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Cornell Xttnfversrt?
Ithaca, flew l!?orft
CORNELL STUDIES
w
CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY
EDITKD BY
BENJAMIN IDE VVHEEI.ER, CHARLES EDWIN BENNETT
AND GEORGE PRENTICE BRISTOL ^^•
No. VII
THE ATHENIAN SECRETARIES
BY
WILLIAM SCOTT FERGUSON, A.
M.
PUBLISHED FOR THE UNIVERSITY
BY
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1898
c^^
^ //
lY
T,
THE
ATHENIAN SECRETARIES
BY
WILUAM SCOTT FERGUSON, A.M.
FKLLOW OK CORNELL UNIVERSITY
CoRNEtL Studies in Classical Philology, No. VII
Copyright, 1898,
BV CORNei.1. L-mVKRSITY
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
»THACA, N. Y
PRESS OF ANDR,;s *, CHQRCH
i«98.
PREFACE.
Between 1878 atul the present time at least eight treatises de-
voted entirely to the Athenian »Secretaries have been published.
If we add articles in handbooks and dictionaries of classical an-
tiquities in which stateni'-Mits of facts rather tlian proofs are fur-
nished, the mnnl)er must be doubled. The subject of this study
is therefore an old, much-investigated one ; its point of view alone
is new.
There were few annual offices at Athens not filled by boards of
ten. There were fewer still filled by individuals. The secretary-
ships were such. Of the other single annual offices the names of
the holders have with a few distinguished exceptions all been lost.
It is, indeed, altogether owing to the fact that, in the case of the
Secretaryshipsaloneof their class, we know in large part the names
and demes of their holders, that their study is of more than third-
rate importance in Athenian ('onstitutional History. Kiiowing
their demes we know their tribes, and as a result of the observa-
tion that the tril)e of the psephismata secretary for any given year
was determined by its position in the official order, something of
value may have been derived from this study. Of this let the
reader judge for himself.
During the fifth and fourth centuries B. C tlie archons establish
the years of the secretaries : during the third and .second the pse-
phismata secretaries will, hereafter, be our guides in fixing the
years of the archons. To the list offered by me the names only
of those archons have been admitted wliose positions have been
located or affected by the secretaries, and of these I am conscious
that many will later have to be changed.
To Professor B. I. Wheeler of Cornell University for the sug-
gestion on which this investigation was begun, and for his constant
assistance and a<lvice up to and through the reading and criticism
of the manuscript and proof, I here acknowledge my very
iv
Preface.
great itidehtediiess. ThrousH his kindness and that of Dr. A.
Wilhehn of the Austrian Institute at Athens, I have been enabled
to ol)tain early or more accurate readinj^s of several inscriptions.
I desire, too, to thank Professor G. P. Bristol of Cornell Univer-
sity for his services in reading the proof, and also Mr. F. O. Bates,
Fellow of Cornell University, whose special knowledge of the
Attic demes and tribes has beeti of much value to me.
Ithaca, N. Y., April 9, 1.S9S.
^
CONTKNTS.
? I. The Tfii Tribes and thtir Ofiicial Order, i
i< 2. The Secretaries of the Senate and I*c()])le as determined by
References in the Literal nre, 6
'i, 3. Vpannareiii TTJ% fiovXiji, 8
i, 4. VpanfiaT({>i Kara irpvTai'€lav, 9
'ti 5. vSecretaries mentioned in Titles and Official Headinj^s, 12
g 6. • Names of Secretaries in charj^e of the I'sephismata prior to
363-2 B.C 14
'i 7. Relations between Tribes in the Secretaryship and Tribes in
the Prytany. Mode of I^lectinj;; Secretary, 19
? S. Chanj^e from Xtiporovla to KXt^puktis. The Sii^nificance of the
Secretar^-'s Name in the Titles and Official Ileadinj^s of
Decrees, 27
'i 9. Secretaries mentioned in the Preambles of Decrees between
364-3 H.C. and 322-1 H.C., 32
'i ID. Official Order of the Tribes in the Secretaryshij) durinj,' the
Fourth Century H.C, 34
'i, II. Restorations, 38
'i 12. The Fifteen Years of Confusion between 322-1 H.C. and
307-6 B.C., 40
'i 13. The Official Order of the Tribes in the Secretaryship duriiij^
the last Three Centuries B.C., 44
'i 14. rpafj.fJiaT(vs Kara, npvravelav. Vpap.p,aTfvi tov Srip.ov. llepl rd
/a^/tio, 63
{( 15. Tpannareiii iirl roiii vdfjLovi, 66
>/, 16. Ypap-narevs rrj^ jiovXiji icai tou StJjuou, 66
i; 17. VpafJ-iJ-aTti)^ irpvTdvewv. Vpafxixartds t^ovXtvrQv, 70
i; l.S. Tpafip-aTtiis tCiv raixiCiv rijs ffeoO. Vpa^i^^■aTevi twv rafxiuiv rrjs
dtov Kai tQv &\\ii)v OeQv, 70
Appendix A— The Tribes with their Respective Demes, 75
Appendix H — Hiblioj^raphy, 77
THB ATHENIAN SI'CRl-TARIES.
j^ I. TiiF, Ti-:n Tkiiuvs and tiikik Oifici.m, Okdkk.
Prol)al)ly that which inoix- th:iii anything; cIsl' (k'termiiied the
shape of the luechanisni of AllKiiiaii y;()Vt'riiiiKiit was the institu-
tion of the ten tribes. Ikfore Kleisllieiu-s' time there had been four
tribes only, rtAc'oi'Tts, "On-Ar/Tts, 'Afiyii^ut and Af'yiKo^ei?, so called
from the four sons of Ion. I-'rom the little uc can karn of thuni,
they seem to have been local and social in character, and there-
fore different in kind from those with which we are familiar in
hiter times. Kleisthenes in devisinj; the ten tribes strove to make
them unlike their preflece.s.sois, and |)rol)i))lv succeeded. The
Kleisthenean tribes were also different in kind from their sub-
divisi(jns, the trittyes and denies. The denies were new creations
of Kleisthenes ; the trittyes had existed even before vSolon's lime.
This difference consisted in the lact that the ten tribes did not
have a place on the ma]i of Attica, while the Ionic tribes, the
trittyes and the denies did. The tribe had its as^ora, or meeting-
place, but the men who asseiiil)led there might, and ordinarily did,
come from several different sections of the country. A number of
contiguous denies made a trittys, and a denie was a lot j)f land
with the citizens who themselves, or whose ancestors, uoniinally
or actually, dwelt on it. Each of the ten tribes had three
trittyes, and each trittys a munber of denies. Each tribe, trittys,
and deme had its own constitution and officers. As the trittyes
were by far the least important of these three divisions of the
citizens of Athens, so were the ten tribes the most important ;
for we find that with very few exceptions all the state offices were
filled by boards of ten or multiples of ten. The frequency of
S(Ka and Kara <j>v\di in Aristotle's Constitution of Athens is ex-
tremely significant. Tlie political institutions were certainly
based upon the decimal system ; the religious institutions are in-
separable from the political, and the military have the ten
generals, the tea ta.xiarchs, the ten phylarchs, the ten divisions
i
The Athenian Secretaries.
of the citizen nrtny etc., to show the plan upon which they were
Itnill.
(Jntside Attica also, the inflnence of the ten tribes was (elt.
If a colony was planted, each tribe had its representative on the
board iA land agents. If a Klernchy was sent ont, it preserved the
tribal orj^ani/.ation of the niolherhind ; it was Athens in miniature.
If new territory was acqnired, an enclosure was reserved for the
eponyinoi of llu' lril)es. If Athenians held oOices in dependent
states, the tribe was considered in their election jn-^l as in the
case of offices at .Athens. In fact, wherever Athenian influence
prevailed, the form of <;overnment there in voj^ne owed its ])ro-
portions t') tlie tribal institutions of Athens.
\ot only were the duties which the 6»'}/u,os- could not personally
perform ordinarily entrusted to boards ot ten, 1ml these boards of
ten were made u]) of individuals chosen by lot, one from each of
the ten tribes. The tribe determined the .i;ron]i of citizens elii;ible
tor a certain ofhce ; llie lot decided which i>f the t^ronii should
hold it. Both served pnrel}' and simply as convenient and
eciuitable means of (listril)uting state honours and bmdens.
Neither is essentiidly democratic ; but ;is ajiplied at Athens both
were. The tribes Ijccame democratic institutions, when, by
Kleisthenes" reforms, approximately all citizens were admitted
to them. The lot became most democratic, when any citizen of
Athens mi»;ht be .selected by it t(5 hold any office.
It is obvious that for the distribution of offices filled by individ-
uals not by boards — .such as the .secretaryships — an order of pre-
cedence among the tribes was desirable ; for so best was an equi-
table distribution i^ossible. If the exjilanation, offered by H.
Sidgwick (Class. Rev. 1S94 p, 333 ff . ) for the periodic anarchy
which followed the let;islatit)n of Solon, be correct, and it is
highly plausible, it follows immediately that there was such an
order among the four Ionic trii)es. What this might have been
we can only conjecture. It may be found in the following
passage from Kur. Ion, 1579-81.
r«A£a)r \ki.v fcrrai irpioTO^ ' tlra BtvTfpo^ . . .
"OttAt/tcs 'ApyaBrjs t f'/ii-V' ''" """'aiytSos
'Ev <fiv\ov ($ova AiyiKoprji;,
'Jlw Tribal Systctn of Alliens.
\\ they were
L'S was (fit.
alive oil llie
reserved the
II niiiiiatiire.
ved for the
II dependent
\ as ill the
an iiilhieiice
ved its j)io-
l i>crsonally
■se hoards of
rotn each of
/.ensclit;ible
roll J) should
i-eiiieiil and
id burdens.
t\thL-ns both
wliLii, l)y
re a(hiiitted
V cili/eii of
by iiidivid-
fder of pic-
as an ecjiii-
red by H.
ic iuiarchy
and it is
IS such ail
have been
following
Accordinj^ly the oflicial order of the four Ionic pliylai may
liave been ( l) TtAcoi'Tts, ( j ) "OttAi/tcs, (3) 'A/jya8ti?, '4) AiytKopeis.
However that may be, there can l)e no (iiK'stion whatsoever as to
the existence of an olTicial order of tin.- li n tribes. As .i;iveii in
many inscriptional documents it is as follows: (i) lyechtheis,
(2) Aigeis, (3) Pandioiiis. (4) Leontis, (5) Akamantis, (6) Oiiieis,
(7) Kekro|)is, (8) Ilippothontis, (9) Aiantis, (lo) Antiochis. .\s
a means of classifying the names of the citizens, this ordc-r was
the nearest approach the Athenians madr to our use of the letters
of the alpliabet That il was tnore than a mere coiiveiiieMce in
cataloguing has \el tcj be shown.
