IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET {MT-3) // 1.0 I.I If 1^ Hli lii 1^ 12.2 us ■ 40 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" - ► V. J^^/ % ^» ^'-..v / '> ;> om. w /A Photographic Sciences Corporation ,\ iV 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 •^ \^ ^^ & u. .% \ "^o CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques T«chnical and Bibliographic Notas/Notaa tachniquas at bibliographiquas Th to Tha instituta lias attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturas of this copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagas in tha raproduction, or which may significantly changa tha usual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. D a Coiourad covars/ Couvartura da coulaur I I Covars damagad/ Couvartura andommag^a Covars rastorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura rastaurte at/ou palliculAa Covar titia missing/ La titra da couvartura manqua Coiourad maps/ Cartas g^ographiquas an coulaur Coloured ink (i.a. othar than blue or black)/ Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua bleue ou noira) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ D Planches et/ou illustrations en souleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may causa shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou da la distortion le long de la marge intirieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mals, lorsque cela Atait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 fiimias. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplAmentaires: L'Institut a microfilm^ la meilleur exemplaira qu'il lui a 6tA possible de se procurer. Les details da cat exemplaira qui sont paut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibllographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reprodulte, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mtthoda normale de filmage sont indiquts ci-dessous. r~n Coloured pages/ D Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagtes Pages restored and/oi Pages restauries et/ou pelliculies Pages discoloured, stained or foxe( Pages dicolor^es, tachet^es ou piqutes Pages detached/ Pages ditach^es Showthroughy Transparence Quality of prir Quality indgale de I'impression Includes supplementary materit Comprend du materiel suppi^mentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible I I Pages damaged/ I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ r~y{ Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ I I Pages detached/ [~T| Showthrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ I I Only edition available/ Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6ti filmies A nouveau de fagon d obtenir la meiileure image possible. Th po of fill Or ba th( sio oti fin sio or Th sh< Tir w^ Ml dif am bej rig rec me This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmA au taux da reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y 12X 18X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here hee been reproduced thenks to the generosity of: Library of the Public Archives of Canada L'exemplaire f ilm6 f ut reproduit p'^Jice h la gAnAroeit* de: La bibliothAque des Archives pt'bliques du Canada The images appeering here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each mi :rofiche shall contain the symbol -^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Les images suivantes ont it^ reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de le nettetA de l'exemplaire film*, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat da filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimAe sont filmte en commen9ant par le premier plat at en terminant soit par la dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmte en commengant par la premiAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration at en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboies suivants apparaTtra sur la derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed et different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmfo A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, 11 est film* A partir de I'engle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants iliustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■••■~«--: -v*.-. ^T^., S".'; ■■f < T Sh> '•^i r, . «/ «H ' 3.i'-»!V*» IS*" f-i» '' -y.'-- '.- ^ *„x ^( ^ ^ ,; ."^. •.^.^; v-^4p^. \m <- •^ ' * i n ,ji*'* ^s^' ^'*^ii^?l •^SP' i«r4.'-*« ' -> -N J •^.-^' ', ••'^;*& » ^ TV'; ^"ij ■ ;,»Hi%-, ,H* •:'»'^^-. ,'*V.^ ■;^%,^ .^•i..-'^^W Ul^ i^^ CANADA OUR COUNTRY-, ■♦ — ■•- V r The Scot may boast his heather hills, The Englishman his rose, And Erin's sons may love the vales Where Erin's shamrock grows. But Canada, lov'd Canada Is dearer far to me, No other land however grand Shall win my heart from thee. ^jjN intelligent acquaintance with the vast extent, and // M almost boundless resources of Canada can not fail to Uni. aid the growth of a national sentiment and foster feelings of patriotic pride in our noble country. Tne Dominion of Canada has an area of 3)456,383 square miles, being 430,783 square miles larger than the United States. Any person looking at an average America map would conclude that Canada was a litde 7x9 region. Uncle Sam thinks it so small that it is a pity to leave it out in the cold, and seems inclined to come over before breakfast some fine morning and gobble us up. If he does he will have the worst fit of indigestion on record. Many people 'n the old country have the impression that America is all one country with Canada as one of its states. This is an altogether mistaken idea, as Canada is British America, the people being called Canadians, while those of the United States are called Americans. I/ • There is probably more misconception about our climate generally than that of any other known country, the idea still prevailing among large numbers in other lands that ours is one of perpetual winter. In reality the climate is dry healthy and mvigorating. In the maritime provinces it resembles that of the British Isles, in Ontario, Quebec and Manitoba the summers are hot and the winters cold; but the cold weather is pleasant and bracing and the snow which covers the ground is of the greatest benefit alike to lumbermen, farmer and merchant. In the North West Territories cattle can graze at large all through the winter months. In British Columbia the climate is milder and considered by the inhabitants to be unsurpassed in the world. In the summer months the thermometer rises high enough to satisfy the most ardent southerner and we can show a profusion of fruits of native growth that would not be out of place in a more sunny clime. Minerals of almost every kind are known to exist in Canada and their development in future will constitute one of the chief sources of wealth for the country. The native industries are agriculture, mining, fishing, lumbering, ship building, stock raising. The origon of the word ' 'Canada" is obscure but the derivation now generally accepted is that from an Indian word Kannatha meaning village and it is supposed that Jacques Cartier hearing this word used by the indians in referance to their settlements mistook its meaning and ap- plied it to the whole country. SOME PRINCIPAL EVENTS. 