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Ctbrarg

KINGSTON, ONTARIO

THE LAND SHALL NOT BE
SOLD FOREVER " ■-•-•=

Leviticus xxv. 2S.

\ Reprinted from the July number o/Thk Canadian Methodist QuARi-AtttiV. ' '

"AS this injunction the declaration of some eternal. ^rinr.
ciple, resting on a basis of justice, obligatory on ail'.flgefi*
Ind conditions of society, or was it only a temporary expe4ient, ,
ipplicable merely to a certain peculiar condition of the tFewisli •

people? I / V '.:::. .-

The question resolves itself into this: Can land bejU!?tly.
bated as an article of commerce, to be bought and sold, just ak '
jod, clothing, shelter, or any other product of labor, yr doeg;
land differ from other things, so that justice forbids its sale ? .
^' Between the land, the gift of the Creator, and coramo(Jities,
the product of the laborer, the Mosaic economy made the;vti(,)e8t
distinction. No restriction whatever was placed on the sal-e of
le products of industry, but the sale of land was strictly, ji'or-
^idden. No one could do more with the land than to give a
jase till the Jubilee year.

This method has been spoken of as an entail, resembling the
bntail common in Britain. But these two entails differed as
'idely as two things could differ. The Jewish entail secured
[and to everyone, the British entail secures it to particular heirs
)nly, and excludes all others. The one entail ensured equality,
^he other perpetuates and intensifies inequality.
To determine the Tightness or wrongness of selling land, we
lust examine what selling means. How does anyone acquire
a right to sell ? Evidently a man can sell only what is his,
and nothing more than is his. That which he owns absolutely,
evidently he can sell absolutely, and that which he owns only
limitedly, he can sell only limitedly.

/■'. ^

7oxS

2 ^ " The Land Shall Not be Sold Forever "
• ••*

.i,^".™" """' "*'"'''' ^^^ "•"' '""'her catches .ame and
Thftorto sells fish and buys game, the other sells game and buy,

"■•••S^'^K """'•■. f"""; ■•''"'^'"^"•'e'-vice; each confers a
:••■•• if!: " '"'■'"''"' ""'^' °» '=°"'''"°° 'hat he enriches

•••••f S ■,°." *^' '=°"'"""'" <«" I justly demand anv

•••••■•li" .;r'r i;'' '™'" "■" ■ «'"'"''' I ''"^"■Pt to take
....theni^ wthou offering some equivalent product or service

■•••S " T' 'r"'''"^'^' *"'■ '"'"'"^«'y -""g-'i- that I was
....5ute«mgh,mtoan injustice, and would he not feel that he

"•■•itH- V"'"""' '" ?'"*'"« "y '^"'^^ ' Undoubtedly he

■■••Ltlfr .T'^'r^'"'""''''™''"" "> P™^'^ to a man that
....^e_«.a3frauded when he .s compelled to render or surrender V

...-.f 7?.<=P, without receiving an equivalent service in return I

•■'■ k. ■?•'!'* ■"?* ''!!'" '^^^ '" assuming this as one of the
;.. Wrpnnc,ples of ethics, that honesty demands that service
"•■•C „ S-]^' tecprocal-service for service, product for product
•••S " benefit ? Suppose we deny this doctrine, and' alert
....th^p,e part of humanity has the right to claim service with-

ou^^ndenng service, do we not at once proclaim the doctrine

ot sMl-CTy, fraud and theft ?

Ailr^ ,* "1"? '°"'; ™''' " '"'°P' P™""^*^^ » house, cures a

tXZ T " •''■'""P''^' '"™"'^ " machine.organi.es an

industry or charms our souls with the beauties of son. or

tiTjL T '':r"'^'f "' « "Sht to charge his fellowmrn, a
r ght to , ell. Iho r,ght to „,ake a charge rests on a service
rendered or a product furnished. Can anyone, on any other
condumn justly claim the right to demand product or service
fromhisfellowman? Unquestionably he can not

Can any man, any combination of men, any government, fur-
cirvt f '-"/Pf-t of industry. Do land speculators
carry tniactones for the production of town lots ? Did the
landlords of Ireland furnish that i.sland to their tenants '
These questions at once call the attention to the essential dis-
tinction between land, which no man furnishes, and the pro-
ducts ot labor, which men do furnish.

