«<^^' " J«lit natte™ ^o., ^^'?.' al^voit. »m of tJie blade Kothn*.. •?''"*'.'*? *» ^'m tJirouS 'f?.,^^ »'»« junction ^*'' «« "^'^t ^fc could not bo obliStid^lof r *''.*'='^- Ox Wood Cuts and Vr-™, nr " ^^ e^d^ "Pint tlien ink tS'„°' 'fe "'"y not l.a™iH,^i=* '''="' «fnU Venice tuiTMsninA' o * ^^'i ^^«* syrun 2J!)J ^ ^'^ ^^ J'^ahr. Md dmiXtSf' ^^f- 'Steep tbe SJeln^S?' ' '^'^ceriiie, 1 Z '• "cook i "• '^^^'- , J^'en melt it ove? i m J"'".^*^®'^ ""W Pl£t' '"'Parities aSlft,^^"^^^^^^ iu tho % reduce oJ iuc^^eX '"lf,/r«'?, the^ fi^faSd"",! ri^^iV*" Slightly rXlorfuc^^H^^'"^ f^m u'e^fe a^^ t»n^"tl warmer. ® °' ^crease tho glue as the veauSr hl^ ^'""'* «'"w, SiLVKRjxo 8or rrr ^^catiicr bccoffles colder or *^«dvforiiJ^ V , ° occasionallv for i. plied a little at a time, as they dry very hard, and are apt to take away tiio suction of rollers if used for auy extended period. Good Reducing Diiveii.— Brown's (genuine) Japan. Use in small quautitics. JIardeninrj Gloss For Inks. — Gum Arabic dissolved in alcohol or a weak dilution of oxalic acid. Use in small quautitics, and mix with the inlc as tlio latter is consumed. To give Dark Inks a Bronze or Ciianoeable Hue.— Dissolve 1\ lbs. gum shellac in 1 gal. G5 ixtr cent alcohol or colore spirits for 24 hours. Then add l4 ozs. aniline red. Let it stand a few houig longer, when it will bo ready for use. Add this to good blue, black, or other dark ink, as needed in quantities to suit, when if carefully done they will be found to have a rich bronze or changeable hue. Quick Dryer for Inks used on Bookbinders' Cases.— Bees- wax, 1 oz., gum arable (dissolved in sufficient acetic acid to make a thin mucilage), ^oz.. Brown Japan, i oz. Incorporate with 1 lb. of good Cut iELK. To Renew a H. > apt to take od. Use in small dissolved in 11 quantities, fE.— Dissolve no spirits for ft few hours blue, black, I if carefully ible hue. V8ES.— Bccs- d to make a vith 1 lb. of ler carefullv is and lay It I let it hang ozs. ; lamp, ndian red, j loothncss. als. of clear noveitfrom Qgs betweeu icn add 1 lb. slices 12 lbs, tlie varnish bin, 60 as to ; and firing k'pe a thin is ill typo very ; black hik, :, 7 lbs. ; in* ; grind this g goes on. lired shade. ith boiling «e. Apply aper shoitld Uiere when MACHINISTS, ENGINEEKS* *n BOlntion of aniline blaclr in «»* • .J^ paj)er thoroughly to K{JS^^*!''°'^*^«>hol, and wmV tM i plOB- corom;^"is; Sst p. ^' "^^ ^ » '^ ^rcrasay. toiriVo^t^Li?5«d with ochrranK;'„H,^<^?aao the wcVht^ i;^;,^,rS? j° "3« e^cnt offfjer cento's*?' ^"» P^**" turcrasav, togiVo^ff^?-^«od with ochrrand daV tJS*'^^*''o Is, to make it beavie? tt™ ^^^^o'". but doubuffih^? maauiiic- wlth a few ix)imds of al,,m f ^""P' «'"<>. Btarch a^ JS«° '?"®i^«>n w'itii tho pulp. I^S; o?'2' i°™ a ffood Bizo toTiSi^^''^ 'csln beautiful blue tin-o to finnw ^"'^'^^ ^^do of cH&W' *<> '^^ time "ito acomi)o?itl. n moii!. * ®" ^y ^einff dioDod « n,^ ^,^ ^*»- o' picture f^rmlv aminl^ ^^""sh, boginnin«T at nnn^iJi "^wferred, go 'odgo betwe?n^£ T^^^ «« ^o" proceetf so ?w^'^®' P^®«. down the 543 MACHINISTS, ENOINEEUSS AC, BECEIPTS. with a gold leaf on tlio back, for they will show plainly on any colored surface, while the i)Iaiu pictiu'ea are used ouly ou wliito or Uglit ground. ExGBAvrNa on Wood,— In order to make this snbject rightly im- derstood we will state that tlio log of box i^ cut into transverse sliccit, 1 inch in depth, in order tliat the face of tlio cut n?ay bo on a level with tlio surface of the printers' tyi^e, and receive the Buino amount of pressure; the block in then allowed to dry, the lon;;cr tho better, as it preventsj accidents by wanjingand splittin", whicli sonic- times happens after tlie cut is executed, if too green. The slice is ul. timately trimmed into a square blocic, and if tlie cut is large, it is mndo in various pieces and Btron";Iy chimped and secured togctlier, Tlio upper surface of tiie wood is carefully prei)arcd, so tliat uoincqual. itles may appear uikiu it, and it is tlien consigned to tlie draughts. man to receive the drawing. lie covers tlio surface witli a light coat of Hake white mixed witli weak gum water, and the tliumcr tlio cuat the better for tlie engraver. Tlie Frcncli dninghtemcn use an ahuii- dauce of flake wliite, but this is liable to make tlic dnuving rub out im< der the engraver's hands, or deceive him as to the depth of lino lio h cutting in the wood. The old drawings of tlie era of Durcr seem to have l^en carefully drawn with i)enand ink on tho wood; but tlio modem dra ^ing being very finely drawn \nth tho pencil or silver Iioint is obli -^»rated ciusily. and there is no mode of "setting" or securing it Vo obviate "tliis danger tho wood engraver covers tlio block with piiper, and tears out a small piece to work through, oc- casionally removing the paper to study tho general effect. It is now his business to produce m relief the whole of the drawuig ; witli a great variety vt tools he cuta away the sp.'vces, however minute, be- tween each of the iiencil lines, and should there be tints wanted on tho drawing to represent sky and water, ho cuts such parts of tlio block into a sorieti of close lines, whicli will, as near as he am judge, print the same gradation of tint; should he find ho has not dune so completely, he can re-enter each line with a broader tool, cutting away a small shavin"^, thus reducing their width and consequently their color. Should he make some fatal error that cannot otherwise be rectified, he can cut out tlie part in the wood, and wedge a plugot fresh wood in the place, when that part of the block can be rc-en- >^ved. An error of tins kind in a wood-cut is a very troublcHomo tlihig; In copi>er engraving it is scarcely any trouble, a blow with a liammer on the back will ouliterate the error on the face, and prodaco a new surface, but in wood the surface is cut entirely away except where tho lines occur, and it is necessary to cut it deep enough not to touch the paper, as it is squeezed through tlie press uix)n the lines Id nrintiug. To aid the general effect of a cut, it is sometimes usual (o lower the surface of tho block before tho engraving is executed, iu such paits as should appear light and delicate; tliey thus receive a men touch of the paper in the press, the darker parts receiving the wliole fircssure and coming out with double brilliancy. When careful print* ng id bestowed on cuts it is sometimes usual to insure this good cfTeci by laying thin pieces of card or paper on the tympan, of the Bhape needed, to secure ]>res8ure on the dark parts only. DiR SiKKiNO. — When a die is required for a coin or medals, th# engraver talics a piece of soft steel of suitable dimensions, geucrall; MAcnrxrsTs, ejtoineers' \c i,.. ^' AC, RECEIFfS, 5 19 3 or 4 inches in leneth. m/I u the coin or other ar?i,4„ " •P<*o' «n inch irr*.**^- : j- form of the desired Vmn/*^""''''^' o° thi« h^fe"* *^'»™«fcer than is thoroughiy accom,(Nrr^*^-''*''dened tooI« a ■'*®' ^^ degre.-s. hot in a crncMe S ch^ *V '*««' » WdeJed hv'L°° " *h" wo J into cold water WheS^'"^r^' T^ «" °' K-dlt ^a^H "J? ^*'*'«d r«5 quired, the original S . V^^ """»ber of coin?„V ** ***®" plunged from it by takin^mnrL'- **"?^^^ ^he matrfx «n^^ °"^ "°'' *'e re- and is called th^pu^K"'rn f^?™ ^' '" «of" steel^K'- •'■*» '"^'^^ ened. other dies are n^^ "'J t™™ which when .Tk i' "» "belief, matrix, and in UuZlirF^'''^'^ ^y Pressure ex^nt ^- ' ^ "''" ^ardl they are fit to t«St *„'*'■'* *'^ <^-harden^5'^""f. -'m'lar ^" ^'^^ The metal used f«! *" 'mprewion to anv^J* i ^^"^ *""» before bronze, isstamDed? °" /o'^^Se. whether IS''^'"««d for money metal i/used L a sjft S^''*^.^*""* «»Sing "«^??rS •'*'* ^ *» «»« «stingof V lead w",. ^. ^^' *hw PuroosA «n ii ' " ^^ch the boilinlpoiS, S?o¥ t«. and ^ biamntb" wh ch f a^'.^^ ^^ .T^- «on- consistency the di/.. . ^^>'' *^^ metal is «!?? ™* /"P^^^'^y at tho . -mart bLXl^Tr^S^t^ tT " '5 ^'^^VKVeS' nl^/* '*? u^ from coming into rvT^f J ' ? '^^ •arface of th« A^„* i " P'oauced by the form thftha^K^-"^'^'* '^« «"'d d^e a^d ±^ «et«, .instantly, made in this way bS eSh^f *^ '"■ ^P^»'ofVJS!Z^^Sy '«*»*«« and these must be ioin!!f t ^ *'» be obtaSied^n - *^ ^ '«»iia^rto, tho mS t- P**^™ " formed i* roli Jf^""*?' ""^ * P^'^ of tliedesirecishanrbv nr^'°« ^^^^ between th^li^^' ''!}'*/'» the other mg articles in^^teX'- ^JV *^« ^ mad^in me?7?«H ^°^ ^ures on the cloth^ ^ *°** leather, and nr^ °*?**^ ^°'^ ^orm- Paper, .fee. """^'^ ««^e" of books as w J^"""«^ embossed isM stvle «f ; f^Stived with the reani«^ ?• '^ Vstem. A soffc "kh rolled orer ih.i. . ™ "wdcnej • , 3.. T °/ S'"" '"o Mm- oscluncrj,. Si S,. "'"""' P""". with .S?"^ "««' «yltadct i. 550 .MACHCnSTS, engineers', ,feC., RECEIPTS. is eadaael m a wronght-iron box with a loose cover, a false bottom, and wtxk tkrw ears proiecting from itM surface about midway ; the steel it mrnsnaoAed on all sides with carbon from leather, driven in hard, sad Ote envet and bottom are carefully luted with moist clay ; thus pnfami, the ease is placed in the vertical position, in a brieve fixed aimnM a gnat tub, 'which is then filled with water almost to touch iht &xt hoctom of the case ; the latter is now heated in tbo f amaoe as ^mekly as will allow the uniform penetration of the heat Whea watiSuatntlj hi)t, it is removed to its place in the hardcninpf tub, the wrrer ©€ the iron box is removed, ana the neck or gudgeon of the vrh'^i^T is i^nuped beneath the surface of the carbon, with a long pair of v.a^«, npoa which a couplet is dropped to secure the f^ruf. It otihr msoiaa for the individual to hold the tongs with a glove whilst a aasut tap of the hammer is given to their extremity : thii knocks VES th« false bottom of the case and the cylinder, and the toDgt f« IsscttiPTioNS ON Metals.— Take i lb. of nitric acid and 1 oc of ■uiiJJitic acid. Mix, shake well together, and it is ready for ase. Corer t&e place you wish to mark with melted beeswax ; when cold, write ywxr inscription plainly in the wax clear to the metal with % mbarp imttanme nt ; then apply the mixed acids with a feather, care- f ollj £i|iB^ «aeh letter. Let it remain from 1 to 10 minutes, accord- ing to a|s;)«arance desired ; then throw on water, which stops the prooeEt. aoti remove the wax. ErcHis^i FLrTi>9. — For copper. — Aqnafortis, 2 ozs. ; water, 5 ou For jrf«.-'.— Iodine, 1 oz. ; iron filings, 3^ dr. ; water, 4 ozb. Digest till the ircoi i* diasolveid. For fine touches. — Dissolve 4 parts each of ver- dipis, sea salt, and sal-ammoniac, in 8 parts vinej^, add 10 partj water ; ImcI for a minute, and let it cool E%GMxratA' Border Wax.— Beeswax, 1 part; pitch, 2 partt; tallojr, 1 »«rt. Mix. Engravcra^ ce»j«n<.— Bosin, 1 part ; brick dust, 1 part iSa. with heat. Mc'i Li>»» jL5r> Dies. — Copper, zinc, and silver in equal proportioni; melt ifj>^xh/a onder a coat of powdered charcoal, and mould into the fonn jKXi 9«es of the works of our celebrated artiste. Hi^tJCK. STtE3iciL Ink. — ^Triturate together. 1 pt. pine soot and 2 pti Pruassa \ka& with a little glycerine, then add 3 pts. gum arable and sufficitms jfycerine to form a thin paste. IsiiEUEtx Stescil Inks. 1 . Varnish, such as is used for orui- **>» *C., RECEIPTS. 5.51 itinxrluk. i ik . i.,. . _ * Any other col WjjS,^ *"''»^!V° «^ 'runf ^ J^Jt^^"^: /'m;,«,;„ ] |W.^ «alt re«i«,3 o °t ,0 "k r'n"'° ""Printed l.aVt'of'. '^'*"''^t»«»to oj ^c, without traasffirHr. * ^^^^'^ »'ay uow bo ,«. ^ .""^ I^per. a» I'ril'tcd ixirt. '"^"'e^n^ff any part of iu lou S ''^""'^ ««^- and clean x,7ter. d^l^^ °'° <^'ean; Sei^wS 'm "^ '""^ the i«ffi flotJi. Should tho7ii?f"l^"'^"""7. and rJbtl,*».» ""^ ^^"» « spouiS ;ion, add a smaU quant i;?f' *^^"Acmo4d by he '."L^"'^ «^^« X'?;ai»"^^^^^ "^'-ts of Old p,. of water. The ^^^^f " <«}uted with fer^tel^'^lii^' ti!em ^^fe?uSS^5|SuS^jS-ix;^ to thocons,: .f crof which8To"ldlSif,M***^ VenctS?Sd '/.?''*'' °' ^^^<^ tl mooth Use mS er ttin buf 7'*^ '^ ^^^^^^ o^^'plato o??.° «'^«°' ful^tance ufflS'?,^ .F*^ V ia^i Jj^ "^ °'«^ ««d wipe off ia d^*if' **'' ^"* ^^m 5u1?J^^°ft* PK« or stoSfSl wd allow it to set U^ ^^ ^ »"«» to the uror^^J "•<^^* '"Sh around 552 MACHINISTS,' ENGINEEBS'r AC, RECEIPTS. To Make Doob Platfs.— Cut your class the right sljie, and make it perfectly clean with alcohol or soap; toeu cut a strip of tin- foil i:i.f. ficlently long auct Avide for the name, and vritli a piece of i ory or other burnisher nib it lengthwise to make it smooth; nowwettho glass with the tongue (as saliva is the best sticliiug sut)stnnce), or if the glass is very large, use a weak solution of gum arable, or the white of an egg in half a pint of water, aud lay on the foil, rubbing it down to the glass wit': a bit of clotli, then also with the bnruitshcr; the more it is bumii^iiud the better it will loolc ; now mark tlic width on the foil which is to be the heigh ; of the letter, and put on a strni^rht edge, and hold it firmly tc^ the foil, and with a sharp knife cut the foil, and take off tlie superfluous edges; then either lay out the let- ters on the back of the foil (so they sliall read correctly on the frout) by your own judgment, or by means of pattern letters, which can be purchased for that puri)08c; cut with the knife, carefully holdius down the pattern or straight edge, whichever you r.;c; then rub down the edge of all the letters with the back of tho knife, or ed>,'c of the burnisher, which prevents tho black painter inpun, which you next put over the back of the plate from getting under the foil ; linv- iug put a lino above and onb below tlie name, or a border around the plate or not, «• you bargain for tho job. The japan is made by dis- solving asphaltum hi just enougli turpentine to cut it; apply with a brush, as other imhit, over tlie back of tlie letters, and over the glass forming a background. This is used on tho iron plate of the fmiue also, putting it on when the plute is a little hot, and as soon as itcool», it is dry. A little lampblack may bo rubbed into it if you desire it any blacker than it is without it. Keliablr FoiiMULiE FOB PnoTocKAPHEBS. — No. 1. SUvcr Bath for Albumen Paper, for Stimmer wfc— Crystal nitrate of silver, 40gniiii9 • nitrate of ammonia, 35 grains ; filtered rain water, 1 oz. ; saturati J solution bicarbonate of soda, about 8 or 10 drops, or enough to inako tho bath sWjhtly alkaline. No. 2. For winter use. Nitrate of silver 2h ozs. ; nitrate of soda 2ozs. ; glycerine 3 ozs. : pure v.atcr 40 ozs. Make it a little alkaline with aquas ammonia. No. 3. Another Silver Hath. Silver, from 40 to 46 ers. (accordhig to temperature ;) uitmto of ammonia, 20 gi-s. : distilled or ice water, 1 ox. Float 45 8Ccond.s to 1 minute. No. 4. ml Soda Toning Bath. Distilled or melted ico water 04 ozs. ; acid solution cliloride of gold, (4gr8. to tlieoz.) 1 oz. , saturated solution of sal soda, A oz. Miuie it a f uU half hour befo.v you wii»h to use it and duruig flie cold weather use tlie water slijjlitly warm. No. 5. Chloride of Lime Both. Water, 40 ozs. ; chloride of lime, 5 grams ; chloride of gold, 4 grs. No. G. Bicarbonate of Soda Bath. Chloride of gold solution (1 gr. to the oz. of water, ) 1 oz. ; hike warm water, lU ozs. ; bicarl)onate of soda, (saturated solution,) 10 minims. Make up fresli every time you prepare to tr/ue. Make half an hour before using. Precipitate tlie gold hi the old solutions witli JrotoBulphateof iron. No. 7 Fixing Bath. Hyiy>8ulnhiteof sods, part to 8 of water, and if the [laper blisters in the washing, soap the pnnts for 5 minutes in a solution of common salt. No. 8. Bath for Salting the Paper. Pure rainwater, (X)ozs. ; chloride of ammouium, 3G0 grs. ; gelatine, 120 grs. PnoTOGKAra Paintino in Oiii CoT.oii9.~TiKT8 ron the Fikst Pai>-ting.— Flesh.— TKAiie atid Liyht iicrf.— White, Naples yellow, rs. 5, and make tin- foil gi.f. of iory or low wet tho tance), or if abic, or tlie oil, rubbing 3 bnruislicr; k the wldtli m a straiglit life cut the out tlio let- n the front) hicb can be illy holdiug i; then rub J, or edge of , which you lefoil; linv- ' around tho nado by dis- ipply \vitii a er the glass t the frame a aa it cools, rou dcfjire it 'AtERs, AC, RECEIPTS 'iVi nndrerraflion. Whitfl ^^ .. ** and Half Tinta w • J ^®"n>iion. and iin.i.* -Wliite and Indian rod ?C""^i"" '^. lakeandhfn.i^^'^^a*?'.-- Wliite and lake H/.i^T*:''^"^ color) "yi^nV ^'^''nalions WI.ifoandRon,anochro T/f!^'' ^^<'"'-^yhtZ^ 'T '"^d'l^.' IW'ts. Wiite and riw »,«• ^''i^ ""d Vandvko i.^« ^ ^'P^^^^^ ochre I'KJianred, and raw^?m', ''^' ^''"^ck and whito wW'"^^' UphttcJ d«" ml purple lake mS k?"1 ^^"^'>- Poiocrf^d vL f ° ^"Jf^-* ^ re' f>ipt end l" , lioso iiiU'resl- u Light" nn- equires me*o caution wheu a having re- ing oil. when JO quautitie?, altuni niayl:o ant for heav , tho burrii inating agt,. siimplo of pc> r cent, of ben- 2 per cent of y matter, iiubntc of S(xli riic following i\i poilious of m ^ *=•«•«!» , ,£c., RECEIPTQ ToLLEAcnPixKn n ^"PTS. 00 parts of tho oiiwifirlVT '^^^•—Sliako KtivN»»i > "Iter. TJUa mS^fc' "^^^^"luffitt l>y weight of oil, out n ° •' colorlesa iboJiyf ■*'.?« ho«'rs, and tS 't^iV, audf after 3 da?«' J?^"*e«- TJ,o hnnoU^W ^''' P^^'fectly mixlf re.;iduo is uaed for the „,^P°f°' t^o oil isSi^i '''",''^«'<'f' WnS chlondooflinro, ijbf^^^^ co^5' oil 9n^'f '-'^ (-'oal Oi tui-o w violentJv nJ/l* ^' *od A lb otiVI« i* ' ^ ld9 0.02 of its weight of tliis oil, which is nearly coloricw. It is employed for greasing wool, and otlier purix)8cs. EcoNOMio LumircATOits.— 1. India rubber, 4 lbs.; dissolved in Bpts. turpentine; common soda, 10 lbs. ; glue, 1 lb.; Avnter, 10 gnl*).; oil, 10 gals. Dissolve tho soda and glue iu tho water by heat, tiicii adil tlie oil, and lastly tlie dissolved rubber. 2. To Lessen Friction in Machinery. — Gruid tcgetlier black lead with 4 times its welglit of lard or tallow. CHniphor is sometimes addeil, 7 lbs. to tlio hiiiulrctl weight. 3. Anti-Friction Grease. — ^Tallow, 100 lbs. ; iwilmoil, TOlbx.; boil together, when cooled to 80^, strain tlirough a sieve, and mix witli 28 lbs. soda, and 1.^ gals, water. For winter take 25 lbs. moro oil in place «)f the tiillow. 4. DovtJi't linilwaij Axle Grease. — Water, 1 gal. ; clean tallow, 3 lbs. ; imlm oil, G lbs. ; common soda, i lb. ; or tallow 2 lbs. ; palm oil, 10 lbs. Heat to about 212<3, and stu: well until it cools to 70°. 5. Drill Lubricator. — For wrou^jht Iron, use 1 11>. soft soap mixed witli 1 gal. of lx>iliug water. It msureii good work biid clean cuttiii":. To Ukmicuv Slip op Duivino Belts Dab on a little ot tho •ticky oil which oozes away from the bcaruigs of machinery, Blahtino rowDKUs. — licduco Separately to^xiwder, 2p;'rtMrhl')nto of potassaand 1 luirtrcd suluhuret of arsenic ; mix very lightly to< getlier, or powder soparately, 6 parts chlorate of potassa ; 2 parts red Bulphurct of arsenic, aiid 1 part fertocyuulde of D0tii.'«i«<'i!t MAcniNisTs, engineers', &.C., RECEirXS. 557 The pro. le. The [\ tV»e cot- Jives tbe The seed Lull and lUic 6c;i \ll plc:cs red color , By tlib »f clrttcni: oil, wlicn ralUuo tov i removed n peculiar lUuidiiij', it lie oil thca Ititfottcu Suriioscs, i/.-Tll8 nelted, wid e, ia iwurcd the Bleiiriue iaidi)artby loldb tt fresli Lard oil In ft peparatcn, Dracouet, olorlcsd. U lirtsolvcd ii> sr. 10 gak; f heat, tliPU , FridiiM in A weight of [ho hnmlml ^ oil, Toll)!*.; lo, mid lui.i S Iba. more ge.— Water, da, ill).; or Lr well until ki, lUHO 1 Ih. good work Ittle ol tlio Vy- ;rt»chl'inlo It lightly U>- 2 pivrtH D6ta(*i>''»ii (pmsslate of potassn) ; mix carefully, or, mix carefully as before, after having separately reduced to i>nw(ler equal parts chlorate of po- tassa and fcrrocyanido potassiuiu. These posscsn ei^ht timca the cx- ploiiivo force of gunpowder aud must bo u^ed with the greatest cau- tion. llLASTiNO Rocks, &c.— In smali bla?its, 1 lb. of powder will loosen about 4^ tons. lu largo blasts, 1 Ih. of powder will loosen about 2^ tons ; CO or 60 lbs. of powder, cncloiicd in a rcsibting ba^ hung or propped up against a gate or barrier, i\ ill demolish any ordinary con- struction. One man can bore, with a bit I inch in diameter, from 50 to GO inches per day of 10 hours in gmnitc, or '.MJO lo 40ii iu». per day in limestone, Two strikers and a liolder can Iwre with a bit 2 iui». in diameter 10 feet per day in rock of medium hardness. To HAKE DcALiK. — bualiu is mado from pai)er stock, saturated n-ith nitrate of ix)tu.ssium and dried in a f iiniace. Then ground and mixed with nitro-glycerino. Component parts of uitr>j-ylijcrrine. To 4| IbH. concentrated sulphuric-acid and 2^ 11». of c^incentzatod nitric acid, add 1 lb. of glycerine. Labou OS Embaxkments. — Sinjlc horse ami cart. A horso with a loaded dirt cart employed in cxcnvutiou and cmbAukni t, will make 100 lineal feet, or UfX)' feet hi the di.-;taiice per minute, while moving. The time lost in loaduig, dumphig, awaiting, etc,==4 min- ntes per load. A medium lnlK>rer will load with a cart in 10 honrs, of Uio following earths; nu-;i.surcd in the bank : Giat-ehj earth lOt Lwn 12, and Sandy earth U cubic yards; carts nieloadcii as follows: Dcsccndinff hauling, 4 of a cubic yard in bank; Level haulinq 2-7 of r. cubic yard in bank ; Asccndimj naulinf/, J of a cubic j-ard in tank, Lnoseninfjy &c. In /oam,.\ three-horse plow will loosen from 2jOto 800 cubic yards per day of JO hours. Tho cost of looseuuig e:irUi to bo loaded will bo from 1 tc i cents per cubic j'ani, when waer load, is 1 J nfiinni^s. The time li^^t fur every 70 feet of distance, from excavation to bank, and retunung is 1 minnte. Ill Double Scoopint/, the time lost in loading, turning', &c., «'ill m 1 miunte ; and m Single Scooping, it will bo Yi miuutes. iiUlveood ilo) ris. UwLTsa Stone. — A cart drawn by horses over rai ordinarr road will travel 1.1 miles per hour of trip. Al-borse tp-iini will haul from 'Jj to M cubic feet of limo stcno at each load. Tho time fxj»cud»!d in litfiding, unloading, &c., including delays, averag.ui Jiw.-iiMuteMiK.T trip- The cu^it of loiuling and unloading a curt, usiu;; % liorsc cram at tite quarry, and unloading by hand, when labor iy. i^l.lift i-cr da> , aud a horse 75 cciits, is 25 cents per peiv'*h=24.75 cubic feet Tue worii done by )'n animal is greatest when tho velocity with >/hich he moves is jiot tho fircatost with which ho can move when not inijMjded. and the force llieu exerted .45 of the utmost force the animal can exert ;it a dead pulL IIav. — 270 cubic feet of new meadow hay, and ."iltj and 24»J ^rom lari^o or old stacks, will weigh a ton, 207 to ^24 cubic feet of dry clover weigh a ton. IcF-— To compute tho number of tons an Ico-hotise wi 1 contun, ( tulatc the number of cubi; feet in an ico-huu:)C, uud divide by : 558 MACIIIlNriSTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. this gireo tlio namber of tons tho Ico-liouso will contain it if is closclr jacked. •• » • - - Eaktii DiGOtNO.— JV«»n6er of cubic feet of earth in a ton. Looso earth 24 ; coarse sand 18.G. Clay l».(j. Kirtli with gravel 17.& thy with gravel, 14.4. Common soil 15.G. Tho volume of earth and saail ill bank exceeds that in embankment in the following proportioiw ; Band 1-7, claj^ 1-9, gravel 1-11, and tho volume of rock in cmbjink- ments quarried in largo fragments exceeds that in bank fully one half. -^ . -.- '" » Weigiit of Eakth, Rock, &c. — A cubic yard of sand or ground weighs about 30 cwt ; mud, 26 cwt : marl, 2G cwt ; clay, 31 cwt ; chalk, 30 cwt ; sandstone, 39 cwt ; shale, 40 cwt ; quartz, 41 civt ; granite, 42 cwt ; trap, 42 cwt ; slate, 43 cwt To Deteiuiine AV eigut op Live Cattle.— Measure in Inches the girth around tho breast, just behind t^o shoulder blade, and tho length of tho back from tlie tail to tho fore part of tho shoulder blade. Hiutiply the girth by tho length, and divide by 144. If tho girth is less than 3 feet, multiply the quotiont by 11. If between 3 and 5 feet, multiply by IC If between 5 and 7 foet, multiply by 23. If between V and 9 fept, multiply by 31. If tho animal is lean, deduct 1-20 from the result, or tako the girth and length in feet, multiply tho sqiuire of tho girth by tho length, and multiply tho product by 3.J6. Tho result will 1)6 tho an.swcr hi pounds. The live weight multiplied by G.05, gives a near approxiinatiou to tlic net weight ■? Gauging Stiikams. — Multiply the square root of tho cnlx) of tie height In inches of tho water i.i tlie siil of tho weir or gauge by the constant 17.13, which will give tlio number of gallons per muiuta If the water has any initial velocity it must bo dctprmiued by cxi>cri- mcnt, and in that case multiply tlio Bquaro of the height by tlie squnro of the velocity, and by 0.8; to the product add tlio' cube of tlio height, extract tho square root of tho sum, and multiply by 17.13 as before. Stowage of Coai.s.— Tho following information will bo valuable to m' my coal dealers and con.sumers who maybe in doubt as to the capacity of their coal bins. A box 4 feet long, 3 ft, 5 in., wide, mul 2 It, 8 in., deep, has a capacity of 3(5.J| cubic feet, and will contiin 2000 lbs., or one ton of IJcaver Meadow or Lebish (American) coal. The spaces occupied by one ton of tlio luideniieiitioned English coaLs, economic weight are;— IlaswcH's W.nlbeud, 45"25 cubic feet North Percy, Hartley (Newca.stle) 40 •!)(> cubic feet IJalcarras ArIey(J^u- caslure) 44'36 cubic feet Canncl Wigau, I^ucashiro) 40i57 cubic feet Duffryn (Wehsh) 42-01) cub.o feet I'outyiwol (Welsh) 401:2 cubic feet Ilenco, a shed 10 feet high . 20 feet broad, and TO feet long, will hold over 212 tons of Ilaswell'rt Wallseud (Newcastle) coals, about 207 tons of Cannel, and 2-'H of Duffryn. The averafje eiwiee occnpled by one ton of NewcaHtlo cojil, economic weight, is 44 cubic feet, that of ouo li)n of Ljmoasliire coul, 44 \ cubic feet, and that of 1 ton of Welsh coal, 41 cubic feet Therefore a shed of tlio above dimensions, would, on tlie average, hold 217 tons of Newcastle coal, 210 of Lancafhiro, and 23^ of Welsh. From tho above data, anv m- tending purchaser can easily calculate tho capacity of hia coal bins. ■hods, &c., and in many cases secure a good Ixir^iu by laying hi '< largo stock when coals aro ch'' ip. } closely . Loose ,8. CLiy aid Kuiil iortions ; cmbJink- lully one »r ground , 31 cvrt ; ,41 c\vt; Inches tlic 5, aiid tho Ider blade. 10 fiiitii Is and 5 feet, H between 1-20 from Bquarool Tho result f 0.03, gives cnlw oltlio lugo bytlie per inmutc. i by cxiieri- ^thoBqiiaro ubo of tl\o rbylT.13as bo valuable ibt M to the „ vrido, ai"l ^ill contun srican) ccal. nglisU coaK lArlcy V^n- 4G-;?7 cubic i^elsh) 40-ii aOlcctloDR, »Ue) coals. [erwe fl^S" i9 44 cubic lid that of 1 I tlio above ^castlo coal, ata, m'.^- ,13 coal bins laying in'' MACHINISTS AND ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. 559 Composition Tacks for Mlntz Metal on Ships.— Copper 87 part?, zinc 4 imrts, tin 1) parts. RESULTS op J. ir. CnEEVEIlS' EXPERIMENT.S WITH VULCANIZED Ul'nUEll BELTING AND LlCATHKIt, DITTO. Rubber. Lb8. Bolt slipped on Iron pulley at iK) Leather '' IL'8 " Kubber " 183 I4^:n^her. Lbs. Belt slipped on Iron pulley at 48 " " Leather *' (J4 " " Kubber " 128 Ikdurtions from the above ; Rubber belts for eauivalent rcslatances with leather belts, may be reduced respectively 46, 50 and 30 per cent. Vulcanized Uub'oer belting has greater cndurnnco tlion leather, itM resistance to slipjjing being from 50 to 84 per cent, greater. Mill fob Spinning VVool and Weaving Merinos.— Nineteeu niacliincs to prepare the combed wool, having together 350 rollers; 10 nuilcs with 3,400 siundles; one winding machine of GO rollers to pro- uare the warp; 2 wari>ing machines i 2 self-acting feeders; lOO-power louius: 2 latlies for wood and iron, and one puinp require in all 30 horsepower. Produce: 13,G00 cops of woolen thread, of 45 cops to tlic i)ound, each measuring 32 yards. The looms make 115 revolu- tious per minute, and produce daily 4 pieces of double width merino of 08 yards each, and 4 i)ieces of fiimple merino of 1,2 to 1.4 yard broad, and each 88 yards long. Cotton Factory.— Conde/ja/nr/ Enf/inc, Cylinder, 37 in. diani. Stroke of piston, 7 ft. Volume of piston space, 53.6 cubic ft Average pressure of steam, 1G.73 lbs. i)er square inch. Revolutions, 17 per minute. Friction of Enffine and i- tato Btarch, 40 parts ; f;n« wlicat Btarch, IGO parts ; boil with suflltiont water to form IGOO narts altogether, adduig, if desired, some ulim- marineto counteract tneyellow tintof tho linen. The linen is starolicd with this prcpamtion, afterwards steamed and dried, then spiiukled with soap-water mid placed in the sUimphig niill, afterwards steamed and calendered. The Mariner's Cojtpass. — Tlio needle or magnet is said to point always to tho Mortli, aud as a matter of course the other {wiiit'^, as cast, west, &c., are easily found by tho needle iwinting north and south. In certain parts of tlie world, however, tlie needle does not point to the north, but is drawn considerably to tho right or left of true north. Tliis is called tlie variation of tho compass, and must be known accurately by tlie navigator in order to correct and Btccr the right course, tor iustance in crossing the Atlantic Ocean. tho variation of the compass amounts iu sailing vessels to 2.^ or '2i iwints westerly, and tho course steered must be corrected according- ly. Say that you wish to make a due c.asit course, you must ptcer 2^ or 23; i)oints south of tliat or to the right hand in order to uiako a direct course. Off the Capo of Good IIopo In tho South Athintic Ocean, strango enough, tho variation of tho compass in ships bound to India or Ans- traliii is 2J points easterly, and in order to make it due east course it is necessary to steer 2^ to the nortli or left of her course, while again to- wards the equator or centre of the globe there is hardly any percept- ible variation of tho compass at all. The way of finding out how much the compivss varies iu dillerent parts of the world, is by obser- vations of tlie gun taken with the oomimss, and tho difTcrcncc be- tween the tru9 and magnetic or compass bearing is the variation, which must be applied as a correction to tlio course steered. We have, however, in iron ships or steamers what Is called tho deviation of the compass to attend to besides the variation. This is the local attraction caused by tlie iron, and must be carefully understood bo- fore steamers or iron t;hips attempt to go to sea. As in steiuncrs ox the Allan or Cunard line, each vessel before proceeding on her first voyage must be carefully swun^, and magnets fiixed to tlie deck, bo- Bides smaii chains placed on each side of the compasses in boxes, is order to counteract the attraction of the iron. Thus tlie conii)asseb are so nicely Iwlanced with the magnets and iron, tliat it is rare in- deed at ttiis day tliat they get out of orderon atrans-Atlarl.'c i)ai . boxes, ia bomiw-sset [i9 rare In* jc i)ai«!»aS8' ;oi»ii»assC8 [licse ilittt- ra science Heat of Watkr xs Steam Boilers, Warmino of Bi/n.Dn»o», &c\ — Tho following table shows llie ttMiipcrnture of water by Fahreiitieit's and Centigrade itcales of measurumenls, allowing 14.(\lbs. per square udi w atmosphere :— prcMure of Steam in Atmospheres. 1 1.5 2 2.S 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 S.S 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 9 10 11 12 Tempera- ture. P. 212° 230 251 201 •nn 28S 2»1 300 308 314 320 326 332 .3.37 :U'2 :«l 359 3C7 371 C. 100.° 112.2 121.2 P. 13|3810 14387 15393 B^o 128.8 1C398 12.1. 117 140.518 145.ft!l9 401 409 414 148.8 15.t. 1 150.2 160. 103.1 20418 211423 22427 23431 24'430 166.225:4.39 169.4 3()!457 172.2351473 177.2|40:487 181.2145 491 l«8.l'50,511 100. d 3 3 S^ to -f s 9 c e rt § 3 i*S*$S « « * i rf lis ° P a s o t. • .as? II Ml 5 S«i 11 ii 11 n u Value of Fuel.— The evaporative power of Coke in the furnace of a steain boiler, and under pressure, is from 7.^ to 9 lbs. of fresh water per lb. of coke ; that of charcoal 5^ lbs. of fresh water i)er lb. Tlie evai)orative power of 1 cubic foot of pine wood is equal to that oi 1 cubic foot of fresh water ; or, in tho furnace of a steam boiler, and under pressure, it is <" j lbs. fresh water for 1 lb. of wood. One coi-d of hanhoood and 1 cord of soft wood, such as tho j^eneral average in Canada, is equal in evaporative , eiTocts to 2000 lbs. of anthracite I coal. One cord of the kind of wood used by American river Bte.\mer9 in the West, is equal to 12 bushels (960 lbs.) of Pittsburg lOftl : 9 cords cotton, ash and cypress wood nro equal to 7 cords yellow "ine. The deosetit woods give the greatest heat, as cliarcoal gcne- Ritos more heat tlian i^ams. Tho evaponitive power of peat in tho furna e of a steam boiler, and under pressure, is SJ to B lbs. of frcj»h wator for every lb. 01; fuel. :^i'.umin(mf> coal is 13 per cent, more ef- *e( tive than eoA./? foi' equal weights, and in England the effects are ililvo tor equal cost-«. In an experiment under a pressure of 30 lbs. ;•. lb. j-iine wood evaporated 3.5 to 4.75 lbs. water, 1 lb. Lehigh coaJ, '■25 tc 8.79 lbs Toe '.east ^ouaamptloo of 3oa? yetattaiuad is Xh ^b« Rf.ti'rn Fltte Boiler. 562 BIACniXISTS, ENGINEERS*, &C., RECEIPTS. I I r!r indicated liorae-iMwor. It luiuUly varies in different engines from to 8 lbs.. Kuilwny exi^eritncnts dcmnnstrato 1 ton of Ctinibcrlnud coal, (224011)8. ) to bo cqunl in evaporating effect to 1.25 tons of an- tliracite coal, ami 1 ton of nntlinicito to l)0 equal to 1.75 cord.s nlno wood; also tliat 2000 lb«. I^cli.'iwanna coal are equal to 4500 llw. b«t iiine wood. Miifh depcndrt on the kind of boiler used. The li turn '•Yuc Boiler gives very good results in economizing beat. See diagnini above. Specific Ghavity.— Is tho density of ♦Jie matter of wlilcli any body is conipoHed, coraimrod with tlie densitv of another body a.s- Kumcd as the standard, or 1000. This standard is pure distilled water for liquid.t and solids, and atniosnheric air for giiseous bodies and vaftors. Thus as gold is 19, and silver 10 times heavier than water, those numl)ers 19, and 10 are sjiid to represent the specific {:;ravity of gold and silver. The heaviest kuoivn substance is Iridium, u.soeen proved to bo even roveral thousand times lighter tlian hydrogen gas. Ai'i'iiovKi) FuicTiON Matches.— About tho best known proiara- tlou for friction matches consista of gum ai.'bic, 10 parts by wciglit; phosnhorus, i) parts ; nitre, 14 parts ; pcroxydo of manganese, iii jjowuer, IG i)arts. Tlie gupi is first m:ide into a mucilage witli wiitor, then tho nmnganese, tlicn tlio i)ho8phoru8, and the whole i.s heated to about l'M° Yah. When tho phosphorus is melted the nitre is ad- ded, and tiio whole is thoroughly stirred until the mass is a unifomi Saste. The wooden matches prejiared first with sulphur, are then ipiK>d in this and nfter\f'ard dried in the air. Friction papers, for carrj'ing in tho i)ocket, may bo made in tho same manner, and by adding some gum benzoin to the mucilage they will have an agree- able order when ignite ♦ ♦ Isu'KOVKO CoLOUED FiRES.— TT/iiVe.— Salti)etro, 2 parts; sulphur, 2 parts; antimony, 2 imrts. Kcd. Kitrato of strontia, 20 parts; chlorate of potash, 5 p.nrt8; sulphur, 0^ parts; charcoal, 1 ^Mirt. Jiluc Chlorate of potash, 0]:>arts; sulphur 3 parts; carlwnato of copper, 3 parts. Yclloio. — Nitrate of soda, 24 i^artn; antimony, 8 jMvrts, sul- phnr, G parts; charcoal, 1 imrt. Gixen. — Nitrate of liaryta, 20 iwrts; clilumtoof ijotash, 18 parts; sulphu", 10 iMirts, Violet. — Nitnitcof strontia, 4 i)arts; chlorate of potash, i) parts; sulphur, 6 parts; car- botuUe of copper, 1 jwirt; calomel, 1 lart. 'Jo Rk-covku IlAsniEns in Pianos.— Get felt of graduated thick- ness, cut it in fitrips the exact width, touch only the two ends witli glue, not tho part striking the strings. Hold in pbco ^vitli spriuj^s ol narrow hoop Iron. WATicn.— /-Vca/i Water.— The componcut ]xirts by weight and measure is. Oxyijcn, 88.9 by weight, and 1 by measure, IJi/divrjcn, 11.1 by weight, and 2 by measure. One cubic inch of di.still'ed water ut its ma.xiiuum density of o\P. 83, the bnix)meter at 'M inches, wciglil MACniXISTS, engineers', AC, nECEIPTS. 568 2S2.60W gn. A cubic foot weighs C2.S lbs. Rated by tho British Imperial Htaadard, a cubic It of water at 62* weighs 9'.)H.224 oz»., .T5.H4 cubic ft. of water weigh 1 ton, 30.14 cubic ft. of ico weigh Iton. Sca-Watcr. 1 cubic ft. weighs 04.3120 lbs.; 34.M cubic ft. Tfcigh 1 ton and cftntains from 4 to .')| ozs. of salt per gal. varying in differcut parti* of tlio k1"1)c; carbonic arid, 02 parts in every 1000 of water. The aalinc nuittcr in tho Dead Sea is 21.722 parts in every 100. Dr. Scoresby's olwcr>atlons of tho licight of waves in tho Kortlj Atlantic Ocean record 24 ft, 30 ft., tho Highest 43 ft, and tho mean 18 ft in western gales. French ob8er\er8 In the Bay of Biscay Btiito a height of wave of 36 ft. ; Captain Wilkes writes ol 36 ft in tho Pacific and Sir J. Ross of 22 ft in tho South Atlantic. Heights of waves in northwest galf s off tljo Capo of Good IIopo have been com- Sutodat40ft.,thoscoff Ca[)o Horn at 32 ft, in the Mediterranean caat 15 ft, and in the Gernian Ocean at 14 ft, but in the British waters they arc only fuuud to average 8 to 9 ft. The velocity of ocean storm waves wa« obsened by Dr. Scoresby in the North Atlantic to be about 32 miles per hour ; Capt. Wilkes records it nt 26i miles in the Pacific, aud French mariners in tho Bay of Bis- cay nt GO miles an hour. Dr. Sroresby has Ctilimatcd tho distance between or breadth of liis Atlantic 8t«jrm waves at alK)ut GOO feet from crest to crest which is oolv about lialf of that stixted by soino others, and Dr. & states tliat the waves of 30 ft. licight move nt tho rate of 32 miles per hour. Tho mean force of tho Atlantic waves for tho summer months is over GOO lbs. per sq. ft, during winter 2086 lbs. During a severe galo 0383 lbs. per square ft. luia been noted. Corrosire effectt of Sea- Water on Aictals, per aquaro Jo()t. Steel 39 grs., iron 38, copper 9, zinc 8, galvanized iron l.G, till 2. BuAziNO Cast Irox. — ^Thcre are two ways of joining cast iron. 1. Fit the broken pieces exactly together in moulding sajid and iwur melted iron over the parts to be jouied. Wlien cold chip off the superfluous metal ana you will liavo a joint scarcely to 1)0 detected. 2. Well tin the parts to be joined, fit together in sand as above, and pour melted brass over them. Macintosh Clotm. — ^The material is merely two layers of cotton cemented with liquid India rubber; but tho junction is so well effect- ed that the three Dccome, to all intents aud purposes, one. The stout and well-woven cloth is coiled upon a horizontal beam like tho yard beam of a loom ; and from this it is stretcthed out in a tight state and a nearly horizontal direction ; a layer of liquid or rather pastc-liUo solution is applied with a spatula,' to a considerable thickness, and tho cloth is drawn under a knife edge which scrapes the solution and diiTuse-s it equally over every part of the cloth, whieli may bo .'K) or 40 yards long. The cloth is tlien extended out on a horizontal framework to dry: and when dried a second coating is applied in tho same way, and a third or fourth coat if necessary. Two pieces, thus coated, are next placed face to face with groat care to prevent creasing or distortion ; and iK-ing placed lictween two wooden rollers, they are so thoroughly pressed as to unite durably and permanently. Cloth, thus cemented and doubled and dried, may bo cut and made into IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) I' // i :/ ^ ^^ mi/.. 1.0 I.I 1116 ™l^ *40 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 "4 6" - ► Photographic Sciences Corporation s. ip 4 iV V \\ % V %^ o"^ %*^ A ^^ %^ ri^' 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 f^ CP.r i/.x 'i \ o <> -^ J l.-lppl — V'f«P7« 1. 1 564 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. carcents which ttUI bear many a rough trial, and many a deluging, before rain or water can penetrate. To Petrify Wood — Gum salt, rock alum, white vinegar, cli.ilk and pebbles powder, of each an equal quantity. Mix well togcthfr. If, after the ebullition is over, you throw into this liquid any wood or iwrous substance, it will petrify it. To Construct as jEolian IlARr.— Make a box with the top, bot- tom, and sides of thin wood, and the ends 1^ inch beech, form it the same length as the width of the window in which it is to bo placed. The box should bo 3 or 4 inches deep, and 6 or 7 iuclies wide. In the top of the box, which acts as a sounding board, make 3 circular holes about 2 inclies in diameter, and an equal distance apa'1;. Glue across the sounding board, about 2^ iuclics from each end, 2 pieces of hard wood J inch thick, and h inch high, to serfo as bridges. You must now procure from any'Vnn:!!- caT instrument maker twelve steel pegs sinular to those of a piano- forte, and 12 small brass pins. Insert them in the following man- ncr into the beech : first commence \vith a brass jiln, then insert a steel peg, and so on, placing them alternately ^ in. apart to tlio number of twelve. Now for the other end, which you must coin- mcTice with a steel peg, exactly opposite the brass pin at the other end, ther, r. brass pin, and so on, alterratcly, to the number of 12 ; hj this arrnageiiicnt you have a steel peg and a brass pin always oppo- site eocr. otljer, which is done bo that the pressure of the strings on the )ii:,ivuraout shall bo uniform. Now string the instrument with 12 first ' k.lin strhigs, making a loop at one end of each string, whicli put ovor the brass pins, and wind the other ends round tlie opix)- site steel pegs. Tune tliem in imison, but do not draw them tiglit. To increase the cuircnt of air, a thin board may be placed about 2 inches above the strings, supported at each end by 2 pieces :.l wood. Place the instruuiont m a partly opened window, and ti increase the draft, oj^en the opposite door. To Construct a Metronome. — Take a cheap clock movement :nd substitute for the pendulum a wire with a slidhig weight, mark- ing the wire with a file at the different pomts of graduation. Used to indicate the proper time m music. To Bend Glass Tubes. — Hold the tube in tlie npper i)art of tlio flame of a spirit-lamp, revolving it slowly between the fingers : when red hot it may be easily bent into any desired shape. To soften large tubes a lamp with a double current of air should be nsed, as it gives a much stronger heat than the simple lamp. Black Lead Pencils. — The best pencils are made by grinding the black lead into a fine impalpable jwwder, then fonnmg it into blocks by compression without any cementing substance, and finally sawing it up into the square prisms, which, when placed in grooves in wood, form the black lead pencils of commerce. The color can bo graduated to any desired tinge by the intermixture of very finely ground clay. By the process of Prof. Brodie, the most intractable graphite may l>e reduced to the finest powder with great case. Tho mineral is coarsely powdered and mixed with l-15th of chlorate of potash, to which mixture is added twice its weidit of sulphuric acid. Chloric acid is disengaged, and, after the mass nas cooled, it is well waslicd, dried, and licatcd to redness. During the latter operation, MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. j j5 deluging, ;ar, ell .ilk tosctlicr. y wood or top, bot- ;i, loriu it it is to 1)0 : 7 iuclies ng board, jiu equal 2\ inches ,nd h inch any'iTiu^i- o( a piano- wing man- en insert a lart to tbo mnstcom- . It the other r of 12; by ways oppo- B strings on lent -with 12 ring, which i the oppo- them tiglit. laced about 2 pieces .2 ow, and to movement sight, mark- >u. Used to I part of tho Igers : when f soften large as it gives the black lead swells and becomes reduced to so fine a powder tliat it •will swim upon water, a little fluoride of eodium is usea to dissolve the silicious impurities. Tbo finest quality is found near Burrowdalo iu Cumberland, England. It is nearly pure carbon, and perfectly free from grit. It is used principally in tbo maiuifacture of lead pen- cils, tho coarser quality bemg used, wben ground, for polisliing iron work, glazing gunpowder, as a lubricator for machinery, compounded mth four timcs.its weight of lard or tallow, and in the manufacture of crucibles lor melting metals, as it is very intractable in an intense heat. PniLUP's Fire A>:>TnTLATOR. — Consists of a case "containing water, within which is a smaller case containing cblorato of ix)tasn and sugar. Dipped in the latter is a small i^ibo containing sulphuric acid ; when this tube is broken the chlorate of i)otash and sugar b^ come ignited, throwing off large quantities of mixed gases which are non-supporters of combustion; the action is maintainSl by tlie water in the outer case becoming heated. The gases are convcy(Ml to the firo by means of a flexible tube fitted with a proper nozzle and stop- cock. I have seen still another kind constructed of copper in quite an elegant style, fitted with shoulder straps, &c., for easy transporta- tion, iu which the gases were generated by means of chemicals on the prmciple of what may be seen every day in the effervescence of car- bonic acid gas from tlie intermixturo of scidlitz powders in water. The chemicals being introduced from white and blue paper x>ackage8 into the water contained iu tho copper case. Maiotfactuke of Corn Stakch. — Watt's Patent.— The com Is Bteeped in water, ranging in temperature from 70° to 140° Fah., for about a week, changing tlie water at least once in 24 hours. A certain amount of acid fermentation is thus produced, causing tlio starch and refuse of the com to be easily separated afterward?. The swollen com is ground in a current of clear soft water, and liie pulp passed through sieves, with the water iuto rats. In thcso the etarch gradually settles to tho bottom, tho clear water is then run off by a tap, and tho starch gathered and dried iu a proper apaiiment for tlie purpose. Kefinino op Sugar. — Both cane and beet-root sugar are refined on the same principle, by mixture with limewater, boiling with animal charcoal, and filtration through twillod cotton. In some establishments bullock's blood is used to aid in the clarifying. Tin albumen of the serum becomes coagulated on tlie application of heat, forming a network, which rises to the top of the liquor, can-ying with it a great part of the impurities. The reddish symp obtauied by the first filtration is next passed tlirough filters into large vats, twelve or fourteen feet deep, upon which are laid coarse ticlvuig, coarsely groimd animal charcoal, and a second layer of ticlung. The syrup la allowed to flow over tho surface of tlie filter, and runs slowly through the charcoal, coming out perfectly colorless. The concentrated syrap is then boiled in vacuo, by means of which two important results are arrived at. The viscid liquid would boil in air at 230o Fah., at which temperature a quantity of uncrystallizable sugar would be formed. By performing the ope- ration in a vacuum-pan the boiling point is brought down to 150° or 1(30°, no ionnatian of ancrystulkable sugar takes inhux, and ^3 566 MACHINISTS, engineers', &c^ receipts. a great sp.vuxq^ in fuel ia eflected. 'NYIicn t^ eo cccatgi tion reaches a certain pointy the syrup is transferred to a T^ssti treated by steam to 170°, and forcibly agitated with wooden l>?ajsis, until it forms thick and granular. From the hcxiting-vats it b transferred into inverted conical moulds of the wcll-kno'wn Bhs^ at the bottom of each of which is a movable ping. Tlie ermp is well stirred to Erevent the formation of air-bubbles, and tb«i lellt at rest for several ours, at the end of which time the plus is removed, and the nncrystallizcd syrup runs out. The loaves a2« farther fie«d from all colored matter by a jwrtion of perfcctlj oofcrieaa Byrup bebig nm through them. They are then dried jn a stove and finished for market by being turned in a lathe. CriisJMid lor nranidated tvfinr is made by causing the granular syrup to reroslve im a i)erforatet gold to coTier them, amalgamated with mercury in the lollowix.^ nianner : th*- giild is put into an iron ladle m thin strips, and ik ^caaU quaiairjr of mercury, say 1 jxirt of mercury to 8 of gold, added to it, tfce ladle ia held over the fire till tho gold and mercury are perfediy united. This amal- gam being put into tho pan with the buttoca^ as mach aqnafortis. diluted with water, as will wet thera afl ova; is thrown in, and they are stirred up with a brush till the add, hf its affinity to tho copper in the buttons, carries the amalgun to erery part of their surface, giving it the appearance of silver; lids done, the acid is :wa«hod away with clean water. This is called the guicking pro* 11ACUINIST3, engineers', AC., RECEIPTS. " 567 reaches »y eteam vt lorais Tcd into ottom ol .tirrod to >r gcvetal and tho «9d {lom rap Wmz i iinislicd ated tit;inr j>er{orateil separated an inferior Tor button ittons with is supplied By means are cut out s, wbo can lour. Hand 3, but iiwro ; a time, arn ta aro very leir BurlacM tely in a die small blow j:e TCftdy to gje attichcd k coil ot vrire rata off glwrt idle of eixpli vrhcn it is Ikes the t-.vi) ik is pushed Jclied to the Eey arc then buttons. H id stamped. 10 an earthen ^ nut into an iTcury. eay 1 i3 held ovei "jliia acaal- aaxxalortis, .wu in, af jnity to tho port of thcit **tiio acid 19 \auicking V^ cess. In drying ojjf, the pan of buttons is heated by a charcoal Are cxpellui,'' tlio mercury in tho form of a vapor, which, under tho improved system, is conducted into on oblong iron fiuo or gallery, fcntly sloped downwards, having at its end a small vertiail tube ippcd into a water cistern, for condensing tho mercury, and a large vertical pii)0 for promoting tlie draught of the prodacts of tho combustion. Tho gold tlius deposited m an exceedingly thin film upon tlio buttons, iircscnts a dull yellow color, and must now bo burnished ; this U cficctcd by a piece of hematites, or bloodstone, fixed on a handlo and applied to tho button, as it revolves in tho lathe. To KEKDEB Wood IxDESTBCcrrinLE.— ^o?;&//w' Process. Tho apparatus used consists of a retort or still, which can be made of any size or form, in which resin, coal tar, or otlicr oleaginous substances, t(-gether with water, arc placed in order to subject them to tho heat, Fire being applied beneath the retort containing tlie coal tar, &c., oleagiiious vaix)r commences to rise, and pusses out through a con- necting pipe into a large iron tank or chamber (which can also bo built of any size), containhig tbo timber, &c., to bo operated upon. Tho heat acts at once upon tlie wood, causing tho sap to How from every pore, which, rising in the form of steam, condenses on the body of the chamber, and discharges through an escape pipe in the lower part. In this process a terai)enituro of 212° to 250° Fahr. is sufflcient to remove tho surface moisture from tho wood; but after this the tem- perature should bo raised to 300° or nioi'o, in order to completely saturate and pcrincato the body of the wood vi Itli tho antiseptic vapors and heavier products of tho distilLition. Tho hot vapor coagulates tlio albumen of tho wo ad, and opens tho pores, bo that a lar^o portion of tlio oily product or creosote is admitted; tho contraction resnltbig from tho cooluig process hermetically seals them, and decay seems to bo almost imiwssible. There is a man-hole in the retort, used to change or clean out tho contents; and tlio wood chamber is furnished with doors made perfectly tight. Tho Avholo operation is completed ill less than ono hour, rendering tho wood proof against rot, panisites, niid tho attack's of tho Teredo navilis or naval worm. Geiinnn Stono (Joaiiix'j for Wood. — Chalk, 40 parts; resiiij GO mrts; linseed oil 4 iviits; melt together. To this add 1 part of oxide of copper, afterwards 1 part of sulphuric acid ; add this last carefully; apply witli a brush. htoy Tube Maxufactuke. — In tho present method of manufac- turiii'j the patent welded tubOj tho end of tho skelp is bent to tho circular form, its entire length is raised to tho welding heat in an ap- propriate furnace, and as it leaves tho furnace almost at the point of fusion, it is dragged by tho cliain of a draw-bench, after tno man- 'ler of wire, thougli a pair of tongs with two bell-shaped jaws : these aro opened at tlic tin) of introducing the end of a skelp, wliich is Avoided without the agency of a mandril. By this ingenious arrango- inr-it wrought iron tubes may bo mado from tho diameter of G inclics intcnially and about 1-8 to 3-8 of an inch thick, to as small as 1-4 of Ml inch diameter and 1-10 boro, and so admirable is tho joining effected 111 tlioso of tho best description that they will withstiind the greatest pressure of water, steam, or gas to which they have been subjected, and i!n'v admit of being bent both in tho heated and cold state, almost \vit!i imiiunity. Sometimes the tubes aro mado ono upon tho othej ih: I ■1 ' 568 ~ SIACHINISTS,^ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. wheu great thickness is required ; but those stout pipes, and those larger than 3 inches, are but selunra required. The wrought iron tubes of hydrostatic presses which measure about J an inch iutemuUy, and ^ to g of an inch thick in tlio metal, are frequently subjected to a pressure of /our tons on each square incn. Brass Tubes. — Brass or other tubes are formed of rolled metal' which is cut to the desired width by means of revolvuig discs; in tlie large sizes of tubes, tlio metal is partially cur\'ed in its lengtli by means of a pair of rolls, when in this condition it is passed through a Eteol hole or a die, a plug being held in such a jxtsitiou as allows; tho metal to pass between it and the interior of the hole. Oil is used to lubricate the metjil, tho motion is communicated by power, the draw- ing apparatus beuig a pair of huge nippers, which noldj the brass, and is attached to a chain and revolves round a windlass or cyhudcr. The tube in its unsoldered slate is annealed, bound round atiutervala of a few inches with iron wire, and solder and borax applied aloug tlio Bcam. The operation of soldering is completed by passing the tubes tlirough an air stove, heated with"' cokes or" breezes" which molts the solder, and miitcs the two eyes of the metal, aud forms a perfect '^ube; it is then immersed iu a solution of sulphuric acid, to renioTe scaly deposits on its surface, tho Avire and extra solder having been previous! V removed; it is then drawn through a "finishing hole plate" when tlie tube is completed. Mandril dmwn tubes are draflu uiMjn a very accurately turned steel mandril, by this means tho in- ternal diameter is rendered smooth. The tubes draAvn by this pro- cess are well adapted for telescopes, syringes, small pump cyluiacrs, &c. The brass tubes for the boilers of locomotive engines are now made by casting aud drawing without being soldered, and eomo of them are drawn taper in their thickness. Tubes from 1-10 inch in- ternal diameter and 8 or ten inches long, up to those of two or three indies diameter and 4 or 5 feet long, are drawn vertically by means of a strong chain wound on a barrel by wheels and pimons, as in a crane, m Donkin's tube drawing machine, which is applicable to maldng tubes, or rather cylinders, for paper-makuig ana other ma- chinery, as large as 20^ inches diameter, and GJ feet long, a vortical screw is used, the nut of which is turned round by toothed wheels driven by six men at a windlass. The fluted tubes of pencil cases are drawn tnrough oramental plates, witli elevations and depressions corresponding to the impressions left on the tube. Lead Pirs, is made by forcing lead, while heated to a plastic stito, over a.) annular niandm or die to form the core, by means of hy- draulic pressure. Cutlery Manufactuke. — ^There are three kinds of steel employed in manufacture of diflcreut articles of cutlery, common steel, shcir steel, and cast steel. All edge tools which require to be tenacious without being very hard, are made of shear steel Tho best scissors, razors, penkSives, &c., are made from cast steel, which is able to take a very fine ixjlish, common steel is only used in making cheap articles of cutlery. In making good table-knives, shear steel unci cast steel are generally preferred. In the ordinary method of mak- ing knives, tho blades are cut out of a sheet of steel, and the baclcs. shoulders aud tangs of wrought iron, are attached to the steel Madea by w^eldiugat tho foige. The koiie Is ther vrounc* tc tb« MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS,' JtC, RECEIPTS. 569 BC larger tubes ot audi to pressure cd metal' js; iutho eiigth by brnugb a lUo-ws the 13 used to the draw- tiie brass, r cylinder, itiutervah dalougtbo ; the tubes 1- hicli mclt3 18 a perfect , to remove laving been ishiug bole 9 are draw-n wins tbo in- by tliia pro- ip cylinacra, nes are now and Bomo 01 L-IO ioch in- two or three Uy by means iniona, as m applicable to 'td other ma- to-, a vertical »thed wheels icil cases aro depressions I plastic state, leans ol hy- leel employed \ steel, shear [be tenacious Vest scissow, til is able to taking cheap lax steel anil Ihod ol mak- Id the baclcs. [to the steel Wane tx th« proper shape, and tho blade polished and hardened. The fork mauufactiue is a distinct branch of industry, and the manufacturen of table knives generally buy their forks from the fork makcm ready to be put into tlieir handles. In making table knives, two mcii are pcnerally employed ; one is called the loreman, or maker, Rud the other the striker. Pen Knives are usually forged by a single hand, with hammer and anvil simply ; they are hardened by heating the blades red-hot, and dipping them into water up to the shoulder. Kazors aro also liardencd m the same manner. Tlio grinding and polishing of cutlery aro generally performed by macliinery, the bufd- jiess of the grinders is divided into grinding, glazing and polishing. Grinding is performed uiwn stones of various dimensions. hose ar- ticles which require temper being ground on wet stones. Glazing is a process by which lustre is given to cutlery ; it is performed with a glazier, cousLsting of a circiSar piece of wood, sometimes covered Willi leather, or an alloy^ of lead and tin ; it is fixed on an axis like a grindstone. The polishing process is tho last, and is performed on a simil i' piece of wood covered with buff leather. Only articles of cast steel which have been hardened and tempered are subjected to this operation. On Nkedle Manitfactuue, TEJirERixa, &c.-~This small but im- portant implement has to go through the hands of about 120 work- men during the process of manufacture. Tho steel wire, being drawn to tho proper size, is submitted to various tests to ascertain its qual- ity, and is tlien cut into proper lengths by shears, which, by striking 21 blows in a minute, cut in 10 hours fully 400,000 ends of steel wire, which produce about 800,000 needles. These aro passed on for fur- tlicr manipulation to other workmen, who straighten and point the ])icccs of wire. After pointing tlif y are cut in two, so as to form two separate needles of Cfjual length uid quality. For each different size a small copper plate is employed. It is nearly sauaro, and Inis a tumed-up edge on two of its sides, the one is uitenaed to receive all the points, Avhile tho other resist" the pressure of the shears. On this plate a certain number of wires aro put with their points in con- tact with the border, and they arc cut together flush with the plate, by means of a small pair of shears moved by tho knee of tho work- man. These oven wires aro now taken to tho head-flattener. This workman, seated over a table with a block of steel before him about 3 hiches cube, takes np from 20 to 25 needles between his finger and thumb, epreading them out like a fan, with the i)oints under tho thumb, he lays the heads on the steel block, and, with a small flat- faced nammer strikes a few successive blows uix)n them so as to flatten them in an instant. The heads, having become liardened by hammering, are now annealed by heatin°[ and slow cooung, and aro handed to the inercei', generally a child, wlio forms tho eye in a gecond by laying the head upon a block of steel, and by driving a Bmall pimch through one side with a smart tap of the hammer, and then exactly opposite on the other. Tlie eyes aro then trimmed by driving the punch through tliom again on a lump of lead and, after laying tho needle with the punch sticking througli it, upon the block of steel, hammering the head on tho sides, which causes it to take the form of the punch. Tne next oper-ator makes tho groove at tho VJ6 and romidi the head, which he does with a Bmall file. The 570 MACHINISTS, EXGIXEERS, AC, KECEIPTS needles, L.^ing thus prepared, arc thrown by the workmen peU-mcll into a sort of driun or box, iu which thev are made to arrange thc'in< eelves iu parallel lines by means of a few desteroas shakes of tho workman 8 arm. They are now ready to bo tempered, for which purpose they are ranged on sheet-iron plates, about 30 lbs. weight at a time, containing from 250,000 to 500,000 needles, and are placed iu u proper furnace, where they are heated to a bright redness for tho larger needles, and to a less intense degree for tho smaller ; they are then removed, and inverted suddenly over a bath of cold water in such a way that >';11 tho needles roa^ be immersed at tho same time, yet separate from each other. This has tho effect of makiug them very hard and brittle. The water beuig run off, the needles are re- moved for further operations. Some manufacturers heat the needles bv means of immersion in melted lead, others throw them into a pan along with a quantity of grease, which, being placed on the fire, the oily matter soon ignites, and after it bums out, the needles are found to bo in the proper temper ; those which are twisted in tho temperiu;; being afterwards straightened by the hammer on the anvil. Polishiwj is tho next and most expensive and prolonged operation. This is effected on bundles containing 600,000 needles intermixed with quartzozo sand, and a little ra^ie-seed oiL Thirty of those bundles are exposed to the vibratory pressure of wooden tables, which iiiako about 20 horizontal double movements per minute, causiug tlio bundles to run over 2 feet each time, or 800 feet per hour. Tliii agitation is kejit up about 18 or 20 hours, causing sucli a move- ment and attrition as to polish tho needles in tho bags or buudlc-:. They are then removed from the packets into wooden bowls and mixed with sawdust to remove the grease and other impurities, placed iu a cask, which is turned by a winch ; more sawdust is introduced as required, and the turning is continued mitil tho needles become clean and bright. They are then winnowed by a fan to clean them from the sawdust and refuse matter, and iuo subsequently arranged iu regiUar order on a small, somewhat con- cave, iron tray. The operation of making up tho rolls or bags, lK)lishing, winnowing and arrangin|f them, nave to be repeated ten times on the best needles. It is found that emery powder mbced with quartz and mica or poimded granite is preferable to auythin;; else for polishing needles by friction in the bags at the first, emery mixed with olive oil, from tlie second to the seventh operation, putty, or oxide of tm for tho eighth and ninth, putty with very little oil for the tenth, and lastly bran to give a finish. In this mode of opcratmg, the needles are scoured in a copper cask studded in tlie interior with raised pomts to increase the friction and a quantity of hot soap suds is introduced occasionally to keep them clean. Tlie cask must bo slowly turned upon its axis for fear of injuring tho mass of needles it contams. They are finally dried in the wooden cask by attrition with saw dust, then wiped with a linen rag or soft leather— the damaged ones being thrown aside. The sorting is performed in dry apartments, where all the points are first laid the same way, and the needles arranged iu the order of their polish with ^reat rapidity. The workman places 2000 or 3000 needles in an iron ring two inches in diameter, and sets all their heads in one phino, then, on looking carefully at their points^ Jie easily re* aahi:J^teiiS .> MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS' *o 'WEEKS, AC, RECEIPTS. ^71 cognizes tlio broken ones n«^ adapted for tlio pSrSst '^rL""!?^** ^^om with an in.. hands of Uio no/w//.^ /« * , -'^"cso defectivA ««rJi **" Instrument articles of iiSfrio?valfo°"^Tr *° ^° ^^S aS^^hP^saJ"'^ ^o now be straiglitenS and T/'°'® ?«^e8 ben?1n jj5^? Fl^^ '^^^ tact of the fiBeer miH ♦?» *V® ^^oI« are ftuflSv„P°^^'»^ff must touehtothem6yta"iS^ 9^ ^^''^ mera T^hS^blJ^^^?^ ?"' ^"to «r>d thumb, anj pSn?,r^^^««atatimebVwSnK^^° ^"^ Miiall latho, turning thf ml*'. 9"^<^«^gttlarlu fnr„n ^one-stouo cast, while lie Sfe?a„^^''^^y'o^^^ ^ a ^ <^-v File MAS^?ACTnnJ'"i:?^^«8 them. ^ ^""^^^ "ulsh cues by the hamrn^* mf ^'^' ^"^ t^^^n shaS "S/r^,*"""^" "»o^ 'alf-roimd,andtSee-wi.^'?"°'' anvil onfy'bS^h?>""^^^^ «»* Jii tho above Khan7.Qt;?^4*^^^o™s. by means of K^ ^^'^^^ °' round. The steel bk^SS.iS"S. ^' ^"u*° « giWleft fo/f.?^".*^ ^I<^« "'ado Rofteucd, torenrfp^VP^ ^^^ *J^"s formed «L'^*^^'" "* the anvil of tJiem toSEtn\ ;fr™,,'^Pahle ^S^ ^ut V^f* .^. « ""'^bcr wliichitisverjrliabS 5l£^!f'l"t.the oxidation of ST'^. "V ''^^ P%as equally asTossihift^7i^'''"^"ed,) and tSn «,!S5 ^'^^^' *<> LeatisdiscontKKndlhpV^^^"^ " ^™ luicovcred. The fii,rflr®*^*®<^^ allowed to coo/^^. I °*i ^^en the smooth as possible bvS^«^^ ^^^t^in tSo teeth^,?*^^^ "^^^^^ '' i* carefully SidchLf^^'%''^^^8; the teed, n™""?,!^ '«"<^ered as "«t ana last OTocei tl'.**^S^i ii^cision teJ mSj^f ^^''^ ^"' with a by different n&kei'tl!^' "i-^a^deniug, is MrKoH®^^''^*^^^- Tho files Avitli a SlfontrJ-^''^'^ tteSod^ow^j;d "^ various waja dftionandsliKTtCl'V'P^tec^h^^^^^ ?"°^'? t^l plunged in cold fr?«h J 1° ^*.^^^ "'vtenheated- ^!f i*°.F®vent oxi- Wmakers coat thci fi?if'^,^°*'^ ^^^^^fiAc&^^%,^^l aro 'r-<^»"ff.orp?;.f?oT/JL?! before tempering witK^?°^''"«- »omo tlio cuttiuk fri!f "°"5' .v^bich not onlv ^"Zv*.V^'^ a composition of wtroduccdfi a slw?"^^?'*'*'^ to prevents nJi° 5^^^ a^^® re83, cither malce the pens concave, if they are merely to be nibs, or, if they are to be barrel pens, they roll the barrel together. . The next process is termed the hardening, and con- Bists in pUicing a number of pens in an iron box which is introduced into a muffle. After they become of a deep red heat they are plung- cd into a tank of oil, and, when they get cool, the adhering oil is re- moved by agitation in circular tin barrels ; tempering is the next step, by heating to the necessary elasticity in a warm bath of oil; and, fin- ally, the whole number of pens are placed in a revolving cylinder along with sand, ground crucible, and other cutting substances, whicJi tends to brighten them up to the natural color of the steel ; next the nib is gromid down finely, with great rapidity, by a girl, who picks it up with a pair of pliers, and, with a single touch on an emery wheel, lierfecjts it at once. The slit is now made by means of a press. A chisel, or wedge, with a flat side, is affixed to the bed of the press, and tne descending screw has a corresponding chisel-cutter, which passing down with the greatest accuracy on the pen, which had been placed on the chisel affixed to the bed, and the slit is made and the pen complete. They are next colored brown or blue, by placing them m a revolving metal cylinder, under which is a charcoal stove, and, by watching narrowly the different gradation of color, the requisite tint is speedily attained; a brilliant polish is subsequently imparted by immersing the pens in lac dissolved in naphtha; they are then dried, counted, selected and placed into boxes for sale. Gold Pens. — Gold pens are made much in the same manner as steel, with this important difference, that, as they cannot be tempered in the same way that steel is, the necessary elasticity is imj arted to them by hammering, and by rubbing them with a small hard stono and water, instead of the tempering, &c., in oil. As gold is too soft of itself to make a durable pen, it is found necessary to attach a min- ute portion of an alloy of irridium and osmium, by soldering to tho tips. This makes an extremely hard and durable point. TiNNiNO Small Articles. — Dissolve as much zinc scraps in ma- tiatic acid as it wiU take up, let it settle, then decant the clear, and it is ready for use. Next prepare a suitable iron vessel, set it over the fire, put your tin therem, and melt it, and put as much mutton or beef tallow as will cover the tin about J inch thick. This prevents tho oxidation of the metal; but be very careful that the tallow does not catch fire. The iron, or any other metal to be tinned, must bo well cleaned, either with scraping, filing, polishing with sand, or im- mersion iu diluted vitriol. Proceed to wet the articles in the zinc so- lution, then carefully immerse them in the tallow and melted tin; in a Tcry short time they will become perfectly tinned, when they may be taken out. To Tin Iron "Wire. — Clean tho wire thoroughly in a piclde made of sulphuric acid and water (acid, 1 part, water, 2 parts^ cover it\rith A solution of muriate of zinc, und dip in melted tin. «'^oms:sr, ^sn eno.xeebs' DEPARTMENT r- 073 for the cyUndera and c^L^^f ^""d that the best tS "^ P^ge 429. the main bearinija saldnm k ***^ ^<"* *he bearinpr Wjr"*'*"*« '''^o glyccrino employed with fd^aateS ^e^^ \^«**«d- Only thr^t?* "^^or-oihl us"d hf to be desired. ^ ' ^^^ ^^^^ it is of aligh ijj* ?'/''«""« «an bl •f '001, i, am°° J™° "■' "'k Pl.»l4, co^pi,Sa "fkrfl of a' I-tTBBicAVT poa TDav™« T^ *" * ^^"^ entirely M" «nd heaut Lt?"';'* "d brought into^itVinishl?! ?*'''"'"% ""'^ htmmerini: ft the foli«J,!:_"."'<"^ly to a cherrv rerf ««^ " ?°'^?«0 barrels of flour, yet his small engine propelled it up Market street and round the circuit to the Water Works, where it was launched into the Schuylkill. A paddle- wheel was then applied to its stern, and it thus sailed down that river to the Delaware, a distance of 16 miles, in the presence of thousands of spectators. In milling appliances, he invented the grain elevator, the conveyer, the drill, the descender, and the hopper-l)ox, besides other Inbor-paving inventions of great utility to the miller. He also wrote the " Young Steam Engineer's Guide," m\ • highly valuable work entitled "The Young Millwright's Guide." Althongh equally deserving of fame, he failed to reap the substantial honors accorded to vV'att in England. Papikr Mache, is used for fancy articles, such as the covers for album!*, ini- ^tands, blotting books, paper knives, etc., as well as for the cells of galvanic btittcries. It is obtained from old paper made into a pulp with a solution of lim', and gum or starch, pressed into the form required, toatcd with linseed oil. baited at a high temperature, and finally varnished. The pnlp is sometimes mixed with clay, sand, chalk, etc., and other kinds arc made of a paste of pulp and lime, | and used for ornamenting wood, inlaying, etc. EVANS' LOCOMOTIVE, si.NDHV ITKM,. o7o ffun|)owder to vprv ««/?** P^Rcussiorr Capo Tt^ cIilorateofnSasi^o'i"^.^"«t;raixtoathi^^^^^^^ 40 part, of make the iSte mtw'^i'^' t^^^^'o'isly S^cd^^l'' ''''''^^'•' "«-^t ««'! o/thecai) Thfi ms ! *'"" «"d deposi^a i.mnii 5 very fine powder • rtoS?,?-? Srra!r^t2o^^» K™co oJTttP'^f ""kout acid, lork heard the piddj; ^ ^f 'l"'^^'' ^'ater, at Heli rL''" "''^ ^'''"'^ck ■fines. Dr. .Tnmioc.^.. ^ 0^2 miles riVf u » ^^'"ither, everv Wlr!? !!f ^'^^ •^amieson sdfli •^; ''Biff Ben '^wl"; ^- ^^ 22,a00 lbs • of §."%' '\?'g'»« 28,5G0 I ^8,000; St I?.tpr"j tj^^^'n^iuster, 36350- "rrio*^ ^^"' »' London 576 FOREIGN WEIGHTS ASfD MK^SUKKg. T^VBLE OF FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASLRES REDUCED TO THE STANDARD Off THE T7KITBD STATES. (The two r^.-ht hand figures are the hundredth parts of a wbole xminbei.) France. Metre 3*28 feet. Decimetre (1-lOth metre; 3*94 inCi.es. Velt 2-00 galls. Hectolitre 26-42 galls. Decalitre 2*64 galls. Litre 2-11 pints. Kilolitre 35-32 feet. Hectolitre 2-84 bush. Decalitre 9-08 quarts. Millier 2-205 lbs. Quintal 220-54 lbs. Kilogramme 221 lbs. AMSTERDAM. 100 lbs. 1 centner 108-93 lbs. Last of grain 85-25 bush. Ahm of wine 41-00 calls. Amsfterdam foot 0-93 foot. Antwerp foot 0-94 foot. Khinel.ind foot 1-03 feet. Amstersdam ell 2-26 feet. Ell of the Hague 2-28 feet. Ell of the Brabant 2-30 feet. NETHERLANDS. Ell 3-28feet. MuddeofZak 2-84 bush. \at hectolitre 26-42 galls. Kan litre 2'U i>inl8. Pond I(ilogramme 2-21 lbs. UAMBIJRO. Last of grain 89-64 bush. Ahm of wine 38-25 galls. Hamburg foot 0-96 foot. Ell 1-92 feet. rRi:.ssiA. 100 lbs. of 2 Cologne marks each 103-11 lbs. Quintal, 110 lbs 113-42 lbs. Sheffel of grain 1-56 bush. Eimar of wine 18-11 galls. Ell of cloth 2-19 feet. Foot 1-03 feet. DENMARK. 100 lbs. 1 centner xlO-28 lbs. Barrel or toende of corn. 3-95 bush. Viertel of wine 2-04 galls. Copenhagen or Rhine- land foot 1-03 feet. SWEDEN. 100 lbs. or 5 lispunds 73-76 lbs. Kan of corn 7-42 bush. l32 176 264 3S2 1} 144 192 288 384 «3 104 156 208 312 416 '4 112 168 324 336 448 M 120 180 240 360 480 15 n8 102 2.S6 384 5*2 '7 13'^ 204 272 408 18 M4 216 288 432 '9! '5» 228 304 45^ 20 ibo 240 320 4S0 21 168 252 336 504 22I '76 3b4 3S2 23I «84 276 368 24I «';2 288 384 25! JOO 300 400 261 20S 3«2 416 «7 2'6 324 432 »8: 224 336 448 »9' 233 348 464 |3I 240 360 480 Jl| 24S 372 496 j:; 256 384 S12 i] 264 396 .S28 «4 272 408 S44 35 280 420 s6o 36 288 432 S76 37 296 444 S92 ii 304 4S6 60S 39 312 468 40 320 4S0 I 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 II 12 13 14 'S 16 «7 13 19 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 23 29 30 3« 33 34 35 36 37 33 39 40 4» 43 44 2 4 6 8 10 13 »4 16 i3 3 4 6 8 10 12 M 16 i3 3 4 6 8 10 13 »4 i5 iS 3 4 6 8 10 12 »4 16 iS NAMES AND DIMENSIONS OF VARIOUS SIZES OF PAPER. PRINT. Medium < 19 x Royal, (ao X 24) 20 x Super Royal 23 x Imperial 22 x Medium and a half 24 x Small Double Medium 24 x Double Medium 24 x Double Royal a'l x Double Super Royal ; 3 x Double Super Royal 29 x Broad Twelves 23 x Double Imperial 32 x FOLOBO. Billet Note 6 x Octavo Note 7 x Commercial Note 8 x Packet Note 9 x Bath Note 8J^x Letter 10 x Commercial Letter 11 x Packet Post 1 1 J^x Foolscap. i2}^x FLAT. Lepal Cap 13 x Flat Cap 14 X Crown 15 X Double Flat Letter 16 x Demy 16 x Folio Post 17 X Check Folio 17 x Double Cap 17 x Extra Size Folio 19 x ^Medium i3 x *Royal 19 X •Super Royal 20 x •Imperial o 23 x Double Demy 21 x Elephant 22%x Columbier 23 x Atlas 26 X Double Elephant 26 x »4 25 23 33 30 35 33 40 43 43 4' 46 8 9 10 It 14 16 II 16 16 »7 '9 30 31 33 34 23 23 23 24 33 30 3' , 33 40 37 N. B.— The weight of a ream of paper and the price per pound being given, the cost per ream or quire may be known at once by consulting the Rbaoy RbckONIE Table. 578 PASTEBOARD, PULP COLORS, AC. ) '/] To Remove Printer's Ink form Paper Pulp.— Potat!i 4 lbs; dig- BOlve in as little boiling water as possible, and add 3^ lbs. tallow, boil for 3 hours, and add while cooling and stirring, 3 gals, rain water. Boil the paper pulp, keeping it covered with water, and to each 20gaJs. pulp, add 1 gal. of the above mixture; beat and etir thorouglily, and the black printing ink will rise to the surface; skim it off as long as it continues to rise. Colored Paper. — The papers made from colored rags are the brown packing paper and coarse colored paper, such as sugar and ()io gapers. According to "Wagner, colored pin paper rec[itires to every D kilos (see the French measures and their Englisn equivalentg described elsewhere) of dry pulp the several under-mentioned sub- Btauces:— v-ii__, ( 2.05 Kilos Acetate of Lead, *®"°^ I 0.45 " Bichromate of Potash, T„„„ 1 2.05 " Sulphate of Iron, '**°® J 1.05 " Fcrrocyjmide of Potash, r«»„ J 3.00 " Blue, G^^^*^ 1 1.05 " Yellow, Violet 1.05 " Extract of Logwood, Rose 6.00 " Extract of Brazil Wood, n„tt ( 3.00 " Oil of Vitriol, "°" J3.00 " Chloride of Lime. Ultra marine and aniline blue are also used in coloring. In variv gated paper chemical, mineral and vegetable colorings are used ac- cording to the desired col»>rf». Body colors are rendered fluid bv a solution of gum arabic or alum in the size, which can be applied bj a brush or sponge when only one side is to be colored. Variegated and tapestry papers are an important part of the manufacture. French Composition for Printer's Rollers.— For a 24-inch roller, take Russian isinglass, i oz ; gelatine i oz ; when the usual com- position, compounded of glue, 1 lb; molasses 1 pt is ready for pouring add the above to it; let all boil 15 minutes longer, then cast in the usual way. Pasteboard and other Papers. — Pasteboard is made in 3 ways: 1. By placing the pulp in a form ; form-board. 2. By pressing several damp sheets to fo!m a thick card; elastic pasteboard. 3. By pastiite together the finished paper sheets; sized pasteboard. 1. Forra-boara is an inferior kind employed for ordinary purposes of packing, book- binding, etc. It is made, from waste paper, refuse rags, and the I coarse parts of the pulp. Clay or chalk is sometimes present to 25 per cent, of the weight of this pasteboard. It is made in a coarM ribbed form, goes through the same process of knotting as the paper sheet, and is dried and dressed under a roller. 2. Elastic pasteboard is of better material, and presents a smoother I surface; 6 to 12 sheets of paper previously dampened are placed to- 1 gether and pressed into one compact sheet. A separate and harder! Kind of pasteboard is the thick elastic board, used for binding bookij The inner layer is made of coarse stuff, saw dust, etc. 3. Sizei board, or cardboard is made of 2 to 15 sheets of sized paper, pr and satined. There are varieties of this cardboard, such as Bri-stoH board, London-board, the former being extensively used for vratei^ color drawings, mounting-board, oruamental-board, etc. tat!i41b8;di8- )8. tallow, boil Is. rain water, to each 20 gals, loroughly, and ff as long as it L rags are the \ sugar and {tin [Mires to every sh equivalents nentioued sub- .cad, of Potash, Iron, s of Potash, jgwood, razil Wood, )1, Lime. ring. In varie. iigB are used ac- ered fluid bv a 1 be applied by 2d. Variegated afacture. -For a 24-inch n the usual com- ;ady for pouring iieu cast in the noade in 3 ways: pressing several , 3. By pastille 1. Forra-boara ! packing, book- e rags, and the I s present to 25 ide in a coarsi ngas the paper ;entsa smoother I i are placed to- 1 rate and harder! r binding bookil 3. Size pastf id paper, presse , such as BristoH used for vraterl etc. MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS' *^ ^EERS , AC, RECEIPTS. 579 Broxze PRrNTrxo._T<»ir* « ranush and erind wi»h v.f 1 * ^o****!! portion nt m*^ with thin vaiSflh andll?'^ ^^°^n. Vhen wJlI ^^^J^^^'^'Smphlo companyini? nawr or.i^ nioistened, raise th« 7r^i7 ?"" forefinger of down gent^^g ^1?.?,^^^^ ^ t^^e size Whin «n^f^' ''^ ^b^ mterial, and rerno?e^iy« °'' ^"^iS <^"shion of cStJn ^* *'°\^'^ dab ft the size has been win ® f."Perflnona eold ».>h " 9' "'^er prober «ie Presenrreqni4menS^°'^""4a8urplu;q^^^ Rood mSer /or other shade?Sffie^^?^J^^^' *=°t^S Sso md?tS^*'. ^'•^ wiy the colors hyva^i'Ji^^^''' ^ pale chrome Si"r'?.^"** ^"digj ttd black, a Baovir^r'*"'* ^""we, a vSfr J^P^'r^'^^o^ and i ■*?•*{: 580 HACHINISTS, engineers', AC, KECEIPTS. all parts of both surfaoes equally. Wliesieadiiiaece has been stretch^ ed out by this beatiujg to 4 m. square, the kaSch ia opened, the pieces are cut luto 4 of 2 in. square each, aod t2aete are interleaved iu a book of gold-beater's skin called a tfu^der, tlse 120 pieces being qow 600. Another beating with a lb. hammer spacads oat these as be. fore and another cutting augments the nnwaheT from 600 to 2400. These are sepanited into 3 packets of 8W tath, and each of theso packets is agam beaten in a book of gold heater i skin called a mould - this beating, lasting 4 hours, is done with a 7 ik Lammer. The leaves of gold now reduced to the proper thickne;», aie cut into Z\ in. gquaio wmch are interleaved in books and made op in packs. I^af guld ia the thinnest substance produced iu th» nocdKankai arts, being only the 280.000 of an inch in thickness, a eiag^ ^tsJob coTering 5(j aquaio ins. Dentist's gold is thicker than the cvdimrf lezi gold. Abtificial Wkitino Slate.— Sand {6atXtQ paits; lampblack, 8 parts; boiled linseed or cotton seed vil, 10 faxts; boil thoroughlj together, then add spirits turpentine in order to reduce the mixtara for easy application to a thin piece of tisste-lcazd. When dry, appl? another coat, dry again, give it a thira ooct and finish ofi by rubbing smooth with a piece of cotton waste soaked in spirits turpentine. Makes most superb memorandum book&, tix. ; ose a slate pencil. The Drdmmond Light is produced bj diicctiog a jet of mixed oxygen and hydrogen upon a pencil of (are lime, the gases being conveyed in separate tubes or pipes, to vidiin a very short distanco from the aperture at which they are to be cteiiTered, and the flowing together and mixing iu a very minute qosotitj before combustion takes place. This arrangement is adopbed to ensnre safety. Tho gases are used in the proportion of 2 of Ljdrogen to 1 of oxygen, which form a dreadfully explosive mixture. To Engrave on Copper. New Metbodl — Coat the copper vith any of the silvering solutions described in i&is work, cover this witli colored varnish, then draw the lines with a sliarp point in the manner of using a diamond for stone engraving, and etdx them in with per* ahloride of iron. To Enamel Copper Vessels.— Pal veiia finely 12 parts of finer spar, 12 parts unground gypsum, and 1 part borax, and fuse together in a crucible ; when cold, mix with water to a paste, and apply to tbt interior with a paint brush ; when dry the xemm sboold be thoroughly baked in a muffle or furnace. Tempering Points op Tools. — Aftra* bcst^tempered the volmne of the tool is slightly increased, and oonBecpcotly i;a specific giayitj I is decreased. As the expansion or iBCTcaee,. of volume is so very alight, it is quite immaterial which is plnaged into the liquid first; however, every moment tho edge is kfj4 oat it ia cooling, and the tempering may be rendered defective t^sereby. Mercury teinpeisj the hardest, then water, then salt water, tliien ^ of various Iciuds- 1 as whale oil. As oil cools the metal more sloirly, it is not tempered I so hard but tho tenacity is increased. I Hard Tinning CoiiPorND. — An aDor of ni^d, iron and tin bail been introduced as an improvement in tjaasHt? metals, by tho lirmotl Bbiso & Co., Paris. In an experiment to iiow the tenacity of the! nickel, a piece of cast iron tinned iri^ihe campoand wm subjectedl EIPTS. B been etrctch- aed, the pieces terleaved iu a «es being now at these as be- ll 600 to 2400. each of tbeso called a niouW; er. The leaves ito Z\ in. equaio . Leaf guldis ita, being only ering 56 square gold. rts; lampblack, )oil thoroughlj ice the miituTQ rhen dry, applv L ofl by rubbing rits turpentine, ilate pencil. a jet of mixtd he gases being r short distance ind the flowing ore combustion re safety. Tho to 1 of oxygen, the copper •with coTcr tniswitli it in the manner ;m in -with per- 2 parts of flnor ad fuse together md apply to the .d be thoroughly ;red the Tolnne I epecific gravity slame ia so very the liquid fint;! cooling, and the [ercury teinpen Tarious kinds- is not tempered i ron and tin hai 3, by the linn oij 1 tenacity of tht i'waifitil"- ; , ""^lEKS, AC, RECEIPTS. Ml !£];r°^J5r;,J'p^^^^^^^^^ ^<^. «Ul.oa«h tl.e order to produc? S?fc,°' ^^kel and iro,? i^^J'"* coatin|u,Sn crucible to prevS «S iJii'^'i-. ^^ *">• These i.iv«i ^ * '^^ckel and 7 oz. of borax and 3 oS So„ni~i ''^''^^^ * *he Ss orS* temperature an liour. when fho - P^'onded glass. Tim / • ?'® covered with i in the ordinary S-S? ^'^^ ^ '^"'P^^CuTe wor£!r*^« ^ tSf To Kkcovek Goij> ;Rn« rt workman proceed* fon become coated ^^k^"? >»' ^'S We m w"* ^^^^en fS5! "» ^m ot m^n^'^i^^' The pS quartz tnd tJ e on?«.f J® ^^^s can at onS tt."^^^*^^! wmoveTtJ fo require. Anothe?m3hod wP^^ «« f5^XX"^,i,*^'^«^"«^^^^^ quartz pyrites nr il^y' •> ^"^n tho mrt oi { j- ^ '^ *"o case mntr whole VS a Jr- to P»lveSe «fe^ '* ^^eminatedufroS I ^noro or less work 'lirfZ "" f'^^^nd lodes E Z,^ "«=^e of thrS "freputabiaiil'.^^P^rwrmedoneach f^.^^^?. '*®^" recorded an^ |«nsirts of &J^® ">«^Wne7f w" ied '- ^^ '^ ''"'"^ [ ^-^ ow m uae, re(juirin^i7(g 582 MACniNISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. hone power. Tliere are 30 encfnes nsed at the shafts of mioes for raising ore from the veins and keeping them free from water. These mills contain from 5 to 50 stamps, mostly driven hj steam. The ore, broken into fragments, is fed into a battery in which the stamps are raised and allowed to fall, crushing the ore fine enough to flow through a screen placed in front. Mercury is fed in this battery, aud the pulverized ore mixed with sufficient water is then made to flow over wide plates of copper amalgamated with Quicksilver. The gold, or part of it, adheres, forming an amalgam with the mercury, wliich is afterwards scraped off, squeezed liard, and the lump retorted in a close retort of iron for the purpose of vaporizing the meA:ury aud getting the gold almost pure ; the retorts beino; suosequently shipped to the blast for minting. Each stamp is calculated to do from ^ to | of a ton in 24 hours, requiriiig about one horse power to each stamp he:id. Hlost of the ore is reduced in leased mills abandoned by com- panies. These mill men charge their customers between $3 and $4 per ton for doing this work and returning tho retort of gold. Tho tailings are partially caught in the best mills on blankets, aud reworked at a pront ; tho bulk, however, passes outside, a portion stopping to be suovelled into a pile, the balance going on to the strcnni. The waste is nearly or quite equal to the gross yield in bullion. The most profitable branch of vein mining aud reduction by tho smellinc/ process was undertaken by Prof. Hill in 1867, in connection with some Boston aud Providence capitalists, and is managed with much ability, energy and skill, compensated by enormous profits, of which the outside public know Uttle or nothing, from the vigilance with which all such information is suppressed. From ti e road sido }rou see from 20 to 30 lAles of ore sending forth sulphurour imanatioiu nto the air. These piles are first started on a layer oi wood, aud are run up in a pyramid form some 6 to 6 feet, with diameter at base of from lU to 20 feet, and then fired, the sulphur affording tho only fuel, after tho exhaustion of the wood, to keep the fire going from four to six weeks. This ore has been ]^assed through the sampling works and been paid for, tho amount lying thus in piles at one time amounting to, perhaps, $80,000. After roasting sufficiently to drive off the sulphur, and oxidize a portion of the iron, these piles are cooled and the ore carried to the smelting furnaces, where under & heavy heat, more sulphur is driven off, and the silica or gangue mat- ter is made to unite with the oxide of iron to form a slag. At the end of the smelting some 8 or 10 tons are thus reduced to one called " matte," contiiuing f rom $1,500 to $2,000 in the precious metals, aud from 40 to 60 per cent of copper. This product is then shipped in bags to Swansea, England, forsoimration into the several metals contained. The establishment contains three smelting furnaces and three c from % to I each stamp >ned by com- en $3 and U jfgold. Tho ilankets, aud ide, a portion tothestrenin. id in bullion. iction by tlio in connection nanaged with 0U8 profits, of the vigilance L tl road sido UP imanatioiis oi wood, aud imeter at base rdingtho only jre going from the sampUng s at one time siently to drive liese piles aw vhere under a >r gangue mat- ig. Attheeud l°to one called ous metals, aud shipped in ban etais contained. id three calcin- if ore per day. IS, and are also )er ton. Theso 1 known in tho ttedores, if,tho o best way l8 to rood soap stone; iharcoal and 10 1 lag, and avUI !« WQWEERS , AC, RECBIPT8. «« Pi^ettywelldesnlphnrlzcd Th. t 5?o^S.t^rv»|^^^^^ ^^.-d .hen nn establishment the floo?'?^\o^«''S'« near ReSl d« MoT'*®. ««»'o- njost substantial i"ri,^'!!h5^}i^ H acx^rlJfMTe, there is ^ost^blisllSrt?^^^^^^^^^ most substantial maunlr„r',^?'^^> ^^ H acres in ;w„*5°^*®' "'ere id The flooring cSR'^'^lW'^^y «loped'to fS Jat^^^^^^^ biiUt in tho sljmc. 30 tniia ^t r_hr ""^."'s as much «« intv\ A"^> *°a thfs vast re- sljmc, 30 tons of «iif vl * *' ™»ch as 1000 tnna . *"*^ vastrc- mercnrj. in ^rious^to' l*«y'*i'"^I'^«te ot coJU^nrfn ?JS«ntifero«s why tiuU^kespiSeSffho 4S^"'"^^^^ ^^ ^^'- «' a/Bnity between the rtffn ^ • ' kiio\vn manner l/ w *^l'^ ^"^son between different nfntfl^ 'i—^'l^ affinity above rofoiJ^ ^ . operation. planted in c3sJSJH™\a"8es fromaiStur^£7^'^*°^ <'»wtin'r a mutual affln' ty S^^- '° *^ '^ ^^'^^'^oTbylSlfl^T^^ or in- takes place, thev a, >li'®*'^^<'» "lera that wh?n o®°^ which sach mutual emCcT' ClaJ^T ^""^^* ^ach other S r. JHt^rmtrturo the cause of their eriS^ connected with tE ImJ,-^^ *°°etlier in respondences a mo^t*tS^e??"'S^^ behave to th«-'' ''' ***'^"» its varied ramifi(^S?on, ^'^^l^'^ «nd instSv? if.?^^^'®°*^« ^f corf created thing/KtKr ^'Pi^P^y ^n^ tiS tohelJnf "« ^; entering f„ but what co^efwife ^^''^"^'"f.andcan e"enr ancoof thosubjectTsln\'*l*'?^^^'*eratior^T^f ^ univereo consideration tlwnJhn«S? *^''* ^' ^ deserv n" of vS^^^^'^^^nt import- i Bie Ptoce.Wby wWch fcyS*"" '' «« »«« torn San W'- " "«<» PM r. The™ nVn ^ . ° """' "new fs e«iij».j i ' '™>cwco, Cal. »» "VSse^wS""^'. nw which K..2"J °' K~' «to. h, the laS nf ZT^ /deposited in JaWe^.J^-'^'"® '' ^s «»r- feiiicksilver Xin« ' ^^}^^^ is capable nf!^^ **?*.* *^on tanks or K* he qSn °r, eight days irBrec^irM'^^'^^^*- ^0 tons of r/ 684 UACniMISTS, engineers', &C., RECEII'TS. on. The horses and moles are also sallTated, and from 20 to SO of them die every vear from the effects of the mercury. Smeltino of Copfeb. — After the ore is raised from the mine, it Is freed from its matrix and sorted, the purest portions bein<; broken into pieces the size of a nut. The first calculation is eflected in a reverberatory furnace, the heat not being raised too Iii^h. At tbo end of 12 hours tlio ore is converted into a bhiclc powder, contnin* ing sulpliide of copper, oxide and sulphide of iron, and earthy impurities. The roa.sted ore is next fused with a quantity of silicious sing, by which means it is converted into a fusible slag, consisting of siliciite of iron and sulpliidcs of iron and copper, which eink through the slag, forming at tlie bottom a heavv mass, termed a matt. The matt thus procured is, while melted, run into water, by whicli it is granulated. The product obtained is called coarse metai. It is roasted once more for twenty-four hours, by which means the larger proportion of tlio sulphide of iron is converted into oxide. It is tlicu calcined with some copper ore known to contain oxide of copper and silica. The oxide of copper transfomi? on^ remaining sulpmde of iron into oxide, which is taken up by tho silica to form a slag, through which the sulphide of copper sinks. This matt cont^na about 80 i>er cent of copi)er, ana is kno\Tn by the name of fine metal. It is cast into pigs, tho lower portions of which contain most of the impurities ; the metal extracted from the upper portions bein;^ known in the market as best selected copper. Tlie tuie metal has now to be freed entirely from sulphur by a final calcination, at a heat iust short of that required to fuse it During the process the metal becomes oxidized at the surfiice. The oxide thus formed decomposes tho rest of tho sulphide, fiul- pharous acid escaping, the metallic copper remaining behind. The metal obtained is run off into moulds, forming ingots full of bab* bica, from tho escape of the solphurous acid*^ gas. These ingots, wliich are known as pimple, or blistered copper, from their peculiar appearance, have now to undergo the process of refininj;. Tlicy are placed in a reverberatory furnace, and kept in a melted state for upwards of 20 hours, to oxidize the last traces of foreign metals. Slags are formed on the surface and skimmed off, oua a great deal of oxide is produced which is absorbed by the metal. To reduce this oxide, the surface of the melted metal is covered with an- thracite or cliarcoal, and towards the last a young tree is thrust in. This process, which is called poling, disengages tho whole of the oxygen from the oxide diffused through the mass. The above is, u nearly as iwssible, the method of copper-smelting, as employed in England, the processes adopted in Saxony and North Amonca beiu£ nearly indentical with it, the difference merely being modifications to suit the various impurities contained in the ore. When the orecon- sists of oxide or carbonate of copper only, it is reduced to the metallic state by simple fusion with charcoal and subsequent poling. Sbieltino of Lead.— The ore havii^ been brought to tno enrface, is first sorted by hand, the purest portions being set aside ready for smeltbig. The rest is broken by hammers into lumps as large as a walnut, and again sorted. The remainder ia then crushed hi a mill, I and sifted through coarse sieves, the coarser portions being set a^ae I ior tLe stampers, and the finer being subjected to the process of J'^l Ci irxs. ■om 20 to SO of I tho mine, it is ) beiug broken is effected in a Ixigh. At tlio Dwaer, contain- >n, and earthy itity of silicious Blag, coiisistiii"; or, wliich eink nasSj termed a ■un into water, 3 called coarse ours, by which m is converted ore known to pper transformj aKcn up by tho if copper Binla, and IB kDO\Tn lower portions extracted from is best selected ly from sulphur required to fuse i at the sorfiice. sulphide, Hul- ig behind. The ots full of bnb- These ingots, m their pcciUiar refining. Tlicy 1 a mdted state ices of forcip lined off, aua a r the metal. To iovered with an- tree is thrust in. 10 "whole of the Die above is, as as employed ia I Amenca beiug ng modification* i'^hentheorecon- sd to the metallic poling. it to the Burlace, aside ready for ips as large as » rushed hi a nuU, | 9 being set as be process of ji;?' MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS' *^ «lJfEERS , AC, RECEIPTS. SSf ^%. Thiscoasistsinplun^.. • and shaking it dexterous vFil^ ^'®^o containino- th- «« » x leaving the larger SS' th *''-^* *^« sn^lJest nfrtiota"* *"*« "»^ater, tallic portions^ Sst %T^' ^'^^ thTlKst ffii^i^"^'^ from gangue, about irton, o/'^k^® ^J^^^ galeS L^^fi^ ?o- nace, tlirough whicft ^^\%Vt^ ^i.'^J- '^'^^^^'^^^eveZtt ^1^ largo iwrtion of the sulnhnrT k °' **'' ^ passine n„ ii®'**o'y 'nr- iead and sulphate of ?SL^f ^"™' ^^ as Smo^/„ -.i* "®«°s a maining undecomSos^ w?° ^^'^'"ed, and mS"!,ri^ o^^e of 8nieUed''with i^addhinn^. '^ "^^ ^^^^ o™ iSto ^n "i"^'^^^ «V melted in aThaUow mn^^' P**^'°» »' ore. Lei^*'^,'?fi'^<^«- , This la auy tin or antimSj^^ * "^erberatory f „iS?G n^ ^y being abdleful of the?S „^hJ ^^'^'^ i« oxidizedS .^^"'^operatioa talline surface •thriSS^f®'' V''5 °P«»^«on cooW,u'l"'o^«d- When 'Dtcpigs. rS somnE.®^^ ^ ^^wcontiriued and tjS * P^?^^'" c^ys- Jould be allTctSnv '''"*«'*««' it 1^ rtance.amountiuo'on^^f^"/ P"'^. as a pronortion^ *^** ^'^ ^ead siwil the batch ^m&nJ'^^^Pertonfw^^^^ ^hen it contains oulv th^^^ ^ Profitably exSctPd^!^*^?^'«««and process. Thiq nr^^^ *'^}'^^ or four ounces ^ «^ i^ ^^^ ^^^. even the firet porUon7S^^P^"**« "Pon the faS «m?'°' V^ f^tUnsou'g therefore,^p?Sed h^'^'^^il^^^ "6 Puro l^d ' ru!'^ «olidii5esf removed by a SffS^il^fL,***' cools, the crv^to^^^ ^'°*.«»<* al- %erovwtheonli?ni"'^i''Fu»" bubbles orifr v^® "V^ P^^» of the mercnr,,^^ *".»®'' and the content«i^^nw ,.® *"be « thus In- 31 wches S seldo" '?^, bf^ometer the mem ° «f °>ercury la S,e •"^ooved wooden "* '","^ below 27. The f ^ ?^ ^^^V^ ^ises above ^al adii^?m„ 'I *^'®v the scale attached f n tK '"''y ^^^ ^^ted into a 586 uACzmnsTS, engineers', <&c., receipts.' .1 dag \dth any of tho remaining p:angne. Tlio charge is placed iu tho hearth of a low crowned revcrberatorr furnace, and tlie doora nro closed nn. Heat is applied very p^ually for five or six hours, caro being tiken to raise the temperature higli enough to cause tlie airboa to reduce the tin witliout nieiting tho siiicious ganguo, which would form with the binoxido an enamel too troublesome to remove. Whcu nearly all tlie tin is reduced, the hent is raised considerably, the nh^i being thua rendered fluid and capable of floating on tho surface of tlio melted metal. The tin is tlicn run oil into cast iron pans from Avhich it is ladled off into moulds to form ingots. Tlie tin tlius procured is far from being pure, it is tlieref ore submitted to tho process of Lipfiiatiou, which consists in heating tho ingots to incipient fusion. By tlila means tlie purer tin, which fuses at a comjmrativcly low heat, separates, irunning down and Icaring tlio impure portions behmd. The less {iigi< ble portion, when rcmelted, forms block tin, and the part which lias run out is again melted and rmi out with wet stakes. The steam thus formed bubbles up to the surface, carrying with it all tlie mechanical impurities contained in tlie tin. Tho mass is then skimmed and allowed to cool. When just about to set, the u])per half is ladled out, tho other metals and impurities having sunk into the bottom half, from tho ten- dency tliat tills metal has to se^^arate from its alloys. The finest qiialit; of tin la frequently heated to a temperature just short of its melting point At this heat, it becomes brittle, and is broken up into masses, showing the crystals of tlie metal, and forming what is known ns grain tin. The formation of crvstals is to some extent a guaraiitco of its purity, since impure tin aoes not become brittle iu this way. English tingenerally contains small quantities of arsenic, copper, iron and lead. Tin fuses at 442<> Fahr^ but it is not sensibly volatilized at tliat or any higher temparature. For tho manufacture of tin i)lato tho best soft charcoal iron b obli|;cd to be used. After it has been rolled and cut to the requisite size, its surface is made chemically clean by immersion for a few mmutcs iu dilute sulphuric acid. The sheets are tlien heated to a red heat iu a reverberatory furnace. withdra\ra, al- lowed to cool, hammered flat, passed between polished rollers, and are now washed in dilute acid. Th is preparation is needed to free tlio surface of tlie iron from the slightest portion of oxide, to which tho tiu would not adhere. In order to tiu them they are plunged one br one into a vessel of tillow, from which they are transferred to a batli of till. From this they are taken, after a certaiu time, allowed to dmin, and dipped again. The superfluous tm at tlio edge of tho plato is removed by dipping it in the melted tiu once more, oud dctucliing it by giving the plate a sharp blow. RovAii British Wa-shino Powdek.— Soda ash, 10 lbs; carhonato of soda (ordinary soda), 10 lbs. ; crush into coarse ^ins. Hare a tliiu solution of glue, or decoctiou of luiseed oil ready, into wliich pour tlie soda until quite thick, and spread out on boards, iu a warm &iari- ment, to dry, then pack up into nice square imclcagcs for sale, label- ling neatly. Used to soften hard water : finda a ready sale at a good profit. AnotJier Way to so/ten Hard Water. Stir 1 oz. fresh lime in a bucket of water, x>o\\v all into a bari'el of water, rummage well; when it settles, the water will be soft, pure, and fit for use. ScUzcr Aperient. Calcined magnesia, 1 lb. ; tartaric acid, in crystals, \.\ lbs. ; low sugar, 1^ lbs. ; bicarbonate of soda, 1 lb. Powder all carcf ally, IPT8. placed lu tho tlio doora arc ix hours, caro 180 the aiibo;i , which woiUJ smovo. Wheu ably, the slaj;3 surface of tho lis from which us procured is Bsof ligiiation, sion. Ly this leat, separates, The less fusi- tart which Ins he steam thiu he mechauical idaud allowed I oat, the other from tho ten- 3 finest quality i of its lucltuig j> into masses, is kuowu ns t a guarautco Q in this way. c, copper, iron f volatilized at of tin ])Iato tho las been rolled cally clean by The sheets are «rithdra\vn, al- ;d rollers, and ded to free tho (, to which tho lunged oue hv jrred to a batli ue, allowed to go of tho pbto uid dctucliing lbs; carbonato alus. Have a ito which pour a wami aitart-. tor sale, label- • sale at a good !. fresh lime In •uminage well; ir use. Seltzer •ystals, l.Ubs,; r all carefully, dry sepamtcl fit* i^^m^t- Af 1 MACHINISTS. ENGINEERS' *. ^"^ ' *C-> RECEIPTS. 587 li Toid. Notes beai- {«f °' ^^ non-pavmenf Y ^^' '^^^^'^ ot its dial rn«iWefort&aipnr' 2."'^ ^^K Stated ";^« ^y a mino? fa fjble for the wholo2Smt nfl^^ IT^^^^M* Parti^^/ihl^^^ *^« '^ iaw excuses no one It '°/ "»e debts of the fifm t?^'^ '^ ^««Pon- oompound a felony The ui^'"^ ^ ^^"ceal a fr^u^ '2'?^'^'?°*^ «^ «»« >ln agreement withont a .!f. •i^^'I^e^a no one to dr; ,^*""'t'fjal tc Cfnc'iaregoodiniaw /^"''^''^'^'on is void Q.v«"VP*''«'I^""ie8. -, A TABLE OF T>iTT^ S^an^ r.l ill i.]').., 1.37... •3 10 • 20 • 40 • 100 • 200 400 500 •$ 130... •• 2G0 • C20 ••1,300 •2,000 •C.200...,' . •C,500. $ 2,<)00 C,800 ll.WO 2!»,000 58,000 110,000 145,000 Jhe imiDortan., sum of wSv^^^'^l* ast action tliat ,113 at the time. .ctioninterveno !ud let eelMe- ^void habitau 3lt; many men I scolding ^^'^, specially avoid ^.eitlatoseea nd to abroken. ► him seems to [ever part, even tasaUisssyui- .use withjt on ono vrord, ie» Ithe cooing dove, Ithherinevciy I each other ti« I embittered m-L Idoration ol twi crea^nre may hope for pardon, surely tho trorship rendered by num to a kind, pure, aflectloimte and loving wife, hcnvcu's beut giu, may invoke for^dveuesB. What countlet«A milllousuf women have sac- rificed health, strength and lifo in ntteudauce ou sick and dying hns- bauds, children »U)d strangers ? IIow many have pcriislied by ru.sh- Id;; through fire and water to save their children, and Ptarved thom- lelvcs that tliey might live ? In how many ho.spiUil.s has she proved herself an angel of mercy, and her sweet voice uttered words of comfort and cheer ? Therefore let woman have her full rights, even that of voting if shedesires it, foragood woman's hifluence will ever be used for a good puriKtse : but let woman act towards man as indi- cated in tlie above advice for man to act towards woman, and she would be all but omniimtcnt, for man in a manner would move heaven and earth to 8er%'e her, and would do unspeakably more for her than can ever be done by all the f us.sy croakers, old maids, and woman's rights associations and lecturers m the creation. Love in the family is tho one thing needful to regenerate the earth and cause the wilderness to become as Eden, nnd the desert to blossom as tho rose. Reversed love and discord have broken more hearts, and caused more sorrow, estrangement, ond downright death, tlianwar, ][>e8tilence and all other causcH combined. It palsies energy and ambition, engenders gloom and despair, and transforms manhood into an icicle. Statistics prove that the married live longer on the average by several years, tlian the unmarried, a most satisfactory proof that tlio married stite is pre- eminently the life designed for man, therefore let all interested do their utmost to make it tiie happiest In reference to the maintenance of h 3alth, many valuable prescriptionB and much good advice will be foimd mider tlio Medical Department in this work, but truth requires us to state that for the puqx>so of mitigating the pains and labour incident to woman at tho most event- ful and critical periods of her lifo, nothing within the whole compass of nature will compare with water, in its varied applications. Thla intimation is made for the purix)se of directing enlightened and in- tclligcut action on the subject as necessity may call for it Past ex- perience sustains us when we say that all may enjoy the great bless- ing of good health in the free use of the bath, the temperate use of proper diet, i^enty of exercise, pure air, warm clothing and ab- atincuco from every excess inimical to health. < CuiLDUEX AND Home Conveiisation. — Children hunger perpetu- ally for new ideas. They will learn with pleasure from tho lips of parents what they deem drudgery to learn from books, and even if they have the misfortune to be deprived of many educational ad- vantages they will grow up intelligent if they enjoy in childhood the privilege of listening to the conversation of intelligent people. Let them have many opix)rtunities of learning in this way. Be kind to them, and don't think it beneath you to answer their little questions. for tliey proceed from an implanted faculty which every true man and woman should take a great delight in gratifying. HoMB AFTEU BUSINESS Houiis. — ^Happy is the man who can find that solace and tliat poetry at home. Warm greetings from loving Iiejirte, fond glances from bright eyes, and welcome sliouts of merry liearted children, tho many thousand little arrangements for comfort nnd enjoyment, that silently tell of thoughtful and expcctont love, these are the ministrations that reconcile us to tlio prose of life. 590 MAcnnriSTS, enghteebs^ ac, beceipts. Think of this ye wiTea and danghtera of bnsinees men ! Think of tht toils, tlie anxieties, the mortidcation and wear that fathers undergo to secure for you comfortable homes, aud compeusato them for their toils by making them happy by their own fireside. Weix Wobthv of Imitation.— a yrortliy Quaker thus wrote ;— " I expect to pass through this world but once. If, therefore, thcro be any kindness I can do to anv fellow being, let me do it now, let me not defer nor neglect it, for I will not pass this way again, " Were all to act thus how many would be made happy I Another Sensible Quaker. — A Quaker lately propounded tho momentous question to a fair Quakeress, as follows : " Hum ! yea andverilv; Penelope, the spirit urgeth andmoveth me wonderfully to beseech thee to cleave unto me, flesh of my flesh, and bone of my bone." "Hum ! truly, Obadiah, thou hast wisely said. Inasmuch M it is not good for man to be alone, lo, I will sojourn with thee." Table (Jonversation.— Instead of swallowing your food in sullen silence, or brooding over your business, or severely talking about others, let the conversation at the table be genial, kind, Eocial and cheering. Don't bring any disagreeable subject to the table in your conversation, any more than you would in your dishes. Avoid scandalizing i)eople, and never cherish a jubilant feeling over Uie Infirmities or misfortunes of others. Tho more good company yon have at your table the better. Hence the int,elligence, refinement r.:^ appropnate behaviour of a family given to hospitality. Never feel that Intelligent visitors can be anything but a blessmg to you and yours. Keep the House Clean A:n Well Ventilated. — A nci'.t, clean, fresh aired, sweet, cneerful, well arranged house, exerts a moral in- fluence over ite inmates, and makes the members of a family peace* Able and considerate of each other's feelings; on tho contrary, a filthy squalid, noxious dwelling, contributes to make its inhabitants selfisii, sensual, and regardless of tlie feehngs of others. Never sleep in a small close bedroom, either during summer or winter, without free ventilation from door or windows, unless otherwise supplied with abundance of fresh a5r. It will be seen that a person's house usually corresponds with his character. Safe Business Rules.— Business men, in business hours, attend ONLY to business matters. Social calls are best adapted to tho SOCIAL CIRCLE. Make your business kno^vn in few words, without loss of time. Let your dealings with a sirtinger bo most carefuixt considered, and tried friendship duly t.ppreciated. A mean acj ■will soon recoil, and a man of honour will be esteemed. Leave ** Tricks of trade" to those whoso education was never completed. Treat all with respect, confide in few, wrong no >l/vn. Bo never afraid to say No, and always Prompt to acknowledge and rectify a wrong. Leave nothing for to-morrow tliat should be done to-day. Because a friend is polite, do not thhik his time is valueless. Ilavo a PLACE for everything, and every thing in its place. To pre8cr^■o TjOnq friendship, keep A short credit, tho way to get credit is to be punctual ; the way to preserve it is not to use it much. Settlk often; have short accounts. Tnist no man's APPEARA>CEg, tliev are often deceptive, and assumed for the purpose of obtaining credit. Rogues generally dress well. The ricli are genemlly PLAUf MEN. Be WELL SATISFIED boforo you give a credit, that those "^ WHOM Tou oivx IT Hro SAFE MEN to bo trusted. rs. ITEMS FOR DAILY REMEMBRANCE. 591 Tiink of th» jra undergo ;m for their nfl wrote :— refore, thcro ) it now, let vay again." ponnded tho " Hum ! yea ) T7onderiully 1 bone of mv 1. Inasmuch n -vrith thee." food in sullen talking abont ud, social and table in your ahes. Avoid jling over tho company you refinement :.z^ Never feel that a and yours. -A neut, clean, srts a moral in* a family peace- mtrary, a filthy ibitants selfisu, .'ever sieepiila ir, without free Bupplied vith house usually ks honrs, attend [adapted to tho VoKDS, without Ibt carefxjut A MEAN AC: lEMED. Lcav° fever completed. kiAK. Bo never leand rectify ft \q done to-aay- kluelcBS. Ha\« To preseriO ETj CREDIT is to USB it rawca. LAPrEABA>'CE8, Te of obtaining feneraUy pla«[ , that tnoBC "^ \ Habits of a Man op Business.— A sacred regard to the princi- ples of justice forms the basis of every transaction, and regulates the conduct of the upright man of business. 1. He is strict iu kecpuig his engagements. 2. Does nothing c;irele88ly or in a hurry. 3. Employs uolwdy to do what he can easily do himself. 4. Leaves nothing un- doue that ought to be done, and which circumstances permit him to do. 5. Keeps his designs and business from the views of others, yet he is ca. ...d with all. 6. Is prompt and decisive with his customers, and does not overtrade his capital 7. Prefers short credit to long ones; and cash to credit at all times, either in buying or selling; and email profits in credit cases with little risk, to the chance of better gaius with more hazards. 8. He is clear and explicit in hi. -WAOEI BY THE TEAB, MOKTH, "WESK OR DAV, 8noW< IVQ WHAT ANY 8CM VBOM 920 TO 91600 PER ANNUM, IS PER MONTH, WEEK OR DAY. PerTesr Per Month. Per Week. Per D«y. Per Ye*r. Per Month Per Week. Per Day 1 • c. • c. • e. ♦ • c. • e. $ e. 20 is 1.67 ..% .05 280 is 2.1.33 5.37 .77 25 2.08 .48 .07 285 23.75 5.47 .78 30 2.50 .58 .08 200 24.17 6.66 .79 35 2.92 .67 .10 295 24.68 6.66 .81 40 3.33 .77 .11 300 25.00 6.75 .82 45 3.75 .86 .12 310 26.83 6.95 .85 60 4.17 .96 .14 320 26.67 6.14 M 65 4.68 1.06 .15 325 27.08 6.23 : .89 60 6.00 1.15 .16 330 27.50 6.33 .90 65 6.42 1.25 .18 340 28.33 6.52 .93 70 6.83 1.34 .19 350 29 17 6.71 .96 75 6.25 1.44 .21 360 30.00 6.90 .90 60 6.67 1.53 .22 370 30.83 7.10 1.01 85 7.08 1.63 .23 375 31.25 7.19 1.03 90 7.50 1.73 .25 380 31.67 7.29 1.04 95 7.92 1.82 .26 390 32.50 7.48 i.or 100 8.33 1.92 .27 400 33.33 7.67 1.10 105 8.76 2.01 .29 425 35.42 8.15 1.16 no 9.17 2.11 .30 450 37.50 8.63 1.23 115 9.58 2.21 .32 475 39.68 9.11 1.30 120 10.00 2.30 .33 600 41.67 9.59 1.37 125 10.42 2.40 .34 625 43.75 10.07 1.44 130 10.83 2.49 .36 650 45.83 10.55 1.61 135 11.25 2.59 .37 675 47.92 11.03 1.68 140 11.67 2.69 .38 600 60.00 11.51 1.64 145 12.08 2.78 .40 625 62.08 11.99 1.71 150 12.50 2.88 .41 660 64.17 12.47 1.78 155 12.92 2.97 .42 675 66.25 12.95 1.85 160 13.33 3.07 .44 700 68.33 13.42 1.92 165 13.75 3.16 .46 725 tJO.42 13.90 1.90 170 14.17 3.26 .47 750 62.60 14.38 2.05 175 14.58 3.36 .48 775 64.58 14.86 2.12 180 15.00 3.45 .49 800 66.67 15.34 2.19 185 15.42 3.65 .51 826 68.76 15.82 2.26 190 15.83 3.61 .52 860 70.8.1 16.30 2.33 195 16.25 3.74 .63 875 72.92 16.78 2.40 200 16.67 3.84 .65 900 75.00 17.26 2.47 205 17.08 3.93 .56 926 77.08 17.74 2.53 210 17.60 4.03 .58 '....0 79.17 18.22 2.60 215 17.92 4.12 .69 978 81.25 18.70 2.67 220 18.33 4.22 .60 1000 83.33 19.18 2.74 225 18.75 4 31 .62 1060 87.50 20.14 2.88 230 19.17 4.41 .63 1100 91.67 21.10 3.01 23.5 19.68 4.51 .64 1150 95.83 22.06 3.15 240 20.00 4.60 .66 1200 100.00 2301 3.29 245 20.42 . 4.70 .67 1250 104.17 23.29 3.42 250 20.83 4.79 .69 1300 108.33 24.03 3.56 255 21.25 4.89 .70 1350 112.50 25.89 3.70 260 21.67 4.99 .71 1400 116.67 26.85 3.84 265 22.08 5.08 .73 1450 12084 27.80 3.08 270 22.60 6.18 .74 1500 125.00 28.77 4.11 275 22.92 5.27 .75 1600 133.34 30.68 4.38 Note.— If the desired sum is not in the table, double some number ; for Initance if the salary or wages is 92000, double the sums opposite 91000, and so «a with the rest. TW -WAQBa TABLE. WAGES TABLE, caloulated on a scai^b of TEN HOURS laba. PER DAY. THE TIME, IX HOURS AND DAYS IS jrOTED llf fug LEFT HAND COLUMN, AND THE AMOUNT OF WAGES UNDEfl IH£ BESPECTiVB HEADINGS AS NOTED BEi^OW. Nvm^e.. • 1.UU • L.'W •2.00 .62A •2.M •3 .00 •a.50 •4.00 •4.M •5.00 •••it 1 •4V3 •9H i '^ .1 .1% .3% 1% .2% .2 ■S" 3 6 .3% .6% .13% :r^ n 2 .5 .8% .10 112/, 17% 23% 20^ .15 .16% .I8I3 3 .5 .7% .10 .15 .20 .22% .25 .27V :f6'' 4 6 .6% .8% .10 .12% .13% .16% .21 ' .20 .25 •33% .30 .37% .33% .*1% .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 36 .40 .45 .60 .55 7 .11% .13% .17% .23% .262^ .29% .35 41 a .52'^ .68% '^% 8 .20 •33% .40 JSl .60 .731/, •82^ 9 .16 .22% .30 .37(5 AH .60 .67% .75 .5 .10 .20 .30 .4» .50 .60 .TO .80 .50 Daya. 1 2 3 4 6 6 .16% .33% .60 •66% .83^/1, 1. (Jt .26 .60 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 .33^ .66% 1.00 1.33% I.O62/3 2.00 1.25 1.662/ 2.08 2.50 .60 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.60 3.00 1.162^ 1.76 2-3.3% 2.912^ 3.60 .66% .75 J% 1.33 2.00 2.662/3 3.33% 4.00 , 1.50 2.25 3.00 3.75 4.60 •63% 1.662/5 2.50 3.33% 00 .91* 1.J0 1.83i^2.M 2.75 3.00 3.6C%J4.00 4.581^8,00 6.50 COO Wages. •6.50 •7.00 •7.50 •8.00 1 •9.00 •10.00 •11.00 • 12.00 •13.00 ♦ U.00 ♦!5.M i ''f :f/2 ■k .6% .7% .15 A ,9 •36% .10 .20 .11 .22 .12 .23 Vi .i:>, .w m 2 .43% M% .25 .30 .33% .40 .43% .60 a .35 .37'/^ .40 .45 .60 .65 .60 .66 .70 .-.^ 4 .462/, .68% .50 .63% •602^ .60 .6624 .83% .73% .91% .80 .86% 1.08% .93V^ im 6 .62% .75 1.00 1.16% 1.25 6 .66 .70 .75 .80 .90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 ' L.'iO 7 .76 .81% .93% .87% 1-06% 1.05 1.162/, 1.28% 1.46«4 1.40 1.52 1.63% 1.86^/3 1.T5 8 .86% .97% 1.00 1.20 1.33% 1.60 1.73% 2.00 9 1.05 t.12% 1.20 1.35 1.60 1.65 1.80 1.95 2.10 2.25 Day». 1 1.08% 2.I624 1.162/, 2.33% 1.25 1.33% 2.6624 1.60 1-66% 3.33% 1.83% 3.662/4 2.00 2.17 2.33% 4.f)fl2i 2.50 2 2.60 3.00 4.00 4.34 R.0O 3 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4,50 6.00 6.50 6.00 6.61 6.99% 7.50 4 4.33% 4.662,4 5.83% 5.091 5.33% 6.25| 6.66% 6.00 6.66% 8.33% 7.33% 9.I624 8.00 8.68 9.33 10,00 6 6.41% 7.00 10 00 10.85 ii-ficv; 12.50 6 6.50 7.00 7.50 8,00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15-00 If the desired number of day* or amount of wages is not in tbe table, I double or treble any suitable number of days or amount of mbney as tlie cas4 may be, until you obtain the desired number of days and tbe wages to | correspond. To IlKCrCE THE PUICK OF WhEAT, IN STERLING, PER IMPERIAL I Quarter, to Dollars and Cents.— Reduce the sliillings per quarter [ into dollars and cents, at 24.2 cts. per shilling, and divide by 9J, the num. ber of United States bushels in an imperial quarter. Example.— Required the price of wheat per U. S. busliel in Liverpool, I when it fetches 58fl. 6d. per imperial auarter. 58s. 6d, equals $li 1^ | wluch, divided by 9^, gives $1.51^ the price per bushel. 696 INTEREST TABLE, --^^^P^ HOURS LADd HOTED I>( THE IB VSD£B TBE S.00 I $5.u0 I 10 i .8V3 1<5% 25 .41% ,50 .68% .I8V3 .27U .362/, .46 .55 .82(1 .5 .10 .30 .30 .40 .50 .60 .TO M .90 .83% :.66% !.50 ?.33V 1.16'/ 00 .OlVsll.JO 1.831/3^2.00 2. 75 b.OO 3.6C%;4.00 4.r)8i^;5,W 6.50 G.00 •13.00 11 22 43% ,65 ,86% 1.08% 30 I 1.52 .73% .95 1 IH.oo { ii:.« .12 .12', .23»V .25 .4C2/,j .M .70 .75 .93% m 16% I 1 1.40 1.63% 1.25 1..50 1.T5 l".86^/3;2.0O 2.10 2.25 .17 5.51 1.68 1.85 .00 2.33% 2.50 4.602!; 5.00 6.0923 9.a3 ll-.6Ci/i! 7.M 10.00 12.50 14.00 1 1500 not in the table, ] ibney as the caw ! id the wages to , PER iMPERIAl ings per quarter ! by 9J, the nuiu- Ihel in Liverpool, equals $U1!>< I AT SIX PEB CENT., IN DOLLARS AND CENTS, FROM ONE DOLLAR TO TEN THOUSAND. Iday. 7 days. 15 days. 1 mo. 3 mo3. moB. 12 mos. 9 «c. Sc. 6 c. »c. Sc. 5 c. «c. 1 00 00 00% 00% 00% 01% 03 06 2 00 00% 00% 00% 00% si 01 03 03 13 3 00 004i 01% 04% 09 18 4 00 01 02 06 12 24 5 00 01% 01% 02% 07% IJ 30 C 00 03 09 18 36 7 00 03% 10% 21 43 8 03 01 02 01 12 21 48 00 01 02% 02% 0i% 13Vi 27 5; 10 03 s 05 15 80 CO 20 00% 00*4 05 10 SO CO 1 20 80 Silt 07% 15 45 00 1 fcO 40 m 10 20 CO 1 20 240 no 01 06 12% 25 75 1 60 3 00 100 01% JJ?^ 25 50 1 60 300 G 00 200 03 50 1 00 3 00 6 00 12 00 SOO 05 36 75 1 60 450 9 00 18 00 400 07 46% 58% 1 16% 2 33% 1 00 200 6 00 12 00 24 00 600 08 1 25 2 50 7 60 15 00 30 00 1000 17 2 50 5 00 15 00 30 00 60 00 2000 33 6 00 10 00 30 00 CO 00 120 OO' SOOO 50 3 BO 7 50 l.> 00 45 00 90 00 180 00 4000 67 4 66% 10 00 20 00 60 00 120 00 240 00 5000 8.3 6 83% 12 60 '25 00 76 00 150 00 300 00 10000 1 67 11 66% 25 00 50 00 150 00 300 00 COO 00 AT SEVEN PER CENT., IN DOLLARS AND CENTS, FROM ONE DOLLAR TO TEN THOUSAND. 1 00 00 00% 00% 01% O31Z 05% 03% 2 00 00% 00% 00% 2'4 02% 07 3 00 00^! 10% 4 00 00% 01 07 14 6 00 004i 01% 03 12% 17% 6 00 01% 03% 21'' 7 00 01 02 01 21% 8 00 01 ^'4 01% 05% 0534 11% 17% 23»4 1 16% 14 28 00 01% 01% .02% i% 31% 10 00% 002/4 00% 03 35 20 06 35 70 30 01 09 62% 1 05 40 1 27% 40% 64% 12 70 1 40 60 01* 15 87y2 1 75 100 02 23 1 75 3 60 200 01 6S 3 50 7 00 SOO 03 87% 1 75 5 25 10 50 400 08 1 17 2 33% 2 912/4 5 83% 11 66% 7 00 14 00 500 10 an 1 46 8 75 17 60 1000 •19% 1 36 2 92 17 50 35 00 2000 39 2 72% 4 08% 6 44% 6 80»A 5f-3 35 00 70 00 3000 58 8 75 17 60 62 60 105 00 4000 78 11 «!7 23 33% 70 00 140 00 6000 97 14 ^s 2916% 87 60 175 00 ouoo 1 94 13 01 29 17 M 33 175 00 300 00 07 11 21 28 35 42 49 Brt 63 70 1 40 2 10 2 80 3 60 7 00 14 00 21 00 28 00 36 00 70 00 140 00 210 00 280 00 350 00 700 00 537 TW 'K' S8 r 8 ^5 8 ^54 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 3 M M « M n ' ro irtM MM O'->mO«'iO«'>8«'i0«'>0«n0iAOt«OiA0"i M « roo iSo-N»oi-.5M>ni^OMiot>.5N>ntN5NB>r. i» M M N fo •n>o tNOO ►• rt m \rt\o r^eo 6 » n m «8 •^'^S 8 g,2.g.,2 8>8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ^8 m*0 C* t^-o mOoo r^uio i/»o "^O »AO "^0 »no »nQ mo mo m "> « •♦« >o t>.oo t>. m >«• n M o^oo >0 «n M r» 0> r-.\S "mm >< «i to •♦ to mo t^od d •< " « M •» mo «8 »« f» to •^ •4- m>0 t^oo eoio^fiMM'i-m ii M mso m MOO MgoomOmomOmomomomO''iOmc>n" X M M mo (..mM 6 t^mn 6 r^m« t^mrt t^mM M n to M •*• ir\\6 t»eo c>d>0 ►nfiM* s8 M ««>.■*>" m O-sO MOOOQOOQOOQOOOpOOQOO oi n >o V mo t- "«• - 08 m « JSo mS i^'o5 mrt S>v2m ►•«««>♦■•♦ mo »>• t^ao 0^ o> •- ►• M M N tnt^MO MO M O^mo tno *n Q mo »/^0 w^O »no "^0 "^0 m •» « CO -r m mo to o>v5 m o^mnoo mMcio ■^ " t>'«-0 t^io K •> 11 M M •♦ m mo t* t^oo 0> 0> M x (1 !^ « <«-o « 00 •«-00 nOOQOQOOOOOOOOOQQOOO •• •» M ■♦ ♦ mo «o6'ro««oo'ro>o«eiO'*-OOM0 IN r^oo o> c> ;^ w ^0 " tN.00 0^0 w^O •'lO »oO mo mo w^O mO w^O i/^Q»'» ** « M MV»nknwO fi t^o CO ^c^moo »^ t>.r4CO mC^v •"•"fiflcoco'J-"* mo ^> t^oo w 3 11 M^mOmmmOmoOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO •»>««co'r'*momomO''>OmomomO«'>0«'iO'« •**-ftNMM'^^»'> mo ^^ ^^oo eo c^ ^8 ►>M«oc^'«'Mr«o«-momQmOmOmomOmOi'>Omo>« M N CO CO T T 0* MOO M ^s "I vo m 0^ ■»« M t>. N -• l/l •-•^NftMco-^-'^-fm mo t^ t^oo /i S8 x M <«-oo (iOeOMOOO^OOOOOOOOOOOOOQOO ►1 N « COM ■♦00 « v5 foi «0 ■♦OO M vS •♦CO MO ►"•Q>'>0«'> iHM«MMMt»0'»t^'-" ■♦00 " moo ri mo^«0 o^'MO « ■* M f« N fi MMM^^***"^"^ ''^O €8 i*vO f n MO c>«n--«->-»OQ00OOO00O00Q.O00O00 "•NUN MO 0> N "ISO X •♦ t>. MO 0> « mOO m •<• I-. •- •" « (i « « MMMMir^'^mmin S8 H N M moo MOO OMmomomomOmO'^OmomOmOi'i H•*»^«N^n^sO«*'»^^Oel»n^Of^w^^>•OM»'l^• WMMM»if^f4(>)roMroM*^'^'^'*^ S8 M N m moo >"n-«-mO«rtOmQmomomO««OmO>'>om M M n n M 'TO tN 0> M M mo 00 C> "■ M ■«■ »" t^M HMMMMMMnriNNNn S8 « - " -""•-•o <>o 00 0^3 0^ 8^8 2 a a^S,^ g.4 3. • M««M'<-««-mmomomoi'>0««0«'>0«'iOmomQ"i xxMMMM^'Tm mo t^ t^oS 00 j2 '. 1 M M n n n N M moo m moo m moo m moo m moo •• ►"►.«mNM«NMMMM*'»T'«" §J? ; ; ; t m m m m m m '♦ mo oo o^ O « m •♦ mo 00 0> " M ■♦■ & t -2ag.S.g.S8.888|yaH§8888 8HM 698 n ^sTi CO m »1 fO m f-> 2> 8 8 f« •♦ irv l^!0 M N N N M Irt 8 t/^ \n t% N l/> l» eo M n fo M r* n M in O *A O ^o" > « M « « 5.8>8 8c2^ so o> O^ O ^ O »A O ^'^ Q ^'^ t>. N ClQ n O V t^OO 40 0> C- wi *^ ^^ «rt o tt "fl insO ^ vQ r^ ^ n mo ■^ ^ ^ tn tn in O tn "I O >« M >«■ »n t--M iTS M N « 2> S? M Vi t^\- 00 "1 l>i« x M to * in F<.ao 0^ O •• N m «niS »-w 0< O X m ^ in ►■ - M M f lOvO i>00 M n m >* tno t^oo m n ro 1^ N to «n t^«0 M N lo 'T «n>o t-«eo o> - M JO vi>g ^00 o> •• f« s8 M -< ** M M 3> o" o"? ^«n>0 0««<-»'t^o>M>ot>.0»o moo - mo •»«•«»■♦ »n\0 I-.00 0> ►" N "> » m>o i>.oo O' Q •« O^ roQO r^o ih ^ ▼oo "^ m ov foO O ^oo ■• tn a*Vi>o O ^oO »* m t> »< M M ■r\3 t^oo c>so eo t>o o >otn'*M»oM » -0 o-oo oo t*o ««!»>■* wOsO r^OO On O tn ^ m mo ^00 O^ ca;4t>.tnnM09> OOO t^O O'O'^^MN — ""© O>00 00 t^O vO "» " ft c« •>r<0 t>^ so t^O m ■» M M "• o>oo t^o m to r« » O 0>a5 ^» •< « M ■♦ mo t^oo 00 o> O •-• n n 4- mo nO is.o» r^ M m fi 0*00 O *nO ^C^t-^^O* f^oo kjoo *nt^ri t^M f^No"-? "•««>«■ mo rsoo e- m ro « O 0> i-^O ■*->"> Ooo t>.mT«" {So» K N <») "T m mo t^oo C« O X M r< ro '^ mo O 1^ m o noo " "• M to ooo fioo vO^»'"t** t>.foo»riM r^NOO ^QO MOO T mo O r%mf4 o t-nmroboo mroMooo vn M c4 fo n '^ mo <0 t^ao 0i 0> d >• N n ^ in ift "TOO •« O O r^ -^ « fl ^O t^ ^ O « ro ^O C^GO « •*» ^O ^•X m mo t«'cio mn 6 ^ t " oo mM «>.'«->-oo m ««i M « «t ro •♦ m mo t^ t>00 O^OO'-MNM'i M M (^ n t^"*-© ts.*>"00 •«« OO no t^fO t^'^MOO mn ff>o ^ m^ O MOO MOO MC t^MO r~.MO t^MO f^MO »««««'>«•'«• mo vO iNOO ai 6^6 6 •» A n m-ir ^ o o •*> moo o M mio Q M W10O o m mco o f^ moo o ro » ^ w> mo noO mM r<.MOO NOO m^ r^MOO nooitm M i-i N M M ^ m mo O t^oo ooodd><>>MfO «^< 'O NOOO ^M QOOO ^1 OOOO ^tl OOOO ^MW r^rmm" t^MO>'^o>0 ri«o M^m— r^noo ^oo M MNMM'4-^m mo vd 1^00 M dv 9> 6 •• •• M M N r^ »^oo ^ t^ « f 00 « mono Q* MO o '^ r*» « ^oo m M-*^moo "O « tNNOO MCO ■♦O^mo mxo "> ts »«»«NMMM'*'«-m mo >0 1^00 00 0> 0> O M O « m in T CT» "r onoo t^o O m <♦■ r^ m ^ o <>00 i^ i>*o m ^ m « *« M n •» N MM'*'rO>VO>'«-0>'«-0'*(7' -^-OO MOO MOO MOO MOO CO •<» * C> MOO Nt^NO-OOmO^O ^00 M 1 to f ■*00 Mt>.MO « I'lO ■*©> MOO N t^ •• mo ^ O' ►•►•UNMM'^'r'rm mo O !>• if>od 00 00 OOOMOC>OMOOOK'<"''"«»«N«*P«flMf«MMMMMM^ » n N ti M M '«-ao N o o '<'Oo «i o o -voo N o o '«'00 n o o <4> MxwwwMM^ ^ •♦ m mo o o h» t^ao ao InO»mOO mOMiO w t»MO<'«"0>0 •" ^•M'^QO « t^ MOO * O w'-'tlMMMt^O'rrNX moo « m^fK; OMt^O *i^»« i/» ■ •■••■••■•••••■«••• •••MMfiwfiMtoM^'rm m^O O O ^> t» O 00 ©"O M »noo 1- M ♦ mo oo ^ O >" M 'f tno o? 9" •* m # m>o «nnriMOO>M moo •• moo » •«■ t^ o mo o mO o> n m M-M»inMMMM-«--«-'.^i-oo m — oo mNOOO n 0>0 ft M •-• n n N mM o MO 00 M '<«-o o< N '4- 1^ o n moo o mo MtaMMMNr^nvofofo*^^*^^ m m in ' m t^ *^ *neo b ci m r^ o n -^o O* •* MO oo Q m m r>. o^ rj ^>Q O* M M M n n 'TO 00 M CO m t% o M *>0 o> >• m m t> o n ▼O M M M M "•• "^_5_^ MMMMNNNM M M ■^o a> -« « it^O "TC^O ^f." •♦I^- ■♦ I> " "TOO •< ««-00 •• t4 V mo M 0> O n M ■♦O 1^00 o - N ■*■ mo ao M M M M M fl N «««»««, N t« M "TO t^oo o>oo t^o m ■* M - o o-oo i:-.«o "^ 2; 2 S>^ E.^m' tj8 : «-««i-'r'^ONMoo«;;.-o^«5s=5.«^^>g.5<^5'3; HMWMflNMflflMMMM^^^^ fl M ♦nO »>»00 CO" ' 2"^ IT'S S^S M 3 <7 O mo N « M S.?.5^8 8 8UHJ|i88 8U|y|§| Bf9 BEADY RECKONER. READY RECKONER, to find the Price of any Number of Poundd, Yaida Pieces, or Bushels, from 2 cents to 83.00. The first column containB the NUMBER, the top columns the PRICES. Noe 2ct. 3ct. 4ct. . 8 Set. .10 Cct. eViCt. 7ct. 8ct. .16 Oct. 10 ct. Hot. 2 . 4 . 6 .12 a .14 .18 .20 .22 3 . 6 . 9 .12 .16 .18 .21 .24 .27 .30 ..33 4 . 8 .12 .16 .20 .24 .25 .28 .32 .36 .40 .44 6 .10 .16 .20 .25 .30 .31% .35 .40 .46 .50 .M 6 .12 .18 .24 .30 .36 .37(5 .42 .48 .64 .60 •66 7 .14 .21 .28 .35 .42 Ml .49 .66 .63 .70 .1 1 8 .I'i .24 .32 .40 .48 .60 .66 .64 .72 .80 .88 9 .18 .27 .36 .45 .54 .C2i/2 .68^^ .63 .7? .81 .90 .99 10 .20 .30 .40 .60 ■GO .70 .80 .90 1.00 1.10 11 .22 .33 .44 .55 •66 .77 .88 .99 1.10 1.21 12 .24 .36 .48 .60 .72 .75 .84 .96 1.08 1.20 1.32 13 .26 .39 .62 .♦55 .78 .8114 .91 1.04 1.17 1.30 1.43 14 .28 .42 .66 .70 .81 .87(5 .98 1.12 1,26 1.40 1.54 15 .30 .45 .60 .75 .90 .93*i 1.06 1.20 1.36 1.50 1X5 16 .32 .48 .64 .80 .96 1.00 1.12 1.28 1.44 1.60 1.70 17 .34 .61 .68 .86 1.02 1.06% 1.18*74 1.19 1.36 1.53 1.70 1.87 18 .36 .64 .72 .90 1.08 1.26 1.44 1.62 1.80 1.98 19 .38 .67 .76 .95 1.14 1.33 1.52 1.71 1.90 2.09 20 .40 .60 .80 1.00 1.20 1.25 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2,20 26 .60 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 l.S7Ya 1.75 2.00 2.26 2.50 2.6 So •GO .90 1.20 1.60 1.80 2.10 2.40 2.70 3.00 3.30 40 .80 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.20 3.60 4.00 4.40 60 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.121/, 3.50 4.00 4.60 5.00 6.50 GO 1.20 1.80 2.40 3.00 360 3.76 4.20 4.80 6.40 6.00 6,60 70 1.40 2.10 2.80 3.50 4.20 4.371/2 4.90 6.60 6.30 7.00 7.70 80 1-60 2.40 3.20 4.00 4.80 6.00 6.60 6.40 7.20 8.00 8.80 90 1.80 2.70 3.60 4.60 6.40 15.621/2 6.30 7.20 8.10 9.00 9.90 100 2.00 3.00 4.00 6.00 6.00 6.25 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 Noi 12 Ct. 12V2Ct. 13ct. 14 ct. .28 15 ct. .30 16 Ct. 18 Ct. I834ct. 19 ct. 20 ct. 21 ct. 2 .24 .25 .26 .32 .36 .371/2 .561/5 .38 .40 .42 3 .3(1 .371/2 .30 .42 .45 .48 .64 .57 .(iO .(i3 4 .48 .50' .52 .56 .60 .64 .72 .76 .76 .80 M 6 .CO .62yj .65 .70 .75 .80 .90 1.12a .95 1.00 1.06 6 .72 .75 .78 .84 .90 .96 1.08 1.14 1.20 1-26 7 .84 .871/8 .91 .98 1.05 1.12 1.26 1.31% 1.33 1.40 1.47 8 .96 1.00 1.04 1.12 1.20 1.28 1.44 1.50 1.62 l.CO 1.G8 9 1.08 1.12% 1.17 1.26 1.35 1.44 1.62 IS 1.71 1.80 1.89 10 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 11 1.32 1.371/, 1.43 1.51 1.65 1.76 1.98 2.ot;v^ 2.09 2.20 2,31 12 1.44 1.50 1.66 1.68 1.80 1.92 2.16 2.26 2.28 2.40 2.52 13 1.56 1.621/a 1.69 1.82 1.05 2.08 2.34 2.4334 2.62% 2.81% 2.47 2.60 2.73 14 1.68 1.75 1.82 1.96 2.10 2.24 2.52 2.06 2.80 2.94 16 1.80 1.871/a 1.95 2.10 2.25 2.40 2.70 2.86 3.00 3.15 16 1.92 2.00 2.08 2.24 2.40 2.56 2.68 3.00 3.04 3.20 3.3fi 17 2.04 2.121/a 2.21 2.38 2.66 2.72 3.06 3.I8S4 3.37% 3.56% 3.23 3.40 3,57 18 2.16 2.25 2.31 2.62 2.70 2.88 3.24 3.42 3.C0 ; .3.78 19 2.28 2.371/8 2.47 2.66 2.85 3.04 3.42 3.61 3.80 3,99 20 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.60 3.75 m 3.80 4.00 4.20 25 3.00 3.121/, 3.25 3.60 3.76 4.00 4.50 4.68% 4.75 6.00 6.25 30 3.60 3.76 3.90 4.20 4.60 4.80 6.40 C.62% 6.70 0.00 i 6.30 40 4.80 6.00 5.20 6.60 6.00 6.40 7.20 7.50 7.C0 8.00 8.40 60 6.00 6.25 6.60 7.00 7.60 8.00 9.00 9.371/2 9.50 10.00 10.50 60 7.20 7.60 7.80 8.40 9.00 960 10.80 11.25 11.40 12.00 12.W 70 8.40 8.75 9.10 9.80 10.60 11.20 12.60 13.121/a 13.30 14.00 14.70 80 9.G0 10.00 10.40 11.20 12.00 12.80 14.40 15.00 15.20 Iti.OO 16.80 90 10.80 11.25 11.70 12.60 13.50 14.40 16.20 16 87% 17.10 18.00 18.90 100 12.00 12.50 13.00 , 14.00 15.00 16.00 is.oa 18.73 " 19.00 20.00 1 21.00 OOU READY RECKONER. The first column on the left contains the NUMBER of the Article, and tha column on the tope of the tables the PRICE. Oct. 11 ct. J2f) .22 .30 .33 . .40 .41 .60 .65 .CO m .70 .77 .80 .88 .90 .99 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.21 1.20 1.32 1.30 1.43 1.40 1.54 1.50 l.iO 1.60 1.70 1.70 1.87 1.80 1.98 1.90 2.09 2.00 2.20 2.60 2.6 3.00 3.30 4.00 4.40 5.00 6.50 6.00 6.6Q 7.00 7.70 8.00 8.S0 9.00 9.90 10.00 11.00 20 Ct. 21 ct. N'os 22 Ct. 23ct. .46 24 ct. 25ct. .50 26 Ct. 1' ~ .52 27cfc. 28 Ct. 29 Ct. 30 ct. 31 ct. siv^ct. 2 .44 .48 ■ .54 .56 .58 .60 .62 S 3 .06] .69 .72 .75 .78 .81 .84 .87 .90 .03 4 .881 .92 .96 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.20 1.24 1.25 6 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.66 1.87.^5 2.18% 6 1.32 1.38 1.44 1.50 1.66 1.62 1.68 1.74 1.80 1.86 7 1.M 1.61 1.68 1.75 1.82 1.89 1.96 2.03 2.10 2.17 8 1.76 1.84 1.92 2.00 2.08 2.16 2.24 2.;i2 2.40 2.48 2.50 9 1.98 2.07 2.16 2.25 2.34 2.43 2.52 2.61 2.70 2.79 2.8IV4 10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.60 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.12^4 11 2.42 2.53 2.64 2.75 2.86 2.97 3.08 3.19 3.30 3.41 3.434; 12 2.64 2.76 2.88 3.00 3.12 3.24 3.36 3.48 3.60 3.72 375 13 2.86 2.99 3.12 3.25 3.38 3.51 3.64 3.77 3.90 4.03 4.06% 4.37(5 14 3.08 3.22 3.36 3.50 3.64 3.78 3.92 4.06 4.20 4.34 15 3.30 3.45 3.00 3.76 3.90 4.06 4.20 4.35 4.50 4.56 4.68*^ 16 3.52 3.68 3.84 4.00 4.16 4.32 4.48 4.64 4.80 4.96 5.00 17 3.74 3.91 4.08 4.25 4.42 4.59 4.76 4.93 5.10 6.27 5.31% 18 3.96 4.14 4..32 4.50 4.68 4.86 5.04 5.22 5.40 5.58 6.62% 19 4.18! 4.37 4.66 4.75 4.94 6.15 6.32 6.01 6.70 5.89 6.93% 20 4.40 4.60 4.80 6.00 5.20 6.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.2.5 25 6.60 6.75 6.00 6.26 6.60 6.76 7.00 7.25 7.25 7.75 7.81% 9.37% 30 6.60 6.90 7.20 7.60 7.80 8.10 8.40 8.70 9.00 9.30 40 8.80 9.20 9.60 10.00 10.40 10.80 11.20 11.60 12.00 12.40 12.50 60 11.00 11.60 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.60 15 00 1.5 60 15.62% 60 13.2013.80 14.40 15.00 15.60 16.20 16.80 17.40 18.00 18 60 18.75 70 15.40 16.10 16.80 17.50 18.20 18.90 19.60 20.30 21.00 21.70 21.87% 80 17.60:18.40 19.20 20.00 20.80 21.00 22.40 23.20 W.OO 24.80 25.00 90 19.80,20.70 21.00 22.50 23.40 24.30 25.20 26.10 27.00 27.90 28.I2V4 100 22.0023.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27^ 28.00 29.00 i 30.00 31.00 31.25 NOF 12 ct. 33ct .68 33»4ct. .66% 34 Ct .68 35 Ct .70 36 Ct. 37 Ct. 37y2Ct. 38 Ct. 39 ct. |40ct. 2 .64 .72 .74 75 .76 .78 .80 3 .96 .99 1.00 1.02 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.121/2 1.14 1.17 1.20 4 1.28 1.32 1.33U 1-66% 1.36 1.40 1.44 1.48 1.50 1.52 1.66 1.60 5 1.60 1.66 1.70 1.75 180 1.85 1.87ya 1.90 1.95 2.00 6 1.92 1.98 2.00 2.04 2.10 2.16 2.22 2 25 2.28 2.34 2.40 7 2.24 2.31 2.33J4 2.66% 2.38 2.45 2.52 2.59 2.62ya 2.66 2.73 2.80 8 2.56 2.64 2.72 2.80 2.88 2.96 3.00 3.M 3.12 3.20 9 2.88 2.97 3.00 3.06 3.15 3.24 3.33 3..37y2 3.42 3.61 3.60 10 ;'..20 3.30 3.33V4 3M% 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.75 3.80 3.90 4.09 11 3.52 3.63 3.74 3.85 3.96 4.07 4.12ya 4.18 4.29 4.40 12 3.84 3.96 4.00 4.08 4.20 4.32 4.44 4.50 4.56 4.68 4.80 13 4.16 4.29 4.33U 4.66^ 4.42 4.55 4.68 4.81 4.87y2 4.M 6.07 5.20 14 4.48 4.62 4.76 4.90 6.W 5.18 5.25 5.32 5.40 P,60 15 4.80 4.95 5.00 5.10 5.25 6.40 5.65 5.62yj 5.70 5.85 6.00 16 6.12 6.28 5.33 V4 5.66% 5.44 5.60 5.76 5.92 6.00 6.08 6.24 6.40 17 6.44 5.61 6.78 5.95 6.12 6.29 6.37y2 6.46 6.63 6.80 18 6.76 5.94 6.00 6.12 6.30 6.48 6.66 6.75 6.84 7.02 7.20 19 6.08 6.27 6.331A 6.66^ 8.33^ 6.46 6.66 6.84 7.03 7.12ya 7.22 7.41 7.60 20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.80 8.90 25 8.00 8.26 8.50 8.75 9.00 9.25 9.37% 9.60 9.75 10.00 30 9.60 9.90 10.00 10.20 10.50 10.80 11.10 11.25 11.40 11.70 12.00 40 13.80 12.20 13.33% 16.66% 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.20 15.60 16.00 60 16.00 16.60 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 18.75 19.00 19.60 20.00 60 19.20 19.80 20.00 20.40 21.00 21.60 22.20 22.50 22,80 23.40 24.00 70 22.40 23.10 23.33% 23.80 ».50 25.20 26.90 26.25 26.60 27.30 28.00 80 26.60 26.40 26.66% 27.20 28.00 28.80 29.60 30.00 30.40 31.20 32.00 90 28.80 29.70 30.00 30.60 31.60 32.40 33.30 .33.75 34.20 35.10 36,00 lOO 32.00 33.00 38.33% 31.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 37.30- 38.00 30.00 40i)0 601 READY RECKONER. The flnt eolnmn on the left contains the NUMBER of the Article, and the column on the tops of the Tables the PRICE. Noi 41 ct. 42 ct. 43 ct, .86 44 ct. .88 46 ct. .00 46 ct. 47 ct. 48 ct. 40 ct. 50 ct. 51 ct. "T .82 .84 .92 .94 .96 .98 1.00 l.O-i 3 1,23 1,26 1.29 1.32 1.35 1.38 1.41 1.44 1.47 1.60 1.53 4 1.64 1,68 1.72 1.76 1,80 l.ftl 1.88 1,92 1,06 2.00 2.04 S 2.05 2,10 2.15 2.20 2.25 2,30 2.36 2.40 2,45 2.60 2.55 6 2.46 2,52 2.58 2,64 2.70 2,76 2.80 2.88 2.M 3.00 3.06 7 2.87 2,94 3.01 3.08 3.15 3,22 3.29 3.36 3.43 3.50 3.57 8 3.28 3.36 3.44 3.62 3.60 3,68 3.76 3.84 3.92 4.00 4.08 9 3.69 3.78 3.87 3.96 4.05 4,14 4.23 4.32 4.41 4.50 4.59 10 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 6.10 11 4.51 4.62 4.73 4,84 4.96 6,06 5.17 6.28 6.39 6.50 5.61 12 4.92 5.04 5.16 5.28 6.40 6,72 5,&1 6.76 6.88 6.00 6.13 13 5.a3 5,46 5.59 6,72 5.85 5.98 6.11 6.24 6.37 6.60 6,63 14 5,74 5.88 6.02 6.16 6.30 6.44 6.58 6.72 6.86 7.00 7.14 15 6.15 6.30 6.45 6.60 6.75 6.90 7.05 7.20 7.36 ;.6o 7.65 16 6.66 6.72 6.88 7.0^ 7.20 7.36 7.52 7.68 7.84 8.00 8.16 17 6.97 7.14 7.31 7.48 7,65 7.82 7.99 8.16 8.33 8.60 8.67 18 7.38 7.56 7.74 7.92 8,10 8,28 8.46 8.64 8.82 9.00 0.18 19 7.79 7.98 8.17 8,30 8.55 8.74 8.93 9.12 9.31 9.50 0.69 20 8.20 8.40 8,60 8,80 9.00 920 9.4 9.60 9.80 10.00 10,20 25 10.25 10.50 10,76 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.60 12.75 30 12.30 12.60 12,90 13.20 13.50 13.80 14.10 14.40 14.70 15.00 15.30 40 16.40 16.80 17.20 17,60 •18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 60 20.50 21.00 21.50 22,00 22,50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25,60 60 24.60 25.20 25,80 26.40 27.00 27.60 28.20 28.80 29.40 30.00 30,60 70 28:70 29.40 30.10 30,80 31.50 32.20 32.90 33.00 34.30 36.00 35.70 80 32.80 33,60 34.40 35,21) 36.00 36,80 37.60 38.40 39.20 40.00 40M 00 36.90 37,80 38.70 39.00 40,60 41.40 42.30 43.20 44.10 45.00 45.92 IW 41j00 42j00 J^ 44.00 46.00 4^^ 47.00 48.00 49.00 60.00 51.00 Nos 52 ct. 53 ct. 54 ct. 1.08 56 ct, 1.10 56 Ct. 1.12 57 Ct. 68 ct. 69 ct. 60 Ct. 61 ct. 62 ct. 2 1.04 1.06 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.24 3 1.56 1.59 1.62 1.65 1.68 1.71 1.74 1.77 1.80 1.83 1.86 4 2.08 2.12 2.16 2,20 2.24 2.28 2.32 2.36 2.40 2.44 2.48 6 2.60 2.66 2.70 2.75 2.80 2.85 2.90 2.95 3.00 3.06 .3.10 6 3.12 3.18 3.24 3.30 3.36 3.42 3.48 3.54 3.60 3.66 3.72 7 3.64 3.71 3.78 3.85 3,92 3,99 4.06 4.13 4.20 4.27 4,34 8 4.16 4,24 4.32 4.40 4,48 4.56 4.61 4.72 4.80 4.88 4.96 9 4.68 4.77 4.86 4.95 6.04 6.13 6.22 5.31 6.40 6.49 6,58 10 6.20 6.30 5.40 5.50 6.60 6,70 6.80 5.90 6.00 6.10 6.20 11 6.72 6.83 5.94 6,06 6.16 6,27 6,38 6.49 6.60 6.71 6.82 12 6,24 6.36 6.48 6.60 6.72 6.84 6,96 7.08 7.20 7.32 7.44 13 6,76 6.89 7.02 7,15 7.28 7.41 7.54 7.67 7.80 7.93 8.06 14 7.28 7.42 7.56 7.70 7.84 7.98 8.12 8.26 8.40 8.51 8.(18 15 7.80 7.95 8.10 8.26 8.40 8.55 8.70 8.86 9.00 915 9.30 16 8,32 8.48 8.64 8.80 8.06 9,12 9.28 9.44 9.60 9.76 9.92 17 8.84 9.01 9.18 9.35 9.52 9 69 986 10.03 10.20 10.37 10.54 18 9.36 9.54 9.72 9.90 10.08 10, .6 10.44 10.62 10.80 10.98 11.16 19 9.88 10.07 10.26 10.45 10.64 10,g.T 11.02 11.21 11.40 11.59 11.78 20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11,20 11.4') 11.60 11.80 12,00 12.20 12.40 25 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.76 14.00 1' ;>5 14.50 14.76 15.00 15.25 15,50 30 16.60 15.90 16.20 16.50 16.80 'i.'.iO 17.40 17.70 18.00 18.30 18,60 40 20.80 21.10 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.42 24.80 60 26.00 26.60 27.00 27.60 28.00 28.60 29.00 29.60 30.00 30.50 31.00 60 31.20 31.80 32.40 33.00 33.60 34.20 34.80 35.40 36.00 36.60 37.20 70 36.40 37.10 37.80 38.50 39.20 39.90 40.60 41.30 42.00 42.70 43.40 80 41.60 42.40 4a20 44.00 44.80 45.60 46.40 47.20 48.00 48.80 43.60 90 46.80 47.70 48.60 4960 60.40 51.30 62.20 63.10 54.00 64.90 56.80 100 52.00 53.00 54.00 65.00 66.00 67.00 68.00 59.00 60.00 61.00 62,00 602 rtlclc, and RKADY RECKONER. If the Number required is not found in the Tablet, add two Numbers to ffcther ; forinHtance, if ;i5bunheU arc required, add tlie prices oppoeito 3() nnd 6 togetlier ; and ao for 366 buHheiH— treble the value of 100, aud a^jCt. [eoct. 64ct. 66 Ct. 60 ct, 1,32; 6fl%ct. 67 ct. 1 68ct. |60ct. 70 ct. 71 ct. i.OO 1.02 1 1.25 1.26 1.28 1..10 1.33»AI l.M 1.36 i 1.38 1.40 1.42 1.60 1.63 ■ 3 1.87>/a 1.80 1.92 1.95 1.98 2.00 '1 2.01 2.(H 2.07 2.10 2.13 2.00 2.04 ■ 4 2.,50 2.62 2.66 2.60 2.64 2,66% 3.33 Vi 2.68 2.72 2.76 2.80 2.84 2.60 2.55 ■ 6 .3.12yj 3.16 '».20 3.25 3.30 3.36 3.40 3.46 3.60 3.66 J.OO 3.0« ■ 6 3.75 3.78 3,84 3,90 3.96 4,00 4.02 4.08 4.14 4.20 4.26 3.60 3.57 ■ 7 4.:i7V, 4.41 4.48 4.55 4.62 4,66% 4.69 4.76 4.83 4.00 4.9T 4.00 4.04 ■ 8 5.00 B.W 6.12 6.20 6.28 6,..;;' 6..36 5.44 5.52 6.60 068 4.60 4.69 ■ 9 .'5.62 Va 6.67 5.76 6.85 6.1^ 6,0 » 6.03 6.12 6.21 6.30 6.39 n.no 5.10 ■ 10 (J.25 6.30 6.40 6.50 6.60 ?:a 6.70 6.80 6.90 7.00 7.10 5.50 5.61 ■ 11 c.m% 6.9;{ 7.04 7,15 7.26 7.37 7.48 7.59 7.70 7.81 6.00 6.13 ■ 12 7.50 7.66 7.08 7,80 7.92| 8.00" 8.M 8.16 8.28 8,40 8.62 6.60 6.63 ■ 13 8.12Vj 8.19 8.32 8.46 8.581 8.06a/, 9.24; 9.Xi\l 8.71 8.84 8.07 9.10 9.23 7.00 7.14 ■ 14 8.75 8.80 8,96 9.10 9.38 9.62 9.66 9.80 9.94 ;.60 7.65 ■ 15 9.37% 9.46 9.60 9.75 9.90 10.00 10.06 10.20 10.36 10.60 10.6S 8.00 8.16 ■ 16 10.00 10.08 10.24 10.40 10.56, 10.66>/, 11.22,11.33iZ 10.72 10.88 ll.M 11.20 11.36 8.60 8.67 ■ 17 li).fi2ya J0.71 10,88 11.06 11.39 11.66 11.73 11.90 12.07 9.00 0.18 ■ 18 11.25 ii.ai 11.62 11,70 11.88!l2.00 12.06 12.24 12.42 12.60 12.78 9.50 9.69 ■ 19 11.87ya 11,97 12,lii i2.n 12.35 12.Mil2.66J/, 12.73 12.92 13.11 13.30 13.49 10.00 10.20 ■ 20 i2.rA 12,60 13.00 13.20|l3..m; 13,40 13.60 13.80 14.00 14.20 12.60 12.75 ■ 25 15.62>/j 15.75 16.00 16.25 16.50 16.06% 16.76 17.00 17.26 17.50 17.75 16.00 15.30 ■ 30 18.7S 18.90 19.20 19.60 19.80 20.00 20.10 20.40 20.70 21.00 21.30 20.00 20.40 ■ 40 25.00 25,20 25,60 26.00 26.40 26.663/, 33.00,33.33% 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 28.40 25.00 25.50 ■ CO 31.26 31.60 32.00 32,60 33.50 34.00 34.50 .T5.00 36.60 30.00 30.60 ■ 60 37.50 37.80 38.40 39,00 39.0040.00 40.20 40.80 41.40 42.00 42.60 35.00 35.70 ■ 70 43.75 44.10 44.80 45,50 46.20 46.66% 62.80 63.33% 46.90 47.60 48.30 49.00 49.70 40.00 40.90 ■ 80 50.00 60.40 61.20 62.00 60.00 64.40 66.20 66.00 66.80 45.00 45.92 ■ 90 51.25 56.7C 57.60 58.60 69.40,60,00 60.30 61.20 62.10 63.00 63.90 60.00 1 51.00 ■ 100 32j50 63j0( ^64jOO 65,00 66.0/4 22 Va 3-04 3. .38 4 3.00 28.67 23 ^°,, 43 3-44 38.80 6 3-33 3529 . 23 10. V9 33 4.00 49 -95 9 3.92 47.10 24 50 zM 4. 30 59-77 II 4.26 56.57 25 ^\, S» 2014 «9^i 4- 72 75 -Si 13 4.60 72.65 36 37y4 36V, 35*/* 52 5.07 96.-40 IS 492 89.04 27 53 ''. 5-36 116.56 «7 S.io 104.34 23 54 i8V^ »7% i8 5-44 "7-59 18 5'3 112.55 29 ",/ 55 20 S-49 i3*-4'i 30 S..6 115.30 30 33% 56 '7,, 30 S-Sa 140.38 30 5.18 119.82 31 57 16V4 40 S-5» 140.42 4'-> 5.1S 121. 8t 32 ",/ 53 50 5-49 13995 50 5.04 123.86 33 ^^/? 59 »s,. 60 S-3S 136.07 60 4-97 119.76 34 3«^i 60 M'/a ^ S-3J 131.27 70 4-97 113.60 35 3' , 61 «4,, 5.29 «27-54 80 4-94 10S.80 36 ^°b 63 '3li 90 5.2.7 "7-54 90 4-94 loS.Si ^1 29% 29 33'^ 63 64 13 11% • 39 65 40 27% 66 i.V^ Mean... .103.66 Mean . . . • 93.73 41 42 27 2&V, '4 tl -1 43 69 9% 44 25Vi 70 9V4 45 24*^ 180. I 270. Tho weight of the male infant at birth is 7 lbs. nvoirdupols ; th.at of tho female is not quite 6Vjlbs. The maximum weight (HOVjlbs.) of tho male is attained at the age of 40 ; that of tlie female (nearly 124 lbs.) ia not attained until 50 ; from which ages they decline afterwards ; tho male to I2714 lbs., the female to 100 lbs., nearly a stone. Tho full grown adult is 20 times as heavy as a new born infant. In the lirst year ho triples his weight, afterwards the growth proceeds In geometrical prop- resRion, go that if 50 infants in their lirst year weigh 1000 lbs., they will in the second weigh 1210 lbs.; in llio third 1331 lbs.; in the fourth 1464 lbs.; the term remaining very constant up to the ages of 11-12 In females ; nml 12-13 in males ; where It must ba nearly doubled ; afterwards it mav bo contiimed, and will be found very nearly correct up to the age of 18 or 19. when the growtli proceeds very slowly. At an equality of age the male is generally heavier than the female. Towards the age of 12 years only, an individurJ of each sex, has the same weight. The malo attains the maximum weight about the age of 40, and he begins to loso It very sensibly towards 60. At 80 he loses about 13.2328 lbs. ; and tho stature is diminished 2*756 Inches. Females attain their maximum weight about 50. The mean weight of n mature man is IMlbs., and of an aver- age woman 94 lbs. In old age the v lose about 12 or 14 lbs. Men weigh most at 40, women at 60 and begin to lose weoo mi.*~ i^.«.ri 055 t»o O •«'♦'•»«•<»•< •• •• • ••••••*•*••*■>••• •3 ** « n M*o'^'r'^w> »n^ ^ i^ r^ rf ^^'^^N^^N^^ MN'-^c^-K^^t^s o w» q m »o q *n «J o 9 9 n m (>. rt m »>* «ri « M M M r« « »n 'T J2,+»«|2H'rw3|;:^e!)Jx«->^H5»«(»«>|t%-f»w \ o : ^ 09 « ° 2 ^O «^ d^ »^ ro »n t^ (5\ <8S Z o .EPv,9 §^5 S O 3 14 opts pn« ^ ooq^Orof^pioo^m «n^O 56 fi t.» fo 0» J «"l 'T'O t^^ao 6 •- ro «o ^. o> ~ +0 c> n 4- . •"0OunM»<"iO*n"^»>i ^oo mOO^s•«••00P 2 N ^CO fO OO ^ lO f^ ^nO « <>^0 CON«M^t>* — O A ••••.••■••••••■.••*•■■• J M M ft fo ^ w%0 t^C*0 •* fo»nr^C»« 'o »niT O fi •* fO>D OmoOrO'^OOOM"ff^O»nO'0«*»"*Of« J * "'» d » fo •oo 00 6 n * . ^ ^vO OvO>^*^p Kui«nhNr»lW\Ot^^M00IJ*M « M m O *0 ^ O^CO CO «\O"*f^*nfnM^'O0»'>0 t^O 3 * ' ' " n CI «»> •*«» t>.go d ~fOior.- ■♦o 6>- + « •.'^\5mOcor>t^t^OMvOOvOMO«ooooo>>» ij * '•"««!»)<*>'♦■ "no t» d> d ^ « m c^ ^ O t^^O »A.O oOMmoo^MN*^ »Aoo «i r^ ^ J * >'riliro + iO'09od>"M*-dor5dM*'~-<^'«. . rv o o o ^^■o fooo r% xrt^ey hv*o tnfioo m.»oo o O O ►^ ^ ••• •• ... I >Ci!l:Ri?i>)t;5l ::'^XiR;,^>SJ^ ^^f?«iRi?;i«« 607 RELATIVE Tin Copper Yeilow Brass. STRENGTH OF BODIES TO RESIST TORSION, LEAD BEING u Gun Metal 5.0 [, En^ish Iron lo.i Cast Iron. 9.0 Bbsiered Steel 16.6 Swedish Iron '9-5. Shear Steel 17.0 »-4 4-3 4-6 WEIGHT OF SQUARE AND RCL'XDCAST IRON. Square per Foot. | 1 Racmd per Foot. Size. Weight. Size. 1 WeiglU. j Sitt. We^fau Sue. 1 Weight. Inches cquare. Pounds. Inches Square. Pounds. Inchen Diam. Pfloads. Inches Diam. Pounqs. ^ .73 4„ 50. % .^t 4K» 41.76 1.23 ^^ 5314 H -95 t 44-27 |1 *-75 J^ 56-44 K i-T-l 46.97 H a.39 59.8' % . i-37 i;t 49.70 I 3.13 -♦y? 63.23 I a-45 52.50 i% 3-95 4H 66.S4 iH l-io -♦^ 55-37 4.88 4K 70.50 '^ J-?3 4?i S«-3i 5.90 iVi 74.26 i5i 4.'54 5 , 61.35 in 5 , 78.13 'H 5-5^ SV* 64.46 iH 5% 82.08 iH 6-43 \^ 67.64 'H 9-57 '1 86.13 «X i 7-51 70.09 iji 10. gS 90.28 '^ SJ^i 1 74.24 3 12.50 l^ 94.53 3 9..'! I 77.65 i 14. 1 1 98.87 354 ^ II joS S5 91.14 15.81 sK 103.32 aK ^ I12_43 84.71 ■ 17.62 sri 107.86 iH t ij-a* 6 8'3.^3 »9-S3 6 112.50 2^4 «5-33 6K 95.8; 21.53 6K 122. o3 2^ l^v^I s;^ 103 .Crj fA 33-63 6Vi 132.03 2% i*.5«S 1:1.83 25-83 142.33 *H 3Sk33 7 , 120.26 3 38. 12 7 153.1a 3 XX. i3 '1 7)4 120. 3fi 3"-S« 7% 7 A 164.25 3W x^')6 13'5.0S 3'/, 33- 173.73 il^ XJ.^* 147-4' 3H 35-59 187.68 »7-95 8 157.03 'J 38.28 41.06 8 8K 200.12 312.56 \^ JO, 16 3X.2S 8'/i 8»^ 8>i 167.0s 177.19 a 43.94 8% 325.78 sK W-5« 187.91 46.9a sH ».19-2S sJi JM5 9„ 198.79 9 353-ia 4 »27 9« 210. eo6 'ORSION, in. I :1 16.6 • '7-0 ^S^ "Weight ons{ in pounds. WEIGHT OF IRON ftH FOOT. (9 4t'A 45 »6 5K, 13 64Vi ♦9 7^r S3 79'/J S3 ^7., 6£ 74% 67 71 tooV) 1061/, 04 155 «46 219 3N. >ot. re. 1 Weiglit, :hes am. % i4 51,4 'I Pounqs. 41.76 44-J7 46.97 49.70 52.50 55-37 5»-3» 6i.» 64.46 67.64 70.09 74.24 77-65 91.14 84.7' • 83.35 05.8; 103 .d) IIt.S3 120.26 l2^. 13 5-oS 147-4' 7.o3 15 167.0S J77-") 187.01 198.79 210. Kcuiid' U) Wg't. I i» 3 iVi in iV* |« 3H 3« 4>/{ 4)i 4.^ 4K 5^ 6 6J4 .163 .36S .654 1.02 1.47 2.00 3.6« 3 3« 4.09 4 95 5-89 6.91 8.01 9.20 10.47 11.82 13-25 14.76 16.36 19.79 23-56 25-56 27-65 29.83 32-07 3'i.8l 41.83 44-54 47.28 50. II 53-OI 59-06 65.45 73-02 80.03 87.08 95.06 112. 03 Square, Wg't. 1V3 1% iH a 2% 2% 2'A 2H Iv. 3H u k 6 .20S .46S .833 1.30 1.87 a-5S 3-33 4-21 5.20 6.30 7.50 8.80 10.30 II. 71 J3-33 15.05 i6.«'. 30.00 25-20 30.00 32.5s 35-20 37.96 40.80 46 87 53-33 60.20 67.50 75-20 83-33 93.20 102.20 112.20 Juai. Size. Wg't. i^x'i 'Jix'i a x'i 2'Xx'4 2'ix»;, 2^X'i 3 Xii zMt^Vi, 3'Axy. 3^x'i 4 x'i 4»/2xK . I xH MxH iHxH i%xK ^y*xh 2 Xfi 2%X^ 3j4x3i 2jixji 3 Xji z%xn 4 x% 5 xH 6 xH I xJ4 l'/8X}4 iKx'X iHxJ4 i^x^ .833 •937 1.04 1.14 »-2S «-45 1.66 1.87 3.o3 a. 29 2.50 2.70 3.91 3-»3 3-33 3-75 5.00 1-25 1.40 1.56 1.71 1.87 2.l3 2.50 2.8t 3. 12 3.43 3-75 4.37 5.00 6.25 7-50 1.66 1.87 2.0S 2.29 2.50 I'iai. Size. 2 xM 2%X% 2jixM 2KXH 3 " XJ4 3jixV, 4 x»A 5 xj4 6 x»4 X' 6 xVi 1 xf$ iHx^s yVKxVi iHxJi iVaxfS i^xfi 2 xfi 2KxH« 2VoX^'s 2j^xf4 3 xy% 4 xf4 5 x5< 6 xH ./8x5i i^xJi iHx« IV2XJI iHxH t xK 2yi!xK 2%X^ 3 xK 4 xM J Wg't. /•/«/. Size. Wg't 2.91 3-33 3-74 4.16 4-53 5.00 5-83 6.66 8.33 10.00 2.0& 2.34 2.60 3.86 3.13 364 4.16 4.68 5.20 S-72 6.25 7.29 8.33 10.41 12.50 2.50 3.81 3.12 3-43 3-75 4-37 5.00 5.62 6.25 6.87 8.50 8-75 10.00 4j^xfi 5 xK 6 xVi 1 xH t%xh ■.y*xH iHxH iHx?4 fKxH 2 xn 2%X^A 2'AxH 2y4xn 3 xji 3%xh 4 xli ^yixji 5 xVs sHxH 6 x?i ijixi i-Kxi mxi ,»Mxi iKxt '2 XI ?Kxi . 2%Xt ajixr 3 xt 3Mxi 4 XI 4>ixi 5 XI $%xi 6 xt 6^x1 WEIGHT OF FLAT STEEL PER FOOT. I 1% iVa i?i «V3 iH 2 2K 2% 2% 3 3Va\ .852 .958 1.06 1.17 1.27 1.49 1.70 I.91 2^I3 2^34 ■2.55 2.77 1.27 '•43 1.39 '•75 1.91 2.23 2.55 2.87 3^30 3.5« 3.8.-« 4- '5 1 70 1.91 2.13 3-34 2-55 2.98 3-40 3.83 4.36 4.6.S 5-" 5-53 2.13 2.39 3.66 3.93 3.19 3^72 4.26 4-79 5-32 5.85 6.39 6.93 ■ 3« 2.99 4.47 5.98 7-4S MOULDERS AND PATTERN MAKERS' TABLE. Ctisi Iron being i, Bar Iron, being i, R«r Iron equal Steel •• Brass «• Copper •* Lftitd " 89 1.07 Cast Iron equal i.o8iSteel 1. 