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 ADDRESS 
 
 • 
 
 AT THE CONVOCATION OF 
 
 %\t 
 
 M,mtxi\ii 
 
 of iotonto 
 
 
 OCTOBER 1, 
 
 1890. 
 
 BY 
 
 SIR DANIEL WILSON, LL.D., F.R.SE., 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 TORONTO: 
 KOWSKLl. & HUTCHISON, PRINTERS, 
 
 1890. 
 
A D D R P: S S 
 
 AT THE CONVOCATION OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO 
 
 OCTOBER 1ST, 1890. 
 
 SIR DANIEL WILSON, LL.D., F.R.S.E., 
 President. 
 
 "IITHATEVER notable events may hereafter give prominence 
 "' to exceptional periods in the annals of this University, 
 the present year must ever stand out conspicuously in its history 
 as an annus mirabilis. That we are to-day indebted to the 
 courtesy of an affiiliated institution for the hall in which to 
 inaugurate the work of another year, recalls to us — if any 
 remembrancer could be needed, — that the stately building in 
 which the work of the University had progressed from com- 
 paratively humble beginnings, and a limited attendance, to its 
 present numbers and efficiency, stands roofless and defaced by 
 fire. But happily stone walls and architectural adornments do 
 not constitute the essentials of University life. Deplorable as 
 the calamity has proved, the vigour of the institution was not 
 to be palsied by a disaster that reduced to ruin the stately 
 pile in which its graduates took so just a pride. It has been 
 accredited to us that we did not despair ; and had we ever 
 been tempted to do so, the generous sympathy so promptly 
 extended to us by liberal benefactors was well calculated to 
 revive the most faint-hearted. 
 
2 
 
 It is impossible within the limits of an anniversary address 
 to enumerate the prized contributions to the library, already 
 amounting to upwards of twenty-five thousand volumes. From 
 Her Majesty the Queen have been received costly and beautifully 
 bound works, which I trust will survive to be the pride of 
 many generations of graduates ; perpetuating the loved and 
 revered name of Victoria, on our roll of benefactors. Gifts, 
 including works from their own pens, as well as other valuable 
 additions to the the library, have been received from His 
 Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, the Prince of Monaco, 
 the Duke of Devonshire, the Duke of Argyle, the Marquis of 
 Ripon, the Marquis of Lome, the Dowager Lady Vernon, and 
 other noble donors. 
 
 The academies and learned societies of Europe and America 
 to whose liberality we are indebted for valuable contributions 
 of their transactions, proceedings, and other publications, will be 
 recorded with grateful pride when our lists of benefactors are 
 extended in becoming form. To many among the leading 
 publishing houses of England, France, Italy, Germany, and the 
 United States, our acknowledgements are no less heartily due- 
 
 Not only to the British Government ; but to the Governments 
 of France, Sweden, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, and the United 
 States, we have to render grateful acknowledgments for aid in 
 restoring to the University the indispensable appliances of a 
 well-furnished library. 
 
 From his Excellency, the Governor-General of India, person- 
 ally, as well as from the Secretary of State for India ; from 
 Australia ; from the colonies of Victoria and New South Wales ; 
 and from the Asiatic Society of Tokyo, Japan : prized contribu- 
 tions have reached us, accompanied with greetings of kindly 
 sympathy that give an additional value to such practical mani- 
 festations of good will. One of the latest of such welcome 
 greetings comes to us from Victoria, a sister colony at the 
 Antipodes, stating that the gift is sent as " a mark of sympathy 
 with the University in its recent troubles ; of respect for the high 
 
 

 3 
 
 courage with which they were met ; and in token of a warm desire 
 for closer relations between two great colonies of the British 
 Empire." 
 
 No less cheering have been the prized gifts from sister uni- 
 versities. The costly liberality of Oxford, comprises a selection 
 of choice volumes to the v^alue of ;^5oo sterling, from the publi- 
 cations of the Clarendon press ; every one of them a welcome 
 contribution to our shelves. Cambridge sends its gift of like 
 character, including the entire publications of the Pitt press. 
 From Trinity College, Dublin ; the universities of Christiania, 
 Marburg, Strasburg, and Upsula ; from Harvard, Columbia Col- 
 lege, Princeton, Cornell, Michigan, Amherst, Johns Hopkins, 
 Kansas, and other American universities ; from the University 
 of Melbourne, and our own Canadian universities and colleges ; 
 as well as personally from members of their Faculties : we grate- 
 fully acknowledge many valued contributions. 
 
