sTVJ %, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /> 1.0 I.I 1.25 US '•■■ lit li£ I 1.4 40 |25 1.6 PhotogiBphic Sciences Corooration 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 87i2-4S03 ^ .•V iV A ^ \ ^<^> V '^Cv'- ^ »> signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". IVIaps, plates, charts, etc.. may be ff'med at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be sntirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent dtre IMmAa d des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seui clichi. [i est filmd d partir da I'angie supirieur gauche, de gauche ^ droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diajrammes suivants illuatrent la mithode. irrata to pelure. n d 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 .^ 7\S il^UUAJiUN LloWAHf mm -^^^X^y^TV^ /^ THE ENTRANCE BRITISH HISTORY NOTES BY GEO. E. HENDERSON, Editor of " The Entrance;' AND CHAS. G. ERASER, Assistant Master in Gladstone Ave. School, Toronto. FOURTH EDITION. PRICE, IS CENTS. THE EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING CO., Toronto, 1897. Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven, by Gko. E. IIkndukson and CiiAS. G. Fraser, at the Department of Agriculture. PRin^^ACH. Our experience in teaching' History in the Public Scliool convinces us of the necessity of giving concise notes to the pupils after tlie topics have been dis- cussed in class; but the pres3 of work causes the copying of these notes to be done so hastily that the writing is usually poor and the spelling and com- position faulty, so much so that the notes are diifi- cult to read, and their usefulness in review work is in many respects greatly impaired. Believing this to be the opinion of teachers gener- ally, we have prepared this little work, which we now place before the teachers and pupils of our schools. The Authors. ^ BRITISH HISTORY NOTES^ THE ROMAN PERIOD. 55 B.C. -410 A.l). Characteristics. —The introduction of the arts of peace ; the opening up of the country ; and the main* taining of law and order. 1. The Ancient Britons were the people who inhabited the country now called Hritain, before the beginning of tlio Christian era. They were a brave and hardy race, living on flesh and milk, and dress- ing in the skins of animals. They were divided into many tribes, but in times of danger all united under Ji connnon leader. Their religion was called Druidism, and their priests, known as Druids, were really the rulers of the people. They wor- shipped one God, but such objects of nature as the sun, the moon, and the oak, shared their veneration. They offered many human sacrifices. 2. The Roman Conquest. — To punish the Britons for assisting the Gauls, and to extend the Roman empire, JuHus Caesar invaded Britain in 55 B.C. The Romans, under Claudius, came again in 43 A.D., and gradually conquered the country, putting the Druids to death. The Britons struggled nobly under CaractaCUS, and then under Boadicea, to defend their homes, but the arms of Rome pre- vailed. Caractacus was taken a prisoner to Rome, BKITISIl HIST01{Y NOTES. I- 1 where his noble (tearing gained liim a pardon. It is said thafc Boadicea t'j^jk poison, in the year Gl, to escape falling into tlie hands of the Romans. 3. Roman Influence.— Tlie Romans opened up the country, built roads and towns, taught the Britons ^he arts of peace and maintained law and order. To keep back the PictS and ScotS, who dwelt in the northern part of the island, they built two walls from sea to sea. They disarmed tlie Britons to prevent their rising in rebellion, and thus the country became dependent on the Roman anus for protection. During the Roman period Clirist- ianity was introduced by some missionaries, and in the course of time botli Britons and Romans became Christians. In 410, the Roman soldiers were with- drawn to defend their provinces nearer home.^ THE EARLY ENGLISH PERIOD. 449-1017. Charari<'n'sfic.sfc and north. There were three tribes of the Englisli, — Jutes, Angles -a H THE EARLY ENGLISH PERIOD. I. It is Gl, to med up ;lit the aw and :S, who ey built led tlie lid thus 1,11 arms Christ- , and in became '6 with- duction tter the ked the le Elbe, I Scots. a, came )ts, and omppny iountry, lere T' Angles I! Ill 8 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. and Saxons, — and they founded several kingdoms. At one time there were seven, which are known as the " Heptarchy." These were constantly at war with one another until, in 827, Egbert, king of Wessex, became king of all England. 2. English Self-governing Institutions.— The English were great lovers of freedom, and brought with them to Britain the elements of our present local self-government. The township, the hundred, and the shire, each had its own " moot " to manage its affairs. The national council, which met three times a year to give advice to the king, was called the Witan. On the death of the king, a new one was elected by the Witan, the son of the late king being generally chosen, although in time of danger he was sometimes passed over to secure a military leader. This was the case when i^ if red was chosen. 3. Christianity. — St. Alban introduced Christ- ianity into Britain during the Roman period, but it was driven from the land before the heathen Saxon invaders. Again it was introduced by Augustine in 597, and gradually spread its influence over blie land, and most of the men of England became free- men. Missionaries also came from Ireland to the northern parts of the island, but gradually and finally the Roman branch of the church gained the ascendancy. This kept England in touch with the most cultured churches and nations of Europe. 4. The Danish Invasions. — Egbert had barely been crowned king of all England w^hen he had to defend his kingdom against the Danes. These were fierce, heathen sea-rovers, who were closely akin to the Endish. Throughout the whole of the Earlv English Period, during which there were fifteen THE EARLY ENGLISH PERIOD. 9 :ingdoms. known as ly at war king of [IS.— The brought [• present hundred, > manage let three as called 5, a new the late time of secure a 'fred was i Christ- riod, but en Saxon gustine over the ime free- d to the illy and ined the ^vith the )e. -d barely e had to ese were r akin to le Earlv ! fifteen kings, the Danes made inroads upon the land. Ethelred the Unready raised a tax called the Danegeld to buy them off, but this brought them back in greater numbers. He then had a massacre of the Danes on St. Brice's Day, 1002. The Danish king, Sweyn, whose sister was among the slain, came to take vengeance, and at last the country was conquered in 1017. 5. Alfred the Great (871-901) was the greatest of the Anglo-Saxon kings. At first he was defeated by the Danes and had to flee; but collecting his forces, he gained a great victory over them at Eding"- ton. The Danes, under their leader, Guthrum agreed to become Christians, and settled in the eastern part of England, the district being known as the Danelagh. The country then had rest, and Alfred organized a militia, built forts, and founded our great British navy; he encouraged learning and founded Oxford University. He also framed a code of laws and had them strictly enforced. 6. Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, was the first of our great English ecclesiastical or church statesmen. He hved during the latter part of the English Period. His government was wise and just. He maintained order, protected the land against in- vaders, extended commerce, and encouraged learning. He was a zealous churchman, and devoted the last nine years of his life entirely to the work of tlie Church. I 10 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. THE DANISH PERIOD. 1017-1042. Cnut or Canute - Harold — son. Harthacnut— half brother. 1017-1035. I. Cnut.— On the death of Edmund Ironsides, son of Ethelred the Unready, Gnut, the Danish leader, was chosen king cf all England by the Witan. Although a Dane, he tried to rule as an English knig. He governed by English laws, and married the widow of Ethelred. He divided England into four earldoms and appointed Englishmen to rule over them, the most noted being Godwin, Earl of Wessex. He also dismissed his Danish troops, and tried to stop the slave trade, which was then carried on between Ireland and the west of England. THE LATER ENGLISH PERIOD. 1042-10G6. Edward the Confessor Harold — son of Godwin 1042-1066. 1066. Characteristics.— The introduction of Norman=French influence. * I. Edward the Confessor.— On the death of Cnut s two sons, Edward the Confessor, son of Ethel- red the Unready, became king. He had lived in Normandy during the time of Danish rule, and after becoming king he displeased the English by the fVivor THK LATKll EN(JLISH PKHIOD. 11 1035. Ironsides, le Danish d by the rule as an laws, and d England ishmen to win, Earl sh troops, was then : England. 1066. 1066. he showed to his Norman friends. Edward was a weak king, and spent his time in hunting and religious duties, while the government was carried on by Earl Godwin, the king's father-in-law, and by Harold. At one time Edward quarrelled with Goo- win, and it is said that he then promised the crown to his cousin, William of Normandy. 2. Harold, the son of Earl Godwin, was chosen by the Wi tan to succeed "The Confessor." He had shown his litiiess for the office by his ability and bravery in Edward's reign. At one time he had been wrecked on the coast of Normandy, and having fallen into the hands of Duke William, he was com- pelled to swear that he would support the Duke's claim to the Eniijlish crown. William now called upon Harold to keep his oath, and on his refusal, prepared for war. Just then, Hardrada, king of Norway, and Harold's brother, Tostig", invaded England, but were defeated and slain at Stamford Bridge, near York. Meanwhile, William had landed in the south, and Harold hastened to meet him. The l)loody battle of Senlac or Hastings was fought in 10G6, in which Harold was slain and the English were defeated. AVilliam then mawhed to London, where he was crowned. This is known as the Norman Conquest. n=French death of of Ethel- i lived in and after the favor ■m NORMAN PERIOD. if m B 106G-1087. 1087-1100. 1100 113,-). II 35- lira. 1066-1154. William I. (Tlie CoiKjueror) William II.— son . ... Henry I.— brother Stephen nephew Chararteristics.-The introduction of Absolute Hon archy and of tlie Feudal System. WILLIAM L— 1066-1087. I. William the Conqueror claimed the crown »>y inlieritance and by coaquest. He was a general and a statesman, and ruled with great firmness. Repeated rebel ions led him to deal very cruelly with the English, depriving them , " their lands, and at one time wasting and burning a very large tract ^Ju^i'V'T^'"''' ^"^^^^"^^- ^^« introdu'eed the Feudal System and the Curfew, laid out the IMew forest as a royal hunting-ground, made Book 'T' ^^^rV'f .""^^^'"^ '''' Domesday bi.h ^* f n . '^i''' '''^^''''' ""^^ Lanfranc, Arch- bishop ot Canterbury. * to,n' '^i'^/w.;^^ System.- P,y the Feudal Sys- tem which Wilham L introduced into Englaml, all the land belonged to the king. He gave large grants o land to his nobles; these again dividedit among the gentry, and the gentry sub-let it to the yeomen. In each case part of the rent was paid in money, com or cattle, and for the remainder the holder of the land was obliged, whe.i called to arms to serve in war without pay. William made every 12 ^ NORMAN PERIOD. 13 1087. I] 00. 113-). ir>4. Lite r\on he crown a general iirmness. y cruelly tnds, and I'ge tract uced the out the cl, made mesday C, Arch- dal Sys- ^ngland, ve large Ivided it t to tjie paid in ider the bo arms, e every &: man swear fealty to him as well as to his own feudal lord. In this way, all were dependent on and subject to the king. In order to prevent the great nobles from having too much power, their estates were scattered in various counties. 3. The New Forest. — The Conqueror was pas- sionately fond of the chase, and he laid out a vast tract of land as a royal hunting-ground. This was the original of Windsor Forest. To protect the game he made severe game laws. The penalty for killing a deer illegally was to have the eyes put out. 4. The Domesday Book was a record of all the land and the population of England. It was compiled by William I. for purposes of taxation. 5. The Curfew was a bell which was rung each night throughout the land as a signal that all tires and lights should be put out. It is said the object of this was to protect property, but the law was harsh. WILLIAM IL— 1087-1100. 1. W^illiam II. was made king on the death of his father. He promised to give the people good laws but did not keep his word. Robert, his elder brother, made an effort to get the throne but failed. William was a bad king, and oppressed the people greatly after Lanfranc's death. Ansellll, the new Archbishop, opposed the king in his misgovern- ment, but in the end he had to leave England. The Crusades started in this reign. Robert was one of the leaders, and in order to get money for the expedition he mortgaged his dukedom of Normandy in 1096. William was murdered while out hunting. 2. The Crusades were religious military expcdi- tioiia to retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land xrom it I m u BniTlSfl IIISTOIIY XOTKS. the Turks, so as to enable pilijfriins to visit the Holy Sepulchre at will. Each soldier wore a cloth cioss on his shoulder, and the color indicated the Jiation to which he belonged. There were ten crusades in all; of these the most important to us were the first, which Robert of Normandy joined; the third, of which Richard I. was the leading spirit ; and the last, of which Edward I. was a leader. The crusades failed in their object, but they did good by — (1) Clearing Europe of many lawless people. (2) Letting the people see how other nations lived. (3) Ojiening up the East to commerce. HENRY I.-1100-1135. Henry I.— On the death of Williara TI., his brother Henry seized the crown. He knew he must govern well if he would retain it. He imprisoned William's adviser, Flambard, recalled Anselm, 1 sued a charter of liberties, and pleased the English by marrying Edith, the daughter of Malcolm of .Scotland. Robert returned from the Holy Land a d claimed the throne, but wa?