€

It ca
»ny on

made tl

,♦0 the c

of the €

the teac

earth w

once sw

U God

^inen thf

"of one I

ance on

."these " <

to exclu

we at (

spirit oi

Father,'

If the

then th(

ivrhich I

right of

law, woi

" owner

generati

;enerati

Theff
laborer,
he rejoic
his prod
does he 1
ducts,
service f
right to

'^.■

ches game, anc^
nng and selling,
game and buys
in reality it is
each confers a
he enriches,
to raise a crop
' demand any
tempt to take
Jct or service,
lize that I was
fc feel that hp
idoubtedly he
to a man that

or surrender

return. /

s one of the

that services
i for product,
ae, and assert
service with-

the doctrine

ouse, cures a
, organizes an
s of songr or
fellowman, a
on a service
n any other
Jct or service

jrnment, fur-
d speculators
s? Did the
eir tenants ?
issential dis-
nd the pro-

" The Land Shall Not he Sold Forever." 3

Who are thk Owners of the Earth ?

I It cannot be the exclusive possession of one generation, or of
(iny one portion of any generation. " In the beginning God
inade the heavens and the earth," and " the earth hath He given
to the children of men." The only doctrine as to the ownership
of the earth consistent with the teachings of Christianity, with
the teaching that all are equally the children of God, is that the
earth was made equally for all. ♦ The denial of this doctrine at
once smites at the foundation of the doctrine of the fatherhood
of God and the brotherhood of man. Proclaim to any body of
men that God created this earth to be the exclusive possession
of one portion of humanity, and that the rest are here on suffer-
ance only, tenants at will of the " owners " of the earth, that
these " owners " have the right, the unquestionable moral right,
to exclude the " non-owners " from the gift of the Creator, and
we at once proclaim a doctrine diametrically opposed to the
spirit of Christianity, and which reduces the expression, " Our

_ Father," to a meaningless platitude.

If the land belongs just as much to the child as to the parent,
then the latter certainly can have no moral right to sell that
which belongs to another. For one generation to sell out the
right of the next generation, is evidently in morals what, in
law, would be deemed ultra vires. One generation is not the
" owner " of the earth ; it belongs to all generations— to the last
generation just as much as to the first, to every one of every

generation as much as it belongs to any one of any generation.

The Two Uses of Land,
The farmer uses the land as an agent of production. He is a
laborer, a producer. In the growing abundance of his product
he rejoices, and is always seeking, by every expedient, to render
his production more abundant. Only after he has produced
does he claim the right to clothing, hardware, and other pro^
ducts. His selling is the exchange of product for product, or
service for service. He offers abundance for abundance. His
right to sell the product of his industry cannot, for one moment,
"" I— ^ - ^^'^ vaiue tiiat he oiiers m the market, the

" The Land Shall Not be Sold Forever"

charge that he claims the right to make, is simply the payment,
or the reward, he demands for his industry. He has made a:
sacrifice, has rendered a service, has conferred a benefit, and
now he claims a product, a benefit, in return. And has not his
industry given him an unimpeachable title to that reward ?

In the same way the carpenter, the builder, and the clothier
all rejoice in the abundance of their products, and they claim a
share of the abundance only after they have contributed their
quota of service to the production of that abundance.

But when we investigate the claim of the land speculator or
collector of ground rent to reward, then we find a marked con-
trast. His claim is exactly opposite in character to that of the
farmer, the builder, and the clothier. He rejoices in scarcity,
for as scarcity of land increases, as population becomes more
and more congested, as people are compelled more and more to
economize space, so grows more and more his fortune. While
busy industry seeks the factory, the farm, or the shop, that it
may add to the abundance of its production, and while it
brings forth wealth in lavish richness, the speculator adds not
one iota to the world's wealth, but lays on industry a heav}-
hand, and compels it to surrender an extortionate tribute. The
farmer uses land for production ; the speculator uses land for
extortion.