 Finally, the works presented to us, at such a time, by their own 
 authors, will consticute a feature in the new University Library 
 that cannot fail to possess a peculiar charm for all who enjoy 
 the privilege of their use. They include a complete set of the 
 works of the Poet Laureate, Alfred, Lord Tennyson ; of Professor 
 Jowett, Sir William Dawson, Professor J. Stuart Blackie, Dr. 
 Brinton, Dr. Francis Parkman, Professor Piazzi Smith, Sir Lyon 
 Playfair, President G. Stanly Hall, Dr. G. Humphrey, Dr. G. 
 Birbeck Hill, and many others, whose names and valued gifts 
 will be set forth in full, in the final report of the Library 
 Committee. But along with those, one other class of contri- 
 butions calls for special notice. For we must rank with 
 authors' gifts, others received from the representatives of those 
 who still live in their works, and " rule our spirits from thei*' 
 urns ;" and foremost among such are the volumes that come 
 to us from Mr. Robert Barrett Browning, the son of England's 
 great poet so recently laid to rest in Westminster Abbey, and of 
 England's gifted poetess who lies apart, under the cypresses, in 
 the city of Dante. With a keen sense of the exceptional value 
 of this complete set of the works of those whose names and 
 
blood are united in their donor, it will be no unpardonable 
 digression to recall the poet-mother's apostrophe to himself, 
 where, in the desponding close of lines dedicated to what then 
 seemed Italy's abortive struggle for liberty, she thus turns for 
 brighter omen to her boy : — 
 
 " The sun strikes through the window, up the floor ; 
 
 Stand out in it my own young Florentine, 
 Not two years old, and let me see thee more ! 
 
 Now fix thy brave, blue English eyes on mine, 
 And from my soul, which fronts the future so 
 
 With unabashed and unabated gaze. 
 Teach me to hope for what the angels know 
 
 When they smile clear, as thou dost. " 
 
 But while I note in this inadequate summary, with no less 
 pleasure than gratitude, the manifestations of sympathy from 
 those whose generous recognition of the status already achieved 
 by this University bears with it a special value at this time : 
 we no less heartily recognize the timely aid extended to us in 
 other forms. The presentation plate on numerous volumes in 
 our restored library will perpetuate a record of the services 
 rendered to us in our time of need by the influential English 
 committee over which the Marquis of Lome presides ; and 
 which has for its efficient honorary Secretary and Treasurer, Sir 
 George Baden-Powell and Mr. Stavely Hill. Nor do we less 
 heartily appreciate our obligations for timely aid in anotiier form 
 from His Excellency the Governor General of India ; the Hon- 
 ourable the Premier and the Legislature of Quebec; theGoldsmiths* 
 Company of London ; the Colonial Institute of Great Britain, 
 and other generous contributors to the Building Restoration 
 Fund : including those among the citizens of Toronto who have 
 thus come to our aid. As we recall the latter, we shall ever 
 gratefully revert to that meeting of the Faculty, summoned while 
 still the smoke rose from those blackened walls, now happily in 
 process of renovation ; when the hearts of the n.ost desponding 
 revived at the announcement of Mr. Edmund B. Osier's timely 
 aid of $io,coo ; followed soon after by the cheering message of a 
 like gift flashed across the Atlantic by Mr. George Gooderham, 
 
 i 
 
5 
 
 immediately on the cabled news reaching him while travelling' 
 abroad. 
 
 To the Government and the Legislature of the Province our 
 acknowledgments are due for their prompt response to the 
 appeal urged by us in our utmost need. Nor can I regard it as 
 otherwise than a result compensating in no inconsiderable degree 
 for all the anxieties and toil that the disastrous conflagration 
 involved ; for all the bright hooes dissipated; for plans frustrated 
 
 md irreparable losses sustained : that it has called forth a mani- 
 festation of devotion to their Alma Mater among our own 
 graduates which, to myself and my colleagues, has proved an 
 ever reassuring and sustaining influence through the trials of 
 those eventful months. To the secretary of the committee of 
 graduates, Mr. Walter Barwick, we owe a debt of gratitude which 
 will find its best recognition in the enduring fruits of his own 
 indefatigable labours. 
 
 But while we are thus cheered on all hands by kindly 
 sympathy and generous aid, there is one exception which it is 
 impossible I should overlook. The university buildings which 
 were reduced to ruin by the conflagration of last February had 
 been for upwards of thirty years one of Toronto's foremost 
 attractions. The revenues, moreover, of the university are expen- 
 ded here ; and with its Faculty, the hundreds of its students, 
 the affiliated colleges, along with numerous families attracted 
 to the city by its unrivalled educational advantages : the 
 financial results are such as any city in the province would 
 think well purchased by the most liberal bonus. We were not 
 without hope that in this crisis the University would meet with 
 generous aid from the city whose names it bears. Apart from 
 the vote of the Legislature, which, with the amount of insurance 
 will, we hope, suffice to reinstate the university buildings in all 
 their former beauty ; we shall still be unprovided with Library, 
 Gymnasium, and Convocation Hall, all of which are indispens- 
 able to the efficient work of the University. The space formerly 
 occupied by the Library and our inadequate Convocation Hall, 
 will now be utilized to meet the ever increasing demands for 
 