16 Copper 1.2 II Brass 1.55 L«ad (t 41 It 't •95 ».o3 I.16 ¥•09 1.48 White Pint, being i, J Cast Iron equal Bra?s " Coppef " Lead •♦ Zinc " >3^ 13.4 tS.t 609 TABLES FOB ENOIWEERS AND MACHINISTS. Size and strength of CaM Iroa Columns. Iron i in. thick. I.!i Height in feet. 4 1 6 1 8 i lo 1 13 1 14 Load in Cwts. a 7» 6o| 49 40 32 36 3>i 119 105 9' 77 65 55 ^,.' 178 «43 145 128 III 97 ih »47 332 314 191 172 156 4 326 318 388 266 242 220 4ii 418 400 379 354 327 301 s 5" 501 479 45a 427 394 6 607 59» 573 SSo 5»5 497 i 1032 lOI) 989 959 9^4 887 1333 13 »S 1289 I2S9 1224 1185 ^ 1716 1697 1672 1640 1603 1561 ao 2119 2100 2077 2045 2007 1964 11 2570 »55f 2530 3490 2450 2410 la 305" 3040 3020 29701 2930 2900 It r a 9 so II It Height in feet. 18 I 20 I 22 24 2.'( 47 ?4 *9-.. 875 36s 469 848 1 142 'S«5 1916 "358 3830 Load in Cwts. t8| 40 :'3i 11 aS' 337 440 808 1097 1467 1865 2305 3780 15 23 34 a9 64 <6 56 94 r-V. .'44 319 208 310 38s 4>3 386 765 725 1053 1005 1416 1364 1811 »755 3248 3189 2730 2670 II as 49 83 130 189 363 360 686 959 1311 1697 2127 2600 Capacities of Cisterns, in galltT Dianuttr /rom itoz^ Ftei' Depth, iojHeh€U 3 fjct a'/4 3 3l4 4 4>^ 6 6% 7 7V2 « II i< II II II II 11 •I II 11 I9-> 8 1 30.6 8Va 44.06 9., 59-97 9•^ 78.33 10 99-«4 122.40 148.10 176.25 206.85 239.88 20 275.40 as feet ii 11 II « II II 14 II II II II 3 '3-33 353-72 396.56 461.40 489.20 592.40 703.00 827.4 959.6 1101.6 1958.4 3059-9 Weights of Cordwood. lbs. carbon. I Cord of Hickory 4468 100 II ti it 44 41 44 44 44 •4 44 Hard Maple. Beech Ash Birch Pitch Pine . . . ■ Canada Pine. . . Yellow Oak.... White Oak.... Lombardy Pop* lar Red Oak. .III. 2864 5S 3234 64 3449 79 2368 49 1903 43 1870 42 2930 61 1870 81 »775 3aSS 41 7» ARITHMETICAL SIGNS AND THEIR SIGNIFICATION. = Sign o£ Equality, and signifies as 4+i2cci6. 4- 44 41 Addition Subtraction " Multiplication " Division " ^ " Square Root " Square Root. 62 Sign of to be Squared " 7» " to be Cubed '* as 8-1-8=16 the sum. as 12 — ^4=8 the remainder, as 12X3=36 the product, as 24-7-3=8 or V ==8. Evolution or Extraction thus 8^=64 Involution, or thus 3'=27 the Raising of Powers. The following table shows weight in tons required to tear asunder bars I inch square of the following materials. Oak 5>^ tons. Wrought Copper.. 15 Fir 5X " English Bar Iron.. 25 Cast Iron 7^ ** American Iron. . . .37^ Wrought Iron 10 " Blistered Steel .... 59)^ 610 tons 14 in gall*. 15 FstU u •et 3I3-3J It 353-71 TLMli. $2.50. $2.75. >3-oo. >3.2S. I3.50. #3.75- >4.oo. »4.2S. J4.50. »4.7$» B I .36 .39 .43 .46 .50 •53 •57 .61 .64 JIA («3 •n .78 .86 •93 •..00 1.07 1.14 1. 21 t.38 i-si ^3 1.08 I.17 1.29 1.39 1.50 X.61 1.71 1.82 1.93 >•<« «-44 1.56 1.71 1.86 a. 00 a.14 a.28 a.43 a-57 a.71 1.80 1.95 a.M a-3a a. 50 3.68 2.86 S.03 3-a« 3.39 6 2.1S a-34 3-57 a.78 3.00 3.21 3-43 3.64 3.86 4.07 I 2.50 a- 75 3.ot 3.«5 3.50 3-75 4.00 i-*s 4-5° 4.7s .?' 5.00 5.50 8.25 6.0C 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9-50 Jj 7.50 9.0C 9-75 10. .so Xl-25 X2.00 12.75 13.50 14.35 K 10.00 11.00 12. oc 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 1 3.00 19.00 12.50 13-75 X5.0C X6.25 17.50 18.7s 20.00 21.25 22.50 TIME. JS.oo. ^5.25. >5-5o- #5-75- ^6.00. te^ J6.S0. *6.7S- 57.00. 58.00. ri •7' •75 •79 .82 .86 .89 .93 .96 l-OO 3.3$ ni 1-43 1.50 1.58 1.64 1.72 1.78 1.86 1.92 3.00 U3 3.14 3.25 a-37 a.46 3.28 3.67 2.79 2.88 3,00 3.5a 3.86 3.00 3.1S 3.28 3-44 3.56 3-7* 3.84 4.00 4.26 3.57 3-75 3-94 4.10 4.30 4.45 4.6s 4.80 5.00 r.s 4.28 4.50 4-73 4.92 5.16 5-34 5-5» 5.76 6«o 1 5.00 5-25 5.50 5-75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7-00 8.00 i* 10.00 10.50 Il.OO 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 16.00 s^ 15.00 «5-7S 16.50 17.2s 18.00 18.7s 19.50 30.25 31.00 34.00 ^1 30.00 ai.oo aa.oo 33.00 34.00 35-00 36.00 27.00 33.00 32.00 35.00 16.25 37.50 a8.75 30.00 3x-as 33.50 33.50 35.00 40.00 WEIGHT OF LEAD FIPB-DIFFERENT SIZES. Calib'e AAA Weight per foot lb. oz. I 8 o e 8 o X2 o 12 AA Weight per foot lb. t 3 a 3 4 S 8 9 oz. 5 o 12 8 12 12 O O A Weight per foot lb. oz. I 2 12 8 o o 12 4 o B Weight per foot lb. ol. I o 4 o 4 4 12 o o c Weight per foot !b. oz. o 13 o 12 o 8 o 4 4 D Weight per foot DLicht Weight per foot lb. oz. 10 13 1 8 I • 12 3 3 8 3 8 4 r oz. I 1 1 4 8 — £ Weight per foot ELight Weight per toot lb. oz. ib. OS. o 8' 11 1 . o 14 I 8 3 .0 3 4 9 13 O SIZE AND CAPACITIFS OF CRIBS AND BOXES. Crib 6*4 ft. long, sJi ft. broad, 3^ deep, 63 V, bush. % peck. Box 4 ft. long, 3 ft. 5 in. wide, 3 ft. 8 in. deep, 36*4 c.'A., 1 ton of coal. H ft. wide, 3 feet deep, aa*^ cubic feet. „, x)t 4 in. wide, 2 ft. 8 ir.. deep, 10.722 cu. in. 1 barrel. Box a ft. lonjr, i foot a in. wide, t foot a in. deep, 5. 376 cu. in. 1/4 barreL StODc or Box 4% ft. long, 3 Box a ft. long, 1 foot 4 in. wide, 2 ft. 8 Box I foot 2 m. long bjr 16 8-10 in. wide and 8 m. deep, 1 bushel. Box 12 X 11 a-io in., 8 in. deep, 1.075 2-»o in- or 14 bushel. Box 8x8 4-ic in, and 8 in. deep. 537 6-10 ca. in. or 1 peck. Box 8x8 in. and 4 a-io in. deep, 268 8-io cu. in. or 14 peck. Box 7x4 in. and 4 8-10 in. deep, 134 4-10 cu. in. % galloa. Box 4 X 4 iB« and 4 a-io m. deep, 67 a-ie cu. in. t quart. 611 ™1 DIAMETERS, CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OP CIRCLES. 'J?a;am/)Ze.— Required the drcumf orence of a circle, hoop, orrin^, the diameter being 3 ft. 4 in. In the column of circumferences, oi>po8ite the Indicated diameter, stands 10 ft. 6% in., the circumference required. The Iust allowance for contraction of the metal is it« exaot thickness, or its readth, if It is bent edgeways, which must be added to the diameter. The millwrizht can at once ascertain the diameter of any wheel he aty reqoire, the pitch and number of teeth being {dven. example.— It a wheel is ordered to be made to contain 60 teeth, tha pitch of^the teeth to bo 3% inches, the dimensions of the wheel may bo known simply as follows :— Multiply the pitch of the tooth by the num- ber of teeth the wheel ia to contain, and the product will be the circum' faience of wheel thus — 3% inches pitch of the tooth. 10 X 6 « 60 the number of teeth. Feet 19 4^^ inches the circumference of the wlioe!. The diameter answering to this circumference is 6 ft. 2 in., consequently with one half of this number as a radius, the circumference of the wheel will be described. JM*. in Circuni. Uch. in inch. 1-ie -196 1-8 -392 &-1Q -589 1-4 -786 «-16 -981 8-3 1-178 7-18 1-374 1-2 ♦-670 8-lC 1-767 6-9 1-963 11-16 2-159 8-4 2-356 13-16 2-562 7-« 2-748 16-16 2-945 1 in. 8% 314 3% i?5 4q. inch. -0030 -0122 -0276 -0490 -0767 -1104 -1503 -1963 -2485 -30G8 -3712 -4417 -6185 -6013 -6903 -7864 -9940 1-227 1-484 1-767 2-074 2-406 2-761 3-141 3-546 3-976 4-430 4-908 6-412 5-939 6-491 7-068 7-669 8-296 8-946 9-621 10-320 11-044 11-793 Side of = VI- -0554 -1107 -1661 -2115 -2669 -3223 -3771 -4331 -4996 -5438 -6093 -6646 -7200 -7754 >«308- Di«in inch. 8 in. Cir. In It in. Arcs in 14. inch. 12-666 13-364 14-186 15-033 16-904 16-800 17-720 18-666 19-636 20-629 21-647 22-690 23-758 24-850 25-967 27-108 28-274 29-464 80-679 31-919 83-183 34-471 36-784 37-122 38-484 39-871 41-282 42-71« 44-178 46-^63 47-173 48-70T 60-265 61-848 63-456 66-088 66-748 68-426 60-132 61-862 Area In 1%. it. -0879 -0935 -0993 -1052 -1113 -1176 -1240 -1306 -1374 -1441 -1515 -1588 -1663 -1739 -1817 -1897 -1979 -2062 -2147 -2234 -2322 -2412 -2504 -2598 -2693 -2791 -2889 -2990 -3092 -3196 -3299 -3409 -3518 -3629 -3741 -3856 -3972 ,-4089 -4203 -4380 612 CLES. ring, the losite the ed. The .88, or ItB [Uameter. elhei£«y teeth, fee el may ba the num- ae cixcum- tho wheel. nsequeiitW the wheel Area In VI. It. -0879 -0935 -0993 -1052 -1115 -1178 -1240 -1300 -1374 -1441 -1515 -1588 -16G3 -1739 -1817 -189T -1979 -2062 -2147 -22»* -2322 -2412 -2504 -2598 -2693 -2791 -2889 -2990 -S092 -3196 -8299 -^09 -3518 -3629 -8741 -3856 -3972 -4089 -4203 -4380 PIAMETEltS, CmCUMTERENCES AND ABEAS OP CIRCLES, tc Dia. in U. in. Cir. In It. in. 1% I 2% Ai*i» in (q. inch. 63-617 65-396 67-200 69-029 70-882 72-759 74-662 76-588 78-540 80-515 82-516 84-540 86-599 88-664 90-762 92-855 95-033 97-205 99-402 101-623 103-869 106-139 108-4;J4 110-763 113-09T 115-166 117-«59 120-27G 3'^: 122-718 125-185 127-676 130-192 132-732 135-297 137-886 140-500 143-139 145-802 148-489 151-201 153-938 156-699 159-485 162-295 165-130 167-989 170-873 173-782 176-715 179-672 182-654 185-661 188-692 191-748 191-828 197-933 1% 1% Area in iq. ft. -4453 -4577 -4704 -4832 -4961 -6093 -5226 -5361 -549T -6638 -6776 -691T -6061 -6206 -6353 -6499 --6652 -6874 -0958 -7143 -7290 -7429 -7590 -7752 -7916 -8082 -8250 -8419 -8690 -8762 -8937 -9113 -9291 -9470 -9642 -9835 1-0019 1-0206 1-0294 1-0584 1-0775 1-0968 1-1193 1-1360 1-1569 1-1749 1-1961 1-2164 1-2370 l-2.'577 1-2785 1-2998 1-3208 1-3422 1-3G37 1-3855 Dik. in ft. in. Cir. In ft. in. 3% W2 Area in ■q. inch. 10% s 10^' s 201-062 204-216 207-394 210-597 213-825 217-077 220-303 22U-664 226-980 230-330 233-705 237-104 210-628 243-977 247-450 250-947 254-463 253-016 261-587 265-182 268-803 272-447 276-1 IT 279-811 283-529 2{i7-272 291-039 294-831 298-6(8 302-489 306-355 310-245 314-16) 318-099 322-063 326-051 330-064 334-101 338-163 342-250 6% 346-361 fiSZ 350-497 354-657 368-841 363-051 367-2S4 371-M3 375-t26 3«t0-133 384-465 388-822 39.V203 397-608 402-038 406-49^ 410-972 Area in ■q. fk 1-4074 1-4295 1-4517 1-4741 l-4!)67 1-5195 1-5424 1-5655 1-58S3 1-6123 1-6359 1-669T 1-0835 1-7078 1-7321 l-75Ca 1-7812 1-8061 1-8311 1-8562 1-8816 1-9071 1-9328 1-9586 1-984T 1-9941 2-0371 2-0637 2-0904 2-1172 2-1443 2-1716 2-1990 2-2265 2-2543 2-2922 2-3103 2-3386 2-3670 2-^950 2-4244 2-4533 2-4824 2-51ir 2-5412 2-5708 2-600T 2-6300 2-6608 2-C691 2-7016 2-7224 2-7682 2-7980 2-8054 2-C058 • DIAMETERS, CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OP CIRCLES, &c. BU. In Clr. in Arta in Area in D-| 1 11% 6 1 2% 429-135 2-9937 3 9 1060-73 7-366J 1 lliZ^ G 433-737 3-0129 3 1 9 1075-21 7-46GI 1 11%' 6 438-363 3-0261 3 11 9 9 1089-79 7-6C81 1 11% 6 443-014 3-0722 3 9 ». 110M6 7-6C91 1 U% 6 8 417-6U0 a-lU81 3 9 ^119-24 7-7791 2 8 3% 452-35K) 3-1418 3 2 9 11% 0% 1134-12 7-8681 2 oy. 2 0% 2 0% G i ^1 401-881 3-2075 3 1 10 1149-09 7-9791 G 471-430 3-2731 3 10 1164-16 8-0840 G 481-106 »-3410 3 10 1% 1179-32 8-1891 2 1 6 490-875 3H1081 3 3 10 2% 3% 1194-69 8-2951 2 ly. G 2 1^ G . 500-741 3-4775 3 3% 10 1209-95 8-4020 610-706 3-5468 3 3(410 34il() 4 1225-42 8-5091 2 12^ 6 8« 620-769 &-6101 3 *Vb 1240-88 8-6171 2 2 « i 530-930 8-6870 3 4 10 8% 1266-64 8-7?69 2 2% • 2 2<5 • 611-189 3-7583 3 4% 10 4% 10 SS 1272-30 12^25 8-S3CI 651-647 8-8302 3 8-9462 2 2% 7 662-002 S-9642 3 8 1304-20 9-0561 2 8 7 5^ 672-566 3-9761 3 6 llO 6% 9% 1320-25 9-1686 2 8% 7 683-208 4-OjOO 3 6%!10 6%:io 1336-40 9-2112 2 3(^ 7 503-968 4-1241 3 10% 11% 1352-65 9-3C61 2 3^ 7 604-807 4-2000 3 1369-00 9-0061 2 4 7 3% 615-753 4-2760 3 6 10 1 2% 1385-44 9-6212 ?l 7 i 626-798 4-3521 3 6%: 11 6(S|U 6% a 1401-98 9-73(54 7 637-941 4-4302 3 1418-62 9-8513 7 649--182 4-5083 3 1435-36 9-9671 2 6 7 7 660^21 4-6861 a 7 u 3 1452-20 10-084 2 6% i Si 7 8% 9VS 671-958 4-6665 3 7y4U 3% 4% 1469-14 10-202 7 683-494 4-7467 3 ^^[^i 1486-17 10-320 7 695-128 4-8274 3 7%U 1503-30 10-439 2 « 7 lovi 70ft-860 4-9081 3 8 11 6% 1530-53 10-669 2 6% 7 11 718-690 4-9901 3 gi^ 11 7 1537-86 10-679 2 c<5 7 11% 0% 730-618 M731 3 8V^ 11 6% 1555-28 10-800 2 C*^ 8 742-644 6-1573 a 8%L 1572-81 19-922 2 7 8 2% 2% 3% 751-769 6-3278 a 9 1590-43 11-044 2. 7% 2 7<5 8 766-992 6-3264 a ^ Wa 1608-15 11-lOT 8 779-313 5^112 a 1625-76 11-291 2 7^ .8 791-732 &-4982 a 1643-89 11-115 2 8 8 5% 804-249 6-5850 a 10 12 ;?t 1661-90 11-.184 2 8% 2 8(4 2 8% 8 816-866 6-6729 a 10% io(| w% 13 1608-02 11-666 1 f 829-57« 6-7601 a 13 2 1698-23 11-793 842-390 6-8491 a 12 3% 3% 1716-54 11-820 2 9 $ 8^ 865-300 6-9398 a 11 1* 17M^-94 12-048 2 9^ 8 868-308 6-0291 a 11% 11 »l 12 '4% n53-45 12-176 2 97b II II 881-415 6-1201 3 12 6*/i 1772-08 12-305 2 : 9% ^0* 894-819 6-2129 a l| 6 1790-76 12-435 2 19 1 >«% 907-922 6-S961 1? 6% 1809-66 12-666 2 10% ^1^ 921-323 6-398I d/i li 1828-46 12-697 2 10^ 9 .0^ 934-822 6-4911 0(4 12 8% 1847-45 12-829 2 10% 9 .^» 918-419 6-5863 0^ 12 9% 1866-56 12-962 2 11 9 1» 962-lli 6-6815 1 12 9% 1885-74 ia^)95 '2 11% 2 HJ4 2 U4i 9 2% 975-908 6-7772 1% 12 */4 1905-03 13-229 9 989-400 6-8738 1924-42 13-364 9 1003-79 6-WOl A 1% 13 1943-91 13-499 614 % n ArMin . •H. It. r 7-0688 7-l6ri i 7-26(H J 7-3662 L 7-16GI > 7-CC81 J 7-6C01 I 7-7701 5 7-8681 ) 7-9791 J 8-08ia ! 8-1891 ) 8-2951 i 8-402a 2 8-5091 } 8-6171 1 8-7?69 1 8-><36l 5 8-&162 » 9-0561 S 9-1686 9 9-2112 5 9-3C61 D 9-5061 4 9-6212 8 9-7364 2 Hi518 6 9-S671 10-084 4 10-202 7 10-320 10-439 3 10-559 6 10-6T9 8 10-800 11 10-922 13 11-044 15 11-167 re 11-201 )9 11-415 K) 11-384 )2 11-666 » 11-793 »4 11-920 »4 12-048 15 12-176 [» 12-305 re 12-435 56 i2-m le 12-697 45 12-829 55 12-962 74 13-095 03 13-229 42 13-364 91 13-499 " -^BEAS OF CIRCLES. Dia. in I CIr. in \ *— . 9 9 9 28 31/4 3 29 0% 6i29 10(4 9j30 7(5 63.6174 67.2007 70.8823 74,6620 475.7.%3 602.^5.^^ 530.()«6l 658.3522 2 9 8 7% 6.9395 44.4179 10 31 5 78.640') 687..%''>.''.t 2 10 8 10»4 6.3049 47.1505 10 BS2 2% 82.5160 617.0h;(; 2 11 9 1% 6.6813 49.9654 10 6 32115^ 33 9^/\ 86.5903 C47.6568 10 9 90,7027 678.2797 8 9 6 7.0C86 62.8618 11 34 6% 95.0334 710.6977 8 1 9 sy* 7.4666 66.8382 11 3 35 4% 99,4021 743..3680 8 2 9 11% 10 2(4 10 6% 10 8% 10 11% 11 3 11 6V8 7.8757 68.8976 11 0;36 1% 9!3G lOT^ 10.3.8(591 776.7746 8 3 8.2957 62.0386 11 108.4342 810.9143 3 4 a 6 8 6 3 7 3 8 8.7265 9.1683 9.6211 10.0846 10.5591 66.2602 68.5193 73.1504 75.4166 78.9652 12 12 12 12 3 6 9 37 8% .38 ni 39 3% 40 Oi;, 113,0976 117.8590 122.7187 127.C7C5 848.1890 881.39C6 917.7395 964.8169 8 9 U 9% 12 6(4 12 3% 11.0446 82.5963 13 40 10 132.7326 992.62'/4 3 10 11.5409 86.3074 13 3 41 7% 137.8867 1031.1719 3 11 12.0481 90.1004 13 C 42 4% 143.1.391 1070.4514 13 9 43 2(4 148.489G 1108.0645 i > 12 6»/4 12 9X4 12.5664 93.9754 14 43 113/4 44 9»>4 153.9.'»4 1151.2129 13.0962 97.9310 14 3 159.4853 1192.6940 4 2 13 1"| 13.6363 101.9701 14 6 45 C% 165.13a3 1234.9104 4 3 13 4% 13 7% 13 lOi^ U 1% 14 48/4 !■* 7% 14.1862 103.0300 14 9 46 4 170,8735 1277.8615 4 4 4. 6 4 C 4 7 4 8 14,7479 15.3206 15.9043 16.4986 17.1041 110.2907 114.5735 118.9386 123.3830 127.9113 15 15 15 15 3 6 9 47 ly, 47 10% 4' 4. 49 534 176.7150 182,6545 188.6923 191.8282 1321.5454 1365.9C34 1407,5106 , 1467.0032 4 9 14 11 17.7205 132.5209 16 50 sy, 51 0% 201.0624 1503,6250 4 10 15 2%l 18,3476 137,2105 16 3 207.3946 1560.9797 4 11 16 CVi 18.9668 142.0682 16 6 51 10 213.8251 1599.0696 * 16 9 52 7% 220.3537 1647,89» 8 6 3 8 2 8 3 15 8»4 35 11% IC 2% 16 6% 19.6350 20.2947 20.9656 21.6475 146.8384 151.7718 156.7891 161,8886 17 17 17 17 3 6 9 53 4% 54 2(4 .54 11% 56 d% 226.9806 233.7055 240.6287 247.4500 1697,4516 1747.7431 1798.7698 1850.6301 8 4 16 9 22.3400 167.0674 18 56 6% 254,4696 1903.0254 8 r, ir oy. 8 en Wj. 23.0437 172.3300 IS 3 57 4 261,6872 1956.2537 23,7583 177.6740 18 6 68 1% 268.8031 2010.2171 8 . 7 17 C%| 24.4835 183.0073 6 18 16 9, 58 103/4 276.1171 2064.9140 M5T lio. jn.Sji 113.41 m. Ill J'l'«.4,2i fo. I24 1*3.428' ,^'- |30, 6|26.832 fc. (36. ^f31.8'38. J36 8'44 fc- 60. 866.8 80 S'ANTUN-O «KDUCK„ To oNr ,v 3. 3.6 4 4.6 5. n.6i C. 6.6 7, 7.610. 8. 10. 8.611. 9- 12, „ I 0-6;12 7.811.615. 8- 12. KJ '?■ 15. 20. "•417. I22 iM 20. i2« 8. ! !) 2j 9.4110, 4'l0.8ll2 «|12. (13, **:13.6J5, 6 sio.ioi.y 4 11. Hil Siin.io'io' 4 Ifi. 8,20. „!''• 6,'21. 8fl8. 4)22 .4! 19. 2 2.}; ■ 20. 24. 8,20.10 23 '25. .30. 8;28. 4';m. ^3.1. 4 40 |rJ"jl4.'8ll6:c • lit'. '18 2;i7.4|i9: 418.821 Ci20. 2'> ;--• 8121.4 24' 19-I0 22.8i25: „ 24. 127. 2 25.4'2«. 4,'2G.8,30. I-- 829.4,'33 128. 32. 36. 2 33.4:17. J-iO. 45. ■8.C3.4!(J0' 4.6j e, fl.3 7. «. 8. fi.9i 8. 7.610. 8.3,11. a 12. , 9.9'l.3. „ 10.6,14. C 11.3 15. . '2- 16. ei2.917. ' 113.6,18. t-i 14.3 19. (15. 20 C;i5.92l' „|16.622. ■«,17.3 23. , ?8- 124. C; 18. 9 25. '22.6 30. 125.6 34. '30.0;40. , 7.61 9. 8.9 10, 10. 12. tn.3'j3, 12.6 15. 13.916 15. 1 18. 16.3!19. 17.«|21, 18.9 22 120. j24, 21.326. 22.627. 23.9,28. 25. |30. 26.3,31. 27.6,33. 28.934. 30. 36. 37.6,'45. ■12.6 61. '60. 160. „ 10.6 12, ■«j 12.3 14, W- 1ft '«1«.918. 17.6120, 619.3|22. JB 24. 622.926. „24.62«. 6,'26.330. J28. 32. 629.9'34. (31.6 36. 6,33.338. J36. (40. 6,36.942. „f38.644. 610.346. J42. 48. 643.960. 62.660. 69.668. 70. '80, 06.3 33.' 67.6 40. 76.6 46.4 '90. 163. JlO. !l2. j'l.SiH. J13.416. |I5. 18. '|16.8i20. 11|18.4:22. "m. I24 21.8,26, «„'-4;28. ^- 30, J28.4,'34, W 136, J^-838, I „.F-'l 40 I m 142 J3e8'44 P.4;46; fe 60. JS6.8'68 K66.880 18. 12. 21. 14. 24. 16. 27.(18. 30. (20, 33.122 36.25. 39.(27. 42.129. 45.31. 48.|.'J3. 51.135. 64. 37. 67. 39. 60. 4i. 63. 43. 60.(45. 69.147. 72.60. 76.62. 90.62. 6 16. (17. 6 '^•iiiwTiS;® 20. I 22 6( IS I 23.4 263 21 26.8 30. 24' '•io( 2S'"!^- 2' «-J ^-^ 27; """• b^''^'^ i'^:ffi bis (a 27. I 30. 31.6 35. 36. 40. 40.6 46. 67.6 75.' 72. I 80. ii t THICKNESS AXD WIDTH IX IXCHES. ^ d.ii 6.1!^ 7.7 7.8 7.9 1 7.10 7.11 7.12 42. 8.8 32. 8.9 8.10 8.11 8:12 f 33. 36. 24. 6 28. 31.6 35. 38. 6 36. 40. 44. 48. 7 38.6 42. 28. 7 32.8 36.9 40.10 41.11 49. 37.4 42. 46.8 61.4 M « 44. 48. 32. 8 37.4 42. 46. 8 51. 4 66. 42.8 48. 63.4 68.8 (A « 49.6 M. 36. 9 42. 47.3 62. 6 67. 9 63. 48. 64. 60. 66. 72. K 55. 60. 40.10 46.8 52.6 58. 4 64. 2 70. 53.4 60. 66.8 73.4 m 11 60.0 66. 40.11 51.4 57.9 64. 2 70. 7 77, 58.8 66. 73.4 80.8 «« 12 6G. 72. 49. 56. 63. 70. 77. 84. 64. 72. 80. 88. % 13 71.6 78. 63. 1 60.8 68.3 75.10 83. 5 91. 69.4 78. 86.8 96.4 m. 14 77. 84. 57. 2 65.4 73.6 81. 8 89.10 08. 74.8 84. 93.4 102.8 112. IE 82.6 90. 61. 3 70. 78.9 87. 6 96. 3:105. 80. 90. 100. 110. 120. 16 88. 96. 64. 4 74.8 84. 93. 4 102. 8 li • 8r>.4 96. 106.8 117.4 128. 17 95.6 102. 69. 6 79.4 89.3 99. 2 109. lint.. 90.8 102. 113.4 124.8 136. 18 99. 108. 73. '-> 84. m.f) 105. 1115. 6il26. 96. 108. 120. 132. 144. Id 104.6 114. 77. t 88.8 99.9|ll0.10,121.11il33. 101.4 114. 12C.8 139.4 152. 2C 110. 120. 81. 8 93.4 105. |116. 8 128. 4 140. 106.8 120. 133.4 146.8 160. 21 115.6 126. 85. 9 98. 110.3122. 6ll31, 9 147. 112. 126. 140. IM. 1 168. 22 121. 132. 89.10 102.8 115.6il28. 6 141. 2 154. 117.4 132. 146.8 161.4! 176. 23 126.6 138. 93.11 107.4 120.9 134. 2 147. 7 161. 122.8 138. 153.4 168.8 m 24 132. 144. 98. 112. 126. 140. 154. 168. 128. |144. 160. 176. 1 192. e 8.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 10.10 10.11|10.12 11.11 11.12 66. 12.12 12.13:12.14 6 40.6 45. 49.6 M. 60.0 55. 60. 60, 6 72, 78. 8i 7 47.3 62.6 67.9 &$. 68.4 64. 2 70. 70, 7 77. 84, 91. 98. 8 64. 60. 66. 72. 66.8 73. 4 80. 80. 8 88. 96. 104. 11'.'. 9 60.9 67.6 74.3 81. 76. 86. 6 90. 99. 9 99. 108, 117. 126. 10 67.6 75. 82.6 90. 83.4 91. 8 100, 100.10 110, 120. 130, 140. 11 74.3 82.6 90.9 99. 91.8 100.10 110. 110.11 121, 132, 143, IM. 12 81. 90. 99. 108. 100. 110. 120. 121, 132. 144, 166. 168. 13 87.9 97.6 107.3 117. 108.4 119. 2 130. 131, 1 143. 156, 169. 182. 14 S)4.6 105. 115.1 126. 116.8 128. 4 140. 141. 2 154. 1<^9 182. 196. 16 101.3 112.6 123.9'135. 125. 137. 6 150, 151. 3 165. 1.80 195. 210. 16 108. 120. 132. |144. 133.4 146. 8 160, 161, 4 176. 192, 208. 22i 17 114.9 127.6 140.3 153. 141.8 155.10 170. 171, 6 187. 204, 221. 238. 18 121.61135. 1148.6,162. 150. 106, 180. 181, 6 198, 216, 234. 252. IS 128.3 142.6 156.9 171. 158.4 174, 2 191. 191, 7 209. 228, 247. 266. 20 135. 150. 165, 180. 166.8 183. 4 200. 201. 8 220. 240, 2C0. 280. 21 141.9 157-6173.3 189. 175. 192. 6 210. 211. 9 231, 252, 273. 2M. 22 148.6 165. 181.6! 198. 183.4 201. 8 220. 221.10 242. 264. 286. 308. 23 155.3 172.6 189.9207. 191.9 210.10 230. 231.11 263. 276. 299. sn. 24 162. II8O. 1198. 1216. 200. 220. 240, 242. 264. 188. 312. 336. ^ 12.16 11^.16 13.13 13.14 13.16 13.16 14.14 14.16 14.16 16.15 1 15.10 6 90, 96. 83. 6 91. 97.6 104. 98, 105. 112. 112.6 120, 7 105, 112. 98. 7 106. 2 113.9 121.3 114.4 122.6 130.3 131.3 140. 8 136. 128, 112. 8 121. 4 130. 138.8 130.8 140. 149.4 150. 160. S 135. 144, 126. 9 136. 6 146.3 156. 147. 157.C 168. 168.9 180. Ifl 160. 160. 140.10 151. 8 162.6 173.4 163.4 175. 186.8 187.6 200. 11 166. 176. 154.11 166.10 178.9 190.8 179.8 192.6 205.4 206.3 220. 12 180. 192, 169, 182. 195. 208. 196. 210. 224. 2-25. 240. 13 1!)6, 2f«, 183. 1 197. 2 211.3 225.4 212.4 227.6 242.8 243.9 260. 14 210, 224. 197. 2 212. 4 227.6 242.8 228.8 245. 261.4 2C2.6 280. ir 225. 240, 211. 3 227. 6 243.9 260. 245. 262.6 280. 281.3 300. If 240. 256. 226. 4 242. 8 260. 277.4 261.4 280. 298.8 300. 320, 17 265. 272. 239. 6 267.10 276.3 294.8 277.8 297.6 317.4 318.9 340. i( 270. 28H 243. 8 273. 292.6 312. 290. 314. 336. 337.6 360. 1} 386. 304. 267. 7 288. 2 308.9 329.4 310.4 332.6 354.8 366.3 380. 2C 300. 320. 271. 8 303. 4 326. 346.8 326.8 350. 373.4 375. 400. 21 315. 336. 286. 9 318. 6 341.3 364. 343. 367.6 392. 393.9 420. 2S 830. 362. 299.10 333. 8 357.6 381.4 369.4 386. 410.8 412.6 440. a 846. 368. 313.11 348.10 373.9 398.8 375.8 402.6 429.4 431.3 46a 9H 860. 884. S38. 364. 390. 4W, 392. 420. 448. 4S0. m. 618 a « h Z w u < CI t:,i XI- a- O i •0-; I ■M la .10! 8.11 40. 46.8 53.4 60. 66. 8 73.4 80, 86.8 93.4 100. 106.8 113.4 120. 126.8 133.4 140. 146.8 153.4 160, 44. 61.4 68.8 66. 73.4 80.8 88. 95.4 102.8 112. 110. 120, 117.4 128. 124.8i 136. 132. 144. 139.4! 152. 146.8 160. 164. I 168. 161.4! 176. 168.8 m 176. 192. {.12il2.13il2.l4 72. 78. 81 84. 91. 98. 96. 104. m. 108. 117. m 120, 130. 140. 132, 143. VA. 144. 156. 168. 156. 169. 182. 1G8. 182. 196. 1.80 195. 210. 102, 208. 22i 204. 221. 238. 216. 234. 252. 228, 247. 266. 240, 260. 280. 252. 273. 29L 264. 286. 308. 276. 299. ■iXi. 188. 312. 336. 1.16 16.15 116.H 12. ».3 19.4 58. 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" »« W « ft N N romMtofOM^-'^'rT'Tmmmm mo O O O «Q t^ • 00 1-4 '♦•O 00 o> M f»i mo ooON<»)mt-^<>-M •♦o oo 0> - m m t^co >8>3vJ • t| ^O t^ 0» N ". m r^co o -• fo mo oo cv « « •♦ m f*«o o m w m t>, >Jmh >« HI M n N N « « ro>->roe«)»otorT*'r'*'r'*'*'mmmmi*» • -1 N T m i-«oo c^ - p, ■* m f^oo o> - « •♦ mo oo o> - n m mo co C nMMMMMiHnrtNnnc«t4i'0«>Mncoro<0'VV'«''r'«'>'> • - « M mo t^^oo - D fo mo t^OT - « « mo r^oo - « tt MMMnniii-iM(iMNnnr«Nv-«c<><<>>->nnmion«^T- - - « n ■♦•o t^oo o - « -i •» mo r- 0> MHHxiiMHiMnrtnrtnNrtnnrtnnfnrontororoio CO »'~<^2s2s?r^^:r°2?8ss»« ««««?«««?, 3 O txoO OOO^OxMMM^* mo O r^OO OOO-M'^^*^*' '"•£> n « c« mo r^ t>oo o 0> -< - M M »»>•♦• mo o t-.i^oooo cj> o "• J N « C« •♦ m mo O «^ t^oo 0>0>00--f«M»ojrjm mo O J;^ J^-ao S-iTX >«-« J 621 f f ife Mo' <; .G: 8 &»'"»«»<>t»>'ri«o«'>C««5w>3i»»0««'>f»O«n0in5 8 moo •" r^n9> «»».•• ••^•w.o o «f»e»«" nm^no O mo mo »nO •'^O •• •• «**^-r«« *i>n «c r^ ^ ►^OO ^ » o --mmmin-%Tr^'*-*-*%n wt« O 8 in •♦M « N. - m o ♦•5 «•».«» .e e mc«iinooo i«ff r«omO 8 ■-^p^»4tAf^f^^«M«|««« 1*»« »«4Q O «« *i^OQ «n 9 1A moo Art O (50'"~-«"»^>OC'« *uat - moo -n'^mt^OMOO 2, 1A M r^ -^ r* — ^-eo o ^wt t^'vfi i«^«« r^ a^ r^ r^ \f\ Hi m Q 00--""""" •«■'«. - ^ C r> « mao OOnrooonvi 8 s. Ml N Ml »/» li fosO O « "^s^ - — •c^•»«o•»^■Jmg ma «mf^g mQmn 000 — — — ""*'»^*'W"'i»*Or» »'»>0 i^oo O f* m 1^ '•" — "mnnnnnnnnm'* n moo "lO O- •"H«»s.-»— m mvo 98 * — « ■♦O 00 » O00----"^'CacC«m»»vy-«-» mvo 00 n -^ ooo----""«-^tS'» ▼^ "CO -M»n'>r>oooon «••••••*■••'-*->• •*••■(■ — — » — ~i»«»n««lNr»coi<» n m »« r^ n •••O P- 1^^ •«■»••»« !?« ^»^o m m ♦ n •« n 0000----«««»»»'»-''~ "'^O OOC»0'"r»'*vO»3iS n "♦•O r^ >• »-> v^OJ m «i ^. (!^oo <0 hi x eo m 0000 — — — — •"! «r>c ao c « »n »ft r^oo eo c^ n ^ m r>* U1 »n N 8 •A r ITi "A 0000----«'«-'S»»»S«'» m>o t^oo 00 - M « fi i«) m ►^ c- - •» •»-»s «i e 5 ••«» •n^-oo mn »«^kmui O0OO0---«''»m f>ae 3> - f» •♦ ^ m.o \0 00 0» - f« - « t>.o oor^-Mm**?-! mi^ Q«m-O0*0»o mw 00O0O0--««^ •«»« »>-3C - n m n ■^ tn\0 tvco s s ?•§ o-*o 2 r 3 ^^r^s r:s^?r2^ ;;;fK^;: - N --I mv^i ►.«« >«. eM»»> »».« » m ■♦ "•an wioo m •« »• - n O000000O-i»«» m-e r»ao o>»0 0-n«*'A - " "*-^ —'2 rsi^^,jR4^s 3.*?= s^ 622 ^8 3,3 ^O %« *«<} r« to M « "^ * i«va 00 o " ^ ,; (i w MM*^ *« ■♦ * ^«>«» S; 5o 00 q n n *0 o" " .5S??*- fO i CO 0> - « , i w U «I x " SSm*^ ^n 0< TiHK Reqcired fob Dioestiok ov different Articles or Food, Br.iNo Observations made dy Dr. Beaumont, Surgeon in tub United States Army, on the Canadian, St. Martin, throuoh AN Orifice in his Stomach, caused by a gunshot wound. H-M. Apples, sweet and mellow 1 60 Bour and mellow 2 sour and hard 2 50 Barley, boiled 2 Beani, boiled 2 30 Beans and Green Corn, boiled. 3 45 Boef , roasted rare 3 roasttid dry 3 30 Steak, broiled 3 boiled 2 45 boiled.with mustard, etc. 3 30 tendon, boiled 6 30 tendon, fried 4 old salted, boiled 4 15 Beets, boiled 3 45 Bread, Com, baked 3 15 Wheat, baked, fresh — 3 30 Butter, melted 3 30 Cabbage, crude 2 30 crude, vinegar 2 crude, viu'r, boil'd. { * oq Carrots, boiled 3 15 Cartilage, boiled 4 15 Cheese, old and strong 3 30 Chickens, fricasseed 2 45 Cutitard, baked 2 45 Ducks, roasted j Ton Dumplinc^s, Apple, boiled 3 Egi.'s, boiled bard 3 30 boiled soft ... 3 fried 3 30 uncooked 2 wliipped,raw 130 Fish, Cod or Flounder, fried.. 3 30 Cod, cured, boiled 2 Salmon, salVd and boil'd 4 Trout, boiled or fried. . . . 1 30 Fowls, boiled or roasted 4 Goose, roasted 3 Gelatine, boiled 2 30 H. M. Heart, Animal, fried 4 Lamb, boiled 2 30 Liver, Beefs, boiled 2 Meat and Vegetables, hashed.. 2 30 Milk, boiled or fresh j ^ jg Mutton, roasted 3 15 broiled or boiled 3 Oysters, raw 2 55 roasted 3 15 stewed 3 30 Parsnips, boiled 2 30 Pigs, Sucking, roasted 2 30 Feet, soured, boiled 1 00 Pork, fat and lean, roasted .... 6 15 recently salted, boiled. . 4 30 •* " fried,.... 4 15 « *' broiled.. 3 15 «« " raw 3 Potatoes, boiled 3 30 baked 3 20 roasted 2 30 Rice, boiled 1 Sago, boiled 1 45 Sausage, Pork, broiled 3 20 Soup, Barley 1 30 Beef and Vegetables. ... 4 Chicken 3 Mutton or Ovster 3 30 Sponge-cake, baked 2 30 Suet, Beef, boiled 5 .% Mutton, boiled 4 30 Tapioca, boiled 2 Tripe, soured 1 Turkey. roasted {SInVtic:::: 2 5S boiled 2 25 Turnips, boiled 3 30 Veal, roasted 4 fried 4 50 Brains, boiled 1 45 Venison Steak, bnjiled 1 35 Comi'abative Value of Various Foods as Productive of Dyna- mic Force, when Oxidized in the Body. Cabbage 1. Carrots 1-2 Ekk, white of 1.4 Milk 1.5 Apples 1.5 Ale 1.8 Fish 1.9 Potatoes 2.4 Porter 2.6 Veal, lean 2.8 Mackerel 3.8 Ham, lean 4. Bread, crumbs 5.1 Egg, bard boiled — 6.4 Pea meal 9. Whe-at flour 9.1 Arrowroot 9.3 Oatmeal 0.3 Cheese 10.4 Egg, yolk.. 7.9'Cocoa 16.3 Sugar 8 Isinglass 8.7 Rice 8.9 Butter 17.3 Fatof beef 21.6 Cod liver oil 21.7 Sakk Load in Structures, including Weight of Structure. Ill cast-iron columns «» V* breaking weight Wroug;ht-iron structiires •* % In cast-iron girders for tanks — >A In cast-iron for bridges and floors. =• % In timber -c MO Stouetnd bricks « V. 623 tl H «< U •< «< Weioht or Water at its Commox Temperatubb. 1 cubic inch K« •03617 lb. 12 " inches K3 -434 li 1 «• foot sa 62-5 lbs. 1 << 3 - 1.417 1.435 2-038 2.435 2.638 2.814 3.146 3.103 3.6a3 3.293 3-806 3.592 3.530 3-537 3.790 3.846 .7053 .6965 .4904 .4105 .3788 .3552 .3178 .3225 .30.36 .3037 .263 .279 .2833 .2827 .2636 .26 STONES, EARTHS, ETC. Names. Marble, average Granite, ditto.. . Purbeck stone. . Portland ditto.. Bristol ditto.... Millstone Paving stone.. . . Craigleith ditto Grindstone Chalk, British.. Brick Coal, Scotch.... — Newcastle — StafTordsh'e — Caunel... 624 c4 •5S£ ^1= 2720 2651 2601 2570 2554 2484 2415 2362 2143 2781 2000 1300 1270 1240 1238 170.00 165.6f> 162..5fi 160.62 159.62 155.25 150.93 147-62 1-33-93 173.81 126.00 8t.l5 79.37 77.60 77.3T Specific Obavities, &c. of Matbbials Continued. lions. 18. lllOD*. IS. Hence to fifth to the gallou3 de- at 30 feet 36 feet the :s OF THE IUE8. ImOmeMUrt. '. qU. pts. gill* 9 11 6 2 3 nail )9 3 3 lUons raulti- erial multl- lequal GO Im- sfluct l-«Oth. IQUIDS, &C 1 170.00 I166.6P 1 162.56 160.62 1 159.62 1155.25 1 150.93 ll4T.62 1133.93 1 173.81 |l26.00 81.16 79.37 77.50 77.37 13 1314 13^4 14 14 1414 14< 15 IBVa 12^ 17 27% 28^ 29 29 Karnes. •«m "^ •~> Si 3 S Lignum Aitao... Box, French — — Dutch Ebonv, Indian.. — " American Oak, just felled. — seasoned.. Boeoakof Irel'd Manogany.Sp'sli — bay wooti Medlar tree Logwood Olive tree Beech Ash Alder Apple-tree Plum-tree Maple Teak Cheiry-tree Elm Walnut Ked pine Yellow do Pear tree Sycamore, chest- nut, and lime tree, each.. Willow Poplar, white Sp. — common Cedar. White pine. . . . Larch Cork 1331 1328 912 1209 1331 1113 743 1046 1063 637 944 913 927 852 845 800 793 755 752 760 715 673 671 657 652 650 604 585 629 383 561 5.51 530 240 Its 83.31 83.00 58-00 75.56 83.18 69.56 46.43 65.37 66.43 39.81 59.00 67.06 57.93 63.25 62.81 50.00 49.56 47.18 47.00 46.87 44.68 42.06 41.93 47.06 40.76 40.62 26% 27 38»/, 29>i 27 32V 48 66>' 38 39»/ 38 42 44% 45J2 47^ 48 60 531/4 63i| 55 65 37.75 59% 36.50 Ol'Z 33.06 Gii 23.93 93 3 .06 64 34.43 65 33.02 68 15.00 149 a -1 •m4 C a Names. Mi? . ght mpe on i lbs. Wei wat 1000 Wei ani gall Acid, Bulphurlc... — nitric 1850 18.5 1271 12 7 — muriatic 1200 12.0 — fluoric 1060 10.6 — citric 1034 1062 10.3 — acetic 10.6 Water from Baltic 1016 10.2 — from the Dead 1240 12.4 Sea — from the Med- 1029 10-3 iterranean . . . — from the Irish 1028 10.2 Channel — ice 1001 1000 lO.l — distilled 10.0 Oils, expressed linseed.. 940 9.4 sweet almond. 932 9.3 whale 923 926 9.2 hempseed 9.3 Olive 915 9.2 Oils, essential cinnamon.. . . 1043 10.4 lavender 894 8.9 turpentine.... amber 870 8.7 868 8.7 Alcohol of com- 825 8.2 merce, at 60° Fahrenheit Alcohol, absolute... 797 7.9 Ether, nitric 908 9.1 — muriatic 729 7.3 Proof spirit 922 9.2 Tar 1015 10.1 Vinegar, distilled.. 1009 10.1 ExPA-N'sioN OF LigriDs in Volume fhom 32^ to 212° Fahbunhbit. 1000 parts of water become 1046 » oil " 1080 " mercury " 1018 •' spirits of win© " 1110 air " 1373 The heat that would raise 1 lb. of water 1° would raise a pound of air I'.T ; 1 lb. air = about 11 cubic feet. Cue pound of steam will raise 3657 cubic feat of air 10°, and cause it to expand from 32° to 42°, about 3733 cubic feet. Permanent Loaps on Bridoes, &c. For roug]i calculations the weight of the bridge itself may be assumed to be (in wrought iron bridges) : For 30 feet spans, single line 560 lbs. per foot run. " 60 " •' 672 '^ " " 100 «« " 1,008 "150 •* " 1,344 "200 " •< 1,680 Dense crowds average 120 lbs. per square foot. For flooring, 1^8 to 224 lbs. per square foot, exclusiTC of tbe weight OS the flooring, is generally allowed. In Btoreuouses, from 224 to 450 lbs. per square foot. 40 625 t< 4< l« tl (1 « -;:|| STUEyOTH OF THK TEETH OrCAST IROK WUEEM AT A OIVEW VeIXKJITY. Pitch Thickness of teeth Breadth of teeth Strength of teeth in horse power at of teeth 3 feet per 4 feet per 6 feet per 8 feet per in iucbes. in inches. in inches. second. second. second. second. 3.99 1.9 7.6 20.57 27.43 41.14 51.85 3.78 1.8 7.2 17.49 23.32 ai.98 4<>.G4 3.57 1.7 6.8 14.73 19.65 29.40 39.28 3.36 1.6 6.4 12.28 16.38 24.56 32.74 315 1.5 6. 10.12 13.50 20.24 20.98 2.91 1.4 6.6 8.22 10.07 16.44 21. y2 2.73 1.3 6.2 6.58 8.78 13.16 17.54 2.52 1.2 4.8 6.18 6.91 10.36 13.81 2.31 1.1 4.4 3.99 6.32 7.98 10.G4 2.1 1.0 4. 3.00 4.00 6.00 8.U0 1.89 .9 3.6 2.18 2.91 4.36 5.81 1.68 .8 3.2 1.53 2.04 3.06 2M 1.47 .7 28 1.027 1.37 2.04 2.72 1.20 .6 2.4 .64 .86 1.38 1.84 1.05 .5 2. .375 .60 .75 1.00 Teeth of Wheels.— Multiply one-fourth of the square of the pitch in inches by the breadth of the teeth in inches ; the product is the horaes' power that the teeth will transmit when the pitch line passes thiougb 4 ft. per second. In quick speeds or fractional pitches, it may be more convenient to talce the following rule :— Multiply the square root of the pitch in incbei by the breadth of the teeth in inches ; the product is the horses' power at 16 ft. per second. A general rule to ascertain the length of the teeth is, to take y^ of the pitch for the distance from the root to the pitch line, and V4 of the pitch for the dist{ince from the pitch line to the top. When wheels dtive piiuous, let no pinion have less than 8 teeth ; rath- er 11 or 12 if convenient. When pinion drive wheels, let no pinion have less than 6 teeth ; rather 8 or 9. The number of teeth in a wheel should be prime to the number of teeth in its pinion. To increase or diminish velocity in a given proportion, and with tho least quantity of wheel-work, let the number of teeth on each pinion be to the number of teeth on its wheel as 1 : 3 69. Even to save space aud expense, never let the ratio exceed 1 : 6 — Buchanan. HicKS's Rule for Calculating the STitENOTn of Shafts.- Multiply the horses' power by the assumed number (300), and divide the §roduct by tlie revolutions per minute ; the cube root of the quotient will e the diameter required. Heating Poweb of Peat as Compared with Wood. 100 lbs. turfy peat, air dry, average 95 lbs. pine wood, " fibrous " " " 108 " " " earthy " " " 104 " " '• pitchy " •• " Ill <« «• Comparison of Heat nv Bulk. ' 100 cubic feet of turfy peat =. 33 cubic feet pine wood in logs. " " fibrous •• = 90 " •• " " *' earthy " = 145 " " " • " " " pitchy " = 184 " " ** Peat, coal, or coke - 25 to a5 of the peat by weight. " " " =30 to 40 per cent, by volume. Turf is 30 feet deep in upper marshes and it grows 30 inches in a cen- tury. In Hanover it grows 8 feet in 60 years. There are in many bogs 3 separated strata or layers of large trees separated by 10 or 12 feet of turf and heath. A carbonizing process gives tnem the appearance of being burnt. The bogs of Ireland cover 2,830,000 acres to the depth of 5, 12 and even 30 feet ; the bogs are ascril>ed to the prevalence of shallow lakes, which promot* the growth of mosaei and aquatic plants. «26 \ i rVEIiOCITY. power at er 8 feet per I. aecoiid. 51.K5 t HiM i 39.2g 32.74 2U.98 21.92 fS 17.54 e 13.81 8 10.04 8.00 6 5.81 \& 3.08 4 2.72 8 1.84 '5 1.00 BLOWIXO fiffOIKES. Capaeity of air vessels » 20 times the capacity of the blowing cylinder it the cylinder is single-acting. " '* ■- 10 times of doubie-actiug. VelocitT of air in the passages should not exceed 35 feet per second. pensity of bla.st for iron fiirnacos, from 2>4 to 3 lbs. per square inch- Kach smith's forge requires 150 cube feet of air per minute. Density of smith's torge blust V4 lb. per square inch. Each ton per hour melted in cupola requires 3,500 cube feet per minute. Each Jinery forgo requires luO.ooi) cube feet pur minute for each ton retined. Each blast lurimce '20 cube feet per minute for each cube yard capacity of furnace. MoUsworth, Man it/ncturc of I'ig Iron— Coke or Anthracite Cba^l8 to 20 tons of air are required for each ton. Charcoal — 17 to 18 tons air are required for each ton. 1 ton of air at 340 = 29,761, and at 00^ = 31,306 cubic feet. Pressure.— Thet pressure ordinaiily required for smelting purposes is «qual to a column of mercury from 3 to 7 inches. Pipes.— Their area, leading to the reservoir, should be '2 that of the blast cylinder, and the velocity of the air should not exceed 35 feet per eecona. A ton of pig iron requires for its reduction from the ore 310,000 cubic feet of air, or 5 3 cubic feet of air for each lb. of carbon consumed. Pres- sure, '7 lb. per square inch. An ordinary eccentric fan, 4 ft. diameter, with 5 blades 10 ins. wide and 14 ins. length, set 1 9-16 ins. eccentric, with an Inlet opening of 17*5 ins. diameter, and an outlet of 12 ins. square, making 870 revolutions per minute, will supply air to 40 tuyeres, each 01 1% ins. diameter, and at a pressure per square inch of -B inch of niercurv. An ordinary eccentric fan blower, 60 ins. diam., running at 1000 revo- lutions per minute, '^ill give a pressure of 16 ins. of water, and require for its oi)eration a power of 12 horses. Area tuyere discharge 600 square \\\&.—Ua8well. Properties of Fpel. Kind of Fuel. Bituminous Coal Anthracite Coke Coke, Nafl Virginia... Coke, Cumberland Charcoal DryWootl Wof)d, 20 per ct. water. Turf, dry (peat) Turf,2u per ct. water.. Illuminatinc gas Oil, wax, tallow Alcohol 1 S-od ^ O^V4 s*.- Lbs. of wa evaporate per poun Cubic feet air requir for 1 lb. coal. ^8 50 7to 9 80 265 8 to 10 92 282 54 8 to 10 86 245 31 8 to 9 80 260 48 8 to 10 80 250 32 6 to 6 96 265 24 4 to 5 44 147 20 4 34 115 25 6 61 165 28 5 40 132 30 13.8 , , 194 0.37 14 77 200 69 9.56 68 154 52 Memoranda Concerning Coal and Irox. First notice of stone coal is B C. 371. The coal fields of England were the first practically developed. First record of stono coal used in England was A. I). 820. Kecords of regular mining in England hrst made in 1180. Coal first used in I..ondon in 1240. Firat tax laid on coal in England in 1379. Tax was repealed in 1831, having been taxed 400 years. First patent for making iron with pit coal was granted to Simeon Sturtevant, in 1612, but was not successful. Iron first made in a blast furnace with pit coal with guccesB by a Mr Darby, of Colebrook Dale. England, in 1713. 627 Ox Coal, Stzam Heating, Etc. In 1747 Iron was made iu England with pit coal, Buttable for the miB. ufacture of cannon. ^^ In 17WJ the production of Iron with pit coal in England was 48.300 ton«- with charcoal, 13,iiO() tons. «- o ,"w wni, in IJ56I the production of Iron In Great Britain was 6,000,000 tons. Wooden rails in mines were used in 1777. Cast-iron rails in mines were used in 1790. "Wrought-Iron rail* in mines were used In 1815. Coal gas lirst made use of practically in 17J»8. Amekica.n Coal FiKLDs.—Fii-st coal tlelds worked in America wm. the bituminous fields at Richmond, Va., discovered in 1750. This coal was used at Westham, on the James Kiver, to make shot and shell dur Ing the War of Independence. The first use of Anthiacite coal was In 17C8-69. First used for smithing purposes In 1790. First used to burn in a common grate in 1808. First successful use of Anthincite coal for the smelting of Iron was In 1839 at the Pioneer Furnace, at Potts ville, Pa. It had been tried on the Lehkh in 1826, but was unsuccessful. The great shaft of the Philadelphia and Rending Iron Company liai been sunk to a depth of 1,569 ft. from the surface to the great nianinioth coal vein wliich attains a thickness of 2r, feet, in that dlsfance i.assine through no less than 16 coal neanis, of which 6 are workable and have an average thickness together of 61 feet. Even then there are a number of coal seams underlying these. Ventilation. Each person requires at least from 3 to 4 cubic feet of air per minute. Ordinary windows allow about 8 cubic feet a minute to pass. Sleeping apartments require 1000 cubic feet of space to each occupant. Aji ordf- uary gas flame requires as much air as 9 persons. Warming by Steam. When the external temperature is 10° below freezing point, in order to maintain a temperature of 60° ; or, One Buperflcial foot of steam pipe for each 6 superficial feet of glass in the windows ; or, One superficial foot of steam pipe for every 6 cube of air escaping for Tentilation per minute ; or, One superficial foot of steam pipe for every 120 feet of wall, roof, or ceiling ; or, One square foot of steam pipe to 80 cubic feet of space ; One cube foot of boiler is required for every 2,000 cube feet of space to be heated ; One hor-ie-power boiler Is sufficient for 50,000 cube feet of space. Steam should be about 212°. — Afolesworth. As usually estimated, 1 square foot of pipe Is amply sufficient to heat 75 to 80 cubic feet of ah in exterior rooms, and 100 feet In interior rooma. Thickness of Boiler Iron, and Pressure Allowed by United States Laws. Pressure equivalent to the Standard for a Boiler 42 inches Diameter ani V4 inch Thick. Wire Thick- Diameter in Inches. Quage ness in IGths. 34 Ins. 36 ins. 38 Ins. 40 ins. 42 ins. 44 ins. 4G ins. No. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. l.bs. 1 8 169.9 160.4 162. 144.4 137.5 131.2 125.5 2 4% 158.5 149.7 141.8 134.7 128.3 122.5 117.2 3 4'^ 147.2 139.1 131.8 125.1 119.2 113.7 108.8 4 4 135.9 128.3 121.6 115.5 110. 105. 100.4 5 !§ 124.5 117.6 111.4 105.9 100.8 96.2 92.1 6 113,2 106.9 101.3 69.2 91.7 87.5 83.7 T 3 101.9 96.2 91.2 86.6 82.5 78.7 75.3 628 le for the mAiti was 48,300 toiu; 0,000 tona. America wer« 1750. This coal and Bhcll dur- I of iron \Ta» In !eu tried on tbs n Company liai 'real mammoth [stance iiasiiing t)le and Iiave an ire a number of air per minute, pass. Sleeping lant. Aji ordf- point, in order feet of glass in ilr escaping for wall, roof, or 5 feet of space f space. Steam fflcient to heat Interior rooms. Id by United \ Diameter and 4 ins. 4G ins Lbs. I.bs. 131.2 125.5 122.5 117.2 113.7 108.8 105. 100.4 96.2 U2.1 87.5 83.7 78.7 75-3 NOTBS OK STKEIfOTIl OF BOILERS- flnilfv Plate* and JJott».—Tho tonsile strength of Iron plates and bnltn ranges from 42,.'S00 to 62,000 lbs. Mean tensilo strength of copper platfi^ 3;!,000 lbs. up to 120=> ; temperature at22U'^ = 32,000 lbs. ; at 560-^ - i'i.ooo lbs. Jlnrsting or Collapsing Preamrea.— Iron plates should be based uv>on A strength 2-5 that of uitinmio strength ot the metal ; for use in salt water, at >/^ that of its ultimate Htrenglh. Itesistanco to collapse much less than to bursting. Slrent/th of Stay Bolts.— (it iron, for use in salt water, should be taken tt 1-7 ; fresh 'water, 1-6 ; copper, 1-5 uf ultimate tensile strength. Stay-bolts, when screwed and riveted, are Vs stronger than when screw- ed alone. IlELATivE Strength of Riveted Joints per Square inch of Sin- gle Plate Single-lapped, machine riveted, rivets 3 diameters, centre to centre, 25,000 lbs. ; hand riveted, 24,000 lbs. ; atagyered riveting, and equi- distant from centres, 30,500 lbs. ; abut joints, hand riveted— rivets not " «to(/f/ereet Feet Force in per Hour. per Minute. per pounds per Description. Second. square foot. 1 88 1.47 .005 Hardly perceptible 2 3 170 264 2.93 4.4 .020 .044 Just perceptibl*. 4 5 352 440 6.87 7.33 .079 0.123 Gentle breeze. 10 15 880 1,.320 14.67 22. 0.492 1.107 Pleasant breeze. , ^ 20 25 1,760 2,200 20.3 36.6 1.970 3.067 Brisk gale. 30 85 2,640 3,080 44.0 51.3 4.429 6.027 High wind. 40 45 3,520 3,960 58.6 66.0 7.870 9.000 Very high wind. 50 4,400 73.3 12.304 Storm. 60 70 6,280 6,160 88.0 102.7 17.7.13 21.153 Great storm. 80 100 7,040 8,800 117.3 1466 31.490 49.200 Hurricane. Loss OF Light by Use of Shades.—/". //. Storer. Glass, etc. Amerlcajt Enamelled. Crown .- Crystal plate English Porcelain Transpar'cy Tli'k- ness. Loss. PrCt. Ins. 1-16 61.23 1-8 13.08 1-8 8.61 1-8 6.15 1-3 97.68 Glass, etc- Th'k ness. Window, d'ble, Eng. " •• Ger " single, Ge: " groi green Ins. ' 8 .G 1-10 1 16 I>o»i. ten. 9.39 13. 4.27 (W.7r. P' 96 630 B LU>ATII>II| BRITISH MiscKLLAHKor* Mras-iTuk Milk, a* MRAnrRRo uy va- Kloi:« Nationu. Tlio English mllo Ui 1760 Tho Scotch " 1984 I'ho Irish " 2'i;40 The (Jorman •' 8106 The Dutch and PruBBiaii mile is 8480 The Italian mllo in 1766 Tlio Vifnna iM)Bt mile Ib. . 8206 The Swisfl mile is 9153 Tho SwediBh and Danish mile is 7341.5 The Arabian mile la 2143 The Homan mile Is. . 1628 or 2025 1167 or 1337 1808 1826 6869 yd* •I IRKS Koii VAUiouH PirurotiEa. A load of unhewn tim- bt-r 40 cubic ft. A load of squared tim- ber BO " A load of inch boards . 600 sq. ft. A load of two-inch planks 300 " A hundred of deals — 120 in num. A bundre, the Portuguese leaguo Ut.7C0 yards, tho Spanish 7410 yards, the Swedish 11700 yards. All of them parts of a degree, but made before the length of a degree was ac- curately determined. To Test Quality op Stekl. Good tool flteel, with a white lieat, will fall to pieces ; with bright red heat will crumble under the hammer ; with middling heat may bo drawn to a needle-point. To test hardening qualities, draw under a low heat to a gradually taper- ed square point and plunge into cold water ; if broken point will scratch glass, the quality is good. To test tenacity, a hardened piece will be driven Into cast-iron by a hardened hammer— if popr, will be crumbled. p]xcellenco will be in proportion to tenacity in hard state. Soft steel of good quality gives a curved line fracture and uniform gray texture. TooTsteel should be dull lilvcr color, unlfon.i, entirely free from sparkling qualitie.<(. Aquafortis, applied to the surface of steel, produces a black spot ; on iron the metal remains clean. Tho slightest vein of iron or steel can b« readily detected by this method. Steel Rprikos. Hule 1st— To find elasticity of a given steel-plate spring : Breadth of plato In Inches multiplied by cube of the thickness in 1-16 Inch, and bT mnnber of plates ; divide cube of span in inches by protluct bo fountf, and multiply by 1.66. Kesult, equal elasticity in l-16tn of an inch per ton of load. Hule 2rf— To find span due to a given elasticity, and number and size of plate : Multiply elasticity in sixteenths per ton, by breadth of plate in inches, and divide by cube of the thickness in inches, and by the number of plates ; divide by 1.6C, and find cube root of the quotient. Besult, equal span In inches. liule 3d— To find number of plates due to a given elasticity, span, and size of plates : Multiply the cube of the span in inches by 1.06 ; mul- tiply the elasticity In sixteentlis by the breadth of the plate In inches, and by the cube of the tliickness in sixteenths ; divide the former pro- duet by the latter. The quotient is the number of plater Rule ith—To find the working strength of a given steei-prate spring : .Multiply the breadth of plate In Inches by the square of the thickness In ilxteenths, and by the number of plates ; multiply also the working ■r ': in Uiches by 11.3 ; divide the former product by the latter. Result, ■ 1 working strength in tons burden. Ait/e 6th— To find span due to a given strength and number, and fllze of plate : Multiply the breadth of plato tu inches by the square of th« 631 On Metals, Stair-cases, Paihts. tliickneu in sixteenths, and by the number of plates ; multiply, al8o, the strength in tons by 11.3, divide the former proauct by the latter. Kcsult equal working span in inches. Jiute 6th — To tind the number of plates due to a given strength, span and size of plate : Multiply the strength in tOnS by span in inches, and divide by 11.3 ; multiply also the bread tli of plate in inches by the squart of the thickness in sixteenths ; ^livide the former proiluct by the lutier. Result, equal number of plates. The span is that due to the form of the spring loaded. Extra thick' plates must be replaced by an equivalent number of plates of the i ,ug thickness, before applying the rule. To find this, multiply the number c: extra plates by the square of their thickness, and divide by the square of the ruling thickness ; conversely, the number of plates of the ruling thickness to l>e removed for a glveu number of extra plates, may bo fuuiid ill the same way. liiXEAL Expansion op Metals. Produced by raising their temperature from 32° to 212° Fahrenheit. Zinc 1 pait in 322 Platinum " 351 lln(pure) " 403 Tin (impure) " 600 Silver •• 624 Copper '• 681 Brass " 684 Falmouth tin " 462 English brass rod " 628 Brass nire " 617 Biisterml steel " 870 Gold 1 part in i Bismuth Iron Antimony Palladium Platinum Flint glass Soft rolieiliron.... Prism of cast iron . Retiector metal. .. Uefined silver ;is m m vm 1100 12t8 m 901 617 C2S Width of Ileicht of Tread. Itlser. 6 inches 8V2 inches. 7 " 8 " 8 " 7% " 9 41 7 H Stair-Cases. Width of Height of Tread. Riser. 10 inches .6*4 lucbes. 11 " 12 " 5>/, " 13 " 9 •« Painting. 1 gal. priming color will cover 60 superflcial yards. white zinc " 60 white paint " 44 lead color " 60 black paint " 60 stone color " 44 yellow paint " 44 blue coloi: " 46 green paint " 45 bright emer. green " 25 bronze green " 46 << One pound of paint will cover about 4 superficial yards the first ooat, and about 6 yds. oacli atiditional coat. One pound of putty for stoppi.ig every 20 yds. One giiUon of tar, and I lb. pitch, will cover 12 yds. super- ficial the first coat, a id 17 yds. each addltiou-M coat. Paints, &o.— In addition to the ery ample information to be found under the Painters Department, the following, transcri^^sd from the Ordnance Manual, t •? given. Boiled Oil.— Raw oil— 1.3 pa/ts, copperas— 3- i6 parts, ]itharRe-C3 parts. Put the litharge and copperas in a cloth bag and suspend in the middle of the kettle. Boil the oil i% hours over a slow fire, then let it stand .and deposit the sediment. Ditvi.VGS.- Mixture of copperas and litharge taken from the boiled oil 60 parts. Spirits urpentine 66 parts, boiled oil 2 parts. Pittt v.— Spanish whiting, pulverized 81-6 parts, boiled oil 20*4 uarts. Make into a cUff pute, U not intendad for Immedute use raw oil sLou)'' l>e used. Bol SpiJ boill ipirl ratej IpM boil? umb| wori< PJ beesJ turpe| beesv mlxtil < ;' ! 0- S Iply, also, the tter. licsult rength, span, 1 inches, and by the squart by the latter. Extra thick' of the I .iig he number Oi the square of >t' the I'uline Diay boluuiia 'ahrenhelt. , . 1 part iu 683 •' 71* " m " 923 •• lOOO 1100 12M 819 901 617 523 •( it << it ti Height of Riser. ...G^A inches. ,..6 ,..5«/, ;; ...5 " |be first coat, 1 for 8topi)i:ig [2 yds. super- , to be fou\>d 0d from the JitharRe-C3 pend in the ,then let it the boiled 20*4 parts. oU »hou)'' Outside work. 80. 9. 9. 4. Tatsttb, Inks, Dtbb, Etc. White Paint. luslde work. White lead, ground in oil 80 Boiled oil 14.5 Raw oil Spiriti* turpentine 8- New wood-work requires 1 lb. to the square yard for three coats. Lkad Color.— White lead ground in oil 75 parts, lamp black 1 part, boiled linseed oil 23 parts, litharge 0-5 parts, Japan varnish 0-5 parts, spirits turpentine 2-5 parts. I.ami) black and litharge are ground sepa- rately with oil, then stirred into the white lead and oil. Black Paint.— Lamp black 28 parts, litharge 1 part, Japan varnish 1 pari, boiled linseed oil 73 parts, spirits turpentine 1 part. Gray ob Stone Color for Buildinos.— White lead in oil 78 parts, boiled oil 9-5 parte, raw oil 9-5 parts, spirits tnrpentine 3 parts, Turkey umber 0.5 parts, lamp black 0.25 parts. One square yard of new brick- work requires for 2 coats i.i lb., for 3 coats 1.5 lb. P\iNT foe Tarpaulins.— 1st. Olive. Liquid olive color 100 parts, beeswax 6 parts, spts, turnentine 6 parts. Dissolve the biseswax in spts. turpentine, with a gentle neat, and mix the paint warm. 2d. Add 12 ozs. beeswax to I gal, Unseed oil, boil it two hours ; prime the cloth with the mixture, and use it in the place of boiled oil for mixing the paint. CBEAM Color. {For Buildings.) let coat. White lead, in oil 66.66 French yellow 3.33 Japan varnish 1.33 Raw oil 28.00 SpiriM turpentine 2.25 2d coat 70. 3.33 1.33 24.5 2.25 One square yard of new brick-work requires for lirst coat, 0.75 lbs. (or second, 0.3 lbs. , , . ,^ • « ,w n j Cheap Paint for Sheds and Pexces.— Melted pitch lbs., linseed pil 1 pt., brick dust, or yellow ochre, 1 lb. To the above we add the following valuable items :— Tt) Waterproof Awnings.— Immerse Jlrst in solutli>n containing 20 per cent, of soap, and repeat the process in a copper solution of equal itrcnf(th, then wash and dry. Amline Inks.- 1. Violet. Dissolve 1 part of aniline violet blue in SOOpartsof water. Abeautiful ink. 2. lilue Ink. Dissolve 1 part of soluble ParlH blue in 250 parts of water. 3. Red Ink. Dissolve 1 part soluble fuchsin in 200 parts boiling water iNniA or Chim^.se Ink.— Calcined lamp black 100 parts. Boghead rhalc black, in impalpable powtler, 60 parts ; Indigo carmine in cakes, 10 parts ; Carmine lake, T> parts ; Gum arable (best quality) 10 parts ; Puri- fied ox-gall 20 parts; Alcoholic oxt. of musk, 5 parts; IMssolve the gum in 50 to 60 parts of pure water, and filter through a cloth. The Indigo, car- iriiic. lake, lamp black, and shale black are mixed with the liquid and the whole ground oj> a slab with a muUer like ordinary colors, but much lonj;er. Now add the ox-gall and ext. of musk slowlv, grinding well in. Next dry in the air away from dust, mould into cakes and dry again. When quite Arm, compress into bronze moulds with any desired design, wrap up in tin foil and again in gilt paper. A splendid article. To l)VE, Stiffen and Bleach Felt Hats.— Felt hats are dyed by repeated immersion, drawing and dipping in a hot watery solution of logwiunl 38 parts, green vitriol 3 parts, verdigris 2 parts ; repeat the im- mersions and drawing with exposure to the air 13 or 14 times, or until the color suits, each step in the process lasting from 10 to 15 minutes. Ani- line colors mav be advantageously used instead of the above. For a itiffeiiing, dissolve borax 10 parts, carlK)nate of potash 3 parts, in hot water, then add shellac 60 parts, and boil until all is dissolved ; apply vith a sponge or a brush, or by immersing the hat when it is cold, and dip at oncQ in very dilute sulphuric or acetic acid to neutralize the alkali «nd fix the BlMilac. Felt bau c«u be bleacUed by the use, of lulpUarie >cldgu. SUGGESTIONS TO ARTISANS, &C. liKxrsvB.r Secrets.— A Bpoonfal of oz-gall to a gallon of water will get the colon of almost any goods soaked in it previous to washing. \ tea-cup of lye in a pail of water will improve tne color of black gorxli. Nankin should lie in lye before being washed ; it sets the color. A etronj tea of common hay will preserve the color of French linens. Vinegar in the rinsing water for pink or green calicoes will brighten them. ScxU answers the same end for both purple and blue. To bleach cotton eloih take one large spoonful of sal-soda, one pound of chloride of lime, for thirty yards ; dissolve in clean soft water, rinse the cloth thorougLlV in cold soft water in order that the cloth may not rot. The above amount of cloth, with the bleaching compound way be whitened in from teu to fifteen minutes. Suggestions to Abtisaks— Never consider time wasted that \t spent in learning rudiments. lu acquiring a knowledge of any art or handicraft tlie greatest difticulty is experienced at the beginiiing, bi. cause our work then possesses little or nothing of interest. Our tint lessons in drawing, or music, or with tools, are very simple ; indeed w simple are they that; we are disposed to undervalue their importance. The temptation is to skip a few pages and begin further on in the book, But such a course is fatal to success. To lenrn principles thoroughlj is to succeed. Be content to learn one thing at a time, whether it be to flush a plane square and true, or draw a straight line- "Whatever yon earn, learn it absolutely, without possible question. This will enable you to advance steadily, step by step, year after year, and some dtr you will wonder why you have been enabled to distance the geniuiei who once seemed so far in advance of you. Set your heart upoTi what you have in hand. Valuable knowledge is acquired only by intense devotion. You must give your entire mind to whatever you undertake, otherwise you fail, or succeed indifferentlj, which is but little better than failure. Jjearn, therefore, to estimate properly the value of what is called leisure time. There is entirely too much of this in the world- Do not mistake our meaning. Best is necessary and play ir well in its place, but young men who nope to do something in life must not expect to pit? one third of their time. r While you resolve to acquire a thorough knowledge of your nrt, be equally as anxious to know something beyond it. A craftsman ought to be ashamed of himself who|knows notiiing but the use of his toolr. Having the time to acquire it, be careful to properly estimate the value of knowledge. Remember of what use it will be to you in ten thousand instances as you go along in life and be as conscientious in lenrnin; rudiments here as elsewhere. Learn to spell correctly, to write a good plain hand, ax^<\ to punctuate your sentences. Do not dress beyond your means ; never spend your last dollar, nnleii for food to keep yourself or some one else from starving. Yo\i will always feel better to keep a little money in your pocket. At the earlieit possible opportunity save up a few dollars and place the amount in a savings bank. It will serve as a magnet to attract other money that might be foolishly spent. Just as soon as you can command the means, bny « piece of ground. Do not wait until you have saved enough to pay all down, but bepin br paying one third or one quarter- Do not be afraid to go iu debt for land, for it increases in value. Marry as soon as you are able to support a wife and can find a good woman who is willing to accept you.— TAf American Builder. In commending the above advice the editor would enterpose asalutar; caution regarding the deposit of money in Savings Banks, while man; ■uccessf nl business men, and other possersed of exunerant imagination m; that there is no such word as fail, it is palpably manifest that the collapM of no loss than eleven Savings Banks in New York and its vicinity during the past few months, has furnished ruinous proof to thousands of d^ positors that the contrary is the truth- In making -deposits then, b« sure that your savings are put in a $afe place and that the integrity of ttM meu to wboui you iatrusttUem is beyond question. 634 in of tyutcT will bo waahing. a of black gofxli. color. A strong eu8. Vinegar in en them. Sodi ,ch cotton cloth, •ide of lime, for li tborougblyin 3 above amount i in from teu to wasted that ii je of any art or e beginning, bt- erest. Our ftm nple ; indeed lo jeir iraportaiice. r on in the book, jiples thoroughly whether it b« lo . Whatever you This will enable r, and eonie day nee the geniuMi liable knowledge your entire mliul eed Indifferenllj, of what is called le world- Do not wellin its place, |not expect to play ;e of your nrt,be ■aftsnian ought to une of his took itlmate the value in ten thouMiid ivlouB in learnine y, to write a good llaBt dollar, tinles Irving. You vriU \. Attheearlleit [the amount in » other money that piece of ground. 'irn.but begin br >indebtforlBuai I can find a good fciiWer. Iterpose a salutary nks. while many t imagination ay [that the collapie s vicinity during ^ousands of n«- leposlts then.M the integrity of Miitcellaneoas Rules, Ac, for Engineers, Mill-owners, Mechanics, &c. Geabino a CojiPOtTND Lathe.— The term Compound or double gear* td, as applied to the screw-cutting gear of a lathe means that there exbts, between tlie gear wheel which is fastened to and revolves witli the lathe (ipindle and the feed screw, two gear wheels of different diameters .and revolving; side by side, at the same number of revolutions, by reason of being fixed uiwu the same sleeve or axis. The object of thia arrangeuienl if ttnn.ake, between the speed at which the lathe mandril or spindle will run. ami the speed or revolution at which the feed screw will run, a great- eramo'int of difference than is possible in a single geared lathe, and thus to l)e able to cut threads of a coarser pitch than could be cut in the latter. This is usually accomplished by providing two intermediate wheels of different diameters, both being held by a feather fn a sleeve revolving upon an adjustable pin for the purpose. It is obvious tiiat the smallest of these compounded or conpled wheels will gear into and with the wheel or gear on the feed screw ; and that the changes of gear may be made unon the gear running on the lathe mandril and that running on the feea screw, without disturbing the pair of intermediate (and compounded) gears referred to. Iji many cases, however, only tlie wheel upon the feed screw need be changed,' since a wide range of pitch may be obtained by changing that wheel only. To find the number of teeth in the wlieel required to be placed on the feed screw, we have the following rule : Divide tne pitch to be cut by the pitch of the feed screw, and the pro- duct will be the proportional number. Tlien multiply the number of teeth on the lathe mandril gear by the number of teeth on the smallest pear of the compounded pair, and the product by the proportional num- ber, and divide the last product by the number of teeth in the largest vheei of the comiK)undea pair, and the product is the uiunber of teetli lor the wheel on the feed screw. Suppose, for example, the gear on the lathe mandril contains 40 teeth rannmg into the largest of the compounded gears which contains 50 teeth, and that the small gear of the compounded pair contains 15 teeth ; what I wheel will be required for the feed screw — its pitch being 2, aud the ihreiid requiring to be cut being 20 ? Piteh required. 20 Then- Mind rit ||Hr teeth. Pitch of feed screw. o Pmpnrtinnal number. 10 40 Small eom- pouud gear. 15 Proportional number. T.arsc com- pound gear. 10 ^ 60 = 120 = iho number of Iteeth required upon the wheel for the feed screw. In the above example, I however, all the necessary wheels except ^ne are given ; and since it is [often required to find the ueccssiiry sizes .^/. two of the wheels, tlie follow- linz rule may be used : I Divide the number of threads yon wish to cut by the pitch of tlie feed Itcrew, and multiply the quotient by the number of teeth on one of the Idriving wheels, and the product by the number of teeth on the other of Ithe driving wheels : then any divisor that leaves no remainder to the last Ipnxluct is the numoer of teeth for one of the wheels driven, and the quotient is the number of teeth for the other wheel driven. [In this rale the term " wheel driveti " means a wheel which has mo* ^ou imparted to it, while Its teeth do not drive or revolve any other 'heel ; hence the large wheel of the compounded iiair i« one of the 63G RULES FOB HACHIXISTS, MILLERS, AC. wheels driven, while the wheel on the feed screw is the other of the wheels driveu.] Example.— It is required to cut 20 threads to the inch, the pitch of th» feed screw beiug 2, oue of tl»e driving wheels contaius 40 teeth and the other 15 : Pilch required to b« cut. 20 Pitch of feed esrew. Teeth io ose driving aritcd. 40 } T»«t!» in other Anvutf woctL 15 = 6000. Then, 6000 -i- 50 = 120 ; and hence one of the gears will require to con. tain 50 and the other 120 teeth ; if we liave not two of such wheels, we may divide by some other number iusi^rad of 50i fluis : 6000 4- GO = 100 ; aud the wbeeLt will require to have, re- Bpectively, CO and 100 teeth. If there are no wlieels on the lathe we pnceed as follows : Divide the i)itch required by tlie pitch of the feed screw ; the quotient is the pro\)ortiou between the revolotions of the first driving gear aud the feed screw gear. Example. Required the gears to fut x pitch of 20, the feed screw pitch being 4 ; here 20 -r 4 = 5; tliat is to saj. the feed screw must revoke five times as slowly aw the first driving; gear ; we now find two numbers which, multiplied together, make five : a« 2^ X 2 = 5 ; hence one pair of wlieels must be ge.ired 2^ to 1 and tlie other pair 2 to 1, the small wheel of each pair being used as driver*. becaa;se the thread required is finer than the feed screw. Rose's OjmpitU Practical Machinist, U. Curey Baird A Co., Philadclpfiia. HIPPED BOOKS, urns. nOFTERS, AC. To find the vario^lS Am/les andproprrr tHm^nsinn$ of Materials xchtrt- by to c»nfttvuct any fi'jnt'e icho*r form is thf Fntstrum of a proper or inverted Pyramid, as Hipped Ro'>/*, Mill Ihpp^ra, Ac. A B A B C D represents the desired site of plbn for a roof, E T represents the height ; draw the line A E to meet the apex or ridge E K on plan ; from £, at right angles with C E aud euual to the designed height draw the line E T then the line T C. equal tlie lenglii of the struts or corners of the roof ; from C, with the distance C F, draw the arc T H, continue the diagonal C E until it cuts the arc E H, thitMigh which, and imnillcl with the a|)ex E K, draw tlie line I L, which determines the required breadth for each side of the roof : from C, meeCingthe line I L, dniw the line Cj G, or proper angle for the end of each XtfarA by which the roof nii.i:ht «•! quire to be covered, and the ansrle at T i# what the boards require to bel made in the direction of their thickuefis, when the corners or angles re-| quire to be mitred. To Compute the Nimber of Retoixtioxb or a Pinion on DrivOI WHEN THE Number of Revolutiovs or Dxivki\ and the DiAMEraj OB THE Number of Teeth of Dhitke and Driven are givesT —Multiply the number of revolutuxu of drirer by ib^ number of teetbl RULES FOR MACHINISTS, MILLERS, ^IC. tit ither ol the pitch of th» eetb and the KXK). quire to con- i wheels, we e to have, re- ; the quotient ving ge.ir aud eed screw pitch J must revolve i two numbers hence one pair to 1, the small ead required ii J(fac/«iu«'. "• Materials u-hen- mof a proper or (it! diameter, and divide the product by the nnm her of teeth or Uie iameter of tlie driver. r Propoktion of Circles.— Toassist machinists in enlarging orreducing achinery wheels without changing their respective velocities. B T represents the : on plan ; from [eight draw the for corners ol the I Ih, continue the lid mmllclwith lequjrcd breadtM Lniw the Uuetl Ic roof mijiht re-l 1b require to he I I or angles re-l IrioN on Dbiv« ItheDiameto U ABE civ-a. fumher of teeth it, lay off two circles, D F and G I, the size of the largest wheels von wish to change to a large or small machine, with the central iH of tlie smaller circle G I on the periphery of the largest circle D teu describe two lines Q C and S A tangent to the circles as shown igram, tlien draw the line R B through their centres ; now if you to reduce the machine outline a circle of the size you wish to re- it to; if, say, one-half, have the centre K one-half the distance [E to P and lav off the circle J L, and on its periphery N as a ceu- poff.i circle M with their perinberieK touching the tangent lines Tid S A, as shown in diflgrnm. Tliis will make the circle J L one- ne sire of the circle D F. and the circle M O one-half the size of the G I ; leaving J L aud M in the same proportion to each other NndGI. iKduce one-third, have the centre K one-third the diitanco from E itf one-fourth, have the centre K one-fourth the distance from t. to OSS BULES FOB MACHINISTS, MILLEBS, AC. P, &c. This reckoning may be applied beyond the centre E for enlargiufl machine wheels, and will enable the mechanic to malco the alteraU^l without chanj^iug their respective velocities. " To Compute the Diameter of a Pinion when the Diameter oiu THE Driver, and the number of Teeth in Driver and Driven abi| GIVEN.— Multiply the diameter of driver by the number of teeth in thJl pinion and divide the product by the number of teeth in the driver, the quotient will be the diameter of pinion. To Compute the Number of Revolutions op a Driver, th the revolutions of Driven and Teeth or Diameter of Drivi and Driven are given.— Multiply the number of teeth or the diamete^ of driven by ita revolutions and divide the product by the iiumbero teeth or the diameter of driver. To Compute the Number or Teeth in each Wheel for a Trah OF Spur Wheels, each to have a given VELOciTy.— Multiply number of revolutions of the driving wheel by its number of teeth", divide the product by the number of revolutiona each wheel ia to fQ asccrtivui the number of teeth required for each. To FIND THE Circumference op anv Diameter.— From the i B describe the circle A C G, with the desired diameter ; next place I comer of the square at the centre B, and describe the lines IJ D audBj then draw the chord D F ; three times the diameter added to the f tance from the centre of the chord D E F to the middle of the subtend! arc D G F, will be circumference desired. To FIND THE Circumference of a Circle, or op a pclle Multiply the diameter by 3' 1416, or as 7 is to 22 so is the diameter to | circumference. The areas of circles are to each other as the squares of their diamei and a circle contains a greater area than any other plain figure boua by an equal outline. To Compute the area of a circle.— Multiply the circumferena one quarter of the diameter ; or multiply the square of the diametel 7854 ; or multiply the square of the circumference by •07958 ; or ml ply half the circumference by half the diameter ; or multiply the sqj of half the diameter by 31416 to find the circcmfebekce of an ellipse. .Ru/ff.— Multiply half the sum of the two diameters by 31416, aiifl| product will be the circumference. £xam»/e.— Suppose the longer diameter 6 inches and the 8hoi< nmeter 4 inches, then 6 added to 4 equal 10, divided by 2 equal 5. i plied by 31416 equal 16*7080 inches circumference. dkC. DIRECTIONS TO HILL-MEN, AC. 639 I E for enlarginil tiie alteiatiotl B Diameter Of HD Dbivek , of teeth in th«| 1 the driver, DmvEB, rniE ;tek of Dkive \ or the diameteil )y the number EEL roR A Trad :y.— MnUiply tin ber ot teeth, wheel is to R.— From the m iter; uext placet ! lines BD and B added to the Q of the suhteni |b of a PCUl the diameter to ottheirdiaiw [lain figure boui circumfereiK of the diaroeW JY -^958 ; or oi rmultiply the sq) by 3^ 1416, m .and the «hoi Iby 2 equal 5 Power and Capacity of Saw Mills, Saw filing, &c.— As a rule it I admitted by milUraeu that for 10,000 ft per day about 20 horse-iwwer b required ; for 20,000 ft., 30 horse-power ; and for 30,000 ft. 40 horse- power. Tu secure these results it is iudispensable that the operator should oiake sure of havinc a good mill and intelligent tirst class workn>eu to run it. Ill hangint; the saw, see that the mandril tits accurately in the boxe.s, so that it will run without heating. When flat collars are used, the steadying pins should be made with a shoulder, as where any other form of pin is used it often happens that a bnrr or bunch is raised at the cimier where the pin enters the collar. Both saw and collar should bo tested with a straight edge ; it frequently liappeus in turning collars that through the lightness or springing of the tool, irregularities in the grain of the iron, &c., the work may not be perfectly true, and in this case the utmost care should be taken to ascertain and correct the deficiency, if toy e.xists, by applying, before the mandril is taken from the lathe, a fine Me of just the proper spring, against the face of the collars in order to lemove any luieven surfaces that may have been left uiwn them. If they ire uot perfectly true, apnly a pair that are so, independent of the mau- coliurs, and so rigid tnat screwing up the collars cannot act upon or jimpair tlie saw. the saw bciT^sr tested and found correct, place it on the mandril and ^'hten up the collars by hand, slowly revolving the saw at the same time, iiid if it proves to be truthfully hung, screw it home with a wrench tight, i test again with straight edge to see if all is right, revolving the saw id observe closely whether it runs true or not. For large saws a high iithority recommends collars that have a i)erfect bearing of about i in. n the outer rim, the other part clear, as they bold tighter than a solid, It-faced collar, because they are more apt to come fair against the saw. To correct saws out of round, hold a piece of grindstone or cobblestone ainst tlie iK)ints of the teeth while the saw revolves, this will grind m the most prominent teeth ; or the longest teeth may be marked with " ch.ilit while the saw is in motion, and afterwards filed down. The following figures will afford valuable aid to the operator. In fig. tiie teeth represented by the dotted Hues show the teeth as the saw ves the factory ; the lines at B,C, and D show the condition to which y arc frequently reduced by bad filing. These defective teeth contain chamber for the circulation of saw dust, and teeth filed with sharp, pare corners at the bottom frequently break, as shown at A, tooth C. lis kind of filing is most destructive to both saw and files, and requires least Jouble the power necessary to operate a saw with teeth of the iper shape. For good work It is absolutely e.ssential to file back to the iphery line, and the best work will be done, the least labor expended, less ix)wer will be required to o))erate, when the shape of the teeth made to conform to the patterns illustrated by Fjgs. 2 and 3, which represent the forms best adapted for sawing soft and hard wood re- tively. In filing circular saws, an immense saving will be effected by fifrom the face or under side, instead of from the top, or upper jiart the tooth, as in the former case the full diameter of the saw is retained much greater extent. iff. 4, at A, represents a tooth that requires gumming, or chambering in proper shape, as shown at D. This leaves free scope for the dust, mi too much crowding, and the useless consumption of power. A gummer is an article that no sawyer can afford to dispense with, it much valuable time and lieavy outlay for files, besides doing mor« w and much better work. A good swage or upset is equally import* for the purpose of bringing the teeth ol the saw to a sharp, keen edg^ "> W.I ■I* 640 DIAGRAMS FOR SAW FILIXO. ;>flm >| ^•.' tTMfii. tax fiofCWood* PitK0tKWV^ tWP' Tdttik tat BaXfl.'MTbotf . 8fa»rhrOJlnllli*8^ATNifi. DIAGRAMS TO ILLUSTRATE SAW-FILING. DIRECTIONS TO MILL-MEN, AC. 641 bringing up corncre and vacancies occasloued by wear, and spreading tl\« iKmit.'*, po as to ciiso tlio body of the saw in passing throngli the log. lig. 5, {'.t A, B, C, U, and E, exi:ibits tlie different set required for saw teetli as effected ijy tlio swage ; tlio dotted lines show the undercut, and Fig. shows the old and new stylo tooth. Fig. 7, at C, represents the con- '^^V^ Fig. 7. dition the tooth should be In for work. Toint B ehows a tooth that \f, dull, and a great many teeth are broken, ns shown at D, from this very rai\«e. The tooth of a 24 inch circular saw jiasses through the log 2030 times \)cr minute, 120,000 times per hour, or 1,200,000 times per day, im- pclied by a tremendous force through knots, &c., and if not kept sharp iiJili FlO. 8. RIGHT-HAND SAW. • .1^1 649 DIRECTIONS TO MILL-MKN, AC tlie severe strain Ih bound to break the teeth. If the teetli wero kept proprly f-et anil well filed tlio work would be i>erf()rnieo'.vcr ol 10 borts poinj v^ cvcrv I'.ii'.i? old \>k:\le you tt> grind tho imicr jiart of tho kernel to flour, and avoid making brown paint dust from the bran. A miller that runs a heavy n)ill is likely to look for a medicine to doctor his flour. Medicine for flour is a poor substitute for a good dross and clean stones. Uread eaters mu/h prefer tho full life of the cereals, not a doctored article. Grain once killed by overgrinding and healing will not be brought to lifo by tho best r.^ediclnes. All the flour-doctors in tho world can not repair tho lifo that is nrst prwluced in natural growth. They may help a deadened flour, l)nt a whole reparation ia imiwssible. Throw away tlie drugs ! Let us have a pure flour." Balancino Millstones.— To examine tho conditions relative to balancing, and to trace the effects produced by an unbalanced runner, to their cause, we refer to the adjoining figure in which K, It, rei)rcsciit8 a section of the runner-stone ; IJ, Y\, a section of the nether stationary or bed-stone, S, tho mill-spindle provided at the upper end with a Kteel pivot P, uix)n which tho ruuner-.'^tone is susj)ended, so ns to admit of freo oscillation. The distjinco from tho faco F, F, of the runner-stone to tho pivot P, is fonnd in practice to be from 5 to 8 inches, according to tho size of tho stone. Since the thickness of the runner-stone varies from 12 to 20 inches, this would bring tlic centre of gravity of tho ru:mor-.stoiio below the point of suspension P, a condition favorable to stability, or, in other words, tho millstone, when disturbed, will oscillate until equilibri- um is restored. It will not be so easily upset. In order that the runner- stone may be in *' balance," or tho distance between tho face F, F, of tho runner-stone and the face of F", F', of the bed-stone, be equal, wliru tiio latter is perfectly hori.'^ontal, and former freely suspended ; the wei^ilit of the portion of tlie runner on cno side of tho line, A, A, drawn tliioii}{l» the point of f.aspension P, and perpendicular to the faces F', F,' must bo equal to the corresponding half on tho other side of tho same lino Slioiiiil this not bo the ease, the deficiency is easily made up by cutting a cavity at the light side, near the circumference, and fllling it with an auiuunt of lead sufficient to establish a pro))er equilibrium. Mill stones when balanced while at rest are usually forrcr, when run- ning, not to retain an equal distance between the face ; outside will drnjj — boar harder on tho meal subiected to its action, cons((|Ucntly a mill- stone in this condition will grind unevenly. It is said to be out of " run- ning balance." From tho very nature of tho construction of tho French millstone ithl kind used at present most exclusively), being an assemblage of blocks rail thic 8pa\ the Toi •illel niit( ill |)01U1 »:!,! t.! IJALANCIXG OF MILL STONES. G47 komel and t to a prop- dust a iiart : prouiKi all tlKit heavy irr runs tlio l)ran that ij than twice [cs a nrowii Ita with tlio e bread, but irs must rnii crs a jmrtiou imc a portion ; and at tho )f tho stone, f course dull. lO iiuicr imrt om tho bran. no to doctor )d dross and cereals, not a itins will not Dotors in tho urnl Rrowth. s impossible. 3 relative to •ed runner, to K, roprcseuts ' stationary or with a steel admit of freo r-stonc to tho irdiuR to tho arios from 12 ru::ner-stono ,.biUty, or, in ntil eqnilibri- t the rnnnor- ■e F, F. of tho .al, when tho Itlio weishlof fvwn thronsh 1, F,' must hi) line, Slionld [tins ac:i\ity lu; auiouut of Ir, when rnn- liidcwilldrii!? Jientlv a uiill- lout of "I'm- liillstone itM re of blocks Mlled " burr block.''," of various sizes, and on an avernge about fi inches thii'lc. tho remainder of tho body of the mill stone being made up of spawl.", all cemented together with plaster of Paris ; it in evident that the nnterial can not easily be d'stributod symmetrically as to weight. To illustrate— conceive a lino K, E, drawn through the pivot P, and par- allel to the face F, F. Wo will also suppose a section (i inches tliick cut out of tho center of the mill stone. Such section from a mill stone 4 feet in diaii'Oter would weigh about 2r)0 pounds, taking the weight of the plaster at IX) pounds per cubic foot, and that of tho burr block at IGO [loauds. Now it may happen that In tho constniction of the mil! stone, 4.') pounds may bo placed to the right of the center line A, A, and below the hori- nuitil lino K, K ; .'W iM)iinds niiiy come alK)ve this line on the sanu> side "( A, .V ; 55 pounds and 25 i)onnd8 may chance to bo on tho oppttsito, idmv and alnnc K, E, respectively. The sum of the weights on tho righ.t 'f A, A, is equal to the sum of the weights on tho left, vii:. : 80 jiounds. Tiio standing balance .«till oV)tains. Tlio center of gravity '/, aiid ;7' of ».u'h half of our section taken se[Miratcly, however, will not be in or nt f*]iial distances from the line E, F!, with the material tl tis distributed; ['"It will fall above on the right '"> 7", and below on the left to //'" ; a line fining tiiese centers of gravit,^ "1 t'lke the direction N, N. Now wh«n imill stone so constructed is 'ii nl)out its axis A. A, tho center of k'nivityv'" wilhrise, and y" tena 10 fall. The lino N, N, would bocomo iic.irer horizontal as tho speed '••crease."*, the line E. F. becomes im'linec' |snilt!io faoo F, F, untrue. Th .lill stone is out of " nuiuing balance." Tlio amount of jire.ssnre pr^wuced in our example a.ssuniod, we 00m- Uto as folh)\vs : Wo draw a lino through the center of gravity 7" par- |ji!>l to tho face F, F, ttntil ic meets the i)crpendicuhir lino A, A ; we sim- lilarly draw a line through ;/'". We will also suppose tho centers of grav- litj 7" and ,7'" to be removed ^ of an inch from their nvopcr place on tho jliuoE, E. The (Ciitrifugal for ; would bo given, by the known expres- liwq I!}.\2 xvhcTc /», rrprcscuts the mass, or the weiglit divided l>y the ■•|: G48 nALANCING OF MILL STOXr.S. force of gravity, in our case for J of the section —.^ v, is the velocity m this instance, for the point ,7" or (/'" and in a stone 4 feet in diameter at 176 revolutions iwr minute, 18 feet per second, about ; r represents thp radius, equal to P, (/ = 1 ft. in our case. Hence .substituting these valuw is tho formula, we obtain -^j j— = 810 lbs. for the centrifugal force. Tlie part of this force which is effective in producins; tlic prn.ssure at X cqualji 810. Cosine of the anj;le EP x = = 7?A i>ounds nearly. The force acta with the lever arms 'j u" i '"^'1' '"^"fl ^^ ~ 2'> inches. We liave, therefore, for the total pressure .it tho point X .,'.^5- -> 2 :- 14.(58 pounds ; an amount frequently present in millstones in acttuil use, i)roducing, by this niiequal pressure, a liouv or meal less ad\ antageous to tho miller, lH)th as regards quality and quantity. What is required, tliereforc, to adjust the " Running Balance " with- out disturbing the " Standing Balance " i.s to add or remove the same wciglit from each side. Thus, if wc add 10 pounds to the part wci;j;hiu;; 25 pounds, and the sjune amount to the tmit weighing 45 imunds, wcliavn not disturbed the stiinding balance, while we have made the weights of the jmrtA above and below the hue K, E, equal respectively. To balance in an actual case, we proceed as follows : First, }»ut the nin ner-stono in gootl standing-balance, having leveled tlie bed-sti! o, nv trara.ncd the spindle jireviously. We then raise tho stone, pi t strips of wood between the faces, start the runner and turn off tin back true with the face with a chisel, havin;; first arranged a firm rc-^t. Wc then remove the strips, run the stone at its proner speed, and mark th" high side by bringing a pencil against it. The nigh side requires, as n- have seen, an addition of weight at the top, close to tho circunifcrpncf. ajid tho opposite low iwint at the bottom, near the ciri-umfcrcnr^ and the face. By means of two long leather stnips. wc tie several liars p[ lead at these places, repeating tho operation until tho proper aiuount -A weight is found, which is then securely fixed to tlic r^toiio, inaUiux' 11 pn- per allowance for any plaster removed from the ttoue, or any Avat^to curred in melting th.; lead. Seveial patent balances which facilitate the openitiun have been intro- duced. A more connnon one .'Onsists of a cast iron box, wlr\.h is insert- ed in the stone at the (•ircuuife-"i;ce, and in which a weight can be raised or lowered by meatis of a scro^v. AW that is required in this ca.sc is 'to find the high point in the maimer descril)ed ; raisr the weight at tlml point, and lower it at the opposite low point, thus taking weight from ti!«| upper half of the stone and adding it to the lower iialf and tho reverse. it is not to bo supposed th.'it if a mill stono is \n\i in good ruu'iiu; \W'- ance, that it will remain in this condition f(»r any length of time. V>\'s\ f)n tho contrary, its balance will change from the elTects of tho weather J WiaX is, by an unequal absorption of moisture, due to an unequal di=^nbtt'| rOUTADLK GUIST MILL. GIO ! velocity ni diameter at ;prescuts tho ; these valiicj allorce. The D at X equal? 3VCC acts \vii';i therefore, for t ; an n\wm)\ y this \u»efiual oth as regards aUincc" vrith- novo tho Barac part weighing omuls, we hav« tlio weights of rst, put the ron ■one, I'l' ^^ ni off til. bafk livm re-t \V 1, ami mark th^ rcqnive^. a» w- 5 circ»\ni(eroncf. I. circunifercur'^ ic several bars e! roller amount '.i! , makin;; a iii< - ,r any wii^^c • ■ lion of the plaster forming the back, and from nn unequal wear of tho jace as well. It is, therefore, expedient to fre(|uently exaraiuo the balance aiid adjust the same. V. Iiach)iinn. in Mill Stonr. Tlie art of balancinar mill stones is greatly simplified by an ingenious arningoinent used by the Nordyko & JIarmon Co., of IndianapoliH, lud., who imbed 5 cast iron boxes, lik< tho one represented in tho right hand cut, in the bo<1y of tlio runner .^tone. They are placed in the runner with the lid of the box a little below the plasier bacK with the rounding part in cont'ict with the band. The left hand figure illustrates tho inner .idjnstablc box, and screw for adjustin«j the sanjo when in the stone. It will be noticed it has two jwirts, cfividea by a partition. The cover to i\m inner lx)x, shown in the central figure, is secured with a screw, and litit down upon the box and close over the division, so that either side may bo ajed wlien the weight is wanted at a |)oint between any two of the "bnl- iDce boxes. These balance boxes gives the miller full control of the run- Ker; a wrench is the only tool required, and tho requisite weights, when once placed in the box, are not liable to derangement like those ordinar- ily usc'd. Ihavc been iulVL>- M wh'ch is iuscn Icht can he raise< In this «i-''c »=*.',. weight at tH btfromtw wei>. feid the rev ok\ ruiv-mtr prse. h of tune )f tho qual llUK .-catUcf. E NORDYKE & MARMON PORTABLE GRIST MILL. The above illustration represents a Portable Grist Mill mada by tho ex- Hsivo mill furnishing firm of Ximlyke, Mannon & Co., Indianapolis, It i.s constructed of the best Vrench burr, i.s self-oiling, self-feeding, stable-balanced, and is well calculated to render pfHcient service to ners, saw-mill owners, &o., as it dispenses with skilled nttendnnce, b Udapted to any kiud ol suitable power, and Is capable of grludlui 20 G.iO MILL STOXE DCESa, AC. bushcla of con^ i^ev lir/.u- Tlic preat variety and immenso mimbcr of first class water and stc im lui Js ercx ted bv taii tirin all over the fertile rcgiouj of tho West iind SoutJi, form a suffidcut attest^iticn of tlicir abilities and resources as flouring laill ( outrador*. en^jineT-, and mechanical exiwrts. In addition to their rcgiiiiir mill furaisiliiaq: ba.Hiness, which has ex|wnd(yj to vast proportions siiico its establkhment iu Ibol, this fina pnblisli Uio Mill Stone (termH $1 per annum;, a csontbly journal of iiaramoiint utiiitT to every nuUer, farmer, and mechanic. Of tbi:i? periodical, sullicc it tij say, that one of t'ao articles trai>sferre4 to tl esc paj^cs r»nd credited to t'ao Mill iiton(\ has been pronounreo by a piarttrax man belongius to tlie cnft, to bo worth of itself »I0 to any loiller The articles arc prcpnant wjtii interest to every miller and will douUieaa be read and studied with tiis attention which th«;y deserve. NuMnF.noK Meshf.s in Boltjvo Cuxth. — The following Table cxliibiu tho number of meshes contained ia each nnmlHjr of cloth from No. Ouw to No. id, ot Dufour & C'o.'s Anchor Itnuid of IJolting cloth : No. 0000 contains 4 leading furrww*, jtepping them off with a ])air ojj compasses ou the outside edge of ban, from 'J to 12 inches apart, m then di vidinj^ the spaces Ix-tween them farto qnarten*. The accompanv draft of tho dresjs that I use wUl give a verv good Idea of my plan. Im been using this dress for yeans, and fiad'i'<; gives better satisfaction f quality of fiour than any other drew I ever used. It Rriuds cooler i longer than the old .style of dresi, and it will grind wet or damp vh better, bocauae there is less frictioii about it and there Ia more room i t^T meal to get out from under the bam, and therefore the meal mn grONTS AS PKACTirFD I V P n^. ^^TTKR, CAI'ACif V A'vh lli.^ - "5 ')rtho other sS±n . '"^^'^^''tioas for tho'> ff ^.'' '■"•"• <'>r equal (|„ty, ^voixld rcZ^,^^^^^^^^^ "^ "I'cat IrresxcH a ?onvicS i. . '/'' ^""' '"'te of 8„eec &' '''' " ""^'' ''« taken Jfflivcrsal use in rrr Klin J^i ^^"°' '•"""in- nt 1 h n« ♦. ' '" *''^ •»l>«vo ^iiereiif. varietiA of ^rP'}*^'-© cij'rine. ns the st^it, "^V^ '-^ conical i,i,]. ['0 millstone fiivt;.o , ) ,"^''''' Pr^JH^rtion LtYm I?" ,''^ »iirrea«cNl C52 IFCkD AND PITCH OF BOLT, JtC. . To Remove Glaze trom Millstones.— Take the bnrrs, clean all the flour off with a broom and wash them with first rate vinegar. This wiU leave the stones free from glaze. The better way is to wash the utoncsat night and leave them to dry until mornin^. A niillor wlio has used the method for 25 yearn, recommends Ui t«iko up the ^t4)neH while warre, and wash them with a mixture of one half pail of Folt wntor and one quart sharp vinepar, applifd with a woollen doth. Lrjj'crs Xvu',<>, Speed AND I'itcii ok Bolt,— An experienced miller writes on thin Ruhiect as follow.^ : Alany years of practical experience in cuf'tom milling and in grindic: all kinds of wheat, hard and foit, wet and dry, has convinced inc iki; the best 8i)eed to give a bolt clotli to accomplish the most to = 1 hor«n I !• , ^ * "Uniitc, Dcr /^.„ft J. ^ "orso power 654 CALCULATIONS FOR BELTS, AC. obtained, ftnd draw the lines representing the belt cutting the flour lines wliich will sIjow where the l)elt passes through the floor. The drawings can be made to a scale to reduce it to convenient dimensions, inaintiiiiiinjj the pro|K)rtion8. TIjc liolcs may now be niiirlied off on the floor anil cut with a certainty of beim; correct In malting tho drawing it in bo^t to do it full Hizc on tlic floor if room can bo had, and allowance must be made for tlie tliii'liuess of flooring. WoHKiNci VALiE OF I'rLLEYS.— rulleys covcrcd with Icathor, iron pulleys polished, and nia]ioj,';my pulleys jiolished, rank for working value a8 3jrs. To Prevent Biiins Heating.— Dress from centre to circuinference,! leavins; no bosom. Draw i> Iimc across the centre, each way, divi(liii2»j four foot burr into 10 squares or divisions, and otlier sizes, more or lesAf •Note The above estimate is based on the rule of allowing each s^quarjj Inch of belting in contact with tho pulley to raise half a pound 1 ft. liirii ii''| minute and tho rai:jing of 3C,000 lbs. same height iu same time n8 a uor!»| power. INSTRUCTIONS TO MILLERS, 4C. 655 ;1)0 floor lines The drawing, J, maiuUiining 5 floor and cut it is bosl to do must be made i Icathor, iron I lor worliing I uncovered l)C- greater will be )f the belt. A iltli exerts the well as making Idle, or stronj;- jakestpart. To g or ccmcntiug across, and the be strained and ruu off the iiul- should be kept her, iu order to :,OCITY AND THE [ALLEST rVLLEY ,f belt in contact ■ity of tliebcltin the quolieut will R TKANSMlTTI>-0 by the number of the licit is to run or parts of a foot the last quotient m mches.* uvv be rendered the' bhaf ting, and p the face of the nd grind tliemiu lowever, to bn"g hould be ?bg|itlr te 1-10 of an inA ph other, and ^vj two brans at tli centre riding. A ;„re of l)uvc flow, throu-b the mill .•earetarrovv8,no to circumference,! h way, dividinj; ZC9, mo^eJ)rU^>■| lomul'l ft. bl^"» I le lime « » '^"'^ I In the. same proix)rtlon, with nil straight furrows. Let the draft be i tho diameter of the rock. Lay off tlio lands and furrows i inch each obscrv- ing to dres.H smooth. Sink tlie furrow at the eye J inch deep for com, and run out to ,'a at the periphery ; fcr wheat A at the eye, and i at the poripliery. When thu.H furnished, crack the lands in straight lines, squaro with the draft of cross lines, so as to make the lauds face in the ruuuet and bf'fl direct. Si.Mi'LE Alarm for Mill HorPF.Rs.— Take a piece of spring steel about h in. wide, and bend one oiid of it soas to form a foot by which to iicrew ft to the bottom of the shoe, the balance of the spring pas.'^ing up throii^li and into the hopper, and bent over at its upi)er end so as to form a pendant to which rivet a small bell. As soon as the grain in tie hopper gct.s below the bell, it will commence to ring and thus notify the attend- ant. Lrfcl's Xeics. TtMrKiiATURE OF Oat Meal Kiln. Grindixo of Oatmeal.— In response to a request from a correspondent, Mr. Gray, an experienced miller, says, " There is no given temperature in drying oats ; it is the plate yon bring to the necessary heat, not the house. Oats are not all the Muno grade, some kinds are thinner in the hull than others. I always preferred a cast iron plate in place of tile, as you get more heat. I do not think a perforated cylinder will make sweet meal, that is still the great want in the country, the meal is stewed in the drying, and has not a fine taste. The good old plan to find out when your kiln floor is ready to re- ceive the oats is just to spit on the plate and if it raises the bead you can nt once load your kiln six inches deep with the oats. The cold o.its will cool it down a little when the miller must look to his furnace and keep up the same heat he started with— not any hotter. It will soon begin to fteam, and in about half an hour skim off the oats with the hand down to tlie plate, and he will see whether it is hot or cold; when the oats are dry, say two inches on the Iwttom, that will be perhaps over an hour, tike the wooden shovel and clean off its l)readth around three squares of the kiln by throwing them over on the oats. Tlicn turn the oats over to the one end (not the sides) neatly turning (hem on (op from (he bodom. This tiikes some practice. When done your kiln head will be same as at begiiminj;. It will steam again after about an hour ; when the steam is off, turn it over again but reverse the end (turn back). Don't lei the fur- nace get too hot now, keep its temperature down rather. In about an hour more the miller will fy\d his oats dry. He must now open his fur- nace doors and cool down, let the oats lay on the kiln 20 minute.^ even after tlicy are dry. He will find that this will give them a sweet taste. \ever dry with seeds as it imparts to the meal a t'lr taste. I have tried a good many kinds of millstones for oat meal, and I find in my long ex- perienoo that four foot porous burrs driven 120 revolutions, with a three toed rynd loose on the spindle and resting in 3 dents in the runner, are the be.st, "l think the 20 incn vertical burrs wUl make the oat meal too floury, as oat meal doa't take so much friction, the stones being kept so high — mor? so than in making flour." Lcffd's Ncics. Kr>tt'.—" Leffel'n AfiUinp anrl Mechanical Xewx," from which tlio iibovo Items Rre trauBcribpd, Is a month, v journal (terms .'iO cents per ninium), pub- lished l.v James Leffelft Co., niauufaoturers of tlie celebrated Leffel Turbino ^lieel. SpringfleUl, Ohio. The paper in edited svith consummate ability, and 'tis siife to say that very many of the items contained iu it are singly well worth the whole year's subsci^ption tenfold. Tht> Iiiiliannpoiis Mechanical Journal imonlhly, 50 cents per annum), J. H. Kerriok, publisher. Indianapolis. Ind., is a must useful periodical to every one who either operates or wishes to procure machinery, and the IVesfem miui/rtcturer (monthly, ?2 per annum). Covne & Co. ,publiRhers (and Patent Aeents) Chicago, Ills., is unexcelled on the subject of statifltics and general ioiormatiou of interest to manufacttu^rs. "^W 650 IIAllKL-ON'S GHINTHNO 5IILL, HAUKISON .S IMl'KOVEU 8TANDAUU GKINUINO MILL. The above illustration represents a new imnrovcd light stan('ard20 Inch griudins mill as constructed by Edward Harrison, of Now Hrtven, Conn. It weighs COO lbs. and the manufacturer claims for it a grindiug capacity (with from (i to 20 horse-power) of from fi frj 40 bushels per hour, and that with 1200 revolutions per minute, it has a grinding surface equal to J more th.Tu a common 48 incli run with 175 turns per minute. Ho claims that the high speed adds a large grinding surface to the biirr^, that the grain is ex^ilodcd into meal, bran, &c., as soon as it touches t! e burrs, that the vertical iK)8ition of the Btones permits easy delivery (if tlio meal and cool grinding, and that there is not only no possibility of tlio runner following up the bed f.ice and grinding itself out of true, but that, on the contrary, the runners are self- fiicing (the bed being stitiouory, tlio runner ri"[id, no pivot, bale and driver being used) and grind themselves so true tliat with but little additional labor they will run to within tho thousandth part of an inch without touching. The mill in itM complete form, coml>ining grl.ider, scourer, and bolter, (the last two arc shown in tho ne.\t cut) is a decided novelty, and whcu contnusted with other mills, presents many startling points of diiTcnMice. Briefly described, the bolter, or mill-case "is a cylinder about 10 it. lou;: by 3 ft. in diam., made of staves and hold together by a band nuil i'.cn heads, into one of which the grinder is fitted, which is merely a LO inch pair of burrs, set verticnlly, with the runner turning on the" inside, its spindle passing horizontally through the bed Ktone in a iournnl about 10 ins. in length. The scourer iind bolter is connected to tlie grinder by in- genious machinery. On the top of the case a ventilator runs the entire length, having an' opening of about 20 superficial iquare feet, whii h is noRsr. rowER of streams. C57 Li MILL. it st.Tmlanl20 New Hftven, • it a prindiuR [iliols per hour, ndins purfnce IS per minute. p to the burr*. [it touches t! e Iclivery of the jsibility of tlio true, but that, ftitionory. tlio [ul t!ieinsclvc9 ito within tho Ir, nnil holtor, |tv. niul whcu ji (liffcnMice. [ut 10 It. hm land niul ivcn 1-oly a i;0 inch Iho insiile. its _jial about 10 Irliulcr by iu- lis the entire eet, wUiih Is .onstructcd for cooling the Iwltcr qulcklv, the opening being covered with a tibrouH cloth miiteiinl which pcriuitt* the air tu cscnpc (rocly, cuiiiiiiig a low aua even teiui)oratiu-e, wliilo detaining' the tine flour dust. A tli*- charge «poiit runn tl)o wliolo length of the cane. The sUk bolter occunlea nearly the eutiro Hpaco iu the cylinder, and Is fully protected from uot mbstanoes passing into It from the grinder by a wire screen. The mld- dliii;,'s cloth is att;ichcd to the liner silk, on'tho reel, continuously, and nroiuid it the middliusis chamber ia formed ilio fr.ll circumference of the Jcel-head, through which pr.?sngo;i connect to tlio delivery epont, in tho niidJlo of tho cylinder head at tho tail of tlio mill, while Weeps are nt- tfiched to the reel of tho bolter for scraping tho (lour up to the discharge opouiug. Horse Power of Stueams.— Talcing Watt's estimate that the aver.'.^o I'owf r of a horse is sutllciont to raise ;a5,0}0 lbs. 1 foot in vortical heignt l)er minute (by mean:< of compound ]nilleyf>) a waterfall has one horse imwer for every 33.000 lbs. of water flowljiy in tho stream per minute, for eadi foot of fau. To compute tho power of a stream, therefore, multi- i»: IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // {■/ ^is ^ [5?/ 1.0 I.I IM llllj^ {|i!! 2.5 12.2 IIIIM __ ''^i 12.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ■^ 6" — ► p 7i <^ //. 'e7. %f W '^ .'^%^" V /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST \AIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 s. ip \ y \\ V 6^ W^^ pp %^ f^ i 'mp< w- w. \ r^ 658 HORSE I'OWEU OF STIIEAMS. ply the area of its crosa section in feet by the velocity in feet per miunte and we have the number of cubic feet flowing along the stream per mini ute. Multiply this by 62^, the number of'iwunds in a cubic foot of water, and this by the vertical fall in feet, and we have the foot-pouiifis per minute of the fall ; dividing by 33,000 gives us the horse-nower. For example : a stream flows through a flume 10 feet wide, and the depth of the water is i feet ; the area of the cross section will be 40 feet The velocity is 150 feet per minute — 40 X 150 = GOOC - the cubic feet of water flowing per minute. fiOOO x 62i = 375,000 = the pounds of water flowing per minute. The fall is 10 'feet ; 10 x 375,000 = 3,750,000 = the fcot pounds of the waterfall. Divide 3,750,000 by 33,000 and we have 113^i as the horse-power of the fall. Rule.— Divide the continued product of the width, the depth, tho velocity of the water per minute, the height of the fall, and the Aveiglit of a cubic foot of water (62i lbs.) by 33,000. Example. — The flrnne of a mill is 10 feet wide, the water is 3 fget deep, tlie velocity is 100 feet per minute, and tho fall 11 feet. What ia the horse-power of the fall ? Operation.— (10 x 3 x 100 x 11 X 62^) -r 33,000 = 62^ horse-power. "Almost every man has about him in liis daily walk sufiicient n])par.i- tus for a tolerably accurate estimate of the quantity of water flowin;T j,, any stream. A walking stick, a jack-knife, and a watch, provided tho ■^7aiking-stick is just three feet long, are all the tools necessary for the p\iriJ09e. " Take a section of the stream as uniform in breadth and depth as pos- Bible, iiwd measure off upon its bank some definite length, say from one to four hundred feet, according to the rapidity of the water ; 'set a stike ('> 36 to the water at each end of this section, then throw into the water. Of posite tlie upper stake, a green twig or limb of a tree or other object of sdcli specific gravity as to nearly but not quite sink, and of such size that one portion shall remain at the surface while another portion nearly touches bottom, the object being to get the average speed of the water. The re- sistance caused by the bed and banks of the stream necessitate some care in this part of the experiment. 4** "Note accurately the time the object is passing from stake to stale, and repeat tlie operation several times and at as many points towards ' e opposite shore ; the sum of the several times divided by the number of jionita at which tho speed was taken, gives the average speed of the water. " Now measure the depth at several equidistant points across the stream, as a, b, c, d, e, f, (the diagram showing a cross section of the stream). The sum of these depths divided by tho number of points at which the depth was measured gives the average depth ; this average depth multiplied by tlie breadth of tlie stream gives the area of tho cross section ; this area, multiplied by the length of the section, gives the cubic contents of tlie body of water embraced in the section. Thus we have the quantity and its velocity, which are elements necessary to show the value of a stream for mauufacturhig purposes, provided it has sufficient (all anywhere to render it available. " Allowing 02 pounds for each cubic foot of water, a supply of 1,000 '.vgri^SM- ''^^ per minute, am per niin- ubic foot of foot-pounds j-power. ride, and the ill be 40 feet. ! cubic feet of lids of water = 3,750,000 == I and we have lO depth, tlio the weight of 'ater is ^ feet eet. What is horse-power, ficient ajipara- ,ter flowing in , provided the lessary for the 1 depth as pes- L, say from one er ; set a stolte into the water, other object of icli size that one nearly touches ater. The re- cessitate some stake to staV.e, ints towards 'o the number ot ge speed of tlic lints across the s section of the iber of points at I ; this average irea of the cross 1 crives the cuhic ' Thus we hnve sarv to show the it'has sufflcieni supply of 1,000 PERFORM ANCK JkC. OF A IlO.tSi:, Go9 cubic feet per minute, and a fall of 10 feet, vro have 1,''\)0 ^>. 02 = 62,000 pouuds ; 62,000 X 10 = 620,000 pounds ..ioraeutum, vliich last divided by 53,000= 18.7-horse power, one-nfth of which being Uv lucked for friction aud loss, would leave in this case about 15-horse iwwcr." The Millstone. Water-wheels lose from 10 to 50 per cent, of the power, and tlic actual power of the steam engine is less than that indicated by the horse-power, owing to a loss by friction, the amount of which depends on tlio perfec- tiou of the machinery, arrangement, &c. For horse-power of stcam-eu- gincp, consult page 370. Pehkormance, &c., of a Hokse — A horse will travel 400 yds. in 4 J miiuitcs at a tcalk, 400 yds. in 2 minutes at a trot, and 400 yds. in 1 minute, Rtnf/allop. The usual work of ahorse is taken at 22,500 lbs. raised! foot per minute, for 8 hours per day. A horse will camj 250 lbs. 25 miles per day of 8 hours. An average draught-horso will draw 1,600 lbs. 23 miles per day on a level road, weight of wagon included. Tlio average weight of a horse is 1,000 lbs. ; his strength is equal to that of 6 men. In a horse mill moving at 3 feet per second, track 25 feet diameter, he exerts with the machine the power of 4^ horses. The greatest amount a liorso can pull in a horizontal line is 900 lbs. ; but he can only do this monien- brily, in continued exertion, probably half of this is the limit, lie attains bis growth in 5 years, will live 25, average, 10 years. A horse will live 23 days on water, without solid food, 17 days without eating or drinking, but only 6 days on solid food, without drinking. Table exhibiting the PekfokmancE of a Hopse at different RATES of speed ON Raiuioads, Canals, Tuunpikes, &c., Dkawino Force 83^ lbs. Useful effect for 1 day in tons, drawn 1 mile- Duration of day's work Speed i^er hour. Ou canal- On a railroad- On n turn- Miles. —Lours. tons. Ions. pike— tons. SVa 11J4 520 115 11 3 8 243 92 12 314 6 151 82 10 4 4J4 102 72 5 2^ 52 57 7.3 6 2 30 48 6 7 lit 19 41 5 8 12.8 36 4.6 t 9. 32 4. 10 C.5 28.8 3.G Gain in Fuel and Initial Pressure of Steam Required whkw actincj e.xpansively, compared with non-expansion ob Full Stroke. Point of Gnin ill Fuel. Initial Ppessitre REQUinSD. Cutting 0«. Cutting OS. Full Stroke. Stroke. Per cent. 11.7 22.4 32. 41. Stroke. 1.01 1.03 1.09 1.18 Stroke. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1 Point of Cutting Off. G.nin ia Fuel. iNiiiAL Pr.E.ssuni ItEQUIItED. Cuttine Off. Full Stroke. Stroke. Per cent. 49.0 58.2 G7.G Stroke. 1.32 1.67 2.0 Stroka 1. 1. 1. C60 COMPOUND MARINE ENGINE* IMPROVED COMPOUND SURF* ' , CONDENSING 1\IAKINE ENGINE. EXTRAORDINAHY DUTY OF SlKAM MaCHIXKHY.— Two LoCOlllOtivC'S belouginsf to the Pcunsylvauia R. R. Co., are credited Avith the following performances : — Encrine Xo. 55 ran two years, ten months, and twenty-five days, and made 1()1,47G miles, without once being off her wheels, or receiving other repairs than such as are common to round-house work. The cost of rim- ning her during this period was Si. 88 per mile. Tlie other engine, No. 422, ran three years, six months and nineteen days, and made 153,280 miles, at a cost of ^2.44 per milo without imdergouig the slightest repairs. COMPOUND MARINE ENGINE, rr.i INE engin'i;. Locomotives the following [ivo (lays, and ecoiviiig otbcr lerostof ruii- n- engine. NO; made 153,280 the slightest To F^>T) Ths QlTAKTITYOF WaTKH NECESSAllV FOR A StEAM noif.- E^.— Ascci-tain the number of lbs. of coal consumed per hour, divide it bv To, and the quotient will be the desired quantity of water in cubic ft. hour. A cubic ft. of water weighs G2'5 lbs. See page G29. The above sltetch represents an outline of the least-complicated and lowest-priced form of compound-ensine, as at present constructed cu tho Clyde, in Scotland, and on the Delaware, in tiie United States. Tho crauks Y, Z, are coupled at an angle of 90° ; onlj' two cylinders, A innl B, arersed ; a uniform distribution of steam pressure is secured by a large allowance of steam pipe, and by the steam reservoir, O, P, between the two cylinders. The valves, y, ?/, are adjusted like those of an ordi- nary engine, tlie essential difference being that the steam exhausted by the first cylinder. A, is used over again in the second and largest one, B, the combination effecting a steam expansion of about six times, the pres- sure in the boiler usually ranging between 60 and 75 lbs. per square mch. In the City of Peking, a 5,000 ton vessel, built on the Delaware for tho I'acific; Mail Company, there arc two pairs of compound engines, with m 662 CONSUMPTION OF COAL, XC m 'IE iMM cylinders of 51 and 88 ins, diam. The crank shafts arc 18 ius. diam. Boiler pressure is 60 lbs. Steam is expanded 9 times. The boilerH are 10 (cylindrical in form, with cylindrical flues), 10^ ft. long, 13 ft. diam.; shells, 13-16 in. thick, with 520 ft. of grate surface, 16,500 sq. ft. of heat- ing surface, and 1,600 sq. ft. of superheating surface, with smoke sUicks. 8i ft. diam., and 70 ft. high. Tlio simplest form of superheater used on bOcard steamers consist.s of a wrought-iron drum filled with tubes. They are placed usually in the up-takes, ov at the base of the funnel of a marine boiler, so di.spogcd tlmt the waste heat and flame from the furnaces will pass thronqh the tubes and around the shell of the drum, the steam being inside. Connection is made with the boiler and steam pipes of the engine, and fitted with stop valves to govern the admission of steam according; to requirements. A safety valve and gauge glass is also fitted, to show whether the superheater is clear of water, as priming is liable to fill it up. It has been shown that this contrivance often effects a saving of 'JO to 25 per cent, in the fuel consumed. Table for finding the Consumption of Coal per Hour in Steanicrf, either Paddle or Screio (the same Screw beiuff used throughout), at amj Rate of Speed, the Consumption for a particular Rate' being knouiu {At a given Amount of Coal, the Engineer may determine the most pru- dent Rate of Engine for reaching next coaling Port.) Speed. ConBumption of Coal. Speed. Consumption, of Coal. Explanation. 3 • f I' 8i .216 .343 .512 .729 1.000 1 331 1.728 2.197 2.744 3.376 4.096 4.910 9 Hi 12 i2i 13 13i 14 5 83 6.86 8 00 9.26 10 65 12.15 13.82 15 61 17.58 19.68 21.95 The speed for the consume tion of an unit of coal is siiiv posed hereto be 5, which may bo 5 miles or knots, or 5 times 'any number of miles or knots ; tlicii if 5 of such number of miles re- quire 1 unit of coal per hour, 9 of such units will, by the table, require 5.83 units of coal, aud 3 of them .216 units of coal. It will be evident that this table is calculated on the principle that the horse power varies very nearly as the cube of the speed ; the enormous increase of consumption at increased velocities is in fact a little greater than that shown by the Table. The advantages indicated above to bo obtained at low velocities are evidently independent of those obtained at those velocities by using the Kteam expansively. Engineer's and Contractor's Pocket Book To Preserve Boiler Tubes. — A coating of red-lead and boiled linseed oil, applied to iron boiler tubes acts as a powerful preservative. A lacquer of linseed oil and caoutchouc applied to the walls of a steam boiler prevents the adhesion of sediment so tnat the itcale admits of ca.«; | removal. To Protect Polished Steel or Iron from Rust.— Go over the sur- face with parafflne, or steep the iron for a few minutes in a solution of I sulphate of copper and then transfer it into a solution of hyposulphite of I soda acidulated with hydrochloric acid. The result is a blue-black coot*! ing not affected by air or water. A CONSUMPTI'ON OP FUEL, JtC. 663 Breaki>'o and ckushino strains of Iron and Steel, ^.vebaoe ^ ius. diam. boilers are 3 It. (liam.; ft. of lieat- Qoke stacks, consi?ta of ^ ually in the I 80 disposed )a68 throuRh being inside. J eugino, and accordius to tted, to show ible to fill it i gaviug of '20 in Steamer.', lliout), at mi be»i,7 hmni. I the mostpni- on. the coiisunii)- if coal is sui> ■which may bo or 5 times any or knots; then er of miles re- al per hour, 9 , by the tabic, of coal, aud 3 of coal. iciple that the the enormous little greater velocities ftr» >s by using the I liook . I d boiled Unseed | ative. I rails of a steam admits of easy 3o over the Bur- II a solution oil Iwposulphitc oil lluc-blacls coatp CALCULATIONS CULATIONS. Breaking strain of wrought iron = 23 tons per sq. i Crushing do, do. = 17 " do. Crushing do, Brealcing strain of cast iron Crushing do. do. Breaking strain of steel bars Crushing do, do. = 7.^ " = 50 " = 50 •' = 1G6 " do. do. do. do. inch of section, do. do. do. do. do. Memoranda of Temperatures for Engineers, &c.— Melting ico is 32° ; boiling water at atmospheric pressure or exposed to air 212° ; steam at GO lbs. pressure by steam giiage 307° ; usual heat of superheated steam 380^ to 400° ; smoke in the funnel 600° ; water in hot well from IW to 120°. For raising steam, the horizontal surfaces over the fire, have doable the value of vertical surfaces for economy •■il heat. Boiler ulates increase in strength up to 570° of heat, and get eaker with tha increase of temperature. Temperatures at sundry subterranean depths, in deg. Fahr. At 08 ft. 47,9 At 621 ft. 50.7 At 121K) ft, 58.3 At 1GG2 ft. 61.2 " 291) " 48.8 " 939 " 57.8 " 1414 " 59.4 " 1900 " 61.4 Fresh water begins to freeze at 32°, called the freezing point, but salt water not till 28^°. The atoms lose the motion called heat, and becomo fixed in crystals. Consumption of Fuel in Marine Boilers.— This will average about 15^ lbs. of coal per square foot per hour. In 4 furnaces 3 ft. wide by 6 ft. long with 72 sq. ft. of surface, about 12 tons of coal will be burnt per day. feet, lbs, 72x15^ ■" * ■ ■" Thus,- 112 -= 9.9 cwts. per hour, sny 10 cm^s, per hour or 12 tons per day. A much simpler and equally correct rule is, that one foot in width of tire bar equals 1 ton of coa. per day ; eo that in the example above the total width of four furnaces is 3ft. x ~ 12 ft, wide, or 12 tons per day ag before. A ship having 40 ft. beam and ordinary coudensh)g engines, will re- quire 40 tons of coai per day to drive her at 10 knots. The reason for stating this is, that it is weU'k.iown from ordinary experience of average steamers that the beam squared equals the consumption of fuel for 40, 50, or ()0 days, according to whether the engines are ordinary jet, surface condensing, or compound. Thus, in present example :— davs 4,d)lG0,0 0/0)160/0 6/0)160/0 40 tons for one day for ordinary con- densing . 32 tons for 20 tons 8 cwt. surface for compound condensing; engines. A pair of surface condensing engines (not compound) having 40 inch cylinders, doing average work, will require 10 tons of coal per day ; it be- ing a well known practical fact that the diameter of one cylinder, squfired and divided by 100, gives the average consumption of fuel in this class of engine per day. Thus, iu present example ; — 42' = 40 X 40 = 1000 ; then, = 16 tons per day. Cumpoiuid engines burn J^ less, and ordinary jet i more than the abovek Ricd's Engineer's Hand Book. G64 RULES FOR ENGINEERS, &C. Ratio of Combustion per hour under vartous Boixebs.— Con nish, = 3i lbs. per Bqiiare foot; land boilers = 10 to 20 lbs. (Kuglish)i3 to 14 lbs. ; marine boilers (natural draught), 10 to 18 lbs. ; (blast), cO to 60 lbs. , locomotive boilers, 80 to 120 lbs. To find Horse Power of Engine to raise Water to a givin Height.— Weight of column of water x by its velocity, in feet, per min- ute, product ~ 33,000 = H. P. ' I To find the Velocity required to Discharge a given voi.niK OF Water in anv Given Time.— Number of cubic feet x 144 ; pro- duct 4- by area of pipe, or opening in inches — Velocity, To Ascertain the Breadth of the Ports.— Half the throw of tlio valve should be at least equal to the lap on the steam side added to the breadth of the port. If tliis breadth does not give the required urea of port, increase the throw of valve until the area is attained. Proper Lift of Poppet Valves.— The best results from poppet or conical valves are obtained by giving them a lift equivalent to one half the serai-diameter of a circle, or J the diameter of the valve. This will afford an opening equivalent to the area of the port and the eccentrics and the lifting toes phould be adjusted so as to produce tliis effect. To find Dimensions op Chimnev for a Land Engine.— Multiply number of lbs, of coal consumed under the boiler per liour by 12 ; divide the product by square root of the height of chimney in feet. Quotient is area of chimney at smallest point in square inches. Table Showing Diameter and Height of Chimney for any Boileii llorso-powc \U. of Chimney Interior Diameter n.r. of Alt. of Chimney Interior Diimettr of Uoilcr. in Feet. nt Top Boiler. in Feet. ct Top. 10 GO 14 inches. 70 120 30 inches. 12 75 14 " 90 120 31 " 16 90 16 " 120 135 3H " 20 99 17 " 160 ICO 43 <' SO 105 21 «• 200 165 47 " 60 120 26 " 250 160 C2 " 60 120 27 " 380 195 57 " To Clean Greasy Cotton Waste.— Boil it in a strong .solution of common soda in water, and save the resultant soapy liquid to keep youi drills and reamers lubricated when drilling iron. To Clean Grease from Bolts. — Moisten with benzine, roll in saw- dust, and brush afterward. Calculations regardino Dimensions, Power, &c., op SrrAM Boilers . — Good authorities consider it quite a safe practice to allow i) square ft. heating surface for Cylinder boilers per H. P. 19 U (< <4 U l( {[\IQ '* '' " 15 " " " " " tubular " " One half the circumference of the boiler multiplied into the length and reduced to square feet will give the lieatuig surface in cylinder boilers; or, the heating surface in the shell of flue and tubular boilers. To find the heating surface in the tubes or Hues, multiply their external circum- ference by their length and reduce to square feet. Tlie heating surface of the tubes or flues added together and then adding the heating surface In the shell, will give the total heating surface. This divided by 12 or 15 as the ca?o may be will give the horse power of any particular boiler in terms of heating surface as given above. This is to be understood as being purely conventional and arbitrary, and not the actual horse power, which can only be detenjiiaed by an experimental test, made by a com- j peteut expert. . y. tir-rii'St HEATING SURFACE, AC, OP BOILKRS. 665 5BS. — Cor. -.uglish) 13 list), oO to A GIVIK t, per min-j !N VOLVMF, ( 144 ; i)ro hrow of tho dded to the red urea of [Ti poppet or to one hall ;. This will :oeutrics smd t. [E.— Multiply 12; divide the otient is area \s\ BoiLEn. Interior Pinnettt ct Top. 30 inclica. 31 " 3S 43 47 52 67 \cr solution ol to keep your |e, roll ill sa^- OP SxnAM to' to allow trll.P. The followin;? Tables will serve as a, ^lide iu tho selection of boilers, and may be quite serviceable to millwrights and others. Table I.- -H. P. OF ( Cylinder Boiler at 9 feet. H. P. Diam. Leugth Heating Surface 10 36 in. 19 ft. no sq. ft 12 38 22 103 16 40 26 135 m 44 28 162 20 40 30 180 Table II.- -H. P. OF 2 Flue Boilers .\t 12 feet. E. P. Diam. Boiler Diam. Flues. Length. Heat. Surt 15 34 in 10 in. 18 ft. 176 sq. ft 18 30 12 20 222 20 40 14 20 254 23 44 16 18 260 25 46 17 20 302 Table III. -H. P OF 5 Flue Boilers at 12 feet. H. P. Diam, Boiler. Diam. Flues. Length. Heat Surf. 20 44 in. 12- |3- 10 in. 8 14 ft. 245 sq. ft. il- 13 25 4G {2- ■ 9 16 (2- 8 »!- 14 ."0 50 2- 10 18 35G 1- 8 Table IV.— H. P H. P. 15 20 25 30 3(> 42 OF Boilers with 6-iNcn lap avelded Tubes at 12 FEET. Diam. Length. No of Flues. Ilent Surf. 42 in. 12 ft. . 179 ft. 42 10 239 44 ■ 18 7 302 46 18 9 'MS 40 20 10 434 48 20 12 503 Table V.— H. P. of Boilers with 3-inch tubes at 15 feet. Ithc length and linder boilers; luers. ToM kernal circum- Icating surface Icating surface iedbyl2 0Tl5 Eular boiler m rmiderBtood as 1 Ll horse power, \do by u oovD- 1 H. P. 15 19 22 27 31 36 42 Diam. 30 in. 3(> 3() 40 44 44 48 Length. No of Tubes. 8 10 12 12 12 14 14 ft. Heat Surf. 227 ft. 283 3.39 ■ 402 405 543 G38 iU regard to the diameter and length of a boiler, it might bo observed hat cylinder boilers are usually made from 18 to 30 feet in length, and fromoOto 48 inches in diameter. Fluo boilers from 18 to 24 feet in iiigtli, and from 30 to 60 inches in diameter. Tubular from 8 to 18 feet 1 length, and from 20 inches to 5 feet in diameter. 666 ON BOILERS, POWER OF EXPLOSIVES. r tj m m Boilers having lap-welded tubes increase in extra cost when tlieir lengths exceed 18 feet These tubes would have to bo made to order, which, in case of repairs, might cause considerable loss of time in having to wait for them to ne made. It is better to keen the diameters of boilers below 4 feet than go over it, using two or more boilers as may be needed to furnish tho recjuisite amount of steam. In large and importsint works the subjects of boilers, engines, etc., ought to be referred to a competent mechanical engineer, who will ad- vise as to the kind, size, and number to be employed. The Mill Stone. To find the contents of cylinder boilers multiply the area of the head in inches by the length in inches and divide the product bv '1728 ; tlie quotient will be the number of cubic feet of water the boiler will con- tain. Example : Diameter of head, 36 inches ; area of head, 1017.87 inches : length of boiler, 20 feet or 240 inches. Now multijily 1017.87 by 240 and the product will be 244,283.80 ; divide this by .1728 and the re- Bult will be 141.37 cubic feet, which will be tlie contents of the shell. In flue boilers, multiply area of the head in inches by the lengtli of the shell iu inches ; multiply the combined area of tho Hues in inclics by ■ .001. . their length in inches, subtract this product from tho first and divide the ■ .002 ... remainder by '1728 ; the quotient will be the number of cubic feet of H ^^^^^• water the boiler will contam. ■ ^ To FIND THE Length of Belting ■when ci-osely Rolled.— The sura m'^ of the diameters of the roll and tlie eye in inches, multiplied bv thciium- fl M7.'."' ber of turns made by the belt, and this product multiplied by the decimal ■ m'.'.'.','. ,1309, will be the length of the belt in feet. Aitchinchloss. m .009. To Measure Scantlings, Joists, Plank, Sills, &c. — i?w?c.— Multi- ply the width, the thickness and the length together (tho width and thict ■ ^^■ ness in inches and the length iu feet), and divide the product by 12 ; tlie _ ^ result will be the square feet. To 3/cas?n'e -Boarrfs— Multiply the length ^" (iu feet) by the width (in inches) and divide the product by 12 ; the re- H^. suit will be the number of square feet it contains. m^'^o.. Explosive force of various substances used for fire amis, artillery, blasting, &c. mm.... Blasting Powder Artillery *' Sporting " Powder, Nitrate of Soda for its base Powder, Chlorate of Potash for its base . Gun Cotton Picric Acid Picrato Potasli Gun Cotton mixed with Chi. Potash Picric Acid " " " Picrate " " '' Nitro-Glycerin Heat. 509 G08 C4l 764 972 590 687 578 1420 1424 1422 1320 Volume of Gas. 0.173 liter. 0,225 0.216 0.248 0.318 0.801 0.780 0.685 0.484 0.408 0.337 0.710 Estimiteil Explosive I orcc. 137 139 190 309 472 536 680 m 478 939 The above instructive table is by the celebrated M. Berthelot, who further describes uitro-glycerin as " really the ideal of portable forcej It bums completely without residue ; in fact, gives an excess of oxygen; it developes twice as much heat as powder, tljree and a half times inor gas, and has seven times the explosive force, weight for weight, and taken volume for volume, it possesses twelve times more energy." Froi the extreme danger of the Avork, none but a competent chemist slionlj attempt to manufacture it. Wl Jraan walki lioise trotj ■"orae runs pamboat ri f ""§ vesse J"f rivers fl f Piii rivers j fioderate v |«orm inov( pfle ball pid ttricity 1 ' GOLD MINING, SPEED OF BODIES. 667 lien their to order, in having ; ol boilers be ueeded ^nes, etf., 10 will ad- 'ill .Stone. ,{ t'ue bead •1728 ; the ^r -will con- 'ead, 1017.87 vl017.87hy and the re- be Bhell. length o{ the in inches by nd divide the cubic feet ol ED -The sum .dbythcnum- by the decimal vidtbaudthict «ct by 12 ; 5; dply the iength )B FIRE ARMS, I liter, it II ii « ti ^^ tt li t> « lorco- 137 139 190 309 472 536 680 680 582 478 939 Jlp.iiy other explosives derive their energy from nitro-glycerin. Dy- namite in nitro-glycerine compounded witli rotten-stone, or silicioas, or infusorial earth, triiwli, &c. ; a compound of nitro-glycerin and saw-dust iia» been sold under the name of aualin ; a mixture of plaster of Paris and nitro-glycerin has been sold under the name of "selenitic powder;" and fine powder, blended with nitro-glycerin, has been vended under the name of " lithofracteur," or "rendrock." The practical mijier will be interested in the above, as well as in the following :— Taulk showinq the quantity of gold to the ton of ore. cor- KESPONDINO to THE WEIGHTS IN GRAINS OBTAINED FROM 400 GKAINSOF MINERAL. If vn ftrnins o.' Ore pivc Fine (iold, Griini. .001 ,002 .003 .001 .005 .006. m m .009 .010 |.02O 1.030 I.OW l050 JW) [.WO ]j)80........ liiOO One ton of Ore .will jiclJ, Ozs. 1 2 3 4 4 6 6 7 8 Dwta. 1 3 4 6 8 9 11 13 14 16 12 9 6 1 18 14 10 7 3 Ore. 15 6 21 12 4 19 10 1 16 8 16 8 16 8 16 8 If 400 Grains of Ore give Fine Gold, One ton of Ore will jiclJ, Grains. .200 ..TOO .400 .500 .600 .700 .800 .900 1.000 2.000 .... 3.000. ... 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 8.000 9.000 10.000 20.000 Ozs. 16 24 32 40 49 67 65 73 81 163 245 326 408 490 670 663 736 816 1633 DwU. 6 10 13 16 3 6 10 13 16 13 6 13 6 13 6 Gr*. 10 8 16 8 16 8 10 8 16 8 16 8 16 I Bertheiot.v^H If portable loi« ! half times wj^ ifor vreight, aw le energy, fj \t chemist bUow Mr. Black, of San Francisco, estimates that in mining operations the ^erage cost of handling a cubic yard of auriferous gravel with the pan 1 820 ; with the rocker, $5 ; with the long tom, $1 ; and with the ny- lulic process, 20c. See other items for miners on page 451. An ex- jtUent compilation on this subject is " The Miner's Hand-Book," by [nlius Silvermith, for sale by D. Van Nostrand, New York. I Table showing the Average Velocities of Various Bodies., f er hour. Per tee. [man w.ilks 3 miles, or 4 f eet« hoisetrots 7 " or 10 " Ihoreeruiis 20 " or 29 " eamboatrmis 18 " or 26 " liling vessel runs 10 " or 14 " Dwriveraflow 3 " or 4 " kpid rivers flow 7 " or 10 " iBoderate wind blows 7 " or 10 " iKormnioves 36 •' or 62 " lurricnne moves 80 " or 117 " ifleball •' 1000 " or 1466 •* aid «< 743 •' or 1142 •• lit tt 192000 miles per sec. ctricity «< 288000 " «' " Parker's Philosophy. v.v 111 i m 668 OK BUOAR MILLS, AC. Enormocs Results or SteamPower.— The nggrcjjatosteara-power In ise in the world is at present three and one-half millionfl horse-power employed in stationary engines, and ten millions horse-power in locomo- tive engines. TliitJ force is maintained without the consumption of animal footl, except by tlic miners who dig the coals, and the force main- tained in their muscles is to the force generated by tho product of their labor about 1 to 1,080. This ^team-power is equr.l to the working force of 25 millions of horses, and one horso consumes three times as inuch food as one man. The steam-power, therefore, Is equivalent to tl o sav. Ing of food for 75 millions of human beings. Further, three power-looms attended »)y one man, produce 7t'' pieces of cotton fabric, agains;t4 piecea produced by one hand-loom, worltcd by one man in the year 1800. A carpenter' fl'planing machine docs the work of twenty men. SUGAR MILL. SaoAR Mill. — The sugar canes are crushed in a press consistingofl tbree hollow cast iron rollers, represented in the cut by a be, placed^] horizontally in a cast iron frame. By means of the screws, i, i, tneap proximate distance of the rollers is adjusted. One roller is half as large: the others, and is moved by three cogged wheels fitted on to the axis of thai rollers. The sugar canes are transferred from the slate gutter, d, d, to tb|j rollers, a, c, which press them a little, and from thence they are carria to the arched plate, n, to the rollers c, b. The pressed sugar canes f ' over the gutter/, the expressed juice collecting in r/, r/, and runniugon through h. The middle roller is termed the king roller ; the side cylin^ ders are individually the side roller and macasse. Sugar Mill.— Foj* Expressing 20,000 lbs of Cane Juice per dayl Non-condensing Engine. Cylinder 15 ins. in diameter by 4 ft. stroltff Pressure, 50 lbs. per sq . in., cut off at ^ the stroke of the piston. Reim tions. 36 per minute. Boiler. One of (52 ins. diam. by 30 ft. in \en^ with 2 18-iu. return flues. Grates. 36 Square ft. Rolls. Two seta of HiwL each, of 24 ins. diam. by 6 ft. in length ; geared 2^ to 36 of engine, giviiii»'''^i'y what a speed of periphery of 15i ft. per minute. Fly-Wlieel. 18 ft. diani.W''""uvaii weight 5 tons. ■;"'' see pjj This arrangement of a second set of rolls is a late improvement ; '■l'.*|'^ou object, that of expressing the cane a second time. An increase of 30 p^"'6«i, anc cent, is effected by it. nULKS FOR MACHINISTS, AC. r,c9 rge-powcr n \o';oino- n\)tiou ot ircc nialu" xct ol their ■Uiiig force es ns much to t\ pav- ower-looms n^t 4 pieces trlBOO. A h Fob a Cnoi' of 3000 Boxka of SroAn of 500 lbs. r.Acn. —Cyliiulrr. lOius. iu diam. by 4 ft, stroke. Pressure, GO lbs. per sqiiaro in. jRci'o- lutioiis 4.S, driving 'l set of rollH, 2-1 ins by 4 ft., at a speed of jKsripliery of 3(5 ft. per minute. Boiler. 52 ins. by 24 ft., witl\ 2 IG-in return (luofl. Cnile Surface. 25 square ft. I'ly Wheel. 16 ft. diam. ; weight. 4 tous. Eiiflinerrs' and Co)itractors' Pocket Hook, Cotton Press. Noii-rondmsing Enfjiw:. For 1000 Balc<^ in 12 hours. Cylinder 14 in. in diam. by 4 ft. strnkc. Pressure. 40 lbs. per pq.. at full ftrolic Itcvoliitinns. 00 per minute. Boiler^. Three, plain cylindical, without Hues, 30 in. in diam. by 20 ft. in leugtli. Grate.-^. o2 square ft. Prciw,^. Four, geared to one,' with 2 screws each of 7.\ in. diam., by Ig in. jMtrh. Shaft (Wrouf/ht Iron). Journal, 8]j in. Hy-ii:hecl. 10 ft. diameter, weight, 4 tons. RiLF.s TO Ascertain the Pressure ov Slide Valves,— Multiply the unbalanced area of the valve in niches by the pressure of steam in lD9. per Hquarc inch, and the weight of the valve iu lbs., and multiply tho sum byO 15 To "f;i'.T an En'oine into Line and Square the Shaft. —Set up two lines, one parallel to the axis of the cylinder, or through the ryhnder, |[lK)S!*il>le, ana tho other perpendicular to the first, in tlie same plane. I These are reference lines to measure from, to bring the shaft and guido 1 into line. Hint to MAcniMSTS.— In turning steel or other hard metal, use ;. .'rip Ifomiwscd of petroleum 2 parts, and turpentine 1 part. This will cctiu* I easy cutting and perfect tools when otherwise tl'.o work would stop owing [to the breakage of tools from the severe strain. To Melt Brass Turnings and Filings with Little ""• istb.— [Compress firmly in a crucible until it is full ; then cover, nm. iute tho Itopwith pipe or fire-clay. Brass scraps maybe melted witli uew bra^ Iputting it in with the z\\ o after the copper is melted. I To Temper AnvaLj. Heat the anvil and immerse it in a wnk of Itold water to a depth of two or three inches, or play a stream of cold Inter from a lose on its face. PROPER SIZE, SPEi;D, &C., OF EMERY WHEELS. ^^^^.^.ri^si by a b c, Ph iews, i, i>Jl 19 haU as larger totheaxisolftj itter,d,d,totbJ they arc carn^ I sugar canes W and runumscj ''. the sidccjliiw J idea P-^v "iayj w 4 ft. stroke t^30ft.inlenf [Two seta olWf i of ens^"*^' *^'^ 1 lmproveme»t;lj ■bicrease ol 30 PI Dum. of Wheel la inclici. Rev. per iniuuto. Number of Emery. Grade of Cut. 1 ,5600 .... 8 to 10 Wood Rasp. Rasp File. Rough File. Bastard File. t 3000 , . . . 16 to 20 ... ; 2000 24 to 30 ... . 1500 flA t/i 4ft 1200 ' 4« to «(i Second Cut File. 1100 .... 70 to 80 ... . Smooth File. 900 ... 00 to 100.... . .120 Superfine File. Dead Smooth File. 750 700 600 650 500 450 400 325 _ Imery wheels may be trued by means of a diamond tool, a red hot Mr by a file applied to the wet periphery of the wheel. For emery Nt, see page 424. In usinof emery paper or cloth for finishing, the >f, although the easiest to aestroy, imparts the smoothest polish to petal, and the lonj^er it is uaed tlie better it polishes. 670 WEIGHT, DI3IENSI0NS, AC, OF TIN PLATES. Number, Weight, Size, Length, and Breath ok Tin Plates. ^BAKD MaKK. 1 C 1 X 1 XX 1 XXX 1 xxxz 1 xxxxx 1 xxxxxx D C D X D XX D XXX D xxxx D xxxxx D xxxxxx S D C S D X S D XX S D XXX S D xxxx S D xxxxx S D xxxxxx TTT Taggers, 1 C 1 X 1 xz 1 XXX 1 xxxx 1 c 1 X 1 XX 1 XXX 1 XXXX No. o* Sheets inBox. Leaded or Tornox IC 1 X 225 225 225 225 225 225 225 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 225 225 225 225 225 225 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 Length and Breadth. Inrhes.Inchcs, 14 by 10 by 10 by 10 by 10 by 10 14 14 14 14 14 14 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 10 by 10 by 12 by l"^ by 12 by 12 by 12 by 12 by I2l by 11 by 11 by 11 by 11 by 11 by 11 by 11 14 by 10 12 12 12 12 12 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 by 12 by 12 by 12 by 12 by 12 by 20 by 20 by 20 by 20 by 20 by 20 bv 20 WeiRht per 1 Box. Cwt . qr. lbs. 1 1 21 2 14 3 7 2 2 21 3 14 14 1 7 2 2 21 3 14 2 7 1 27 2 20 3 13 6 27 1 20 2 13 about 10 10 110 Each 1 X advancea $1.75 to $2.00 fi to O 9] N <" ^ « flu ■tJ S+3 ^ • — r__j c _, c3 cs cs o u e3 S3 About the s.imo weight , per Box, aa the pkites above of similar brand, 14 to 10. For Roofmg. OIL CANISTERS, (from 2i to 125 f/f«7s.) WITH THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF TIlT REQUIRED FOR CUSTOM WORK. Galls. Quantity nn d Quality. 2 Plates, IX iu body. 2 " SDX 2 " DX " 4 «• IX " 3i " DX 4 " DX " QalU. 33 45 60 90 125 Q uantity nndQunli ty^ 13i Plates, IX in body, breadtlis liigli. , Plates, SDXuilwdjI DX DX DX * The bottom tier ot plate* to b« placed leoKthwiM. -d, bril fJojiio tiiX ATE9. Tin Plates. 1 1 X advances L.75 to S2.00 ^ p< 3 fl o u 0) > P- . , sa, SDXiu'>XKiy| DX DX DX 20 ts. ; asphaltnra, s ft, • S? ?"•■. «"i'l annWhS i"^^"«'.v si/ted inarkthe point G oiip iVoi/ r ^.^^''^^eter of thi „o ' *"^» ou the line p 672 FRUSTRUMS, ELLIPSES, NAILS, AC uu > '. 30 of water, the objects immersed and stirred up with a rinc rod. Tlio deposit is silvery bright, and resists mechanical action as well as a coat- iag of nickel. The process can be recommended for goods wliioh aro meant for a second cpatiug of some other metal, since any otner is easily deposited on zinc. A E How TO Strike out the Frustrum of a Coke.— In the figure E G H D represent the desired frustrum ; continue the lines D E and G H until they meet at the apex C ; then from C as a centre, with tl.e radius C H, lay off the arc H B ; also from C, with the radius C G, describe the arc G A ; make G A twice the length of E F G, drawing the Hue C A, and G H A B, is the desired outline of the plate you require. TO FIND, the area OF AN ELLIPSE. i2»?e.— Multiply the longer diameter by the shorter diamoter, and l)v •7854, and the product will be the area. Example. — Required the area of an ellipse whose loiigcr diameter is G inches and shorter diameter 4 inches ? G + 4 -'- • 7854 = 18-8400. the area. To FIND the .surface c" A SPHERE OR OLORE.— Multiply the diameter by the circumference ; or multiply the square of the diameter by 3i4IG ; or multiply four times the square of the radius by o'14ir). No. OF American Machine made Ci't Nails in a Touxd as VERIFIED BY ACTUAL COUNT. Size. Number. 3 penny 408 4 *' '. 275 .227 Size. Number. G penny 15() 8 " 100 10 m Size. | NumbeI!. 12 penny 52 20 " 32 30 " 25 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 Spikes. noctt. .1-4 in 13 to lib. .5-16 in 8 '* .3-8 in 5 " .5-8 in 4 " Xo. No. No. No. No. No. No. 4. Ship. .5-16 in S to lib. 6. 7. 8 n. 10. .3-8 .3-8 ..3-8 ..3-8 in. in. in. in. .(> .9-16 in. .9-16 in. ....3i ' ....3 o ' . . . . w ...li Note on Forginos. — Iron, while heating, if exposed to air, will oxydize ; when at white heat, if in contact with coal, it will carbonize, or| become steely. Iron should be heated as rapidly as iK>ssibIe. To Restore Burnt Iron.— Give a smart heat, protected from tiiej ftir ; if injured by cold hammer imi, anneal .'K i ; ■ "it 680 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. piuion, the nxle of which revolves and slides in a slot toward and froa the rack. This rack is secured to a disk, and a rope round said disk «. tends to the body to which a reciprocating motion Is to be imparted, a | Elliptic gears. 70. Bevel gear. 71. Worm and worm-wheel. 72. Tran-omittinit motion from one axle to another, with three different velocities, by nieam of toothed segments of unequal diameters. 73. Continuous revolviiw into reciprocating, by a cam-disk acting on an oscillating l^ver. 74. \^ tcrmittent revolving motion to a shaft with two pinions, and segment gear. wheel on end of shaft. 75. Oscillating lever, carrying pawls whicii engage teeth in the edges of a bar to Avhioh rectilinear motion is imparted. 76. Oscillating lever, connects by a link with a rod to which a recti- linear motion is imparted. 77. Oscillating lever and pawls, whicli gear in the ratchet-wheel. 78. Common treadle. 79. Describing ou a n- volving cylinder a spiral lino of a certain given pitch which dejjendi upon the comparative sizes of the pinion and bevel-wheels. 80. Marking a spiral line, the graver moved by a screw. 81. (S« Fig. 58.) 82. Plunger and rods. 83. Crosshead and rods. 84. Kecip. Tocating rod guided by friction rollers. 85. Revolving into recinrcicatiM motion, by means of roller-arms, extending from a revolving suaft, m acting on lugs projecting from a reciprocatinj' frame. 86. Crank motion. 87. Reciprocatmg motion by toothed Avheel and spring bar. 88. TIm! shaft carries a taper, which catches against a hook hmged to tliednim, 80 as to carry said drum along and raise tlio weight ou the rope. Wiici the tappet has reached its highest position, tlie hook strikes a pin, tin hoolc disengages from the tappet, and the weight drops, 80. Reciprocal ing motion'to a rod by means of a groove in an oblique ring secured a revolving shaft. •JO. Double crank. 91. Cam groove in a drum, to produce rccipi eating motion. 92. Belts and pulleys. 93. Pulleys, belts, .aud intei gear, 94, As the rod moves up and down, tlie teeth of the cog-whi come in contact with a pawl, and an intermittent rotary motion h ii parted to said wheel. 95, By turning the horizontal axles with dilTcrei velocities, the middle wheel is caused to revolve with the mean velocitrj 96, Oscillating lever and cam groove in a disk. 97, Lazy tongs, Oscillating segment and belt over pulleys, 99, Converting osciUatii into a reciprocating motion by a cam-slot in the end of the oscillating Ic which catches over a pin projecting from one of the sides of a paralleii gram which is connected to the rod to which reciprocating motion is ir parted, 100. Oscillating motion of a beam into rotary motion. 101. Motion a treadle into rotary motion. 102. Double-acting beam. 103. Sini acting beam. 104. (See Figures 58 and 81.) 105. Device to steady piston by a slotted guide-piece, operated by an eccentric on the drivii shaft. 106. Rod operated by two toothed segments. 107. Two wheels of equal diameter, provided with a crank of the same length connected by links with a cross-bar to which the piston-rod is seen; 108. Device for a rectilinear motion of a piston-rod based on the hyix cloidal motion of a pinion in a stationary wheel with internal gear. U diameter of the pinion is exactly equal to one half the diameter of tic ternal gear, the hypocycloid becomes a sight line. 109. Same pur as 56, 110, Action similar to 05, 111. Revolving motion by a circular ing pinion gearing in an elliptical cog-wheel. 112, Similar to 96. Carpenter's clamp. The jaws turn on their pivot-screws, aud clampj board. 114. An irregular vibratory motion is given to the arm cany the wheel A, by the rotation of the piuion B. ""IS. Intermittent ■"* MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. C81 Imotion of the pinion-shaft, by tlio continuous rotary motion of the large mecl. The part of the pniion sliown next the wlieel is cut on tlie same Icarve as the plain portlou of the circumference, and, tliorefore, servea as L look whilst the wheel makes a i)art of a revolution, and until the pin lupon the wlieel strikes the guide-piece upon the pinion, when the pinion- lihaft commences another revolution. llG. Stoivmotion used in watches ) limit the number of revolutions in winding up. The convex curbed i.irt, fl, b, of the wheel IJ, 8er\ing as the stop. 117. Several wheels, by C)imectiug-rods, driven from one pulley. 118. Intermittent circular mo- ^ in imparted to the toothed wheel by vibrating tlio arm 13. When tlie larm 13 ii lifted, the pawl is raised from between the teeth of the wheel, Isnd travelling backward over the circumference again, drops between Itwo teeth on lowering the arm, and draws witli it the wheel. 119. Ke- Iciprocating rectilinear motion is given to the bar by the continuous motion loithe cam. The cam is of equal diameter in every direction measured cma its centre. 120. Mechanism for revolving the cylinder in Colt's five- \rms. When e hammer is drawn back the dog, o,' attached to the tnn bier, acta on her!itohet,6, on the back of the cylinder, and is held up t<> the ratchet by i»prin!;,e. 121. Alternate increasing and diminishing motion, by means eccentric toothed wlieel and toothed cylinder. 122. Oscillating or enduliim engine. The cylinder swings between trunnions like a pendu- lum. The piston-rod connects directly witli crank. 123. Intermittent lioLiry motion. The small wheel is driven, and the friction rollei-s on its move the larger wheel by working against tlie faces of oblique oves or projections across the face thereof. 124. Longitudinal and tor)' motion of the rod is produced by its arrangement between two litiuK rollers, the axles of which are obliqtie to each other. 125. Fric- 011 indicator of Roberts. Upon the periphery of the belt-pulley a loaded rriage is placed, its tongue connected with an indicator. With a tiven load tiie indicating pointer remains in a given ix>sition. no matter what tv is imparted to the pulley. When the load is changed the indi- itorclianges, thus proving that the friction of wheels is in proportion to id, not velocity. 12G. Circular intermittent rectilinear reciprocating otion. Used on sewing-machines for driving the shuttle ; also on three- volution cyUnder printing-presses, 127. Continuous circular into in- iraiittent circular motion. The cam is the driver. 128. Sewing- flcliine, four-motion feed. The bar B carries tlie feeding-points or ars, and is pivoted to slide A. B is lifted by a radial iirojection on cam whicli at the same time also carries A and B forward. A spring oduces the return stroke, and the bar, B, drops by gravity. 129. tent crank motion, to obviate dead centres. Pressure on the treadle loves the slotted slide A forward until the wrist passes the centre, when spring L forces the slide against the stops until next forward movc- eiit I'iO. Four-way cock. 131. One stroke of the piston gives a complete volution to the crank. 132. Rectilinear motion of variable velocity is en to the vertical bar by rotation of the sliaft of the curved arm. 133. mtajfrapli for copying, enlarging, and reducing plans, etc. C, fixed int. B, ivory tracing point A, pencil tnice, the lines to be copied , and B, the pencil, will reproduce it double size. Shift the slide to Wch C is attached, also the pencil .slide, and size of the copy will bo 'ried. 134 Ball-and-socket joint for tubing. 135. Numerical register- . device. The teeth of the worm shaft-.:!:ear with a pair of worm- heels of equal diameter, one having one tooth more than the other. the first wheel has 100 teeth and the second 101, the pointers will ieate respectively 101 and 10,100 revolutions. 13G. Montgolfier'a 682 BIECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. liydmulic rara. Tho rlj^lit liaiul vftlve being kept open by a weighi or spring, the current flowing through tlic pipe in the direction of tie Arrow, eHcapeg thereby. When tlio pretisiuo of tiio water current | ;^.«s^'i&.^ overcomes the weight of the right valve, the momentum of the opens the other valve, and tlie water passes into the air-chamber. equilibrium taking place, the left valve shuts and the right valve op By this alternate action of the valves, water is raised into the air-ca ber fit every stroke. 137. Rotary engine. Siiaft B and hub C are i KNOTS, AND HOW TO TIE THEM. G8d jpen by a weighl c direction of ib« the water cumut| at tanijeil eccentric to tho case. Sliding radial pistonii. a, a, movo in and out of liiil'. <'• Tlio i)iHton!4 Hlido throuRli rolling packingH in tho hnl) C. i;J8. Quadrant engine. Two Hingle-acting pistons, H, IJ, connect with crank D, Sti'iiMi irt admitted to act on tlie onter Hides of tlio pistons alternately thro»«li valvo a, and the exiianst is i)etween tlio pistons. 1;}S>. (^ironlar into rootilincar motion. The scolloped wheel '.•ommunicates motion toth« horizontal o.'fcillating rod, and imparts rectilinrur movement to the t»[>- riu'lit b;ir. 140. Rotary motion transmitted by rolling contact between Iffooblifjiiely arranged shiifts. Sricntitic Amrricnn Rrfrrcnro Book. Special notk to invkntous. — For full and complete information relatiiii; to tho obtaining of Patents, Inventors, and others interested, are referred to (he Scientific Ameriran Iland-linok, forwarded free by n'ail on application to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York. Information can also bo obtiiincd by addressing Coyno & Co., office )\'eikvn Mannfacturera Chicago, Ills. The knots represented on the preceediug page of engravings are as follows : KNOTS, AND HOW TO TIE THEM. !» 4S) S5 aa a kentum of the Ithe uir-chaniber. Ihe right valve fed into the au-ci IB aud hub t are 1. Simple overhand knot. 1 Slip-Uiiot seized. ;!. Sinj;li! bow-knot. 4. Sqiuue or ruf-knot. 5. Stjuiiro bow-knot. G. Ueiivor's knot. 7, Gf'niian or figure-of-8 knot. 8. Two luilf-hitches, or artificer's knot. fl. Double artificer's knot. 10. Simple galley knot. Capstan or prolonged knot. Bowline-knot. 3. Kolliiif{-hitch. i4, Clovc-liitch. 15. Black wall-hitch. k Timl)Pr hitch . t,, . Howliiio on a big'it. |8 Riuinin;; bowline. Catspaw. I)ouhl(>d running-knot. l)oul)le knot. Six-fold knot. Buat-Juiot. Lark's head. Lark's head. Simple boat-knot. Loop-knot. De)iiblo Flemi.sh knot. Running-knot checked Cro.ssed running-knot. Lashing knot. *with 32. Rosette. 33. (^hain-knot. 34. Double cli!'.in-knot. 35. Double running-knot, check-knot, .%. Double twist-knot. 37. Builders' knot. 38. Double Flemish knot 39. English knot. 40. Shortening-knot 41. Shortening-knot 42. Sheei)-shauk. 43. Dog-shank. 