The names of the tribes are said 1)>- Ari-.l()tk- to havu buen
selected for them l)y the Pythian God from among tin.- one hun-
dred Archegetai. If it were not true that the ten tribfs wi-ru the
arbitrary creations of Kleislheiies, this iniL;lit be- uiuk'rstood to
mean that the Athenians themselvt-s did not know anything
about the origin of the names. As it i^1, it is probably the correct
explanation. Who the hundred Arclu-gelai wi-rc. and what rela-
tion they burf, if any, lo the hundml dc-mes and the fortv-two
irruivvfioi tCov riXLKLmi>, are (pieslions still awaiting solution.
The origin of the oHlciil order is (luile as uncertain. A.
Mommsen (Phil. N. F., iS,s8, p. 449 IT.) tries to ^liow that it
sprang from the old Calendar of Festivals. According to liis
view, each of the ten eponymoi was worshipped in a certain sea^on
of the year, and each tribe managed the affairs of the state,
through its representatives in the senate, during the period in
which the festival of its eiionymos was held. The guarantee for
the observance of the official order was the sanctity of the Calen-
dar of Festivals. When peo]de became less observant of the wor-
ship of the heroes, the official order was thrust aside. The
strongest objection to this view is that il is contrary to i!ie tend-
ency observable in I'le historic j)eriod. .\ltliougli it is certain that
the official order was never in any known peri<j(l followed bj- the
tribes in the prytany. yet, in other matters of a civil nature, the
tendenc}' is altogether in the direction of its broader use. Momiii-
sen's view is based upon the assumption that the official order
was followed in disposing the tribes in the prytany in the earliest
The Athenian Secretaries.
times. This is verj' unlikely. It must l)e admitted, however,
that the employment of the lot in the election of civil officials is
doubtful between 510 B.C. and 4CS7 B.C. Aristotle tells us that
in the latter year it was first used for the election of the arclions.
Previously, he says, they were elected by the people. Even if
the official order did originate in the waj- conceived b}' Mommsen,
it was not for long, if at all, jierpetuated in that way. To me the
origin of the official order seems incapable of settlement ; l)ut the
institutions which demanded it, and preserved it, after it was once
fixed, may, I think, be legitimately made a subject of enquiry.
The earliest reference to a fixed order of the tribes is found in
connection with the military organization of the state. In the
account given by Hrrodotus of the deliberations that took place
immediately before the battle of Marathon, we are told that the
ten generals — one from each tribe at that time — held office bj'
turns, each for one day only, and that Miltiades waited till his
lawful da\' came round before putting the troojis in motion. It is
not reasonable to suppose that an order of [)recedence was fixed
by lot for each period of ten days throughout the year. In the
arrangement of the j^rytanies in after times, to which the rotation
of the generalship would present the closest analogy, we have
reasons for believing that at least up to the thirtieth day of the
prytany, the lot had not yet been cast to decide upon the next
tribe to prytanize ; so that we have herein no j^recedent on
which to base the assumption that tlie}' fixed b}' lot, at the be-
ginning of each year, the order in which the tribes were to hold
the generalship, in each ten-day jreriod throughout the year.
Further, it being clear from Herodotus that there was a fixed
order of succession in the generalship, we should naturall}' expect
it to be the official order.
It also appears to me entirely likely that the <^u\at or ra^eis were
arranged in battle according to the official ortler. At Marathon,
Herodotus tells us, such was the case : ijyeo/xeVov Se rouVou e^eSeKoi/ro
(OS apiOixtovTo at <fiv\at, i)^6fji.€vai aWrjXwv. The imperfect seems
to show that they were arranged in a customary order, i. e.,
the official order. If the polemarch Kallimachos of Aphidna,
who, Herodotus says, was in command of the whole army in
The Tribal System of Athens.
1, liowever,
officials is
ells us that
lie arclioiis.
I. Even if
Moinnisen,
To me the
it ; but the
it was once
enquiry.
is found in
.te. In the
took place
Id that the
d office by
lited till his
)tion. It is
:e was fixed
ar. In the
he rotation
, we have
day of the
n the next
cedent on
at the l)e-
ere to hold
the year.
as a fixed
illy expect
Ta^cts were
Marathon,
V i${8eK0VTO
ect seems
rder, i. e.,
Ajjliidna,
army in
i
virtue of his office, took his position with his own tribe
Aiantis, /. <?. , had his tribe with him in the right wing, then
Erechtheis, the first tribe, v/as placed on the left. In Plutarch,
Aristid. V, we are told that Leontis and Antiochis, commanded
respectively by Themistokles and Aristides, fought side by side
in the centre. This clashes with the account given by Herodotus,
and does not seem to me to deserve credence ; for Plutarch, who
lived in the first century after Christ and was a native of Boeotia,
was accpiainted onlj- with the organization of mercenarj' troops,
and could have had little knowledge of the citizen militia of
Athens in the fifth century befon? Christ. The ])lacingof Leontis
and Antiochis side b}' side, would not jar with the order of things
with which he was acquainted, and would add greatly to the
dramatic eifect of his narration.
An Athenian army was but an aggregate of ten tribes of citizen
soldiers. The ephebes were divided for mess into ten divisions
according to their tribes. The ten divisions of the cavalry were
called (f>v\ai. When an army was put in the field, men of a certain
age, drafted from each of the ten tribes, made up the ten regi-
ments of which it was composed. To determine what individuals
were included within the age limits .set, the forty two iT-ww/xoi tiov
■^Klkiwv were used. The eVajw/Ltoi tojv <^i,'Aa>j/ were used to determine
the regiments to which these individuals belonged. We know,
then, that in drafting troops for service, in assigning their places
to each soldier, in distributing the ephebes at mess, tlie tribe was
primarily considered. The ten regiments were the ten tribes.
The ten commanders were the ten trii)al officers, and held supreme
command by turns in a well known order of succession. On one
occasion there is at least some evidence that the regiments stood
side by side in the official order of the tribes. This estalilishes a
probability in favor of the view that tlie order of the tribes was
the order of the regiments, and, as far as I am aware, there is
nothing that militates against it.
From time immemorial, we are told by Tiiucydides and Pausa-
iiias, there existed at Athens the custom of burying the citizens,
who fell in battle, in the public burying ground of the Kerameikos.
The dead of each tribe were buried separately, and over the graves
The Athenian Secretaries.
stelai were erected ])earing the name and denie of each (o-r^Xai
TO. (Ji/o/xara Kai rov Srj/Jiov e/cacrTov Aeyouo-ai). Several of these Stelai
have come down to us, and on tliem the names are disposed
accordinjj^ to the ofBcial order of the tribes. It is, indeed, in these
lists that we first meet with the official order in the inscriptions.
Those who fell at Marathon were buried according to their tribes
(kuto. <^vA.as), and stelai erected bearing their names ; while, even
before that event, l)urial in the public burial ground existed. The
important point U> bt noticed is, that it was onlj- in the cast of the
warriors who died in ))attle that the names were inscribed in the
official order of the tri))es. This strengthens the view as to the
use of the official order to aid in marshalling the citizen army.
The military necessities would thus demand a fixed arrangement
of tlie tribes, and the constant usage of the order, when fixed,
would insure permanency to the organization : but why was the
order such as it is? Pt-rhaps Kleislhenes had the Pythian God
arrange the tribes, as he liad him name them. Perhaps the acci-
dental arrangement of the statues of the eponymoi in the market-
place was adopted and so became fixed. The order was c^.-rlainly
so fixed for the burial lists of those who fell in l)attle, as eiu'ly as
460 B. C, and seems to have been spasmodically adopted in later
periods as the order of succession or rotation in the holding of
civil offices.
S 2. The Secretariks of the Senate and People as
DETERMINED BY REFERENCES IN THE LITERATURE.
The relation of the secretaries at Athens to the tribes, the nMe
played by the official order in determining their distribution over
the tribes, and the l)earing of these considerations on the number,
names, and duties of the secretaries, are the problems undertaK^u
for solution in this stud}'.
First in importance among the secretaries will come those of
the .seimte and people. Literary references determine their num-
ber and functions, and guide us in our epigraphical investiga-
tions Aristotle is the chief source of information outside the in-
scriptions, and he. in Ath. Pol. 54, 3-5, says ;
i
The Secretaries in the Literature.
ach (o-T^\ai
these steliii
re disposed
■ed, in these
nscriplioiis.
their tribes
while, even
listed. The
-I case of the
ribed in tlie
IV as to the
Ml army,
irrangement
ivlien fixed,
diy was the
ythian God
ps the acci-
the naarket-
as ct-rtainly
as early a.s
>ted in later
holding of
People as
les, the rnle
bnlion over
he number,
Lindertui.vii
le those of
(their num-
investiga-
tide the in-
KAr^poi'cri Se KtCi ypnfjifxaTea rov Kara Trpvraveiuv KdXovfitvov, o? Twv
ypufjifidTfDV T ia-TL Kv/aios, kiu to. i/'i/c^tV/xara to. yiy^o/xcj/a (ftrXdrTfi,
KILL rdWa TTcivTa avTLypdffitTai, kiu irapaKaO-qTaL ryj (SovXfj. TrpuTtpov fxkv
OVV OVTO<i TjV ^^UpOTOVqT (')<;, KILL TOIIS tl'SotOTUTOVS Kill TTltrTOTarOl'S €;^£tpord-
vovv ' KILL yap iv raZs o-Tr/Auts Trpos Tins o-t'/u.jU,a^tats kill 7r/jottviui? kul
TToAiTctais ovTo<; ai'uy pd<f>€TiU ' vvv 8e yeyovt KXyjpwTo^. KXrjpovin Se
Kai (TTL TOL'S vo/xoi.'S CTEpoi', ccj 7rapiiKd6r)TiU Trj l3orXr]. kill di'Tty/jac/>CTrxt
Kill ouTos Trai'ras. ^ttpoTOi'tt o€ kiu 6 oi//ios ypiLppuTeu Titv ni'iLyvoxTii/iivov
avTw /cat T/y fiovXtj, kill ovTO<i oi'Sei'o? €(m ki'/dios uAA' j* toO di'u'y I'tovai.
This is the fountain head of almost all our literary information
on the subject of the secretaries of the senate and people. Pol-
lux, viii, 98, has paraphrased the passage thus :
Ilepi TpilfllllLTtCOV.
TpappMTEVi 6 Kara irpvTavtLUV ' KXrjpoyOa.'; vtto t//s fiovXrj<; eVt tw ypdp.-
fxara (^vXdjTUV kill to. ij/rj(f)L<TpMTiL ' kill trepos eVi, Toi's vdpovs viro Trj<; fiov-
A^S T^eiporovoi'/xei/os. o Oe vrri) tov orjpov ntpe^tts ypiLpparf.v'i iivayiiuxTKeL
T(3 re Br'jpw kol rtj /3ovArJ.