6 
 
 *t> 
 
 needful accommodation for new departments of instruction and 
 
 larger classes. It has also been deemed wise to avail ourselves 
 
 of the opportunity thus forced upon us to introduce the system 
 
 of library and seminary arrangements which the experience of 
 
 some of the foremost European universities, and of those of the 
 
 United States, has proved to largely increase the educational 
 
 value of the library ; while it admits of adequate protection 
 
 from such a disaster as that which has robbed us of the fruits of 
 
 thirty-five years of careful expenditure of our Library Fund. 
 
 A library building is our first and most pressing need. 
 
 Teachers and students will be seriously hindered in their work 
 
 till it is secured ; nor can we view without grave apprehension 
 
 the present temporary housing of the valuable nucleus of our 
 
 new library ; exposed to a possible recurrence of the appalling 
 
 event of recent months. The lowest estimated cost of this 
 
 building is $60,000. Such a gift from the city of Toronto to its 
 
 University, in this its hour of need, would be a graceful act of 
 
 timely liberality, for which it would receive ample return. Nor 
 
 can I abandon the hope that Toronto will set the example to 
 
 the other cities of Ontario ; and so enable us to appeal to them 
 
 for a practical recognition of the fact that the University, its 
 
 land and revenues, as well as all the high advantages it offers, 
 
 are not local, but belong to the whole Province, and extend their 
 
 influence far beyond its bounds. 
 
 At the Tercentenary celebration of the University of Edin- 
 burgh, in 1884, its Chancellor remarked: "The College of 
 Edinburgh, which afterwards developed into the present 
 university, has been called the child of the reformation ; but 
 it had another parent. It could expect no aid from pope or 
 prelate ; but just as little did it receive from royal or noble 
 patrons in its early days. What more exalted personages failed 
 to do for the metropolis of Scotland, the citizens did for them- 
 selves ; and it cannot be too extensively known that Edinburgh 
 owes the foundation of its university to the corporation of the 
 city." When, in the year 1927 — a date that lies within the 
 bright summer-tide of you who to-day enter on your under- 
 
 I 
 
I 
 
 graduate course, — my successor shall, with grateful pride, review 
 the history of this University on the completion of the first 
 century from the date of its Royal Charter : though it will not 
 be possible for him to speak of it as the child of our " Queen 
 City," I trust he may be able to appeal to honourable tokens of 
 appreciation by those who shall then, through successive genera- 
 tions, have enjoyed the inestimable blessing of a well-equipped 
 seat of learning planted in their midst. 
 
 For upwards of a third of that century it has been my 
 privilege to share in the work of the University ; and it is 
 impossible to revert to the progress that those years have 
 witnessed without pride and pleasure. But I realize no less 
 keenly how much remains to be done ; for every advance we make 
 only increases our wants. The Senate and Faculty have just 
 completed their quintennial revision of the prescribed courses 
 of study embraced in all the departments in Arts and Science. 
 The building devoted to Biology and its related branches of study 
 is being largely extended, with all requisite accommodation for 
 the museums indispensable to the work of the department. The 
 plans now matured, and in progress of execution, for the restora- 
 tion of the main buildings provide for other important additions. 
 During the years that have elapsed since co-education was intro- 
 duced we have been struggling with ever increasing impediments, 
 in our aim to satisfy the just requirements of the new claimants 
 for " equal rights." Now, for the first time, we shall be able to 
 secure adequate accommodation, along with other provisions in- 
 dispensable for achieving the highest attainable results. It cannot 
 be justly charged against the designers of the University build- 
 ings that they failed to anticipate this or other important changes, 
 including the restoration of the suspended faculties of Law and 
 Medicine ; and the creation of an affiliated School of Practical 
 Science. As for the too straightened limits of the old Convoca- 
 tion Hall, a younger generation of graduates may probably be 
 unaware that, when ""^ first assembled under its re of, we were 
 censured for the extravagant scale of our building, and the 
 quixotic anticipations of unattainable pro ess. Lecture rooms, 
 