1497. — Discovery of Canada (Labrador) by John Cabot. 1498. — Landing of Columbus. 1499. — Landing of Amerigo Vespucci, from whome the continent took its name. 1534. — Landing of Jaques Cartier, beginning of Canadian History proper. 1603. — First visit of Samuel de Champlain who afterwards founded Quebec. — Died at Quebec 1635. 1632. — Canada ceded to France. 1752. — Issue of Halifax Gazette, the first paper published. i: 2^ 3i 1 759- —Battle of Plains of Abraham and defeat of the French under General Wolfe who was killed on the field. Sept. 13th. Death of General Mont- calme, Commander of the French forces. 1763- — Treaty of Paris signed, by which France ceded to his Britannic Majesty in full right "Canada with all its dependance. " 1764. — Issue of Quebec Gazette, the second paper published. 1775- — Outbreak of the American Revolution and invasion of Canada by the Americans. 1776. — Reinforcements arrive from England and the * Americans were finaly driven out of Canada. 1778.— First issue of the Montreal Gazette, (still published. ) 1784. — After the American Revolution began the migration of the United Empire Loyalists to Canada. They were settlers in the American States who remained faithful to the British cause. The Loyalists were well received by the British Government and large grants of land were made them in J various parts of the country. * 1 79 1. — Division or the province of Quebec into two pro- vinces viz. , Upper and Lower Canada. 1792. — First meeting of Parliament of U. C. at Niagara. Opening of Legislature of L. C. at Quebec. , 1796. — The seat of Government of U. C. removed from Niagara to Toronto. 1812. — War declaired between Great Britain and United States. Surrender of Detroit by the Amer- icans to General Brock. Oct. 13. — Battle of Queenston Heights, defeat of Americans, death of General Brock, commander of British troops. 1813. — Battle of Moraviantown, retreat of British 'and death of the Indian Chief Tecumseth. I 1814. — July 25.— Battle of Lundy's Lane and defeat of \ Americans. Dec. 24. — War terminated. jl 1833. — The Steamer Royal William, built at Quebec, left Quebec and arrived at Gravesend, Eng., and was the first steamer whose motive power was entirely steam, which ever crossed the Atlantic. I837-38- — "Outbreak of reballion in both provinces, sup. pressed in Upper Canada by the militia and in Lower Canada by the Britisn troops. 1841. — Feb. 10. — Union of the two provinces under the name province of Canada. June 13- — Opening of the nrst united Parliament at Kingston. 1842. — Settlement of the boundry line between Canada and United States. 1858. — Selection by the Queen of the city of Ottawa as the Capital of the Dominion and permanent seat of Government. Adoption of the dollars and cents system of currancy. i860. — Laying of the corner stone of the Parliament Build- m^s at Ottawa by the Prince of Wales. These buildings including Departmental Buildings were erected at a total cost of $4,979,242. 1866. — Invasion of Canada by Fenians, battle of Ridgeway and withdrawal of Fenians to U. S. First meeting of Parliament in new buildings at Ot- tawa, the final resolutions necessary to effect the confederation of the Provinces passed. 1867. — July u — Union of the Provinces under the name of Dominion of Canada. The first Parliament met on 6th Novembet. 1879. — Adoption of the National Policy. (Protective tariff) 1885.— Outbreak of the Kiel Rebellien in the North West. 1886. — First C. P. P, through train left Montreal for Van- couver B. C. 1887. — First C. P. R. steamship arrived at Vancouver from Yokohama. 1891. — June 6. — Death of Sir John A. Macdonald, Primier for 20 years, and in parliament 47 years. 189^ — First Steamer of the Australia-Canada line arrived at Victoria, B.C. The system of Government established in Canada under the Union Act 1867 is a Federal union, having a central government controlling all matters essential to the general developement, permanence, and unity of the whole Dominion, and also a number of Provincial Govern- ments having the control of all matters of a local nature. 5 .; Canada is a semi-independent power. The Queen is repi'esented by a Governor General whose term of office is five years. He governs under the advice of a ministry known as the Privy Council and, as acting head of the executive, summons, prorogues, dcsolves Parliament and assents to Bills passeci.The Office of the Governor General is maintained tor* a yearly outlay of $icx).ooo. Ihe Parliament of Canada consists of the Senate and House of Commons. The Senate is composed of eighty one members, who are appointed by the Government for life and represent the different provinces, involving an annual :ost or $140,000. The House of Commons consists of 213 members elected by the people for a term of five years as follows, Ontario 92, Quebec 65, Nova Scotia 20, New Brunswick 14, Manitoba 7, British Columbia 6, Prince Edward Island 5, North West Territories 4, with an average population of 22,688 to each member. The cost of legislation is $900,000. The administration of Public Affairs is divided into twelve departments, each being presided over by a Cabinet Minister. The importance of the Archives Branch of the Depart- ment of Agriculture has steadily grown since its establish- ment in 1872, and references to it from various parts of he woild for information are daily increasing, while there is scarcely a work published on the historv