44. Mooring-knot. 45. Iklooring-knot 4(5. Mooring-knot. 47. Pigtiiil worked on tho end of a rope. 48. Shroud-knot. 49. A bend or knot used by sailorn in making fast to a spar or a bucket-handle before ca.sting overboard ; it will not run. Also used by horsemen for a loop around the jaw of a colt in breaking : the running end, af- ter passing o\ er the head of the animal and through the loop, will not jam therein. 50. A granny's knot. 51. A weaver's knot [The principle of a knot is, that no two parts which would move in tha Tie direction if the rope were to slip, should lie alongside of and touch- [each other. C64 CAPACITIES OF VARIOUS IRON WORKS -i..'*^' Cost of Iron Production.— In Staffordshire, the making of ban marked "best, best, best," corresponds to a consumption of 6 tons of Coal per ton of Iron made from the forge pigs, which themselves require from 2 to 2^ tons of Coal for their production. Calculating waste of iron in puddling, &c., one ton of the best brands of Staffordshire bars repre- sent 8 to tons of good coal consumed. Gaktshekkie Iron Works, Scotland.— Furnaces, 16. Proportion of charges, i. bout 32 cwts. of calcined ore are used to the ton of iron, t] cwts. of pure liniestone, or 10 cwts. of limestone conUiining a lii;:,'h i»j. centago of alumina, which is sometimes preferred, forming a surphis of (quickly melted slag. The charges are made up with the coal in quau- tities of about 30 cwts. each, and are hoisted to the top of the furnace bya very simple contrivance. Temperature of blast 800°. Weekly prodiictioii of each furnace about 160 tons, CoLTNESS Iron Works :— Furnaces, 12. The calcined iroustoue contains from 60 to 05 per cent, of iron, and the furnaces are cb:irj;ed with an addition of 12 cwts. of unburnt limestone, and 48 cwts. of coalfor every ton of iron made. The make per furnace varies from 12 to 15 tons at a cast, the funiace being tapped once in every 12 hours. From 8 to 12 tuyeres are in each furnace arranged in groups of 3 in each arch forme] by the square foundation. The tuyeres arc usually 1^ in. diam. at the nozzle, temperature of blast is between 1)00° and 700°. Power is furnish- ed by a pair of condensing beam engines, worked with 32 lbs. steam pre!- sure and a vacuum of 26 ins. Tlie steam cylinders are 48 ins. diam. ami the blowing cylinder 100 ins., pressure of blast in tlie blast main is 'Si^m. The blowing cylinder in the lower row of furnaces is 120jf ins. GovAN Iron Works, Glasgoav,— Furnaces, 6 ; heiglit 50 ft. The charges are made up in loads of 15 cwts. of ore and limestone for even load of 10 cwts, of coal. Consumption of coal for every ton of iroi. mad* is about 60 cwts. Blowing Cylinders 2 ; pressure of blast 2^ lbs. The make of eacli furnace is about 12 to 15 tons per cast, tapped every 12 hours. The blowing engine is supplied with steam by 7 double-fiued Coniish boilers fired with coal slack, and placed below the ground level close to t)ie engine house. The charge of gray iron for each refinery is 24c«t., and 6 or 7 charges are made per day with ordinary coke forf uel. Barrow-in-Furniss Iron Work 3 :— Furnaces, 11, The cliarge i*r ton of iron is 34 cwts, of ce, 6^ cwts. of limestone, and from 10 to 21 cwts. of coke. Ore yields 57 per cent, of iron, weekly production 4(K0j tons, Tlie dimensions of the larger furnaces which form the scndj group, are, height 50 ft, diam, at the boshes, 7 ft., greatest inner diara. 16 ft, 6 ins., diam, at top, 11 ft, 6 ins., they are tapped every liours aiid| give about 20 tons at each cast. The blast prci^sure varies from 3 to .'! lbs,, each furnace has 6 tuyeres, diam, of tuyeres is from 2ito3J iii«, temperature of blast 600° to 050°, Forty-two boilers, all fired with pa? supply the steam to the different engines; of these, 22 work up to 25 Ikj and 12 to 35 lbs, pressure. The first set of engines com]irise 3 vertj beam engines : diam, of one steam cylinder is 62 ins,, of the otlier twJ 48 ins,, each blowing cylinder placed at one end of the correspondiii| beam, is 100 ins. in diam. with 9 ft. stroke. Iron Founding. — In dimensions, the McKenzie cupola, so cxtens:' used in America, is from the drop bottom to the bottom of the c]mr!:i« door, y ft. '• Fir 5.0 In use, take J of the above as breaking weight. A mixture of 30 per cent, of wrought iron with cast-iron, carefully fused in a crucible, increases strength of cast-iron one third. Chilling the under side of cast iron materially increases its strength. Chilled bars of cast iron deflect more readily than nnchilled. Girders cast with face up are stronger than when cast on side, as 1 to .96 ; also strongest when cast with bottom flange up. Cast-iron and wrought iron beams, having' uimilar resistances, have weights, as 2.44 to 1. To Test the Quality of Iron. — If fracture gives long silky fibres of leaden-gray hue, fibres cohering and twisting together before breakiii(r, may be considered a tovgh soft iron . A medium, even grain, mixed with fibres, a good sign. A short blacki.sh fd^re indicates badly refined iron. A very fine grain denotes a hai'd steely iron, apt to be cold-short, hard to j work Avith a file. Coarse grain, with brilliant crystallized fracture, yel- low or brown spots, denote a brittle iron, cold-sliort, working easily | when heated ; welds easily. Cracks on the edge of bars, sign of hot- ehort iron. Good iron is easily heated, soft under the haminer, throws | out but few sparks. To find the Weight of Timber Beams, Posts, and Joists.— Mul- tiply length in feet by the breadth in inches and the depth in inches, aud j the product by one of the following factors : For elm, 2.92 ; yellow pine, 2.85 ; white pine, 2.47 ; dry oak, 4.04. ■ . Weight of Timber Work, Timber Flooring. — Multiply breadth in feet by length in feet by the thickness in inches and by one of tlsel following factors, according to the material : For elm use, 3.50 lbs. for yellow pine, 3.42 ; for white pine, 2.97 ; for dry oak, 4.85. Nickel Plating without a Battery. — To a solution of froin5toj 10 per cent, chloride of ziuc, aa pure as possible, add eno-gh sulphate oil SUNDRY USEFUL ITEMS. 687 action about 180 out 150,000 ton?, ihe furnaces are sam cylinder aud r is 12 ft. diiim., un being divided bI 35 tons. Blast Is long. No fur- ware as much as r form about half rith raw coal, and ture of blast 612^ fcc, employ in all ;h about 55C0are iS, &c.— Brealviuf; inches, multiplied 5tr. of asli = Beecli Oak seasoned pitch pine Chestnut Fir tons = 8 5.5 5.5 6 6 O.d Mst-iron, carefully lie third. Chilling ngth. Chilled hais lei-s cast with face ilso strongest when ron beams, laving ■OS Ion? siil^-y fihros [er before breakni?, li grain, mixed Willi [badly refined iron, cold-short, hard to lized fracture, yel- )rt, working easily \ bars, sign «r h"'- 10 hammer, throws | |a>'dJoists.-Mu1- iepth in inches, and 2.92 ; yellow piWi l-Tklultiply breadtli land by one-of tlie Vim nsc, 3.50 m.A Kk. 4.85. ^ ^ I iution of from 5 tol Ieno"gh sulphate oil nickel to produce a strong green color, and bring to a boil in a porce- lain vessel. The piece to bo plated, which must he perfectly bright and free from grease, is introduced so that it touches the vessel as little as possible. Boiling is continued from thirty to si.xty minutes, water being added from time to time to replace that evaporated. During ebullition nickel is precipitated in the form of a white and brilliant coating. The boiling may be continued for hours without increasing the thickness of thi.s coating. As soon as the object appears to be plated it is washed in water containing a little chalk in suspension, and then carefully dried. The chloride of zino and sulphate of nickel must be free from metals precipitable by iron. If, during the ])recipitation, the liquid becomes colorless, sulphate of nickel should be added. The spent liquid may be used again bv exposing it to the air until the iron is precipitated, filtering and adding the zmc aud nickel salts as above. Cobalt also may be de- posited the same way. To Remove Iron Mould from Marble.— Take butter of antimony loz., oxalic acid 1 oz. ; dis.solve them in Ipt. water, add flour, and bring the composition to a proper consistence. Then lay it evenly on the stained part with a brush, and, after it has remained for a few days, wash it off, and repeat the process if the stain is not quite removed. Gui:en' Transparent Varnish FOR Metals.— Grind a small quan- tity of Chinese blue with double the quantity of fmely-powdcred chro- mate of potassa (it requires the mo.st elaborate grinding) ; add a suffi- cient quantity of copal varnish thinned with turpentine. The tone may be altered by more or less of one or the other ingredients. Green bronze liquid : One quart of strong vinegar, ^ oz. of mineral green, ^ oz. raw umber, ^ oz. sal-ammoniac, ^ oz. gum arabic, 2 oz. French berries, J oz. copperas ; dissolve over a gentle fire, allow to cool, and then filter. Profits of Manufacturers. — In the State Census of 3Iassachusetts, of 1875, Col. Wright, of Boston, separates the value of the raw material from the value added by work done. Thus wo have under the head of boots and shoes, not the value of the boots and shoes, but the value added t J the leather by the work done to convert it into boots and shoes. This i.s stated to amount to $89,375,792, for which tlie employes received $18,727,12-1, or $455.05 each on an average, and the employers appro- priated S7o,648,6G8. Cotton and other industries .show similar results. Proceeds of One Ton of Cotton Seed. — A correspondent of Lef- fd's Xcics reports cotton seed as ^^'orth now, delivered at the mills in New Orleans, Sll per ton, the mills f umishing the bags it is put up in. From that ton of seed will be gotten : 2.10 lbs. lint worth 5cU, per lb., or. $12.50 About 500 lbs. hull worth 2.50 About from 40 to 45 galls, oil. say 40 galls, at 50 cents 20.00 Say 800 lbs. oil cake, worth V/^ cent per lb 12.00 Or, Sll worth of seed works to value of §17.00 Ar.K.XNGEMENT, PROPORTION, CAPACITY, &C., OF GrAIN ElEVATOR.?. —On this subject Pallett rules that the pulleys should beat least 24 inches diameter, and about one inch thicker thaii the width of the belt, and nearly half an inch higher in the middle than at the sides, to make the strap keep on. These pulleys should have a motion of twenty- five revolutions per minute. The buckets should be about fifteen inches apart. One hundred and twenty-five buckets will pass per minute, carrying 102 quarts and hoisting 300 bushels per hour. If this is not fast enough, make the strap wider and the buckets larger, increase the velocity of the pulley (not above 35 revolutions), nor place more buckets than one for every twelve inches, or they will not empty. 683 ON FAKM BUILDINGS. ^i= ON FARM BUILDINGS. The follovrins plan for a 'barn ajipeared in the columns of the Country Gentleman, and is of a size suitable for about 75 acres of land under cul- tivation on the system of mixed husbandry; but the size may be either expanded or diminished to answer all possible requirements in any given case. The size is 42X60 ft. Fig. 1 shows the common or principal floor, and is so constructed that a loaded wagon can be driven in at one end, unloaded, and then pass out at the other. Tlie contrivance for this purpose, so as not to interfere with the cellar or basement, is shown in the perspective view at the head of this article, an embankment being made at each end, which would be facilitated if the building were placed between two slight knolls or in a moderate hollow, in which case ample drains should be nflflR^'HTXfiff, 'B ' n r ^f Hona a TMiiy nikxio Fig. 1. provided ronnd the whole. In the plan fig. 1, V V represent ventila- tors or hay shutes ; A trap door for throwing down chaff or straw, (i {granary, and S stairs. The bay contiiius 950 sguaro feet, and. will lold about 40 tons of compact hay of about 500 cubic ft. to the ton wlieu M'ell settled. In addition, there is room on the platforms over the lioor and horse stables to hold about 20 tons more. By marking off a scale o{ feet on one of the ventilators, the owner may at any time gain an approx* Imftte idea of the quantity of hay on hand. ON FARM BUILDINGS. G89 Fig. 2 represents the basements. The roots are drawn in on the bam floor and dumped down the traj) A, shown in fig. 1. In fig. 2, AAAA re- present calf pens, or boxes for cows in calf. Sr-' 'f M-iViffTi'rrr itfyit'i 1322. PASSABC.'CXm COVI STABLE, im so BHBatt MASUR0 "^ Fig. 2. "^ Rules fob Farmers. — Tlie prime auxiliaries to good farming are : 1 . Sufficient capital to buy the farm and stock it well. 2. The proper selection of a farm commensurate with these requisites. 3. The selection of good land and the reiection of barren, no matter how cheap. 4. To lay it out in good style, and provide it with good buildings, fences, and gates. 5. Stock it with the best animals and implements at a reasonable price, .'ind provide good shelter for both. 6. Bring the soil into good heart by draining, killing of weeds, manuring, deep ploughing, and a proper rota- tion of crops covering every part of it. 7. Diligence and careful oversight ot all operations, correct accounts in the n.tter of wages, buying, selling, weighin:^, measuring, cost of crops, animals, net returns of each, ac- cumulation and preservation of manure, &c. 8. E.irly rising, remembering that " He that would thrive must rise at five. He that has thriven may lie till seven." 9. Regular and careful feeding of stock with considerate and merciful treatment of horses, cattle, &c., at all times. Touching the rotation of crops the following courses have proved well adapted to most of the Eastern and Middle States : I. 1st year, corn and roots, well manured. 2nd year, wheat, sown with clover seed, 15 lbs. per acre. 3rd year, clover, 1 or more years, according to fertility, and amount of manure on hand. II. 1st year, corn and roots with all the manure. 2nd year, barley and peas. 3rd year, wheat, sown with clover. 4th year, clover one or more years. Tiie next illustration represents the frame of an improved stable and bam which appeared not long ago in the co) .mns of the Globe and Canada Farmer, concerning which the owner furnisiied the following particulars to that journal : " Barn 5() x 80 feet, outside posts 20 feet high, the purline posts 33 feet ; has five bents, 20 feet spans, framed according to cut. The size of timber used is from G to 8 inches ; the sills are 3 x 12 m. plank bedded on the stone wall. The bam proper is 5<3 x GO, leaving 20 x 5G feet for a straw liouse. The driving floor is IG feet wide, the bavs on each side, loft, all floored over with double inch boards. Tlie double doors work on rollers. There is a ventilating door in each gable end, working with a .small pulley from tiie floor : also one on the roof, all very useful in the time of thresh- ing to allow dust to escape. On each side of the driving floor is a ladder reaching to the top of the barn. The granary is 20 feet square. The bins are six feet deep on each side, leaving 8 x 20 feet to keep the mill in for clearing up. The barn is well lighted. If stone is scarce, the wall need be no higher than to clear the ground, as shown in the cut. No. 1 cut pine shingles are beat for roof. This stable is in three parts. 1st. 25 fee^ 690 ON FARM BUILDINGS. ,•> ,» is taken from one end and divided in three narts ; the centre is a feed room 20 X 25 feet ; stables 18 feet deep, with nvc stalls in each part. 2(1. There is a yard 30 x 56 for young stocK. There is a trap door at the side of the drive floor to drop down straw. If water can be had a well i.s ])ic- ferablo in this yard. There is a largo door on each side to drive in and take out the manure. 3d. The cow stable is directly under the straw house, 26x56 feet, divided into three parts: the centre is the feed room, 25 X 26 feet, with trap door above to let down the chaff. The stables are 15 feet deep, with six stalls on each side. There Avill be sufficient light to all the stables, feed room and yard ; outer doors for stables and inner doors leading into the centre yards. Height of stables, 8^ and 9 feet. The advantages over old style of building are as follows :— Lighter and shorter timber. There are two rows of central posts run to tlio top of building, forming the purline work, and the whole building being framed into tlieso posts makes a much stronger frame ; is handier for storinj: ; for forks working ; for threshing ; is'better ventilated ; all straw inside ; all stock inside ; mtinuro all under cover, and when a farmer has one of these barns ho lias all the outbuildings ho requires." Weight of H.-vy.— Hay, well settled in mows or stacks, fifteen cubic yards make a ton. Rule "for long or square stacks : Multiply tlic length in yards by the width in yards, and then by half tlte height in yards, and divide by fifteen. Rule for circular stacks : Multiply the square of the circumference in yards by four times the height in yards, and divide l)y 100 ; the quotient by fifteen. ^HHiHl AORICULTURAL FACT8. «91 s centre is a feed iu each part. 2d. ) door at the .side liad a, -well is ])n- e to drive in and under the straw the feed room, 25 he stables are 15 ifflcient light to ables and inner , 8h and 9 feet, : — Lighter and n to the top of ig being framed er for storing ; 1 straw inside ; ;ner has one of 8, fifteen cubic tiply the length it in yards, and square of the and divide l)y SUNDRY ITEMS OF INTEREST TO FARMERS. A BCSHEL, OF WHEAT, CO Ibs., shouId yield, of flour, about 48 lbs., shorts, 8 lbs., bran 4 lbs. Wheat flour is of the best quality from grain that has been cut before it conies to full maturity, being whiter and softer, and such tiour carries a better figure in the market, Coarse or thick-husked grain will yield more bran and less Hour than the kind noted above. Proceeds of Grists.— On this subject a correspondent of the Country Gi'ntlcman remarks : " The product and waste in grinding depend much upon the quality and cleanness of the wheat. I have had wniter wlieatturn out 40 pounds of flour and 12^^ pounds of bran, middlings, etc., to the bushel. The ' waste ' in grinding clean wheat should be not more than a pound to a pound and a quarter. Spring wheat will not make as much Hour. The following from a ' grist ' of the last crop of spring wheat is a good average of a dozc'i more that I have noted. Weight of wheat, 1,48G lbs. " " flour, 952 lbs. " " bran, 240 " " " screenings, - - - - - - ;{2 " " " middlings (canaille) 88 " " " toll, 148 " " " waste, - 26 "--1,48611)3. Here is 24j bushels, and the yield of flour is 38.4.'> pounds per bushel, and the offal amounts to 14.r)4 pounds per bushel, while tlie waste is only 105 pounds per bushel. It is proper here to state that I sent a ' grist ' out of the same bm, to a new mill a few weeks before, and the return was only3(} pounds in flour and the ' waste' or wheat stuck to tlie mill, besides tiio'toU, 5i pounds to the bushel. I did not repeat my experiment at that mill. A miller, writing to the Mill Stone, claims that lie can, on custom work, make from ;?8 to 42 lbs. of flour to the bushel of wheat, besides his seventh for toll, and on merchant work he can malie 1 barrel of fancy flour out of ■ih busliels of wheat. This he cites as good wo'-k, and right here it maybe remarked that many farmers raise au outcry against the miller, because ho fails to give first class flour and ample returns from badly damaged or improperly cleaned grain. In a canticle descanting on the hard times, composed by a rural poet of the writer's acquaintance, the versifier sought to immortalize his name by a burlesque on the fair fame of every tradesman in the town. The stanza reflecting on the honest miller was as follows : And there's the miller, he grinds for bis toll, And he ought to do right for the sake of liis bouI. But still, there, lie goes, with the dish iu his tist, He gives you the toll and he keeps the grist. Millers, as a general rule, are fair-dealing men. From time immemorial tlicy have been called " lumest," and it is no more than fair that they should be honestly dealt with. If you Avish first class returns bring first class grain to the mill. Estimating the produce of an acre in oats at 50 bushels, they will contiin 450 pounds of flesh-forming food, and (572 pounds of fat-forming food ; while three tons of hay off the same acre will carry 480 pounds of llesh-formers and 27'JO pounds of fat-formers. Hay is a stjindard food for cattle. JIeasurino H.\y in BtTLK.— To find the number of cubic feet in n mow, multiply the length, width and depth together. Five hundred cubic feet of ordinary clover and timothy hay, packed under ordinary circumstances, will make a ton. Generally, so" many things have to be token into consideration, iu calculating the weight of hay in bulk, it 692 AGKICULXURAL FACTa. mnkes it difflcnlt to ascertain it precisely. For instance, fine new-nu»wii hay, like red-top or lierds grass, would probably not rcqiiiie quite 500 cubic feet for the ton ; timothy alone, requires about 550 ; clover 050 ; coarse meadow hay 700 or more. After being stsvcked thirty days, tlic bulk would be decreased from five to ten per cent. Agaui, liay will vary somewhat in measurement according to the time it is cut. Tlic government standard for a ton is 7^ feet ; tliis gives 422 cubic feet. To find the number of cubic feet in a stack, multiply the area of the base by one third the perpendicular height. It is estimated that 25 cubic yds. of common meadow liay in the wind- row compose a ton, and 10 cubic yds. of baled, or pressed hay, the same weiglit. A truss of ncio hay is 60 lbs. , of old, 56 lbs. , a load of hay, 36 tru.s.sefl ; a bale, 300 lbs. A truss of straw is 40 lbs. Table ExiiiniTiNO capacities of guaix bins, &.(:., 10 ft. nicii. J Bin Bin Bin Bin Bin Bin Bin Bin Bin 1 Bin Bin Bin Bin Sr- It. 7 ft. « ft. U ft. 10 ft. lift. 121t. i;)it. 14 ft. 13 ft. IGlt. 20 ft. 22 ft. Long. Bu. Long. Long. Long. Long. Bu. Long. Bu. Long. Bu. Long. Bu. Long. Long. Long. Long. Long. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. 3 145 169 192 217 241 265 2F9 313 338 302 386 482 5,10 4 193 225 257 289 321 354 380 418 450 482 514 043 7(18 6 241 282 321 362 402 442 482 522 C63 603 043 804 884 6 290 338 386 43J 482 530 579 627 675 723 771 964 MfiO 7 338 394 450 50( 563 619 675 731 788 844 900 1125 1'23« 8 38G 450 514 579 043 707 771 836 900 9&1 1029 1286 1414 9 434 507 579 651 723 790 868 940 1013 1085 1157 1446 \hK. 10 482 563 043 72.-; 804 884 964 1045 1125 1205 1286 1607 m». 11 531 619 707 79( 884 972 1061 1149 1238 1326 1414 1768 m\ 12 579 075 771 80f 964 lOtil 11.57 12.54 ia-)0 1446 1543 1929 2122 Measuring Corn in the Crib.— Many rules are given by wliich tlie number of bushels of corn in a crib may be ascertained, but all of tliem must be more or less unreliable, from the fact that they assume that two bushels of ears are equal to one of shelled corn— some corn will not make it, while some will more than do it. We give several such rules, any one of which will be, probably, sufficiently accurate. 1. Measure the length, breadth and height of the crib, inside the rail : multiply them together and divide by two, the result is the number of busliels of shelled corn. 2. Level the corn so it is of equal depth throughout, multiply the length, breadth and depth together, and this jiioduct by four, and cut off one figure to the right of the product. The others will represent the number of bushels of shelled com, 3. Multiply length by height and then by width, add two ciphers to the result and divide by 124. This gives the number of bushels of car&. Another rule is to proceed as above to obtain the cubic feet, and then assume that 1 1-5 cubic feet make one bushel of ears. 4. Multiply length by breadth and the product by the height, all in inches, divide this by 2,748, and the quotient will be the number of bushels of ears. From two-thirds to one-half of this will be the number of bushels of shelled corn, depending upon the kind and quality. The first of these rules is the one generally used as an approximate estimate. To Measure Grain in the Granary. —Divide the cubic feet by 5G and multiply by 45, and the result will be struck measure. Loss FROM Shrink AGE.-*It is said that corn loses one-fifth and wheat one-fourteenth by drying. From this estimate it seems thr.t it would be more profitable to "the farmer to sell unshelled com in the fall at 75 cents per bushel, than to keep it until Spring and sell it at $1, and « AGRICULTURAL FACTS. G93 lir»y, 36 trusses ; 10 FT, niGH, Bin Bin BiiT ]Glt. 20 It. 22 ft Long. Bu. Long. Long, Bu. Bu. 2 386 482 m I 514 C43 -m i C43 804 m i 771 964 1060 1 900 11251 1'238 4 1029 1286! I'lH 5 1157 1446 1502 5 1286 1007 17C8 6 1414 I'fiS \m 6 1543 1029'; S122 height, aU in that wheat at $1.25 in December, is eqnal to $1.50 the Buccecding June. In cases of potatoes, takiug those that rot and are otherwise lost, together with the shrinkage, there is little doubt that between October and June tho loss to the owner that holds them is not less than J53 per cent. The English Quarter, at which wheat is quoted in the l<;ug ish reporta, i.s 5t)0 pounds or one-fourth of the ton gross weight of 2240 i>ounds. Tlie English legal bushel is 70 pounds, and consequently 8 of those bushels is a quarter — equal to 9^ of our statute bushel of 60 pounds. TABLE EXHIBITING CONTEXTS OF COnN-CBlBS, CONTAINING CORN IN THE KAU, COMPUTED ON A DASIS OF 3,840 CUBIC INS. PER BUSH. HEIGHT OF OBIB, 10 FT. Lglh 10 11 140 12 162 13 176 14 189 15 202 16 18 20 270 22 24 26 28 30 £3 135 210 243 297 324 351 378 405 15!^ 173 189 205 221 236 25t> 284 315 347 378 410 441 473 ^i"t 180 198 216 234 252 270 288 324 360 396 432 468 504 540 203 223 243 203 283 304 324 365 405 446 486 527 567 608 b5H 225 218 270 292 315 337 360 405 450 495 540 585 630 675 248 272 297 322 347 371 396 446 49". 545 694 &44 693 743 6 270 297 324 351 378 405 432 486 540 594 648 702 756 810 6H 293 322 351 380 410 439 468 527 685 044 702 761 819 87ft 7 315 347 378 409 441 472 504 507 630 693 766 819 882 945 v^ 338 371 405 439 473 506 540 608 675 743 810 878 945 1013 8 360 396 432 468 504 540 576 648 720 792 864 936 1008 1080 8'^ 383 421 459 497 536 574 612 689 705 842 918 995 1071 114ft 9 405 446 480 526 567 C07 648 729 810 891 972 1053 ll.'^4 1215 10 450 495 540 585 539 675 720 810 900 990 1080 1170 1260 1350 11 495 545 594 643 693 742 792 891 990 1089 1188 1287 1.386 1485 12 5i0 594 648 702 756 810 861 972 1080 1188 1296 1404 1512 1620 E.VAMPLE.— Under 28 and opposite 8 is 1,008, representing tho number of bnwhels of corn in the ear cent lined in a crib 28 ft. long, 8 ft. wide, and 10 ft. high. This space would contain 1,800 bushels of shelled corn. Rule when the Cum is Flared at the Sides.— Multiply half the siun of the bottom breadths in feet by the perpendicular height in feet, and the same again by the length in feet, multiply the last product by "63 for heaped bushels of ears, and by "42 for the number of bushels in shelled com. This rule is based on tho generally accepted estimate that 3 lieaped half bushels of ears, or 4 even full, form 1 of shelled corn. AxoTiiEU Rule with Equal Sided Cribs. — Multiply the length in feet by width in feet, and this last by the height in feet, multiply the resulting product by '63 and the proceeds will show the heaped bushels of ears. To get the number of bushels in shelled com multiply by "42. Memoranda. — A barrel of com is 5 bushels shelled. By this latter measure crops are estimated, and com bought and sold throughout most of the Southern and Western States. At New Orleans a barrel of corn is a Hour barrel full of ears. In some parts of the west it is common to count 100 ears to tho bushel. Another Wav to Measure Corn in the Grid. — Multiply the length, breadth, and height together in feet, to obtain the cubic feet ; multiply this product by 4 and strike off the right figure, and the result will be shelled bushels, nearly. To Find the Contents of a Barrel oh Cask.— Multiply the square of the mean diameter (in inches) by the length of the barrel (also in inches), divide this product by 29.5 and point off one figure to the right; the result will be the answer in tuine gallons. It may be necessary to add that to find the mean diameter, we add together the greatest and least diameters and divide by 2. 694 AGRICULTURAL FACTS. To Find the Number of Bushei2 A-h. i.bi. ro 77 40 23 70 40 51 Table showing inorganic matter removf.d from the soil in 1000 LBS. EACH of THE FOLLOWING CHOfS IN THEIU ORDINARY STATE OF DRYNESS. Wheat about Wheat straw " Barley '• Barley straw " Oats " Oatstraw " Kye " Uye straw " Indian Corn " Indian Corn Stalk.... " 20 lbs. 50 " 30 " 50 " 40 " 60 " 20 " 40 " 15 " 60 " Beans about 30 lbs. Peas " 30 " Pea straw " 50 " Meadow Hay " 50 to 100 Clover Hay " 90 lbs. Kye Grass Hay. " 95 " Potatoes " 8 to 15 Turnips " 5 to 8 Carrots •' 15 to 20 Grand Idea fok FAR:»rER9 ; Best Fodder at 5^1.00 per Ton— Mr. Francis Morris of Howard Co., Ind., thus recounts a very unusual ex- perience in preparing and using corn fodder. The system, if caiTied out to its ultimate results, v/ould render almost any farm a fair equivalent to a Rold mine, so far as profit is concerned. " About the 1st of last Augu,st, I planted five acres of ordinary wheat laud in Indian corn, and If allowed it to grow initil the 1st of October, when it was in tas.sel, I then had it cut down with a reaper and passed tliroiigh the ordinary process of chopping, using for that purpose fin or- dinary feed-cutter. Tiie fodder thus produced was mixed with straw in proijortion of four-fifths corn fodder to one fifth straw. It was then put ill trenches, trampled down, and covered with earth. The fodder rc- niaiued in this state until last Christmas day, when the trenches were opened and the fodder taken out and 4ed to the cattle. The fodder was foinid to be in as perfect a state of preservation as when it was first put in, and the cattle seemed to relish it from the first, and now prefer it to any other kind of food. The cost of producing this fodder was only $1 a ton, which is only one-twentieth as much as the cost of timothy hay, which is not equal to it in any respect. If the land is )ilanted early in the spring, 20 or 30 tons can be raised to the acre, but in France the land is highly manured and the corn is sowed only two feet apart, which often makes the yield as high as 80 tons to the acre. The same land can afterwards be planted in barley, and loses none of its strengtli by the planting of the corn, as it is a principle in agriculture that the streiigth of the land is only lo.st in the formation of the grain. By the use of this fodder every farm of 100 acres, planted with 10 acres of this fodder, would be able to fatten 10(j liead of cattle during the winter, which would yield a profit of 50 per cent., besides the immense advantage of having such an amount ot stable niaiuire, which in itself, if utilized, would pay for the fodder thus used." The advantages of this method, Mr. Morris stites, are b«st showu by a 700 AORICtrLTURAL FACTS, &C. comparison between the cost of production of tliis fodder and the cost of timothy hay . Phosphate, 10 ftcres, at $16 ..fl60 Team and plow for 30 days 60 Man to tend the team . 15 Cutting 15 Hauling and preserving 250 Total cost §500 " A fair estimate of the crop of these ten acres would be 500 tons. Five hundred tons of timothy hay would cost Sl0,900, and as this 500 tons of chopped fodder will answer the same purpose as the timothy hay, it is easily seen that every community can thus raise its own meat at about half the cost to import it." Of all the vegetable products used as food, it is to be noted that in their drtf 9tate, carbon forms almost J^ the weight, oxygen a little over \, hydrogen a little more than 5 per cent, nitrogen from IJ to 4 per cent, aud earthy matter from 1 to 20 per cent. A SIMPLE STUMP PULLER. The above cut represents a simple stump machine illustrated in the columns of the American Agriculturist. It is worked by a lever, moved preferably by a stout yoke of oxen. The end of the lever is supplied with a strong clevis, sufficiently long to pass around so as to be used on either side. The fulcrum of the lever consists of a chain which is to be fastened to the largest stump near (a) ; on each side of this is a clevis, with a short chain and hook attached. To work the machine, fix a chain to the stump to be pulled, hook on to one of the short chains of tlie machine (6), draw up the oxen until that chain is tight ; hook on tlio other chain (c), turn the team, and draw up as far as they can go ; hook the chain (6), turn and draw again, and so repeat until the stump ir drawn out. Then fasten on to another, and rei>eat the process until nil the stumps are out within reach of the one the machine is anchored to. The machine will then have to be moved to another anchoring place, and BO on until the field is cleared. The last stump left must be grubbed out It will be necessary to remember that the power of this lever la DYNAMITE VS. STUMPS, AC. 701 d the cost ol »160 60 15 15 250 §500 be 500 tons. } this 500 tou9 ithy hay, it is neat at about i that in their littlo over i, : pet cent, and lustrated in the [a lever, moved ,-er 18 supplied J to be used on which la to be [this is a clevis, ine, fix a chain \ chains of the ft ; hook on tho can go ; hook 111 the stump r Irocess until nil Is anchored to. ring place, and ist bo grubbed of this lever la very great; and stump pulling requires stout implements and chains. A breakage may not only cause delay, but a blow from a snapping chain may very easily be fatal ; it is thereiore absolutely necessary for safetj that tlic chains be made of the best iron, with the best workmanship, and strong enough to hold against all the resistance they may meet. Tho lever should be strengthened with iron plates in those parts where tho holes are bored for the clevis bolts. Dynamite vs. Stumps and Rocks.— Late experiments by John O'Don- nell, of .Tamacia, L. I., before an invited party of farmers, prove con- clusively that stumps and rocks can be sent flying by means of dynamite at a very low cost. Tho stronger and fresher the stump is the further it flies. Five stumps were attacked. The first was of oak, partly decayed. The men employed i)uuched a hole with a crowbar between two project- ing roots, but not being experts, did not insert the instrument fully under the stump. Consequently, only two-thirds of it was blown out. The partial decay of the wood was another hindrance. It did not offer tho necessary resistance. A partially rotted chestnut stump was blown to fragments. The crowbar was badly inserted under an ajiplc-tree stump, and tlip.t, like the oak, was shattered to the extent of two-thirds. With a sound and sturdy oak stump, however, the dynamite was fully triumphant. The stump was blown out utterly. A charge was place under a rock weighing about two tons. It was thrown from its bed and shattered to pieces. A rock half its size was thrown twenty feet, but not broken. A hole about a foot deep was then drilled into a well-embedded rock, and charged with four ounces of dynamite. It was much broken, and the pieces not dislodged were easily pried out with the crowbar. About two inches of a cartridge an inch in diameter had hitherto been used upon the stumps, but the closing experiment was made with an entire cartridge eighteen inches long upon a fresh oak stump tw^enty inches in diameter. Many of the fragments were thrown 125 feet. The dynamite is put up in iiackages of oiled muslin, shaped like a candle, and impervious to water. One end is opened, and a hole is made in the powder with a stick for the insertion of the percussion cap, which is an inch long, and loaded for half its length with fulminate of mercury. A fuse is inserted in tlxe cap, which is squeezed with nippers that it may fit tightly. The little interstices must be filled with soap, to render the cap waterproof. Aftei the cap is in position in the powder, the top of tlie cartridge must be tied tight around the fuse, so that no water may enter. On the cartridge being placed against the stump, water must be loured into the hole and the ground aromid thoroughly soaked and pressed that it may offer a strong resistance. A little serai-circular dam slionld then be heaped around, within which more water should be poured, by way of adding to the resistance. The fuse, which shoiUd project outside of the dam, is then lighted. It reaches the cap in less than two minutes, which affords ample time for the operators to reach a safe distance. The exy.losion makes little noise, and after viewing a dance m tl>e air of a myriad of fragments, spectators find a large hole, witli a few loose roots around and the ground ready for the plough. CocicnoACH Destroyek.— To destroy cockroaches, mix finely powdered borax and fine sugar, half-and-half, and spread around where the roaches are most troublesome. For a few days it may seem that tlie remedy is doing no good, but soon the roaches will begin to die. and in a short time you will be rid of them. This is said to be an infallible rem- edy. Cayenne pepper will keep the pantry and storeroom free from cockroaches and autd. 702 AGRICULTURAL TABLES. QUANTITIES OP SEED REQUIRED TO THE ACRE, &c. Table sirowi>G the quantity of gaudex seed for a given space. Designation. Asparagus " Roots. Eng Dwarf Beans French •' " Beans, Pole,lanro '< " small Beets Broccoli and Kale Cabbage Cauliflower Carrot Celery Cucumber Cress Egg Plant Endive Leek. Lettuce Melon Nasturtium Onion Okra Parsley Parsnip Poppers Peas Pumpkin Radish Salsify Spinago Squash Tomato . . Turnip Water Melon Table showing the quantity DcsignatioD. Quantity of seed. Wheat IV4 to 2 bush Barley V/2 to 214 Oats 2 to 4 Rye 1 to2 Buckwheat % to 11/3 Space aiul quantity of seeds. 1 oz. produces 1000 plants and requires a bed 12 ft. sq. 1000, plant a bed 4 feet wide, 225 long. 1 quart plants, from 100 to 225 of row. " " " from 100 to 150 feet : row. " " " 100 hills. " •• " 300 hills, or 250 feet of row. 10 lbs. to the acre ; 1 oz. plants 150 feet of row. 1 oz. plants 2500 plants, .'ind requires 40 sq. ft. of ground. Early sorts same as broccoli, and require COsq. ft. ground. The same as cabbage. 1 oz. to 150 of row. 1 oz. gives 7000 plants, and requires 8 sq. feet of ground. 1 oz. for 150 hills. 1 oz, sows a bed 10 feet square. 1 oz. gives 2000 plants. 1 oz. gives .3000 plants, and requires 80 feet of ground. gives 2000 plants and requires 60 feet of ground. 7000 " and requires seed bed of 120 feet. for 120 hills. sows 25 feet of row. " 200 •( «' " 200 <' " r ' , " 200 " " ' " 250 <« «« 1 oz. gives 2500 plants. 1 quart sows 120 feet of row. 1 oz. to 50 hills, . ' \ ■: ♦ to 100 feet. to 150 feet of row. to 200 feet of row. to 75 hills gives 2503 plants, requiring seed bed of 80 feet. 1 oz. to 2000 feet. 1 oz. to 50 hills. OF SEED REQUIRED TO THE ACRE. Designation. Quantity of netd. Broom Corn 1 to 1 J^ bush. Potatoes 5 to 10 " Timothy 12 to 24 quarts. Mustard 8 to 20 '* Herd Grass 12 to 16 " Flat Turnip 2 to 3 Rod Clover 10 to 16 White Clover 3 to 4 Blue Grass 10 to 15 Orchard Grass 20 to 30 Carrots 4 to 5 " Parnsnips 6 to 8 " PLANTED IN ROWS CB 1 OZ. 1 OZ. 1 OZ. 1 OZ. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz 1 oz 1 oz 1 oz, 1 oz, (t « « « Millet 1 tolJ4 Corn V^tol Beans 1 to 2 Peas 2% to3H Hemp 1 to Ijl Flax 14 to2 Rice 2 to 2J4 Table showing the quantity per acre avhen DRILLS. lbs. (I « Broom Corn 1 to 1*^ bush Beans lV2to2 " Peas li/2to2 '* Onions 4 to 5 lbs, Parnsnips 4 to 5 " Beets 4 to 6 " To Estimate the Quantity of Peat.— Peat, as ordinarily in the bed, will weigh 2,100 to 2,400 lbs. per cubic yard, if drained in the bod, 1,340 to. 1,4<)0 ; when air-dried, 320 to 380 lbs., when it Mill shrink to i or l-() its original bulk. Vitality of Seeds.— Beans will retain vitality for 2 years, beet?, cabbage 4, carrot 2, sweet com 2, cucumber 10, lettuce 3, melon 10, onion 1, peas 2, parsnip 1, radish 3, squash 10, tomato 7, turnip 4. AGRICULTURAL TABLES. 703 )ed 12 ft. sq. [eet of ground. TADLE SHOWIXO GERMIXATIOX of wheat sowed at VAUIOl'S DEPTHS. Appeared above No. of plants Seeds sown to the depth of y^ inch. Ii II n ii • ( 1 2 3 4 5 G ground in that came up. 1 1 days % 12 " all. 18 " Vb « s <4 y'^' « aZ 23 " % In sowing wheat the rule i.s to give it a thinner covering in a close lic.'ivy soil, th.iu in one that is light, gravelly, and sandy. Table, showing the period of repkodcction and gestation or DOMESTIC animals. Proper ngc for reproduc- tion. Period of tho power of re- productionin years. 1 No. of Females for one Mole. PERIOD OF OE.STATION A.NL) 1..- CUnATION. DESIGNATTON. ShnrtoRt pe- riod, days. 1 Mean peri- od, days. 347 283 154 115 loG 380 308 60 50 28 21 2G 30 30 18 28 33 42 I-ongMt period, tlys. ]yjap(5 4 years. 5 " 3 " 3 " 9 l< 2 " 1 " 1 " 2 '• 2 " 4 " 5 " 2 " 2 " 1 " 1 " 6 months 6 " C " 10 to 12 12 t 13 10 to 14 8 to 10 6 7 6 6 6 5 10 to 12 12 to 15 8 8 to 9 8 to 9 5 to 6 9 to 10 5 10 G 5 to C f) to G 3 to 5 20 to 30 30 to 45 40 to 50 6 to 10 20 to 40 5 to C 30 12 to 15 322 240 146 109 150 365 281 £5 48 20 19 24 1 28 27 16 25 20 40 419 Stallion, Tow, 321 Bull, ^ViQ 161 I{,1I11 Sow jjfiar, 143 SlieGoat, He Coat She A5.S, He Aps She BulTalo,... I5itoh, D0[! 163 391 335 63 She Cat He Cat Doc Rabbit,.... Buck Kiibbit, . . Cock, 06 35 Hen, 24 Turkey Dnck, 30 32 (ioose 33 Pigeon, Pea Hen, Guinea Hen, . . . Swan, 20 30 25 45 Man Tho Camel Tho Horse Tho Ox 'J'lio IJon Tho Dog Tho Cat The Haro Tho Guinea pig Growth and life grows for 20 years, It OF and " « cj « " u 2 « ca c-P^ S-::! m 5 33106 -'fi 33541 •"* 33977 .78 34412 .79 34848 .80 35384 .81 3-819 .82 3C255 -83 3CC90 -84 3702G -85 374C2 .86 37807 -87 38333 -88 387C8 1 -89 39204 .90 30C40 .91 40075 .92 40511 .93 40946 .94 41381 .95 1 41818 .96 1 42253 .SJ 1 42689 .98 43124 'f^ 43560 1.00 ^ ndmeasuremcnu )f an acre. II i« ■ '' IZ'.-m^ic.-m he product .hyiw bcqxial Icnpth. ad; Itbe result require cd. SLRVEVOR'S LONa HEASCRE FOR MEASURING DISTANCES, BOCKBABIZS, AREAS, RAILWAYS, fiC. rv, iiirhes .1 link. I 4 rods 1 ehain. 2.5 links 1 rod.. | 83 chains I mile. EQUIVALENTS. Mil*. Chains. Rods. Links. Inches. 1 =. 80 = 320 = 8,000 = 63,360 1 " 4 ^ 100 =» 792 = 25 =. 19S . 1 = 7.92 Surveyor's long measure, scale of units, 7.02, 25, 4, 80. , TABLE OF MISCELLANEOUS LINEAR MEASURE. 3 inches 1 palm. i inr'lipti 1 hiinrl ^ l;'»e■ Lied in mcasunug depth* at •««. SrtO fathoms 1 mile. ) 3 geographical miles 1 league. I 1 flpwrpp ^"f latitude: gOJL cfatute " i uejjicc. J Of longitude on the equator. IRVFA'CR's square MEASURE, FOR MEASURING THE CONTENTS OF FARMS, FIELDS, &C. square links (37. /.) 1 pole, P. 16 poles 1 sqimre chain, sq. rh. ilOsiiu.ire chains 1 acre, A. 10 acres I square mile, 8q. mi, 10 sciuare miles (6 miles square) 1 township, Tp. EQUIVALENTS. :p. Sq. Mi. A. Sq. Ch. P. Sq. Links. 36 =. 2304 = 230,400 = 3,686,400 => 2,304.000,000 1 « (HO = 6,400 := 102,400 = 64,000,000 10 = 160 = 10,000 1 3= 16 = 1,000 1 = 625 Surveyor'.^; square measure, scale of units, 025, 16, 10, 640, .36. An AcuK is the unit of land measure, and is 10 square chains (10,000 iks), or a piece of land 3 chains 16:^ links (or about 6J»A yds. ), on each tlie four sides, or, if of a different shape, as much land as is embraced that coinp.ass. A Itooi) is a quarter of an acre, or 40 perclies, and contains 25,000 iiare links ; if square, it should measure 1 chain and 58 links, or about yds. oil eaclv side. Pkkch (sometimes called a pole or rod) is the 160th ot an acre, and itaiiis 30J square yds., or 025 square links, and embraces 5^ yds., or rimniiig links of the cliain, on each of the four sides. "I'NTKKs Chain, the unit of measure u.sedl)y surveyors, is a metallic in 22 yds. in length, and is divided ifito 100 link.s of 7 I'u'^ inches each. •surenients are calculated in chains and hundredths. As a substi- for tlie chain, some engineers use a .steel measuring tape 100 feet with each foot divided into tenths. It takes 10,000 links to make \^To choiu, as 100 times 100 is 10,000. An ticre embraces 10 squar« ! ■ ■ i 706 LAND MEASUREMENT. ohalng, or 100,000 square liuks. The outside measurements of lauj ;, estimated by runniiu/ chains and links, the contents by square cliaiH! and links (being a regular system of decimals), the latter being a nntiu. pie of the former. In land measurement, tht chain is drawn straiylu over hills and hollows. Correctness in the measurement is ensured by the use of a compass (sustained by a tripod) resembling a quadrant. Farmers and others not possessed of a Clunter's (;hain or nietallK measuring tape, may effect cor . ict measurements by the use of a uotclicij ])()le 10^ I'eot long, contiiining ^5 divisions, formed by 24 notches, eaiiiuf them a"trillo over 7^ Indies ap-irt. Tlie 'Jo spaces will represent LTjlinki;, and the pole ^ of a chain ; be careful to get the spaces correctly laid c! and accurately numbered on the pole witli pen and ink. In the United States Goveunment Land measurement a town. Bhip consists of 'M sections, each 1 mile square, a section contains WO i acres, a quarter section, ^ mile square — KiO acres, an eighth section, i a mile long, north and south, and | mile wide — 80 acres, and a sixtecinii section, ^ mile square— 40 acres. In the surveys of the Public Lands of ti? United States they are laid out in ranges of townships which run Ion,';- j tudinally, and are numbered on the maps in 4voman characters, ca])ital letters, according to their proximity to the northern bonier n | a State. The ranges of townships run froin west to east, the extrciiK northern line of townships in any State would be all number 1, tlienca number 11 and so on down. In a township the sections are all niimberftil 1 to 30, beginning at the north-east corner, as shown in the diagram. In drawing out deeds the area or contents of t!;f| land is described in acres, roods, and ijerchev, t!i? j extent of each boundary is expressed by chains aoil links ; if the land is of extra value, the odd yanJij and links are noted in describing the contents. I: laving off arms, less than half a perch is Ml reckoned, while a half ])erch or more is connteihj full 1 ••-.■h. The description of landed propertval detailed in deeds should be definite and explicit sil to contents and boundaries. Illustration— Thediij gram exhibits a piece of land, embracing, ?ayl| acres fronting on the west of Stanley road, Land of John Rcid. c 7 18 19 30 31 5 8 17 20 29 32 4 9 IG* 21 28 33 3 10 if 22 27 34 2 14 23 26 35 NW INK SW ISIO 12 13 24 25 36 ss T3 C in cs 2 c P Length, 25 chains. CO Land of Daniel Wilson. J^and of A. Kodgers. the land of John Reid is on the south side ; that of Alex. Rodgers on tii north side ; that of Daniel Wilson on the west side ; and the Stanley M on the east side. In the Deed the lot should be described as foilowl " Beginning at a post, stake, or tree, on the west side of the Stanitf road at the north-east corner of land owned by John Re'd, runniii westerly, parallel with the land of said Reid, twenty-live chains, to belonging to Daniel Wilson, thence northerly, parallel with the of said Wilson, sixteen chains and sixty links, to land of Alex. Rodgei then easterly, parallel with tlie land of said Rodgers, twenty-fiv(! cluii to the Stanley road^then southerly, along said road, sixteen chains ' sixty links to the plafce of beginning, — containing twenty acres of ' be the same more or less," - ' - ^- - ■ •^-' 1 In :'6i,1 ii A an( cul)i T( one- LEGAL WEIGHT OF A B tail EL '07 ements of laud \« ( by square cham? tter being a multi- Irawn strui,!;;ht uver ensured by the use id rant. i <;hain or metallic ;he use of a notcluii 2-4 notches, each u! 1 rci)rcsent Holinkn. 03 correctly laid li ik. asurcnicnt a town- icction contains tnO n eighth sci'tioii, \ a •es, and a sixtecmii J Public Lanils of ti;p ps which run Ion:;- iinan character;;, ■: northern bnrdor (i to cast, the extrcfc* 1 number 1, tliema onsare all niunberei| I in the diagram, •ca or contents of tb I kIs, and pcrchey, to n-ossedbycha.nsaBdl value, the odd yar!lf| bin" the contents. ' lialf a perch is ffi». ; and an Irish of HHh yd.s. Every mile of mere hedge and ditch islibdut an acre. Roads and fences, 1 rod wide, occupy 1 acre for every niilcoflength. Note.— An English acre comprises 4,840 square yds. ; the Scotch, 6,{:.o ; the Irish, 7,840 ; the French (liectare), ll.itaO ; the Dutch, [).V22 ; the Pni,c, 56 56 , , 56 56 56 52 66 58 56 56 56 ,56 56 Imliau Corn in car... 70 G8 GS , , .. ..!..].. , , Imliau Corn meal 48 50 ,50 ,50 '50 . , , . _ .. ... 50,. , * Oats 32 28 32 32 35 33 li 32 30 30 02 32.35 30 32 32 34 32 32 32 Onions . . 57 48 57 57 52 .57 , 50 Potatoes 60 60 60 60 60 60 .. 60 60 00 . . 60 . . 60 60 60 Kve .54 56 .'>* 56 56 5(3 32 50 56 50 50 50 66 .50 66 56 ."ir. .^fi!R cubic inches. In Maine 04 lbs. of ruta baga turnips or beets make 1 bushel'. A cask of lime is 240 lbs. Lime in slacking absorbs 2h times its volume, and 2\ times its weight in water. The United States Standard biisliel contains 2150.42 cubic inches. A cuhic foot contains 1728 cubic inches, so tliat a bushel is to a cubic foot, as, say 2150 to 1728, or about tlie proportion of 4 to 5 ; hence to convert ctihic feet to bushels, multiply by |. To FIND THE CONTENTS OF A BlN IN CUBIC FEET.— Abate the COUteilti} oue-fifth, and the result will be the contents iu bushels. .^ « . ■08 AGUICULTURAL TABLK3. ON FENCES. As the raaiutenance of fences is a most important consideration on every farm, we present the following TaBU! showing the number or RAILS, RIDERS, AND STAKES REQUIRED FOR EVERY TEN RODS OF ZIG-ZAO FENCE. Length of rail. Dertec- tioii from right line. Length of panel. Num- ber of panels. No. of rails for eachlOrods Number of btakes. Feet. Feet. Feet. 8 10 12 Feet. 5 rails high. G rails high. 7 rails high. 144 116 95 'A 12 14 165^ 6 7 8 20% 10^ i;i34 103 83 09 123 99 84 42 34 28 17 14 For longer distances than 10 rods, the i)roper number of rails. &c, may be computed bv multiplying. For iiistanoo : If for 50 rods of fence, multiply the above number by 6 ; if for 100, multiply by lu, &o, Tlie liite rule will apply to the next Table, showing the niimijer of rails and posts required for EACH ten RODS OF POST AND HAIL STRAIGHT FENCE. 3 * Number of posts. Number of rails for each 10 rods. n rails high. 6 rails high. 7 rails high. 8 rails liigli. 10 12 14 16M 8 10 12 14M 2oy, 16j| 13% 21 17 14 12 103 83 69 57 123 99 84 69 144 116 95 81 lf.,5 133 109 93 Approximate comparative cost of zig-zag and straicht rail FENCES. Zig-zag rail fence- Twelve rails, at $25 per thousand 30 cents. Ground covered by fence, with total worm from stake to stake, in alternate panels of six feet, at 950 per acre 78 " Two stakes, at two ceuts apiece 4 " S1.12 per 12 (t, Straight rail fence — Eig'; .t rails, at ?25 per thousand 20 cents. Ground covered by fence, two feet wide 26 " Two stakes 4 " Wire 2 " *0 62 per 12 ft. A board fence, 4 ft. 6 ins. high, with cedar posts 6 ft. apart, 4 boards, respectively, 6 inches, 6 inclies, 9 inches, and 12 inches broad, with a coping board and vertical board covering the joints against tlie posts, may be constructed, when lumber costs not over Sl6 per 1000, at a cost of not more than Si for every 12 ft. in length, without counting labor. The cheapest,and everything considered, the most efficient fence a farm- •r can construct, is one made of wire; such fences vary in cost according to the number of wires used, the number of posts, size of wire, &c. Tli< AGRICULTUnAL TADLK9. "09 onslderation on AKESREQCIRED •M •m o OliB ^^ b " e V 9i i*- X>Jt ^ ji so 8 42 1 'Jl 34 1 17 28 1 14 Der of rails. &c, for 50 rods ol iltiply by 10, &c. i KEQUIRED FOR FENCE. ■ ■ "1 each 10 rods. rails ligli. 8 rails higli. 144 116 95 81 ir..5 133 109 93 , STUAICHT BAIL . 30 cents, itake, ...78 " .... 4 " S1.12 per 12 ft. 20 centB. ..26 " .... 4 " .... 2 " JO 62 per 12 ft. I. apart, 4 boards, es broad, -witha against the posts, per 1000, at a cost it counting labor, ient fence a farm- in cost according ►f wire. &c. Tin following table exhibits the length of -wire of each number that a given weight will make, from which may bo computed the cost of a wire fence. 6.3 lbs. of No. 6 runs 22.3 yards, and costs S3 45 or 8i cents per rod. 7 " 229 " ** 3 55 or 7i 8 " 322 «' " 3 G5 or u| " Cor' of materials of a xrAve fence, post."* eight feet apart, with a bottom board twelve inches wide, and a swintling three by four on top: l\ post.-*, at 5 cents 7i cents. ri foot of inch board, at SUJ.OO per tliousand feet. 1«J " Scantling, 12 feet, at SlG.OO ncr thousand feet 19 " 5 wires^OO ft. of No. 0, at 8^ ':ent.s per rod ^ " 7'5"i cents per 12 ft. In Ticw of the increasing scarcity of timber in many part.s of the country, it would be well for farmers to e.xcrcise greater care for the [ireservation of their standing trees, and as occasion offers, plant out more. Nature never fails to respond generously to all such investments. For interesting facts regarding the growth of forest trees, consult pp. 84 and 118. This subject reminds the writer of the advice given by a Scotch laird to his son and heir on his death bed. The laird s ruling passion during a long life had been to set out trees, and when the closing scene arrived, the son was called to his father's bed-side, and while standing there anticipating salutiry counsel befitting the solemnities of the oc- casion, the dying laird e:. claimed ; " Now Jock, mind what I'm gaun to tell ye, when I'm gaue be aye stickin' in a tree, for it'll grow when you'r sieepiu'! " TUK nrEMIOAL IimUEDIRXTS OF PLANT FOOD, IN POUNDS AVOIRDUPOIS, CONTAINED IN ONE TON OF THE FOLLOWING MANUKES. Munurei. Farm Y.ird Manure. Night Soil Fresh Bones Dry Blood liuauo Soot Salt, Common (iypsum Mxd. Urine p. 100 gals, Nitrate of .Soda Sulp. of Arnica Chlorine , lb. oz. 1 9 3 C2 22 9^ 1344 Sulphu- ric Acid. Ibi. oz. 1 4 2 3 Phospho- ric Acid. Iba. o: 5 1 120 580 93 8 194 31/4 1 6 1317 3 8 13.57 283 9 5 1234 2 6 Soda. lbs. oz 1 10 4 10 Mnpr- neaia. lb*, oz. 18 3 2 7 30 15 2 llS/ilS 1114 833 6 9 8 3 Potaih Ibs.oz. 2 4 6 7 66 8 711/4 2 Am> monia. lb(. oz 13 n 47 15 145 5 444 3 221 gi CO 2 18 31/4 364 470 A dragoon-horse kept in a box-stall with 1 hour's exercise each day for I a week, was fed as follows : — Oats each day 10 lbs. = 70 lbs. per week Hay " " 12 " = 84 " ^' " Straw " " 8 " = 5G " " " He drank within the week 27 gals, of wrfler ; during the time of his [exercise the loss of manure is supposed to be 4 lbs. daily, or 28 lbs. per I week, yetalthogh the Total forage consumed amounted to 210 lbs., The manure and litter produced was 327^ lbs. Thus if lost manure be added, yielding with the addition of the moisture limparted to the litter by urine, an increase of two-thirds beyond the weight |of the food consumed. Experiments prove that a cow of average size voids Rbout 60 lbs. of manure, or about 1^ cubic feet per day, or more than 3 urds, weighing over 10 tons, per year. Composted with peat or swamp 710 A(iUICULTUKAL TAIILIIS. muck, thrco ptirteto ono of manure, it would form 12 cords of oxrcllent compost. It is further estimated tliat the liquid manure is equally valuulile witli the solid, and if this also is utilized by the peat absorbents, (itlur under the stable or in it, 24 cords of an excellent fertilizer is secured This, ai)i)lied to 2 acres of worn-out meadow, jiroducinR say, 1 ton of year, besides greatly increasing the crops for 5 years longer. In even- hay or less per acre, would increase the crop to 3 tons to the acre the fir«t Tor 5 y< " case never fail to save your liquid niaiunc, for it is well worth every effort that can be made. Table showing thr coiirAnATivK increase of cohn ijy vaiiiois EEKTILIZEIIK. a a •c I H V 6 'A QUANTITY OK FERTILIZKU. 1 No Manure 2 500 lbs. Superpliosphate of Lime 3;690 " Guano 4|3U0 " Siiperphospliato Lime & 040 lbs. Guniio ft 320 " Guiuio and G40 lbs. ili.saolvt'd Hones. 6 7 8 eg tn i:.s 28 46 00 a IP r>8 i;!o 51 |23 1040" Guano and 400 lbs. Superphosphato Lime!74S4|469/4 16 loads Stable Manure '^!i]6\ T14 32 " " ^•2%U3^ 16 " " & 200 bus. leaclicil Ashes 44' 8 8 9 12 50 19 00 25 10 18 40 38 CO 10 00 32 00 12 00* © - : ■ 'J - bii(|iqr!s 4!tJ4 GO 43 14J^jl7 80* I7V4I10 80* 15 116 20 (. (> ^■\ 1.) 1 10 16 " " & G40 lbs. Supei-r Lime.. ., 1132 " " & :i20 11)H. Guano & 1320 lbs Superphosphate Lime 12 Hog inanuro from 108 bus. corn 43 15 1 16 20 M •Only the increa.se over the experiments 7 and 8 with stable manure .nloiie, Table exhibiting the number of loads of mam're and thk number of heaps in each loai> kequired to an acki;, imf. heaps at given distances apart. •Stf ■ ''' NUMBER OF HEAPS IN A LOAD. ^K I>l W-- 1 ; 2 3 1 4 1 6 6 1 7 1 8 9 "•. 3 638 209 179 134 108 891/2 77 67 00 •li S'/; 395 108 1,32 99 79 CO 5614 43% 49% 373^ 44 3!)'. 4 203 151 101 751/2 00 J^ 50>/i 33M »ii, 4^ 239 120 79'^ CO 4734 39S;4 22^4 30 20^^ 24 B S 194 97 64 y? 53»Z 48J4 383/. 32% 24% 21-4 1-J', 1 'V,1 5'A 160 80 40 32 2034 20 1734 10 B(>rp 6 131 67 4484 • ^'A 27 22^ 19% 10% 15 ]3'i B (01 6H 115 67J4 38% 283; 243,1 23 19 1234 H', BCrtr T 99 49'A 33 I9S4 17% 153^ 131^ lOVo 14 11 lU ■ Phi- 7V? 80 43 '^S% 21^ 14% 12% 91/, ?!' ISili 8 7514 37 J4 25>/i 19 12% 11% 103,4 t«J,i ' I P SH 67 33 J4 '22% 16J4 9% W2 62^ «*« GO 30 20 15 12 10 8% % 6 9'^ 5CJ4 263^ 18 131/a 1034 93^ 9 7% 6 5i' ■bett 10 48 Va 241/4 10% 12 8 7 ti 6*4 4'. winii Explanation.—' riie left hand column gives the distai ice in vaniJ ■nix( betwe eu the heaps e ach wa y m eac h row ; at th( i top of th e coliun uf ;u( fcflT.' AGKICULTUUAL FACTS, AC. 7U onls of oxrcUent , equally valuable ihsorbents, citlKr ilizer is Hcciiml. iiiR sJvy, 1 ton fi( 3 the acre the fim londPr. In cverv worth every effort DllN nV VAUIOI'5 9 ig 12 50 {■M hi5 10 123 18 40 iUes/ilas CO i;'l434 :V2 00 ■*1 8 •* lU 00* J4 wj^l" eo* InvJlR 80*1 ll5' llCaO bus'qrts ;30 stable manuru alone, MAM' UK AM> THJ TO AN AC UK, TIIF. G7 4'.)% 3734 30 24V4 20 168-4 14% 10% G lu distance J L GO I 44 3354 'i^'A 1 21% I 15 1 123i 1 11 91.', 7V, 624 6 in iiidiratod the number of heniw in each load, and the nnmlxr of londn ro- niiirptl |><'r acre will be found at the iK)int where tiio two lines meet. Mi:m<>uam>a.—1 cubic ft. of half rotten ntablo manure will wci);h 56 lbs. ; if coarse or dry, 48 lbs. A load 0/ manure is about .'tt> cubic ft., and if of the first quality will weigh 2,01G lbs. ; if of the second, 172« lbs. 8 loads of the first kind spread over an acre will give 108 lbs. to each square rcKl, ami about ."^i Ib.s. to each square viird. To apply guano, mix it thoroughly for a few days witli r» times its bulk of voijotablc mould or loam, and st)me charcoal or gypsum, after broak- iii^jtiic lumps and sifting in altornato layers. Avoid the use of aslics or liiiio, i\A they tend to cxnol tlu> ammonia, and keep under cover, dry, until nsod. It may then be scattered broadcast upon meadows or graiii, • -laced near the seeds of young plants in the hill. I'se from 20() to noo lano to the acre, the latter (piaiitity to the more barren soils. ...c following Table shows the composition of Hone dust. In 100 ]i,irts, there are of Carbonate of lime .".TS Fluoride of calcium ;{. (ielatinc ( the sub,stanc<; of horn ) .■);i.25 p of the columiii ,54 39>5l 30>, 24 19', I 16 10 'S\ s I vaiii»| Lime riiospliato of Magnesia. . Soda, and Common siilt. . o,>.o o ._'...) Analysis of a manure heap in the condition usually applied to a field. Fresh. \V.iter (;4.fM; (irganir matter 24.71 luorxanic salts 10.3;) Dried at 212°. Carbon .'>7.40 Hydrogen 5.27 Oxygen 25.52 Nitrogen 1.7(J A.shes (inorganic matter) .'K),05 The urine voided from a cow during one year contains 900 Ib.s. solid matter, and compared with Peruvian guano at .*50 per ton is worth ?-0. It will niaunro It acres of land, and is more valuable than its dung, in the ratio, by bulk, of 7 to G, and in intrinsic value as 2 to I.— Dana. 'J t'rhie of the Cow contains of water 92.i' per cent. Hor.10 " " 94. " '• Sheep " " 9(). " Hog " " 112.6 " " Human'* " !:!.3 " The remainder is composed cL salts and rich food for vt-gctables. — Sprciujel. Analysis of noMviAX guano by pkof. .toiinhton. Wilier fi.Ot (irpanic Matter, containing Ammonia 5').,';2 (oimnon Salt and Sulphate of Soda r).,3l Carbonate of l.iime 3.87 [ I'hnspliate of Lime ajid Magnesia 25.68 i Silicious Matter or Sand 1.71 AnALY,SI9 of rERfVlAN Cl'ANO P.Y I'KOF. .TOHNSTON. I Water 13.09 Orgnnio Matter, containing Ammonia 53.17 ICoinmoii Salt and Sulphate of Soda 4.63 [Carbonate of Lime 4.18 iPhospbrite of Lime and Maghesia 23..'>4 |Siliciou.s Matter or Sand 1-39 ^Ror, Johnston's Te.sts for Good Gcano.— Tlic drier the better, [tlierc is loss water to pay for and transport. Tlie lighter the color the etter, it is the less cornpletely dissolved. If it has not a strong am- iiwniacal smell it ouglit to give off such a flmell when a spoonful of it is nixed with a spoonful of lime in a wine-glass. When put into a tumbler of water and stirred well, and the water and fine matter poured off, it ought 7A2 AGRICULTURAL TABLES. to leave but little sand or Atones. When heated to redness over a fire or a bright flame, until the animal matter is burnt away, the ash should nearly all dissolve in dilute muriatic acid. ANALYSIS OF FISH GUANO. "Water expelled by 212« heat 8.06ISulphate of Magnesia o.Ti Sand 0.331 ** Potash 2.05 Oil 2.40 " Soda 2.42 Organic Matter 50.72! Chloride of Sodium 1.12 Super-Phosphate of Lime 9.86!Sulphate of Ammonia 2.72 Sulphate of Lime, Hydrated 19.62| £>r. Apjohn. Table, bhowino the efff.ct produced upon THti quantity of the CROP BY equal QUA>TITIES OK DIFFERENT MANl'RES APPLIKI) TO THE SAME SOIL, SOWN WITH AN EQUAL QUANTITY OF SEED. Manure applied. Return in Bushels for each Bushel of Seed. I '\Mieat. i Barley. I Kye. I Oats. Blood Night Soil Slieep Manure... Horse " Pigeon " Cow " . . . Vegetable" ... Without Manure . 14 14 12 10 "1 3 16 16 13 10 II 7 4 14 13% 13 11 9 9 6 4 VIK 141 14 14 12 16 l;t 5 Analysis of fresh farm-yard manure, composed of horse, cow, and pig excreta, about 14 days old, by Dr. Augustus Voelcker, Professor of Chem- istry in the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, England. Accord- ing to this analysis one ton (2,000 lbs.) farm-yard manure contaii.s— Soluble silica (silicic acid) 24 lbs, Ammonia (actual or potential) l,")*^ " Phosphate of lime l.'i.'j '• Lime 23," Potash. Soda Magnesia .T.'„ " - - l.'fli - jjj .. Common salt ,', •• Sulphuric acid 2\^ •• Water l.U"?!' " Woody fibre, &c 57a Oi course no two samples of fann-y.ird manure arc exactly of the same comiwsition. Tha- an.ilyzed jy Dr. Voelcker was selected with ra.uch care, as representing a fair avenige. Kote. — In estimating the value of barn-yard manure the value of llie differ- ent excreta will always range in value according to the kiiid of food pro- vided for the stock. See last column of Table on page 716. Table showino the comparative value of animal manure.^, with farm- yard manure ka the standard. 100 lbs. farm-yard manure are equal to 12,5 lbs. solid excrement of the Cow 3 lbs. Dry Flesh. 73 «' << " Horse 5 " Pigeon Duujj. 01 " liquid " Cow. 15 " Liquid Blood. IC " <( " Horse. 4 " Dry Blood. 08 " Mixed " Cow, 3 " Feathers. 54 " i( " Horse. 3 '♦ row Hair. 36 " <( " Sheep. 3 " Hair Shavinpg. 64 " « " Pig. 3'/i '• l>ry Woollen rag» Johntton. AGRICULTURAL TABLES. 713 i over IV fire ot le ash should 0.71 2.05 2.42 1.12 /. •••-■■• Dr. Jpjohn. VNTITY OF THE ES APPLIKR TO r SEED. 1 BuRbel of Seed. Uye. 1 Oats, ^ s 1 » 9 1 1'.! 9 i »« 6 1 13 4 I 5 )r8C, cow, and pig rof essor of Cheu\- nglaud. Accotd- rc coutair.3— . 24 lbs. '"".'.'.'.. ir)»4 •• ■■■ iV« " ■^^^'^ M" ... i:!*ij " '' 'k: m 2»., •• ...i;c3i " ,'. 5Ta ,;uo exactly o( tlic Iwas selected with rnlue of Ui« differ- ki.id of t'M)i\ pro- lt. manures, with litu. . Dry Flesh- plaeon l)uii«. Liquid Blood. Dry Blood. Featherfl. row Hair- Hair Shavlnps. Dry WooUf »> rag* Johnston- Table bhowino thk relative value of pecomposed vegetablb manures, fbom the inorganic matter they contain. Inorganic Matter. lbs. Ibi. 1 ton Wheat Straw made into manure returnB to tho soil 70 to 360 «< Oat Hay Barley Pea " Bean ♦• Kye " Dry Potato- tops Dry Turnip-tops IJape Cako Malt Dust Dried Seaweed « « It ...100 to 180 ...100 to 300 ...100 tOfJ20 ...100 to 110 ...100 to 130 ... 50 to 100 ...400 ...370 . . . I:i0 . . . 180 ...060 Johnston. Table showing the relative values op decomposed vegetables as manures, from the nitrogen thev contain. 100 lbs. of farm-vard manure is equal to 130 lbs, 15(1 " 180 " M " 45 " 50 " (SO " 75 " ■\Vheat Straw Manure. Oat '< Barley " B'kwh't " Pea " Wheat Chaff Green Grass Potato Tops << It 80 lbs 20 26 13 8 250 180 25 Manure. . Fresh Seaweed Dried " '< Bran of Wheat or Com " Malt Dust " Rape Cako " Pine Sawdust " Oak " " Coal Soot " JjOussiugauU, Moisture absorp.ed nv various manures. 1000 parts hot je-mauure, dried nt a temperature of 100" Falir., ab- sorbed by exposure to tho air at a temperature of C2« Fabr.: Jloibtiuo 1 15 parts. imiO p.irts cow-manure, under same circumstances 130 " pig-dung, Bbeop-• ns. i« << « 120 81 50 14 115 145 49}4 36 2D 14 11 10 10 9 4 " freali tanners' bark, putrilled, " refuse marine salt, " HOOt, " burnt elay, " coal ashes, liine, " sediment from salt-pans, " crushed rock-salt, gypsum, chalk. Everything on a farm should be utilized, even tho outflow of tho Ikitclien slops should be discharged on a bed of swamp muck. Gofxl wood litflics weijili about 60 lbs. to the bushel ; of this Gj lbs. are soluble in |«arin water. They are worth to tho farmer from GO to 70c. i)er bushel iw a fertilizer, if leached, they are wortli perhaps a quarter of that sum. "liey are excellent for all crops, altogether unequalled for fruit trees, and 1 a must unfavorable sea-son 250 bushels of potatoes have been raised from 1 aero dressed with them. Tlie products of the water closet, both liquid and solid, should be deo- iorizod and composted by mixture with dried peat, ashes, or dry earth bf .1 loam V nature. The privy vault or box should be easily accessible ktall tjiucs. and ought to be kept well supplied with a mixture of theco 714 AGRICULTUKAL TABLES. absorbents. No better fertilizer than this exists nnder the sun ; about 10 bushels of the compost will be a good dressing for an acre. In China no other fertilizer is used, and about 400,000,000 of people exist on the crops nourished by it. The dry earth closet introduced into Enghiud 1)y the Rev. Mr. Moule, and the Wakefield closet in the United States, are most powerful auxiliaries of the agriculturist, and deserve the highest com mend- ation. Table showing amount of seed potatoes required, when cut on UNCUT, AND WHEN SET AT DIFFERENT DISTANCES APART, IN DIUIU TWENTY-EIGHT INCHES FROM CROWN TO CROWN. Whole, and planted 6 inches apart 77 bushels per acre. <« << g '< '< pQ " <( ft (< y\ 12 " ** .38 " " " " ."...!!! 18 " " 26 " " ' 19 " '< (I i< ig i( <( ly << II Cut into four sets " '.".!!!."! 6 " " 19 " " K i< 9 '< «< 13 <« It " " '.'.'.'.".'.'. 12 " " 10 •' " Cut into five sets " G " " 15 " " t< »< <) »< '< 10 t< 11 Cut into six sets " .'......." G " •' 13 '• " Table showing the quantity of land, in acres and tenths, ploughed by a team and p. ..ough moving at the rate of two miles per hour, per day ov 10 '^ours. Wlilth of Acres nnd Width of Acres nnd Width of Acres and Width of Acrei ud furrow in inchci. tcutht. furrow in inchei. tenths. furrow in feet. tenths. furrow in feet. tenths. 5 1.0 12 2.4 2 4.8 5H 13.2 6 1.2 14 2.8 li'i 0.0 6 14.4 7 1.4 IG 3.2 3 7.2 6V2 15.G 8 l.G 18 3.6 3Vj 8.4 7 10.8 9 1.8 20 4.0 4 9.6 TVa 18.0 10 2.0 22 4.4 4'/2 10.8 8 19.2 11 2.2 6 12.0 Arguments in Favor of Soiling Cattle. — By soiling is understood the feeding of cattle in yards or in st^vbles, with grass or other green fod- der cut in the fields, and hauled to them. The Hon. Jo.siah Qiiincy, a high authority, stjvtes the following as the main advanfeges of the system : 1st. The saving of Land. 2nd. The .saving of fencing. 3rd. Ihe economizing of food. 4th. The better condition and greater comfort of the cattle. 5th. The greater product of milk. (jth. The attainnieut of manure. Sec page 47. In reference to the old item, the economy of food, he says : " Tliere | are six ways by which beasts destroy the .irticle destined for their food- 1. By eating ; 2. By walking ; 3. By dunging ; 4. By staling ; 5. By lyiii? down ; G. i3y breathing on it. Of these six, the first only is useful. " All the others are wasteful." lie asserts that a milch cow may be kept bv this method during the ordinary pasturing season on the product of H acre of land, while at least 2 acres of the same land would l)e neccssarj [ on the pasturage system, and some place the proportion in favor of soil- ing .as high .as 1 to 7. By this system interior fences inav be abolislied I in every case, weedy head-lands got rid of, and the plough performs itt healthy work from one side of the farm to the other, without letoj| hindrance. ox SOILING CATTLK. 715 e sun ; about 10 e. In China no tist on the crops England by the States, are most ghestcommend- D, WHEN CUT on PART, IN DUILU butthels per acre. % It << 8 " 5 " 9 " " 5 " 9 " 3 " [9 13 10 15 10 13 <( IE9 AND TENTHS, IE BATE OF TWO J: r'idth of^l Acrei«ad Icaths. 13.2 14.4 15.6 16.8 18.0 19,2 furrow JQ; feet. 51/3 6 7 7V2 8 •ilinj; is undcrstooi ,r other green fed- ■ Oosiah Quiucy, a Ldvanfiigert of the I of fencing. M^ . Ind greater ooffilort ] [ Tlie attainment oi hesavs: "Tlife led for their food- Italing ; 5. Hv l.v>"J Lilly is useful. A!. I)w may be kept bv bnthe prodmtolH kvould be neccssarj in in favor of, soil- , mav beabolisM gilough performs! Iher, witliout let 01 The system recommended by Mr. Quincy is as follows : — " 1. As early in April as the state of the land will permit, which is n-siially between the 5th and the 10th, on properly prepared land, bow oats at the rate of 4 bushels to the acre. " 2. About the 20th of the same month, sow oats or barley, at the sam* rate i)pr acre, in like quantity and proportions. "3. Early in 3Iay, sow, in lilte manner, cither of tlio alx)ve grains. "4. Between the 10th and Ifjth of May, sow Indian corn (the flat Southern lieing the best) in drills, 3 bushels to the acre, in like quan- tity and proportions. '" 5. About the 5tli of Jime repeat the sowing of corn. "7. After the last mentioned sowing barley should be sown in the above-mentioned quantity and proportions, in succession, on the irtth and 25th of June, and on the 1st of, or early in July ; barley being tlio liest qualified to resist the frosts." Mr. Quincy relied on the mowing of his best grass land to carry his ■'stock tliroiigh the month of June, or from the earliest pasturing season to the 1st of July, when he anticipated fodder from his first sowing of oats, and nftcr the first severe frost he relied on the tops of 12 acres of root crops for the Eiipply of 15 cows. The plan adopted by Geo. E. Waring, Jr., another eminent agricultur- ist, for 12 Cows, is as follows : — " i. Early in the autumn sow 3 acres of winter rye to bo cut from Mny 15tli to June 15th. "2. Early in April, 3 acres oat,^, to be cut from June 15th to July h t. " o. Late in April, 2 acres oats or barley, to be cut from July li^t to July 15tli. '•4. Early in ^lav, 2 acres oats or barley, to be cut from July 15th to August 10th. "5. Middle of May, 2 aores corn, to be cut from August lOtli to .September 1st. '•(). Middle of June, the 3 acres from which rye lias been cut to bo sown with corn, to be cut from September 1st to Sei)tember 20th. "7. Early in July, the first three acres sown with oats to be re-sown witli Imrley, to bo cut from September 20th until the harvest of roots and cabbages f urnisli a stock of green refuse, which will suffice until winter feeding commences. "8. In September, 3 acres of the 4 comprising Nos. 4 and 5, shoi:ld be sown with rye for the following spring's use, and the rotation sliould follow in regular order. The latter end of the season should be helped out with root crops. The reason alleged by Mr. Waring for this ap- portioning 12 acres for 12 cows, is the bad condition of the land, but he is satisfied, that if all the manure made in the soiling season were to be applied to the ground year after year, that they might be made in time to Hipport, during the whole of the usual pasturing season. .'lO milch cows, or T) onus to each acre. He urges that in the Northern States the roj7jt\sf abundant food will be secured by the use of winter rye, and that the best and most abundant food for the late summer and earlier autumn will be Kciired by the use of Indian corn. Ti) CoNSTUucT AN IcE-HousE. — This indispensable ajipcndago to tlie farni-houHo and dairy may be constructed at a .small cost. One writer remarks : " Last January I drew 1 large load of sawdust and spread it on [ the gnmnd on the nortliside of my horse-barn, then drew the ice (.siwed hi sijuare cakes) and built up a square pile some 8x'lO ft. r.nd Tor 8 ft. liisl'i filling up the spaces between the cakes with pounded ice. I then «et np scantling and built a board house around it 2 feet larger each way than the ice ; then filled in sawdust around and 2 to 3 ft. on toj), and I wveied with boards and slabs. We have used freely through the season, 71G COMPONENTS OF FARM PRODUCK. sold to pic-nic parties, given away to sick neighbors, and liave i)lciity ol ico yet/' Another writer reiwrts his method as follows : " I set posts in the ground, so as to make a house ]2 ft. square (three posts on each pide), then board or plank it up 8 ft. high, on the inside. The surface eartli is now dug out 6 ins. deep, and sawdust filled in 1 ft. deep, making it (J ins, above the level of the caith. The ice is direfully packed, ft. square and 6 ft high, leaving a space of 18 ins. between ice and boards, closelj packed with sawdust, and the same thickness of sawdust placed on top. I have an old fashioned board roof over this ice-house. The space above the sawdust is left open, so that the air can circulate through and tho Bun shine in. The result is that we have used ice daily and have a plenty yet. As to the cost, four men with one team, cut, hauled and packed the ice, and filled in the sawdust in less than 2 days, notwithstanding we had to haul the ice over ^ mile." Average composition, peu cent, and pek ton, of various kinds of agricultural produce, &c. , by joun 11. lawe9, of rotuaju^ stead, england. PKR CENT. o LBS."PElt (LONG) TON.!,b Linseed cake gg Cotton seed cake., gg Rape cake sd. Linseed go Beans 84 Peaa 'm, Tares s4, Lentils pg, Malt dust 94 Locust beans 85 Indian mr 1 gg Wheat 85 Barley 84, Malt 95, Oats 86 Fine pollard* :8g. Coarse pollardf .... 86, Wheat bran J86, Clover hay J84, Meadow hay |84 Pf'an straw !82 Pea straw Wlicat straw Bailey straw Oat straw , Mangel wurtzel . . , Swedish turnips .. Common turnips. . Pot.atoes Carrots Parsnlpa OiT.OO .0:8.00 OiT.OO 0l8-00 .o'4.00 5 3.00 ,0 2.40 2.00 3.00 ,0 1 8.50 .0 1.75 1.30 2.20 2.60 .02.85 015.60 6.20 6.60 7.50 6.00 .515.55 0|5.!)5 5.00 .014.50 .0 5.60 1.00 0.68 0.68 1.00 0.70 1.00 4.92 7.00 5.76 3.38 2.20 1.81 1.03 1.89 5.23 i.'i'i 1.37 1.35 1.60 1.17 6.44 7.52 7.95 1.25 0.88 0.90 0.85 O.S.") 0.37 0.48 0.09 0.13 0.11 0.32 0.13 0.42 J3 3 S 1.65 1.12 3.76 1..37 1.27 0.96 0.60 0.96 2.12 0.35 6'. 60 0.55 0.65 0.50 1.46 1.49 1.45 1.30 1..50 1.11 0.89 0.66 0.63 0.93 0.25 0.18 0.29 0.43 '>.23 1.36 4.75 6.50 5.00 3.80 4.00 3.40 4.20 4.30 4.20 1.25 1.80 1.80 1.05 1.70 2.00 2.60 2.58 2.55 2.50 1.50 0.90 6.60 O.CO O.CO 0.25 0.22 0.18 0.35 0.20 0.22 b •a = 3 5 ) IS ^ 1971 1994 1994 2016 1C.82 1893 1892 1971 i!l06 1904 1971 1904 1882 2128 1926 1926 1926 1926 1882 1883 - e ""-5 . 5 ~t< U M E Sr:V 11. S <=■ 3' 1.2^.3 156.8 179.2 179.2 89.6 67.2 63.8 44.8 67.2 190.4 39.2 29.1 38.1 49.3 58.2 63.8 125.4 138.9 147.8 108.0 134.4 1848 124.3 18.37,1.?3.3 1882 112.0 1904 100.8 1859 123.2 280 246 179 637 302 336 22.4 13.4 15.2 22.4 15.7 22.4 110.2 156.8 128.8 75.7 49.3 41.2 36.5 42.3 117.1 25.3 42.0 20.2 c5.8 £6.2 144.2 168.4 178.1 28.0 19.7 20.2 10.0 12.3 8.3 10.7 2.0 2.9 2.5 7.2 2.9 9.4 37.0 70.0 39.4 30.7 28.4 2L6 14.8 21.5 47.5 7.8 11.2 12.3 14.6 11.2 32.7 33.4 32.5 29.1 .33.6 24.9 19.9 14.6 14.1 20.8 5.6 4.0 6.r 9.C 5.1 8.1 e 2 106.^, 145.6 ll2.n 85. li 89.61 76.lii 94.1I 941, 28.0 40,3 40.3 37.0! 38.1 i 44.8 68.2 67.8 67.1 66.0 33.(1 20.2 20.2 13.^ 11.2! 13..1 5.P 4.0 4.0j 7.(-' 4.6i 4.0i lo;) 27.« 21.01 15.65 15.:5 13.?8 16.:.) 16.51 w:i 4.81 6.65 T.Pg 6.32 6.65 7.:i) 13.53 14.36 14.53 9.64 6.43 3^: 3.:4 "Jil 2.'.3 2.90 1.0; O.Sl I'M m i.tti * MiddUnst, CanieUe. i t Shlpituff. ,d have plenty of ; set posts in the ists on each side), J surface eartli is », making it (> ins, I, 9 ft. square and id boards, closelj ist \)laced on top. The space above through and the and have a plenty jd and packed the listauding we had 'AKIOX73 KIKDS OF C3, OF BOTUAJU^ ;ONG) TOK. :.5 1 — I 0.2 16.8 28.81 f5.7 9.3 11.2 36.5 J2.3 17.1 bis 2.0 :;o.2 c5.8 26.2 44.2 68.4 78.1 28.0 19.7 20.2 10.0 12.3 8.3 10.7 2.0 2.9 2.5 7.2 2.9 9.4 J o 37.0 70.0 39.4 30.7 |28.4 21.6 14.8 21.5 47.5 to e 7.8 11.2 12.3 14.6 11.2 32.7 33.4 32.5( 29.1 .S3. 6 24.9 19.9 14.6 14.1 20.8 5.6 4.0 6.r 9.C 5.1 8.1 106.4 1 in.:> 145.6 TiM 112.n 21.01 85.1 ; 15.65 89.6i 15.T5 76.;;; i3.?« 94.1 i 16." 96.:5i 941, 28.0 40.3 40.3 37.0: 38.1' 44.81 68.2 67.8 67.1 P6.0| 33.fi 20.2 20.2 13.1 ll.Ci 13.-)| 5.P 4.C 4.01 7>' 4.61 ■ 4.01 16.5! u:ii 4.81 6,65 T.CS 6.32 6.65 7.:a 13,53 14.36 1 14.53 9.64 6.'i3 3.:4 2.C8 I 2.3 I 2.90 1,01 0,911 o.mI i,h| m Mil EQUIVALENTS OF VARIOUS FOODS. 717 TABEIi SHOWING NUTRITIVE EQUIVALENTS OF VARIOUS FOODS. Food. Iri.^li iiotatoes Carrots ■ Farsiiips Jeni.'iaiem artichoke Sugar beet Tuniiris (Swede) C'oinnion wbito turnip.. .. Mangel wurtzel Green pea straw Spurrey (green Green buckwheat stalks. . Common vetch (green)... French vetch (green) Green stalks white lupin. Green Ktalks white bean. Green oats (fodder) , Timothy grass (green) — Red top " " .. Superior English hay . . Ked clover (green) ■Wliitc clover (green)... Lucerne (green) Ked clover (hay) ■\Vl\ile clover (hay) Lucerne (hay) Wheat Hour Indian corn Rye meal Barley meal Oatmeal Buckwheat raeal Peas Kidney beans White field beans Lentils English linseed cake. . . American I'Mseed cake. Amount of flesh-form- ing matter in 100 lbs. Amount of| I Nutritive fat -forming Total nutn- equivalents matter tivo matter of 100 lbs in 100 lbs. in 100 lbs. best [English hay. 1.4 1.''.9 20.3 245.3 0.6 0.6 7.2 691.8 1.2 7.0 8.2 607.3 1.0 18.8 19.8 251.5 0.9 13.6 14.5 336.5 1.0 5.2 6.2 803.2 0.9 3.3 4.2 1186.7 1.0 12.6 13.6 367.0 0.9 7.9 8.8 665.9 2.7 2.3 5.0 960.0 0.2 4.7 4.9 1016.6 1.9 2.6 4.5 1106.6 0.7 4.7 5.4 922.2 1.8 2.3 4.1 1212.1 1.0 2.7 3.7 1345.9 1.0 8.5 9.5 624.2 4.0 D.7 13.7 363.4 3.3 8.7 12.0 415.0 1.3.5 36.3 49.8 100.0 2.0 3.6 5.6 907.1 1.5 2.7 4.2 1185.T 1.9 3.6 5.5 906.4 22.5 18.7 41.2 120.8 18.7 40.0 68.7 84.S 12.7 38.0 50.7 98.2 14.7 66.4 81.1 61.4 11.0 66.7 77.7 64.2 14.3 55.8 70.1 71.0 13.0 62.0 05.0 76.0 18.0 51.1 69.1 72.0 9.0 52.1 61.1 81.5 23.1 41.9 65.0 76.0 23.9 .S9.3 63.2 78.7 24.0 .^9.7 03.7 78.2 25.7 .18.9 64.6 77.0 22.1 51.0 73.1 68.0 ''2-2 48.6 70.8 70.3 Br;r. Floweus. — The following select list of bee-flowera, plants, trees, &c.. is commended to the attention of bee keepers on the high authority of Mr. King, Editor of the Bee Keepers' Magazine, New York, as one o'f the most accurate and reliable ever published . Those plants marked witii an asterisk are prime favorites of the bees, and yield large quautities of honey. 13cc keepers would almost double the product of their hives by taking advantiige of the grand modern discovery of artificial comb foundations. The,so foundations are made of wax, or other suittible materials, by means of a machnie, arc sold at a very reasonable price by the pound, and, when placed in hives, are the means of saving the bees a vast amount of tune and work in the construction of comb, every pound of which, estimated in honest bee labor represents at least 20 lbs. of honey. Another notable discovery is the use of salicylic acid for curing foul brood and other useful purposes. The mlxturi^ is compounded as fol- low.s : Mix togetlier 128 grs. salicylic acid, 128 grs. of soda borax, and 16 ozs. of distilled water. To use, uucap the brood in all the frames that \ Bbipttuff. 718 LIST OF BEE FLOWERS, itC. show any diseased cells, and thorouglily spray the bees, brood, corabt and all, with au atomizer filled with the solution. Erica Caniea* Winter aconite* Rosemary* Lanrustinus Hazel* Snow-drop. Crocus* ' AVillow* Osier* ] Primro.se IIc))ntica Violet Alsike clover* Silverleaf buckwheat* Syringa Helianthemnm Annual poppy* Sea-kalo French willow* Sweet-briar Bean Yellow lupin Almond Wallflower* (single) Borage* , Onion '"; Gooseberry Apricot Peach Apple* Gooseberry* Currant* Laurel* Linden or basswood Slimmer. White clover* Catnip Mignioncttc* Blackberry Chcsnut MalloAV Lime* Hvrfsop Teazle* Nasturtium Autrann. Turnip* Cabbage, &c.* Strawberry Tulip* Hawthorn. Gorse or furze Columbine Laburnum Barberry* Ribes Sanguineum Dutch clover* Sycamore maple* Lucerne clover* Spanish needle Yellow vetch Sainboia Broom Wheat Viper's buglosa* Raspberry* Symphora j , liacemosa * Michaelmas daisy Winter su>ory Purple houseleek Ivy Honeysuckle Heath* Sunflower Lemon thyme* St. John's wort Melilotus leucantha* French buckwheat* sowed at midsum- mer Spanish broom* Hollyhock* CucujiBER Pickles.— Select nice, firm cucumbers ; pour on them, foi three successive mornings, boiling water enough to cover ; add a hand- ful of coarse .salt. The night before jiickling throw on cold water mid drain ; put into jars with ground si)ices in a bag, sugar and salt enouph to taste, alum size of an English walnut to each jar ; pour vinegar hot in each jar, and cover tight while hot. To FIND THE SIZE OF A BlX TO HOLD A CERTAIN NUMBER OF BrSTIELfi. Augment the number of bushels J, and the result will exhibit the number of cubic feet the bin will comprise. Then, when two dimensions of the bin are known, divide the last result by their product, and the quotient will be the other size. Per Centage of Oil Oil per cent. Linseed 11 to 22 say 17 Hcmpseod 14" Rnpeseed 40 " White Mustard .30 •' Sweet Ahnoml 40 " 54 Bitter Almond 28 " 46 Turnip Seed 40 Wlieat Flour 2 Barley '2 25 19 70 15 38 37 54 47 46 37 50 45 4 3 3 2i IN Seeds, Grain, &c. Oil per cent. Oats 5 to S say 6} Indian Corn 5"n " 7 Wheat Bran 3"5 " 4 Potatoes, turnips and cab- bage 1} Wheat Straw 2 " 3J " 3 Oat Straw 4 Meadow Hay 2 " 6 " 3^ Clover Hay 3"5 " B e'-wm-».W t- FACTS FOR DAIIIYMEN. 719 jes, brood, corab^ TABLE SHOWING THE AMOUNT OP BtTTTER AND CHEESE OBTAINABLE FROM MILK. 100 lbs. milk contains about 3 lbs. pure butter. ■ • , W) " " " " 7.8 lbs. cheese. 100 " " averages " 3.5 lbs. common butter. 100 " " " " 11.7 lbs. common cheese. 100 " skim milk yields *' 13.5 lbs. skim milk cheese. TAULK SHOWIN'O THE IXGREDIENTS CONTAINED IN VABIOCS KINDS 0» •MILK. IN 100 TAUTS THERli AIIE OB"— Woman. Cow. W,iter, Mill: Sugar, Butter, (.'asein, «t-9 87.0 ftH; 4.8 8.6 3.1 1^ iji Abs, 91.7 6.1 0.1 1.3 Goat. 86.7 5.3 3.3 4.1 Ewe 85.6 5.0 4.2 4.5 The quantity and quality of cows' milk varies accordiug to tlio food sup- plictl, breeds, &c. In every 1000 parts op milk there are of— Chloride of potassium , Phosphate of magnesia, Free soda, Common salt, 9 parts. 4 " 3 " 3 " Water, 840 p.nrts. Milk-Sugar, 45 " Butter, or oil, 40 " Casein, 40 " Phosphate of lime, 17 " Tho time required for the full amount of cream to rise to the surfac* of new milk at different temperatures may be seen from the following table :— 10 to 12 hours if the temperature of the air is 77° Fahr. 18 to 20 " " " " 68" " oj e done by scttiu;' ce in the pail pre- ibout the size of ;\ of freshlj' drawn Hitter, and correct kept scrupulously lalaings with \m\- may be cooled by s, with the lower ; cold weather the stove, on which a ness of air. tone crocks, or tin ;r the surface, set iig the churn leave cream crock as iu Churning should d be avoided, us it :er ; if it should be :)\v in a little warm ;athered and ready rtant in the niuuu- ! made of a good ;ef ul instrument is \ down, so th.nttlic .tter has formed in Ittor in the churn; utter in it, fiathcr- !ze out the butter- |i well wash, at a p» utterly removed .h the bostAsliton it well in and use r depend upon it, Ide of white oal: ; Lnite of soda boil- fpackiug butter in Iss covered with a 1th it Take threat Irom firkins that Jrt of the summer It will only keep Teather should be Wrve it from tlit pep enough tn ex- jtublespoonfuls of ▼hitP sugar and a piece of saltpetre double the size of a pea. In the fall the butt«r may be repacked in paila and tuba, to market as fresh butter. If butter is too soft while being worked and sjiltcd, allow it to stiffen for o or 4 hours in a cool nlace, then begin again and finish the work. In packing never mix even the snmllest amount of ix>or butter with good ; it 19 certiiiu to taint and ruin the whole package. The rancidity of butter jnay be prevented by thoroughly washmg and salting before' the cheesy particles and milky matter is acidified by exposure to the air, and by using due caution to exclude air from the package by a covering of water veil saturated with salt. The oil of butter is a substance of peculiar richness, unlike any other known oil, and the/a< of butter, when compacted by expressing the oil, is identical with the solid fat of the human body. Chemical analysis and numerous experiments prove that the butter in cow's milk comes direct from the fat of the animal. Tiie fatty globules are carried into the circu- lation, deprived of stearine by respiratory combustion, and the oil is then Kent tr) the udders, where, uiider the influence of mammary pepsin it is changed into the components of butter. It is on tliis principle that the oieoinargarine, now being vended in such immense quantities in tho United States and Europe, is manufactured from cow's fat or beef suet. rirst class butter is free from every trace of a rancid ta.ste or .=mell. When cut with a knife it siiould neither soil the blade, exude any dow or milky brine, should bo neither sticky nor greasy, but should, in summer, possess a rich yellow color, with a granular, waxy composition ; in winter the color should be of whitish cast or of a pale yellow tint. A plentiful clover pasture surpasses all other food for producing the best quality of milk and butter. Ox Cheese Manufactcue. — The following practical directions are by an experienced manufacturer: '• When two milkings are united, strain the evening's milk and cool by means of pieces of ice dropped into the pails before straining. In the mnming take off all the cream, mix it witii twice the quantity of new milk. Add warm water enough to raise it to the temperature of 98". Rub annatto through a silk cloth sufficient to make tlie curd the color of rich cream. Into this put rennet sufficient to curd in 35 minutes. Stir the wliole into the milk previously raised to the temperature of 85°. The milk .should be warmed by means of a ])ail of hot water set into it, but never by putting it over the fire, for the least burning of the milk will (poll the cheese. While the curd is setting, cover with a cloth to pre- vent the surface from cooling. The method of cutting, scalding, and pressing depends upon tho varieties of cheese to be manufactured. About i of a pound of the best Ashtou salt is sufficient for 20 lbs. of curd. Care should be taken that the whey be entirely expressed." Calves may be raised in first class order at a cost of not more than one- tenth of the value of the butter made from tho milk saved, by the use of oil meal, the cheapest molasses, and skim milk. The right quantity fora yoiinp; calf, is a tablespoonful of oil meal (oil cake) and the same of nidhisses, divided into 3 parts, for 2 days' feed, added to the skim milk. •Utile end of the first week each maybe increased, and at 10 dnys a >!><'Oii[ul of molasses and the same of oil meal may be given at each feed. At the commencement of the third week a spoonful of oat or barley meal may be added to each feed, but this should b.o cooked. Tlio oil I meal should be scalded and allowed to form a thick mucilage before heiiig mixed with tlio skim milk, the molasses may be added direct, and the whole given milk warm. Calves raised on this food have weighed 125 lbs. at 4 weeks old. Hay tea is sometimes used to bring up a calf j this 18 the soluble coustitueuts of the hay, obtained by cooking. 31 722 FATTENING POWER OF FOODS. At the iioted agricultural college of Ilohenheini, Germany, probably the best conducted institution of the kind in the world, they raise calves entirely by hand, and the daily allowance of food is as follows : MILK. lbs. Ist week 12 . 2nd " 10 . 3rd " 20 . 4th " 22 . OATMKAI,. Ibi. ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... FtSEIIAT. Ihi. Bth, Cth, and 7th weeka 22 Vs v„ 8tl' week 21 \'2 i-j 9th 10th " lllh " 12th " 13th " 20 10 12 8 4 1 . .'! . .10 .10 In the ninth week the milk is first mixed with water, and a little fine oatmeal is stirred in. The meal is afterwards mixed with the dry fodder After three months the milk is withheld, and then the young animals receive daily, till two and one-half years old, from twenty to twenty-two pounds of hay or its equivalent. But the calves never after receive, even in summer, any dry food till they are nine months old. The average feed- ing is so divided that the younger portion receives less, the older more, till two and one-half years, when they begin to receive the regular ratious of the older cattle, including the grain fodder as indicated above. The growth with this treatment is such that the.se animals (not Shorthorns) attain the following weights at various ages : — nEtFRRS. ni-Lis. Average weight of calves at three months 233 lbs 353 Ihs. six months S.'jl twelve months 640 two years 1184 Daily increase of calves 1.5" 1.8 472 750" " 1300" li proximation merely, as the results will vary according to the sample of grain, breed, confititution, age, dige.stion, condition, habits, health, &'c., of the animal. In fattening pigs, peas to begin with are the most valuable food to fill np the flesh on the bones; this well accomplished, corn is the most efficient in tlie formation of fat. A mixture of peas and corn, or pea.s and barley, will pive better results than either of these grains fed separately. Pejus coutain in 1,000 parts— 264 parts gluten, and 496 of starch, gum and sugar. Tom 12:i " " " 716 Barley 64 " " " 684 " " " Gluten and albumen .ire./^cs/i-forming, stiroh, gum, and sugar, arc/nl' forming elements. From numerous experiments, Mr. Harris, in liis work on the pig, deduces the following : that A moderately fat heifer or steer will dress 59.^ percent, meat. ' ' '♦ " mutton sheep " " m Tlic preponderance in favor of the pig is immense. It is remarked by an eminent cattle feeder, Mr. Glydo, "that an ox requires two per cent of his live weight per day: if he works, 2^ per cent ; a milch cow .1 per rent; a fattening ox, 6 per cent at first, an(T4)s per cent when half fat, and 4 per cent when fat ; grown sheep, 15^ per cent to keep them in tlieir store condition." An ox, to replace the daily loss of muscular fibre, re- quires from 20 to 24 ozs. of dry gluten or vegetjible albumen daily. This would be supplied by — 120 lbs. of turnips or 17 lbs. clover hay. 115 " wheat straw or 12 lbs. peas. 75 " carrots or 12 lbs. barley. • ' - 67 " potJitoes or 10 lbs. oats. '■ "" • 20 " meadow hay or 5 lbs. beans. The Society of Shakers, at Lebanon, N. Y., noted for jiork raising, say : '• For fattening animals, swine particularly, we consider three of cooked, equal to four of raw meal," " Unless food be thoroughly deprived of its vegetative powers before it enters the stomach, the whole nourishment which it is capable of afford- ing cannot be derived from it. The most effectual mode of de.«troyin woeiis. Riving to each pair what another pair had previously been allowed. Tlio n-riih •was, that uj)on 28 lbs. per day of fjood dry hay, two cows wcigliinj,' 1,184 lbs. and 1,45() lbs. respectively, just about lield their own ; while aiidther pair weighing 1,3(>2 lbs. and 1,120 lbs. respectively, upon 'JO lbs. iifrday of steainr feed, gained 'li lbs. and .V) lbs. Reversing the feed for the Bccond three weeks, the last named barely held their own, while the first gained 40 lbs. and .'iO ll)s. respectively. " I should say that the cattle on long hay had all they would cat at tlio three regular feeds, and the quantify consumed Avas found to be at the close of the trial equal to 28 lbs. per day, as above stated. You will very properly ask, what is the mixture made of ? " My steam box (in three divisions) holds enough to fill 200 feed boxes of about one bushel each, and requires to pack it well DOO lbs. fif dry fodder. Tins is made up of 300 lbs. good hay and GOO lbs. of corn stovef. dried fodder, corn or oat or barley straAV. This is cut tolerably fine and well mixed, and when packed in layers for steaming is thoroughly wpt and seasoned with 180 quarts wheat shorts, GO quarts cotton seed incal, and GO quarts corn meal. "The rule for feeding now observed, and that has been used forth? past winter, is somewhat changed from previous years, and is a boxful of steamed feed morning and noon, and 5 lbs. dry hay at night. Tlu'two boxes of feed contain 3 lbs. good hay, G lbs. straw (or its equivalent), 1 lb. shorts, and 1^ lbs. meal (half each cotton seed and com), and iijiuu this good gain is made, as the monthly record shows." A cheap and serviceable steamer m.ay be improvised by making a Ixx of well jointed 2 in. pine, about 7 or 8 feet long by 2Vft. widei Avitha bottom of No 16 sheet iron, nailed securely on to the lower edge of tie sides and ends, and turned up a little outside of them, say, A an iinli. Place a false bottom perforated with numerous holes, about 3 ans. above the fast bottom, and arraiigo a tight fitting cover for the top. Set the box on brick work over a suiUible fireplace, so that the wooden edije.s of the box will be .safe from the fire, and give a proper draught by a suitable chimney erected at the opposite end from fireplace. The space between the lower and false botiom being partly filled with ■water, the cut hay or other provender is packed tightly in above tiic false bottom, the cover is shut tight, the fire is lighted, and the steam enters the perforations in the false bottom and cooks the contents of the box. Hon. G. Geddes, of Syracu.se, N.Y., says : — "That there is no branch of farming that was less itndrrstood and promised more adv(mtp bV /«Htf,18G4,p.3Tr>^: I or nineteen po' i* f«r hog fe. ' [grain cost corn BtvilU I can be fatt 3oked." ,, rsaw,N.Y.,prcvej fatted on cookeai iat pot'\toPH and bmn in five wooks and three days, and made extra beef, w liioh was sold in the market for first quality. .Ia.mes Buckingham gave in the Pmiiir. Farmer an experiment with raw and cooked meal, and found that a liog fed on 1^ bushels raw meal giiiii'Ml 19 pounds, and another fed on ouo bushel cooked meal gained 22 ponmls. S. H. Cr..AY, of Kentucky, fojind by experiment that a bushel of raw corn makes 5ji pounds of pork, wliils.. a bushel of cooked meal makes 17^ lK)IUUi.S. Mr. A. AvERV, of Syracuse, N.Y., says, after two years' trial :— "I think I have saved jJlOner liead on keeping (say $(100 on the stock feed), bosidos having tho milch cows in better coiiditidu than ever before." He savs again, in April, 1809, " This you sec gives me a clair profit of 5J,'.17.2') on \\ mouths' feed. .Messrs. Dkwey and Stewart, ot Owosso, Jlich., says:— We have fed fit head of cattle, 7 horses.and ;'.40 sheep, fattened 22 head of cattle and 70 pheop. We think we have saved one-third the expeuso iu wintering this «toi'k. l!y Professor Voelokeu'h analysis, 1 ton of wheat straw contains: — iiT) lbs. of oil, 2() lbs. albumen, , ,. . 3'.»0 " digestible, K^ " mucilag". " ' ' Experiments by IC. W. Stewart, of New York, proved a bushel of wiicat straw with two quarts middlings or meal was ecpuil to the same weight of cut hay, and was worth 25 per cent, more than uncut hay. It was also found tlu'tt the animals would eat 25 percent, more hay uncut tliaii cut. The same experiment was then made with corn meal, and 1^ pints was found to make a bushel of straw equal to hay. Mr. Skinner, of New York, says he " fed 44 head of milch cows on steanicd straw and shippings, and 2(i head on hay not steamed. The straw was cut and steamed with the shipi)ings. Each cow received 10 lbs. of i^tniw and 8 lbs. of shippings, and the expense, including labor and fuel, was 29 cents per head, daily. The 2(5 cows on hay cost 35 cents i)er head, daily, showing a balance of 6 cents per day each in favor of the straw and'shippings. Those fed on the straw were full and plump, were gaining flesh, and doing better than those fed on hay." In Alcsath, Hungary, similar trials were nuidc about the year 1839 on a very large scale, resulting iu a decided success. The trials were made 208 draught oxen, 108 days— daily profit of steaming Sl3 00 2,000 old wethers, 120 "" " " ' 12 50 ;H stud horses 180 " " " 1 42 Tlio [irotit on ISO days' winter feeding on the above animals being $4,850, an ainount (piite worth saving. Cooking largely increases the bulk of the grain, a great advantage in preparing it for feeding cattle. 4 measures of com have been increased to 13 4 " barley " " 10 4 " bran " " U Tiio^rAs J. Edge writes to the Practical Farmer:—'' I found that 5 bnsluls of whole corn made 47^ lbs. of pork. Five bu.'ihels {less miller' i f ''" • ' ground and made into thick slop with cold rcatn , made 54^ bs of purK, Tiie .same amount of meal well boiled and fed cold, made H3); lbs. of pork. The com cost $1.30 per bushel; the i)ork made from the (ch'ilr corr> ' irehf paid for the corii, while the same amoiuit of ground corn conk paid the wliole cost of the cooking and a little more than Si per bushel over." In this instance the ])ork sold at Sl4 per cwt. In a ' 'Ud experiment 10 bushels of corn on the cob, fed in the usual way, on •' ground, made 29^ lbs. of pork, while the same amount of shelled, ^r'H'id by horse-power and well boiled, made 04 lbs. of pork. ... . 72G RKSULT8 OF COOKKD FOOD. J. D. IsETT rei)orts In the Practical Fanner, that " he forniorly fed his teum horses 70 lbs. of chop for each horse per week, besides tlif i^.v they would eat, and that by cooking his chop he found that iiis Ikuso* did better, and looked better, kept in better spirits, and in ever\ «,■ . were better, fed on 50 lbs. ])er week than on the larcte amount unccjokrd. making a saving, as he claims, on 8 weeks, of .'^ST.fiO. Note. — In steaming hay, chaff, straw, &r., the foOdor shotild first \ Steamer * and careful weighing, that while rt bu.<*hels of boiled mush v>ill make 84 lbs. of pork, 3 bushels of meal and 5 bushels ofpotJitoeB willmaliB 72 lbs. of pork." I'KINDLE'S AGRICrr/rURAIi r.OILER. In doing business oil a largo scale, it is much the best way to use an Agricultural Boiler, like that of Prindle s represented in tlie ■"• t, \vlii»h illustrates the method ' y which the steam is tninsmittrd to the barrel 'f box containing the fodder to be cooked. The uses oi such a contrivaiu< arc nuinifold. It may be used to great advantage as a small still for dis- p>&i • A'o^e— Farmers will be pleased to lea-n that this ituequalled Agriciiliural Steamer and Farmer's Boiler, is the invention cf Damki< It. Pkindlk, lil:"- self a practical farmer, of Ea"*^ Bethany, N.Y. It was victorious at ilie World's Exhibition m I'hiludelphia in 18TC. Full information, circulius. dn', cbtiinod free, by addressiuK the inve.itor as above, or the mwmfactureni IlAKUOWS, Saveky & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. TIMBER MEASUREMENT. 727 lie foniiorly fed I that his lioisr* incl in every wi; , mount uiie(jiikcd, houUl first I'o ciu ifT waterat th(M!Ue jil up with ii fnii; be fed with it. I; ftt thft sanio tini". ;P8 will often'' IT'"' •vful traiisfoniiu!! (I Klvaw, hay. r>.r.\. 'iioivo odor ami y- ' writps, "I liii'-^ P of the P-.'.ii'll'' ,{ V)f piled mnsliv.ill potj;toe8 will make ) J best way to use an ,1 in the'-t, wliuh . il to the kuTcl ^T such a contrivaii't a small still k>r dis- mailed ARTic"!;'!'^ I, li. PUINUI.K, l!i:"- as violoriouB latioii.firculii the maiiufttctureft s. &'■ . tillin;^ essential oils, refining coal oil, boiling clothes, warming hath tul)8, hcaiiii.:; small rooms, .scalding liogs, &c. Tliese boilers made by Savory & Co., I'liiladelpiiia, are provided with safety valves, iiexible pipes, &c., and may be procured in tlie United States from Robert C. Keeve.s, dealer ill Atiricultural implements, &c., 185 and 1H7 Water Street, New York. Another Boiler, somewhat similar, i.s sold by William Renuie, Toronto, (Hit. NcMiiER OF Fket in Lenoth of tue foli.owino Dimensiox.sok TiMnrn UKWlIHEI) TO M.\KI': 1000 FKKT OF BoAUI> AM> ClBIO MKASLIlIi BK- Sl'i;(,'TlVELV. I No. of ft. So. of ft.' To MEASIUE Ll'MnEIl Sue. No. of ft. in luni{th to iimke IINX) Size. 1 in leuKtli j to niako Size. in length ti) umke I(V THE BoAHnltUM':.— 100(J foct 1000 fet't. rifice the rule acrost (t. cubic ni. board ni. board in. tlie board to be meas- ured, with the far end .'i X 5 .'>,7fii) 2 X X 12 itji;.8 width in iiiolies; thc>» 5 X K :i,(;oo 2 X 9 CC(i.8 7 X 7 244.11 measure the len>;tb of ."■i X '.» ;i,200 2 X 10 tM)0 7 X 8 214.3 ' board and turn the rule r, X Id 2.S80 2 X 11 Sl.-i.G 7 X 9 190.G 1 to Fame leupth, exatniii- .', X 1 1 ?,G18.2 2 X 12 500 7 X 10 171.5 iuR the section or col- r. X ij L'.IOO h X 5 9GI) 7 X U 155.10 umn of that length, and fi X c, 4,000 2 X fl 800 7 xl2 142.10 flio contents will be C X 7 ;t, 128.7 2. X 7 C85.9 8 X 8 187.G found indented on tlio C X s a.ooo 2 X 8 fino 8 X 9 1GG.8 ^ rule just over tlie uigb X !1 2,()(!0.8 X 9 5;;3.4 8 X 10 1.50 edne of the board. (; X lit 2,400 2 X 10 480 8 X 11 13G.4 KlLK TO MKASrUK X It 2,1H1.8 .$ X 5 KOO 8 X 12 125 , L()<;s f>u HofM> Ti.M- C X 1'.' 2.000 3 X (> G(i().8 9 X 9 148.2 : ! MICK.— M ultiply the lenpth, taken in ft., by 7x7 2,n;w.9 3 X 7 571.5 9 X 10 i;j3.4 7 X 8 2,.'571.4 3 X 8 500 9 X 11 121.3 : the scjuare of one quai- 7 X y 2,28.').8 3 X 9 444.4 9 X 12 111.2 , ' ter of the mean niith, 1 me.'i8ure«l in inches, and 7x 10 2,0.')7.3 3 X 10 400 10 X 10 120 ! 7 xll l.H7rt.l 3 X 11 3G3.7 10 X 11 109.1 ■■ 1 thin i.ri)duct divideil by 7 X V2 1.714.3 3 X 12 .33;i.4 10 X 12 100 144 will nive the requir- H X H 2,.'i.'»0 I X 5 GOO 11 X 11 99.2 ' ed contents in cubic ft. !< X !» 2,000 i X 6 600 11 X 12 90.9 In measuring taperiuK timber take tlie Kirlfi S X 10 1,800 4 X 7 428.7 12 xl2 83.4 K .\ 11 l,(J.5f).4 ( X 8 375 12 X 14 71.5 ; about one-third the dis- ■" X 12 • ..lOO 4 X 9 333.4 12 X IG C2.5 1 tance fri>ni the large to '.) X !t 1.777.9 4 X 10 300 12 X 18 55.G '• tlie small end. lit X 10 1 ,t',0() 4 xll 272.8 12 X20 50 IJtr.K I oit ANY Size. !l X 11 1,4.').5..') 4 X 12 2,->0 IG X 18 41.8 1 — Mul(i|)iy the number 'J X r.' 1,3.13.4 ."> X G 400 20 X 20 30 1 of ft. in the face of th« Ill X Id 1,440 5 X 7 312.10 20 x24 25 1 timber to be measured. M X ]■.■ 1,200 5 X 8 300 22 x24 22.8 1 by the thickness in 11 X 11 1,190 5 X 20C.8 IS x 24 27.10 iiiihcH, and the result 11 X IJ 1.0!1l 5 X 10 540 18 x20 .Xt.4 will bo the contents in ]•-' X IJ 1,000 5 X 11 218.2 14 X 10 5:!.7 ' ft. of board measure. H X k; 642.10 5 X 12 200 15 X 18 44.5 10 X IH 500 « X G 3.33.4 IG X20 .'17.0 . i'^ X 'JO 400 6 X 7 2S5.8 13 X 14 CG.U 211 X L'J 327.3 C X 8 2.50 30 x40 10 ■^ Xlil 272.8 G X a 222.2 30 x3C 9.3 Tiie foregoing tjible will be fon- ' extremely useful to every timber nienliaut. mill owner, lumberman, and farmer. Tor other tables relai- iii;' to limber measurenieut, the reader is referred to the eeries com* nimoini,' witli pageGlT. ■■■ 728 GEOLOGICAL FACTS. i^f^lS ■' jJ^-^i^L ,",-lfloeene.-"' •CluJfc.. — V - ■■ ■" f ^^—Aii -__-*■ GEOLOGICAL FACTS ; AGE, ORIGIN AND ULTIMATE DURATION OF THE EARTH. Geolojcy is a noble science of but recent origiu; it treats of tlie structure and mineral construe- tion of the earth's crust, the varied strata which compose it, the fossils they conUiin, and the tremendous forces employed in their formation. The diagram displays the order in which the dil'tir- ent strata are super-imposed on each other ; tlipv extend to an estimated depth of 82,(KX) feet or ii|i. wards of 15 miles, from the surface down to the granite. The granite, styled by geologists, tlie primitive, cnjsktlline, or ifjneoits rocks, owiiii; to tlieir evident origin from the action of fire, forms tlie foundation of the stratified rocks, and at t\m period the surface of the globe was entirely cum- posed of these rocks in an incandescent coiulitidii like molten iron. Gradually cooling durim,' tic lapse of ages, a crust was foruied, water was rnu- densed from the atmosphere, and the forniatiuii of the stratified or aqueous rocks began. As an instrumentality in creation, water seems to ha\ti been endowed with absolute power, for its irre- sistible potency appears to be ouaiiprescnt in the formation of everything terrestrial. Each strati- fied layer bears nianife.st i)roof of having at oue time composed the surface of the earth on wliitli we dwell, and a duration of time, estimate 1 bv Prof. Agassiz to be nt)t less tlum 15,000,(HJO of years have been required to produce the diiTereiit strata that have been formed since first tlio dry land ai)pearcd. The substances of which the stratified rocks consist have all been dcpositcil by the action of water ; each imbeds in its rocky l.vison enormous quantities of the fossil roiiiaim of organized forms of animal and vegetable life, which at one time, although at i)eriods incouoeiv- bly remote, fiourished in the sunshine, on the | blooming surface of the earth. The following table shows the relative position in which the,se various strata exist with respect to | each other, computing from the granite upward? together with the estiuiated thickness of eacli, but I it must not be imagined that they can all be found in any one particular part of the earth. .Some will always bo found massing, the e.xi.stenoe mid absence of such deix)sit3 being caused by tlie alternate submersions and dessicatious which liaye existed at different times on every i)art of the earth's surface. All land and stratified rock."! have been formed by tidal and sub-marine action, and whatever the stratiimay be in any given place.! the order of their succession is alwuijs the samtl Tho Pkimary comnrises the Azoic and Canil>riaBJ or bottom rock.s, tne Silurian, the Devonian orj Old Ked Sandstone, the Carboniferous or Coall System and the Permiwu . The Secondary, which succeeds, compriscjl ^^>^^.S' •^•rrK-i '>.■ rfiT^ Cambrian. to Slt^i^'*~ _ . I. 1. ». V'li* ' ■.v'.i ■ ^'^OI-OGICAL FACTS. ' the Trias and Oolite nn,» *u '^^ "^ "'Gistocene, I'lUMARr Skco.ndabv Tertiakv ( I rms and Oolite f i^fctoceoHs, or Chalk '^»"n, or superficial cfeposits Fkkt '•mm J>,000 10,000 2,000 2,500 3,100 i 2,000 -•'• J'le CamhrioM j^ • l'^'^"t">fi from iJ -■"' i'niiiials of a vcrv ^'^"«wceaii.s, '^""1', or cravSi.^l .'if^.^^^^Wtes is 730 GEOLOGICAL TACTS. nnd ^ride spread volcanic explosions causing the ni)heaval of tlif; mifJcily- iug granite, lifting witli it tlie super-imposed Cambrian and Silurian .strata, thereV^y fornung mountains and dry land above the surface of tlie waters. Land vegetation soon followed. Vertebrate fishes were created, their Hrmored condition attesting a very liigh temperature on tlie earth diirins the whole j)eriod. This formation contains 67 species of Zof)i)hytrfi, in of Crustacea, HH of conchifera, 82 of mollusca, &c., but no quadruped.*. f)th. The carboniferous sj/slam, resting on that of tlie Old lied Sandstoiio, contains deposits of Shale, Sandstone and Limestone, intorsjiersed with Ironstone and coal. The internal heat of the earth was still of a liigh tem- perature during this epoch, vast volumes of carbonic acid gas were emitted from the ground, hot, hazy, damp vapors filled tlio atmosphere. the conditions of .sliadc, heat and humidity, extending even into the fri-id zones, generated a growth of Ferns, Calpuiites, Lopidodeiidia, Sigiliaria and Stigmaria of prodigiou.s extent and wiemost a.^tonisiiingdimonsidiis. These dilTerent growths, compared with which the mostliixiiriant tropical vegetation of modern tinios are hut as a howling wilderne.«is or a liaircii desert, exHsted at widely different periods ; each underwent a conipleto Bubmeision under water, sand and gravel, and it is to the great ma.s-icsof vegetiiblo matter which composed these primeval forests that the coal measures owe tlieir origin. The transmutfition of the vegetable into tlio mineral substance of coal has occupied incalculable ages, but on cIosjc in- spection tlie vegetable .structure is plainly visible, and no doubt can cxijit of its organic origin. The fossil remains imbedded in the limestone sections which alternate with coal seams mainly resemble tho.se of the iJieceding ages. Uei>- tiles of the IJatrachian or frog species, and terrestrial animals in the forms of insects of a low order, chiefly of the Scorpion, Cockinadi, Cricket and hectic tribes, now first ajipear. The festering lieat was unsuit- able to higher organisms, no sunbeam could penetrate the den.se inist5. pilence held universal sway, while a jtrofuse, fiowerless and almost fruit- less vegetation, uniiaiallelcd in immensity by anything ever known in tlio hi.story of this jdaiict, tenanted the sombre'and death-like solitudes. Tlicf foiests grew with amazing rapidity until the soft and pulpy masses fel! beneath their own weight and succeeding forests sprang from their proj- trate trunks. A terrible revulsion of nature tikes place; these preeiou.* materials are destined for the future use of man. Water, the main-sprini: of all terrestrial activity, the irresistible agent of creative power, come? njion the scene with overwhelming force, these forests are subnicrped, nnd covered with strata of sand and gravel, long since transmuted into j sections of rock. Thus the liosom of the eartli was made the store-hou« of those vast treasures of coal and iron which daily minister to tlic wantf | of man. Gth. The I'F.nMiAN system is superimposed on the Carboniferous fnmia- tion. Violent subterranean convulsions a|)pear to have dislocated the onal bods about the commencement of this epoch, and on the broken masse." tlie rermian system of sedimentary rocks were dejiosited. The ancient niclenn fishes occur in this formation fortlic lasttime, thoTrilobitedisappcars fnic e.^:istence, and undoubted traces of an air-breathing oviparous reptile I'l the Saurian (lizard) family appear. Fossil footsteps if four-footed aiii-j mals, apparently those of tortoises, exist, and for the first time we dirl cover the annual season rings in the fossil woods, thus ;ittesting that ttej unclouded sunbeam had free access to vegetation. This lormatioii coinf prises, 1st. The red conglomerate. 2d. The magnesian limestone. 'Jij The variegated sandstone. 4th. Muschelkalk ; sind 5th. I'pperniostJ Variegated marl. The petrifactions of the vegettibles. zoophytes, iriif-J lacea, fl&lie.s and fresh water-shells are numerous. With the rcrniiii| GEOLOGICAL FACTS. iol Siluriau hUiita. s ot the waters^. created, their e earth durins Zoophytes, 48 ciuadruiiedP. Ucd Sandt^tone, itorppcr^ed with il „( a hifjh torn- acid pai^ ^^^^"^ Iho iit\ntif^l'i'<'r^'; oniutotUcfn^ul l,.ndra, J^iS'^>'^"^ .luusdiinou^u.ii<. luxuriant tv..i.iral rncsP or a Uwx^w •went a conn-l't*; lie great mas^.-'ps'" ests that t\u' mil vcKCtal)lciiitnth» iw douljt ca» cxift ,„s ^vhich aUormte i„hieatwaM>»M"- Irthc dense in.^. .;;>. and almoi^t ill liUcr^olitude?. W Cufro'nthe.rvro. ?Se; these vvcmu ter, the mani-^r™? ;"t arJ 8u\)nu.p;J; ro transmutotl "«" o\)itedi.appca ^J;^ ■ oviparoui»r(' y 1 L first tnno J dj. Ins r^ttestmp.tl^-^ ;. VThis torwatt.m coj Vj,V, limestone. *l Vian Ume^ .^^^ I With the 1 f"v« pystom closes the Primary or Palreozoio cla?fl of rocks "^liich form the eariii's crust, and the primeval forms of organized animal life disappear. 7th. Thr SECONDAitv pKitnn).— The 7VK/.. or tlie roe of a lisli. Tiiis epoch has been styled " T/tc Ai)er Teitiarii. Some- Hiiiies a fourth era is adiled named the Pleistocene, embracing the sujier- llitial dc'iiosits. The Eocene, or lowest layer marks the origin of the jieieut or now existing races of quadruped Mammals. The Pala'theriuni, |!i nv extinct, is described as nartiiking of the various diameter of the ' iivj.t'ios, the Horse, and tue Tapir : the AmtplotJierium, evidently a period, and flowering shrubs and fruit-bearing pla riie extensive coal beds existing throughout the 7.'i2 GEOLOGICAL FACTS. marine animal, resembled an Ass in form, and embraced several spocipg. The Adai>i« resembled an enormous Hedpchog. and the Cheiropotannis a Peooary. The Miocene or middle deposit contains the remains of tho extinct Dinothcrmm GUjnntenm, an enormous herbivorous animal, wliich must have been 18 ft. in lengtii, furnished with a trunk like an elepliaiit, and tusks like those of a wah'us. In ascending to tho Pliocene or upper deposit, we find the organic remains of the Mammoth, Mastodon, Mcjal- onyx, and Meriatherinin, all of immense dimensions and quite superinrus regards size and strength to tho Elephant, the Kliinoct ros, the Hippopota- mus, and the Slotli, which represent them at the present day, licsidcs tliese, bears, tigers, hyenas, and other llesli eating animals, some of tlioiu extinct, abounded in vast numbers, and tiie Whale, Seal, and Morso species now appear for the first time. For a distance of 10 or 12 miles around Charleston, 8.C., there exists in the post i)liocene bods of tlio tertiary formation, about 8 or 10 feet below the surface, and in the bedii of rivers, such enormous quantities of the bones of animals tliat 800 to 1,0(X) tons can be excavated from a single acre. Over 300,000 tons were shipped from that locality in 1876. According to Lyell, there are now 50,000 species of fossils recognized, but tliey are believed to be of very distant eiiochs. The fossil sj)ocies distinct from living species, are mammalia, lliO, birds, 25, amjjhibia, 50, fishes, 400, and mollusca 3,100, in all 4795, besides vegetables ; the number is constantly being increased by now discoveries, miners are conversant with an immense number of fossilized vogotiilJes, none of them reseml>liiig the plants of present growth. If coals are cut into thin slices their vegetable structure can be detected with the microscope, and numerous cells per- ceived that are filled with a yellow bituminous liquid that causes tli? fiame seen in common fires, and whose gaseous products form illuminating' gas. The trunk of a tree, measuring (JO feet, was lately found in a quarry in Lothian. It penetrated through 10 or 12 strata of white sandstone, but its back had become pure coal, and forests of standing trees have been discovered in Yorkshire and in Ireland, in st inciies in a century, and are composed of the remains of ile.iJ l«)lypes united with gluten, forming rocks of great density and cohesion. The great coral reef of New Holland is 350 miles, continuou.slv, and tlicii in ])arts 1,000 miles, and from 20 to 50 in depth. East of New South Wales is a reef 500 miles long, and njore than 200 fathoms periDendicular, yet these mountjiin masses of lime.stone in the ocean are formed by i)ol- ypes, insignificant in size, but infinite in numbers, composed of simple gelatinous bodies, or small stomachs in shells of carbonate of lime, wlncli cohere together with great tenacity after death. Within half a mile of many coral reofs there are uo suuuilinga to the depth of several hundred GEOLOGICAL FACTS. .".3 reral spocics. iropotaimis a mains of the nimal, which Jin elephant, ene or upper todon, Mr'jitl- itc superior iis he Hippoi><'t«> day. IJcsidos pome of thoiu !vl, and M'Tso 10 or 12 miles 10 beds of the nd in the i>cds Ills that 800 to ),000 tons were , amphiV)iii, .W, les ;thcnnml)cr are conversant LhemresemMin? s their vegetaljle icrous cells ror- that causes the orm illuminating onnd in a cpiarry ,te sandstone, but trees have hceu etectod, compri?- ns, &c.. at least higher than ^ tt., ragn^ents nrc 4j \ species of fnci, 1 been discovered mixed with vol- hnd 3 ft. in diam., A fossilized trees [yed the prin/yal 'ages have failed varieties of that Iclobe far excccd- Islow growth. t>o \ remains of dcaa litv and cohesion. luously, and then tt of ^ew i^"""' h\s pcriiendic«lar> le formed by i-o ; Vnosed of simpw tteolUme.whic. [in half ft »»'\«'j5 ■ several Uuudred fathomfl. The Ammonites, a fossil sliell in a spiral form, curved liV e a rani's horn, existed in various shapes during the secondary and transition periods, but became extinct, perhaps, 100,000year8 ago. I'lie nummulite, a f()«sil t'eplialai)od, resembling a coin, were so numerous as to form im- meiiso mountains of limestone, and yet so ancient that they are abundant in the i-tones of the pyramids and sphinx, yet even then as embedded fos- •lilfi. r-.>4 si)ecies of fossil shells have been described in I'rance and Eng- l.intile, dis- covered hy Mantell, is 70 ift. long, the body is 4 ft. ins. in diam., witii a horn o( bone, and a tail 52^ ft. The bones of the Mummoth are quite numerous in the Inited States ; the molar tooth Avcighs 8 lbs., and the joint of the bone of the leg is a foot in diam. The Era op Sitkhficial DErosix.s. — This may be called the modern ftge of geology, but what human being will i)resume to say when it began ? The formations of gravel, sand, clay, peat, marl, coral reefs, &c., have been formed since this epoch commenced, and vast changes causea by submersions and convulsions have tjiken place all over the globe. These silent but irresistible forces, the tools of creative jiower, are incessantly at Work renderhig the world a lit habitation for mnn, and as we approach this momentous jjeriod of the world's history we also discover for the ' first time, evidences of the existence of those plants and cereals which fiiniish his daily bread. Aga.ssiz has recorded his opinion, that the order 'f the Uusacere to which belong the apple, pear, the i)lum, and the various fruits of that description, as well as the raspberries, strawberries, bram- bleberries, and roses in all their varieties, were introduced, contcmnora- jneou.sly with, or only a short time before, the lirst appearance oi the Itiumail race. The gradual transfonuation of v.irietics snice the ferns of the coal period, is indeed iinmonse. During the glacial period, in which the climate of Greenland extended iarsoutii as New York, the world was covered with immense moving ses of ice., which iu Uieir progrcaa from uorth to soutli moved rocki 734 GEOLOGICAL VACTS. hundreds of miles and remodelled tlio topograpliy of various countries. Tlie effects of these glacial movements were the pulverization of tiie various rocks, thus forming sand from sandstone, culoareous soil from limestone, an/', clay from granite and gneiss, transforming barren rocl{ into fertile soil. The alluvial deposits contain remains which indicate a vast antiquity. The skeleton of a wliale was dug up in the vicinity of Niagara ;i few ye^ars ago, a sure indication that that region formed at one time tiic bod of an ocean. All tlio land about the Clyde rests upon beds of ^llf•llH. bones of stiigs, elepiiants, &c., and at Yealm IJridge, and Ketley. luar Plymouth, there are caves containing bones of rhinoceroses, elcjiliant^, hyenas, boars, foxes, wolves, dogs, horses, o.xen, sheep, &c. Auassiz describes ;{00 new species of fossil fish found in Kngland, of wliich^i^j exists in London clay. A bed of oyster shells K miles long and 18 feet thick exists in the interior of Norfolk; a pair of stags' horns have been fonndon the shores of the Mersey, near Liver])ool, at iJU feet, and pieces of tiinlitr at 40 feet. I'alms and cocoa nuts have been found imbedded in tlif London clay, clearly indicating the exi:aenco at one time of a tni|iii;ii climate in wliat is now the temperate zone. An old Koman jiort c;! Uonuiey marsh is now several miles out at sea, and i)ri>()f8 are al>uud;im that Cireat Britain was at one time united to tiie continent. No doubt exists that tiie Falls of Niagara were at one time preci|iitatod into an ocean over Queenston Heights, and Sir (,'harles Lyell cnuipiit-'ii that a period of at least ;{<),Oi)i) to ;*">,()(») years have elapsed whilotlie falls have been cutting their way tlirough seven miles of rock to tlicir pr^ sent position ; the rctrogradolorado river is 2i»H miles loii;,' aiii the sides rise perpendicularly above tlio water to a heiglit of TiOOUct GOOO feet. Un Oak Orchard creek and the ricneseo river, between Rochester .i:i Lake Ontario, sire enormous chasms, worn by the water, 7 milts liii On the Genesee, south of Rochester, a cut exists from Mount Morn- k PorUige, sometimes 400 feet deep. In the l\ocky Mountains, near source of the Mis.sonri river, there is a gorge (J miles long and I'.wM deei>. In the Mississippi, at St. Antiiony's Falls, the river has cni(it?'!jj passage through limestone rock 7 miles long, to which dist.iiur u catjiract has receded. In the passage of the Coniucticut ri\er at Ih- boro and Bellows Falls, it can bo proved that the river waa once at ki 700 feet above its present level. From the.se and thousands of other proofs which might be cited, lli»i ference i.H unavoidable that vast periods have elapsed since the bcginm cf the present geograiihii-al distribution of sea and land, but steji liy *'< during the uluw but luujeiitiu uuixcU oi Tiiue, y/a cau alwuy3 see thutevf M'.iil my, Midi srI di: '^ftll ORIGIN, ETC., OF THE EARTH. 735 •ions comitrics. riziition of the rcous soil from iug barren rock a vfist fintiqnity. • Niagara n ffw jnc time llic licd n bedso{>hclK Aw\ Ketlcy. near ■roses, eloulKvnt?. r -vud 1^4 tool Uuck •vvc been found in a pieces o( timber iiubeclded in Uic lime of ^ t'"l"^-=; ,\ Ui>nnvn v"r\"' voofsureivbuuduui time ^-.rocM'itatod Its Lvell o'in\nitf» oliuisotl wlu.ctiit: ofiHK-Utotlu-irvr'^ n,HluwlybutMne,y. interior of Vrau;^, nerioil, wbi»;l> til . ^vose, 1'!^''=^'"^ ';:^ ti.ue rut a <■> " • 1 remains ol .m ^'' ut -^000 years :i!;o. il i.,vi lias beou cor.- : hil-h Nvonl.l >n«l.«« Kun.elto its l.veJ^".'M . ^vater3 brwo W« ;,\ rock, known .' Uockv Mounuum IIW tniies k't>^';^ tsvecn Uucl)0.tcr !>=i witer, 7 i»>'^*'^ "l :.MU Monnt Morn-^; iMonnUuns ue 1 k'S Ions and l-w II k rive? bus .rodr I '^'Jbicb ^^-Zi (Client river at I ;J jiverwaa oncu.vi'^-l Imicbt be cited, im VHUincetbebcH fand,bntstei.b>^J Instnimeiitftlity employed by creative power has been in tiie continual eflort to bring orc'er out of chaos and fit the earth ns a habitation for matt. FIAT LUX. OnEAT MCJHT OX A DAUK SUBJKCT. Af'.r, Ortoin, and Ur-TiMArr, Diuation ok thk ?3arth.— More than 140 years have elapsed sinco Kmaiinel Swedcnboffj penned tlie startling aniiiiuiicenient, tiie first of the kind ever made, tiiat our eartli, topjether witli lier sisterimod of i>lan«ts. derived tlieir ori^^in from matters and sub- (itiiix'f's evolved from tlie atmospheres and solar energy of the sun of our system. In his l^rinripid, written in MM, and a^ain in hia Worship and //»n' ()/' 6'of/, in 1745, he remarks tiiat the snn is the centre of a vortex ; that it roUitea upon its axis ; that the solar matter concentrated itself into ,a bolt, zone, or rin^, at the equator, or rather ecliptic: that by the attenua- tion of liie rinR it became disrni)ted ; tliat upon tliedisrujUion, part of the matter collected into globes, and part of the matter subsided into tlie snn forniiui; solar spots ; that the }j;lobes of solar matter were i>rojccted into space ; that consequently tiu'y described a spiral orbit: that in projMjrtion as till" ii;neons matter tims jirojected receded from the sun it prsidually exjiorlciiced refrigeration and consequent condensation ; that hence fol- lowed the formation of the elements of ether, air, aqueous vapor, &c., mitil the planets finally reached their present orbit ; that durinp this perioil the earth experienced a sticcession of peolopical changes which originated all the varieties in the mineral kingdom, and laid as it were the basis of the vegetable, and afterwards of the animal, kingdom. Tliese were alarming propo; itions to propound at a time when itwaf* almost universally accepted a? a literal trntli that the world was created out of xiitliiiiff in tlie space of six natural days about VAICii) years ngo, yet .linro Swedenborg's time scientists have abundantly demonstrated th» truth of what he taught, and this so clearly that at tliis day no enlighten- ed niiiid will dispute the facts. Swodenborg assorted that the whole starry henvens was one vast sj^here, and its s\ms or sUvrs, including their systems, to lie parts of a sphere con- nected with each other. He writes, " I*os.Hil)ly there may be innumer- ahlc other spheres, and innumerable other heavens, similar i^^ those w« heliiild, so many indeed and so mighty, that our own may he resjiect- ively only a point" The r.s.'^ay in his immortal Prinripin, expressly called "The Theory of the Sideml Heavens," giving full details of the Mstein, was i)nblished in \7'M, long before the advent of monster tele- scop<'s. twenty-two years before Kant, twenty-four years before Lambert, t-,veiilY-six years before Boscovitch, thirty-four years bef theory has been denionstratod and accepted within the last thirty . Mais by Humboldt, Ilerschel, and other eminent observers. The knowled^., nf these movements enable astronomers to predict, with absolute ceit.iiiiiy, the different clian;;es the various constellations will iindcrfjo during' thn lapse of a^es to come, and define the reasons and causes of mhIi chauf^es. The fact is well attested tliat our sun is only one of a million which tiav- ersethe Milkjv Way. In the crowded part of the Milky \V;iv. Mr W. Ilir- Bchel, the prnice of astronomers, luid fields •)f view in \\iiich, dnrin;; ji qnarterof an hour,. he saw 1U;,00() sUirs i«»ss through the field r)f view ofa telescope of oidy 1")' aperture; and at another time, in 41 minutes, he -aw li5H,00() sUirs pass through the field. It consists mostly of stars of the 10th or Jlitli magnitude, but too numerous to be seen by the naked cvp, which can only discriminate .sUirs of the (ith or 7th ntajinitude ; power- ful telescopes reach even to a Kith ma^,'nitude. He calculated the length of the vixmd rail of the tele.«cope he used. It reached stars 4J»7 tinips the distance of Sirin.s ; now Sinus cannot be nearer than 10(),00<) X HO,- ()tX),0()0 mile.i, therefore Ur. Herchel's telescope, at least, reached to KlO,- 000 4- l7 miles == !W)41 billions miles. He saw stars 4l.',000 times more distant that Sirius ; and a cluster 11 trillions of miles distant He says there are nebula' f roni which lipht is 48,(XX) years travelling ! Light travels 19'J,000 miles in a second, or (>^ trillionsof miles iier annum, then in 48,000 years this woidd be IM^.lXMKUOO.tKK) of millions of millions of miles distant ; if the cluster ceased to exist we should not know it for 48,000 years ! Such distances cau indeed be written, but can never be conceived by the mind of man. It i.s a triliinp matter to reduce these figures to writing, but quite an- other thing to realize their full significance. To assist our conception of what constitutes a "billion," we will take as a unit a second of tinje, of which (10 flit away in a minute, or 8^i,(!0()in n day. Not the one sixteenth j^art of that nnmber have come and none since the commencement of the Christian era to the beginning of 187H, for it t'lkes exactly ;U.(i87 years, 17 days, '2:1 hours, 45 minutes, and 5 second* to constitute a billion of seconds of time. The immensity and grandeur of tlie Heavens penetrr.tes everj' enlight- ened mind with indescribable emotions of awe and reverence for the Almighty energies of that Adorable Intelligence who created and sus- tains the whole. Touching the st^ibility of the sol:ir system, it was feared by nmnv, eminent for their atUiimnents and acquirements in every brancli of human learning, that owing to the mighty changes and ajiparent deraiige- nients which were occurring in the planetary orbits, that impending niiii and destruction would ultimately render the earth uninhabitable foriiiiin. At a time wheti the belief was prevalent that certain destruction awaited the wh(»le universe, Swedenborg announced to the world his theory tliat: " As the solar t*ysten> is carried along through the Milky- Way, and after- wards compelled to diverge therefrom, the planetary orbits will diansre their form and eccentricity to a certain amount, and then return to their original condition, when they will again change and again return, and so on to eternity." This beautiful and harmonious theory, so well calculated to terminate every groundless fear, has since been proved and demonstrated by La (irange,' and this doctrine of a cyclar return of the solar system is'uowkiiowu amoug the Icarucd aa IlaGcuige's tlicory ORIGIN, ETC., OF THE EARTH. 737 », ami tlint tho s at IliP n>ntli, truth of this xst thirty \»ais [> kjiowlf'lj;' "' ihito t'oit;»iiity, ■r^u during' tlio •aiisfs of Miili ion which trav- iiv. ^iv W. Jlcr- v'hicli, tlniiiii; u ichl (if view "fa luiniitOH. he siw of stars (if tlic ,• tiie naked cyp, iuitiide ; powcr- ilated the U-Tisth Ktars 4l»7 timos 1 10(),0CH) X I'.iO,- reached to U)0,- ! saw stars 4'J,000 » of miles distant years travelliiiK ! liiilesiieranmim, illions c)f niillions d not know it for but can never be ins, but quite aii- u, we will take nutc, or8f),"f II then return to land apain rotnni, lis theory, so well ft been proved aim War return of tne t Grange's theory of the (-tability of the solar system; nevertheless this doctrine was ex" lioinuletl ill Swedenb;c are identical with those which now cxisit for its preservation. Harmonj' aud iierlcctiun are everywhere rcil entities; derangement and disorder are apparent only. Tiiat the siiii'.< apparent path through the ecliptic is really caiu^cd by the motion i>f tiie L'.irth in its orbit around the sun, may be seen Iroui the globes in the ti„'iuc. representing the earth in twelve ctiifereut positions, conespouding titlio twelve months. In the various plolies, N is the north jiolc, DCL llip oiinator, S the place of the Sun, and C S and all lines from paral'ol j t'ltliis tli(! directionof the jilano of tlie ecliptic. Tlie inclination of the faith's a.\is to the plane of its orbit is 2^.° 2.S', and this, with its annual I iivoliuioii around the Sun, causes the chanpe of seasons known as I'liriiii,', SuMuuer, Autumn and Winter. ]k->i(l('s the diurnal and annual jiiiov.'iii.iits of the earth, there is also an onward niovemoiit fif the whole hiil;n>\eiit to the truth as unfolded by Swedenborp ? In his work descriptive of the Last .Judgment, which SwedenlKirgavrrs has already taken pl.ace, not in this, butin thcBpiritual world, durin;,'i!ie year ITf)?, the following i)assage occurs : "That the procreations of tlic human race will continue to eternity, is i)lain from many considerations, and of which the following arc tlit principal : — I. That tlie human race is the basis on wliich heaven is fouiidcii. II. That the human race is the seminary of heaven. III. That the ox- tension of heaven, which is for angels, is so immense that it camiiit be filled to Eternity. IV. That flicy are but few respectively, of whom heaven at i)resont is formed. V. That the perfection of heaven increajieii according t4) j^durality. VI. And that every Divine work has respect ti Infinity and Kternity'. The angelic heaven is the end for which all tilings in the universe were created, for it is the end on account of which iiiuu- kind exists, and mankind is the end regarded in the creation of the vi^lil)lo heaven, and the earths included in it; wherefore tliat Divine wdrk, namely, the angelic heaven, primarily has respect to Infmity and Eternity, and therefore to its multiplication, without end, fur the Divine Himself dwells within it. Hence also it is clear, that the human race will never cease, for were it to cease, the Divine work would bo limited to a certain number, and thus its respectivene.ss to Inlinity would perish. The Lord did not create the universe for His own sake, but for the sake of those with whom He will be in Heaven ; for spiritual love is such, that it wishes to give its own to another; and as far as it can do this it is in iu being, in its peace, and in its blessedness: spiritual love derives this from the Divine Love of the Lord, which is iiiiiiutelv such ; from hence it fol- lows that the Divine Love, and hence the Divine Providence, has for its end a heaven, which may consist of men made angels, to whom He can give all the blessed and haiii)y things which are of love and wisdom, and give them from Himself in them." L. J. 0. It will console and comfort many lionest but simple-niiudcd thinkers who believe otherwise, to bo tola that although tliese startling facts seem to jar with terrific force against their cherislied articles of faitli. .ind even to oppose revealed truth, it is nevertheless most true, that they do not, even in the slightest degree, enter into ccmllict with revela- tioil. There is a science of spiritual truth and there is a science of natural truth; there is the Book of Uuvelation and there is the iJook of Nature; tiic .sanie Omnipotent Hand has written both, each must be understood in a sriisc peculiar to itticl/, and when i«o understood, there can be no con- tnuliction between them. Wherever contrariety or discordance aijpoani, the error, if any exists, is in m.in himself and in his natural i)n)ncnps!< to receive apiiearances as truths. During a depth of time not to In; ]ienetrated, mankind inferred, from the apparent motion of the suii. tilanets. and stars, that they revolved around the earth once in H hours, but now every school-lioy knows that this idea is a fallacy, luidau outrage on n.atural truth, the' real truth being that in every^passin; hour we are moved 1)y the earth's rotation on its axis 1,0;57 m\ti. and in its orbit r)r),0<)2 liiiles, the diurnal motion cnu.sing tlie apj'urent motion of the heavenly bo) HU^l;lin ro fire to j.iuvo ising his ansenl Cf1onl>orK.ivrrH arid, duriii-llie nue to eternity, (llowiuK arc tin avcnis foiimUd. That t\ie cx- that it caniitii lio ivclv, of whom icavcn increases rk hart rcapocl \'< which all tilings jt of which luuu- lion of the visible lat Divino \v;c on ■tpirimal truth as the I'lrst noted fallacy is on natural truth. Tho sublime narration recorded in (ienesis do.-^s not treat of natural creation, for being I)iviiiely composed it is to bo understood in a sense entirely diflerent from niorely human writings. This style is sucli that it describes spirit- nal thing's by uieans of ]iiiro correspondences, similitudes, types, and .yniWili'' imagery drawn from earthly things. The subject treated of i."* indeed concerning a new creation, l)ut one more momentonB by far than (vrn the creation of a world. Many modern theologians arc afraid to f:itirted and " bronght forth abundantly p.ftor Iheir kind," by the waters; i.i chap. ii. v. lit, "every beast of the tiol(lanM/b>ww< (English) assure?! us that: "Ho (Swedenborg) w received by all thinkers courteously, and by very many cordially. Tlio •torm of violent denunciation or angry ridioale \> hich was launched asaim him by theologians a generation ago, is scarcely remembered now, and is not likely to be revived. All are agreed that he was a genuine and sin- cere man, who believed his own words, and did not wilfully deceive or invent." Hon. Theophilns Parsons, late Professor in the Cambridge Law School, •ays : *' I regard him (Swedenborg) as a man of remarkable ability, aud great and varied culture ; taught, as no other man ever was t.iii;jlit, truths which no other man ever learned ; and thus instructed tlint he might introduce among men a new system of truth or doctrine, excelling in character and exceeding in value any system of truth before known. Si>eaking of Sviedenborg and his writings, Henry James, the author of " Substance and Shadow," eays : " Such sincere books, it seems to me were never before written." Bishop Hurd (author of Lectures on Prophecies) says : " It has bwn said by some, and received implicitly without fuither examination bj others, that Swedenborg, after receivmg his extraordinary commitisioD, Was mad, and became totally deprived of his natural senses ; but this iu- sinuatiou is such a palpable contradiction of truth, and such an insult to common sense — bein^ overruled by every page of his writings as well u by every act of hi? life after that period— tnat wo shoi^d have thought it altogether unworchy of notice were we not aware that it operates iwwer- fully with many, even at this day, to prejudice them against a character which otherwise they would revere, and against writings from which 'Jiej | would otherwise receive the most welcome instruction." The venerable Thomas Carlyle, having looked upon the great seer all I his life as a visionary lunatic, now says that he stands rebuked, ilc hioki upon Swedenborg as one of the loftiest minds in the realm of nind. one of the spiritual suns that will shine l)nghter as the years goon ; andtlml more truths are compassed in his writings than that of any other mau i His great prescience with regard to modern scieutiflc discoveries, m* j made known, is astonisliing. George Dawson, M. A. v.rites : "Emanuel Swedenborg had the privi- lege which belongs to all men who devote their lives to thought, tiiHt m| the world grows older, they get r.iore reverenced, better known, «inl| better loved. If I were going to ba shut up in i^rison three years, Sff^j denborg's books would be mv choice, and at the end of three year* HI would be six more before I snouid find them uninteresting, struuxe> c| dry." ORIGIN, ETC., OF THE EAKTH. '41 119 evanscUcal fvs it does the lists, the most •.nost dogmatic us, evcrylhinR t, however con- \bli?h, while at L of Holy Scrip- it shuns no in jeiug pla»". t^^"* re read : "Svfe- I, ai»d his hooks (Swedenhorgi in ir cordially. The launched agaiusi neied now, and is tjenuino ai^d sin- rilfuUy deceive oi ridge Law School, luible ability, »ud ever was tausW. instructed tlwt he doctrine, excclUn^ th before hu»>w". imes, the author ot w, it Bcems to roe, iVB • " It has be«n ,er examination bj iiiar\ comniiMiou, senses ; but this iu. fd such an insu w 'writings as well u lUd have thoupnt n l t it operates \wvfet- against a characttt Ls from which thej I tthe great peet»ll| frebuked. HcU^M Irealmof mud ow larscoon; nnm p any othor mjj kc discoveries, «"«• I Lrg Uad the Privl- I to thought, tn«t» 1 better known. «"« i three yea"- =*\ Id of three yea«» Ur Porteoiw writes : " The incomparable depth, splendor, and vast- ness of Swedeuborg's genius are shown in this, that he aloue has ever dared to tread the threefold realm of natural, mental, and spiritual phi- losophy. Few men have approached the hem of his ganncnt in resi)ect to moral purity, his teaching and example are calculated to make men meek, gentle, and charitable, and his followers catholic, intelligent and pious. Examine all tlie philosophical s'stems extant and take all the re- ligious literature of the last century, a>.d place them in one scale, and take the voluminous works of Swedenborg, and place thcni in the other wale, and the i)hilosophy and libraries of the world will kick the beam." li M. Patterson, late Professor in the university of Pennsylvania, says respecting Swedeuborg's Principia : " It is an extraordinary production of one of the most extraordinary men that luis ever lived, manv of the exper- iments and observations presented in this work aro believed to hpof much m>ie moilern dale, and arc ntijnsih/ ascribed to much more recent outhon-.'' "Tl.':!re is hi Swedenborg's writings a marvellous insight, a vision of the higher trutlis of philosophv and religion, to which few men have at- tained." — N, Y. Independent. " Tlie majority think and speak of Emanuel Swedenborg as a mystic and dreamer, when in fact, he wan a iiractical man, an inventor, and pub- lic l>encfactor. The nietrical system, now under discupsion, was first suggested by him, and tlio D'ltch are indebted to him for important im- provemeiits in their docks an». dykes."— Literanj World. " Swedeuborg's writings teem with the grandest and profoundest truths." —.YorlTi American. Count Von Ilopken, for forty years an intimate .riend of Swedenborg'a, aud for many years Prime Mihiy>ter of Sweden, advised the king '• that no religion could be better, as the prevailing and estitblishod one, thaji that deduced by Swedenborg from the Sacred Scriptures, and this on the two following accounts : 1st. This religion in preference to, and in a higli- er degree than any other, must produce the most honest and industrious subjects ; for this religion places properly the worship of God in uses. 2d, It causes the least fear of death, as this religion' reg^irds death merely as a transition from one state into another, from a worse to a better situatiou ; nay, uiwn his princinles, I look ujwn death as being of barU'y any greacer moment than drinking a glass of water." T. S. Arthur, tlie world renowned author, writes : " Only in the reve- lations made for tlie New Church, in which the plenary insniration anc' Inner and Divine Sense of the Word, and the true doctrine of tlie Lord and his Providenco, are fully explained and made known for the sa! •ation of niaukiiid, can be seen hi rational light, the truths on which Christian unity and harmony can be establishci id by whicli the growth of natu rali.sni, skepticism', and irreverent ii^ stroyed." Tlie ilov. Prof. Von Gwrres (Roman was not a man to be carried away b^ did he ever manifest, during his w!' mental aberration. Tliroughout the entire course of his learned re- M*aivlK's a:id activity, we everywliero discover the pious and religious man, who, in all his sayings and doings, was intent ujion got)d." Kdwin Paxton Hood, in the preface lo his Life of Swedenbot ■/, writes: ''That he conceives lie ums derived much l)enefit from the study of the works of Swedenborg, arid hap much reason to be grateful to that illus- trions, venerable aud much misunderstood, aud comparatively uukuown mai'." iJasi'Pi and Work (English) says* of the Apocalypse Revealed: "A laredii perusal uf many of its 900 and odd imgos has led us to cease wou* can be arrested and de- Catholic) writes :— " Swedenlwrg , unbridled imagination, still less a life, the sUglitcst symptoms of 742 ORIGIN, ETC., OF THE EARTH. doring at tlio favor with which tliis modern edition has been received. and to recommend vjtiiers to follow our example. Many a sermon havo we listened to on the Iievelation.s. Several works, dealing with the Ror- geoiis panorama unfolded befor j the internal vision of the Seer of Pat- nios, how we travelled throusli, wondering at tlie inventive faculty as fiisii)laycd by co'nmentator anied he engaged in the sale of the so-«,^alIed spiritist iiul)"| lications. The sale of these books is held by the Swedenborg Society ttl be utterly intj)mi)atible with the objects wliicli it iias in view, but Mtj White resisted thu eilurtd of the aociety'M t'onuuittee tu remove hii| h-i,,, I ORIGIN, ETC., OF THE EARTH. ■43 een received, pernion havo with tl\e coT- Seer of I'at- ivc faculty as feeliuR that a >s earnestly to find that there liat it contains :)U9 aids arc rc- to the decpcsl ead it patiently e charitable, al- T read for years 1 profit, and we conception?, and , not always give whatever in the , duty to pres^cnt and worthy man \ luisundcvstood. iccespary. It i» a 1- Hcvviccs t<^ man- ler, and this faitia to write and pro- lop and doctor go .wasKUeboni.W [nl not to examine ,„olROodcharactet ,, fvnd peaceful hie, n»t apainBt hnu. the animosity, o« Derby, Knii^auJ avo rendered tlicm- ,ntaimns,V»«";«^' '0 detestable r"»' and apain, projevA ■nalignit^', an-' ^ ,^ may be (' J>^ as "1 fca.aiuM lie peculiar mw^ Ydiiam whit^ •'!;; c\x ho rendered Uiii toresnnedhijtji. dashing off n^nJ urdin« Swcde^J is necessary t.>Mi^' c isvedenborg \as liittee ill view, but Ifc to remove lull from offlce, and compelled them to bring a suit in Chancery to effect their purpose. The fintvl judgment was d< isive against liini, and it wjis while smarting under this reverse that hi.s two-volume Life of Sweden- borg was written. The work in question is coiniwscd throughout in a vindirtive spirit, and the malevolent production owes its origin to a iiiali'ious feeling of the worst kind, ueverthclefis it is most true tiiat Maiidcrhas greater swiftness tlian trutli, and tlie groundless assertions of ivdcfainer are frequently accorded greater credence tlian the veritahlo a?sertioiis of a trutli ful man. In an elaborate article which api>earc'vers of Vessels by the Application of Mechanical Prin- ciples. ' * Miscellaneous Observations cormectcd with tho Physical Mencps- 1 ...i-> 1-3. 1.1. Part 4. Principally on Minerals, Iron, and Stalactites in Baman's ('avern. 14. On the Depreciation and Rise of the Swedish Currency. These were some of his v orks published be- itween 17l"J— 1733. ThR.se were succfteded by, 1. The Pri'.vcipia: or, the T'.rst Principles of atural TliingK, in 3 folio Vols, with Plates. 2. The Economy of the nimal Kiuirdom considered Anatomically, Pliysically, and Phikt.sophi- lly, U Vols., with Plates. 3. The Animal Kingdom, Parts i., ii., iii., 2 . 4. The Animal Kingdom, Par*.s v., vi. 5. Outlines of a Philosoph- \rf:iiinent on the Infinite and the Fhial Cause of Creation. (I Some pocimciis of a Work on the I'rinciples of Chemistiy, with other Trea- ises, 8vo, 21 Plates, comjmsing loll figures. 7. Miscellaneous Observa- iis (Jonuectel with the Physical Sciences. 8vo, Plates, coinpri.sing Fijiir'?s. 8. Posthumous tracts nn various subjects. Ill 17H.'i, the CommisBioncis appoinied by the King of France, tor tlio amination of "> subject of animal magiu'tism, afllrmed tliat there did t exist any theory of the magnet: and the Count do IhitTon, in his wiion Niitural Histoiy, affirmed that nothing' had Ix'en written on tlio irmation of tlio planets. Hoth the.se errors were refuted in a w^i loiarly and elegant letter addressed to the Coinmis,>*ioi;erH by the Mrir- sde Thomd, in which he directed public notice to Swedenborg's elab- tCH.Ki profound works on tlieso subjects, concluding his letter .'is fol- '. "Tiiis, gentlemen, is what I thought it my duty to make public for lienetiiof so. iety, from a regard for truth, and in gratitude to him, !'-":r. 1 am imlebted for tlie major part of the little 1 know ; though 're I met with his writings, I had sought for knowledge amongst Host all the writers, ancient and modern, who enjoyed any reputatiou t IKissessing it. I have the honor to be, &c. , " Paris, Aug. 4, 1785. Mauquis de Thomr." 741 ORIGIK, ETC., OF THE EARTH. Ilrilph Waldo Emerson writes:— " Swcdenborg's writings would he a sufhcieut library for a lonely and athletic student. Not every man caii read them, but they will richly reward him •vho can. The grandeur of tho topics makes the grandeur of tho style. One of the niisKourians nnd mastodons of literature, ho i.s not to 'be measured by wholocollej^-sof ordinary scholars. Ho anticipated in astronomy tho discovery of tho seventh planet ; anticipated tlio views of modern astronomy in regard to the generation of earths by tho sun ; in magnetism some important ex- periments and conclusions of later students; in chemistry, the atomic theorv, in, anatomy the discoveries of Schlionting, Monro, and Wiison, anrg in a subject tliat a i)rofcssed njetJillurgist would not have been nnn- TKjsed to make an object of study, and in ichich, as in all he undertook, ne teas in advance of las af/e." To sum up, it may be stated that his mechanical and philosophical works would bo equivalent to al)out 25 volumes of 500 pages each. This genera- tion is most deeply indebted to tho incomparable genius of this extraor- dinary man for very imi)orti.nt improvements in tho construction of docks, blast furnaces, stoves, tho smelting of metals, and a host of inven- tions which arc usually credited to others. Tho rejuler may infer, from a perusal of tlip foregoing list of Ixxiitu, that the lalxjr involved in tlioir i>roouction micht'well entitle the writer to rank as a first class literary giant in any ago t»r nation, but wonderful to say, tho most extraordinary performances of this most remarkable man are still to be recounted. In tlie year 1743, Swedcnborg was b4 years of age, and hero we find him relinquishing hi« philosopiiical pursuits, and devotmg himself ex- clusively to theology and to tho unfolding of the new doctrines which lie now declares were first revealed to him. Ilis Worship and Love of God, 1)ublished in 1745, seems to mark tho commencement of this new em in lis Life. The following is a list of his theological works arranged ac- cordin]^ to the order in which tlie original books were written and pnb- lishcd by the Author. 1. 1749-5(>. Arcana Cwlestia, The Heavenly Arcana trhich ai'e conlaind inthe Holy Scriptures, or Word of (he Lord; vnfolded : beyinniuf; vilh the Book of Genesis ; toyethcr with the Wonderful thinys seen in tk World of Spirits and in tttc Heaven of Anyels. Knglish Ed. 1*2 vols, h vo. £2 8s., any vol. separate, 4;. American Ed. 10 vols. Si. 50 per vol. 2. 1758. Conccrniny Heaven and its Wonders : and concciniinf/ Ikll b^iny a Rdatitni of thinys heard and seen. English Ed. 3.1. American do. $1.25. 3. 1758. Aii account of the TmsI Jndyment and the Destrwdon of Babylon ; showfny that all the Predictions inthe Apocalypse are at Ihh day fulfilled, bciny a relation of thinys heard and seen, 8 vo. Eng. Ed. Sil. American do. 75r. 4. 1758. On'the White Horse mentioned in tk Apocalypse, chap, rix., with Jtcferences to the Arcana Cidestia on the*y>>- ject of the Word, and its Spiritual or Internal Sense. With a.i Apprndii English Ed. 4vf''"i Eng. Ed. Demy 8 vo., 25. ' American do. Si. 8. 17f)3. The Four kud- I ORIGIN, ETC., OF THE EARTH. 745 infi Doctrines of the New Church, sifpiifted in Rev. xxl. bj/ the New Jeru- taUm ; bcinfj these respcctituf the Lord. Ilia Divine and Ilvman Natures, and the Divine Trinity ; the Sacred Scripture ; Faith ; and Life. Eng. Ed 8 vo. 2s. American do. Si. 9. 1764. Anf/elic Wisdom concerning the Diiinc Providence. Eug. Ed. 8 vo. 3,t. American do. 81.50. 10. 17(35. The Apocalypse J?evealed; tn ichich are disclosed the Arcana there- in foretold; and ichich have hitherto remained concealed. 2 vols. Eng. Ed". 8.S. American do. S."^. 11. 17<".8. Cunjiifjal Lore and its Cha.ote Dc- Ualdf; also AduUcrous Imvc and its Insane ricasiiris Eng. Ed. 4.J. Ainorican do. $1.25. 12. 17(JJ», A Brief Kxposiiion i>/ 'he Ihictrinrsof the y<'v: Church m^ant bij th New Jerumlem in the Api.cohfj:K( . Eng. Ed. 10(i. American do. 40c. 13. The Intercourse Ix'tv-Knihe Sovl and the Ilodij, ichich is supposed to take place either by T'i,it,<(i