8 
 
 greater in number, and of more adequate proportions have now 
 been planned, and additional laboratories provided ; including 
 ample accommodation for the departments of Physics and Psy- 
 chology. And, happily, at the very time when we are thus 
 enabled, as we trust, adequately to equip the Department of 
 Physics, we are cheered by the welcome announcement that Her 
 Majesty's Commissioners for the Exhibition of 185 1, have placed 
 at the disposal of this University a scholarship of the annual value 
 of ;^I50 sterling, for the encouragement of study and research 
 in the prosecution of science with a view to its application to 
 industrial arts. The scholarship is accordingly limited to Physics, 
 Mechanics, and Chemistry. For the latter department extended 
 facilities are rendered neceiisary by the increasing number of 
 students ; and for Geology an;' Mineralogy we need not only 
 new lecture rooms and laboratory, but also a museum of ampler 
 dimensions than the one which, with its valuable collection 
 perished in the flames. For the Department of Ethnology pro- 
 vision is being made in the restored building. The valuable 
 collections formed for the prosecution of this important branch 
 of study were partially rescued from the fire. The losses include 
 valuable ethnical and arch^ological specimens. But already im- 
 portant contributions, including a choice collection of palaBoliths 
 from the P'rench drift, the gift of Dr. John Evans, have helped to 
 repair 'the loss. Fur*her gifts of duplicates from Washmgton, 
 Harvard, Anne Arbor, McGill, and other museums are assured to 
 us so soon as the building is ready for their reception. Similar 
 liberality gives assurance of the reinstatement of the geological 
 collections, including the branches of palaeontology and mineral- 
 ogy. Thus stimulated to renewed energy not only by the 
 necessities which our recent calamity has created, but no less so 
 by the practical sympathy it has called forth, we aspire to more 
 efificient equipment in every department than what previously 
 existed. For on all hands progress is indispensable. The 
 admonition of Bacon is as true now as in his younger century : 
 " not to advance is to go back." But the financial element here 
 presses itself on our notice ; and compels us to admit that without 
 
9 
 
 adequate revenues the ideal of an efficient University is unattain- 
 able. Mr. Andrew Carnegie, who has devoted the fruits of his 
 own successful industry to the founding of free libraries, and the 
 advancement of higher education ; questions '' the wisdom of 
 founding many, if indeed any, new Universities. More gooJ " 
 he says, " is henceforth to be accomplished by adding to, and 
 extending those already in existence." 
 
 I have referred to the provision aimed at in our renovated 
 buildings of an adequate laboratory for experimental psychology. 
 We mourn this year the destruction of our museums and library, 
 with the loss of collections indispensable to the work of teachers 
 and students. At our last Convocation it was not the lost tools, 
 but the gifted workman that we mourned. One whom all loved 
 as :i colleague, and revered as a wise teacher, had passed away ; 
 and we sorrowfully realised the calamity sustained, while we 
 awaited with anxious expectation the choice of a successor. 
 The appointment since then to the vacant chair of Dr. James 
 Mark Baldwin, a student of philosophy who has already made 
 his name widely known in the branches of psychology and psyco- 
 physics, has been welcomed as a valuable addition to the faculty; 
 while we look forward with high anticipations to the extension 
 of the efficiency of the Department of Philosophy by the filling 
 of the additional chair mstituted by the Act of 1885, by one of 
 our own graduates, Mr. James Gibson Hume, who, after pursuing 
 his post-graduate studies with eminent success at Harvard, 
 is now completing his preparatory training at the University 
 of Berlin, before entering on his duties here, in his own favorite 
 department of philosophy. We shall welcome his return to his 
 Alma Mater enriched with fresh acquisitions from old seats of 
 learning, and with the wider culture which travel supplies. 
 
 In enumerating the wants that press on us on every hand I 
 have not, thus far, alluded to the College Residence. Yet I 
 regard this as a most important element in the healthful working 
 of the University. The federation scheme, now happily assured 
 of healthful extension by the recent act of the General Confer- 
 ence of the Methodist Church, secures the residence of an iniport- 
 
 \ 
 
10 
 
 / 
 
 ant section of University students in the Theological and other 
 Colleges of their respective churches. But there still remains a 
 class cf students whose parents — some of them themselves 
 graduates of the University, — welcome the opportunity of placing 
 them in residence under the care of the Dean and College 
 Council. The wide-spread feeling among the graduates in 
 favour of the perpetuation of this feature of College life was 
 unmistakeably demonstrated in the correspondence published 
 during the past year. Already as a result of this, I have received 
 contributions toward the extension of the College Residence, 
 including a gift of ;{J"ioo sterling, forwarded from Edinburgh by 
 a [gentleman who occupies an honourable position among the 
 men of science there. In the accompanying letter he says : " I 
 take great interest in the formation of College Residences ; and 
 should like to give my contribution towards this part of your 
 scheme of University extension. The want of College Residence 
 is one of the great weaknesses of the Scottish system. An 
 effort is now being made her-i to meet it by the founding of a 
 University Hall." 
 
