IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 "% 
 
 <- 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 11.25 
 
 ltt|2jL 12.5 
 
 2 lit "^ 
 
 ^1^ 
 
 ■*■ 
 
 
 
 '/ 
 
 «^ 
 
 w 
 
 Hiotqgraphic 
 
 Sdsaces 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WIST MAIN STRUT 
 
 WCBSTiR.N.Y. I«SS0 
 
 (716)S72-4503 
 
A. 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHIVI/ICMH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best 
 original copy available for filming. Features of this 
 copy which may be bibliographically unique, 
 which may alter any of the images in the 
 reproduction, or which may significantly change 
 the usual method of filming, are checked below. 
 
 [~~l/Coloured covers/ 
 
 I ^ Couverture de couleur 
 
 I I Covers damaged/ 
 
 n 
 
 □ 
 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 Couverture endommag^e 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restaurie et/ou pelliculde 
 
 □ Cover title missing/ 
 Le 
 
 titre de couverture manque 
 
 I I Coloured maps/ 
 
 Cartes g6ographiques en couleur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with other material/ 
 Relii avec d'autres do^iuments 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 
 La re liure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distortion le long de la marge intirieure 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may 
 appear within the text. Whenever possible, these 
 have been omitted from filming/ 
 II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout6es 
 lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas iti f ilm6ei> ■ 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaires suppl6mentaires: 
 
 Tl 
 t( 
 
 L'Institut a microf ilm6 le meilleur exemplaire 
 qu'il lui a M possible de se procurer. Les details 
 de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du 
 point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier 
 une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une 
 modification dans la m6thode normale de filmage 
 sont indiquAs ci-dessous. 
 
 I I Coloured pages/ 
 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommagdes 
 
 Pages restored and/oi 
 
 Pages restaur^es et/ou pelliculies 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxei 
 Pages d6color6es, tachet^es ou piqu6es 
 
 I I Pages damaged/ 
 
 I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 
 r~>^Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 
 T 
 
 P 
 o 
 fi 
 
 
 b 
 tl 
 si 
 o 
 fi 
 si 
 o 
 
 □ Pages detached/ 
 Pages d6tach6es 
 
 I "L'Showthrough/ 
 U^ Transparence 
 
 I I Quality of print varies/ 
 
 D 
 
 Quality inigale de I'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary material/ 
 Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire 
 
 Only edition available/ 
 Seule Edition disponible 
 
 T 
 si 
 
 T 
 
 Vi 
 
 di 
 
 ei 
 b< 
 ri 
 r( 
 nr 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc., have been ref timed to 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 Les pages totalement ou partiellement 
 obscurcies par un feuiilet d'errata, une pelure, 
 etc., ont 6t6 fiimies d nouveau de fapon i 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est filmi au taux de reduction indiqui ci-dessous. 
 
 10X 14X 18X 22X 
 
 12X 
 
 16X 
 
 y 
 
 20X 
 
 26X 
 
 30X 
 
 24X 
 
 28X 
 
 ] 
 
 32X 
 
Ills 
 
 du 
 
 difier 
 jne 
 lage 
 
 The copy filmed here has been reproduced thank* 
 to the generosity of: 
 
 Library of the Public 
 Archives of Canada 
 
 The images appearing here are the best quality 
 possible considering the condition and iegiblilty 
 of the original copy and In keeping with the 
 filming contract specif Icatlnns. 
 
 Original copies In printed paper covers are filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or Illustrated impres- 
 sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or Illustrated impres- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with a printed 
 or illustrated impression. 
 
 L'exemplaire filmA fut reprodult grAce A la 
 gAnArosM de: 
 
 La bibliothAque des Archives 
 pubiiques du Canada 
 
 Les images suivantes ont 4tA reproduites evec le 
 plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et 
 de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire film*, et en 
 conformlt6 avec les conditions du contrat de 
 fllmage. 
 
 Les exemplaires origlnaux dont la couverture en 
 papier est ImprimAe sont film6s en commenpant 
 par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la 
 dernl6re page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'Impresslon ou d'iliustration, soit par le second 
 plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires 
 origlnaux sont fllm6s en commenpant par la 
 premldre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'Impresslon ou d'liiustratlon et en terminant par 
 la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 The last recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol — »• (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la 
 dernlAre Image de cheque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbols -^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le 
 symbols V signifie "FIN". 
 
 IMaps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre 
 filmAs A des taux de reduction diff6rentH. 
 Lorsque ie document est trop grand pour Atre 
 reprodult en un seul clichA, 11 est filmA A partir 
 de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, 
 et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre 
 d'images nAcessalre. Les diagrammes suivants 
 iilustrent la mAthode. 
 
 ata 
 
 }lure. 
 