of Canada or the United States which has not been indeoted to this branch for information. There are over 12,000 volumes now on the shelves. As none of the books are allowed out, a bindery has been established in connection with the archives. The eight Provincial Parliaments are presided over by lieutenant-governors whose salaries amouns to $7 1,000. The members are elected by the people fpr a term of four years. Population of Canada, 1891, 4,833,239. Born in Can- ada, 4,185,877 ; other countries, 647,362 ; males, 2,466,573 ; females, 2,366,666; French speaking Canadians, 1,404,974: Indians, 109,205. Religions of the people : Methodist, 847,765: Presby- terian, 775,326 : Episcopalians, 646.059: Baptists, 302,565 ; Lutherian, 63,982; Congregational, 28,157. Total Protestants,2, 773,68 1 ; Roman Catholics, 1,992,- 017 ; Jews, 6,414 : Pagans [mostly Indians] 61,127. We are looking forward to the time when some of these denominations will unite under one name, the Church of Canada. Education : More than one-fifth of the population is at present receiving direct education in Canada in the universities, college,s normal, high and public schools. Canada's fine record at the World's Fair, Chicago, 1893 — Medals, 1,163 ; awards, 2,350; cash prizes, $21,000. Total industrial establishments in Canada, 1891, 75,- 768. The Fisheries are the most extensive in the world pro- ducing $23,ooo,ox) worth in 1893. Our inland navigation sys- tem is also the largest and most important in the world. Our canals cost $59,210,132. Total value of minerals produced in 1893 nearly $20,000,000. We have 97,200 square miles of coal. Our forests produce 100 different kinds of wood. The highest mountain is 16,760 feet. Our average export of grain is $30,000,000 worth a year. John Bull is our best customer; take one item alone, we exported to England in 1893 123,559,110 lbs. of cheese. Total trade of Canada 1893, $5,045,706,135. Our banking system is perfect. Canada has the grand- est system of popular representative, responsible govern- ment that the world has ever seen. Our public debt has been created by the construction of public works, not by wars as in other countries, but our ungranted Crown lands, if sold at one dollar per acre would more than pay off all debt. Total number of letters and post cards mailed 1893, 129,080,000: newspapers, books, etc, 93,340,117. We take the lead of other countries on Sabbath obser- vance, having no Sunday newspapers, Sunday street cars or open grog-shops, in fact all business is suspended and the churches filled. Ottawa, the Capital of our Dominion, has a popula- tion of 46,000 and growing rapidly. Across the river and c onnected by bridge is the city ot Hull, practically part of Ottawa, with its population of 14,000 making a total of 60,000. \ 4 Parliament Hill commands a fine view of Ottawa, Hull, and in the distance the Laurentian Mountains. The Parliament Buildinj(s (4) are built of cream colored sandstone from the vicinity of Ottawa. In the cential buildini; are the House of Commons and the Senate Cham- bers, also the Library of Parliament, the fittinj^s of which are of the finest material and workmanship. The soft tone of the carved wood forms a suitable setting for the richly tinted bindings of the books. Half way down to the river is the "Lovers Walk" 'winding about half a mile round the face of the cliff and shaded by the overhanging foliage of trees. ^Tajor's Hill is a large and beautifuly kept Park with an artific . ' lake, fountain and winding walks. The Rideau Canai, built in 1827 by the British Government for militaiy pai poses connects the river Ottawa with Lake Ontario a' WngrAon. One of the most attractive places of recreation 'u\ summer is Rod.*'/ f Park, lying along the Ottawa iver shore about four miles frc>m the centre of the ^.ity, and which is reached by means of the Electric Cars. The large Electric Car shops make cars for all the principal cities in Canada. On I3y-Ward market may be seen 500 farmers and gardners wagons, loaded with pro- duce. Other places of interest are the Geological Museum, National Gallery of Paintings, Fisheries Exhibit, and fish hatchery. Experimental Farm, the Educational Institu- tions, and Manufacturies of almost every description. The great water power afforded by the Chaudiere and Rideau Falls, has long since made Ottawa the great lumber milling centre. In the fimmense lumber mills at the Chaudiere, about two million feet af lumber are sawn eveiy summer, thousands of men are empfcyed, the mills run night and day, in the winter the men go to the lumber camps. Near here is Eddy's famous match factory and paper mill. Ottawa has 4 daily newspapers and 12 other papers. The formal opening of Parliament is of course, the event of the year at Ottawa, and is attended with much pomp and pagentry, the crush of sight seers being one of the features ot the day. The stairway leading to the floor 8 from which the Senate galleries are reached, is crowded with people, having tickets of admission. Outside the buildings are great crowds awaiting the coming of the Vice- Regal party and at Nepean Pomt a detachment of the Field Battery are ready to fire the salute that announces the arrival of the hour of Opening Parlia- ment ; at half past two a picked detachment of the Gover- nor General's Foot Guards parade with their band and colors in front of the tower entrance. At 3 o'clock the Governor General's party escorted by the Princess Louisa Dragoon Guards mounted and in shining helmets, dash up to the main entrance, the guard of honor salutes, the band plays the National Anthem, and the guns on Nepean Point thunder. The favored ones who were admitted to the floor of the Senate Chamber had gained entrance through a side door and are all in their places when the Vice-Regal party is ushered in. The galleries have been filled with a rush about an hour before. The occupants busy themselves in taking the measure of each new arrival on the floor of the richly upholstred chamber. The Ladies on the floor are in evening dress, whose brilliant costume, bare arms and shoulders make a striking feature of the scene. His Excellency takes his seat beneath the coat of arms and crimson canopy of the throne, on either side are grouped men in rich uniform, on the red woolsack the Judges sit, clad in their scarlet robes. In the seats nearest the