IJepL AvTiyp(L(f)ffi>';.
'AvTLypiL(f>tv<; " irporepov /xev miptros, ilvOl'; 6t KXrjpiDTo'; rjv ' kul Trdvra dvT-
eypd(fiCTO ■n-apaKaOijii.evo^ Tij ftovXij.
Pollux is wrong" in saying that the secretar\- of the laws was
elected by show of hands. He also makes duties for two offi-
cials, the ypa/i/xareus Kara irpwaveiav and the di'TLypaffavi, out of those
given by Aristotle to the f(jrmer alone.
The following is Harpokration's ver.-ion 'f it (Dei]!, .win,
p. 238, 14. o ypafxp.iLTeh'; Trj<; fiovXri^} : — Fpa/x/aaTtus " ^y]iio<rO{vrj<i VTrep
K.Tr]crL(fiii)VTO<;. 'O ypa/x/xureus ttoJ? re KadifTTaTO kill tl iTrpiiTTtv, oj? ruiv
ypapparmv T etrrt Kvpio<; kill th ti/r;<^/.<r/xur(i ra ytvo/xei/u <f>vXdTT(.L kill to.
aAAu TrdvTiL di'Tiypd(/)£Tut kiu TrapaKiWyjTiLL Ti] fiovXij, 8(.Bi'jXo)Kti'\\pL<TTOT(Xr)<;
iv hBrfvaimv ttoXltuil .
The value of the information, added by the publication in 1.S91
of the 'Ad-qvuLoyv IToAiTctu referred to, is chiefly in that it reconciles
the statements of Pollux and Harj^oknition. It compels us to
accept the facts as given, and to apply our knowledge towards the
elucidation of the iuscriptional evidence.
We learn from Aristotle that there were three secretaries of the
senate and assembly ; we do not learn, however, the distinguish-
8
The Athenian Secretaries.
ing title of each. The ypa/i/iarei)? Kara i:pvTa.vf.uiv is, indeed, desig-
nated pretty clearly, and his duties would seemingly make his
identification easy ; but his name is not the only one coiniected
with the {l/r](t>LrrfiaTa, as will be seen shortly. The secretary for
the law.s is not given a title at all. The third secretary is simply
denoted l)y his function, z. e., to read documents to the senate and
people.
§ 3. rpa/x/Mareu9 T179 /80UX179.
In the inscriptions we find that the secretary, who publishes the
decrees of the senate and people in the earliest i)eriod, is designated
thus : in the Nom. case, 6 ypafxiMiTtv'i 6 r^s ^ov\rj<;, or 6 y/ju/x/u,aTei'9
TTJs /3ov\ri^ ; in the Gen., toC ypn/x/iAUTeajs t^s ^ouA^s ; in the Dat., tw
ypaiMfiaTtL rrj<; jSovXrj'i ; in tlie Acc, tov ypafifiaria t^s /SouA^s, never
rov y/ju/x/x(xT€u tov t^s ^ouA^s, except in a doubting suggestion by
Kirchhofl* in C. I. A iv i, 22k, 1. 7, p. 58, and in C. I. A. iv
I, ii6p, p. 68, where it has likewise been restored by the
editor. This designation appears, in the formula used to indicate
the way in which the decree was to be disposed of, in the oldest
inscriptions, and continues in use until 318-7 B. C. After this it
is never found. Between 363 B. C. and 321 B. C, the title ypajx-
/jtarevs T^s /3ouA^s is found about thirty times, and after 321 B. C,
once, in 318-7 B. C. (C. I. A. iv 2, 231b, 1. 67).
The chief business of the ypa(ifjua.Tw, seemingly, is to inscribe
the decrees of the senate and people, on stone tablets, and set
them up in the places specified. He has, further, to set up lists,
at the bidding of the .senate and assembly, — such as, the names of
allies of Athens, the text of oaths and arrangements between the
city and other states, the names of benefactors and Trpo^tvoi of the
state, and the names of generals. He has to make copies of de-
crees already in.scribed and to collate others. His duties are thus
connected with the business of the .senate and assembly in their
civil and legislative capacity. He has no legal functions of any
nature.
The formula by which his duties are normally specified, before
01. 100, is as follows : t6 St i/'T^K^tcr/Aa roSe avaypa^ai tov ypa/i/iarca
T^S /SovA^s iv (TT'qKri XiOlvt) Koi KaTadtlvai ifiwoXu.
Titles of the Pscphismata Secretary,
deed, desig-
y make his
e connected
ecretary for
ry is simply
2 senate and
lublislies the
IS designated
6 ■ypa/x/u.aTCVS
the Dat., tw
3ov/\^s, never
iggestion l^y
1 C. I. A. IV
)red by the
;d to indicate
n the oldest
After this it
le title ypa/u,-
er 321 B. C,
to inscribe
|lets, and set
set np lists,
;he names of
Ibetween the
)6ii.voi of the
ipies of de-
ies are thus
ibly in their
lions of any
^fied, before
\v ypa/x/iarta
After 350 B. C. the formula is as follows : dmypai/'ai 8c rolt t6
il/-q<f>i(TiJui Tov ypafifJLarta ■nj<: /SovA^s iv (TTr'jKr) kiOivr) Kai aTrjmu iv aKpoTroKti,
With the title ypa/x/iaTtvs t^s (3ov\rj<i tlie name of the person
holding the office is never given. In C. I. A. iv 2, 872b, 1. 7, iii,
1038, and 1045, t''^ ^^tle ypa/x/xarevs fiovKrji is in all |)robability
a shortened form of ypafiixaTiv^ rrji (3ov\rjs kuI tov 8rjfxov, —that of a
different official altogether.
§ 4. T pafifxaTevi; Kara Trpvraveiav.
But, as intimated earlier, we find an official with a different
title attending to the i/zj^e^t'o-piru, and performing duties very simi-
lar to those of the ypa/Ltuarcvs t^s (3ov\rj^. Are they two distinct
secretaries or is there only one with two titles ? First as to the
title ; — in all the inscriptions, except five, this new secretary is
designated by tlie name found in Aristotle 6 ypa/x/xuTevs 6 Kara
irpvTuivtMv. These five are : ( i) C. I. A. i, 61 r409-8 B. C. ),
(2) C. I. G. Sept., 4252 (332-1 B. C), (3) C. I. A. II, 167, 1. 31
(between 33.- ^nd 326 B. C), (4) C. I. A. iv 2, 245e, and (5)
C. I. A. r-
In C. 1. A. I, 61, we find the phrase Tov[KaTa rrpvraveiav ypap-fui]
Tt'ws T^s /SouA^s. In it [kutol TrpvTuviiav ypa/A/nu] has been restored by
Koehler. C. Schaefer has proposed the alternative, Toi{/3ucnA€ws
ju.€Ta TOV ypa/Lip.a]re(iJs T^s /3ouA^s, and this has ])een received with
favor by Sandys (Ath. Pol. 54, 3 note). In C. I. G. Sept.,
4252, the formula is complete : avaypanpai 8t toSc to iprjt^Lvpua.
iv (TTrjXrj \i6ivti Kal (TTrjma iv tw iepw tov Kdra TrpvTavciav ypafipuiTia.
In the other three in.scriptions cited, the phrase tov kutol TrpvTuvuuv
ypap.pM.Tia has been restored either in whole or part. In (2), (3),
(4), and (5), the order of the words only is reversed : no new idea
is added. Such is not the case in C. I. A. i, 61, and it is not
till 358 B. C, 50 years later, that the second reference to the
secretarj' Kara irpvTaviiav is recorded. In C. I. A. 11, 114; A.
Wilhelm, Bericht', p. 6 ; C. I. A. iii, 1030, and 1038, we have
the title ypap.p.aTiv% Kara irpvTaviiav simply ; but, as this occurs each
time in a list of the different officials of the senate, none of which
have the article its absence does not signify.
' Reprint apparently from the Silzunj^sberichte der kaiserlichen Akade-
mie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, philosopli.-hist. Klasse, dated 9th Dec,
1897.
10
The Athenian Secretaries.
The first reference to this ofiiciiil. leaving out of account C.
I. A. I, 6i, is either in 358-6 B. C. or 354-2 B. C, Here he is
called 6 y/ju/x/iaTcus o Kara jrpvTaveiav. Between the years 350 B. C.
and 320 B. C, this title is found about twenty-five times ; between
320 B. C. and 100 B. C. about one hundred times ; between 100
B. C. and the birth of Christ about fifteen times, five of them be-
ing in one inscription, and afterwards three times, once l)etween
166 A. D. and 169 A. D,, once a;; about 175 A. D. and once in the
year 209 10 A. U.
As to the duties of the ypaix(xaTC\j<; 6 Kara TrpvTaviiuv ; — in C. I. A.
I, 61, the secretary mentioned seems to have had charge of the
law of Draco concerning nuirder. At any rate, the revisers of
the laws (avaypa<i>^<: TU)v vo/Awv) are to receive the law from him,
to inscrilje it on a stone tal)let, and set it down in front of the
stoa of the king arclion.
In C. I. A. II, 61 (358-6 B. C. or 354-2 B. C ), the ypafifmreix:
Kara npvTuvuav and the other' secretaries in charge of the state doc-
uments are to arrange the treasures in the Chalkotheke according
to the nationality of the donors, to register the number, and
make transcripts of the lists so registered. When this is done,
the secretary of the senate ( ypu/x/xaTeiJs t^s fiovK^^f is to inscribe
the lists on a stone tablet and set it up in front of the Chalkotlieke.
The secretary of the senate is, further, to make transcripts
(^TTOLrjaraaOai avTiypacfm (k twv (TTrjXiov) of the inscriptions that deal
v^^ith the treasures of the Chalkotheke.
From this time on, the ypufifiartv^ kuto. irpvTaveiav appears regu-
larly with the duty of inscribing the decrees of the senate and
people on stone tablets and setting them up in specified places.
Lists also are set up by him, such as testimonials of Trpo^eviat of
persons, patents of citizenship, names of certain officials, names
of maidens who bore the peplos at the Panathenaic processions
etc.
The regular fornuila for the ordinary duties of the ypap-fxarcvi 6
Kara trpvTavtiav is : avaypd\]/ai 8c roSe to iprjipKr/xa t6v ypapLfiaTia tov
Kara TrpwTttVttav iv crTrjXr] \i6ivrj koI CTT^crai fv — .
' ol dXXoi ypafifiarfis ol ivl toU Srjfioalon ypdfjifiaffiv.
' See Gustav (xilhert in Phil. 39, i.SScj, p. 136 f. for the mention of the two
titles in the same inscription.