 J 
 
 2X 
 
 j 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 i. r 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 [:, 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
■"Bfiiw^piwr 
 
 Sim 
 
■7 , 
 
 
 /t<//i 
 
 0~ ^ / ^ . 
 
 NOEMANDY'S PATENT MAEINE MRATED 
 FRESH WATER COMPANY, 
 
 LIMITED. 
 
 PROSPECTUS, 
 
 REPORTS 
 
 AND 
 
 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 OFFICES : 
 0, LANCASTER PLACE, STRAND, W.C. 
 
 Mr. W. COLLER. 
 
PROSPECTUS. 
 
 This Company have become the proprietors by purchase of 
 Dr. Normandy's invention for producing pure aerated fresh water 
 from sea water. 
 
 The invention is secured by Letters Patent in the United King- 
 dom, and in France, Prussia, Belgium, and Holland. 
 
 The Company are now applying for Patents in Russia, Austria, 
 and the United States. 
 
 The advantages of the apparatus constructed upon Dr. Normandy's 
 principles over the machines which have been heretofore in use, are : 
 1. — That it aerates the water, and thus makes it pure, wholesome, 
 and immediately fit for drinking, whereas all other plans for producing 
 fresh water from salt water merely proceed on the principle of the com- 
 mon still, and the water produced by them, requires to be aerated by 
 agitation in the tanks, or other artificial means, and even then is not 
 only very imperfectly aerated, in consequence of which it remains 
 vapid and indigestible, but is at the same time exceedingly suscep- 
 tible of being tjiinted by any impurity in the atmosphere by which 
 it is surrounded. 2. — That it produces double the quantity of fresh 
 water from the same amount of fuel. 
 
 The apparatus was brought under the notice of his Grace the 
 Duke of Newcastle, when Secretary at War ; and, for the purpose of 
 practically testing, for his Grace's satisfaction, the working qualities 
 of the machines, one of them was fixed on board the North of 
 Europe Steam Navigation Company's ship "Levant," during her 
 passage from London to the Crimea with materials for the Balaklava 
 Railway. 
 
 The paper marked A, in the Appendix, contains copies of the 
 Reports made by the officers and passengers on board the ship 
 on that occasion. 
 
 Lord Panmure having succeeded the Duke of Newcastle as 
 
Secretary at War, twelve of the machines were, under hia Lordship's 
 orders, erected on the Island of Heligoland, for the purpose of 
 supplying fresh water to the Foreign Legion stationed there. 
 The result was entirely satisfactory to Admiral Sir John Hindmarsh, 
 the Governor of that island, and to Lord Panmure. 
 
 The paper marked B, in the Appendix, contains copies of Testi- 
 monials and Letters to that effect. 
 
 By order of Dr. Andrew Smith, the Director-General of the 
 Medical Department of the Army, and with the entire approval 
 of Lord Panmure, the Company has supplied one of the machines 
 for the use of the New Military Hospital established at Suez. 
 
 The paper marked C, in the Appendix, will corroborate this 
 statement. 
 
 Tlie Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company are now 
 erecting at Aden, for the use of their establishment there, two of 
 the Company's machines capable of producing together 5000 
 gallons of fresh water per diem. 
 
 The Eoyal Mail Steam Packet Company, having tested the 
 machines, by using one on board their magnificent ship, the 
 "Atrato," on several voyages to St. Thomas's, have not only 
 decided or retaining it for permanent use on board that ship, 
 but are also proceeding to tit the machines on board the other 
 ships of their fleet. 
 
 The paper marked D, in the Appendix, will shov-' that, by using 
 the apparatus, they have been enabled to remove a portion of their 
 ■water tanks, and thus to make room for thirty tons more cargo, the 
 saving thus effected paying for the apparatus in one voyage. 
 
 The apparatus is as valuable on land as at sea, and would be of 
 great service at any tow'n on the coast deficient in a supply of water. 
 It might be made available for producing water on a large scale for 
 the use of the town, either by its adoption by a public company, or 
 by being used by the inhabitants on a more limited scale for the 
 supply of their own personal necessities. Every house, in close 
 proximity with the sea, might be fitted with a small machine capable 
 of producing the water required for daily consumption, and, as the 
 apparatus is self-acting, any servant of ordinary intelligence could 
 attend to it. 
 
 The Prussian Government has just ordered one of the Company's 
 machines for erection on a new corvette, builditig at Dantzig. 
 
5 
 
 And not only is the apparatus essentially applicable to the pro- 
 duction of fresh water from sea water, as already stated, but ordinary 
 river, spring, well, selenitous or hard waters of every description, 
 and however charged with lime or other salts, can thereby be made 
 to yield, at an extraordinarily cheap rate, an unlimited quantity of 
 absolutely pure water, and be thus rendered available in several 
 manufactures for which such a liquid is an essential requisite ; as, for 
 example, in saltpetre refining, gunpowder making, dyeing, and for 
 brightening colours in calico printing. 
 