 Thus we see a silver lining to the cloud that seemed for a time 
 to gather over us with portentous gloom. Stinn ulated to increased 
 energy, and encouraged by the generous sympathy that our 
 calamity has called forth, our aim is now to place the University 
 on a footing adequate tc the great work that lies before it ; and 
 to the requirements of cur young Dominion, only now entering on 
 the occupation of the vast territory out of which is to be fashionf.d 
 a Greater Britain, worthy of the motherland through whom its 
 title is derived. How much yet remains for us to do in the very 
 initial stage of development may be inferred from the conclusion 
 arrived at by Dr. George Dawson, after years of exploration as 
 a member of the Geological Survey service, that there is still an 
 area of fully 500,000 square miles east of the MacKenzie River, 
 lying within the line of the great fertile belt, of which as yet we 
 know less than of the interior of A ^rica. The teeming populations 
 of the old world look with longing eyes to this land of promise, 
 with its millions of acres needing only willing hands to make 
 
11 
 
 i 
 
 them yield golden harvests ; while the student of history turns 
 with eager expectancy, from ransacking the buried records of 
 decayed monarchies, to survey a virgin continent on which the 
 British colonist has already sketched out prospective States : 
 The Saskatchewan, The Alberta, the Keewatin, The Assinaboia, 
 and The Athabaska of the the twentieth century. It is on those 
 who are now in training in our Universities ; who are being 
 equipped and armed, by high culture and wise discipline, for the 
 work that lies before them : that in no small degree it will depend 
 whether or not the sanguine dream of the philosophic idealist 
 shall be realised ; and : — 
 
 " There shall be sung another golden age. 
 The rise of empire, and of arts ; 
 Inspiring history's illumined pagi 
 
 By wisest headr and noblest hearts." 
 
 The opening up of this vast wilderness as a new centre of 
 civilization gives a practical significance to the widening of the 
 intellectual horizon, and the expansion of knowledge in so many 
 unlooked for aspects. In whatever light we view it, the practical 
 importance of higher education, as a grand factor in material 
 progress, becomes ever more apparent ; and the economic 
 value of applied science is already so universally b.ppreciated that 
 scarcely any limit can be set to the demands for ampler services* 
 And while we are looking with sanguine eagerness on this birth- 
 time of our Western domain, the old East is waking up to 
 new life ; and testifies its sympathy in the trials of our own 
 University. Europe and America are paying back their debt to 
 the birth lands of letters and civilization. Schools and Colleges 
 are being planted in BritisVi India ; and letters and science 
 receive a hearty encouragement in Japan ; at the very time when 
 the recovered tablets and inscriptions of Babylonia and Egypt 
 disclose evidence of an Eastern civilization dating fifteen centuries 
 before the Christian era, and startle us by their novel elucida- 
 tions of sacred and profane histCiy. 
 
 But while the East is brightening with a new dawn ; and the 
 Old World seems everywhere awakening to a sense of the practi- 
 
 ce 
 
12 
 
 i 
 
 cal value of intellectual culture, even in its most recondite aspects : 
 it is with a sense of amused wonder that our attention is 
 challenged by a sudden outbreak of disparagement of higher edu- 
 cation from sundry very dissimilar quarters. Man has once 
 more plucked of the Tree of Knowledge, and it proves, as 
 of old, to bear both good and evil fruit. Knowledge comes, 
 but wisdom lingers ; and instead of fostering it till its later 
 fruitage : not only crafty statesmen, and selfish speculators eager 
 in the pursuit of gain, denounce the popularizing of edu- 
 cation ; but some whose own example is the best evidence of 
 its worth are found preaching a gospel of ignorance as the 
 panacaea for the age. The Czar of Russia i? credited with the 
 assertion that education lies at the root of Nihilism, and all its 
 attendant troubles. Bismarck, we are assured, traces the indus- 
 trial discontent, and the world-wide social revolts, of which Ger- 
 many has its full share, to the same source. High ecclesiastical 
 authorities greet with like monitor}^ warning the ever-widening 
 diffusion of knov/ledgc. That an outcry againt the mischievous 
 popularisation of knowledge should reach us from Russia, and find 
 a sympathetic ech > in the breast of Germany's astute and imperi- 
 ous ex-chancellor,need not surprise us. But it is impossible to see 
 without regret a tendency among our own mtelligent working 
 classes to regard with jealousy and disfavour any thing beyond the 
 public school work, as though High Schools and Colleges were 
 designed solely for a privileged caste, and not for the people. 
 Even in our Legislative Assembly this sentiment hus found 
 utterance ; while traders and speculators join in a common 
 wail over the diversion of the rising generation from industrial 
 pursuits. Our lorests are in danger of being neglected by the 
 lumberman ; the plough, of rusting in the weedy furrow ; and 
 the counting house and store of being deserted, while our young 
 men overstock the professions, and waste a profitless life in genteel 
 penury! If such is really the case it may be safely left to work 
 its own cure. Poverty has no special charms even though it 
 flaunt a doctor's title, or hide its threadbare garments under a 
 barrister's gown. But is it really so? When the Act of 1853 
 