Titles of the Psephismata Secretary,
II
processions
Ion of the two
III direct connection with the title 6 ypafxix(iT€v<: 6 Kara irpvravtLav,
the name of the individual is found in four cases only. These
are, (i) C. I. A. ii, 114 (343-2 IJ. C). where we have the name
KAtdorpttTos Tiixoadivovi AlyiXuvq ; (2) A. Willielni, Bericht, p. 6
(335-4 B. C ), where the name ITpd^ti/os ITvAdydpou 'A;^£p8oiJo-ios is
directly given the title ypa/x/xarcus Kara irpvTavtMV ; (3) C. I. A. Ill,
1030 (between 166-7 ^- I^- ^^'^^^ 168-9 A. D.), iti whicli we
have Mouo-ttios 4>uAao-ios ; (4) C. I. A. in. 1038 (circa 175 A. D.),
in which we find EuKapTros ©ew
To sum up : we have found (i)that until the year 35S-6 B. C. or
354-2 B.C. an official called 6 ypa/x/iarevs t^s /SovA^s superintends the
publication of the i/^77</>io-/j,ara of tlie senate and assembly and does
their bidding in related matters, e.£-., in making copies of decrees
previously posted up ; (2) that, between 358-6 B. C. or 354-2 B. C.
and 318-7 B. C, either two distinct secretaries with the same
fuJictions, or one secretary with two distinct titles performs these
duties. In this latter period we find that the duties performed
bv the ypaiJ.fX.aTtv<; Trj<; (3ov\^<: and the y/aa/x/xarei's 6 Kara vpvTdveiav are
the same,' and agree in their nature with tho^^e assigned by Aris-
totle to the ypa/XjU,aT£vs 6 Kara irpvraviLav, and by Harpokration to
the ypa/x/x«T£wsT^s /JovXt}? (Dem. xviii,p. 238, 14). Neither of them
can be either of the other two secretaries mentioned in Aristotle
Ath. Pol. 54. In several'' cases the secretary is called simply
6 yp(x/x/xaTtu's, a fact which points strongly to the existence of only
one official. The formulae used to denote their duties are alike in
both cases, and undergo like changes simultaneously. There are
these reasons for considering them the same person under different
titles, and the transition stage, between 358-6 B. C. or 354-2 B. C.
and 318-7 B. C, during which the two titles are mentioned with
about equal frequency, is quite natural, if we tliink of one name
being superseded by the other, i.e.. ypafiiMircv^ t^s (SovKrj^ by
ypafXfA.aT€\}<: 6 Kara irpvTavciav.
' " Quae vero ratio adhibita sit in distribucndis dccretis, etsi in rem inqui-
sivi, perspicere non potui, licet suspiceris Athenieiises consilio potius usos
esse quam casu." — Penndorf, Leipz. Stud, xviii, p. 146.
»C. I. A. IV 2, 54b, 1. 43, 88b, 1. 14, 104a, 1. 30, 318c frg. d, 1. 21 ; 11, 39,
Add., 66b.
12
The Athenian Secretaries.
§ 5. Sp:crrtariEvS mentioned in Titles and Official
Headings of Decrees.
Ill the introductory part of the decrees passed l)y the Athenian
senate and people, the name of a secretary is mentioned, and
alon.n with it, thos.- of the tribe in the prytany when the decree
was passed, of the chairman who put the motion, of the person
who made the motion in the meeting, and, in some cases, of the
archon eponymos for the year. To some decrees, also, there is
affixed a title, usually written in large letters at the very top of
the stone. This contains, in .some cases, the names of the indi-
viduals, or states, affected by the decree, or the general sub-
ject of the decree ; in other cases, with or without this,
the name of the st-cretary, or archon, or both. The identity
of the secretary, mentioned in large letters at the top of
the decree, with the person, said in the ordinary heading
to have been secretary at the time the decree was passed, is de-
termined absolutely by the identitj- of the names in all the ordi-
nary inscriptions that contain both. C. I. A. iv 2, 5d (399-8
B. C.) will .serve to illustrate the ordinary title and heading :
1 ' ApiOTOKpaTiyS ^PX'-
2 AvfTi/xaxos KoAwj/^^ev eypafifidrtve.
3 'Apio-Tc'ov Aiyiws.
4 "YiSo^ev Tfj l3ov\rj ' IlavSiov-
5 is fTrpvTaLVCve, Avtrt/xaxos
6 iypafi/JLaiTeve, KXewr CTrecTT-
J aret ' <dv tnre ' ' Apicrre-
8 av Tov ' A)(aiov tov Aiyia di'a-
9 ypdif/ai TOV ypap.p.iiTea Trjs
10 l3ov\rj<; iv TTok^j iv (TTrjXr) \-
1 1 i6ivrj Trp6$€vov kuI evtp-
12 yirffv U.VTOV kol eKyoi/ous, d-
13 vaypanj/ai 8c avTOV tov vov.-
14 , €7r£i8»; elcri dv8-
15 pes ayaOol Trepl ttjv ttoAiv
16 TTjv ' A6r)vai(i>v
[ Title.
Official heading.
' Decree.
Names of the Psephismata Secretaries.
13
For the sake of clearness, hereafter, inscriptions consistiiiji; of
a decree of tlie senate and people passed prior to 368 IJ. C, will
be divided as above. All before cSo^evwill be called the title. All
between the title and the name of the mover of the decree will be
called the (7///r/rt/ ^^^/f//;/^, and all after the name of the mover,
the decree. In discussing decrees th;it belonj^ after 368 H. C, all
that i)recedes the decree proper will be called the preamble.
Usually near the end of the decree, e.g., in line 8 ff. of the in-
scri])tion just cited, there are given the formulae quoted above as
indicating the ordinary duties of the secretary in question. It is
in these formulae that the two different titles, ypufinnTivi Trj<; /3ouA^?
and ypufiiJinTtv<i Kara TrpvTavuav are found.
It might, I think, have been taken for granted ihat the secre-
tary, mentioned by name in the title and official heading, is the
same one whose duties are stated in the body of the dicree. The
identity of the two in the period preceding 368 B. C. has never
been disputed by anyone. Aristotle takes account of the omission
of the name of the secretary in the title under the head of
ypaixfiarevi kiito. Trpvrnvtiav, and ill C. I. A. II, II4 ail official, wliose
name appears in the preamble of two inscriptions (C I. A. iv 2,
114 b, 114c), is called ypu/i/ouiTeus Kara irpvTavuav. Ill the preamble
of C. I. A. IV 2, 128I) A, the name of the secretary may with
certaintj' be restored thus, Upo^tvo^ UvXayopov ' AxepSouVio? (see
below ^it). To this same individual, in A. Wilhelm, Hericht,
p. 6, is attached the title, ypap.fiaTev<; Kara TrpvTuvcMv (see below
§ 10). This view is made quite certain by the decrees of the
years 321-0 B. C, 320-9 B. C, and 319-8 B. C. There were
during this period two officials dealing with decrees. Both are
mentioned by name in the preaml)le. Upon one only, the
<ivaypa<^et;s, Is imposed the task of publishing the decrees. Had
the ypafjLp.aTev<i t^s j8ouA.^s, who between 358 B. C. and 318 B. C.
had frequently to publish the dt-crees, been other than the one
said in the preamble to have been secretary at the time the decree
was passed, in all reason, we should have expected to find his
name in the preamble also.
14
The Athenian Secretaries.
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Tribes in Secretaryship and Prytany Different. 19
§ 7. Rklations betwkkn Tribes in the Secretaryship
AND Tribes in the Prytaxv. Mode of Electing Secretary.
It can be seen that, at least as late as the year 368-7 B.C., the
secretary changed with the prytany. There were tluis, in all
probability, ten secretaries in the year, one from each of the ten
tribes. Moreover, the tribe of the secretary and the tribe for
which he was secretary were never the same. This is shown by
the following: ca.ses in which we know both.
TRiHics oi' SKCRirrvRncs .vnd tkihi.s I'OK WHICH thicv wi;rj-: si;crktahii;s
TAULI.ATED.
. . . . =0 -f .
QS O >-< ^ . O 00
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j;|l'' rrih of Secretary
Xaiiic and Peiiir of Secret a rv
444-31
43,1-2
■•r26-5
421-20
410-9
410-9
409-8
409-8
405-4
403-2
403-2
399-«
394-3
394-3
c- 394
3-^7-6
37'^-7
37«-7
a. 376
375-4
373-2
369-8
369-8
368-7
a- 363
1 1
Tt/xoreAr/? t\-^iLf}Vf.v<;
K/jtTtaSr/? ^atLVLOV Tet^pacrios
MtyuKAtt'dT/s AevKorouii?
ripoKAfr/s ATup/ioi,i E uoji/w/iev?
KAciyc'i'T^s AAntet's
Aioyi'r/ro9 fJ'/jtdij/uo?
ITo/\D/ii'ts Ei'(i)r)Yi,eu9
Kr](f)UTi)c})u)y Ili/.ini'teus
AyJppio? KoAAvrers
AvicrtjU.(i;(os KoAoiriJ^ev
Tribe in
Prytany
Kekro])is
Aiantis ?
Hiiipothontis
Ilil'pothontis
Aiantis
Hiiipothoiitis
Kt--kro])is
Akamantis
Kekropis
]%reciUheis
Pandionis
Pandionis
IlAaToji' NiKo;(dpoi's ©Avet's Pandionis
Akamantis ' KpuTTOKiiixTr]^ kw)(ivov KeffxtXrjOn' .Vis^eis
Krechtlieis X(i/j(.'8;;/xf)« WeoreAois- Ad/XTTTpeu's Hip])othontis
Ai^'eis lldpafxrOoq ^PiXaypov E^^^/.eus' Kekl'opis
Oineis 'A^arToreAr;? Kv(t)L\yT()v ' A^npviv<; Leoiltis
Pandionis K<i.AA(7:?tosK)/(/)(<r()f/j<7ii7-()? ITdtm/iei's Hippothontis
Hippothontis Er8/ju/j.(i)i' '.\;^e/)8oi'(rto? Pandionis
j Aiantis <i)jAaKos O1V.U05 Antiochis
( Hippothontis
Aigeis &ovBiuTr]<; A.o/itiet's Akamantis
Hippothonti-- 'E^ck . . . .ma. . . . (» 'A^r/riet'? ICrechtheis
Pandionis 'ApuTTiiJiy]^ 2ir«(/>ere<i) Ki'huBijVduvi; I/<mtis
Pandionis ^lo'irYos WttrTiov K^'^aOijiauvi Aiantis
Oineis 'Sp.iKv6o<; Xaplvov 'Ax(ipvev<: Hippothontis
I i^;. '"^'^, Olvalo, Leonti-s
( Hippothontis
I^eontis ^pvvotv AtvKovoiv; Akamantis
Antiochis Ku8r/vwp Kvl)i'ivopo<i ' A\u)-treKrj6tv Kreclitheis
Oineis
Aigeis
Leontis
Kreclitheis
f Ait^eis
( Kekropis
Kreclitheis
Aiantis
Leontis
ICrechtheis
Pandionis
Ai,i;eis
( Aij^eis
■\ Leontis
(.Antiochis
Kekrnjds
20
The Atlienian Secretaries.