The Creator furnishes the raw material ; industry comes with
its magic touch, and converts that raw material into the finished
article. Industry comes to the ore, to the soil, to the clay,
thence spring the machinery, the food, the building. The con-
tact of industry with the soil is one of beneficence, bringing
forth sustenance for the maintenance of men. The contact of
speculation with the soil is one of maleficence. Let industry
have access to the original sources of wealth, and it enriches ;
let speculation come, and it impoverishes. The hand that begot
the abundance goes away with scarcity, for it is despoiled ; the
hand that begets nothing goes away o^'erflowing, empowered
by law to despoil. God's law would reward each according to
his work, man's law reverses this order. It curses ten-hours-a-
day with a poor home, poor surroundings, poor education, and
allows no-hours-a-day to "reap where it has not sown, and
gather where it has not strawed."

Is this honest i If it is honest, then we must abandon all
proper ideas of religion. " Woe unto them that call evil good
and good evil, that put darkness for light and light for dark-
ness, that put bitter for sweet and sweet for bitter ! "

For cen

Bver," has
3f investif]
It were a ]
the heriti
)wner3hip
It is rii\
for twent;
land in th
^of twenty
that city
came ther
of land, 1
additiona'
the peopli
more of '
industry
ness on tl
paid this
their obi
Sisyphus,
century
dollar, to
obligatioi
science, 3
land law
indebted;
them to
tinuaily
possible
mechanic
it ever b(
deemablt
through

One n
hey ar
necessar
sarily pi
' But, i
hich ]
round

e payment,
las made a
•enefit, and
has not his
ward ?
he clothier
ley claim a
buted their

leculator or
arked con-
that of the
in scarcity,
omes more
id more to
ne. While
hop, that it
id while it
ir adds not
;ry a heav}-
ibute. The
es land for

comes with
the finished
;o the clay,
. The con-
ce, bringinpf
} contact of
et industry
it enriches ;
I that begot
ipoiled ; the
empowered
iccording to
;en-hours-a-
ication, and
sown, and

ibandon all
,11 evil good
it for dark-

" The Lani Shall Not he Sold Forever." 5

The Everlasting Tribute.

For centuries the command. " The land shall not be sold for-
5ver," has been regarded as a dead letter, hardly even worthy
pf investigation. We have treated the gitt ot God as though
it were a product of toil. Under forms of law wo have taken
Ihe heritage of humanity, and given it to be the exclusive
)wner3hip of one portion of the people.

It is reported that the site of New York city was once sold
for twenty-five dollars, and it is also reported that one piece ot
Jandinthat city has since been sold at the rate of upwards
^of twenty millibn dollars per acre. The value of the site ot
tliat citv has been estimated at $2,000,000,000. When settlers
came there first, they had to pay but little for the occupation
of land, but with every increase of population, with every
additional railroad line or steamship line centring in that city,
the people have had to pay more; they have had to surrender
more ot- the product of their industry. For centuries the
industry of the country has paid for the privilege of doing busi-
ness on the land of New York. Year after year have the toilers
paid this tribute, and in spite of this long-continued payment
their obligation is now greater than ever. It is the toil ot
Sisyphus The task is no nearer completion than it was a
century ago. Where at one time industry had to surrender a
dollar to-day it surrenders a thousand. Fifty years hence the
obli-Tation will be still greater. In the whole range of economic
science no fact is better established than this : Our present
land laws inevitably force one part of society into everlasting
indebtedness to another part of society. These laws subject
them to never-ending tribute, to an obligation that is con-
tinually (Trowing, to a debt so great, so increasing, that by no
possible effort of industry, by no possible improvement m
mechanical devices, co-operative agencies, or profit-sharing, can
it ever be cancelled. It is a debt increasing, everlasting and irre-
deemable. The only escape from this er.dless tribute can come
through a change in our laws.