    ;liing Society's Manager, E. li. SVvinnf.v, .\'o. 20 Cooper Union, New York, or tin- I.ontlon Society's Agent, Jamf.8 Spikks, 3(>Bloomsbury St., London. W. ('., Eng. Swedeuborg's ''true Chri.'idan L'l tu/ion" Ri\(\ the '* Ajtocalypse Re- y((ikil," may be obtjiincd absolutely free by any I'lotestant clergyman crstiulont who may enclose the posUigo for' same to the ctlebrateUiub- !isliiii;4 house of ,7.'H. Lippincott & Co., of riiiladclphia. The lequisito i iiid.s it)r this piirpo.se are supi)licd by a retired Philadelphia nicichant if iiriiicoly means and large-hearted Mbcnility, who takes an ardent in- terest in the work, and has made ample ,)rovision for its perii.' jent c* n- limiaiuc even after his hands have I. d it down. No clergyman or ^t;uk•llt need he.siUite to ench)se the no.stigo and scud for these broks, for they will be sent without fail. The New Church Tract iind rublication Society, T. S. Arthur (the well-known author). President, (koi^c Hurn- hani (iif the Baldwin Locomotive works). Treasurer, offer Swedeuborg's "Hf'avcu and lIcH," through .1. H. Lij)pincott & Cr)., to clergymen on the Kline terms. In ordering these l»ooks in this way, enclose ."Co. for [•ostise on the first nan.ed, IS*-, for the secoud, and i;«ts from clergymen for 14,000 copies of the " Trv.' ('hri. S. IMoa " 170 H <• 1.1. Primer" 200 l» X HoiUKeoLs" Ihev or " '270 i8. I lb. Minion cuntaiiis .TSO Nonpareil " ra» Agato " 690 Pearl " sou emi. Table showing number of cniti in 100 square inchcu of tho b ^es of tyj* from Pica to Ayato inclusive. Plea :i,000( Nonnareli 14,400 Minion lO.tOt Lon« Primer 5,(i2.'» Snuiil Piea 4,!H)0 .\gato l'J,m Brevier 8,H30i Huurijeuig 0,8891 Tho alH)vo list is based on tho sup|H>sition tluit linos of tliO loufjtli ofi; ems i)icu, 7 ems small pica, 7Jy cms Ion;; primer. «..'! cms iKmrgeois, 94 ems bi-evi r, lO.'J ems minion, 12 ems nonpareil, and 14 nsate, are equal to an inch. This is !iot strictly true, but tlio variati(m is so littio that it will not make a diiTen>nco of l.CJOO ems in 100 ordinary sized pajjes. In one ti^iuare Inch there are- M on»H Pica. i 7'J' j oms BouraeolB. |144 ems Nonpan'il, BO " SniiiH Pi .a. xl " llrevier. |200J4 " ABttte. r>C>4 •' lMn\i Priiiior lllo^i •' Miniun. i225 " Pearl. The al)ovo is an appro.ximatiou merely, a*- dilTerent ty|)e foiunitrs Hlii;htly vary tho size of their type. NIktal fok IJAiMtiNU KLiccTUoTvrK PLATE& —Load 91 part.s tin 4 untiniuuy 1. To MAKE Wkitino Ink Inicuashable even uv Acids.— To ge*»>i ({all ink add a ttron^; solution )t Prussian blue in distilled water. Tl:c ink writes greenish blue but afterwards turns black, uud caniK't I* erased without destroying the im[)f TABLES, ETC , FOll I'KINTEKS. 747 NTERS. This is <1«"C by wo IcJifith of any V of tlio measure, wliifh the matter 1) many letter m\ (•u\)y the si«ico o( ToUctormiiietlu' t wise in the stick ,•8 the mmibor ul 1 of type, ntalim OM emi. WO " C90 " bOO " r the b ?e8 of type .10.404 of tVio length of « ?jns bourgeois, 9.4 agate, are equal ia HO little that It sized pages. n« Nonpan'il, A^ttto. Pearl, at tyi)0 foumUrj 1(1 91 luirt.-', till 4. AcMi)S.-To gooJ tilled water. iW k, aud oiuinot w ■ ARUANCnMENT OF TYPF. IN AMERICAN fppKn ( CASE • t t § II 5 ..^n lb «» ® « / o u '-3 '.4 \'» ».i 1i % 8 £ a ^ -\. — ',3 »3 ^ JR (E so (T1 - ~ !— ; ^ 1 & A'. CK A u c D 10 F (i A u t; u R r (> O 11 I K L M N (J II I K I. M s P Q 11 S T V w V Q U 8 T V w X Y Z J U ] ) X Y z •'I'- m 111 ARKANfJEMENT OF TYIT, IN AMEKICAN I.OWIOK OASE. & i 11 Sciu 4cm •p. 1 »p. 1 k e 1 |2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ' 1 fl n b. C d 1 B ' ' g i i 1 1 fl 1 Z ' m 1 h o 1 P w f en qd(. em qds X V u ! t t 1 .1cm ipaccn. n ! r 1 2 ft ^ em quadraU. <\ 1 i 1 ^^^ ' ,000 ems Hourpeois, 1.3»/.j ,IK)0 " L. rrhntT, I.l'i 1 1,000 1,000 OZH. lends. S. J'ica, Pieii, 10',. I'J \V( i.uiit of leads rcqiiirod for any work. These calcidatious apply to niiy measure, anil are based on the use of six-t<)-j)iea loada. The first Tal)le is for solid .matteh whieh requires to Iki leaded. 1,0(W oms Pearl require 7 '/j ozs. lends. ' 1,(HK) " Agate " H\'j " 1,(KN) " Nonpareil i)^<, " " 1,000 " Minion " 11 «a *' l.txw " Brevier " l:! " " K.XaMple.— It is estimated that the matter to he sot will make 20,000 ems Sm.ail Tica solid. Required, tho woiglit oi leads necessary to lead thi.>< matter. 1,000 ems of solid Small i'ioa require lOJi ounee.s of leads. m X JO =^ .'330 ozs. -- 20 lbs, 10 ozs. the second Table given tho weight of tho leads contained in 1,0!10 oma i.f /"('/' r/ MATTER. 1,(KH) cms Pearl contains f>Vi ozs. leads. 1,000 cms nojinreoiB Pont.Tlns 1 1 oz.x. IJs l,o(tn " Afiato " « " " l,ooo •• L. I'limcr " I^'/j " l.noo '• Nonpareil" 7'', " " I.OiK) " S. Pica " II •' 1,000 " Minion " " " 1,00J " Pica " IC'i " 1,000 " Urovler " lO'j " " lv\ ami'M:.— A i)age of leaded Long Primer contain.s 2,000 ems. He- qiiind, tlio weight of leads nece.>*»jiiy to lead thirty-two pages. 1,000 ems I'f leaded Long rdmcr contain 12.|| ( uiiccs of leads. V2\ a 2"2,joz.s. l>er pa<,c. 25 X 32 = 800 ozs. -- 50 11)8. Or, a column of Nonpareil conUiius 8,000 en.s. H'Miiiired the wciglitof leads necessary to lead six columns. 1,000 ems of leaded Nonpareil con- tiin 7^ ounces of leads. 7i >' 8 =■- 00 ozs. per column. GO X G = JJGO oza. = li2 lbs. 8 ozs. An allowance must of course be made for additional leada used fol blanking out and in Htanding matter. W s 748 TABLES, ETC., FOR PRINTEUS. Tlio following table gives the weight of leads in 1000 ems of leaded matter :— LRADRD MATTER— Pearl contains C'/j ozs, Agate Noitpar'^il. Minion. 1000 ems 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 lOOO 1000 1000 leads. I' 6 7>'a " ft .1 •< Binvicr " Ii)>i " HmirBCois " II " •' I.onKl'rin>or " 11.V2 " Small I'ha " M " ricii " Ifi'j " T\T\\.r. Hiu)wiN(} THE Quantity of Papku RKguiiiEn rfui ant Jon FROM 50 TO ]0,()0() CopiKH. — No allnwanco for \\i\hlo or Muiilim copicH. For any iinnibcr not n<>tO(l in 'I'able, Huy 'M to tlio elicct, \m double the quantity given in col innn headed 18. .- .^_.. 2 1 3 j 4 6 1 8 D 12 15 1 16 1 18 20 i 24 3 a oS.S to nUt to Rht In ntit to (lit to olit to •ht to kht to khtl to »lit to tilt tu rht to »hl lo»|;|, I5| o* "3, 3" ■«,o' "S^ec "SiO" "S B 1 e 1 II! 0- 4' » a'. Jt'- £ ll so 1- 1 0-I7| i>-1.1 (►- 0-7 0- «1 0- 6 0— 4, 0— .1] 0— .11 tv- 1 0-1 100 2- 2 l-IO 1- 1 0-17 0-1.1 0-121 0- d: 0- 71 fl— 7 0— CI r— .'. 0— .n (V. 4 200 i- 41 2-10; 2- 21 1-101 I- 1 0-2.11 (V-17 l>-!4. (_);; o_|jji 0-m (1— 11 0-r isn 5- 5' !?-ia: 2-I.'i| 1-lHI 1- K 1- 4' 0-21 o-kI (-1C, r-14! 0-18 0-11 ri_H .100 (i_ n, 4- 4i n- X 2- a. i-u l-io; 1- 1 0—2(1 ()_i..i 0-171 (u-^,^ 0-M (V-IO . 400 «- fi fi-U 4- 4' 2-1'J 2- 2 l-'ili l-Ui 1- ;i 1- 1 (•-■j;! o-:c 0-17 IMI flOO in-iol r.-a"! .">- .V .'t-ia 2-15 2- 8, 1-18; 1-10 1- s 1- 4 1- 1! o-ii O-K, (DW 12— 12| H- H 0- 4—4 »— •! 2-lI)| 2- r i-n; 1-141 1-10 1- 0. 1- 1 0-l!l rno 14-U »-IM 7- 7 4-21 .^-l(! ;i- 2-1 1 l-Z! i-'.it| 1-1.^ 1- u 1- 0-a 7.V) Lv-Li 10-10 7-2) ^- 'j ;)-'►.' n-12! 2-l.*i 2- ;; I-2.II 1-18; 1-Hi 1- 8 I-u AOO KK-lrt 11- .1! 8- 8 .li-M 4- 41 .T-I7I 2-l'.t 2- 2- 2 1-21 1 1-1.'. I-IO 1--1 {100 IH-1H m-12' '.»- !t fi- fl 4-17 4- 4' .V- .'! 2-12 2- !>! 2- 2 I-2I 1-14 I-.-. 1*100 20-20 1.1-22 10-10 C- in .'.- .'. 4—101 .1—12 2-l!l 2_);, ..._ k; 2- 1' 1-18 1-1 12.V) 2 .1— 1 2- ■« aiioo 4I-ifi 27-1!) 20-20 I.1-22 l.-^io; 9- 71 6—Vi /S-14 «_ ft 4_lfl| 4- ,.' .t-iy 2--H i(.'iOO .«- 2 .-W-lH-iO- 1 17-10 n- 1 11-I.M A_17| 7- (i-Mi .V-20| ft- .•' 4— y .V-; anno 02-12,41-10 .11- 20-2<) l.^ -l". 11-22 10-10 ^r- 8 7-;'o 0-21 0- a. r,— .\ .l-SJ 4000 81- H .M-H, 41-10 27-1!) 2l)-2<» l.-^-IS 1.1-22 11- .1 ]o_joi 0- r' 8- 8 0-21 ,V-3 £000 104- 4 tR)-lIi.VJ- 2 .14-18 20- 1 •j:i- 4 17— !• 1.1-22 1,1_ 1 10-14' li)-in! 8-17 ft-H 10000 2.18- 8 1,18-221 101- 4 CD-ll M- 2 Hi- H ;t4-18 27-1!) 20- 1 23- 4 20—10 17— 9 1.1-1 Names ani> Si7.k.s ok Hooks as CLASSirEDBV rt'DUSHKna.— Tlie number of folds and pages in u single sheet when manufactured. Name of book. Ja,?toS4-. Con.sin. Folio 2 leaves 4 p«K<'«. . 8 .16 .S4 .32 ..36 .48 .64 Quarto or 4 lo 4 Octavo or 8vo ... 8 Duodecimo or 12 mo 12 10 mo • 16 18 " 18 24 •• 24 ^.*y •< o.> Hkht Puintfus' Ink.— noil 3 gallons best cloor old linseed oil down to n thick varnLsh ; add while hot 12 lbs. of i)owdered rosin, .'^ ll's. dn- brown soap shavings, r> ozs. indigo ;5 ozs. Prussian bine, and 10 Hlm. bci«t lain))bla(:k ; stir all well together, let it stand a week and griix?. For other inks, roller compositions, &c., see p: ges 545-G and r)7'.>. For jpoper tables see page 577. • yote.— Thin book 1h n 10 mo., there being .12 pages to the diect. Th« tcrms/o/irt, quarto, octavo, etc., denote the number of leaves in which a i-Ue«t of paper Uifoldcd. The mnrkH A, n, C ; 1. 2, .1 ; lA, 2A ; !•, 2», etc., occaslonnlly fouiul »i tlio bottom of puKeH, are what printerH term lif/nafurc mnrka, thiis, 3*, boliij printed for the direction of binders in folding the sboctB. TABLES, ETC., FOU rRINTERS. 749 ml of leaded a OZ9 4 :: lends. '3 riKO roK ANT lute or Muiiliin tho ulifct, \m 20 24 32 flit to »hl, li'khl. o- ■5,0' •• r 1. (>_ SI (»— ;t f>- 1 (>_ :, (►_ •, 0-4 0— 111 0— u: ft- 1 (»-l8| 0-11 (>-« (\_1ft (V-]ai 0-1(1 0-^0 0-17' 0-11 1- l! O-il: O-K, 1- 0. 1- 1; 0-1!) 1- II 1- fl! 0-a 1 1_I.M l~IOi 1-- 1 i-aii 1-14 i-.> 2- '.'I 1-18 I- " 2— l.".' 2— A I-11 3_ :i; 2-ia I-'ii i! 3-l(V :i- 12-" i| 4- ..' 3-1? I i-lS fl_ fi .',- .\ .v-a |,>_1(|1 B-I7 ft-I1 20-iuir- ?_ 1'*-.'. m.isHFiiH.— Tlie uctured. Contain. .... 4 p«R«'«- ... 8 " ...16 " ...24 " ....32 •' .. ..16 •• ....48 " ....64 " iseed oil (l«iwn t-^ )sin, 3JiU>s. (lr>- , and 10 11.S. lift 1 iirhul ■5-0 and r)71>. For 11 m which a i-Uwl rlonnlly fnuiul »i A«, thus, 3». being One ))ound of leadu or slu^n covorn four nquare inches. Hence, when thp Hpaoe to be filled by IciuIh or hIiirs is known, it is (»nly ueoesBary to divide the number of square inehes by four, and the result will Kivetho tcqiiirod weight in pound,-*.— /Voo/.s/iTt. H'»w TO UsTLMATK. — To aHccrtiiiii tlie quantity of nlain type required (or a nowHpaper or ina;»iizine, or any otlior woVk, niid tlie number of mjiiare inches and divide liio same bv four, tiio quotient will be the ap- proximate wei^jlit of matter; but as it is impossible to set the ejises clear, it i.x iiooe.ssary to add 25 per cent, to large ft)uts, to allow for dead letter. I sciiiiiB roil K.HOMsiii Him, ofTvpb.— KngilBh type foiind«rac«ll3 000 Willi. TvPic.— The followiiiK , ■ , , ... iibK' will be iiaaful in onlcring lowor casu m B a bill, and proportion all other sorts ;if for i.w I'o^tcr ifuor*. A;;j„ji Halic. woighs hOO lbs. For every lb. of iUllc !• 1 .\. ' limt !• generally luf-' ... „ . Itritnt. while for Kinalierlpuer*; there are 10 lbs. of lioman. From the annexed ill«i''i'"r^?v^""on^%)r^c"n"'table an idea ean be obtained of tho number of let- 4fnied Ictleni eipecUlly Iheren^rs couUlnod in 800 Ibfl. pica. ihould ■Iwa yt h« > l«r g« font. \ ' *^ n t c s D i K 4 F i 'i IM 1 4 J i K 1 L 4 ,M t S I 1 H i i\ 5 4 T 3 I' 2 V i W !l X I^T .1 .1 1.1 1.1 .1 1 .1 .1 i n .1 .1 .1 li.l 44 1:2 2 .5 .1 4 4 •\ 2 2 44 '.^ .'5 4 .1 •1 1 3 I*- i n 4 4 C 3 1.1 .i:.i 4 4 « 1,1 3i2 3 2 OIU 4I4 « i .1 .1 .I'l as no S3 4 4 1.1 !i ii • 1' • » 111' 111' 3|1 3 .1 _ J J .Ii 3 3 2 2 2 2 4- 9; 3 4 I > 3 i KlUUrri »ri' iKtiullv put ii|> with r<)iili ii'( Jt A niid upwtrdii. iii'l aUnya with bitfor fuse, to tlint iwhfii a Fi.nt o( 4 A UorJen.l the [.ower Cii«e, » II (1 ri|;itrrii »ill nl'.vu)t III! i«nt iinlfM uthrrwU* on a ,1.* ► N OM 0»M 00 e« t«c» tee* Msei ♦ 04 «o« MO* a H.nooi b i,6()0i 3,000| d 4.400! 12,000 2,.'5O0' 1,700 fi.400 8,()(V) 400 KOO 4.000 I 4.000 t . in .i,(MK) X . ;n K.ooo § . :o 8,0(10 II . Ip 1,700 H . Iq .'>00i |r e.L'oo' 1 . 9 8,000 2 • t 0,000 3 1,100 U .... .1,100 4 1,000 4, .wo 800 coo 2.000 1,000 200 ir>o 700 300 I GO lUO 100 100 100 100 CO i 1,000, 1.000 1.000 1.000 1,300 s , T , u . V . AV. X . Y , z . OE. 600! 400 000| BOO, 600 400' 400; 400' 800 .300 300 fiOO ■too •100 4(H) 400 , IMO . 400 ,500 , C.'iO .300 300 400 180 300 HO 40 SO A B O O B r u n I J K I. M N O P 4 It H T V V vr X Y z 300 200 250 290 SOO 200 200 200 400 100 180 2.V) 200 300 200 200 90 200 230 326 160 180 200 90 130 40 Accents average 180 each. 3 em spaces 18,000 4 '• •' 12,000 •■S " '* 8.000 llalr " .3.000 oin Quads 2,%00 on Quads 8,000 Large Quadrat* 80 Iba. 750 NAMES AND SIZES OF TTPC. { Jjjjl^ NAMES AND SIZES OF TYPE. Great Primer. — In conversa- tion, study purity of langua^'O: avoid vulgar dialects like the fol- lowing samples : English. — Fnrjlish Rustic. Measter Gocldin used to zay as liow children costcd a siglit o' money to breng um oop, anil 'twas all very well whilst um was lectle, and zucked the mother, but when um begind to zuck the vather, 'twas nation akkerd ! Pica. — Rector. '^ Tliesc pigs of yours urc in excellent condition." Jarvis. " E'as, sur, they be. Ah ! sur, if "vve was all on us only as lit to die as them are snr, it would be good for we." Small Pica. — Scotch Elder. "0! Sandy, if yc wad only tak' soond advice, an' drink watter instead o' whiskey, it wad bo better for your pair wife an' bonnie bairns ; d'ye no ken whaur a* the drunkaids gang tae ? " Confirmed Sot. " Yes, Maister Tanison. richt weel I ken that, they aye gang whaur they get the best wliiskey." Long Primer. — CocJcney ITair- Dresser. ''They say, sir, that the cholera is in the Hair, sir! " Gent, (vcrv uncasv) " Indeed ! ahem ! then I hope you are very careful about the brushes you use." Hair-Dresser : " Oh, I sec you don't ^understand me, sir; I don't mean the 'air of the 'ed, Imt the //air hoi the /mtmosplicro ! " — Punch. Cochietj Servant Girl. " Well mam — Heverythink con- sidered, I'm afraid you won't suit me. I've always been brought up genteel ; and I couldn't go nowhorcs where there aint no footman kep'. " Servant Man, Thompson (who is very refined), " Ho yes, mum, I don't find no fault with NAMES AND SIZES OF TYPE. 751 you, mum, nor yet with master — but the truth his mum, tho hother servants is so orrid vulgar and Ingnorant^ and speaks 80 hitngrammatical^ that I reely cannot live in the same 'ousc with 'em, and I should like to go this day month, if so bo has it won't illconwenience you ! " — Punch. Bourgeois. — Mrs. Brown (an Aberdeen widow on the north side of forty). " Iloo'sa' wi'ye this niorniu', ^lestt-r Miller ; come in an' sit doon, I was just thiukin' o' ye ; some lang-tongued liizzies were sayin' that it was a perfec' alianje that a man like yen. wi' grey hair, an' a long tite beard should niak' a feel o' yersfl' getting married fan ye should be thinkin' o' deein'. Its a juer world to live in if a man canna tak' a wife fanever he likes. Na, na, 1 ken plenty, some o' them no far aff, that wad bo prood to get ye. Eh, sirs, the life o* a peer, lone woman, or a loin! man is a weary, sair dree o' dool an' sorrow ; dinna ye think sae, Mester Miller ? " Miller ; (a widower on the look out for another wife.) '' In my long pilgrimage throuf^h this vale o* ttais, my experience has been, that a man is muckle the better o' a woman, and a woman is muckle the better o' a man ! " BuEViiiR. — WilLitis. " Well Tiiiiiinas, did you 'cur as iiow Mcaster Smith liurted hisself on the lc{j just almve the liniiclc." Tuvivicis, "() (hd tmi, that be very bad for lie, and I be very zarry to 'ear it. Lns' week my son Jan war n drivin' a nail, nn' the 'aiiinier, he flow out'n 'is 'and an' struck I veiy 'ard on the nose, th.o blood corned, an' if it 'ud struck much 'arder it would 'arc killed I on tlie spot sure." ni-AUNEY. Yau/cne {^nst arrived). " Guess your iopal faro is just Sixpence." Dublin Cannctn : " Shure, nie Lord, we take some chapo- Jacks at that — but its meself wouldn't dishgrace agintlcmana* your Lordship's quality by dhrivin' 'm at n mane pace ihrou^ih tlie public jlitreets, so I tuk it upon myself to give your lordship a shilliu's worth both of slityle and whip cord." }iUsiov.—Vermo7}t Tombstone Ar/cnt to Smith, in the backwoods: — " Good mornins'. Mister; I was told over tew that you liad lost your wife, and I liave jest cum ten miles over nieowntaiu!", woods, an' Mvainps to get an order for a tewmstun' for Iter. Was awful sorry to hear of your great loss, but I can sell von tho cheaicst an' best tewmstun' iiitlio hull creation." Smith. " Waal, stranger, I reckon I can stand my li'ss if she can stand her'n; but you sec as how the critter isn't ready for a tombstone yet, she's only smotod with another man." SnsfAni-.iL—Eutflish nustics. ,9ani.- I zay. .I.-iek. bo you a politiciniicr? •^ "/-.-•" K'as I be." ,5rtm.— "WaH 1 zav. Jack, v lint bo a poliihifmer? Jvl:.-." Zounds, S.-im ! doaiifeo kuaw notiiink abo\it un V " .SVim— Naw I df^aii't." JncJt.— Wall. I doau't knaw m I »-'au lell'ee, Sam, fur I doaii't exMi'Icf rly knaw mvaol' ! " I'lMtt-Kuglish Shd^vman. Wnltc Into the (how mv henrtios, wnlV In iind ice the yre«t lln^ncan lions, rh'noeiroj nnd holophnnt!! M wan oRii'.'hf in the dc^prt •l)out !.'> niilei from dllur ■:e.i or lan'l, u rt the prent 'ippop«t?imu9 and cattcrwnllnDuii ns livpi in Uip horenn. Them f.»ilo ,( tfoin Cfc'i't win. nnd thcni ts stavi out tliore liarn'tin here, nnd ran't Mi' the ;rreBt niMclmii tijrcr. leoptrd, the hanncondaii from Bmzil, the grizzly bear, the bnffalo that «winw till vi.f' iircpoKtcrnn* ocer the Rockv Mountlns* and Western prarers, and the great den» of perfriniiinff liniiitnaU from hnll hover the world ! D.i yccs rnily think. Squire, that there i« annv chancce of war wid thi« ennntry an' Rooiha? S'i' Peter Schoeg'er, of GernsHeim, perceiving ^^^ li\/ his master Fnus^ design, and being himself ^' ^^^ "^^ (7desirous\ ardentIv ) to improve the art, found out {by 'the good providence of God) the method of catting {ineidendi) tlie characters j^^ Jn ja' matri:fff that the letters' migh'fc easily be ^^/ Bingly casCj instead of Heng cui, 'He pri-*^^^v '*i vately' cut malrices\ •jfof the, whole' alphabet :Ai5 DFaust was ad pleased with- the contrivam>4f /tlxjat Jie promised Feter to giv.0 him Ms'^nly W i< /fjoUghter Christina; in; carriage a/promises ^ . /daughter /yf^ich he soonnifter performed. promise 3 j^^ IS 19 ^^ # ^^ut. there W£r(f many djjKcultles at first ^^ i Vith -these tet'ter^,- gia i-Her^ had been, befoi'e ^^om. "J- ^^^^ wooden ones,' th^ motal being too Boft*^^^ to support thefopde of the iintpression f 'buto'^/ thid defect.' waa Booci remedied, by mixing It BuljstanpffwitH the metal which sufficiently ^^ • harde^d iy EXEMPLIFIED 733 The designated errors being corrected, tlic foregoing matter will real as follows: Though a variety of opinions exist as to tho individual by whom printing was first discovered ; yet all authorities . concur in admittinjg PETER SCHOEFFER to be the person who invented cast metal types, having learned the art of cutting the letters from the Guttembergs: he b also supposed to have been the first wlio engraved on copper-plates. The following testimony is preserved in the family, by Jo. Fred. Faustus, of Ascheffenburg: ' Peter Schoeffer, of Gemsheim, perceiving his master Faust's de- glgii, and being himself ardently desirous to improve tho art, found out (by the good providence of God) the method of cutting (/ncWcndt) the characters in a matrix, that tlie letters might easily be singly cast, in- stead of being ch^ Ho privately c»< matrices for the whole alphabet: and when he showed his master the letters cast from these matrices, Faust was so pleased with tlie contrivance, that he promised Peter to give him his only daugliter Christina in marriage, a promise which he soon after performed. But there were as many difdculties at first with theae letters, as there had been before with ivooden ones, the metal being too Boft to support the force of tlie impression ; but this defect was goon remedied, by mixing the metal with a substance wliich sufficiently har- dened it.' EXPLANATIONS OF THE CORRECTIONS, Tlie following rules, from Mackellar's American Printer (a most re- liable work), will be found of inestimable value to typographical men and all who write for the press: A wrong letter in a word is noted by drawing a short perpendicular line through it, and making another 'short lino in the margin, before whidi the right letter is placed. (See No. 1.) In this manner whole words are corrected, by drawing a lino across tho wrong word and mak- ing tiie right one in the margin opposite. A turned letter is noted by drawing a line through it, and writing the mark No. 2 in the margin. If letters or words require to be altered from one character to another, a parallel line or lines must be made underneath the word or letter,— viz. for capitals, tliree lines; small capitals, two lines ; and Italic, one 31* 75 4 ox CORRECTING PROOFS. occurs, line ; and, in the margin opposite the line where the alteration Caps, Small Caps, or Ital. must be written. (See No. 3.) When letters or words are set double, or are required to be taken out a line is drawn through the superfluous word or letter, and the mark No.' 4 ])laced opposite in the margin. Where the punctuation requires to be altered, tlie correct point, mark- ed in the margin, should be encircled. (See No. 5.) When a space is omitted between two words or letters which should be separated, a caret must be made where the separation ought to be, and the sign No. G placed opposite in the margin. No. 7 describes the manner in which the hyphen and ellipsis line are marked. When a letter has been omitted, a caret is put at the place of omi.><- eion, and the letter marked as No. 8. Where letters that should be joined are separated, or where a line is too widely spaced, the mark No. i) must be placed under thein, and the correction denoted by the marks in the margin. Where a new paragraph is required, si quadrangle is drawn in tlie margin, and a caret placed at the beginning of the sentence. (See No. 10.) No. 11 shows the way hi which the apostrophe, inverted commas, tlie star and other references, and superior letters and figures, are marked. Where two words are transposed, a line is drawn over one word auj below the other, and the mark No. 12 placed in the margin; but where Beveral words require to be transposed, their right order is signified by a figure placed over each word, and the mark No. 12 in the margin. Where words have been struck out that have afterward been approved of, dots should be marked under them, and Stet written in the margiu. (See No. 13.) Where a space sticks up between two words, a horizontal line is drawn under it, and the mark No. 14 placed opposite, in the margin. Where several words have been left out, they are transcribed at the bottom of tlie page, and a line drawn from the place of omiss'on to the written words (see No. 15) ; but if the omitted matter be too extensive to be copied at the foot of the page. Out, see copy, is written in the marpn, and the missing lines are enclosed between brackets, and the word Out is inserted in the margin of tlie cojiy. Where letters stand crooked, they are noted by a line (see No, 1(5); but, where a page hangs, lines are drawn across the entire part affected. When a smaller or larger letter, of a different fount, is imp openy in- troduced into the page, it is noted by the mark No. 17, whvh signifies | wrong fount. If a paragraph be improperly made, a line is drawn from the brolten- 1 off matter to the next paragraph, and ^^o IT written in the margiu. (See No. 18.) Where a word has been left out or is to be added, a caret must 1 largo or black, tuey may consume ink. on an edition of 1000 copies, at the rate of .iJl.OO per token. If ink at 5>3.00 or }?5.00 is used, in place of ink at S2.ii0, the price will increase, but not in true proportion— the more expensive color is finer, and has more extending capacity. These are prices for cuts of machinery. The an'ount of color on tins work is largely under the control of the jiressmau. He can use it freclv or sparingly, at will, but with a corresponding effect of strength or weak- ness in the work. Book Illustuations.— The ordinary illustrations of books and news- papers, when not too frecjuent, or too black, do not sensibly increase t!ic consumption of ink. It is not usual to make account of tlie value of ordin.ary ink on this class of work. But when the cuts aie numerous and are black, and fine inks are used, the value of color used canu'tt ho overlooked. On a large edition of woric of this class, the average vahio of ink at ^2.00, on a sheet 24 x o8 inches, will bo 50 cents i)er token. Upon an edition f 1000, tlio cost of the same ink would be more than Si. 00 per token. A Double Royal sheet 29 x 43 inches, on an edition of 20,000, with ink at .S3. 00, with many cuts, has been worked at a cost of 53 cents per token for ink ; but this is a rare result, the economy beiii;,' due as much to the skill of the pressman as to the length of the editio.i. If the edition had been 1000, the value of the black ink used and Avasted would have been at the rate of ^1.50 per token. Posters. — An ordinary poster, 12 x 19 inches, will consume of black ink at 25 cents per pound, at the rate of 30 and 40 cents per 1000 impres- sions, the quantity used depending upon the size of the type and tlic quality of the p:iper. Under tho same conditions, a poster 19 x 24 inclics will consume blick ink of same quality at the rate of 75 cents and SlW per 1000 impressions ; a poster 24 X 38 inches, from Sl-25t.).i?2,00por hM impressions. The value of tho color used increases with the size ol tiie sheet, and for this work, in greater proportion. The lai'gcr form Ivm larger type, and the larger press wastes more color. Tint Blocks. — A solid tint Block cut on pine, for a sheet 24 x lis inches, with a few white lines, will use of 25 cent ink, at the rate of .'^.J.O!) per 1000 impressions. If finer inks are used, the advance in i)rice will be nearly in strict proportion. For a sheet 24 x 38, of smooth, thick paper, dry, printed on a metal tint-plate, with ink at .Si. 00 per pound, the co.nt of ink will be ^10.00 per 1000 impressions. For this class of work, a pound of fine ink will do more work than a i)0uud of cheap ink. On comm m flat work, a good black ink will permit a liberal reduction of body witli vaniish. Blue Inks. — Many qualities of this color are used. The leadiii,' varieties are best known to printers as light, dark, ultramarine ami bronze blues. The light has a limited use for flat surfaces and tints ; the ultramarine, for flat surfaces, tints, posters, and to some extent, in iu finer qualities, on fine type; the dark and bronze blues are most used for fine and light work, for which they are well adapted, having strong body, and in extending property being nearly equal to fine black ink. Ultramariuels tho favoring color for bright showy work. It is very bulky for its weight, and worka well upon all flat surfaces. It is not ,1 finely-ground color. Tho best colors only are used for type, but they do not work with the freedom and smoothness of dark or bronze blues. The prices range from 50 to .S3.00 per pound. Flat Surfaces. — A flat-faced label, 9 x 14 inches, will consume of pure ultramarine blue at Si. 00 per pound at the rate of S3.00 per lOW ;s. 000, at the r.it.; ot [) impressions, the ler token. If riiu* :u edition of 1000 or 5J5.O0 is used, in 1 true proportion— xtcnding capacity. nt of color on tliis le can use it fredv f strength or wcak- of books and nc\\;<- onsililv increase the nt of 'the value of cuts arc numenms olor used cannot 1)0 ■4, the average valiio M cents per tokoii. ivould be more than lies, on an editioiidt worked at a cost of ;, the economy bein- ength of the edition, iuirused and wasted ^ill consume ot bliek ;nt3 per 1000 mx\n-(i>-- of the type and t'.ie poster 10 X 2i inrlies ,){ 75 cents and .-lO' Sl.'2r)t-.).i?'i.00pcr WJO witli the size ol the The larger form Vm , for a sheet 24 x ;W k, at the rate of .>^.00 vance in price will be smootli, tliick paper, nor pound, the cost o lass of work, a poiuid ■ip ink. On comni m sduction of body wita 5 used. The leading ,irk, ultramarine and lurfaces and tints; the lo some extent, ui iti lues are most used tot a, having strong body, [e black ink. [owv work. It IS very ■surfaces. It is not ,^ for type, but they do lark or bronze bUies. Lches, will conBumcof tate of $3.00 per lOW ESTIMATES. ETC.. FOU PIlINTEnS. 759 impressions. A flat tint block, 18 X 22 incncs, on fair paper, will nso of tills color, when somewliat reduced with varnisii, at the rate of SO.OO per 100") impresaions. A Hat tint block of i)ino wood, made for paper 2-i x 38 inrhos, will use of ultramarine at 75 cents, largely reduced with varnish, at tlio rate of S15.00 per 1000 impressions. Posticus.— For a poster, 12 x 10 inches, on ordinary News, the value UHcd of ultramarine ink at Sl.OO will be at the rate of 1*2.00 i)er 1000 im- proHsions ; for a poster, 10 X 24 inches, on ultramarine blue at 75 cents, $',i.0o per 1000 impressions ; for a poster, 24 x JW inches, on ultramarine blue at 75 cents, at the rate of $G.O0 to ^8.00 per 1000 impressions. Ink at RO cents per pound would diminish the value of the color used, but not in ratio with the reduced price. The cheaper color is thinner, not so well ground, and is consumed more freely. If it is used on any but the largest type, it will not prove of marked economy. Dark blue and bronze blue are little used for posters or flat tints. If used in bulk, without reducing, they will be much move expensive than ultramarine. When used on this kind of work, they are usually thinned with white ink, varnish, turpentine, benzine, etc., and sometimes with uia:.;nesia. When used on light, open and line work, the value of dark ())• bronze blues, may l)c rated as about double that of the sane quality !'.H l)laek ink. Ui:u Inks. — Under this heading may bo classified many qualities of scarlet and crimson color. The leading qualities are vermilion, lake and carmine. Vermilion red, a pure scarlet, is the basis of the better qualities of tlic cheap reds in greatest use. Commoner qualities, such as are sold at 75 cents and $1.00 per pound, are largely mixed with cheaper colors. In its pure state, vermilion is the densest, and, in extending i)roperty, the weakest of all colors. A pound of vermilion red at $'6.(^) per pound is about half the bulk of tine black at .Sl.'X) i^er i)ound. Where tlic black will yield color for 1000 impressions, the vermilion red will be used up with' about 350 impressions. The value of the red color, extending capacity considered, is about ten times as great as th;it of fine black. Lake red, a deep crimson, is inferior to black in extensit)n, but will give treble the service of ordinary vermilion. It is too expensive) for most bold work, or for fiat surfaces, nor does it i)roduco as good an effect as pure vermillion. It is largely used for fine work, for which it is well titled. Carmine, an intense and glowing crimson, is but little inferior to the finest black in extending projierties. It is one of the most expensive colors, and can be used to proht and with effect only on light and open work. Tor flat and solid work, the effect produced is Dut little superior to that of the finer lakes, and is seldom worth the extra cost. Posters.— The value of red ink at Sl.OO per pound, that will bo used and wasted in iirinting 1000 posters, 12 X 10 inches, may be rated nt 8^.00 ; on 1000 posters, 10 X 24 inches, the value of color may be esti- mated at S5.00 and $0.00 per 1000 ; on a poster. 24 X 38 inches, at SO.OO and S12.00 per 1000. The color is weak, and the use of light or bold- faced type will maiiQ serious differences in the consumption of color. On double-medium posters, the value of the color may be averaged at Sl.O() per 100 iniin-essions. Klat Sl'rfacks. — A flat label x 14 inches, with ordinary amount and aize of lettering cut for white, such as is used for soap boxes, etc.. will consume of pure red ink at Sl.OO per pound, at the nvte of $4.50 and Sj.OO ijcr 1070 impressions. If the pliito is flat, without lettering, at the rate of $0 00 per 1000 impressions. A flat tint poster for paper 19 x 24 iujhes, v,'ith letters cut in whit ■ as above, will use of red ink at^Sl.OO pel 7G0 TATEXT OFFICiC RUI.KS, KTC. pound, tliat has \)een oomewhat thinned with varnish, nt tho rnto of $9.00 and 810.00 per 1000 impressions. If i>uro color i» used, it will consume color to tho aniouut of 814.00 or 815.00. A Hat tint po.ster for paper 'J4 x 38 inches, cut on pine, with letteriuR as above, will consume of red iiik.it $1.00 per i)ound, thinned with varnish, at the rate of 818,00 and 825.(K) per 1000 impressions. If dry paper is used, as is necessary for registered work it could not be rated at less than 820.00 ; for damp paper, carefully managed, it may be less than 818.00, but this is unusual. CoLOKiNG OF Papeu. — Gray is usually obtained by mixing mineral or vegetable black with the bleached pulp, but tho tones producetl by these primitive means are generally dull. Vegetable black made from the chestnut tree gives the best result. Chestnut black can be made from the bark of the j-oung sprouts of this tree, generally cultivfited to make hoops for ca.sks ; after taking off the bark it is dried, ground, .".nd made into a decoction for coloring paper, and which can be made citlier gray or black. Logwood also may be used. Iron Gray h made with chestnut or logwood. For two cwt. of paper, 4 lbs. of e.\t. of che.ctuut, 4 lbs. sulphate of iron, dis.solved in 9 gals, of boiling water, then stirred and mixed with the piilp, adding a small quantity of red lake and ultra- marine. The size is mixed with 8 per cent, of sulphate of aluiiiinuni, this m.ay be much varied. With small quanities of ext. of logwood .niid sulphate of iron a lif/ht f/ray is obtained ; bv adding yellow and Prus,';iiin blue, a (freenish slate color ; by adding white, suppressing the blue, and keeping the lake, a chamois tone ; by adding to this last formula a little umber, bistre. Logwood is used with all colors when it is wished to darken the shades. With line pulp il is best to replace the ext. of log- wood by the product obtained from tho tree noted at the beginning of this notice. SohVENT.s FOR RrBBER.— These are bisulphide of carbon, coal i\a\y tha, rectified oil of turpentine, chloroform, and ether, which must be free from alcohol. INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. United States Patents and Fees. — No patent will be granted if the whole or any part of what is claimed has been patented or described iu .any printed publication in this or a foreign country, or been invented or discovered in this country. Prior Invention abroad will not prevent issue of a patent, unless the in- vention has been there jKitented or described in some printed publication. To prevent a subsequent inventor from obtaining a patent, an inven- tion must have been reduced to a practical form, either by construction of a model or machine, or drawing, by which a mechanic could make the same. Merely conceiving an idea of an invention is not a discovery, and patent- able. Foreign Patents.— The taking out of a patent in a foreign country does not prejudice a patent previously granted hero ; nor does it prevent obtain- ing a patent here subsequently. When a patent is granted here it will extend only seventeen years from date of foreign patent. Every foreign inventor must have in use, or for sale in tho United States, a copy of their patentable article, within eighteen mouths from date of patent. Duration of Patent is seventeen years. Extensions are prohibited on all patents granted since 1861. Applications for extension must be filed, and requisite fee paid, ninety days before expiration of the patent. Granting of Patents. — Patents, on payment of same official fee, are granted to all persons, iucludiug women and minors, unless iuhabitautd PATENT OFFICE RULIS, KTC. 'fil y, or beeu inveuted iscovery, and patcnt- of countries which discriraiuate against the inhabitants of the United States. Application /or a patent must be made in the name of the inventor, who can (done sign the papers ; an attorney for inventor ran mt do so. Ilcirs of an Inventor can obt-iiu a patent, papers to be signed by execu- tor or administrator of inventor. Jdint Inventoj'iS are entitled to a joint patent. An Inventor can assign his entire right, before a patent is obtained, so as to ciuible the assignee to Uike out a patent in his own name ; but the assign- nipiit must be first recorded, and specification sworn to by the inventor. Qiiths may bo taken, in tliis country, before any one authorized by law tf) ndiuiuistcr oath.s ; in a foreign country before any minister nlcniilbten- tiary, cliarge d'altairs, consul, commercial agent or notjvry public of tiie coiiiitry in which oath is taken, being iu all cases properly attested by of- ficial seal of such notary. Stamps. — A stamp of value of fifty cents is required for each power of attorney, each slieetof \n assignment to be stamped Jive cents, each cer- titifute of magistrate Jive cents. Drawings to be in duplicate, one on stiff paper, one on tracing cloth, to be 20 inches top to Iwttom, 15 inches wide ; tracuig to have 1 inch margin on ri^ht hand side, for binding. Models to be of hard wood, or metal, not more than 12 inches in any dimension ; name of the inventor to be engraved or painted conspicu- ously on it For an Improvement, only model of part to be patented is required, to show nature and operation of invention. Dmf/ns, no models required ; either drawings or photographs, both iu duplicate, with negative of photograph. S'i:\n Articles of manufacture, .sample of article ; medicines, or medical comi^ounJs, sample of same, and minute statement of exact proportions and ingredients. Caveats. — The filing of a caveat prevents, during its existence, the issue of a patent, without the knowledge of the caveator, to any person for a similar device. Tlie caveator is entitled to receive official notice during one year, for any petition for similar or interfering invention filed during tliat tin^. The caveator, when so notified, must complete his own application within three months from date of notice. ^ A caveat runs one year : can be extended by paying .1^10 a year. Caveats can only be filed by citizens of the United Stites, or aliens who have resided here one year and declared their intention of becoming citizens. . . UNITED STATES PATENT FEES. On filing each caveat $10 00 On filing each ori(;iinal application for a patent, except foi a d> sign, l.'i 00 On i.s8uing each original patent 20 00 On cTery appeal from Examiners-in-Chlef 20 00 On application for a reissue — 30 00 On application for extension fJO 00 Orantnig an extension 50 00 Filing each disclaimer 10 00 0 France l.'M) Great Britain 350 India 400 lUly 230 rortupal i;,50 Pruspia :iuO IluHsia .'SSO Saxony l',)0 Spain 4i)0 Swcdon and Norway COO FACTS RELATING TO HUMAN LIFE. Tlie following table exhibits the recent mortality statistics, showing tlie average duration of life among persons of various classes in the State of Massachusetts : Years. I Years, l Yeara. Men unemployed CSjBlacltsmiths SliBalceis..,^. .. Judges 65|Mercliant8 51|PainterH Farmers ,..64|Calico Printers 51 Shoemakers. Banlc Officers 64 Physicians 51 Mecljanics . . Coopers 58 Butclicra 50l Editors Public Officers 57iCarpenters 49!Musician8 43 l;( 4.3 43 40 39 ! Austria 1 death to every 40 Denmark 1 " " 45 '^ ' Belgium 1 " " 43 Norway and Sweden 1 " •' 41 The death rate in the United States varies much from the above, from the highest, Arkansas, where the annual moitality is one death to every 49 inhabitants, a trifle over 2 per cenfc of the population, to the lowest, Oregon, where the death rate is less than half of one per cent., or one Prussia .1 France 1 'ii FACTS ABOUT HUMAN LIFF. 'ca ^oUcitoTH, N.Y., t oflK'C,!! iuvpu- inforniiUion of r«hip, contractii, C!cds of trannlcr. ofdo.,recordins 35, or more ; lor assip:^iin<'»ta, o. y claim, §1. jen years, to nr?t time ()I niiiUins djxto of patent, ii £100 actditioniil. ). !0. iiial fees. OF ALL FE1=:S. SIM '^50 'JOO 550 .... '.'50 . . . . 4»I0 vay.::::.--- coo fe. itistics, pUowins tiie isses ill the SUitc of Years. ers.^ ...J iterH A makers *^ hanics ^q OrS on iciaiis gg litem ofi hinists f^ Idlers '^ •ks "w ratives "'- ,v 42 inhabitants, or [xhibit the following ,1 death to every 40 ^ a " ci J .4 « 3i rom the above, from is one death to every lation, to the lowe.^ one per cent., or one to over\ 20D iuhahitanta. The avorago yearly mortality in proportion to population is cxliibitcd in tlio followin;; table :— Kcw England States 1 in GSracific States 1 in 11.5 .Mttlillo States 1 " fP'Atl.inlic States 1 " 80 Sdulliein States 1 " "O'Gnlf StntoR i " 63 •»V(!«teni States I " flMisslsglppi Valloy States 1 " 60 Koi til- Western States 1 "120| Accordiiis to the Carlisle table of mortality, lar;;elv used as an author ity ill life insnrancocalculationa In (iti-!- born- die ill 10 years. j.'i.Cno die in PO i;o " \6,:\r,; » <;o " aO " 7,50!) " 70 " 40 " |'J,047 «' .SO America and Europe, of lO.COO cliii- 3,910 4,915 vears.iO.Sifl " l'.t,o:'i •' !»,009 dio in rn 1ji) 104 yenrSi Leaving only one living at the age of 104 years. Tlif' tables of the British Government annuities are constrnrtod on the prir.riple tbat women live longer than men. Thus, a male of 15 can pur- diaso an annuity of £15 per annum for £411 5a. lOd., but a female of the same age must ]^ny £43S lis. 4d. And, at 50, a man would iiav £272 17s. Ul. ; but a woman £312 143. lOd. Long life, as a general rule, awaits the man who is gifted wui ; '.ii- denco, a good constitution, and the mental potency to banish corvcx.ii.g iinxioty. The.so are inestimable gifts. Dr. Ilelierdcn, an illusiriius Loiuldii iihysiclau of the last century, whose practise lay chiefly among the wcaltby classes, asserted that nine out of ten of his patie-,: died cf a broken heart. Cornaro, the noted dietist, who by prudent cu:\: of liim- telf, lived to 104, wrote, " lam likewise greatly indebted Tor the ex( 1- lent health I enjoy to s 425 Potatoes 770 Fresli Fish 980 Beef Liver 1,220 Ked Herrings 1,465 Baker's Bread 1,990 Fresh Beef 2,300 Molasses 2,300 Skim . Milk Cheese 2,360 Cheddar Cheeso 2,660 Seconds Flour 2,700 Rye Bread 2,700 Kice 2,760 Barley Meal 2,780 Indian Meal 2,800 Sugar 2,900 Fresh Pork 3,100 Bacon 4,200 Butter 4,700 Lard. 4,800 Drippings 6,600 In cookery 4 lbs. of beef lose 1 lb. by boiling, 1 lb. 5 ozs. by roasting, and 1 lb. 3 ozs. by baking ; 4 lbs. of mutton lose 14 ozs. by boiling, 1 lb. 6 ozs. by roasting, and 1 lb. 4 ozs. by baking. As to the drinking cus- toms of society, statistics prove that every year in the United Kingdom, 70,000, aud in the United States, about 75,000 deaths result directly and indirectly from the use of spirituous liquors. The benefits derived from their use are in a great me^isure merely imaginary, and their persistent use can only have one result, viz., premature death. An intemperate person of twenty years has a probability of life extending 15 '! ; one of 30 to ll'(J years, while temperate person's would have a like probability of living 42 and 35 respectively. Connnent is useless, if you wish health and long life, abstain. Liebig, the ce'.ebrated chemist, recommends the persistent use of a i)urely vegetable diet us a cure for this abominable vice, especially in its earlier"stage,s, and Charles Napier, the noted Eng- lish scientist, has reported, as the result of experiments, 27 cases, m wiiich the exclusive use of vegetables as food, had created repugnance for alcoholic stimulants. Another remedy highly commended is to steep equal parts of the herb:: valerian and wormwood together, and drink the liquid three times a day when the desire is felt Still another remedy is tincture of cinchona (Peruvian bark) taken in 1 drachm (teaspoomul) 7GC POPULATION OP THE GLOBE. dosca every two hours. Tlio dose may bo increased to six tcaspoonfuls and taken m that proportion 4 to 10 times per day. It •will not destroy appetite for food, but in a few days tlie anti-periodic properties of :he ciu- choua besin to tell, and the patient not only loses all taste for the tinc- ture, but also all desire for everything in the shape of alcohol, THE LATEST CENSUS OF ALL THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD. Behm and Wagner estimato the total number of all men 1,423,919,000. They ore distributed over the live parts of the world as follows , Number of inhabitants per square mile. Africa 199,921,000 13 ] America 85,519,800 6 | Asia 824,548,300 49 >■ Australia 4,748,000. IV2 Average all over the earth, 28. Europe 309,178,500 82 Reliable figures are exhibited for Europe, save Turkey. They show Andorra 12,000 Austria, 187C 37,700,000 Belgium, 1874 6,.33C,C34 Dtumark, 1876...: 1,903,000 France, 1873 36,102,921 German V, ■ 1875 42,723,242 Great Britain, 1876 33,450,000 Greece, 1870 1,457,349 Italy, 1875 27,432,174 Luxemburgh, 1875 205,158 Monaco, 1873 5,741 Montenegro 190,000 Netherlands, 1875... 3,809,627 Norway, 1875 1,802,882 Portugal, 1874 4,298,831 Roumania, 1873 5,073,000 Russia, (Europe) 1870 71,730,980 Servia, 1875 1,377,0C8 Spain, 1870 10,551,047 Sweden, 1875 4,383,291 Switzerland, 1870 2,669,117 Turkey (Europe) 3,500,000 Another estimate of the population and area of the Globe is as follows :— Divisions. Europe . . Asia Africa . . . America . Oceanica. Area. Population. Pop. to Sq. M. 3,800,000 15,000,000 10,800,000 14,700,000 4,500,000 296,713,500 009.863,000 67,414,000 88,061,148 25,924.000 80 46 5 G S Total 48,800,000 | 1,177.975,088 1 24 It is estimated that this aggregate of humanity speak 3,004 languages, and profess to believe in 1,0*00 various forms of religion. Of this vast multitude, 33,333,333 are estimated to pass into eternity every year, 91,954 every day, 3,730 every hour, 60 every minute, and 1 every second. The number of births is larger than the number of deaths. Still .inother estimate of the earth's population, classified according to race and religion, is as follows : Races. Religions. Pagans 676,000,000 Christians 320,000,000 Mohammedans 140,000,000 Jews 14,000,000 Whites 550,000,000 Mongolians 550,000,000 Blacks 173,000,000 Copper-Colored 12,000,000 The Christians are classified as follows : Church of Rome. Protestants, Greek and East Chuicli, 170,000,000, 90,000,000. 60,000,000. AREA OP OCEANS AND SEAS — APPROXIMATE ESTIMATES. Oceans. Sq. miles. Pacific about 78,000,000 Atlantic " 26,000,000 Indian " 14,000,000 Southern Ooean to 30" about. 25,000,000 Northern about 5,000,000 Seas Sq. miles. Mediterranean 1,000,00« Black Sea 170,003 Baltic 175,000 North Sea 160,00« AREA OF SEAS, LAKES, ETC. 767 Bix tcaspoondils ■will not destroy (perties of ilie ciu- ste for the tinc- ilcohol. rHE VfOTX'LD. 1,423,919,000. They nts per square mile. rerago all over the earth, 28. They show : ■ .. 190,000 r5'.'.'.;".... 3,8.09,627 .. 1,802,882 4,298,831 . 5,073,000 V 1870. "...7 1,730,980 ' .. 1,377,068 ..10,551,047 4,383,291 io ".'.'..■•■ 2,669,m ,)/.•.. 3,500,000 lobe 13 as f ollowa j-^ ~ pPopTto Sq". M. 80 46 6 C 5 2ak 3,0G4 lauguayes, to pass into eternity every minute audi ho number of deaths, assified j\ccordmgto In the British expedition under Capt. Nares, with the two steamers Alert and Discovery, to the Polar Sea, it was determined tliat the depth of tliat sea, at one point, was about 70 fathoms, that the ice was from 80 to 120, aud in many places 200, feet thick, and nrobably a century old ; tliat a powerful tide sets in from the Pacific unaer this ice and extends down tlie long channel as far as the northern part of Smith's Souud. A sledge party advanced over the ice to lat. 83° 20/ 20" N., the most north- erly point as yet ever trod by man. No traces of human life exi.sUs nortli of iat. 81° 52', where the Esquimaux appear to have crossed the water, liere only 15 miles wide, into Greenland, from the large islands which fringe the North American continent on the nortli. On the Alert, mer- piry was frozen 47 days in all, and, in still weatlier, the niininnim temp. was more than 70° below zero and the auroras were neither brilliant nor of freciuent occurrence during the long Arctic winter, with its unjiaralleled intensity and duration of darkness produced by the absence of sunliglit for 142 days. Birds do not ipigrate beyond Cape Joseph Henry, on the American coast of the Polar Sea, in lat. 82° 52' north, and the northern limits of the haunts of wild animals is about 82°. Dwarf oaks, sorrel, poppies, saxifrage, and between 20 and 30 species of flowering plants were found growing in the vicinity of lat. 82° north, together with fossil corals, a workable seam of good coal, and evidences of the former ex- istence of an evergreen forest in lat. 82° 44'. hbtween tlio Tropics the temperature of the Ocean is from 77° to 84°, it diminishes to 45 5"^ at 1,000 fathoms depth. In the Arctic Sea the tem- perature rises from S" to lO** at 700 fathoms, and 6'' at 200 fathoms. Divers report an entire absence of motion in the Ocean at a depth of 30 ft., and the Solar rays penetrate 200 or 300 ft. Sea water is salt and bit- ter :it tlie surface, but salt only at profound depths. Tlie comiwnent parts, with slight variations, are water, muriatic acid, sulphuric acid, miiioral alkali, lime, and magnesia. The deepest soundings on record is miles. Young estimates the Atlantic at 3 miles, and the Pacific at 4 deep. Copper globes are compressed at 800 fathoms. Parry soimded iu hit. 57" N. long. 24° W. but found no bottom at 1,020 fathoms. ESTIMATED LENGTH OF SEAS, &C. Miles ! Seas. Miles. Seas. Seas. Miles. Aral 2.>0 Hudson's Bay 1,200 Mediterranean 2,000 Black 930 Carribean 1,800 Caspian 640 fhina l,700;Baltic 600' Baffin's Bay.' '600 Red 1 .400 Othotsk GOO Chesapeake Bay 260 Japan 1,000, White 4601 076,000,000 320,000,000 ,140,000.000 . 14,000,000 Qrcok and EftBt Church. ^ 60,000,000. TE ESTIMATES. ^ Sq. miles. l.OOO,00« , 170,000 . 175,000 . 160,00< Lakes. ESTIMATED SIZE OF Length Width Miles. Miles. Superior 380 Uaikal 300 Miohigau 330 fireat .Slave 300 Huron 250 Winnipeg 240 Krie 270 iOiit.ario 180 Anhab.iska 200 120 35 60 45 90 40 50 40 20 NOTED LAKES. Lakes. Length Miles. Width Miles. Maracavbo .... 150 60 Ladoga'. 12.5 75 CJreat 5car — 150 Nicaragua 120 Chaniplain 123 L. of the Woods 70 Geneva 50 Constance 45 40 40 12 25 10 10 Cayuga 36 4 Many of the above lakes are very deep, and it is owing to this cause that they never freeze. 'fpHNs 7G8 NOTED RIVEnS AND MOUNTAINS. Rivers, ZiEKGTIt OP KOTED RIVERS OX THE GLOBE. I Locality. | Mile.^. Rivera. 1 Locality. Mile* Amazon Brazil 3200 La Plata S. America 2216 Aronoco " 1500 Mississippi N. America 3200 )uri " MiS901 Arkansas Red River Columbia Ohio Colorado Susquehanna. James Potomac Hudson . 4500 2500 2500 1090 1000 1000 400 600 400 325 St. LawrcuceCanada i9fio St- John N. Brunswick.. . . 450 Murray Australia noofl Mackenzie... Brit. Tor 2500 Obi Siberia 2800 Danube .Austria & Turkey U% Don Russia '. nxw Dneiper " lono Euphrates. . . . from Ararat 20:'0 Rhine Germany f 00 Wolga from the Waldaia 2100 Lena Siberia ;'r,f)o Maykiang — Rinm 170,) Iloiing-Ho. . .China 3000 Yang-tse-kia '• 2.500 Ganges India 1G80 Brahmapootra " 1600 Indus " 1770 Kile Egypt and Nubia 26(M) Niger Africa 2300 Jumna . .llindostau r>80 Gogra " COO The Ganges, in India, derives its origin from a Himalayan glacier, it has a fall of 4 inches to tlic mile, and ri.se.s from April till August ;32 ft. creating a flood 100 miles wide. The Delta of tlic Gauges is 200 miles long, consisting of woods called Sunderbunds. It pours down from 80 to 400- 000 cubic ft, ill a second. Tlie force of the tides, which rise from 13 to 16 ft. high, with the floods, frequently form and destroy islands 25 miles in diam. The Nile has advanced 1(5 ft. per annum since the time of Herodotus, and raises the soil of Egypt 4 ins, in a century. The prodi- gious (luantities of mud brought down by large rivers enlarges contmentu ut their estuaries, and form aeltjts of alluvial land which eventually form Elaius of immense fertility. The ^Mississippi, the Amazon, the Nile, thf >anube. tiio Po, the Ganges, and the Niger arc striking examples of the truth of this statement. The Yellow liivcr, in China, is said to carry down 2,000,000 cubic ft. of alluvium every day. The Euphrates covers the Babylonian plains to a depth of 12 ft. between March and June. THE Hir.HEST MOUNTAINS ON THK OLOHK. Kunchainyungn, Ilimalsyas • - 8orata, Andes, liighest in Amcrira lUimani, Bolivia ...... Chimhorazo, Ecuador . . . . . Hindoo-Koosh, Afghanistan • - Cotopaxi, Ecuador Antisana, " ...... 8t. ElioK, British America - Popocatanetl volcano, Mexico Mt. Koa, llawaii - ... Mt. Brown, liiphest Rocky Mf. pk Mont Blonc, liiKhest in Europe . Mowna Roas, Owhyhcc - . . - Mount Rosa, Alps, Sardinia ■ - Pinchinra, Ecuoaor Mount Whitney, C'nl ... Mount Fairwea'ther. Riiss, Poss. • Mount Shasta, Californio . . - - Pikes Peak, California - . ■ . . Mount Ophir. Sumniatrn - . . - T remont's Peak, K. M. Wvominp Ijong's Peak, K. M. California- - Mount Rnnier. Washington Ter. • Mount Ararat. Armenia . . . . Peak of Teneriffc, Canaries . • - The mountains subtract than the roughness on tlic Feet. Miles. 28.178 5Jtf ttL.-Wrt S 21,7.'«) *% 21,414 4J< 20,rion lo.'ias ^H IIM.W w, iH.O()C »H ir.r.H 9>^ ■ii).(i()n <'> iwmn ^ i."),ri(! LI 700 • > i:.,.v,o ,') i:..2oo 2V i,5,ono •i\ ]4,7!H> n. 14,4.V) '-^4 w^ia 'i% 1X8(10 'i% ]3..'.70 'i% 13,400 "\ 1,1,000 •i'li 12.700 S l'.',2W no more coat of an Miltsin, Morocco 12,000 Mount Hood, Oregon 11,570 Feel. .Mil'j. 11,.M3 11,000 lo.aw lO.l.W lo.av) iS 0.754 li Smiplon, Alps Mount Eehanon, Syria - Mount Perdu, Iraficc - Mount St. Helen's, Oregon .Mount Etna, Sicily - • - Olympus, Greece ■ • . St (5othnrd, Alps 't/WO Pilnte, Alps (l,(»,')0 Mount Sinai Arabia .... 8,000 Pindus Oreccc 7.077 ninck MonntHin, New Caledonia 0.470 MoiititWnRhinKton, N. Hampshire O.^M Slount .Mnrov, New York - • - '>.4'i7 Mount Ilccla, Iceland 5,000 neii Ni'vis, Scotland 4,400 ManfOcld. Vt. 4,280 Peak? of Otter, Va 4,200 Ben liawers. Scotland .... 4,000 Parnassus. Greece ".ThW) Vesuvius, Naples !\,{Xii Snowdon, England .1„100 Stmmboh V,,X« Ben Lomond .1,280 Moinu Carniel 2,000 Gibmltar 1,470 from tlio globular form of the eartli orange. The highest elevations are 1 5. NOTED MOUNTAINS, TOWERS, ETC. 769 Locality. I Mile* lada 1960 Brunswick.... 450 stralia 3000 it. Tor 2500 eria 2»00 stria & Turkey 1790 issia 1000 •i lonfl )m Ararat liOJO ■nnaiiy ^oo )m the Waldais 2lfl0 bcria i;')00 am 1T0.> lina 3000 '. 2.500 idia l«fW " 1600 .« HTO imalayan glacier, it ril till August 32 ft. [68 is 200 miles long, own from 80 to 400- ch rise from 13 to 16 jr islands 25 miles in since the time of jutury. The prodi- i enlarges contments lich eventually form mazon, the Nile, thf ting examples of the lina, is siud to ( arry Euphrates covers the and June. LonK. Feci. Mil* .... 12,000 2',4 In 11.5T0 2^ '" .... 11,JH2 25 rm • - • - 11.000 2% cc - • - - lO.tt.'iO 3 .... 0.7.54 ik .... <»,(»80 IV .... (i.orin )% .... 8.ono \S .... r.orr U cw Caledonia CA'*] ])( N. Ilamixliire «.?W X l'^. : - : i«« 1 . . - . 4,400 .... 4,2fl0 .... 4,200 nd . - - - 4.0«0 .... ."..T.SO .... .i.iva .... .^..wo .... .",,.ViO .... 3.280 .... 2,<100 l.HTO lar form of the eartli ighest elevation? are ▼ithin the tropics, the next in the temperate zones, the next in the frigid, aud the limit of perpetual snow varies with the lieat of the surface; bee jiagc 119. The Andes chain extends 4(300 miles from the Gulf of Darien to the Straits of Magellan. The same chain in continued northward, tlirouuh Mexico, the United States, and tiie Briti.sh Possessions by the llocky Mountains find other immense elevaiions which form the back- bone' of the continent. These enormous mountain masses exert a genial action on the climate, form the source of rivers, and detemiinethe water shed of streams. The mountains of .\merica afford incontestable proof that the New World, geologically considered, is really the oldest fori'-iation of the present distribution of lajid on tlie globe. Irresistiblo subterranean forces are still active on the Andes ; from Cotopaxi south- ward, over 40 volcanoes are continually at work, causing havoc, and belcliing out lava, sulphur, &c. In many cases volcanic action impeU mountainous waves iroia tlie sea, carrying ves.sels several leagues inland over cities, towns, &c. In 174G an official account reported all the in- habitiints of Callao, 4000, destroyed, 19 vessels sunk, and 4, including a friftatc, were carried far inland over the city. Wafer saw 3 vessels which had been carried 5 or G leagues overland. A similar irruption took i)lace on this coast only a few months ago, attended by fearful suffering and awful loss of life and pro))erty. The Andes contain no granite at a higher elevation than 8 to 10,000 ft., the tops being crowned witli whinstone, and the crevices and fissures, many of them descending below the sea level, are even more astonishing than their heights. In .Vsia, the Himalayian ranges extend about 1400 miles, the mountain ridjres being from 50 to GO miles wide, extending from N. W. to S. E. They form the source of all the rivers of the Eastern seas, and liavo furni.r ofUtrecht, Holland 464iSt. Mark's Church, Venice 3iJ8 Steeple of St. Stephen's, Vienna... 4C0;Assinelli Tower, Bologna 3l4 Pyramid of Cephenes, Egypt 45G,Trinity Church, New York 283 St, M.artin'B Church, Bavaria 45r. Column at Dt-lhi, India 2(:2 St. Poter'a. Rome 448'Porcelain Tower, China 242 .Salisbury Spire, England 410|Canterbury Towor, England 2'M> St, Paul's, London, England 404|Notre Dame Cathedral, Pitrii 2.'52 8t. Peter's, at Hambro' saTlBunker Hill, Monument 2M Cathedral at Florence, Italy, ...... 384 i Leaning Tower, Pisa, Italy 202 'reniona Cathedral, Italy 372 Monument, London — 202 Snillo (^ithedral, Spain 360 Monument, PI. Vendome, Paris. . 15.". Pyramid of Sakkarah, Egypt 356, Trajan's Pillar, Rome 151 N'-arlv 70 round towers, with cromlechs, exist in different parts of Inland," from 30 to 1.35 ft, high. For other interesting items on this subject, see page 123. 33 770 A.REA, AC, OF THE UNITED STATES. PoPITLATIOy, OEOWTH, *C., OP THE UNITED STATES AND TEIlRITOniES. ll < 1810 1836 181.0 3|| (S < 144,317 52,240 107,000 Seitiled 1636 Sett 184r. Sett 1818 1816 1846 1859 1792 1812 led 1627 54,477 led 16R2 34,620 63,867 81,929 107,206 73,077 76,556 STATES. 81 <2 1820 208',335 Sett Sett led 1635 led 1620 1837 200,000 150.042 75,512 60,686 60,000 40,000 led 1623 led 1024 led 1614 led 1650 41,915 52.465 Sett: led 1685 Sett led 1637 led 1670 77,262 260,000 85,539 led 1607 376,688 210,596 1859 1817 1821 1866 1864 Sett Sett Sett Sett 1802 1859 Sett 1796 1848 1791 Sett 1862 1848 Alabama, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland. Masachus's Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, N. Hamps'o, New Jersey, New York, N. Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylv'na, R. Island, S. Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, W. Virginia, Wisconsin, Total States, TEItRITORIES. Arizona, Colorado} Dakota, District of Columbia, Idaho, Montana, "^ New Mexico, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Total Territories, Total US. and Ter., 50,722 52,198 188,981 4,750 2,120 59,248 58,000 55,410 33,809 55,041 81,318 37,030 41,346 35,000 11,124 7,800 66,451 83,531 47,156 65,350 75,995 81,539 9,280 8,3'JO 47,000 50,704 39,964 95-274 46,000 1,300 34,000 45,660 274,356 10,212 38,352 23,000 53,924 1,950,171 113,916 104,600 147,490 60, 90,930 113,770 121,201 80,056 69,944 93,107 965,032 2,916,203 a il 1-3 996,992 484,471 560,247 537,454 125,015 187,748 1,184,109 2,539,891 1,080,637 1,194,020 304,399 1,321,011 726,915 C2G,915 780,894 1,457,351 1,184.059 439,706 827,922 1,721,295 122,993 42,491 318,300 906,096 4,382,759 1,071,361 2,665,260 90,923 3,521,951 217,353 705,606 11,260,520 818,579 330,651 1,225,163 442,014 1,054,670 38,115,641 9,658 39,864 14,181 131.700 14,999 20,595 91,874 86,780 23,955 9,118 442,730 38,668.641 8 4 4 4 1 2 9 19 10 9 3 10 6 6 6 11 9 3 6 13 1 ] 3 7 33 8 20 1 27 2 5 10 6 3 9 3 8 292 1,550,544 628,349 857,039 1,651,912 1.334,031 598,429 246,280 62,540 1,026,502 4,705,208 258,239 925,145 1,230,729 Miles R.R. 18G2. 805 38 23 630 127 402 1,02(1 2,998 2,17r. 731 507 35.' 605 408 1,286 823 862 838 661 633 ,7281 937 3,100 4 3,006 , 108 973 1,253 451 662 1,379 361 961 32,120 1«72. i,g:i 2.'! 1,013 ^20 227 4cr, 2,10,S \m 3,r,29 3,160 1,700 1,123 53D 871 820 1,606 2,2,To 1,612 m 2,580 828 SD3 7M 1,265 4,470 1,100 3,7W 153 5,113 130 1,201 1,520 8115 675 1,490 1,725 59,58: 32,120 "m 60,SS .TE3. POPULATION, AC, OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES. 771 AND TEBRITOniES. Miles n.R. 18C2. POPULATION, AREA, &c.. OF THE PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD. isrs. i50,544 >28,349 }57,639 651,912 334.031 598,429 246,280 52,540 ,026,502 t,705,208 258,239 925,145 ,230,729' 805, l,G7l 38 a-s 23 1,013 630 m 127 227 402 4C6 1,020 2,10^ 2,908 S.M 2,175 3,ra 7311 3,100 1,700 56- 1,123 35f 534 505 871 408 B2fl 1,286 1,606 2,233 823 1,612 8621 'M 8381 2,5M 828 ■'. 1 5ti3 6( 31 790 633 1,265 ,728 4,470 937 1,1M 3,100 3,7W 4 153 3,006 5,113 , 108 13C 973 1,201 1,253 1,520 451 606 662 675 1,379 1,430 361 4K» 96 I 1.-25 Comitrica. China British Empire Kussia Unilod States and Alaska. Friinen Austria and Hungary. . Japan Great IJritain and Ireland. (icrman Empire Italv Spam Rrazil Af},'l>ai>istan Turkey Arabia Mexico Turkestan Sweden and Norway Aram Persia Pcln;ium , Biriiiali Bavaria Siani Portugal , Holland New Grenada Cliili Lao3 , Switzerland Peru Bolivia Argentine Republic , Wurtemburg Denmark Venezuela Baden Greece Guatemala Ecuador Paraguay Ile.^Si! Liberia San Salvador. Ilayti Beiiocliistan . Nicaragua.. . . Malaya, etc. . . Ur.aguay Honduras San Domingo. ('o«la Uico Hawaii Populati'n. Area in sq. miles. 4-46,500,000 3,741,846 220,817.108 4,677,432 81,925,400 8,003,788 38,92 ■) ,000 2,003,884 36,469,800 204,091 35,904,400 210,318 ai,785,300 140,.'599 31,817,100 121,315 29,906,092 100,207 27,439,921 118,847 16,642,000 105,755 10,000,000 3,2.53,029 6,000,000 220,000 10,463,000 672,624 8,500.000 1.200,000 9,173,000 761,r>2C 4,800,000 414,000 6,921,300 292,K71 6,000,000 150,000 6,000,000 635,004 5,021,300 1 1 ,373 7,000,000 205,000 4,801,400 . 29,292 5,500,000 189,000 3,995,200 34,131 3,688,300 12,680 3,000,000 357,l.'-.7 2,000,000 132,010 2,000,000 130,000 2,029,100 15,992 2,500,000 471,8.38 2,000,000 497,.321 1,812,000 871,848 1,818,000 7,533 1,784,000 14,7.-53 1,500.000 368,238 1,461,300 6,912 1,457,900 W.S-W 1.180.300 40,879 218,928 1,300,000 1,000,000 63,787 823,133 2,909 718,000 9,576 600,000 7,;535 672,000 10,205 500,000 162,000 360,000 58,171 600,000 60,000 300,000 66,722 350,000 47,092 136,000 17,H27 165,000 21,505 62,950 7,033 Capitals. Pckin London St. Petersburg. Washington... Paris Vienna Ycddo London IJcrlin Itonie Madrid Hio Janeiro. .. Cabool Constanlinople Mecca Mexico IJokhara Stockholm Hue Teheran Hrusfcla Monchovo. ... ^Munich Bankok Lisbon Hague Bogota Santiago (^'hangmai Berne Lima Chuquisaca.. .. Buenos Ayres. Stuttgart Copenhagen.. . Caraccas Carlsruhe Athens Gu:vtomala.... Quito AHuncion Darmstadt Monrovia San Salvador.. Porlau Prince. Kelat ]\Ian!igua Singai)(iro Mouto Vidro., ("amayagua.. .. San Domingo.. San Jose Honolulu Popula- tion. 1,648,800 3,251,800 667,000 109,199 1,825,.';00 833,900 1,554,90(3 3,251,800 825,400 244,484 332,000 420,000 fO,000 1,075.000 t;o,ooo 210,300 160,000 136,900 60,000 120,000 314,100 5,000 169„500 1,50,000 224,063 90,100 45,100 115,400 25,000 36,000 160,100 25,000 177,800 91,600 102,042 47,000 36,600 43,000 40,000 70,000 48,000 30,000 3,000 15,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 57,000 44,,500 12.000 20,000 2,000 7,033 In the foregoing table the figures relating to population, give, in tha majority of cases, the census of 1870-71. U Europe the five Great Powers are the Empire and Jlonarchy of Gr 772 AREA, AC, OF BRITISH AMERICA. Britain and Ireland, the Empire of Germany, the Empire of Russia, the Enk plre of Austria, andtlie Republic of France. The second-rate Powers are the Kingdoms of Italy, Spain, Norway and Swo. den, and the Empire of Turkey in Europe. Regarding the latter it may be snif| that great changes are impending, owin>» to tlie adverse issue of the war with Russia, and the present tlireatening attitude of the Rusuian armies and Uio British fleet near Constantinople, . ^ , . „ , , „ The third-rate Powers are the Kingdoms of Belgium, Portugal, Bavaria, Denmark, Saxony, Greece, Holland, or Netherlands, the Republic of Switzer- land and the Duchies or lesser States. AREA, POPULATION, «tC., OF BRITISH AMERICA. Name. I Area in Eng. I sq. miles. Hudson Hay Ter. ) i Red River, ] Brit. Columbia, &c. Vancouver Island, Newfoundland, Prince Edw. Island, Nova Scotia & Cape B . , New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, 1,800,000 914,500 13,250 57,000 2,173 19,650 27,710 210,000 125,000 Popula- I tion. j [ 175,000 1 [ 10,000 50,000l 18,000 124,288 80,857 330,857 252,047 1,111,500 1,396,091 Capital. |Popula- I tion. York Factory, Fort Garry, New Westminst'r Victoria, St. Johns, Charlottetown, Halifax ) Fred'n ) Quebec ) Ottawa I Toronto ) 15,000 2,599,283 ''.000 3,000 25,000 6,706 26,000 7,000 52,140 44,821 ^ir-,i CAPACITY OF NOTED CHURCHES. Will Contain No. persons. St. Pftter'9, Rome 54,000 Milan Cathedral 37,000 St. Paul', , Rome 32,000 St. Paul's, London 25,600 St. Petronio, Bologna 24,400 Florence Cathedral 24,300 Antwerp Cathedral 24,000 St. Sophia's, Constantinople.... 23,000 ■Will Contain No. Persons, St. John's, Lateran 22,900 Notre Dame, Paris 21.000 Cathedral, Pisa 1,3,000 St. Stephen's, Vienna 12.400 St. Dominic's, Bologna 12,000 St. Peter's, Bologna 11,400 Cathedral, Vienna 11,000 St. Mark's, Venice 7,500 CAPACITY OF THEATRES, OPERA HOUSES, HALLS, &C. ' Will Contain No. Persons, Gilmore'B Garden, New York 8,443 Stadt Theatre, '• 3,000 Academy of Music, " 2.526 Academy of Music, Philadelphia. 2,865 Carlo Felice, Genoa 2,560 Opera House, Munich 2,307 Alexander, St. Petersburg 2,332 San Carlos, Naples 2,240 Adelphi Theatre, Chicago 2,238 Music Hall, Boston 2,585 Academy of Paris 2,002 Imperial, St. Petersburg. 2,160 LaScala, Milan 2-,ll3 Covent Garden, London 2,684 Boston Theatre, Boston 2,972 Grand OparA Hall, New Orleans. 2,052 Will Contain No. Person!!. St. Charles, Th., N. Orleans 2.178 Grand Opera House, New York 1,883 Booth's Theatre, " l.ROT Opera House, Detroit 1 ,7m Mc Vicar Theatre, Chicago 1 ,7^6 Grand Opera House, '* .... 1,7S6 Ford's Opera House, Baltimore. . 1,720 Nat. Theatre, Washington 1 ,7n!) De Bar's Opera House, St, Louis \fiK Cal. Theatre, San Fran 1 ,t;M Euclid Av.. Op. H.. Cleveland.. . . l.fi'i Opera House, Berlin ifiX Opera House, Albany 1,4M Hooley's Theatre, Chicago 1,."73 1 CoulterOp.H., Aurora, III 1,0W j Opera House. Montreal 9" ,■ ).,-■! .ixl-:,.. MEASUKEMENT OF TIME. \. of BuBBla, the Enk I, Norway and SNvr> fttteritinay besai.l Bueof the warwuh ian ariniea ami Uio Portugal, Bavaria, Llepublic of Swltzer- 773 'actory, arry,. estminst'rl ia, ittetown, ,x) ; I ) I c ) Ottawa I to ( 15.000i 3,000 25,000 6,706 26,000 7,000 52.140 44,g2l ■Will Contain No. Persons, ,_„n 22,900 ^"^ 13,000 1 " Iftfl 'ienna {--^ ^o^«g"» ::u% 0P"» 11000 M^»- 7 500 nice HALLS, &C. "Will Contain No. Person?. h., N. Orleans.... ■.'^•l'^8 HUe, New, York l,Sg [Detroit ]^ tre, Chicago -J House, . .• •• '-' „ louse. Baltimore.. l,<.n Washington...... i-''!^ a House, St. Louis ,6^ San Fran.. ....••.• {• 'j, , H.,Cleveland.... ,;^ Berlin ''.^ i Albany [tA vtre, Chicago. Ym\ ■T., Aurora, 111 *'2S Montreal '"^ Measurement of time, table. COficcondB 1 minute. 60 niinutea 1 hour. 24 hours 1 day. 7 days I week. 28 days 1 lunar month. 28, 29, 30, or 31 days 1 calendar month. 12 ralendar months i year. 365 days 1 com- year. 366 days 1 leap ye.ir. 36,^V'. days 1 Julian year. 365(1., 5n., 48m., 49b 1 solar or tropical year. 365 d, C h., 9 m., 12 8 1 siderial year. 365 d.. 6.13 m., 49.3 B 1 anomalistic year. 10 years 1 decade. 10 decades, or 100 years 1 century. rQUlVALENTS. Tr. Da. Hr. Min. Sec. 1 = 366V4 -= 8760 - i;25960 » GIWTGOC 1 "=. 21 = 1440 = e640O > V. .-. 1 = 60 = fm Scale of units :— 60, 60, 24, 365%. The tropic.'vl (or solar year) and the sidereal yeara arc the same, and the tropic is only an anticipated solar mark before the sidereal j'ear in completed. The anomalistic year is an advance of the orbit as part of he solar system in space, and its excess over the sidereal year is the stellar measure of the annual advance of the whole system ; the mean velocities are uniform, and the times as the spaces. The diurnal revolution of the earth causes the difference in time, etc., illustrated in the following LONGITUDE AND TIME TABLE. For every hour of time there is a difference of IB'^ in longitude. " minute " ♦' " l.V " second " " " 15'/ " " degree of longitude " " 4m. in time. " minute '* " " " 4 sec. " '• y " second " " " i'» sec. " 360=" = 1 revolution of tlio earth, or 1 day. . • 1440//=! »< « " •' 1440 4- 360 = 4 minutes, or 1 degree. Add difference of time for places east, and subtract it for places WEST of any given locality. The greatest circumference of the earth's surface is 24,930 miles. 1° of that circumference is l-360th of that num- , bcr, or 69J miles. Hence a geographical or nautical mile is equal to 1' of ^e earth's greatest circumference, or a trifle more, the 1st mile and P"^— 774 DIVISIONS OF THE CIRCLE, AC. 49 rods. The following table exhibits the divisions of the circle, as used by geographers, astronomers, surveyors, navigators, &c. :— 60 Fcconds (") make 60 minutes " 30 degrees " 90 degrees " 4 quadrants or 12 signs " 1 minut«, 1 degree, 1 sign, ( 1 quadrant, \ 1 right angle, !. « circumference I or circle C. 1. EQUIVALENTS. s. ° ' » 12 = 3G0 = ClfiOO 1 = 60 = 1800 I = 60 = 1 Note.— A full circle is 300°, i circle is 180°, \ circle is 90, J circle is 600. The distance around a circle i.s called its c/)'f)n»/e)vw(>. The dis- tance across its diamet-jr, and any section of its circumference is called an arc. marked it o (1 Big quad r. a. u cir. II 12Pfi000 108000 JGOO 60 EODATOR ^»»rH tw^- f' The above figure displays the various imaginary lines, consisting of the great and less circles, axis, and poles of the earth. The next figure exhibits the geographical division into zones, tropics, and circles. Leap year, called Bissextile, comes every 4th year and contains .¥)G days, by the addition of one day to February. Three leap years are omitted in 400 years, but 109 leap years in 450 years would be exact. In common business affairs, 30 days compose a month, and 52 weeks a year. The Lunar Cycle, or Golden Number, is a term of 19 years, after wliidi the changes of the moon return on the same days of the month. Tlie Solar Cycle is a period of 28 years, when the days of the week again return to the same days of the month. Owing to an error in the Julian calendar it was decreed by the British Goveniment that the day follow- ing the 2nd of September, 1752, should be called the 14th day of Septem- ber, or that 11 days should be stricken from the calendar; hence, time, previous to this decree, is called Old Style (0. S.), and since, Neio Style (N. S). In Russia, time is still reckoned by the Old Style, hence their dates are 12 days behind ours. The legal or civil day begins and ends at VARIOUS EPOCHS. < I o OF THE cmri.E, itors, &e. :— marked ' << << Big. quad, r. a. cir. W 1206000 lOSOOO 3600 60 e is 90, h <'irclP is :rcnce. Tlie (Us- ui ference is called .^. OCQUATCm I ines, consisting of The next tiguie and circles. and contains ilTiG ree leap years are ould be exact. In d 52 weeks a year. years, after wlntli the month. The of the week again error in the Julian at the day follow- th dayof Septom- sndar; hence, time, id since, Neio Style Style, hence their begins and ends at 12 p.m. The astronomical day begins and ends at 12 m. As to Epochs, the Christian Era was first invented and introduced at Rome by Dionysius, a monk, in 527, adopted in France, in 750; in Spain, in 1340; and in Portu- gal, in 1410. It was first used in books in 748. The birth of Christ, was, however, four years earlier, that is in 1878, really 1882 since his birth ; the chronology was not inquired into until the reign of Justinian. The 46 years of tlio Julian calendar was the first of our era. The Hegira, or flight, took place July 1G,G22, and is the Mohainnicdan era. Their year is 12ruuar months, or 354 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes; and eleven davs being lost a year must be allowed every 33, to reconcile their dates with ours. (Jreek'Olympiads of 4 years began 77G B. C, and wore continued until the 5th century The era of the Selucidaj 311 n. C, of Alexander 323 B. C, of the siege of Troy 1209 B. C, of the founding of Konie 754 B. C, of the battle of Actium 31 B. C, of the Caesars 38 B. C., of Tyre 12") B. C, of Abraham 201G, of Moses 1582, of Antioch 41>, were also used by various early writers. The early Christians dated Iron, the accession of Diocletian iu A. D. 284. The Vulgate fixes the Epoch of Adam at 4004 B. C, which is adopted by the Romish Church. The Samaritan Pentateuch makes it 4700; the Talmud, 5344; Hales, 5411; the Greek Church, 5508; the Septuagint, 5872; Pezron, 5872; Alphonso, King of Castile, 6934; the early Fathers, 5502 and 5592; 200 other authorities estimate it from G984 to 32G8 B. C. The controversy is a hopeless one, owing to the prevalent ignorance regard- ing the true meaning of the first 12 chapters of Genesis, which are grossly misunderstood, owing to the prevalent opinion that they form a mero literal historical narrative concerning natural events, when the truth ia really far otherwise. Rollin, the historian, traces up the hi.story of several ancient peoples to within 100 years of the alleged time of the flood, and is much perplexed to aceount for the existence of mighty nations possessing well organized armies, embracing thousands of fight- ing men, at that early period. In India, the priests claim a duration of about 2,000 millions of years since the beginning, and allege that Brahma was 17 millions of years creating. They mention also those deluges and periodical submersions required by the claims of geology. Sir Wm. Jones computes the first book of Vedas to be written about 2,800 B .C. In the year 1,000 A. C. the Arabs used the pendulum as a measure of time. A second calculated by the movement ot a 39-inch pendulum is one with that motion, and the movement itself is a simple deflection of the combined motions of the earth in its orbit from east to west, and on its axis from west to east. 770 ON TKLEGUAPHY. DESCRIPTION OF THE TELEGRAPH AND HINTS TO LEARNERS, The cut represents n series of Grove's Battery, such as are penerally used in telegraplis. Wlicn a plate of ])latina and one of zinc are placed in an acid solution a current tends to How from the platina to the zinc, throuph any conductor which may be so disposed as to connect the two. In the tigure the galvanic series is represented, consisting of twelve pairs ; the zinc of each of whicli is connected with the platina of the next. It maybe considered that a current 13 produced by each of these jjairs, whjch has, however, to flow in the same direction, and fall in with all tlio others. Hence their intensity is multiplied twelve times. It is by tliis means tliat the resistance to the passage of the current through very long conductors is overcome. I^ch pair of the battery consists of a pint glass tumbler, a cylinder of zinc, a small porous cylindrical earthernwaro cell within the zinc, and a platinum strip suspended within the cell from nii arm belonging to the zinc of the next pair. A solution of diluted sulphuric acid is used with the zinc outside the porous cell, and the cell itself is filled with nitric acid. The two acids are used on account of an increase of power depending on a chemical reaction. The znic cylinder is amal- gamated with mercury to prevent its being acted upon by the acid when the battery is not in use. A solution of sulphate of soda is sometimes added to the sulphuric acid to assist in accomplishing the same object. Two screw cups rise from the l)attery, one of which is the i)ositive pole, or extremity of the series, the other the negative ; to these the wires are attached which convey the current. The signal key is showed in the cut. When the hand depresses tlie key it comes in contact with the knob and nietiillic strip below, making connection between the screw cups, and completing the battery circuit. While the key is depressed a continuous current passes, but if it be depressed, and allowed to sjiring immediately up. only an Instantancoua wave or impulse is communicated. The annexed cnt shows the registering apparatus of Morse's Telegraph. Two screw cups are seen on the board for the insertion of the wires from the distant battery. Next the screw cup is seen a U shaped electro- magnet, with coils of wire upon it, the ends of which, "massing down through the board, are connected with the screw cups • over the poles ox TELECnAl'IlY. 0m 'mm 1 17 of tho magnet in a littlo armaturo, or bar o( soft Iron, nttnched to tho Hlinrt arm o( a lover, whoso louj; arm carries a iM)iiit or stylo nearly in contact with tho grooved roller above. Tlio action which tivkcs place on depressing the signal key at tho distant sUvtiun is, a wave of electricity is tnuisiuittod thronjih the wire of tlie tele;:nii)h, arrives at tho electro- masjnct, and circulates throu;;lj tho coils of wire surrounding; it. Tho i; sliaped piooo of soft iron immediately becomes a magnet, and attracts tlie httlo armaturo down to it, tho lou« arm of tlio lover is thrown up, and marks the strip of paper, passing between it and the roller. AVhen the distant operator lets tho signal key fly back and tho current ceases, tho inm of tho electro-magnet loses all its magnetism, and tlie armature, with the lover, is carried back by tho action of a little spring, l)ciiig a dot iiupres.sed on a piece of paper. Should tho distant «)perat()r hold down tlie key a continuous current will pass, and a line be marked in place of a dot (-) on tho paper which moves under tho roller. "When a long circuit is used, tho resistance to conduction, measured by the amount of electricity which passes, is great, and would not givo nuflicicnt force to work tho Morse instruments. To overcome this, Pro- fessor Morso uses one instrument called a RcUty, which is similar in most rpspocts to tho main instrument, but of a more delicate electrical organiz- ation ; it has no work to do — simply to act as a contact maker, enabling a weak or exhausted current to bring into action and substitute for itself a frosli and powerful one from the locril battery which is i)laced in tho offlre with the printing instrument, and which supplies tho electricity wliicli moves tho instrument. Tiie greatest recorded velocity of a signal through a suspended copper wire is 1,752,800 miles per second, by Mr. Hipp. The lowest velocity through a buried copper wire, 750 miles per second, by Faraday. A-- U — C-- D — K- F-- G — H-- I -- J — K — I M — N — Morse's Alphabet, Numerals and Pauses. i: O- P-. Q- li - S-. T 2-- 3-.. 4... . U V--- W- — -X Y-- Z &. - 6 .7 8 9 Period Comma Semicolon "Interrogation E.xclamation ■ Parenthesis Italics Paragraph — HINTS TO LEARNERS. Compiled from Modern Practice of the Electric Tdef/rapk, by Frank L. Pope. * The characters of tho American Morse Alphabet are formed of three elementary signals— The dot, whose duration is tho unit of length in this alphabet ; The short dash, which is equal to three dots ; and The lonff dash, which is equal to six dots. Tlie above are separated by variable intervals or spaces, lour in num« bet : •D. Van NoBtrand, Publisher, 23 Murray »treot, New York. 33* 778 ON TELEGRAPHY. Ist— The ordinary space between the elements of a letter, equal to one dot. 2d — The space employed in the spaced letters, equal to two dots. 3d— The space between the letters of a word, equal to three dots. 4th — The npace between tico words, equal to six dots. The dot signifies a point or a current of infinitely short duration, and involves time, which varies according to circumstances, the length of tlio dot increasing Avith the length of the circuit. In long submarine lines tlio dot has to be made longer than the da:-h itself on short open air lines, juid tlie same thing occurs in workiiij; through repeaters. In commencing to learn telegraphing, the beginner should acquire the nabit of making short, firm dashes, instead of light, quick dots. In the valuable Manual of Prof. Smith, publisned by L. C. Tillotsor. & Co., New York, six elementary principles are laid down as the basiH for practicing the alphabet, viz : 1st ruixcirLE.— Dots close together: I S II P G SdPrinciple.— Dashes close together; y , M 5 If ■ .. 3d PiiiNCiPbE. — Lone dots: ^ E 4th Principle.— Long dashes: T ij or cipher. 5th— PiiiNCiPLK. — A dot followed by a dash: A Gtii PuiNCiPLE.— a da.sh followed by a dot: To send messages, place the first two fingers upon the top of the button of the key, with thetliumb partly beneath it, the wrist being entirely freo from the'table; tlio motion being made by the hand and wrist, the thuiiil) and fingers being employed merely to grasp the key. The motion iii)niid down must be free and firm. Tapping on the key must be strenuously avoided. The dovmioard movement of the key produces dots and dashes; the upward movement, spaces. The beginner should first practice tlie 1st principle, making dots at regular intervals, of definite and uniform dimensions. 2d Principle. — I\Iiiko dashes, first at the rate of one per second, and slowly increase to three, the space between the dashes to be as short as possible. 3d Principle.— Letter E, formed by a quick, but firm, downward move- ment of the key. 4th— The usual tendency is to make T too long and L too short. Tlio same character is used for L and the cipher, or 6; occurring by itself, or among letters, it is translated as L ; when found among figures it be- comes 0. 5th— The Letter A may be tiined by tlie pronunciation of the word agahi. strongly accenting tlie sco .d syllablo. Cth— The dash followed by a dot ; usually the student separates the prac* PHOTOGRAPnY MADE EASY. 779 letter, equal to one m, downward niove- tice. The lever of the Morse instrument makep a pound at each movement, the downward motion producing the heavier one, or that representing dots and dashes ; i. e., the heavy stroke indicates the commencement of a dot or (lash, and the lighter one its cessation. A dot makes as much noise as a dash, the only difference being iu the length of time between the two sounds. Techxicai. Terms Used ik the Teleoraph Fehvice. ' •' Line.— The wire or wires connecting one station with another. Circuit. — The wires, instruments, etc., through which the circuit passes from one pole of ,..o battery to the other. yfetallic Circuit.— A circiiit iu which a return wire is used in place of the earth. I/)cal Circuit.— One which includes only the apparatus in an offlce, and is closed by n relay. Local. — The battery of a local circuit. Loop.— A wire going out and returning to the same point, as to a branch offlce, and forming part of a main circuit. Bindinfi Screws or T'e?'mma/s.— Screws attached to instruments holding the connecting wires. To Cross Connect Wires.— To interchange them at an intermediate stition. To Put Wires Straight. — To restore the usual arrangement of wires and instruments. To Ground n Wire, or Put on Gronnd. — To make a connection between il:c !:"0 wire and the earth. To Open a Wire. — To disconnect it so that !io current can pass. lievcrsed Batteries — Two batteries iu the same circuit, with like polos towards each other. To Rever.i.— Protosulphate of iron, 2 drachms ; acetic acid, 2 drachms ; methylated alcohol, 2 drachms ; water 10 ounces. Fixbifi Sohuion. — Cyanide of potassium, 2 drachms ; water, G ounces. This solution will keep for months without losing its strength. MANIPULATION. Tlie Collodion Coatiiif/. — Having selected a piece of glass, entirely free from blemishes, and quite clean, hold it as level as po.ssible by the left- hand corner, then, iu the centre, form a good pool of collodion. Slant the glass so that the collodion may cover all portions, taking care that "t does ent form consists of lire. It consists of .-i rack and pinion ad- orn four to five foot a Avitli, is the best. :i()n for exciting the Q the solutions, osti- icals. ions of silver, toniiij: negative picture, to wash-leather, and a id, third, and fourth they should be per- y will be to obtiiiu a window witli sevcml ical rays. A table or kCpt at the side, coii- ust arrange an apart- 10 must bear in mind dcy-light, if possible. site tlie window, but A. white wall will do er. Lied seven or eisht ft ark cloth is thrown roper attitude of the :ixste of the opcnitor to the light, before oucluded these prc- photography i» col- kept ill a stoppered lied water, 4 ounces; ihras ; acetic acid, - ounces. 18 ; water, G ounces. strength. glass, entirely free possible by the kft- ollodion. Slant the ing care that "t does PHOTOGRAPHY MADE EASY. 781 not touch the hand*. Pour the superfluous quantity back into the bottle. The glass is now readj^ for immersion in the silver bath, which is called Erriting the Plate. — The manipulation may be conducted in daylight up to this point ; but as the immersion of the collodionized plate renders it sensitive to light, recourse must be had to a dark room. Having the silver solution ready, place the prepared glass on the dipper, and im- merse in the solution. When the plate has remaineil in the bath about a minute it should be withdrawn, then immersed for half a minute longer, then drain the glass plate, place it in the dark slide of the camera, and proceed with the third operation — Exposure in tlie Camera. —Assuming that the camera has been prepared, and the image properly focussed, remove the ground glass screen, and insert tlie slide containing tlie plate. Desire the sitter to keep perfectly gtill, and look at some dark object ; then take the cap ofT the lens and allow the plate to be exposed for twenty or thirty seconds, then close the shutters of tlie dark-slide, and return to the dark room to Derelop the Ptcx\t tell him in pose himself much red in photographic bination lens, tripod 5per, two graduated porcelain funnel, one acket of quarter-size inen cloth, negative irotoBulphate of iron gold, hypoBulphate , distilled water, &c. RE. chemical terms we [ibinedwith oxygen, atu ration, possessing 1 the saline comiw- various combinations ng terminations de- Ipiiun'c acid signifies gen. 2. Sulphuroi/j >rtion of oxygen. 3. y the sulphuric acid. sulphurot/* acid. 5, f sulphur not acidu- mbined with gas, it salts with bases of me, iron, or potasli. iron, &c. Salts are d, the other the base. ihuric acid and iron, muriate of soda is >sed of acids ending the following exam- third degree. y degrees, e salt of sulphune t of sulpheron.-* acid. salt of a double !acid(ltc2). Jlypo ON HUNTING AND TRAPPINO. 785 ON niTNTING AND TRAPPINO. To Trap the Common Black Beaii— Select a suitable spot for the trap between logs, trees, or hills, close to their suspected haunts, and gecure it well with a short, stout chain. Bait the trap with a piece of porlf, mutton, or beef, and if the bait is scented with honey it will prove a powerful attraction ; the bear will push himself forward where there is any thing to eat, being dominated more by greed and voracity, than by craft and cunning. He is a No. 1, contractor at a job for taking a fat jwrker from the farmer's pen off to the woods, and will squeeze himself mto a deadfall or figure 4 trap, intent only on getting at the bait, but is decidedly dangerous to attack single-handed with a gun, as he is perfectly furious when wounded. Ou one occasion, a bear emerged from the woods and destroyed a sheep belonging to the writer. One of the farm • hands, a veteran liunter and trapper, took the remains of the sheep to the woods and placed them in such a position, near some fallen trees, tliat the bear would be compelled to go through a passage way between two logs in order to reach the carcass. At right angles with this passage way, but back from it, he secured a Spencer rifle (loaded with slugs) in a finii position, so as to sweep the passage, and arranged a small cord ex- tending across the narrow avenue, with one end fastened to the trigger of the rifle, and the other to the timbers opposite its muzzle. The result was a loud bang from the rifle in the evening, a lanten. hunt in the woods at night, and a dead bear shot through the heart beiiind the fore- legs, within a few feet of the rifle. The black bear is usually less than G ft. in length, domiciles under the snow and in hollow logs during winter, and produces from 1 to 5 at a birth, generally in January. The Grizzly Bear is a huge brute of vast size, sometimes as much ns 8 or 9 ft. in length, and of prodigious strength. He is of massive build, has a thick stout neck, shaggy hair, coarse formidable tusks, and power- ful claws of great length. ; is altogether an ugly customer and require.s for liis capture the largest size trap that is made. In the Northwestern (British) Territory, on sighting the hunter he generally makes for his enemy, and has a curious habit when GO or 70 yards distant of sitting np erect on his haunches and taking a sur\ey of the field, as if calculating Ilia chances in the coming fray, and will repeat the examination at inter- vals of nearly SO yards as he approaches. The hunter will do well to reserve his fire until the bear comes within a few yards' distance, when, if he suddenly extends his arms the animal will come to a full stop and erect himself again. This is the time to take unerring aim at close quar- ters and make sure work, for if he fails he will never hunt another bear, hi tlie Sierras, the Rocky MountJiins, and in California, no animal roam- ing his native wilds surpasses the grizzly in savageness and strength. His weight is upon the average from 1000 to 1200 ibs., and one bite of his jaw8 or one stroke of his paw ia certain death. Ou the Pacific coast 78G ON HUNTING AND TRAPl'JNG. he is often hunted by mounted VamteroSy who usually go five in a com. pany ; four use the lasso, which tney throw over the bear nt opposite angles from each other, and while he is thus held tight from four oppo- site directions, it is possible for the fifth roan to approach and finifh liim with a knife. It is extremely dangerous work, for if one or more of tjio ropes should slip, unless it is immediately secured by another successful throw, there is danger of instant death to the nearest man if his horse is not smart enough to carry him off in safety. The grizzly makes jumps of 10 feet, and when he has a chance to charge it requires immen.';e ngi|. ity to dodge or esc.ipe him. All of the vaqucros have a number of la.s.sos, and in case of a slip make prompt action with another throw. In nearly every case the griz/.ly invites attack, he will run Irom men at an extreme distance, but never fails to make a savage charge if he comes witliin hail- ing distance. Baits for Trappers' use.— 1. Fish Oil, is made by mincing eels, ba?;?, trout, or other email fish, and allowing the pieces to remain in a loosely corked bottle exposed to the rays of the sun for 2 or 3 weeks during tlic heat of summer, until a sort of oil is generated, which owing to its very mtense odor, is perceived by wild annuals at an immense distance aii^ forms a most attractive scent. 2. Oil of Anise. 3. Oil of lihoditim. 4. Assafvetida. 6. Oil of Amber. 6. Oil of sweet fennel. The last noted articles (five in number) are procured in drug-stores. 7. Muskrat-mnsk, a most powerful scent, is an oil obtained from that animal, and is con- tained in glandular sacs situated near the anus. 8. Castoreum, called Bark-stone by the fur traders, is a fatty substtince of an intensely strong odor contained in similar sacs in the back parts of the Beaver. It forma a more attractive scent for that animal than any other. 9. Otter mvsk, de- rived in a similar way from tlie otter, is very successful in attracting that animal. 10. A mixture composed of equal parts of fish-oil, assafoetida, nnisk- rat-musk, and oil of anise, is said by old trappers to be the most attractive scent obtainable for almost any animal. The odor reaches far and wide, fornnng what a Frenchman would call "one grand stink" of the first magnitude. It is used on baits for traps, and for scenting trails leadiug to the traps by sprinkling it in successive drops on the ground. 11. A rank codfish drawn along on the earth by means of a string, in a direction leading to the traps will also answer this last named purpose very well. 12 Musk-rat musk and skunk musk mixed. This receipt has been sold for$75. 13. Unslakedlime ^ lb., salammoniac3ozs., ormuriateof ammo- nia, 3 0Z8. Mix and pulverize, keep in a corked bottle a few days until a thorough admixture takes place. Tor mink, sprinkle on the bait around the trap. Keep in a closely stoppered bottle. This receipt has been Fold for $50. In using these compounds on baits for trapping foxes and other sly game, it is often advisable to smear a little en the trap in order to overpower the human scent arising from liandling them ; it would be a better way to wear gloves when handling traps, and employ a slight smearing of beeswax or blood to overcome the odor of the iron. To protect the lien roost from these depredators, !-aw out an aperture large enough to admit the fox on a level with the ground. Inside the roost place a box without a lid and open at one end. This open end must be placed against the aperture in the wall, on the ground, so that the fox will pass into it on his entrance into the roost and the side without the lid will be uppermost. Set your trap in the box just opposite the entrance to the roost, secure it with a chain and lightly cover with dried leaves, grass, or other material adapted to conceal it. Next, place a chicken in- side a smaller box and nail slats on one side instead of a cover, and place this box with the slatted side downwards, on the top of the first box, im- mediately over the trap and exposed to the view of the fox. The temp* ON nUNTIXO AND TRAPPING. '87 y go five jn a com. le bear nt opposite lit from four oppo- lach and finish liim one or more of tlio another successful man if his horse is izzly makes jumps lires immense agil- anumber of lassos, r throw. In nearly imcn at an extreme e comes •within hail- r mincing eels, ba^s, remain in a loosely 3 -weeks during the h owing to its very aense distance anh ')il of lihodhim. 4. el. 'The last noted 7. Muskrat-mnsl; luimal, and is ccn- . Castorevm, called an intensely strong e Beaver. It forms '. 9. Otter mvsk, de- ul in attracting that il,assafcetida,niusk- ; the most attractive aches far and Mide, stink " of the first nting trails leadiuc he ground. 11. A string, in a direction purpose very well. ceipt has been sold r muriate of am mo- eafew days until a on the bait around ceipt has been sold ing foxes and other le trap in order to }m ; it would be a d employ a eliglit be iron, w out an aperture round. Inside the 'his open end must nd, so that the fox side without the lid )opite the entranco with dried leaves, jlace a chicken in- a cover, and place f the first box, im- I fox. The temp- tation will prove too much even for a fox to resist, and he will enter only to be caught in the trap. Mink, raccoons, weasels, skunks, &c., may bo caught in the same manner. Close up every entrance to the roost except the one just described. In trapping Mink in the water, the trap should be set in a shallow part, not more than one or two inches, deep, with the bait suspended about 18 inches above it ; this compels tlie animal to erect itself on its hind legs, or leap upwards to get the bait, and thus to tread on the trap and get caught. Traps may also be set sunk in their beaten tracks, or at the mouths of their holes, and concealed by dried grass, leaves, &c., with excellent effect. In trapping "Wolves or Foxes, use a trap well cleaned with weak lye; after drying, oil or grease it well, and smoke it over burning hair or fejith- ers. In handling it use clean buckskin gloves to avoid imparting the least human odor Make the bed for the trap about 3^ ft. in diam. so that the jaw."} when set will be on a level with the ground. Cover with fine dried grass, wheat, oat, or buckwheat chaff, secure it well with a chain, level all neatly to a natural appearance, and bait with fresh meat or roasted cheese. In going and coming, your chances will be increased by rubbing fish oil, or some other powerful odor on the soles of your boots, to scent the way leading to the trap. Wolves and foxes are easily destroyed by mixing a little strychnine with grease and concealing it in pieces of meat scattered around in places where they haunt. It destroys animal life in a very few minutes after it is taken, but it is injurious to the fur. In trappiu" the Otter, take a large sized steel trap, set it, hang it over a fire 2 or 3 hours, then take a stick or board, and get into your boat or canoe, go to the place most frequented by them, and place the trap about 3 inches under water and carefully cover it with leaves, light trash or grass gathered from the bottom of the stream, and chain it securely. Be very careful not to touch the bank above water, if you do, your labor is gone for nothing. The otter will leave at once for a quieter home many miles distant from the scene. In visiting your trap never go nearer than the opposite side of the stream, or go by means of a boat. When caught, the otter will point directly for his den ; if the trap is not lieavy enough to drown him, a weight can be attached to the chain. Raccoons may be caught in a steel trap set on the edge of a swamp, IJ iu3. below the surface of the water, and secured by a chain to a stake. Suspend the bait— a piece of a chicken, fish, or frog — 2 ft. above the pan of the trap. The raccoon will leap for it, and when he comes down, up goes the trap and holds him a prisoner. Another plan is to set the trap on an old log in or near the swamp, then get two long poles or old limbs, set one on each side of the log over the trap, crossing it like the letter x, so that the coon will have to go under them and over the trap. Bait the trap if you wish, but the coovi is certain to run the old log if he comes in the neighborhood. One of the surest ways to catch raccoons is with a good cur dog, one that will not give tongue on track, but will bark at tlie tree. JIiSKKATS may be taken in large numbers by sinking an old barrel with its top on a level with the ground on the edge of a stream near their haunts. Half fill it with water, put in a couple of shingles or light strips of board to fioat on the water, on these i)lace small bits of sliced apples, potatoes, or carrots, and place some more in the runs of the muskr.ats, so as to lead them towards the barrel. The rats will leap into the barrel after their food and cannot get out. A cheaper and more effective con- trivance could not be imagined. In using a trap, note a tree or old log with recent droppings on it leading from the bank into the stream. On this set your trap, say, 2 ius. under water, place a bait ou a projecting 788 ON HUNTING AND TRAPPING. ,' I u stick about 6 or 8 ins. above tho pan of the trap, securiiij;; the latter with a chain sufficiently long to permit access to deep water, but not to go ashore. By this means the fur is preserved in good order and tho aiiiniai is safely secured. In winter it is quite common for trappers to take the muskrats by approaching quietly on the ice and driving a spear into their house. They must be approached with the greatest caution, as they take to the water at the slightest noise. Another way is to make an o{)eniiii; in the side of their house, set the trap in their bed, lightl v covering it with moss, &c. ; allow a sufficient length of chain to permit the animal to leap into the water, secure the chain by a fastening oiitsido the house, plaster up the aperture with mud, retire, and await results. Squiurels may be taken by setting a steel trap on the upper rail of a fence where they frequent ; set a pole with an ear of com histencd to it so that the bait may be suspended 6 or 8 ins. over tho pan of the trap, and in reaching for the bait the squirrel will get caught. Badgers may be caught by setting the traps, airef uUy covered, at the mouth of their holes, or in their tracks or resorts about cultivated fields. They may also be taken in deadfalls, using a piece of meat for a bait, and if the grouud is hard frozen during early spring, they may be ex- pelled by filling their holes with water. In summer tho water would soak away through the earth, daring hard frost it cannot do so, and the animal is compelled to come out of its hole or drown. In trapping Beavers, the best place to set the trap is right at the entrance to their holes in the banks, a few inches under water. Get a small stick, and batter or bruise the thickest end soft, sinear it with bait No. 8, and stick the small end in the bank so that the baiicd end will pro- ject a few inches above the water right over the iian of the trap ; the beaver, in raising himself to get the bait, will get caught. Another way is to break an aperture in the dam a few inches below the surface of tlie water, set tho trap on the upper side of the break, and the beaver will get caught when he comes to investigate and repair the damage. The trapper will usually secure his prize by placing his trap a few inches below the surface of the water at those places where they make their landings by springing from the stream onto the bank. The Pine-Marten or American Sable lives in the trees and prevs on partridges, mice, squirrels, hares, &c. A piece of either of these may be used as bait, or the head of a fish, pheasant, or a piece of meat, and the trap may be placed in a hollow tree, in any natural or artificial en- closure, or in the track of a deer ; in each case let it be well covered with light grass, decayed moss, or rotten wood, so as to present a natural ap- pearance. The Fisher-Marten is attached to low, swampy ground, is partially web-footed, and subsists on fish, mice, rabbits, &c. It may be caught in the same manner as the List-named animal. Be careful to scent the trap and conceal it properly, also attach it to a spring pole or twitch-up con- trivance, so that when caught it be elevated out of the way of becoming a prey to larger animals, and prevented from dismembering itself to get clear of the trap. The Pine-Marten and the Fisher both live and breed in hollow trees ; thejr are by no means very cunning or difficult to trap, but are absolutely furious when caught. The WooDCHUCK, or Ground Hog, as it is styled in Canada, constructs burrows in the ground, extending 20 or 30 feet, usually entering the slope of a hill, at the root of a tree or stump, under a fence, or in crevices be- tween rocks. They are very destructive to crons in cultivated fields. Sometimes they are drowned or flooded out of tneir holes by means of water, at other times they are shot, but in the great majority of oases ti»ey are caught by traps set without bait, (although they will.take roots, \. ring the latter with ater, but not to go rder and tho animal trappers to take the ng a spear into their aution, as they talte o make an o^jenitit; litly covering it with it the animal to leap !c the house, pUister . the upper rail of a com hvstenecl to it tho pan oi the trap, ;ht. EuUy covered, at the lut cultivated fields. of meat for a bait, ag, they may be ex- 3r the water would uuot do so, and tho trap is right at the inder water. Get a t, smear it with bait J baited end willpro- an of the trap ; the light. Another way w the surface of the and the beaver will : the damage. The [P a few inches below lake their landings he trees and preys either of these may , piece of meat, aull ral or artificial eli- te well covered with esent a natural ap- jround, is partially t may be caught in ul to scent the trap or twitch-up coii- e way of becoming jering itself to get th live and breed in ifBcult to trap, but Canada, constructs y entering the slope or in crevices be- cultivated fields. loles bv menus of t majority of cases lev will.take roots, ON HUNTING AND TRAPPING. 789 com, or brcaa), and carefully covered with paper, sand, Sic, at tho moutha of their holes. Goi'HERS may be caught by making a slight excavation at tho mouth of their hole and placing a trap so that tho i>an and jaws will be on a level with tho surface of tho ground and covered as above described. HUNTERS' AND TRAPPERS' TABLE, SHOWINQ THE VAniorS SIZES OF NEWUOU8E TRAPS ADAPTBD TO THB CAI'TUBE OF I>IFFEBE>'T KINDS OF OAMK. Kind of Animal. Squirrel, IJopher, MuHkrat, Woodchuck, ]^link, Fisher-Marten, Skunk, Fox, Opossum, Kaecoon, Badger, Olter, Marten, litaver, Wolf, Common Black Bear, Grizzly Bear, No. of Trap. 4 5 G Bait required. Gmin, nuts, or car of corn. do. do. do. Carrots, potatoes, apples, &c. Itoots, fruit, corn, or bread. Fowl, llesli, or roasted ll8b. Meat, niu.skrat or deer flesh. Rail: Mice, meat, piece of a fowl. Fowl, flesh, nsh, toasted cheese- Nuts, corn, mice, piece of fowl. Chicken, tlsh, or frog. Mice, or fle?h of any kind. Fish, piece of a bird, or otter musk. Head of a iiifh, piece of meat, or fowl. Fresh roots, castoreum on tho end of a stick. Waste parts of tnmo or wild fowJ. Pork, beef, ear of corn, honey. do. do. do. do. Note.— Tho numbers 0, 1, and ly™, respectively, are single spring traps ; No. is the smallest size ; all the others are double spring traps. No, 6 being the largest trap made. The above baits should bo scented, wliere necessary, by a proper selection from the preparations previously described. Wildcats, foxes, wolves, and all the weasel tribe will take flesh and fish of nil kinds, with this exception, that foxes, wolves and dogs will not eat their own kind ; weasels of every kind will. All furs are best in winter, but trapping may be done with profit from tlie first of October to the beginning of April. All fur-bearing animals lose tho best i^art of their fur as the warm weather approaches, and regain it as the cold weather sets in during tho fall, so that from the first of'jtiay to near the end of September trapping is but labor lost. This process is indicated in the case of the muskrat and some other animals, by the color of tho inside part of tho skin. Towards summer it becomes brown and dark, a sign that tho best fur is gone. Afterward it grmvs licht-colored, and in winter, when tho fur is in tho best order, it is alto- petlier white. When the iielt is white it is called prime by the fur dealers. The fur is then glossy, thick, and of tho richest color and the tads of such animals as the mink, marten, and fisher, are full and heavy Beavers and nm..krats are not thoroughly prime till about the middle of venter other animals are prime about the first of November The skins of an mala trapi)ed are always valued higher than those shot, as shot not only makee holes, but frequently plow along the skin, making ^""0^8 as well as sliaviug off the fur. Newhouse gives tho following rules to trappers as tile result of much experience : . xv 4. *v. u., «.«i «,.f L Be careful to visit your traps often enoufjh, so that tho skin wiU "ot have time to g«t tainted. 2. As soon as possible after an animal Is dead and drv, attend to the skinning and curing. 3, Scrape off all superfluous r I 790 ON nUNTINO AND TRAPPIXO. i flesh and fat, and bo careful not to go so deep as to cut tlie fibre of the flkin, 4. Never dry a skin by the firo, or in the sun, but in a cool, sliadj phice, slioltered from rain. If you use a bam door for a stretcher, as Ixjj* Bometlnies do, nail the skin on the inside of the door. Ti. Never use "proimratious " of any kind in curing skins, nor even wash them ia water, but simply stretch and dry tiieni as fciken from the animal. To Deodouizr Skunk Skins, ou Scented Cm)tiiino.— Hold them over a fire of rod cedar bouglis, and sorinkle witli chloride of lime ; or wrap them in groeu hemlock boughs wiieu they are to bo had, and in '2i hours they will bo cleaned. For arsenical soap for preserving skins, see page 124. Skulls of animals may bo rapidly prepared by boiling in water lor a few hours ; a little potash or lye will facilitate the removal of the flesh. A mi.xture of equal parts of good glycerine and water, to every gallon of which h added lu?:. of the crystals of carbolic acid, constitutes a good preserving liquid for all animal substances. The use of pure glycerine, with about ^ pt. alcohol, and ^ oz. carbolic acid, added to each gal., makes an excellent mixture for preserving the tissues of soft animals, where it is desired to preserve the color as well as the tissues. According to M. Devergie, of the Paris School of Practical Anatomy, .i mixture of 3 pts of glycerine, and one of carbolic ac'-', injected into dead bodies, will prevent any unpleasant odors emanating from them for sev- eral months. Another higli autliority. Dr. Lowell, of Brooklyn, recom- mends as a preservative fluid, the use of zinc chloride. The quantity used for a human subject is 5 gals. The apparatus rec^uired consists of a porcelain lined vessel, which is elevated to such a height that the solu. tion is injected into the artery by the simple gravity of the liquid, as it descends tlirough glass and rubber tubing. Dr. Lowell writes : "The injection may be made by either artery or vein I prefer the brachial artery above the elbow as tlie point for introduction of the glass tube, for the primary incision is slighter, and consequently divides emallcr and fewer veins than when I exiwse the femoral artery. I use the gravity method, and introduce about five gallons of the antiseptic fluid. The effects are eminently satisfactory. The color of the integument is im- proved." To Pbeseuvr Insects.— After killing the insect with chlornform, paiut it with a solution of carbolic acid in alcohol — 4 grains to the oiiuce— then dry in the sun. Tliis will keep it fresh and beautiful. To TuAP Hawks ou Owns.— Take a pole 20 feet long. Set it a short distance from the house or bam, or on the poultry house. Split the top 80 as to admit the base of a common steel trap, which should be secured. When the trap is set the depredators will be pretty certain to alight on it and get cauglit, as they usually select a lofty i>erch from which to pounce upon their prey. The Shooting of Birds. — The wanton shooting of harmless birds, merely for sport, is a most heartless and cruel recreation. The plea of commercial necessity and self-preservation m.ij bo urged in behalf of the shooting and trapping of wild animals, but do f. uh excuse can be alleged for the extermination of hamiless birds. Lfrt litem sing in the brond vault of heaven to their heart's content, ai>.:l tenant the fields and their forest homes without molestation. A huntiir liarmtes that he once fired at a bird which he followed up as it fluttered away. He said, " I saw a Bight I never will forget There it was, with its wings broken, and all bespattered with blood, at the nest with its young. I felt so bad that I vowed never to shoot anotho'r bird ! " Again we say, spare the iunocents. To Seucct Furs. — A sure test of what dealers call prime fur is the length and density of tiie down next tho skin. This can be detemiiued ON BOOK-KLEIMXO. 791 by blowing ft brisk current of nlr from tho month against the Bet of the (ur. If the fibres open readily, exposing the «kin to the view, reject the articip ; but if the clown is so dense that the breath cannot , lenetrato it, or at luo.ot shows l)iit a small portion of tlio skin, it is all riglii. To Clean Fi'US.— Strip the furs of their stufHng and binding, place thPin, if possible, in a Hat position, and brush them briskly with a stiff clothes-brush. Cut out all moth-eaten portions, and replace by new bits of fur to match. Sable, chinchilla, squirrel, fitch, &c., should be treated by an application of hot bran (warmed in a pan), well rnbbed into the fur with tho hand. Repeat this two or three times, shake the fur, and give it 4g(XKl brushing,to free it from dust. White furs mvy be cleaned by lay- ing the furs on a table, and rubbing them with bni nado moist by warm water. Rub until quite dry, then apnly dry bran. The wet bran should be put on with flannel, the dry with book muslin. In addition to the above, light furs should be well rubbed with magnesia, or a piece of book muslin, after the brau process. ON BOOK-KEEPING. In Book-Keeping, he who buys what he does not pay for at the time, is Mid to go in debt for it, and is called a debtor, and he who sells the goods and gives credit for them is called a creditor. In entering accounts it is usual to abridge tho terms and write Dr. for Debtor, and Cr. for Creditor. In every case t\\erecciver is always the Debtor, and tlie feller is always the Creditor. In Book-Keeping, the thing received is Dr., the thing de- livered is Cr, ;what you owe isCr., what owes you is Dr. The whole jiystem of Book-Keeping rests upon charr/cs and credits ; when you sell to your neighbor, it is a o/ifTJv/e against him, and you mu.st charge him with it on the debit side of the account ; when you receive anything from him, it is a credit, and you must credit him with it on tho credit side of the account. The word To, in keeping accounts, denotes that the debtor owes for what has been sold to luni, and the word Jiij, is an indication that tlie debtor has made a pa^yment by which he has paid a part or tho whole of the debt charged to hira. There are two methods of book-keeping, Single and Double Entry ; the last is employed in extensive and complicated mercantile business, wliere a check is required uyton eacli entry, to prove that it has been properly recorded. The first is generally used by persons engaged in ordmary business, as it is more simple and sufficiently correct for such purposes. It requires but three books— the Day-Book, Ledger, and Cash-Book ; to these may be added, a Bill-Book, in which all notes, received or given, are recorded, showing when drawn, by whom, in whose favor, length of time, when duo, amount of note, and any exjjlanatory remarks required ; also, a Sales-Book, in which orders for goods or tho details of sales are entered, and a Receipt-Book, where receipts can be permanently kept DAY-BOOK. The Day-book should contain statements oi every business transac- tion, which gives rise to persons owing us or to our owing them, i)rop- erly arranged under the head of debtor or creditor. Tho accounts should be entered in this book at the time they were created, or in tho order in which they occurred in business. The book should be commenced by stating the name of the owner and his residence. The day, month, ancf year, should then bo written, and repeated at the head of each page corresponding with the date of the first transaction on the page, tlie subsequent dates on the page may stand above the transactioii to which they belong. In making an entry the name of the person with whom we deal is written, with Dr. or Cr. at the riglit of tiie name, to show whether ho becomes debtor or creditor by the 792 ON BOOK-KEEPING. transaction. Tlien a statement should follow of the business ddne, specif yinfj the articles bought or sold, and the price of each. Thv Uib! amount should be added up and entered in the dollar and cent cohnnns. The person with whom you deal is debtor for whatever he receives of yon, and creditor for wh.atever you receive of him, is the rule for deterniiiiing how an entry must be made. Tlie entries in the Day-book are trans. ferred to the Ledger, where all the transactions relating to an individual are recorded on a page devoted to his account. The figure at the left of au entry indicates the page of the Ledger to which it has been carried. If a mistake is made in au accoimt, it should not be corrected by altering the original entry, but a new entry made debiting or creditin'j the amount of the error, "thus, " John Smith, Cr. by [or Dr. to] error in account of Oct. 6, ^1.50." This will enable a person to swear before a court tliat his book contains his original entries without an alteration. LEDGER. The Ledger is employed for collecting the scattered accounts of tlie Day-book. The accounts which relate to the same individual are brough; together on one page, showing all the debits and credits, thus enabling the owner to tell at a glance the state of his account with any person. The Dr. accounts are placed on the left hand of the page, and the Cr. on tlie right. The Ledger may be ruled according to the example on page 7iH. Every Ledger should have an index, in whicli all the names it conUiins are alpliabetically arranged, with the page of the Ledger on which the ac- count can be found. Posting Accounts. — Transferring accounts from the Day-book to tlie Ledger is called jwsting. Commence with the first name in the Day-book, which in our example is M. Marshall ; begin by writing his name in a fair hand at the top of the page, with his residence, if dilterent from yout own, placing Dr. on the left, and Cr. on the riglit o^ the name. As he is debtor to us we commence at the left liand, writing ..i the first column the year, month, and day, in the second the page of the Day-book on whidi the original entry can be found, in the tliird the name of the article, or jf several articles are rcord d under one date, they may be entered with the general designation of sundries or merchandise, and in the fourth column the total amount of the transaction. Against the account in ilio Day-book mark the page of the Ledger to which it has been josted ; a mark can also be made to show that it has been transferred to the Ledger. Now take the second transaction in the Day-book, and if it is snother name talce a new page in the Ledger, and proceed in tlie siinie manner as the first. In this way all the entries in the Day-book are posted to each i)erson's account, every week or month as oppoitiinity may occur. By subtracting one side from the other the balance which is due will bo found. The specimen page represents three pages of a Ledger, to correspond with three persons who have transtictions in tho Day-book. Balance Sheet. — This may be made to accomplish a double purpose, as it will exhibit the state of 'the owner's accounts, by determining the amounts owing him and that he may owe, and also prove that tlio ac- counts have been correctly posted and added. Tlie method is as follows ; rule heetof paper similar to ledger page, for debtor and creditor ; add up a. : lie items of credit on a jiage of the Day-book, and enter tlie amount on the sheet, then add the debits in tho same manner, and proceed in this way for whatever time it is wished the proof should cover, add ui) iho two columns and subtract one total from the other, and tho differeuco will bo the balance of the D«5'-book. Turn to the Ledger and obtiiin tlio balance of each person's account, and place it under its proper head ; add these up, and the difference will be the Ledger balance. If the two bal* aucea agree, it proves the entries have been correctly posted. FOFxil OF DAV-BOOK. 793 the bufsine.v.i Odiie, of each. Thv tubl r and cent cohunna. !r he receives of yow^ rule for deterniining Day-book are trans. ;ing to an individual figure at the left of it has been carried, not be corrected by debiting or crediting y [or Dr. to] error in on to swear before a out an alteration. ered accounts of tlie dividual are broiigl ; rcdits, thus enabling mt Avith anv person. page, and the Cr. on example on page 7S4. he names it contains Iger on which the ae- the Day-book to tlie ame in the Day-boolc, riting his name in a if dilTerent from yoiit the name. As lie is ,1 the first column the J Day-book on v hidi ime of the article, or may be entered with ie, and in the fourth it the account in ilie las been yosted ; a transferred to the ly-book, and if it is )roceed in the ?;ime the Day-book are onth as opportunity le balance which is three pages of a transactions in tho ■s 1 a double purpose, by determining the prove that tlio ac- lethod is as follows ; _ and creditor ; add nd enter the amount and proceed in this cover, add up ilio and tho difference Jger and obtiiin the ;s proper head ; add ce. If the two bal* posted. X 1 X2 X3 XI x: X 1 X2 X3 X3 BOOK-KEEPiyO. DAY-BOOK. XtoBEBT Baker, St. Jon>', N. B., Octodee 2, 1877. M. Marshall Dr. To 8 yds. of muslin, at 9 cts. a yd ? 0.7: To 4 yds. of cloth, at §3 a yd 12.00 To 1 scythe 1.10 James Brown Dr. To 1 nr. of shoes J1.40 To 1 lb. of tea ' .75 David Moore By 1 yoke of oxon. Cr. James Brown Dr. To 14 lbs. nails, at G cts $0.84 To 5 galls, molasses, at 32 cts l.GO To 12 lbs. cheese, at 10 cts 1.20 Cr. By 8 lbs. wool, at 36 cts M. Marshall Cr. By 1 load of hay ?6.00 By 12 lbs. butter, at 9 cts 1.08 David Mooro To Cash J>X» M. Marshall Dr. To 1 stove $14.00 To 8 yds. cloth, at $3 24.00 To 1 horse 42.00 ___^_^___ <« David Mcoro Dr To 1 set of harness $20.00 'Jo 1 wagon 64.00 6 James Brown Dr. To 28 lbs. sugar, at 8 cts , $2.24 To 1 barrel of flour 7.00 To 3 brooms at 14 cts 42 .^^_-__^__^__^____ «< _______-__—_——— Cr. David Moore Bv20 bushels com, at 62 cts $12.40 By Cash 30.00 By order on Peter Wilkins 21.00 7 David Moore To check to balance account . Dr. <2' XI, James Brown By Cash to balance account. 10 Cr. 12 M. Marshall By his note at 3 mouths from date 34 Cii» $13 2 115 82 15 00 3^64 2'88 708 SO 80 84 63 44 12 00 00 00 6 «10 ?40 4 $50 5 $100 1 ; 51OO0 4 Days. 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 n 8 " 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 8 11 22 2 ',".i 12 " 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 12 16 33 3 13 16 " 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 16 22 44 4 44 20 " 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 24 28 56 5 56 24 " 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 28 33 67 6 67 28 " 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 1 8 32 39 78 7 78 1 Mox. 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 32 42 83 833 2 " 2 3 5 7 8 10 12 13 15 17 68 83 1 67 16 67 3 «« 3 5 8 10 12 15 18 20 23 25 100 125 2 50 2.5 00 4.- *« - - 3 7 10 13 17 20 23 27 30 33 132 165 3 33 33 3,3 6 " 4 8 13 17 21 25 29 33 38 42 168 2 08 4 17 41 67 G " 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 2 00 2 50 5 00 50 00 1 Yeah. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 93 «1 4 00 $5 $10 SlOO TABLE, SHOWING THE NUMBER OF DAYS FROM ANY DAY IN ONE MONTH TO THE SAME DAY IN ANOTHER. Krom To January . February March . . . April.... May June July Aug Sopt Oct Kov Dec 365 .'?34 306 275 31 365 337 306 245 276 2141245 1841215 59 28 365 334 3041335 •c -<_ 90 59 31 3a5 273 304 120 89 61 30 365 334 1.51 120 92 61 31 365 335 181 150 122 91 61 30 365 P <_ 212 181 243 212 153 184 122 92 61 31 365 334 304 273 243 153 123 92 62 31 305 335 3M ! .i . •w j > I D U I S 273 304:334 242 273!3fl3 21424.V275 183 214|244 1531184214 122:15.3 183 92,123 153 6l| 92122 :9! 61 .30 365 30, 61 3C5 31 3.'54'.3fi,'5 2743041335 January 20 to 243 274 304 l.W 184 212 243 273 3041334 122 153 181 212 242 2731303 92 123 151 182 212 2431273 61 92 120 151 181 212i242 31 62 90 121 151 1821212 Explanation.— To find the number of days from „ Dec. 20, follow the horizontal line opposite Janujiry until you reach tlie column headed by December, when you will find 334, reprcsentiuR tiie required number of days, and so on with the other months. During leap year, if February enters into the civlculation, add one day to tlie result. HOW TO conduct A SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS. That short credit and small profits forms the golden rule for succpss in trade may be seen from the following table, exhibiting the amounts re- alized for $100 at various percentages during various periods i< If turned over every 3 months, <« (( "6 " u 8 a u j2 «' " 2 years, '* 6 " C( Am't at 3 pr. ct. $326.20 180.61 155.79 134.39 115.i)2 106.09 Am't at Am't at 5 per ct. 8 pr. ct. $703.99 $2172.45 265.32 466.09 207.89 317.21 162.88 215.89 127.62 146.93 110.25 116.64 Am't at 10 pr. I't $4525.!^ (i72,75 417.72 2i59.37 ir.1.0,') , 121.00 'fP iP f 6 per cent, divide for *• por cent, by 2 per cent, by 30. 10 $50 5 $100 Siofto 4 11 1 11 8 11 22 2 21! 2 10 33 3X1 6 22 44 4 44 4 28 56 556 8 33 67 6 67 2 39 78 7 78 2 42 83 833 a 83 1 67 16 67 125 2 50 25 00 2 165 3 33 33 33 8 2 08 4 17 4167 2 50 5 00 BO 00 (0 $5 $10 5100 >AY IN ONE MONTH 181 150 122 91 61 30 365 334 303 73 242 V o 212 181 153 122 92 61 31 365 334 304 273 ,212 243 273 304:334 242;273;303 214245'2:5 183 214;244 153|184 214 122il5.3 1fsl 92,123153 61 92 12'2 30, 61 1 0! _. 3C5 31 61 304 1 334! 365 .30 274l304'335l365 243 212 184 153 123 92 62 31 365 335 torn January 20 to .ntil you reach the 51, renrcsentiiiRtlie : months. Duriiic: ,dd ono day to tiie V.V NESS. 11 rule for success in ig the amounts re- periods. Am' tat 8 pr. ct. $2172.45 4G6.09 317.21 215.89 146.93 116.G4 10 pr. tt- S4525.i^ ()72,'5 417.-2 259.37 lf.l.f« 121.00 MERCANTILE ITEMS. 797 I'AiiES Allowed by the Jobbers of New York City.— It is under- stood tliat if a retail merchant orders less tiian an orij^inal package on w'.iieli the jobber gets tare that no tare is allowed by tlie jobber td the retailer. AuGDi.s— Actual tares. B.^UT.KV, &c.— Come 100 lbs. In keg —a.U net. Biri>Sekd— 2 perct. iUTTKii— 1 lb. on tubs as soakace ; 2 Ibx. on firkins ; pails net weight. Camfoknia Honey— cases—cweigh- iiiR 70 to 75 lbs.), 14 lbs. C.\u.vwAY Seed— 2 per ct. Ciike.se— Always net or inrkd tares. Chicory— Casks, marked tares, 10 per ct. additional. CiTuoN, and all Peels— 2'^ lbs. per box. Coffees- 1 per ct. on everything ex- cept as below. Jamaica and St. Domingo, 2 per ct. ; Savanilla, in double bags, and L'VKuayra, in heavy bags, 2 per ct. Costa Kica, in heavy bags, 2 per ct. Old Government Java, in mats, 1 per ct. Mexican coffee — in bales, 15 lbs. Moelia Coffee— % bales, 6 lb. ; Vi; 4 lb. ; Vg, 2V2 a. 3 lbs. Clukants— Bbls, 27 to 29 lbs. aver- age ; in box, 41bs. D.vTFs— In frails, 9 per ct. FiG.s— Drums, 10 per ct. ; in kegs, 10. Layer figs, Boxes, 12. HoMixv— 200 lbs net. Lkntils- 2 perct. Moi.AssEs AND SYKurs- Always al- low 1/2 gal. out. NiTMEGS— Cases and casks marked tares Prunes- German, 4 lbs. per box. Froncli— Marked tares. Turkish, in ciisks, marked tares. Raisins— Sultana, in boxes 10 per ot. Rice— 4 lbs. per bag; tierces 10 per ct. Rock Candy— In bxs marked tares. Sal Soda— ('asks, 7 per ct. Soda— English, mrkd PZnglish tares. Spice.'} — 2 per ct., except Cinnamon and Cloves. Cassia — 9 per ct. on bales and mats ; aiul I'/j lbs. extra for halo ; cases 17 Ib.s. Cloves— 9 lbs. per bale. SuGAii— Hhds., 12 per ct. ; Refined Sugars alwa}'S7jf< or marked fares. Boxes— 15 per ct. Mats and BagM — 1 per ct. Barrels— Demarara, ex- cept where marked net, 12 per ct. Tli9 per cent for bags and matj with the trade applies only to East India sugars. On bag.s and mats in\- ported from other countries the tare is according to agreement between buyer and seller. Tapioca— 1 per ct. Saoo— 2 per ct. Tea— Invoice weight ascertained as follows : three to four pkgs are ta- ken out of each 50 or 60 (usually those numbered the same), the tea turned out, and the pkgs weiglied ; the average of the three or four is taken as the tare of the whole. Valencia Raisins— 5 lbs. per box, usually. Xlts— 2 lbs. per bag. Items IIeoardino Fisn. — Mackerel conies in barrels, half and quar- ter barrels, and kits, conUvining full weight, respectively, 200, 100, 50, .iiid 20 lbs. No 1 mackerel should not be les.s tlian 13 inclies in length, from the extremity of tiio liead to the fork of the tail, fat, free from rii.'it, tiiint, or damage. No. 2 mackerel .should not be le.ss than 11 ins. ill length, fat, and free from rust, &c. No. 3 mackerel should not be less than 10 ins. in length. No. 3, large, should not be less than 13 ins., .'ind ill quality are those tliat remain after tlie selection of No. 1. No. 4. iii.ickcrcl comprise all not in the above, and should be free from taint or iliuiiagc. Tiio ajjovo is the standard established by law in Massachusetts, and is j;cii{ially accepted by tlie trade elsewhere. Mackerel should be kept fuvcrcd with brine and not exposed to tlie air as they become rancid or "rusty," after a few days. Mess mackerel— the finest fish, with head and tail removed. Extra No. I's are selected fish. Large No. 2's— Fish over l.T ins. in length,-j|iud not good enough in quality for No. I's. Staled lierrings sliouM bo fat fisli, free from scales, and when smoked lie of a bright golden color. No. 1 herring are generally small and poor fisli. Tlie complaints of short weight packages of fish are very many, some of which exceed the entire profit. HiNT.s TO Grocers.— To keep ants out of sugar, take, say, 3 oz.s. CTin camphor, wrap it in one thickness ot tea-paper, lay it ou the sugar in the barrel aud tbey will leave at oucc. Keep your tea in a close cheet 798 MEKCANTILE ITEMS. % or canister, and keep coffee by itself, ns its odor nffccts other artiolcs. Look after the number of oraugea and lemons in a box and see if tliey hold out. If not, claim. Oranges and lemons keep best wrapped iii soft paper, and if possible laid in a drawer. Keep bread or cake in a tin box or stone jar. Cranberries will keep all winter in a lirkin oi water iu a cellar. September and October butter is tlic best for winter lisc. Flavoring Extuaots, 27 Kinds.— The fornuihe given below rcpre- sent the average .sUmdard. strength, but they may be reduced if required. I. Extract of Lemon, oil of lemon, 2 ozs., freshly grated lemon peel, 1 oz., nlcohol, 2 pts. 2. Ext, of Orauf/e, oil of orange, 12 drs. , freshly giuted lemon peel, 4 ozs., alcohol 2 pts. JJ. Another, Valencia oranges, 1 doz., alcohol, 2 pts. Carefully detach the yellow portion of the riud, and macerate it for ten days in tlie alcohol. ' Owing to the difficulty of pro- curing fresh oil of orange, this formula is generally preferred. 4. Ert. of Rose. Red rose leaves, 2 ozs., oil of rose, 1 dr., alcolu^l, 2 pts. 5. Ext. of Cclcnj, celery seed, bruised, 2 ozs., alcohol, 1 pt. G. Ext. of (fii)f/er, tincture of ginger, 1 pt., alcohol, from i to 1 pt. Some use tlio tincture without dilution. 7. Ext. of Bitter Almonds, oil of bitter al- monds, 1 oz. alcohol, i;3 ozs., water, Gozs. Some color it with ^oz. tincture of turmeric. 8. Ext. of Cinnamon. Oilof cinnamon, 2 drs., Ceylon cinna- mon, bruised, 4 ozs., diluted alcohol, 2 pts. 0. Ext. of I'cppermint. Is- sence of pcppe^uiint ' S. P., 1 pt., alcohol, from ^ to 1 \)t. Some pre- fer the essence ivit ■ jution. 10. Ext. of Coriander. Powdered crv riander, 4 ozs., oil .. ler, 1 dr., alcohol, 21 ozs., water, 8 ozs. 11, Ext. of Nutmef/. Ou oL ai.tmeg, 2 drs., powdered mace, 1 oz. , alcohol, 2 pts: 12. Ext. of Vanilla. Vanilla bean, 1 oz., loaf sugar, 1 oz., alco- hol, 70 per cent. . lifT'cient. Triturate the vanilla with the sugar until a No 20 powder is oL'tivin Ii : ice into a 2 pt. stone jug with two ozs. of the menstruum, cork tightly, ;.;■! di^'est several hours at a tempera- ture of about 150". Allow the mixtiuo to cool, transfer it to a percolator, pack it lirnily, and i)our enough alcohol on it to make the percolate measure I pt. 13. Ext. of Spearmint. Essence of spearmint, U. S. P., 1 pt., alcohol, from i to 1 pt. Some use the essence without dilution. 14. Ext. of Anise. Anise seed, 2 ozs., oil of star anise, 1 oz., alculiol, 2 pts. 15. Ext. of Pine Apple, Artificial. Chloroform, 1 fl. oz., aide. ivde, 1 do., butyric ether, 5 fl. ozs., butyrate of amyl, 10 do., glycerine, 3 11. ozs., alcohol, 100 do. 1(5. Ext. of Sassafras. Oil of sassafras, 1 oz., .sis- alcohol" 2 pts. 17. Ext. of Peach, ArU- ozs., acetic ether, 1 oz., alcohol .3 pts. 18. Ext. of Nectarine. Extract of vanilla, 1 pt., extract of lemon, 1 pt., extract of i)ine apple, 8 ozs. 19. Ext. of Winterr/recn. Oil of wintergrceii, 1 oz., alcohol, 1 pt. , cudbear, or cochineal, 10 ozs. 20. Ext of Clove. Powdered clove, 4 ozs., diluted alcohol, 1 pt. 21. Ext. of lildckbm-y, Artificial. Tinct. of orris root, (1-8) 1 pt, acetic ether, 'M drops, buty- ric ether, GO drops. 22. Ext. of Tonka Bean. Tonka bcian, coarsely ground, 4 ozs., diluted alcohol, 1 pt. 2;?. E.rt. of Allspice. Allspice, corsely ground, 4 ozs., diluted alchohol, 1 pt. 24. Ext of Pear, Artifviol Acetic ether, 5 (1. ozs., acetate of amyl, 10 do., glycerine, \0'A. ozs., alco- liol, 100 do. 25. Ext. of Apple, Artificial. Chlo'roform, 1 fl. oz., nitric ether 1 do., aldehyde, 2*fl. ozs., aceticether, 1 do., valerianate of amyl. 10 II. OZ8., oxalic acid, 2 drs., glycerine 2 fl. ozs., alcohol, 100 do. 2G. Eit. of Strawberry, Artificial. Nitric ether, 1 11. oz., a^^etic ether. 5 do., for- mic ether, 1 fl. oz., butyric ether, 5 do., salicylate of meth.yl, 1 ll- oz., acetate of amyl, 3 do., butyrate of amyl, 2 fl.ozs., glycerine, 2 do., alcohol, 100 do. 27. Ext. of Jiaspbernj, Artificial Nitric ether 1 fl. oz., alde- hyde, 1 do., acetic ether, 5 fl. ozs., formic ether, 1 do., butyric ether, 1 fl. oz., benzoic ether, 1 do., cenanthylic ether, 1 fl. oz., sebasic ether, 1 do., salicylate of methyl, 1 fl. oz. acetate of amyl, 1 do, butyrate of amyl, Ifl. oz., tartaric acid, 2 ozs., glycerine, 4 fl. ozs., alcohol, 105 do. For other receipts, conBult pp. 30, l.'^O, and 207. safras in coarse powder, 2 ozs., Jicial. Oil of bitter almonds, 2 SUCCESS IN BUSINESS. 799 :;ts other artirles. X and see it tliey I best wrapped iii vd or cuke v\ a tio jv tirkin oi water for winter lisc. ;ivcn below icpve- 3ducedif required, 1 lemon peel, 1 oz., rs. , freshly united :ia oranges. 1 doz., I of the rind, ami I difficulty of pro- ireferred. 4. Eft, alcohol, 2 pts. 5. 1 pt. «. E/.t. of pt. Some use the '.s, oil of bitter al- t with ^oz. tincture drs., Ceylon ciniia- Peppermint. Es- 1 \)t. Some pre- e)'. Powdered co- , water, 8 ozs. 11. ace, 1 oz. , alcohol, pupir, 1 oz., alco- li the sugar until a a jug with two ozs. urs at a tempera- 'i' it to a percolator, ake the ]-»ercolate )earmint, U. S. P., 1 without dilution. e, 1 oz., alcd' oj, 2 1 fl. oz., akU yde, io., glycerine, 3 fl. ssafras, 1 oz., sas- xf. of Peach, Arti- oz., "alcohol 3 pts. ct of lemon, 1 pt., Oilofwintergrceu, 20. Ext of Clove, tt. of Blackhcnii, r, 30 drops, butv- ;a bean, coarsely illapicc. Allspice, of Pear, Artificwl le, 10 ii. ozs., alco- m, i fl. oz., nitric i-ianateof aniyl. 10 , 100 do. 2(5. Ext. c ether. 5 do., for- _ methsi, 1 tly upon it. 3. Keep your intentions and means secret. 4. Secure the liert employees you can obtain, and reward them liberally. See pp 590. Rothschild's rules were. " 1. I combined three profits I made the manufacturer my customer, and the one I bought of my customer ; that is, I supplied tlie manufacturer with the raw material and dyes ; on each of which I made a profit, and took his manufactured goods, which I sold at a profit, and thus combined three profits. 2. Make a bargain at once, be an off-handed man. 3. Never nave anything to do witli an wmmmmmm SAFE BUSINESS RULES. 801 !d, a fortune will be ith caution— 'No' vith caution when inviolable. A man ivn that we can jni- to a long list of ap. ; once into station at when he says he ill do a thing lie will iy enough to prac- 11 in the end. Waste Habits become am- )f the merchant in irience in business ore safety than you too great which' re- cord. A good char- nakes one in a laifre yourself, be frank, isly and speaking necessities to beat )fit, jierhaps a loss, 1 such transactions, sastrous to you in sufferer. Let all quirements of the ;ing to your busi- iced merchants, by lercantile mjitters, mes have attained •ange of subjects, nense importance, [ other mercantile ) each business, an sight of. In this ;ribers to Count, \VY, ciinnot be too (fits will be greatly learly all business nd use it sparingly he observance of illest information ily and promptly . Secure the l>PKt y. See pp WW. afita I made the y customer ; that ial and dyes ; ou ired goods, which lake a bargain at [)g to do witli an nnlncky man or place. I have seen many clever men who had not shoe? to their feet. I never act with them ; their advice sounds very well, but fate is against them ; they do not get on themselves, how can they do good to me ? 4. Be cautious and bold. It requires a great deal of caution and a great deal of boldness to make a great fortune, Mid when you have got it, it requires ten times as much wit to keep it." Rules of John McDonough the millionaire of New Orleans. " 1 . Be- meniber always that labor is one of the conditions of our existence. 2. Time i? gold ; throw not one miuute away but place each one to account 3. Do unto all men as you w. .%. No. 220. London, Eng. No. 15. Form of a Protest. S2,000 New York, Aug. 15, 1877. Please to take notice, that a Promissory Note for Two Thousand Dollars, made by Robert Brown, May 12, 1877, and endorsed by you, having been duly presented and payment thereof demanded, which was refused, ia therefore protested for non-payment, and that the holders look to you for payment, interest, costs, and damages. foU. Lookout. : , , I.L. Ketchusi. Notary Public. No. 16. Receipt for Money on Account. Received, New York, March 23, 1878, of Thomas Paywell, Seventy-five dollars on accouut. 875 R. ThaNktw.. 80C BUSINESS FOUMS. No. 17. Receipt in Full. Fredericton, N. B., March 12, 18—. Received of John Murray, One Hundred Dollars, in full of all demauda to date. ...-,...- , $100. * Henry Blackburn. No. 18. Receipt for Money advanced on a Contract. ^1,000 Woodstock, Ont., May 1, 18-. Received of A. Campbell, One Thousand Dollars in advance, on a cou- tract to build for him a Frame house on Duudas street. R. Tl. XBULL. ' No. 19. Recc'pt for Rent. ;$200 Gait, Ont., June 1, 18.— Received of A, Thomson, Two Hundred Dollars in full for one year's ijut for dwelling on Water Street. Charles Wilson. No. 20. Receipt for a Note. $400 New York, June 2, 18-. Received of Hiram Edson, hig noto for Four Hundred Dollars at three months, in full of account. Thomas Harrisox. No. 21. Order for Money. Baltimore, June 5, 18—. Mr. Robert Hill, Please pay Thomas Jamison, or Bearer, Fifty dollars on mv account. David Hillman. No. 22. Order for Merchandise. Mr. R. T. Bonner. Please deliver to the bearer, Joseph Fallett, such goods as he may de- sire from your store to the amount of Sixty-five dollars, and charge the same tc my account. ; John Gardiner No. 23. Lette' of Credit. I Toronto, October 5, 18—. Oentlemen: — Allow me to introduce to your firm the Bearer, Mr. J: S. Harper ; should he make a selection from your stock to the amount of One Thousand Dollars, I vrill be answerable for that sum in case of hi8 non-payment. Yours, truly, RuFus Barlow To Lord & Taylor, New York, No. 24. Landlord's Agreement. This certifies, that I have let and rented, this first day of June, 1878, unto Robert Walker, my house and lot No. 150, Dundas street, London, Out., and its appurtenances ; he to have the free and uninterrupted oc- cupatiou thereof for one year from this date, at the yearly rental of On* BUSINESS fORMS. 