^ defeated and taken prisoner at Tenchebrai, in HOG. He had his eyts put out and was iniprisoned until his death. Henry ruled well in many ways. He administered justice, gi-anted cliailers to many towns, and allowed the cler y to select their own bishops, although they were required to do homage for their lands. Henry's son, William, was drowned in 1120, so he left his crown to his daughter, Maud. STEPHEN- 11 35-1 154. Stephen, a neithew of lieniy L, became king I NORMAN PERIOD. 15 visit the •e a cloth cated the were ten ant to us ly juiiietl; e leading I. was a but they pie. ons lived. because the nobles did not wish to have a wo- man to rule over them. Civil war began, and David of Scotland came to Maud's assistance, but was defeated in the " Battle of the Standard," in 1138. The war went on for several years, and at last Maud was forced to leave England. During this time England was terribly oppressed by the robber barons, who, taking advantage of the war, built castles and plundered the people. At last, on the death of Stephen's eldest son, it was arranged that Henry, son of Maud, should succeed Stephen, II., his J he must aprisoned Anselm, e English ill col m of 3ly Land nd taken . his eyts Henry d justice, »wed the igh they Henry's 3 left his me king THE PLANTAGENET PERIOD. 1154.1399. Henry II. — (jlrandsoii of Henry I. Ricliard I. — .Son John — lii'othoi' • Heniy Jir.— Son Edward I. — 8on Edward II.— Son Edward 111.— Son Richard II. — (Grandson 1154-1189. 1189-1199. 1199-1210. 1216-1272. 1272-1307. 1307-1327. 1327-1377. 1377-1399. Characteristics.— The growth of Parliament and of Lim- ited Monarchy ; the Feudal System in its prime. HENRY II.— 1154-1189. • I. Henry H., though absolute, was one of the greatest of English kings, and tried to rule his people well. He restored order, and compelled the barons to tear down the castles built in Stephen's reign. The judicial system he organized was the model of our own ; and his laws were wise and good. Trial by Jury was introduced by Henry. Ho wished to have the clergy tried in tlie regular courts instead of in the church courts, and made his friend, Becket, Arch- bishop of Canterbury in order to have his ass'istance in bringing al)out this change. Becket opposed this so bitterly that he had to flee from England. On his return he was murdered. During this reign the eastern part of Ireland was conquered by the Eng- lish. Henry was a very powerful king, as he ruled over many French provinces, as well as over England and part of Ireland. The last years of his reign were saddened by family discord. 16 THE PLANTA(^,ICNKT PERIOD. 17 OD. 189. 199. 216. 272. 307. 327. o/ /. 399. d of Lim- ts prime. le of the lis people 16 barons sign. The b1 of our Trial by :l to have of in the St, Arch- issistjince osed this . On his eign the the Eng. he ruled England )ign were 18 BUITIHH IIIHTOUY NOTES. j i If'! t'f !■ ■'■i 2. Thomas Becket. — William I. Imd allowed the clergy to have their own courts, but the i)laii hud not worked well. Henry II. determined to have the clergy tried in the regular courts, and in order to bring about this reform, he made his chancellor, Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury. Becket as chancellor had served the king well, but he opposed this change. In 11G4, the " Constitu- tions of Clarendon" were drawn up, making the required reforms. All the bishops consented. Even Becket gave in ; but he SQon repented and was a.s much opposed as ever. The king became so angry that Becket had to flee from England. After six years he returned ; tlie quarrel recommenced at once, and in 1170 Becket was murdered by four knights. 3. The Conquest of Ireland.— For centuries the Irish chieftains had been almost constantly at war with one another. In Henry's reign one of the chieftains, the King of Leinster, came to England for help. The Earl of Pembroke, surnamed "Strong- bow," went over with an army and conquered the eastern part of Ireland. In 1171, Henry II. went over and received the homage of the Irish chiefs. This was only the beginning of the conquest of Ire- land ; the real conquest was in Elizabeth's reign four centuries later. RICHARD I._ll89-M09. Richard I. spent only a few months of his ten years' reign in England. He was a great warrior, and was surnamed " The Lion-Heart." The chief eveiifc of this reign was the Third Crusade, of which Kicmrf' was one of the leaders. The crusade failed. THE PLANTAGENKT PKUIOD. 19 allowod })laii had ' have tlie Older to lancelloi', uterbury. well, but onstitu- king the J. Even i was as so angry fVfter six enced at by four centuries bantly at lie of the England Strong- lered the II. went ;h chiefs. 3t of Ire- 1 reign — f his ten warrior, rhe chief of which le failed} and on his way home Richard was shipwrecked and taken prisoner. On the payment of a lai-ge ransom h(5 was released, and he returned to England. Ho died of a wound re ceived in a petty war in France. JOHN— 1199-121(1. 1. John was the worst king that ever sat on the l]ngli.^h throne. We know nothing good of him. He murdered his nephew, Arthur, to secure the Eng- lish crown, and on refusing to be tried bef«u'e the French king for his crime, he lost his French pos- sessions. A quarrel arose about the appointing of a new Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Pope placed England under an "Interdict" from 1208-1212. Ihit John did not care. The Popi^ tlum called on the King of France to dethrone him, and John in cowardly fear became the Pope's vassal, which dis- pleased the English but savt.'d his crown. John oppressed his people so much that in 1215 they rose under Archbishop Langton and compelled him to sign " Magna Charta " or the Great Charter, grant- ing the people their rights and liberties. John was very angry and prepared to take revenge. The barons called on Louis of France to help them, but just then John died. 2. The Interdict (1208-1212).— The Archbishop of Canterbury had died, and the monks had secretly elected a successor. John compelled them to elect another. The Pope set both aside, and caused Stephen Langton to be elected. John would not allow Langton to come into England, and the Pope placed the country under an " Interdict." For four years nearly all religious ceremonies were sus- pended ; no prayers were offered in the churches, and 20 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. the daad were buried in ditches and meadows without- funeral service. At last the Pope deposed John and called on Philip of France to dethrone him. In ahject fear, John submHted, received Lano^ton, and gave his kingdom up to the Pope, receiving it back as a vassal. 3. '* Magna Charta" (1215) is the great charter of English liberties, which the barons compelled John to sign at Runiiymede, securing the rights of all the people, and limiting the power of the king. Home of the chief clunses were : — (1) The king could levy no taxes without the con- sent of the bishops and barons (parliament). (2) No man could be imprisoned or disjiossessed of his landr, except on the lawful judgment of his peers. (3) Justice was to be administered to all. An^hbishop Langton was the leading patriot in secui'ing this document. It was a detiuite statement of the rights of the people, but it made no provision for enforcing them. HENRY III.— 1216-1272. I. Henry IIL was but a child of ten when his father died. The nobles rallied round him, and drove out Louis and his French troops. During the early years of his reign the country was governed by regents. Henry was a weak king, and depended mainly on his favorites, most of whom were foreigners. At last, in 1258, the barons met and drew up the famous Provisions of Oxford, demanding : (1 ) That the king should have a council of advisers. (2) That the castles granted to foreigners should be given back to Englishmen. (3) That there should be three Parliaments a year. As the king would not agree to these, civil war at THE PLANTAGF.NET PERIOD. 21 ^ with out- John and Inahject gave his a vasf^al. t charter led John its of all he king. tilt? con- sessed of lis peers. 1. itriot in batement provision vhen his im, and [ring the 3rned by lepended reigners, up the g: . advisers. hould be s a year. L war at last broke out. The barons, led by Simon de Montfort, took the king prisoner at Lewes in 12G4. Montfort then called his famous Parliament, 1205, having nobles, clergy and ommons ; but the same year he was slain at Evesham. Heiiiy then re- gained his throne, and reigned until his death in 1272. 2. Simon de Montfort was one of the ff)reign favorites of Henry III., and married the king's sister. Notwithstanding this he became the lendtn* of the barons in their struggle for reft)rm. In the battV^ of Lewes, 12G4, the king was defeated and tak<'n prisoner, and Prince Edward also surrendered him- self. Montfort now ruled England, and in 12()5 he summoned a Parliament. To this were called not only the bishops and barons, as of old, but two knights from each shire, and two burgesses or citizens from each borough. Shortly afrer, Pi-ince Edward escaped, and gathering an army, defeated and slew Simon at Evesham. EDWARD L— 1272-1.307. I. Edward I. was absent on the last Crusade when his father died. He was a general, a states- man, and a king. He called parliaments regularly, and in 1295 he called one which, in many re- spects, was the same as Montfort's. In those days parliament did not make laws but merely granted taxes. Edward's great desire was to unite the whole island under one rule. He conquered Wales and nearly conquered Scotland, Edward made good laws and established courts where justice was ad- ministered to all. During this reign the Jews were expelled from England and M'ere not allowed to re- turn for nearly four hundred years. I 'i 22 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. 2. The Conquest of Wales. — When Edward I. called on Llewellyn, Prince of AVales, to do ho- mage, he refused, and Edward led an army against him. At first Llewellyn submitted, but in 1281 he and his brother David rebelled again. The former was slain, David was put to death, and Wales was conquered, 1282. A few years after, the king's son, Edward, was made Prince of Wales, a title since borne by the eldest son of the British Sover- eign. 3. The War of Scottish Independence.— The King of Scotland died in 1286, leaving his crown to his grand-daughter, Margaret, the Maid of Norway. Shortly after, she also died, and many claim- ants for the throne came forward. John Balipl and Robert Bruce were the chief. The Scotch asked Edward I. to decide, but he refused until they would first promise to do him homage. Then he sat as judge and decided for Baliol, who became his vas- sal. But as Baliol had to appear repeatedly before Edward to answer to complaints against his govern- ment, he rebelled, and Edward dethroned him, and placed an English governor over Scotland. Harsh rule led Sir William Wallace, the " Hero of Scotland," to rebel. For a time he was successful, but was defeated at Falkirk by Edward. A few years later, tlu-ough treachery, he fell into the hands of the English and was put to death. But he had roused Robert Bruce, a grandson of Baliol's rival, to action, and in 1306 Bruce was crowned King of Scotland. Edward marched north against him but died on the way. Edward II. was indolent, and little by little Bruce gained castle after castle. At last, to relieve Stirling Castle, Ed- ward II. marched north with one of the greatest and THE PLANTAGENET PERIOD. 01 Edward I. to do ho- ly against 1 1281 he le former V^ales was he king's S, a title ish Sover- dence.— iving his Maid of my claim - n Balipl e Scotch mtil they len he sat le his vas- ily before s govern- him, and Harsh Hero of iccessful, A few he hands grandson Jruce was led north d II. was -stle after itle, Ed- atest and grandest armies ever led by an English king ; but he was completely defeated by Bruce in the Battle of Bannockburn, 1-31 4, which secured the indepen- dence of Scotland. EDWARD 11.-1307-1327. Edward II. was idle and fond of bad compan- ions. His promise to carry on the war igainst tha Scots, which he made to his father, was forgotten. He allowed them to regain their independence, suffering a terrible defeat at their hands in the Battle of Bannockburn, 1314. His wife, Isabella of France, and his nobles raised an army against him and deposed him, placing his son on the throne. He was afterwards murdered. EDWARD III.— 1327-1377. I. Edward III. became king when a mere boy, and for the first three years his mother and her favorite, Mortimer, ruled. Early in his reign Ed- ward laid claim to the French crown by right of his mother, although the claim was worthless, for by the Salic Law, the succession could not pass through a woman's claim. This gave rise to the famous " Hundred Years* War," which lasted, on and off, for nearly 100 years. In 1340, Edward gained a naval victory at SluyS, and in 134G the French were routed at Cressy, which was followed by the taking of Calais ia 1347. The Black Prince, Edward's eldest son, who had won great fame at Cressy, defeated and took the French king, John, prisoner at Poitiers in 135G. In 13G0, the Treaty of Bretigny put an end to the war for a time, ■X#' 24 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. Edward giving up his claim to the French crown in return for certain Frencli provinces. The war soon broke out again, and little by little, the English lost most of their French possessions. A terrible plague called the "Black Death," swept over England in 1348. Ho many people died of it that there was a great scarcity of laborers. For many years there was a struggle between landowners and laborers, and harsh laws were passed to keep the latter down. This reign is notable for the rise of English literature, the rnost noted writers being Wycliffe, the Reformer, and Chaucer, the Poet. 2. John Wycliffe was the forerunner of the Reformation in England. He translated the Bible into English, and boldly spoke against Roman inter- ference with English aftairs. His followers were known as Lollards, and in after years many of them were put to death as heretics. Wycliffe however, was safe, as he enjoyed the friendship and protection of John of Gaunt, the third son of Edward III. RICHARD IL-1377-1399. 