throne on theleft, are the Ladies of the Vice- Regal party, while on the right are seated the wives of the Cabinet Ministers. The Senators are seated "on the front seats. The Commpnors, being summoned by the Gentlemen Usher of tne Black Rod, who makes nis bow, as a boneless wonder might be expected to make, troop in and pack the space called the Bar of the Senate. The Governor General then reads his speach and declairs the House open. The ceremony being over His Excellency is escorted back to Government House. i SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES Montreal, the commercial metropolis, population in 1891, 216,650. Toronto, a model city and Capital of On- tario, population, 1891, 181,220. Quebec, the ancient citadal, population, in 1891, 63, ogo. Hamilton, the centre of the great fruit trade, peaches, pears, plums, grapes, strawberries, cherries and apples grown in profusion popul- ation in 1 89 1, 49,000. Near here is the world renouned Niagara Falls. St. John, capital of New Brunswick, popu- lation in 1891, 39,179. Halifax, N.S. the Atlantic Seaport population 1891, 38,556. London, a rival of old London population 1891, 32,000. Winnipeg, capital of Manitoba, population 1891, 26,000. Victoria, capital of British Col- umbia population 1891, 17,000. Vancouver, only founded in 1886, is the Pacific Seaport, and western terminus of the C. P. Railway nearly four thousand miles through Cana- dian territory, to the Atlantic Seaport, popalatian 1891, 14,000. Charlottetown, capital of P. E. L population 1891 II, 374. Newfoundland, is not yet a part or the Dominion. We naturely look upon it as destined to be one of our provinces, population 202, 100. St Thomas has a popula- tion of 11,000 and is one of our youn^ cities whose growth has been due to the rapidity with which the Railway move- ment has covered the country with a net work of intercom- munication. A romantic ravine winds around nearly three sides of it, with an immense railway bridge at either end. When the Marquis of Lome was Governor General he visited St Thomas and was the guest of Mr. McLachlin. Windsor, Ont, has a population of about 11,000. On the first of July 1893 a pleasent family reunion of the Penningtons was held here, three generations were represented by 27 persons. The flourishing town of Woodstock, Ont., has a Population of 9,000 and a reputation for stability and sound usines methods. Five miles from Woodstock is the home of cousin Wm. Donaldson who was awarded the gold medal for the best farm in Ontario. Of all the holidays observed in Canada none is so sacredly, so patriotically kept as the First of July — Dominion Day. Just 27 years ago Canada entered upon her carreer 10 I as a confederated dominion, and each year sees the anni- versary celebrated with increasing enthusiasm from Hahfax on the Atlantic to Victoria on the Pacific. In every city, town and hamlet in the broad Dominion the Union Jack was unfurled, and strong, self-reliant young Canada on the anniversary' exulted in her possession of untrammeled institutions, free government ana a healthy happy people. Problems, no doubt, have yet to be faced. The strain of world wide competitition, the high tariff presure, the demand for markets, the need of more sturdy workers in the country's developement — are some of the difficulties which confront the dominion ; but Canada is well able to grapple with them now, for she has established for herself a name among nations for enterprise and the possesion of the other national virtues which go to make up a progressive and prosperous nationality. Since confederation. Great Britain has not once offered to interfere in Canadian national affairs. Instead, a voice has been given to the Dominion in various foreign affairs, and a disposition has been shown to consult representative Canadians upon various matters touching tne weal of the Empire. Canada is now ripe for prohibition of the licjuor traffic, but let me relate a little fable that has a bearing on this question. There was once a donkey that fed in a grassy meadow, wherein were many fresh- water ponds greatly infested by leeches: When the donkey went into the water to drink or to cool himself the leeches would fasten upon him in vast numbers and greatly depleted the blood supply. At last the donkey resolved to do something to get ria of the leeches. First he shook his long ears at them and said it was a shame. Next he got on a platform and brayed at them. Then he went to the ponds and kicked at them, but all to no purpose ; the leeches stuck to him as tenaciously as ever. At last an idea came like a sudden inspiration. " I have it," said the donkey. **As I cant prevent the leeches from sucking my blood, I'll regulate the busines by giving them a licence to do it, on condition that they give me back a small portion of the blood as a licence ree, " And so he did. It was a briliant idea, and II ^ eminently worthy of an ass. Canada may be an infant numerically among the nations as she certainly is in some undesirable ways a little behind her hustling, bustlino^, nervous southern neighbours but the Dominion is as goocT a place to live in, taken all arf)und, as can be found anywhere. When Anarchists lynching, defaulting bank cashiers, divorces, Sunday dese- cration, strikes and distress are prevalent in the United States, solid, contented, prosperous Canada, sails quietly along the even tenor or her way blest with abundant crops, good health, and quietness within her borders. The cardinal points in the commercial relations be- tween Canada and the United States during the past twenty years have been these. First, a reciprocity treaty broken off by the United States. Secondly, a United States tariff averaging during these years double the Canadian tariff ; ni other words, we have not charged them half what they have charged us. Thirdly, while Canada has never fiamed her tariff in any degree to dis- criminate against the States, charging Great Britan the same rates, the United States have avowedly, principally in the McKinley Bill, struck specially at Canadian pro- ducts. Fourthly, that whereas Canada has never offered a business obstruction to a resident of the United States, the United States, on the contrary, have framed and in- terpreted alien labor laws in such a manner as to harass Canadians to the utmost. Fiftly, wherever international