807 :hable3 Wilson. lOMAS Hakkison. ore, Juno 5, 18 — . John Gardinkh RuFUS Barlow Thonwind Dollars, to be paid monthly in advance ftroyed by fire, or otherwise made untenantable. No. 25. Tenant's agreement. rent to cease if de- Jas, Kinoman. This certifies that I have hired and taken from Joseph Kingman, his house and lot No. 150, Dundas street, I^ndon, Ont., with appurtenances tliereto belonginc, for one year, to commence this day at a yearly rental of One Thousand Dollars, to be paid monthly in advance, unless said house becomes untenantable from lire or other causes, in which case rent ceases ; and I further apree to j^ive and yield said premises one year from this first day of June, 1878, in as good condition as now, ordinary wear and damage by tlic elements excepted. Given under my hand this day. Robert Walker. No 26. Notice to Quit. To A. B. Palmer. S'i'r .—Please observe that the term of one year, for which the house and land, situated at 47 Pearl street, and now occupied by you, were rented to you, expired on the first day of June, 1878, and as I desire to repossess said premises, you are hereoy requested and required to vacate the same. Yours truly, T. H. Carter. No. 27. Tenant's Notice o/leavinf/. Dear Sir: The premises I now occupy as your tenant, at No. 56, Maia street, I shall vacate on the first day of May, 1878. You will please take notice accordingly . -j Dated this 26th day of March, 1878. William Gilbert. To John Lawrence, Esq. ■ A ■'.. i- No. 28. Common Form of Bond. Know all Men by these presents, that I, David Wilson, of Fredericton, York County, Province of New Brunswick, am held and firmly bound unto John Scott of the place aforesaid, in the sum of six hundred dollars, to be paid to the said John Scott, his heirs or assigns ; for which payment to be well and truly made, I bind myself, my heirs and assigns, by these pres- ents. Sealed with my seal, and dated this first day of August, one thou.sand eipht lunidred and seventy-eight. The condition of this obligation is such, that if I, David Wilson, my lieirs, assigns, or executors, shall promptly pay to the said John Sct>tt, his heirs or assigns, the sum of six hundred dollars in three canal annual in- Btclnients from the date hereof, with annual interest, then the above obligation to be void ; otherwise to be iu full force aud virtue. Sealed and delivered Presence of Adam Clark. PAVID WILSON, (L.S). lU 808 BUSINESS FORMS. No. 29. Form of Bill of Sale. Know .all men by these Presents, that I, Peter Denman, of the city of Boston, in the County of Middlesex, and State of Massachusetts, of' tht first part, for and in consideration of the sum of six hundred dollars, lawful money of the United States, to me in hand paid, at or before tlie ensealing and delivery of those presents, by Robert Ensign of the same {)lacc, of the second part, tlie receipt wliereof is hereby acknowledged, lave bargained and sold, and by these ])resents do grantand convey, uuto the said party of the second part, his executors, administrators, and assigns, one six year old dark-bay horse Jijtcen hands high, one black horse, one double harness, one carriar/e, ticb cows and five pif/s, to have AND TO HOLD the same unto the said party of the second part, his heirs, administrators and assigns for ever. And I do for myself, my heirs, executors, and administrators, covenant and agree, to and with tlie said party of the second part, to warrant and defend the sale of the said f/oods and chattels hereby sold unto the said party of the second part, his executors, administrators, and as.signs, against all and every person and persons whatsoever. In witnkss whekeof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Bixth day of April one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight. Sealed and delivered in presence of ' Petek Wilson, j. goddaud. PETER DENMAN, (L.S). No. 30. Chattel Mortyage. Tliis indenture, made this fifteenth day cf April, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight, between David Allan of the town of Giielph, County of Wellington, Province of Ontario, party of the first part, and Alfretl Baiter of the same town, county and Province, party of the second part. WITNESSETH, that tho said party of the first part, for, and in consid- eration of the sum of six hundred dollars in hand paid, the receipt of ■which is hereby acknowledged, does hereby grant, sell, convey and con- firm unto the said party of tho second part, his heirs and assigns forever, all and singular, tho following described goods and chattels, to wit : 1 Weber piano, 4 black walnut bedsteads, 1 stove, 2 mahogany bureaus, 2 sofas, 1 dozen chairs, etc. , now in possession of said Allah, iii his dwelling at No. street, Guelph. To have and to hold all and singular the goods and chattels above bargained and sold, or in- tended so to be, unto the said party of the second part, his executors, administrators and assigns forever. And the said party of the first part. for himself, his heirs, assigns, and administrators, all and singular the goods and chattels above bargained and sold unto the said party of the first part, and against all and every person whomsoever shall, and will, warrant and forever defend Upon condition, that if the said party of the first part shall and do well and truly pay unto the said party of "the second part, liis executors. administrators, or assigns, the sum of six hundred dollars lawful money of this Province, with interest thereon, one year from this date, thence these t presents shall be void. And tho said party of tho first part, for hiniiiclf, lis executors, and assigns, doth covenant and agree to and with the said I)arty of tlie second part, his executors, administrators and assigns, that u case default shall bo made in the payment of the said smn above BUSINESS FORMS. 801) >ENMAN, (L.S). )N. J DAVID ALLAN, (L.S.) mentioned, then it shall and may bo lawful for, and I, tho said party of the first part, do hereby authorize and empower, the gaid party of the second part, his executors, administrators, and assigns, with the aid and assiiT and in considcr- dl and truly paid •eof is hereby ac- ' these presents do )nd part, his heirs el or tract of land ;id State of New lid appurtenances ;he reversion and id profits thereof ; id whatsoever, of of, in, and to, the d appurtenances: led and described, and part, his heirs Charlotte AVilson. live, release, and rs, executors, ad- md interest wliat- h and every part ills State pertain- wife, party of the d administrators, ) said party of the ;he ensealing and c premises above efeasible esUite of right, full power, the same, in man- lid clear from all idgmeuts, assoBS' aent?, andf incumlirances of what kind or nature soever; and the aboT©- barganiedpremiaea in the quiet and peaceable possession of the said nartv of the second part, his heirs and assigns, against all and every or persons lawfully claiming or to claim the whole or any part thereof, the said party of the first part shall and will warrant and forever defend III testimony whereof, the said parties of tlie first part iiave hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first above written. JOH.V WILSON, (L.S.) c. , 1^ ^^r . CHARLOTTE WILSON, (L.S.) Signed, sealed and deliv- ] > \ > ered in presence of Henky Nelson. Egbert Reid. 'No. il. Acknowledgment o/ Deed. Sussex County, N. J. i On the eighteenth day of June, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight, personally appeared before me John Wilson, and Charlotte his wife, whom I know to be the persons described in, and who executed the witliin instrument, and who severally acknowledged that they execu- ted the same: the said Charlotte being by me examined separate and apart from her husband, acknowledged that she executed the same freely, and without fear or compulsion from him. „.,,„. PHILIP HUNTER, J. P. Minute qf Record. ' Recorded in the Clerk's office of the County of Sussex, in Liber • . 45, p. 81, of Mortgages, 18tli June, 1878, at 30 minutes past 2 p.m. , Robert Watts, .Rc(5fis Si.gned, sealed, and delivered ' in presence of Thomas Bates, William Bell. BUSINESS FORMS. 815 hereunto set No, 43. Form of Sati^acHon Piece. I, William "West, of Dorset, Bennington County, Vermont, do hereby certify that a certain mortgage, bearing date the tenth day of April, one tiiou-sand eight hundred and seventy-eight, made aiid executed by John Hunter, ana Margaret, his wife, of the same place, and recorded in the office of the Clerk of the county of Bennington, in Liber 45, p. 76, of Mortgages, on 10th day of April,. 1878, is paid. Dated 1st May, 1878. WILLIAM WEST, (L.S.) Bexntnoton Countv, Vermont, SS. : Ou the first day of May, 1878, before me came William West, to me personally known to be the individual described in, and who executed the above certificate, aud acknowledged that he executed the same. JOHN HAMPDEN, J. P. No. 44. Assignment of Mortgage. Know all mkn by thesr Presents, that I, William West, of Dor-. set, county of Bennington, State of Vermont, agent, of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of five thousand dollars, lawful money of tlie United States, to me in hand paid by John Howard, of the same place, farmer, of the second part, at or before the ensealing and delivery of these presents, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have granted, bargained, sold, assigned, transferred, and set over, aud by these presents do grant, bargain, sell, assign, transfer, and set over, unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, a certain inden- ture of mortgage, bearing date the 10th day of April, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight, made by John Hunter, and Margaret, his wile, and recorded in the office of the Register of the county of Benning- ton, State of Vermont, in Liber 3G, of Mortgages, p. 50, together with the bond or obligation thereto belonging, and the money due, and to be- come due thereon, with the interest. To have and to hold the same unto the said party of the second part, his heirs, administrators and assigns for ever, subject only to the proviso in the said Indenture of Mortgage mentioned. And I do hereby make, constitute, and appoint the said party of the second part, my true and lawful attorney irrevocable, in niy name or otherwise, but at his own proper costs and charges, to have, use :uid take, all lawful ways and means for the recovery of the said money, and interest, and, in case of payuient, to discharge the same as fully as I might or could do if these presents were not made, is WITNESS whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, the first day of May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight, WILLIAM WEST, (L.S.) In presence of Duncan Forbes, John Reid, Note.— Deeds, mortgages, and assignments of mortgages should be put on record in the Register's office without delay after being executed. The foregoing forms (as well as the following) are suitable for either the United States or Canada. ■■1 No. 45. Form of Will for Real and Personal Property. I, Joseph Knight, of the city of Toronto, county of York, and Produce of Ontario, grocer, realiziug tHe uncertainty of life, aud being of feeble m 816 BUSINESS FORMS. health, but of sound mind, memory, and judgment, do make and declare this Xo be my last will and testament in manner and form following, to wit: First, I jrfve, demise, and bequeath unto my eldest son, Robert Kniglit, the sum of four thousand dollars, now on deposit in the Bank of Moh- treal, together with my grocery store at No. street, witli all tlio tenements and improvements thereto belonging: to have and to hold unto my said son, his heirs and assigns forever. (Second, I give and bequeath unto my beloved wife, Cliarlotte, nbso. lutely, the house in which I now reside, at No. street, together 'With all the furniture therein, including piano, organ, linen, china, the plate, wearing apparel, etc. , together with ten thousand dollars in Bank gtock and Railway bonds, now lodged in ray safe ; the same to be in lieu of her dower at common law. TVtird, I give and bequeath to my invalid mother, Ellen Knight, tlie income and rents from my farm in Scarboro during the term of her luitii- ral life. Said farm to revert to my sons and daugliters iu equal propor- tion upon the demise of my said mother. Fourth, I give and bequeath unto my youngest son, Joseph Knight, three thousand dollars, also my tenement house on street, with all the improvements tliereto belonging; to have and to hold unto my said ■on, his heirs and assigns forever. Fifth, I give and bequeath the sum of one thousand dollars to my executors, to be equally divided between them, in full, for all services ill the matter of the execution of this my last will and testtiment. Sixth, I direct that rav debts and funeral expenses be paid from moneys now on deposit to my credit in Savings Bank of Toronto, the bal- ance of such money, together with all the rest and residue of my estate. to my three daughters, Mary, Ellen, and Isabella, to be equally divided between them for their use forever. I hereby nominate and appoint David Watcrson. Robert Ford, and James Thomson, the executors of this my last will and testament, and re- voke all other and former wills made and executed by me. In witness wheueof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this tenth day of April, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight. JOSEPH KNIGHT, (L.S.) Signed, sealed, published, ' declared and acknowl- edged, by the above- named testator, to be his last will and testament, in our presence, and we each, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, subscribe our names as witnesses. Alexander Adam, 75 King St. , Toronto. Thomas Robson, 214 Yonge St. , Toronto. Adam Claric,95 Adelaide St., Toronto. BUSINESS FORMS. 817 make and declare 3rm following, to »n, Robert Knight, le Bank of Mou- treet, with all tlio lave and to hold I, Charlotte, nbso- — street, together linen, china, tlie d dollars in Bank same to be in lieu Ellen Knight, the term of her natu- 1 iu equal propor- 1, Joseph Knight, — street, with all lold unto luy said and dollars to my for all services iu tament. I paid from moneys Toronto, the kii- jidue of my estate, )e equally divided Robert Ford, and testament, and re- me. and seal this tenth -eight. LNIGHT, (L.S.) Note.— The provisions of a will should, in every case, bo so clearly defined that there can be no niistjvkc about the meaning. Any person of proper age, and sound judgment may convey property by will. All logu- tees are debarred by law from witnessing wills in whicn they arc inter- ested; their signature would nullify the whole instrument, and no person can serve as executor if he be under 21 years of age, a lunatic, convict, imbecile, or an alien at the time of proving the will. Tlie father may ai> noliit liis wife, son, brother, or any other relative as executor, and each in their turn may do likewise, as confidence may exist. An addition to tlie will, called a codicil, designed to modify, add to, or change previous bequests, may be executed at anytime, but'in every case it must be ren- dered as definite and precise as the will itself, witnessing included. No. 46. Agreement for the Sale and Purchase of Land. This aoreement, made and executed the first day of May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight, between Charles Giles, of Kinuston, Ulster county, Stjite of New York, farmer, of the first part, and Thomas Kingman, of the city of New York, milkman, of the second part. WITNESSETH, that the said party of the first part, for and in consider- ation of the sum of three thousand dollars (to hiin promised to bo paid), of wliioh the sum of five hundred dollars is now paid, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, and the renuvining twenty-five hundred dollars is hereby agreed to be paid at the time tlie deed hereinafter men- tioned is given, hath contracted and agreed to sell to the said party of the second part, all that certain piece, parcel, or tract of land situate in tlio town of Kin\ m them, the said copartners, their c. tec utors, or administrators, share and shar alike. It '^ilsoagreedthat in caseof amisunderstandingarisingwiththe part- ners aforesaid, which cannot be settled between themselves, such diff'T- er.ce of opinion shall be settled W- arbitriitors upon the following condi- tions, viz. : Each i)arty to choo! one arbitrator, which two thus elected shall choose a third ; the three thus chosen to determine the merits of the case, and adjust the basis of a settlement. In witness whereof the jjarties aforesaid hcreimto set their hands and seals the day and year first above written. Signed in tlic )iresence of \ JoHK Stewart, Thomas Mi'rrav, JL. S Geo. Smith. John Campbell. [L. S. BUSINESS FORMfi. 821 y, 18TS, betTTcea : Ontirio, Doniin- '. tlie si.'inie place, agree to assoeiate from this date, in otlier goods and laiuo and >- preutico unto Moses Goldsmith, of No. — Maiden I^ine, New York, jeweller, to learn the art, trade, and mysterj' of the business of working iind manufacturing the precious metals, and as an apprentice to servo from this date, for and during, and until the full end and term of six years next ensuing, during all of which time the said apprentice liis mas\ all reasonable wishes and connnands of tlie said trustees, for and during the space of one year from the first day of December next, for the compensation of twelve "hundred dollars i)er annum, pjiyablo quarterly. Aud the said David Brown, John Sansoiu, and Williuni Currie, covenant 824 BUSINESS FOUMS. with tlio said Petor Whackboy that they will enpage him as teacher in said school for the term of one year as aforesaid, and will pay him for liis services as sucli teaclier the sum of twelve hundred dollars per an- mun, in quarter yearly payments. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals the day and year first above written. Signed, sealed, and delivered, Peter Whackboy, [L. S.] In the presence of David Biiown, [L. S.] ~ " " " ~ [US' David R. Moore, David Potter. John Sansom, [L. S.J' William Cukrie, [L. S.] No. 57. Form of Marriage. In conformity to an orderly and long established custom the cerenionj of marriage is usually jjerformed either by a clergyman or civil ma;^is- trate ; the latter may be a justice of the peace, a justice of the 8ui)reine court, a judge of an inferior court, the mayor of a city, or a police justice, as the law of the land may emix)wer and authorize chem to solemnize mar- riage. In Canada and some of the Stsvtes, a license to marry must first be procured of the city, town, or county clerk, or other agent appointed for that purix>se, duly authorizing the clergyman or magistrate to marry the affianced parties. Marriage is a civil contract, and may be entered into by parties capable of consenting thereto. It cannot be entered into by idiots or lunatics. When brought about by force or fraud, it is also void. Marriage is likewise prohibited between near relations. The par- ties must be of the age of consent, which is generally fourteen in males, and twelve in females. No particular ceremonies are enjoined bj the common law to the valid celebration of the marriage rite, but the follow- ing form is iu commou use by magistrates in the United States. Form of Marriage. {Tlie man and woman standing, the justice tcill say to the man :) " Will vou have this woman to be your wedded wife, to live together after God's ordinance, in tlio holy estate of Matrimony, to love her, com- fort her, honor and keep her, in sickness and in health, and forsaking all others, keep thee only unto her, so long as you both shall live ? " {Next, addressing the icoman, the justice tcill say :) " Will you have this man to be your wedded husband, to live together after God's ordinance, in the holy estate of matrimony, to love, honor, und keep hirn, in sickness and in health, and forsaking all others, keep thee only to him so long as you both shall live ?" (Each party responding in the affirmative, the justice xcill then direct them to join hands and say :) " By the act of joinijig hands you tike upon yourselves the relatioii of husband and wife, and solemnly promise and engage in the presence of these witnesses, to love, honor, comfort, and cherish each other as such, so long as you both shall live ; tliorefore in accordance with the laws of tho State of , I do hereby pronounce you husband and wife." No. 58. Shoj't Form of Marriage. {On the contracting parties rising and joining hands the jusiice will $ay :) " By this act of joining hands you do take upon yourselves the relation of husband and wife, and soleran'ly promise and engage, in the presence of these witnesses, to love, houor, comfort, and cherish each other at him as teacher in I will pay him for id dollars per au- ads and seals the lCKBOy, [L. S.] VN, [L. S.] M, [L. S.j j'KKIE, [L. S.J torn the ceremonj n or civil magis- e of the supreme or a police justice, to solemnize iiiar- niarry must first r agent appointed [vgistrate to marry id may be entered ot be entered into >r fraud, it is also lationa. The par- fourteen in males, 9 enjoined by the te, but the follow- id States. I to the man :) e, to live together , to love her, coin- ,th, and forsaking 1 shall live?" llsay:) id, to live together ly, to love, iionor, jj all others, keep ce tcill then direct selves the relation [0 iu tho presence isli each other as :cordance with the you husband and '.Is the jusiice will selves the relation :e, in the presence ish each other at '^T^ FORM OF MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE, ETC. 825 gnch, as long as you both shall live ; therefore in accordance vrith the laws of the State of , I do hereby pronounce you husband and wife." The form used by clergymen varies but very slightly from the fore- going ; to all hitents and puri)oses it is the same, although the wording may lie modified according to the mode prescribed by the denomination to wliich the clergyman may belong. Tho marriage' license must be re- turned by the clergyman or magistrate to the issuing clerk for record, wlio should also at the time of issue, furnish a blank marriage certificate to be filled by the magistrate or clergyman at tlie conclusion of the ceremo- ny. The certificate, which should, for obvious reasons, be always most carefully preserved by both husband and wife, may bo in tho following form No. 59. Marriage Certificate. MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE. State op Michigan, , "Wayne County. This certifies That John Goodfellow, of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, and Sarah Loveioy of Detroit, Wayne county. State of Michigan, were at the hou.ie of John Splice well, in the said city and county by me joined togetlier in HOLY MATRIMONY, On the tenth day of January, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven. In the presence of GAMAMEr Bangtext, Timothy CorRTWELij, Tastor of the First Church, Thomas Hopegood. Detroit, On Legal Advice. — Lord Mansfield considered a clear tmderstand- ing of the duties of men in society as the true basis of legal science. lie says : "I may cite one of the .ablest lawyers of this centnry, who, to strong n.aturai sense, united to largest pxp^rirncp, for a similar opinion — my honored master, the late Mr. Tidd. I well remember the advice he gaive to a pupil who was about to commence practice : ' When you are called upon for your opinion, ni.akc yourself perfectly familiar with all the facts, and then consider wh.at is right. You may lie pretty sure that is tlie law, without looking much into cases. When once the facts are well ascertained, few persons differ in opinion as to tho result of a civil action,'" , . Prayer of Dr. Samuel Johnson when he was about to commence the study of Law, September 2G, 1705. Almighty God, the Giver of Wisdom, without whose holp resohitions are vain, without whose blessing study is ineffectual, enable me, if it be Thy will, to attain such knowledge as may quality me to direct the doubtful and instruct the ignorant, to prevent wrong and terminate contention ; and grant that I may me that knowledge which I shall attain to Thy glory and rajf own salvation, for Thy blessed Name's sake. Amen. vtr^^f': ■ 1 m 826 VALtTE OF CURRENT COINS. CCBRENT COIKS OF THE PRIXCtPAL COMKKRCIAt COl'ITTRIES, WITH TREIR TALCK i> U.S. DOLLARS, CENTS AND MILLS. D AustrU, Gold, Quadrupio Ducat. " Ducat, 2 " Sovercien (f or Ix>mbRrd)r),6 " SilTcr, Rix Dollar, " " Florin, •• " 20 KrcutrcM, " " MrB(for Lombordy) Baden, Gold, 5 Gulden, " Silver, Crown, " " Gulden, or Florin, Bavana, Gold, Ducat, " Silver, Crown, " " Florin, " " r> Krcutzers, Belgium, Gold, 20 Franc piece, " " 2.5 Franc piece, '• Silver, .'S Francs, aVFranri. " 2 Francs, " " 1 Franc, Bolivia, Gold, Doubloon, Silver, Dollar, " " _X Dollar (debased 1830), Brazil, Gold. Piece of r>,40U lieu, 8 " Silver, l,2()0Ucis, " " «)0 Ucis, " " 400 ReiB, Bremen Silver, .10 Grotc, Britain , Gold , Sovcrcicn , , 4 " Silver, Half Crown, " Sbillinp, Brunswick Gold, Ten Tbaler, 7 •* Silver Thaler, Central America, Gold, Doubloon, 14 " " Escudo, I " Silver, Dollar, CosU Rica, Gold, Half Doubloon, 18u0, 7 " l.'S I.". 1 Silver, New Real, Chili, Gold, Doubloon (before IS^X'i), " " Doubloon (since 183.5), " Silver, Dollar, " " U Dollar, '• % Dollar or Real, Denmark, Gold. Doub Fred, or 10 Tlial. 7 Silver, RiRsbaiik Dalcr, " " Speric Dalcr, •• " .S2 SkillincB, Ecuador, Gold, X Doubloon, " Silver, V Dollar, Egypt, Gold, 100 Piasters, " Silver. 20 Piasterf, France, Gold, 20 Francs, " Silver, 5 Francs, " " Franc, Frankfort, Silver. Florin, Greece, (Jold, 20 Drachms, Silver. Drachm, fJuiana, Br., Silver. Guilder, H.nno\cr, Gold, 10 Thaler. Silver, Tholcr (fine silver), " Thaler (7.50 ftnc). Hayti. Silver, Dollar (100 centimes), Ilesso Cassel, Silver Thaler, •• " J Thaler, .CM. 12 27 a U 97 48 .5 16 IC 04 07 3!) 5 27 06 A .39 .5 03 8;{ 2 72 OR 46 5 .37 V t, 58 00 37 5 18 7 72 99 66 33 35 6 84 5 54 21 7 89 68 90 67 67 62 05 8 57 66 01 22 4 , U 2 i 88 i .52 3 u. Hesse Darmstadt, Silver, Florin, f, Uindoostan, Gold, Mohur (E. I. Co.), 7 " Silver, Rupee, Mecklenberc. Gold. 10 Thaler, 7 Mexico, Gold, Doubloon, ar. ],5 " Silver, Dollar, »v. 1 Naples, Silver, Scudo, Nethcrlond, Gold, Ducat, 2 " " 10 Guilders, 4 " Silver, 3 Guilders, 1 " " Guilder, " " Twenty-ftvc cents, " 2V Guilders, New Granada, Gold, Doubloon, 21 car. l,, " " including the silver, 1.1 "!I-I0th« the stand., 1.5 " " including the silver, 1,5 " Silver, Dollar, U. S. weight, 1 " •' Dollar, or 10 Reals, Norway Silver. Rif^sdalcr, 1 Persia, Gold, Somann, 2 " Silver, Sahib Koran, Peru, Gold, Doubloon , Lima, to 1833, 1.'> " " " Cuzco. tol833, 1,5 •• " Cur.co tol837, 1". " Silver, Dollar, Lima mint, 1 " " " Cuzco, 1 " XDol., Cuzco, debased, n 60 03 18 5 39 f. 45 16 5 26 2 89 69 2 68 25 7 67 5 11 ' >4 Dol., Arequipa Poland. Silver, Zloty "_M Dollar Pasco, , Zloty, PortuRal, Gold, Half Joe (full weight), •' " Crown, " Silver, ('ruzado, " " Crown of 1000 Reis, " " Half Crown, Prussia, Gold, Double Frederick, " Silver, Thaler, average, " " J Tholcr, average, " " D'ble Thai. 3^ Gulden, 1 Rome, Gold, Ten Scudi, 10 " Silver, Siudo. 1 " " Scston (•%10 Scudi), Russia, Gold, 5 Roubles, 3 " Silver, Itouble, a " " Ttn Zloty, I •* ** .TO Copccfl . ' ,' Sardinia, Gold, 20 Lire,' Silver. 5 Lire, Saxony, Gold, 10 Thaler, " " Ducat, " Silver Species Thaler, " " Thaler (XIV E. M.) Siam. Silver. Tical, Spain, Gold(Qr. Doubloon), Silver, PJsUreen (4 Reals VelU), Sweden, Silver, Species Thaler, V Dalcr. Turkey, Gold. 1(S) Piosters, " " 20 Piasters (new), " Silver. 20 Piasters, ■* Tuscany, Gold, Sequin, " Silver, Lepoldone, " " Florin, Wurteniburg. Silver. (JoMcn, 1834, CM. 39 ,5 10 41 J W I) 51 on 7 M I) V> 'a («) ? 200 400 01) 98 2 r.l fif. ,".! % 02 n S) Oi 2:1 21 ;a fi'2 ,51 J 08 3 Win 40 5 11 J tli n 81 M: 12 Ml) flo Wo 11(1 ,19 3; 0, .V ,in fi Of. r 7.5 13 h 22(1 84 i 03 2 940 200 96 fi«0 ,58 i 90S 19 .S 04 ,52 37 4 820 820 ,10 K, 2fiJ .^^n The quarter of wheat is equal to the quarter of a ton of 2240 Iba. or 560 lbs.; 70 Iba. m weight are an English bushel of wheat, while 60 lbs. of wheat make our bushel ; so that the U. S. wheat bushel is Just 6-7ths of tlie English or imperial, nnd a quarter of wheat in England is equal to 9^ bushels in the United States, though in capacity to only 8V4 bushels. The barrel of flour contains 5 Winchester bushels, and weighs, net 100 Ibf. The barrel of Indian corn contains ,3 1-8 bushels. The weight of a gallon d molasses is usually 11 lbs. but sometimes 10 or 12. .'^r; STATE AND PROVINCIAL LAWS. 827 in THEI^ TALrK |« •r, Florin, lur (E. I. Co.). J pee. Thaler, )n,BT. u. r. M. f. 30 A 7 10 ♦» S T Sfl 1.5 M 1 m 7 M I) 2 2li 5 4 («) ? 1 20 n « 0(1 98 2 ;at, lildcm, juiUlers, lulli er, ntv-hve cents, Jinldcr", ioublooii,21car. 1,') CI iiding the silver, I.'i fiO ithsthe stand., 1.'. r.l udiPK the silver, 1.5 3B ir. U.S. weiRht, 1 02 ft )llar, orlOIieols, K! -ler. 1 ^ Koran. _ <> 21 1. Limn, to 1833, l.> MO iizco.tol833, IS fii to 1837. 15 •« « ir, Lima mint, 10 5 Ciirco, ^ , J ," ' .,Cuzco,debMed,n 5 3l ., Arequipa " « "■•' n allar Pasco. » 3 flo : 7.1 1 13 5 H 3 84 5 (1 M 3 7 94 2 WO 060 n («o .s«i 3 90S !?nW'aUVelU).0 19 5 Ties Tlialer, aler. 'iasters, iters (new), asters, " uin, poldone, orin, „ (JiiMen.lKM. 1 04 .12 4 37 4 WO fUO 2 !M0 1 m n w 2 380 )f 2'J40 lbs. or 560 lbs.; 60 lbs. of wheat make h8 of the English or to 9% bushels in the A weighs, net m> lb*. weight of a gallon o! SUTK AND mOVrxciAL LAWS nEOAnDIK(> LEGAL AND SPECIAL INTEREST, THE LIMIT OF TIME IN ACTIONS FOU DEBT, SiC, TOGETHEB WITH THE LARGEST SUMS OBTAINABLE BY LEGAL PKO- Ci:S3 BEFOUE A .U'STICK OF TUB PEACE IN VARIOUS STATES, TEIt- BITORIES AND PROVINCES. eU i 4 s ^ SutMoud Territories. •5e a u c S « CS 4) •set 0) C ,. a o £ Penalty for Usury. ^i^-^ a>' 3 6 20 <«;- jft XOC. Al.ibiiina, }$100 10 1 8 8 Forfeit all Int. Arkansas, 600 10 3 5 10 1 6 10 For. prin. and int. Arizona, 10 None. California, 300 5 4 5 1 10 None. Colorado, 300 3 G C 3 1 10 None. Connecticut, 100 17 6 6 20 3 7 7 For. excess of int. Daljota Ter., 100 Oft C C 20 2 7 12 Forfeit all int. Delaware, 100 . 1 3 6 20 1 6 G Forfeit prin. Dist. of Columbia. 12 3 3 12 1 6 10 Forfeit all int. Florida, 50 20 4 5 20 2 8 None. (ienrgia, 100 20 4 G 7 1 1 12 Forfeit all int. Idaho Ter., 100 5 2 4 5 2 10 24 Fine andimpris't IllinoiH, 200 10 6 10 20 1 G 10 Forfeit all int. Indiana, 200 20 6 20 20 2 6 10 Forfeitex. of int. Iowa, 300 10 5 10 20 2 G 10 Forfeit all int. Kansas, 300 15 3 5 5 1 8 12 For. all int. over 12, Kentucky, 50 15 2 15 15 1 6 8 Forfeit all int. Louisiana, 100 20 3 5 10 1 5 8 Forfeit all int. Maine, 20 20 C 20 20 2 6 None. Maryland, 100 12 3 3 12 1 n C Forfeit ex. of int. Ma-ssaolmsetts, 300 20 6 20 20 2 G None. Michigan, 300 10 6 G G 2 7 10 For. ex. over 7 p. c. Minufeota, Missisfiippi, Migsoun, 100 6 G G 10 2 7 12 None. l.TO 7 3 G 7 1 r. 10 For. excess of int. 300 10 5 10 20 2 G 10 Forfeit all int. Montana Ter., 10 5 10 10 2 10 None. Nebraska, 100 10 4 5 5 1 10 12 Forfeit all int. Kevada, 300 4 2 4 6 2 10 None. Xew Hrunswick 20 6 G 3 ^ G None. New Hampshire, 13.33 20 6 G 20 G G For 3t the ex & costs Ketv Jersey, 100 IG C G 20 o 7 7 Forfeit of all int. Now Mexico, 100 10 G 10 10 1 G None. Xew York, 200 20 6 G 20 2 7 7 For. of contract. North Carolina. 200 10 3 3 10 3 G 8 Forfeit of all int. Ohio, 300 15 6 15 15 1 6 8 For. ex. over 6 p. c. Ontario, Can., 20 6 6 20 2 6 None. Oregon, 250 20 6 6 10 2 10 12 For. prin. and int. Pennsvlvania, 100 20 6 G 20 1 G G Forfeit ex. of int. Qucbi'c Can., Rhode I.sland, 30 5 5 30 1.2 C None. 100 20 6 G 20 1 C None. South Carolina, 100 20 G 6 20 7 None. Tennessee, 600 6 C 6 10 1 C 10 Forfeit ex. of int. Texas. 100 6 2 4 10 1 8 12 4( <• II Utah Ter. 300 7 2 4 5 1 10 None. Vermont, 200 8 6 14 8 2 6 6 Forfeit ex. of int. Virpinia, 50 20 6 5 10 1 C C Forfeit of all int. Wash. Ter.. 100 6 3 6 2 10 None. WestVicginla, 100 10 5 10 10 1 6 6 Forfeit ex. of int. Wise on sin. 300 20 6 3 20 2 7 10 Forfeit of all int. Wyoming Ter., 100 15 6 15 15 1 12 None. • ft 828 SPECIAL LAWS OF ALABAMA. Condensed synopsis of the laws peutainino to the COLLECTION OF DEBTS, THRorroHOUT the United States and Dominion of Canada, Presenting a digest of tlio laws of each Stite, Territory and Province, reUtl iug to Exemptions Irom Forced Sale, Mechanics Lien, Arrest and AttadJ ment for Debt, Assignments, Garnishment, Bills and Notes, Jurisdiction ( Courts, Judgments, Executions, Chattel Mortgages, Deeds, Kights of M;ii Women, Wills. &c. The immense utility of the following compilation will be self evident t, every Mechanic, Farmer, Trader, Merchant, Business Man, Professional Gentleman and Householder, whose interests are in the slightest rlegra identified with, or dependent upon, the supreme rule of law and orda throughout the community. The enormous losses resulting from ignoranci of the law on the aforesaid subjects are absolutely incalculable, and thj diffusion of information bearing upon them cannot become too general, coercive appliances of the Law are regarded with much disfavor by schen ing and disnonest debtors, for it is well settled upon sound principles the highest authority, that every bargain to do anything which tlie law (oi| bids, or the omission to do anything which the law enjoins, is null «ni void. No contract can bo enforced which contravenes the principles of thi common law, the provisions of a statute, or tlie general or jniblic policy of thI law. In Nellis vs. Clark (4 Hill's Rep. 424), it was held that the vendor of real estate sold for the purpose of defrauding his creditors, could not rej cover the price. Business men, and .ill others having outlying debts to collect, are referrei to an invaluable work entitled. The Collection Compendiian, published b' E. A. Smith, 51G Pine st., St. Louis. The work presents a new and origin^ system for the collection of claims by means of local agents at all points i: the United States and Canada, upon very low stipulated rates of percentagei without the intervention of third parties. With this work at hand no mx need be at a loss to collect a debt in any part of the country (provided t!ij debtor is rcspuusiblc), ou the most reasonable terms, and with very 8lig!i| loss of time. SPECIAL LAWS OF ALABAMA. Exemptions.— flbme vjorth S2,000 and Personal Propertu.— By the Conetita tion of Alabama (1868), The personal property of any resident of this State v the value of one thousand dollars, to be selected by such resident, shall be exemp from sale or execution, or other final process of any court issued for the collecliol of any debt contracted since the adoption of the present Constitution (18CS). Eve j homestead, not exceeding eighty acres of land, tlie dwelling and appurtenaiica thereon, to bo selected by the owner, and not in a city, town or village, or ij lieu thereof, at the option of the owner, any lot in a city, town or village, wit] the dwelling and appurtenances thereon, ownied and occupied by any resident c the State, and not exceeding the value of $2,000, sliall be exempt from sale v execution or any other final process from a court for a debt contracted since ib adoption of this Constitution. Such exemption does not extend to any niortgad lawfully obtained ; but such mortgage or other alienation of such homesteaa by the owner thereof, if a married man, shall not be valid without the voluntari signature and assent of the wife of the same. The homestead of a family, atta the death of the owner, is exempt from the payment of debts contracted sina the adoption of tliis Constitution in all cases during the minority of the ehildrora or if the owner dies leaving a widow and no children, the same shall bo e\emi for her benefit, and the rents and proUta thereof shall enure to her benctl This exemption does not extend to cases o< laborers' liens for work done anj performed for the person claiming such exemption or the mechanics' lien vork done on the preroifses. (Constitution of ]868.) J'.' 'I BPECIAL LAWS OF ALABAMA. &29 IJIO TO THE 3N or Canada, Sr ftnd Province, relatl , Arrest and AttaclJ Notes, JuriwlictioiK ids, Uiglita of Manic^ vill be self evident t, (88 Man, Professional the slightest degrei lie of law and orde lulting from ignorano r incalculable, and tlJ omc too general. Thj li disfavor by schen sound principles at ng which the law foij r enjoins, is null s the principles oftlJ . or jniblic policy of thj !ld that the vendor J reditors, could not tej to collect, arc referre icjidi'mn, published b iits a new and origiiia agents at all point'* i fed rates of percentage! ^ work at hand no m country (provided and with very Bligll BAMA. tfrty.—By the Conetiti jsident of this State esident, Bhall be cxemi issued for the collectioi 3ii8titution(l8CS). Ever ling and appurtemmcj r, town or village, or i ,y, town or village, vi\ -pied by any resident i d exempt from sale v ibt contracted since t extend to any mortgai ion of Buch homesteai ^ without the volimtai •stead of a family, m debts contractod 8in< inorityof thecWldrei same shall bo exen. _ enure to her benefil ens for work done '" ;he mechanics' Hen In addition to the above, the Legislature passed an Act (approved April 23d, 1873), exempting by statue the per«onal property of any resident of this Stattt Mihe value of i> 1,000, to bo selected by the resident. The homestead of every resilient not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres of land, and appurtenances thereon, to be selected by the owner thereof, or in lieu thereof, at the option of the owner, any lot in a city, town or village, with the dwelling and appurten- inces thereon, said lot not to exceed ?2,000 in value. LiicN OF Mkchanics and LAnoREiis.— By act, approved March 19th, 177B, a lieu is given to laborers and employees (except ofllccrs) of railroads in this State, (r.r work and labor done by them as such. Such extends to all tlie property, rights, effects and credits of every description of such railroad companies. A lieuisnlso given to all contractors, mechanics, builders, bricklayers, plasterers, Miniers, and every other person whatever in tlie State of Alabama, for work and labor done by them as such, and for materi.'xlM furnished ; and 8\ich lien extends to all tlie rights, title and interest of tlie person or persons for wliom the work ia (lone, or the materials funiished, in the property upon wlii .h such work is dono indtcr which such materials are furnished, including the land upon which such property may be situated. Provided, that all the liens given under this act sliall 111 bo held to be waived, unless proceedings are commenced within six months ifter tho completion of such work, to enforce same. Such liens are enforced by process of attachment. (Act, approved 19th March, 1875.) CoixECTioJf OF Debts.— Attachment may issue for tho collection of a debt, fhetherdue or not for any monev demand, the amount of width can be certainly iscertained, to recover damages for the breach of u contract where tho damages ire not certain or liquidated ; and where tho action sounds in damages merely, upon an allidavit m.ado by tho creditor, or his agent or attorney, that the debtor mcontis, secretes himself, or resides out of this State, eo that process cannot be Krved upon him, or is about to remove liis property out of this State, whereby the plaintiff may lose Ids debt or bo compelled to sue for it in another State ; or that thii debtor has fraudulently disposed of, or is about fraudulently to dispose dhis property ; or that he has money, property or effects liable to satisfy hia debts, which he fraudulently withholds'; and stating tho amount due, and that attachment is not sued out for the purpose of vexing or harrassing the debtor, ipon tho pl.iintifTs executing bond payable to tho defendant in double the imount sworn to bo due, or when he is unable to give bond w ith sutncient surety, upon making afhdavit to that fact, an attachment may issue against the estate of the defendant, real and personal. Attachments auxiliary to suits pend- ing may be issued on the same grounds as in original attachments, in which case the suit proceeds as if commenced by original attachment. Every action founded upon a contract, express or implied, must be prosecuted hlhe name of the party really interested, whether he have the legal title or not, Rbject to any defense tlic debtor may have against tho payee or creditor previous touoticeof transfer; but this does not apply to bills of exchange, or instru- neiits p.ayablo in bank or at a designated place of payment, and commercial llnjtrumcnts. Arrest in civil action or impriscnment for debt is prohibited in this State. lEitates of deceased persons are subject to tho payment of all debts except cer- tain exemptions in favor of the widow and children of the deceased. Deeds, Moktuaoes, Rights of Mauried Wosien, Wills, etc.— Acknowl- edgments, and proof of conveyances m.ay be taken by Judges of the supreme and tircuic courts and their clerks, chancellors and registers in chancery, judges of Iptobate, justices of the peace and notaries public. If taken in other States ft pe United States, they may be taken by the judges and clerks of the federal Hurts, judges of any court of record in any State,. notary public or comnussiouer ppointed by the Governor of Alabama. Beyond the limits of tho Uiuted States, •achaolinowiedgements and proof maybe taken by the judge of any court of Tecord, mayor or chief magistrate of any city, town, borough or county, notary public, or any diplomatic, consular or commercial agent of the United States. lootlier proof or authentication of sucli acknowledgement is necessary than the ntillciite of such officer, unless such officer he a justice of the peace, when it fust be certilled that such ollicer was a justice of tlie peace, and that liis attesta- ion is genuine, by some judge of a court of record, or a commissioner of that Itate. All conveyances of land must be ^vritten or printed on parchment or paper. ndaiKucd by the vendor, or by his agent, legally authorized in writing, and ''tn the party cannot writ< , his name must be written for him, witb a cross and words as follows : " his mark : " and when so executed mnst b« attested by witueues who can writ«, wno must write tb«ir names wit&«s*es tli«ret» Il *^ 880 SPECIAL LAWS OF ALABAMA. The wife may relinquish her right to dower by joining with her husband In a c«n. Teyance of land, and aclcnowledging same as above provided. Husband's mmj join in conveyance of wife's separate property. If the grantor is unknown, his identity may be established by witnoescs sufl. cient to satisfy the offlrcr heff>re whom the acknowledgment is made. [Aclinowiedgmcnt of Husband and wife.] [Form.] The State of Alabama, ) „ ButlkrCou.ntv, ("• I (name and style of ofRrer) hereby certify that Thomas Clark and Sarah Clark, his wife>, whose n.imes are signed to the foregoing conveyance, and wbo are known to mo, .acknowledged before me on this day, that J)cing infornictl of the contents of the conveyance, they executed the same voluntarily, ou tiu| day the same bears dato. Given under my hand this the day of , A.D. 187 . (Signature and title* The real and personal propertjr of any female in this Slate, .acquireci l)ef irjl marriJigc, and all property to which she mav bo entitled by gift, grant, inl...:. I Itanco or devise, shall not be liable for any debts, obligations and engagcnicnul of her husband, and may be devised or bequeathed by her as slie were a /(mwl sole. (Const, of 18(J8). A conveyance of tlie wife's separate estate may be' madsl by tlio husband and wife jointly, signed in the presence of two witnesscH, or ac-j knowledged before any officer autnorized to take acknowledgments of deedif The Imsband is not liable for the wife's debts contracted before marriaco ; slie may be sued alone and her separate property is liable for the satisfactioil thereof. When no officer is convenient for taking acknowledgments, a deed raayli»| attested by two witnesses, and afterward proved in the following fonn ; [Form.] The State op Alabama, ) Benton Countv. J "' T (Jiame and style of officer) hereby certify that , A subscribing witna to the foregoing conveyance, known to me, appeared before mu this day, and beii^ Bworn, stated that , the grantor in tlio conveyance, voluntaiiivei^ ecuted the same In his presence, and in the presence of the other subscribii witness, on the day the same bears date ; that he attested the same in the prosen of the grantor and of the other witnefis, and that such other witness subscribi his name as a witness in lii!< presence. Given under my hand this the day of , A.D. 187 . (Signature and The examination of the wife »^para ed. Husband's mu« ed by witnosBcs suffl- It Is hiade. nas Clark and Sanh conveyance, and wbo at being informed of ,e voluntarily, on lh»] A.D. 187 . (Sirriiaturo and Mie.) Slate, acquire.l bcfrifj ■d bv gift, granf. lull';:- ions and engagempnul r as she werea/inmH te estate maybe maJtl )f two witnesscH, oriel r>wlodgmcnt» of dcedil 1 before jnarriapo ; htl jlo for the salisfactiotl lemcnts, a deed roayUl allowing fonn : ft subscribing witnaJ reino this day, and bei^i veyance, voluntan v» of the other subscnbim thesamointhepreseo other witness subscnh , A.D. 167 . (Signature and title. ni her husband \s n«( the laws of this bw ore ft circuit or supre peace, who must end" ceofthepeace, asthet , A.lJ. 10 i" known) to me to b« |) cxa«»ined s'^P*''''" fSSlandwitl^n. the dayof the case may uej. l( is entitled to onct Sldandtow^licbjb; I the personal proper [ there be more than rf.iftlierebeflveohil St. She shall be ond lilea leaving no Uuf' may dissent «rom oi » wltbin rr>e yenr arc probate of tho will. The widow may retain the dwelling-place, house, plantation, Jc.. fr'o from rent, until her «lowir Js asHlgned her. Cluiiiel niortgages, are legal in this State but are null and void as to creditors »nd imnhasera without notice until rccordethcr place in the L^nited States, 10 per cent, damages on amount specified Itho bill. If owned by any person within this state, 2 per centum ; if without 1 state, but in the U. S., 6 per ceatum, if without the limits of the U. S., 10 T ft 11 832 SPECIAL LAWS OF AKKAXSAR. per centum. The holder shall have his aotlon KEainst the owner, enflorwr, er acceptor, or either of them, and the protest Is held to be evidence of dcrturyi and refusal of payment. .liulgmcnts ill circuit courts are a Hen upon real estate in county for 3 ytm and mny bo revived so as to continue lien to 10, nfter which no execution ran iv sue. Jud(;nient8 in Justice courts can form a lion by filing transcript in ciroui; clerk's office. Executions cannot issue for 10 days after Jtidgment unless ordered by thft court and wlien issued to the proper otllcer are liens upon property liable "to Rolrurf. If no goods bo found the debtor and any one suppoBetl to owo hin), or Imvo hii I)roperty in posHession can bo ma whether own or her property : [Form I.] Statk of , \ ,. . , COITXTY OF , I"' 15c it remembered that on this day of , one thousand eighi hundred and seventy , before me. the undersigned, , came who are personally known to me to be the same persons whoso names are su scribed to the foregoing instrument of writing, as parties thereto, and severall; acknowledged the same to be act and deed for the purposes and cuiieidR' atlon therein mentioned. And at the same time the said wife of the said having beei by me first made acquainted with the contents of said instrument, on nn exsn ination separate and apart from her 8alur.| m ordered by th« rour'J )crty liable tn Rf00, ai.d 2 iKirscH, nnilcsor oxen, with thoirhamess, anil food for such oxen, hf>r8es or mules for diic month. Four cows with their siieking <-ah is, and 4 li<);rs with their sr.ek- iiig I'l^'S ; poultry not exceeding in value SM. The earnings nf the judgnieiit dibtnr for nis personal s<'rviees rendered at any tin\o w ithi;i .•; t d.iys next jtrered- inn till! levy. The shares held by a nn-niber of a homet^tead association, not ex- rccding in value SI,0(K», if the person ludding the shart s is not the owner if a lioMiistead under the laws f)f this State. All moneys, benetits or annuities grow- \ng i>iit of any life iiisjiraneo on tlie life of the debtor, in any company corpor:»ted under the laws of the State, if tlie annual jiremiunis pnid do not exceed ^.OOO. lloini'steail for the head of a family, not to exceed .?.'">, 0(M) in value. .Ml cKAXics' l,n:N'.— ;Meehanies"ainl m.'iterial men have a lien for labor ami materials on the land and improven\ents to the extent <>f their claims. The < rig- iiial contractor must lilo his claim within iio days, and the laliorers within 30 days, ."ifter the det)t accrued. This lien aitadies from the commencement of tlio work, aiul lias preceduro over any subseiiuent or previous unrecorded encum- brance. (iii.i.KrTloy OF I>EUTS.— Attachment may issue on aflldavit and undertaking witii two sureties, in a sum not less than 'S.'idO, or greater than the amount clainicd, in action upon .-v contract, express or implied, for the direct payment of indiii y, where the contract is made or is payable in this State and is not seeiued, "f tin- security becomes valueless ; and in an action upon a contract, express or implied, againsta defendant not residing in this State. Kvery species of property lioti'xenipt is subject to attachment. Arrests in civil actions are not allowable in this State except ns follows -.—1. In an action for the recovery of money or damages on a caiise of action arising ii|Kiii a contract, express or implied, when the defendant is about to depart from the Slate with intent to defraud liis creditors, t!. in an action for a line or pen- alty, or for money or |)ropertv embezzled, or frauduh-ntly misapplied, or con- Tirtiil to Ids own use by a puldic oflicer, or an oftlcer of a rorporatjon, or an at- torney, or factor, broker, agent or clerk, in the course of his employment as such, or liy any other persoJi in a fiduciary capacity, or for ndsconduct or neglect in otlii'c or in a professional employment, or foru willful violation of duty. .''. In aiiacti'in to recover jiossession of penxonal property unjustly detained, when tho prop* rty or any part thereof has been i-oneealed, removed or disposed of, to pro- vont i;s being ifound or t.aken by the sherilT. 4. Wh"n defendant has Ixen guilty "f fraud in contracting the debt or incurring the obligation for which the a(tii>n Islironght, or in conce.alingor ilisi)osing of the property, for the taking, conci al- iiig or conversion of which the action is brought. 5. >Vlien the defendant has re- muviMl or disposed of his yroperty, or is about to do so, with intent to »h;fraudhis croditors. No female can be arrested in a.iv action. (iarnishment may be made under execution or attachment against any bailee of tho ilchlor, and when tlie debtor's interest or right is acknowledged in a specitied mm 111 article, the said sum or article may be paid over to tlie SherilT under an urdiT of court. •ludgments in all courts of record and In the justices' conrt, when filed in the county court, are liens from thi! time they are docketed. Avhich must be within 24 hnursafter their rendiiion, on all real estate owned by the defendant not ex mpt and situated in the county where the judgment was rendered, for a periixl of 2 V'-ars, unless the dcfendiint stay execution l>y nti appeal bond, in wMcli cas > the lltii I cases. By recording a transcript of th»j docket in any other county the Hen atiadii.s to airdefenUant's real estate situated therein not exempt. No lieu U in-dittd bv judgment on persiuial property. Kxeeutions may be issued at any time wilhin 5 years after entry of judgment, »nd do not afifect property until there is a levy. Ont of justiees* conrte, as courts 53 f; if !ij 834 SPi'lCIAL LAWS OF CALIFOUNIA. I of record, tliey maybe levied on persoiml or real property. Real estate kM under execution is subject to redemption within six nu>nth«. Jud^rmcnt dtbion or their bftllcos, nfter the return of execution iiot satisticd, may be exaisiiind under oatli concerning their property. Assignments in trust for tht bencnt of creditors, are null, as against any ored:. tor not aHscntlna thereto. The deed of assignment must be in writing, ackno*;. edged and recorded like a conveyance of real estate. Mado to sccuro iiuldrscrs or sureties are valid. Notes, bills, honds, accounts and almost ever> 8|>et» con- tracted by the master, owner, agent, or consignee thereof, for work done or sup- plies furnished, or for fitting out, repairing, or equipping such boats or vi'Shdi, or for all sums due for anchorage or wharfiigc, or lor all injaries done to i>ors Rocky Mountains, $10 on each $lOOfrotcst is evidence of demand and refui^al d payment at tho time and in the manner stated in the protest. Deeds, Moutgaoes, and CiiATTKii Moutgaues, ItiGnxs of MAimiFit Women, Wills, &c.— Deeds are not required to be under seal, as all privii* seals are abolished in this .State. Must bo acknowledge.! within the State, hd«n a justice or clerk of the supremo court ; or a ju«lge or a clerk of a court of iccorJ; or a mayor or recorder of a city ; or a court conimissioncr ; or a county recorder; or a notary public ; or a ju.dice of tho peace. Without this State and in the I'liiied States, before a justice of the peace or clerk of any court of record of the lnii(il| States ; or a justice, jud^o or clerk of any court of reconl of any State:! or n commissioner appointed bv the Governor of this State for th.it purr poso ; or a notary public or any otficr officer of the State where tho acknowledfl ment is made, authorized by its laws to lake such acknowledgment. WUliouttlnl United States, before a minister, commissioner or charge d'affaires of t lie liiiNI States, resident ami accredited in the country where sucli acknowledgment ii| mcdo ; or a judge of a court of record of the country where the acknowledKnierl lb made, or n commission ap;tointed for that purpose by tho Governor of ttir State pursuant to special statutes ; or a notary public. The husband or wife,! can each, without the consent or assistance of tho oilier, convey his or her tefX^ ate property. They must join in a conveyance f)f ilieirconimniiity property. 'J he following is the general form of tho ccrtiflcato of acknowledgment : State OK Califouxia, ) C'(>rMPii» .nariners, boatnu'ii, anj lall liave \\w pveffrence, UHTUing from the iion- 10 trnnxportation of per- i8t bo commenced wilLm >T non-acceptance omen. 1. If diawn upon any ^ tilccificd in the bill. 2. ; E tho other States or tei- tbJ principal sum ppeo nitcd States cast of ibM 4. If drawn upon aiiy no of tho principal sum lonor and demand of pjl ato amount of the i.niic.- [ demand and refusal ■ ' otest. ., I 9, iJionTS OF MAunij:!! nder seal, as all pnvaul . I within tho State. bel i oJ«| Mi-.-*nN, Notary Public. Muan must bo substantiM , before luc.. Ten , known to inf ■>n whoso name is Bulncn man, and upon an cxair ation, without the licaring of hot husband, I made her acquainted with the con. tents of the instniments, and thereupon bho acknowledged to mo that she exe* cutcd the same, and that she does not wish to retract sucn o.xecution. John Johnston, Notary Public. p-operty of rreri/ description acquired by the wife before marriage, and that nrqiiired afterward by gift, bequest, devise, or descent, shall bo her separate prop'Tty, and will In no case be liable for the debts of her husband. Tho hus' blind's property of every kind similarly acquireand oi wile, one-lialf of the common property fhall go to tho survivor, and the other half to tie descendants, of tliii deceased Inisband or wife, subj. ct to the payments oi tho tiebts of tho deceased. If there til' no descendants of the deceased husband or wife, the whole shall go to the sur- Tlvor, subject to such j.^;, ment. As to dower, no estate shall bo al' /ed to the Imslmnd as tenant by courtesy uyon the decease of his wife, nor any vrstatc in dower bo allowed to the wife upon tliL' death of hor husband. Ciiattel mortgages are void ns to third parties, unless possession of chattels pag'-cs from rnortgagor, albeit tho mortgage may berecorde-'. Any married woman may dispose of all her estate by will, and may alter and revoke sucli will, but tho ((inseiit of tho iiusbaml. In writing, must boannexe R.\i,K— //oHic vnrtit S'J000fi;i// Pi-rmnal Proprrly. Every person being a boust'holdcr and bead of a fandly, is eMliilcd to a homo- •tiiil not exceeding In ^alue S'JOOO. '1 o ••ntitle such i)erson to this exemption, 111' must enter the word " liomehteiul" on the maigin of his recorded title. Tho fdilowiiig propel ly, when owned by any { ersou luing hea*l of a family, shall bo exempt ; Family pieturi-s. scboo) books and library, pew In church, biirlal sites, all wearing apparel of family, all beds, bedsteads, ►to\cs ami cooking uten- sil.'*, liept for use of debtor and fjumily. and other household furnltui 3 not ex- nciling ,$100 In value, provision and fuel necessary to tho family for G months, tools. ( tc., of any me<'hanle not exceeding S-'JOO In value, library and implements of any professional man not exceeding ^300, draft animals to tho value of $1.>I)0, 1 cow and calf. 10 theep and the necessary food for them for (> n'.onths, 1 farm • " o 1. inrt. etc . 1 plough, 1 harrow and other fannli'f lin'dements not exceeding ti '' 836 SPECIAL LAWS OF COLORADO. f60, In ralue. Persons not at tho head of a family, only entitled to wearing apparel and property to tho valuo of ?3(i0. Mkciianics' Liex. — Persons who perform work or fumioh materials to ths amount of more than 9L'5 for the construction or repairing of any building, may have a lien thereon. Principal contractors must file their lien in 40, and Fiih- contrnctors within 20 days a'. er last work done or material furnished. Action thereof must be commenced within fi monthn from date of filing lien. Coi.LKfrrioNOK Deists,— Plaintiff must Hie a bond, with security, payable to defendant, in double tho amount swore lO be due, with tho customary, ccmii- lloiifl, and then lilo an alfldavit, alleginR positively one or more of tho folldwing causes befure attachment :an bo i,'<»ued : 1. That the debtor has departed, or is about to <\epart from the State with intent to conceal his efTects, 2. That li(> h a non-rcr.ldent, or is a foreign corporation, or conceals liimsclf. .3. That he is about to remove or dispone of his property to tho injury of liis creditors, or that he fraudulently contracted the dobi, or has removed away any of his property with intent to hinder or defraud his creditors. In attachment, replevin or meritorious defence may bo made, when necessary, by the aflidavit of the attorney or agent for tho plaintiff. In assignments a debtor has tho right to i)refer one or more crmlitors t for recovery of moj»ey or jier- Bonal property, i)robrite courts to 52000, over all cases, both at law and in eijuity, district courts are without limit as to amount or character of claim. Summons to justice court must be issued ft days, atid served at least 3 tes, and sitnilar instrument^., the defentlant, before he will bo permitted to plead, tors, may be sued si'pnrately or jointly. Record required to bo kept by notaries ptiblie, competent e\i(lenco to nroveinirt and manner of service of notice of protOBt, names of parties, and dusjrlptio' and amount of iutitrument. SPECIAL LAWS OF COLORADO. 837 1 titled to wearing ■ materials to the I any building, may ■ ien in 40, aii«l Fub- ■ urni?hccl. Anion ■ K licH' I H'urity, payable to ■ customary, condi- ■ ro of tlio following ■ uas tlepartcil, or is ■ is ii. That liois ■ self. 3. Tlial ho is | p creditors, or that I ny of his property ,1 le, when necessary, I orecrnditors to tlio I jut, or where bunk- I Iging indebtedness, I I ondor»em»'ut, iind I by tlioooniinon law. I ry t)f money or iiei- I L"law and in equity, | claim. I •vcd at least 3 djiys | Bsued and servol at I or personal, of the I thin the juri8dietii>n I of till! term of court I » bo issued thore( u I •d ; judnnieut bcforo I lliuK a transcript nf I lurt of the county iu I jtely after judgment of the delivery t.. Execution fron\ I delivery to she ri IT. terest in real estate, ecution nmy, within debtor. Execnt.m which should be re- expiration of nine ueing out ox'icntiou th ten percent, per old. sxecution or attJioh- hiflStnte. ho defendant, before vit of merit thai lu' suit or Bomo part ro any notary p"ll'« sonted and nrotwer of attorney to convey should bounder seal aiul recorded with tlio deed made thereunder. Acknowledgments of deeds written in the State may bo matle before any jus- tire or judge of the supremo or district courts, or before any cleric or deputy clerk of such courts under the t'cal Ihrroof, or before any probato judge under thf weal of his court, or before the clerk ami recorder of any county or his de- puty under the county seal, or l)efore any notary public under his notarial seal, or I'efore any justice of the peace. Without the State and within tho United States, before the secretary of Rny State or territory, the clerk of any court of record, or commissioner »"f deeds for this State, or befor a any ottlcer authorized by the laws of tlio State were taken to take acknowledgments. The seal of any of the above oflleers must a<"((inipany the certlllcate, and when not taken before the secretary of a State or territory, or clerk of a court of record, the certiileate of the clerk of f;inie court *■ l{ecord where tho ottlcer taking the acknowledgement resUlea nin^Jt acc< i^any auch acknowledgement that such oflioer is tho person tho afsuiiH'R til tie. Wiii.iut the United States before any United States consul, mayorof any city under his ottirial seal, .'iny court of reconl of any foreign state, under tho cerlilicato of the jud;;e thereof ar'«d, appeared before mo this day in jxTson, and r''" lodged that he signed, se:iled and delivered tho s.iid iiistru- ni(>nt of wri iMj4 :Mtiii8 free dinl volnntary act for tho uses and purposes therein Kct forth. (liven undei mj hand and (style of seal) this day of , A. 1). IM . (Signature.) OmcL-^l seal.] (S^ylo of ofllce.> Form of certificate where the husband and wlfo join in a conveyance Is the name as tho foregoing foiin, except that after iho name of tVi* husband or wife, A. It,, is inserted, " a:id C. 1)., his wife " (or her husband, iis tbo ease may be), "who are personally known, etc.," down to tho teste, beforo which is iuserteu the following : " And the said C T>., wife of the said A. B., having been first examined by me separate "vnil apart from and out of tin hearing and piesonee of lur said hus- linil, and the contents, meaning aiid efteet of the witliln d«'ed having been by ni' fully explained to her. acknowledged to mo that she «'xerutod (bi: Knme freely and voluntarily, and w ithout any coon-ion or lonipulsion o\\ tho part of her said husl)iind,aiul that iho does not wish to retract tho siiine." Teste aa in Joretjoiitf/ J'onn. Witnesses to deeds are not necessary, but arc do- f'iralile. Any married women .nay bargain, sell and convey her .estate, real and per- » Mial, and make k ..'ontraet with rt fereiwe lluireto, as thi;iigh a /i-imiii' sole. >he may also sue and 1k3 sued, eontrai't d«!liis in lior '>v> n naiin' and upon ber <'wn tr< .lit, execute anvhistrniiient of writing, and judgments maybe pronounced and enforced agai.int h<'r as though a iVuimc Kilf. A chattel mortgage shall not be valid as against thlid parties, unless there bo a tUlivery to the mongagee of such property. In \vbos(» poH-e.tHion it shall remain iniiil tlio lien expires; or unl» ss tlie mortgagor t-hall arUiidwlcdgo huk-Ii inort- "s district whore such mortgagor same. If tho mortgagor retain posses>*ion of tbo property mortgaged, the niortgapo must exp'.Ci'sly [irovldo forsueh iioosession ; otherwis«i It Is void. -V mortgag!"e r. iustleo of the peace In tho jnstiee" resides, who shall keep a memorandum of the sai V 838 SPECIAL LAM'S OF TONNECTICUT. ii« ■ SPECIAL LAWS OF CONNECTICUT. Exemptions from Forced Salr.— Ao Jfome exempted.— TenonaX property M f:>llown, viz. Of tlio |)rop('rty of nny one person, Iuh necessary apparel and bedding and liouHcliold furnlturo ncpCHHary for suiiportii.g life ; iirnis, niilitnry equipujents, uniforms or nmBical instruments owned by any member of the mill- tia for military purposes ; any pension ujoneys received from the United Slates while ii» the liands of the pensioner; implements of the «Jebtor's trade, liis ij. brarv, not exceeding 8500 in value; 1 cow, not exceeding blM) in value; ai;v nurnl)er of sheep not exceeding 10, nor exceeding in all Sir>0 in value ; 2 swinoam'l the porlt produced from iiiHwine.or 2 swine and L'OO lbs. of nork ; of the property of any one person having wife or a fimdly, '.'■"> bushels of cliarcoal, 2 tons of otlier coal, 200 lbs, of wheat lionr, 2 cords of wood, 2 tons of hay, 200 lbs. each of bcif and lisih, 5 bushels each of iwtaloes ai.d turnips, 10 bushels each of Indian cum and rye, and the meal or Hour manufactured therefrom, 20 lbs. each of wool ami Hax. o'- the yarn or cloth mmie therefrom, and 1 stove and the pipe belonging thereto ; the' horse of any practicing physician or surgooii of a value not exceeding 3200, and his satidlo, bridle, harness and buggy ; 1 boat owned by one person and ust'd by liini in tlio busincKs of planting or taking oysters or clums, or taking shad, togtther witli the sails, tackle, rigging and implements used in said bust- new, not ex-ceding in valuc.'52i)0 ; 1 sewing machine, being the property of any on J per.son using it, or having a family ; one pew, being the property of any petsoii h.-.ving ft f'4!nily onliitarilv occupying it, an<'; lots, in any burying crouiul appro- oriated by its proprietor tor the burial jilace of any person or family. The Ims- naml's inton-st in the wile's estate cannot bo taken for his debts during the lifo of the wife or any issue of their marriage, except for del)ts contiaeted for tlus support >i flu<')i wife or issue. Any debt that has accrued for personal service not exceeding .** 10, or If tlie debtor have a wife or family not exeeedi'ig ?25, an.I all betielits allowed by any association in tiiis State on account ' f sickness, are ex- empt, provided, that' in suits brought for a debt accruing for house rent, i)rovi.si(ui8, wearing apparel or fuel, furnished to the debtor or for the use of iiis amily, only 910 an; exempt, and no exemption Is allowed for personal board of the debtor or his family. IMr.cnANics' liiK.v.— Material men and mechaulcs have a lien on land and buildings for the amount of their ( laim, provided the sanie excet^ls $25. To render the Hen valid, the claimant must llle a eertilb'ato ot the cbiim, verilled by oath, with the towa dork within (10 d.ivs from the time when he comnienc. d to furnish materials or render services. Sv^here the claimant h n sub-contractor Ik must, unless his contract with the orlpinai contractor is In writing, assented toby tho proprietor, give notice In writing lo tho proprietor within CO days of tho time l»o commences to fundsh materials or render services that he inten.'n to claim a lion, otherwise he can have none. This iien takes preeedenco of all ■ubsoqucnt lneund)rance8. CoLr.rc'Tiu.v OF Ivkht.s.— .\ttnchment In civil actions, may bo Issued and levied upon any property of the debtor that is not bv statute exempt from attach- ment and (Txecution. An attachment may bo dissolved i)y the substitution of a bond. No action lies for danniges arising from an nttachnjent, unless the suit was malicious. V.'hcre the amount atlached is ^o great as to bo vexatious or oppres- sive, tho court will order a release of ti jiorlion of the property. An attachim nt remains a lien for sixty days after the rendition of judgment In the cu.se of im r- sonal jjroperty, and four n'>onths in the c.ise of real estate. Tho debtor is exempt from arrest in all actions founded on contract, express or Implied. Inactions sovintiing in tort ami for fraud th<> debtor may be im- prisoned, l)ut cnn obtain a discharge on taking the " poor tlebtors oaJi." .Assiginnents in insolvency aio matle to a trustee and in use to tho benefU cf all tho creditors. A transfer of property made (iOdays bef jre tlu! assignment ii good. ('onvevan<'es nnide In the ri'gulaf co, rse of biixiness, or for a present cmi- Biileratince of frautl. .Turisdiction of justice courts ex- tends to SldO, and eillier par'y has the right of appeal in all cases. Courts of common pleas aiid lh<5 district court have original jurisdiction of all causes in equity where iho nnittiT in demand does not excee,in», verilled t>n he <'onuneno.d i> n Knb-ccntrartor 1 writing, assenlod r within CO days of COS that he intends prcoedenco of all ay bo issued ami •mpt from atta.li- snbBtltution of a nlesalho suit was xatiouB or oppit^s- An attaehnu'nt n the c^so of p<'r- oontraet, er.pro'^s ii'btor may be ini- tor'Hoa.h." to the benefll if the assinnmeiil is for a proBont fi'ii- justieo courts lv ases. . „ jurisdietion of ah ^.'-.OO and causes in and appellate jvir- eauityof all eases where there I:* "O court of Hi-rorn bus final and conclusive juriwiiction in all matters. In determining tlio amount of the iU»mand, interest to the commencement of the suit is included, but not costs. .Any debt owin^; to the defendant, or any goods or estate in the hands of a third party may be taken by process of garnishment. Kxecution may be taken out any time during the lives of the parties. If either be dead, «cire facias on the judgment must be brought. A judgment tliat has lain donnant for 20 years is presumed to be satisfied. The judgment itself creates no lien, but any property that has been attached in the suit in held to respond to the judgment. A negotiable nolo must bo for the payment f>f money only, i)ayable to some piTson or his order or bearer. A negotiable promissory note on dcmaiid is con (ijiliitMl over-thio and dishonored after four nioiiths. l).'»ys of grace are not al |.)\vcd on eight or demand notes, or <>n bank cheeks. I'rotPBts of inland bills ot (Xiliango aiul promissory notes, protested without this State, are prima facie (vidiMco of the facts therein stated. When a bill of exchange, drawn or iiego- •.i.Htil in this State upon any person in anv other. State, territory or district of (lie liiited States, shall be returned unpaid and ayable is entitled to recover the "damages, according to the nlace wliere payable, over and above the principal sum, together with the law- tul interest on tlie aggregate amount of sucii principal sum and*dainage8 from tiic time at whicli notice of such protest shall have been given, and payment of said principal sum and damages demanded. .Sherids refusing to pay over money collected, when demanded, are liable to pay two per cent, a montii on the amount received from time of demand ; fail- ing' to execute proi;es8 or making false or illegal r'turns, are liable to pay all dnniages. Any ofHcer, indorsing, deniandinu, or rei-eiving more than legal fees on any civil process, is liable to pay to the person against whom the charge was made threefold the amonnt charged. No person is disqualified as a witness in a civil action by reason of any in*er- pst in the ease or coiivic'ion of any crime, but the fact may be shown todiscredit Li? testimony. I>i;i;i):<, MohtoaOES, Vaikttva. Mortoaoks, IIiojits of married women, &c. I onveyances of real estate must be in writing, sealed by tlio grantor and sub- Miibed by him or liis attorney duly authorized, ; tested by two witneSfics, witli tlii'ir own hands, and aeknowledged by the granti as his free act and deed. A jcrawl enclosing the letters L. S. iL. S.)is etiuivi* ent to a seal. The acknowl- idj,'nient, if in this State, is maile before a judge of a court of reconl of this Stnto or o[ the I'niletl States, ju'^tico of the peace, commissioner of the school fund, lonimissioner of the superior court, notary public, town clerk or assistant town til rlv ; if in any other State or territory of the Lniieil .States, before a commis- fioM>i- appointed by the (tovernor of this State and residing therein, or any ofll- ler.iiithorized to take the acknowledgment of deeds in such State or territory ; and if in a fon-ign country, before any consul of the I'nited States, or notary imlilic or justice of tlie peace in such toreign country. • 'onveyances of real estate siluatei' in tliis State and powers of attoniey therefor, executed and acknowledged in smy othi-r State or territory in conform- ity to its laws relative to the conveyaneo of lands 'herein situated, are valid. Th» wife need iK»t l)o privately examined apart from h t liusl)and. Tlie husband joins with the wife in the conveyance of her real estat *, bnt ccn- voyv Ills own without her signature. iJower attaches only to the real oslaii b»- leii^'iiig to the husband at his deceuso. I'lie following form of acknowle Iginent is used in all cases : personally appeared , signer and sealer of the foregoing inotni- meiit, and acknowledged the same to be hif free act and deed before me. (Signature.) Married woman may hold real estate to their separate use in their own name. Ill al! ( >nveyariee8 of tiie same tiie husband must join, 'i be husband is trustee f'f the wife's' personal estate, and accountable to her for the avails. He may be ruiiDved for cause, and another trustee appointed. She may be sued for her Cfiiitriicts and acts ; her husband is not liable upon any of sncn causes of action. Slie may also enter into a contract jointly witli her husband for the benelit of lier seje estate, or their joint estate, and bo sued on the same. She may also cari7 on business, and if any right of a<'tion accrues to lier iherefrom, may sue upon the I'line as if she were unmarried. The widow shall have the riglit of dowor in one thml of the real estate of which her husband died possessed in Lis own right, to b« to her uuring her natural life. ■* ■ ■ 1. 1 f 1 1 .V 840 SPECIAL LAWS OF DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. A chattel mortgage of property not periithablo in its nature in goo8Be8»ion, but tlie deed niUBt be executed with all the ftirm- alities required in town records, an in the case of real estate. Properly exfni|it from execution Is also a proper subject for a chattel nuntgagc Conveyances of other BpeelcB of i>cr8onal property, unaccompanied by possession, are void as Rgaiiuit creditors. Wills must be iu writing, subscribed by the testator, and at- tested by the witnesses, all of them subscribing iu his presenec. SPECIAL LAWS OF DISTRICT OF COLUM- BIA. Exemptions from FonrF.n Half..— Xo Ifome erempfetL Pergonal rmprriy ofthefoUowinp vnlne is exempt from distraint, atttichment, or sale oii executidii, except for serVftntB or laborers wages due : Wearing apparel, household furni- ture to the amotint of J.'MK) ; i)rovisi(in8 and fuel for H months, me<-hanics t'ols or imj)lements of any trade, to the value of ai2(M». with stock to the same amoinit ; the library and implements of a professional man or artist, to the value of ^:mi; a farmer's team ami other utensils, to the value of $1(K), family pictures uml library to value of $400. MKi'iiANics' Jr his ajtent, performs labor or furni.'^hes materials for const ni«'. lion or rejiair of such bnildinu, shall, upon tiling in ofHce of clerk of the suprtnn court of the District, at any tiiiu! after commencement .ii. Coi.i.Kf'TioN OF Df.ut.s. — A V. At of attachment and garnishment m.ny Im isBued whenever plaintilT, Ids agent or attorney shall file in clerk's otiic'.at commencement or during pendency of suit, an athdavit (suiiported by testiniony of one or more witnesses,) showing grounds up' of ordinary |)rocess by concealing biniself or withdrawing from district teinpoi.iily, or has rentoved or is about to remove some of his firoperty from district toilifiat just deman{uluted by the iirinciplcB of common law. .Iistices of jie'xce have juiisdiction in all civil cases where amount claiimd to bo diK! for tlebi or v cept in eases lnv(»lvlng title to real estate, actions to recover damages for ns^nnli or assault and battery, or for Uiallcloiis proseetition or a<'ti(( j»eace or other otttcers for misconduct In ofliee, or in actions for sliinder, vilxil or written. Supreme court of District of Columbia iK)S8e»'M>8 same powers ami •xercises same jurisdiction as circuit courts of United .Stites. Any om of Justices of said court may hobl a special tenn with same powei i aniiii't teinV"""'l>. 1 district todtfiat iitHrlt-nt surety. to iiuton of wrongful \v. i.> amount rlainnil •eHH or Innd'*'''' ''' lot cxi'f'ed SfltX'. I'X- ;inintjor< for nf*niil'> analMHl justic" x «( for Hlander. v. rl>H 'S same iiower> am vlierc! husband and wife join in the deed, the lattei r'' «^*=-^' ^''-^''^ '• I. .losoidi Mercer, a notary public in and for tho county aforesaid, do hereby otriiiy that A. B. and C. !>., i;is wife, i>arlie8 to a certain deed )>earingdaio on tlii> tl.iy of , A, I). 1« , and hereto annexed, lursonally appeared litfori' me, in the county aforesaid; tho said A. B. and ('. ])., his wife, being [H r-oiiiilly well known to mo as (or proved by the oatlis of credible witnesses be- f'f ' iiKi to be) tho persons who executed tho s.aid deed, antl acknowleged the samo I' ' ■ their act and deed ; and tho said ('. J)., wife of siiid A. B., being by mo ox- f.iiiiiH d privily antl apart from her said husband, and having tlie deed aforesaid fri'ily explained to her, acknowledged the samo to be her act antl deed, and Ue- ilareil tluit she had willingly signed, sealed and delivered tho same, and tliat she wislied not to retract it. (liven under my hand and fieal this day of , A.TX 18 . .I0SI<:IMI MEHCKU. When acknowledgments are maile beyond limits of District, within United ^tais, the eertilicate of tho same must bo aecompanietl by a eertilicate of the ri;;isier clerk or other public oillcer having cognizance of the fact under his ofli- I'i.il seal, that, at the dale of tho acknowledgment, tho otlicer taking tho same i^!> ii fact, tlie ollieer he puri)orted to be. Deeds made in a foreign country M'.v be exoi'utcd and aeknowledgiii r or master extraoriliiuiry in ciiancery, or notary public, or before any ffiTot.vry of legation or consular otlicer of tho United States. • ii A rriM. MnUT(iMiKs— Must bo rei-onled within twenty days after execution. No liill of sale, deed of trust or mortgage for property exempt by law fronj '■\iK'rty i-« bounil by any such co itract made by a married woman, nor lliiblo for any n^coverv against her in aiiv such suit, but judgment may he enfon'eil by execution against her boIo and Boparaie estate in samo man* ucr an it she wore unmarried- 842 SPECIAI. LAWS OF DELAWARE. DAKOTA, HOMESTEAD LAW. Exemption from Forced fiw.v..— Home of m Acres trithbiiildinqn, or Ilnnsi, and onc-hnlf acre in a Village or <'ily, and I'lt'nonnt Property. Tho houselioldcr Irt entitled to a homcBtcad ooucistlii::" of not more than 80 acrtisof land with build. Ings and appurtenances thorcon, and personal property aggregating in value not to exceed $1500, whicli personal property is delincd by statute. SPECIAL LAWS OF DELAWARE. Exemptions kiiom Forced Sale.— A'o Home Exempted, Personal Propertji, t275. — Family library, school bookn, family Uible, family pictures, seat or pew In church, lot in burial ground, all wearing apparel of debtor and family ; and In addition to above, tools, implements anon alliduvit made by the plaintilT or some other credible person, and filed v ith tho prothonotary " that tho defendant is justly indebletl to the plaintiff in a sum exceeding §50, antl has absconded from tho place of his usual abode, or gone out of tho Stale with intent to defraud his creditors or to elude process, as is believed." All creditors share in proceeds uf sale of property. A foreign attachment may be issued against a person not an Inhabitant of this State, after a return to a summons or capias, issiieil ami delivered to tho sherilf or coroner 10 days before tlie return thereof, showing that tho defeiulani cannot be foutid, and proof, salisfaetory to tho court, of tho cause of action ; or upon atlidavit ma«le by the i)lainliir or some other <'reiliblo i)erson, and tiled witli the prothonotarv, '• that the defenilant resides out of the State, and is justly in- debted to tho said plainiiir in a sun\ exceeding S50." No capias shall 1)0 issued on any judgment in a civil action (against any froo white person) until the return of execution delerndnes that the defendaiu lia.^ not sufileient real or jiersonal property within tho county to satisfy tho debtor damage th<>rein expressed ; or until tlie plaintilf in such judgment, cr some credible person for him, sh 11 make a written atlidavit, to be tiled in prothonotarv'i ofHce before tho issuing of tho writ, to tho sameetTect ; nor thvn uidess the i>lain- tiffin said judgment (or decree^ or some credit)le person for him. shall, in addi- tion to the above requirement, make a written atlidavit, to be tiled in the protho- notary's ofllee ( r register in chancery) before the issuing of the process stiUinJ " tlnit the defendant in such judgment (or decree) is justly imlebtod to the said ElaintllT in a sum oxceetling ijSO, and that ho verily believes the said defendant as secreted, conveyed away, assignetl, settled or disiwsed of either money, BPECIAI. LAWS OP DELAWAUE. 843 W. uil(Iings,orITon!ie, The uouBeholdor of land with buiW- alini; In value not ARE. Personal Propcrtv, •tures, scat or pew r ami family ; and ■y to carry ou trade L to above, or other uty, wages tor labur i or other persons, ials or both, to an jp.'iir of any house, )r implied, with thu ,e within six month) g of Buch materials, ii'h said building in L'ttiuR forth that tho and haa refused or c amount due ou his names of tho rarlies Judgment obtained ito attached thereto day upon which tlio d shall take priority "suanco of any coii- u.butallbepaidpro •^«acftme?l^" may be 1 summons or capiaa s before tho return proof satiffactory to 10 plaintilf orBoine .It the defendant is Jias absconded from nteut to defraud his iharo in iiroceodsoi an inhabitant of this ured to tho hbi^nlt that tho defeiulant cause of action -.w rson, and tiled \viili ito, and is justly m- ion (against any fn'o at tlie defendant lias <) Hatisf V tho dclil or 1 judgnient, cr soni'i Icdinprothonoinrys '„^n unless the pla"'" rhim.shall. iu^'W- otiledinllieitrohc'- the process ,»*«""? Indebtcl to the s.u fore or after tlniiljudffment. aiul under attacliment by procepa of parniHliimnt, upon an atlldavit bein)( niiuin by tlie plaintitT. h\» unoMt or attorney, that bo i|o<'i not believo the debtor will have in his poiMieHsiun visible projierty in thin Stalo of BUfHcient value to nali»fy his demand. DnniageH for non-payment or non-aeeeptanceof foreign billH, liiUsof exphangp are at the rate of 5 per ccni. on tlie liundred of the prnx-ipal ttum. NoteH aii'l bills in tliiH State are asHignable ua at common law. •IiU'iHtliotion ii probate powers, and tlniil 1urisll!ite jurisdiction in al! eases in equity, and all cases at Inw where the amount in contruversy excnilii .Judgments obtainea lien on the real estate of the defendant, if it is nMordcd within ten d.'iys after it is ol)tain«-d, in the county clerk's ofltce. fTud|;nicnts from other States eau be used only as evidence in k Buit brought on them in this Slat*'. All the lands, >j<.ods and <-hattels of the defendant may be levied on and sdM under execution, and is (I lien on tlie iiei-soiiiil property of the dt'fendant fidii the time it comes to the hands of the siierilf. There is iiu stay o.? execution ami no redemption of j>ropertv sold umler execution. Dkkds, MoUT WoMKX, &e.— Deeds must be in writing, sealed and delivercil in the presence of r.ot less than two wilnessch-a Bcrawl, with the word seal written in it, issiitlirleiit sial. If a deed is exe uti'd in tills State it must brdinary, minister resident, chiinie d'(0'aires, commissioner or consul ^as the case may be), that the person whosi- name is 8ub8cril)ed to the <'ertillcat- peared before me, a notary public, dtily appoint«'d and authorized by the exeiiiiiw' outhority of the State of , under the laws of said State, "to take wiildii said Slate i>roof and acknowledgnienis of deeds (or other oflleer sis the case may be), to be used and reeorde (l<>fenilaiit. fii'in y ufi. exoeiitioii ami -Deeds must lie in u two \vilue«Hef.-a a ; to tlm )ii tliereof n<'kii"wl- lublie, juBtieo of I ho Lcrritory to talvetlio 10 State of Flitriilii. liiijj to tlio laws ti( aiiv iiiiniBter iileiii- '.«, roiiiinlHsiouer or d in any other Sintn lOiild have attailied atoof thesecretarj- . resident, rlmnie t the porcon wIk's.' at tho datcth«i"'f, s the HlKiiatuif i>i .10 deed is oxeeiittMl errltory or foreign t is taken out of ilie 17 , jiersonnlly ni* zedlivtlioexeculiyc tate, "to talte wiilm" cer iiH tlio enxe may 11 known to he ili" II sealed, Huhseril"'. lis free actaiuUletil, xed my otllcial »oal, ,L, Notary Public Tlioy take priority accordlnR to date of recording in proper ofllre, and are lient nnh rroiii stirh date. 'I'ho lien of a inirchaso money niort^jaffo rceorded wiildn Hx\\ 'lays after It is made lias preference to any judK'nient against tho niortgni(or, or I'llier lienof a ilate prior to the niurtuaxe ehattel, iinkn<>%vn. Tlie real and personal property oi any niarrietl woman, acqtiirotl prior to Mnrcli 17, IH7r), or which she tlien hold, or w'hich she may aetiuire after that date, III imytnanner whatever, from any person otiier than her hushaml, shall he Iter s<,l.- ■•iiid separate property ; and the rents, issues and protits thereof shall not h* ■itihi.it to the diHpoxal of her husband nor liable for his debts. Married women. Iiiiirlijisers of real estate, may secure pur(hase moiuy.or part of it. by re<'S lie ii « |i,irty thereto. May give bond with or without warrant of attorney. Married women may receive wages for her personal labor antl maintain an action therefor, miiv deposit same or other moneys bebmging to her in bank, etc.. free from her l:a.«li.iiid'rt control. May |>rosecuteaiid defend suits at law, «>r in equity, for prea- tr\aiion and protection of her iiroperty ; make contracts In respect to her pro|>- criy, upon which suits maybe orought as though she was/fwirnf do/**, whether lilt' contracts were niadu before or after marilage, and h'jr property shall b« ohaiiicd therewith. Wills must be In writing, and slgne f>M.r..—Ffomr, Farm, or House and Lot, nnd Per- mmil I'ro/ifrfi/.—A homestoail to the extent of ICO acres of laiul. ortho hah of one aire within the limits of any im-orporated city or town, owned by tlio head of a f.uiiilv residing in this .State, together witli i!il.(M)0 worth of personal property, ami 1 lie improvements on the real estate, shall bo exempted from forced sale uiid r any process of law, and the real estate, shall not be alienable without the joint I'onsont of husband ami wife, when that relation exists. *' IJut no property ^ll.■lII lie exempt from sale for taxes, or for the payment of obllgatifnis contracted for t lie purchase of said premises, or for the erection of iinprovemcnts thereon, '<: fcirlumse. Held or other labi>r performed on the same. The exemption herein jimvided for, In a city or town, shall not exteiul to more improvementa or bulld- liiH-i than tho residence or business house of the owner." .Mi;ther persons performing labor or f undsh- iiiK materials for tho construction or repair of any building, or who mav have fill nished any engine or other machinery for anv inill. distillery or manufactory, nijiy have a llt'ii on such building, mill or distillery, etc.. for the same to the ex- tent iif the lnt«'rest of the tenant orcontractor. Suli-contr.ict irs. journeymen and hli. n-rs have also Hen. upon their giving notice in writing to the owner that they h(ilil liim responsible for whatever may be du»! them. (ni.i.KcTiox (»K l»i:i«TS.— There is'no imprisonment for debt In this State. Attacliment may bo had of the debtor'n property upon atlidavlt made by tho IilaiiilitT. or his agent, or attorney, that the defendaii is removing his property out of the State, or about to remove it. or is a noi\-resident of the State, or is re- moving or about to remove beyond the limits of the Slate, or absconds or secretes lilinsclf, or is fraudulently disposing of his property, or i.-* concealing tho same, oris removing saint! out of the jii licial ili>trit that is not due ; '"■" itiitl, it fall-t due in nine months from the time it is asked for— upon an af- litlf. it by the plaintift or his agent, setting forth the facts of the case ; and, also, lliiiv the defendant is actually removing his properly from out the State, or is fi.iii(liilently concealing or dis|K>sing of the satno for the purpose of evading his ju!tt, (/jL <\ ^ 1 846 SPKCIAL LAWS OF FLOltlDA. Stay of execntion on judgment, for want of affidavit of defense ; C mon;hs, If Security be given 20 days after judgment. On judgments beforn justice f [ the peace 6 monlhs' Btay ondefendant pleading his freehold, and months' stay on Us giving security. All checltb, nc+es, drafts or bills, inland or foreigji. jjayable without time or at sight, arc due and payable on prAsentmont. without praco ; days of grace sliall lie allowed on all checliB, drafiS or bills, fnreicrn or inland, payable at a future or different time from that in which thv-j^ are dated, or whicli are made payable on a particular day after date. Tho damages oii bills of exchange drawn upon any person beyond the seas, and relumed with legal protest, sliall as to the drawer, indorser and all con- cerned, bo at the rate of 20 per centum on the contents of ."^uch bills in adusiness here, eithcrl))' ) of writ of Bummous to :e of business of rucU ; the return thereof, ^acknowledgments may il or commercial agent V, at the places of their listrict or circuit court court of record, or the under the hand of i-uch .court, citv or boroupli; d the seal of the court; ernor (whose seal shall w distinctly the name, h conunisBioner). Only as a peal. wit'o relinqui.-'hcfl nor the words stated in tie The wife must join with the husband in the execution of deedt +0 raHnquish her (lower, and the following sliould be in the certificate of acknowK Igment : " Personally came C. I)., wife of the said A. B., to me well known, etc., and aeknowledged she in.ade herself a party to and executed the same for the purpose of relinquisliing her dower, in and to the lands and tenements therein described; and the said C. I)., on a private examination taken and made before me, separately and aoart from her said husband, acknowledges and says that the said relin quinhment and renunciation of dower was and is made freely and voluntarily, and without any compulsion or constraint, apprehension or fear from her said hus- band, the said A. B., to which acknowledgment the said C. D. has in my presence and this day set her handand seal." (Signature and titles) All peisonal and real property owned by the wife before lier marriago, or to wbicli she shall become entitled by inheritance, gift, purchase or devise (luring marriage, shall be and remain her sole and separate property, and free from tho delits of the husband. But, in order that it shall be free from his debts, an inven- tory of the same must be made out in six months af . r marriage, or after the same shall be acquired by her, and recorded in the circuit court clerk's otlico In the county in which it is situated. A married woman can sell and convey all real estate inlierited by lier in the same way as she could if she were solo ; but in all conveyances of any of her real estate her husband must join in the execution and acknowledgment. She is also entitled to dower in one-tliird of all the real estate stized by lier 'lusband at tho lime of his death, or at any time during his life, unless she has relinquished the same ; and she is also entitled to one-third of hia personalty. No mortgage of personal property shall be effectual or valid to any purpose whatever, unless such mortgiigo shall be recorded in the otlice of record for the county in wliich the mortgaged property shall be at the time of the execution of the mortgage, and unless the mortgaged property bo delivered at tho lime of execution of the mortgage, or within twenty days thereafter, to the mortgagee, and shall continue to remain truly and bona fide in his possession. Mortgages of personal property shall be admitted to record upon the same proof as real prop- erty, or by proof "being made upon oath by at least one credible person, before the recording otllcer, of the hand-writing of the mortgagor, in cases in which there ehall be no attesting witnesses to the mortgage. Wills must be in writing, signed by the testator or by some other person in his presence, and by his express directions, and sliall be attested and subscribed in the presence of the testator by thuee or more witnesses. , in tho year of our onallv came bcforo ths ion, his wife, parties to h of liichard Koe) to be their act and deed re- gime privately examineil 2xecuted the eaid inden- of her husband's d* . aforesaid. (Signature and title.) iiarried.] , in ihc year of oui onallv came before the indenture, known to me and acknowledged saiil ■r aforesaid. (Signature and title.') ibscribing witness out of tl»e scaling and delivery n- ■ nner as deeds, andart f scire /ac»a», .and ftfW 'atiaa. SPECIAL LAWS OF GEORGIA. Exemptions from Forced Sale.— .4 Home, xnnrth $2000, and personal Prop- ert;/ worth 91000, Each head of a family, or guardian or trustee of a family, of miiior chililren, shall be entitled to a homestead or realty to the value of $2,000 In specie, and personal property to the value of §1,000 in specie, both to be valued .It tlie lime they are set apart. And no court or ministerial oftieer in this State fhall ever have jurisdiction or authority to enforce any judgment, decree or execution against said property so set apart— including such Improvements as may bo made thereon from time to time— except for taxes, money borrowed and expended in the improvement of the homestead, or for the purchase money of the s;ime, and for labor done thereon, or material furnished therefor, or removal of incumbrances thoreon. And it shall be the duty of the General Assembly as early as practicable, to provide, by law, for the setting apart and valuation of said pfdiiarty, and to enact laws for the full and complete protection and security of Ih;; same to the sole use and benefit of said families as aforesaid. Ml ('ir.;Nics' LiEK. — Laborers shall have a general lien upon the property of their employers liable to levy and sale for their labor, whicli is superior to all other liens, except liens for taxes, the special liens of landlords on yearly crops, anil such other liens as are declared by law superior to them. Liiboreis srhall also liavo a special lien on the products of their labor superior to all other liens, exooi)t liens for taxes, and special liens of landlords on yearly croi)S, to which they shall be inferior. All mechanics of every ^ort, who have taken no personal B.viirity therefor, i-hall, for work done and liiaterial furnished in building, re- pairing' or improving any real estate of their employers, all contractors,, material men and persons furnishing materiol for the improvement of real estate, ill con- tractors for building factoiies, furnit^hing nmterial for the same or funiUhiug 848 SPECIAL LAWS OF GEORGIA. machinery for the same, and all machinists and manufacturers of machincrj- in, eluding corporations engaged in such business, who may furnish or put uj) in any county of tliis State any steam mills or other machinery, or who riiay repair the same, and all contractors to build railroads shall each have a special lien on such real estate, factories and railroads. Collection of Accounts.— Attachment may issuu where the debtor residej out of the State ; when he is actually removing or about to remove without the limits of the county ; when he absconds ; when he conceals himself ; when lie resists a legal arrest ; when he is causing his property to be removed beyond the limits of the State ; when the debt is created by the purchase of property, upon such debt becoming due ; when tlie debtor who created such debt is in the pos. session of the property for the purchase of which the debt was created ; when a «lebtor shall sell or convey or conceal his propertv liable for the payment of his debts, for the purpose of avoiding the payment of the same, or whenever a debtor shall threaten or prepare so to do. Attachment bonds must be in double the amount of the debt, and conditioned to pay the defendant all damages sustained in consequence of the attachment, in the event the plaintiff shall fail to recover. Arrest and imprisonment for debt is unknown in this State. An assignment or transfer by a debtor, insolvent at the time, of real or person. al property, or choses in action of any description, to any person, either in trust or for the uonelit of or in behalf of creditors, when any trust orbonetitis rescrvo^l to the assignor, or any person for him, is fraudulent in law against creditors, and as to them null and void. A debtor may jtrefer one creditor to another, and to that end lie laay 6o?irt./W<' give a lien by mortgage, or other legal means, or he may sell in payment of the debt, or he may transfer negotiable papers as col- laterial security, the surplus in such cases not being reserved for liisown benefit, or that of any other favored creditor, to the exclusion of other creditors. All choses in action arising upon contract may be assigned so as to vest the title in the assignee, but he takes it, except negotiable securities, subject to the equities existing between the assignor and debtor at the time of the assignment and until notice of the assignment is given to the pei-son liable. In cases where suit is pending, or where judgment has been obtained, the plaintiff shall be entitled to the process of garnishment under the followind reg- ulations. The plaintiff, his agent or attorney-at-law, shall make an atlidavit before some officer authorized to issue an attachment by this code, stating the amount claimed to be due in such action, or on such judgment, and that lie liai reason to apprehend the loss of the same, or some part thereof, unless the process of garnishment do issue, and shall give bond, with good security, in a sum at least equal to double the amount sworn to be due, payable to the iiefendant in the suit or judgment, as tlio case may be, conditioned "to pay said defendant all costs and damages that he may sustain in consequence of suing out said garnish- ment, in the event that the plaintiff fails to recover in the suit pending, or it BhouUl appear that the amount sworn to be due on such judgment was not due. If any bill of exchange, draft or order, is made payable at any place out of this State and within the United States, and the same is returned under prote^;t for non-acceptance or non-payment, the holder thereof shall be entitled to reeover of the drawer and endorsers in the first case, and the acceptor also in the latter case, in addition to the principal, interest and protest fees, five per cent, on the principal as damages for non-acceptance or non-payment. If such bill, draft or order is payable at a place without the limits of the United States, the holder may recover ten per cent, damages as right for non-acceptance or non-pay- ment. The superior courts are the highest courts of general original jurisdiction. They have exclusive jurisdiction of divorce suits, cases respecting titles to land and equity cases. The powers of a court of ordinary and probate are vested in an ordinary for each county. Justices of the peace have jurisdiction in all civil cases whore the principal sum claimed does not exceed §100. except where jurisdiction is exclusively vested in other courts. Writs to the superior courts must be tiled twenty days, and served fifteeen days before the first day of the teiiu to which they are returnable. Aelioiis are triable only at the second term, except suits lor "rent, which are triable al the first temi. In justices' courts, summonses shall bear date 15 days before tlio time of trial, if the amount is under ¥50, and shall bear date 20 days before the time of trial when the amount is over §50, and shall bo served at least 10 dajB before the time of trial. All judgments obtained in the superior, inferior, justices' or other courts of this State shall be of equal dignity and shall bind all the property of the ile- Ceudaut, both real and personal, "from the date of such judgment, except at \£ hreseribedi'orni is essential tcjthe validity of a deed to lands or yiersonalty. If suflicient in itself to make known the transaction between the parties, no want or form will invalidate it. Adeed to personalty needs no attesting witness to make it valid ; in other rc- j ipects, the principles applicable to deetis to lands are applicable to it. Gener- jlly a deed is not necessary to convey title to personalty. Every deed convoying i liiids sliJiU be recorded in the oftice of the clerk of the superior court of tho county wliero the land lies within one year from the date of such deed ; on fail- lure to record in this time, the record may be made at any time thereafter ; but !iidi deed loses its priority over a subseijuent deed from the same vendor ro- cirdfd in time and taken without notice of the existence of the lirst. To au- thorize the record of a deed to realty or personalty, it must l>e attested, if execu- ted out of this State, by a commissioner of deeds for the State of Georgia, or a fiiisul or vice-consul of the United States (the certilica*^es of these officers under thi'ir seals being evidence of the fact), or by a judge of a court of record in iho Istate where executed, with the certiticato of the dork, under the set.1 of such jtourt, of the genuineness of the signature, of such judge. If executed in this IStato, it must bo attested by a judge of a court of record of this State, or a justice lof the peace, or notai-y public, or clerk of the superior court in tJie county in lihich the last three "mentioned oflicera respectively hold their appointments ; lor if subsequently to its execution the deed is acknowledged in presence of leuhcrof the above-named oflicers that fact certified on the deed by such officer liiiai; 0! title it to lie recorded. If u deed is neitlier attested by nor acknowledged |b^' r( cither of the officers aforesaid, it maybe admitted to record upon 'the hffidavit of a subscribing witness before either of the above-named officers tes- |tifying to the execution of the deed and its attestation according to law. .\11 property of tlio wife at the time of her marriage, whether real or personal lorohoses in at-tion, shall be and remain the separate property of the wife, and l>!l property given to, inherited or acquired by tho wife during coverture, shall Mhall vest in and belong to the wife, .-ind shall not be liable for the payment of liiiy debt, default or contract of the husband. The wife is a/emmc sole as to her ):irate estate, unless controlled by the settlement. p]very restriction ujmn icr power ill it must be complied with; but while the wife may contract, she aiuint hind her separate estate by any contract of suretyship, nor by any as- jfumplioii of the debts of her husband, and any sale of her separate estate, made a a creditor of her husband in extiuguishmeiit of his debts, shall bo absolutely ■ 'id. Wills nrist be in writing, signed by the testator or some person in his presence uid l>y his express direction, and attested and subscribed, in tlie presence of till' testator, by tliree competent witnesses if to pass real estate, and two if per- *i!al property. SPECIAL LAWS OF IDAHO. KxrMrTTOXs fkom Forced Sale.— //btnc worth ?20no, and Prr.tonal Prnpcrtj/ w/( i<:'m. The head of a family, being a householder, either liusband or wife, may !''tct a liomeste.ad not exceeding in value .^L'flOO ; while furniture, teams, tools, ►'"■'■k, ;ind other personal properly enumerated by statute, to tho value of $.W0 or pore, iicoiirding to valuation, shall be exempt from execution, except upon a pdjuieiit recovered for its price, or upon a mortgage thereon. 54 TT^Wfm m,':.-t'i' 850 SPECIAL LAWS OF ILLINOIS. SPECIAL LAWS OF ILLINOIS. I Exemptions from ForckpSale.— /ff>mf?iror/// SlOflO, and Personal Property, Exemptions are as follows, except for wages of any laborer or servant : An estate of homestead to the extent in value of Jfl.OtK), and proceeds of the sale thereof to that amount for one j'ear after sucli sale. Insurance on homestead is exempt where a loss occurs thereon to the extent property insared would have been if not destroyed. Personal property is exempt as follows : 1. Tne uecessan wearing apparel of every person. 2. One sewing machine. 3, The furniture. tools and implements of any person necessary to carry on his or her trade ir | business, not exceeding in value ?100. 4. jNIateriuls and stock dosipied aiil procured by him or her and necessary for carrying on his or her trade and biigint-sf, I and intended to be used or wrought therein, not exceeding $100 in value. 5. The | implements or library of any professional person, not exceeding §100 in value, And in addition to the above property, when the debtor is the head of a fam- ily and resides >^th the same, the following : 1. Necessary beds, bedsteadfiaiid I bedding, two stoves and pipe. 2. Necessary household furniture, not exceeding in value, $200. 3. One cow an erty or effects so as to hinder or delay his creditors. 8. When the debt sue^ s. SPECIAL LAAVS OF II.LIXOFS. 851 INOIS. , and Personal Properiy, iborer or servant ; An »d proceeds of the sale uranco on homestead is 2rty insured would have Hows: t. Tne Hocessan line. 3, The fiirnittiro, on his or lier trade ct nid Btoclc desipiicd and >r lier tr.ide and businfsf, igSlOO inviilue. 5. Tlis ;ceeding §100 in value, tor is tlie liead of a fara- sary beds, bedsloadBaudl furniture, not exceeding 4. One yoke of oxen, or ining the support of hii lereof, not exceeding iu 3 of tlio family for threa exempted for the Bamt 7, The family library. sitories, for the ilcad, n. in in life, selected by the reside with same, such I itioned. The wages and I I residing with the same,] shment. [•ess or implied, or both.! ing labor or materials inl or building on such lot! lue him for such labor orl r materials has iucreasedl nee over prior ineura-r nust be commenced by] time when the last pay-' nforco such lien against! be made under a Statute! commence a suit in auyl he shall file an affldaviti lintilT, and facts showinrt that he has coucealeaJ .t to defraud suchplain-j t of record, or if there M sterin chancery; andifl ^'u or ofhcer ordering the( ntilT, with security to 1 amount sued for, mA intifE and payment of :ill lie wrongful suing out oft Ifir wa-s fraudulently contracted on the part of the debtor; pfovidcil, tho h;atemont9 of the debtor, his agent or attorney, which constitute the fraud, f^hall hive been reduced to writing and his signature attached thereto by himself, his ijent or attorney. I To entitle a creditor to sue out an attachment, the claim which he seeks to Lake the basis of this proceeding must exceed §IH) in a court of record. I'lain- Itiif. in attachment before issuance of writ, is rer|uired to tilo witli tho clerk li((!r ; or if a promise is man denmiii!, ai deemed duo tho day they are i)resentedfor i)a'vment. and" if nn!)!iid, inny kpil tested. Notarial protest is evidence of demand and refusal ( f iiaymoiit, at i| timo and in tho manucr stated in tlif protest. A bill in the State, payable out of theStatc, protested, if payable in IhprniJ States, is entitled to eight per cent, d.images ; if pjiyablo out of tlu^ IiiJ States, ten per cent, damages. Sheriff's nro liable to pay ten per cent, damagl on failure to pay over any money collected by them. Justice Courts have exclusive .iurisdiction of all sums under 8.j0, nn concurrent .iurisdiction with the circuit courts to S'iOO. Service of siinim - must be made in circuit courts 10 days before the lirst day of term, and iiiju*;ii courts;! days before trial. ' 1 Judgments' in courts of record are liens on real estate for a period nft^ years; the judgment may then bo revived for ten years longer; .iudgmoiiis iiolienson personal property, Traiiscri|)ts of judgment before justice, if nil in tiie circuit court, arc liens on real estate. 1 Executions issue, on plaintilT's order, the day after judgment, and are a li| on jiersonal property, when issuing out of a justice's <.'ourt, from the timetij are delivered to tho ofliecr ; when issuing from courts of record, from the tii they are issued. Executions from a justice cannot bo levied on real estate. Kv. species of property, real or personal, books of account, debts and judgmciij whether the interest in real estate bo a leg.al or equitable title, is subject j execution and sale at law. Redemption after execution sale is permitted. J an execution from a court of record is returned unsatisfied, tho debtors can j Bunimoned and required to state under oath what property or interests theykl or own which may be reached by execution. j Deeds, Kionr.s op Mauuied Women, Wim.s, &r. — Deeds, must bo und seal, a scrawl, liowever, is regarded as a seal. The acknowledgment, if madcl this State, may bo made before a justice of tho peace of tho county where tl land lies, before a judge or before a nox vy public ; if- out of tho State, beforel commissioner of tliis State, notary public, or before the chief officer or mayor r a town or city who has a seal, or before a consul or minister of the Uiiitj States who has a seal. The seal must be attached, and the deed recorded in I county where tho land lies. Tho following is tho form of certificate where the grantor is unmarried : [Form.] State of Ixdiaxa, ) COITXTY OF STAKK. J Before me, , a in and for said county, this day of 1S7 , personally appeared tho within-named, and acknowledged the cxecuiij of the within arid foregoing deed of conveyance. Witness my hand and oflicial seal. (Signature and title.) Married women can hold veal or personal property to their seperate uso. iioto or endorsement by a married woman will not bind her seperate estate;! will be a nullity. The widow is endowed with one full and equal thii'd part off the lands, the legal title to which was in her husband during coverture, un!f Buch ri.ght of dower was Icg.ally barred. A cha'.tel mortgage of perishable articles which arc left in the hands of i in-antor, with right to use the same, is void ; so is a mortgage of a stock of g"f the grantor having a right to sell ; v,o is any mortgage, if unregistered anJ I iA. SPECIAL LAWS OF IOWA. 85& 'is prjulcua a'O VOllcc fJ residence, caution hhonl nnro for tho brner.iofaj f)f nsslgment or not; {^ ntl like oilier derdn. the iiayment of partnei 'iiinents niado tn sji-n 1; valid. Notes. Mil?, able, and the assignteci en llieir aeceptaiiP(< i« wliiMi the pfirly ^'1>" Ci^ ian (leinaiul, a| lurif unv>aid, may Ixq.f jfiisal vt iiaynioiit, at il| id, if payable in Ihel'niti ;)avablo out of tlic Viiit^ pay ten per cent, tlamaui all Bums under ?50, !\J •JOO. Service of Biiniin'ii day of term, audiiiiusiil estate for a period of tj arrt longer ; .iudKineiitii d lent before justioo, if lill r judgment, and are a lij court, from the timol'al of record, from the tid ..vied on real estate. EveJ Unt. debts and judgmeuj itable title, is subject ion pale is permitted. isfled, the debtors ean erly or interests theybsj .—Deeds, must bo nm Ikuowledgment, if madci \ of tlio county wl'eie tl lout of the State, before] le chief officer or niavor Ir minister of the Imt the deed recorded in ' lantor is unmarried : k this day of niowlcdged the cxecuj (Signature and title.) 1 to their seperato um. id her seperato estate; land equal third part of during coverture, ""l left in the hands of rtgage of a stock of g" ' if 'unregistered ana lehattels left with the grantor ; a chattel mortgage unreooracu more rimn ten Idjvs is voiil, except between the parties ; so is also a recorded mortgage, if tbo Ijoods are left unreasonably lony with the grantor after default is made in pay- Ipent. I Wills must be in writing, and signed by the testator, or by some person in his Ipresenco an, and 9, attachment may be finmencod he/ore the deli is due. Bond must bo three times the amount jnied, nnd sheriff may attach lifty per cent, in value more than amount limed. Attachment can" only be levied on property not exempt from execution. .^ssit'uinents for the benefit of creditors must be made for the benefit all creditors prorata. An inventory of assets and liabilities must be 'orn to by the insolvent, with a list of the creditors and their respec- r« demaiiiis. Assignments must be duly acknowledged its transfers o£ 856 SPECIAL LAWS OF IOWA. m '»?T • i; reftl estate, nnrl recordeii in the county where the hmolvent resides, or whoro thi bu.- invin!^ oiy and valuation. No divideiul can be deVlaretl in It-ss than tlir*>t« inot,., Oeditors may accept their 7;ro rata of assets, and take judgment for the remaiiil der if tliev choose. (Janiisliment can be issued either on execution or attaohnicnt atraindt an pciNon osviiiK tlie debtor or lia\ in;; Ids prf)porty in possession. 'I'he (;aniisiiti I'lilillcd to compensation for his trouble and expense ; this is payable out cf 'LJ fund, if anv 'lA found in his hands, or if iiotliiug is due from the gariKshcc, tlxJ the plaintiff is bound to pay this sum. Acceptors of notes and bills are liable only when their acceptance is ii,j dorsed in writing ; or, if on seperato piece of paper, when the party who cav/ the credit saw the seperate paper ; or if a promise is made in writing;, to a((r|l a draft before it is drawn, aiul tlio draft is in the hands of any person wiio (;avJ credit on the Btrength of this writini». The rate of damages to bo allowt'd aij paid on the non-acceptance or non-payment of bills of exchange diauuort dorsed in this.State is as follows : If bill bo drawn upon a person at a piaci; t of the United States, or in ralifornia, Oregon, Neveda. or any of the teiiiidrj.'j live per cent, upon principal speeitied in the bill, and interest on the sann' U;i the time of protest. If diawn upon a person at any other place in tlio liiitH States, other than in this State, three per cent, witli interest. All partiis notes and bills, wliether endorsers, acceptors or makers, can be sued jtiml.i Beperatelv. Notarial protest is evidence of demand and refusal of paymeiiii stated therein. Jurisdiction of Justices of the peace, $100, but by agreement of parties ra^ 1)6 extended to ?300. Circuit court has exclusive jurisdiction of probate business and appeals fro^ justices of peace. District court has exclusive criminal juriBdletion. Thei« courts have concurrent jurisdiction in civil cases, except such as are spedaltj circuit court as above. Service of summons must be ten clear days in lli^t^ and circuit, and live in justice courts. Jutlgmeiits in courts of record are a lien from their rendition and for Iflyeu tliereafter, on all roal estate owned bv the defendant, or Bubseijuently aiqim<| by him, and situated in tlie county where tlio judgment is rendered. The juii nient can bo revived at the end of that time. Ko execution can issue on ajul ment in a court of record older than ten years ; new suit has to be broujjlituii;^ Bame. Judgments in courts of record create no lien on personal property, execution can issue on a justice's judgment live years after its rendition, \viih,i revivor. Judgments before justice can be made to create lien on real estaul filing a transcript of the judgment in the circuit court. Execution may issue as soon as judgment is obtained, but one can be out! the same time. Execution from a court of record, may issue to any county in li State. From a justice, can be 'evied on personal property onli/. Iteal esttl may be redeemed witliin a year after sale ; but if defendant llles stay lioiid,{ appeals to supreme court, his equity of redemption is cut off. If the defeiiJ« fails to redeem in six months, any creditor of the defendant, whose deniaiid IjI lien on the re.al estate sold, may redeem within nine months from date of salej Deeds, Rights of Mauhied Womex, WiLr.s, &c.— Acknowlcdsmem t deeds, made in the State, must be before a judge of any court of record, clerk j supreme, district and circuit courts, or their deputies, county auditurorl deputy, each notary public and justice of the peace in his own eounty. .Voknol leilgments out of State must be before some court of record, before pome cni missioner for the State of Iowa, or before a notary i)ublic or justice of tliepea«j If before a justice of tlie peace the certificate of cierk of the district court of county as to his official character must bo attached. Cliattel mortgages must be acknowledged as other conveyances and recon in the county where property is situate. Foreclosures can be made by skri without action in court. The mortgaged property is left in possession of mm gagor. unless otherwise provided. Sales under chattel mortgage foroclosui shall be in the same manner as other sheriff's sales. Manied women can hold property the same as any other person, ami arelij ble on all contracts made by them, but her own property is in no case liable { her husband's debts. The common law right of dower exists in 1i:is State.r in executing deeds, she must acknowledge separate and apart from her liusbaij that she was made acquainted with the contents of such conveyance, and relir fuislied her dower freely and without compulsion from her husb&nd. SPECIAL LAWS OF KANSAS. 857 ;nt rcflldcs, or whew thi oiuliict«Hl. Tht' .•wicnfj ; 'iio tUntriPt tt iniii,.||| uilgmeiit for ihtj reiiiaiii^ attiichniniit nixainot arj Ksioii. 'I'Iki yaniislii.' j liis is jiayaMi' (nit if h rom Ihc ganiiBhei', il;t^ their accpptaiK'o is iiv h«M> the party wlio cav^ ulo ill wrllin^^ to t\m I of any person wiio ^avl liases to be allnweil m f fxi'liaiigo drawn or d a peraon at a iiliice od or any of tl»e ttTrii(W .nteroHt on the sanu' (m her place in the luit* interest. All imrti.-a i rs. ean be Bueil juimljM id refusal of paymeiili greoment of parties >uBlne88 and appeals (roJ ual jurisdiction. Thfifi icept such a» are ppeWaJl 1 tea clear days in ilistni ■ rendition and for 10 yea or 8ubse(iuently aLqiiii^ nt is rendered. Tlie juif ntion can issue on nJM lit has to be brought on Ij n personal property, if .f ter its rendition, wiih.i ato lieu on real esuut \ I'd, but one can be quti L- issue to any county inli puerty only, lual esul rfendant llles stay boud,^ •ut off. If the d.-feii>lai idant, whose demand ul months from date of salcP r&c— Acknowledf?uiem \y court of record, clea ( ies, county auditor or B liis own county. Aekuol record, before 8ome cni die or justice of the pca«^ if the district court ot ' Iconvevances and recoro Is can "be made by sheit left in possession of in« fel mortgage forocl^'" ^ther person, ft"'l»\^''| It vis in no case liable J I exists in ll-is State.i Id ai)art from her liuslaj Ih conveyance, and ren li her husband. All Wills, except noncupatlvc, must bo in writinjr, sinned by the testator, or l^vtin'-iiirson inni;* presence and by his express dlri'<"tinn, antl attested and sub- Lrilw'liu his presence bv twoormoiVconipctent witnesses. Subsequent incom- J' (tiMK y of the witnoHs will not invalidate tlie will. Noncupative wills, proved (tAoioni|>etent witnesses, when the value of the estate does not exceed ¥300, ■lie valiii. SPECIAL LAWS OF KANSAS. F.XKMrTioNS FHOM Forced SAi.F.—//f>mfo/" 160 Arnit of Farm I.mul, nr Unum fi\t)ni Ac r I' inn I'illitficor Citi/, and /'vrsmtdl /'rnihrfi/'. A honit'stead to lli»' rent of l(!i» acres of farminR land, or of one acre within the limits of an linor- rratcd town or city, occupied as a rcBidence l)y the family of the owner, to- [ftlier with all improvements on the same, of whatever value is exempt. Kxein|v ifiin of jicrsonal property allowed a resldont, beinp the head of a family, are: 'family library, bible and school books ; family pictures and mn;-i{ a|>- irel and all beds, bedsteads and btMhlinK used by the family; cookinp-stove, I lapi's and cooklnp utensils, and other stoves and appendages neci '«'"^ tr till' use of the family . a sewinp machine; all spinning wheels ami loon.i, 111 other implements of industry and other household furniture not abvo eiiu- mted, not to exceed .iJ.lOO in value ; 2 cows, 10 hops, 1 yoke of oxen, and 1 «'Mir luule. or, in lieu of the yoke of oxen and horse or mule, a span of hollos tmulex ; 20 slieep and wool from same, either raw or manufactured : the • fvi^- us food for the stocrk mentioned above for one year ; 1 wapon, cart «'. ray ; jliiws. one drap and other farminp utensils not' exceedinp .'SJMM) in value ; pro- oius and fuel on hand snlllcient for a year; the necessary tools and imple- itsof any mechanic, iniT^; , other person, used and ' ept for the jiurpose of niiip on his trade and businebs, topether with stock in trade not excecuinn Hfti ill value ; the library, implements aiict oflico furniture of any professional bh, Kxcmptions iiersonal property allowed ,1 resident of this State, not the Inf tlio family, are : wearinp appaicl ; pew in a church and lot in a burial rami; necessary tools and instruments of any mechanic, miner or otlier per- .used and kept for (he purpose of carryinp on his trade or business, topether i!ii stock in trade as above. The earnings of a debtor also, for persona' s^er- f? rendered within .'i months next precedinp the issuinp of an execution, are empt, if it appear they are necessary, in whole or in part for the support of his aiily. No pereonal property is exempt from attachment or execution for the iscsof any clerk, mechanic, laborer or servant. iKrii.wics* Lien.— Material men and mechanics have lien for labor and tt!erial on the land and improvements to the extent of their claims. The lal contractor must tile his claim within four months ; all other jjersons umiiip a lien, within two months after the debt accrued. This lien has prece- Jicjover all other liens or encumbrances placed on the property subsequent to ecnmuiinencement of the buildinp or improvements. [('(iMj-cTioN OF Debts. — Arrest and bait, in civil actions, are provided for by (laws of this State. iTiie order of arrest is issued by the clerk, or by the justice, only upon positive Tilavit sliowing one or more of the statutory pronnds therefor ,similar to those 1 whieli writs of attachment issue. (See Attachments.) Hefore the order ws, the plaintiff must also file an undertaking, with sufllcient surety, F • 1 I Oil this day of , A. D. 187 . before me, a in and for , personally came . to mo personally known to be the same por- ■iiffhosG name atlixed to the foregoing conveyance as grantor and Iv acknowledged tho execution of the same. Ill testimony whereof, 1 have hereunto subscribed my name and aflixed my seal, tli'c day and year last above written. [(Husband and wife should always join in conveyances.) No separate ae lijiedsnuMit is required on the part of the wife, [Married women can hold real or personal properly, to their separate use, rsame as unmarrried, A note or endorsement made 5)y a married woman Jbiiidlier property the same va if she were unmarried. Iliattel mortgages of jjerii'liable articles, which are left in tho hands of the Injaiior, with tlie right to use the same ; or of a stock of mercliaudise which Viii tho hands of the mortgagor with privilege to sell in due course of his Jiness, or in any manner for his own benefit ; or of any chattels which are left ^iXissessiou of the mortgagor, the mortgage not being duly registered, are las to tUe creditors of tbe mortgagor, unless they have nolico of ihe same. SPECIAL LAWS OF KENTUCKY. XEMPTIONS FROM FORCED S\TjE.—ffome Worth $1,000, and Personal Prop- To bona fide housekeeper with a family, resident in the State : 2 work \x or 1 work beast and 1 j oke of oxen ; 2 plows and gear ; 1 wagon and a set lar, or 1 cart or dray ; 2 cows and calves ; 10 head of sheep ; provisions suf- pt to sustain the family one year, and i)rovender suflicient to support the one year; 1 sewing machine ; tho usual household and kitchen furniture Eited value, etc.; the tools of a mechanic not exceeding S 100 in value; the Lies of ministers of the gospel, physicians and attornoys-at-law not to ex- ' in value SuOO, but the last is not in ade filed in sixty days and suit brought in six mouths, to enforce claims or p? lost. ki.LKCTTo.v OP Debts. — A defendant in a civil action may be arrested when iJavi; is filed and bond given, for causes for which aii attaclunent will I' defendant may give bail, or in lieu of bail, deposit in tho hands of tho iir in court, the amount of money moniioned in tho order of arrest. In Bt of both, he will be committed to jail, there to remain until he pays the kives liail or take tho insolvent debtor's oath. phniont, in a civil action for the recovery of money, may issue against tho ^y of the defendant, or a garnishee where the action is" against : 1. A de- |it, or several defendants, who, or some one of whom, is a foreign corpora- fra non-resident of tho State. 2. Who has been absent therefrom four ;!. Has departed from the State wilh intent to defraud his creditoi-s. 4. fi< left the county of his residence to avuid tho se.vice of a summoBB. 6. 860 SPECIAL LAWS OP KENTUCKY. So conceals liimftelf that fi summons cannot be served on him. C. Is aboutt remove, or has removed his {)roi)erty, or a material part thereof, out of thisSuu, not leaving enough therein to satisfy the plaintilT's claim or the claim of jaJ defendant's creditors. 7. Has sold, conveyed d^therwise disposed of liis propenJ or suffered or permitted it to be sold, with the fraudulent intent o cht at. hindJ or delay his creditors. 8. Is .about to sell, convey or otherwise di8|Kj»e of ; property with such intent. An attachment shall not he granted on thfi gromj that the defendant, or defendants, or any of them, is a foreign corporation. i,ri non-resident of this State, for any claim other than a debt or demaml arisi..j,J contract. To obtain an attachment, the jjlaintilf must file an affidavit, slifminjl 1. The nature of his claim. 2. That it is just. 3. The amount which theatiiaj believes the plaintilf ought to recover. 4. The existence in the action of h one of the grounds above enumerated. No attachment will issue until bondaiil security in double the amount of the debt is given. A defendant may be arrested in a civil action for causes for which .in atti ment may issue, on filing atlidavit and giving bond. Assignments, sales, mortgages, judgments suffered in tontemplation of bx vency and with .a design to prefer one or more creditors to the exclu^if>ll in wy or in part of others, shall oi)erate .as an .assignment and transfer of all thefirf| erty and effects of the grantor, and shall enure to the benefit of all his ere* ors'. Garnishee m.ay be summoned on attachment. He shall not be subjwj rists beyond tho.se caused by his resistance of the claim against him. After i turn of execution, endorsed " no property found," an equitable action may I brought for the discovery by the defend.aiit of money, choses in action, eq.iiiill and legal interests, etc. In such an action, any one indebted to the d(feiiil;ii.;| liolding money or property belonging to him may be made tlefendant. .Arni ments may issue without alHtherwi8e disjKjse of ! I granted on tl'p, prouni f (jreign corporation, otl eht or demand aiii*i..jo^ file an affidavit, pliowinj amount which tlie afEi ce in the action of m ,will issue until bond a .uses for wliich ai\ atu in < antemplation of in* 8 to the exclusion in wlio| d transfer of all the ptrt 5 benefit of all luscrf" e shall not he subjertl m against him. Aft«ri II equitable action mayl choses in action, eqaiua idebted to the di^femlanil made defen0 Acrat n/Lnnd, and Pcrsomt Propcrtji, in all ?<'or//t $2,0(K). — ICO acres of land, with buildiiigsandiniprovemeiia ther,;on', occupied as a residence, and bona fide owned by the debtor, liavin;; \ family, a person or per.-' ns dependant upon him for support ; together wiilJ perbolial property, inakii'K in all a value not exceeding §2.000. Tools of trad»| salaries, wages, ai;d pers<.nal services, all wearing apparel, all agricultural iin^ plements, working cattle, nnd provisions and supplies necessary ifor carnins;c the plantation for 1 he coming year, Xo home exempted in the city or villas and in any case only for bcnelit of persons having a family. Mechanics' Likn.— The contractor has a lien for tho payment of his laborcJ tho building or other work which lie may liave constructed. Workmen iiaj Eloyed imniediatel.v by the owner in the construction or repair of any buildiii avo tho same privilege. If tho contractor bo paid bv the employer, actions f J work and supplies lurnishod tho former will not lie against the latter, \i moneys due tho contractor by the employer may be seized and applied towarJ payment. No agreement for work exceeding S500, unless reduced to wriiiiij and registered with the recorder of mortc;.ig*'*'> shall be privileged as above. Ya amounts less than S500, this formality is dispensed with, but tho privilege i limited to 6 months from tho time of completed work. Workmen employciJ cj vessels or boats have a lien on the same, and are not, in any case, boiuid'tori duco their contracts to writing, but their privileges closes if" they allow the vef selsto depart without exercising their right. i Collection of Debts. — Arrest, in civil action, may bo made of a debiJ who is about to leave tho State without leaving suflicicnt property to tatisfy ta judgment sought to bo obtained by the creditor, and held until security i- giv? that he will not depart from tho State without leave of court ; ;5rori(/c(/,tlii no citizen of another State shall be arrested at suit of resident or non-residej creditor, except upon oath that the debtor has absconded from hisresidcnco. rest or attachment may bo made whether tho debt is due or not, and agem ( attorney may swear to tho best of his knowledge and belief. , Writ of attachment may issue against a defendant for the following caii'cj 1. Where tho defendant is a non-resident. 2- Wliere hois about tolav. State permanently. 3- Where he conceals himsL-lf to avoid beh.g cited. '. W: ho has mortgaged, assigned or disposed of his propertv, or is about to do so, mi intent to give an unfair preference to some of his creditors, or place hi.-^ [>:' ro or evidence of debt beyond the reach of his creditors. In every case vlicr attachment is sought, the petitioning creditor must give a bond, payable clerk of the court for an amount ( ne-half over the claim demanded, "with run residing within the jurisdiction of the court. Writs of sequestration may issiiel this State upon an atlidavit made by party, or agent, or attorney in hi.s absdif showing one of the following grounds, after executing a bond with one goodrj dent surety in an amount to be determined by the judge ; 1, Where the plaini who lias had possession of the property for one year, has been ejected by wj 2. Whore tho plaintiff seeks the possession of movable property, and fears J party having possession of the same may impair its value, may remove it bcya the jurisdiction of the court, or may conceal or dispose of it during the contii anco of the suit. .3. Where a wife sues for separation from bed and board, o:| eeparation from property alone, and has reason that her husband may injurelj dotal jiroperty or waste the fruits and revenues produced by the samu during^ perd ?Mcv of ^he •auit. 4. Where the defendant has asked for a stay of jiroow ;a SPECIAL LAWS OF LOULSIAXA. 863 recorded. Tlic powwl agor. Five yeavs' nos. I ; i lYoidbehigcitcd. . \"l V. orisabouttodow.vil ''ilors, or place hLM'';P« ;. In every case Micr- jive a bond payu 'lo - J hn demanded, wilU,'"" sequestration may «« ,r attorney in hw ak| ; a bond with one goodr li;l, Where the, to '^as been ejectodl ^ \o property, ami i^^ ilue. may remove tk e of it durinR the coiw from bed and tioard. 0, Jr husband may ng ced by the same d nn. Iced for a stay of proiv< Ings aijainst him, and at a meeting of his creditors they phould fear he Tvill avail himself of such stay of proceedings to dispose of the wfiole or part of his property. 5. Where the plaintiff has a lien or privilege on property. Writs of sequestration may also issue, without the plaintiff giving bond, in casei where ho tseeks to enforce a landlord'.s, seaman's, mechanic's or laborer* lien. Tlie assignment of notes, bills, accounts, or claims of any kind is valid, and ihe a.^signco may sue in his own name, but the assignment of a debt must be no- tiiiptl to the debtor. (Jaruishment can issue on an execution or attachment aj;iiiist any person owing the debtor, or having liis property in possession, ''justice of the peace has jurisdiction up to §100, iuclnding parish courts, origl- ral jurisdiction, from ?100 to §500. District courts on all amounts over $r>()0. Apdoals from justices, when over SIO, returnable to the pari.-li courts, except in •he i>.irish of Orleans, where returnable to third distriit court when over §10. ApiieaJH lie from parish court on sums over §100. From diiltlie said A. B. acknowledged that he had executed the said conveyance, for thecou.'-ideration and purposes therein mentioned and set forth ; and the said ('. D., being by me first made acquainted with the contents of said instrument. liii an examination apart from her liusband, and fully advised of the nature of Iherriphts upon his property, acknowledged tliat she oxi!Cuted the same freely, |»nd without compulsion or undue influence of her said husband. Witness my hand and seal of ofHce, on this day of , 187 . JOHN HAMPDEN, Xotary Public. Tlie estate of a married woman, whether acquired before or after nmrriage, Iremains her separate estate, and cannot be sold by her husband. All property ln'Hiircd (luring marri.-^ge from the jointer separate earnings of liusband and |»ife, and the revenues of the separate property of each, is equally divided be- |t»ein th'"m. A married woman has no dower in her husband's estate, but it is ?st for Iter to join in any conveyance made by him, in order to renounce any ilaim.A she may have on Ids estate. (She has no chiim unless her lien or mort- agei s u'i'onled.) The husband must join his wife in any conveyance of her t|iaratt! estate. There is no chattel mortgage in this State, but the law creates certain privi- eges upor. movables, which are as follows: 1. The vendor's privilege on the novabli.'s not paid for; 2. For debts duo for necessary supplies furnished to nyfarin or plantation and for money actually advair-eJl for the supplies and essary expenses for any farm or plantation on the crops of the year or be proceeds thereof ; 3. The lessor's privilege on the crojis and movableH I die iiroperty leased ; 4. Architects, undertakers, furnishers of material, etc., I the edifices or other works built or repaired. Tiirpo jnivileges are, however, preserved, andean bo acquired only by having wnleil in the paris'.i where the property is the account containing the state- Wut of indebtedness in detail, and the balance due, under the oath of the partj 864 SPECIAL LAAVS OF MAINE. doing or having the work done, and this to bo recorded the day the ooiUr.iPt wai entered into, to have effect against tliinl parties. Tlio estate of a married won»an, whether awinired before or after niarris]??, remains her separate estate, and cannot bo sold by tlio liusband. All propiitv acquired during marriage from the joint or separate earnings of huKliaii(i,iiii|| wife, and the revenues of tlio separate property of each, is eijually divicliiHn,. tweeti them. A married woman has no dower in her husband's eslati', Inititisl best for her to join in any conveyance made by liini.in order to renounce any 1 claims she may have on his estate. (She has no claim unless her lien ormorf I gage is recorded.^ The husband must join his wife in any convey.-^nr.iof herj sep.'irate estate. The wife may make her last will without the authority of htr ( liusband. SPECIAL LAWS OF MAINE. Exemptions from Forckd {i\x^v:.—Ifotne worth S500 and Pcrxonal PrnparuA Homestead to the value of SflOO, or lot purchased from the State, for a hdincstijail. I After the death of the debtor. Ids widow and nunor children are entitled to thcl same exemption. A lot in a burying-ground ; wearing api)arel ; necessary li()uj..>.| hold furniture not exceeding 650 ; 1 bed, bedstead and bedding for every twiiul the family ; all family portraits ; bibles and school-books in use ; copy of il:»| statutes, and a library not exceeding §150 ; one cooking-sstovc, 12 cords wooi!, tons anthracite coal and .W bushels bituminous coal ; SlO worth of lunilxT, wi.hI| or bark ; all produce until liarvested ; 1 barrel of flour ; i!0 bushels coin amj grain ; all potatoes ; all flax raised on 1 acre of land and all articles niauufaciuw therefrom for the family; tools in trade; 1 sewing machine worth S10(); pair working cattle or mules ; 1 or 2 horses, not exceeding in value §300, andlu^ to keep them tlirough the winter ; one cow and heifer ; 10 sliecp, and llio laiiil« and wool raised from tnem,and hay to keej* them during the winter; 1 pluw; a cart or truck wagon ; liarrow ; yoke witli bows, ring and staple; 2 chauisii mowing machine, and one boat of 2 tons. Mkcjiaxics' Lii;x. — ^lechanics have a lien on buildings for labor and mate! rials furnished for erecting or repairing same, which may be enfo ced by .ittiwhj ment in ninety days after same are furnished or laLor don' and agaiia vessels for four days after same is launched. CoLLECTiox OF Dkht.s. — Arrcsts in civil .actions can be made. In action! o tort, the body is committed, unless bail is given, inactions on contract ovel ten dollars, and the del)tor is about to depart froni the State to reside beyond tLI limits of the State, and carries with him property more than sufficient for liif support, he can be arrested. Every .issignment made by a debtor for the benefit of creditors shall proTidj for a proportional distribution of all his real and personal estate, except what if by law exempt from attachment, among alibis creditors, becoming partieT thereto, and in whatever fonn made shall have the efl'ect aforesaid, and lioal-J construed to pass all such estate, whether specified tlierein or not. A releano mal bo inserted in the deed of assignment, which shall forever discharge the ass^ipiT from the claims of such creditors as become parties thereto. The assignor dlial make oath as to the truth of the assignment. The assignee must, within fourteel days after tlie assignment is made, give public notice of his appointment i| some newspaper printed in the county where the assignor lires, such n< tii'^ by continued three weeks successively. Three months from such .issigninent i allowed creditors to become parties thereto. If the assignment is imt sw.ji to and notice not given, then the same is void against attaching creditors. .A| property conveyed by the assignor previous to and in contemplation of i assignment, with the 'design to delay, hinder or defraud creditors, or togivj preference to one creditor over another, shall pass to the assignee notwiihstaml lug such transfer. Writ of attachment may be issued in any civil action and can be levied on property not exempt, which creates a lien that continues for 30 days after ei^ cution issues. Negotiable noter., bills, and bonds are assignable, so that assignees may sue II their own name. Any percson who holds any goods, elTccts or credits In lonpij to a debtor m.ay be required, under the " trustee process," to deliver up the sail for the credtitor 1o reach, except $20 due the debtor for wages, and even liej when the debt is for necessaries. JLs to notes and bills, on any promiuory note, inland bill of exchange, SPECIAL LAWS OF MAINE. 865 ! day the contrncl wai | ro or after Tnarriagf, usbiiml. AU inotHMvl riiinK** of liuhbaud.TOll is equally ilivick'tlU'-l ibiiiul'scstati-, Imtiiis order to renounce any I nle»3 lier lien ormort-' jvuv convoyain'! of her] Lt ilio authority of li«r I INE. and rcrxonal Pmpcrhj.l 3 State, for a h('nientc.vl| ilren are oiUitldl tothc )i)arel ; necessary lioufo >edding for every twoi KB in use ; coPY of V'« .«lovc, 12 cord«\vwH!,5 )\vorth of linnbiT, \wJa jr • 30 bushels coin aii^ ill articleanianufaetiiw machine worth 81W; OK in value §300 and liiH 10 sheep, and the lamW ini'tho winter ;lpMv and staple; 2 chau>8;r lings for labor and m^ ,ay bcenfo cedbyati;^^ lalor don< and agau«( i be made. Inactions actions on t-ontraetoul ktate to reside bo youdlhl e than sufficient for U of creditors shalUirovWi ,al estate, except >^-ha lUtois, beconun« par aforesaid, an.l bo al: »iu or not. A release fer discharge the as.ipi^ Ho. The assignor fbal nee nnist, within fourM of his appomtmem J knor liTcs, suchnouoe.1 ffromsuch assign mem ssiLMunent is n<'t 8»o. attaching eycauors. A eonteniplation ot - Ind creditors, or to Ri \q assignee notwilUs^»'" and can be levied on J les for 30 days after en Ihat assignees inav sue (ets or credits beloiM V' to deliver up tb^- »? [,r wages, and even un Id bill "£ exchange,* or order for payment of money, payable In this State at a fnture day, or at tight, »ml not on demand, a grace of three days shall be allowed. In an action on a promissory note, payalde at a certain idace, cither on demand or on demand at f,r.ifter a time specified therein, the plaintiff shall not recover unless ho proves » demand made at the place of payment prior to the commencement of the suit. >d person shall bo charged as an acceptor of a bill of exchange, draft or written order, unless his acceptance shallbo in writing, signed by him or his lawful Kent ; and no waiver of demand and notice by an indorser of any promissory jfite or bill of exchange shall bo valid unless it is in writing and signed in like manlier. No action can bo maintained upon any note or oilier security given for Intoxieating liquors, sold in violation of the act relating to sales of intoxicating liquors, unless the security is negotiable payer in the hands of an Innocent holder, and for value. No agreement that personal property, bargained and de- liTered to another, for which a note is given, shall remain the property of the pavee till the note is paid, is valid, unless it is nia person in his presence and by his express direction, and shall be attested mj subscribed in his presence by throe credible witnesses. SPECIAL LAWS OF MARYLAND. Exemptions from Fouced Salt: — A'o Homestead Exemption, hut Penonti Property. 'J"he property exempted is the personal i)roperty actually nocesaary for the sustenance of tlie family and the implements or tools jtfc-.SA'ari/ to earn a livlihood, .and wearing apparel. The ("onstitution of the State directs'thc Leg- islature to pass laws exumi)ting from judicial Pale property not exceeding Sj(o. 8100 is the amount fixed and exempted in pursuance of this constitutional re- quirement. The exact language ot the law is, "all wearing appare), bookj, and the tools of mechanics.' Mechanics' Liex. — Every building erected, and every building repairel, rebuilt or improved to the extent of one-fourth of its value, shall be Kubjectto a lien for tlie payment of all del)ts contracted for worli done or material far nifihcd for or about the same ; also vessels, boats or machines constructed o repaired within this State are subject to mechanics' lien. The lien must be filet in the record office within six montlis after the work has been finished or mate rials furnished. If tlio contract shall have been made with an nrdiitert builder, or any person other than the owner of the ground on which the buildir, is erected, or his agent, notice of intention to claim a lien must bo given to thi owner within sixty days. The mechanics' lien has priority over all oth.