1. Richard II. was the son of the Black Prince. As he was only a boy when he ascended the throne* a council was appointed to rule. In 1381, the peas' ants of England revolted under Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, and marched to London. They asked : (1) For the abolition of the poll-tax, which had been first levied in the reign of Edward III. (2) That villeinage should be abolished. (3) That the peasants should be allowed to pay their rent in money instead of giving part in labor. The revolt was crushed and the leaders were put to death. In the end, however, the people got what THE PLANTAGENET PERIOD. 25 crown in ^var soon glish lost e plague, gland in re was a i-here was ers, and ;r down, terature, leformer, they wished. Richard ruled well for several years and made good laws, but at last he began to rule absolutely and the people turned against liim. In 1398, a quarrel arose between the Duke of Norfolk and Henry, son of John of Gaunt. Richard in- terfep ^ and banished both. The next year Henry returned to recover his father's estates, which Richard had seized. The king was in Ireland at the time, and on his return he was dethroned by the Parliament, and Henry was made king. Richard was soon afterwards nmrdered. ' of the le Bible an inter- grs were T of them however, rotection d III. : Prince. ) throne, he peas ler and J asked : lich had )ay their e put to ot what ■ ! ' i II H i i ^ i 1 ■ LANCASTRIAN PERIOD. 1399-14G1. Henry IV.- Grandson of KcL 111. 13091413. Henry v. — Son - . - 1413-14-22. Henry VI.— Son - - - 14'22-14G1. THE YORKIST PERIOD. 1461- -1485. Edward IV.- — Son of Duke t)f Y ork 14GM483. Edward V.- -Son • . 1483. Richard III. — Uncle . m 148.3-1485. s? Characm-Utic^.—Qvov/th of Parliament for a time; gradual abolition of Villeinage ; destruction olf Feudal System ; founding of the ** New Mon- archy." HENRY IV.— 1399-1413. Henry IV. received liis crown from Parlia- ment, and to secure his position he had to keep in favor with the Parliament and the clergy. The House of Commons gained the sole right to grant money to the king; to please the Church the Lol- lards were persecuted, William Sawtre being the first person put to death for heresy in Eiigland. Heiuy had much trouble with the Percies— the Earl of Northumberland and his son — and with the ►Scots and che Welsh ; but he was successful against them all, the chief battles being at Homildon Hill in 1402, and Shrewsbury in 1403. 26 -•a ii LANCASTRIAN PERIOD. 27 ). ■1413. 14-22. 14G1. 1. 1483. •1485. r a time ; ruction olf Mew Mon- in Parlia- to keep in rgy. Tlie I to grant \i the Lol- being the England. cies — the I with the ul against don Hill HENRY v.— 1413-1422. Henry V. was a very popular king. Early in his reign he granted to the House of Commons the concession that their petitions, now called bills, were not to be changed by the king before he assented to them to make them law. The persecution of the Lollards was continued in this reign. The French king being insane, Henry revived the English claim to the French throne and prepared for war. In 1415, he took Harfleur and won a great victory at Agincourt. Three years later Rouen was taken after a long siege. Just at this time the Duke of Burgundy was murdered by friends of the Dauphin, the French king's son. The Burgundians in revenge went over to Henry's side, and in 1420 the Treaty of Troyes was signed, by which Henry was appointed Regent of France and heir to the French crown, and was to marry Catharine, the daughter of the French king. Two years later Henry died. HENRY VI.~1422-14G1. I. Henry VI. was only a year old when his father died. His uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, a selfish, quarrelsome man, ruled in England, while another uncle, the wise Duke of Bedford, became Regent of France. The French ^var continued, and the English conquered all France north of the Loire. While they were besieging Orleans in 1428, a peasant girl named Jeanne Dare, or "Joan of Arc," who claimed that she was sent by God to crown the Dauphin, placed herself at the head of the French 28 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. forces, and raised tlie siege. She won many victories over the English, hut, being taken pi-isoner, she was burned as a witch in 1431. Soon after, Bedford died and the English rapidly lost ground. Burgundy went over to the side of France again. In 1 iAi), Heniy Y T. married Margaret of AnjOU and gave up the province of Anjou to his father-in-law. Normandy was reconquered by the French in 1449. At last the war came to an end in 1453, and Calais was the only French possession left to the English. In 1450, there was a rebellion under Jack Cade, the people demanding : — ( 1 ) Free elections. (2) That the foreign favorites should be sent away. (3) That there should be a change in the king's advisers. The rebellion was put down and Cade was killed. The last event of the reign was the beginning of the Wars of the Roses. Henry was deposed in 1461, and was murdei'ed ten years later. 2. The Hundred Years' War.— Edward III. claimed the crown of France and went to war to en- force his claim. The chief events in the early part of the struggle were a naval victory at Sluys the battle of Cressy, the siege of Calais, and the battle of Poitiers. The Treaty of Bretigny, 1360, put an end to the war for a time. Soon it recommenced, and before the death of Edward the English had lost nearly all their French possessions, although the war continued into the reign of Richard II. Henry V. revived the claim to the French throne, and after a few years' war, in which the principal event was the battle of Agincourt, the Treaty of Troyes, in 1420, brought about a'tem- porary peace. After Henry's death the French war LANCASTRIAN PEUIOD. 29 '■ victories [", she was Iford dietl ndy went lenry VT. up the rormandy t last the was the ier Jack Bnt away, he king's is killed, inning of eposed in rard III. ar to en- arly part luys, the he battle [360, put [imeneed, had lost . the war French hich the urt, the it a tem- nch war i'9. was renewed, and the English power increased. Jeanne Darc^i'st turned the tiile of success against the English, and after the year 14 28 their power de- clined. Little by little they lost what they had w »n, until, in 1453, when the struggle ended, Calais alone remained to England. 3. The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485).— The Duke of York had a better claim to the crown than Henry VI., as he was descended from the second and fourth sons of Edward III., while the Lancastrians were descendants of the third son. Yoi'k had been heir to the throne until the birth of Pi'ince Edward, son of Henry VI. In 1454, Henry became insane and York was made Protector, but on the king's recovery lie was driven from court. He then took up arms, claiming the crown, and thus began the famous civil war, known as the Wars of the Roses — the Lancastrians wearing a red rose and the Yorkists a white rose as a badge. They lasted over thirty years, during which there were twelve battles fought. In 1460, the Duke of Y^ork was killed at Wakefield, but his son Edward con- tinued the struggle. After the bloody battle of Towton Moor in 1461 Henry lost his throne and was succeeded by Edward IV., the first of the York- ists. The Earl of ^A/"arwick, the " Kingmaker," was a Yorkist at first, but, becoming offended at Ed- ward IV., he went over to the Lancastrians, and suc- ceeded in restoring Henry VI. to the throne. In the battle of Barnet. however, in 1471, he was defeated and slain. Soon after, Henry VI. and his son, Prince Edward, were murdered, and the Lancastrians were completely overthrown for a time. The last battle w^as at Bosworth Field in 1485, when Henry Tudor, the leader of the Lancastrians, defeated and slew Richard III, !] 30 BRITISH HISTORY NOTl-:s. Results of the Wars of the Roses.— (1) Most of the -1509. I. Henry VII. married Elizabeth of York Yo kLV'u I^^J^/^"""' ''^ '^" Lancastrians and io.kists. He had few great noDies to oppose liim, and was able to keep down their power. Those who iH'oke the laws were lined heavily, and in this way, Henry not only increased his own power but he grew very rich. Like Edward IV., he was not de^ fuTet"' Th '% ^'^V"-ent and so i^uled ahLst abt hi ll* ^^^, Yorkists put forward two pretenders to the throne, the first being Lambert Simnel -md the second Perkin WarLck.Tth werf dTfLtd^^ tloTr T ''"\'1 ^^^ercifully, but Warbeck was Ar I^^. r w. '^-^"^ '^""^^"'^^ ^-^"^ ^-^ dauohters. Arthur was married to Catharine of Arraeon p1 sT '^' ^''•''; ^^'^" ^P-^^l pern?issiW^?h^ MarWlr.."^'™^."!^"^^ '^' ^«"^g-' brother. M^^ .^ "tarried James IV. of Scotland, and f.Z Zrf f^^'''^ ^^ ^^'^^''''' ^- this' reign we see the introduction of the New Learning, as 32 TUDOli PKK'IOl). 33 it, was oallofl; iiud the disccnorips of Columbus tlio CabotS, and Vasco di Garni, <'«)mni('ncoii a luiw era in tlio oonnncrco of tlic^ world. 2. The New Learning. TIh^ Crusades gavo the pooplo of lOiiropf^ nn intcrcliHiign of ideas. Tlio discovery of tlio sliaiu? and motion of the eartli Ijroadened men's minds. The introduction of tlio mariiun-'s coini)ass euahled sailors to launch out upon the deep. The sfori(!s of discovery and exploration in the New World tilled men villi excitement and wonder. The capture of Constantinoi)le by the 'i'urUs in' 1 15.3 caused many learned (Jreeks to tlee to Italy, whei-e they set uj) schools to which scholars from all parts of Europe^ tlocked. CJreek becanu; very populai-. Printing placed books in the hands of the common people at a reasonable price. A gen- eral desire for learning was awakened, and this revival is called the " New Birth," or the " New Learning." In England it took a religious tenilency and the JJible was placed in the hands of the people. The great leaders were Colet, Erasmus, and Sir Thomas More. The last HKMitioned may 1)0 re- gai'ded as the l^^nglish rcpj-esentative of this JS'ew Learning, lie was the iirst great writer of modern Knglish prose, and his Utopia proposed many re- forms, whicli have since been adopted, and some for which we are still striving. 3. The Star Chamber, so called from the dec- orations of the room in which it met, was a court established by Henry VTI. to try oftences against the state. The judges were appointed by the crown, and in many instances gave very unjust decisions in the king's favor, making the court an instrument of tyramiy. Tt was abolished by the Long Parliament. 4. During the days of Feudalism, the nobles had ii 34 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. in their service many liveried retainers, who formed a little army ready to do the bidding of their master. To lessen the nowei' of tlje nobles Henry \^II. abol- ished this system of maintenance. HENRY VIII.— 1509-1547. I. Henry VIII. was handsome, gay, and well educated, and was very popular in his younger days. He was exceedingly sehish, and in his later years be- came very brutal and tyrannical. Heiuy was am- bitious, and soon spent his father's savings in his foreign wars. Scotland attacked England twice in this reign ; in 1513, James IV. and the flower of his nobility were slain at Flodden, and in 1542 James V. was defeated at Solway Moss. Henry's chief advisers were Wolsey, Cromwell, More, and Cranmer. W^olsey, failing to secure the king's divorce, lost power, and died in 1530. After his fall the king's adviser for several years was ThomaS Cromwell, who aided in bringing about the Refor- mation, and placing the king as Head of the English Church. But he, too, fell and was beheaded. In his earlier years Henry was a strict Roman Catholic, and replied to Luther in defence of the Church. For this he received the title of " Defender of the Faith," which our monarchs still bear. Even after the com- mencement of the Reformation he retained many Roman Catholic doctrines. Henry had six wives, two of whom he beheaded, two he divorced, one died and one survived him. He died in 1547, leaving th.i^ throne to his son Edward, then to JVlary, the daugh- ter of Catharine of Arragon, and then to Elizabeth, the daughter of Anne Boleyn. TUDOR PERIOD. 3r i) 2. Thomas Wolsey was Henry's first adviser. He became Archbishop of York, cliancellor, cardinal, and, lastly, papal legate, and he hoped to become Pope. He always endeavored to strengthen the king's power, and to gain honor and wealth for him- self. He avoided, as much as possible, calling Parliament. Henry at last grew tired of his wife, Catharine of Arragon, and wished to get a divorce. Wolsey dared not oppose the divorce fearing to lose the favor of the king ; he dared not favor it for fear of Catharine's nephew, Charles Y. of Ger- many, who had promised to aid him to become Pope. In the end his double dealing was found out, and he was stripped of all his political offices. A year later he was arrested on a charge of treason, but died on his way to London (1530). 3. Thomas Cromwell became the king's secre- tary in 1530, and for ten years labored hard to in- crease the king's power. He was a hard, stern man, and spared no one that stood in his way, and his term of office was a period of terror. The best and noblest of the land went to the block. Even Sir Thomas More was beheaded. The great work of his time was the bi-inging about of the Reformation in England. In 1533-4 he had two acts passed by Parliament, the first forbidding the payment of "first fi'uits" to Rome, and the second "The Act of Supremacy," making Henry Supreme Head of the Church. The clergy were forced to acknovyledge Henry's supremacy, appeals to Rome were forbidden, and soon after the king got his longed-for divorce. In 1536, the smaller monasteries were suppressed. Tl'.ree years later the larger ones also were abolished, and the king and many nobles were enriched with the spoil, iiut a now court party was arising, the % IIIJITISH HISTORY NOTES. religious chcanges were giving new energy to the peo- ple, and the revival of parliaments opened up the avenue for action. At last Cronnveirs enemies gained the upper hand. The match with Anne of Cleves, a Protestant princess of Germany, which he arranged, was distasteful to the king, and Cromwell was ac cused of treason by his enemies and was executed. 