complications, e.g. both the Atlantic and the Alaskan fishery complications, have arisen, Canada has been sub- ject to insult and injury until Britain interfered, and in all such cases the subsequent arbitration before unbiassed tribunals showed Canada to have been in the right. Great enmity is felt in the United States towards Eng- land. Only the better educated and higher classes there are friendly towards England. The Intercolonial Conference, ( delegates from most all parts of the British Empire,) held at Ottawa in July, 1894, to discuss, preferential trade, independent ocean cable, &c., expressed themselves as delighted with our country, and the conference is the first step towards the ( 12 unification of the English people of the world, and the domination of the English language, and the sentiments which regulate the lives of the Anglo-Saxon race. Once the bond of sentiment and patriotism which binds the Empire is cemented by substantial interests of trade, the strength, the progress, the prosperity and great- ness of Britain will enhance to a degree hitnerto undreamed of. In point of population, wealth, resources and intelli- gence no other community of people, no alliance of alien nations, could begin to cope with the British Empire knit by ties of loyalty, kinship and commercial self-interest. It niay take time to realize the scheme, but now that a be- ginning has been made, now that the colonies are alive to the immeasurable importence of accomplishing a com- mercial union within the empire, it is impossible to doubt that they will steadily gain in strengtn until the goal of preferential trade is reached. The British Empire to- day represents three hundred and fifty millions of people and a quarter of the whole land of the earth. The loyalty of Canadians is largely due to the fact that the Empire was after all Canada's Empire as well as Great Britain's. The Canadian flag is red with its coat of arms , and the Union Jack on one corner. The Union Jack, thank heaven, still Floats proudly over vale and hill Of this Dominion grand of ours. And shattered be the vital powers, That dare to utter but one word. To weaken the soul anchored chord Which binds Canadians heart and hand, In love to tlie old Motherland. WILL PENNINGTON, Archives branch, Dept of Agriculture. Ottawa, August 14th 1894. «,1, A TRIP TO THE OLD COUNTRY BY A YOUNG CANADIAN. 1880. JN my native town of Woodstock, Ontario, there were a S great many old country people who were very fond of S talking of their native land, this gave me the desire to •• travel and see the wonders abroad. So leaving home one day and arriving in New York in time to go on board the steamer " Brittanic " of the White Star Line, amid cheers and tears we started on our voyage across the great Atlantic. At first the passengers were all on deck enjoying the sights along the river, out as we got fairly out to sea, the motion of the boat did not agree with most of us. I will not give my experience of sea sickness, but in two days I felt fike an old sailor and enjoyed very much my first trip on the ocean, the weather bemg all that could be desired. On the ninth day we heard the call of " Land ahead " and soon we saw the green banks of old Ireland. The pilot brought us into Queenstown Harbor and after land- mg a few passengers and the mail, we viewed the natives and continued our way to I I I LIVERPOOL. The first impression received is of the immensity of its shipping ; 4he docks are over seven miles long with ships and sailors from all parts of the world. After view- ing the sights of this great seaport town I boarded the train for Carlisle. The English cars are decidedly diiferent to ours, being divided into narrow compartments with side doors, and to my mind not as convenient for long journeys as those in Canada. . ,^ CARLISLE Is a city which combines remote antiquity with present prosperity. It was the scene of perpetual victory and de- teat, being repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt, during the 500 years of Border fights between the English and Scotch. Part of the stone wall which surrounded the city in ancient times still remains. The Castle was built some 2000 years ago. Queen Mary Stewart was imprisoned here tor a time. Kings have held parliament, sought refuge and died within its walls. The Cathedral was founded by William Rufus, Henry I, finished it in iioi. Hearing the chimes attrac- ted me to its service. The dean issued from his house in white linen robes with square topped cap, — preceeded by an official with a silver mace. As he appeared a troop of choristers followed him into the Cathedral. Easter is considered one of the events of the year, children are made happy by being dressed in new clotnes, and spend the time visitmg friends and exchanging dyed eggs &c., as memen- toes of the day. The people here were very kind, and curious to see a person rrom America, asking many quest- ions about our country. Here I heard Sir Wilfred Lawson M. P. , who is noted for his zeal in the temperance cause. Some of the factory girls wear a curious shoe the soles of which are made of wood with iron rim. I brought a pair back with me. The villages around Carlisle are very picturesque, especially Corby and Wetheral, divided by the river Eden. ' ' 4 Here's Corby for rocks, caves, and walks so delightful, That Eden a paradise loudly proclaims. At Wetheral is a quaint little church hidden among the trees, under which are the tombs of the Howards which may be seen by looking through a grating in the church floor. In the churchyard the following lines are cut on an old headstone : — " In this vain world short was my stay, And empty was my laughter, I go before and lead the way. And thou comes jogging after. " Another rural retreat is Gilsland, where Sir Walter Scott found material for his ** Guy Mannering " and fell in love with his future wife. Taking a walk along the river, we come to a large stone which by its chipped and worn appearence seems to be an object of special attention. This is said to be the stone on which Sir Walter and his lady love sat when he "popped" the c^uestion and is called the " popping stone. " Here the visitors sit when on a visit to this lovely glen, and stand under the Haw- thorne tree, known as the " kissing tree." After spending a veiy pleasant and profitable time in Carlisle, by