-r lions c incumbrances placed on the property after tlie commencement of the buildiiid and over mortgages to secure future advances, where the loan or advance isii^ actually maile until after the commencement of the building. Collection of Deiits — No person can be arrested in civil action hen "Writs of attachment may be obtained on the following grounds : Noii-rosidciict of the defendant, absconding or secretly removing from his place of abode, vii intention 1o evade payment of his debts. When two summons have been r turned ni'U est in any action. No l)ond is required before issuing in the foicgoini cases. Attachment may be had on any debt due by u married woman trading ix/emmc sole- Upon iifb'davit and approved bond in double the debt dain attachment for fraud will be issued where debtor is about to abscond from i State; or has, or is about to assign, dispose of, or conceal his property, or so part thereof, or to remove the same with intent to defraud his creditors ; or' fraudulently contracted the debt. In these cases caution should be used noi resort to attachment unless the proof of the alleged fraud is such as wouldsaii; a jury upon trial. Every. species of property, or legal, ov equitable interest in property, is eul ject to attachment and execution at law. Assignments, in trust, for the benefit of creditors, are not regulated by special enactments and are common in use. The debtor, so far as the State' b are concerned, may prefer any creditor or class of creditors, or may exact reloa* if he assigns all his property. Any chose in action, judgment, bond, legacy distributive share of an estate may be assigned in writing, signed by the pcrs authorized to assign the same, and the assignee may sue in his own name. As to ganiishraent, attachrnents, either f«n judgment or on original proces? those cases where attachments are authorized, may be laid in the haiulsofa person or corporation who may then be made to\lisclose under oatliwlieti they owe or are indebted to the defendant or have any property of his in th possession. $100 of the wages due to any laborer, or employee is exempt ' attachment or garnishment. As to notes and bills, a protest made by a notary public for non-payment non-acceptance, is vrimci facie evidence of the presentment and non-pftynient non-acceptance at tne time and in the manner stated in the protest, and that noii thereof have been sent or delivered in the manner therein stated. The liol of a protested bill of exch.ange, drawn in this State on a foreign country, si recover so much cuiTent money as will purchase a good bill on the same coum and flften per cent, damages, and costs and legal Interest. If the bill isd upon any pereon in any other State, district or territory of the United S !ity coin !eav test.' flier ) joint |ei'ut( he I SPECIAL LAWS OF MAUYLAND. 867 tinlesB posppRsion i.« ion of tlie movlgagor, or lives. testator, or by Knu- bball be altssied mul fLAND. rcmptlon, but /Vrwiwa esty actually »iw«(;ari/ tools necrssarii to earn le State lUrects the Le-.L ■rty not exceeding?*). I t this constitutional rf-l (vearing appaie), books, very building repairell due, sball be subiecttol (lone or material lurJ mcbines constructed ori The lien must be \im s bcenllnished ormatcj lo with an nrcl'/te.^V3 „d on which the buildiri lien must bo given to thi ■ity over all oth-n-heiiari icement of the buildiii| the loan or advance IS uoi ied"m civil action, k J y .rrounds : Kon-rcsidencJ \ his place of abode, wrJ summons have been la re issuing in the forcKOinl uarricd woman tradnig>« ,oublo the debt clain* K.ut to absco-.ulfromt^ eal his property, or 60d« ■and hi8 creditors ; or n rion should be used nM udisBuch as would saiiiJ crest in property, is are not regulated by r, so far as the Stately ors, or may exact reka.^ udgment, bond, Icgao inc. signed by the per e in bis own name. M. or on original i^roces^. ^ laid in the I'^'Vlsof^ .-lose under oath wbtli i' property of his in M [employee is exempt irq Lblic for non-payment 1 tent andnon-payme4 teprotest.andthaliH lerein stated, 'l^'elio^ I a foreign counlr},tJ kill on the same counq test. If the bil 8 dr*' or>' of the United hi eul the lifdder shall recover so much current mon«iy as will produce a good bill oa the oanio place and eight per cent, damage?, and costs and legal interest. Justices of the peace have jurisdictiou in cases where the debt or damags dainied does not exceed one hundred dollars, and in all ca.ses of gieator amount the cinniit courts of the several counties liavo jurisdiction, and in B.iltimoro city oithcr the superior court, court of common pleas, or city court. An execution or attachment may issue at any time within 111 vears from the (late (if such judgment, or, if there bo a stay thereon, at any time wiiliiu 1:.' years after the expiration of sucli stay, where there has been no change of parties to luch judgment. In tho city of IJaltimorc, execution can issue on the day judg • mentis rendered. In some of the counties, when judgment is rendered at the tirst trial term, there is a stay, by rule of court, until thn next term. Every kind (if property can bo rea(-'lled cither by execution or attachment. Redemp- tion after sale upon execution is not allowed. Execution may be stayeil for six months by superseding tho judgment within sixty days after it is cniered, by giviiij; two securities who must confess judgment- Judjjments are a lieu upon the real estate of the defendant from tho date of the ju(lguient, and upon all leasehold interests and terms for vears, except lease-t for not more than live years and not renewable. Hut a judgment is not alien upon personal property until execution is i)ut Into llu,' haiuls or the sheriff. Execution maj[ Issue at anytime within twelve years, but after twelve yeurs the judgement is barred by limitations, unless previously rcnev/ed by scire facias. Jiid};nient3 of justic J of tlie peace can bo made a lien on rtal estate by being recorded. Dkkus, Rights op Married Women, Wills, &c.— Tho form of convey- ances have been simplified by tho code. No words of inlieritance are neces- lary. A. fee sitnplr. cstat3 passes, unless a contrary intention shall appear by express terms or be iiecesnarily implied. Deeds must bo under seal (a scrawl is sutlicient), and tho signature must be attested by at least one witness. A con- sideration must be stated. In deeds of fee himplo propertv, the wife must join to release her right of dower. No special form of acknowledgment or separate examination is necessarv for a married woman. The following is the form of certificate. St.vte of Mauylakd, ) • „ CouxTY OP Carrol. | "• I hereby certify that, on this day , in tho year , before the labscriber (here insert tho official style of "the officer taking the acknowledgment), personally appeanl (here insert; the name of iierson or persons making the ac- iuo\vledgment\ and acknowledged tho aforegoing deed to bo his act (or did each jckiiowledge the aforegoing deed to be their respective act). [Seal.] (Signature.) In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my oflicial seal I (he day and year aforesaid. The acknowledgment, if made within the State, may be made before a justice I of the peace for any county or city, or a judge of a court of a county or city liaving a seal. If acknowledged before a justice of the peace within the State, but out of the county or city in which tho real estate lies, the otticial character of the justice of the peace mu.st be certified by the clerk of the circuit court or I luperior court under his olhcial seal. If acknowledged without the State, but within the United States, theacknowl- leJgment m.ay be made before : First, a notary public (who must aflix his notarial •eal); second, a judge of any court of the United States; third, a judge of .iny cent of any State or territory having a seal; fourth, a commissioner of Mary- I land to take acknowledgment of deeds. If acknowledged without the United States, the acknowledgment may be I made before : First, any minister or consul of the United .States ; second, a notary pubiir; ; third, a commissioner o£ Maryland to take acknowledgments. To every |certitic;ito before a judge the seal of the court must bo affixed. Mauied women hold their real and personal proijerty for their own separate jnse .md entirely protected from the debts of the husband, and there is no neces- jiity lor a, trustee. They may devise the same a.-i fully as a femme sole, or may |convi,v the same by a joint deed with the husband, if the wife die intestate', Jieavinr; children, tier husband has a life estate in her property ; if she die in- Itestate leaving no children, her husband has a life estate in her real estate and jliei' personal property vests in him absolutely, A married woman may be sued piiitly with her Imsband on any note, contract, or agreement which she has ex- |et.'uted jointly with him, and the judgments recovered in such cases are liens ou ^ i"-oi)ertv of both, and may be collected in the same manner as if tke defend-- Ji 8G» SPECIAL LAWS OP MASSACHUSETTS. anta were not husband and wife. A woman lH;coinos of leeal ago to conv«>v retl estate at twenty-one, but may receive her property and release her guardian at •ighteen, or upon marriage. Bills of sale or chattel mortgages are valid, although the vendor or mortgagor of the chattels remains in possession ; providrd, they are properly acknowlidged and recorded, and the vendee or mortgagee shall make oath at the time of ex- ecution before some person authorized to take the acknowledgment, thai tlic consideration stated in the bill of sale or mortgage is true and bona lidc. Tliey may bo acknowledged out of the State before any person authorized to tako ac- knowledgment of deeds, and must be recorded in the county or city where the vendor resides, within twenty days from date. If acknowledged within the State, it must be before a justice oi the peace or judge of the orphans' court of tho city or county where tho vendor resides. AVills should be in writing, and signed by tho party making them, or by some other person in his presence and by his express directions, and shall be attested and subscribed in tho presence of tho teptator, by three or four credible wit- nesses. A wife may make a will and give all her property, or any part tliert^if to her husband, or any one other person, with tho consent of tho husband siit> scribed to said will. Provided the wife shall have been privately examinecl by witnesses to said will, apart out of tho presence and hearing of her husband, &n; (in tho same manner as provided for in deeds), and provided also said will la made CO days before death of the testatrix. SPECIAL LAWS OF MASSACHUSETTS. Exemptions from Forced S ale.— //ome trory some and shall bo aiusted or four crcdil)lo wit- or any part tlifreof 'of tho husbanil siib- rivately examiiud by r of her hu9l)ainl, ic ied alBO said will be lUSETTS. md Personal Propertij. n estate of homestead and buildings thereon upied by him as a rebi- , Bhall be exempt from lis debts or otlur pur- ntitle property to such , by which the property , or after tho title has ng duly siRned, sealed, • flie county or diKtnct -impt as follows : The bedstead, bed, ami the V • Btove and fuel not rnituro not exceeding value ; 1 cow, C sheeii, 18 for carrying on trado stock designed for hi» provisions not exeeed- xmen. actually in use ■i-m, arms and accoutre- ewing machine to the mt from attachment to ssaries furnished to the materials for the erec- ■n on the same, but no ,0 owner, in case he » en for tho same before or and materials is lor uo can be ascertainea im. Notice in wntuig iponsible for Uie labor performing the same, Llant in a civil aelimi, L plaintiff, the plab; Ives to the satisfaetiou 1 probate court, n; aster ILcountyofSul J ood cause of aetioi , rto $20. exclusive of all foits which have accrued in any former action. 2. That ho beUoTCS, and haa reason to believe, tho defendant h.is properly not exempt from being taken on c.\eeiuit)n, which ho does not intend to apply to payment of the iilantitr's claim ; and, .!. That he believes, and has reason to believe, that tho defendant intends to have the State, so that exoeutlon, if obtained, cannot l)o served upon him ; cruiii'tead of tho second or third), that tho defeiidant is an attorney-at-law ; thai tho debt sought to be recovered is for money collected by the defendant for the plaintifT, and that the defciulanl unreasonably neglects to pay tho same to Ihe plaintiff. And such aflldavit, and the certificate of tho magistrate that ho i» d'.isiied tho same is true, Hhall be annexed to tho writ. Ill actions of tort, tho arrest of the defendant may bo procured wlien the plainliff. or some one in his behalf, makcj oath, to the satisfaction of any one of Kiid magistrates, that ho believes, and haa reason lo believe, that ho has a good caiiso or action against the defendant ; that he has reasonable expectation of RH'ovoring a sum equal, at least, to one-third tho damages elaimed in tlio writ ; andtiiat lie believes, and has reason to believe, that tho defendant intends to leave tho Slate, so that if execuiion be obtained it eanncace out!ll« ofSuffolli county having a jurisdlctlou nut exceeding ?1()0, andof police, di^ trict, and municipal courts liaving jurisdiction not exceeding S.JOO, and esiaLlish. cd in tho larger towns and cities of tho State, there aro two courts esLildish,,! having jurisdiction tliroughout tho Stale, /'irs/— The superior court holds terns in most of tho counties every thrco months. It has concurrent jurisdiction wiiii tho first-named courts from ?20 to their limit, ami cxclusivo jurisdiction of claims exceeding ?.300 and not exceeding SlOOi) In all counties except SuiTollc county. In tho latter county, tho jurisdiction extends to .?4000, and conomion; jurisdlctlou with tho supremo judicial court of all claims exceeding said sunn of SI 0(H) and §4000. Service of process must bo made in the superior court n days before return day. Second— 'The. supicino judicial court has juHsdletionin equity, concurrent jurisdiction with tho superior court as above described, tj. elusive jurisdiction of libels for divorce, and jurisdiction of questions of law brought up from tho superior court. Judgments aro not a lien upon property, but when an attachment has lipcn made on mesne process, tho lion holds for ;iO days after judgment, in which to make a levy on tho execution. No execution will bo issued within 21 houn after judgment has been entered, and all original execulioiiB must bo issued within one year after tho party is entitled to sue it out, and no suecessivo execu- tion will bo issued unless within llvo years after the return day of tho oiio preced- ing it. All executions are returnable in sixty days from their date. Deeds, Rioiit.s of Mauried Women, Wills, &c.— Conveyances of lands, or of any estate or interest therein, may be made by deed executed by any perjon having authority to convey the pame, or by his attorney, and acknowle(l(ied and recorded in tho registry of deeds for tho county or district wliere the lands lie, without any other act or ceremony. A wafer, or other ten cious substance upon which an impression may h« made, is a valid seal in this StatOjv/I'ho acknowledgment of deeds sliall be by the grantors, or one of them, or b^^Pb attorney executing tho same, and maybe made before any justice of tho peace, magistrate or notary public, or conimis- sioner appointed for that purpose by the Governor of this State within the 1 United States, or in any foreign countrj', or before a minister or consul of the United States in any forign country. No subscribing witness is required j when the deed is acknowledged by one of tho grantors. Incase the grantor refuses to acknowledge the same, it may bo proved before a justice of the peaca ] in the county where tho land lies, or where the grantor or any subscribing wit ness to the deed resides, by the testimony of the subscribing witness, ar.dfthc shall certify the due execution of same. In Rignlng deeds it is not necessary that the I wife be separately examined ; it is suflicient to bar her dower, if she join with | her husband in tho conveyance. A married woman may hold real and personal property. May convey the I same, make contracts, sue and be sued in the same manner as if she were sule; ¥ut her separate convi^yanco of lier real estate shall be subject to her husband s tenancy by tho courtesy. Conveyances, contracts and suits are not authorized between husband and wife. Every woman shall be entitled to her dower at] common law in the lands of her husband, to be assigned to her after his decease, j unless she is lawfully barred thereof. Chattel mortgages of personal property shall be recorded on tho records d the city or town where tho mortgagor resides when the mortgage is made, and oii| the records of the city or town in which he then principally transacts his busi- ness, or follows his trade or calling. If the mortgagor resides witliout the State.l his mortgage of personal property within the State when the mortgage ijj made, shall be recorded on the records of the city or town where the propertyl then is ; unless a mortgage is so recorded within llfteen days from the datel thereof, or the property mortgaged is delivered to and retained by the inort-j gagee, it shall not be valid against any person other than the parties thereto.f except in the case of a mortgage, contract of bottomry or respondentia,! or any transfer, assignment or hypothecation of a ship or vessel, and also cxcepl| In case of any transfer or mortgage of goods at sea or abroad, if tho mortga " takes possession of such goods as soon as may be after their arrival in tliis State.! When ii, is required that a mortgage of personal property shall be recorded ml the records of two municipalities, such mortgage shall be considered a» dul'l M •:tts. SPECIAL LAM'S OF MICHIGAN. 871 Ml In ftU cMcs In mant rnishno jtroccss. Anl ii« to bo attach«il ini l)t a?> to tho ownership of Indemnity. of tho j)eiico outJMe 11)0, and of police, (lis ing §;J00, and cstalilish- two courts cstablisliivl )erior court liolils t'Tnu irrcnt jurisdiction wi;h elusive Jurisdiction of ovmtics except Suffolli ) $4000, and concuiient ma cxceedini: said Bums \ tho superior court U ourtliaa jurisdictionin aa al)ovo described, n- on of questions of law in attachment ha-t hen •judgment, in wlii.'bto issued witliin 'J I lioiin cutions must bo issued xnd no buccossIvc oxoeti- •n day of tho ono preeed- their date. Conveyances of lands, or executed by nnv person , and acknowlcd^ifil and :rict wliere the lands lie, 1 an impression may V cut of deeds shall be br uR tho same, and may be otary public, or commiJ- ] .f this State witliin the i ninister or consul of the ing witness is required rs. In case tho grantor n-e a justice of the peaes L' or any subscribing wit- )ing witness, ar.dsho sliall 1 not necessary that the dower, if she join with Iperty. May convey the Iner as if she were sole ; kubjectto her husbands [suits are not authorized Intitledto her dower at to her after his decease,! lorded on tho records d korteage is made, uiul ni pally transacts hirt bus:- fesides without tlic Stite, fwheu tho mortgage is bwn where the property len days from the date ! retained by the mort- Lin the parties thereto, tomry or ^esponaent^ t vessel, and also except tbroad, if the mortgage' eir arrival in Una State. rty shall be recorded a ^ be considered at dul' r«cm\)c(I, when recorded in tho record of one of them ; prnvliUo, \\ in recorded !ii thf records of the other witliin ten days from the dato of such first record. Wills must bo in writii^g, and signed by tho testator, or liy some otlicr person in liii< presence and by hi:i express direction, and attested ami subscribed in th« presence of the testator by time or more competent witnesses. . SPECIAL LAWS OF MICHIGAN. KxEMPTlONS rnoM Fonri:t) Salt;.— //"omc irnrth Jil.WO and Prrsonnl Pro- jt/rty. A homestead consisting of any quantity of land, not exceeding 40 aereii ,»iid dwelling house thereon and it,sap|)urtcnances, not Included in any recorded iiiBii ]ilat or city, or village ; or instead thereof, at tho ontion of tlio owner, ono lot in a recorded town plat cr city, or village, and tho awelling houso thereon m\ its appurtenances. Said property, however, muHt not exceed 8l,r»0() in value ; if 80, it may be sold and tho excess applied in payment of tho judgment. IVrsniial property is exempt as follows : All spinning wlicels, weaving loom with the apparatus, and stoves put up and kept for use in any dwelling house, » ■eat, pew or slip occupied l)y a person or family in any place ot public worship, all cemeteries, tombs and rights of burial, all arins niKl accoutrements re(iuired to be kept by any person, all wearing api)arel of every person or family, library and school books of every individual and family not exceeding JISO in value. and all family pictures. To each householder 10 sheep with their lieeces, aiui ihoyanior cloth manufactured from the same, 2 cows, 5 swine, anil provision andfuel for six months' use, all household goods, furniture and utensils not ex- reodii:g In value $2'>0 \ tools, iniplcmen^H, materials, stock, apparatus, team, Tehiclo, horses, harness or other things to enable any person to carry on tho [lofession or trade, occupation or business in which he is wholly or principally engagnd, not exceeding in value .$250 ; and a sutllcicnt quantity of iiav, grain, food and roots for properly keeping for six months tho animals hereinbcforo ppocilicd ; 1 sewing machine for familv use Is also exempt. No portion of tho iropcrty above specltled, however, is exempt from execution upon a judgment for the purchase money, Mix'iiANics' Lien. — Any person who shall, by contract with the owner, part I (wner or lessee of any piece of land, furnish labor or materials for constructing r repairing any building, wharf or appurtenances on auch land, has a lien iherefor upon said building, wharf, machinery, appurtenances, tho entire in- t-rest of said owner, part owner or lessee in and to said land not exceeding ono I quarter-section ; or if in the limits of an incorporated village or city, in the lot or lots on whicli said building, wharf, machinery or appurtenances are situated, 10 the extent of his claim, lie must lilo a verified certiticite with tho register (f deeds, containing a copy of tho contract, if in writing, or if not a statement of its terms, with a description of tho land, and a statement of tho amount duo. and to become due, with all credits to which the owner may bo entitled. The owner, part owner or lessee must be notlfled of the tiling of tho certifl- fate. In order to have the l)enefit of the Hen, proceedings to foreclose must bo taken within six months after the last installment shall become due. A sul)- coiUractor has a lien to tho extent of tho interest of tlio original contractor, upon complying with substantially the same provisions as In case of an original oontractor. jVIechanics, workmen, and other persons, also have a lien in certain capply to tho paymeijt of any judgment which shall havo been rendered against mm, 872 SPECIAL LAWS OF MIC'HIGAX. Attachments may issue in favor of any creditor against any debtor having property in the county in which the creditor or debtor may reside, Bubject to the attachment, in the circuit court of said county ; or in case the debtor ha-< no property in the county, or is a non-resident of tlie State, then an attachment may issue in the circuit court of any county where the property of the debtor may be found. Tlie following .ire the principal causes of attachment : 1. That the dcfoiwl- ant has absconded or is about to abscond from this State, or that he is concealcil therein, to the injury of his creditors. 2. That the defendant has assigned, di . posed of, or concealed, or is about to assign, dispose of, or conceal any <'f liis property, with intent to defraud his creditors. ;}. That the defendant has n- moved or is about to remove any of his property out of the State, with intent to defraud his creditors. 4. That he has fraudulently contracted the debt or iiv curred the obligation respecting which the suit i^ brought. 5. That he is a ton- resident of the State and has not resided therein for three months immediately preceding the time of commencing the suit; or, G. That the defendant is a foreign corporation. No bond is required on commencement of suit, but the defendant may re- cover the possession of the property taken by virtue of the writ by delivering lo the officer a bond conditioned for the payment of any judgment or the return of the property. Unless this is done, the property must remain in the liands of the officer. Attachments maybe dissolved by a judge of the court, or by a circuit court eommis!o rendered and execution issued in the same manner as though all were joint contractors. Any bill of exchange, note, or draft payable on demand, and any check, bill of exchange, or draft drawn upon any bank or banking insti- tution, is deemed to be due on tlie day mentioned for the payment of the pam", without any days of grace being allowed. Guarantees of payment or of tbe col. lection are negotiable, and pass to the holder of the note. Notarial protest is evidence of non-acceptance or non-payment, at the time and in the manner Btated in the protest, unless the defendant shall annex to his plea an atlidavit denying the fact of having received such notice. justices of the peacD have jurisdiction in all civil actions wherein the debtor j damages do not exceed §100, and concurrent jurisdiction with the courts of | record in all actions upon contract wherein the debt or damages do not cxiccd l $300, except actions for a disturbance of a right of way or other easement ; ac- tions for libel, slander, or for malicious prosecutions, and actions against execu- tors or administrators as such, except in cases specially provided by law. Cir- cuit courts, in their respective counties, have and exercise origin.il and erclnsive I jurisdiction of all civil actio^is and remedies of whatever name and description,! and of all prosecutions for crimes, misdemeanors, offences and penalties, oxecy'tl in cases where exclusive or concurrent jurisdiction is given to or possessed by I Bome court or tribunal in virtue of some Btatutory provisions, or the principlejl and usages of law. Said court has such appellate jurisdiction and powers as firel provided by law. Service of fc'immons may be made at any time before returni ilay. A Judgment has no effect upon the property of a judgment debtor, either rcall SPECIAL LAWS OP MICHIGAN. 873 it finy debtor having •eside, subject to the ,e tho debtor hn-^ no n an attachmcm mny of the debtor jiiay be 1, That the dofoiid- • that he is conoenliM xnt ha» assignod, (li - jr conceal any "f Ins \Q defendant h:\s n- Statc, with intent to acted the debt or ii.- 5. That he is a vm- ■ months immediately it the defendant la a he defendant may r^ ewritbydelivonnRto rment or the return of ain in the hands of the 1 court, or by a circuit if heBhallhe satisfied ; out tho writ, 'n not negotiable wi'lor id recover the same iii vrislng upon contract, charged as an acceptor ", signed by liims-oL -: non-accepUnce f)r noii- ilo at any place witlwiit recover damages in art- osts, as follows: AMien .. Indiana, rennsylvania, the bill; when payable . ifew Hampshire. \er- Jersov De1?,warc,^Iary- ht., and if payal)ie el^e- ' reof , ton per cent. ^<> Davfvhle outside of tlic iiPiit rate of exchange at rawers, makers, guaian- u one action, and ]udc- 10 manner as thou;;li all raft payable on dciuaii.l, Vbanli or banliing nisti- [o pai-ment of the Bani';, ' payment or of the oo). >te Notarial protest is Lmo and in the manner to his plea an atlnlav" ] lions wherein the debt m Ition with tho courts o \ damages do not oxcecJ [or other easement ; ac- id actions against execu- ly provided by law. ut- Iso original and e.vchm^e Ir name and descnpticn, fees and penalties, cxcev fcivento or possessea l>y [isions, or the priiK^l'^, Miction and powers as « : any time before return | nent debtor, either rcill or personal, until tho issue .and levy of an execution. A certified transcript of the judgment of a justice of tlio peace for twenty dollars and over, exclusive of costs, on certain conditions, may bo filed in the office of tho clerk of tho circuit court of tlie county in which the judgment sliall have been rendered, in wliich case tlio judgment shall be of the same effect as a judgment rendered in said cir- cuit court. Judgments may be entered in any court upon confession. Executions in courts of record may is.suo upon the rendition of judgment to iLe proper officer of any county in the .State, and sucviessive or alias executions may issue one after another upon the return of any execution unsatisfied in wliole or in part. They are not a lien u{;on property until a levy is made. Exe- cutions In justices* court, except in certain specified cases, may issue at the ex- piration or tl .. days from tho rendition of judgment, unless the execution bo Mayod. Tlio defendant in the execution in justices' court m.ay stay the same, exL'ipt in certain specified cases, by filing proper security for tho i)aymcnt of tho niiiin^y, with interest and costs for four months from tho commencement of suit, if ilio judgment shall not exceed fifty dollars, and for six months if tho judgment exceeds fifty dollars. Laud sold under execution may bo redeemed within one year from tho timo iif sale. Every species of property, real or personal, and tho interest ot the de- fi'iulaut in any property, except such as is exempt from execution by statute, is subject to execution and sale. ])i:i:ds, Riuhts of Mauuied Women, Wills, &c — Deeds must bo luuler joal, with two witnesses ; a scrf'wl is regarded as ;i seal. Tho execution of deeds must l>e acknowledged before anjr judge or comniiss-ioner of a court of record, or before! any notary public or justice of the peace within tho .State. Tho deed must be recorded iu tho county wliere tlie land lies. Deeds executed in any ftther State must bo executed .according to tho laws of such State, and tho execu- tion tiiereof may bo acknowledged before any otlicer authorizetl by the laws of sucli State to take acknowledgments ; or thoy'may be acknowledged before any loniu'ii^sioner appointed by tho Governor of tliis State for sucli purpose. If made before .".ny other officer than a commissioner of this State, tho deed must have attacliea thereto a certificate of '.he clerk of a court of record of the county or district witliin which such acknowledgment was taken under his seal vf otlioo ; thuu the person whoso name is subscribed to tho certificate of acknowl- edginent was. at tho date thereof, such officer as Jio is therein represented to be, that he believes the signature of such person subscribed tliercto be genuine, niul tliat tho deed is executed and acknowledged according to the laws of sucli State. Tlie .vCknowledKment of a deed by a married wom.an, when slie joins with her husband in a deed of conveyance, must be taken sep.'ir.'itely and apart from lier liusband, and she must acknowledge lliat she executes tho same freely and with- out any fear or compulsion f ron. any one. \ liusband is not required to join in a deed by the wife conveying her prop- erty. No particular form of certificate of acknowledgment is required, but It khould appear from such certificate tliat tlio peraon making tlie same was legally authorized to take such acknowledgment ; that the grantor or grantors were personally known to him, and that tlioy .appeared before him and acknowledged the deed to be his or their free act. Wlieii executed by a married woman, it j should show that she executed tho same freely and without fear or couiiiulsion from imy one. Married women may hold real and person.al estate to their separate use, and j may contract in reference to the same, and in the same manner, and witli the like iileot, as if they were unmarried. And they may sue and be sued in relation to |tlii.ir solo property in tlie same manner as if tliey were unmarried. Dealings iirootly between husband and wife are permitted- Tlio liusband has no interest I iu the i)roperty of the wife as tenant by the cnurtesij, SoparaU; projierty acquired Iiy females before or after manlago is not liable for the husb.iiid's debt. The |«ife is entitled to dower in all lands owned by her liusband during coverture. Wills must bo in writing, subscribed by tlie testator or l>v some person in his jpro'jeiieo and by his express direction, attested and subscribed iu the presenc« jof tliu testator by two or more comoeteut witnesnes. 874 SPECIAL LAWS OF MINNESOTA SPECIAL LAWS OF MINNESOTA. Exemptions fiiom Forced Salf,.— //omc of Eighty Acra in Farm Lamh, ami Lot iti J'illage or City, with Personal Property. Eighty acres of land and dwell- Ing bouse tncreon, or instead thereof, one town or city lot and the dwelling houses thereon, regardless of value. Family Bible, books, pictures and musira! instruments ; church pew and cemetery lot ; wearing apparel of debtor iwA family, also bods, bedsteads and bedding ; stoves and appendages, cookin;- utensils, and furniture not enumerated not exceeding 8500 in value ; ;{ cows, lij iwiiio, 1 yoke of oxen, and a horse (or a si)an of horses or mules), 20 Hheei> ; ihm » Sfcry food for stock for one year ; 1 wagon, cart or dray, 1 sleigh, 2 plon^'li?, 1 drag, and other fanning utensils not exceeding S3 ; iifii oj. y, 1 sleigh, 2 plouj;li^ 'in value ; one sewinj; for debtor and family ; iig on trade, ami st'H any professional man ; lereof , one town or oity lie. Also the wages of exceeding $50, due (or sue of the process, a lien for labor done or I is subject to the rights 'ithin one year, and this and persons funiishirig iijments due to the orig- ler. Lnown here- ids: Defendant boini; a n the State with inienttu il with like intent : thai Cendant has a-ssipiiod, > delav or defraud hii levied on bulky article '■ tlie writ with the town Ihe office of the register >rned by statute and fol- complaint, or issuing |)f the garnishee, or the noss of the defendant, ntilf to judgment in the iitrary is expressed, on fiat payable on demand, j ]no as at common law. 1 li its date to charpe the ;d by the acceptor or loriginal jurisdiction in 1 jurisdiction, rocardlesi xceeds SlOO, and belt* If the peace have jiins- tt cases involving tnk'| lions prosecution, cnm- lainst arv administrator | jrtof record, become » I 20untv where docketed, I a judgment. Justices list lict court. . [or anv time witlnn t;n |i distri "t courts withii'.r jld at ten days' mwt- I in a newspaper of ttiii lame time. l{ealestat«| Dkeds, Rionrs of Mahiiied Womex, &c.~Deed9 must be signed, sealed (* ':rawl answering for a seal) and acknowledged by the grantor, attested by two w-itiie.-^ses, and recorded in tlie county where the lands are situated. Acknowl- edgments in this State may 1)0 made before a judge of the supreme, district or probate court, or a clerk of s^aid courts, notary public, justice of tlio peace, nr court commissioner. Out of this State, acknowledgmenU>i of deeds to lands in this State may be made before a judge of a United States court, judges or justices of aiy State or territorial court of record, clerks of any of said courts, justices of 10 peace, notaries public, or commissioners appointed by the Governor of this the pc!i _ _ _ . State for that purpose. Justices of the peace or other ofllcers not using a seal, must have their official character certified to by the clerk of a court of record. So sejiarate acknowledgment to a deed is required by a wife, but she must join in her husband's acknowledgment. The following form of acknowledgment is used indifferently for single persons and for husband and wife : State of Mixjjesota, ) ... CorxTY OP . r ^* Be it known that on this day of , A. D. 187 , personally appeared before me , to me personally known to be the same person described in , and who executed the foregoing instrument and acknowledged •Jirtt executed the same freely and voluntarily, without any fear or com- pulsion from any one, for the uses and purposes therein expressed. Married women may hold property, real or personal, in their own name and for their own use, whether acquired before or after marriage. She may make contracts, and her property is liable for her debts ; but no conveyance of her separate real estate is valid unless her husband join tlierehi. Chattel mortgages are void as against creditors and subsequent mortgagee? and P'.irohasers in good faith, when the mortgagor retains possession of the property, unless duly acknowledged and filed in the oflice of the town or city clerk, both rtero the mortgagor resides and where the property is located. They ceaso to be notice after two years from the date of liliiig. SPECIAL LAWS OF MISSISSIPPI. ExrMPTioxs FROM FoucED Sale.— /yo/ne tcnrfh .?2.000 and Personal Property On debts contracted after Sept. 1, 1870, only HO acres of land to the head of each family, being a housekeeper, to a resident of any incorporated town, being the head of a family, and a housekeeper, §2,000 worth of real property, comprising the proper homestead. The exempt personality is, 1. The tools of a mechanic necessary for carrying on his trade. 2. 'I'he agricultural implements of a farmer necessary for two male laborers. 3. The implements of a laborer. 4. Tlie books of a student required for the coniMletion of his education. 5. The wearing Jnparcl of every person. 0. The libra.-ies of licensetl attoriieys-at-law, jiracticing puysicians and ministers of the go.spel, not exceeding in value §250. 7. The arms and accoutrements of every person enrolled in the militia of the Stale. 8. All books, globe and maps used by teachers of schools, academies and colleges ; also, the following property of each head of a family or housekeeper : one work liorso fir mule, or 1 yoke of oxen, 2 cows and calves, T> head of stock hogs and 5 sheep, .'flhu.^hels of corn, 10 bushels of wheat or rice, 200 lbs. of meat, 1 cart or wagon, potto exceed in value §100, household and kitchen furniture not to exceed $100 ill value; and §100 of the wages of laborers is exempt from garnishment, in the hands of their employers. Lien.s— Judgments, when enrolled, are liens on all property in the county 'fhcrc rendered ; may bo made liens in any county by having iibstract enrt>lleil there. Mortgages and deeds in trust are also liens. They'nuist be acknowl- fdged aud recorded in the same manner as ordinary deeds of t'onveyance. Mechanics have a lien for labor done and materials fnrniBhed in the erection and repair of buildings, but suits to enforce a mechanic's lien must bo commenced in six months. CoLMXTioN OF DEnTS.— No pcrson can be arrested for debt In this State. Writs of attachment may be issued on one or more of the following grounds: 1. Tliat the defendant isa foreign corporation, or is a non-residentof this State ; ^■"i 2. That he has removed or is about to remove himself or property out of this State; or, ,3. That he so absconds or conceals himself that ho cannot be served *itii a summons ; or, 4. That he has property or rights in .actions which he con- wals, and unjustly refuses to apply to the payment of his debts ; or, 5. That he 876 SPECIAL LAWS OF MISSISSIPPI. Tm", has assigned or difiposed of, or is about to assign or dispose of Ids property or rights in action, or some part thereof, with intent to defraud his creditorji, nr give an unfair preference to some of them ; or, 6. That lie has converted or is about to convert Ids property into money, or evit, with iiucntto place it beyond tlie reacli of "his creditors ; or. 7. Tliat ho lias fraudiilciitly contracted tlie debt, or incurred the obligation for which the suit has been, oris about to be brought. Before any writ of attachment sh.nll issue, the creditor. Ids agent or attorney, must make an alfldavit as to the amount and ch.araeter of Ids dubt or claiin, iimi the existence of one or more of said grounds of attachment, and give lioml in double tlie amount of the principal of the claim, conditioned to pay all diimaRCH which the defeiulant may sustain by reason of the wrongful suing out of tin; attachment. [ Writs of garnishment may issue on suggestion that any party is indebted to or Ibas property of the defendant in his hands. » The assignment of notes, bills, accounts, and other legal or equitable demands is valid, and when the assignment is in writing, the assignee may sue in his own name. No particular form of words is necessary to constitute a valid assignment, The maker of any bill, not", etc., may plead any payment, off -set or other equity in defense of the same against the assignee, had or possessed by him against tlJo assignor previous to notice of tho assignnient. Justices' courts have jurisdiction up to §150 ; Circuit courts over that amount. Chancery courts have jurisdiction in the atlministration of estates, all probate matters over minors and lunatics, in matters of dower and divorce, and the fore closure of mortgages, and they liave nearly all the jurisdiction of English chan- cery courts. Executions are reqiured to be issued, unless otherwise ordered by the plaiiitilT, within 20 days after the adjournment of the term of court at which the judjiiniiit is rendered. No stay law for staying executions exccjit in justices' courts, ami I only then iipon giving bond. Parties may, by consent, however, have judgment | entered up, with stay of execution for any specilicd time. Claims against deceased persons must be probated in the office of the clerk of | the chancery court having charge of the estate, within one year from the dale ci the first notice to creditors to present their claims, otherwise they are barred, If I the evidence of debt is a bond, note or bill, it must be filed, with the aflidavit of the creditor attached, that no portion of the money intended to be secured liy i; has been received, and no security or satisfaction given for the same except tlie amount credited, if any. If it is an open account, the affidavit must set out tliat the amount staled is just and true^ and that no p.art of tho money stated to be due, nor any security or satisfjiction for the same has been received except I what is credited, if Any. If it is a judgment, a certitied transcript must be liled, [ accompanied with a similar oath. The above affidavits maybe made by non-residents before a commissioner fori the State of Mississipi)i, a judge or clerk of any court of record, a notary publio,! or justice of the peace, with tlie certificate of a judge or clerk of some court of | record as to his offlcial character. Dkkds^ ItiGnT.s OF Maukit:i)Womex, Wills, &f".— Deeds to lands mustlyij recorded m the office of the chancery clerk, in the county where the lands lie.r Before being recorded they must bo acknowledged. The acknowledgment mustj be subst.antially as follows Statr of Mississippi, I County of Mariox. J r Personally appeared before the undersigned (here follows the name and titl«j of tho oflicer), John I^cslie, who acknowledged thai, he signed, sealed and deliv-j ered the foregoing deed of conveyance as his own act and deed, on tho day ai.(l| year and for the purposes therein mentioned. 1 Given under my hand this day of , A. D., 187 . > (Signature and title of oflieer.i I*" a married woman is a party to the deed, the fol lowing should be added totli«| foregoing form of acknowledgment, immediately after the word " mentioned : Also personally appeared before me, Mary Leslie, wile of tho said John Leslie, wlio,j on a private examination before me, separate and apart from her said hiislianii, acknowledged that she signed, sealed and delivered the foregoing deed of con- veyance, as her own voluntary act and deed, freely, without any fear, threats ct compulsion of her said husband, on the day and year and for the purpose therein mentioned. CJiven under my hand, etc. (as above). The foregoing acknowledgments may be taken before any judge of thi supreme court, or any judge of the circuit court, any chancellor, any clerk of i ss. SPECIAL LAWS OF MISSOURI. 877 mose of his property raud his credilorH, nr he has converted or f debt, witli iuit'iiltii ho has fraudulently ho suit has been, or 13 Ilia agont or attdruey, hi.-^ debt or claiin, mA "Ut, and give boii.l in ed to pay all divmiijrci gful suing out of iLe party is indebted to or I or equitable demands lee mav pne in his o«ii ute a valid assignment, off-set or otlier cfiuity ised by him against tlio )urt8 over that amount, of estates, all pioliate [I divorce, and the fore iction of Knglish dian- nrdcredl)ytheplaintilT. tatwhiohtlieiiid-mml in justices' courts, aiui lowever, have judgment Llie office of the olork of | i,e vear from the date o wisetheyarebavved 1 led, with the athdavuof nded to bo Becured >y 1. 1 for the same except lie Hdavit must set out tlia. of the money stated to a been received cxmf ranscript must bo IiM,l ftfore a commissioner for I f record, a notary puWw. clerk of some court ^I Lpeeds to lands must iJ ttv where the lands lie.l |e acknowledgment musti lllows the name and tiil«l ligned, sealed and deb-l |ud deed, onthodayai.d| I A- D., 187 . Uo'and title of officer ; li2Bhouldboaddc.lt.tli«| lie word "mentioned, the laid John Leslie wl>o VUn her said hu^-ban i foregoing deed of co fcont any fear, thrcatsj "L for the purpose tlit-reu tore any judge of tli Uucellor, any clerk oi cotirt of record, or any justice of the peace or member of tho board ol Bupervi' sorss, whether tho laud conveyed lie in or out of Ids county. If the party conveying land in tins State is a non-resident, his acknowledg' mont may bo made before any of the judges of tho supreme court of the United States, or a judge of the distri(!t court of tho United States, or justice of tho su- premo court or superior courtof any SUile or territory of tlui Unlon,or any iuslico (if tho peace whose otlicial character shall be certitied to under tho ."eal of some riurt of record in his county, or before any commissioner residing in such State er territory who may be appointed by the Governor of this State to lake acknowl- ediimeiits and proof of deeds and otlier conveyances. Every deed must be sealed but a mere scrawl answers for a seal. Property acquired by married women cither before or after marriage, enures with the income solely to the wife's benefit. She may sell the same, provided her husband joins in the deed of conveyance ; and she may dispose of it by last will and testament. She cannot bind her property for her husband's debt« beyond its income. All contracts made by the husband and wife or either of them, for supplies for tho i)laiitatioii of the wife, may be enforced and satisfaction had out of her fccparato estate. All contracts made by the wife, or by the husband with her con- sntf, for family supplies or necessaries, wearing apparel of herself and children, ur fur their education, or for m.aterials used or work done for tho benefit of her separate estate, or for household furniture, are binding on her, and satisfaction may bo had out of her separate estate. A married woman m.-iy engage in trade as afcinme sole. When she does, she i9 bound as though unmarried for all contra<'ts 'made in the course of her trade. She is liable for debts contracted before marriage. Tlio husband is not liable for antc-iuipJal debts. All other contracts than those enumerated, made by a mar- ried woman, are absolutely void. As to dower the widow is entitled to _ third of all lands of which her lius- batul died seized and possessed, or w hich he had conveyed during his lifetime otherwise than in good faith or for a valuable consideration, during her life. If there are no children, she inherits all of her husband's estate. The husband is entitled, in courtesy, to oue-half of all his deceased wife's lands during his life, dependant, however, upon tho common law prerequisites. Wills should be in writing, subscribed by tho testator, and attested by three rredible witnesses. If the will is wliolly written by the testator, and subscribed by him, it need not be attested by any witnesses. SPECIAL LAWS OF MISSOURL EXEMPTION'S FROM FoROED SALE.— //omes^crtrf $1500 to 53000, and Personal Properti/. Homestead, if in the country, not to exceed $1500 in value, and in dties of over 40,000 inhabitants, not to "exce a §3000 in value. Personal prop- erty is exempt as follows: For heads of fi milies, all wearing apparel, usual household furniture not to exceed $100 in value, provisions in the house and the usual tools of trade of a mechanic ; for farmers, working and other kind of animals amounting in vahm to about $300. Persons may claim, in place of Uie aforesaid animals, any kind of property, real or personal. Women, being aban- donid by their husbands, and being heads of families, may claim the same ex- emptions as the husbands. Persons, other than heads of families, are allowed. as exemptions, their wearing apparel and the necessary tools of a mechanical trade. Tho last month's wages, regardless of amount, are exempt from execu- tion and attachment. MK('HANirs' LiKN'. — Material men and mechanics have lien for labor and mall-rial on the land and improvements to tho extent of their claims. The orig- inal contractor must file his claim within six months, laborers within thirty days, and all other persons claiming a lien within four months after the debt acerued. This lien has precedence over all other liens or eneumbr.ances placed on the property subsequent to tho commencement of the building or improvo- meuts. t'(jLLECTiON OF Debt.s. — Arrest for debt Is unknown here. Writs of attach- ment may be obtained on the following grounds t—Xon-residenee ; being about to remove from the State ; concealment with view to avoid service ; removal of property from State, or concealment of the same, with a view to hinder and de- lay creditors ; where debt is contracted out of the State, and debtor absconds 878 SPECIAL LAWS OF MlSSOUllI. from thcr« and secretly removes lils property into this State ; for debt ooii'.i.-icted fraudulently or from commission of felony; or wlicro goods were bouglii aiul payment is to Ije made in cash and the same is not done ; bond must be in d(.uMe the debt claimed, with one or more sureties, who must bo resident householdirs in the county wliero suit is brouplit. Attaolimcnts sliould bo resorted to in this State with great caution, and only where the proof is strong; and clear. Every species of property, whether it bo legal or equitable, is subject to attarbnitut and execution at law. When .attacliinent is Ic-vied on real estate, notice is to be filed at the recorder's offtce, and this fixes legal notice of the encumbrance. Assignments, in, trust for the biMicfit of creditors, inuro for the benefit of all creditors of the gr.antor, v.het her named in tlie deed of assignment or not; llio deed of assignment must bo acknowledged and recorded like other deeds. One partner caimot iissign all the partnership assets for the payment of partnership debts, but only Ivia own share of them, A. creditor, if he attacks an assignment as fraudulent, and is defeated, cannot afterwards claim the bcnelit of the ar- eignment and l)e allowed to prove his debt before the assignee. Assignmenif made to secure sureties or endorser.-*, prior to any payment by ther.i, are valiii here. Notes, bills, accounts and every species of contract or claim is assignable, and the assignee can sue on it in his own name. Garnishment can bo issued, eitlier on execution or attachment, against any person owing the debtor or having his property in possession. The garnishee I's entitled to compensation for his trouble and expense, including attorney's fees ; this is payable out of the fund, if any is found in his hands, or if nothing is due from tho'garnishce, then the idaintilf is bound to pay this sum. Acceptors of notes and bills arc chargeable only when their acceptance is in writing on the bill ; or, if on separate piece of paper, when the party who gave the credit saw the separate paper ; or if a promise is made in writing to accept a draft before it is drawn, and the draft is in the hands of any person who gave credit on the strength of this writing. Bills of exchange and notes 'rs resorted to in Uiia ig and clear. Every bject to attarbniciit ■;.tate, notieo is to be ! cncnnibiance. for the bcnelit of all ignment or not ; llie ;e other deeds. One ment of r^rtnerf^hip .tar 1^8 an assignment lie benefit of the a> ignee. Assignmcnis. it bv thera, are valiil r claim is assignable, ichmcnt, against any )n. The garnislioe is iding attorney's fees ; 1, or if nothing is due sum. their acceptance is in 1 the party who Rave in writing to accept a any person who gave this State or on any le received," and duly liolder to recover 0am- atc), four per cent. ; if lited States or torrito- lieso damages are u^l iing in this State, ami • dishonor. All parties or parties in any maii- veral actions. Draft?, , are deemed duo the lirotestcd. Notarial the timo and in the ly five per cent, dam- 1 addition to legal in- in replevin or attacli- er 50,000 inhabitanti, in otiier contracts up ' under 50,000 inbaV Jo, on other contracts .y of specific personal atter class of counties. )urt8 Iiavo concurrent •rcspectivo of popula- nd in the former class specific personal pn)i>- 11 sums over §25, aiil 100, ays before return day, iiihabitants, at the rc- are triable at the re- al, in cases where thfv eases (J days is i^ulh- SOS. nidition, and for three it, or sabReiiuently at- quired by him, and situated in the county where the judgment Is rendered. Tha judgment can bo revived so tliat the lien can be kept up for ten years aftfer iti rendition. No exicution can issue on a judgment in a court of record older than ten years, new suit lias to be brought on the same. Judgments in courts of rec- oni create no lien on personal property. No execution can issue on a justice's juilL'inent tlireo years after its rendition, without revivor. .ludtinicnts before jusiiee can bo made to create lien on real estate by llling a transcript of the juilumont in the circuit court. Execution issues the day judgment is rendered, and are a litii on personal psoperty, when issuing out of a justice's court from tlio time they are delivered to the otticcr ; when issuing from courts of record, only from tlio time they arc actually levied. Executions from a justice cannot bo levied on real estate. Kvery species of property, real or personal, books of account, debts and judg- ments, whetlier tlio interest in real estate be a legal or equitable title, is subject to execution and sale at law. Itedemption, after execution sale, is unknown here. If an cxeeution from a court of record is returned unsatislicd, the debtors can be suininoncil and required to state under oath what property or interests thoy have or own, which may bo reached by execution. bioKDS, lUOHTS OF MAURit)!) WoMKX, WiLLft, &c.— Dceds must bo under Bcal, a scrawl is regarded as a seal. The acknowledgment, if made in this State, may be made before a justice of the peace of tlie county where the land lies, be- firc a court or judge, the court having a seal, or before a notary public ; if out of this State, before a coniniissionor of this State, notary public, or before a court or judge or clerk of a court having a S(jal, or before the chief officer or mayor of a tuwii or city who has a seal, or before a consul or minister of the United States Mhi) has a seal. The seal must bo attached, and the deed recorded in tiie county where tho land lies. The following is tho form of certificate where the grantor is uiwnarriod : [Form of Ackuowlcdgment.] ss. State of Missoirni, 1 COINTY OF I'lKF. j Be it remembered, that on this day of , A. D. 18 , before tha unilersigned, a , within and for the county of , and State of Missouri, personally came , who are personally linown to me to bo tho same persons whose names are subscribed to the foregoing and annexed instru- ment of writing as parties thereto, and acknowledged tiie same to be their act anil deed f limits of an incor- ot being laid off into it of the State, being vy or sale upon cx- S'tate, so Ions as the 1 heads of families, xemption as a home- f rom forced sale on srmed any labor, ot ration or removal of [ontract, expressed or lien thereon to secure Id. Said lien shall be ord, an account, in lonths after furnish- ite from the date of lefendant may be ol> |at the claim is j«"' that the defemlant sdiction of the court Isame into money to Ityof rights of action hoved or disposed of ; he has fraudulently ictiou l9 based. The iffldavit mtlBt further contain a statement of the fact* claimed to justify a belief liioncor more of the above particulars. A bond must be executed like that in cases of attachment. The plaintiff in a civil action may obtain a writ of attachment against all the Unds, teuements, goods, chattels, stocks, or interest in stocks, rights, credits, moneys and effects of the defendant in his county, not exempt by law, upon the following grounds, in addition to those enumerated in the last above section : when the defendant, or one of several, is n non-resident or foreign corporation : when he absconds with Intent to defraud ; when he has left the county to avoid service, or so conceals himself that summons cannot be served upon him. "When the ground of attachment is that tho defendant is a non-resident or foreign cor' poratiou, the claim must be a debt or demand arising on contract, Judgment or decree, A bond, in not more than double the amount claimed, with one or more 'jureties to be approved by the clerk, is required, except when tjie defendant is a oon-resident or foreign corporation. In eases of attachment, " when the plaintiff, his agent or attorney, shall make oithin writing that ho has good reason to, and does believe, that any person or torporation, to be named and within the county where tho action is brought, has property of the defendant (describing tho same) in liis possession," tho said jnop- ertv, whether debts, choses in action, chattels or other property, may bo garnished Hid held the same as property otherwise attached. In all cases where an execu- tion shall be returned unsatisfied, and the judgment creditor, his agent or at- torney, shall file an allldavit, that any person or corporation (naming tho same) has property of, and are Indebted to the judgment debtor, such person or corpo- ration may be summoned as garnishee. All bonds, promissory notes, bills of exchange, foreign and inland, drawn for uiTSumor sums of money, ceitain and made payable to any person or order, or L«fjgn3, shall bo negotiable by endorsement ; made payable to bearer, shall bo transferable by delivery without endorsement. All such negotiable paper eliall k entitled to three days' grace. January 1st, February 22d, July 4th, December 5th, and any day appointed or recommended by the governor of this State, or tho President of the United States, as a day of fast or thanksgiving, are legal holi- days for commercial purposes ; when such day comes on Monday, then tho day ifter is when the act is to be performed. When any bill of exchange shall be [drawn for the payment of any such sum of money, and such bill shall be legally jprotested for non-acceptance or non-payment, tho drawer or drawers, endorser or jendorsers, shall be subject to payment of twelve per cent, damages thereon, if wn on any person or persons, or body-corporate, without the jurisdiction of the 1 States, and six per cent, damages thereon if drawn upon persons or body- rporate within the jurisdiction of the United States, and without tho jurisdic- n of this State. The supreme court has appellate jurisdiction only except in cases relating to rfiiuf, mandamus, quo warranto, habeas corpus, and suchcases of impeachment may be required to be tried before it ; and both the supreme and district courts lall have both chancery and common law jurisdiction. The district court has dglnal and exclusive jurisdiction over all matters and suits at law and in ihaucery arising in each county in their respective districts, except when justices 'the peace have jurisdiction, and concurrent jurisdiction with said justices of e peace, in cases where the cause of action exceeds fifty dollars, and notexceed- g one hundred dollars, and has jurisdiction in all cases of appeals from a Slice of the peace or judge of probate. Justices of the peace have jurisdic- m co-extensive with their counties, and extends to all cases wherein the sum Tolved does not exceed $100. When action is rightly brought in any county, Siininmns may issue to any other county, and, unless otherwise provided for, all be returnable on second Monday from its date, but when issued to another iiii^y. it may be made returnable, at the option of the party having it issued, on e third or fourth Monday after its date, rersonal service before justices of ■ ptac^e, three days before trial ; corstruclivo service may also be made in tiiu cases by publication. •'luhriiionts in district court, are lions upon the lands of the judgment debtor, itiiati'il in the same county, fro.'A the fust day of tho term at which judgment is iilcrod ; but judgments by coii'ession, and those rendered at tho same term in ich the action is commenced, are liens only from the day on which such judg- nts are rendered. To create a judgment lien in other counties, a transcript St be filed or levy made. Indgments in probate and justices' courts, opernte as a lien upon the realty of debtor when a transcript thereof is filed and docketed in the office of the fk of the district court. _ ^ 00 882 SPECIAL LAWS OF NEBRASKA. Lands, tenements, goods and chattels, not exempt by law, arc subject to leT?. Executions, unless stayed, issue at any time after judgment ou order therefor! May issue to any county in the State, and Bimultaneously to any other counties' must first exhaust goods and chattels, and afterwards realty. Are not liens on personalty or realty in counties other than the one in which judgment is obtain- ed, until levy has been made or transcript tiled. No redemption of property sold on execution or order of sale on foreclosure of mortgage ; title becomes al)8oluta on confirmation of sale. Judgments become dormant and cease to bo a lien on debtors' property if execution is not issued within live years from rendition of judgment, or if live years intervene between the issuing of two executions. Judgments cease to operate as a lien on the debtor's estate to thoprejudiceofany subsequent bona fide judgment creditors, unless execution la issued within ciw year from date of tsaid judgment ; but when the issuing o' an execution is pre- vented by stay, appeal, proceedings in error, etc., such , 2ar does not begin to run until after the removal of said diHability. If an execution be ritumed unsatisfied, the debtor can be summoned, and be required to state under oat! what property or interests he has or owns, which may bo reached by execution. Chattel mortgages are valid against bona fide purchasers and creditors, if \h Instrument shall be tiled and recorded in the office of the county clerk ; butceaj to be valid against creditors, purchasers and subsequent mortgagees in good f.r:;l after the expiration of ones year from the tiling thereof, unless within thirty day next preceding the termination of said year a true copy of the mortgage, togetlii with a statement exhibiting the interest of tl»e mortgagee in the mortgagcdijrop erty, shall again bo filed and recorded. Sale or mortgage of chattels, uulesa ac cjmpanied by immediate, actual delivery and continued change of po.-^sebslcn are prima /acie fraudulent and void as against en liters and subsequent iu/u fide purchasers, unless the instrument has been duly filed and recorded in tli olllce of the county clerk. Deeds, Rights of Makried Wostex, &c.— All deeds affecting the title real property, or any interest therein, in this State, except leases for one year for a less time, must be signed by the grantor, of lawful age, in the prcsenceof least one competent witness, who shall^ubscribe his name as a witness thereti and be duly acknowledged or proved and recorded. Acknowledgments orprool m-ay be taken In the State, before a judge or clerk of aiiy court, justice of l' peace, or notary public ; no officer can take any such acknowledgment or pri out of his State jurisdiction. The certificate of acknowledgment must bo indorsed on the instrument, show that the grantor acknowledged the same to bo his voluntary act and dei and that the officer before whom the s.ime was taken knew him to be the ideal ical person whose name was aflixed as grantor, or had satisfactory evidence of fact. If, after the instrument is executed but not acknowledged, the grantordii or if, from any cause, his attendance cannot bo procured in order to make t' same, or, having appeared, ho refuses to acknowledge it, proof of the executii and delivery of the deed may bo made by any competent subscribing witu thereto, before any officer authorized to take the acknowledgment ; sucliMitn must bo personally known to the officer, or such officer must have satisfacti evidence that the witness is the person who subscribed the instrument as a vi ness. If all the subscribing witnesses are dead, or out of the State, the executii of the deed may be proved by proving the handwriting of the grantor and of 3 subscribing witness thereto. AH deeds, duly executed and aclcnowledged, ni be recorded in the office of the clerk of the county in which the land lies ; inn the land is situated in an unorganized district, the deed is to bo recorded in office of the clerk of that county to which said district is attached for jutlii purposes. All deeds, mort^jages and other written instruments take effect, i are in force as to third parties, from and after the time they are delivered to clerk for record. No separate examination is required in taking a wife's knowledgment ; to convey her right of dower she must execute a deed willi without her husband. All deeds should have at least one subscribing witui Private seals are abolisheil, not even scrawls are required. [Form of Certificate of Acknowledgment of Husband and Wifcl State of , ) County op . ) I 1 ri e ■op A ir fe N( 'oe ill On this day of A. D. 187 , before me (here insert nai and title of officer), duly appointed, commissioned (or elected) and qualified^ and residing in said county, personally appeared and his wife, to me personally known (or by the oaths of one or more witna whose names are hereto subscribed, satisfactorily proved) to be the Ident^ persons described in, and whoso names are affixed to, the foregoing instrun 5ar |te£ the State, the cxecuu "of the grantor and ot » and acainowledged,mi ihich the land lies; in c dis to bo recorded in u jt is attached for ]uaic istruments take effect, a le they are delivered to ^•ed ill taking a wife* ,st execute a deed ^\lUl] , one subscribing wiwl ired. , „r-« i [isband anj Wifd lore mo (here insert M 1 elected) and quaUtiedfl and ,oi one or more wltna Loved) to be the Idenj 1 the foregoing instiuffl SPECIAL LAWS OP NEVADA. 883 Hgrantors, and they severally acknowledged tho same to bo their voluntary act lad deed. I In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and ofBcial seal, at , In said county, the day and year last above written. fsEAi>.] (Signature and fltlc.) The property, real and personal, which any woman in this State may own at liictinic or her marriage, tho rents, issues, profits or proceeds thereof, and any IimI, personal or mixed property which shall como to hor by descent, devise or |5«Hie-t, or tho gift of any person except her husband, shall remain her solo and lieparalt) property, and not bo subject to tho disposal of her liu8band,or liable llorliis debts. She may bargain, sell and convey her real and personal property, Icdentor into any contract in reference thereto, in the same manner, to the Ibi^ic extent, and with like effect a< a married man. She may sue and be sued jifif unmarried, and carry on trade or business on her separate account. Her Ittminps are her sole property. If married out of the State, she may here enjoy Iriglita to property there acquired. SPECIAL LAWS OF NEVADA. Exemptions From Forced Sale.— yf Homestead worth §5000, and Personal perlij. A homestead owned by a head of the family, worth 556000, and the (oilowinB personal property : household furniture to the value of ?100 ; provis- sand fire- wood for ono month ; farming utensilfl of a farmer not exceeding in hlucS200 ; two horses, two oxen or two mules, and two cows, one cart or wagon, Vliaiiics' tools ; a miner's dwelling, in vahio §500, and his mlnin^i; tools ; a ibrary of a dentist, physician, lawyer or surgeon ; one sowing machine worth "»\ A mortgage or other security ou tho homestead is void, unless for purchase loney or mechanics' lien. Mkchaxics' Lien'. — Persons who perform labor or furnish materials for the kection or improvement of any building hns a lien on tho same for such work eJ mutcrials for all amounts over f?2.5. And so have all laborers on all work peby themou any railroad, toll-road, canal, water-ditch, mine or mining-shaft, tunnel, or building lot in a city or town ; yjror/r/c^/, tho oiii'^iiiiil contractor till (ilo his lien in sixty days, and tho sub-contractor or laborer in thirty days |[iertlic work is completed, and suit commenced in hix months. CoM-ECTiox OF l>EBT.s. — A dobtor may be arrested and held in custody or re- istil on bail, upon an allidavit being made by the plaintilf , or his agent or attor- [fv, that the defendant is fraudulently disposing of his property, ;intiiit« irom courts of record, aro lions on tho debtor's Inndo in thJ county wliero obtained, and upon his land in any other county wbero tranwritij of Hanii) is tiled ; and judginentH before Justicti of tho neace bcroinii liens imthj dobtor'H land, where u tranucript of tho sanio is filed with the clerk of tlio di-trH court of tho county. Kxecntion may bo stayed by tho coiirt in which tho judgment was olitair.oil ronsonablo time ; and, unless same is tbns Hlayed. it can issue at any tinn; wlihJ tho limitation, live years, and may be levied on any of tho pronerty of the del fondant not exempt by law. It is not a llonon p<>r8onaUy until an ai-iual kvJ As tiio judgment is a lien on the debtor's land, it can bo enforced by tho exeoal tion. Dkedh, Uir.HTS OF MAnniEn Womex, At.— Deeds must be in writing, a Bcra» will answer for a seal. Wit.ie^ses arc not necessary to its validity. If proven or acltnowledged in this State, it must bo before a judge, or derlif n court having a seal , a notary public, or a justice of the peace. If witliout tb State, before any judge, clerk of a court having a seal, notary public or ju8tir.-ii, the peace, or a conimisHioner of this State. ' before a justice of the pcaiv.ii must bo accompanied by a certificate of tho clerk of a court of record, cirtifvini to tho olHcial capacity and signature of tho justice. If taken without tlic Initef States, before some judge or clerk of a court of a State, Kingdom or Kmiiircliaij ing a seal, a notary public, or by a ndnister, commissioner or consul of the I'tiiiJ States. If tho grantor docs not acknowledco the execution of tho deed, tliRwij ness may jirovo Ids signature ; but if the witnesses aie dead, or cannot bo h^ fnoof by competent parties, under oath, of tho signature of the grantor audi east one witness. Tho wife must join tho husband in tho execution of a deed, and this form oai he used for tho cortilicati! of acknowledgment by husband and wife, or withoutl wife, and can bo changed to suit the circumstances : State of New York, 1 County of Oranoe. f ' Bo it remembered, that on this day of , A. D. 187 , per ally appeared before nie, J. Gordon, a notary public in and for said county i State, duly ar>polnted and qualified to take acknowledgments of deeds, elo.,'A.I and C. D., liia wife, whoso names are subscribed to the conveyed inslruinentJ parties thereto, personally knowji to me to be tho individuals described in u who executed the said annexed instrument as parties thereto, who each ackroil edged to mo that they each of them respectively executed tho same, freely, \j untarily and for the uses and purposes therein mentioned. And tlio said ('. wife of the said A. B., having i)een by mo first made acquainted with the cont i of said instrument, acknowledged to me, on examination apart from and witlio the hearing of her bald husband, that she executed tlie same freely and voluntarij without fear or compulsion or undue Influence of her said husband, and thats does not wisli to retract the execution of the same. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my oflicial la the day and year first above written. J. Gonoox, Notary Publio. All tlie property owned by the wife rv vie time of her marriage, or to wh she acquires after mifriago by iuh'^n.:ai>v*e, devise, gift or bequest, bflongj and remains her separ.'ite estate whii ■; FuO can sell and convey without thcco sent of her husband. And all prof/.ty acquired by purchase by husb.-vnd s wife during tho coverture belongs io them in common ; and upon the death tho husband, one-half goes to the wife ; but during coverture, is under llie ah lute control of the husband. Ho can convey the same without tho joining of i wife in the execution of tho deed. A married woman has no dower in the i eiitate of her husband, neitlier has he any courtesy in hers. SPECIAL LAWS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. Exemptions FnoM Forced SALE.—^ome WOT/A $500, and Personal Prop« Homestead to the value of §500, for tho benefit of wife, widow or chilili Household furniture to value of $100 ; books and library in use by the debtor; his family to value of $200 : necessary wearing apparel of debtor and fami UIIRK. SPECIAL LAWS OF N'KW HAMI'KII.UK. 885 Mfoi'K.ary bed, bod(«ton(lR and bed-clothin(r ; 1 cookinpf Btovo and its furniture ; imilMif bis occupation,? 100 ; |>rovi8lnnflnti(l fuol.Srtd ; boaxtH of tlio plow, not rx- feeiiiiii; 1 yolio of oxen or 1 liorso ; Bowiufj nmcluiio, 1 row, (5 itlieop, 1 pi^or hog. Mil iiAXics' I,ii:n. — I.aln)rors and porHoiiH fiiminhiiiK materials liavoa lien on the buililinK and tlio land on wbich itiH put, t<> tbo amount of 915, and for tbe ipao.' of Hixty days aflt r tlio lab(ir was pcrfnrmod or materialH furnl«lipn) tban :Bl.T.;t.'l, and conot-alH bis proport V HO tbat no atl.'K'bmiMit or levy can I . > ladu, or is about tu leave tbu Slato I toaviiiil tbe payment of bin dtd>t8. Writs of attacliment may iswuo for tlio following causes : Non-rc»idenoe ; IbeiiiK ribout to romovo from the State ; concealment with view to avoid service ; removal of pronerty from State, orcoiicealmontof tbe same, with a view to hinder »ml di'l.'iy creditors ; where - icond.s from there and secretly removes his property into this State ; for debt con- Itracti'il fraiululently or from commission of felony ; or where goods were bought liiid pnymcnt is to bo made in cash and the same is not done ; bond must bo in Idoublo tlto debt claimed, with one or more sureties, who must 1)0 resident houso- jhoKlers of tlie county where suit is brought. Every species of property, whethei lit be legal or equitable, is suldeet to attaebmont, and constitutes a valid lien on Ithe property for thirty days after judgment, witliin which period the oxucutioa |DU»t 1)0 levied to preserve and protect the lien. Assignments in trust, for the benefit of creditors, inure for the benefit of all IwJitorsof tlie grantor, whether named in the deed of assignment or not ; the Ideedof assignment must bo acknowledged and recorded like other deeds. One Ipartiicr cannot assign all the partnership assets for tlie payment of partnersliip Idebt!), l)Ul only his own share of them. Assignments made to secure sureties or Itniloriiers, prior to any payment liy them, are valid here. Notes, bills, accounts, IiikI uvcry species of contract or claim is assignable, and the aasigiiee can sue on |i! in his own name. Garnishment can be issued on attacliment, against any person owing thedebt- ror iiaving his property in possession. The garnishee is entitled to compensa- i n for his trouble and expense ; this is payaldo out of tlie fund, if any is found '.liiH liands, or if notliing is due from the garnishee, then tlie plaintiff is bound pay this sum. All notes and bills, payable in cash to order or bearer, are negotiable ; on de- laiid, are dishonored and overdue GO days from their date, (iraco is allowed on ' notes, drafts and bills payable on time, unless expressly excluded by terms of le contract. The jurisdiction of justice and police courts, extend only to S1.1..T3. The dr- it court lias jurisdiction beyond that siim, aiul of all appeals from the justice 111 police courts. Superior court of judicature lias only appellate jurisdiction, lid may issue writs of error. ludgmcnts may be obtained at the first term, unless defendant make aflldavlt fi defense, in whicli case he is entitled to coutinuaneo imiess the iiiaintiff has vi'u him 30 days previous notice to be prepared for trial. I , ^ , ^4«,.;„i tji ^•-''etutions may issue the day judgment is rendered, and arc a lien on personal Jnd affixed my official ie^„p^,j.jy ,^jj^j^ j^g^jj^g ^^^^ ^j j^ j^yg^j^g.g ^^y - needs 8300, and appellm .ice of the peare. a del)tor'R lands in tb county where ti.iniirri|J are l)e<'ome llenH onth^ I the clork of the di-trid judgment was olitainciU issue at any tinn; wlihii tiie pronerty of tl\c ilel lalty until an aeiuallnTJ enforced by the oxccu^ list be in writing, a Bcrat its validity. )efore a judge, or clerk' 10 peace, if wilhouuli notary public or juslircc a justice of tbe i)cai'e,. ■ourt of record, rerlifylit taken without the I'nitel Kingdom or Empire luJ ner or consul of the rnii4 itionof the deed, the »il e dead, or cannot bo hi Luro of the grantor and f a deed, and this form oai and and wife, or without ,A.T). 18T ,pori n and for said county tfl inents of deeds, elo.,.\,I ;i'e conveyed instruuientl ilivlduals described in u thereto, who each ackm uted. the same, freely, \J )nei'i. Ami the said (\ " pciuainted with tlie o again filed with the g the interest of tho :reditor8. \ cknowledged to have I- last will, iu theprej-l time, V -hall 8ub-| tor. YORK. I), and Personal Prop- t an execution upon ii one-fourth of an ane. inpt as follows : Spiu-I tures and books in use] wines and their i\ece> alue of $250 ; workini d therefor for iiinet| rchaee money for sucl liform throughout till ,nd materials on lan» must bo filed withu materials ; and in th( ee months. The Ur arrested and held person or character, ropertv ; in an aotioi nisapplicd by a pubw 1 or banking a.s8ocii nv other person ui of personal T>ropei ar disposed of so tlL Ibeen guilty of a fraai n which the a\v Tk commissioner, or before any officer of the State or territory where "made, thorized by tho laws thereof to take acknowledgments. The odicer must be authenticated by the certificate of the county clerk under 'Official seal. The following is the form of acknowledgment, where the grantor is unm»jr- ss. I.VTE OF Indiana, ) ItNTv OF Jackson. | ' |Oii this day of , in tho year , before me personally came [B.i to me known to be the individual described in and who executed the Ihin (or annexed, or above) conveyance, and acknowledged that he executed paun.' for tho puri>ose8 therein mentioned. PKTEa '\Vll.80K, Notary Public. 890 LAWS OF NEW MEXKJO AND NOKTll CAROTJNA. Tlio following is the form where husband and wife join in the deed. k'^ ss. State of Ixpiaxa, County ox^" Jackbox, On this day of , in the year , before me personally camt A. B. and C B., his wife, to me known to he the individuals described in nin) who executed the within (o?' above, or annexed) oonvcyunco, and sevcrallr acknowledged that they executed the same for the purposes therein mentioncl And the said C. B., on a private examination by me made, apart from her Jiuj- band, acknowledged that she executed the same freely, and without any fearer compulsion of her said husband. I'lCTKn WiLSOx, Xotn / J'ubiic. Married women can hold real and pergonal property to their sole and geparaio use. A wife's obligation maybe recovered out of lier separate property win- given with intent to charge it. Troperty acquired before or subsequent to mar- riage is in no cases liable for her husbaiurs debts, but for licr own debts only. A widow shall be endowed with one-third of all the lands owned by her husband during his lifetime. To render a chattel mortgage valid as against creditors and purchasers, there must be actual possession by the mortgagee, or the mortgage or copy must li« tiled in the town or city where the mortgagor resides. The mortgage must h refiled every year. Every will must be subscribed by the testator, and shall be acknowledged br him to be his will to each of at least two attesting witnesses, each of whom Bhall Bign his name at the end of the will, at the request of the testator. The witneswi to any will shall write opposite to their names their respective places of residencci if residing iu a city the street and number of the house should also be given. SPECIAL LAWS OF NEW MEXICO. EXEMPTION'S from Foiukd Sat,e. — Ilomevorth SIOOO; Provisions, ^21 Furniture, $10 ; Tools, ?20. lical estate to the value of .§1,000 is exempt in farnil if the heads of the families reside on the same ; also the clothing, beds and I'd' clothing required for tlie use of the family, and lircwood requisite for cA days ■when actually provided and intended for use. All Bibles, Testaments, liynii books, and school books upcd by the family, and family and religious pictures provisions on hand to the amount of §2.5, and kitchen furniture to the value ol $10, both to be selected by the debtor ; also tools and implements belonging to th< debtor that may be necessary to enable him to carry on his trade or btisines, •whether agricultural or mechanical, to be selected by him, and not to exceed f2( in value. Keal estate when sold must be first appraised by two freeholders cl the viciuity and must bring two-tliirds of the appraised value. SPECIAL LAWS OF NORTH CAROLINA. Exemptions from Forcep Sale.— //omc icorth 5J000,o«rf Personal rromi\ worth $500. Every homestead, and dwellings and buildings connected tlierf with, not exceeding in value -11000, to be selected by the owner thereof, or in lifi thereof, at the option of the owner, any lot in a city, town, or village, with thi dwellings used thereon, owned and occupied by any resident of the State, anl not exceeding $1000 in value. Personal prop;«rty to the extent of $500 in valueJ MEciiANirs' Lien. — All laborers, matcriru mon and mechanics have liens ol the houses built, improved or repaired by them, ivnove olllcers, or. wliero they pJe beyond the State, the acknowledgement of tho grantor can l>e taken, or poof by subscribing witnesses can bo made, before a special commissioner ap- lointcd under the seal of the probate judge having jurisdiction, authorizing such Ninissioner to take the acknowledgment of the grantor, or examination on oath ptheivitnesses to tho deed, and the proceedings of such commissioner shall be Jtturned to tho probate judge issuing Uie commission, who may adjudge the deed |uly acknowledged or proven, and order it registered. Or, the deed may bo f knowledged or proven by witnesses before any regular commissioner of this T4'e resident in the State or territory where the grantor or witnesses rv?8ide. Where the grantor and witnesses reside beyomrtheliinitB of the United States, ►« acknowledgment or proof may be taken or made before tiro chief magistrate t any city where they reside, or any minister, ambassador or consul of the I'lited States, under the official seal of such magistrate or other otllcer, and then certiUcate so mode must bo exhibited to tho probate judge having Jurlsdic* 892 SPECIAL LAWS OF OHIO. tion,who will adjudge the same duly acknowledged or proven, and order tho Bame to be recorded in the proper place in tliis State. The wife must join the husband in tlie execution of all deeds concerning real estate, to bar her dower, and her signature cannot be i)roven, but her Koparaw acknowledgment must be taken ; she must be examined "[irivily and apart from her husband, and must show she does it to relinquisli ner dower. Wliere the grantor and subscribinf; witnesses are dead, the proof of the deed may be made y proving the handwriting of tlio grantor or the witnesses. Use this form in taking the acknowledgement of husband and wife : State op , ) County op . ) Before me (here insert name and title of officer), this day, poxsonally appeared A. IJ. and C. I)., his wife, grantors named in the foregoing deed of conveyance, and the said deed being also produced and exhibited before me, the said A. B. and C. D. acknowledged the exe<:uti(m thereof l)y them as their act and deed for the purposes therein expressed ; and the said C. D. being by me privily examined separate and apart from her said husband; touching lier free consent in tlie ei- ecution of the said deed of conveyance, in her examination declared to me that slie executed the same freely, voluntarily and witliout compulsion or restraint updn the part of her said husband, or any person whatsoever, and did still vohuitarilv assent thereto ; and this she does in relinquishment of her dower iu the laiiil mentioned in said deed. In witness whereof, I have Bet my hand and affixed my official seal this day of ,187 Tlierv) T:i3 InLerit: . proper y, (Signature and title.) necessity of a seal to a deed, a scrawl is suHicient. / acquired by the wi.fe either before or after marriage, either by \ >e, gift or otherwise, shall be and remain lier sole and neparaie .ijmwie debts or control of her husband, and she can convey the iame with the written consent of her husband. She has dower in all the real estalo of her husband, owned or acquired during the coverture, and join in con- veyan' ,' i iit''^ by l/in^ to release the same. No 'jiiatLc. irtp ,j jf personal property is valid unless the same is duly re- corded in the count; a Ik m tho grantor resides, or the possession of the propeftyu removed from tho grantor, and is only authorized on property to tho value i $300. The will must bo signed by the testator, or by some other person in his prenence and by Ids express direction, and subscribed in his presence by two witnesses, no one of whom shall be interested iu the devise. Or, if found among his papen must be in his own handwriting, and his Dame subscribed hereto, inscribed in some part tliereof, and the handwriting generally known to his acquaintance* and proved by three witnesses to be every part in the testator's own liand writing. SPECIAL LAWS OF OHIO. Exemptions from Forced Sale.— //bmc Worth $1,000, ajirf Personal Pn. pcr/iy.— Every head of a family, resident in Ohio, shall hold exempt from eia cutibn, his homestead, not to exceed $1,000. If the homestead exceed S1.0(r the property will be partitioned and a homestead of $1,000 set off to the debtor. 1 he have no homei'tead, he shall hold exempt real or personal property not toe:d ceea $500, exclusive of general exemptions, which ar$ : Beds and bedstead ; | stove; 1 cooking stove ; fuel for CO days ; $100 of wearing apparel; 1 cow.o instead $35 of household furniture ; 2 hogs, or instead $15 of liousehold furn ture ; 6 sheep, or instead $15 of household furniture ; all Bibles and liyml books ; family pictures ; provisions not exceeding $50, and such other aitiilesol household or kitchen furniture as may be needed, not exceeding $50 ; ii »em!i machine; a knitting machine : tools of his trade, not exceeding $100; liis p«f sonal earnings, and his minor children's, for not more than tliree months befpn judgment ; all specimens of natural history, if not kept for pecuniary exlilM tion ; a doctor shall hold his horse, smldle.'instruments and books, tho two latta not to exceed $100, exempt ; a drayman, his horse and dray ; a farmer, ?iisliorM wagon, and yoke of oxen. Widowers having unmarried minor eliildrcj widows and married people having no children, may have the benefit of thisacf Th« wife may claim exemption when the husband will or cannot, but the tr ir SPECIAL LAWS OF OHIO. 893 proven, and order tho I deeds coucerniuR real ! •oven, but her Koparaic I '>rivily and apart from iier dower. Where llie the deed may be made] C8. and and wife : lay, pexsonally appeared] n«deed of conveyance,^ •fSre me, the 8;»'l A.»', 18 their act and deed lor I I by me privily eiaminedl r free consent in the ex- 1 tion declared to me thatl inulBion or restranituponi and did Btill voluntarilyl her dower in the laiiii| ly official seal this ■Signature and title.) 3utUcient. , after niarnage, either IitI jain her sole and neparawl Land she can convey the- lias dower in all tlie re»l joverture, and joinmcoii-j nlessthe same is duly re .oBsession of the property 1 I property to tho value o^ ther person in his prcBencf resence by two wituewes^ if found among his papei ibed hereto, insciihed u wn lo his acquaintanci the testator's own hand lOHIO. I $1,000, ami Personal Pj ill Wd exempt from ej Ihomestead e«eed 5U looo set off to the debtor trsonal property not toe • Beds and bedstead, earing apparel; 1 eow, »15 of household lur ,xe; all Bibles andg and such other avlKles exceeding ?50;;v«e'" exceeding $100 ; bis than three months be ept for pecuniary exhi Pid books, the two art Idray, a farmer, Msho! 'married mlrior o nUW -ive the benefit of this El or cannot, but the t Biy not claim exemption at tho same time. Unmarried ■vromen may hold $100 I of wearing apparel, $25 of books, a sewing and a knitting machine, exempt. Mechanics' Lien.— Mjxterial men and mechanics, whether they be contrac- tors, gul)-contractors or laborers, may have a lien upon the buildings erected, and the land on which the buildings are erected, if within four months of tho com- pletion of tho labor or f urnisliir.g of the materials they file an account, under 04tli, of their claim, in tho county recorder's ofHce. This account must be iteiuiz- d. If tho work be done or materials furnished under a written contract, (urh contract, or a copy thereof, must be filed with the account. The Hen thus cMaiiicd dates back to tho commencement of the labor or the furnishing of Imaterials, and extends to two years after tlie completion of tho labor or the (iriiisliiiig of materials. CoLLECTioi: OF DEBTS. — Arrost in civil actions can only be made in oases of fraud. The plaintiff may set forth, by afflduvit, fraud in the removal or conceal- B lit of property, in the contracting of the debt, or of the conversion of tho pro- wrty into money. Escape of the prisoner, without the consent of the creditor, b not satisfaction of the debt, but non-payment of jail fees, which jailer may dc- naiid weekly in advance, at the rate of forty cents a day, is constructive consent. Hiis remedy is rarely, if ever, resorted to. Writs ol attachment m.iy be obtained on one or more of the following {rounds : 1. When the defendant, or one of several defendants, is a non-resident era foreign corporation ; or, 2. Has absconded with intent to defraud creditors; or, 3. has left the county of Lis residence to avoid service; or, 4. So conceals kitiiiiolf that service cannot be made ; or, 5. Is about to remove Jiis property out tf the jurisdiction with intent to defraud his creditors ; or, 6. Is about to con- jrerthis property into money with like intent : or, 7. Fraudulently or criminally nti acted tne aebt or incurred the obligation. An attachment on the first ground is only granted on claims founded on judg- nt, contract or decree. The aflidavit in attachment may be made at or after iDimeiicement of any suit by plaintiff, his agent or attorney. Bond in attach- nt ia in double the amount of tho debt (except when obtained on tho first ■o;md, when no bond is required), executed by one or more sureties— it is the ictico to have two sureties — need not be householders. There is no duty posed upon tho creditor to publish any notice of attachment on real estate ; it 13 the sherifl's duty. Attachment may be had before the debt in due, when le defendant has disposed, or is about to dispose, of his property with intent to ;raud or delay his creditors. Same law as above. .Assignments in trust, for the benefit of creditors, inure to the benefit of all itors ; the deed of assignment, or a copy thereof, must bo filed within ten ITS of its execution, in the probate court of tho assignor's county of re- leiice, bjr the assignee. After all liens and mortgages, tho wages of laborers ojieratives, performed within six months, and not exceeding one hundred liars, are to be first paid. Assignment made to secure sureties or endorsers are lid ill any case, if for value. Every species of contract or claim is assignable; le holder of it must sue in bis own name. Garnishment can be issued on attachment, and a process analogous to it on »i~'ition, against any person or corporation owing the debtor any moneys, or vinghis property in possession. In no case is the garnishee allowed anything this costs in the case. All bills, notes, or other instruments payable to order, bearer, or assignor are ne- iable. They must be put in suit in the name of tho real party in interest. No ges or attorney's fees can be recovered in an action, save when there is an ress and written clause in the note -or bill, allowing the recovery of such sgea or fees, in case it shall have to bo sued uiion. Notarial protest is cvi- "00 of demand and non-payment, in the manner and at tho time stated in tho ■itest. •Iiislioos of the peace have exclusive jurisdiction up to $100, and concurrent Mction with common pleas and superior courts up to $300. They have jur- iftion in actions for trespass on real estiite whcr(} the damages do 'not exceed ^and in actions for forcible entry and detention of real estate. Summons ed by justices of the peace must be returned within twelve days of their «. aiid must be served on the defendant at least three days before trial. Courts of common pleas have original jurisdiction in all civil suits where the "unt exceeds the jurisdiction of justices, in suits affecting real estate, in force and criminal prosecution, and appellate jurisdiction of cases before ces of tho peace and probate judges. The superior courts of Cincinnati, Teland and Dayton have the same jurisdiction as courts of common pleas, ex- it in divorce, criminal law, and justices' appeals. The dUtrict courts have 894 SPECIAL LAWS OP OHIO. appellato jurisdiction of common pleas courts. The superior courts in gfr.« ral term review the superior courts' decisions in special term. The siipienijl court has appellate jurisdiction of district court and general term of suijerlcrf court decisions, and original jurisdiction in mandamua, quo warranto, habeas cnr] pus and procerlindo. Service of summons must be made and returned, in common pleas courtg, on cM before the Hecond Monday after their date. Actions are triable the ttrm aften the issues are made up, or If they be made up during a term, at that term. Jud "^c. maybe executed according to the laws of ta State, or according to the laws of the State where it is executed and aclcno< ledged. Mortgages in this State date and become liens only from the time i their entry for record. All other deeds are to be recorded within six months 1 their execution, in order to become notice as to subsequent purchasers withoj notice. This is the form where the grantor is unmarried : State of Indiana, ) CouNTV OF Stark. ( '• Be it remembered that on (the date) before me, the subscriber (title of offic| personally came (the name of grantor) the grantor named in the foregoing I strument, and acknowledged the signing and sealing thereof to be his voluntaryi and deed for the uses and purposes therein mentioned. Witness my hand and j the officer have a seal of otUce he will hero state ; official) seal, on the day r year first above written. [.SEAL.] John Harper, Notary Pnhlk\ The wife must join her husband In a deed or power of attorney, wLetlier land bo in her own right, or she have but a dower interest therein. This is the form when the grantor is married : State of Indiana, \ County of Stark. ) Be it remembered that on , before me, the subscriber (John Harpj notary public) personally came and his wife, the grantors inention in the foregoing instrument, and acknowledged the signing and sealing then to be their voluntary act and deed for the uses and purposes therein nientionl A nd the said , wife of the said , being by me examined separl ttnd apart from her said husband, and the contents of said instrument by niej plained and made known to her, as the statute directs, declared that she 'idj untarily sign, seal and acknowledge the same, and that she is still satisfied tin SPECIAL LAWS OF OREGON. 895 with as her act and deed for the use and purposes therein meulioned. Attesta- tion same aa in unmarried form. A married woman may own property, real or porsonal, in her own right, witli- outthe intervention of a trustee. Slio may manage it l»er?elf, but cannot dispose of it for any term longer than three years, without her husband joining her. Slie mny be sued or sue alone, in actions concerning her seperate property, or upon a written obligation, contract or agreement signetl by her, or if she bo cnjaRcd in any business, and the cause ot action grows out of such business, an! in all such case^ a personal judgment can bo had against her, and her separ- «te property will be liable. In no case shall elie bo required to prosecute or de- fend bv her next friend. If lier husband has abandoned her, she will be con- Hclevcd aa/cmmc sole- The widow shall bo endowed witli one-third part of all th« iinils owned by her husband during coverture. Chattel mortgages of every kind are valid, if the i)i8trument itself, or a tru« I copy thereof, bo deposited with the clerk of township where the mortgager re- ridea ; or if he be a non-resident, where the property is situate at the time of tho I execution of the mortgage. On every mortgage so filed the mortgagee shall make the following state- I ment : [Form.] I STATE OP . , ) I County op . j ''' , mortgagee, named in this mortgage, being duly sworn, makes oath ml says that his claim against , mortgager, of which a true statement is iiereto'annexed, amounts to the sum of , and that said claim is just and I unpaid Sworn to . A.D. before me and subscribed in my presance this day of Every mortgage so filed shall be valid one year, and may be renewed within thirty days of tlie expiration oi the year, by retiling the original mortgage, or a copy of it, with the statement as above. Each renewal is valid one year, |ind tlio mortgage may be so renewed indefinitely. Wills muet be in writing and signed by the testator, or by some person in his I presence and by his express direction, and attested and subscribed in tho pres- tnco of the testator by two or more competent witnesses. See form No. 45 on page 815. SPECIAL LAWS OF OREGON. Exemptions from Forced Sai^t..— Personal Property. The following are Ifiempted : Books, pictures, and musical instruments to the value of $75 ; neces- liary wearing apparel owned by any person to the value of $100, and if such I person be a householder, for each member of his family to the vahie of $50 ; the [tools, implements, apparatus, team, vehicle, harness or library necessary to en- labie any person to carry on the trade, occupation or profession by which such [person habitually earns his living, to the value of $400 ; also sufficient quantity [of food to support such team, if any, for sixty days. The word team includes only [one yoke of oxen, or a pair of mules or horses, as the ca.«o may be Tho follow- [iii? property, if owned by a householder and in actual use, or kept for use by and [for his family, or when being removed from one habitation to another on a Ifliango of residence : 10 sheep, with one year's fleece or the yarn or clotli manu- jfaoturod therefrom ; 2 cows and 5 swine ; household goods, furniture and liittjiisils to the value of $300 | also sufflcient food tosupport such animals, if any, Ifor three months, and provisions .actually provided for family use, and necessary [for the support of such household and family for six months ; the seat or pew lofcnpied by a householder or his family in a place of public worship ; all property lof tho State, or any county, incorporated city, town or village therein, or of any Ictber public or municipal corporation of like character. No article of property, lor if the same has been sold or exchanged, then neither the proceeds of such sale lor the article received in exchange therefor, shall be exempt from e.xecution |i»8ueil on a judgment recovered for its prize. I MKriiANics* Lien.— Contractors for material or labor on any building have. jfrom the time work is commenced thereon, a lien on the building and the ground Ion which it is situated, prior to all other liens on the same premises placed there- lea after Uie commeuceiueut of work ou the building. Suits must be brought 896 SPECIAL LAWS OF OREGON. within six monthn after paymentR aro duo uiuler tho contract, but no credit fiven on payments can extend the lien beyond two years from tho completion of he work. The lien extends in favor of the workmen to the extent of Uu- con- tract price: if before payment* are due, they give written notice of their inten- tion to hold the owner. And no payments mado to the contractor before tliey are due, under tlie contract, can defeat this lien. Coi.UECTiox or Okhth.— Arrest in civil actions is unknown here, except in cases of fraud or of abscondincdebtors. In actions for debt or tort, flie goods of defendant may bo attached, whoiievfr the plaintitT, or his agent, shall make and iile an aftidavit that a cause of ik<'tion< exists against the deftndant, and the grounds thereof, and that the defciitlaiit iv either a foreign corporation or anon-resident of this State, or has departed tlmre- from with intent to delay or defraud his creditors or to avoid service of suninmiis or keep himself concealed therein with like intent, or has removed or is nboutto remove his property from the State with intent to delay or defraud his creditors; that he has assigned, secreted or disposed of. or is about to a-fsign, secrete or (11s- pose of any of his i)roperty with intent to delay or defraud his creditors, or that the defendant has been guilty of fraud in contracting the debt or incurring the obligation for which the action is brought. Tho aflldavit may be in the alter- native as to any of these causes, and may be either positive or upon infornmtinn and belief. But upon information and belief, the nature and sources of the in- formation upon wldch the belief is founded must be stated. All property, or ri^ht or interest therein, not exempt from execution, may be attached. The assignment of notes, bills, accounts, and every kind of contract or claim arising out of contract, i.-i valid, and action thereon must be brought in the name of the real party in inter jht ; but the action by tho assignee, except i)i case of negotiable promissory note or bill of exchange, transferred in good faith for a valuable consideration before due, sliall be without prejudice to anyset-olTor other defense existing at tho time of or before notice of the assignment. Garnishment can bo issued, either on exectition or attachment, against any person owing tho debtor or having his property in possession. As to bills and notes, no person is chargeable as an acceptor of a bill of ex- change unless his acceptance is in writing, signed by himself or his lawful agent. Grace is allowed on all bills and note.", unless they contain an express stipulation to the contrary. On bills of exchange drawn or endorsed within this State and payable without the limits of the Ujdted States, duly protested for non-accept- ance or non-payment, on duo notice and demand thereof, the party liable for the contents of such bill shall pay tho s.ame at the current rate of exchange at the time of tho demand, and daniagee at the rate of ten per centum upon tho con- tents thereof, together with interest on such contents, to be computed from the date of protest ; said amount of contents, damages and interest to be in full of all damages, charges and expenses. On bills of exchanue drawn within thi« State, payable witliout this State, but within the United States, and protested for non-acceptance or non-payment, the drawer or endorser thereof, due notice being given of such non-acceptance or non-payment, shall pay said bill with legal interest, according to its tenor, and five per centum damages, together with costs and charges of protest. The jurisdiction of justices of the peace, in actions for the recovery of r.ioncy or damages only, extends to $250 ; for the recovery of specific personal proi)erty, when the value thereof and the dama|;es for the detention do not exceed S2;ifl; for the recovery of any penalty or forftiture, whether given by statute or arising out of contr.act, not exceeding .'5250. The county court has exclusive jui-isdiction in the first instance of probate matters, and has jurisdiction, but not exclusive, of actions at law, and all prti- ceedings therein .'ind connected therewith, when the claim or subject of con- troversy does not exceed the value of $500, and exclusive iurisdlction of actions of forcible entry and detainer, without refereoce to the value of the profjcrty. The circuit court is clothed with all the judicial power, jurisdiction and authority not vested exclusively in some other court. Service of the summons in county and circuit courts, if made within the county where action is brought, must iJe made ten days before judgment can be obtained ; or, if served within any other county in the State, twenty days. Be- fore justices, service must be macle not less than five, nor more than twenty days before day set for trial. Judgments in courts of record are a lien from their rendition, and for ten years thereafter, on all real estate owned by the defendant, or subsequently acquired by him, and situated in the county where the judgment is rendered. >'o execution cau issue on a judgment older than ten years, unless on cause sLowa SPECIAL LA^VS OF OREGOX. 897 ontract, but no credit roin the ooinplotioii of iho extent of tht^ cim- notice of thtnr intsn- contractor before they known hero, except In bo nttaohcd, whonevn that a cause of iv(tifiii| 1 that the defciitliuit isf , or has departed tlicre- oid service of sunnnons reniove«l or is nltout to r defraud his creditors; o assign, secrete or dij- il his creditors, or that 10 debt or incurring the t may be in the alter- vo or upon inforniution 3 and sources of the in- tated. All property, or yr be attached, lid of contract or claim bo brought in the name niee, except in case of ■ed in good faith for a ejudice to any set-of! or the assignment, ittachnient, against any leion. acceptor of a bill of ex- iiself or his lawful agent. in an express stipulation d within this State and otestcd for non-accent- , the party liable for the rate of exchange at the centum upon the coii- be computed from the interest to be in full of inne drawn within this tatcs, and protested fur ser thereof, due notice all pay said bill with damages, together with the recovery of money [cifie personal property, ion do not exceed S2;i0i |en by statute or arising Jst instance of probate Ins at law. and all pro- lini or subject of con- _j iurisdlction of actions lalue of the property. lower, jurisdiction and Its, if made within the More judgment can m late, twenty days. Be- [more than twenty days Undition, and for ten] tlant, or subsequently Igment is rendered. >» Inless on cause showa ,Tu(l)jment« create no lien on personal property. Judgments before jiuUc« can bMiiade to create lien on real estate by filing a transcript of the judgment in the cip'iiit court. KxicutiouB may issue the (lav judRmont is rendered. They are a Hen only tr^m the time actually levied. Kxeeutions from Justices' courts cannot bo levlca (11 real estate. Every species of property, or right or interest therein, is subject to c.xtcullon, except tlie exemption. Uedemption of real estate sold under ex- ecution may bo made at any time within sixty tlnys after the contirniation of the HJe, liut the redeniptioner, in addition to the price paid by the purchaser, muf^t pay niterest thereon, at the rate of two per cent, per month, from the date of Mtie to the date of redemption. I)i:i:i>s, UioHTH OK Makiuei) Womkn, '.t.— Deeds must bo under seal, but a rrawl with the pen, a wafer, or otlier adlicsive substance, is regarded as a seal. They must liavo two witnesses ; and, to be entitled to record, must be duly Kkiiowledged. Acknowledgment, if made in this State, maybe made ')eforo any ludgo of the lupreine court, county court, justice of the peace or notary publlt; ; if out of tli« Sutc, before any judge of a court of reeonl, notary public, juslico of the peace, crany other otlicer authorized by the laws of such State or territnry, or country. Intake acknowledgment of deeds therein, or bcforo a coninii.^aiduerof this.State. Inless the acknowledgment bo before a commissioner, w iii-n taken out of this State, there must be a certillcate of tlie clerk orotlier proper certifying oflicer of ifoiirt of record, uiuler the seal of his othco, thct the fHirson whoso name is sub- hribcd to the certificate of acknowledgment was, at the date thereof, suc^h ofHcer uhe i;< therein represented to be ; that lie Ijelieves the signature of sudi person lubscribed thereunto to ue genuine, and that the deed is executed and acknowl- nlged according to the laws of such State, territory or district. The following is the form of certillcate of acknowledgment when the grantor il unmarried: Statk Of .1 lorxrv OF , ) ' ' Be it remembered that on this day of » 18 , before me, the imlersigned, a within and for , personally appeared A. B , to me rsonally known to be the identical person described in ancl who executed the Icregoiug deed, and to mo acknowledged that ho executed the same for the uses id puriioses therein expressed. Tlio following is the form where husband and wife join, the wife releasing Ner or convoyrng her own lands : iuTE OF Ohio, "OIXTV OF BfTLEK, Be it remembered that on this day of > 18 » before me, the under- igned, a noiary public within and for said county and State, personally appeared B. and his wife, C. 1)., to me personally known to be the identical persons de- ribed in and who executed the foregoing deed, and to me acknowledged that ley executed the same for the uses and purposes therein expressed, and the said p.. wife of the said A. B., on a separate examination bv mo made, separate lU apart from and without the hearing of her said husband, to me acknowledged lat nhc executed thQ same freely and voluntarily and without fear or compul- ion from any one. [.Skai,.] John Morgan, Notary Public. In this State married women can hold real or personal property in their own imes, and free from control of or liability for the debts of their huKbands, but in eiaso of personal propeity a schedule must be filed with the countv clerk. Chattel mortgages, to be a lawful lien, must be llledin the county clerk's otflce, id are in force for one year only from the date w hen so lUed. They may be rc- riied for a further period of one year by the mortgagee, within thirty days iit preceding the expiration of the year, makijig aii«l annexing to tlio instru- iit on nie an aflldavit setting forth the interest which the mortgagee has by Iftiio (if such mortgage in the property therein mentioned. Within thirty days the expiration of the second year, another affidavit may be made in like liner and with like effect. ss. 67 89S SPjICIAL laws Vir rKXNSVLVANIA. SPECIAL LAWS OF PENNSYLVANIA. EXEMPTTOjfs FUOM FoncKD Salk.— y?fa7 or PfrHonnl Proprrtii, S.Tfio. HojI or porsonnl property to the extent of S.TOO, beoiden wearing npparel, liihli s onj school bookH niul BcwiiiR niachines in the ubo of the family, and the nrniK, .ir coutrcnientf*, and uniform of a soldier. The exemption may be waived in \\u\f or contract. MKCiiANirs' LiEX.— Tliese bind houseB and lands from the date of the com- mencement of wcrk on the building (usiially the collar digging); for nil work done and materiiils furniahed toward thu erection and ponstruction of th« Imi' ing ; prorUlvd, a lien for the saino l)e Hied within Bix months after the work been dono or the materials furnished. Liens may also b 5 filed for alteration.' repairs ; they bind the piop<>rty from the date of filing. The debts of a dcetjiiHed i)t'rBon are a lien on his real estate for 5 years after his death ; the lien may bo continued by suit brought witliin that time. IV lien of judgments operates for 5 years from revived by xci re facias. The lien of a mortgage for purchase money i^goncl iV.m date of mortgage if rendered within 60 day:* ; other mortgages from «latc cf record. Collection of Debt.s — Arrest and Imprisonment for debt is aboHshpil in all actiojis foundet the court with intent to defraud his creditors, or that the defendant ha.s trans- ferred, assigned or removt>d, or is about to transfer, assign or remove his proper- ty with intent to defraud his creditors, or that lie has property, rights in action, interest in any public or corporate stock, or evidences of debt which he framl- lently conceals and refuses to anplv to the payment of his debts. Plaintiff 111 ffivo boiul of indemnity in double the amount claimed, with sufllcient suretie? D9 approved by the court before the attachment issues. Attachments m.iy be ):j Bued in the nature of an execution, after final judgment, which is a means o| reaching the property of the defendant in tlio huiul.s or custody of another. Assignments for the benefit of creditors, must be recorded within SOdaysaftd d;ite, or they become void as to creditors. Preference in assignments are vnidj and fall into the general fund, except as to wages duo laborers, miners a:: operatives, who are preferred to the extent of $100. One partner may makcgeu eral assignment of partnership property for benefit of creditors. A judgment is a lien on all the real estate of the defendant within the oounij in which it is obtained. Its lien continues 5 years, after which it must be rcvirei or continued by scire facias. Does not bind after-acquired property unlesi levied thereon or revived. An execution binds personal property of the" difenl ant from the time it is placed in the hands of the sheriff, but executions ifsuej by a ju.stice of the peace only bind from time of actual levy. AVhen perpoiw property or any leased premises is taken in execution, the landlord isentitleiiij one year's rent out of the proceeds of sale. To stay execution defendant may plead his freehold, that is, allege his owiieij ship of unincumbered real estate, or put in special bail, and thereupon shall I entitled to stay of execution as follows : If under §200, six months ; if ovori*.'^ and less than $500, nine months ; if over $500, twelve months. This does nj apply to actions on judgments, mortgages or bail for stay of execution en fornifl judgments. J In tax sales, unseated lands may bo sold after one year's taxes are due.ba may be redeemed by owner within 2 years on payment of amount of s.ile, cosj interest, and 25 per cent, penalty. Improved land^ may be sold for non-payni«j of 2 years' taxes, but must be redeemed within one year after notice of sale. Philadelphia, 2 years are allowed to redeem debts, not of record on a lien ont estate of the deceased person for five years, and may be continued for five yeif longer by suit commenced within that time. In case the personal estate of a Jf cedent is not sufficient for the payment of his debts, the orphans' court direct the sale of the realty. The widow and children of a deceased persons entitled to $300 out of his real or personal estate. NIA. rLVANIA. i Proprrt}/, S.TOO. Ua] 1)2 nprnrcl, bihli s anJ ^mllv.aiul thonrIn^;K may be wuived in ii'tc m the (late of tbo rom- iistiuolion of tho Imi' ,th8 after th« work ) tiled for alterat unu cPtato for fS years afl^r within that tlnio 1> trv, when they iiui't b« haso money i.^Kocl frntnl nortgagcs from ilatc of for debt is aboll^hM i;il ions arise fr'^ni brcarhl vhere Imprisoiinifiit itilll . pays the debt, or givtil rithin the oonnly at thol The property of f» resi-l [endant is justly uidebtM nature of uulebU'dnoikO out of the jurisdu'tiPnoD the defendant has tni.!-! iiEn or remove his propM^ property, rights in aclion, of debt which he frau.l' his debts. Plaintiff m with sumoient surctief Attachments miiy be i=j ■nt, which is a means oB custody of another. I •orded within 30 days aftel in assignments arc vmi iluo laborers, miv.oxs ai;( no partner may mal;c gen rcditors. . i tendant within the connj ■r which it must be revive* acquired Pi-operty uiiloj^ i\ property of the defend •iff but executions IfsuH iraUovy. When perwi-l ;ho landlord isentitleil^ ^ that is, allege his owneJ ll and thereupon sMUO 1 six months ; if ' „ „. \ months. This does no ky of execution on lorr tear's taxes are due, J [of amount of snicks ' f be sold for non-payme K after notice of taie, lof record on a h;'" o" 1} continued for iive>'!i te personal estate oi a' f the orphans' com^ \ of a deceased person SPECIAL LAWS OT rENN'SYLVANlA. 899 DF.Kns, Rights of MAnniKo Wosinx, Wills, Xt.— Deeds must be under s^r, a fiiawl is not Huttlelent, and should he attentod by two witnesses. Acknowl- edciiient of deeds may be taken in the State, by justices of the Supreme court of I'.iinsylvania, Judges of the courts of common pleas, major, lecordcr, and alder- nimi of I'hllauelplila, Pittsburg, Alleghany and (.'arbondivlo, tlio recorders of ilceils, the notaries public, and all jusiiees of the peace. out of the Siato acknowledgment may he taken by the mayor or chief magis- trate of the city, town, or place where the deed is executed (under Ih i pul)lic Bpal> ; any justice or judge of the supremo or superior court, or couit of common pleas, or of any court of probate, or court of record, or any Stale or territoy in the I'nited States (cortifted under the hantl of the judge and the seal of the •uurt) ; by any judge of the United States supremo court, or of any United States ilistrii^t court ; by an ollicor or magistrate of any State or territory in the United Slat '8 who Is authorized bv the laws of Jus own State or territory to take ao- linowledgments therein, 'i'ho proof of such authority Is the certificate of the flt'vk or protlionotary of any court of record In such State, under seal of tlie ffiiirt, that the officer t.-iking such acknowledgment is Inly qualified to take the taino ; by ambassadors .ind other public ministers of i4)o United States (under iiilic I'll seal) ; cons\ils and vice-consuls of the Uidted States (under consular wal) ; by any notary public in any Stale or terdtory in the United States, or in any f(»reign country ; by commissioners appointed by the (Jovenior in any State, territory or foreign cotnitry, whose commissions last flvo years unless sooner re- Toki ,1. And, when- the person making the acknowledgment is In the military service of the United States, before any person holding the rank of major, or any Miller rank. In said military service. Proof of the execution of a deed may bo made by the artld.avit of a subscribing witness. Powers of attorney relating to real estate must bo acknowledged the same as deeds. Acknowledgments Lokeu by notaries public or lommissioners of deeds Tieed not be cerlitled. No deed or contract relating to the real estate by a wife Is blndln - upon her, unless acknowledged substantially as below : [Certifieate of Acknowledgment by Husband and Wife.] Statr op Pexnsvlvaxia, ) COtNTY OF LkiIIOII. ) '*• Bo it remembered that, on the day of ,A.D. 187 , before ■c (liero insert iiamo and title of ofRcial), duly commissioned In and for said \nty, came and , his wife, and acknowledged Indenture to be aieir act and deed, and desired the same to be recorded as such. She, the said , being of lawful age, and by mo examined separate and apart from her said hus- baml, and the contents of said deed being lirst fully made known to her, did thereupon declare that she did, voluntarily and of her own free will and accord, 8ign and seal, and as her act and deed delivt.r the same, without any coercion or comiuilsion of her said husband. Witness my hand and seal, the day and year aforesaid. [seal.] (Signature and title.) [Proof by Subscribing AVitness.] St.^te op Pennsylvania, ) CorNTY op Leaioh. ) **• Bo it rcujembercd that, on the day of , A. D. 187 » be- fore! ino (here insert namo and title of ofilcial), duly commissioned In and for said county, personally appeared , one of the subscribing witnesses to tlie execution of the above indenture, who being duly sworn (or aflirmed) accord- ing to law, doth depose and say that he did seo , the grantor above named, lign and seal, and as his act and deed deliver the above indenture (deed or con- veyance) for the use and purposes therein mentioned, and that ho did also seo subscribe his name thereto as the other witness of such sealing and dolivery, and that the name of this deponent, thereunto set and subscribed as a witness, is of this deponent's own proper hand-writing. Sworn (or aflirmed) to and subscribed before mo tho day and year aforesaid. Witness my hand and official seal. [SEAL.] (Signature and title.) A married woman may hold and enjoy as her own separate property all such »s slie owned at the time of her marriage, and all such as may descend to or vest in her during her coverture, and such is not liable for any debts or engagements of lier husband. A married woman may petition the court for leave to enjoy her wii earnings, which will be allowed ; her separate estate is, however, liable for I necessaries purchased by herself for the use of her family. She cannot make a vnl'fi contract except for the imnrovement of her Sf^narate estate and for necw -r^ 000 BPECIAL LAWS OP RHODE ISLAND. eariefl. She may make a will of her separate estate, subject to her husband's rightfl as tenant by the courtesy. Wills must in writing : and, unless the person making the same shall be pre- vented by the extremity of his last sickness, shall be sij^ncd by him at tho end thereof, or by some person in his presence and by his express airection, ami in all oases shall be proved by the oaths or affirmation of two or more competent witnesses. SPECIAL LAWS OF RHO:^E ISLAND. Exemptions From I -^rced Sale.— A'o Ifome Exempted, but Personal Prop. erty. — Householders are e.. titled to hold the following exempt from execution: The necessary wearing apparel of the debtor and his family ; his necessary work- ing tools, to value of $200 ; his household furniture and family stores, to the valno of $300 ; one cow ; one hog and one pig, and the pork of the same ; debts secured by bills of exchange on negotiable promissory notes. Mechanics' Lien.— Mechanics have a lien for labor^ or labor combined with materials furnished, which, in the case of an original contractor, must be prose- cuted within six months, and in case of a sub-contractor or day laborer, within thirty days after commencing the work; but no landlord is bound for tho im- provements made by the tenant, nor a married woman, under any circumstances, unless the contract id in writing, assented to by them, and is clearly intended tu bind them. Collection or Debts.— Tho defendant may be arrested in all cases of tottg, where the form of the actions, aa trover or trespass, or the necessary allegations of the writ, make a prima facie case of tort ; in actions of debt, convenant and assumpsit, which cover almost all collections. No arrest of females can be had, on original writs, but males may be arrested on original writ in the followiiig cases: I. Incaseof claims originating before .lulyl, 1870. 2. Where the plaintiff, his agent or attorney, makes afhdavit, on the back of the writ, " that the plaintiff has a just claim against the defendant, upon which the plaintiif expects to re- cover, in the action commenced by such writ, a sum sulTicjent to give jurisdiction to the court to which such writ is returnable; and also," either "that the de- fendant, or some one of the defendants, is about to leave the State, without leav- ing therein personal or real estate upon which an execution, that may be obtained in such action, can be served ;" or, " that the defendant, or some one of tlio de- fendants, has committed fraud in contracting the debt upon which the action is founded, or in tho concealment of his property, or in the disposition of the ■ame." To obtain a writ of attachment, the plaintiff must make affidavit that tho de- fendant owes him justly the claim set forth, and which must be a sum sufficient to give the court jurisdiction ; that defendant resides out of the State, or has left the State, and is not expected to return in season to be served with process before the next term of the court , or that he iias committed fraud in contracting the debt sued on, or in concealing his property, or in disposing of the same fraudu- lently, and all the legal interest of tho defendant in property can be attached, except what is exempt from execution. Assignments made for the benefit of creditors are valid whether a preference is shown or not, except where the grantor is impriHoned on execution. Assign- ments or other conveyances, given as security for past, present or future endorse- men^s, if made in goM faith, are valid, subject, of course, to the provisions of the bankrupt act- Assignees of contracts or claims, other than bills of exchange or negotiable promissory notes, must sue in the name of the assignor, unless they can prove s •pecial promise by the defendant to pay to them. The usages relating to notes and bills are governed by the common law. For- eign bills drawn or endorsed within this State and returned protested from witli- out the United States, are subject to 10 per cent, damages and interest. The | holder of such protested bill may sue tho drawers and endorsers jointly. Foreign bills of exchange drawn or endorsed in this State and returned to this State pro- tested for non-acceptance or non-payment, from any place without the limits of the United States, are subject to payment of 10 per cent, damages, besides protest fees. Inland bills drawn or endorsed in this State are subject to 6 per cent. damages, bpc'-Ies protest foei. Bills drawn at sight, payable in this State, ui« due ou presentation, without grace. Notes, for the payment of money, only ait S'D. SPECIAL LAWS OP RHODE ISLAND 901 !C< to her husband's he name shall be pre- ed by him at the end ress clirection, anil In or more competent [SLAND. ed, but Personal Prop- emptfrom execution: y ; his necessary work- iiily stores, to the viilno e same ; aebts secured r labor combined with ,ractor, must be prose- or clay laborer, williin •d is bound for tho ira- ider any circumstances, I is clearly intended to ;ed in all cases of toils, le necessary allegations 3f debt, convenant and ; of females can be had, 1 writ in the f ollov\iiig 2. Where the plaintiff, writ, " that the plaintiff plaintiff expects tore- •knt to give jurisdiction '," either " that the de- the SUte, without Icav- m, thatmaybeobtanied , or some one of tho de- ipon which the action is the disposition of the Ke affidavit that the dc- iiust be a sum sufficient of the State, or has left; Wed with process before faud In contracting the Ing of the same f raudu- )I«irty can be attached, u whether a preference £n execution. Assign- lesent or future endorse- I to the provisions of the lexchange or negotiahle lunlesB they can proves khe common law. For- bd protested from witii- tes and interest. Tm lorsers jointly- Forest, 'arned to this State pro- e without the limits o Samages, besides protest subject to 5 per cent. iyal)le In this State, m Kent of money, only a" tKiignahle and negotiable like bills of exchange. Legal holidays are 4th of July, Christmas day and February 22nd : also, any days appointed by the Governor, Legislature or President of the United States as days or thanksgiving or holidays. Paper maturing on any of those days must be protested th«5 day preceding those holidays, severally, at his election. Foreign bills drawn or endorsed in this State and returned protested from without the State and within the United States, are subject to five percent, ^amages and Interest. Sight bills are without grace. Other bills and notfis have three days* grace, except the last day be Sunday or a holiday they are payable tho last secular day preceding. Holidays aro July 4, riiristmas, Febmary 22, and all duly appointed thanksgiving and fast days. f'., being by me examined privily and apart from her said husband, and having Mid instrument shown and explained to her by me, declared to me that It is her voluntary act, and that she does not wish to retract the same. In witness whereof, I have set my hand and seal at Providence, R. I., the day and year above written. Joseph Perkins, Notary Public. The wife must join in the execution of a deed made by the husband, to reliir quish dowM ; yet the husband alone Is required to acknowledge it. ifflHUSB'*' w 902 SPECIAL LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Married women hold real and personal estate, not coming from the husbandf free from all interference of the husband's creditors, and free from the husband's interference by neans of trustees appointed in the ordinary manner, or by the supreme court on petition. They are not authorized to do business as traders. They may sell their personal estate in the same manner as their real estate, and certain unimportant kinds, such as clothing, boolcs and similar personal articles, except jewels, they may sell as if single. Their other contracts, except their warranties in couveyauces of real estate, are utterly void and do not bind their separate estate. Wills must be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one In his pres- ence, and by his express direction, ana attested and subscribed in the presence o{ the testator, by two or three competent witnesses. SPECIAL LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Exemptions from Forced Sale.— //owe worth JIOOO, Per$onnl Property $600. A homestead to the head of each family, his widow or the orphan minors, not to exceed $1000. Also, personal property, as follows: "Household furni- ture, beds and bedding, family library, arms, carts, wagons, farming implements, tools, neat cattle, work animals, swine, goats and sheep, not to exceed in value in the aggregate 9500,— except tlie homestead cannot bo held exempt from exe- cution issued on a judgment obtained for the purchase money of the same, or for improvements made tliereon, or taxes due thereon." One- third of yearly pro- ceeds of persons not the head of family is exempt, except as against taxes. Mechanics' Lien.— All persors who furnish materials or perform labor In the erection, improvement or repaii'ing of buildings, have a statutory lien on tlie same, to the extent of the interest of the party who had the buildings erected or improvements done ; provided, tha^ wiiii>in ninety days after he ceases to labor a proper account be hied with the clo'k of the court and suit thereon be begun in six months. Collection op Debts.— A debtor may be arrested upon an order from the court where the action is pending, upon an sdidavit that he has removed or dis- posed of his property, or is about to do so with intent to defraud his creditors, or nas been guilty of a fraud in contracting the debt sued for, or is concealing or disposing of the property, for the taking, detention or conversion of which the action is Drought ; or where the action is brought for damages for fraud or de- ceit, or for money received and embezzled or fraudulently misapplied by a public officer, agent or officer of a corporation, factor, agent, broker, attorney- at-law, or one acting in any fiduciary capacity, or for misconduct or neglect in office or professional employment, or where he is a non-resident of this State, or is about to remove therefrom ; or when the action is for injury to person or char- acter ; or for injuring or for wrongful takint;^ detaining or converting property. No female can be arrested, except for wilf ul'injury to property, person or char- ftcter. A writ of attachment may issue for the following causes : 1. When the de- fendant is a non-resident, or a foreign corporation. 2. Or where he has abscond- ed or concealed himself to avoid service of summons. 3. Or is about to remove his property from the State with intent to defraud creditors. 4. Or has assigned, or disposed of, or secreted, or is about to assign, dispose of or secrete his property, for the purpose of defrauding his creditors. Debtors, in making assignments, can prefer any, or any class of creditors, ami make any provisions for the administration of the property, only cannot rotaiii any advantage or benefit to himself. The assignee must, within ten days, call a meeting of creditors, to appoint an agent of creditors to act with him, wlio lias joint control of the property. If no agent is elected, the assignee is both assignee and agent. Assignments to secure sureties or endorsers, prior to any payment by them, are valid. In fact, assignments, free from fraud, for any purpose, are valid, and can be set aside only in bankruptcy, according to the rules of the bankrupt act. Notes, bills, accounts and all choses in action are assignable. The assignee should sue in his own name. As to notes and bills, the principles of the common law apply to notes and bills of exchange, and negotiable papers of all kinds, as to endorsement, presen- tation and protest. No protest is necessary on a bill for less than 9100, and all bills, foreign and domestic, payable at sight, are entitled to days of eraco. Endorser or acceptor not liable, unless the endorsement or acceptance oe in I SPECIAL LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 903 ■INA. ng from the husband, eo from the hueband's ry manner, or by the Dusiness as tracers. :hcir real eBtate, and ilar personal articlcn, )ntract8, except their and do not bind their lome one In his pres- i>ed in the presence of /^ROLINA. 5, Personal Property or the orphan minors, : "Household furiii- , farming ImplemeiitB, ot to exceed in value leld exempt from exe- ley of the same, or for c-third of yearly pro- ,8 against taxes. 8 or perform labor in a statutory lien on the e bnildings erected or Iter he ceases to labor lit thereon be begun in [)on an order from the le has removed or dia- ifraud his creditors, or r, or is concealing or version of which the gcs for fraud or de- tly misapplied by a ent, broker, attoniey- conduct or neglect in ent of this State, or is y to person or char- :on verting property. rty, person or char- ts : 1. When the de- k'here he has abscond- is about to remove 4. Or has assigned, ■ secrete his property, llass of creditors, and only cannot retain [ithin ten days, rail a with liim, who lias e is both assignee ior to any payment Ifor any purpose, are Ito the rules of the |ion are assignable. apply to notes and laorsement, presen- than 9100, and all days of grace. acceptance be in writing on the note or draft, or protest be made for non-acceptance. Drawers »ud endorsers may be sued jointly and severally. All bills or promissory notes payable to order or bearer under $1, are void. "Justices' courts have jurisdiction to the extent of 5100, and have concurrent jurisdiction with the court of common pleas. The court of common pleas nas exclusive jurisdiction in all cases appealed from justices of the peace, and orig- inal and exclusive jurisdiction in all actions at law or equity where the amount sued for exceeds JIOO. If the debt recovered in the common pleas court is less ihan $50, the plaintiff must pay costs. The Supreme Court has appellate juris- (Uction of all cases in equity from court of common pleas ; corrects errors of l.-iW in cises at law from such courts, and has original power to issue writs of injunc- tion, mandamus, quo warranto, luibeas corpus, an(l such other remedial writs a* are necessary to give it a general supervisory control over all the courts in the State. .Judgment, as soon as entered, binds all real estate in that county, and can bo fintered at same time in several counties, but binds personal property only on levy, constructive or actual. Execution may issue at once after judgment, unless the court open a special (lay for tho entry of judgments, or unless a notice of an appeal is given, and then it can issue, if plaintiff will execute to the defendant a bond, with goore a notary public or trial justice ; without the State, before a commissioner of this State only. Before the deed can be properly admitted to probate, one of the Bubscribing witnesses must go before a notary public or trial justice, if he is in this State, or before a commissioner for this State if he is without the State, nmi make aflidavit that he sp w the grantor sign, seal and, as his act and deed, de- liver that deed, and that he, with the other subscribing witness, naming him, did witness tho execution thereof. And the oflicer before whom such affidavit is made must add this certificate, which must be signed by tlio witness : St.vte of South Carolina, ) CoiNTY OF Charleston. f rersonally appeared before me A. B., and made oath that he saw C. I), sign, seal and deliver the within conveyance, for tho uses and purposes therein men- tioned, and that he, with E. F., in the presence of each other, witnessed the due execution thereof. A. B. Sworn to before me this day of , A. D. 187 . (Signature anf This lien extends as well to homesteads as to otlier property ; also, to all SPECIAL LAWS OF TEXAS. 907 r without compulsion elii expresfied." uUl be signed in pre«- gmeutinpereou. But luce of witnesftes-two r of the above-named liasioner for Tennessee, wlio being Just monu 10 bargainer (or as tk r presence, to be Ins a(t I e as proved by tlie wit- ,A.D. lt<7 . ■mUmer for Tennessee. V to lier solo and sei* ] wenty-one years of. age, out her husband ]onn«g r marriage for lier sole ition, made by a married xecuted with the expre>. SssariesforherBolfot ,omo otlier perBon ill to utlie presence of the tw- ,ho will. EXAS. 65000, and Personal Prop^, family, not to exceed 2M or any city, town or Ml- •eof tlieir aesignatiou ai fv improvements thereof Wnts of husbandry, att y ; and to every oUue -all wearing apparel, ai ;i£:"Irnish matej ^ove'nent,oranyimpW' building, fixtures or lily connected there«i^ "furnisliedfor cousW months after 6u.' J et clerk of the comuy torded in a book kept j greementbeverba.a* Ider oath, one tob.fi ontracts, ^lie fh i « \ct or account is Ilka a ^p^o"n%ieh said hnpr. llfty acres ; if m '.7 1 lots upon which sau against the land ai ler having a roa^ n.l ^ment and ordei f « :)p©rty ; also, to all navigating tho waters of this State. All actions to enforce II jns must be brought witlun two years. Collection OF Debts.— Arrest for debt is unknown here. "Writ of attach- ment may issue for tho following causes, viz. : When the defendant Is not a re»ii^ned; but suit must bo brought upon them in tho name of tho original creditor. Process of garnishment may issue, either on execution or attachment, so as lo reach debts tlue to the defendant. Every promissory note or check for money payable in this State, at a partic- ular bank, or at a particular office thereof, for discount and deposit, or at tho place of business of a savings institution or savings bank, or at the place of business of a licensed broker, and every inland bill of exchange payable in this Stale, is deemed negotiable, and may, upon being dishonored for non-acceptanco or non-payment, bo protested, and {ho protest bo in such case evidence of dis- honor, in iiko manner us in case of a foreign bill of exchange. The protest, both in the case of a foreign bill and in the other cases above mentioned, is made prima./'rtcia evidence of what is stated therein, or at the foot or on the Lack thereof, in relation to presentment, dishonor and notice thereof. Damagtsaro reeuverable on bills of exchange -three per cent, if tlio bill bo payable out of Virginia and within tho United States, and ten per cent, if payable without tho United States. The jurisdiction of justice courts extends to $50. Civil jurisdiction of the county courts is conlined chielly to matters of probate and guardianship ; with perliaps a few unimportant exceptions tliey have no jurisdiction of Fuits for tho eolleetion of debts. Circuit and corporation courts have general jurisdiction in all civil actions. Process in these ctiurts is commonly made returnable lo rules —held on the lii-sl Monday in each month—and two rule day rf, at least, must iuter- Tene between service and trial. mm.. 1)12 Kl'EClAL LAWH OP VIRGINIA. Jndgmonts i\re a lien on Ml the real estate of, or to, which the defendant in ef ■hnll bo poHHOHBcd or entitlod nl or nftor the duto of tlio jud^inoiit, or tht; ((ini< mencoment of the term at which It Ih rendered. They cruatu no lieu on ]it'i'i<)n:il «Htato. Executions may iasuo within a year, and a scire fnnias or action may he brmight within ten y«;ar8 aflcr tho date of the jiid(;ni(!Ut. KxccutiouH create a lion u|)uii the personal property of the debtor froni tho date of tlie ilelivery of tlio writ to tho otilcor, whether tho property conBiHts of chattels or of choses in action. Ai to the latttir, Iiowevcr, tho lien does not take etTect nRainst an asMlgnee for valu- able consideration without notice, nor a^tulnHt a person making; payment to thu judgment debtor without notice. Heal estate cannot bo sold or levied on under oxocut n. An execution debtor may be reciuircd to discover, under oatli, hii whole estate, real and personal, and to convcv and transfer, for the ( Womex, Wills, &c.— Deeds m.iy be admitted to record as to any party tluTeto, when proved, as to such party, by two witnesses, or acknowloilgeu by him, before the court of tho county or torpofation in wldch it is to be recorded, or before tho clerk of such court, in his ollice. Also, upon n certUlcate of his acknowledgment within the United .States, bet'ure a Justice of Ihu peace, a commissioner in chancery ot a court of record, a notary public or any commis-sioncr appointed by tlio Governor ; or, ujjon tho certilitala of the clerk of any county or corporation court in this State, . 187 . gnature and title.) _ed by two justices of lorized to certify tlie of the ^ ^ ir- liBflioner liancerT lion) of ^ lat K. F.. the wife lo annexed), beuriiio pefore me (or us), »' biouer, in the Slate, l»rri(f^ry or district aforesaid), arid being examined bv me (or us), privily and iiart from her Inisband, and liiiving tho writing aforesaid fully explained to her, fho, thu said K. F., acknowledged the said writing to bo her act, and doclaroa that t^lie liad willingly executed the name and does not wish to nttract it. (liven under -my liand (or our hands) this day of , Anno Dfiiiilni. (Signature.) M.irrled women can hold real or personal property to their separate use through a Iruwtee. To bind tho separate estate or a married woman by her con- imi.'t, tt>o intention so to bind it sltould bo expressed on the face of the contract lV\\idowiH entitled to ono-third part of all the real estate owned by her bu». oaiid (luring coverture, unless she lias barred or relinquished tho same. rlwiUel mortgages arc unknown in this State, though their equivalent it punti in deeds of trust of personal property, by whicli personal property of any 1 .ifscription mav bo convevod for tho bonetlt, and thus made available for tha kourity of creuitors. Such deeds are not effective, as to other creditors antl sub- icqufjut purchasers for value with(/Ut notice, except from the time of their admis- sion tn record In tho proper clerk's ottlco. Wills should bo in writing, and signed by the testator, or by some one in his frosenco and by his express direction, in such manner as to make it manifest •Jmt the name is intended as a signature, and, moreover, unlcH.s it bo wholly »rittf u by the testator, tlie signature shall bo made, or the will ac^knowledged by Uiii in tlio presence of at least two competent witnesses, present nt tho same time, :'.ud such witnesses shall subB«!ribo tho will in the prcsouce of the testator, tut no form of attestation shall bo necessary. ISPECIAL LAWS OF WASHINGTON TERRI- TORY. KxKMPTIoxs moM Forced Sale.— //o?n<> worth JJIOOO and Personal Property. Tooacli householder bein;^ tho head of a family, a lioniestead worth 31000, whilo jwcupied by such famiiv. All wearing ai»parel, nrivate libraries, family pictures Hid keepsakes ; to each householder, 1 bed and bedding, and 1 additional bed I ind bedding for every two additional members of tho family, and other houso- |bold(;oo doniestie fowls, and provisions and fuel for H months. I'o a farmer, I lipan of horses and harness, or 2 yoke of oxen, and 1 wagon, witli farming uten- lillsnot exceeding §200 coin value. To attorneys and clergymen, their libraries iTjlued at not to exceed ?500, with office furniture and fiiel. Small boats and Ifre-arnis kept for use, not exceedinij $50 in coin value ; parties engaged in light- lihni;, 2 lighters and 1 small boat valued at $250 ; the team of a drayman. SPECIAL LAWS OF WEST VIRGINIA. Exemptions from Forced Sale. — Homeu'orth$\000, and Personal Propertji. Homcstoml to tho value of $1000, is exempt, where the property of that value ia dmiscil or granted by debtor, being a husband or parent, and resident in tho .ate, as a homestead ; and wliere ho, previously to contracting the debt or liability lias pl.ioed a declaration of his intention to keep tho property as a homestead on lie land records of tlio county in which the real estate is situate. Personal property to the value of $300 is also exempted, provided debtor is a resident and « I aren't. Mr. HAXics' Lien.— A mechanic or workman, or any person who shall per- lab>ruponor furnish material to erect, repair, alter or improve any has a lien on the same, which can bo enforced by suit in chancery in six lni'ir.l. prurUhil, ho lilod his account under oatli with the clerk of the county Itowt i' • iiirty days after tlio work v/ns done or material furnished. (oi TioN OF Debts. — Tho debtor may be arrested in an action ponding igaiih in, until ho givo security that ho shall anawer such interrogatories as Wl bo propoundetl to him, or lllcd within four months after judgment and rforni the requirements of tho judgment or decree. But before tlie order for rest will be made, tho plaintiff must make afUdavit— 1. Tliat the claim is ft ami that the defendant is about to leave the State, to reside permanently another .State, wit) iit paying tho debt for wliich the action was brought. 