Sale of Land versus Sale of Goods.

On€ man raises food, another makes clothing. They exchange-
They are mutually enriched, mutually benefited. No one is
lecessarily defrauded, no one necessarily injured, no one neces-
sarily plunged in debt.

But, suppose I am the owner of a valuable town lot, from
,^hich' I have been drawing rental simply for the land— a
rround rent. I propose to sell it to my neighbor, ^r. Smith.

" Ths Land Sliatl Not he Sold Forever."

What do we exchange in thin case ^ Is it land I am selling,
or land plus something else ? I am possessed of a power called
a ground rent, to appropriate from some third parties their
production, and I propose to transfer to Mr. Smith that power.
For a certain consideration, I propose to transfer to him the
power to subject third parties to an everlasting tribute. May
not these third parties very properly question the justice of
this transaction so far as they are concerned ? The trade in
goods bears all the marks of honesty and harmony, because it
brings mutual benefit ; the trade in land bears all the marks of
injustice — an everlasting spoliation.

The Unique Character of the Mosaic Laws.

Travellinj; through a wilderness, at the head of a band of
escaped slaves, coming from a country in which despotism
reached its highest pitch, in which superstition sunk to the
most grovelling depths, Moses wrote the decalogue. All the
philosophy of the ages fails to point out a flaw in the correct-
ness of the principles therein proclaimed, or to detect a trace
of superstitious idolatry in their statement. The bulk of their
message relates to duty, and so imperatively do they command
the acquiescence of the moral judgments, that we never think
of questioning their correctness.

But no more remarkable than the decalogue is the economic
system of Moses. Its methods may be impossible of application
in this generation, but its principles are fundamental, appli-
cable to all ages, and modern statesmanship will have to sit at
the feet of an ectmomic philosopher, who wrote ages before the
author of the "Wealth of Nations," or of "Progress and Poverty."
The system of Moses recognized clearly the distinction betwecxi
the gifts of the Creator, the original endowment given for the
equal enjoyment of everyone in every generation, and the
products of industry produced by each for his exclusive pos-
session, to consume, bestow, or sell, as his best judgment
dictated. By that system, to each one was secured free access
to the orifjinal source of wealth, so that no man was under the
necessity of going with his hat in his hand looking for a job.
There was thus secured to every man freedom to produce.

The land speculator tries to forestall the industrious man, not
that he may furnish him a home, a crop, a quantity of clothing,
but that he may extort, that he may get a lien on the products
of industry, that he may obtain produce without producing.
The Mosaic econoinj' prevented this so far, at any rate, as the
rural districts were concerned. It thus secured to every man
the freedom to enjoy the product of his industry, free from the

Exactions

fjlators.

> If thei

sideratior

exigencie

sense. ^

has a ri{

judgment

tility, til

never fin

condition

pickets ;

Egypt fo

Accord

there pr(

' munities

each per

land. It

ing at tl

attach so

any way

guidance

The in

" Origin

ness of 1

tains tha

free con

anors.

To the

unparall

its absei

other C01

wealth I

degradec

end — th(

Plato

he still

" Utopia

the hone

in the hi

the righ

else can

child of

distincti
ii- - I

ti!u pruu

warn

"The Land Shall Not he Sold Forevrr."

am selling,
3wer called
irties their
ihat power,
to him the
bute. May
} justice of
le trade in
^ because it
tie marks of

iAWS.

I a band of
despotism
lunk to the
le. All the
.he correct-
itect a trace
ulk of their
i^ command
never think

)e economic
application
3ntal, appli-
ive to sit at
i before the
id Poverty."
ion betweex^i
ven for the
n, and the
elusive pos-
judgment
free access
J under the
ig for a job.
oduce.
•US man, not
of clothing,
he products
producing,
rate, as the
• every man
ee from the

'lexactions of a non-producing clas.s of landlords and land specu-
lators. , , , ,

If there is one thing that the state should under no con-
sideration interfere with, unless under the mo>t extraordinary
exigencies, it is the exercise by the individual of his common
sense. When a man seeks oil, coal, food, clothing, smely he
has a right to say where he shall obtain these as his best
judgment dictates, and laws imposed to drive people from fer-
tility, that make it a crime to resort to abundance, should
never find a place on the statute-book of a nation. And this
condition the Mosaic economy strictly observed. No line of
pickets surrounded Palestine to prevent the Jew going to
Egypt for corn, or to Phd^nicia for cedar.