13 
 
 established the University on its present basis, the population of 
 Toronto amounted to about 40,000; now it is reckoned at 
 upwards of 1 50,000 souls. It is surely a natural result of this> 
 with its accompanying increase of wealth, and extension of pro- 
 fessional openings, that students should come in greater numbers 
 to our halls. We have, I trust, as Canadians, some higher ambi- 
 tion than to be the mere lumbermen, wheat-growers, and pork- 
 packers for the world. But are the forests meanwhile abandoned 
 to unproductive waste, or our fields left untilled ? It is true that 
 students, counted by dozens within my earlier experience, are 
 now reckoned by hundreds ; but the same period has witnessed / 
 the growth of towns along the shores of Lake Superior, and in 
 the great wilderness beyond, where in the same earlier years I 
 have camped out among wild Ojibways, and more frequently 
 seen the bear and the musk rat than even the red Indian. Still 
 more, on the prairies of the North-west whore herds of buffaloes 
 then roamed at will ; and only the Hudson Bav trapper inter- 
 fered with the Cree and Blackfoot savage : the province of 
 Manitoba, with its fertile farms and industrious settlers, has 
 already one million fourteen thousand acres under cultivation ; 
 with a yield of wheat for the present season estimated at 20,000 
 bushels. The wilderness thus reclaimed to the services ot civili- 
 zation has been in a large degree the work of our own farmers' 
 sons, who have deserted the older farm lands of Ontario, not to 
 plough the classic field, nor in search for easy professional gains ; 
 but solely from the greater attractions of the virgin soil of the 
 prairies. 
 
 No delusion can be greater than the assumption that the 
 highest intellectual culture is inimical to trade and commercial 
 enterprise. The Florence of the middle rges • the city of Dante ^ 
 and Giotto, of Petrarch, Boccacio, Michael Angelo and Galileo, 
 was the centre of trading industry and wealth when Sheffield and 
 Birmingham were rustic hamlets, and Lancashire and Yorkshire 
 mere grazing farm lands. Edward III. owed to the bankers of 
 Florence the means of equipping the yeomen who conquered at 
 Cressy and Poictiers : and when Italian art and letters degene- 
 
14 
 
 rated with her loss of freedom, trade followed them to other 
 centres beyond the Alps. Antwerp, the later hive of European 
 industry, where the raw wools of England were returned to her 
 from the loom ; and where the great annual fairs attracted 
 merchants from all lands : was also the home of Gruter and 
 Ortelius; of Reubens, Vandyke, and Teniers ; and Quintin 
 Matsis, the blacksmith of Antwerp, ranks among the most prized 
 artists of the low countries. Those are but examples of the 
 general law. He must have read history to little purpose who 
 has yet to learn that commerce and manufactures have in all 
 ages found their common centres with arts and letters. The 
 Cartoons of Raphael are the products of his genius enlisted in the 
 service of the loom ; and England's famous Wedgwood ware owed 
 its worth to the same artistic skill that gave the charm to Flax- 
 man's Homer. It would be a wasteful employment of exceptional 
 energy to systematically divert men of such capacity into the 
 ordinary service of trade. But it is the dilettante and the poetaster, 
 not the man of genius, to whom such work is impossible. Chaucer 
 was entrusted with the negotiation of a commercial treaty with 
 Genoa ; and subsequently appointed comptroller of the customs 
 in the port of London. Milton was the Latin secretary of the 
 Commonwealth, and the defender of its policy against all assail- 
 ants. Newton filled the office of master of the mint. Among Eng- 
 land's successful bankers, are the poet Rogers, author of " The 
 Pleasures of Memory ;" Grote, the eminent scholar and historian; 
 and Lubbock, distinguished among British archaeologists, and 
 Chancellor of the University of London ; while William Morris, 
 foremost in the ranks of England's younger generation of poets> 
 possibly our future Poet Laureate : is one of her most skilled 
 manufacturers, successful as the rival in fictile art of Meissen 
 and Sevres porcelain. 
 