2. that he fraudulei ly contracted tho debt for which the action was brouijht Or that he fraudulently conceals his property or rights of action. 4. Or that 58 rar 914 SPECIAL LAWS OF WEST VIRGINIA. he has removed or is about to rcmore his property beyond the State with intent to defraud his creditors. 5. Or that lie has converted or is about to convert hii property into money or securities, or that he has assigned or removed his prop, erty with like intent. And the plaintiff will also bo required to give bond audi Bood security, to indemnify the defendant in case the order of arrest wao ma- liciously made. Writ of attachment may issue upon the [plaintiff giving bond, for tho p . causes that an order of arrest will bo made, and tho following additional (•aii.'..«: 1. That the defendant is a non-residont, or a foreign corporation. 2. Or tlr. uicl defendant has left or is about to leave tho State with intent to defraud lii)| creditors. 3. Or thpt ho conceals himself, so that a summons cannot bo serveil. Assignments, for the benellt of creditors, aro not regulated by statute ; tlul debtor can prefer one or more of hia creditors, if tho transaction be not tainted I with fraud. I As to notes and bills, every note or check made payable at a particular hank I of discount and deposit, or at any savings bank, and every inland bill of exdiange,! irt negotiable, and may be protested, and the protest is evidence of tho sanio f cul as in case of foreign bills of exchange. IJills of exuhamie, drawn or ncj,'otiat(il| In this State, duly protested, entitle the holder, in addition to tho usual protoftl fees, to the following damages : Three per cent, if payable out of this Stato anjj within the United States, and ten per cent, if payable out of the United StatP3.| Paper payable on Sunday, Christmas day, Ist oZ January or 4th of Ju'.y niii.stb«| protested on the day previous and notice of dishonor given on the day "folluwiiij Buch holiday. Any paper not ncfjotiable as above stated, ia subject, in the liandM of the holder, to all equities existing against the assignor ; tlio equities, Imwever,! must have existed before the defendant had notice of the assignment of the papers. • i Tlio jurisdiction of justice courts extends In civil actions to SlOO, oxcluslva of interest. The circuit courts, is appellate from inferior courts, and has oiiginaU and genoi'al jurisdiction of all matters at law where the amount exceeds J5(>J The supremo court of appeals has appellate jurisdiction from inferior couiu where the amount exceeds §100. Judgments are a lien on the real estate of the defendant from the first davoJ the term, if rendered in a court of record ; but to make this lien availablt^ afialiuj a purchaser for value, and without actual notice, an abstract of the pudgnienf must bo filed in the recorder's office of the county where the land lies ninei^ days after the rendition of the judgment or before the deed to tho real fstatel delivered to the purchaser. Judgments of justice's courts also give a lieu oi^ real estate if an abstract of the same is recorded in the proper county. Executions area lien on personal property from the date the same is plaw In the hands of the officer, and may bo levied on any property of tho defen(ta| not exempt by law. Executions cannot bo stayed, except when obtained befon a justice, and only then for a limited time, noi more tlian tour months, nisondej fendant giving security. No redemption of jiroperty sold under execution. 1JEED.S, lluniTS OF MARRIED WoMEX, WiLLS, &c.— Decds uuist be in writliiJ and under seal ; a scrawl will answer for a seal if deed bo made by an indi vidual, but not if by a corporation. They must bo acknowledged beforo areT corder, prothonotary, cloi k of any court, a justice of tlie peace, notary puLlid commissioner of deeds, or )roved by two w itnessts before tho recorder of the rouij in tho county where the same is to bo r-'-orded. If acknowledged out of ihJ United States, before a minister plenipoteviL.ary, cfiarrje'il affaires consul-jrenerai consul, vice-consul or conuncr -ial agent, or before the proper officer of any courtf or before the nniyor of r.ny i 'ly or town, 'inder the otnciHl seal of suchotBi-eil The wife muHt join with the hnsb.Mid in tli;^ .l.-ed to reliinjuish her dower. Tho following is the prescribed form of certificate of acknowledgment : 8TATE OF West Viroima, ) CoiiNTY OF Wood. j ""' Ij (i.' »'lng tho name and olTloial oharaeter of the ofllrcrl dJ certify that A. B. and C. J/., his wife, whose names aro siguea to tho writinj,'ftl'<'^"^^ bearing date on the day of , A. l.\ 1^7 , have this dav acknowloO- "" the same before me ; ai d C. D., the wife of the said A. B., personally ap| if before me, in tho county aforesaid, and being exuii.ined by me, privat.l. m apart from her liusband, and having tho inid writing fuily explained to li.r. M the said I'. 1)., acknowledged tho said writing to be her act, and declared thi •he had willingly executed tho ear j and does not wish to retract it. Given under my Laim, this dav of , A. D. 1K7 . (.Signature and t:"e.) UNIA. SPECIAL LAWS OF WISCON'SIX. 915 nllo\viii| , is subject, in the haiu r ; the equities, however,] '. the assignment of \.h ictionsto 5100, cxfluslvf )r courts, and has origin lie amount exceeds J50, :iou from inferior coui livnt from the first davol this lien available ngalixl abstract of the pudgnienf here the land lies iiiiiet; deed to tho real estate ourts also give a lieu oi )roper county, date the same is plar^ >perty of tho defemla'.il t when obtained befoi u four months, uiiond^ 1 under execution. Deeds must be in writiii d bo made by an iudi nowledged before an la peace, notary publi( the recorder of tl'.ecoui cknowledged out of 1h| nffairea consul-jreiie :' operotHcer of any coui ill seal of such ofliwi (luisli her di if* kl by me, privately M lly explained to lur, i=!» A married woman has dower in all the real estate her husband Is seized of I JuriiiR coverture, and she must join her husband in the execution of all deeds to hhe name. She may hold her separate property free from the control and debta ofher husband, and may convey the same as if she were unuianied ; provided, her iiusliand joins in the deed with her. Her separate property is bound for her UMi contracted bol'oro marriage, and her liusband is not liable for such debts. Ij-heHLiy deposit her separate funds in bank, and withdraw the same on her own 'heck. Where the husband acquires any of the wife's separate property, bj I jnt< -nuptial contractor otherwise, he becomes liable for her debts contracted Wiore marriage to tlie extent of the property so acquired by him, but no fur- Ither. Chattel mortgages are governed by tho common law ; and the mortgage will b« jioid unless possession of the mortgage chattels is delivered to and contiuuoui>ly Iremainrt with tho mortgagee. Wills should be drav n and attested according to form No. 45, p. 815. I retract it. . A. D. It-- . Signature a)id title.) SPECIAL LAWS OF WISCONSIN. Exemptions fhom FoncED 9>\hr..—Farm of Fortti Acres, nr House and Lot in Wa'je or Cliy, and Personal J'ropcrt;/. A homestead, consisting of land not Hceeding 40 acres, used for farming purposes ; or in lieu of the above, at the o, - tionnf the debtor, a lot in any town or city not to exceed one-fourth of an acie. Family Bible, pictures, school books and private library ; church pew ; all wear- ing apparel ; usual household furniture, not to exceed §200; gun or rifle, not to Heeed .§.50 in value ; 2 cows, 10 hog.s, yoke of oxen and horse or mule ; 10 sheep ind wool therefrom, and necessary food for s.-iid animals and for tho debtor's family for one year ; wagon and other farming titensils not to exceed ^tiO ; also, >11 insurance money arising from the destruction of property exempt from exe- riiion ; also, the earnings tor the r a»t sixty days of i»ersons who have families losupitort. The tools, implements, and stock in trado ot a mechanic or miner, or other pcrjun, not exceeding ?200 in value; library or imi)loment.s of .iJiy professional man not exceeding $200 in value. All sewing machines kept for use ; any swords, plate, books, or other article presented by Congress or tho members thereof. Mkc'UA.vics' LiEX.— All persons who perform Labor upon or furnish materials tor tho building, improving or repairing of buildings, have a lien thereon for the lame, which must bo enforced by liling a petition for the lien in six months in tho drciiit court aiul an action to foreclose in one year. Collection of Debts. — In civil actions a defendant is liable to arrest in tho following cases: 1. In an action for tho recovery of damages, on a cause of ac- tion not arising out of contract, where the defendant is not a resident of the State, or is about to remove therefrom, or where the action is for injury 1o person or tharactcr, or for injuring, or for wrongfully taking or converting property, and Inactions to recover damages for the value of property obtained by tiic defend- uit inidcr false pretences. 2. In an action for a fine or penally, or for money or pmpei ty embezzlod or fraudulently misapplied by a publif officer or an attorney, or by an agent of any corporation in tlie course of his employment as such, or by I factor or agent, or any other person in a fiduciary capacity, or for any mi^icon- duct in ofHco or professional employment. .3. In an action to recover possession of iwrson.il property unjustly detained, where the property, or part thereof, has been concealed, so that "it cannot bo taken by tho sheriff ; but no female can be anested, except for wilful injury to person, character or property. 4. When the licfend.int has been guilty of fraud in contracting tho obligation for which the |iuitis brought. Writ of attachment mayissuo on the plaintiff givinjjbond, and makingaffldavlt tbat I'is debt is just, and "that one or nioro of tlie following reasons for attach- exists : 1. That tho «lofendant has abscontled or is about to al)8con about to remove his property from "tli. Pal rotesteil the day previoij Monday following is a lefJ l)e protested the Satui4| ity where obtained, and iJ I tho circuit court clcrki vcara. I be also docketed and filJ 8 a lien, same as a ciroui I after rendition of jmlj ed within that period, ibel ;ars from tho dale of til he first live years, then iJ :nt is unsatisfied. KxccJ i tho person of tho dcbiol letaincd by tho dcfeiulaul 1 tho time of actual ltn-| y the debtor in two yeaJ ind three mouths from Uul -Deeds must be in wriiinJ uit claim, an nocovouantl under seal, a scrawl wil Bt two witnesses, and mm commissioner, clt^rk of cil )lic. But if acknowledge! kon authorized to t.ike tbi 3 where taken, or befoKl ent is taken beforo aroJ lached to the deed a cenil oflice, that the person wM oflicer as he reiiresenJ cor to bo genuine, andttJ here taken. I I to her husband's proJ duly appointed. I ju the one in use in ttJ lether owned by her at ihj remains the sole iintben of her husband. Slu' iii consent of her hiitlianJ marriage, and after ,1 the t^ame. She can sol c sued. I d, owned by him durinj nless the property be A or the mortgage I>e lil< or whore tho proi)eily pativu wills as are inei Uevised Statute:*, 8bi nor to change or in au ■ If the witnesses are competent at the time of attesting the execution of the will, liheir subsequent incompetency, from whatever cause it may arise, shall not pre- Itent the probate and allowance of the will, if it be otherwise satisfactorily I proved. SPECIAL LAWS OF WYOMING. EXKMPTl0>f.s FROM FoucEn SALE, -iromc tcorth 51500, ami Personal Prop- I fly. A homestead consisting of a house and lot in a village or city, or land not Ijxoeeding 160 acres, the value not in cither case exceeding ?loOO, is allowed to a llouseholder occupying the same. Also the following property of a liouseholder, IWng the head of a family, is exempt. Wearing apparel, family Bibles, pictures, IkUoI books, cemetery lots, bedding, furniture, provisions, and such otner arli- lelesds the debtor may select, not exceeding in value $500. Tools, team, or stock Ita trade of a mechanic, miner, or other person, kept and used for the purpose of Ifarrjing oo his business or trade, not exceeding 5300, are exempt. Library, in- Irtruments, und implements of any prof ei'sionai* man, worth not more than $300. |lb« person claiming exemption must be a bonajUlc resident of tho tenitory. SPECIAL LAWS OF ONTARIO, CANADA. E.XF,MPTiONS FROM FORCED SALE.— The bed, bedding and bedsteads in ordi- Ijary use by th« debtor and liis family. The necessary and ordinary wearing lipparel. One store and pipes, 1 crano and its appeiulajies, 1 pair of andirons, 1 iKt of cooking ulinsils, 1 pair tongs, 1 shovel, 1 table, ti chairs, G knives, forks, l{ plates, C teacupj, 6 saucers, i sugar basin, 1 milk jug, 1 tea pot, G spoons, 15 liives of bees, all t^pinning wheels and weaving loon" in domestic use, 10 volumes ■ of books, 1 saw, 1 i^un, G traps, and such fishing nets and seines as are in conmion lue. All necessajY fuel, meat, fish, fiour ami vegetables actually provid<'d for family use, not mote than sufiiciettt for the ordiiuiry consumption of the debtor and his family fori.") days, and not exceeding in value the sum of 540. One < ow, i sheep, 2 liogs autl food thereo' for 30 days. The 1'.— Mechanics, laborers and material men have a lien on buildings and on the land on which said buildings are situate, for work or iMtciials furnished for erecting or repairing same. Lien can be secured by filing astatement of the claim in the registrar's ofrtco within 30 et«ut witnessM, u fall to his aid two freeholders, who shall, after being sworn, value and apprniso the snid effects so seized, when tho said baililT or constable shall forthwith return Mid inventory wiUi the property, to the clerk of the Division Court irithio 918 SPECIAL LAWS OP ONTARIO. which Buch warrant was issued. Proceedings may be condacted to judptnenl and execution in any case commenced by attachment. Defeuer8onal prop. judgment, if for $40 onip by the seal of said courtJ purt where such ju(lgnioii| t debtor's lands may of the said County i'nwi ilgments arc made payabli scretion of tlie judce ibul iH, ir v.iils. may Uv made b.. atlldnvlt (or declar- 920 RULES FOR COMPUTING PEKCEXTAGES, ETC. atioii when Bnld declaration Is bylaw pemiUinble) sworn before the mnyorc. chief maifistrato oi any city, borough, or town corporate in Great Britain or Ir^, land, under the common seal of such citv. borough or town corporate, or b, foJ the chief justice or ju«lge of any court of Uueen's Bench in Quebec, or of (hJ supreme court of any British colony, or before the mayor of any city, borougbj or town corporate in any foreign country, or any consul or vJce-consiil of jiJ Majesty resident therein. Deeds, conveyances, judgments, &c., must be rfHorddlj in the county where property is situate, and bind .'ands according to prloiitvofl registration. A Avifo must join in a deed with the husband, in Belling his realesJ tate, to relinquish dower, and he must join with hsr in selling her separate reaj estate, acquired previous to, or subsequent to marr.'age. j No chattel mortgage is valid as against the rightsof third parties (if the Rood remain with the grantor) unless saidinstrument is duly lilod in the ofHco of thd clerk of the county, in which the property so mortgaged is situate, and it bIuIU cease to bo valid as against creditors, if not refiled before the expiration of [Q llrst year, together with a statement exhibiting the interest of the mortgagee inl the property thereby claimed. Everv chattel mortgage is void as against credlt-f ora, unless accompanied with an aihdavit of the mortgagee, sworvi before a comA niissioner of the court of Queen's Bench or common pleas, that the mortgagor IjI justly and truly indebted to the mortgagee in the sum mentioned in said mort-r jage, and that it was executed in good faith .indforthe express purpose of secur- ing Iho payment of the money so justly due, and not for the purpose of i>iotcot-l ing the goods and chattels mentioned therein agaiur't the creditors of the inort-l gagor — and in case of an absolute sale, that the sale is bmm tide and for good loii-l sideration (naming the sum) and not for the i)urpoBo of holding the goods a;;niiist| the creditors of the bargainor. I The husband's property U not liable for debts contracted by his wife pre\iom| to her marriage, free from all liability for her husband's debts. For form of wills and mode ot attestation, see Form No. 45, p. 81C. f, IIULES FOR COMPUTING PERCENTAGES, PROFITS, &c. Rate per Cent. — To find iho Gain or Loss icJum the Cost and Ilau\ per Cent, lis yiven. — llnle. Multiply the cost by tlio rate per cent, audi point off two places to the right as cents. Example. — Bought Hour for] $500.(K), and sold it at an advance of 12 per cent. How nmcli did I gain?f 500 niultiplicd by 12 per cent, equals $60. To Find the Hate vv.n Cent, whex the Cost and Selling PiiickI ARE Known — Rule. Find the difference between the cost and sellingl l)rice, the differenco will bo the gain or loss ; then annex two cipliers to the gain or loss so found and divide by the cost, the result will be thel rate per cent. Example. — Sold a drove of cattle for $10,000, whicli cost) me #8,500. Wliat per cent, did I gain? -4ns.— $10,000—8,500 equals $1,500 ; 150,000 divided by 8,500 equals 17 11-17 per cent. To Determine the Cost when the Selling Price and the Katr | PER Cent, of the Gain or Loss are Given.— ii»/e. Annex two ci- phers to the selling price and divide by $1.00 increased by tlie n'tc perl cent, of gain or loss. Example. — A cargo of coffee was sold for $25,(X)0i iculizing a gain of 25 ])er cent. Wliat was tlie cost? Ans. — 1 plus 2i erjiials 1.25. 2500.00 divided by $1.25 equals 20,()C0. To Find the Cost when the Loss or Gain and the Rate tebI Cent, are Given. — liulc. Annex two ciphers to the gain or loss niid divide by the rate per cent. Example. — A lot of ice was sold at a jirofit of $3,000, the percentJige of tlie profit being 15. Wliat was the cost?] Jn.*.— .".000 divided by 15, equals $2,000. To Find the Rate when the Cost and Gain or Loss are Givf.x. — Rule. Annex two ciphers to the gain or loss and divide by tlic cost. Example. — A wine merchant sold a lot of wine which cost him $(!50, .".iid gained $130. What was the gaiu per ceut. ? Ana.— 13000.CO divided 1)J «50 equals 20 per ceut :« SPECIAL LAWS OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 921 r;ES, ETC. m before the mnyorc, in Great Britain or Ire! iwn corporate, or hdm 1 In Quebec, or of thj r of any city, borougij 1 or vice-consul of H(.J| 8, &c., must be rocordei Rccordine to prioiitv oj nl, in selling LIh reale!- elling her eeparnle rea| ird parties (if the gi iled in tlie ofHce of th3 is situate, and it glial! ) the expiration of ihaL 3St of the mortgagee itti s void as against credlt-f so , sworn before a comi B, tliat tlie mortgngor ill nentioned in said mort-T X press purpose of secur- the purpose of piolcct-L I creditors of the mort-I nn tide and for cooil con-l olding tl»o goods agniiiBtl ited by his wife previomi debts. I fo. 4B, p. 815. PROFITS, &C. en the Cost and IlaU\ 10 rate per cent, audi [)te. — IJoiight Hour for] .ovf much did I yaiu ? AND Selling riiicK the cost niul selling Innnex two ciphers to Ihe result will be the ^10,000, which cost ISIO.OOO— 8,500 equiils jnt. *RICE AND THE UaTR Vide. Annex two ci- lased bv the n'tc per Iwus sold for «'J5,00a ? ./Ins.— 1 plus a VND THE Rate feb Ihe pfftiu or loss and Iwas sold !it u jirofit Vliat was the cost? )n Loss AUF OlVF.X. [divide by the cott. cost him &]50. .ind [•13000.C0 divided bj SPECIAL LAWS OF NEW BRUNSWICK. E.XEMPTI0N8 FROM FORCED SALE.— There is no homestead law in this prov- Dce. The wearing apparel, bedding, kitchen uten!>ilB, and tools of his trade or J. to the valiie of ?100, of any debtor, are exempt from levy or sale under ifoution. Mechanics' Liev.— No house or other property in the province can be held tile for debts due parties for furnishing materials for constructing or repairing le. Collection ok Debts. — A person not having privileco may be arrested and 1(1 to bail or committed to prison on mesne process, in any cause of action within e jurisdiction of tlie Supreme or any County Court, if an' aftidavit be llrst made the plaintiff or his agent of the plaintill's cause of action, and that the amount crcoi not being less than $20 is justly duo to the plainliiT, and that sucli arrest made for tlie purpose of vexing or harassing the debtor. When the cause [action is not a debt certain a judge's order must bo obtained. actions in Justices' Civil Courts and Parish Courts, a person may be ar- id on the plair ' ilf 's making an aflldavit of Ids cause of action, and that after ,^ full credit lor all payments and offsets the defendant is indebted toliim in liiim not exceeding $20 nor less tiian $2, as the case may bo, and tliat lie is afraid Hosing his debt, and that lie, the defendant, is of the age of twenty-one years. Members of tho legislature, judges, and witnesses attending tvial, are exempt Dm arrest, and in actions brought in justices' Civil Courts. Females also are from arrest. No i>ersou can bo arrested under an execution issued on a lioiit in tho Supremo or County Courts, but arrest may bo made on a judg- eiit obtained in justices' Civil Courts, the City Court of St. John, the town of oriland Civil Court, the city of Fredericton Civil Court, and in Civil Courts by Police or Stipendiary Magistrates, and in Parish Courts, to the amounts which such courts respectively have jurisdiction. .\rroKt and imprisonment may bo had and allowed for : 1. Default in tho pay- tntof a penalty or sum in the nature of a penalty other than a penalty in the Jure of a contract. 2. Default in payment of anjr sum recoverable on summary mction. 3. Default in payment of County, City, Town, Parish or District 4. Default by an attorney or solicitor in payment of a sum of money, wlien ;rcd to pav the same in liis character of an ofhcer of tho Court making tho er. r>. Default hy a trustee or perspn acting in tho fiduciary character, and red to pay by the Court of Equity any sum in his possession or under his itrol. Decrees of the Court of Equity may bo enforced by execution either against ^oods or body. A debtor in custody may on notice apply, and on making quixito disclosure bo discharged, but if any property appears on disclosure it be attached. Tie real or personal property within the province of any defendant, which by is liable to be taken in execution, may in respect of any cause of action upon ontract be attached and held as security to satisfy tlio judgment to tlio amount Ihe allachment. A person at tlie time of entering into a contract, may (ex- pt in tho case of a negotiable insl ument) agree and stipulate as part of nuch itract, that in respect thereof the property of tho contracting party shall be cubject to attachment. Before any writ of attachment can issue the plaiii- lor Konie one on his behalf must make afliduvit of his cause' of action, and o^ 'amount due, and (except in case of negotiable iiistrument, or when tho t auhu Uctiou arose prior to April 8th, 1874) that no agreement was made that ;ui ut- pnent should not issue, and also that tho demand is not secured by iuortp;ngo- >iun notes, bonds specialties or other securities for money belonging to Uio )n n^rainst whom the execution is issued. juttice of tho peace luu jtirisdictiou in actions of ilebt when tho sum de- 922 SPECIAL LAAVS OF NEW BliUNUWICK. mnnded docs not exceed the sum of ?20, and in actions of tort to real or pfrsoniil property wliore damages claimed do not exceed $8, but they have not juriwtictifiaf over civil actions where the Queen is a party, or where the title to land comes i» question. 1 There is a Court in each parish (except when there is a resident Police or Stl-j pendiary Magistrate) called " Tl»e pariph of (name of parish) Civil Court," wlie« the lurietuiction eoes as high as 940 in actions of debt, and 91C in actions of tort, but has no jurisdiction over civil actions when the Queen is a party, or where thj title to land comes in question. There is also "The City Court of St. John," and •' The Town of Portland CIt Court," having jurisdiction in actions of debt to the amount of $80, and $20 i actions of tort. There is also the City of Fredericton Civil (,'ourt, having jurijj diction In actions of debt to the amount of $80, and in actions of tort tnthj amount of 832. but no jurisdiction over civil actions where the Queen is a panjf or the title to land comes in question. | The names of the several Courts are : Supreme Court, Circuit Court. Eqnit] Court, Divorce and Matrimonial Court, County Courts, Probate Courts, St. M City Court, City of Fredericton Civil Court, Small Debt Court of Frcderict« Town of Portland Civil Courts, Parisli Courts, Justices* Civil Courts. Judgments obtained in the Supreme and County Courts bind the lands of i debtor, on the party obtaining it tiling a memorial of the judgment in the otRrt^ the Registrar of Deeds for the County in which the lands He. Memorial inmib renewed every live years. Execution placed in the sherilT's hands for the i pose of being executed will also bind the lands. A debtor may obtain a full discharge from his debts by making an a«8i(nimfl of his property and complying with the other stipulations required by the I minion Insolvent Act which is in force in this Province. On Deedh. Kights of Married Women, Wills, &c.— Deeds must be iini^ Beal ; a scrawl is not sufllcient, and one witness only is required by law. Bifoi the registry of any conveyance the execution of the same i-hall either be noknoJ edged ny the person executing the same, or be proved by the oath of a pulisc™ ing witness in the manner following, that is to say :— If the execution reme or any County Court, or a memJ)er of tl Executive or Legislative (Jouncil, or before any Kegistrar or Deputy KoL'igtrarl Deeds, or any Notary I'ublic appointed, and resident in the province, ami certifiJ under his hand and ofllcial seal, or before any justice of the peace of the Connf in which the convey.inco is to be registered. If the execution of sucli coiiti ance bo proved in the province, such proof may be taken by and before any of tl ofBclals hereinbefore in this section mentioned, except a justice of tl>e peac[ provided always, that in cases where the subscribing witness or witnesses to i such conveyance is dead or without the province, then the execution thereof n be proved before the Supreme Court, or some Circuit or County Court, by the j dinary legal proof. If such acknowledgment or proof be taken out of the i)roTiii| tlie same shall be taken by or before some one of the officials following, tliat i Bay :— Any commissioner for taking aflidavits and administering oaths ui Chapter 3tlan' California lias not, on an averaj,'?, j specific gravity of more tlmn 18,H00.) " 1. Ascertain the specific gravity of the lum]i. Suppose it to ho S.OtiT, "2. Deduct tlio specific gravity of the lump from tlio specific gravity < tho gold ; tiic diffcrcnco is tho ratio of tho quartz by volume : 19,000^8,UiJl =- 10,933. " 3. Deduct tho specific gravity of tho quartz from the si)eciflc gravity o| the lump; tho difference is tho ratio of tlio gold by volume : 8,007— L'JG -- 5,4()7. " 4. Add these ratios together, a.id proceed by tho rulo of proixirtionl The product is tliojiercentago of gold by bulk : 10,933-|-r),4()7=l(5,400. Thd as 1(;,40() is to 5,4(37, so is 100 to 33,35. "5. ^Multiply tho percentage of gold by bulk by its specific gravity Tlil product is tho ratio of tho gold in tho lump by weight : 33,35X1'J,004 G43,(J5. "G. Multiply tho percentage of quartz by bulk (which mu.^t hf W.il since that of tho goki is 33,35) by its specific gravity. Tho product 'a ii\ ratio of tho quartz in tho lump by weiglit : GG,(i5X2,uO=173,2y. "7. To find tho pcrcentago, add these two ratios together, and ])TonH by tho rulo of proi^rtion : 033,054-173,29=800,04 Then, as 800.04 is i 633,05, so is 100 to 78,53. Ilence, a lump of auriferous quartz, liaviui,' i specific gravity of 8,0()7, contains 78,73 per cent, of gold, by weight. Gold-bearing quartz is always found near granite and slate, so that it j labor lost to search for gold where the primary granite is covered, thousanJ of feot deep, with stratified rocks, us in the coal hedn of Pennsylvania, ortli blue limestone of south-western Ohio. Tho probabilities are that gold wij be found where granite, slate, and quartz are found together. It is well ( tablished that all native gold cither is or was at one time embedded quartz, hence the common saying, " quartz is the mother of gold." Placi gold appears to have been liberated by the crumbling of quartz wherever gold is found in granite, or other rocks, the theory is that it been communicated from ueigliboriug quartz while all wero in a conditkj of fusion. The poorest quartz that is worked yields SlO per ton, some yicldn S* per ton, but tho richest vein, on an average, will possibly not be over SlO Gold is usually found in metallic condition, but never free from siN Tho proportion of silver in tho gold of tlie Comstock lodo is from ^0 tn \ per cent., in that of tho Gold Hill lode, N. T., 47 to 50 percent. Gil.iRivl and Australian gold contains from 3 to 5 per cent. Up to July 2, 1S78, tl entire product of the two mines known as the California and Consolidntr Virginia may be divided as s0,000,000 ; James G. Fair, sunt, of tho Consolidated Vir- ginia and Califoniia mines, estimated wealth about $50,(KX),000 ; Hon. J. 1*. Ijnios of Nevada, worth about 870,000,000, and many others. All are highly hiftpfl with practical sagacity in mining matters, and as a general rule work- ed tlu'ir way upwards through many rovorscs. The minor who would at- Itiiii success must qualify himself by toiling to obtain tho knowledgo ncccs- Uirv for his guidance in emergencies. Let him not dispense with it after tho l[.i«liii)n of tho minor who once brought a specimen of a supposed very rich Ipild ore to a San Francisco a.ssayer for examination. (Mi being informed llliat it was nothing but iron pyrites, and not worth a cent a ton, the as- Litiiided nunor exclaimed in tho direst dismay : " (Ireat Creation ! there is |anolJ woman up our way who owns a hill of it, and I married her ! '' The silver mines of I'otosl aro so notably rich that 847,000,000 have been jiy)iiipd there since 1845. On tho opposite side of the cliain are the celebrated hilver mines of Guantajaya, onco famous for tho large lumps of silver form- Itrlv found there, one of which weighed 800 lbs. I k I'eruvlan legend of (piestlon.iblo veracity narrates the finding of a largo lliimi) or nuggot of native gold weighing 400 ibs. at the mino of San Juan do Inri), f)n the headwaters of tho Amazon river, during the reign of Charles Itlio Fifth, From time immemorial the mines of Peru have been fabulously rich iu hilver products. This was the inciting cause of tho barbarous enormities liii;d r.ipacity of tho Spaniards at the time of their conquest of tho country, iu jmiinioring the inhabitants and plunderins; tho tombs of the Inca kings, tho Irivnl repositories, and ancient temples. From one temple, that of Cusco, the jruiibcrs obtained 811,000,000. Ily a parity of what wo mu.st regard as retributive justice, much of tho Irast wealth obtained by these enormities from the helpless natives iu |S|Kiiiish South America and the West Indies, was in tuni iiillaged from the llrecbooters by armed vessels under the English flag. These mutual plun- Iderin^s extended over a long succession of years, and during tho reign of iTsrioiis monarchs. In I'erti, the immense silver-bearing deposits'of the Cerro do Pasco mines Ihavc been worked since 1G;30. They are situated on tho ea,stern side of the Iwestorn Cordillera of tho Andes, at an elevation of 14,000 ft. al)ove tide level, land ii\ consequence have hitherto been difficult of access, but under the new Icoiiditions created by tho cojistructum of tho Trans-Andean railway (one of Ithe wonders of South America), an output of 20,000 tons of ore per day is spok- Iwof asa possible amount. At present there aro 80 stamps at Avork, each with jail estimated capacity of crushing 5 tons of oro per day, but 200 oi 300 head lare looked forward to as a small number at an early day. Tho oro will laverago about 830 per ton, and the anticipated annual jjroduction of tho Iniiiios is 8100,000,000. From 8250,000,000 to 8500,000,0(X) of free milling ores prjlic left above drainage level by tho new tunnel lately constructed: Ithcso ores it is proposed to excavate by means of steam shovels, and loau lilirectly into railway trucks, which deliver them at the top of the mill. Tho limtcr power is supplied from a gtream issuing from a lake near the mines, and is utilized bj' six double turbine water wheels, manufactured by James ' !f[el & Co., Springfield, Ohio. Four of these turbines are of .'50 ins. diam., aoh developing 200 liorse-power, and two of 23 ins. diam., developing 100 e-power each. Tho mineral railway, undoubtedly tho highest in tho d, is 7 miles long, and cost 81,200,000, tho object of the road being I transport ores from the mines to water-power for milling purposes. Tho oiling stock, bridges, rails, &c., of the road, were transported from tho oiist, nearly 200 miles di.stant, on tho backs of mules, over almost imiiassi- We roads. Nothing weighing over 300 lbs. could be carried ; even the ylindera of the locomotives were brought in sections. v*W 928 VAST WKALTII OF IXDIA. J^ The silver miuc of Potosi is sugnr-loaf in form, 9 mileh round, 10,000 ft. Rbove the level of tlic sea, and 2700 above the plain. The vippcr ;>'irilias| BOOO adits for mines. South America, per Humboldt, yields per aiuniiiil $43,500,000 worth of silver ; at the present iinie the yield is mnch ^rcatpr.f One mine is a third of a mile deep, and 8 miles in Icngtli, employing; 'Mm miserables. In Peru over 40 districts are famous for their vast miiienill wealth in gold and silver. In Russia, tlio immense mines of Siberia are government property, and ar(| worked by miserable unfortui>'.ccs wjjo have been banislied by a cruel dcj. potlsm for crimes which are in many casen merely imaginary ; the Mictclicdl exiles, when once consigned to ti\eir gloomy depths, are never perniittc*! t»| emerge into the liglit of day, but death, more merciful tlian the tyninu soon ends tho strife, for few survive tlio ordeal more than 5) yeuru. " I The " wealth of the Indies " is no ^loet's dream ; there the mines arc indi-l genous, and tiic accumulation of tlie precious nictnls has been such Hint it isl usually estimated that Nadir Shah, in 1740, ciirricd away not less than l(iOol or ^2,000,000,000. In Jahomqueir's auto-biography, he relates that a golden | plf.tform around his throne weigh id 40 tons. His throne and crown were) worth $20,000,000. On his marri.igo ho presented liis queen with as jiianyf lacs of rupees as amounted to 84*.>.000,(XX), and with a necklace of 40 Xwaisl which cost him $10,000 per bead. Ho sptiit besides SlO,000,000 on the tombl of his father Akbar, one of the wonders of India. The province of BcrarJ on one occasion, furnished above $20,000,000 in gold. The ceiling of the pavilion of tho Peacock Hall in Delhi was orginally rov-l ered with silver filigree work, but in 1799 tho Mahrattns, after the capturcl of thocitv, took the silver down and melted it, the value of tho same kin;'! estimated at $1,000,000. Hero was the famous peacock throne, so calldl from its having the figures of two i)oacocks standing b'ihind it, their tailil being expanded, and the whole so inlaid with siii)phirea, rubies, emeralds, aiidj other precious stones of appropriate colors, as to reprcficnt life. The tliroiicj itself is G ft. long by 4 ft. broad ; it stood on six ma.ssivc f cct, which, withtliel body, were of solid gold, inlaid with rubies, emeralds and diamonds. It \v«i| surrounded with a canopy of gold supiwrtcd uy 12 pillars, emblazoned witlil costly gems, and a fringe of jicrirls around tlio borders of the canopy, lif-l tween the peacocks stood tlie figure of a parrot, life size, wirved from .i siii-r gle emerald. On eltlier side of the throne stood a cliatta, or umbrella (f tlic| numerous edges ])resented by a surface comi>letely and more or less lionou combed. Its totjil length is about 20 inches, its greatest bre.'idtli abiMit i.| inches, and its greatest depth about 8 inches." Other nuggets varviiijj in weight from 10 to 45 ozs. had ])reviously been taken from tl c same claim. Another nugget weighing 145 lbs. was found atKorong, Australia, diirind the summer of 1857, in tho form of a solid mass of virgin gold, 2 ft. 4 in."! long., 10 ins broad, and from 1 to 2 ins. thick, estimated value $;J5,0(X). Vict*)ria, in Australia, is world renowned from the discovery of its iiiH mense gold fields in 1861, which in 1862 pnxluced tho cnornious aiuoiuit oil $70,000,000. A nugget weighing Ifll lbs. avoirdupois (including alniut 20 Ibi. of qimrti)J of an estimated value of $29,0(X>, was found in Calaveras Oo., Calif orii in, iij November, 1854. Perhai>s not less than from 18(K) U\ 2(XK) nuggets, weighing 1 lb. or iiion each, have been found from time to timo in Coliforuia. Of these prul)ai''i.i MIXING IN COLORADO 929 lies round, ir.,000 k] The upper iiartliajl it, yields per aiuiiiin| icld is much f;reater.| igtl), en>i)loyinK 3000] )r tlieir vast luinentll lent property, and are| nirtlied by a cruel dcj-j giiiary ; the wrctclicdj re never perniittwl t"j jiful than the tyniiii,j hani)yettr>i. ro the nuncH arc indi-l iia been such tliatitisi ■uy not less than KiOOJ relates that a Koldenj rono and crown were! (jueen with as maiiyl II necklace of 40 beadjl 10,000,000 on the tomb 10 province of Berar,j elhl was orfiinally cot. ttas, after the capture iluo of the same beiiiR ;ock throne, so called iR b'^hind it, their taili s, rubies, cniemhls, and Sfjontlife. The tliroii«| vc feet, which, wilhtlie and diamonds. It wrjI lars, cmblaroned with s of the canopy. l5o-! ir.e, (yirved from a sin- latta, or umbrella (on* n. velvet, embroideredj '4, of solid gold, mid of art was estiinatodl I nugget," weiKhiuglM! ralia, on the lUh June ivth : "A largo, iiii>-| dcd upon t-ach <>( t!.c 1(1 nioro <»r less lu'iic) .'Pt \>re!idth about 1 br nug','Cta varying' i rom tl same claim. ->ng, Australia, s tlian 140 weigh over 20 lbs. each. Nuggets weighing f rom 1 to 7 ozb. jlflvp been found u\ immense numbers. Colorado presents a confluence of wonders in the form of mineral de])Oflitii, iThit'li it would renuirc a volume to describe. In the Silver ClifTs, near Rosita, i'l what is known as the Hardscrabblo IjL'trift, tl»c newly discovered mine, worked by Powell, Edwards and Ilaf- lonl (named tho " K;icino Hoy "), yields a return of 87r» ozs. of silver to tl'.o [ton. The low grade pans out 100 07S. and upward. The mine is at present iSov. 1><78) not over 10 ft. deep and almost 25 ft. wide, but yields, with n Ivfty small force of men, between 1*2000 and $.'{'lcrlying the first mineral vein struck by a shaft, fidiu'Uiy singular variaii>ns from the usual form of mineral deposits liaxc m observed here, presenting a notable contrast to tiie prevailing type in liforniaand the other parts of Colorado. The mineral carries 100 oz.*. of ivcr per ton and upwardi', in high grade or s, and from 25 to CO ozs. in w grade ores, while the percentage of load varies from I'O to 70. The ores till a sand or soft rock and arc easily dug out with pick and drill, tlie nality improving with the increase of depth. On September 3, 1878, a miner, while pio.Hpecting about half a mile in piilch oil llald Sloiintjiin, discovered a mine of marvellous richness. TIio i? of similar diaracter, but of a miuli liigher grade, than the oreiil'o\o »'cd, much of it running as high as ."000 ozs. per ton. A mining expert es- niati'il the value of the mine .'U 81,000,000 ; the owner asserted tliHt ho (lusod .1f2.'>0,000 for it, yet six weeks previously he had not money enough buy a pair of boots ! Moiition is made of a prospector who. "vhile recently exploring on tlie ^I'^tsidoof lUidio lllnff, laid bare with 1> ♦rokos of his nick an 8 inclv^ fill ef white quartz, almost lilled with solu .., and tint tlic samples as- ived S-10,C(H) per ton in gold and Sir.00 in silver ! lio'i'iit oxaminations of the Arizonia mining region by Prof. Cox of Ind., di'inonstratcd that the mining property of South Arizj»iiia, oiivo dovel- icd, would sui)ply tlio world with ji- :ious n>ct;ils. iiyli Nut Mine, in the Tombstone " irict, aver:ij:in} kliil liody of ore, which, at the low average of $H'M \w.\ M)Ut 20 Ibt. of qiiartiU rns t;o., California, n| leighinp 1 lb. or inoi Three .shafts in the ; 10 ft. deep, shot.- a to tlif toll, will yiehl l,ltK),(M)0. Ho was jucseiit when assays were iiiado of oio finni this iiiino liiii;; frmu i^l.((X) to 827,(;O0 jier Ion. Tlie eonditinii.'* ;is regards timber ;ind ptor are vastly superior to similar siirroundiugs in the mining regions of ilorai'.o and Nevada. Kdisf.'vornl years, 'iiining under the most niifavorablo conditions has f'li jirogressing on Silvc-r Islet, a storm-beaten ledge, sitrate about .|' mile fill the m.\iii land, and exi>.)scd to tiie full sweep of UdO miles of Lai(l as streaks of shining white, from •'( to 10 ft. under water, k'l lir(i\ed to be worth from ?<14 mill is td U-I llnisiied by spring. Tlie cost of mining and milling varies from .S'-'-'iOtoj .*;i.50 i)er ton ; daily prolit 81000. It is estimated tliat 10 years' supply ul| ore is in sight, and that MO stamps could be sui»|)lied. The mines on the Comstocic lodo yielded, during the 23 years followinzl their discovery, $500,000,000 in gold and silver bullion, and have \v ieC!it time(1878) a matter of almost dail occurrence. It is aiiserted, on good autlioiity, that during .'JO years i)riort Jan., 1878, there have been created in the couiitries west of the Missouril River, and mostly on United States territory, bullion values to the aiiiomi| of $1,04^,000,000. Of this sum about $1,58<),000,000 has been composed oj gold, very little silver having been i)roduced i)rior to 18G1, when tlie Vm\ stock deposits, discovered 3 years before, began first to turn out this iiiet.il in notable quantity. Ol tlie'$.3(),000,000 turned out by the Comstock lode id 1877, 43 per cent, hsxs been gold. Of tlie base bullion made in Eureka disJ trict last year (1877), valued at $12,000,000, over 1(5 per cent, was gold. Tli bullion from Nevada is nearly 40 per cent. gold. Since tlic beginiiinjrol 1801, the i)roduction of gold for tho entire Pacific coa.it has been l?H7(i.(K),f 000; of silver, $372,000, (XK). During 1877, the bullion values consistedt about $51,000,000 gold, and f;HO,000,000 silver. The following tabulated statement is interesting, as showing the sradiil ally increasing product of the mines on tho Pacific coast daring the 4 yeaif noted in tho table: 1873. 1874. 1875. iSTd. California $18.(L>5,722 $20,;500,531 $17,753. 15^ $10,()00,Ort Nevada 35,'.i51,507 ;?5.452,233 40,478,3^ 4{>,;;00,(0 Oregon I,37(;,:i8<) (VJ I.TIXW^ Montana 3,802,810 .i,430.408 3,573,,003 1.40(l,(W Colorado 4,083.2(!8 4, 101.405 n,2l!<»,8l7 7,000,( Mexico 8(W.708 708.878 2,4(W.r)71 2,*W,I)I British Columbia 1,250,035 l,0;«i.557 1,77(),053 1,MI0,» Total $72,258.(103 $74,401 ,0.".'- $80,880,037 $91 ,HCO.O The product of 187<» will be swelled to $93,0(H1,000 by adding tho suiin $1,200,000 to reiuesont tlic yield of Wyoming. Dakota and New Mexim. As illustrative of tlie lliictuating value of niiniun property, it iii.i.v meutioued that during tho early part of S r>,(»H7 4<»4 2'.rt»,817 ,4(»H,r>71 1, 776,^53 viHi),037 $Ol,«00. I l)v adtlins the sum iaand Now Mexic"- ,o propcrtv, it may r878, the Btocl. ol ' •1870. S10,(X)0,( 4<>,:'00,i l.'jw.f 1,T(XV •J,S(X),( r>,(«io,' 1.40(1.' 7,000.i 2,'.'Wi Siena Nevada and Union Consolidated Minos, •wliioli had been sellins at $4 P<>r share, took a .siuldcn leap to ^1!K3, being equivalent to the fabulouB jmount of Jt'yO.OOOiOUO additional capi'il, each mine having 108,000 sharf». So ore had previously been found bi . i\v the 1.800 foot level, but an incalcu- lable quantity of rich ore had been found by still deeper penetration. Some specimens are reported to have assayed thousands of dollars to a ton, and or.o notable specimen not less than -SlO.OiX). The Gwin Mine in Calaveras Co., Cal., is 1400 ft. deep, runs SO .stamps, iind yields ;irG0,000 to ;ir70,000 per montli, of which amount one-half is clear profit. Of the quartz mines in Soulunine Co., one, the Confidence, from a gro.ss Modiict of .'B»)l 1,853, paid to the owners $iy5,000 in dividends, besides pay- iiijiii full for equipment. The yield of the Gilpin Co. (Colorado) mines, for the year 1870, was fl.Wi.d'M, and the jiroduct of the IJoston and Colonid«> Snulting Works at Dlar-k Hawk, Col., derived from Gilpin Co. ores, was ^2,(K)1.244, coin value. ' - evidence of the absorbing interest pervading the public mind rr gard- 10 vast mining indu.stries of the country, it may be noted that (luring ! i.ist two weeks of 1878 no less than 20 mining companies were in^'orpi - RtPil in S:in Francisco, with an aggregate capiUil of over .S200,0()0,00<\ (Ml the Pacific coast the productive capacity of the mines is greatly i ; r- led by dry se;isons and a short water sujiply, as a full allowance of this lieunMit -i i 'spensable in hulraulic mining, and for the operation of tlio ire-times hai)|)en3 that a single adit is ;idc to draii'i a chain of mines, ns in the west "jf Cornwall th.e "great it,'' as it is called, which extends, including its branches to various tuines, er;X> miles, and conveys away a torrent of water nsenibling a small river. addition to draining off the water, the adit subserves tin important uko ventilating the n'.iiie by caushiga circulation of air, and the passage may .ill further utilized as a tra.u-way for the v-onveyance of ore and rubbish )in tiio interior exca vat inns, the outflow of tiie water being effected roni;h a channel beneath the tram-way. The water is mi.sed by the pum]i- ijinuchi jery from the ".Vjnnp." or bottom of the engine shaft, v.hich is iicrally sunk below the dcr'^st level of t!u> mine, so as to form a idt into liicli tho water may f!.)w belorc i»eing])iimi)oil up urefoi' i."o to the temperature of mines, the solar heat, as a general ilf, e.vorts in< inlluence at a greater depth than from 50 to ICO ft. At I'aiis, determin'^d by Pois.son, a thermometer placed at a depth of 7(5 ft. remains l!(>nar\ all tlie year rouiul. lly penetrating into the earth beneath the iiit iiffectcd by' the solar heat, we liud a regular and rapid iiu'rease of miicnitiire. In Cornwall, with a surface temperature of W)"^', thotempera- ro iif the rock in the Dalconth mine, at .adepth of i;!Sl ft., is 75 (I^ ; the ijn'iatiire of springs at a depth of 1 140 ft, is 82° ; in the I'nited Ccii- Minos, (Cornwall, the temperature of the rock at 1201 ft. is 88° ; in the ■iiiaxato Silver Mine, Mexico, with a surface temperatmo of 08. S^^, tho mi-ratiire of springs at a dej)th of 1713 ft. was 08.2°. Tlie last noted in- 'ni' indicates 1° of heat for every 45.8 ft. ; observations recorded in Kng- I i:iv(> 44 ft. for a change of 1 degree ; in Saxony it is considerabh great- I'l'in;,' nearly 05 ft. to a degree ; and a few observations in the 'Unit«d IKJii roXIlOSITlON OP VARIOUS ROCKS. StsUea indicate 54 ft. to a decree. According to KuptTcr, ^,lie average for the various countries where observations liave been made, isSti.Sl ft. toade gree, but this rate of increase is luanife.stly too rapid; for assuming it to b« true, a Jieat sufflcient to boil watev would be found at a deptli of 51)02 ft, or sliflhtly nioro than a mile, at 48 miies a temperature of 7000°, sufflcient to melt all known rocks, and at the centre of the earth it would amoiuitto 577,0000. The deepest ailcsian well in the world i? at Pestli, Hungary, beiujj 3250 ft. deep, or about twice the depth of that in Paris. It sends up a jet of boil- ing water 42 ft. high. Of the rocks encountered by miners, it may be noted that the crystalline rocks are the granitic series of quartz, feldspar, mica, gneiss, syenite, jKir- phyrj', green-.stone, basalt, and compact lava,**, all in varieties. 'Quartz is the base of all the silicious compounds in nature-, and is dii tinguishcd by the hardness of the bodies, as crystals, gritty sand, Jkc. 1 cannot be cut with a knife, and strikes lire with' steel. It is [)6 or 5)7 jiartj silica ill 100, and 2 or 3 of clay and lime. Stjenitc is a middle rock between granite and porphyry, competed feldspar and hornblende, or quartz and mica. Feldspar is composed of lamina or plates. Its constituents arc silica nm alumina, with .some potash. Abounds in granite, syenite, gneiss, and ].or ])hyrv. When large crystiils of feldspar a])pcar in granites they are cailtt porpjiyritic. FeldsiKir, next to quartz, is the most abundant stone, being constituent of granite and other rocks ; it scratches f;lass, gives out sparki with steel, is of a vitrified nature, and when crumbled forms the bnsis clay. Feldspar is white, red, or gray, and consists of f>4 in K^ jiarts silex, 11) of clay, 2 of lime, 13 of potash, and 1 of oxide of iron. Mica, the other equal part of granite, is 47 silica, 22 clay, 14.5 potasli, oxide of iron, and ?. 75 oxide of manganese. Mica is occasionally foiindi large plates, is tougli. flexible, elastic, semi-transparent, and sometimes ii.-^e ns ji substitute ^or ghuss. AVhen dccom,)osed by the atmosphere or wur d(>wn, it mixes with the clay of tiie feldspar or the sand of the (piai tr.. Porphyry is stone, with a compact base, intermixed with crysUils. 1 base is trap, and the crystals feldsjiar or quartz. i>crpentineAfi so called from its variegated colors, usually green: roniiioiini« gray wacko from sand, and jirinmry slates from clay. In exploring or pecting for nuneral veins, it is well to remember that gold is not contii iJ CKS. HOW TO FIND MINEUAL DEPOSFTS. 033 cr, the average for thel .do, isSG.Sl ft. to a de- 1 ; for apsuminR it to kl ; a depth of r)".tr,2 ft, orl of 7000°, sufflcicnttol Ih it wjuld amount tol n, Hungary, beiiift 325o| t sends up a jet of bcil-' )tcd that the crystAlliiie| L-a, gneist«, syenite, \w. varieties*. ,8 in nature, a«d is fllj- .lis, gritty Hand, >S.r. !« eel. It if 96 or i>. \m porphyry, composed A mstituents arc silica nii^ syenite, gnciiJS, and ptj granites they avo ciillix* abundant stone, beiiiR 4 jjlasH, gives out sinukl bled forms the \):isis ol la of 04 in l^^-" l>:irts tide of iron. , , ,, 1,22 day, l-i.5 poUi^li, II lis occasionally found il rent, and sometimes iite{ the atwiospherc or wort sand of the (luartr. ixed with crys-Uils. IM usuallv green •.comiH'*« with iron and cnioou p in slatv layers or \^M liy thin "in vers of munj ^imiositioH of the graiuK [ and 11 lime, [oxide of iron. Iccrees in mountain?. Vsia, ao lime, 4H carbori [ic acid milky, and efiel clay slate has quartxj [list of the globe, coiita fii.y Bpar. iica, and 4 iron. I-sided prism, called M ll)ut all wonder will llh the pressure of sui Inning rocUs of I'M'"' \y In exploring oil r [that gold is not wwia I to one clasB of rocks. In Marinosa, Cal., some gold-bearing quartz veins are in granite, but tlio largest and riche; is i)artially ascertained, the lode may fre- quently be found by sinking a sliaft througll stratji into tlie underlyingVock, and tlienco driving a drift or tunnel at right angles to the bearing of the Iwlo. 5. The best proof of the existcnto of a lode is the discovery of xu outcrops ; this sets cverj' doubt at rest. For furtlier iufurniatiou, seb /Vw- pcrdnfffor Quartz, page 452. (lold-bearing qiuirtz veins, in California, generally run from lunili north-west to sotitn south-east, with a steep dip to tiio eastward. The liif. fusion of gold through the quartz is very unequal, and the lodes vary from a line to 50 ft. Two ounces of gold to 1 lb. of rock is a rarity greatly ad- mired by quartz miners, for that proportion is held to bo exceedingly rich in the precious metal. Mineral veins are usually graded into species, of which the prevailing forms are : 1. Tlio liuke win, which extends downwards to unknown dei)ths, is frequently many ujiles in length, and is the prevailing typo of the mineral veins most highly valued by miners. IJeginning at the "out- crop " it perforates the strata ilownwards alniost to their i)lane of stnitillr; ti best mineral dejwpits arc often found at these faults. The Accvmulatcd vein, usually found filling largo vacancies in the earth, n a great irregular mass of ore, apfwirently isolated from all «>ilicr miner diiposits. Veins of this class occur inteiiwscd between the stratified rocl;^ and also in the granite. As to the nature and origin of the ffwcrs occupied by metallic vpiii.«j they are : 1. The cracks and fissures nuido in rocks. 2. Ojicnings tween their layers, especially in Schistose or sliity kinds. These crevices oi fissures are i>roduced in great numbers where a region of rock is uiulerf gt)ing uplift or where a folding of the stnita is in progrcE^s, owing to e;irtli auakes or other muveuuMits of the earth's de-ttlis. The mineral contents c lose crevices may have been charged : 1. When the fissures or erevi.f| were filled from either side or below, and did not descend to region." liquid rock, being not coniu'cted with igneous ejections. These inclm!' banded mineral veins, and nearly all those Inled with quartz or gniiutJ The iutenhO heat, acting on the moisture present, would meviurnly tlciid pose tl-.e r«>cks ; ♦hen their mineral matt r sooner or later would be swoii lnt<.» the crevices, and, in combination \>ith emanathiiis from the thai* parts, form metiillic lodes. Also, '2. Whei'j the rents or fissures descemifj to regions of litpiid rock and were filled from bolow. In this case the niiij oral Ci-ntents of the vein have been brought up in some state of eonibinl tion as .solutions or vapois. The veins of silver ores in Nevada and luaiif others thus originated in connection with subterranean ilisturbancos. Werner's theory is that open Assures in the eartli's crust were fil'(j with crystalline and metillic matter by aqueous infiltrations from abo" i(Kl«KD. crvstulUiie aiul strati- »an in the latter. 3. 1 lor of the laml. which I miuernl coniponeuu, I the poil. 4. In cases] icd, the lode may Ut- the umlerlying rock, to the bearing of ilie is the discovery of it,*] luforniation, see /')(»• rally run fron» n"iili| »o eastward. Tlic iii(- id the lodes vary from| in a rarity greatly ad- to bo exceedingly ridi f which the prevailing iwnwards to unUuowu the prevailing tyiic d\ IJeginning at the" out- tlieir plane of stnititire L'Us. The inclination n a vertical direction. '1 mall veins grouped to. mded bv granite r(xlii,| hers. 'S. 'l'hci*/>('i(ni, )re, is usnally found ^ eat variety of sizes, m lip of the rake vein, i 1 subject to varying onv isses in horizontal ixisi' )ed by great variation n ver breaks or intcrnip onnd at these faults acancios in the earili. from all oihor mnioi een the stratified roc TIIKOKIES OF ^'OTED AVIilTERS. 935 in )ied bv metallic vpiiv ;cks. iJ. Openings ' lids. These crevui .Tionof rock is nndfi ogres'S, owing to c:>iii The mineral coutciit.v the fissures or crcvu descend to regions ons. These incliH!' with onartz or graiuti uld nievitsvbly dciuii ,, later would be s«t iitions from the doei ts or tissures desccmi In this case the niii ^rg occupies a high rank. nf late years among works of notable utility to miners m.'iy be meu- iicd, I'liillips' Klcmevis of Mctalhirgy ; Dunns Afaviial of Mwrrnlogy ; 'D'hll's Quartz Operator\'t llavd-Iiouk ; ,Silrcrsmitli' s Practicid Hand- if'^' Miuers: KvstcVs Processes of Silver (oid Cold Kj-frdctioii. Jlost the engnvvings of furnaces and some of tho amalgamating pans de- !>C(1 in this book are taken from the last noted work, whic h may Lc re- eil as ab.sohitely indispensable to every ])rogrcssivc miner. Due ac- wledgments are also rendered to other stiindard author.'^, !;uccessful nors and experienced mill-men, for much of the valuable information Milted in these i)ages. The superficial api)earance of the outcrop of veins often indic.-ite tho ^lis tliey contain. The presence of lIuorsi>ar indicates metallic a.^socia- : ■H. Silver, merciuy. 0' ]r Ptutes. Lead niu r Iromium, and bintalu: [latiiiR, gold, silver, m 1, paUjiucs or conii>oiii> [v> resulting motJils, « ?iKn bodies heini: w k of load, called ualf| UtainiuK rocks ; tliC Iroximatcly. In trcai geological epochs, Dana remarks ; " If time, from the comniencemont of ,c Silurian formationa (thoso renting on the grnnitc) included 48 millionH of lars. which aonio geologii«ts wouhi pronounce niucli too low nu estimate, the ijloozoic part, according to the above ratio, would coninriso 'M millions, leMcsozic, 9 millions, and ('enzoic, .'{millions. It should bo noted, bow- er, that as rocks arc formed of earth, and as metals are found mainly in ins and crevices of rocks, that they must bo of more recent origin than i.'ittor. Tiic above noted estimate of geological time will doubtless astonish many liio have been led, by a mistaUen apprehension of the true meaning of iiesis, to suppose that only about (5000 years have elapsed pinco the cvca- 11. For further evidence on this subject, see Gcolxjkal Fuels; Af/e, i'/i/i, and Ultimate Duruthn of the Earth, on i)age 7l.'8. The adamantine is (if geology render very slight homage to the cherLshed errors »)f the [»rl(l, and have struck fcaVful blows at the old explanations of (ienesis, t time is a powerful remodeller. Already nearly 300 centuries attest the leniiil verity of the grand truths for the proi)agation of which Bruno suf- reJ death and Galileo endured im]>risc'\nicnt, for their alleged inconsist- y with the Jewish cosmogony, whioli, in describing an apparent truth, uksof " the rising of the sun and the going down of the same" accord- to appearances as ])rcscnted to the senses. Tlio world has witnessed with astonisliment the disgraceful treatment ac- cd to Sir James Y. Simpson, by infamous bigots, who insisted that his m.itio use of untesthctics to mitigate tlio i)ains of women in labor was iiluu" more nor less than a direct contravention of the primeval curse, icli afllrmed that " in sorrow she should bring forth children." It is safe say that the bigots did not belong to the female sex. At this day such ab- inlily would not bo tolerated a single hour. iliu popular outcry which at one time denounced the use of the lightning .liiu'tor as a flagrant defiance of heaven is also silenced forever, Kiulroads 1 telegmphs have been similarly denounced. These insanities are now mbcrod with the things of the ;>aet. It is notoriously true that in Scotland the fanning mill was fiercely as- ilotl ;i8 an ungodly machine, and the inventor was subjected to persecution arrt)j,'ant lunatics who asserted that nothing could bo either gomi or useful iih contravened the passage which reads: — " The wind bloweth where it ietli." Now millions use fanning mills duruig tlieir lifetime without ever iking of such an objection. Tiie science of geology is as yet in its infancy, but its teachings have met !i very general acceptance among intelligent observers. It is sophistry afflrinthat what is new, must, for that reason, neces.sarily be false, for of disclosures unfolded by the stony facts of geud9. V are found in extensive, basin-shaped depressions in the surface of aiiiorj)hic rocks. These depressions have evidently been tilled with deep t water, from which tliick str.ita of clay, fine sand, and volcauic ashes e been deposited upon the auriferous layer at the bottom. Ill tlio gullies and ravines the auriferous dirt is generally a very stiff abounding in coarse snivel and 8t')nes, and is usually as wide as the lu of water durim; the wet season. In a ravine where tho extreme Ith of the stream does not exceed ."J ft., as a general rule the pay-dirt will P)^:r 038 FLUMK MINING, &C. not bo more than a foot deep, with a bed of barren dirt on top. Where tl:^ diannci of a Htreain i)i a sniull ravino Iiiih 8lit;]itly clianpod, the pay-dirt mai bo buried under (i or 8 ft. «)[ alluvial soil. The Rold will not lodge on tii HUiooth or Hteep bed rock of a gully ; the richests BiK)t.s wiU bo found wlifrj the l>cd i.4 level, and whero the strata of tho rock are almost vortical and proi BCiit many jagged iK)iiits to iletun tho gold, tho largest pieces Loing ii.suall found near tho bed rock in tho deepest part of tho stream. In alluvial workings, near rivers and streams, tho various conipiMiioswIi^ work neighloring clainm often club togtthor and con.strnct a large liiiin into which tho stream is conducted by means of a strong barricade or win dam of rocks timber, mud, &c., wliidi causes a diversion of the ciurc; leaving tho bed of tho river nearly dry, thus alTording access for worKiii,' to good advantage. Tho Btrcani affords plenty of water. for mining p^m »5- #S-.: Fig. 3 — Flume Misixa. poses, together with ample power for operating under shot wheels forwo^ ing pumps to rid the claims of the surplus water which accumnlates iu f workings. Sec Tig. .'<, representing llumo mining. For Placer MLiiiui, Hoard Sluice Process, see page 453 ; for Ilitdrni Afininf/, JjOtiy Tom I^rocess, &c., see page 454; for (Juhl Assay by ,^mcltm Process; Gold Assay u-Uh a Horn Spoon; Assay of liock conlaininy Pyriii Silver Assay by Smeltinrj; Assay of Argentiferous Galena; SilnrMi ivitU Teslinr/Tubc ; Test for Iron or Copper Pyrites, seo page 451 ; for I'n pci'tiiKj for Quartz; I'rospectinr/ a Iticer liar; Prospectiny in a (vii'l Prospecting in Flats; Prospecting with a Knife, &c., boo i)ago 452. In order to thoroughly dispel the common illusion that a miuo is me^ a vast excavation in the earth, exposed to tho open air, rain, storms, like a quarry, it may be well to enlighten tho reader by pregentiiijr -M facts relating to some of tlio silver mines on tho Comstock lodo in Nf^nl At the main shaft and hoisting works of the Consolidated Virginia MicJ Company, v.e I'.nd a grent mass of buildings, resembling a vast iii;in:i tory, containing ouLrinc and boiler houses, nuichine slioj), blacksmith carpenter shop, iwA nuuicrous offlcco connected with the works. Aroij DESCRIPTION OP A GREAT MINE. 939 rt on top. ■WlioretlK npod, thcpay-ilirtii;;, will not loclKO on tl,( )t!4 willbo foiUKl v,]mi klmost vortical and iirnj st pieces Loiug usuall; various comv>i'"i<'!*^^li< uustrnct a larj^c tlmu TOUR barrioado (irwiij version of the cuvrd ii<» nccoss for worUiii;' water for mining puij :-•>'' ! ;3P^ Icr sliot wheels for woi ^•hicU acciunulates m |pat?o 453 ; for Ilfm ^ (iold Assay by N»f' ' for i'l us Galena; SilvrM I, Bco page 451 ; rrospeclhw in a c, see page 452. ion that a miuo i» w«i )en air, rain, storms, ider bv prcsentmi: : lomstock lodu in V\ tolidated Virginia Mi |em\)ling a vast nuin.i Te shop, blaeUFnutli > ,vith the works. Ar°' tlic buildings nro cnormouH piles of timber and lumber, renembling the lar* roundincs of iiu inuncnno saw-mill with its nccumulnted Htook. This timbei ijuitcd lor supports, &c., in the mine, and it is safe to say that more tin)be( h.v( been absorbed by these mines than there is in all the liouses in San Francisco. The main shaft appears as an opening in the floor, about 5 ft. in width, Mul -0 ft. in length, with a depth of UOOO ft., and is securely cribbed by means of sub.stnntial timbers. This opening is divided into fo»ir comnart- neulH bv means of partitions running from the top to the bottom of the ih.'vtt ; three of these four compartments are used for hoisting purposes, lad in these the hoisting cages pass up and down to and from the various iercl.s, after the manner of an elevator through the various stories of a high building. The fourth compartment is occupied by tlio tanks and pump foiiiinn ; an iron pipe from 12 to IG ins. diam., through which tlie water is forced from the lower levels of the mine to the surface by means of the ir.a.s.sive pumping machinery. The cages in the different divisions work eidepcndent of each other ; one may bo going down while the other is pin? up, or one may bo.it rest while the others are in motion. The motive power for hoisting is supplied by iwwerful engines at the opposite end of the building, al)out50 or (30 ft. distant from the shaft, and tie hoisting is effected by means of a flat cable, some 5 or G ins. wide, j iu, thick, and braided of the best quality of steel wire. This cable is found and unwound on an enormous reel situated near the engine, and the l^cut iron wheels and pulleys which sustain the cables are supported on ili.it is termed the gallows frame, a huge structure composed of massive fright and cross timbers constructed directly over tlio mouth of the shaft. e positions of the cages in the shafts are Indicated to the engineer by leaiis of a liand moving over a dial in the engine room, and the signals for levatiiig and lowering the cages are struck on bells near the engineer by icrt in the cages or levels below. Tiie entire machinery of the works is driven by a compound condensing ino of (500 horse-power ; the engine has two cylinders, the first 24 x 48 , .and the second 48 x 48 ins. in size. The main shaft of engine is 14 ins. m., and weighs 15,000 lbs. On this shaft is a fly wheel (which is also a d wheel, carrying a belt by which the batteries are driven) 18 ft. in m.,aud weighing IG^ tons. On the extreme end of the main driving t i.H coupled a shaft 11 ins. di:un. , extending into the amalgamating m, and driving the pans, .agitators, &c. Engine weighs about 50 tons ; iro are 8 boilers, each 54 ins. diam. and IG ft. in length. The smoko clc3 are 4 in number, 42 ins. diam. and 90 ft. high. In the new stamp mill of this company (100 ft. long and 58 ft. wide) ere are (JO stamps, each weighing 800 lbs., the whole requiring one air (18(X) lbs. ) of ore to be sent out from the shaft every 5 minutes during e (lay and night. The stamps are driven by a belt from the main band wheel ; the belt is 24 ins. in Avidth, .and IGO ft. in length ; speed per minute. This runs the countor-.sliaft in front of the batteries, d from the pullies on this counter-shaft there .arc belts 14 iii.s. wide and 00 long, whi('h run e.ach battery of 10 stamps. The b.atterics are fed by the iHocli self-feeders, one feeder being required for every 5 stamps, and two u only are required to oversee the whole, without any handling of the There are 32 amalgamating pans, each jxin holding about 2000 lbs. of ill» from the batteries, iiud t'.icre are 8 sotUers to each jjair of pans. Tho iitlilv loss of quicksilver alone in the mills of tlio conij)any i.s estimated from SGO.OOO to S80.000. The owners have to-day 11 mills, r.angir.g from l<) 80 stamps, making altogether a battery force of 375 stamps, the est stamp capable of imlverizing 5 tojis of ore every 24 hours. The »lo Imman force employed in these mills numbers 022 men, when tlie s are running to their full capacity. From 500 to 700 men arc employed and divided into tlirce shifts, «ach Hi ft. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I - IIIM 12.5 IB mil 2.2 IIIM 8 4 12.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 M 6" — ► V} i9 /} ^?J ^a ^> >pm /^ 'ri '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 d ^^ i\ V \\ ''*#»" It to $7 per day. The Savage and Halo and Norcross mines on the Comstock lode b.ave 942 THE suxno tunnel. / ' ' shafts Gx20 ft., niul 2500 ft. deep. Tlio Savage Company intciuUo sink their present shaft to a depth of 4000 ft. Their great hoisting cubic of f-teel wire i.s 4000 ft. long, weiglis 25,100 lbs., and is wound and unwound on a cone-shaped reel 15 ft. long, with a diam. of 22 ft. at the large end and 13 ft. at the small one. The reel h fsuppendcd on a cast-iron shaft 10 ins. iu diam., the ends of which revolve in ponderous bearings sustained by foun- dations of cut stono resting on tlic solid rock. The engines for driving the huge reel are two in iiumber, of 200 horse-power each, and are capalilo of hoisting from 480 to 500 tons of ore every 24 hours. The hoisting car u.scd on the lower incline is made wholly of iron and steel, runs on an iron track, and liolds abont 5 tons of rock, the incline begins at the foot of the vertical fjhaft, 1,300 ft. below the surface, and runs to the lower levels of the mine. The hoisting rages on the mines of the Comstock arc all supplied Avith safety appliances, which operate instantaneously iu arrcsthig the descent of tiie cage iu the event of the cable breaking. Fig. 6.— SUTKO TtTlTNEL. Ad showing the vast sums of money disbursed by capitalists when full confidence exists of obtaining remunerative returns from minijig operationj, it may be interesting to note tlic following items regarding the outfit of n nfiuo which has not as yet produced a cent'.s worth of ore. The works will be, when finished, a boiler house 102 ft. long, 50 ft. wide, containing 10 boilers, 54 ins. diam., IG f t. long ; one main hoisting room, 151 ft. long, 40 ft. wide, 48 ft. high ; a cariienter shop, 50 ft. wide by 100 ft. long, for fram- ing the timbers for the shaft, a machine shop, 50 x 100 ft., .and a black- smitli'ij shop, 40 x 60 ft. At tho shaft is n double cylinder, high pressure, direct-acthig engine, both cylinders being connected with one shaft carrying two reels for winding the ropes. It is of 1200 horso-powcr, and capable of hoisting 10 Ions of ore from a depth of nearly, if not quite, one mile. The crank .shaft weighs nearly 40 tons, and is oho piece of v.Tought iron. Tho intended piston ppeed THE SUTRO TUNNEL. US J5 960 It. per minute, wliicli will tal^o a " cr.gc " through the shaft at rail- way ppoecl. The cables used in the shaft are made of annealed steel •wire, 7 inches wide and II ins. thick, and are wound on tlio reels like a ribI)on on a 5[)0()1. The reels are 15 it. diain., will hold 4000 ft. of cable, and each j3 littcd with powerful brakes and safety appliances to regulate the move- ments of the cages. The engine foundations are .«>olid masonry, 50 ft. long, 38 ft. wide, and 22 ft. deep, to which tlie engines arc bolted with 80 3-in. and 3\-iii. bolts, reaching tho bottom of the stone work. The piston rods and all the valve rods arc of steel, and the valves of hard brass. The pumping engine is a horizontal compound condensing engine, direct acting. The cylinders are of the following dimensions : The initial cylinder is 133 ins. diam. and 12 ft. stroke. The expansion cylinder is G(3 ins. diam. and 12 ft. stroke ; engine shaft 20 ins. in diam., about 18 ft. long, and has a ily-wheel on each end 30 ft. in diam., and each wheel weighs £0 tons. The engine and line of pumps for 1200 ft. weigh 749 tons. The cost price of pncrinc and pumps before erection was $200,000. It is to drive two lines of 14 inch pumps of 10 ft. stroke. Its web of cams, rods, cut-off gear, air- cushions, drop-weights, &c., display the highest skill in workmanship. Fig. 7.— LoxGiTUDixAL Seotiox of the Comstook Lode, snowixo xnn different mi^•i^•g c'lai.ms located thereon, the ore bodies ex- tracted, and the intersection op the sutro tunnel with the Lode at B., etc. The Sutro tunnel, a work without a compeer in mining enterprises on tins continent, was begun October 19, 1869 ; the object being to penetrate the mines on the Comstock lode at a point nearly 2000 ft. below the surface of the earth, and thus form an outlet for the drainage and rapid transit for the miners and their supplies, together with quick transportation for the ore and i.iineral matter taken from the mines. It enters the mountains in the valley of the Carson river, at the town of Sutro, n^ miles below Dayton, 1^ miles from the river, 150 ft. above the river bed, and strikes tho*lG40ft. level of the Savage mine at a point 20,018 ft. from the mouth of the tunnel. The work was prosecuted day and niglit Avith a result of from 13 ft. to H)h ft. per day, until on July 8, 1878, a connection was made with tho above noted siiaft. A wire-tramway, running from the Carson river to the mines, Avill soon be in operation through tho whole length of the tunnel, with an outfit of rolling stock capable of trausjiortiug 1000 miners from tho village of Sutro to the mines in 15 minutes. During the past years, nearly COCO miners have been employed in these mines, andhours have been consumed at each shift in sending down the men in cages, a dozen or so at a time. Tho mines on tho Comstock lode, and all otlicr mines in the district, are comjiellcd for all time, to pay tho Tunnel Company $2 per ton for every ton of ore extracted and sent to the mills for reduction. The rate.", c!:tab'- li >lied for transportation is 25 cents per ton per mile over tho 4 miles of 944 THE SUTIiO TU^'XEL. main tunnel, and 25 cents each way for persons. Ice, now sold to the niininc companies at 320 per ton, can be supplied in unlimited quantities by tlie Tunnel Company from its iK)nds on the Carson river, at less than ^1 per ton. Cordwood, now sold in Virj^inia city at $12 per cord, can ho passed through the tunnel, elevated nearly 2000 ft. through the main shaft, and laid down for $8 per cord. mornxor iUTIO TIMim. Pig- 8.— GEOLooioAii Cross Section of the Coitntry from the extuance OF THE SUTRO TlNNEL TO AND BEYOND THE COMSTOCK LODE ; ALSO THE Four Shafts ox the Tunnel Line. The notable sanitary uses subserved by the tunnel has .ilready dissipated the poisonous gases in the lower drifts of the Savage mines, andloAvered tlio temperature of the 2000 ft. level from 120° to 90° Fahr. A covered steani- tijjht drain is to be constructed the entire length of the tunnel (under the railroad track) to form an outlet for the drainage of the mine. Much of the water in the workings stands at a temperature of 1G0° Fahr., and if this was passed through the tunnel in an open channel, no living tiling could exist, owing to the hot, confiuca vapor. It is further intended t*) utilize this water as a source of power for moving the long trains of cars used in transporting tiio miners, together with their necessary stores, tim- ber, ore, &c. The discharge of this water has heretofore been effected ct an annual cost of ^3,000,000. The drainage must pass through 10 pumps and tanks, through 2O0O ft. of iron pipe, from 12 to IG ins. diam., before reaching the surface. The great iron i>umi) rod, 2000 ft. in length, and luiiig at several points Avith immense balajice bobs to prevent it from being torn asunder by its own weight, is kept continually swaying up and down at its round of duty. Henceforward this drainage will only require to be elevated to the tunnel level in order to find an outlet The Tunnel Company have so far expended on the tunnel, with the immense shafts, buildings, machine shops, engines, &c., connected therewith, the vast sum of $3,'200,C0O. and the projected branches and extensions towards the various mines will still absorb a largo additional sum. In carrying out this wonderful enterprise tlic obstacles presented by nature were of the most formidable discription and well nigh insurmountable, but they were finally overcome by the mi- tiring energy and indomitable perseverance of Mr.Sutro, who brought to the execution of this herculean task, an iron will, and n raro combination of executive abilities. Many rich deposits of marvellous extent have been found on the Comstock lode, but on the 1500 foot level has been discovered what appears to be the central mass, a body of ore unparalleled in extent and value by any thing hitherto known. This has enjoyed world-wide fame under the name of the •' Big Bonanza" (a Mp;xica.u term denoting a large and rich body of ore— pros- perity. Borrasca is the very opposite of bonanza, and signifies barren-rock — bad luck— adversity), aud measures 900 ft. in length, 550 in depth, and from HO to 200 ft tliiJk. DYXAMICS OF VOLCANIC FORCE. 945 w fiold to the mining ed quantiticfl by tiie ', at less than ^1 pet cord, can ho passed tho main shaft, r.ud Momf or Rirno Twum. FROM TIIE ENTUAXCE )MSTOCK Lode ; also has already dissipated nines, and lowered tlio ir. A covered pteam- lie tnnnel (under tlio t tho mine. Much o( of IGQo Fahr., and if .nnel, no living tiling i further intended to ,e long trains of cars necessary stores, tim- foro been effected nX js through 10 pumps IG ins. diani., before t. in length, and hung it it from being torn { up and down at its equire to be elevated lel Company have so , buildings, machine of $3,200,C00. and ious mines will still onderful enterprise rmidable discription vercomo by the un- |itro, who brought to rare combination of lund on the Com stock it appears to be llic value by any thing Lder the name of the )h body of ore— pros- signifies barren-rock \\,^550 in depth, and Tlio immense chasm, rent, or fissure in the rocks, which is filled by the " vein-matter," or gangue (pronounced r/oHv) forming the Comstock lode, extends from tho cast country rock (prophylite) to tlic west country rock (syenite), a distance of from 1000 to 1200 ft. Tho ganguo is coraix)sed of quartz, porphyry and clay, which incloses the ore. This chasm, known to be about 4 miles long and about 1200 ft. wide, was undoubtedly formed during ages inconceivably remote, by means of volcanic action, and immense frag- ments of rock appear to have broken away from the edges of the chasm, fallen into the crevice, and thus prevented its closing. In mining nomen- clature these are termed "horses ; " they still remain in the vein, and the ore, quartz, &c., has filled up all tho space around them. Some of tlio " liorses " are of great "extent, being from 50 to 100 ft. in length, with jiro- fiortionate thickness, while others are at least 1000 ft in length, and f^om 'M to 400 ft thick. Tho fragments from the west side of the crevice are syenite, those from tha cast side are prophylite, usually termed porphyry by tiie miners. The charging of this enormous crevice with what now forms the mineral contents of tho Comstock lode, is manifestly the work of subterranean forces combined with 1. -i mineral water, steam, gases, &c., from boiling springs beneath, which have filled up tho vein with its rich sulphurets and other ores of silver. Traces of hot springs are everywhere visible on tho neigh- boring hills to the eastward of the vein, and the noted steamboat springs, only a few miles distant, are even now in full blast, engaged in tho formation of a metallic lode by the emission of hot mineral water, steam, and enormous volumes of heated gas, through a crevice over a mile in length. Who will not say that here Ave find one of the instrumentalities of creative power in the very act, as it were, of replenishing the earth with the gifts of a benef- icent Providence ? The action of boiling springs is due, 1. To the access of subterranean waters to heated rocks, producing steam, which seeks exit by upward vents : 2. To cooler superficial waters descending ohannels to where the steam prevents further descent, and gradually accumulating until the channel is filled to the top : 3. To tho heating oif these upper waters by the steam from below, to near tho boiling point, when the lower jiortion of these upper waters becomes converted into steam, and the eruption, or jet of water results. Tho dynamics of volcanic force is an Intoresting study. The roar of Niagara is a gentle zephyr compared with the bellowing of a volcano. The power required to rupture a battery of steam boilers is as nothing compared ffitli the inconceivable energy necessary for the upheaval of mountains, tho rending of rocks, the raising of islands from the ocean's bed, and forcing out the melted lava from beneath the gneiss and granite. Very frequently large fragments of these rocks are broken olT and thrown out with the lava: CotoDaxi, nearly 20,000 ft high, has projected a stone 109 cubic yds. in vol- ume to tho distance of 9 miles, and has thrown matter 6000 ft. above its Buinmit This of itself would require a force of nearly 1500 atmospheres, or 22,500 lbs. to the square inch ! In lGG»i, the amount of lava ejected by Mount Etna was 20 times greater than the whole mass of the mountain, and in 1G69, when 77,000 persons were destroyed, the lava covered 84 square miles. In the eruption from Skaptar Jokul, in Iceland, during 1783, two streams of lava flowed in opjiosito directions, one of them 50 miles long and 12 broad, and the other 40 miles long and 7 broad ; both having an average tliickness of 100 ft., which was sometimes increased to 600 or GOO ft. ; twenty villages and 9000 inhabitants were destroyed. The seat of volcanic power must be deeply seated beneath the earth's crust, where the heat is extremely intense ; lava ejected over 100 years ago from Jorullo. in Mexico, IGOO ft. Iiigli. is not yet cool. Tho lava thrown out of Etna in 1819, was in motion 9 ninnlhs later at the rate of a yard a day, and lava from a previous eruptiou jof the same mountain was in motion after the lapse of 10 years. "W 946 THE MINERAL "WEALTH OF THE WORLD. Not only do very many mountains and mineral lodes owe their ori-ilu to volcanic action, Lnt numerous islands as well. Tlio Sandwich islands, of which Hawaii, the largest, contains 4000 square miles of surface and rises 18,000 ft. above tlie ocean ; Tenoriffe, 1:5,000 ft. hi^li ; the Madeira, Iceland, Sicily, Bourbon, St, Helena, Java, Sumatra, Tristan d'Acunha, Faroe .lud Azoro islands, with much of Celebes, Jajjan, &c., are mainly composed of lava and rocks, as sandstone and limestone, upheaved by volcanic actlDii. Such arc some of the effects of tliat tremendous power which in the liniuls of Omnipotence has played so important a part in the formation of the lialjii- able globe. During the most ancient times, and in the divinely framed language of in- spiration, silver is used as the ])rimary symbol to denote truth, Tnitii is as an ocean, vast and inexhaustible. Of a verity the symbol is in this iuKtiiuce true to its original, for such a thing as an exhausted silver mine has never been known witliin the memory of man. I'liny speaks of silver-mines beiu!; worked during liis time to the depth of a mile and a half. The old Spanish mines, opened long before tlic time of Hannibal, are still worked witli enor- mous profits ; the Hungarian i.iines, Avorkcd bj' the Romans long prior to the Christian era, are still productive; the South American silver mines have yielded great profits during 300 years. The silver mines in thellartz moiui- tains, and at Freiberg, Oermany, discovered during the 11th century, .iiul worked constantly ever since, yield a steady increase. The Mexican' silver mines have yielded, since tho "Spanish Conquest up to 1860, $2,039,100,000, and are even now enormously rich. In Sweden and Norway, silver mines worked before the discovery of America are still yielding profitfiblo retains. Tho Cerrode Pasco mines, Pern, discovered in 1030, from which 5,000,000 lbs. of silver liavc been taken in 45 years, are still productive. The entire silver yield of Sp.ain is at present about 100,000 lbs. troy per annum. In Bolivia, S. A, , the annual production of silver is at present about 450,000 lbs. ; licre aro situated the famous mines of Potosi, formerly belonging to Peru, wliirli are said to have yielded ;if 1,200, 000,000. Of the silver lode mining dis- tricts of Mexico and South America, the Sierra Madrc mines have violded .111800,000,000 ; Veta Madre, $235,934,036 ; Rio Grande, $050,000,000 ; 'Rovas, $86,421,015 ; Valencia, $31,813,486 ; Santa Anna, $21,347,210 ; Biscnnia, $16,341,000. The Russian mines in the Urals, according to Marshall, vielded in 10 late years, 65,330 lbs. of gold, 412,240 lbs, of silver, and C067 of pla- tina, from tho serpentine rocks. According to approximate estimates by the best American and German authorities, tho total product of all tho gold and silver mines in the world, from tho vear 1500 to 1874, is as follows : Pounds of gold, 17,000,000, valued at $6,450^000,000, Pounds of silver, 364,000,000, valued at $8,175,COO,C00. Total pounds of gold and silver, 381,000,000,000, valued at $14,025,000,000. In 1810 the annual supply of bullion to Europe was estimsted at $40,000,000, of which one-third was used for manufactures ; at the present day the an- nual supply is much greater. Tho wealth of France is about $ 40,300,000,000. Among civilized nations the greater part of this enormous mineral wealth ig absorbed by tlie coinage. Tho British mint has 8 melting f uniaccs, '.' cranes, and 2 pouring machines. Tho furnaces aro used three times per dav, and as each pot is about 420 lbs. they melt 10,080 lbs. in a day of 10 hours. The gold pots are about 100 lbs. and melt it in an hour. Tho gold Ijars are rolled cold to the thickness of the coin, and the silver bars hot. The 8 Eresses in tho mint strike 60 blows per minute, and produce 3600 coins per our for 10 hours, or at least 30,000 per day, making 240,000 for the 8 prcsse,'-. Good steel dies make 300,000 to 400,000 impressions before wearing out. A lb. troy of gold yields 40,'^% sovereigns, a lb, troy of silver yields G6?. (the allov is extra), and there are 107,520 halfpence in a ton of copper, worth £224. GiilHu estimates the wealcli of the United Kingdom at $39,?00,000,000. The ores fif silver, tin, copper, lead, &c., are generally found in v.h;,t aro called '• loihs," which resemble deep fissures hi the earth, filled up witliorc VORLD. I !fl o'.ve their oria;iii to I Siindwich islands, of I of Hurfuce find rises I tlio Madeira, Iceland. I i'Acnnha, Faroe and I mainly composed o( I 1 by volcanic action. 1 r wliicli in the liaiids | jrmation of the lialiii- | famed language of in- j to trntii. Truth is as ] nbol is in this instance j lilver mine has never j i of silvcv-mincs heino; j ilf. The old Spanisli till worked with eiior- Romans long prior to j ican pilver mines have les in the Hartz nioun- ;ho 11th century, and The Mexican'^ silver 3 1860, $2,039,100,000, | Norway, silver mines ing pro'fittiblo returns. )m Avhich 5,000,000 lbs. ;ive. The entire silver r annum . In Bolivia, .out 450,000 lbs. ; here onging to Peru, ■which ilver lode mining dis- Ire mines have yielded ^:(i50,000,000 ; 'Rovas, 1,347,210 ; Biscania, g to Marshall, yielded vcr, and C067 of pla- IIETAILS OF MINING. 947 2r merican and German mines in the world, Id, 17,000,000, valued ed at s^8,175,COO,C00. led at S14,025,COO.OOO. nnstcd at vrmons mineral wealth i melting furnaces, '- d three times per day, in a day of 10 hours. The gold bars are vcr bars hot. The 8 )rodnce 3600 coins per 0,000 for the 8 presses. fore wearing out. y of silver yields 66s. L ton of cojiper, worth lorn at SSO.rOO.OOO.COO. Uv fonnd in v.hr.t aro rth, fillod up with ore ir. and vein stuff. There are no ores of gold, but it is found to pervade simliar lodes in quartz rock. These lodes are known to penetrate the earth to pro- found depths, and most frequently assume the form of a wedge, with the thin end uppermost, widoiiing r.s n dcsccndii dov,nward;5 to r.n i!n1:n:)v.-n dis- tance. In some cases these lolding of timbers, from !s called mills or pusm :o be conveyed by car?, t, for elevation to the ;ed for filling material len this material is de- when the ore deposits hould be tamped solid. places, pillars of vein jitono may bo allowed to remain with good results. In Mexico, very oxtcn- sivo mines arc wholly sustained by i)illars of ore, the number, size, distance ajart, &;c., of which are clearly detincd by law. The fir.st i)roceFS in opening a mine is to find the lode, then a hole is usually driven straight down into the earth so as to strike the lodi;, as rep- resentod in Fig. 9. This is termed " sinking the shaft," wiiich is then curried down ni)on it as shown in the cut, althougii it frequently happous that tlie shaft is carried down on the lode from the surface. A.sthc shaft descends the adit level is driven ; this is merely a tunnel dug from the nearest valley or water-course right into the mountain or hill in which tlio lodo is located, so that all the water above the level will flow away of itself. Ill going deeper other levels are driven to the right and left, extending to prcat distances from the shaft, but always following the direction of the linlf, and these levels are interpenetrated at suitable distances by smaller shafts, called winzes, which arc of great use in promoting proper ventilation in tiie mine. As the workings are extended other shafts arc dug from the surface as necessity may require, ')iit they should bo at least "(X) ft. apart ; .iikI where a mine has more than one lode, a gallery or level, called a " cross- cut," is driven to it as shown at/, in Fig. 9. The size of shafts vary accord- ing to the duty required. To accommodate pumping and winding niachinory for elevating the " kibbles," or buckets of ore, by steam jiowcrj it ,';hould be from to 8 ft. in width and from 11 to 20 ft. in lengtli. Square shafts are usually lined in Avholo or in part with timber, and circular shafts are gen- erally "built up Avith stone. For a depth of from 50 to 100 ft. the elevation Fig. 12.— "Windlass. of the ore may be effected by means of a windlass, as shown in Fig. 12 ; in piuluug a " winze " from level to level, but not penetrating to the surface, the same means are used, but in deeper excavations it is usual to raise the ore by what is styled a " whim," worked by horse-pov<-er, as shown in Fig. 13, in which the cable which elevates tho ore is wound around a vertical drum. 'fig. 13 — IIORSE WUIM. The next illustration. Fig. 14. represents an imrenious miner's hoisting power constructed by Reynolds, Rix & Co., of San Francisco, who claim that 050 HOISTING .MA( III.NKUV. it will do the wcrk of a steam eiigino at onc-tcnth tlic expense, as ouo liorte cau easily lioiat by it 1000 lbs. at a depth of 500 ft. Fig. 11.— Mixer's lIoisTixa rowEK. For deep mines tlic liorso whim is pcncrally BuperKeded by reversible winding engine.?, Vig. 15, in wliich the chain or wire-rope i)a.«ncs around a horizontal drum, wliich i« driven with great rapidity by .steam-power, but this costly machinery is seldom apjiliod to mines nnless it is settled beyoud a doul)t tliat they v/ill become of permanent value. Fig. 15.— The Gkiffith & Wkdoe "Winding Engine. Water-power, if available, cnn also be used to good advantage for lower- ing into the mine timbers, tools, supplie?, &c. , and for elevating ore, pump- ing, &c. ,£- * llOIfiTINO MACHINERY. 951 expense, as ouo liorEo Tiff. 1<» represents .1 "kibble," or largo iron bucket used in rnisinR the ore ; it will hold ji ton, more or lesH. l""i^. 17, at a, reprcHent.s a contrivance running on wheels (on rails or gu'dcs of wood or metal) called a " skip," bb, represents the guide, cc, timbers of the shaft, dd, rock through which a. erfieded by reversible rope i^asscs aroiuul a by pteani-powcr, but ss it 13 settled bcyuud Fig. IC— A KnujLE. Fig. 17.— A Skip. Engixe. advantage for lower- ;levating ore, punip- tlio shaft is sunk. The skip has the lower end of one side hinged like a door, and will hold 2 tons or more if required. Formerly these contrivances were elevated by means of hemp ropes or iron chains, which in many cases caused dreadful accidents through frequent breakages. Of late years wire ropes have displaced the ropes and chains of former times, the tensile strength of wire rope being much greater, and its tendency to rupture being much less than that of rojies or iron chains, which are liable to part quite suddenly without the slightest warning, often causing fearful loss of life. Wire ropes never break without giving previous warning. Fig. 18. Fig. 19, Fig. 18 represents the manner of timbering tunnels when the rock is of a soft, crumbling nature, with a liability to cave inward, the cross pieces on 952 TIAIEERING OF MIXES. the tiiiiiiel bed bciiifj placed against the vertical posts to enable them to withstand the inward pressure. Fig. 1 from 1 sustain both vertical supports as the above timbering in square [uare 14-inch timbers n in rig. 23, four by mother to anj- desired support the roof and ior vacancies may be lin the stuUs or tim- upied by the miners with the liorizon an ;ize for tunnels is 3 ft. high, but the size liich it is driven, the of the other. As a excavations, &c., of importJinco that the In, otherwise loss of 'result. The timber )ark, and to ensure by means of little ling at suitable dis- bcessity for props of Ihich accumulates in linst the supports to Ises overhead, leans of rock drills, Thand tools for drill- Iper, needle or nail, \ steel, shaped like a a cartridge is iu- and fired.' To in- rrcaso tlio force of the powder, the upper part of the aperture above the |.()wder in (after the fuse is properly inserted) tilled with sand or clay, which is rammed down hard by means of a t(impui(/ bar, formed of hard ',vood, or of iron with a copper tip, which is struck with a heavy hammer. In many instances lamentable accidents have occurred by the use of iron or gtoel tamping bars causing premature explosions by striking fire against the sides of the hole ; hence tlie necessity for tlie use of wooden, or copper- tipped tamping bars, which never, under any circumstances, strike fire by concussion against the rocks. The hole being tamped, the projecting end of the sfifety-fuse is ignited, and while the combustible matter which fills the interior of the fuse is slowly burning towards ihe end inserted in the powder, the men withdraw to a sheltered place to avoid danger from the lly- nig rocks projected by the explosion. As nearly as can be computed the ••amount of powder employed in blasting should be just enough to si>Iit the rock ; in some cases this is effected by the action of fire without blasting. Fig. 23.— TlMBERIXG OF INIlNKS ON THK COMSTOC'K LODE. In using nitro-glycerine for blasting in mines, the advantages arc, that it requires a smaller hole than gunpowder ; it di.spenses with tamping, as water only is used (to fill the holes), in which it is easily ignited ; it is much cheaper than gunpowder, .and has, taken volume for volume, twelve times greater explosive force. See page G66. Lastly, it can, with j^ropcr ]>re- cautions, be easily manufactured on or near the spot who: it is required for use, the main conditions being, that syrup of glycerine shall be slowly WT^ sf M 954 QUAUTZ MA<;llIXERr. dropiKJd ill a compound formed of equal quantities of nitric and sulphuric acids contained in a strong vessel surrounded by ice, with a tliorough UfciUv tion of tlie mixture after each addition of tlio syrup. The nitro-glycerine, of an oily comix)sition, is removed from the surface and repeatedly waslicd witli clean water. It is liable to explosion during the process of manufac- ture, if not kept cold. Tlie disadvanUiges of nitro-glycerino are, that it is poisonous, and exhales l)oisonous vapors after being exploded, thus rendering its use impossible in confined workings under ground ; it explodes at a temperature of ."^Kjo Fahr. ; when pure it explodes by concussion alone, and when impure it is liable to spontaneous explosion. In quartz mining the grand primary step in beginning should be to deter- mine, beyond doubt, the value of the vein or mine. In "prospecting" a vein of the Ilake species, a shaft should be sunk on it to a depth of at least 100 ft. and a tunnel driven to correspond. If the ore on being worlced yields favorable results, the inference is that it is safe to invest money on a large scale iu the erection of suitable machinery for extensive miuijig operations. x. . QUARTZ MACHINERY. Among the appliances for this purpose may be mentioned ore-breakers, stamp batteries, grinders, amalgamators, concentrators, separators, cruci- bles, retorts, &c. The ore-breaker is used for crushing mineral substances into fragments small enough to be passed into the stamp batteries. The following cuts represent the Blake Ore Breaker, a machine widely known as having earned for itself the highest character for efflcieucy where- evcr it has been brought into use. ?4.— Breaker at Work. Fig. 25.— Sectional view of Breakeh. Its principal features are a heavy frame, in which are set two upright jaws, one of which is usually fixed, while the other has a slight vibratory movement imparted by a rotating shaft. Tliese jaws are wide enough apart at the top to receive the ore to be broken, but converge towards eadi other below, so that at the bottom the opening is only wide enough to permit the fragments to pass when broken to the required size. The working paitt are made enormously strong and massive to with.sfcind the strain and wear to which they are subjected in crushing rocks and minerals, .some of wiiicli will yield only to a pressure of 13^ tons (27,000 lbs.) to tlie square hich. One of these machines, weighing 11,600 lbs., and requiring 6 horse-ix)wer, with a feed opening of 15 x 9 ins. area, will reduce lOO to 150 tons of rock per d.iy to a size suitable for the batteries. Tlicse machines are made of various sizes ; some of them will take in a stone weighing half a ton iv\A reduce it to fragments m 5 seconds. The crank .should make about 180 revolutions per minute. For macadamizing purposes, a 15 x 9 machine will produce 100 cubic yds. of road metal pei day, the fragments l)eing Ij inn. in dlam. and less. The distance between the jaws at the bottom, which J THE STAMP BATTERY. 955 nitric aiul sulpluiric itli ;i thoioiigli ajrita- The nitio-glycerine, I repeatedly washed [)roces8 of maiuifac- jiHonous, and exhales its use impossible in temperature of ?i(i)° i when impure it is iig should be to detcr- [n " prospecting" a ,0 a depth of at least 1 being worked yields est money on a large ire milling operations. y. itioned ore-breakers, ovH, separators, cruci- ig mineral substances up batteries. ;er, a machine widely sr for efficiency where- i Ll view of BUEAKEn. , are set two upright as a slight vibratory ^re wide enough apart towards eacli other iioHgh to permit tlio The working parts the strain and wenr lierals, .some of wliicli to tlie square inch. [liring 6 horse-iwwer, I to 150 tons of rock lachines are made of [lung half a ton and lid make about 18^ . 15 X 9 machine will Igments l)eing Ij iiif- It the bottom, which 1 limits the size of the fragments, may be regulated at pleasure, and the weaving parts, when worn out, may be replaced by new plates at slight cost, Tliere are other ore brcikers in the market, as Alden's, Bullock's, &c., I irhich give very good results, and are iu every respect reliable machines. THE STAMP BATTERY. Fig. 26 presents a view of the method of wet-crushing by stamp batteries, ftith a r<>w of Hepburn and Peterson's amalgamating pans in front. In the rcir is tiio engine which supplies the motive ^wwer to operate the stamps, wliii'h ave r.iised by ca'ns secured to the horizontal shafting shown in front iif tlio vertical stamp stems. The liquefied mass of ore i)asses from the bat- teiios through the perforated sheat-iron, or wire screens, into the sluice liiixes displayed in front of the batteries. The battery comprises the frame ii.sii.illy formed of strong timbers), stamps, mortars, stamp-stems, cams, omii-shaft, tiippets, shoes, dies, guides, and screens. in operating on a large scale, mortars are usually arranged to accomo- date three, four, five, or .six stamps each, but mill men of long experience int'fcr the live-stamp mortar, and round instead of square stamps. Tiie im-shaft is a round bar of iron, usually about 4^ ins. diam., turned, finish- t'i, and with the cams secured on it by means of keys, is frequently used to oiMHite from 5 to GO or more stamps standing in line. The lift of the stamps is effected by the cams operating on tappets which project from the stiiiup stems. The iatter are of wrought iron, turned, tinishcd, and fitted into the stamp head, which is formed of the toughest ca.st-iron, and armed ivitU a "slfoe" formed of the best cast-steel or white iron, on the lower part, next the mortar die. The shoes may be removed and reidaced by new ones when they are worn out. The mortar dies should be foi*ined of the same material ah the shoes, and well secured on solid timber foundations with one die under each stamp. The sUimp guides are usually formed of the liardest wood procurable, and are fastened by iron bolts to the cross ties uf the battery timber frame. The screen in general use for working ores by the loet process, is formed ftf the best Russia .sheet-iron, perforated by piuiches ranging in size from the number nine to the number one sewing needle. In working oros by the liry process, the screen is generally made of wire, ranging in fineness from 100 to 10,000 meshes to the inch. The capacity of a stamp weighing 650 lbs., with 00 12-in. drops iu a min- ute, is equivalent to the reduction of 2^ tons of hard, tough ore in 24 hours, Slid the power used is nearly ^ horse-power jier ton of ore. To obtain the liest results in feeding the rock into the battery, the rule among in-actical mill men is to grade the supply of rock so that the blows of iron to iron Avili bi heard every 10th or 15th stroke of the staiu]), and the weight of water to rock required for the reduction of gold or silver ore is as ih to 1. In constructing a stamp-mill, the primary object should be to secure a «te of at least 21 or 22 ft. elevation, in order to so arra. ge the different iiors that the material under manipulation shall pa.ss by its own gravity from (jue stage of the i)rocess to another, and the location should, if ix)s.siblo, he in close proximity to the mine from which tlio mineral products arc ob- tiiiied. The foundations under all the machines must i)osse.«s absolute tjibility : if the bed-rock, owing to its deptli, is not availaldc for founda- tion purposes, brick or stone work, or timber mud-sills must bo substituted. For stamp batteries, vertical timbers, strongly bound together, resting on the bed-rock, or otherwise properly secured, will be found in every respect ti) form the best possible foundation for the mortars. The vertical position Rives easier access for making repairs, the removal of defective timbers, 4e., together with less concussion from the blows of the stamps than when the foundation timbers occupy a horizontal position. . 1 » f h a. » H to C /■ K 'A ARRANGEMENT OP GOLD AND ilLVEli MILLS. 957 The entire appliances of tlie mill, consisting of the brcsent in tho ure treated by this process, is transformed into cliloride of silver, which is soluble only in a hot solution of salt, but the chloride of gold is soluble in water, as described above. Retorting of Gold Amalgam. — Tho retorts in common use are cone- sliaped cast-iron vessels with circular bottoms. The cone is attiiched to the "Piter part by a clamp and wedge (tho joint between being luted Avith clay) aud is provided with an exliaust pipe iu syphon shape, tho shorter arm ot ^^f 060 METALLURGY OF SILVER. wliicli is screwed iuto the cover, while the longer one passes through a vos- sel filled witii cold water (or a wrapping of wet cloths may be used instead) during tlio time of oi)eration. The interior of the retort should be dusted with wiiiting, meal, or any other suitable substance, to prevent the amalgiim from adhering, and then filled jiot over two-thirds full, this precaution being necessary to prevent the apparatus from rupture by the choking of the ex- haust pipe, or from any other cause. Apply the heat first of all to the upi)er part of the retort and the 8hort.ftrm of the pipe, then to the lower part, in- creasing the heat gradually to all parts, but never going much higher thau a, bright cherry red. The quicksilver, volatilized by the heat, passes over and down the long arm of the pipe, through the foudenser, and into the receiver, which is usually a vessel filled with water. CKUciiir.K.>?.— Crucibles are used for melting metals, compounding alloys, reducing ores, assaying, &c. For full directions for making crucibles, con- sult pp. 491 and 502. Ingot Motldh. — These are formed of cast-iron with a trough-shaped cavity, slightly wider and longer at the upper part than at the lower, so as to permit tlie easy dislodgemcnt of the ingot. This is further promoted by oil- n»g the interior of the mould previous to use. In estimating the capacity of an ingot mould, it is usual to rate each cubic inch for gold at 3125, and for silver at $4.25. Flux. — In metallurgy or chemistry a flux is a substance or mixture used to promote the fusion of metals or minerals. Black flux is used by in- troducing slowly in small portions, into a crucible heated to a very dull red heat, a compound of either equal parts of cream of tartjir and nitre, or two parts of cream of tarter and one of nitre. White flux is compounded of cue part of cream of tartar and two parts of nitre. METALLURGY OF SILVER. The methods in common use for the extraction of silver from the ore may be classified as follows : 1. Amalgamation of unroasted ores in iron pans. 2. Amalgamation of roasted ores in barrels, iron pans, steam tubs, &o. ;3. Patio process of amalgamation in heaps. 4. Smelting Avith lead ores, or lead, and final separation of the silver by cupel lation. Amalgamation of Unroasted Ores in Iron Pans.— This method, known among miners as the "wet proce.ss," is in quite extensive use for grinding the unroa.sted ore (after passing through the stamps and settling tanks) with water into an impalpable slime. The limited capacity of t! first pans proved a barrier to extensive operations by the wet process, tlic small quajitity of ore operated on, and the long time required to work tlic charge, being serious drawbacks to rapid progress. Figures 28 and 20 pic- sent a view of the common iron pan, in which a is a wooden cross in wliiili wooden blocks, 6, with iron shoes, c, are fastened by the bolts, d ; each shoo has a pin, e, fitting into the wooden block, in order to prevent its moving ; on the shaft, //, is the yoke,/; the two ends of the yoke fit in tlie holes, /i, of the cross, a, but not too tightly, so that the muller can descend as the shoes wear away. Steam is passed into the slimy charge of ore through the pipe, I; k k are discharge pipes ; m is a false bottom of iron, formed in one piece, and 2 inches thick. In these pans the muller revolves with a grinding action, like a millstone, reducing the previously pulverized ore to the finest slime, and intermixing the quicksilver with the mass. The Wheeler & Randall Excelsior Grinding and Amalgamating Pan, rep- resented by Fig. 28, takes high rank as an efficient machine. It is of cast- iron, has the couoidal form, the centre rising as high as the rim, and moulded MKTALLLRGY OF SILVER. 961 passes through a ves* may be used instead) itort should be dusted prevent the amalj^iini , this precaution being lie choking of the cx- Rrst of all to the upper to the lower part, in- ing much higher tliau er and down the long ho receiver, which is i, comiK)unding alloys, making crucibles, con- Avith a trougli-shapcd n at the lower, so as to irther promoted by oll- isual to rate each cubic substance or mixture ack. flux is used by in- atedto a very dull red irtjir and nitre, or two is compounded of cue VER. ilver from the ore may ted ores in iron pai)> pans, steam [ting with lead ores tubs, &:o. IPaks.— This method, luitc extensive use for |e stamps and settling iiiitcd capacity of tlo y the wet jirocess, tlic required to work tlio 'igures 28 and 29 pic- 'oodcn cross in wlii^li [ho bolts, d ; each sl.oc prevent its moviii;; ; |oko fit in the holes, /i, can descend as the rge of ore through the )f iron, formed in one j-olves with a grinding [rized ore to the finest lalgamatingPan, rop- Jachine. It is of oast- Ithc rim, and moulded go that its vertical section forms the tractory curve, or curve of equal wear, teeming perfect uniformity in the wearing of the shoes on the muUer and the dies. The muller is i)ro|)€lled by a centre shaft, tiio upper part of wluch is a screw to which tho muller is attached, and is pr'>peUed by gear Fig. 28.— COMJIOS Amalgahatikg Pait. Fig. 29. wheels on the under side of the pan. The muller is attached by a large nut and secured to its place by a key which entors a slot tut tijmu one side of the lorew. The bottom is pr<)vided with a steam ch.inibcr or false bottom ; tlio Ji^'tiince between the muller and the dies is regulated by a screw on tho out- side of the pan, which, by means of a bent lever at the bottom, raises the ertical shaft, lifting the muller from the surface when required. In charging, the mnller is raised a little, so as to revolve freely, water in admitted tnrough the hose or pi[)e, the ore, as it comes from the stamps and 962 METALLURGY OF SILVER. BCttling tanks (ores containing much antimony should bo roasted) is shovclledl in, and steam is introduced through tlic steam cliamber in tho bottom, orl directly into the pulp, tho latter method giving tho lughcr temperature I Keep the heat at or near 200° Fahr., turn off tho steam if tho pulp bccomenl too thin, and allow it to thicken by tho evaporation of the water while tlicl temperature is maintained by means of the steam chamber. Do not paggl the exhaust steam, charged with oil from the cugino, direct into the palp, as I JiP«w*ii«»»i Fig. 30.— "WUEELEU A>-D RAXDALL'S AMALGAMATING PAN. it prevents amalgamation ; use live steam from tho boiler for this purpose but the former may be used in the steam chamber if desired. The pulp, i too thick, causes a waste of power, if too thin it will not amalgamate well After commencing to grind, tho muller should be gradually lowered ; 2 hours the ore should be reduced to a fine pulp ; at this period quicksih is supplied by pressing it throtigh canvas, so as to scatter it through thepulj METALLURGY OF SILVER. 9G3 )o roasted) is shovelled Qber in the bottoiu, ot ) higher temperature, n if tho pulp becomes fif the water while the hamber. Do not paw direct into the pulp, as I in a finely divided state ; tho nuillcr is tlicn nliglitly raised from tho bottom, 1(0 avoid );ri tiding the quicksilver, whicli would ilour it, and tho action ig I continued for 2 hours longer. I Tho proportions used to charge one of these pans with 4 ft. muller, are : lore to the charge, 2000 lbs., quicksilver, 30 to 70 Ids., varying witli tho quality Fig. 31.— AoiTATon. I.MATIXO Pan. Doiler for this purpose I desired. The pulp,' Fig 32.— Wheeleb's Agitatoh. [the ore ; revolutions of muller per minute, 60 to 05. Many chemical com- i^Tamaigamate well. """^^ have been used iu treating raw ores containing sulphide of silver, in ifTricluallv lowered ; ii ^^^ ^ promote the decomposition of the ores, but their use was more prev- S 4 „«!..{ ^,1 niiiMrsihei *"'' of late years than at tne present time. A number of practical receipts Sen{ Sroug^iSepu^ ""'-^kiug them wfl be found below. D04 MKTALLLUGV OF SILVEU. The grinding; and niuali^nmntin^ boiiijj completed, the pulp 1m dilntwl with water and disciiarged into the noparator, when it is thoronj?hly washed in plenty of clean water. During the lirst twenty minutOH but little water flhould bo added to the sllino in the separator ; after that time it may b« fllled nearly to the brim by a small stream of pure water kept ruuninp for 30 minutes or more if necessary; then one after another, beginniuR with the highest, draw the plugs from the holes and allow the pulp to run off slowly, clean water being allowed to flow into the machine at the same time. In the conoidal separator (capacity, 10 tons of ore in 24 hours) the amalpim is deposited with tno quicksilver in the bowl and spiral groove at the cit- cuml'ercnce. Tlio bulk of the quicksilver is withdrawn through a hulo in the bottom of the bowl, and is treated by being washed, squeezed, and lu- torted. In silver amalgam conUiining lead, squeezed at a temperature of 144"— 180" Fahr., the lead passes ofi with the juorcury, but if squeezed jit n lower temperature, it will remain in the bag. Tho pulp is convoyed from the separator into agitators, or other inventions used for tlie pnrposn of c(i Ifcting the stray amalgam or quicksilver which may bo discharged aloiij; with the coarser sand froni tho separator. Tho agitator is usually a tub, 2 or 3 ft. in diam. and about 12 ins. liiuli, fitted with an upright, on which aro arranged 4 jirojecting arms carrying stirrers. See fig. 31. Wheeler's agitator, represented by fig. .'52, is about 8 ft. in diam. ; tlie sides aro formed of wooden staves from 25 to 30 ins. high, and tiio bottom is composed of cast-iron, dipping towards tlio centre, ending in tho cavity //.for the accumulation of tho quicksilver ; thi,^ i.s always kept full, and when the pans aro discharged tho surplus quicksilver passes away by the syphon shown in cut. Tho tailings pass away continually through a pipo §ths of ai; in. in diam. and 4 in. from tho bottom, shown at k, and tlio lower jiipp, /, 1 in. in diam., ia tho discharge i)ipe when tho agitator requires to bo cleiinod another discharge hole is represented at o. Chemicals used ix Vauiois Mills in Tueatino Silver Oues by THE Pax PiiocESS. — Tho following ]n-actical receipts are transcribed from Guido Kustel's valuable work, entitled, "Processes of Gold and Silver Ex- traction." Tho allowance in each ca.se is for 1 ton of ore. «. Chloride of copper, 13 lbs. ; common salt, 60 lbs. 6. Chloiido of iron, 13 lbs. c. Siil- ghate of iron, 1 lb. ; sulphate of copper, 8 lbs. ; common salt, GO lbs. (/. ulnhuric acid, 3 lbs.; sulphate of copper, 2 lbs.; salt, 15 lbs. e. Sulphuric acid, 2 lbs. ; alum, 2 lbs. ; sulphate or copper, 1^ lbs. f. Sulphate of cop- per, 18 ozs. ; sulphate of iron, IG ozs. ; sjvl ammoniac, 8 ozs. ; common salt, 2 lbs. (/. Alum, 1\ lbs.; sulphate of copper, l^Ibs. ; salt, 40 lbs. h. Muri- atic acid, 30 ozs. ; peroxide of nianganeso, 8 ozs. ; blue vitriol, 10 ozs. ; green vitriol, 10 ozs. i. Common salt, 15 lbs.; nitric acid, 1 to 2 lbs.; sulphate of iron, 1 to 2 lbs. k. Common salt, 25 lbs. ; blue vitriol, 2 lbs. ; catechu, 2 lbs. Note. — a, b. c, are calculated for ore containing 260 to 500 ozs. of silver in sul- § burets. All chemicals, except salt, are used in Bolution. The salt is cliargel Elf an hour before tho chemicals are put in. These chemicals are not well adapted for treating ores containing sulphur, arsenic, or antimony ; they should be roasted. Description OF the Machine.— A, Driving shaft ; B, Cylinder ; CC, Levers to stulBug boxes ; D, Lever for pressing upper shoes uixm the cylin- ders ; E E, Upper shoes or dies ; F, Inside of cylinder ; G, Concave bottom of casing ; 1 1, Outside of casing. Instructoxs for using Beatii'.s Amalgamator and Separatok.- Two of tho amalgamators being in operation with one separator, each amal- gamator is to 1)0 charged with 800 or 1000 lbs. of ore as it is collected from tho batteries ; at the same time add sufficient water to keep it at a thick, pulpy consistency ; you then add fom 10 to 50 lbs. of quicksilver, according to the character and riclmess of tho ore. The machines are kept in opera- tion until the reduction and amalgamation are complete, which time will vary from 2 to 4 hours, according to the character of the ore being rediucti. liOASTINU OF SlLVKn OKEB. 1)65 h\, tlie pnlp Is dilutol t is thoroiij?hly wusIkkI iiuitoH but littlo water r that tiino it may b« atcr kept rnuninp for iiother, besimiinR with w tlio pulp to run oil cliine ftt tliG Bainc time. 2-4 liours) the nmalpam liral Rroovo at tlic cii. ,wn through a liolo in ilied, squeezed, aiul u- d at a temperature (>[ y, l)ut if pqueczoil at ;, pulp is convoyed from for tlie purposo of (ol. y bo discharged aloiij,' Lud about 12 ins. liiuli, ojectiug aruja cariyiiij; 5Ut 8 ft. in diani.; the high, and the bottom is iding ill tlio cavity //.for kept full, and wiieii tlio s away by the syphon irougli a pipe §ths of ai; and tlio lower jiipo, /. L- requires to bo cleaned riNO Silver Oues by ;3 are transcribed from of Gold and Silrcr Ei- of ore. a. Chloride of of iron, 13 lbs. c. Siil- •mmon salt, (50 lbs. it at a thick, quicksilver, according lies are kept in opera- .iplete, which time will the ore being reduccii. After tlio oro is sufflcicntly reduced and aranlgaraated, tho pulp in dis- charged into tho Boparator, and tho machhio is immediately re-charged without stopping. After tho pulp is received by the soprator, it is to bo thinned with water to a consistency that will allow tlio quicksilver and amalgam to precipit«t« Mid still retain sufflcioiit body to keep the coarser particles of tho pulp ■«»- jicnded in tho water witli the slum. RoASTiKO OP Silver Ores. — Argentiferous ores are more productive ifheu roasted than when worked raw. Tho volatile components of the ores aust be expelled by heat, and this is effected in two ways, viz. : in heapt 'tin furnaces. By the former method the ore, generally as it comes from be mine, is piled in alternate layers with fuel, the bottom layer being of food piled in angular form in order to permit free circulation of air. For bo upper layers coal or wood may be used, the proportion of ore to fuel trying from 1 to G, to 1 to 18 ; fine ores, or ores abounding in sulphur re- [Biring less fuel than coarse ores, or ores poor in sulphur. Antimonial or ir arsenical ores, with little or no sulphurets, should contain r.n nddition of 966 BOASTING OF SILVCR OSES. 2 or 3 per cent, of calcined green xitriol before being roasted. The fire U ip^iiitcd through vertical openings extending downwards tlirough the heap to the ground layer ; these apertures are closed when the fire is thoroughly kindled, and the smouldering i)roce8S is continued for weeki and months, the sulphur iu the ore supplying fuel to the fire, while tlie intensity of the heat ro?>y be controlled to any extent by closing or opcniu; the draft holes or chimneys. It sometimes occurs that ores similarly iuter* stratified with fuel are roasted in iuclosures resembling kilns, provided with side openings. Tho roastiupear9 as sulphurous t ?e of heat, no decora- IX on of the sulpluUes aild, the temperature wil. begin. This takes! rsulp ^atCB give off van- sulph. teof soda, while rith an^ native metals in ■ets in . uch a manner! sulphur as chloride of , colorido v ith the liber- the salt and sulpl.ate Ivor, being compounded n contact with common sUver combines with 5 the oxygen and bodiura d into sulphate of soda, •ious reactions, muriatic urets and earthy mat- ;tion previous to roast- rabiuing with sulphuric lianged throughout the tes or quartzose orci he lime into sulphate. rimary use of tlic sul- salt required for chlo- \Pr9Ctsm of Silver ani\ it was the rule to sub fcgh Bulphnrets to siv lyed for that purjiosc, ed with other ore, or t( itity of Bulphurcts vsii Mexican claims in tb ,tz, contains pilver bu1-| kelding from 6 to 8 pel IS a satisfactory result,] 80 condiiion of the o:^ the roasting must Id greatest part of tw kd cause an imperii "The quantity of sulphureta has a great influence on the result of roast- is;;. Ore like that of the Ophir or Mexican mines, containing silverglance, [polybasite, brittle silver ore, native silver and gold, some iron, and but little topper pyrites, will give a good result by roasting, even when less attention is paid to the time and diligent stirring, than, for instance, with the so- kllcd 'base-metal ore,* which abounds in copper pyrites, ^inc-blend, sul- phurct of lead, etc. Tlie presence of base metals causes a higher loss in Wver. The chloride of silver is not volatile, except at a high temperature. JBat it has been observed that, in the presence of oasc-metal chlorides, the iloride of silver volatuizes also. The increased heat increases the volatil- tiou, but decomposes the base-metal cliloridcs. By keeping a low heat, e loss of silver is less if the zinc-blend is not argentiferous, the latter uiriug a higher heat to effect decomposition. But in roasting at a low iwt, the base-metal chlorides remain in the ore, and causo more los.s of [dcksilvcr in the subsequent amalgamation, aud require more metallic iron the barrels ; besides, the bullion contains a great deal of base mctnjs. treating such ore in the roasting-funiaco, tlio application of steam is xantiigeous, creating hydrochloric acid by the decomposition of chlorides, the same time becoming a dccomposuig agent for tiie sulphnrets. The lydrogcn of the steam decomposes also the chloride of silver, which, upon liug reduced to a metalli' condition, by its affinity for chlorine, in turn jomposes the hydrochloric acid. The silver may thus change repeatedly m metallic condition to the chloride, while the base-metal chlorides are re- iced to oxides, and in that state do not interfere with the amalgamation." RuAo-:::;o, Calcining, and Chlobidizino Silver Oriss in Furnaces. ' f the many f umaces^ and for this puriiose, the reverliatory kind is by far e best The interior surfaces should be constructod of the best fire brick, .ced edgeways, the exterior walls may bo of stone or common brick, and whole structure should be throughly braced with iron rods and well- oued previous to being used. The reverberatory furnace is constructed er "^ith one, or two hearths, as may be desired ; the calcining and loridizing being effected on the lower hearth, while the roasting and hatization is uono on the upper one. On the upper hearth the pulvcr- orc is placed to a depth of from 2 to 4 ins., the heat is maintained at a temperature, not over a brown or dull red, with frequent stirring of i8 ore, aud the supply of air should be abundant. To promote oxidation ' control the temperature, a jet of steam should bo used. When the ores itaiu arsenic, powdered charcoal in small quantities may be used to good vantage, and if the ores are poor in sulphur, from 2 to 3 per cent of the Iphate of iron mity be added. The roasting and sulphatizing will be com- ited in from 4 to 5 hours, when the ore is permitted to drop through nu rturo in the npi>er hearth on to the lower one, where lor some time it in it at a temperature but slightly higher than that previou.«lv noted, but Ik rwards raised and maintained at a cherry red, and should never exceed brii^ht red, the ore being stirred meanwhile, during the calcining and pidizing processes. When the calcination is effected, which will bo in \m 4 to 5 hours, a melted and well pulverized mixture of common salt, ] 7 parts of cold calcined ore, are added to tho hot ore on the heartli ilculated at 15 parts), and the whole mass i.s completely intermixed by jroiis stirring. This latter, called tho chlorination process, will usually ppy {vbout 15 or 20 minutes. IA3IALOAMATI0N IN Dr. Yeitch's Steam Tcbs.— The primary difference pcen this process and the last noted consists in the employment of tubs cad of barrels and the use of steam directly in tho pulp. Tlio tubs are [ut 4 ft. deep and 4 ft diam. The bottom is made of cast-iron witli three jnlar apertures for the reception of cast-iron perforated plates ; below |the steam-chambers. The holes are about 2 ins. apart, and very small. ic centre of tho tub is a vertical shaft, susi^endcd in a box outside of tho 968 AJfALGAMATIOX BY PATIO PROCESS. h- , tub. There arc three arms attached to itj each having three arms of coppc or iron plates hanging perpendicularly m concentric lines. Tlie niovalj] cover has an orifice in connection with a flue by which the steam and som quicksilver are conveyed into cooling tanks. In operating, the steam is projected tlirough the perforated plates iiit( the pulp, and impels the quicksilver in spray, orglobules of every size, in stream througli tlie entire mass, causing an intimate blending betweeu t!; ore and tl)0 mercury. The nine iron plates (or if there is much copper i the ore, copper plates should bo used) pass through the ore edgeways, wit a circular motion, and agitate the pulp, the decomposition of the chloride meantime progressing very rapidly by means of the heat and impact a;;aiii< the plates, which present a surface of nearly 3600 sq. ins. of surface to CO or 800 lbs. of ore. If the ore has been properly roasted amalgamation wi be clTected in 5 hours. Argentiferous ores, intended to be treated cither b this, or the barrel amalgamation process, should be free from metallic roIi or it must be extracted previous to roasting the ore, for subsequent to ron- ing, the gold is not, like silver, in a soluble state, but in a met-iUic conditioi usually coated with an o.xide (especially if in contact Avith sulpharct lead), which renders the amalgamation of the gold extremely difficult. _ ^^ _^ S.M^-^^^^^; ;V iklLli Fig. 34 — Amaloajiation by Patio Pkocess. Amalgamation by the Mexican or Patio Pkocess.— The Siaiiii word Pafto denotes .a yard. The ores best adapted to this treatment ai ruby silver, brittle silver ore, polybasite, stromeyrite, iodyrite, silverglaiic and chloride of silver. Silver ores containing gold are unfit for trcatrac unless that metal htis been previously extracted by some other procci Argentiferous zinc-blend, pyrites, and a few other combinations cannot ' treated unless perfectly roasted. Silver ore combined with antimony ni copper should be slightly roasted i^revious to treatment. Argentifcroi lead ores and gold ores arc utterly unsuitable for treatment. The amalgamating yard is levelled off, paved with granite blocks bricks, encompassed by high walls, and is generally left exposed to I atmosphere. Over this pavement, tlio silver ore (previously dissolved to impalpable slime, by me.TUS of arastras, stamps, or other macliincry) deiwsited and spread to a depth of from 7 to 12 ins., and surrounded by io close curbs. Next, salt, in quantity to conform with its quality .niifl t richness of the ore, is added to the mass and tlioroughly intermixed by boi turned with shovels and trodden by horses, mules, or oxen. See fig, The chemical action of the salt produces chloride of silver and dcsulplu izes the sulphides. The mass is then allowed to rest one whole day. Magistral, i. c, coi)per pyrites, roasted and pulverized, are add< 1 to t mass one hour after the treading, turning, &c., begins, the quantity varvi with its quality, the temperature of the season, and the richness of tlic oi the primary effect of the magistral being to revive the silver by deprivinj of cnloriue. 1 i locrss. SMELTING OF SILVER ORES. 969 ng three arms of copp ric lines. The mov.ililJ lich tho steam and soinj c perforated plates iuti )bulc3 of every size, in j to blending betweeu t!;l licre is much copper il . the ore edgeways, wit| Mjsition of the chloride heat and impact afjaind 3q. ins. of surface to Gff isted amalgamation wil d to bo treated cither bj ; free from metallic golJ , for subsequent to ronrf t in a metJillic conditio^ ntact Avith snlphnrct extremely difficult. Process. PuocKS.'*.— Tho Sianiii id to this treatment ar |tc, iodyrite, silvergUuic are unfit for trc.-itrac by some other procci combinations cannot 1 fined with antimony ai tatment. Argentifcro catment. Avith granite blodis left exposed to I lly iously dissolved toi ^^^^^,^^ |^,^^.^ ^^^ affinity for some part of tho' mineral under treatment, either or otner maciimcn i jj^^,^ jj.^ dissipation or form with it a fusible compound or slag, which ami surrounaeu o> 11 ^^^^^,^ lisjiiter than tho metal, is frequently separated from it, either by being itu Its q".""Yi, oi l''i^\iiofT from the surface, or permitted to rest until the metal is with- Thiy mternuxea in uci^f,j^^,,^ ^^^^^ \)e\oy,'. The kind of liux to be used depends largely upon tho Tlie nexi addition is quicksilver, which i.s usually added in three charges tho ore by being .< sulphide. In smeltiug ores containing gold and silver it is not necessary to chaiigi or vary tho process by reason of the presence of the former metal. Treatment of Silveb Ores by Silesian Process in a Cupol Furnace.— The raw argentiferous galtua and the necessary iron-flux an first broken into small pieces and thoroughly mixed, when they are passu into the cupola so that tliey will occupy the rear of tlie chamber, while tin fuel is placed iu the front part. The blast is applied so that a gi-adunl fu sion results and the cuix)la nearth becomes overspread with molten lead an floating slags, owing to the reactions of the sulphur and iron combined will oxygen. At proper intervals, the lead, all ready for cupellation, is with drawn througn an orifice in the bottom of the furnace and the floating slagi through a higher aperture ; the more valuable portion of the slags, matt. Doing composed of the sulphide of iron and lead with silver iu miu ute quantity, are put through an additional treatment of roasting am fusion. The proper proportions of a charge are : argentiferous galena, wel broken, 100 parts ; broken slag from iron forge, 14 parts ; cast-iron, 12 pjirts coal, 126 parts. In the Raumelsbero Process of Cupola treatment the ores of argcn tiferous galena loaded with a large surplus of impurities and foreign rauttei are first treated either in Heaps in the open air or in Reverberatohi Furnaces. In Heaps, ores rich in sulphides of zinc, copper, and iron ai thoroughly intermixed with galena, and graded according to the dimensioi of the blocks, the largest below and the smallest at top, in a fabric erect© to a height of several feet upon a thick substratum of wood. The whole covered with a layer of granulated roasted ore, to exclude an excess of aii The wood being kindled, ignites the sulphides throughout the ore, which in heap containing about 150 tons, will keep smouldering away for from 4 to months. This constitutes the first roasting, which is to be followed by series of roostings, to continue until the volatile cumponents of the ore ui expelled. In the Reverberatory Furnace the ore is first roasted in tho usual nianne to the proper degree of oxidation. The furnace dooi* is then closed, tli heat raised, and the charge fused. The silicates of lead, lime, &c., generated, and with the sulphate, oxide, and sulphide of lead are spreai upon the floor of the furnace, cooled off, and broKen into lumps about th size of oranges, the dimensions best adapted for treatment in a cupoli (uniace. In charging tho cupola the right proportions are : roasted ore, 140 purti TC. BABREL AMALGAMATION, ETC. 971 hiplily silicious slags, 40 parts ; litharge, 1 to 2 ports. The ore, intermixed with the slags, aua pieces of old cupels, should be reduced to the size of ordinary potatoes, and well mixed. Apply a vigorous blast, fuse and treat tli» slags, matt, and lead as noted under the preceding process. Cupola Treatment or SiiiVER Ores. — Mexican Process. The ore. uncontaminated with lead, and largely composed of sulphide of iron aua quartz, sulphide of silver, &c. , is well mixed with half its weight of charcoal and roasted iu kiln-like enclosures exposed to the atmosphere. Sometimes dry wood is substituted for charcoal, and the roasting is accomplished in circular structures with an interior diam. of 4^ ft. ; height the same, built of adobe, or sun-dried brick, with a capacity (including fuel) of 1 ton of ore each. The roasted ore (from these kilns), with the proper fluxes, being thoroughly mixed, the cupola is charged in the following ratio : charcoal, 50 to 75 parts ; roasted ore, as above described, 75 parts ; litliargo, 100 jKirts ; matt of former operations, 25 parts ; lead slags, 16 parts ; cui;cl bottoms, IG parts ; native carbonate of soda, 16 parts. The blast being ap- plied, fusion takes place, and the metal drawn off at stated periods is cnnt into ingots ready for cupellation, while the matt secured is finally returned to the furnace to aid in the fusion of future charges of ore. Amalgamation by the Foster-'Fibmin Process. — In this process the quicksilver is atomized by steam, compressed air, water, or other equivalent medium, and forced, after tiie manner of the well-known sand blast, throngii a Btrcam of falling ore which may be either wet or dry. While in the act of entering the amalgamator the ore is impinged upon by a stream of mer- cury which escapes from a small receptacle at '.\., rear of the hopper (con- taining the ore) through an inner pipe. The flow of ore and mercury is broken up and carried forward by steam or air pressure. The ore which flows into the amalgamator is discharged into the washer, where it is heated by steam and worked for a short time until it is mulched sufficiently to flow evenly. Water i.s then injected into the chamber at the bottom of the washer, when the bulk of the mercury is withdrawn and the waste flows into the first settler of the series, and the water passes on until it finally escapes from the lower settler. The mercury is deposited iu the central conical space in the vessels, from which it is removed occasionally through tlie discharge cocks. One of the settlers is provided with amalgamated copper plates, which are vibrated by the action of the water, thus efTecting the arrest of the fine particles of gold or mercury carried in the water as it lasses between them, while any gold leaf which may float on the surface is retained by partition. Tlie inventors claim that with their apparatuf they have obtained the entire quantity of metal contained in the ore and have recovered from 98 to 100 per cent, of the mercury used, the whole operation from the commence- ment to the production of the amalgam being completed within one hour, at a very low cost, thus rendering the working of poor ores profitable. During a recent public trial of this apparatus, silver ore was passed through a single amalgamator at the rate of 3000 lbs. per hour ; 99 per cent of silver and OTJ per cent, of the mercury were recovered within an hour. During another similar trial ore was passed through at the rate of 3,000 lbs. per hour, 97.^8 per cent, of mercury and silver togetlier Avere recovered in 45 minutes, and within half an hour (li liour from the start) 97 per cent, of the silver was crucibled ; subsequently an additional auaiitity of amalgam was collected ami treated, bringing up the result to fully 99 per cent, of silver and 99^ per C€i t. of mercury recovered. I Barrel Amalgamation of Silveu Ore.— The following account of the .„.„ „. . Jtreatment of silver ores by barrel amalgamation, at Halsbruecke, near Frei- n into lumps about tnjberg, is from Phillip's ifetallurf/y, and closely resembles similar methods treatment in n cupolBnow used in Nevada :— The usuai comiwnents of the ores there treated are linlphur, antimony, arsenic, silver, cojjper, lead, iron, and zinc, which are roasted ore, 140 partJ Jmoro or less mixed with var'ous earthy minerals, besides sometimes con- eltlng silver ores is tli if lead is not combinei eto. In smelting siWei iwunds, are these, viz. sulphide of silver, tin m alloy with excess ol ,'er argentiferous lead i: und of silver and leai ange on the silver ; lea inferior metals ; luide ate of lead and the sul silver, if any be present, B part sulphide of lea' ; sulphide of lead .iw [ state, react upon eaiii and on the other, metal sulphide of lead at tin ead and silver coini)ii; I noted is formed int ) not necessary to changi I former metal Process in a Cupol i necessary iron-flux ai d, when they are pasw the chamber, while th ed so that a gradual Iu ead with molten lead am ' and iron combined witli for cupellation, is with ,ce and the floating slag .rtion of the slags, oi lead with silver in miu^ itment of roasting am entiferons galena, well arts ; aist-iron, 12 parts Iment the ores of argen •ities and foreign raatter| or in Reverbkratok lie, copper, and iron a •rding to the dimeusioi top, in a fabric erecti of wood. The whole txclude an excess of ai jhout the ore, which in ing away for from 4 to is to be followed by imponenta of the ore a Lted in the usual mannei Idoot- is then closed, tlii J of lead, lime, &c., lide of lead are sp: 972 BARUEL AMALGAMATION. taining Braall quantities of bismuth, gold, nickel, and cobalt. In tho Kelec* tlou of these ores, thoy are so assorted as not to contain above 7 per cent, of lead, or 1 per cent, of copper, as from combining with tlie mercury added these metals give the amalgam a pasty consistency, and thereby render- the treatment extremely ditHcult and expensive. The mixture of tho different ores obtained from the mines is so arranged that the charges of tho furnaces shall contain 75 to 80 ounces of silver to tho ton of mineral ; it is also essentia that tliey sliould contain a certain proportion of sulphur. This iisually ex- ists iu the form of iron pyrites, which, on being roasted, gives rise to tlio for- mation of the sulphate and oxide of iron necessary to the success of the sub- sequent operations. If, as is sometimes the case, the amount of pyrites naturally occuring in tho ores is not sufficient for these purposes, addition is made either of this mineral, or, in some instances, of ready-formed sul- phate of iron. Tho ore, when thus prepared, is laid on a large floor, 40 feet in length and about 12 in width, ana on the top of it is thrown about 10 per cent, of com- mon salt, which is let drop from an npper room through a spout ])laccd in the floor for that purpose. Tiie heap, wlien it lias been thus made up of alter- nate strata of ore and common salt, is well mixed by being carefully turned over, €ind is subsequently divided into small parcels called roast-posts, cacli weighing from o\ to 4^ cwts. Tho salt annuallj"^ employed for this purpose at tho Halsbruecke works amounts to 300 tons, and is supplied by the Priis sian salt-mines. The mixture of ore and salt is now roasted in reverberatory furnaces pro. vided with fume-flues for the reception of any pulverulent matters wliidi may be mechanically taken over by the draught. The jirepared charge is spread on the bottom of the hearth, where it is at first very gently hcnted for the purpose of expelling the moisture, which to a greater or less extent it variably contains. During the process of drying, which usually occupiei two hours, the charge is kept constantly stirred by a log iron Vakc, and wlien this operation is considered sufficiently advanced, tho heat is so far in creased as to cause the ignition of the sulphur, and to render the ore red-liot. The furnace is kept at this temperature for about four hours, during which time the metals become oxidized, and sulphurous acid gas is rapidly given off, whilst the ore is by constant stirring prevented from beconiini agglutinated in masses. The temperature is now still further raised, an^ sulphurous acid is again given off, together with vapors of chloride ol iroi and hydrochloric acid. Tho hydrochloric acid generated at this stasjc o tlie operation is duo to decomposition of the chloride of iron, by the iictioi of oxygen and watery vajwr. Tliis last firing, which occupies about lliiee ?|uarters of an hour, is continued with constant stirring until a sample take! rom the furnace ceases to evolve any odor of sulphurous acid, and has to its object the decomposition of tlie sea-salt by the metallic sulphates pro duced. During this process the ore increases considerably in volume, nm assumes a deep brown color. When the roasting is terminated the cliaig< is raked from tho furnace to the floor of the establishment, from wheiico| after liaving been allowed to cool, it is removed for the purpose of bein; passed througli a set of flue sieves, by which the finer powder is separati fro!n the agglutinated lumps. These are broken down to a proper size, am after being mixed witli a fresh quantity of sea-salt arc again roasted in tin usual way. Tlio finer particles are, on the contrary, taken to a pair of licav ill ill-stones, where they are reduced to the state of an impalpable powdei / 1 tho Halsbruecke works there arc 14 roasting-f urnaces, and as many pai '>i granite mill-stones, which, together, are capable of preparing and grindiii .(C'out 70 tons of oro per week. The ore, after passing through the mil •••• .Ic)i makes from one 100 to 120 revolutions per minute, is sifted throng dressing apparatus, which renders it as impalpable as the finest flour. The amalgamation of this prepared oro is performed in 20 wooden casln arranged in four rows, and each turning on cast-iron axles, secured to tli . cobalt. In tho selec* »iu above 7 per cent, of ith the mercury added ncl thereby render- the lixtiire of tho different charges of tho f uniares iieral ; it is also eupcntial hnr. This usually ex- ed, gives rise to the for- ) the success of the 8ub- the amount of pyrites lese purposes, addition 5, of ready-formed sul Dr, 40 feet iu length and )iit 10 per cent, of com- Ligh a spout ])laced in the tluis made up of alter \f being carefully turned called roast-posts, each iployed for this purpose 3 supplied by the Priis rberatory furnaces po verulent matters wliicli The prepared charge is irst very gently heated, a greater or less extent , which usually occupies )y a log iron rake, and !ed, the heat is so far in o render the ore red-hot )OUt four hours, during irons acid gas is rajiidly •evented from becomini itill further raised, nn( pors of chloride oi iroi aerated at this stapc o le of iron, by the uctidi 'h occupies about tliree iug until a sample tahci lurous acid, and has k metallic sulphates pro iderably in volume, m terminated the clung lishment, from •whenic the purpose of bciii; .er powder is separatci wn to a proper size, ai !u-c again roasted in t ;akcn to a pair of hcav an impalpable powde laces, and as many pai preparing and grindiii ^sing through the mil linute, is sifted throng 2 as the finest flour. ned in 20 wooden casV on axles, secured to t BARHEL AMALGAMATION. 973 ends by means of bolts. Tlicse barrels, which are 2 ft. 10 ins. in length, and 2 ft. 8 ins. in internal diameter, are made of oak stave* 3^ ins. in thick- nes.^, and arc further strengthened liy iron hoops and binders. On one of the ends of each tun is placed a tootlied wheel, which works into another toothed wheel, mounted on an axle, which receives its motion directly from ,1 water-wheel. Above each of the tuns so arranged is placed a wooden case, into which is thrown tho prepared mineral, and which is furnished with a leathern hose, for the purpose of introducing the powdered ore into tho different barrels. With thi.s view, cacJi cask is furnished with a circular opening, and an iron or wooden pin, which is employed for running off, at tlie termiuatiou of tho process, the argentiferous amalgam. Fig. 35.— Barbel Amalgamation. Tho basins, situated ininiediately above each tun, are of such a size as to exactly C(;nt:iiu the amount of water necessary for one charge. Below the tuns, and a little above the surface of the ground, are placed triangular troughs, deritiuod to receive th(3 various elaborated i^roducts at the termina- tion of tho operation. At the commencement of the operation, 3 cwts. of water are run into each barrel from the reservoir, after which 10 cwts. of tho finely-ground and sifted ore are introduced through the hose. To this iuo added from 78 to 100 lbs. of wrouglit-iron, cut into fragments of about an incli square, and three-eighths of an inch in thickness, and which, in proportion as they become dissolved by the action of the substances by which they are associated, are replaced by fresh pieces. The casks are now ti;,'litly closed b\' screw-st()|)pers, and as soon as they have all been charged, the apparatus is thrown into gear by tho means of a screw, and the sliding block, which cause the tuns to rotate with a rai)idity of from 18 to 20 turns per minute. At the expiration of two hours the machinery is again stopped, and the tans are opened for tho purpose of examining the state of the nietalliferous paste which thny contain. If the charge is too firm, a little water is added ; but if, on tho contrary, it is found to be too liquid, a small • 4 974 BAKRKL. AMALGAMATIOX. quantity of powdered or© is thrown in. When this lias been attended to, 5 cwts. of jnercury are poured into each cask, and the tuns, after being se- curely closed, aro again thrown into gear, and kept constantly revolving for 10 or 18 hours, nt the rate of from 20 to '25 turns per minute. During this time they aro, however, twice examined, for the purjjose of seeing whether the paste wliich thay contani bo of the proper consistence ; for if it be too thlclc, the particles of mercury aro not sufliciently brouglit into contact with the silver contained in tlie ore, .and if too nuich water has been added, they remain at the bottom of the cask, and aro not sufficiently mixed witli the different constituents of the charge. In the first case it is necessary to add a small quantity of water, and, in the second, a little powdered ore. After the introduction of the mercury, the temperature of the casks becomes ecu- siderably raised by the chemical changes constjintly going on within, Botliat, even in winter, it sometimes stands as high as 104° lahr. At the expiration of 20 hours the amalgamation of the silver is ordinarily complete, and the tuns aro now entirely filled witli water, and again made to turn 2 hours, with a velocity of only 8 revolutions per minute. The amal- gam is by this means separated from the sliinv matters with which it was mixed, and collects in one mass at the bottom of the tuns. AVhen this ag- gregation of the amalgam has been accomplished, the different casks are successively thrown out of gear, and are stopped with their apertures im- mediately over the spouts. A small peg in the bung is now removed, and the liquid amalgam flows out and is received in the triangular spout ; iho workman closely watches this period of tho operation, and the moment any of the earthy matters begin to flow from tho orifice, it is again tightly closed. Tho mercurj' is now run off through the iron tube, into tho gutter, by which it is conducted into a receiver prepr.red for that purpose. 