4. Thomas Cranmer gained the favor of Ilenry YIII. by saying that the divorce should be referred to the Universities of Europe instead of being left to the Pope. He was made Archi)ishop of Canrei-bniy in 1533, and soon after granted Henry a divoi'ci; from Catharine. He was a zealous Reformer, and had the J3ible translated and read in the churches. He also favored the suppression of the monasteries. He was one of the principal advisers of l':dwai-d VI., and aided in drawing up the Forty-twO Articles of Religion and the Book of Com- mon Prayer. In jNlary's reign he was arrested and burned at the stake as a heretic. 5. Marriages of Henry VIIL- Henry had six wives : The first was Catharine of Arragon, who was tlie mother of Mary 1. ^he was divorced in 1533 The second was Anne Boleyn, the mother of Elizabeth. Slu? was beheaded. The third was Jane Seymour, mother of Ed- ward VI. »She died at the time of Edward's birth. The fourth, Anne of Cleves, was divorced. Tiie fifth, Catharine Howard, was beheaded. The sixth, Cathanne Parr, survived her hus- band. 6. The Reformation.— Wycliffe ha(l strongly opposed the Pope's interference in English allairs, but the Reformation was brought about iii England TUDOR PERIOD. 37 by Henry's divorce. Laws were passed forbidding appeals to Rome, and the payment of "first-fruits" to the Pope, and also making Henry VIIL Supreme Head of the Church. Then the monasteries were suppressed. Henry was by no means a Protestjint ; he retained many of the old Roman Cathulic beliefs, although a few, such as the invocation of saints and prayers for the dead, were rejected. Both Roman Catholics and Protestants were put to death for not accepting the king's beliefs. In the reign of Edward VI. a great change took place. All laws against Lollards and Protestants were repealed; images were destroyed; mass was abolished ; the Book of Cunmion Prayer, which con- tained the church services in English, was prepared ; and the Forty-two Articles of Religion were drawn up containing the creed of the Church of England. In Mary's reign the Roman Catholic religion was restored, and there was a fierce persecution of Protestants. On the accession of Elizabeth the Church was brought back to what it was in Edward's reign, with a few exceptions— the Prayer-book being changed somewhat, and the forty-two Articles being reduced to thirty-nine. The clergy had to acknowledge Elizabeth's supremacy, and all people had to attend the English Church services. Thus the Reformation was completed. EDWARD VL— 1547-1553. Edward VI. canu^ to the throne at the age of Ten. His uncle, the Duke of Somerset, was inade Protector. An army was sciit to Scothmtl in 15 17 to to force a marriage between Edward and young 38 liUITISH HISTOHY NOTES. Mary Queen of Scots. The Scots were defeated at Pinkie, and in anger they sent Mary off to France. The chief feature of this reign was the growth of the Reformation, in which the king, Somerset, and Cranmer were zealously engaged. Mass was abol- ished, and services were conducted in English. Gar- diner and Bonner, two Roman Catholic bishops, were placed in prison, and Latimer and Ridley took their places. These changes created mucli dis- content, and there were several risings throughout the country. Somerset at last lost power, and was suc- ceeded by the Duke of Northumberland. The king's health failed in 1553, and Northumberland, in fear of Mary, who was a devout Roman Catholic, persuaded Edward to leave his crown to Lady Jane Grey, the great grand-daughter of Henry VII., to whom Northumberland had married hi3 son. MARY I.— 1553-1558. Mary I. — The effort to place Lady Jane Grey on the throne failed, and she and Northumberland were beheaded. The religious work of Edward's reign was undone. The Pope was again made Head of the English Church, and Roman Catholicism was restored. In the latter part of the reign there was a persecution of the Protestants. Cranmer, Lat- imer, Ridley and hundreds of lesser degree were burned at the stake. In 1554, Mary married her cousin, Philip of Spain, a match that was much disliked by tlie English. Mary's reign was short. Her husband neglected her; her people disliked her; and the loss of Calais, the last English possession in France, filled her cup of sorrow. ^Iiq died in 1558, TUDOK PERIOD. 39 efeated France, growth et, and s abol- Gar- (ishops, i^idley cli dis- out the as sue- . The and, in itholic, ^ Jane II., to 3 Grrey )erland ward's J Head mi was re was , Lat- e were ed her much sliort. )d her ; sion in L 1558, ELIZABETH.— 1558-1603. 1. Elizabeth was warmly welcomed to the throne, and never lost her popularity during her long reign of 45 years. She had difficult work to do. At the l)eginning of her reign there existed discontent and religious strife at home, and war and defeat abroad. Besides, Mary Queen of Scots claimed the English crown. Elizabeth chose wise counsellors, and soon the condition of affairs improved. The difficulties of her position made Elizabeth more de- pendent on parliament, and the House of Commons now began the long struggle to recover their old power, which ended only with the Revolution in 1 688. The English Church was again separated from Rome, and the people were compelled to conform to the services as contained in the Prayer-book and to acknowledge Elizabeth as Head of the Church. Elizabeth for many years avoided foreign wars, and was thus able to keep down taxation and make her people prosperous. This reign was a time of great maritime enterprise, and English sailors were found on all the seas. In 1587, Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded after an imprisonment of nineteen years. The next year the " Invincible Armada," sent out by Spain to conquer England, was almost destroyed, and England then became " mistress of the seas." The last important event of the reign was the com- pletion of the conquest of Ireland by Lord Mountjoy. 2. The Puritans. — The Church of England, as established by Elizabeth, was not extreme. The queen wished to take a middle position, and so bend both Roman Catholics and extreme Protestants to 40 BRITISH IIIST(^RY NOTES. her way of worsliip2")ing. Many of the latter wished a purer form of worship, and so became known as Puritans. Tlieir high ideal of life and th(M'r devo- tion to right were strong points in their character, and they furnish some of the noblest names that grace the page of history. 3. William Cecil, Lor' "^irieig'h, had held office during the reigns of li.; Mill., Edward VI. and Mary. Wlien Elizabeth came to the throne lie became Secretary of State, and served her faithfully during the rest of his life. He was cautious, and, like the queen, was anxious to avoid foreign wars. He aided in bringing about many reforms, and much of the glory of Elizabeth's reign is due to the wise counsels and acts of Cecil. He died in 1598. 4. Mary Queen of Scots was the most beauti- ful woman of her time, in Euj-ope. She had been brought up in France, where she had married the Dauphin, afterwards Francis II. She was soon left a widow, and returned to Scotland in 15G1. Her second husband, Lord Darnley, was murdered, and Mary married the man who was regarded as the murderer. The Scots, in horror, drove her from the throne, and she fled to England in loGS. She was a dangerous rival of Elizabeth, having claimed the Englisli crown, and so she was held a prisoner for nineteen years. Her religious friends never ceased plotting to gain her freedom and to overthrow Eliza- beth. At last, in 1587, she was beheaded. 5 The Spanish Armada (15S8).— Many Span- ish vessels had boen captured by l^^nglish privalrors, and thousands of English had aided the Dutch in their struggle for lil)erty against Philip of Spain. Eager for revenge, Philip fitted out a great fleet ot 130 ships, fully manned and connii.uided by the TITDOR PERIOD. 41 ' wished tiowii as Av dovo- laracter, lea that ad lield 'ard VI. irone lie lithfully »us, and, [511 wars, id much the wise • beauti- ad been ded the !Oon left 1. Her urdered, rded as er from :8. She claimed oner for I' ceased rV Eliza- ly Span- ivatf'f'rs, kitch ill Spain. at fleet I by the iM'st officers of Spain, to conquer Enr^land and re- store the Koman Catholic relioi„n Tr. L T.i- fleet the En,lish had but 80 small shioT Tl" I^nghsh admiral was Lord Howard orEffine^ ham, and under him served Drake, HawS ami Frobisher. A running fidit waV W "n^ along the English Channel, aL a^t aald^ fi e'ship^ nea to the north in alarm, and the English, followincr them up, prevented them from returniirg. A terrible storm arose from the south and they were com pe led o sail around the north of Scotland. Storms com- pleted the destruction of the great fleet. This v c- tory gave England confidence in herself, humbled the power o Spain, secured English independence and protected the Protestant cause. 6. The Conquest of Ireland— The Irish took no interest in the Ileformation : they remained s net Ronun Catholics. Early in Elizabeth's rdgn they rebelled under Shan O'Neill, but the risin^ was put down. ^ The English tried to force Protes'' tan ism on them, and tins produced great discontent. At last, in 1590, Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, rose in rebellion with the assistance of Spain Tli^ r r I? ^SSex, who was sent to crush the risin- Oohshly made a truce with the Irish and returne'd home. He was stripped of his offices, and Lord Mountjoy was sent over. He put down the rebel- lion, and s nice that time the whole of Ireland has been subject to English rule. 7; The Elizabethan Poets.— Times of great national excitement always produce great writers. Uie religious chai.gos, the discoveries, and the defeat or the Armada tluilhnl the English people, and this '.V]o- gii IS one of the brightest periods of English Liter a- 42 HUITIWII JIISTOUY NOTES. ture. Shakespeare, the prince of writers, who understood human nature so well, belongs to this period. He wi'ote many plays which are acted and studied all over the world to day. Edmund Spencer is one of the greatest of our poets, his chief work being "The Faerie Queene." 8. Progress in Elizabeth's Reign.— When Elizabeth came to the throne she found England weak and divided ; at her death the country was strong and united. Under her wise rule England became very prosperous. Improved methods in farm- ing doubled the products, and manufactures and com- merce were extended. After the fall of Antwerp, in the Netherlands, London became the great market of the world. Exploring expeditions were sent out, and colonies were attempted in Newfoundland and Virginia. Each parish was made responsible for its own poor ; and comfort and even luxury were found in the homes of tlie people. The Bible became the book of the nation, and Protestantism was greatly ex- tended. This is justly considered to be one of the most glorious reigns in English history. STUART PERIOD. James I. —Son of Mary Queen of Scots - . . . _ Charles I. — Son (The Commonwealth) Charles II.— Son of Charles I. . James II.— Brother - William III.— Son-in-law and nephew - . . . _ Mary II.— Daughter of James II. Anne, Daughter of James II. . 1603-1625. 1625-1649. 1649-1660. 1660-1685. 1685-1688. 1689-1702. 1689-1694. 1702-1714. Characteristics.-The struggle between King and Parlia- ment— Parliament victorious. JAMES I.— 1603-1625. I. James I. of England was also James VI of Scotland. He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots," and great-grandson of Henry VII. He received the crown solely because of his birth. He believed that is, that the king received his power from God and no subject should dare to limit it. The Puritans were veij strong in the House of Commons, and they were determined that Parliament should regain the power It had before the Wars of the Roses. James was equally determined to have absolute power, and so there was continual trouble. The king also dc- Mred a umon with Spain and a marriage between rrince Charles and a Spanish princess. This was bitterly opposed by Parliament because Spain was ^ -^3 m m^ 44 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. Komaii Catholic country. In the end the matcli was broken off and Charles was married to Henrietta Maria of France, .fames, unlike Elizabeth, chos(5 bad advisers, the chief bein48) >vas waurifc;uis, and agni.i introduced into the church services m.-iny of tho old i.nictices wliicli luid long boen cast aside. His interference in Scottish church aiiairs caused tlie signing of the Na- tional Covenant. Ho was arrested in 104 1, and after tour years imprisonment was beheaded. 5- Ship-Money (l6.Tt-lC38).-Charles took many waysot raising money, tlie most noted tax being Ship- xMoney. This had been an ancient tax hiid on coast counties in time of war, to raise a Heet. Charles now levied it on every county. It was objected to be- cause — '' lo! l]"? ^^^^' ^^^ ^o authority to levy tlie tax. (i) iiiis was a time of peace. (3) Inland, as well as coast counties, had to pay the tax. T ^u ■^^'^''''^ tJjought to be for an army, not a fleet. John Hampden refused to pay the tax, but the judges- tools of the king-decided against him. 0. The National Covenant (1638).— The king and Laud wished to force bishops on the Scots, and ordered a hturgy, or regular cliurch service, to be read in the Scottish churches. Kiots started in Edin- burgh, and the Scots rose in a body against the elianges. High and low signed the National Covenant declaring their determination to resist t!»e changes, which they called popery. The signers were called Covenanters. 1?' I'^i^^r ^^"^ Parliament.— In 1640, Charles called the famous Long Parliament, so named because It was the longest in English history. It compelled the king to acknowledge that it could not be dis- solved without its own consent, and it sat with cer- tain interruptions for nineteen years. Among its 4S l^rUTISil TIISTORY NOTKS. noted niembers were Pym, Humpden, Vane and Cromwell. The Star Chamber, and the Court of High Cominissi(ju were abolished and Ship-]\[oney was dechired illegal. In 1641, the Parliament drew up the Grand Remonstrance, n statement of all Charles' niisgovernment. In 1()48, those members who were favorable to Charles were excluded by Col. Pride. (This is called Pride's Purge.) The remain- der, nicknamed the Rump, appointed a High Court of Justice to try the king. In 1G53, the liump was expelled by Cromwell, but in 1659 it was recalled by General Lambert. The next year the members ordered a new election and then dissolved. 