 The paper marked E, in the Appendix, is a copy of a Testimonial 
 from Messrs. John Hall & Son, the eminent gunpowder manufac- 
 turers, who have had two of the Company's machines in operation 
 for some time at their works at Faversham. 
 
 Several of the machines are also in successful operation on the 
 west coast of South America. 
 
 Full particulars of every kind may be had on application to the 
 Secretary, at the Company's Offices, 9, Lancaster Place, Strand, W. C. 
 

 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 KEPOllTS AND TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 — 4. — 
 
 (A.) 
 
 CoNSTANTiNOPLB, Fibruartj 6th, 1855. 
 The Engineer being unable to Kparc steam until the departure of 
 the vessel from Gibraltar, the appaiatus was not worked until Thursday, 
 the 25th January, from which day it was worked continuously (Sundays 
 excepted) until its airival at Constantinople. 
 
 The water was made use of for drinking purposes on board, and was 
 pronounced by all the passengers as most delicious. 
 
 The apparatus, when set to work, required not the slightest attention ; 
 but, after adjustuig the necessajy taps, supplied itself with steam and 
 sea water continuously, the briie having a constant flow into the bilge ; 
 not the least sign of encrustation appears on any of the pipes. 
 
 It may be as well to state, that the waters in which this apparatus has 
 been tried contain salt in solution in the proportion of 2 in 32. 
 
 Walter Bonarius, Muster. 
 George Wilton, Oldef Engineer. 
 Alfrei> Wilton, Superintendent Engineer, 
 Crimean liailway Fleet. 
 
 CoNSTANTiNoPLK, February 7th, 18S5. 
 
 We, the undersigned passengers on board the North of Europe 
 
 Steam Navigation Company's ship " Levant," on the service of the 
 
 Crimean Railway Expedition, have much pleasure in stating that the 
 
 water supplied for our drinking, distilled from sea water, we have found 
 
 most palatable, and, in fact, superior to any we have received from the 
 
 ship's supply. 
 
 Thomas Payers, Crimean Railway Mimonarj. 
 
 Charles J. Covernton, Surgeon. 
 
 Alfred Wilton, Superintendent Engineer, 
 
 Crimean liailway Fleet. 
 James Lewis, Agent to Peto and Co. 
 William Curry, Agent io Peto and Co. 
 F. F. Helms. 
 
(B.) 
 
 Helioolanr, May 6th, 18S6. 
 
 Sir, — As L<jr»l Paumurc was pleased to give me certain directions 
 rolutive to the erection of Dr. Normandy's apparatus for distilling sea 
 water — and that process is a new one — it is with much satisfaction that 
 I have the honour to report, for his Lordship's information, the eminent 
 success of that measure. 
 
 1. The machine has been some time at work, producing about 2100 
 gallons per day of the very finest water, and is capable, I am informed 
 by Lt. Lempriere, the Commanding Engineer, of producing, by keeping 
 the fires at work night and day, at least 5000 gallons. 
 
 2. This supply is most opportune for the island, on account of a very 
 long drought ; the water is issued, not only to the military, but, at my 
 request, to the inhabitants also, who feel very grateful, knowing that, but 
 for this rmlooked-fbr supply, they must have suffered much inconvenience, 
 perhaps distress, and should the drought continue, further measures may 
 become necessary, such as a limited quantity per head. 
 
 I have, &c. , 
 
 J. HlNDM-\R.SH. 
 
 Tub Riout Hon. U. Ladouchkkk. 
 
 War Department, 2'2n<l May, 1846. 
 
 Sib, — With reference to the correspondence which has taken 
 place, relative to the erection of your Marine Fresh Water Apparatus at 
 Heligoland, for the purpose of supplying the British Foreign Legion at 
 that station with good and wholesome water, I am directed to acquaint 
 you that Lord Panmure has received, with great satisfaction, a despatch 
 from the Lieutenant-Governor of the Island, bearing testimony to the 
 success which has attended its operation. His Lordship has much 
 pleasure in furnishing you with a copy of this testimonial. 
 
 I am. Sir, your obedient Servant, 
 
 John Ckooms. 
 
 ir. H. W1I.I.IAM3, Esq. 
 
8 
 
 London, June 17th, 1866. 
 
 My dear Sir, — In reply to your inquiry respecting the dis- 
 tilled water at Heligoland, I have the pleasure to inform you that it is 
 found very good. 
 
 Remaining, my dear Sir, faithfully yours, 
 
 Henry Steinbach, Colonel-Commandant. 
 