There are two apparent exceptions, Vit. Ant., p. 233, 76, West-
erniaini, and C. I. A. iv 2, 73!) ; for the former see Hille, Leipz.
Stud. I, 1878, p. 213, and for the latter see Julius Penndorf, Leipz.
Stud. XVIII, 1897, jL 114, note 6.
One can lianlly believe that the lot pure and simple decided the
order of the tribes, in huldinir either one of the offices without
relation to the other ; lor, in that case, it is highly impro1)able that
no instance sh(nild have been handed down to us in which the sec-
retary belonged to the prytanizing tri))e. We are, accordingl}',
justified in suspecting that the order of the tribes in the matter of
secretary rei)resentation is determinable in terms of the order of the
tribes in the orytany.
We have direct state luenls in the inscriptions and lileralxire U)
the effect tliat the order of the triltes in the jirytany was decided
by lot. Thus in C.I. A. 11, 312. we read :
Tois Se •KfiVTo.vf.vi d\ txv [ttJ/joitoi' \6,yunji\i TrpvTavtvtiv OLOjiTut Trtpi (ivTOV
TTjv {j/rjffiov CIS [TJT/^txTTpojrr/i/ iKKXyjauii' : and in Aristotle Ath. Pol. 43 :
TrpvTai'iveL 8' ev fiipti TW' <^v\wv iKa.(TTr] KaO' o tl av \d)(W(ni', ai fxev
TrpCtTiu TeTTupe^ et; Kul TpuxKovTa rjp.ipas kKadTrj, ui hk tc ut uartpai ttcVtc
KiiL TpioLKovTa i^/jtepa? eKaaTrj .
Tliese statements, however, might l^e interpreted to mean that
the tril)e to sit first wa-^ fixed l)y lot ;ind the others followed in tlie
official order ; but an examination of the inscrij^tions shows plain-
ly enough that the tribes in the ])rytany, at least during the fifth,
fourth, third and second centuries before Christ, did not have any
relation to the official (jrder at all.
It has been conunonly believed that the order of the tril)es in the
prytany was fixed by lot at the beginning of the year. In an arti-
cle on the ' Attic Ci\il and Sacred Years,' published in the Jour-
nal of Philology for 1895-6, \'ol. 24, p. 76, T. Xicklin inciduntally
s;igs;L-sts that it may ha\e l)eeu at the end of each ]irytany that
the tribe t" sit next was determined. Tliis view I think correct
and by a compari'^on of the followiiig i)assage.s (all I can find bear-
ing on the matter) will attempt to ])rove it to be so.
C. I. A. I, 37. f)([(T€V€]yKiTw 8k TavTu €s [toi^] Srjfxov [17 Aty7;]is
7r[^jjDTa[vet']a eVaruyKts e7r€t[Sui/ ] arpn . . . f's Tptrrjv rffjitpnv
[TrpaiTJoi/ />i€T[a Ta itjpd.
Time at which Prytany teas Allotted to Tribe. 21
76, West-
lie, Leipz.
orf, Leipz.
lecided the
■es without
obable that
ich the sec-
ccordingly,
le matter of
order of the
literature to
,vas decided
1/(11 TTtpt airov
th. Pol. 43 :
{^(omi', ai ju-tf
I V(TTtpaL TTCVTC
mean that
owed in the
KAvs i)lain-
11; the fifth,
ot have any
tribes in the
In an arti-
n the Jour-
in-idt-'ntally
lylany that
link correct
n find bear-
[V Aivr;]ts
tpiT7]V i]iJ.ipav
This reading, given b\' a new fragment jniblislied by U. Koeh-
ler, in Herme.s, 1896, p. 146, removes any difficulty that might l)e
connected with the reading in the C.I A.
C.I. A. I, 40. eVeiSav €(T€A[^>; 17 7r]pi"[T<jtv]€t'(i 17 htvT[ipii\. This is a
compound decree : the .second decree was passed during the
second prytany, Kekropis, and dealt with the question transferred
to it by the first prytany. Had it not been customary for the
second prytany to be unknown during the term of office of the
first prytany, it is strange that Senrepa was not re])laced by KtK/joTrts.
That the secretary who posted up the decree felt no scrujiles in
regard to changing a matter of ])hrase()logy to suit the fashion of
the year in which he held office, nuiy be a.scerlained irom C.I. A.
IV 2, lb, in which it is to be noticed that the deme of the eVto-rttTT/s
was added to the decree bj' the secretary who had it jtosted uji ;
for in this year alone before 378-7 E C. was it customary to give
the deme of this officer. On the other hand, that the decree he
posted up was written out when passed and coi)ied when inscribed
on the stone, is clear from the same inscrii)tion ; for in it the
Hellenotamiai, although in 403-2 B C. they no lonj^cr e.\isted,
ari' required to give, indcL-d. are su])posed to ha\e given, the
mone}- to ])ay for the setting up of the stone.
C.I. A. II, 12. [SJovi/at hi T?;[i/] \p\jj(^ov Tors 7r/jVTai'ets TOv<i /xera]
[rr/vj 'Ep£^^r;/8[a TrpvTavf.vovTa^ tV tij Trpwrry eKKJAv^rrta 7r«[/jt tovtmv - - -]
C.I. A. II, 54. [eVi Trj'i ' A/ca]/X(U'Tt'So'; S£i'r£Vja[s 7rpur.ir£(.a]s. - - -
^^TpLJuKOiTTr) Trj'i 7rpi'r[ai'£tas]. - - - rijv 6i \pi](^ov hovvai 7r£p[i] hvtov
Toi's TT pvT avwi Tov<i \^iJ.(.Ta\ TtjV ' AK(i/X(ii'Tt'6a 7rp)'rai'[£u']oi'ras tr r>}]i 7r]/jo'jrr;
C.I. A. IV 2, 229c. Toi's [Se Trp^vTavw; tov^ //.era Tijy ' Ai'Tto[;^]tSa
7rpvTav(.i'0VTa<; hovvm vepl avrov tijv \lnj<^o\> tl<; t'ijv TrpuiTifV £KK/\.ry(rtav.
C.I. A. II, 243. Toi'S 6e 7r/3i'rur£ts roi's ti;i' £t(rioi'(n;.i' TvpvTavtiMv irpv-
Tavcuovras Sovi^ut rrepi avrov rrjv i/'j/<^oi' toi ^ypw tli tIjv Trpiitriji' cKKXrjcriav.
C.I. A. IV 2, 252e. [kui Sovrrii] Tripi. hvtov Tjyr {Ijij(^ov tois 7r[p]i'-
Tui/£t[s ot av Tvy;(tti/oj]tn iTpvTavtvovT(.<; /x£T[a r//Ji' 0Linj\j6a (pvXi'jv , KitTJa
TOV VOflOV.
C.I. A. II, 273. [tovs 8e TrpvTOLVtL'i tov^; t?/]i' d(nov<Tnfnrp[^x<Tavunv^
[TrpvTavtvovTa<i Sovvai T^rip.\(/rjcl>ov Tw 8>)[jU.(j £i's Tyv TrpiiiTyv fKKXrjiTuLV^.
■H
22
The Athenian Secretaries.
C.I. A. IV 2, 273c. [Trepi 8e ToJv 8o)p£uJi/ SoCrrti t^]v \\n\i^\ov Tovs]
[Trpvrdreis tous T'^i' etrrtoiJcrav 7rpujTai/[€iav TrpuTavevovTus] .
C.I. A. II, 309. To[i)s 8e TrpvTai'cis ot u.v Tuy];^ai/oKrii/ -npvTavtvovr^i.^
\hovviXi TTjv il/rjifiov TTipi T^]s 8(i)p£as eVetSai' (inKv\^pin6 rj , tltrayaytiv StJ
[ttjI' SJoKl/ittfTiaV TOV<S ^£Cr/x[o^CTaS £t1 TO TTfiUtTOV SlKaorJTypiOV KUTO, TOl/S
vd/u,o[vs].
C.I. A. II, 312. ['E]n-t AioTt'/Liou ap;^oi'Tos eVi t[:7S ITjaf vjStovt'Sos
©[(ujScKttTjyS 7r/C»)[Ta]v£(,aS - - - - . SKl/JO^O/atlJJVO? CKTEI [/U.]£T'£lK[a]8uS,
TrtfiTTTCL Kal €(i)KO(TT[e]l t^s Trpvravet'as . tov<; 6t TrpvTavtt^ di av
[vjfjCjTOv Xd)((i)<riv TrpvTuviv(.iv 8[oJi'i/at 7r£pi avTov tijv {j/rjcjiov £is [t"]^/*"
TTpiDTrjV eKK\r)(TULV.
C.I. A. II, 119. [^iTTiiif-XtiaOdi SJe aiToi' - - [roi']? 7rpi,'rat'[£is orriv£s]
[av X(ij)((i>(Tiv tt[£t oTTtus av (xvraJ (r]w7r[p]dr[rojfri ou ui' SsT^ratJ.
If we compare tliese with the fonnulae used to convey instruc-
tions to tlie proedroi, whom we know to liave been elected by lot
just bef(3re assuming office, tlie inference su.uge.sted above seems
to me to be forced upon us.
C.I. A. II, 318. [dyu^ft Ti';(£i Si8('))(9aL tij fSovXij^ tov<; irpo-
top\ov<; 01 uv Ad^wcrii' irpotSpeveLv iv Twji St//a<{)£is ttjv [cViovfruv iKKXrjCTLavj
[oTav f'tr/KJoKriv at tV tov |/[d/u,oi) rjixepai xprjfJinTuua irept toi'twi'], yviiyfirfv
06 ti'/^i[/3dAA.£frftit T^s fSovXrj'; £i? Tov 8>}/[x,o]i' oTt SoKfi T£t l3[ovXti imuvaTai]
[^Tp<'>p.j3L)^ov Kut (TT]£(^(iviiJ(rn,i )(^p\<\_(T(L (TTCt^dvo) (Itto - 8pa;^/xa)v dpeT»}]s
€V£Ka Kixi (^[iAoTt/X6as T^s £1? TOV Sijfjiov ' emtt 8]€ avTov ' A6r)v[alov Kal Toi's]
[cKydi/ovs ai'TOV kui ypdji/'afrfttt <)f)vX^[s Kal 8>//ixov Kui (^paTpia<i r;s di/ ^ouA-]
[i/TaJt KUTO. TOV vd[/j.ov, Tous 8€ 7rpTTttV£t? Soi'vat ntpl ai'JToi' Tr/i' i//^(/)[ov]
[fi? t:^v TvpMTTjV iKK\r)(Tiav, Tous 8£ ^£(r]/xo^eT[(is £t(rayay£tv avT(3 ttjv^
L8oKi|U,ao"tttV T^s 8wp£d]5 [oTav tt/jiotov .