According to the teachings of Manver, Main and Lavelleye,
there prevailed throughout the world a system of viHage com-
munities in which the land belonged to the community, and
each person in this community enjoyed an equal right to the
land. It has been asserted that this was the system prevail-
ing at the time of Moses, and that, therefore, we are not to
attach .so much importance to the Mosaic economy as being in
any way unique, or that much is to be learned from it for our
guidance.

The investigations of Coulanges, published in a book entitled
" Origin of Property in Land," throws doubt on the correct-
ness of the theory of village communities. Coulanges main-
tains that the so-called communal system was not a sy.stem of
free communities, with ownership of land, but a system of
manors, with a baronial landlord and his servile tenants.

To the Mosaic system we are indebted for a picture perhaps
unparalleled in history for its purely democratic character,
its absence of those vicious extremes only too manifest in
other countries, an aristocracy revelling in excessive, unmerited
wealth at one end, and its natural complement, a mass of
degraded toilers, steeped in unmerited poverty at the other
end — the baron and the villain, the millionaire and the tramp.
Plato drew on his imagination for his " Republic," in which
he still deemed slavery an essential factor. More saw his
I' Utopia " only in his " mind's eye." To Mo^es alone is reserved
Sthe honor of founding a nation on laws that stand unparalleled
in the history of the world for their complete recognition of
the rights of the citizen, and the principles of justice. Where
else can we find the clear recognition of the right of every
child of God to the gift of God — the land ? Where else the
distinction between the gifts of God, the natural wealth, and
the products oi lauor, the labor-produeed weaiuh ? tt nsre eise

8 "Tke Land Sh. >! Not he. Sold F,>rever"

do we see the proper limitation imposed that prevented the huI,
of that which wa.s given by the Creator for division and not
for .sale? What other nation has ever enjoyed laws thni
secured to the citizen his ri^ht to produce, his rifrht to exchanKf
that produce whenever his best judgment dictated, and hi i rirrht
to enjoy the produce of his industry, free from the exactions" r)i
landlords and land speculators :*

Some day we will also discover that no one generation has
any right to.plunge another generation into debt, that our great
national debts are great national blunders, if not crimes, "tIk-
year of Jubilee placed a limit beyond which indebtedness could
mot extend, ^j^ie parent could not leave to his child a legacy of
burdensome obligations. In that .?ountry could not be witnessed
as we can in this country, the monstrosit} of one child born
under a crushing debt to another child.

There are evil symptoms everywhere thai call on us to give
our best energies to the investigation of the.sc problems. When
some men acquire .so many millions that they can buy up
legislatures, dictate policies, organize private police, reduce popu-
lar government to a sham; when millions of men see that
honest toil brings but a pittance ; when the best energies of the
manhood of the majority must be devoted simply to satisfying'
the animal wants; when strikes, boycotts, lock-outs, black-list"
are daily occurrences; when a mere handful of men control all
t}ie fuel output of a continent, to preach to men the brother-
hood of man becomes the saddest of burlesques.

" The Go.spel will cure all this," say a ho.st of respondents.
Yes, my brother, the Gospel will do it, when we learn correctly
how to interpret and how to apply the Gospel. But to rattle
over some platitudes, and to use the Gospel as a chatm, will
never do it ; never, till the end of doom. The gospel of happy
feeling and other worldline.ss has had its day. We now want the
gospel of ju.stice, "to every man his due." "Weare still "tithing
the anis;j and cummin," and neglecting the weightiei matters of
the law, devoting a world of energy to mere details of organiza-
tion, and .scarcely a modicum of energy to studying the ethics
of society. ,