8. The Civil War.— The king's party were called Cavaliers, the leaders l)eing the king and Prince Rupert, his nephew. The Parliamentary party weie called Roundheads from the Puritan practice of clipping the hair. The leader was at first the Earl of Essex, but afterwards General Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell commanded the army. Cromwell was the leader of the famous Ironsides — a regiment of cavalry. The first events of the war were the in- decisive battles of Edgehill in 1642 and Newbury in 1643. In 1643, the Parliament got the Scots to aid them and promised to make Presbyterianism the established religion of England. At Marston Moor in 1644 and Naseby in 1645, the king was totally defeated. Charles then gave himself up to the Scots, but they handed him over to the Parliament. 9- John Hampden was a noted patriot of the reigns of James I. and Charles I. He refused to pay Ship-Money and the case was tried, but the judges decided against him. He was a prominent member of the Long Parliament, and was so active against the king that tiie latter tried to £>,rrest him along with STUAKT PERIOD. 49 four others. He joined the lioundheads in the Civil War, and was killed in a skirmish at Chalerove Field in 1643. ^ (( THE COMMONWEALTH," 1049-1660. 1. The Commonwealth.— Tmmediately after the death of Charles I. th(; Uiinip abolished the offiee of king, and also the House of Lords, as being useless and dangerous. A Council of State was appointed to govern the country. Bradshaw was made President of the Council, and Cromwell, Fairfax and Vane were among its members. In 1653, the Rump was expelled by Cromwell, and the same year he became Protector, and governed with success for five years. On his death in 165cS, his son, Richard Cromwell, became Protector, but being unused to such a trying position he soon resigned. General Lambert was aiming at the Protectorship, but his phms were frustrated by General Monk. After the dissolution of the Long Parliament in 1660, the Conventior- Parliament invited Prince Charles over as king, and thus the period of English history known as the Commonwealth was ended. 2. Prince Charles.— In 1649, the Royalists of Ireland rose in lavor of Prince Charles, son of Charles I. Cromwell was sent over and in the sieges of Drogheda and Wexford the Irish were put down with great cruelty. In 1650, Charles came to Scot- land, and on promising to accept the National Coven- ant, was made king. Cromwell was sent north and defeated the Scots at Dunbar. In 1651, Charles and the Scots suddenly marched into England, and had got as far as Worcester when they were overtaken and utterly routed. Charles escaped to France after many adventures. 50 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. 3. Oliver Cromwell, "The Uncrowned King" of Kngland, was a nieniher of Parliament in 1G28, when the Petition of Right was passed, and again, of the Lung Parhanient in 1G40. Wlien the civil war broke out he became the leader of the Ironsides, and then of the wh(jle Parliamentary army. He took a prominent part in the trial of Charles I., and was a member of the Council of Htate in the Commonwealth. He put down th(' lloyalists of Ireland and Scxitland in 16191()5l. In [i\~):\ he ex- pelled the Enmp and soon was made Protector. For five years ho ruled with energy and success. Ho made many good laws, and there w^as prosperity in his time, but little freeclora. His foreign policy was brilliant. The Dutch fieet wps defeated in several battles by Admiral Biake ; Jamaica was taken from the Spaniards in 1G55 ; Dunkirk was taken from France ; and the persecution of Protestants in France was stopped. Cromw^ell died in 1658. 4. The Restoration.— After the resignation of Richard Cromwell, General Lambert recalled the Rump, and in 1660, after ordering a new election- the Long Parliament dissolved. The Convention, as the new parliament was called, was composed mainly of Royalists. The House of Lords again assembled and Prince Charles was invited over from Holland to be king. This event is known as the Restoration. CHxVRLES II.— 1660-1685. I. Charles XL had everything in his favor at first, but he was too fond of pleasure to make a good ruler. He never ceased to aim at absolute power, but he was too much afraid of losing his throne to STUART PERIOD. 51 ing or S, when ;ain, of vil war isides, y. He rles I., in the lists of , lie ex- tector. sa. Ho 3rity in icy was several s taken 3 taken :estants 58. Ltion of led the (lection- sntion, imposed s again er from as the avor at ) a good 1 power, irone to press the matter far. England soon lost the high place she had won in Cromwell's time, for the Dutch easily defeated the English fleet. Charles was secretly in the pay of Louis XIV. of France, and so got money for his pleasures. Jn this reign we iind the rise of the political parties, called WhigS and Tories. Charles' adviser at first was the Earl of Clarendon, but afterwards a body of men known as the Cabal directed the affairs of state. The chief law passed in this reign was the Habeas CorpUS Act- 2. Disasters:— In 1GG5, the Great Plague swept over Europe. Tn London alone it is said that over 100,000 people di^d of it. In 1666, occurred the Great Fire of London. The city burned foi* three days and a great i)art of it was laid in ashes. It was a blessing in the end, for it cleared out the plague, which still lingered in dark and foul corners, and wider streets were laid out and better houses were erected. A Dutch W^ar went on in the early years of Charles' reign. The Englisli ships were in bad re- pair, because the money voted by Parliament for the navy was spent by Charles in his pleasures, and of course, the English fleet was defeated. The Hutch then sailed up the River Thames and burned the shipping along the shore. 3- The Earl of Clarendon was the most noted adviser of Charles 11. He held office during the early part of the reign, but was compelled to resign. He afterwards wrote " The History of the Great Re- bellion." His daughter married James, Duke of York, afterwards James IF., and became the mother of Queen Mary and Queen Anne. A. Secret Treaty of Dover (i670),-~Parlia- 1: 52 BKITISfl HISTORY NOTES. ■ ment wished an alliunce of European nations to check the i)()\ver of Louis XIV. Charles, instead, sold himself to Louis by the Secret Treaty of Dover. Its terms were : (1) Charles agreed to declare himself a Roman Catholic and aid Louis in all his schemes against the Netherlands. (2) Louis was to pay Charles £300,000 a year and furnish an army to put down the English should they rebel. 5- The Cabal — During the years 16()7-1673 the king's advisors were Clifford, Arling:ton, Buck- ingham, Ashley and Lauderdale. Their initials make tlie word Cabal. These ministers ruled so badly that ever since, the term has been applied to any secret union of persons who further their own interests by dishonest means. 6. The Popish Plot.— In 1G78, a preacher of low character, Titus Oates by name, came forward with the story of a lioman Catholic plot to murder the king and set up a Roman Catholic government. The story was not true, but at the time many be- lieved it, and quite a number of innocent Roman Catholics suffered death. Strict laws were passed against them, all of that faith, except the Duke of York, being excluded from both Houses of Parlia- ment. These laws were in force until 1829. 7. Whigs and Tories.— These parties arose in the latter part of the reign of Charles II. The Whigs were opposed to James, Duke of York, and wished to keep him off the throne. Most of them favored his daughter Mary, wdio had married the Prince of Orange, although jme were in favor of the Duke of Monmouth, an illegitimate son of Charles. The Tories -ere in favor of the Duke of STUART PERIOD. 53 York, and in after years of his son, the Pretender. The Whigs tried to pass the Exclusion Bill to prevent James from succeeding to the throne but they failed. For this tlie great Whig cities lost their charters. 8. The Rye House Plot.— The chief members of the Whig party formed a plot«against the Govern- ment. A sin all section of these formed another plot to murder Charles II. and the Duke of York at a lonely spot called the Rye House. The plot was found out and Russell and Sidney were beheaded. The W^higs were completely overthrown and the Tories had things their own way for the rest of Charles' reign. 9. The Habeas Corpus Act (1G79) provided that no person should be kept in prison longer than a certain time witliout being brouglit up for trial. (Often, in times of rebellion or great public excite- ment, this act is suspended for a time.) Miirv Queen of Scots was imprisoned for nineteen years without a trial, Sir Walter Raleigh for twelve years, and Archbishop Laud for four years. Such a thing would be impossible in Great Britain now. 10. Religious Laws, etc. 1. The Corporation Act (1661).— All persons holding office were to be members of the Church of England. 2. The Act of Uniformity (1662).— All clergy were to be ordained by bishops and give full assent to all contained in the Book of Common Prayer, or give up their livings. Over 2,000 ministers were thus turned out of their positions and were after- wards_knovvn as Dissenters. 3 I'he Declaration of Indulgence was issued 54 13RITISII HISTORY NOTES. by Charles IT. in 1672. He wished to give Catholics fi'eedom of worship, and included Dissenters, but Parliament forced him to recall the Declaration 4. The Test Act (1G72).— All persons holding office, civil or military, were to take an oath that they did not believe the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, and were also to take connnunion according to the Church of England. JAMES II.— 1685-1688. 1. James II- was a Roman Catholic, but he took an oath to respect the laws and support the Church of England. The Duke of Monmouth at once made an effort to get the tlu'one, but he was defeated at Sedgemoor and beheaded. James was now at the height of his power, and he determined to do away with the Habeas Corpus Act, to get a large army, and to have the laws against Roman Catholics removed. He attacked the liberties of the Church of England and the Universities, and turned even the Tories against him. Although warned of his danger by the Pope and by Louis XIV., he went blindly on. His Declaration of Indulgence in 1688 brought about the Trial of the Seven Bishops, which ended in a defeat for the king. William of Orange was then invited over to drive James off the throne. He landed in England in 1688, and James, finding everyone against him, fled to France. This event is known as the Revolution. 2. Monmouth's RebelHon.— In 1685, the Duke of Monmouth landed in England to get the throne. In the battle of Sedgemoor he was defeated, and beinjj taken prisoner, was beheaded. Judge Jeffries was then sent down to the scene of the ris- p,) STUAHT PERIOD. bo iu^ to try the rebels. This hus boon called the Bloody Assize from the cruel puiiisliiiient that was Dieted out to the piisoners. JellHes\vasa coarse and brutal man who delighted in passing heavy and cruel sentences. Hundr(Hls of the rebels were put to death or sold into slavery for a term of years, while others were imprisoned, fined, whipped or tortured. 3. Trial of the Seven Bishops —In 1088, James issued a Declaration of Indulgence, and ordered it to be read in all the churches. The king had no authority to issue such a document, and so his order was obeyed by few. The Archbishop of Canterbury and six bish ps sent a petition to the king protesting against it, Tlie king had been angry enough because his order was disobeyed ; he was now furious. The "Seven Bishops" were ordered to be tried for " false, malicious, and seditious libel,'" but they were acquitted })y the judges. The English were wild with joy over the defeat of the king. 4. The Revolution (1G88). -James II. had promised to respect tlie laws of the land and to sup- port the Church of England. He broke his oath in many ways, and the people of England became thor- oughly roused against him. Seven of the most noted bisho])s and nobles of England sent a secret paper over to William of Orange, son-in-law^ of James, asking him to come over and drive James off the throne. He landed in 1088, and James fled to Fr-ance. A Convention Parliament was called, and it met early in 1089. The Declaration of Rights was then drawn up, asserting the ancient rights and liberties of England. Its principal provisions were afterwards embodied in the Bill of Rights. William and Mary then became king and queen. Thus the Revolution was effected without bloodshed. The 56 nUlTISII HISTORY NOTKS. struggle liad gone on through four reigns, and ended in victory for the people. WILLIAM IIL (1689-1702) AND MARYIL (1 689-1 G94). I. William was quiet and distant in his manner, and was not liked by the English, but he ruled according to law, and that was all that was ex- pected of him. James II. landed in Ireland and made an effort to regain the throne, but he was defeated in the " Battle of the Boyne," 1690. The Jacobites, or followers of James, were put down, but they continued to plot against William's government. William's great purpose in life was to break the power of Louis XIV., and the most of his reign was taken up with a French war. Queen Mary died of small-pox in 1694. Several important acts were passed in AVilliam's reign, the most noted being the Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement. 2. The Jacobites in Scotland were led by Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee, a cruel officer, who had become notorious in the perse- cution of the Covenanters. He won several battles in 1689, the last being at Killiecrankie, where he was killed. After his death, his Highland followers went home and peace was restored. 3. The Massacre of Glencoe.— The Highland chiefs had been promised pardon if they took the oath of allegiance before Jan. 1st, 1692. Macdonald of Glencoe was a little late. William was misin- formed about the circumstances, and soldiers were sent to Glencoe to punish Macdonald. For several STUART PERIOD. 