In this resolution of the senate, it seems to me that it would be
straining the passage very much, to make tovs 7rpvTdv£is refer to
any other prytanes than those in office ;it the time.
So in C.I. A. IV 2, 231b. 'Etti KrjfjjuroSujpov u/j^oi'tos iirl [t^s • • • ]
[ Tre'JvTTTi^s vrpuTavftds, ij [Ei'JkA [^s rijv[^o8o)pov ' AAo)7r£Kj}^£]v
iypajxp,a.T(.v(.v ' noo-i8£a)vo[s] « [^t?; (ttI 8eKa, 8£VT£p](i Kal clKoaTei ttjs Trpvra-
V£i«[s] . [8or'vat Sf Tr;v t//^]</>ov toJ Siypuj Trept t^S 7roA(.T£[tus Toi's]
[TTpvTavfis t]^s n(iv8tovt8os £[i]? Ti]v irpwTrjv iKK\r][(Tiav Kara Toe] vo/xov.
Before commenting on this decree, further than to state that it
Time at ivJiich Prytany ivas Allotted to Tribe. 23
)V Kara jov%
aiul all those quoted a])ove, with the exception of C.I. A. i, 37
and 40, refer to donations of citizenship, I wish to cite (Deni.) 59,
P- 1375-
■!rpo)Tov fJifV yap ro'/xos iarl tw ^ijfiw /<«i)li£vos /jlt] i^imu iroiyjiTaiTdaL
'' hdrjvalov oV av fJ.ij St' dv&payaduiv ds tov 6rjp.ov rbv ' AdrjvauDV a$Lov >J
yivurOiU iroXLTrjv. tiruT^ iiruhav Treicrdtj 6 Brjp.o'; Kal 6a> tyjv Sotptav, oi'k ia
KvpMV ytvicrdai. rrjv Trotr^rnv, iav p.ij rfj ij^rjcjui} cis rrjv tViov'trcxj' eKK/Xr/frtaf
VTrtpc^aKi(T)(LXtoL ' Adrjviuwv ij/rf<f)i(TwvTai KpvfSh-qv ipr]4>il6p.evoL. Tois Se
TrpvTdvii<; Ki.\tv€t TiBiviu Tov<i kuSlctkov; 6 vo/xos Kal ttjv il/rj<f>ov 8i66vai
irpocnovTL t<2 Srjfiw, irpiv tous ^eVous eifrieVai khI to. yeppti avdipilv, iva
Kv/Dtos oji/ avros avTov tKacrros (TKOTT^rat Trpos (iutoi/ ovtivu p.iWei ttoXittjv
TrOLi]crt<T0at, tl a^tds icrri Tr]<; Sojpeas 6 pLiWwv Xyjij/tcrOai.
From this it is evident that ryv Tpunriv eKKkyjaiav is identical witli
Ti]v emova-ai' iKK\r](Ttav, This being the case, we have no ojUion
but to restore nai/Sioi/t'Sos in the lacun.i in the preamble of C.I.A.
IV 2, 231b; for there were still thirteen days of the prytany to
elapse, and during this period, even if no special convocaticjn of
theekklesia was held, one of the four regular meetings mentioned
by Aristotle must have taken place. Koehler, however, restores
'AKa/xavrtSos, seemiugh' for no other reason than that Ilai/Stoi/is is
mentioned farther down in the decree.
It is obvious that the meeting at which the people were to
vote by ballot must often have been held betore the term of the
prytany, in which the matter was first considered, had expired.
To cover these cases the following formula was used.
C.I.A. II, loS. [xut Sovrai Tr/r] ifnjtfiov Trepl avrov tov<; TrpvTixvWi iv
Tij [Trpu)Tr] iKKXrjCTLa J .
C.I.A. II Add., 115b. TOt'? 8c 7rp[i'T]aj'«i[s] 8ovvaL Trepl avrov TrjV
[if/^ij/ojv Tw [8]>//ix<{) £is Ti]v irpwTTjv £'KK/\[r;fr]tui'.
C.I.A. II, 154. [tov's TrpuTui'tti - - SoiTut TTtpt] al'Tov [^Trjv i//^<^ov tuJ]
[Sr/jixweis Tr]v TrpwTj^Jv €KKA>;o-[tai'].
C.I.A. II, 187. [toiis Se irpvTav^iiS r/Js 'l7r7ro6[aji/Tt8os Soitui Trcpi]
[auToC t]^[v] ijnj<f>ov CIS ■'■[^v 7rpwTr/v iKK\r}(TLav^.
C.I.A. II, 223. [Sowui - - TT/v i/o}</>ov Toiijs 7rpvTave[is - - eji? T^v
«7ri[ovcrav fKK\r)<Tiav].
24
77-!^ Athenian Secretaries.
C.I. A. II, 228. Tov<i h\i iTpvTavti<i rr}<i ^ Pi.'\vTio')(Lho<i hovviL\j. iripi avTOv\
[toj 8i;]/xa) Trjv {frrj^'ov €t[? tjjv TrpwTrjv fKK\rf\m'.av.
CI A. II, 229. [tOUS TT/JtiTttVeiS - SotVUl - TTCpi UVTwJv T^V [(//^<^0V tisj
[tt/v irpwT-qv iK^K\rj(Tiav.
C.I. A. II, 23c;. [tovs 8« 7rp]vTai/£[is t^s 'Itttto^wi'TiSos Bovvai Trepji
aiT[oS T^v (/^0ov £1? TT/i' -irptnT-qv eKKA7y]fna[i/].
It i.s iiKult: pnihablc by the preamble that Hippothoiiti.s was
fourth in tlic i)rytany in this year (334-3 B.C. ). The dating ol
C.I A. II, 739 is nUo^ether too uncertain to present anj' obstacle.
C.I. A. II, 272. Toi's 8t TrpvTdvw; rrj<i 'l7r[7ro]^o>vTi'8os Bovvat irtpX
avTov rrjv [(//]^(^oi/ rtp Srjfiw dtnrrrji' irpMr-qv eKK\r]<Ttiiv.
C.I. A. II A(hl., 273)). "oi's Sc [^Trpvrdvwi Sovvtu irtpl avrov ~rf\v
il/rj(f>ov ei[s TTjv irpwrrjv eKK\r;a"tavJ .
C.I. A. II, 320. Toi'S S[€ TrpvrdvWi toi's 7rptir]ai'£u[o]i'7as 8ov[v]a[i]
[Trjepi hvt[^ov rrjv t/^t^oi'] - - - .
C. I. A. IV 2, 366b. SoiTui 8k 7r[£pt avTov "J/v] \pi}<^ov tovs Trpuraveis
ev ret 7rpii)[r£t c'KKAr^frt'Ja.
See aKo CI. A. iV 2, 229'!, I. 15 ; II, 288, 300 ; IV 2, 300I) ; II,
31S, 361, 397, 401.
C.I. A. II, 51 might ^cem to i)resent a difficulty, but, in reality,
is strongly confirmatory. The preiiml)le runs as follows :
['Etti A]v[fn](r"parou dp'^ov'o^ (it\ [tt;? • • •] "
[ . .t8]oi; htK<i—f)<i 7r/;v-fii/£[t](ts [/)] ' K[^]»;[k .] -
[ . . . 7ra]t[ . . . <»] " A^;;i'te[i'js eypuyu,/xar£[i,'£] -
[1/ • rtoi/ TTpitihpitiv^ £[7r£]i/'>/[0i]^[£ Ei''uy]y[£/\oi; - - 'c'j
(corona) (corona)
[. . . t]8tos £nr£i' ■ Trepi utv 01 Trpcrr/iei; o[i]
[Tra/ofi] Atoi/i'[fr]iou »y'KO»'[T£]? A£'yov(ri[i'J, 8£8[o;^] -
[Bta rrf\i jiovK,] ""["]"
[oil? Sc 7r/jv'"ai£]t? ["o'*']? ["'/'> ' E]p[£;^^/y('8os ■^o^ -
\yvia 'yv \pij(i>ov Trcjpt [nvroi} .
luichtlieis in the second last line is due to Fauvel, who read p
on the stoi;e, and this is accepted by Koehler. It must be noticed
that there' is one space tuo few in the preamble to allow us to re-
store 'Y^ptxOrjl.^o'i. Nevertheless, it slnnild be restored ; for in the
[i TTtpl av'TOt J
V [i//^</)ov cis]
ythontis was
le dating ot
my obstacle.
o? Sot'vai TTCpl
ipl alrov -r)]v
vTa<; 8ot'[v]a[i]
Toi)S irpvrdvu'i
\' 2, 300I) ; II,
lut, ill reality,
()\vs :
who read p
list be noticed
How us to re-
tl ; for in the
Time at which Pry t any was Allotted to Tribe. 25
preanil)le as given in the Corpus there are l)Utthircy letters, while
in liie rest of the decree there are thirt\--one, thougli the whole
inscription is written (ttoix»?8oi/. If all the lines had an equal
number of letters, ICrechtheis would exactly fit the lacuna. Fur-
ther, the decree was pas.sed in the la.st prytany of the year. It is
clear from C.I. A 11, 312 (see p. 22) that, during this prytany, the
lot had not j'et been cast to determine the tribe to sit first in the
following year. The Pseudo-Demosthenes states that the vote
by balltjt was to be taken in regard to the donation of citizenship
at the ' coming meeting of the people.' Tiiis would be utterly
impossible were the prytanes of Erechthcis, who are required to
see that tliis is done, other than those in the prytany at the time ;
f(;r the first prytany of the following year (36S-7 B C. ) was not
Erechtheis, but Kekropis (C.I.A. 11 Add.. 52b). I, therefore,
have no hesitation in restoring 'Epe;^%i8os in the pream])le of this
decite.
Ill a decree published in Hermes, 1896, p. 138, and passed in
the prytany of Akamantis of the year 424-3 B.C., there is found
the folhnving :
[kui SoCvttt IIo]Tu/LtoS(i)paj TTti/TaKOcrtas 8p[a;^/xas SmpcLav c/c 8r]ixo(Tiov^ iirl
T^s ' AKa/AavTtSos €vt[os riiJ.tpwi', ot Be TrpvJTavets iTnp.c\r]divT(i)v
[oTTuJ? tti' trapad'^idxnv ot KojAuKjptVut " tuvtu piv Ti]p\_fiov\r)v {prj(f>L(Ta(T6<u,
iav 8e Tt Serf^TuL IIoTa/xoSojpos. rj^^ AKiip-uvrl^ npvTavtLa TTOtr/craTto] irpocroSov
utTo) ev [tjJ €KKArj(T('](i [TrpuJTOi/ p,t6' tepa].