the kind- ness of uncle James Pennington and cousin G , I then leave for that greatest of all cities, London. On the way passed Sheffield, the place noted for its cutlery, and Chesterfield, with its curious church spire made like a corkscrew and looking as though it would topple over, on through towns and villages some looking smokey and dingy on account of the great industries about them, and getting glimpses of well cultivated fields, we at last find ourselves in LONDON. The deepest impression left on the mind after a visit to the great Metropolis, is^_that produced by its immense size, vvhich may oe increased^ by the mention of a few Tacts. It includes 60 distinct villages, a population of 5,000,000, increasing at the rate of 45,000 a year. 1,500 churches, 145,000 paupers, 39,000 registered habitual ^ criminals, 14,000 policemen, 14,000 grog-shops, one child born every 5 minutes, one person dies every 8 minutes, and there are more Scotchmen than in Aberdeen, more Irish than in Belfast, more Jews than in Palestine and more Roman Catholics than in Rome. Standing in front of the Royal Exchange, the head- quarters of commerce in London, one sees one of the busiest scenes in London life. The traffic and never-end- ing crowds puts me in mind of a countrywoman who stood in a doorway waiting for the procession to pass. On London Bridge alone 107,000 persons and 20,000 vehicals pass over every 24 hours. Near here is the famous London Tower which was erected by William the Conqueror where many deeds of cruel wron^ were perpetrated. It covers 13 acres of ground, and is divided into 12 towers all of which have been used as prisons. On entering, the guide, or beef-eater, as they are called explain as we go through. The first room of interest is the jewel room, con- taining crowns and jewels of all royalty including the crown of Queen Victoria made in 1838 and containing 3,000 precious stones, including the ruby given to the Black Prince in Spain in 1367, and worn by Henry V, in his helmet at Agincourt, the Prince of Wales' cornet, and the baptismal font used at Royal christenings. In the yard, a stone block markes the place where the scaffold stood on which Ann Boylen and Catherine Howard, wives of Henry VIII, were beheaded, also Lady Jane Grey, Sir Walter Raliegh &c. In the armory are to be seen figures in heavy suits of mail worn in the olden days of battle, and also the block, thumbscrew and other relics. St. Paul's Cathedral is 370 feet high and from the golden gallery at the top, the crowded streets, the far wind- mg Thames, the distant parks make a majestic picture. Up stairs there is the wnispering gallery 108 feet in di- ameter, the slightest whisper on one side is distinctly heard on the other, and from it a fine view of the interior is ob- tained, which is richly ornamented. In the south tower is the clock, the minute hand of which is 9 feet long, the great bell weighs over 5 tons and is rung when there is a a birth, marriage or death in the Royal family; in the north tower is apeal of 12 bells. The. Temple Church in Fleet street dates from 1185, On the paved floor are stone effigies of the old Knight Tem- plars in full armour, with legs crossed in token that they nad fought in Palestine. In the Churchyard Oliver Gold- smith lies buried. At St. James' Palace lived William III, Queen Ann and the four Georges ; here Queen Victoria was married and still holds her court drawing rooms. At Westminister Abbey Englands illustrious dead are laid to rest from the time of Edward the Confessor, who died 800 years ago to Dr. Livingston, 1873, among whom are Queen Elizabeth, by her side her sister Mary, Mary Queen of Scots, George II, and Queen Caroline wnose ashes in- termingle, the two Princes murdered in the tower ( where their bones were found in 1674, ) by order of Richard of Gloucester, Edward the first and his wife Eleanor who so bravely sucked the poison from his wounded arm, Edward III, above his tomb are his shield and sword, Henry V, above whose tomb hangs his armour, in the helmet of which is a gash made by a french battle axe, Oliver Cromwell &c. In the poets corner are collected memorials of the most famous English authors from Chaucer (1400) to Tenncyson (1893). Among whom are Shakespere (1616), Milton (1674), Dickens (1870) and Ben Johnson who is buried in an upright position. In anotner part of the Abbey is to be seen the coro- nation chair beneath which is a famous stone transferred from Ireland to Scotland in 8^0 and brought to England in 1296 by Edward I, and has since been beneath the chair on which every soverign of Epgland has sat when being crowned. And also the Jerusalem Chamber, so named from the colored ^lass which decorates it. This chamber possesses historic interest as being the meeting place of the Westminister Assembly of Divines in 1643, also of the translators of the authorized version of the Bible in 161 1 and of the revised version in 1879. Here I heard Dean Stanley preach. The Houses of Parliament are 900 feet long and 300 '■ mmmmmamm wide, on the side facing^ the river are statues of Kings and Queens from William the Concjueror to Victoria. There are ii open courts, ii,ooo appartments and loo staircases. The bell in the Clock Tower weighs 9 tons. The interior of the House of Lords is lighted by 12 painted windows with portraits of the Monarchs of Eng- land, I sat on the famous woolsack on which the Lord Chancellor sits. The seats for the Peers are covered with red morroco. The House of Commons is less richly orna- mented than that of the Peers. In the Ladies galleiy is an ornamented lattice work which prevents them from be- ing seen. In the Victoria gallery are two paintings, each 45 feet long and 12 feet high, the death or Nelson at the I3atde of Trafalgar and Meeting of Wellington and Blucher after the batde of Waterloo. The Prince's Chamber is artistically decorated, three painted windows show the Rose, Thistle and Shamrock. One of the greatest attractions which I saw when in London was the procession of the Queen opening Parlia- ment in state. After waiting for two hours in the front ranks of the immense crowd, I was rewarded by having a good look at the Queen and all the Royal family. The pomp and pagentry, was a grand sight. The Queen's carriage was drawn by eight cream horses, and the Prince of Wales' carriage drawn by six jet black