3G.— Barrel Amalgamatiox. Tho casks are now turned with their apertures upward, and as soon as the bungs liavo been removed, they are again brought back to their former ,)K)sition, and tho muddy residuum'is discharged into a spout from which it flows into large reservoirs situated at a lower level. This residuary ore is found to be stripped of its silver to within about 5^ ozs. to the ton, and is therefore often subjected \.o anoth.er amalgaraution. The emptying and dis- charging of tho casks occupies about two hours, and the whole process is therefore finished in less than 24 hours. In 14 days KiO tons of mineral are treated in this establishment, every 5 tons of which require an expenditure of 15 lbs. of metallic iron, and 2 lbs. 12.? ozs. of mercury: so that every pound of metallic silver produced is obtained at an expense of 0.95 of an ounce of mercury. During the first 2 hours that the casks are set in action, and before the in- troduction of the mercury the sesquichloride of iron contained in the ore ii BARREL AMALGAMATIOX, ETC, 975 a» been attended to, 5 tnns, after being se- )nstantly revolving for minute. During this ose of seeing whether enoo ; for if it bo too ught into contact with r lias been added, they cicntly mixed with the it ia necessary to add powdered ore. After he casks becomes ecu- ;oing on within, so that, ahr. the silver is ordin.nrily water, and again made per minute. The anial- tters with which it was B tuns. When this ag- lio different casks are ith their apertures im- f is now removed, and triangular epout ; the 1, and the moment ant , is again tightly closed. to the gutter, by which ose. X. I p ward, and as soon as back to their former . spout from which it This residuary ore is )zs. to the ton, and is ;iie emptying and dis- the whole process is GO tons of mineral are jquire an expenditure jercury : so that every expense of 0.95 of an ion, and before the in- contained in the ore ill decomposed by the metnlllc iron present, and converted into protochlorida. If, instead of operating in the way described, the mercury were immediately introduced into the casks, it would, by reacting on the prochloride of iron, become partially converted into calomel, which, not becoming again reduced during tno subsequent stages of the operation, would bo productive o£ a considerable loss of thi.s valuable metal. This inconvenience is, however, completely avoided by the action of the metallic iron, as the protochloride thus formed is entirely without action on metallic mercury. The chloride of silver contained in the roasted ore is held in solution with the chlorido of sodium, and, becoming reduced to the metallic state by tl»e congtant agitation with the metallic iron, combines with the mercury to form a liquid amalgam. The chlorides of lead and copper are decomposed at the same time aa the chlorides of silver, and enter into the composition of the amal- ganiproduced. wlieu the residual earthy matters are drawn off from the casks, the pieces of metallic iron are retained by means of a grating, whilst the slimes, after being run into proper receivers, are conducted into pug-tubs, where they are constantly kept stirred with a large quantity of water. These tubs are furnished with openings at various distances from the bot- tom, by which the muddy water is successively drawn off, whilst a certain quantity of amalgam is found collected at the bottom of the vessel. This is collected at the close of the operation, and added to that obtained by tapping directly from the amalgamation tubs, as before described. The mercury and amalgam obtained from the casks is afterward filtered through close canvas bags by which the liquid quicksilver is separated from the pasty amalgam, which is retained by the closeness of the web, whilst the mercury passes through into reservoirs prepared for that purpose. The pasty amalgam which is retained in the bags consists of a mixture of six parts of mercury and one part of an alloy compK}sed of about 80 per cent, of silver, and 20 of a mixture of copper, lead, bismuth, antimony, gold, nickel, zinc, and some other metals. This mixture is subsequently heated in a distilla- tory furnace, and is thus freed from the adhering mercury, whilst the non- volatile constituents of the alloy are obtained in the solid form. Mr. Kostel remarks : '* The'amalgamation in barrels is not adapted to ore containing gold. Unroasted ore has been tried with chemicals unsuc* cossf ally. Tlie construction of the barrels does not differ much in the differ- ent works of Nevada Territory. They have a cylindrical shape, the diameter and depth being nearly equal. The staves are 3 or 4 inches thick. There arc two sizes in use. The smallest, capable of receiving from 1000 to ISOO pounds of ore, are 32 inches each way ; the larger, receiving a ton of ore, measure from 44 to 48 inches in the clear. Ayeb's Process of Treating Silver Ores.— By this process the ore, as received from the mine, is subjected to the action of intense heat in a fur* nace, and afterwards thrown, while still hot, into alkali water or brine, which has the effect of crumbling it into smuU pieces ; the fragments are subjected to additional reducing processes, and afterwards amalgamated. Fig. 37 represents Keiit^Ji'method of arranging barrels for amalgamating. The amalgamation is effected by the rotary motion of the barrels, aftei which the mass is discharged through large spouts into tiie agitator below, where the araalg.ira accumulates at the bottom. The following is Mr. Kent's account of his improved process of treating gold and silver ores. " By this ' improved mode of preparing ores,' the ore is not only desul- ])hurized in the best and cheapest manner, but the base metals are converted uito soluble chlorides, wliich are not readily decomposed by heat, and may be subsequent!" removed by washing the prepared ore, or by the water used in the process of amalgamation, and the gold is thus left free and bright, and in the oast possible condition for combining with the mercury used in that process. " To effect this object, the crushed ores or tailiuga are simply mixed wlt!l ¥m ■■■' "'"f- 970 KKNT S AMALUA.MATIN<; l'i:o. LSS. a solution of common salt, and mndo into cakes, lumps, or bricks, which are tlien calcined in a coniniun kil)5, hucIi as is used lor burning linio or bricks. In this process, the sulpluir in the ore is oxidized by the oxy^'ru o( the atmoHplierc, and tiie sulpliuric acidtiiusi)rodiiced immediately combiiios with the Boda in the salt, forming sulphate olsoda, and liberating tlio mini. ati'j acid, whicli in its turn attacks tlic base metals, forming ciilorides of copper, zinc, antimony, etc., together with chloride of silver, and leaviiij; metallic gold. All the acid used in the process is j)repared in the process it- self, and the chemical changes are produoed in tlie nascent state, which in the nmst favorable condition for elTeotlng them, and the sulpliur being tliim combined with the soda, a snuvlier proportion escapes into the atmosphere tliau when ores are simply roasted aloue. Fig. 37.— Kent's Amalgamating Barrels. '* By the application of the salt in solution, one bushel will make sufl3« cient fcr a ton of ore ; and by making the ore into bricks, which may be done witc. one machine, at the rate f)f 25 tons per day, the use of expensive revcr- ber; tory furnaces, as used at Freiberg, is avoided, and 25 tons of gold or silver ore, in a conmon lime-kiln, or 1200 tons in a brick-kiln composed of the caked ore in the form of bricks, may be calcined at one operation, in the cheapest and best manner, without aiu/ furnace at all, by the passage of a current of hot air through the interstices of the brick so formed. " After the chemical decomposition of the ore is thus effected, it becomes 80 soft that it may be ground with common burr-mills, at the late of 40 bushels per hour, for amalgamation in barrels, or it may be ground and amalgamated at the same tiuie, by the use of the Washoe i)ans. When two different kinds of ore are mixed together, in suitable ))roportions, before caking, which is sometimes of very great advantage, and the calcination and amalgamation are done in the best manner, about five times as much gold or silver as from crude ore, or from sevent3''-five per cent, to the full assay valne, may be obtained." Extraction of Silver ey Hot Process in Copper Kettles. — This ESH. inpH, or brick«, which lor burning limo or ized by the uxyj^fu of iiuiucdiati'ly combines id libcruting tho niiiri- , forming cliloridcH o{ i)f silver, and leavinj; ijired In the prooesft it- iiiisoent state, whicli is tlie Huli)hur being tliiis I into tho atmoBphete MixrruES OP ores, etc. 9" (IRELS. shel will make suffl- ks, which may be done use of expensive rever- id 25 tons of gold or rick-kiln com)ios-'od of it one operation, in tlio , by the passage oi a so fornina. Mseffected.it becomes lis, at the late of 40 mav be ground and ;hoei)ans.' When two jle ))roportions, before nd the calcination and e times as much gold cent, to the full assay ppER Kettles.— This process is mainly used in South America, on ores rich in native silvor, or in tlio cliloride, iodide, or bromide of silver, which are first linoly i>uh crired niul concentrated l)y washing, and tlicn placed in kettles fitted with cooper l)<)ttoins where they are boiled witli a considerable volume of water. I-rom 10 to 15 per cent, of salt is then introduced into tho boiling mass and tlior- oiigiily stirred. Next, quicksilver, of less weigiit than that of the silver pioseiit, is added to tho pulp, with continued stirring, adding more quick- silver whenever a test di.scloses tho slightest dryness in the amalgam. Lastly, tho amalgam and gangues are separated by washing ; tho amalgam is squeezed, retorted and refined, while the gungues, if desired, may bo sub- mitted to tho Patio process. In the Parke Process, lead containing silver is fused in massive cast-iron lints, and melted zinc is added and well intermixed. Tlic fire is then with- (liawn from under tho pot, and tho mixture is allowed to rest for a brief period, while tho silver and zinc, separating from tho lead, rise to the sur- fiuo of tho molten metal, and arc skimmed off as long as tho alloy con- tiiuies to rise. Next, the scum alloy combined with some lead is heated in n iiciuation retort ; the silver and lead fuse, and are then in large proportion coutiucted into proi)ared moulds. Tho alloy thus obtained is afterwards cupelled, and tho alloy of zinc and silver remaining in the rctoit is sub- mitted to distillation in order to effect a ]>aitial separation, while the silver thus obtained is deprived of its impurities by cupellation. The propoitions used in charging tho jwt are : argentiferous lead, (i to 7 tons ; quantity of silver to the ton of lead, 10 to 15 ozs. ; estimated quantity of zinc to each oz. of silver, 1.5 to 2 lbs. The alloy should be stirred from 10 to 15 hours after tlic addition of tho zinc, and the proportion of silver (to the ton of alloy) when ready for cui)ellation sliould bo 1000 ozs. The Liquation Process is based on the i)rinciplo th.it an alloy of lead and coi)per, melted together, separate if slowly cooled, but cohere in intimate union if quickly cooled. A compound of copper and lead, if slowly heated to near tlio melting point, Avill also separate, and tho silver, if anybo pres- ent, will go with the lead. In practice, .in alloy of copper and silver, or copper matt (as it comes from tho smelting furnace) containing silver, is molted Avith about four times its weight of lead in a cnpola, and cast in annular plates, which are rapidly cooled. These circular plates are termed liquation cakes, and arc arranged in a liquation furna(!o, on their edges, with alternate layers of charcoal. The latter being lighted, the heat is raised to a degree slightly less than the melting point of copper, when tho silver and lead fusing, are conducted to a receiver, while tho copjjer, in a iionev-combod condition, remains in the original form. If tho separation H'oves dofective tho cakes may be submitted to tho further treatment of a ligher degree of heat in the sweating furnace. Tho sci)aration of t. o silver from tho lead is finally effected by cupellation. Tiie following mixtures of ores and fiuxes are noted in Mr. Kustel's excel- lent work, as jwssessing reliable proportions for smelting purposes. No. 1. Mixture fok Oues without Roasting, ani> hefore Litiiargr IS Ohtained from the Manipulation.— Silver ore, 100 lbs. ; Granulated lead (or 200 lbs. lead ore), 85 lbs.; Soda ash, 25 lbs. ; Iron, 25 lbs. ; Limo (:ui(l 25 lbs. slag, when obtained), 3 lbs. No 2. Mixture for Roasting Ore.— Sihcr ore. 100 lbs. ; Griuaulated le:id, 85 lbs. ; Soda ash, 20 lbs. ; Iron, 8 lbs. ; Lime, a lbs. No. ;). Mixture of Silver Ore aftiii Products of Smelting are AT Hand.— Silver ore, 100 lbs. ; Granulated lead, 25 lbs. ; Litliarge, 75 lbs. ; Hearth, 10 lbs. ; Soda ash, 15 lbs. ; Charcoal, 5 lbs. ; Iron, 8 lbs. ; Lime, 3 lbs : Slag, 25 lbs. When the melting is executed with an addition of lead ore, Nos. 2 and 3 do not require granulated lead, but it is always very useful to add suffl- ♦ient litharge. The quantity of flux required depends much on the quality of the ore. If the slag is too thin it is not necessary to use so much soda- 978 TKKATMKNT OF SILVEU ORES, ETC. tiftli. Tlio inixturo in introdiicod with a Bliovel \vhcn tho furnace is nt a. wliito lieat, mid Hpread siboutS or 6 iii8. deep, to about liaK tlio length of tho flux, between tlio door and tho crucible. The door is closed, and tho firinK continued so that the flaino roaches the end of tlio flux. The ore will 8oou begin to melt and run into tho crucible, when a new charge must bo intro- duced as soon as tho melting oro makes room for it. Stir the chiirun thorou;(hly with a long iron bur, and continue tho process until tho crucible is filled. Use tho furnace illustrated on pajje 983. Trkatment of Sii.veu OiiES iJV Sor.uTiON. — Auf/xtstin'.^ Process. Tlin f»rinciple on which this process is based is the solubility of chloride of niher n a hot concentrated solution of common salt. Tho ores, wliich should 1* free from zinc, antimony and arsenic, are first submitted to dry crnshin;; In Htimps, and further pulverized by grinding in suitable mills, after wliicli thoy aro roasted in a reverberatory furnace at a low temperature, with a fi'co admission of air. A thorough, uniform roasting, nt a dull red licnt, i)romotos tho formation of various sulphates of the difterent metals present. This object being attained tho Iieat Is increased to a cherry red, by ^y)licll the aforesaid sulphates (with tho solo exception of tho sulphato of silver) are decomposed. The sulphate of silver is next converted into chloride of silvor by adding common salt, previously melted, ground, and intermixed with cold oro, to tho hot oro in tho furnace, with wliiv-a it is thoroughly incor- porated by vigorous stirring Tho apparatus for tho hurried portion of tho process consists of tho fol- lowing, arranged in tho order of mention, viz. : 1 spacious lie^vting reser- voir, a set of dissolving tubs, 2 largo settling cisterns, 4 precipitating tubs to each dissolving tub, and 2 roomy receptacles, all arran'»ed on descendiiij; steps. Tho aforesaid tubs aro nearly circular In form, and aro arranged with filters composed of straw and broken sticks, covered with cloth. Each tub is divided into two unequal divisions by means of a vertical partition placed on tho filter. Tiio chlorldizcd oro being placed into tho largest divisions of tho dissolv- ing tubs, a hot salt solution, sufflcient in quantity to completely sjitunite tho oro, ia conducted into tho tubs from tho heating reservoir aforesaid, niid allowed to remain one hour. Tho outlet cocks of tho heating reservoir and tabs aro now opened, and tho hot salt solution is pcrmittol to filter through tho ore in the tubs, and pass off through tho smaller compartments througli apertures at first above the level of the ore, and afterwards througli orifices near the base of tho tubs, into tho largo settling cisterns above noted. Tho current is shut off when it is ascertained by a piece of clear copper that no trace of silver exists in tho filtrate. Tlio next step is to place copper (copper cement) in each of the upper two precipitating tubs in tho different classes of four, and wrought scrap Iron in each of tho corresponding lower two, and conduct tho chloride solution slowly from tho settling cistenis by filtering it through the various precipi- tating tubs into tho largo receptacles below. The chemical effect is to pre- cipitate tho silver by means cf tho copper it; ;ho upper tubs, and tho copper in solution, if it bo present in tho ore at fu-s:, is ])recipitated by tho iron in tho lower tubs. The silver is removed ovary tkreo days from tho preclpitat- iug tubs and refined, wliilc the filtrate iv tl-o largo receptacles is pumped into tho heating reservoir foi: future opv^mti'jns. Tho ore, previous to roasting, should contain at least 20 per cent, of sulphur, and tho proportions of the charge to tho furnace, should be, of ore for roasting and calcining, 500 lbs. ; melted salt, pulverized, 35 lbs. ; roasted ore, cold, and mixed with tiie salt, 220 lbs. ; time of roasting on upper hearth of furnace, 4 to 4i hours ; calcining on lower hearth, 4 to 4^ hours ; time occupied in chloridizlng, from 15 to 20 minutes ; heat of salt solution, 131" Fahr. The depth of copper in the precipitating tubs should be about G ins., of iron in do. (provided' tho ore contains copper in quantity worth saving), 6 ins. Tlio timo for dissolving and precipitating will occupy 20 to 24 houi-s ; solution of salt run through each tub to 1000 lbs. of ore, 2()0 to 250 cubic feet ETC. ill tho fnrnaco is nt n ; linK tho leiiftth of tho closed, niul tlio firing iix. Tl>e ore will soon charge must bo iiitro- r it. Stir tlio charRo >ce8S until tho crucible f/ttstin's Process. The ty of chloride of nihcr ores, which should l* ;tcdtu dry cruBhiu;; Ijv iblo mills, after whicli w temperfituro, witli a \g, nt ncious licnting reser- 4 precipitAting tubs to •an'j;ed on descendiiiR rni, and are arranged !rcd witli cloth. Eacli of a vertical partition visions of tho dissolv- ompletely satunite tho servoir aforesaid, and h citing reservoir and littcd to filter through onipartmcnts througli afterwards througli ettliug cisterns above ed by a piece of clear each of the upper two •wrought scrap iron in tho chloride solution tho various precipi- mical effect is to pre- tubs, and the copper iitated by tho iron in B from tho precipitat- eceptacles is pumped least 20 per cent, of •xce, should be, of ore ized, 35 lbs. ; roasted sting on upper hearth to 4^ hours ; time of salt solution, 131" ould be about C ins., tity worth saving), C cupy 20 to 24 houre ; 200 to 250 cubic feet TRK.VTMKXT OF SILVER ORES, ETC. 979 TREATJnoT OF SiiA'En Orks by Sclphuric Acw.—Freibfrf/ Proce»$. Tlie arocntiferous cop])cr matt, aa It comes from the f imiacc, is tlioroughly pulverized, roanted and chloridizcd as in tho last described ]>rocess, in tuba, And aubmitted to the action of hot sulphuric acid. l)y this means tho cop- per and iron (if any is nrescnt) aro dissolved, whllo the silver rcmaiui intact. Tho copper solution i.s conducted into vats, and crj'stallized into Bulphate of copper, whilo tho intact rcmaiuder, conUiinii)g tho silver, is smelted with lead ana cupelled. Treatment of Silvkr Onrs ry Solution.— Z/frfo/yrJ'a Process. Tlio ore, of tho class described under Aupu tin's process, is effectually pul- verized, roasted and calcined to dccompo: i ho sulphates of iron and other inferior metals, the sulnhato of silver only remaining unaffected. The test of complete calcination Wing a slight blue color given out by a small ouantity of the roasted ore when thrrtwn into water. The process is prcdicatea oji tho solubility of sulphate of silver in hot water, tho sul))h.itized oro being treated in every way as tho chloridizcd ore in Augustin's process, with the solo exception that pure water, at a temp, of 149*? Fahr., is used instead of tho liot salt solution. Treatment of Silver Ores by the R.vmmelsbero Process.— Argen- tiferous granulated copper ore is placed in tubs exposed to tho atmosphere, and submitted to the action of hot sulphuric acid, which is slowly flowed over it in a Broall stream, converting it into sulphate of copper. The solu- tion o£ dissolTCd copper is conducted through an arrangement of troughs, in which it is deposited in tho shape of rough crystals, whilo tho liquid por- tion is returned and reheated, to bo again poured over the oro in tho tubs. The next step is to wash tho rough crystallized salt deposited in tho troughs, conduct it into vats, and allow it to recrj'.stalliio. Tho silver present in tho ore will be found in tho dissolving tubs, and is finally smelted with lead and cupelled for its silver. Pattinson's Process. — 1st. This process is founded on these facts : If a melted alloy of silver and lead is stirred whilo cooling slowly, crystals of lead form and sink, which may be removed by a drainer. A large por- tion of tho lead m.iy thus bo separated from the silver. 2nd. Cast-iron pans, capable of holding about 5 tons each, provided with fire-places, are arranged in a series, as A, B, C, D, £, F, G, iu a straight line. 3rd. Tho raotal of ores containing silver and lead as it comes from ordinary smelting works, is melted, for instance, in pan D, and then allowed to cool very slowly. The metal, whilo cooling, is stirred, especially near tho edges of tho pan with an iron bar. As soon as crystals form and sink to the bot- tom they aro taken out with an iron drainer, raised to n temperature some- what higher than that of tho metal bath. From one-half to two-thirds of the charge is thus removed to pan E, and tho balance taken to paii ('. Other charges of D aro similarly treated, and disposed of iu like manner, except that tho crystals of E go to F, and tho balance to D, and tho crystals of C go to D, and tho balance to B. Thus, after .successive meltings and • drainings, the .illoys, rich in silver, pass to A, while tho lead, almost entirely deprived of silver, goes to G. Tho alloys obtained in pan A are then sub- , jected to cupellation. 4th. Tho lead of an alloy treated by this process j often contains less than Si in silver to the ton. Tho silver of the enriched I alloy should not exceed $600 to tho ton. — Quartz Operator's Iland-Dool:. To Purify Mercury.— Quicksilver, to be in prime condition foramnlgani- ating purposes, should bo free from impurites and forei;iii substances, as zinc, bismuth, lead, &c., which impair its power for combining with tlic precious metals. To effect this the impure quicksilver should bo distilled in a common covered retort, or if this is net available :i retort may be readily improvised by using a common quicksilver flask and an iron pipe bent in tho shape of a sjqjhon, tho short leg of the pipe being inserted in the flask in the orifice .it the top. whilo the long leg, a y.ird or more in length, extends downwards below the bend, and must, while in operation, be kept cold by means of wet 980 CUPELLATIOX FUKXACE. cloths and cold water. Fill the retort two-thirds full with the impure qnick- Hilver, apply the heat first of all to the short leg of the syphon and the upper part of the retort, then to all parts of the flask alike, keeping tiie discharge end of the syphon in cold water, within the receiver. Keep the heat regular and do not hurry the distillation. Lastly, treat the distilled quicksilver, in thin sheets, by frequent agitation with 2 parts of pure writer and 1 part nitric acid, maintaining meanwhile a temperature of 120*^ Fahr. for several hours. The operations may bo re- peated until the impurities are removed, when the quicksilver may be ijourcd off for use. To Restore Quicksilver WHEN "Floured," or " Sickened,"— "When quicksilver becomes inoperative through being "floured," or "sickened," or in a state of minute division, or in the scum form, the tioublo may be rec- tified by the addition of 1 part of sodium to 2000 or 2000 parts of quicksilver by weight. With a very slight degree of heat sodium and quicksilver com- bine with a powerful affinity for each other, forming sodium amalgam, which possesses an energetic chemical attraction for the precious metals and some other substances. Its nse is of unquestionable value in extracting gold or silver from swcejnngs, in the treatment of gold-bearing quartz in batteries, barrels, pans, arastras", &c., or in amaljjamating silver ores in which the sil- ver has been reduced to a metallic condition. Fig. 38 CUPELLATIOK FURNACE. CupELLATiON OF GoLD AND SiLVEK.— This process is based on tiie ro- fractory nature of these precious metals and their afilnity for lead in a ttate of fusion, conjoined with tlio well known tondcncy of the hitter metal to ox- idizo while being subjected to the action of heat. The alloy, compo.sod of lead, gold, and silver, or lead and gold or silver, is fused in a furnace con- structed with apertures for the admission of n, blast of air, and the exit cf the litharge, vapors, &c., dissipated by the heat. Figs. 38 and 30 represeutfi a furnace of this kind. The -iron pan is 4 ft. in diam. with a throat, /, 15 REFIXINU OF GOLD AND SILVEK. 981 rith the imyure qnick- syphoii and the upper keeping tlie dischurgo Keep the heat regular by frequent agitation itainiiig meanwhile a peratioHH may bo ro- iisilver may be jwured ' Sickened."— When red," or "sickened," lie tioublo may be rcc- K) parts of quicksilver and quicksilver coni- ng sodium amalgam, e precious metals and line in extracting gold ing quailz in batteries, • ores in which the sil- Flg. 39. is based on tiie rc- ty for lead in a {^tato c latter metal to ox- alloy, composed of ted in a furnace con- air, and the exit of 1 ."^S and 39 representfl with a throat, /, 16 inches long and 12 wide for the escape of the litharge, which falls upon the cast-iron plate, rj. The pan is filled with wood-ashes, marl, bone-ashes, or a combination of pulverized limestone and clay, well beaten together. The bars of lead are passed in at i, where a fire-tile is placed inclining slightly inward, and the blast, introduced at /, is directed on the surface of the fused alloy on the hearth. This connects the melted load into an oxide of lead or litharge, which is partially al)sorbed by the porous substance of the cupel and partially dissipated by the heat. If copper, or other inferior mei.\ls bo present in the alloy, they will also bo oxidized. The base metals being thnu dis.sipatcd, absorbed, aiid oxidized, the gold (and silver, if any is present) will remain a brilliant mass on the hearth of tho furnace in a nearly pure condition. If any lead remain it can be removed by the humid method of assay. Rkfinino of Gold and Sri.vEU.— If, after cupellation as above described, tlie metal obtained bo .an alloy ol gold and silver, it is submitted to, 1st. Qitartation: This consists in the alloying of one part of gold with three parts of silver. 2d. Omnulation: This is performed by passing tho prepared melted alloy through tho fine meshes of an iron sieve into water, or upon a bundle of wicker or small branches lying in the water. PartUvi : This is ef- fected by submitting the granulated metal to tho .action of boiling nitric acid or concentrated suli)huric acid. For this purpose use a glass vessel and 149 oarts nitric acid of specific gr. 1.32 to 100 parts of silver. This dissolves tho pilver and any base metals that may be prer.ent out of tho alloy, leaving tho gold pure. Reduction : In this process the gold is removed from tho dissolv- ing vessel and further treated by boiling in nitric acid, tlien washed, dried, and melted in a crucible with a llux of nitre and cast into ingots. Tho silver in tho parting solution may bo precipitated by means of copper plates or by a solution of salt. In tho former case tho precipitate is punfied by washing in water, then pressed, melted with saltpetre and pulverized borax, and oast into ingots ; in tho latter case tho chloride of silver is melted with a llux of carbonate of soda or other suitable flux, then run into bars. FiiXiXES FOR Reducixo PHOTOGRAPHIC Wastks.— 1. Jilack Flux — C'roani ozs. Uso 14 ozs. suljUiide to 1C ozs. of ihix, and treat as before described. 7. Flu.r for Toiiinr/ tiatli /*;wi;n/(j/('— Gold pre- cipitate (dry) 8 ozs., saltpetre G lo7 ozs. Fill the oruciblo not over half full, bring to a bright red heat, and tho gold obtaiued will be nearly pure. 8. Fhi.cfor Chloride of Silver — Carbonate of potash 8 ozs., powdered rosiu 1 oz. Mix tho chloride (well dried) with half its weight of tho flux, tamp tho crucible nearly three-quarters full, with a thin layer of salt on top, and submit to the fire. U. Flux for Old Collodion y-'i/jns—S.altpetro 8 ozs., carbonate of potash 4 ozs. Use li.ilf as much flux as ashes. To obtain the best results from these fluxes, they must bo kept in well-stoppered butilca. 982 DLSCRIPTIOXS OF FURNACES, ETC. USED IN DESCRIPTIONS OF FURNACES ROASTING ORES. Fis9. 40 and 41 represents the ground plan of a furnace used for roasting silver-ores in which a is the hearth-bottom, composed of the hardest bricks, placed compactly edgewise. The ore to bo roasted is introduced at the aper- aturc, c, Fig. 41, and after being treated is discharged tlirough the orifice, b, Fig. 40, in tlie hearth of the furnace. The ?pace between the arch aad bot- tom near the bridge, g, is 21 ins., converging to 8 ina. near the flue, c. Tho flue is conducted, either directly or tlirough dust-chambers, into a chimney, the capacity of wliich for a single furnace should bo from 10 to 18 ins. sq. and from 25 to 30 ft. high, and tho bridge, r/, should bo formed of material sufficiently refractory to withstand tho action of the fire and the friction of the hoes used in turning the mass of ore. Fig. 40. Fig. 41.— Furnace for Roastixo Ores. ■■^ figs. 42, 43 and 44 is a plan of a furnace suitable for the smelting of sil- ver ores, for refining silver, or melting retorted amalgam ; the cast-iron pan, a a, 15 ins. dcei) and 37 ins. diam., is lined with fire-proof material to form the hearth, and is .'supported by fire-bricks to permit access of air under and around tlio bottom .niid sides in order to temper the heat. Tho fire- proof iiu;teriai is formed of old fuc-brick pulverized and mixed with one- third its biillc of good clay, or of 3 pts. pulverized white quartz (pure) with 1 pt. clay ; i.s beaten witli iaminers so as to project (5 ins. above the verge of the pan, and is finally moulded into proper shape with a curved tool. Tho :tc. DESCRIPTION OF FURNACES. 983 USED IN ace Ti«ed for roasting »f the hardest bricks, troduced at the aper- lirough the orifice, 6, en the arch aud bot- \ear the flue, c. Tho bera, into a chimney, •om 10 to 18 ins. sq. ) formed of material •c and the friction of tE8. ""^ ir the smelting of sil- llgam ; the cast-iron lire-proof material to lit access of air under the heat. The fire- land mixed with one- quartz (pure) with 1 . above the verge <'i a curved tool. Tho fliie-plate, (J, is first lined with a floor of fire-brick, and finally coated with a mortjir of tlio lire-proof material carefully smoothed down. ' The ore is ])asscd in at k, Avlience it descends to the heartfi, // ; the slag is discharged at the orifice, o, aiiri the metal and mr.tt at the tap-hole passing through the hearth, represented at b, l-ig. 43. The ore, carried l»y the draft into the dust chamber, 2', is removed at intervals through the aperture, b. The fire-i)lace, II. is adapted for coal : the capacity of the chimney should bo from 18 to 20 ins. square inside, 40 to 50 ft. high,' aud liued with fire-brick. era' a R '4 > o n o o >• oo H H at 05) Fig. 45 represents a reverberatory roasting furnace in which the stlrriuKla performed by the iron stirrers, n, and mechanically by the rotation of the uearth. The iron liearth-stoue, a a, is 12 ft. in diam, with sides, b, 10 ins. 984 DESCRIPTION OF FL'RXACES. high, composed of fire-tilcs ; the 'bottom, 4 ins. thick, is formed of fire- bricks ; tlieore is introduced through tho funnel,;), and discharged through tho opening, d, 39 ins. long and 4 wide, with a hinged iron door, into tl;e fun- nel, c,wlnch carries itoutsidc the furnace. Tlic cog-wheels '>y which the heartii is rotated, and tho balls and rollers on which it rests, are shown at y and h. Fig. 45.— Fl^BXACE FOR llOASTIXO OKE. Fig. 46. F'jnxACE roK Operating Crucible. Fig. 47. DESCRIPTION OF rURNACES. is formed of fire- discharyed through II door, into the fuii- ^y which the hcavtii i shown at (J and h. Fig. 43 represents a furnace adapted for operations with a crucible, crucible is supported on a piece of hre-brick on the grate, coiniiosed of able iron rods ; «, is a sliding door at the top ; the iuniace la 15 ins. s and is lined with lire-bricii. 985 Th6 niov- square Fig. 48.— FlTRNAC'E FOR DISTILLING MEKCl-nY. Figs. 47 and 48 shows tlie plan of a furnace used for the distillation or re- torting of the quicksilver from tlie various gold and silver amalgams obtained in the treatment of ores. Fig. 47 represents a front view ; the cover, a. Fig. 48, of the retort being removed. The retort has two wings, h 6, Fig. 47, by which it is supported on brick work so as to leave three ins. clear on each side ; it is formed of cast-iron, 4 ft. long, 11 ins. wide, and 9 ins. high. The fire has a full sweep over tlie whole surface of tlio retort both above and below ; the fire-place is fitted with grates 2 ft. long, and may be made longer if required, to conform to the kind of fuel used. The condensing pipe, k, is ternnnated by a funnel, 1, while a constant stream of cold water is kept flow- ing around the pipe. The funnel is Avrapped around with cloth, ;>, which reaches into tiio water. The water in the vessel, a, should be kept at a level about half an inch below the funnel. Figs 49, 50, and 51, represent furnaces employed by the Colorado (iold and Silver Separating Co. in treating ores by the Ilagan process. Description OF THE Furnaces. — A, Furnaces ; 13, Ul.ist-holes ; C, Deliv- ery-openings; D, Perforated steam pipes ; E, Sui)Prheated chamber ; G, Fliio, 0x8 ; J, Dampers ; L, Bridgcwall of Furnaces ; M, Flue, 18x18 ; N, opening, 24x24; 0, Ash-pits ; T, Stone walls to save brick ; Q, Drick walls ; R, Wood furnaces; S, Coalfurnaces ; T, Pipes for for superheated steam over furnaces; M, Grate-bars ; V, Steam pipes for controlling the action in the reducing chamber. AVoRKiNO Directions. — Fill the funiace with ore broken to 8 inches square, put fire under, and work very moderately for 24 hours ; then make the fire strong, and let the ore remain in 48 hours longer. At the expiration of that time, commence to draw out, taking out 2 tons per hour, at the same time i)utting in a like quantitj' ; thus keeping the furnace always full, and bringing the ore gradually from a temperature of about ."00° rt the top to a teiupcraturo of about 000^ a« it falls to thf> ])ottom of tlie furnace. 986 DESCRIPTIOX OF FURNACES. Let in steam at the bottom of the furnace, for 10 miuutes, each time be< fore takiug out ore, which cools it. After taking the ore out of the furnace, it should bo run through some grinding process to bring it down to find sand. It sliould then be run through the second process, which should have a strong wood fire and good supply of hydrogen gas, as tlie time running tlirough Avould bo very short ; after which it should be put iu some amal- gamating process, such as Beath's, which grinds to fine i>owder as it amal- gamates, and clears off the oxides at the same time. T7S1 L IT ^ 1 >^ •6 (-11 ma=» B^ a Fig. 49. Fig. 50. Fig. 51. " The following is an explanation of the rationale of the Hagan process for disintegrating and desulphurizing gold and silver ores. Superheated hteam is introduced into the fire iu such a manner tliat, in !X gaseous form, the steam impinges upon the ignited coals or wood without admixture of atmospheric air, and thus effects the decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen g.ises. Tlic oxvgen unites immediately with the carbon of the burning coals or wood, while the liberated hydrogen pr.sscs from the fire and burns in the presence of the oxygen of tlie air. The hydrogen flame and the resulting gases being brouglit into contact with the heated gold and silver ores, the sulphur, afsenic, antimony, etc., are dissolved, and are car- ''ried off with the products of combustion. The powerful effect of the flame of hydrogen, in dissolving pyritous sulphur, arsenic, antimony, etc., and in attacking oxygen, is well known, but the expense of producing it has hillier- to preventcd'its application to the disintregration and desulphurizatiou of gold and silver ores. Not until the invention of Dr. Hagan's cheap and simple method of decomposing water and thus furnishing hydrogen gas and flame abimdi.atly, has it been at all possible to apply it to tliis purpose ; but now so economically can this powerful agent be produced that the cost of treating ores by it is only one dollar per ton. " The treatment of gold and silver ores by the Hagjin process requires a fur- nace of very simple and inexpensive construction, which may be built of ma* terials at hand in every miner's locality, costing not over ^2000, for working DESCRIPTION OP FURNACES. 987 tes, each time be- nt of the furnace, Jovrn to find Band. ;h should have a the time runninR lit iii some amal- lowder as it amal- Fig. 51. ' the Hagau process i orca. Superheated in a gaseous form, biout admixture of I water into oxygen Avith the carbon of feu passes from the fThG hydrogen flame khe heated gold and lolved, and are car- 1 effect of the flame Itimony, etc, and ni IJucing it has hither- idesulphurization of iHagan's cheap and ^ hydrogen gas and [o this purpose ; but Iced that the cost of tocess requires a f ur- Imay be built of roa- 1 $12000, for working 60 tons per day. Tlie ores are fed in at the top of tlie furnace as they come from tlie mine, and are drawn out at the bottom as soon as they become dis- integrated and desulpliurized, and thus the operation is kept up, day and night, uninterrupedly, the ore requiring 48 hours to pass through. " The ores thus treated become soft and friable, and tlieir character will be destroyed, so that they will crumble into powder under sliglit pressure. The sulphurets of iron, copper, and other base mineral compounds, will bo coJiverted into oxides. The finest particles of metallic gold will bo hberated from their inclosing matrix, and tlie silver ore will be put in a chemical con- dition suitable for perfect amalgamation, aothat both the silver and sold niay be easily separated without the great Wtiste and losses attending the old meth- ods of working the ores. " When properly manipulated, the ores can be made to render all the precious metals they contain, or, say, within five per cent, of the assay— whereas by the ordinary method, the miners of Colorado have only obti'ined 825 per tou from ores actually containing from $100 to $500 or more per ton.'* Fig. 52.— FunNAOE FOB EXTKACTIXO QUICKSILVER. Fig. 62 represents furnace used for the extraction of quicksilver from the I cinnabar at the New Almaden mines. It is constructed of bricks with a ca- pacity for holding from 60,000 to 110,000 lbs. of ore, according to its grade. [The fuel used is wood, fed into a lateral furnace which supplies heat to the ■chambers containing the ore, but separated from them by a wall pierced Iwith numerous apertures formed by the omission of bricks at proper inter- Ivals. Tlie heat is conducted among the ore and through all trie chambers loxhibited in the diagram, until the mercury is thoroughly condensed, while Itlie draft is conducted through inclined stacks to the top of a distant emi- Ineiice where the deadly emanations of the furnace are discharged. The f ur- luaces rest upon double arches of brick-work and the whole is arranged with leffective appliances for securing the condensed quicksilver. The ore is hand- Woken to remove the barren rock ; no flux is employed, the lime associated fitli the ore being all-sufficient for the decomposition of the sulphurets. The metal begins to run in from 4 to G hours after the heat is applied, and ^lie process is complete in about 60 hour;'. The merf*iiry i»» rnnffnotpfl by TTiF 988 MOXXIEK S DESULPIIUllIZIXG rRUCESH. m iron pipes through various condensing chambers, and finally discharged, in a pure condition, into large kettles. Fig. 52 represents Bruckner's furnace for roasting ores. The contrivance is formed of an iron cylinder suspended by chains, which by means of a ro- tary motion mixes and stirs tlie ore while under treatment. These furnace* are made of two sizes, one ft. long to contain 800 lbs., and the other 9 It long to hold 1400 lbs., the first notod requires three- fourths of a horse-iiower to drive it and tlie otlier one horse- power. They are eminently suitable for localities difficult of access us they oan be transported on tlie backs of mules. I, Fig. 53.— Bruckner's Fiunace. Monnier's Desulphurizing Process.— This process is adaptable to cupriferous or nickeliferous ores, as also where gold and silver occur witli the sulphides of copper and iron, one of the primary features being the utilization of tlie eliminated sulphur for the manufacture of oil of vitriol by the conversion of the sulphurous fumes into sulphuric acid. The extraction of the silver, copper, nickel, or cobalt, as either of these metals may be pres- ent in the ore under treatment, is effected by means of sulphate of soda, the gold remaining in the residue and desulphurized oxide of iron in a state permissive of easy amalgamation. The ore, mixed with sulphate of soda is first pulverized by means of ore-crushers so as to pass through a sieve with 20 holes to the inch, and afterwards calcined in a muffle-furnace 80 ft in length and 6 ft. wide, the hearth of the muffle (upon which the ore is placed) being built of tile 4.V ins. thick ; the heated gases traverse the entire length of the furnace from the fire-ehamber to the end of the structure un- derneath, without communicating with the muffle. Access to the ore is gained by side-doors along one side of the furnace, through which it is turned and stirred onoo every hour, being gradually worked onwards from the rear end of the fuinace towards the front, where it is recharged through a hopper into the muffle towards the front, where it is charged. The ore is thus gradually heated, and, by the presence of the sulphate of soda, most of the sul|)hur is eliminated and a large amount of sulphates o( tlie oxides of iron and copper (silver, nickel and cobalt) produced. When the charge reaches the front of the muffle, in the immediate vicinity of the fire box, and where the temperature is mo.it elevated, the sulphate of the oxide of iron is deromposed, producing oxide of iron, some bi sulphate ol soda, and comnletebj converting the copper (silver, nickel and cobalt) into )CESH. finally discharged, in res. The contrivance ch by nieansof a ro- icnt." These furnace* , and the other 9 it rths of a horse-i^owcr ■rainently suitable for 311 the backs of mules. MOXNIER S DESL'LPIIURIZINCJ PliOi KSS. 98fl soluble sulphates. This stage of the operation requires care in the manage- ment of the temiieraturc, since, by too low a degree of lieat the iron may not all be converted into insoluble oxide, or, by too great an elevation of temperature, some of the other metals may be rendered insoluble by a de- privation of tlieir sulphuric acid. If it be the object of tlio operation to manufacture oil of vitriol as well as to extract the metals, the register, l)laced at tlie end and above the fire-box, must be regulated so as to admit tlio quantity of atmc spheric air requisite to the oxidation of the stiljihur in its pasfsagc through the length of tlic muffle— the exit pipe for the sulphur- nns acid gas leading from the rear c id of the muffle, close to the charging f nr.- nel, into the oil of vitriol charaber. Tlic ore thus calcined is lixiviated v, itb iiocess is adaptable to and silver occur with ary features being the cture of oil of vitriol by ic acid. The extraction lese metals may be pres- ■is of sulphate of soda, ■ oxide of iron in a state with sulphate of soda, ;o pass through a sieve 11 a muffle-furnace 80 it. (upon which the ore is ases traverse the entire ind of the structure un- Access to the ore is e, through which it is worked onwards friMii it is recharged througli is charged. ,,.„., icnce of the sulphate o amount of sulpl^ates o fbalt) produced. NVlj i imediate vicinity of t ,ed, the sulphate of tin n. some bi sulphate o nickel and cobalt) nito 55.— Sectioxal Drawixg or Furxace. m 990 LIXIVIATING TUL8, ETC. water to extract the sulphates of copper, silver and soda (cobalt and nickel). and the insoluble residue consists of oxide of iron and earthy matters, niid cont'iiiis, if the ore treated has been auriferous, all the ;jold. The method of lixiviation [see Fig. 56] is the same as that practiced in soda works for what is called " black ball ; " that is to say, the calcined ore js placed in a series of tanks [a. a. a.] having false bottoms, scrvingns filters. The warm water, introduced at the top, percolates through the mass, dissolving tlio sulphates, and, passing throujeh the filter, is raised through a leaden \n[}0 (placed vertically through the ore and communicating with the spnco under the false bottom or filter) into another siniilar tank charged with the calcined ore, and thus through the series, becoming more and more satu- rated with the soluble salts. If the residue [collected in agitator, c] after Fig. 66.— LixiviATixo Tubs, Moxkier's Process. lixiviation contains only oxide of iron and ganguc, it is thrown away ; but ihould the ore treated have been auriferous, the insoluble residues contaiu the whole of the gold, perfectly free from sulphur, which may easily be ex- tracted by first re-grinding the mass in a Behr mill, and then passing it through a series of three Tyrolean amalgamators. The preliminary grind- ing requires but small power as tho calcined ore is very friable. With three araalf^mators the operation is perfect, as has been demonstrated on a large ■cale in North Carolina . The solution containing the sulphates is treated according to the metals present. If cob.ilt and nickel are present in suf- ficient quantities, the operation becomes exceedingly complicated. The liquor containing the sulphates of soda, copper and silver is treated as fol- lows : the silver is first precipiUited by means of plates of copper, and sub- sequently this added copper, as well as that existing in the ore, is removed from the solution by cast-iron, after which it is evaporated to dryness to recover the sulphates of soda, which may thus be repeatedly used for the calcination of fresh ore. The metallic copper and silver so obtained arc separately worked in the usual way. The copper is so pure that it requires only a single fusion to produce ingots of the first quality. The precipitation is made in a reverberatory furnace of peculiar construction. In a wooden trough (54 feet long, 10 feet wide ana 2^ feet deep) is a leaden pan (of 10 ixjunds to the square foot) of the same dimensions, the bottom of which is covered by a two-inch floor of wood, and the sides of which are protected by n nine-inch brick wall, extending one foot above the sides of the leaden pun, and the whole covered with a low arch and well braced . Along one side and above the leaden pan is placed a number of working doors, through which tho copper is reraovea after precipitation. The plates of cast-irou (2 feet long, li feet wide and one inch thick) are placed across tho furnace, at intervals of one foot, so as to form partitions. At a distance of two feet from the end of the furnace is constructed the fire-box, which connects by au arch with the arch of tlie precipitating furnace, and the gases from wliicb iir BLOW-riPE ASSAY, AC. 901 (cobalt and nickel), jarthy matters, and gold. The method in soda works for d ore is placed in a 3 filters. The warm mass, dissolving the ongh a leaden pipo ing with the epuco : tank charged witl\ more and more satii- in agitator, c] alter Process. t is thrown away ; hut uble renidues contaiu icb may easily be cx- , and then passing it "lie pveliraiiiary griud- V friable. With three iiioiistrated on a large ! sulphates is treated fl are present in suf- ly complicated. Tbe liver is treated as fol- 53 of copper, and sub- a the ore, is removed porated to dryness to peatedly used for the Isilver so obtained arc pure that it requires ,tv. The precipitation iction. In a wooden is a leaden pan (of 10 ,e bottom of which w hich are protected by ies of the leaden pan, iced. Along one side <, FCpivratins' small fraq- in lengths from 24 to 1. in the clear. Tlioy vliich the nhorter aro ! 8 in. i)icccs over an y become red-hot, and with one cud closed, iniziNO Flame. in treating refractory I continnoiis. To effect \a may be diflicult to a ig through the nostvils jut the same time. Tho Figs. 57andC8. H inner, of a bine tint, rgo of the blue flame, envelope the assay, :is imc, is represented by ■ beyond the verge ol here. To produce tho flame as shown at o, ,,-pipe must bo inserted act adjustment of the 3 well exhibited in the lamp ; a candle with olive oil. le, u platinum wire or lade from pine wood, , blowing away by the Lis charcoal is the best [great assistance to tse reducing proce8fl. Where no better can bo hnd, mica, and th« niin«rn) k,\ nnite, may bo used n« Hupports for the n^My. Tho specimens of mincmls, Sic, Bolectcd for treatment in the blow- pipe flame should bo very little, if any, larger than those represented in tht cntM. With mony kinds of a refractory character very thin si>ecimens should be selected, as thereby fusion is greatly promoted, where otherwise it would 1)C impossible. Tho size of the whole assay should be less than tho bulk ol a small pea. Many minerals arc absolutely infusible without a fltix to nid reduction. The substances in common use as fluxes, are : caibrceliiin cup 2 ozrt. pulv. sulphate of potassA and 1 oz. sulnlmric acid ; heat over an alcohol lamp until the mixture assumes a qnict, clear, transparent appcarniicc. It is then removed fronj tho fire ana poured on apiece of sheet iron. It is used for testing oro for bromine and iodine. To ])repare mlt of phv»]>liOYv», dissolve 16 parts of aal-ammoniac in a small quantity of boiling water, then mid 100 parts of crystiillized phospliato of soda, boiling f/ently the whole, tlien set off to cool. The salt of phosphorus is deposited in Biuall crystals. Too much heat while boiling will canse decomjwsition. Tlio fluxes shoitld be ctirefully pulverized and mixed with the owdcrcd mineral in tlie mixing scoop previous to being insetted in the paper tubes .nnd placed on the charcoal. Tough silver ore may be treated in pmall ^08, and three times as much lead as silver sliould be used. Propoition onvx should be about 60-lOOOths, but more may be added if neceshary. , when used, may prefenibly be added in small successive quantities. 1 iiti paper tubes for receiving tho assay are formed by cutting note pancr into strips 1^ ins. by 1, and winding the strips around the small wooaen cylinder (above noted) so as to form a tube, in which the assay is packed previous to placing it on the charcoal. One part of the tube should project a little over the cylinder, and this projecting part should be turned down so as to close one end. In addition to tho apparatus al>ove noted, the assayer should have on hand a quantity of fine platinum wire (bent at one extremity into a cirdo one or two lines in diameter) for holding the assay during the operation ; also, platinum foil, for enveloping minerals that decrepitate. The following chemicals, etc., will also i)rove useful in many cases as reliable tests : 1. Tin-foil, for using with various per-oxiclcf^ of metals to reduce them to protoxides. By touching the assay, i)rcviously heated in the reducing-flame, with the extremity of the tin-foil, a very small nuantity of a metallic oxide may at once be detected. 2. Anhydrous hisulpnate of potueh, used for de- tecting lithia. It should be kept (well pulverized) in a bottle where it will not absorb moisture. 3. Saltpetre is used in detecting manganese. It devcl- opes tho peculiar amethystine color when tho amount of this mineral is too small to color glass without this re-agent. The heated globnlo is touched with the point of a crystal, just at the instant of suspending the blast. Tho fused mass swells, foams, and cither turns immediately colored, or becomes 80 soon, upon cooling. 4. Boracic acid and iron tcire. is used for testing for phosphoric acid. 5. Nitrate of Cobalt (pwra) in solution, is used f'^r distin- Ruishing alumina and magnesia. Use a platinum wire inserted in cork rtopi>er to apply a drop when required for use. (>. Gvpnum and ,^Hor, as tests of each other. Two parts of calcined gypsum anil el, bc'.ig absorbed by the bone-ashes. &c. Tickel, is used to detect lay be tested by treat- t a blue bead, blow-pipe is various. 10 specimens melt only dissipated wholly or egrees of fusibility by trolite. 3. Cinnamon eldspar. G. Chrondvo- . is represented by 2 ; HYDROSTATIC BALANCE, &C. 995 Fig. CO. tlic presence of water 5 mode of operation is , B the mineral under Iqueous or volatile pro- Ihe tube. Acid fumes jr test paper in the np- paper rod. iparate pold and silver while the other is Iclt [s process is performed is the cupel, and B is each way, is made in [moistened bone-ashes, and submit to the ac- takes place ;• tlio lead ashes, while the sil- ,„1 made of lK)nc-asliej khcs, as above noted), T melted, the action oi bch disappears in tlii The specific gravity of a mineral is determined by the blow-pipe bal- »Dce, which is adapted for hydrostatic weighings, as represented by Fig. 61, where A is the balance whose scales are suspended by threads of unequal length. To obtain a density by the balance, the mineral a must be placed in a sling suspended by a hair or a filament of silk from the small hook below the scale b. The ore, tha suspended on the thread, is weighed and Fig. 61.— Htdrostatio Balakce, Sec, > the contents noted. The mineral, still suspended, is next immersed about ^ in. below the surface of the water, in tlie glass vessel c. All adherent bub Dies of air are carefully wiped away from the ore ; it is now weighed a second time, and the loss by immersion calculated. By the spcqific grav- ity, or density of a mineral, ih understood its weight ns compared with that of an equal bulk of distilled water, at the temp, of 60° Fahr. The preceding instructions cannot fail to prove of immense utility to the operator in proceeding with the practical tests noted in the following elab- orate details relating to minerals, etc HOW TO IDENTIFY ANI> TEST METALLIC ORES : CONDENSED SYNOPSIS OF THE CHEMISTRY, GEOGNOSTIC SITUATION, &C., OF METALS/ Characteristics of Metals.— 'Mata.la are distinguished by the properties ot fusibility, malleability, ductility, tenacity, elasticity, crystalline texture, and brilliancy, combined with the Quality of conducting heat and electricity. GOLD.— Tills metal is seldom found in its native purity ; it is found only in its metallic state in combination with other metals, generally in veins pervading primary and secondary rocks, as granite, slate, homstoue, quartz, limestone, sandstone, gneiss, mica-slate, mica, and som.etimes iu graywacke and tertiary strata ; also in veins of silver, copper, antimony, line, lead, iron ore, barytes, &c. Tlie attrition of the elements operating on the containing rocks and metallic lodes during uncounted ngcs, has wasiied thousands of millions into the beds of streams, the margins of rivers, and iilUivium or drift deposits. In the primary rocks it is found mainly in schistose or slaty fissures. In external appearance gold is of a golden or orange yellow color, pass- ing into grayish or brass yellow, and is the heaviest of metals except pla- Uua. It is the most ductile, tenacious, and malleable of all the mct:ils. Ou being struck with a hammer it will ilatten out ; iron and copp*r pyrites, uud yellow mica, which resemble it, will crumble under this test. Inter- nally it is bright yellow, shining, glistening and metallic. It has equal axes like the cube, has no cleavage, lias a hackly fracture, and often exists crystallized iu cubes, octohedrons, rhomboidal dodecahedrons, and tetra- liedruns. ; t 996 SYXOPSI8 OF METALLURGY, AC. ■■;fcv Gold is fusible with the blow-pipe (use the reducing flame with carbon, ate of soda for tiux), melts at 2590°, is soluble in nitro-muriatic acid, which. is simply 2 parts muriatic acid and 1 part nitric acid, and remains unal< tered by exposure to simple acids, air, or moisture. Nitric acid (aqua fortis) will dissolve any suspected brass filiugs iu gold dust. Specific crav* ity 19.2G to 19.5. In Solutions of Gold (Peroxide), jlmmojim produces a yellow prccijv itate (aurate of ammonia or fulmiuatiug gold) ; Ferrocyanide o/ Potassium produces an emerald green color ; Oxalic Acid produces a prccipitnte of metallic gold ; Protostuphate of Iron produces in concentrated solutions .in instant precipitate of metallic gold. In dilute solutions a blue coloring is first perceived, followed by a brown-colored precipitate ; Potassa (in heated solutions), after a time produces a trifling reddisli-brown precipitate, con- sisting of teroxide of gold mixed with terchloride of gold and notai*sa. Protochloride of Tin, to which a drop of nitric acid has been adaed, im- parts a reddish purple color to very dilute solutions ; in concentrated koIu- ticns a red-puiple precipitate (purple of Cassius) is formed. A Bar of Metallic Zinc precipitates mettillic gold in tlie form of a brown coating. PLATINUM. — This metal is mainly found in alluvium or drift, some- times in granite, syenite, &c., combined with gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, &c., nut always in the metallic state in round grains and rolled pieces about the size of peas, and lilie large iron filings. In color platinum ia steel-gray, nearly resembling silver, but not quite so bright. In lustre it is shining and glistening ; in structure it is some- times lameller ; is malleable and ductile ; with hardness almost equal to that of iron. Phitiuum is infusible iu the hottesv"- fun'vaces, but melts readily before the reducing flame of tlio compound bio «r pipe at a temp, of 3080°. Dis- solres iu nitro-muriatic acid, and is unaffected by exposure to air, mois- ture, or simple acids. Specific gravity 20.98. In SoLin'ioNS of Platinum (Peroxide), Potassa produces a yellow crys- talline precipitate, consisting of the double chloride of platinum and potas- sium ; the addition of hydrochloric acid favors its formation ; it is insolu- ble in acids, but dissolves in potassa with the aid of heat ; it is very slightly soluble in water, and insoluble in strong alcohol ; Cliloride of Tin, in pres- ence of free hydrochloric acid, imparts to solutions of bichloride of plati- num a deei>-browu color without producing any precipitate ; Subnitrate o/ Mercury produces a yellowish red precipitate. SILVER.— This metal is found native, as also combined with muriatic acid and sulphur iu primary and secondary slates. Great quantities exist in the metallic stite combined with gold, copper, arsenic, and lead, in rocks composed of mica-slate, gneiss, clay-slate, graywacke. Native Silver occurs in primitive and secondary rocks, irregular quartz, &c., with the ores of copper, silver, cobalt. In color it is white, sometimeg a tmiished i;:ray, or reddLsh shade. It occurs iu plates and spangles, and crystallized in tubes, octohedrons, rhomboidal decahedrons and tetralie- drons, dentiform, capillary, ramose, reticulated, rarely large, and generally disseminated. When broken it appears fine and hacklv, with a briglit, sliining lustre. Its color and malleability are prominent characteristics. It is composed of silver with a little iron, antimony, copper, or arsenic, is soluble in nitric acid, is fusible into a globule, and melts at 1873? Falir. Oxide of silver with borax in oxidizing flame, before the blow- pipe, forms a white opaque glass ; in reducing flame, with carbonate of soda, readily re- duces to metal. Specific gravity 10 to 10.5. Antitnonial Silver, composed of silver, 84 parts ; antimony, 14 parts ; oc- curs in granite and clay-slate, combined with the other ores of silver ; ii found in curved lamiute, also in grains, in cylinders. Is massive ; yields to the knife ; has a concholdal fracture ; and is fusible luider the blow-pipe TSf f ftC. ng flame "with carbon« -muriatic acid, which, d, ftud remains unal- . Nitric acid (aqua [ dust. Specific Rrav- uccs a yellow prcciiv •)cyanide of Potassium luces a precipitate of lentratcd solutions an ms ft blue coloring is ; Potassn (in heated x)wn precipitate, con- o£ gold and notansa. has been added, im- in concentrated solu- s lormea. A Bar 0/ a brown coating, ivium or drift, somc- , silver, copper, iron, ■ains and rolled pieces g silver, but not quite structure it is some- duess almost equal to t melts readily before temp, of 3080O. Dis- sxpoBure to air, mois- )roduces a yellow crys- »f platinum and potas- tmatiou ; it is in sol u- eat ; it is very slightly Woride 0/ Tin, in pres- )f bichloride of plati- ipitate ; Suhnitrate 0/ mbiued with muriatic Jreat quantities exist arsenic, and lead, in wacke. )cks, irregular quartz, t is white, sometimes es and spangles, and edrons and tetralic- large, and generally ,ckly, with a bright, ..It characteristics. y, copper, or arsenic, melts at 1873» Fahr. 3 blow-pipe, forms a of soda, readily re- [tlmouy, 14 parts ; oc- ler ores of silver ; is lis massive; yields to iwder the blow-pipe SYNOPSIS OF METALLURGY. 997 (evolving antimonial vapors) Into a buttou of silver. The characteristice are, the antimonial vapor, a silver or tin-white color, the want of ductility, and not giving a blue globule with borax. Sulphuret of Silver, composed of silver, 85 parts ; sulphur, 15 parts ; a very productive ore ; occurs in the primary and secondary rocks ; is of a dark, lead-gray color ; frequently with an iridiscent tinge, and exists iQ tubes and octohedrons ; also ramose, reticulated, amorphous, lamelliform, and hi plates. The characteristics are, malleability ; imperfect cleavage ; flat, conchoidal fracture ; can be cut with a knife ; has lesn specific gravity tliau native silver, and fuses with Intumeseuce and a sulphurous odor utt> dor the blow-plpe. Specific gravity, 7. Brittle Sulphuret of Silver, comiwsed of silver, G6.5 parts ; antimony, 10 parts ; sulphur, 12 parts ; iron, 5 parts ; arsenic and sulphur, 6 parts ; is a very rich ore, and occurs la the primary rocks with otlier ores of silver. It exists in crystalline structure and diffused ; also In hexahedral prisms, and is of a dark, lead-gray hue, or bluish-gray, passing Into Iron-black. Tlio structure is foliated ; crystals mostly Intercept each other, with a dull, mo- tilllc lustre. The ore is soft and brittle ; the fracture is conchoidal. Solu- ble in nitric acid, and fusible, with the emission of sulphur, antimony and arsenic, Into a globule of silver surrounded by a slag. Tlie character- istics, comp.ired with other ores, are its dark color and brittleness ; from sulphuret of silver It differs In Its lack of malleability. Specific gravity, 7. Sulphiireted Antimonial Silver ( Red Silver), composed of sliver, 60 parts ; antimony, 20.3 parts ; sulphur, 14.7 parts ; oxygen, 5 parts ; Is an excellent ore, and Is found lu primary rocks, mainly In mica-slate, granite and por- phyry. It possesses a metallic adamantine lustre ; structure is imperfectly foliated, has a red color of various tints, passing Into lead-gray and grayish- black ; the powder Is crlmbou red. It exists In masses and grains, also dentritlc, capillary, membranous, and crystallized In hexahedral prisms, terminated by hexahedral prisms ; also lu double slx-slded pyramids ; ig translucent, opaque. The characteristics are, malleability, differs from sulphuret of arsenic lu leaving a globule of sliver, and In possessing greater specific gravity. Is fusible, with emission of antimonial fumes. Sulphuret of mercury volatil- izes under the blow-pine. The red oxide of copper is readily reduced to the metallic state by the blow-pipe ; specular oxide of Iron Is rendered magnetic by the same process. Specific gravity, 5.20 to G.(>8. Muriate of Silver {Horn Silver), composed of muriate of silver, 88.7 parts; oxide of iron, G parts ; alumine, 1.75 parts ; sulphuric acid (oil of vit- riol), 0.25 parts ; an excellent ore ; is found m the primary rocks, with other ores. In color is pearl gray, greenish or reddish-blue, yellowish or greenish- white and brown. In lustre Is glistening and wavy. Is malleable ; feebly translucent ; becomes brown by exposure. Exists massive, Investing other minerals, amorphous, reniform, and crystallized in tubes, octoliedrons, and uclcular prisms. The characteristics are, the emission of muriatic acid fumes before theblow-pipo ; fusibUity in the flame of a candle ; softness ; ylalds to the knife and to pressure. Abraded on dump or wet zinc it leaves a film of silver. Muriate of mercury volatilizes before blow-pipe without leaving a lilui of silver. Specific gravity, 6.5. MERCURY.-- -This metal "rarely occurs in its native state. By far the ;,'reater part Is found lu the form ot Sulphuret of Mercury (Cinnabar), composed of mercury, 84.5 parts ; sul- )hur, 14.75 parts. It occurs n)ainly in new red sandstone ; occasionally in imestone, mica-slate, graywacke, gneiss, deposits of bituminous shale, com* billed with black mineral resin, alluvium, clay, gray sandstone and limestone, nud iu rocks of the coal formation. lu color it is scarlet or carmine, shading ol? luto cochineal red and lead-gray, occasiouallv with a yellow tint !■ translucent or opaque. Occurs massive and crystallized lu acute rhomboids: 998 SYNOPSIS OP METALLURGY, &€. . ''4 i - 1 .% "i certain kiuds with a yellow tint; is sometimes found iu thin plates or tubulai crystals. Lustre is adamantine, varying to metallic ; occasionally shining •ilky. The fracture is granular or fibrous. The characteristics are, the emission of sulphur vapors, while the com* pound volatilizes before the blow-pipe. Tliis test determines the difference between this ore and red silver ore, arsenate of cobalt, red oxide of copper, find sulphuret of arsenic. Specific gravity, 8. COPPER. — Copper is found in primary and transition rocks, syenite, Bandstoue, coal strata and alluvial ground. It occurs iu beds and large bloclcs. The ores of copper are the following : Native Copper is nearly pure, and is found in the veins of primary and secondary rocks. In color is copper-red, brownish-black ; tarnished exter- niiUy ; is malleable, fusible at 2518° Fahr., and soluble in acids. Occnrn kdentritic, reuiform, capillary, amorphous ; also crystallized in tubes and octohedrons. Specific gravity, 8.5. Gray Copper, composed of' copper, 52 parts ; iron, 23 parts ; and sulphur, 14 parts ; is found witli other ores of copper. In color is steel-gray, verging into black, with brownish streak. Is brittle, with metallic lustre, and small crystals. Specular oxide of iron gives out arsenical fumes when heated ; in magnetic, and softer than arsenical iron. Gray copper ore is fusible but very refractory. Specific gravity, 5. Copper Pyrites, comiwsed of copper, 40 to 35.3 ; iron, 40 to 33; sulphur, 20 to 35; a very valuable ore; is found in beds and veins in primary and second- ary rocks as well as in other prominent formations. The color is brass- yellow, with metallic lustre ; lamellar structure ; tessular cleavage, and uneven fracture. Is the most abundant ore of copper ; yields to the knife. It occurs dendritic ; stiilactical ; amorphous ; in concretions, and crystallized in tetrahedrons and dodecahedrons. Is fusible, and tinges borax green. Iron pyrites does not tinge borax green. Lacks malleability. Native gold ia malleable and native bismuth is lamellated. Specific gravity, 4.3. Sulphurct of Copper, composed of copper, 76.50 parts ; sulphur 22, ; iron, 0.50 ; is found located same as the last noted ore. Exterior color is blackish steel-gray, occasionally iridescent ; internally is lead-gray. Has lamellar structure ; conchoidal fracture ; is easily sectile, with brilliant faces ; crumbles readily, and has equal axes liki^ the cube. The characteristics are, fusibility, with the emission of sulphur fumes; is also soluble in liot ]iitric acid. Is distinguished from gray copper ore by being softer, also by the latter decrepitating before the biow-pipe. A very productive ore. Specific gravity, 5. Blue Carbonate of Copper, composed of oxide of copper, 70 parts ; carbonic acid, 24 parts ;,water, G parts ; is found in the primary and secondary rocks. The color is blue, fracture irregularly foliated, generally shoAving brond fibres. Occurs massive ; diffused ; stalactical ; incrusting, and crystal- lized. The characteristics are, solubility in nitric acid with effervescence, is refnictory without a flux ; fused with bornx yields a green ghiss ; does not becoir.G magnetic under the blow-pipe, and "is insoluble in water. Copper melts at 2548°. Red Oxide of Copper, composed of copper, 88.5 to 91 parts ; oxygen, from 11.5 to 9 parts ; is found witli other ores of coi)per. Is of a red color, lamel- lated structure, metallic, adamantine lustre ; is brittle, translucent, easily sectile ; has irregular and conchoidal fracture. Is found amorphous and crystallized in octahedrons and cubes. The prominent characteristics are, easy reduction and solubility ; is soluble in nitric acid with effervescence and in muriatic acid without, bxide of copper fuses in the oxidizing flame, before the blow-pipe ; in the reducing flame forms metal ; with borax, in the oxidizing flame, colors the glass green ; in the reducing flame, browu-red. Specific gravity, 4 to 5.9. ^^^^ G. SYNOPSIS OF METALLURGY, &C. 999 tiin plates or tnbulai occasioually shiuiiig MTs, while the com- raiues the di^ereuce red oxide of copper, ition rocks, syenite, ) iu beds and large eins of primary and ck ; tarnished extei- le in acids. Occurs illized in tubes and parte ; and sulphur, is steel-gray, verging ,llic lustre, and small mes ■when heated ; is ir ore is fusible but ,40 to 33; sulphur, 20 I primary and second- Tho color is brass- jssular cleavage, and ; yields to the knife. ;ions, and crystallized tinges borax green, eability. Native gold ic gravity, 4.3. parts ; sulphur 22, ; pre. Exterior color is is lead-gray. Has ectile, with brilliant ube. )n of sulphur fumes; rom gray copper ore re the biow-pipe. A er, 70 parte ; carbonic and secondary rocks. rally showing broad usting, and crystal- ith effervescence, is een glass ; does not >le iu water. Copper parts ; oxygen, from Df a red color, lamel- e, translucent, easily und amorphous and and solubility ; is acid without. Oxide »ipe ; in the reducing ne, colors the glaM ivity, 4 to 6.9. IRON.— Occurs both in primary and secondary rocks. The principal ores from which iron is extracted are the following : Brovcn Hematite— T\i\» ore is found in primary rocks and occasioually in secondary formations. It yields a superior iron. In color it is brown, yellowish, or blackish-brown ; on the outside resembling black glazed earth* eu-ware. It yields to the knife ; is fibrous iu structure, with silky and res- inous lustre. It occurs stalactical, tuberous, nodul.ir, and amorphous. A variety of this ore has a compact structure, devoid of lustre, with yellow- ish-brown streak, and conchoidal or earthy fracture. Specular Oxide of Iron {Iron Glance), composed of iron, 69 parts ; oxygen, 31 parte ; yields an excellent malleable iron, and occurs mainly in primary rocks, associated with magnetic iron, red hematite, guartz, &c. ; occurs also in secondary rocks. In color is steel-gray, with a highly polish- ed surface ; often tarnished. Occurs crystallized in pyramidal dodecahe- drons, hexahedral tables ; also massive, dij^eminated, in concretions. Has a cherry-red streak, lamellar structure ; brilliant lustre ; is slightly attracted by the inagnet ; infusible ; and insoluble iu Rcids. Affords a red powder on being heated, and becomes magnetic S(iecific gravity, 5.52. Red Hematite, comixjsed of oxide of iron, 90 parts; silica, 2 parte; lime, Ipart; yields a first-class iron for drawing and roHing ; is found mainly iu primary rocks ; frequently in lead mines. In color is blood-red; also steel- gray. 'Yields readily to the knife ; occurs massive, and in plates; also re- niform, globular, and pulverulent It adheres to the tongue; the fracture is uneven and earthy. Is infusible, but becomes magnetic. Specific gravity, 4.75. Spathic Iron (Clay Iron Ore), composed of oxide of iron, 58 parts; car- bonic acid, 35 parts: oxide of manganese, 4.25 parts ; magnesia, 0.75 parts; lime, 0.05 parts ; yields an iron well adapted for steel making ; is found principally in carboniferous limestone, arranged iu thick formations ; also m veins in granite, mica-slate, clay-slate, gneiss, and gray\yacke;a.ssocinted with ores of silver, lead, and cobalt, but seldom iu nickel of bismuth ; more frequently with galena, iron pyrites, antimony ore, and copper ore. In other veins it is associated with brown, red, and black iron ore, quartz, and calcareous spjir ; occurs also filling up amygdaloidal cavities iu trap-rocks. The colors of the ore are, yellow, brown, white, and black. It yields to the knife, is easily broken ; the structure is foliated or lamellar, with siiining, vitreous lustre, and white, or yellowish-brown streak. It occurs massive, disseminated with pyramidal impressions; also in granular distinct concretions ; nodular and cryutallized. Crystals are usually small, and exist iu groups. The chemical tests are : effervescence with muriatic acid ; is infusible, blackens, and becomes magnetic. Heated with borax, it makes an olive- preen glass. It may bo distinguished from earthy minerals by its weight, from other iron ores by ite crystalline folijited cleavage, and from bleudo by ite yielding magnetic iron. Specific gravity, about 4. Mar/netic Oxide of Iron {Iron Sand), composed of oxide of iron, 85.50 p.arts ; oxide of titanium, 14 parts ; oxide of manganese, 0.50 parts ; an ex- cellent ore, yielding from 50 to 90 per cent of the best bar iron, is generally found imbedded in traiv-rocks, and styled mount-iin ore. The color is iron- black ; is found in octihedral crvstals, also iu minute grains. The powder is black ; the fracture conchoidal ; intensely magnetic, and infusible by the blow-pipe. Peroxide of iron remains unchanged in the oxidizing flame of the blow- pipe ; in the reducing flame, blackens and becoin s magnetic ; with borax, in tiie oxidizing flame, forms glass bright-red while liot, pale dirty-red when cold ; in the reducing flame, forms glass varying from bottle-green to black- Rrccn ; with carbonate of soda, on charcoal, reduces to metal oa a dark magnetic jwwder. Si^ecific gravity, 6.22. 1000 SYNOPSIS OF METALLURGY, &C. Tests for Iron.~Pn\nsia,t6 of potash added to iron dissolved in nn acid causes a blue precipitate, and an infusion of galls a black precipitate. LEAD.— The principal ore from which tlio great mass of the lead of commerco is obtained is the sulphuretof lead, or galena. It is com- posed of lead, sulphur, lime, and silex, and is often combined with orcH of silver, nnd fret^uently with ores of zinc, copper, and iron. It occurs in beds, veins, and imbeclded masses in primary and secondary rocks ; fro- qucntly in the latter, and ver^ often in limestone ; also in alluvial deposits. The shades of color are blnish-gray, lead-gray, and on the outside blackisli- f;ray. Is soft ; yields to the knife ; has a lamellated structure ; metnllic iistre, very brittle, and opaque Submitted to heat, it first decrepitates, with the omission of sulphur fumes, then melts into a globule of lead ; blende, molybdcna nnd graphite, which resemble this ore, are infusible. Tests/or Lead. — Oxalic acid produces in neutral solutions of oxide of lead a white precipitate. Glaulier's salts and an infusion of galls, give to n solution oi this metal a white precipitate. Oxide of lead, in oxidizing flame before the blow-pipe, turns first blue, then fuses to a glass of orange color ; with carbonate of soda, on charcoal, in the reducing flame, reduces to metal ; with borax, forms glass yellow while hot, colorless while cold. TIN. — The regular ore from which this metal is extracted is : Oxide of Tin ( Tinstone), composed of tin, 77.5 parts ; oxygen, 21.5 parts; oxide of iron, 0.25 part ; silica, 0.75 part ; usually occurs in primary rocks in veins, traversing gneiss, granite, mica-slate, porphyry, and claj'-slatc, and is generally found with iron pyrites, chlorite, auartz, topaz, fluor, &c. The metal obtained from ores tlius located is callca block tin. The f/rain tin of commerco is obtained from tho stream tin ore found in alluviuni and drift. Tho coloio arc black, brown, tureen, red, white, r.nd yellow. It is brittle, gives sprrkn with steel ; has a lamellar structure, with adamantine or resinous lustre, and grayish-whito streak. Occurs in crystals, and in masses from the size of grains to that of tho fi.st. On a chemical test it decrepitates, but by the blow-pipe it may be reduced to tho metallic state on charcoal. It may be distinguished from si>athic iron by the latter leaving an iron button under the blow-pipe. Blende cannot be reduced, and is not so hard. Specific gnivity, G.7 to 7. Tests for Tin. — In solution of tin oxide, phosphate oj' soda Yiroduces n white precipitate. A &rtr o/nicreparation of brass, but is usually too much dissemi- nated in its ganguo to make its extraction profitable. The colors are brown, yellow, and black. It is brittle, yields to the knife, has a foliated structure, with shining, adamantine lustre. Itoccurn massive, disseminated, lamolliform, in granular concretions, and crystil- lizcd. It decrepitates when heated ; evolves the smell of rotten eggs when thrown into oil of vitriol ; is infusible, and does not tinge borax greeu. Specific gravity, 3.7 to 4. Calamine, composed of oxide of zinc and carbonicacid, is found in veins, often associated with oxide of iron, and occasionally with galena; is also found in beds, nests, filling up or liniug hollows, iu conglomerate rock and Bocoudary limestone. :C. ilssolved in nn acid ck precipitate, mass of the lead ol galena. It is com- combined with orcH d iron. It occuw in iccondary rocks ; fro- in .nlluvial deposit?. 11 the outside blackish- structnro ; metallic irst decrepitates, with •bule of lead ; blende, infusible. solutions of oxide of nsion of galls, give to of lead, in oxidizing s to a glass of orange iducing flame, reduces olorlcss while cold, extracted is : i ; oxygen, 21.5 parts; nirs in primary rocks )hyry, and clay-slate, uartz, topaz, fluor, &c block tin. The f/rain mud in alluvium and 1 vellow. It is brittle, , with adamantine or ;rystals, and in masses pipe it may be reduced shed from spathic iron -pipe. Blende cannot o7. ate of soda produces a tin in small grayish- metal, present a per- Oxidc of tin, in the y-yellow color ; witli luces to metal ; witli Composed of zinc, .-^nl- [and secondary rocks. lit is frequently uhcd lly too much dissemi- brittle, yields to the Itino lustre. It occurs cretions, and crystal- of rotten eggs when tinge borax green. Lcid, is found in veins, [with galena; is also buglomcrate rock and SYNOPSIS OF METALLURGY, &C. 1001 The colors are sometimes nearly white, at others gray, greenish, or brown- yellowish. Is easily sectile. Occurs compact, amorphous, pseudo- morphous, crystallized, and cupriferous. lu chemical tests it dissolves with efCervesenco in heated nitric acid, or muriatic acid, and is infusible. Oxide of zinc, in the oxidizing flame, before the blow-pipe, exhibits a whitish-green color ; while hot this oxide is slightly yellow — when cold ia white : with borax forms glass, which iu an intermittant flame becomes milky ; in the reducing flame, on charcoal, reduced to metal, which readily sablimes. Red Ore of Zinc, composed of oxide of manganese and oxide of zinc, is found iu primary and transition rocks, limestone, and iron mines. It is brittle ; yields to the knlfo ; has a foliated structure and shining lustre, becoming dull by exiiosure. Tlie color ia red ; it occurs massive and dis- fleminatcd. In chemical tests it dissolves with effervescence in strong acids. U distinguishable by its weight and iufusibility . Specific gravity, U.22. MANGANESE. — Tliis metal in its metallic stite is of no avail in the arts. The ore, wiiich subserves all required uses without preparation, is called Black Oxide of Manganese. — It is composed of manganese, oxygen, and water ; is found iu imbedded masses and veins in primary rocks, and often with ores of iron. The color is of a dark steel-gray, with metallic lustre, black streak, and couchoidal earthy fracture. It occurs massive, iu fibrous concretions, and crysUiUized. In a chemical test is decomposed by being thrown into water, and turns the water green. On exposure to the air ab- sorbs so much oxygen that it falls into pmvdcr. Is infusible alone, but with borax yields a purple globule ; becomes brown by heat ; with borax, in the oxidizing flame, much oxide employed, the glass is black ; little oxide em- ployed, tho glass is of an amethyst color— iu the reducing flame, and on charcoal, this latter globule becomes colorless, and so remains if quickly cooled ; with soda iu the oxidizing flame, and ou platinum foil, forms an opaque green glass. COBALT. — This metal is of uo avail iu its metallic state for use in the arts ; is iu use mainly by paiuters and bronzers, as zaffro, smalt, &c. Tho ore producing them is, Arsenical Cobalt, composed of cobalt, arsenic, and sulphur, is found combined with silver, bismuth, nickel, arsenic, and copper, in veins trav- ersing primary rocks. The color is^^silver-white, with a reddish copper tint. Has a metallic lustre ; is brittle ; difficult to cut ; with couchoidal fracture. Occurs massive, reticulated, dendritic, stalactical, and crystallized iu cubes and octahedrons. Fused with borax it yields a blue glass. Turns black, Avith tho emission of garlic fumes, in the blaze of a candle. The oxide ia unchangeable by itself (before the blow-pipe), but with carbonate of soda, on charcoal, forms a gray magnetic powder ; with borax, both in oxidizing and reducing flame, gives a deep blue bead. Specific gravity, G.30 to 7.30. For full directions for preparing .smalt, see page 283. NICKEL.— -The ore from which this metal is derived is. Arsenical Nickel (Kupfer, or Copper Nickel), composed of nickel, arsenic, sulphur, lead, iron, and cobalt, is found associated with cobalt. It occurs massive, reticulated, and botryoidal. In color is copper red, with metallic lustre ; is cut with difficulty ; forms a green solution iu aqua for^is, and emits garlic fumes when heated. Oxide of nickel (before the blow-pipe) is infusible alone ; iu the oxidizing flame, with borax, forms an orange-red globule which becomes nearly colorless on cooling ; iu the reducing flame, ou charcoal, tho bead becomes gray ; in the reducing flame, with soda, ou charcoal, reduces to a magnetic powder. Specific gravity, G.60 to 7.70. BISMUTH.— This mineral is often found in its ]nire state fit for imme- diate use, but more frequently associated with cobalt, iron pyrites, galena, arsenic, silver, &c., iu the primary rocks, especially in gneiss, quartz, nua mica-slate. Iu color is silver-white, with a reddish tint. Is softer than RT 1002 SYNOPSIS OF METALLURGY, &€. w '^ J copper ; tarnishes ; has a metallic lustre, lamellar stmcturo, and melts at 476*'. Before the blow-pipe, bismuth fuses and gives off inodorous fumes. On charcoal it becomes surrounded with a dark brown oxide, which is iialC" yellow on cooling ; the flame directed on the coating is not tinged ; ulti- mately the metal is wholly vaporized. The oxide of bismuth, with carbon- ate of* soda, on charcoal, reduces to metal. Specific gravity, 9. ANTIMONY. — The ore from which commercial antimony is obtained is the Sulphuret of Antimony, composed of antimony, 74 parts ; sulphur, 20 parts ; and found chiefly in granite, mica-slate, and gneiss, associated with ores of iron, copper, arsenic, blende and galena. It occurs crystallized and mfissivc, composed of delicate threads or needles. Is brittle ; yields to the knife ; has fibrous fracture and splendid lustre. Tested in a caudle-flame it melts. The ores of antimony afford fumes usually white on charcoal, which are inodorous. The oxides form, with soda on the platinum wire, n clear, colorless bead, which becomes white on cooling ; on charcoal tlicy are reduced. In an open tube, antimony gives white fumes, which coat the glass and vaporize easily on a new application of the heat, without fusion to globules. Specific gravity, 4 to 4.80. GRAPHITE {Black Lead, Plumbago), composed of carbon, 9 parts ; iron, 1 part ; is found in clay-slate, also in the coal formation. The Dixon Crucible Co., of Jersey City, N. J., obtain their graphite from the " Black Lead Mountain," near the village of Ticonderoga, Essex Co., N. Y. Tho ore is chiefly of the foliated variety, interspersed in gneiss and quartz in veins. Graphite is also found in great abundance near Ottawa, Canada. ROCK SALT is found in secondary strata ; frequently associated with gypsum, marl, clay, &c. Near Goderich, in Canada, at a depth of nboiit 1000 It., there is a bed of rock-salt 14 to 40 ft. thick. Tho salt of Salina and Syracuse, N. Y., is obtained from wella of saltwater 150 ft. and upwards in depth, which are borings in salifcrous rocks, which hero are from 700 to 1000 ft. thick. From 35 to 45 gals, of tho water yields a bushel of salt, while of sea water it takes 350 gals, for the same quantity. PRECIOUS STONES.— Diamonds are found in association with sand or alluvium which contain grains of gold. In Brazil the diamond district is called Minas Geraes, 50 miles by 25, near Tejnco. The emerald, garnet, amethyst, tourmaline, chalcedony, topaz, chrysprase, chrysoberyl, sapphire, iolite, spinel, are always found in the primary rocks. The sardonyx, jas- per, canieliau, cacholong, are often fouiid in secondary strata, principally in the tnxp rocks. Cairngorm is a species of quartz. The exudations which form crystals are a very extensive mode of rock formation in all varieties. For hardness of precious stones see page 925. COAL.— Among the varieties of coal may be noted Anthracite {Blind or Glance Coal), sometimes called stove coal, is found in imbedded masses, veins and beds in primary and secondary rocks, fre- quently in traivrocks, graywacke, slate, sandstone, &c. Black or Bituminous Coal occurs chiefly in tho secondary rocks, some- times in sandstone, limestone, and clay. The various kinds are styled slate, coarse, foliated, and cannel coal. The coal beds vary in thicknc?;* from a fraction of an inch to 30 or 40 ft., but seldom exceed 8 ft., and nic generally much thinner ; 8 to 10 ft. is the thickness of tho principal bed at Pittsburg, Pa. ; 29.^ ft, that of the " Mammoth vein " at Wilkesbarre, Pa., 37i ft. that of one of the two great veins at Pictou, in Nova Scotia. The coal beds, tsiken together, make up not more than one-fiftieth part of the coal formation ; that is, there are 60 feet or more of barren rock to 1 foot of coal. An acre of coals 2 ft. thick yields 3000 tons, 3 ft. thick, 4840 tons, and 5 ft, 8000 tons. Lignite (Broicn Coal) occurs In secondary rocks, and occasionally ia alluvium. For facts relating to coal, fuel values, &c., see page 627. GYPSUM occurs in tlie new red sandstone and other secondarv rocka. Ticturo, nnd melts a\ off inodorons fumes, oxide, which is pale- is not tinped ; ulti- (ismuth, with carbon* ravity, 9. bimouy is obtained in 1 parts ; sulphur, 2G iieiss, associated with curs crystallized and brittle ; yields lo the ,ed in a caudle-flame y white on charcoal, the platinum wire, a \g ; ou charcoal tlicy te fumes, which coat of the heat, without of carbon, 9 parts ; irmation. The Dixon lite from the " Black Issex Co., N. Y. Tho gneiss and quartz iu ,r Ottawa, Canada, lently associated with at a depth of about Tho salt of Saliua and 150 ft. and upwards in hero are from 700 to ^Ids a bushel of salt, itity. ociatiou with sand or diamond district is 'he emerald, garnet, irysoberyl. sapphire, The sardonyx, jas- strata, principally in le exudations which atiou iu all varieties. i stove coal, is found secondary rocks, fre- condary rocks, some- •ug kinds are styled 3s vary in thickncsi exceeds ft., and arc theprincipal bed at at Wilkesbarre, Fa., Nova Scotia. The e-fiftieth part of the rren rock to 1 foot ol ft. thick, 4840 tons, and occasionally io Q page 627. secondary rocks. SYNOPSIS OF METALLURGY, AC. 1003 LIMESTONE, composing most of the rocks below the drift, is a com- pact rock of grayish and other dull shades of color to black. Consists esp sentially of carbonate of lime. When impure, and therefore good foi making hydraulic lime (lime that will set under water), it is called hydrmil' ic limestone. "When composed of carbonate '/f lime and magnesia it is called dolomite. When containing fossils it is c^Wed fossil if croKs limestone. The limestone rocks owe their origin to the organic remains of various species that have lived and died during past time. The best marble is found in the upper part of the primary, and lower parts of the secondary rocks. Lime (oxide of calcium), before the blow-pipe, is infusible alone ; with borax, effervesces ; with a comparatively large quantity of borax, forms a clear glass which becomes angular on cooling ; in the flame of the oxyhy- drogen blow-pipe emits a dazzling white light, and fuses .it the edges. BORAX (Biborate of Soda), oefore the blow-pipe intumeses and fuses to borax-glass ; with fluor-spar and bisulphate of potash, colors tho flame green ; soluble in water ; the solution changes vegetjible blues to green. ALUMINA {SesquorJde of aluminum), before the blow-pipe, remains unaltered both alone and with soda ; fuses with borax with great diffl- cnlty, also with salt of phosphorus ; moistened with cobalt solution and brought to a high heat, becomes blue ; is not attacked by acids. SULPHUR, heated in an open glass tube, emits fumes of sulphurous acid ; heated with soda, the compound, moistened with water, blackens sil- ver. TELLURIUM (Oxide), before the blow-pipe, colors the flame green, fuses and sublimes ; with borax, in the oxidizing flame, forms a colorless glass ; in the reducing flame the glass becomes gray ; its behavior with car- bonate of soda is similar as with borax ; ou charcoal, readily reduces tu metal. QUARTZ {Silicic acid), before the blow-pipe, undergoes no change Alone ; with soda, readily fuses to a transparent glass. NITRE, before the blow-pipe, deflagrates vividly ; detonates with com- bustible substances : dissolves readily in water ; not altered by exposure. FLUOR-SPAR (FZworid« of Calcium), before the blow-pipe, decrepitates and fuses to an enamel ; the flame continued, the 8])ecimen assumes a cauli- flower ; heated with salt of phosphorus in a glass tube, it etches or rongh- eus the inside of the gla.ss. PHOSPHORUS, moistened with sulphuric acid and heated, gives a gieen, tinge to the flame. CHLORINE.— A substance containing chlorine, combined with tho salt of phosphorus and oxide of copper, on the platinum wire, colors the flame deep blue. SODA ( Oxide of Sodium), colors the flame deep yellow. ARSENIC (Oxide), before the blow-pipe, volatilizes in white fumes of a garlic odor ; heated to redness burns with a pale bluish flame. The following additional tests, &c., for the determination of gold and fiilver ores, is extracted from Mr. Kustel's incomparable work. Sko. 10. The use of the following systematic proceeding can be under- stood easily by an example : A silver mineral, for instance, approved as such by an cxamhiation ou silver, must be observed first as to what lustre it shows, or whether it is dull. Suppose, then, the mineral has a metallic lustre. (See I.) The color must be observed next, and compared with those under I. The ore is fur- ther found to be " lead gray." We have then to proceed from the indicated letter, B, on the right side, to B on the left, and examine accordingly, ^vhether the mineral gives a sublimate or not. If. for instance, no sublimate has been obtained, we must proceed to c, as indicated. On the described ezaminatiou under c, the uiiueial appears tough ; it can be cut with a knifft u « V 1004 METALLURGY OB' GOLD AND SILVER. ^i •i We po over to Section 16, and see the uuraberH 2 and 20, Silvergluncs nnd Hessite. The deiscription of both will lead to the right determination of tlio mineral. L— Lustre metallic or >Siib-mctallir. Color, white, greyish-white, yellowish- white, or yellow, sec ,1 C!olor, lead-gray, blackish lead-gray, or iron-blacU, // Color, light steel-gray, (' Color, reddish leud-gray * D Color, pinch beck- brown, E U,— Lustre liesinous and Adamantine. Color, pearl-gray, yellowish-grccn, green, olive-green, lemon-yellow, or light yellow, see !^ F Ul.-Dull. Color, red, dark red (sometimes externally Icad-grny ), fi Color, blackish-blue, ! // Color, greenish-black, / A It can be cut with a knife, see n A Cannot be cut ; is brittle, ft B In a closed tube, no sublimate, even under the i>low-pipe, n B It gives a sublimate, with or without the blow-pipe, d C In a closed tube, no sublimate, c C It gives a sublimate, f D In a closed tube, dark-red, sublimate. See Sec. 10 (8 or D). E In a closed or open tube, no sublimate. See Sec. 6 (4). F In a closed or open tube, no sublimate 7 F Gives, with the aid of the blow-pipe, a slight sublimate, h G In a closed tube, red-brown or readish-yellow sublimate. Sec. 16 (10). G It gives three sublimates— black, yellow, and gray. Sec. 16 (10). H In an open or closed tube, no sublimate. Sec. 16' (3 o' ). / In an open or closed tube, no sublimate. Sec. 10 (11 a'). o It melts on charcoal to a metallic white globule. Sec. 16 (1). a It melts on charcoal to a metallic yellow or yellowish globule. Sec. 15 (1). 6 It melts on charcoal to a globule of metallic lustre, coating the coal white. Sec. 16(17). h It decrepitates somewhat, giving, before fusing, a slight, very volatile whitish coating. Sec. 15 (4), or Sec. 16 (22 or 23). c It can be cut with a knife. Sec. 16 (2 or 20). c It cannot be cut ; is brittle. Sec. 16 (3 or 4 a or 6), or Sec. 15 (2). d In a closed tube, it gives a reddish-yellow sublimate. Sec. 16 (6 a' ). e On charcoal it fuses, giving a yellow and white cojiting. Sec. 15 (3). f In a closed tube, by aid of the blow-pipe, a dark red sublimate. Sec. Ki (11). g On charcoal it fuses, emits an acrid odor, and leaves globules of silver ; in a closed tube, with bisulphate of potassa, emits no colored vaiwrs. See. 16 (12). fj It gives, with bisulphate of potassa, red-brown vapors. Sec. 16 (13 or 14). h In a closed tube, with bisulphate of potas.'^a. violet vapors. Sec. 16 (15). DESCRIPTION OF GOLD AND SILVER ORES. A. Gold Ores.- Skc. 15. Gold appears mostly in metallic condition, but never free from silver. It is fonnd generallyin the form of grains, scales, dust, also in the shape of leaves, threads, or crystals. It is not ascertained but supjwsed thjit a part of the gold in iron pyrites does jiot exist in metallic state, but coia .VKR. 20, Silvcrgluncs niifl determiuation of tlie ;, SCO '^ U (• '" n n nc. leraou-ycUow, or METALI.UIIOV OF CiOLI) AND HILVKK. 1005 v-pipe, fi II I a b r. d f f (8 or 9). K4). mate, h limate. Sec. 16 (10). Sec. 16 (10). 13 a'), la'), c. 16(1). ivish globule. Sec. 15 |coatiiig the coal white. slight, very volatile )r Sec. 15 (2). Sec. 16 (6 a'), jiug. Sec. 15 (3). sublimate. Sec. Iti globules of silver : in ^o colored vaiwrs. Sec. brs. Sec. 10 (13 or 14). [vapor?*. Sec. 16 (15). ts. A. Gold Ores.- bnt never free from cales, dust, also in the lued but supiwsed thivt \etallic state, but cuin. t>lued with sulphur, or with nrsenic in the arsenical pyrites. The gold is found in combination with the following metalH : 1. Silver.—ln different proportions. The gold of Gold Hill lode, N. T., contains forty-HCvcn to fifty percent, of HJlvcr ; that of the Comstock lode, thirty to forty-five ; Gila ftiver and Australian gold, three to live per cent. According to the amount of silver, the gold appears more or less whitish. Sixty l^er cent of silver renders the alloy white. On charcoal, treated Avith the oxidation flame, it gives sometime.M a bluish-whito coating of antimony. With borax, played upon with reduction flame, a reaction of copper may bo observed. 2. With TellurU(m.—\t contains gold, 26 ; pilver, 14 ; tellurium, 69 ; with traces of lead, copper, and antimony ; hardness, 1.5 ; gravity, 6.7 to 5.8 ; lustre, metallic ; color, light gray. In an open tube it omits white fumes, and gives a gray subliniato of tol- luriara. Directing tho flame on the sublimate, it melts into transparent drops. The fumes have a peculiar .sour odor. On charcoal, it melts to a dark-gray globule. Played upon with tho oxidation flame, it gives a white coating, which disappears with n bluish-green color, under the oxidation flame. Continued blowing yields a yellow, bright gold button. 3. With Tellurittm and' Lead.— Gold, 9 ; tellurium, 32 ; lead, 64, with traces of copper, sulphur, and antimony ; H. = 1.6 ; Gr. «= 7.72 ; color, dark lead-gray. lu an open tube it fumes, and yields a gray sublimate, the upper part of which, formed by antimonious acid, can bo driven away by the name. On charcoal it fumes and gives two coatings — a white one, which is volatile, consisting of telhirous and antimonious acids and sulphate of lead ; the other coating is yellow, less volatile, and consists principally of oxide of lead. Continued blowing leaves a small metallic buttou, showing gold color when cupelled. 4. With Mercxo'jf and Silver.— Gold, 36 ; silver, 6 ; mercury, 58. The gold is found al.so alloyed with molybdenum, platinum, and rhodium. ii.— SILVER ORES. Sec. 16. Silver is found mostly in combination with sulphur, also alloyed with other metals and substivnces. It appears often in metallic condition. 1. Native Silver is found ci^stallized, in threads or filaments. It often contains a small amount of antimony, arsenic, iron, gold, or copper. Tho native silver, one variety of the Comstoclc lode, N. T., contains, silver, 60-86 ; gold, 1.9 ; lead, 8-30 ; copper, 1-5 ; H.:-: 2.7-3 ; Gr. = 10.6-11.3. Heated on charcoal, it becomes covered witli lead globules, disappearing again when red hot. It gives a yellow coating of lead, and further off, a bluish-whito of antimonious acid." It colors the borax glass green with the oxide of copper. a. Combination with Sulphur.— 2. Silver r/lance {Sulphuret of Silver). —Silver, 87 ; sulphur, 12.9; H. =2.5; Gr." = 6.9-7.2 ; lustre, metallic ; color and streak, blackish lead-gray ; streak, shining. It may be cut like lead. On charcoal, it melts into a dark blue globule, generally emitting metallic silver on the surface on cooling, especially if a small particle of borax glass is added, which dissolves impurities. It yields a silver globule when melted with soda. 3. Stromeyeritc {Silver-Copper glance). — Silver, 50-53 ; copper, 31 ; sul- {(hur, 15 ; H. = 2.5 ; Gr. = 6.2 ; lustre, metillic ; color, blackish lead-gray, n a closed tube, gives sometimes a little sulphur sublimate ; in an open tube, sulphurous acid. On charcoal, it fuses to a steel-blue globule, emit- ting sometimes metallic silver on cooling. Melted with soda, it gives a cop- per button, which yields silver when refined. It occurs in the Heiutzelmau mine, Arizona. a' . A variety of this ore, contiining 40-33 per cent, of silver, with a dull blackish-bluo color ; streak, shining ; can be cut ; occurs in Arizona. 4. Stcrnberr/ite (Sulphuret 0/ Silver and Iiron).—Sl\\eT, 30-33 ; iron, 36; f ««. 1006 MKTALLUR«iY OF GOLD AND SILVER. eulphur, 30; II. =»1; Gr. => 4.2; moUillic lustre ; color, ninchbeck-brown; Htreak, black. In tliiii lamina;, flexible, rcsomblinp: gmpnite. In nn open tube it i^ives out sulpluiroua ncid. It molts to a globule on charcoal, emitr ting silver, and follows the magnet. a'. A variety of this ore is found in the Gold Hill lode, N. T. It consists of silver, "W.L'S ; iron, 34.05 ; II. = 2.8 ; Gr. = 5.2 ; color, dull bluish-gray. The frac.-.ro has a mctaliic lustre and dark lead-gray color. The powder is blackish-brown. It is found in small fnigments of indistinct cubic shape. On charcoal, it molts, with a spongy appearance, to a dull gray globule, following the magnet. A slight ycPow coating indicates a trace of lead. In melting. It gives out a great deal of sulphurous acid. Treated with soda, a silver globule is easily obtained. b. Combinations with Sulphxir and Antimonj/, or Arsenic— 5. Brittle Silver Ore— Silver, 70 ; antimony, 13.9 ; sulphur, 15.7 ; II. ^^ 2 5 ; Gr. = 6.2 ; lustre, metallic ; color and streak, iron-black, or blackish lead-gray. In a close tube, it decrepitates, melts to a globule, and gives a blackish sulh limatc, which turns reel-brown when cold, consisting of 8ul|)hide of anti- mony. In an open tube it melts, evolving sulphurous acid, and fumes. On charcoal it fuses, and coats the coal white witli antimonious acid. By continual blast, the coating assumes a pink color, derived from the oxide of silver. It occurs frequently in the Comstock lode. 6. Polybaailc (Eur/cn Glance). — Silver, G4-72 ; copper, 3-10; sulphur, 17; H. =2.5; Gr. — G.2. It contains also antimony, arsenic, iron, and sometimes zinc. Lustre, metallic ; color, iron-black ; streak, black. In a closed tube it yields nothing volatile. In an open tube it gives autimonial fumes and sulphurous acid. It occurs also in Gold Hill lode, N. T. a'. The polybasite of the Comstock lode contains G4 per cent, of silver. It gives, in a closed tube, with the aid of the blow-pipe, a reddish-brown tiublimatc, with a yellow edge. In an open tube, wliite fumes arise, and some white sublimate deposits. On charcoal, with the reduction flame, it evolves an odor of garlic. Played upon with the oxydation flame, it gives out sulphurous acid and a •white coating of antimonious acid. It melts to a globule wit'i a metallic lustre. If the hot blast is changed suddenly to a cold one, and directed on the globule, holding the blow-pipe point close to it, metallic silver is emitted. If tlie cold blast is stopped too soon, the silver TYill disappear again. 7. 3/iar/7j/ri the aid of the blow-pipe, it yields a sublimate of sulphide of autim kck while hot, but varying from red to reddish-yellow when cold. Ii open tube it gives antimonial fumes and sulphurous acid. On charcoa inelt« easily, and deix)sits a white coating of antimonious acid. With Hola i* gives a silver globule. It occurs also in the Gold Hill lode, N. T. 9. Light red Silver Ore {Protistite, Arsenical Blend). — Silver, 65.4 ; arsenic, 15.1 ; sulphur, 19,4 ; H. = 2.5 ; Gr. = 5.5-5.6 ; color, similar to dark red silver ore, but lighter. Behaves like the preceding, except the arsenical fumes. . _ 10. JTan^Aocone.— Silver, 64 ; arsenic, 13.4 ; sulphur, 21.3 ; H.=-2 ; Gr. *»=5-6.2 ; color, dull red to clove brown ; powder, yellow. When heated in .VEIt. )r, pliichbcck-browu; rapiiite. In nn open lo on charcoal, emit- le, N. T. It consists lor, dull bluish-cray. olor. The powner is listinct cubic shape. \ dull pray globule, J8 ft trace of load, in Treated with soda, a Arfenic.—5. Brittle 7 ; H. -- 2 5 ; Gr. = r blackish lead-gray. RJvcs a blackish sub- of sulphide of nnti- 3us acid, and fuines. itimonious acid. By red from the oxido of per, 3-10 ; sulpluir. , arsenic, iron, and streak, black. In a ) it gives autimonial I lode, N. T. [ per cent, of silver, ipc, a reddish-brown ite fumes arise, and reduction flame, it ation flame, it gives s acid. It melts to a anged suddenly to a w-pipc point close to d too soon, the silver )hur, 21 ; H. = 2.5 ; black ; streak, dark y, and gives out a sulphurous acid and mate of antimonious acid and autimonial •ecomes pink-colored is obtained, which, ?end).— Silver, ustre, metal' a closcf' ' of autim cold. Ii n charcoa u 58.9 -li' ack open inelt« cid. With Huda it de, N. T. end).— Silver, 65.4; color, similar to ecediug, except the 21.3; H.=2; Gr. When heated in MKTALLUIWV OF GOLD AND 81LVEK. 1007 a closed tube it becomes dark rod, molts, and gives some sublimato of sul- phide of arsenic. Wiiilo hot, it i.n dark, browni.<«h-rcd, and red to reddish> yellow when cold, la an open tube and on charcoal, it behaves like the preceding. 11. §ilvei' Fahlerz (Arrftiitiferous Gray Copper Ore).— Silver, 17.71- 31.20; antimony, 2G.G3-24.G3 ; sulphur, 23.62-21.17 ; copper, 25.23-14.81 ; iron, 3.72-5.98 ; rinc, 3.10-0.99 ; lustre, metiUic ; color, light stocl-gray. In a closed tube it sometimes decrepitates, melts, and gives, by aid of the blow-pipe, ft dark red sublimate of torsulphido of antimony, with antimo- nious acid. In an open tubo it fuses, gives autimonial fumes and sulphur- ous acid. On charcoal it fuses easily, and gives a bluish-white coating o antimonious acid and autimonial fumes. There is also a yellowish coating close to tho test, which appears white on cooling. This coating is created by oxido of zinc. a' . Tlio Uee.se River ore, from the Comet lode, seems to be a metamor- phosed silver fahlerz. Tho sulphur is represented by carbonic acid, so that uLnost all copper and silver is a carbonate. It contains silver, 22.35, cop- per, 17, antimony, and gomo lead. It lias a dull greenish-black or black color ; streak, shining ; |)owder, greenish-gray. In a closed tubo it yields nothing volatile. In an open tube some sulnhurous acid can be observed. On charcoal, fuses slowly, but boils up suudcnly in contact with glowing coal, leaving a button of silver and copper. This button, when played upon with tho oxidation flamo on another spot of tho charcoal, gives first n bluish coating of antimonious acid, then a yclldw one, nearer to tho assay of the oxido of load. The silver can bo separated from copper by cupella- tion with lead. b\ Tho silver fahlerz of Shcba lode (Humboldt) contains, silver, 8.20, goiJ, 0.008, somoartimony and lead, but very little copper. It has a light gray metallic lustre. It is also called gray silver ore. c. Combination xcith Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine. 12. Horn Silver {Chloride of Silver).— Silver, 75.2 ; chlorine, 24.6 ; H.=» 1.5 ; Gr.=5.5-5.C ; lustre, adamantine ; color, gray, greenish or blackish ; strc.ik, shining. It looks like horn or Avax. It is translucent, and may be cut liko wax. Occurs frequently in tho Comstock and Gold Hill lodes, also in California. It fuses in a candle flame. On cliarcoal it is easily reduced, and gives an odor of chlorine. If treated under the reduction flame, with an addition of copper, it forms a chloride of copper, and colors tho flame azure-blue. 13. Embolite {Chlorohromide of Silver).— SUxgt, G6.Q to 75 ; H. =1-1.5 ; Gr. =5.3-5.4 ; lustre, resinous ; color, yellowish-green or green. On char- coal it fuses easily, evolves vapors of bromine, and gives metallic silver. Mixed with oxide of copper, it colors the flame greenish-blue. 14. Bromyrite {Bromic Silver).— Silxer, 57.56 ; bromine, 42.44 ; II.= 1-1.5 ; Gr.=5.8-5.6. In a closed tube, treated with bisulphatc of potnssa, it "niits brown vapors. On charcoal it fuses easily and yields a glcjulo of er. It is yellow or greenish, and may be cut liko chloride of silver. 15. lodyrite (Iodide of Silver).— Silver, 46 ; iodine, 54 ; II.=1.6 ; Gr.= 5..'' ; lustre, adamantine ; color, yellow, also greenisli. It is translucent. r eale shape it is always lemon-yellow. When he.ited in a closed tube it becomes fire-red, but assumes its former color when cold. It fuses easily, and gives, by the aid of the blow-pipe, a reddish-yellow sublimate, getting lemon-yellow on cooling. With bisulphate of potissa, it emits beautiful violet vapors. In an open tube it gives an orange sublimate, lemon-yellow on cooling. 0^ charcoal it assumes a fire-red color before it fuses, and spreads on the oal and yields many minute silver globules. With an addi- tion of oxide of copper, it makes an Intensely greeu flame with a bluish tinge. 16. Iodide of Silver and ifei'mry.— Silver, 40-42 ; Iodine, quicksilver, and sulphur (cV.lorine ?), color, dull, dark red ; streak, shining ; powder, 1008 METALLURGY OP GOLD AND SILVER. r** %i'' . ■ r dark red, but changes soon into lead-gray, if exposed to tlu light. lu a closed tube it gives three sublimates, separated iu rings. The nearest to the assay is black (sulphide of mercury), tlio second, yellow (subchloride of mercury ?), the third is gray (metallic mercury). An addition of bisnl- 1)hato of potassa causes it to yield violet vapors, irhich come from the odine. In an open tube it gives the same sublimate, but the black is very glight ; it gives also yellow fumes. A gold particle in the tube becomes amalgamated. Litmus paper at the upper end is colored red by the sul- pliur. Heated on charcoal it turns black, fuses easily, and yields silver globules. Melted with soda, it draws partly into tlie coal. If this crust is broken out and laid on a blank piece of tulver, with a drop of water, the Bulphur in it will cause a black spot on the silver. Heated with a small piece of pure lead, it gives u beautiful green coating, with a yellow border, nearest the assay. This coating (iodine and lead) is far off from the test. Witii copper oxide, like the iodyrite. This mineral occurs, to my knowledge, only in the Heintzclman mine, Arizona. d. Combination with Antimony. — 17. Antimonial iSV/wr.— Silver, 77.84; antimony, 23-lG ; H.=3.5 ; Gr.==9.4-9.8 ; lustre, metallic ; color and streak, silver-white. On cliarcoal it fuses easily to a globule, coating the coal wliite. A continual blast renders the white coating reddish. c. Combination tcith Selenium. — 18. Nattmannite (SeUnid of Silver).— Silver, 73 ; selenium, 26 ; H.=2.5 ; Gr.=8 ; lustre, metallic ; color, iron- black. It melts easily on charcoal, but with intumescence in the reduction ilame. It emits the selenium odor of rotten radish. With soda it yields metallic silver. 19. Eucairite (Selenid of Silver and Copper). — Silver, 43.1 ; selenium, 3t.O ; copper, 25.3 ; lustre, metallic ; color, lead-gray. On charcoal it melts to a gray metallic globule, fumes, and re-acts on borax with copper. This miueralis soft, and can bo cut with a knife. f. With Tellurium.— 20. Ilcsaitc ( Telhirid of Silver).— Silver, G2.42 ; tellurium, 3G.9G ; iron, 0.24 ; Gr.=8. 4-8.0 ; lustre, metallic ; color, lead- gray or steel-gray. It is soft, and can be cut like lead. According to Mr. Blake, this mineral is found iu California also. He describes the re-actiou as follows : " In an open tube the mineral fuses quietly, coloring the glass a bright yellow under a.ssay. A white or gray sublimate is deposited at a short dis- tance, immediately over it, which, on being heated, fuses into transparent drops resembling oil. On charcoal it fuses to a leaden-colored globule, 'vhich, on cooling, becoujcs covered with dendrites. This globule flattens under the hammer. With the addition of soda, a silver globule is ob- tained." /. W"h Bismuth.— 21. nismuth Silver.— SiWc , 60 ; bismuth, 10 ; cop- per, 7.8, and some arsenic ; lustre, m'^tallic ; color, tin-white or grayijn. On clL-xrcoal it melts easily, covernig tho coal dr'.rk orange. It is yellow wliile hot, and lemon-yellow when cold. The ci:ids of copper in It colors the bor x green, when melted on charcoal. f/. Wiih Mercury.— 22. Silver Amalf/am.—SiWc.r, 34.8-2C.2 ; quicksil- ver, 05,2-73.7 ; H.«=3.6 ; Gr.««13.7-14 ; lustre, metallic ; color, silver-white; brittl'ii. In a closed tube the mere:' v sublimatcH. 2.'X Arquer ite.— SHyer, iialgaiu 80.49 ; quicksilver, 13.51. It behaves like tb« ■ J } ■fa 1*. ^ 1 I'- !V9> ER. to thj light. Ill a s. The iicirest to ■ellow (sub chloride addition of bisnl- ch como from the it the black is very the tube becomes red red by the sul- , and yields silver il. If this crust is drop of water, the !ated ■with a small h a yellow border, ■ ofl from the test. [leintzclman mine, fiw.— Silver, 77.84; 'tailic ; color and ;lobule, coating tho reddish. ilenid of Silver). — itallic ; color, iroii- ?o in tho reduction (^itli soda it yields p, 43.1 ; fielenium, )n charcoal it melts with copper. Thia fr).— Silver, 62.42 ; ilic ; color, lead- According to Mr. ribes the re-actiou le glass a brin'ht ted at a short dis- into transparent colored globule, IS globule flatten* I'er globule is ob- )ismuth, 10 ; cop- white or grayish. ge. It i.s yellow jpper in it colors .8-20.2 ; quicksil- olor, silver-white; behaves like the FIRE ASSAY OP GOLD AND SILVER ORES. 1009 DRY AND HUMID ASSAY OF MINERALS. • Assay of Ores by the Dry and Hcmtd PaocEssis. — In the dry, or fire assay of gold and silver ores, the apparatus re(]uired is, 1. A re- liable assajr balance, as previously noted. 2. A pair of less delicate balances, with the cajiacity of weighing 3 ozs., tho weights to be troy ounces ; each ounce to be divided into {88. 3. An iron mortar. 4. A lot of French clay No. 7 crucibles, glass mattresses, and small crucibles of (dry cups) pipe clay. 5. Crucible tongs. G. A fine wire cloth sieve (fiO lioles to tho inch ; 25(X) to a sq. in.), extended on a wooden frame. 7. Cupel tongs. 8. Two or 3 muffles, 10 ins. long, 4 ins. wide, and 3 ins. high. 9. A very small, stiff brush. 10. A fine sieve with alx)ut 40 holes to tho Inch. 11. A brass moild, and bono ashes for making cupels. Tho formation of the cupels requires Iwnes to be burned perfectly •white, then pulverized and sifted tlirough tho last-noted sieve. These ashes are mixed with water and worked witli the hands to a putty-like con- sistence, then placed in the mould and beaten with the pestlo by a wcxxlen mallet. The pestle is finally withdmwn by a twi.sting movement and tho cupel is forced out of tho mould by tho kill of the hand . In addition to the above noted, the following materials will bo required. 1. WJieaC flour ; to use as n substitute for charcoal in reducing a portion of tho litharge to lead. A comjwund of 12 parts of wheat flour with 100 jiaita of soda is an excellent flux for lead assays. 2. Litharr/e ; is of great utility in promoting fusion. It should be thoroughly mixed, sifted, and ke])t from damp. With silver ore, in a crucible, 1^ ozs., with 10 grs. of wheat flour, will produce a button, which is to bo cupeled, and the weight of silver product noted. This weight is to be deducted from the asssiys Avherc this amount of litharge is u.scd. 3. Iron; is used to desulphurize the suli'hu- r. ts. Should be supplied in small pieces of wirc|ori"„of an in<.:h thick, and from i to ^ in. m length. 4. Carbcimtc of sxla ; for use expof c the crystals to the air until it forms a dry white ])owder. Soda-ash or Birar- bonale of soda may be substituted for it with gotid results. 5. Common table salt ; to use, the water of cry.«!tallization must be expelled, by melt- ing the salt on a .sheiH-iron plate until intumesccnrc ceases. Tlio early fusion of the salt in the assay mixture prevent.s the injurions contact of air with the latter during tlie ])roccs8. G. Glass; serves as an excellent flux ; for use it must bo well pulverized in tho iron mortar, and afterwards sifted. The sample of ore to bo tre.ited being thoroughly pulverized, it i.«, with the fluxes, weighed out in the following proixjrtion : a. Ores or Tailings containinr/ but little Sul2^hurets. — Ore, 250 grs. ; glass, 126 grs. ; flour, 8 grs. ; litharge, 1^ ozs. ; soda, 1 oz. b. Ores containinff about GO per rent, of Sulphurets.— Ore, 'J.'>OgrB. ; glass, 125 grs. ; iron, 50 grs. ; litharge. 1^ ozs. ; soda, 1 oz. c. Ores beinfi nearly all iSulphurets. — Tho mixture is like tlie preceding, b«it double the amount of iron, 100 grs. mu.^t be used. Tlie foregoing i^io- portions are given on the high authority of Mr. Knstel. The soda and litharge are fir.st placed in the crucible, over a sheet of paper ; then tho rest of the mi.xturc ; all are carefully mixed togttlicr (mak'ng sure that no portion islo.t or spilled), Uip the crucible in order to B' >'.e the mixture ; strew over the whole a layer of salt one-fourth of an i;ich deep, cover, and place the crucible on the'muffle in tho middle of tho furnace ; if there are several assays place thorn ii; a row touching each other, but apart from the walls of the furn.ace, and yWe tho fuel (charcoal) around them, but not higher than i. tojis of tlic crucibles. Ignite the char- coal and maintain the fire as it bums down, by means of fresh fuel, so as to keep the fire nearly level with tho tops of t!ie crucibles. The latter should 1010 FIRE ASSAY OF GOLD AND SILVEll ORES. b« larga enough to prevent the assay seething over into the fire. As the melting proceeds the boue-ash cupels are placed on the muffle and brought to a red neat. The melting will occupy .ibout one lionr ; when accomplished, remove first, the crucible covers, and then the crucibles themselves, by grasping them with the long crucible tongs provided for that purpose ; remove from the furnace, und \yo\xT the contents into the iron moulds, which are formed with small cavities or depressions, about J in. deep, for receiving the melted assay. The metallic button in the mould, after being cooled, is freed from adhering slag by being hammered into a square shape, and, by means of the cupel tongs above noted, is transferred into the red-hot, bone-ash cupels, where it fuses in a short time and the lead in the mixture ussumos a bnght, agitated appearance, fumes, works up to tho surface, and draws off to the sides of the cupel, where it is absorbed and disappears in tho porous mass. By a proper application of heiit this activity contmues until a bright dazzling play of rainbow colors annoinices the final disappearance of all the lead, leaving the button of silver behind. The silver button is freed from any adherent bone-ash by hammering on the edge ; it is then weighed, and tl'ic weight noted, then "transferred to a glass tube containing al)out ^ oz. of pure nitric acid, and submitted to tho flame of an alcohol lamp, where it soon boils, emitting rcddish-browu vapors, and separates from any gold that inav be present, leaving the latter as a blackish sediment, undissolved in tlie tu\)e. The silver being dissolved, the acid solution is carefully poured off, leaving the gold behind, and the tube is then filled with distilled water. When the auriferous sediment has settled, the water is poured off carefully, and it is again filled with all tho water it will contain. The tube is then covered with a dry cup, or pipe ''lay crucible, and suddenly turned upside down so as to deposit the sediment on the bottom of the cup. Tlie tube is very carefully withdrawn from the water so as to leave every particle of the gold in the ifluid, and after the gold has comjiletely subsided the water is slowly drained off, and the sediment dried in the cup over an alcohol flame until the gold assumes a yellow color. This gold is weighed and the weight noted. The utility of this manipulation will be manifest from the importint re- sults obtained, as shown by tho following calculations, transcribed from Kustel : "The gold was found to weigh, for instance, igSo, and the silver button before dissolving vVon. If the gold is subtracted from the silver which con- tained this gold, we find thus the pure silver — 35G— 35 = 321 silver x 116 = 3723 ounces per ton. and 35 gold X 1 10 = 40 " To find the value, the ounces of gold must be multiplied with 20.67 and those of silver with 1.30. These numbers in their fractions are not perfectly correct, but will serve our purpose. Continuing the calculiitiou we find Silver = 3723 ounces x 130 = $483.09 Gold '-= 40-6 " X 20-67 = $8.39.20 Total value $1,323.19 per ton. Incise the ore for the assay has been weighed out by half an ounce, equal to 240 grit 'us, the calculation "is made the same way as before, with tho ex- ception that the number 1.215 must be substituted for 1.16. The procedure of the preccdinj,- example would be as follows : The weight of t!io button -was 321. This multiplied with 1.216 will give the amount of ounces per ton of ore u' 2000 lbs. 32 (321) X 1-215 == 390 ounces. The quantity of fluxes used for 250graiue of ore will also ser^ o for half ounce assays. )RES. > the fire. As the nffle aud brought mpliahed, remove IvcB, by grasping )8C ; remove from which are formed celving the melted led, i» freed from and, by means of t, bone-ash cupels, I assumes a bnght, 1 draws off to tho 1 tlie porous muss. il a bnght dazzling lice uf all the lead, ish by hammering then transferred to 1 submitted to tho ing rcddish-brovru , leaving the latter ver being dissolved, Id behind, and the irons sediment has I filled with all tho ry cup, or pipe '•lay isit the sediment on ithdrawn from the 1, and after the gold J, and tho sediment assumes a yellow the important re- H. transcribed from (1 the silver button silver which con- fer ton. ied with 20.G7 and us are not perfectly uliitiou we find on. alf an ounce, equal ;fore, with the ex- 6. The procedure ?ith 1.215 will give I used for 250 grains FIRE ASSAY OF MINERAL.S. ion lu gold assays, the resulting button being insoluble iu nitric acid, it must be weighed, melted on charcoal before the blowpipe with three times its weiglit of pure silver, then dissolved and treated as above noted." The assay of gold or silver ores may also be effected by fusing in a otucible the following mixture : Ore finely pulverized 4 parts. Litnarge 4 " Black Flux 3 " If much oxide of lead bo present in the ore use the black flux only. If pyrites are abundant in tho sample under treatment use saltpetre and nitre. If the resultant button bo an alloy of gold, silver, copper and lead, add to it silver and lead, so that the sample will approximately consist of gold, 1 part ; silver, 3 parts ; and lead, from 12 to 16 parts. Place the lead within a bone-ash cupel witliiu a muffle, melt, then aad tho gold and silver wrajv jied in paper, maintain the heat until the play of colors comes over the but- ton as it brightens and becomes tranquil ; then cool, and weigh it. To " pjirt " the gold from the silver, anneal the button, hammer it thin, and twist it into a roll (called a "cornet ") and submit to heat in dilute nitric acid as long as action continues, then in concentrated nitric acid until the silver is wholly dissolved. Next, well wash, dry, and ignite the "cornet"; the weight of silver is equivalent to the weight of tlio button ^^foro parting, less that of the refined cornet. JVb/e.— Chloride of silver (Horn silver), composed of silver, 75.2 parts ; chlorine, 24.6 parts, cannot be decomposed by heat alone. It melts at 600* Fahr. At a temperature of 212" Fahr., it is decomiwsed bv caustic jwtassa and soda, and may be reduced to tho metallic stite by the addition of a little cano sugar. It may also be reduced to th* metallic state by f usinj? 1 part of the chloride with 2 parts carbonate of soda, or 1 part of the chloride with 2 parts of chalk and 2 parts of charcoal. Assay of Copper Ores, containiuf/ Sulphur, brtt otherttisr. same as tlie last. —Pulverize well, and melt in an earthen crucible, at a dull red heat, equal parts of ore and vitrified borax, remove from the slag the matte (crude copper) button. Pulverize it well and slowly, roast in an earthen crucible, stirring meanwhile with a steel rod to promote the emission of sulphurous acid fumes. When no more vapors are evolved raise and maintain the tem- perature at a white heat for several minutes ; then introduce into the same crucible. Roasted matte 1 pari. Black flux 3 to 4 parts. Cover the compound with a layer of vitrified borax and submit it to a cherry-red heat for 20 minutes iua wind fumr^.e ; then remove and weigh the resultant copper button. Assay of Copper Ores containinr/ Arsenic and tarions other Metals.— Trent the pulverized matte as in tho i)reviou8 case, then roast it with pulverized charcoal until the emission of arsenical fumes ceases. Melt the rcsulUmt matte with black flux and borax as above noted, and cupel the button in a bcme-ash cupel with pure lead. Aftor the metallic globule becomes tran- quil, and the brightening takes place, cool, cxti-act, ajid weigh the met^illic button. Assay of Silver Ores by the Humid Proe<*.M.— Digest the pulverized ore in nitric acitf, then add a solution of common salt or muriatic acid to the silver solution as long as any precii)itjite is thrown down. Next, lilter and dry the residuum, then melt the dry residuum with carbonate of soda in an earthen crucible ; when cool, extract and weigh the metallic button. C/Won'de o/aj7rer (Honi silver) is not adapted for this treatment, 1012 DRY AND HUMID ASSAY OP ORKS. being insoluble in nitric ncid, but it can bo dissolved in nratnonin, or iu boiling Holntionfl of tlie chloride of ixttassium, barium, sodium, strontium and calcium. Cyanide of ^>ota8siuni, in solution, will also dissolve chloride of silver ; strong sulphuric acid gradually deconi^wses it ; iron and zinc will liltewiae effect its decomiwsition, especially in presence of free muriatic acid. The behavior of Bromide of silver is nearly identical with the cliloride. Afsay of Gold Ores by the Humid P?'occss.— Digest the ore (well pulverized) in 1 part of nitric and 4 parts of hydrochloric acid, then dilute, filter and cva|)orate nearly to dryness to expel excess of acid. Next, dilute the dried filtnite in pure water, and boil the sulution with a Holution of sulphate of iron, which precipitates the gold as a dark purple powder. Next, filter and heat the residuum with hydrochloric acid, tlien filter, wnsh, and dry the gold IMwder. Oxalic acid, substituted for the sulphate of iron, precipitates the gold in large flaltes. — Quartz Operator's Iland-Book. Assay of Iron.— Melt iu a covered crucible a well-pulverized mixture of: Powdered and roasted ore 4 imrts. Fluor-spar 2 " Charcoal 2 " Common salt strewed over the whole 8 " After fusion remove and weigh the resultant button of cast iron. A variety of 'luxes, as clay, lime, &c., may bo employed, accorduig ai the nature of the ore may require. Assay of Galena, or Ores of Lead (Ontaining Sulphur.— VUicc the follow- ing in an earthen crucible iu the order of mention : Well pulverized ore 10 parts. Iron in strips or ^ilatcs. 1 to 3 " Black flux „ 30 " Common salt, a tliick layer over all, with a piece of charcoal on top. Cover the crucible, melt the assay, gradually increasing the temperature from a low heat to a bright red, continuing the latter about 30 minutes. Next, tap the crucible to consolidate the contents, cool, and remove the metallic button. Assay of Oxidized Ores of Lead.— Tl&cQ the following in an earthen cru- cible iu the oi-der of mention : Well pulverized ore 10 parts. Carbonate of soda 30 to 40 •' Granulated charcoal 3 " Iron, in strins or plates, if sulphur be present. 1 " Common salt, a thick layer over all. Treat as in preceding manipulation. Assay of Copper Ores where no other Metals arc present bvt Iron and Copper. — Place in a crucible the following : Well pulverized ore 2 parts. B'ack flux 6 " Begin with a grfidual heat, incieasing to a bright red, continuing 15 minutes, then extract the button from the slag, and note the weight. To recover Gold and Hilver liesidties in Photographic Wastes. — A large list of fluxes for reducing these wastes will be found on page 981. To i)recipi- tato the precious metal from rejected solutions of nitrate of silver, add tlio following as lung as it causes a precipitate ; carbonate of sodr , 4 ozs. ; water, 6 ozs. Add water, and then thorouglily wash the precipitate in plenty ot xcarm watei'; lastly, dry, and put up tlie precipitate in well-stoppered 'bottles, if not to be reduced forthwith. Lime water is also a first-class precipitating lolatiun for silver. To obtain it place some pieces of lime in a wide-moutbed PROCESSES, ETC., I\ VABIOUS TKADE3. 1013 ii <( n nrainonin, or iu sodium, Btrontinin dissolve chloride it ; iron and zinc ice of free imirintic il with the chloride, re (well pulverized) 11 dilute, filter and ;t, dilute the dried tion of sulphate of ■. Next, filter and ill, and dry the gold ju, precipitates the >ulverized mixture . . 4 ivirts. . 2 " .. 2 .. 8 n of cast iron. A 1, according; ai the .— riace the follow- 10 parts. . 3 " 30 " ■yt charcoal on top. ig the temperature about 30 minutes. )1. and remove the In an earthen cru- 10 parts. 40 3 " 1 " •cscni bvt Iron and parts. red, continuing 10 the weight. htstet. — A large list . 981. To precipi- of silver, add the ;e of Eodr, 4 ozs. ; in plenty ol tcaitn oppered' bottles, if class precipitating in a wlde-moutbea boikle or coTcred vessel ; fill up yrhih wftt^r, Baake well and allow the mlziore to subside for several days, then pour off the clear for usa. Among other precipitating solutions for photographer's use the following may be noted: 1. Por Developer Washitujs. Common salt, 4 oxs., water, 10 ozs. 2. For 2'oninnBath. Sulphate of iron, 4 ozs., water, 16 ozs. 3. For Jlyponulphite Fixing JBat/is. Sulphide of potash, 4 ozs., water, 16 ozs. 4. The Xitric Acid Plate-Solution. Hyarochloric acid, 4 ozs., water, 8 ozs. 5. For Nitrate of Silver Solution, old Baths, etc. Hydrochloric acid, 4 ozs.. water, 4 ozs. ^he above arc usel for })romoting the Benaration of valuable- ingre- dients in a solid state from chemical solutions. The process is assisted bv previously heating the solution ; then add the reagent gradually, and stir well to cfToct a thorough intcrmi.xturc. The solution is then allowed to rest until the precipitate subsides. Then add a few drops more of the reagent to the liquid, and if no additional precipitation is effected the process is complete. IvALUABLE PROCESSES, ETC., IN VARIOUS TRADES. , The following items, selected from the Watchmaker, having been crowded [out of the appropriate department, are inserted here, being deemed too valua- ble to omit. , MAIN SPRINGS. — When a main spring is cleaned, most inexperienced work- men will take hold of one end and pull the spring about half its length straight out, to save time. This practice will break springs when nothing else will ; and springs treated thus generally break after the watch has been delivered to the customer only a few days. Breaking into many pieces is owin^ to the acid in the oil which is used. We will suppose the main spring is a hno one, and has been evenly tempered and properly cleaned ; if, now, old oil is used, or that of an inferior quality if fresh, the acid it contains will eat into the spring, and will finally destroy its texture. The coil nearest the centre breaks first, and as it recous it breaks every coil in the barrel, and sometimes each coil is broken twice. The spring has become so impregnated with acid that it has no life left TO PURIFY OIL —To make the oil pure, take a good sized bullet or other piece of lead wliich has a thick coaling of lead rust, cut it up fine, put it into the oil, and let it stand for two weeks. This causes the acid to sottle, and it then resembles milk at the bottom. Now pour off the top, and your oil is pure. Common clock oil joan be treated in this manner ana made better than some watch oil TO RESTORE LUSTRE.-If not too much darkened it may bs restored by dipping the wheel in pure muriatic acid. Test your acid by dipping a piece of polished steel in it ; if it destroys the polish, reduce the acid with rain water until it will not Rinse the wheels well in water. This will also restore the polish to steel that has been blued by heat. GRINDING GLASSES. — Provide two piecesi of cork, one concave and one convex (which may be out to shape after fitting to lathe). Take a copper cent, or other suitable article, and soft solder a screw to (it the lathe and then wax it to the cork ; then get a twenty-five cent emery wheel, such as is used on sewing machines, and you have a complete outfit for cutting your watch glasiea Polish the edge on the zinc collar of the emery wheel, or use a piece of aino to do it. The other cork should be waxed to a penny and centred. The spectacle lenses may be out on the same emery wheel, if the wheel is attached to the lathe so as to revolve. Another method is to take a common piece of window glass (green glass is the best) and make a grindstone of that, using the flat surface to grind en. Cement it on a large chuck, the glass being from 2 to 2.5 inches in diameter. Anv one not familiar with this method would be surprised to see how fast the glass is oat away, for either speotaoles or wstohes. In grinding watok It l sss e s put them flat on the chuck tdsss— not on the edge, lOU PROCESSES, ETC., IN VAUIOUS TBADEI. Som« watchmakers are ezoasabln for not keeping a full supply of watch glasses on hand all the time, when it is remembered that there are over four thousand difl'erent sizen. COMPOSITION OF BRONZE FOR MACHINERY. -Below will b« found the composition of alloys approved of and used by prominent French mechanics in government and railway work. rnsNca MAnufz. Copper. Tin. Zinc. Tongh bronze for rods, valves, cooks, etc 88 19 3 Very tough bronze for eccentric Btra|i8, etc flO 10 S Bronze for pluminer blocks ftt 14 2 Hard bronze 84 10 2 V<>ry hard bronze for steam braiu-cock* ,S2 IS 2 Bell bronze . 78 23 U Antifriction bronze, with d parts antimony 4 96 U FBENCH RAIUtOADS. CarpiUowB 89 18 S Locomotive and tender oil boxes. 84 16 2 slide valves 82 18 2 Cocks 88 12 2 The bronze composed of 86 copper, 14 tin, and 2 xinc, is least porous, and therefore is most suitable when pressure is to be resisted. PARAFFINE AS A LUBRICANT.— According to a correspondent of the Hailroad Gazette^ the Erie Railway has reduced its oiling expenses from 95,000 to 91,000 a year, by using parafline on passenger car journals, and has reduced the number of hot journals from 53.5 to ^2. During the winter months it is used without the addition of any other oil, but during the summer it is mixed with some other lubricant to give it body, as owing to its limpidity it is difficult to retain in the axle boxes. A lubricant of notable power for cooling hot journal boxes is composed of a mixture of sulphur with oil or grease. Used on the hut bearini^s of steamships, etc., it is unequalled. WOODS HEAVIER THAN WATER.— These arc French box, Irish bog oak, pomegranate, vine lignumvitsa, Indian cedar, ebony, mahogany, and heart of oak. Lignumvitao is one-third heavier than water, pomegranate rather more. Cork and poplar are the lightest woody products. A COMSTOCK LODE BONING PUMP. -The new ChoUar Potoai mining pump consists of double columns of 15 in. plungers. The rods with which these are worked are 14 x 14, each stick being of Oregon pine and 100 ft. in 2ength. They are locked together and held by iron plates 10 ins. wide and 1 in. thick. The motive power is a compound, condensing, direct acting engine, of 700 H. P., the initial cylinder being 10 ft. 10 ins. long, by 32 ina. diam. ; the expansion cylinder being 8 ft. long and 05 ina diam. THE DEEP MINES OF THE WORLD.— The Yellow Jacket is the deepest mine on the Comstock Lode, being now (March, 1879) 2,>500 ft. below the mouth of the main shaft, and 2,0.33 ft. below the Gould k Curry crop- pings, the datum line of the Comstock Mines. The highest heat known in these mines is, for air 154°, in a closed drift in the Crown Point Mine, and for water 154°, in the Savage, Hale ii Norcross Mines. The Adalbert, a lead- silver mine, in Austria, is probably the deepest mine in the world, the perpen- dicular shaft being 3,280 ft. deep. The next deepest on the Continent ot° Europe is the Viviers coal mine in Udlgium, 2,847 ft. deep This mine penetrated to a depth of 3, .5813 ft., but no coal being found, all below the 2.847 ft. level his been abandoned. In England the Dunkirk Colliery, Lan- cashire, has been opened to a depth of 2,824 ft. , and the Rosebridge Colliery, same locality, to a depth of 2,458 ft., these bemg the deepest mines in Great Britain. INSIDE SURFACE COATING TO PREVENT SCALE IN STEAM BOILERS- ^uffyen^acA:'* /Vorew.— Gradually dissolve 6 Iba of a mix- ture of 95 parts of colophoninm, 8W part* graphite, and S>^ parts of lamp- black, in 40 lbs. of boiling gas-tar, adding about 1 lb. of tallow. The solutwo. >£•. PROCESSES, ETC., IN VARIOUS TRADES. 1015 uU supply of watch there are over four ElY.- -Below will be ' prominent French 'opper. Tin. Zinc. 88 12 3 00 10 3 f« 14 3 »4 10 3 S8 18 3 78 23 U 4 96 U 83 18 9 84 16 2 83 18 3 88 13 3 , is least poroua, and a correspondent of oiling expenses from car journals, and has During the winter it during the summer >wing to its limpidity if notable power for I sulphur with oil or is unequalled. 8 French box, Irish , ebony, mahogany, 1 water, pomegranate sdncts. aew ChoUar Potoal ;ers. The rods with ;on pine and 100 ft. in 10 ins. wide and 1 in. ect acting engine, of )y 32 ins. diam. ; the ellow Jacket is the 1879) 2,500 ft. below lould &. Curry orop- ;hest heat known ni Point Mine, and f or he Adalbert, a lead- e world, the perpen- the Continent of deep This mine ound, all below the ikirk Collitry, Lan- losebridge Colliery, >est mines in Great ALB IN STEAM 6 lbs. of a mix- SX parts of lamp- llow. The solutioo, with about 50 per cent, of petroleum, is applied in a wann state. It hrs a pun- {^ent smell, ana should be put on rapidly, taking the precaution of usin j closed antems. Its effect is to cause the scale to como off in large flakes when picked. PLUMBAGO AS A LUBRICANT FOR STEAM CYLINDERS.~A practical engineer, in a communication to the American M; lbs. of the very best A 1 parafiine wax over a slow fire. When liquified, rcmovt from the fire and Rtir m 100 drops oil of citronclla. Have a lot of round new pie-tins, clean and nice ; place them oi a level table and coat them slightly with sweet-oil, and ])onr aoout G tablespoonfuls of the enamel into each tin. The pan may bo floated in water to cool the contents sufficiently to permit the mixture to be cut or stamped out with a tin cutter into small cakes about the size of a I>eppcrmint lozenge. Two of those cakei added to each pint of starch will cauRO the smoothing-iron to impart the finest possible finish to muslin or linen, iKJsidcs pcrf'.iminEf tin clothes in first-class stylo. Thousands of dollars have been made by manufacturers and dealers out of this one article, for, when well made and attractively put up in boxes, etc., the sale is great and the profits immenstk SUPERIOR BAKING POWDER— Take 2 lbs. best Urtaric acid in crys- tala, 3 lbs. bi-oarbonate of soda, and .3 lbs. potato starch. Each article must be pulverized separately and slowly dried by a gradual heat, and afterwards thoroughly mixed by being passed through a fine sieve. In quality this arti- cle has no auperior, and, when attractively packed in tins, lead foil, or P»pcr glaxod on the outside (it must be kept free fiom damp), it oommaada » moat profitable sale. 1010 PROCESSES, ETC., IN VARIOUS TRADEi. '/'', t VIOLET WRITING INK.— For 9 gals., heat 2 Bill« of alcohol In a crater bath ; add to the alcohol 2 ozb. of violet aniline, and st'r till di8»oivef1, then add the mixture to two gals, of boiling water ; mix well, and it in re<^dy for nae. Smaller quantities in proportion. This is the secret, from the sale of which, together with the products of manufacture, so many fortunes are said to have been made. Some parties assert that it in worth to an active man more than $1,000, un account of the large profits obtainable from possible sales. MANIFOLD PAPER, sometimes called coptying-paper, is produced by mixing finely pulverized plumbago or lampblack into a putty-like pantc. Pasn the suuntance over tissuo paper with flannel, and remove the surplus matter with a soft rag. In use, these sheets are alternated with black carbon paper, and when written on with a hard graphite pencil the product will be aeTeral copies of a lctt«r with one writing. DUNCAN, FLOCKHAllT A CO.'S BJiUE-BLACK AND COPYING INKS. — Blue Aleppo galls (frea from insect perforations), 4)4 om. ; bruised cloves, 1 dr., cold water, 40 ozs., purified sulphate of iron, 1^^ ozs., pure sulphuric acid fby measure), P>5 minims, sulphate of indigo (in the form of a paste) and which should be neutral, or nearly so, 1 oz. The weights used arc avoirdupois, and the measures apothecaries* measnres. Place the galls, when bruised, with the cloves, in a 50 oz. bottle, pour upon them the water, and digest, often daily shaking for a furtniglit. Then filter through paper in another 50 oz. bottle, (vct out also the refuse of the galls, and wring out of it the remaining liquid through a strong clean lineu or cott«n cloth, into the filter, in order that as little as possible may be lost. Next j)ut in the iron, dissolve completely, and filter through paper. Then the acid, and agitate briskly. Lastly the indigo, and thoroughly mix by shaking. Pass the whole through paper ; just filter out uf one bottle into another until the operation is finished. Note. — No gum or sugar is proper and on no account must the acid be omitted. When intended for copymg, 5X ozs. of galls is the quantity. On the large scale this fine ink is made by percolation. GLAZE FOR ROAST COFFEE— In one patented process the roasted coffee is coated with a preparation composed of Irish moss, }^ oz., gelatin, }-^ oz., isinglass, ^4 oz., white sugar, 1 oz., eggs, 24. The first three are boiled in water and the moss strained clear Another recipe is 1 oz. French isinglass and 4 ozs. water, the moss mixed and molded to form. — Aum'ican O racer. VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS.— By a recent official statement of the Secretary of the U. 8. Treasury, the value of foreign coins in U. S. money is rated as here shown, and the values uf all foreign merchundise made out in any of these currencies, imported on or after Jan. 1, lti79, will be estimated on the following basis : Bclf^inm. frsnc, jfolrl and silver, l^..^ cents. Bolivia, dollar, poirt nnd silver, 9fi.5 centM. Bmzil, niilreiH of 1000 rois, Rold, 64.5 contR. British Possessions in N. A., dollar, gold, «]. BoKuta, peso, gold, OTi.S cents. Central Americji, dollar, silver, 96.5 cents. Chili, peso, gold, 01.2 cents. Denmark, crown, piold, 2«{.8 cents. Ecuador, dollar, silver, 03.3 cents. BKypt, pound of 100 piasters, gold, 9-1,97.4. Franoe, franc, gold and silver, 19.3 cents. Great Britain, pound sterling, gold, $4 8G Greece, drachma, gold and s'lver, 10.3 cents. German Empire, mark, gold, S3.H eents. India, rupee of lA annas, silver, 44.4 cents. Italy, lira, gold and silver, ltt.3 cents. .Tnpsn, yen, gold, 9ft.7 cents. T.iberin, dollar, gold, %\. Mexico, dollar, silver, ^ 1.01 5. Netherlands, florin, gold ii silver, 88.5 cents. Norway, crown, gold, 2B.8 cents. Tern, dollar, silver, 1W.5 cent«. rortugal, milreis of 1000 n-is. gold, $1.08. liUBsia, ruble of 100 copcckf, silver, 74.i> centH. Sandwich Islands, dollar, gold, $1. Spain, poheta of 100 centimes, ullver, 1U,3 cents. Sweden, crown, gold, 26.8 ocnts. Switzerland, franc, gold and silver, 19. 3 cents. Tri|H>li, mabub of V> piasters, silve , 84.4 cent-". Turkey, piaster, gold. 4 3 cents. U. S. o( Golambia, |ieau, silver, 03.6 cents. DES. of alcohol in a crater T till disAoiverl, then II, and it in re^dy for firet, from the sale of my fortunes are eaid rth to an active man inable from possible per, is prodnced by utty-like pa»tc. Pa«"« i the surplus matter black carbon paper, oduct will benereral K AND COPYING >*). *)^ 0"- ; bruised iron, 1*^ ozs., pure o (in the form of a tie weights used arc 'lace the galls, when hem the water, and jr through paper in I, and wring out of it ott«n cloth, into the :ext put in the iron, le acid, and agitate ng. Pass the whole intil the operation is cotmt must the acid is the quantity. On process the roasted ». K o^M gelatin, I3' it three are boiled in oz. French isinglasa merican Grocer. \\ statement of the IS in U. S. money is disc made out in any i^ill be estimated on 7 cents. «1. , ^1.015. old & Hilver, 88.5 centn. , 2«5.8 cents. 'A.h ront«. UOO rt'iR. gold, $1.08. ) copcckM, silver, 74.8 illnr, Kold, $1. centimes, Hilver, 1U.3 36.8 cents, gold and silver, 19.8 I piastera, sllvp , 84.4 4 8 cents, flu, silvor, 03.6 cents.