In this inscription, although the tr'be Akamantis is in the pry-
tany at tlie time the instructions are given and are to be carried
out, it is mentioned by name, not simply referred to as " ot
irpvTavtLS."
C.I.A. I. 31 B has <&al'TOK/\e'[(^] Se TTpoauyayiv Tiv 'E[p]e;^^£tSa
7rpt'Tai'£tu[v] Trpos riv (SovXev iv T£[t] Trporet eSpai. In this there is an
additional reason for specifying the prytany by name, in that
Phantokles, whose interest was presumably in the colony which
was being .sent to Brea, would wish the tribes in the prytany at
the time he was speaking to introduce him to the senate, that the
thirty days, open for making arrangements, might not elapse be-
fore he got a chance to explain his plans.
26
The Athenian Secretaries.
It seems to me, therefore, that the speaker in the senate or
assembly did not know the name of the trilie to succeed the one
sitting in the prytan\- at the time he was speakinj^. Whenever
the name of a tribe, instructed to i)erform some duty in the future,
is mentioned, it is the name of the oik^ in office at tlie time the in-
structions are given, unless they are given during the ninth pry-
tany, when of course, the tribe to sit tenth being known, its name
might be given. In the light of these facts we must explain the
observation, that the tribe from which the secretary was chosen
was never the same as that in the ])rytruiy during his term of
office. If we look at the (piestion from the ])oint of view of the
official who drew from tlie urn the ballots, by which, in each case,
the tribe to sit in the prytany, and the lril)e to be represented in
the secretaryship next, were to be determined, we can understand
the process most clearly. Let us su])])ose Aiantis to have l)een
drawn for the first section <jf the piytany year, and one of the
other nine, say Erechtheis, for the first secretaryship. Krechtlieis
would then proceed to elect by show of hands an individual to
hold tlie office. P\)r the second jiosition in the i)rytan3' the lot
fixed upon Aigeis, let us sup[)ose. Of course, no ballot for Aian-
tis was put in the urn. The secretary f(jr Aigeis would neces-
saril}' be chosen by one of eight tribes alone, utdess we had sup-
posed Krechtlieis to have been the one drawn for the second place
in the prytain-. In this way, when the tribes for nine prytanies
and for nine secretaryships were determined, there would be left
one tribe for each office, and they must necessarily be different.
XdIc a. Ill IIk' year .}c).S-7 B.C., Ur' tribes in the ])rylany stt'in to have
been arranj^ed in the reverse of the olTicial order, — thus ( r ) *Antiochis, (2)
*Aiaiitis, (31 'Hippotliontis, (4) •'Kekro])is, 15) Oineis, (6) *Akainaiitis,
(7) Leonlis, (S) I'andionis, (9) Aigeis, (10) -I^rechtheis.
KirchholT, on acconiit of the Hke nuni1)er r)f letters in the Hues, and the
like sha])injf of the letters, is inclined to join C.I.A. iv i, 331, 4, p. 151 to
1,324. It is from I, 324 that we obtain the prytanies j^iven above without
ail asterisk. lie states that C.I.A. IV i, 321, 4, \t. 151, is prol)ably the last
portion of the accounts of the p;rechtheum superintendents for the year. In
it we have 'E7ri rijs /]Sos 5e)cciTr;[s i^pvra.vivo'ucr\\%. 'Epexf^V^Sos exactly
fits. I think that we must su])])ose that the reverse order of the tribes was
followed in this year, unicpie as it now appears to be. The prytanies, there-
fore, for the whole year have been restored as above.
Aristotle'' s Ri'fcrcticc to Secretary^ s Name in the Title. 27
s senate or
:ed the one
Whenever
1 the future,
lime the in-
e ninth pry-
,vn, its name
explain the
was chosen
his term of
view of the
u each case,
presented in
1 understand
:o have l)eeu
d one of the
Krechtlieis
ndividual to
ytany the lot
lot for Aiau-
•ould neces-
we had sup-
second place
lie prytanies
■ould be left
different.
seem to have
^iiliochis, (2)
■Akainaiilis,
lines, and the
- 4. P- '5' to
ihove without
|l)al)ly the last
I the year. In
Urjttos exactly
Ithe tribes was
kanies, there-
Tliere are several inscriptions (Ualinj.,' willi work done on tlie Ivrechthcnni,
vi/., C.I..\. I, 321, ;i22, ;,23, ;,24 ; iv i, 321, p. 74 ; iv i,.^2i.p. 14S. MichiKlis,
in Mitth. des dentsch. arch. In.st. zu .\then XIV, 1SS9, j). ^igfT., thinks thai
they all helon.i,' to ont' yiar, 409-8 B.C., and tliat they should he arranu'id
in the order C.I..\. i, 322, ,;2i ; IV 1 , 321, 1 antl 2, ]>. i.|S ; I V 1, 321 , ]>. 7 1 ; I,
324. Kirchhoff does uol venture to say whellur he is ri,t;lit or not. \\\
restorinji as above, we show clearly that Michaelis is wronj,', both in his
dis])osition of the inscriptions, and ill lioldin.i; that they all bcloni^ to oiu'
year. C.I..\. I, 322, in which Krkro])is holds the first ])rytany. and C.I..\.
I, 324, in which we make Kekro]]is llu' fourth, obviously c.innol belong to
one year. C.I..\. 1,322 is dated by the arclioii in ((19-S H.C. ; tlurel'ore,
C.I. A. f, 324 does not belonj.; to .|()9-.S H.C. It cannot tall to .110-9 IS. C,
407-6 B.C., or 406-5 B.C. on account of the arr-m.^jeiiienl of the ])rytanies in
these years, id so KirchholT's conjecture, that it belonj.;s to the year 40S-7
B.C., is coiifrnied. .\s we have seen, C.I..\. i\" i, 321, .1, ]>. 151, is likewise
.assigned to 40.S-7 B.C. ; .so that a certain de,i.;ree of order i.-, tlirown into the
fragments that deal with the erection of the ICrechlheuni.
i^S. Change from XetpoTovia to KXyjpco(TL^. Tin: Sioxi-
FICANCK Ol' TIIK vSKCKIiTAKV'S Na.M]C IX TIIIC TiTI.ICS .V.ND
Official Hhadixci.s of Di-ckkes.
Aristotle, Ath. Pol. 54, 3, says: ■n-f)i'>Ttf)0]' iikv orv ovto^ yv xupor-
ovr]T()<;, Kid toli? ci'OOvorarors khI TrurTOTaToi's i)^upoT(')V(}Vv. kill yap iv
Trtt? cTTr^Aais Trpos Taf; (rv/i/jLa^LdLt; K(ll TT/jOtCi'tuts kill ttoXltculk; oltos
dvaypdcfiiTiii. vvv 6i. yeyoi-e KAr;po)ros.
lie states that, before the principle of sortition was introduced
into the election of the secretary, the most rejiulable and trust-
worthy citizens were chosen for that office ; llie inference beiny;,
that, since ihe change to the system followed in his day took
place, the results were not ahva\s so liai)])y. Now just what
does the passat:;e mean? In outo? araypd<^€Tut the allusion is cer-
tainly to the name of the secretary, and lo nothing else. The ques-
tion has lieen raised whether Aristotle soiight proof for his conclu-
sion, as to the position in the social world occupied by the sec-
retaries in former times, from the mere ])resence of their names on
tablets of the specified character, or from the social standing of
the persons, whom such tablets show t(i have held the secretary-
ship. If the latter be true, the addition, Trpos tuTs o-v/x/xaxtui? kuI
Trpo^ei'tats kuI TroAtreiat?, is remarkable. It would indicate that the
only sources, available to Aristotle for a.scertaining who had been
a8
The Athenian Secretaries,
secretaries, were tlie slel;ii ineiiticjiied. It is iiicredihle that at
Athens no other records were kept : and, as a matter of fact, all
stelai, inscribed at the command of the senate and assembly, ir-
resi)ective of the content of the matter itiscribed, wonld have been
available to Aristotle for sncli a pnrpo^e. Therefore, we are
bonnd to fall back upon the coiiclnsiou tliat Aristotle is proving
his point by the ])resence ot the secretary's name, in documents,
in which the mere fact of its presence, demonstrated the esteem
and confidence, in which each individual secretary was held \)y
his fellow citizens ; and indeed this is the only conclu>i(>n for
which there is any warrant in the text of AristotL.
These documents are stelai on which are inscribed decrees
dealing with inlernatioiial questions ((Tvana-^ua, trpoUvua, iroXiTiua).
As has been seen above, tlure are two ])laces in decrees in wiiicli
the name of the secretary m.iy appear, the title, and the (official
heading. \11 ilecrees published I)y state authority, at all times,
contain the secretary's name in the official heatling. Therefore,
Aristotle cannot possibly have referred to the official heading.
Accordingly, without an examination of the facts, we are l)ronght
to the conclu-.ion that, in tiie decrees meant b_\' Aristotle,
the writing referred to in the ]:)hrase oStos amy/j(i(/>eT(u was
in the title. Tiie facts prove tiiis conclusion to l)e correct :
for, with only four exceptions, all the intelligible decrees with
the name of the secretary in the title, from the earliest times
until the year 356-5 B.C., deal with treaties of alliance (a-u|u,/Aa;^tai),
laudatory inscriptions in honor of states or individuals {irpo^f.viai.),
or articles of citizenship (7ro/\tT€tat). The four exceptions are,
C.I. A. IV I, 27b, p. 59; I, 58; IV I, 39a, p. 141; I, 61.
They all contain the reports of special committees that have
been nominated and instructed hy the people to perform some
specific duty. The first three deal with re-as.sessments of
tribute, and the fourth witli a revision of the laws. After 356-5
B.C., the secretary's name never appears in the title, and after
363-2 B.C., the first year in which we know that the secretary
was an annual officer, only twice, once in 359-8 B.C. (C.I. A. 11,
60), and again in 356-5 B.C. (CI. A. 11 Add., 66b). If it was
determined in 363-2 B.C., or even a few years earlier, to omit the
'<i
Sortition Supplants Popular I\lection.
29
ible that at
of fact, all
sstMn))ly, ir-
cl have l)eeti
"ore, we are
e is proving
(locnmeiits,
1 the esteem
was held by
iiclusioii for
ibecl decrees
uti, 7ro\iT«tui).
L-es in which
d the (jfTicial
at all times,
Therefore,
L-ial heading.
.■ are brought
w Aristotle,
/IjiifjitTtu was
be correct :
decrees with
arlicst times
e ((TVfXiJuix^ai),
(irpo^tvLiu),
options are,
41 ; I. 61.
that have
)erform some
iessments of
After 356-5
tie, and after
he secretary
(C.I. A. II,
If it was
, to omit the
secretary's name in the title for the future, it is hut natural that,
from force of habit, it should have been inserted in a few instances
in the years immediately following. Hence, we are justified in
holding that, when the secretary became an annual officer, some-
where between 36CS-7 15 C and 363-2 H.C., his name was dropped
in the title.