 J. SXOCQUELER, EsQ., &C., &C. 
 
 (C.) 
 
 War Oppick, 2nd November, 1857. 
 
 Sir, — 1 am directed by Lord Panmure to acquaint you that his 
 Lordship has decided on sending to Suez an Apparatus upon your plan 
 for the distillation of salt water ; and he requests, therefore, that you 
 will be so good as to state what prrangements it will, in your opinion, 
 be desirable to make with a view to secure the proper working of the 
 Apparatiis on its arrival at Suez. 
 
 I am, Sir, your obedient Servant, 
 
 H. Storks. 
 To Dr. A. Normandy, 9, Lancaster Place. 
 
 Army Medical Department, 16th November, 1857. 
 
 17270— B,F. 
 
 Sir, — The Minister for War having sanctioned the expenses 
 shown by your estimate to be necessary to supply the Apparatus referred 
 to in previous communications, and to have it erected at Suez, I have to 
 request you will be pleased to have it furnished with the least possible 
 delay. 
 
 I have the honour to be, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient humble Servant, 
 
 A. Smith, Director-General. 
 To Dr. A. Normandy, 9, Tiancastcr Place. 
 
9 
 
 (D.) 
 
 BoTAL Mail Stfam Packet "Atrato," 
 
 SoutJiampton, 29th September, 1857. 
 
 Sir, — We have great pleasure in informing you that yoxir 
 Apparatus fitted on board this ship has worked admirably during the 
 voyage hence to St. Thomas and back, and gave us no trouble vhatever, 
 distilling 18 gallons per hour, sea water 70 degrees ; 17 gallons per hour, 
 sea water 82 degrees ; the distilled water received at the filter having 
 the same temperature as thai; of the sea water, and being produced in 
 equal proportions of aerated and condensed water fit for the table. 
 
 The water is beautifully clear and equal to any water that can be 
 uaedf and was as much in demand on board as that received at 
 Southampton. From the little room occupied, and the ease with which 
 water can be had, Dr. Normandy's Marine Aerated Fresh Water Appar- 
 atus in time will become one of the requisite appliances in first-class 
 passenger Ocean ships. From the certainty with which good water can 
 be had fit for the table, a portion of our water tanks has been removed, 
 thus makirg space for 30 Tons more of Cargo, &c. 
 
 We are. Sir, your obedient Servants, 
 
 F. WooLiEY, Commander. 
 
 James Wilkib, Chief Engineer. 
 
 Wm. Vincent, Marine Siiperintendent. 
 
 Dr. Normandy, 
 Patent Marine Aerated Fresh Water Company. 
 
 Royal Mail Steam Packet "Atrato," 
 
 Southampton, 16th November, 1857. 
 
 Dear Sir, — I beg to infonn you of our arrival here on the 
 14th instant ; also to say your Apparatus worked' well all the way out 
 and home. 
 
 I am, Dear Sir, very truly yours, 
 
 James Wilkie. 
 To Dr. Normandy, 
 Patent Marine Aerated Fresh Water Company, . 
 
 9, Lancaster Place. 
 
10 
 
 Southampton, I7lh November, 1867. 
 
 Deak Sir, — In reply to your note of yesterday, I have again 
 
 the pleasure to inform you that your Patent Aerated Fresh Water 
 
 Distillmg Apparatus gave every satisfaction during the last voyage of 
 
 the "Atrato." 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 RoBEBT Ritchie. 
 
 To Dr. NORKANDY, 
 
 Patent Marine Aerated Fresh Water Company, 
 9, Lancaster Place. 
 
 (E.) 
 
 Favbrshah, 17th December, 1857. 
 
 Sir, — Wo have had your Patent Distilling Apparatus for the 
 productit)ii of pure water in operation for some time, and it is satis- 
 factoi'y to us to be enabled to testify our approbation of their utility. 
 
 We are, Sir, yours respectfully, 
 
 John Hall and Sox. 
 
 To \)v. Normandy. 
 
857. 
 
 again 
 Water 
 ige of 
 
 11 
 
 [IE. 
 
 ON THE PRODUCTION OF FRESH WATER 
 FROM SEA WATER. 
 
 BY DR. A. NORMANDY. 
 
 857. 
 
 )r the 
 satis- 
 
 y- 
 
 ox. 
 
 Sea water is, as everybody knows, a liquid, which contains from 
 three-and-a-half to four per cent, of saline substances, two-thirds of 
 which are common salt, and also a certain portion of organic matters, 
 which impart to it its well-known odour and taste, and render it 
 unfit for drinking or other domestic purposes. 
 