5< days the soldiers were hospitably treated by the elan ; then one ni^ht many of the people were treacherously nmrdei-ed by their guests. This crime, which was caused by jealousy- between the Campbells and the Macdonalds, has left a stain on William's reign. 4. James in Ireland.— In 1689, Tyrconnel, the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, invited James II. over, and a Parliament was called at Dublin. James laid siege to Londonderry and Enniskillen, but after a gallant defence of three months he gave up the siege of the former, and at the same thne his troops were defeated at Newton Butler by the Enniskill eners. In 1690, William crossed over to Ireland and won the battle of the Boyne, and James fled to France. The subjection of tlie Irish was completed next year by William's generals, the chief events being the battle of Aughdm and the siege of Lim- erick. Harsh laws were passed against the Irish Roman Catholics, and great numbers of them went off to foreign countries. 5. Warwith France (1689-1697).— The power of Louis XIV. had become so great that a Grand Alliance of other nations was formed to humble France. England was one of these nations, and William was at the head cf the allied armies. The English fleet won a great victory over the French off Cape La Hogue in 1692. On the continent the war was carried on in the Netherlands. More than once William was defeated, but he quickly and skil- fully repaired his losses, and was a match for the best of his enemies. At last Louis agreed to acknowledge William as king, and this led to the Treaty of Ryswick, 1697. Its chief terms were : — (1) France gave up all her conquests of the pre- vious twenty years. J- I 58 uurnsii HisTouY notes. ilii^ ("'*) William was aeknowlotlijfed King of England. {'.]) Lt)uis XIV. promised to coase giving aid to James II. in his t'fFotls to recover ttie tlu'one. 6. The Bill of Rights (lOSJ)).— Its chief provi- sions were : — (i) The king must not levy taxes without the con- sent of Parliament. (2) The people may petition the king and elect members to Parliament freely. (3) Parliament may debate without fear of punish- ment. (4) The administration of justice — the actual trying of cases in court— must not to be tampered with. (5) Very heavy lines and cruel and unusual punish- ments were not to be indicted. (6) Anyone who is a Roman Catholic, or who is married to a Roman Catholic, can not be Sovereign of England. 7. The Act of Settlement (1701) was passed because William had no children and Anne's cliildren were all dead. The provisions w\-re : — (1) After Anne's death the ci'ovvn was to go to Sophia of Hanover, grand-daughter of Jij,ir.es 1., and her heirs if Protestant. (2) The Sovereign of England must belong to the Church of England. (3) Judges were to hold office for life, or during good behavior, not, as formerly, at the royal pleasure. 8. Minor Acts:— (1) The Toleration Act (1089) allowed Protes- tant Dissenters to worship ii their own chapels, but they could hold no office in the army, the navy, or the government. (2) The Mutiny Act (1 689) provided for the pay of the army for one year, and arranged that the STUART PERIOD. 50 officers of the army were to form courts to try olFeiiders — deserters, disobedient, etc. This Act must be passed every year. (3) The Triennial Act (IGOi) enacted tliat a gen- eral election was to be held at least e\ ery three years. ANNE- 1702-1714. 1. Anne was a dull, but well-meaning woman, who was ruled by her favorites, the chief one being the overbearing DucheSS of MarlborOUgh. The War of the Spanish Succession raged through- out the greater part of this reign. Tlie Duke of Marlborough, the English general, completely de- feated the French. In the early part of the reign the Whigs were in power, but in 1010 the Tories came into office, and they brought the war to a close. An important event of this reign was the Union of the English and the Scottish Parliaments, in 1 707. The Tories intended to make the Pretender king on Anne's death, but before the Queen died she put the government back into the hands of the Whigs, and so frustrated the plans of the Tories. 2. 'VA^ar of the Spanish Succession.— The King of Spain died clnldless in 1700, leaving his vast (iominions to Philip of France, a grandson of Louis XI Y. As France was already too powerful, an alliance of other nations was formed to deprive the French of this territory. The Duke of Marl- borough was made leader of the English forces. He was an exceedingly able general, brave, gentle, even of temper, and kind to prisoners of war. Aided by Prince Eugene, he won the battle of Blenheim in 1704. He also won victories at Ramilies in /Oo, uuaenarae m l.Oo, anu ivi.aifia4u ivyr *^ 1 **\ 1 ^ /^ • • ^^ 1 F* I) 60 UUITISII IIIHTOUY NOTES. 1709. The war was carried on in Spain also, the chief event being the capture of Gibraltar in 1704. The Peace of Utrecht dosed tlie war, the chief terms being : — (1) England received Gibraltar, Newfoundland, Acadia, and Hudson Bay Territory. (2) The Pretender was to leave France. (3) The Sovereigns of England, as provided by law, were to be acknowledged by Louis. (4) The crowns of France and Spain were to be for- ever kept separate. 3. Union of English and Scottish Parlia- ments.— The Act of Union was passed in 1707. The chief terms were : — (1) S(;otland was to have 45 members in the House ot Commons at London, and 16 members in the House or Lords. (2) There was to be freedom of trade between the two countries. (3) The Scots were to have their own form of church government (Presbyterian), and their own laws and law courts. (4) One sovereign was to rule over the whole country, which was now called Great Britain. BRUNSWICK PERIOD. 1714-l'rt«sout Tiiiio. George I.— Great -grandson of James I, George II. — Son George III. — (irandKon - George I\'. — Son - William IV. — Hiotlier - Victoria. — Niece - 1714 1727 1727-1700 17«n-iS'jo IN-Jo-is.so is;{()-is;i7 1837- Characteristics.- Development in civil and religious lib- erty ; in colonization and commerce ; in inven- tion and manufacturing. GEORGE 1.— 17M-1727. 1. George I. was a son of Sophia of Hanovor. He strongly favored the Wliigs, as they had sup- ported him, and that party remained in power dur- ing the reigns of the first two Geor-ges. This is called the " Fifty Years of Whig Rule." In 1715, the Jacobites made an effort to put the Pretender on the throne, but they failed. A noted event of this reign was the South Sea Scheme, which was very popular ; but soon the company failed, and thousands were ruined. The greatest statesman of this reign was Sir Robert Walpole, who was Prime Minister for many years. The chief laws passed were the Riot Act and the Septennial Act. George died while travelling in Hanover. 2. The Fifteen. — In 1715, risings took place in England and Scotland in favor of James Edward, the Pretender, but the battles of Preston and Sheriffmuir ended the rebellion. Several nobles C1 U A. 62 BRITISH HISTORY NOTP:S. and others of lesser degree were put to death for their share in these risings. 3. The Riot Act (ITlo) enacted that any unh^w- ful assembly of persons that did not disperse on the connnand of a magistrate became guilty of felony and miijht be tried for it. Besides this, the crowd or mob could bo dispersed by soldiers. 4. The Septennial Act (17 IG).— By this act a general election was to be held at least every seven years, instead of every three years, as befoi'e. This law is still in force. Tlie ministry of that time was rnwilling to face the people so soon after "The Fif- teen,'' and so lengthened tlie term of Parliament. 5. The South Sea Bubble— In 1 7 11, the South Sea Company was formed to trade in the South Seas. In 1720, the Company entered into an agree- ment with the Government, by which they were to pay off the National Debt, and gi-ant the Govern- ment a bonus of £7,500,000, in return for the mono- poly of the trade in the South Seas. The Company promised enormous protits, and the "scheme" be- came very popular. All classes invested in stock. Shares rose from £100 to .£1,000, and the people went wild with excitement. Early in 1721, the whole scheme fell to the ground and thousands were ruined liy it. 6. Sir Robert Walpole had protested against the South Sea Scheme, and as he had great skill in money matters, he was made Prime Minister in 1721, and held the position for over twenty years. He bribed mrmbers of Parliament and others, and so kept himself in power. He was ve* y jealous of others of ability, and contrived that no other great man should be in the Government. His policy was to keep England out of war, and the country became BRUNSWICK PEUIOl). 63 very prosperous in liis tinio. Owinsi; to his inisman- ageinent of the Spanish War lie was compelled to resign in 1712, but ho received a pension, ami was raised to the petuage. G EOKGl^: 1 r.— ] 727- 1 700. 1. George II. was a very stubboi-n man, but lie did not interfere with his ministers, jle was very fond of his wife, Caroline, a very sluewd woman, and was greatly intluenced by her wishes. Walpole was the chief minister' in the eaily part of the reign, but he resigned in 1742. On account of ^lanover, Eng- land was drawn into the War of the Austrian Succession. In 1715, Charles Edward, the Young Pretender, made a bold push for the throne, but was defeated. The Seven Years' War took place in the latter part of this reign, arid the British were successful, owing to the skilful management of the war b}'- W^illiam Pitt, the Secretary of State. 2. War of the Austrian Succession.— In 1740, the Emperor Charles VI. d.ed, leaving his daugh- ter, Maria Theresa, to succeed him on the throne of Austria. Before his death he had had the lead- ing nations of Europe to sign the *' Pragmatic Sanction," agreeing to this arrangement. Now surrounding nations tried to deprive Maria Theresa of her position, and nearly all Europe took part in the war which followed. The British aided IMaria Theresa, while the French took the opposite side. The Britisli won a victory at Dettingen in 1743, where George J I. fought at the head of his .xrmy. At Fontenoy, 1745, the Duke of Cumberland, the King's son, was defeated. The Treaty of Aix-la- Chapelie in 174S closed the war. The chief terms were : — 64 BRITISH IIISTOIIY NOTliS. (1) The various nations restored their con(i[uests with the exception of Prussia, which kept Silesia. (2) IMaria 'J'heresa retained her throne. 3. The Forty-five. - Tn 1745, Charles Edward, the Young Pretender, landed in Scotland and pushed on to Edinburgh. AVith an army of High- landers, he defeated the royal army at Preston- pans. After some delay he marched into England ; but getting little aid from the English he retreated into the Highlands. Early in 1746 he won a slight victory at Falkirk, but later on he was utterly rout- ed at Culloden Moor, near Inverness. The royal army, under the Duke of Cumberland, put down the rebellion with great cruelty. ** Prince Charlie " was hunted from place to place for several months, when he managed to escape to France. For several years the Highlanders were forbidden to wear their Highland dress ; but when Pitt became Secretary of State he raised several regiments of them to fight in the British wars, and permitted them to wear their Highland costume. Since then the Highlanders have been loyal subjects. 4. The Seven Years' War (1756 1763).— Dis- putes between the French and British Colonists in America and India brought on a war. It was carried on by Britain in a half-hearted way at first, and there were many misfortunes. This led to a chantre in the Ministry. William Pitt, "The Great Com- moner," was made Secretary of Stat«, and he set to work vigorously. Soon there were British successes in all parts. Canada was conquered in the years 1758-1760, the British being led by Generals Wolfe and Amherst. Tn Europe, the British won a naval victory in Quiberon Bay, and also the battle of By the great battle T^X , r'ici^iiCy, 1 'T'K^r BRUNSWICK PERIOD. 65 Clive woii for Britain tho hivrre and fortilo province of bengal in India. Tlic Peace of Paris in 17G3 closed the war, the eliief prov isioris bein^. — (1 ) France gave over to (^reat BritainrCanada and all her otiier possessions east ot'the Mississippi, except . Louisiana and the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. (^) fepain gave up Minorca and Florida to the -british. ^ 5; Clive.— Robert Clive was sent out as a clerk m the employ of the British East India Company at Madras^^ Dupleix, the governor of the French East India Company, wished to drive the British out of Madras, and war broke out. Clive became leader of the British troops, and Dupleix was def(Nated and re- turned to France. In 1757, Fort William was taken by Surajah Dowlah, Nabob of Bengal, and the British prisoners were shut up for the night in a wretched dungeon called the Black Hoie. Out ot 14b, only 23 were alive the next morning. Clive was sent with an army to take vengeance, and at Plassey he won a signal victory, and conquered the great Province of Bengal. 6. The Methodists.— This great religious body rose in the reign of George II. The leaders were George Whitefield, and John ami Charles Wes- ley. The name was given them on account of their strict method of living, hi the early part of the century, religion in England was cold and powerless. The Methodists commenced a mighty revival that did much for the whole countiy, and its effects are still felt in all parts of the world. GEORGE 111.-1760-1820. 1. George IIL was a grandson of George II. Ho was very popular with all classes, but he wished to fcf' 66 BRITISH HISTORY KOTE^. govern in his own way, and tliis bi'ought nothing but disaster in the early part of the reign. In 1775, tlie thirteen colonies in America revolted and won their independence, but the voyages of Captain Cook partly made up for the loss by adding Aus- tralia to the Empire. The latter part of the reign was occupied by a mighty struggle with France, whose Emperor, Napoleon, was utterly overthrown. From 1812 to 1815 there was a war with the United States. Under Warren Hastings and his suc- cessors the British power in India grew fast. George was insane during the last nine years of his reign and his son George, Prince of Wales, acted as Regent. 