 In the rivalry among civilized nations for supremacy in the 
 world's marts, the race will be to the swift, and the battle to the 
 strong ; and strength in such rivalry means intellectual supre- 
 macy. Sir Joshua Reynolds, when questioned what he painted 
 with, by a tyro who lantied that he could thus snatch the secret 
 
15 
 
 of the master's art, replied : " With brains !" For the true equip- 
 ment of our young Dominion, education cannot be too high. 
 With our excellent public schools accessible to all ; our free 
 libraries ; our unshackled printing press — unshakled even by an 
 honest respect for the author's right of property in his work of 
 pen and brain, — knowledge is widely diffused ; but it is mainly 
 superficial. Smatterers in science cavil at revealed truth ; and 
 amateur newspaper correspondents undertake to solve problems 
 that have baffled profoundest thinkers. The vastness of the ever- 
 widening field of knowledge stands out in startling contrast to 
 all that the gifted instructor, or the most ardent student, can 
 overtake in the brief years of an undergraduate course ; but 
 this at least \vc seek to secure, that whatever is done here shall be 
 thoroughly done. And if among the contestants in the intellec- 
 tual arena there are some to whom knowledge brings its own 
 sufficing eward : the world needs its thinkers no less than its 
 doers. It is their province to lay broad and deep the foundations 
 of abstract truth, on which their successors build for purposes of 
 utility. Without them the marvellous utilizatioiis of science for 
 the daily service of man which preeminently characterise the 
 present age, would have been impossible. No nation can 
 floursh by a trafficking in knowledge as the mere outfit for pro- 
 fessional life. Yet I am persuaded from long experience, that no 
 training is better qualified to fit men for many practical duties 
 than the persistent diligence of systematized study in any of the 
 departments of University honour work. It is accordingly 
 with peculiar pleasure that I note among the acquisitions of the 
 present year, the founding of the Ramsay Scholarship in Politi- 
 cal Economy, the gift of one of our leading bankers, in evidence 
 of his recognition of the practical utility of the training now 
 given in this University in the liberal course of studies embraced 
 in the Department of Political Science. 
 
 That higher education in a young country like this — as indeed 
 to some considerable extent in all countries, — will be turned to 
 account for professional training, is inevitable. We may recog- 
 nize the charms of divine philosophy as " a perpetual feast of 
 
16 
 
 nectared sweets," but the prosaic realities of life forbid our 
 sitting down to its enjoyment. The revolution that has marked 
 the progress of school education in Ontario anring the last 
 thirty years has been traceable in no small degree to the training 
 which fitted our graduates to step into the vacant masterships of 
 its High Schools and Collegiate Institutes. In spite of the 
 crusade against professional training, which led for a time to the 
 suspension of the medical and law faculties : the practical value 
 of a liberal education has been attested by the honourable rank 
 won by the graduates of this University in the learned profes- 
 sions. As instructors in Colleges, and in Schools of Science and 
 Medicine, they have reflected honour on their Alma Mater ; 
 while in the legal profession they have not only distinguished 
 themselves at the bar, but among them are already numbered 
 a Chief Justice, a Chancellor, Vicc-Chancellor, and eminent 
 Judges. In the recent provisions for the efficient equipment of 
 the Departments of Biology and Physiology it is inevitable that 
 the students of medicine will largely profit by the advantages 
 thus brought within their reach. It was a practical commentary 
 on the inexpediency of abolishing the medical faculty of King's 
 College that the Medical Schools of Anne Arbor, Buffalo, and 
 Montreal were the resorts of hundreds of students from Ontario, 
 seeking advantages there that they could not command at home. 
 It is in the interest of all that our medical men shall be thoroughly 
 educated ; and I have little fear that the people of Ontario will 
 sympathize in a protest against improvements in the department 
 of Biology or any other branch of study, lest perchance the 
 students of medicine avail themselves of its advantages ; and so 
 some half educated practitioners may be superseded by men 
 thoroughly informed in the science of their profession. Ourj^jn 
 in t he Facu lty of Arts is high culture in its truest sense ; the 
 pursuit of knowlecl ;e For its own sake, and wholly independent 
 of mere professional requirements. But if a result of such training 
 is to secure able and scholarly teachers for our schools ; for our 
 bankers, men of clearer insight into the principles on which the 
 wealth of nations depends ; for lawyers and judges, men of 
 
 c 
 t 
 I 
 
 V 
 
 a 
 
17 
 
 cultivated intellect, trained in wide fields of philosophic specula- 
 tion, and taught to control the license of rhetoric by inductive 
 logic, and the highest laws of ethics ; and for physicians men 
 who have advanced beyond the stage of clinical instruction, and 
 as scientific experts can render a reason for the course that they 
 pursue : this is assuredly a public gain. 
 