 The accidents resulting from an insufficient supply, or from an 
 absolute want of fresh water in sea voyages, the difficulty of pre- 
 serving in a pure state that which is stored up, or of procuring 
 a fresh supply of it when it is exhausted, the valuable stowing room 
 occupied by the tanks containing this most important fluid, have 
 induced many people at various times, and for a great many years 
 past, to contrive apparatuses by means of which sea water could be 
 rendered fit to drink. 
 
 At first sight, one would think that it is sufficient to submit sea 
 water to distillation to convert it into fresh water, and that the 
 solution of the problem is altogether dependent upon a still, con- 
 structed so as to produce, by evaporation, a great quantity of 
 distilled water, with a consumption of fuel sufficiently small to become 
 practicable. 
 
 Distillation at a cheap rate is, doubtless, an important item, and 
 fuel being a cumbrous and expensive article o?i hoard ship, it is 
 superabundantly evident that, supposing all the apparatuses which 
 have hitherto been contrived for the purpose to answer equally well, 
 that one would clearly merit the preference which would produce 
 most at the least cost ; but there are besides other desiderata of a 
 no less primary importance, and it is from having neglected, ignored, 
 
or been unable to realise tliem, that all the apparatuses for trans- 
 forming sea water into fresh water, which have from time to time 
 been brought before the public, have hitherto, without exception, 
 proved total failures, or (after trial) have been quite discarded, or 
 fulfil the object in view in a way so imperfect or precarious, that, 
 practically speaking, the manufacture of fresh water at sea may be 
 said to have been until now an unaccomplished feat. 
 The other desiderata above alluded to are these : — 
 When M'ater, whether salt or fresh, is submitted to distillatiou, 
 the condensed steam, instead of yielding, as might be supposed, a 
 pure, tasteless, and odourless liquid, has always an almost intole- 
 rably nauseous, empyreumatic taste and odour, which it retains for 
 many weeks. This taste and odour are so disagreeable, and the 
 water so produced being, as is the case with ordinary distilled water, 
 deprived of air by boiling, is on that account, so heavy, indigestible, 
 and vapid, tliat the crews invariably refuse it as long as they can 
 obtain a supply from natural sources, even though this may be of 
 so bad a quality as to endanger their health or their lives, as evi- 
 denced by the report of the Tlme% own correspondent, in reference 
 to the water supplied to the crews of our ships in the Baltic during 
 the late war. 
 
 With a view to remedy these defects, chemical re-agents, such as 
 alum, sulphuric acid, muriatic acid, chlorine, chloride of lime, &c., 
 to be added to the distilled water, have been proposed ; but it is 
 evident that the continuous and daily absorption of chemical re- 
 agents might, and doubtless would, cause accidents of a more or 
 less serious nature, not to speak of the trouble and care required 
 in making such additions, an excess of which might be attended with 
 dangerous, and possibly with fatal consequences ; besides, as a 
 general rule, we have the authority of Liebig to say, that the use of 
 chemicals should never be recommended for culinary purposes, for 
 chemicals are seldom met with in commerce in a state of purity, and 
 are frequently contaminated by poisonous substances. On the other 
 hand, the pumps, ventilators, bellows, agitators, the percolation 
 through porous substances, through plaster, chalk, sand, &c., which 
 have been proposed to aerate the water obtained, and render it 
 palatable, are of a difficult, inconvenient, or impossible application; 
 they are costly, complicated, bulky, or unmanageable; and as to 
 leaving the distilled water to become aerated by the agitation im- 
 
 I 
 
13 
 
 parted to it in the tanks by the motion of the ships, the report of 
 the correspondent of the Times, above alluded to, shows that this 
 method is attended with but indifferent success. I shall presently 
 explain why no system or method of aeration whatever could be 
 attended with success except under certain conditions, and unless it 
 be done in a certain manner, conditions and manners realised in my 
 apparatus. 
 
 Another desideratum lost sight of in the endeavours which have 
 been made to accomplish the object (and it is a condition of extreme 
 importance) is to obviate, or prevent the deposit of saline matter 
 which takes place in the apparatus when the limit of saturation has 
 been attained, and wliich, in a short time after use, interferes, tem- 
 porarily at least, often permanently, with the working of the appa- 
 ratus, renders frequent repairs necessary, and in all cases eventually 
 destroys it. 
 
 The expansion of metals by heat and their contraction by cold, is 
 another source of failure ; so much so, that it can be most truly 
 asserted, without fear of contradiction, that any fresh water distilling 
 apparatus for marine purposes, in any part of which solder is em- 
 ployed, is, ipso facto, defective, and ought not to be trusted, the 
 soldered parts being sure to give way from the cause just alluded to, 
 and this perhaps (as the event has unfortunately more than once 
 proved) at a time when the machine was most wanted, its unsound- 
 ness thus creating the most distressing sufferings, and puttinjij the 
 lives of all on board in imminent jeopardy. 
 