ones. The next largest procession and crowd was that of the Lord Mayor's. This is an altogether a civic affair in which all societies and trades take part. Another place of great interest was the Polytecnic Institution in which are all sorts of inventions both for amusement an.! instruction. Here we got into a large diving bell and were let down into the water a long way, the an- being pumped into this bell by means or tubes keeps the water out and also gives the o jcupants a supply of fresh air. Next comes Madame Tussaud's great wax work ex- hibition of destinguished characters. Here are to be found Kings Queens and a large number of noted men and women, looking natural in the costumes of their times. One old lady \vho had been here seeing die sights got very tired, and noticing an old quakcr gcntlenian sitting on the centre of a bench asked him to make room beside him ff)r her to rest, but he took no notice of her except to turn his head away ( it being made so as to turn ), she thinking that he was deaf shouted in his ear, only to discover by the laughter of the crowd that he was wax. Moving on again and finding the crowd in her way she gave a policeman a poke in the ribs and asked him to come to her assistance, when much to her chagrin she found that he was wax also. She then thought she would be sure before she snoke again, so as the crowd around her got rather thick to be comfor- table, she gave a gentleman a poke with her uml^rella, and he being alive and not liking her gentle thrust had the old lady shown out. The Chamber f Horrors is well named, for in it are to be seen a great . .mber of noted criminals. In another room are valuable historical relics bought by Madame Tussaud ; viz. the three Coronation robes worn by George IV, containing 576 feet of velvet and em- broidery made by an English firm, also his sword, a coat worn by Lord Nelson at the battle of the Nile and a coat of the Duke of Wellington, Emperor Napoleon's Military carriage captured at the battle of Waterloo and bought from the British Government for ^2,500. 800,000 persons paid to see this alone when it was first on exhibition. Also the guillontine on which 22,000 persons were beheaded during the French revolution. In another part of the city is the Albert memorial. Its four corners represent the four great divisions of the world viz : Europe, Asia, Africa and America. Around the statue of the Prince Consort which stands in the centre of the Memorial are 169 marble figures representing some of tKe chief musicians, painters, sculptors and architects, poets &c. An interesting spot to Methodists is that of City Road Chapel, where the great John Wesley preached. It is a simple, unpretentious structure, having monumental busts of tne fathers of the Methodist Church. Senator Sanford of Hamilton, Ontario, has lately placed a Canadian memorial window here. In the graveyard are buried T ! 8 Wesley and 5,000 of his converts and followers. • Tne following places I visited but will only mention : the British Museum with its Antiquities, South Kensington Museum with its works of art, National Gallery of Famous Paintings, Crystal Palace, the Blind Institute, Guildhall with its Library and Museum, at Exeter Hall I heard Cardi- nal Manning lecture, and heard the great Spurgeon preach at the Tabernacle. Saw the Oxford and Cambridge boat race, walked through the tunnel under the Thames River, and paid threepence to climb 345 steps to the top of the monument on Fish Street Hill, 202 feet high, the spot where the great fire broke out in 1666. Heard the famous Bow Bells 10 in number. At Druary Lane Theatre, saw the Christmas Pantomine Sinbad the Sailor, at Smithfield, saw the Martyrs Memorial, it marks the spot where the stake and faggot were built up. Saw the trooping of the colors in St. James' Park, a good time to see Her Majesty's Soldiers. Was at Covent Garden Market, at 6 a.m., the streets were blocked with produce from all parts of the globe, also visited the great Billingsgate Fish Market where they auction off the fish, amid, great noise. But the greatest curiosity is the street Vendors crying out with their own peculiar cry about almost eveiythmg which can possibly be in demand. In the Zoological Garden are to be seen live animals and birds from all parts of the world. Here you can have a ride on the eliphant or camel, see the hungry lions fed, and gase at the ridiculous antics of the monkey's. A good place to see the rank and fashion is in front of Buckingham Palace and St. James' Palace on a Drawing- room day. At Hyde park one may see the most noted people in London riding and driving. Piccadilly and Regent streets are the fashionable shopping streets. Now, take a stroll through Seven Dials, Drury Lane, Whitechapel &c., where poverty and vice is everywhere apparent ; many having no homes sleep on benches, boxes, under bridges &c. Drink is the chief cause of so much poverty and trouble. Women as well as men stand at the oars of grog shops and are to be seen fighting in the streets every day. Now the christian people have started coffee houses in , convenient parts of the city, and have made them as at- tractive as possible to try and counteract this terrible evil of intemprance. While taking refreshments in one of these places I read that 24,000 ownerless dogs were cap- tured every year by the police and the next item, "try Peel's celeorated sausages." Rather suo^gestive. What a contrast to get from these places into the su- burbs. A ride on the river may be enjoyed for a penny a mile. Here we see Hampton Court where Henry the VIII lived, and also Queen Elizabeth. In one room are portraits of a large number of court beauties. Near here is the ancient town of Kingston where the Saxon Kings were crowned on a stone block which is still on exhibition. While here I met my friend Will Murch, Bookseller, St. Thomas, Ontario, ana we dined with friends at Devonvilla, a model English home with lovely gardens round it. I next visited Brighton, a fashionable sea side resort. Here is the Royal Aquariam, said to be the largest in the world, which is a building in which are large tanks of water, and here are kept all sorts of fish and monsters of the deep. The country between Brighton and London is very pretty, the flowers and hedges around the farm houses adcling greatly to the beauty of the scenes and putting