 In the recent revision of the scheme of studies prescribed by 
 this University in all the departments of letters and science, 
 while availing ourselves of the experience of other Universities, 
 the special needs of our Province and of the Dominion, have 
 been kept steadily in view. Canada has rare and exceptional 
 advantages. As a people, we share in all the grand historic 
 past of the mother-land ; while we enjoy an immunity from 
 impediments involved in some of time's bequests to her. 
 We inherit what it scarce seems hyperbole to speak of as a 
 boundless territory, unencumbered, and ours to make of it 
 what we will. The training of those who ere long must be 
 called upon to take part in the carrying out of this trans- 
 formation, is the work of our schools and colleges. It is 
 for us as teachers, nat only to guide the student through his 
 prescribed undergraduate course ; but to animate him with the 
 resolve to ti-- n the knowledge acquired here, to wise account ; 
 to stimulate him with the ardour of proud hopes and noble 
 endeavours ; 
 
 " To arouse the deeper heart, 
 Confirm the spirit glorying to pursue 
 Some path of steep ascent and lofty aim. " 
 
 Never was there a time when the responsibilities were greater 
 or more urgent. Our young Dominion throbs with eager, unde- 
 fined longings and aspirations : " yearning for the large excite- 
 ment that the coming years will yield." It is of vital importance 
 that such aspirations be wisely directed, and the true goal be 
 kept in view. There is a tempting halucination in the acquisition 
 of a domain that stretches from ocean to ocean. The rhetorici- 
 ans of the neighbouring Republic have yielded only too freely 
 to its seductions. Emanuel Leutz^'s fine alegorical frescoe in 
 
18 
 
 the capitol at Washington, pictures the pioneers of the Pacific 
 States as they surmount the crest of the Rocky Mountains ; and 
 beneath it is the motto : — 
 
 " The spirit grows with its allotted space ; 
 The mind is narrowed in a narrow sphere." 
 
 But however just the pride with which we enter on the task of 
 fashioning out of the savage wilderness of half a continent, the 
 provinces and states of the future, history teaches us other les- 
 sons. If breadth of mind is coincident with amplitude of 
 territory Russia ought to be the centre of Europe's intellectual 
 life ; and England the narrow sphere of bigotry and ignorance. 
 The lamented historian John Richard Greene, charmed all readers 
 with his " Making of England;" but his fascinating volume 
 suffices to show that it is men not acres that go to the making of 
 great nations. From a little speck on the world's map, lying 
 between the mountains of Moab and the sea have come the 
 melodies of sacred song, and the inspired lessons that still glow 
 with living power for the regeneration of the world. The land 
 of Hellas and the islands of the yEgean Sea were the nurseries 
 of letters, arts, and science ; and a still smaller republic in 
 the valley of the Arno stepped into her place, as the Athens of 
 the Middle Ages, and the cradle of the Renaissance. And as 
 for England, the land of Shakespeare and Milton, of Newton, 
 Locke, Adam Smith, Darwin and other epoch-makers of the 
 past and the present : America's genial poet, Oliver Wendell 
 Holmes, looking on the insular cradle of our common race from 
 his own ample domain, exclaims with kindly irony : — 
 
 " His home ! The Western giant smiles, ' 
 And twirls the spotty globe to find it ; 
 This little speck the British Isles ? 
 'Tis but a freckle, — never mind it !" 
 
 But it is only to recall the words : — 
 
 " For Memory blushes at the sneer ; 
 
 And Honour turns with frown defiant ; 
 And Freedom, leaning on her spear. 
 Laughs louder than the laughing giant. 
 
19 
 
 ' An islet is a world,' she said, 
 
 Where glory with its dust has blended ; 
 
 And Britain keeps her noble dead 
 
 Till earth, and sea, and skyai-e rended. ' " 
 
 We inherit the energy of the race that has made of England 
 what she is ; and with it the heritage of her example, and the 
 lessons which her history teaches. The capacit}' is ours ; let it 
 find wise guidance, as it has ample scope ; and what may it not 
 accomplish ? Our faith in the life that lies beyond earth's narrow 
 span finds confirmation from the very insignificance of man's 
 highest achievements here, compared with his capacities and 
 aspirations. Yet here is your present field of action, in which 
 you are called to play your part manfully ; ever keeping 
 before you that higher life, of which this is but the proba- 
 tionary stage. Let it be vital with deeds, and not with 
 boastful words. Science has come to your aid with appliances 
 undreamt of till now. Philosophy turns aside from abstract 
 speculation to solve the vexed problems of social and political 
 life. With advantages rarely, if ever equalled, you enter on the 
 inheritance of a virgin soil, with all the grand possibilities of a 
 new era. But the willing hand of the industrious toiler will need 
 the help of the keen intellect and the no less busy brain, if we 
 would not be mere gleaners, loitering in the rear of a progressive 
 age ; " reaping where we have not sown, and gathering where we 
 have not stravved."