 The question, which has hitherto been left unanswered, and yet 
 which must be integrally solved before success could be hoped for, 
 is the following : — 
 
 TO OBTAIN, WITH A SMALL PROPORTION OF FUEL, LARGE 
 QUANTITIES OF FRESH, INODOROUS, SALUBRIOUS, 
 AERATED WATER, WITHOUT THE HELP OF MA- 
 CHINERY OR OF CHEMICAL RE- AGENTS, B^ MEANS 
 OF A SMALL AND COMPACT APPARATUS, INCAPABLE 
 OF BECOMING INCRUSTED, OR OTHERWISE GOING 
 OUT OF ORDER. 
 
 It is to the solution of this difficult and complex problem that I 
 now beg to call attention, and I will proceed to explain the construc- 
 tion of the apparatus by which the object is attained. 
 
14 
 
 It is a known property of steam that it becomes condensed into 
 water again wlienever it comes in contact with water at a tempera- 
 ture lower than itself, no matter how high the temperature of that 
 condensing water may be. It is known that the sea and other 
 natural waters are saturated with air containing a larger proportion 
 of oxygen and of carbonic acid than exists in the air we breathe. 
 Experiments which I undertook several years ago, with a view to 
 determine that amount, showed me that whilst ordinary rain water 
 contains, on an average, about 15 cubic inches of oxygenised air 
 per gallon (of which 15 cubic inches of air per gallon about 6 cubic 
 inches are carbonic acid), sea water, owing to the various substances 
 which it holds in solution, contains only, on an average, about 5 
 cubic inches of oxygenised air per gallon, of which 5 cubic inches 
 about 0-6 or 0*7 cubic inch are carbonic acid, or, in other words, 
 one gallon of sea water contains about two-thirds less air than ordi- 
 nary rain or river water. I have also ascertained that air begins to 
 be expelled from such waters when the temperature reached about 
 130° Fahr. Now, my apparatus consists of two parts — an 
 evaporator and a condenser — joined so as to form one compact and 
 solid mass, screwed and bolted, without solderings or brazings of 
 any kind. The evaporator consists of a space which is pervaded by 
 steam-pipes containing steam, and immersed in a certain quantity of 
 sea water, a portion of which is to be evaporated ; steam, at a 
 pressure of about seven pounds, is then admitted into the steam- 
 pipes of the evaporator, which steam-pipes are constantly surrounded 
 by the sea water to be operated upon, and which thus becomes 
 heated by them. The steam is procured on board of steamers 
 directly from their boilers, and, consequently, at a trifling cost j 
 in sailing-ships it is obtained from a small boiler, which may or may 
 not be connected with the hearth, galley, or caboose. 
 
 The steam of the above-mentioned pressure being of course hotter 
 than ordinary boiling water, serves to convert a portion of the water 
 contained in the evaporator into ordinary or on-pressure steam, 
 which, as it reaches the condenser, is resolved therein into fresh 
 water. By thus evaporating water under a slight pressure, one fire 
 performs double duty, and thus the first condition, that of economy, 
 is completely fulfilled, for whilst, in the usual way, 1 lb. of coal 
 evaporates 8 or 9 lbs. of water, the same quantity of coals is thus 
 made to evaporate 16 or 18 lbs of water. In fact, I am in a posi- 
 
 
15 
 
 tion to prove by actual experiment, that from the same amount of 
 steam or of coals employed, the machine which I have just described 
 will produce double the quantity of fresh water that can be obtained 
 by simple or ordinary distillation, and I mjiy say, that with an 
 apparatus constructed on the same principle, and which was sent to 
 Copiapo, in Chili, not less than 30,000 gallons of fresh water per 
 diem are obtained from the sea. 
 
 The steam issuing from the evaporator, and which is condensed by 
 the water in the condenser, imparts, of course, its heat to the sea 
 water in it, and as this \/ater is admitted cold at the bottom, whilst 
 the steam of the evaporator is admitted at the top of the condenser, 
 the water therein becomes hotter and hotter gradually as it ascends, 
 and when it finally reaches the top, its temperature is about 
 208° Fahr. 
 
 I have already stated that water begins to part with its air at a 
 temperature of about 130° Fahr., therefore, the greater portion of 
 the air contained in the water which flows constantly and uninter- 
 ruptedly through the condenser is thus separated, and led through a 
 pipe into the empty space left for steam room within the evaporator, 
 when it mixes with the steam. 
 