our Canadian rail fence in the back ground. I had another day's outing at South End, where I spent a very pleasant time bathing in the sea, and learning to cat shrimps and winkles. Passing the maze of docks and ships on either side of the river from London Bridge we reach Greenwhich, here I visited the Palace, this vast pile with its river front of 900 feet bears the impress of successive Soverigns from Henry VIII, to George III, when it became the home of 2,700 disabled sailors. Here is the Observatory from which the time is signaled to all parts of the United King- dom. Now about the London fog : It gets so thick and dense at times that it is almost impossible to get through the streets. Many accidents happen and thieves have a regular harvest in one of these togs, as they can snatch 10 any thing handy and make off with it in the dark. Farewell to old London and my cousins, the Wilsons, who helped to make everything interesting, and now for SCOTLAND. On the way we pass through the famous village of Gretna Green, just across the border from England, where young people resolving to be manied without their parents consent eloped to, to have the knot tied. The country has a different aspect to England being Avilder and more mountainous. Old Scotia seems not to have combed her hair, the grass looking rougher but the wild flowers which grow in great profusion, beautify the hedges and hills. Arrived in Edinburgh the night of the General Election, and stopped with my friends the Rennies. The principal places which I visited were Hollyrood Palace, here lived Mary Queen of Scots ; in her bed-room is still to be seen her bed with all its costly drapes and bed clothing. Was through the house of John Knox, a pictu- resque old place with a steep outer stair, saw the room in which he died, was in his study in which he wrote the Scottish Reformation, and stood in the window from which he used to preach to the multitude in High street. The Castle built on a rock 400 feet above the level of the sea, contains the "Crown Room " with sceptre, sword, and crown of the Scottish Monarchs, Queen Mary's room where her only son James VI, was born. In the Science and Art museum I saw the presents which the Prince of Wales received while in India which v/ere on exhibition at Edinburgh at the time of my visit there. In the old Greyfriars Church yard I saw the stone on which the covenant was signed. In the main street which is call- ed Princes street stands a monument to Sir Walter Scott, having a statue of himself upon it. I also visited St. Giles' Church where Archbishop Laud, determining to force upon the Scotch a form of ser- vice modeled after the Roman Catholic Breviary, had the Dean of Edinburgh read the new liturgy which so enraged the Scotch wife, Jennie Geddes that she threw a stool at the minister's head exclaiming "Villian wilt thou read the mass at my lug. " II One Sunday afternoon I went out to a place called Crestorfern and the hills or braes as they are called, to a place which is called "Rest and be thankful" and is very appropriately named indeed, also climbed to the top of another hill called Arthur's Seat, so named from the British Prince Arthur, and Calton Hill with its noble group of Monuments. No city in Europe occupies a grander site, and few cities are invested with more heroic and romantic associations than historic Edinburgh. Midway between Edinburgh and Glasgow is the village of SHOTTS where are coal mines, iron foundries, and bleak hills. Being anxious to see a coal mine, Hugh Ramsay took me down the shaft and through the mine to where the miners were at work with pick and shovel. Finding the mine damp and anything but pleasant I was soon ready to go alDOve ground again. While here I met Cousin Isa Darling, the Poetess, who was on a visit to her native home. In taking a drive through the country to see the sheep we stopped at a farm house where I was surprised to see a girl tramping clothes in a tub of water with her bare feet, she told me this was the way they washed heavy clothing in Scotland. On my first night in Shotts when it was time to retire, I was shown to a bed-room, and on taking a survey of it was rather puzzled as to where I was to sleep, as there was no bed in view. Across one side of the room however were hung curtains, which when drawn back exposed to my wondering eyes a bed built in the wall. Leaving here I next visited GLASGOW the centre of wide and various industries, it can boast of having the tallest chimneys in the world. The highest one is 454 feet above ground. Spent a few days in visiting the principal places of interest with John Darling, inventor, saw the Equestrian Statun of King William HI, and two .old guns that blazed rm^ \ I 12 at the battle of the Boyne, St. Mungo Cathedral noted for its magnificient stained glass windows. Then said farewell to the land of £. S. D. and return to $ cts. , and when I hear the peculiar dialect of people from England and Scotland I now know what section they come from. "All aboard" the "Anchoria" of the Anchor Line and soon we are viewing the great ship building along the Clyde river to Greenock. Now we are out on the ocean and enjoying the fine weather, but was soon under the spell of seasickness. In a few days, however, I was all right again. One morning the sea was as very calm, not a cloud in the sky, a few hours afterwards the wind arose and blew witli terrific force, the sailors were ordered aloft to take in the sails, the waves rose higher and higher, the ship tossed and pitched about fearfully all night, men women and children cryed and prayed, thinking the ship would go to the bot- tom but the next day our first storm at sea was over, two of our passengers died on the way, one was a bride. It was a sad sight to see them buried at see. Our return trip was a stormy one. We only saw two ships and some iceburgs near the foggy banks of New- foundland, and were getting tired of looking at sea gulls &c., when on the 13th day we came in sight of NEW YORK The harbor with its many colored lights making a good impression on the new arrivals. Here I visited for a few days admiring the fine buildings, well laid out streets and parks, then returned home like a Prodigal son, having gained an experience never to be forgotten, by yours ti'uly, WILL PENNINGTON. Ottawa, July 2nd 1894. ■0- fe r:\fi -«*-■ J* >!«