2. The American Revolution (1775 1783).— To aid in paying the cost of the Seven Years' War it was proposed to tax the thirteen British colonies south of Canada. The colonists objected, as they were not represented in the British Parliament. The Stamp Act of 1765 ordered that all legal docu- ments in the colonies should have stamps placed on them, but strong opposition to this led to its repeal the next year. Other taxes, however, were imposed on such articles as tea, lead and glaSS, and at last, in 1775, the colonists rebelled. An attack was at once made upon Canada, but it failed, and the Americans were driven out the next year. On the 4th of j uly, I77^> ^^® colonies declared their inde- pendence. The principal events of the war were (1) the battle of Bunker Hill, 1775, (2) the surrender of a British army under Burgoyne at Saratoga, 1777, and (3) the surrender of another British army under Cornwall is at Yorktown, 1781. The Ameri- cans, under their great leader, George Washing- ton, were entirely successful. Towards the latter BnUNSWICK PEKloD. 67 part of the war the French aided the colonists, while other European countries were at war with Great Britain. By the Treaty of Versailles in 1783, which ended the struggle, Britain acknowledged the independence of the United States, and Spain re- ceived Florida and Minorca. 3. William Pitt, the " Great Commoner," was a noted statesman of the reigns of George 11. and George III. Being made Secretary of State in 1 i j7, he carried on the war against France with great energy and brought it to a successful close. Canada was conquered, and many brilliant victories were won over the French. Pitt resigned early in the reign of Geoi-ge III., and was afterwards created Earl of Chatha..!. Pitt was much opposed to the plan of taxing the colonies, but he was never in favor of granting them their independence. He died in 1778. 4. William Pitt, " the younger," a son of the ♦'Great Commoner," was a statesman of ability. He became Prime Minister of Britain in 1783, when only 25 years of age, and held office during nearly the whole of the next twenty years. His chief opponent was Fox, a talented but dissolute man. Both died in 180G, Pitt being broken-hearted over the successes of the French under Napoleon. 5- Warren Hastings.— The Anglo Indian Em- pire was founded by Hobert Clive and grew fast dur- ing his time and that of his successors. Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of India, ruled with great ability. Some of his acts were harsh and unjust, however, and on his return to England in 1784 he was impeached before the House of Lords. The trial lasted ovei- seven year-s. He was at last ac4uiLted, but his defence cost him a fortune. For i! 68 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. his great services he liad expected to he raised to the peerage, hut he was disappointed. During the re- maining yeai-s of his Ht'e he enjoyed a yearly pension of £ It, 000 from tlie East India Company. 6. Australia. — While tlie British were losing their thirteen American colonies, they were gaining vast tracts of land in the East. Captain Cook made three voyages to the Pacific Ocean. He ex- plored part of Australia, and discovered many islands. He also took possession of Australia and New Zealand for Great Britain. In 1779, lie was murdered hy sonjo natives of the Sandwich Islands. A few years after tliis Australia was chosen as a penal colony. The first settlenunits were made at Botany Bay, near iSydney. These Australian col- onies have grown fast, and are now among the most important of tlie Bi-itish possessions 7. Union of the British and Irish ParHa- mentS (1801). — Trom 1782 to 1800 the Irish en- joyed Home Rule, that is, Irish ailairs were under the control of the Irish Parliament. The great Irish leader was Grattan. The Iriwh Catholics, however, were not allowed any share in the government, and in 1798, they rehelled. They received a little help from France. At Vinegar Hill the rebels were routed, and the rising was put down witli great cruelty. It was thought wise to bring about a union between the Jiritish and Irish Parliaments, and Pitt, by extensive bribery, induced the Irish Parliament to consent to the Act of Union, which came into force on Jan. ISt, 180I. The Irish were to have 100 members in the Impeiial House of Commons, and four bishops and twenty -four lords in the House of Lords. Fr in 8. nch I rj^— « ll vcvUiutiOn. -The iCi fple of BRUNSWICK PERIOD. 69 of France had been oppressed hy heavy taxation, and in 1789 they rose in arms. The King and Queen were imprisoned, and after a time were beheaded. Many nobles met the same fate, and a Republic was set up. Most of the other nations of Europe united to put down this revolution, but they failed. 9. Naval Victories. — In the war growing out of the French Revolution the British won many vic- tories. At Cape St. Vincent, in 1 797, the Spanish fleet was defeated, and in the same year the Dutch fleet was defeated at Camperdown. Admiral Nelson's great victories over the French in the " Battle of the Nile " in 1798, and over the Danes at Copenhagen, or the " Battle of the Baltic," in 1801, added much fame to the British. His last noted victory was at Trafalgar in 1805, where Nelson was killed. Here the French and Spanish fleets were almost completely destroyed. ID. Napoleon Buonaparte, a native of Corsica, and the most noted Frenchman of this period, was a thorough jnaster of the art of war. He invaded Egypt in 1798, and defeated the Mamelukes in the ** Battle of the Pyramids," but his fleet was de- stroyed by Nelson in the '' Battle of the Nile." After Najx)lean's return to France, he was made Consul a^id then Emperor. The Peace of Amiens, in 1802, gave Europe a breathing-space. Soon Napoleon planned an invasion of England, but the destruction of his fleet at Trafalgar, in 1805, compelled him to give up his intention. Then, in the battles of Austerlitz in 1805, and Jena in 180G, he crushed Austria and Prussia. An attempt to place his brother Josepli on the throne of Spain bi'ought on the Peninsular War. Iji 1812, Napoleon led an army of 500,000 men into Russia, but the burnini' '^ 'I 11 m m H 70 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. of Moscow by the Russians compelled him to retreat in mid-winter, and only a few thousand of his soldiers ever returned. In 1813, Napoleon was defeated at Leipsic, and had to resign his throne and retire to Hlba. In 1815, he suddenly crossed over to France and was once more proclaimed Emperor, but in the battle of Waterloo, he was utterly crushed by the British under the Duke of Wellington, aided by the Prussians. He was then banished to St. Helena, where he died in ic.^1. 11. The Peninsular War (1808-1814) was caused by the Emperor Napoleon attempting to place his brother Joseph on the throne of Spain. The Spaniards called on the British for aid, and in 1808, Sir Arthur Wellesley (afterwards the Duke of Wellington) was sent to Spain where he won a victory at Vimiero. He was then recalled, and Sir John Moore, who succeeded him, won a victory at Corunna in 1809, in which he was killed. Wel- lesley was again sent out and conducted the war to the end. He won battles at OportO and Talavera in 1809, Busaco in 1810, Salamanca in 1812, and Vittoria in 181o. The French were thus driven out of Spain, and were finally defeated at Toulouse in 1814. 12. The War of l8l2 (1812-1814) was caused by the British trying to prevent neutral nations from trading with France and her allien*, and by the " Right of Search." The Americans made several determined efforts to conquer Canada, but they were unsuccessful. The war was also carried on by sea, each side capturing many ships. The Treaty of Ghent in 1814 closed the war without settling the matters in dispute. {See Entrance Canadian Historij Notes.\ ing UUUNSWICK PERIOD GEORGE IV.— 1820-1830. 71 1. George IV. had been Regent during the last nine years of his fatlier's reign. He was very polished in his manners, but was very immoral, and, on account of his treatment of his wife, Caroline, he was decidedly unpopular. During his reign the Greeks were fighting for their independence, and were aided by the British and others in the naval battle of Navarino in 1827. A Burmese war in 1821 182G ended in the conquest of some territory in Lower Burmah. The chief events of this reign were the Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, and the passing of the Catholic Emancipation Act, which removed all laws against Dissenters and Roman Catholics. 2. The Holy Alliance (1815) was a union of the Emperors of Russia and Austria, and the Kings of Prussia, France, and Spain to put down all efforts of the people in favor of free gov- ernments. The British did not join the Alliance, but it was well known that the Government was in sym- pathy with it. After the death of Lord Castle- reagh in 182? there was a change, and at once there began a period of social reform. 3. The Catholic Emancipation Act (1829).— In 1828, the Test and Corporation Acts were re- pealed, thus allowing Protestant Dissenters to hold office. In 1829, tliis was followed by an Act repeal- ing all laws against Roman Catholics. All offices except those of Sovereign, Regent, and a few others were thrown open to them. The leader of the Roman Catholics in their struggle for this reform was Daniel O'Connell, a lawyer of great elociuence. He had been elected to Parliament, but was unable to take his seat until the i)assage of this Act. M 1 1 ' hIIl Hii 72 imiTISir HISTORY NOTES. WTLLTA:\r TV.— 18.S0-IS37. I. William IV., a bn.Uici- of Goorj^^e IV., wr>.s very |)()])uliir on acooiuit ..«* Ijis siniplo lifo. ' The early part of liis rei^e^u was mai-k(3tl hy a stru^i^'le for Parliamentary Reform, m hich ended in the pass- ing of the First Reform Bill in 1832. This Nvas followed by a law freeing all slaves throngliout the British possessions, and ancjther Jcforniing the muni- cipal systein. A notable event of this reign was the building of tlio first steam milway by George Steph- enson in 1S30. 2. The First Reform Bill (1832).— The House of Commons did not fairly represent the people. Many large towns and cities had no members, while other places -called rotten boroughs— with only a few V(jters s*mt one or two members to Pai-liament. Earl Grey succeeded in passing tlie First Reform Bill in 1832. Its chief provisions were : — (1) Fifty six Ijoroughs lost the right to send a rep- resentative to Parliament. (2) Thirty others were to send one instead of two as formerly. (3) iMany large towns, formerly not i epresented, were to have a member. ^ (4) Some counties had their number of representa- tives increased. (5) The riglit to vote was given to those paying £10 in rent in the boroughs, and also to those pay- mg a £50 rental in counties. This benefited the middle classes, but n(»t the lab- oring people. 3. Other Important Acts : - The .Vci for the Abolition of Slavery (18:J3), provided for the emancipation of all slaves in the' HRUNSWICK I'KIUOD. 73 liritisli colonies, more particularly in the West In- dies, wliere they were most numerous. Their owners '"T^A/ ,f ^^^'^^^'^^^ ^' compensation. Clarkson and Wllberforce were the chief agitators for this rerorm. The Poor-Law (1834) ordered the building ot wcukiiouses, and all persons unable to support theniselves were to be sent to these places. The Municipal Act (1835) provided that tlie mayors and aldormen of all cities and towns, ex- cept London, were to },e elected l)y the rate-payers. Statements of the money spent were to be furnished by tiie councils every year. VICTOKIA.— 1837- I. Victoria was the daughter of the Duke of Kent, the brother of William IV. She was only eighteen years of age when she came to the throne, fehe has maae an excellent ruler, and has been very popular throughout her lung reign-the longest in English History. In 1840, she was married to her cousm, Prince Albert, upon whom the title Prince Consort was conferred. He dies to is.'JO he was Prime Minister, l)ut was not a successful political lead(^r. He was so much opposed to reform that he hecame extremely unpopular. After his resignation he again came into favor witli the people, who loved to call him tlu; " Iron Duke " and the " Hero of a Hundred Fights." He died in 1852. 5. The Crimean War (1854-1 HoG).— The Em- peror of liussia demanded that the Christians of Tur- key should be placed under his protection, and on the refusal of the Sultan war was declared. The British, French and Sardinians intei-feicd in favor of Tur- key. The allied armies invaded the Crimea. The chief events of the war were the battles of Alma, Inkerman and Balaklava, and the siege of Se- bastopol. This last was the greatest fortress in Southern Russia, and was taken after a siege of about a year. During the winter there was much suffering among the soldiers. Florence Nightingale and other women came as nurses, and aided nmch in al- laying the sufferings of the wounded. The Peace of Paris closed the war. Its principal provisions were : — (1) The subjects of the Sultan, belonging to the Greek Church, were placed under the joint protection of Great Britain, France, Russia and other countries. (2) The Black Sea was to be closed to the Russian fleet. 6. The Indian Mutiny (lS57-1858).-The Brit- ish introduced a new rifle which required the use of greased cartridges, and the Sepoys, or native sol- li 76 BRITISH HISTORY NOTKS. I diers of India, tliought that this was meant to inter- fere with their religion and so cause them to lose caste. In 1857, they mutinied. Fearfid cruelties were per- petrated by the rebels, and they hiul control of the upper part of India for several months. Their most noted leader was Nana Sahib. The chief events were the siege of Delhi, the siege of Lucknow, and the massacre at Cawnporc British troops under General Havelock (juickly marched to the assist- ance of the besieged garrisons, and Sir Colin Campbell followed with another army. In 1858, the rebels were put down, and the government of India was taken out of tlie hands of the East India Company, and transferred to the Crown. 