 Now, as about six gallons of sea water must be discharged for 
 every gallon of fresh water which is condensed, it follows that the 
 steam in the evaporator, before it is finally condensed, has been in 
 contact with twice as much air as water can take up, the result being 
 a production of fresh water to the maximum of aeration, that is, con- 
 taining as much air as in pure rain water, whilst, the upper part of 
 the condenser being open to the atmosphere, all pressure is thus 
 removed from the apparatus. 
 
 This aeration of the water is a condition of the utmost importance, 
 and, in fact, is a condition which, were it not accomplished, would ren- 
 der the apparatus comparatively useless, even though the other deside- 
 rata were fulfilled. When the natural waters supplied to our habitations 
 are obtained from impure sources, as is unfortunately too often the 
 case, the evils resulting from their use may in some degree be 
 remedied by putting in practice the recommendation which has been 
 sometimes made of boiling such water previous to employing it as a 
 beverage; unfortunately, the water being thereby deprived of air 
 and of carbonic acid is, like distilled water, though in a less degree, 
 unpalatable, and vapid, and heavy ; it is, in fact, of difficult diges- 
 
in 
 
 tionj but there is something worse than that; water which lias 
 been boiled, or which has been distilled, by reason of its containing 
 no air, has a great tendency to absorb or to take air from the media 
 where it is kept, so that if distilled water, which contains no air, be 
 kept in a ship's hold, or in an impure and confined place, it will 
 absorb precisely the quantity of air which it can absorb, 'lamely, 15 
 cubic inches per gallon, and if that air be loaded with organic 
 particles or impure emanations, it will soon become fetid and putrid. 
 Thus water, though distilled, if kept in tainted rooms, will soon 
 become foul. The empyreumatic odour and taste which distilled 
 water always possesses and retains for a considerable time, is in fact, 
 due to the destructive action of the heated surface of the vessels in 
 which the water is boiled, on the organic substances which are always 
 floating on the air, on those indescribable particles of dust which 
 are seen playing or moving about in a sunbeam, and which nave 
 been dissolved or taken up by the water before its distillation. 
 That water has the power of absorbing and dissolving organic matter in 
 this way is, of course, well known, but it may be illustrated in a very 
 simple manner, as follows : — If wat(!r, from whatever source, be dis- 
 tilled, the distillate will, of course, be fresh water, pure fresh water, but 
 it will have a pec\iliar, nauseous, and empyreumatic taste and odour, 
 stronger in proportion as the heat applied to evaporate it has been more 
 elevated ; it is that smell and taste which render it undrinkable for a 
 while. If, when it has become sweet again by long standing, which 
 period may be hastened by agitation in the atmosphere; if, I repeat it, 
 that distilled M'ater be then re-distillcd, the distillate will be found 
 to have acquired again the same empyreumatic taste and odour 
 as when it was first distilled. How is this ? Because it will by 
 standing or agitation, have re-dissolved a portion of the air in the 
 room in which it was kept, and along with that air it will have 
 absorbed whatever substances were present, dissolved or suspended 
 in it, and those substances by their contact with the heated sur- 
 faces of the still, yield an empyreumatic product, which taints the 
 distillate. The only condition necessary for distilled water not to 
 become putrid or offensive is to saturate it with pure air, because 
 in that case there is no room left for other gases to impregnate 
 it, at least, practically speaking, and in the ordinary conditions 
 of domestic or of ship economy. Ou board ships, the water 
 which is stored in for the use of crews in the usual way, in the 
 
17 
 
 liicli )ias 
 )ntaining 
 he media 
 10 air, be 
 !o, it will 
 imely, 15 
 organic 
 d putrid, 
 vill soon 
 distilled 
 is in fact, 
 vessels in 
 re always 
 1st which 
 lich iiave 
 itillation. 
 matter in 
 in a very 
 , be dis- 
 Fater, but 
 nd odour, 
 )een more 
 able for a 
 ig, which 
 repeat it, 
 be found 
 id odour 
 t will by 
 ir in the 
 rtill have 
 Lispended 
 ated sur- 
 aints the 
 r not to 
 , because 
 pregnate 
 jnditions 
 lie water 
 'U in the 
 
 course of about a fortniglit becomes putrid and alidost undrinkable, 
 because the organic matter which that water contains is under- 
 going a course of putrefactive fermentation. But about a month 
 or so afterwards the water gradually becomes sweeter and sweeter, 
 until at last it becomes drinkable again ; because, eventually, all 
 the organic matter which it contained becomes decomposed, car- 
 bonic acid and water being the result, and although the air of 
 the ship's hold \i none of the sweetest, tlie water produced as 
 just said remains for ever afterwards perfectly good and palatable, 
 because it is saturated with pure air, and therefore cannot absorb 
 that of the atmosphere. 
 
 Now, Dr. Stenhouse, several years ago, I believe, found that the 
 power which charcoal possesses of purifying tainted air is owing to its 
 burning in an insensible manner the substances to which its bad odour 
 was due; and acting upon that discovery of Dr. Stenhouse, I found 
 that charcoal has the power of destroying the empyreuma of distilled 
 water, when such water is aerated, that is to say, when it contains 
 atmospheric air, or oxygen. I found by experiments, carried on 
 upon a somewhat extensive scale for many months, that two cubic 
 feet of charcoal are sufficient to remove entirely the empyreumatic 
 odour and taste of distilled water, produced at the rate of 500 
 gallons per diem, and that the charcoal never wants reneioing, 
 because it does not act as a filter, but as a burner, the substance 
 burnt being the empyreumatic product, and the result of the slow 
 combustion thereof being carbonic acid and water. I have every 
 reason to believe, from the length of time during which several of 
 my apparatus have been in operation, that such a filter once made 
 will last for ever, because the charcoal disinfects the water, so to 
 speak, as it does air, not by mechanical separation, but by actual 
 though insensible combustion. The water, as it issues from the 
 apparatus, is perfectly sweet, tasteless, inodorous, and completely 
 saturated with a maximum quantity of pnre air ; it is of sparkling 
 clearness, and being refrigerated in traversing the coiled pipe sur- 
 rounded by the cold sea water at the lower part of the apparatus, it 
 is fit for immediate use. 
 
 And thus is the second condition, tliat of aeration, of digestibility, 
 of wholesomeness, accomplished, whereby the water so produced is 
 at once drinkable, and so sweet and fresh that it cannot be dis- 
 tinguished from the very best spring water. 
 
H 
 
 I have already stated tliat »ca water contains a certain (juantity 
 of salt in the proportion of about lib. of salt to Ji.'Jlbs. of water. 
 Now, when sea water is evaporated, all the steam produced there- 
 from being, of course, fresh water, all the salt which that water 
 contained is left behind; that is to say, the salt previously con- 
 tained in the evaporated portion is left in that portion which is 
 not yet evaporated, and which is, therefore, more impregnated with 
 salt than before. If this salt be not removed, and the evaporation 
 is continued, it goes on accumulating, furring, and incrusting the 
 vessel, and very soon destroys it. This is, in fact, an inconvenience 
 common, not only to all the sea water stills hitherto contrived, but to 
 tlie boilers of marine engines ; for no boiler or vessel is safe from 
 incrustation as soon as about half of the sea water admitted in them 
 has been evaporated; that is, when the sea water has been satu- 
 rated by concentration so as to contain lib of salt in about 161bs. of 
 water. 
 
 My apparatus is not liable to these incrustations or deposits of 
 salt, because the sea water circulates in it in a constant and uninter- 
 rupted manner, and the quantity evaporated (one-sixth) is much 
 less than is necessary to interfere with the perfect solution of the 
 whole of the salt, since the discharged water contains only about one- 
 half per cent, more salt after than before being operated upon ; that 
 is to say, the sea water, as it is admitted into the apparatus, contains, 
 as we said, about 16oz. of salt in 331bs. of water; when it is dis- 
 charged it contains only about 17 oz. of salt in 331bs. of water, 
 which is an insignificant increase. On the other hand, the different 
 parts of the apparatus being made of stout iron plates, riveted, and 
 connected in a substantial manner by screws and bolts, without 
 soldering or brazing of any kind, or in any part, it is perfectly im- 
 possible that it should go out of order by any kind of accident short 
 of those cases oi force majeure which, unfortunately, are too often 
 the cause of the ruin or wreck of the ship itself. 
 
 From this brief description of my Patent Marine Fresh Water 
 Apparatus, it may be conceived that, by heating the sea water at 
 only 212° Fahr. by means of steam at only a few pounds above 
 atmospheric pressure, it is volatilised in a most economical manner, 
 and is perfectly free from the saline or organic matters which usually 
 impart to it, in other arrangements, a nauseous odour and disagree- 
 able taste ; and that the cheapness and small volume of the appa- 
 
lU 
 
 ratus, tlie large quantity of fresh, salubrious, and aerated water 
 which it produces * at an extremely small cost, its absolute safety, 
 permanent order, and the ease with which all its ])arts can be 
 reached, not only render it pre-eminently suited to marine purposes, 
 but that it is likewise admirably adapted to such stations or places 
 as are deficient in one of the first necessities of life, salubrious 
 fresh water, or where it either cannot be obtained at all, or only in 
 an insufficient, precarious, or expensive manner. 
 
 • An apparatus 5 feet high, 3 feet long, and 1| feet wide, produces 24 gnllons 
 of fresh water per hour. 
 
 HnADBlKY AND EVANS, PRINI|:R.M, WIIlrKFRIA lis, ^