7. Important Acts : — The Second Reform Bill, (1867), was passed through Parliament by Mr. Disraeli (afterwards Lord Beaconsfield). In boroughs, those who paid £10 rent, and in counties, those who paid £12 rates, had the right to vote. The Irish Church Disestablishment Act, (18G9), was brought about bv Mr. Gladstone. The Irish Church was disestablished— that is, it ceased to be a State cliurch — and part of its revenues was applied to compensate the clergy of that church, and part to relieve the poor of Ireland. The Irish Land Act, (1870), and simihir acts since, have given the Irish tenants a mon^ secure tenures of their land. If turned out of their holdings, they have a right to be paid for any improvements they may have made. The Educational Act, (1870), enacted that whei-ever theio w(M-e not enough schools to educate all the children, schools were to be built at the ex- pense of the whole people. Since then, compulsory ago. BRUNSWICK PERlOt). 77 education has been enforced, and many schools are free. The Ballot Act, (1870), introduced the system of sec'-et voting l)y means of a Ijallot or paper, instead of <.»pen Yotiniij .7,s before. The Third Reform Bill, (1884), was passed by the Liberals under Mr. Gladstone. This gave a vote to nearly every man, and thus added two and a half million names to the voters' list. All men who have lived in a district for a year, and paid their rp^tes, are qualified to vote. 8. Home Rule is one of the most important questions of to-day. The Irisli demand a Parliament of their own for the management of Irish affairs. The leader of the movement for many years was Charles Stewart Parnell, who died a few years ago. In LSSG, Mr. Gladstone declared in favor of Home Rule, but he was defivited, and the Conserva- tives came into power. Jiecently the Liberals re- turned to power again and tried to pass a Home Rule Bill, but failed. The agitation, however, still continues, 9. The Eastern Question. —For over half a century the power of Turkey has been declining, and Russia has coveted the Turkish provinces arounil the Black 8ea. In 18r)3, Russia went to war to enforce a protectorate over the Christians of Turkey, as was said, but really to concjuer that country. As this would have made Russia altogether too power- ful, and endangered the ih'itish possessions in India, the Crimean War w-as commenced to put an end to Russia's power in the Black Sea. Again, in 1878, the British interfered in the war between Russia and Turkey and prevented the conquest of the latter country. The Treaty of Berlin, the same year. 78 itJRITlSrt HISTORY NOTKS. ended the disputes for a time. The Ecastern Ques- tion—the division of the Tuikish Empire— causes a f?reat deal of jeak)usy among tlie great powers of Europe, and may yet cause a general European war. 10. Minor ^A/'ars. — During tlie past sixty years Great Britain has waged many small wars to extend or protect her interests. The cliief wars have been : — (1) With China in 1839-1842, in 1855, and in 1860. As a result, several Chinese ports were open- ed to commerce. (2) Witli Afghanistan, in 1839-1842, and in 1879-1880. (3) With Burmah, in 1852, and in 1885. In the latter war the country was conquered and joined to India. (4) With Scinde, in 1843, and the Punjaub, in 1849. Both were conquered and added to the In- dian Empire. (5) With Abyssinia, in 1867-1868. (6) With Ashantee, in 1873, and again in 1896, when the country was conquered. (7) With the Zulus, in 1879. (8) With the Boers, in Transvaal, 1880-1881. (9) In Egypt, in 1882, to put down a rebellion, the bombardment of Alexandria and the battle of Tel-el-Kebir being the chief incidents. (10) In the Soudan, in 1884-1885, to put down the Arabs under tlieir leader, the Mahdi. In this war General Gordon lost his life at Khartoum. 11. The Progress of Victoria's Reign.— The story of the progress of this period of English His- tory teams .with wonders surpassing any contjr'ned in the most wonderful fairy tale. The Locomotive Engine, with its wonderful power and speed, has joined the ends of the earth, and tl tant 1 enable manuf clime, produc to us a The so mu( which Electi mock c) enables Houses are dri wonder terror 1 A gi of agr the slo binding do all ducts c factorie various even th In this tured, a by wor therefor able th< forts of Mark cation astablisl iBRUNSWlCK PERIOD* 79 and the fleet Ocean Steamers make the most dis- tant land our next door neighbor. Both of these enable us to exchange our surplus products and manufactures for necessaries and luxuries from every clime, and men have devised means for keeping the products fresh while in transit, and so all zones are to us a veritable home-garden. The Steam Age, so wonderful in its achievements, so much in advance of the slow and laborious age which preceded it, is now being succeeded by the Electric Age. The Telegraph and the Cable mock distances by land or sea, and the Telephone enables us to converse with our distant frientls, Houses are lighted and heated, food is cooked, ears are driven and machinery run by electricity, that wonderful agency which, in former times, spoke only terror to all mankind. A great advance has l^een made in the methods of agriculture and manufacturing. Instead of the slow and toilsome methods of sowing, reapino-, binding and threshing, the farmer has implements to do all this. Thus more land is tilled and the pro- ducts of tlie world are greatly increased. In the factories the skilled workman is supplanted by the various machines which have been devised to perform even the most delicate and most inti-icate operations. In this way amazing quantities of goods are manufac- tured, and it is said that the world could be supplied by working half time. Laborers and artisans are therefore agitating for shorter hours, so as to en- able them to enjoy some of the pleasures and com- forts of life. Marked advancement has been made in the Edu- cation of the people. Free Schools have been 3stablished and education is compulsory. The news- ^f 80 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. paper is a ron^ular visitor to every liomo, and the printing"-preSS supplies numberless books at reason- a}>Ie })rices. With all these advantages, the rising generation should be qualiried to use the franchise and be worthy to have a voice in the direction of the affairs of so great a nation. During all these years the British Empire has been growing in extent and influence, until to-day she stands without a peer— unequalled in history. Her hardy sons have been exploring all parts of the world, and " Darkest Africa," as well as " the isles of the sea," has been enriched by their commercial enterprise and blessed by their missionary spirit. Many good laws have been passed reforming old abuses and improving the condition of the people. Arbitration is proposed instead of war, and justice is administered in the courts. Truly we are entering upon the "Golden Age." It remains to be seen whether Britain's sons will show themselves worthy descendants of a noble race and hand down, unim- paired, their grand and glorious heritage. MISCKLLAXEOUS. CO 10. A Coalition Ministry is one wliose members are drawn ivom more than one of the r.arties in Par- liament. 11. When a new ParUament is wanted tlie Sov- ereign issues ^* writs" to each constituency caUhHr iipon the electors to choo.^e a representative at a cei^- tain date fixed for tlie election. 12 A Constituency or Electoral Division is a part of the country which sends one or more repre- sentatives to Parliament. ^ 13. Tlie Electors are those wlxo are (luaiified ^o vote for a representative. This qualification to vote IS called the Franchise. Manhood Franchise gives a vote to all men over the age of twenty ^^.e years. The vote is now taken by Ballot The elector IS thus free to vote for whoiii he pleases. . 14. -Lnt) Candidates are those who are endeavor- ing to secure the position of member of Parliament • tlve one who receives the majority, or the highest lumber of votes, is declared elected. Tlie candidate who has no one to oppose him is returned bv accla- mation. -^ ^ I5-. A General Election is one in which every constituency must choose a representative. 10. A By-Election is one in which a single con- stituency chooses a representative. It is held be- tween general elections, when on account of death, re- signation, or unseating (.f a member of Parliament, the constituency Ls left without a representative. 17. To convene or summon Parliament is to call the members togetl:-.-, .„ discuss the affairs of the nation. 18. A Session is tliat part of the year durincy which Parliament deliberates over the affairs of tlie nation and framey its laws. 84 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. 19. The Speaker is the person cliosen by tlie House of Conunuiis to preside over its sessions. lie must be a inember of the House. 20. To adjourn ParHauient is to dismiss the mem- bers to meet again at a certain time, when they may resume any unlinished business as if there had been no adjournment. 21. To prorogue Parliament is to close it at the end of a session. Any untinished business held over for another session must be taken up as if nothing liad been done about it. 22. To dissolve Parliament is to dismiss the members and call a new or general election. 23' The Sovereign convenes, prorogues and dis- solves Parliament ; but Parliament adjourns at its own pleasure. 24. The Speech from the Throne is the ad- dress of the Sovereign nt the opening of Parliament. It is prepared by the Ministry, and reviews the work of the year, speaks of the foreign relations of the nation, and mentions the important questions which are to be brought up for consideration during the Session. 25. A Policy is a statement by a party of its views on the questions of the day. Each p(nnt is called a Plank, and the whole policy is the Plat- form of the party. 26. The Fiscal Policy of a nation is the plan adopted by the Government for the purpose of rais- ing a revenue. 2/. The Budget is the financial statement made by the Chancellor of the Exchequer at each session of Parliament. 28. By the Estimates we mean the statement made to Parliament of the expected receipts and 39. duces MISCELLANEOUS. 85 expenditure of the Government for the ensuing year. 29. Excise is a tax Jevied on certain articles of (IcMnestic or home manufacture, as tobacco and hquors. ^ 30- Customs is a duty levied on goods coming into or goijig out of a country. 31- Free Trade is the free interchange (that is, without paying duty) of commodities between countries. 32. Protection is a system by which high duties are levied on the imports of a country for the pur- pose of protecting home industries by shuttinc^ out to some exteiit foreign goods. * 33- ^ Tariff is a list or table of floods with a statement of the amount of customs or'duties to be paid on the same when hnported or exported. 34- A Revenue Tariff is one in which the customs or duties are sufficiently high to supply a rt /enue to pay the expenses of government. 35. ^ Protective Tariff is one in which the customs are placed high enough to protect home in^ dustries. 8uch a tariff is, of course, higher than a revenue tariff. 36. The Journals of the House (Hansard) are the books in which are kept the minutes, or records, of the work done each day by the House. 37' ^ Bill is a statement of a proposed law. 38. An Act of Parliament is a Bill that has passed both Houses of Parliament and has receded the signature of the Sovereign (or representative). It is then a law or statute. 39. The Mover is the one who proposes or intro- duces a Bill in Parliament. 40. The Seconder is the one who supports the mover in his proposal. 86 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. 41. Tlie Bill must pass its First, Second and Third Reading in each House before it is present- ed for tlie sijrnatuie of the Sovereign. 42. All I>i!ls connected with the collection or ex- penditure of money must originate in the ]louse of Commons. All other Bills may originate in either House. 43. An Order-in-Council is a regulation made by the Sovereign and Ministry. It has the effect of law but must be ratified by Parliament. 44. The Privy Council of Great Britain in- cludes the members of the Cabinet, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and certain other ex- officio merabers, that is, those who are members of the Council by virtue of their holding, or having held, certain other offices. Besides these there are a large number of others who are appointed by the Sovereign at pleasure. 45. The Civil List is the money required to meet the expenses of Civil Government, in other words, to pay^ the salaries of Cabinet Ministers and other officials engaged in the various departments of the Government. 46. A Quorum, as applied to Parliament, means the number of members required to be present before any business can be transacted. In either House of Lords or House of Commons 40 members constitute a quorum. 47. Closure or Cloture is the practice adopted in Parliament of closing tlie debate on a question after it has received a reasonable amount of dis- cussion. 48. A Bill of Attainder is a statute by whicli a person charged with treason is condennied to death and deprived of his property instead of being tried II' MISCKLLANKOUS. 87 Hi in the ordinary courts of law. The Rarl of Straf- ford and Archbishop Laud were condemned to death in this way. 49. Impeachment is the practice of trying a high public oilicer before tlie House of Lords for niisgov- ernment. The charge is always laid by the House of Commons. The most noted impeachment in British History is that of Warren Hastings. »11 I I Canadian History Notes By G. E. HENDERSON, (EOitor of THii Entrance.) i^* «^ «^ PRICE, n Cents. ,^ »^ t5* ...GOOD WORDS... Send me 30 copies." t^ avo Si ter M. Julian, St. Joseph'. Convent. Cobourg : W e cannoTspealc too highly of your Notes " _ Wm Walters, FcrcUvich : " Bene 19 copies of H.stor} Notes Pupils and teachers much pleased with them^ T V Martinsor. Principal West Montrose P. S. : A • ^ teaciiers." Sold direct or through booksellers. THE EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING CO., n'4 Richmond St. West, - Toronto. i m CO., if I