In this way we have arrived at the time, at which the secretary
was first elected by sortition instead of I)y show of hands ; for it is
evident from Aristotle that the omission of the name in the title
marks the era of the introduction of the lot. We may say, there-
fore, that, somewhere between the years 36S-7 UC. and 363-2
B.C., the secretary became an annual officer, and hence was
elected by lot according to the general practice in the case of
yearly public officers. Now just what is meant by the change
from election by show of hands to election by lot ? The only
part popular election could have played in the earlier process was
in the selection of the individufd from among his fellow tribes-
men. This seems clearly to have been what Ari.stotle meant by
XtipoTovLu After 363-2 B C. the individual and not merely the tribe
was selected by lot. This change well illustrates the idea that lay
behind the usage of sortition. This was to prevent the ablest men
in the state, the men most capable of governing, and recogin/.ed as
such, from buing chosen regidarly or frequently to fdl the ordinary
administrative positions. To effect this, as Aristotle says, ras S'
a/j;^as ras Trtpl ttjv (yKvKXiov ^LOLK-qcnv dirdcrai Troiov(n K\r)p(DTii'i . Of
course, the object aimed at was to secure the supremacy of the
deiU'is ; for the less the ])ower of the executive, the greater that
of the people. So long as the secretary was an official of the
.senate, or rather of a prytany of the senate, he was chosen by show
of hands, in all probabilitj' from among his fellow senators. Hut
when he became a state officer, to offset his increased powers the
lot was used in his election.
It seems that from the presence f)f his name in the title Aris-
totle could judge that the secretary was a man of high position in
the state. The limitations to the appearance of his name, and
the uncertainty of its appearance within these limitations, make
it difficult to .see what useful purpo.se its presence .served. It is
30
The /Ithcnian Secretaries,
noteworthy, however, that it was over stelai Trpos tu"? (n'/i/[xa;(t'ais xut
irpoiiviui^ Kid irokiTiiius that anaglyphs were phiced, and observation
shows tliat, where tliere is an anaglyph, there is nsnally fonnd a
title with the secretary's ntinie in it. I'lirther. the secretary's name
in the title is almost always written ont in fnll in large-sized letters,
the deme name being rarely <iniitted. All these facts seem to me
to indicate that the jiresence of the secretary's name in the title is
due eJitirely to motives of ostentation.
The i)resence of the secretary's name in the official heading has
been thought by some to have been, in the filth century, a means
of dating the decree. I can find no proof for this view. It is
true th.'it the secretary's name is invariably present in the official
heading of decrees, and the archon's usually absent. It is true,
also, that with the archon's name in the jniblic accounts is joined
the name of the secretary for the first prylany of the year. The
only bearing, if any, whieli the latter fact has is upon the much
vexed cpieslion of the sacred and civil years. The oidy conclu-
sion that the former yields is that the fifth century inscriptions
were not, as a rule, dated at all. It is true that, in one case,
^iiyy/xK/xti' are cited i)y the name of a .secretary (C.I. A. i, 31, 1. r6).
That this is the y/jn/i/AuTeii? tt}s /3oi»A^s is not certain. The ^vyy fxiffttis
themselves may have had a secretary. It is equally true that
{j/rjffiuTfiaTa are never cited by tiie name of the secretary, but by
the name of the mover or arcliou. It does not appear likel}' that
we are to recognize a difference, in the significance of the pre.sence
of the secretary's name in the official heading, as between the
fifth century, and those following. This being the case, the fact
that decrees, jiublished by private individuals or associations,
bear the archon's name, but lack the secretary's, seems to show
that the secretarj-'s name in the official heading distinguishes the
official publication.' An examination of the inscriptions shows
that no decree, ordered to be set up by the state and of which we
possess the official copy, lacks the name of the .secretary. On the
other hand, if the inscription be copied from an officially pub-
lished decree and set up by a private individual, or .set up by a
• Hartcl in hi.s Studien seems to nie to have proved this point conchisivelj-.
Duties of the Psi'phismata Secretary.
31
ibservatiou
lly foimd a
ary'rt name
v.fd IcUers.
sfcm to nie
the title is
leading has
ry, a means
t'iew. It is
1 the official
It is true,
iits is joined
year. The
)n the much
:)nly conclu-
inscriptions
in one case,
le ^Dyy/j(A</)£i«
ly true that
tary, but by
r likely that
the jiresence
)et\veen the
ase, the fact
associations,
leuis to show
iiKuishes the
ptions shows
of which we
:iry. On the
fficially pub-
r set up by a
private individual from the unpublished state copy kept in the
Metroon, it always lacks the secretary's name.
To certify that an inscrii)lion has been published by state
authority is, therefore, the prime reiisou for the ])resence of the
secret'iry's name in the oflkial headings of inscriptions. As w
secondary rea.son, is the guarantee, thereby given, that ihe pub-
lished copy is word for word as the resolution passed by the state
assemblies.
The ide;i might be obtained, from the great frecpiency with
which the .secretary's name is connected with the publication of
decrees, that that was his sole or most important duly. Such is
not the case. According to Aristotle the y/xi/x/xuTtrs kutu Tr^jiTumai/
jZiv ypniJLfidTwv fiTTL KvpLos, KUL Tu xpi^f^UrfiaTa T<\ yiyiofuvn <j>v\dTTii kui
TuAAit travTu avTLyi}d(i)iT(u, That is to Say, the duties of the .secre-
tary cojisisted, for the most part, in receiving, keei)ing, and check-
ing off with the original copies, the state decrees, which, unless
otherwise specifically disposed of, were stored in the Metroon
(C.I. A. IV 2, 45^1), 1. iGfT.j. If any were to be published, he
was the official to have it done.
It conclusively.
32
The Athenian Secretaries.
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34
The Athenian Secretaries.
% lo. Official Order of the Tribes in the Secretary-
ship DURING THE Fourth Century B.C.
It has long been known that, in some year between 36S-7 B.C.
and 363-2 B.C., the secretary mentioned in the preamble of the
decrees, in place of changing with each prytany, came to hold
office for the whole year. The exact year of Ihe change has not
been definitely established, nor can it be, until more inscriptions
of this period have been discovered.
In the list given above, the first point to 1)e observed is that, in
a period of ten years, one secretary- from each of the ten tribes
holds office. This is all but demonstrably true of the period 362-1
to 353-2 B.C. inclusive. It is certainly true of the ten j-ears
342-1 to 343-2 B.C. inclusive, and of the two ten year periods
that follow. The second, and more important point to be noticed,
is that, for the thirty years 352-1 to 323-2 B.C. inclusive, the
tribes, from which the secretaries are selected, follow one another
in the official order. This recpiires no demonstration : it can be
seen at a L',lance. The official order of the tribes has l)een well
known heretofore ; 1)ut it has always Ijecn looked upon as a pure-
ly descriptive thing : it has never been known to have had any-
thing to do with an annual office. If there were ten men in a
board, their names, if published, were seen to be frequently ar-
ranged in the official order of their tribes. But that the official
order was anything more than a kind of alphabetical method of
arranging names, has now for the first time been demonstrated.
In the year 322-1 B.C. a new ten years period was begun in the
usual way, with a secretarj' from the tril)e Krechtheis, but on the
20th of Boedromion the r,aniian war was ended by a Macedonian
garrison entering Mounychia. We have evidence that the demo-
cratic metlujcl of i^rocedure was not at once thrown aside. During
the whole of this archon-year, the demos as usual attended to the
pul)lic l)usiness, and the secretary' contiiuied to publish the de-
crees. It is most likeh' that it was at the beginning of the year
321-20 B.C. that the democratic forms were abolished, the twelve
thousand of the poorer citizens disfranchised, an oligarchic timoc-
'C.I.A. II, 1S5, 1S6, lS,S.
One Psephismata Secretary and One Only.
35
CRETARY-
rac}' established, and a fundamental chaiii^e made in the branch
of the service to which the secretary' belonged.
This much said, it merely remains to make some simple re-
marks on the list _i;iveii above, and to substantiate the restorations
suggested, In tlie first place it is shown beyond the shadow ui a
doubt that the view taken earlier in regard to the number of the
officials de.'ding with the publication of the decrees is correct.
Before 363 B.C., there is absolutel^^ no evidence to show that
there existed, at any one time, more than one secretary with this
dul>-. Between 363-2 B.C. and 322-1 ]}.C., there is only one
secretary mentioned in the formulae of the decrees ; he holds oflTice
f )r a year, and has two titles, ypufifjiaTtv^ t^s /3ouA»5s, and ypu/X|auT£i)s
Kara irpvTaveiav. The second is a new title which gradually dis-
places the first. This is incontestible ; for it is certain that the
person whose duty is specified in the decree, is identical with the
one, wliose name is given in the preamble of the decree ; and the
person, named in the preamble of a decree, and in the same decree
given the title ypa/x/naTeus t^s /iovA^?, is shown 1)\' his tribe to be a
member of the same system of tribe rotation as the person named
in the preamble of another decree, and in the same decree given
the title ypafiixarev'; Kara rrpvTaveiav. The secretaries follow one
another in the official order of the tribes they represent whether
they are called y/3u/x/X(xr£ts ttjs /iouAr}?, or ypa/x/xdrcts Kara TrpvTuvetdV .
Indeed, the same conclusion seems to be forced upon us by what
Aristotle' says of the ypa/x/iurei's Kara irpvTvvetav ; for, manifesth',
' Tliose who tiiaiiitaiii that ypa/jLixaTevs rijs ^ov\tjs and ypafj./j.are{>^ KarcL
■n-pvravelav denote different ]jersons ai\' obliLjed to assume a m'stake on the
part of .Vristotle. Tlius Caillenier, Dareniberii et Saj^lio 11, p. 161.S, say.s :
Pour le 7pa/x;uaT6i>r Kara TrpuTaveiav, il y a iiiuins de difficultes, hien (|u' il
soit a peu ])re,s certain ])onr nous (pi' .Vristote a]i]ilicpie a ce secretaire des
observations cpii ne sont vraies (pie ])our le 7pa/UjuaT6i/s rrjs liovXrji (hi v'' siecle.
C'e.st (le ce dernier seul qu" on ])eut dire (pi' il a C-l^ autrefois elu et (pie
r election ])ortait sur les citoye'.,-. Ks ])lus ilhistres el les ])lus di.s^nies de con-
fiance. Le ypafxixarevs Kara TrpvTaveiav a toujours (jle liv6 an sort parini les
])rytanes.
vSo Penndorf, Leipz. Stud, xviii, p. I35f., from another ]ioint of view ar-
gues : lam quaeras, c|ui fiat, ut .Vristoteles eum ( i.i\, ypaufxaria t^s jiovXrji)
neglexerit. Ac jirimum quidem id dubium esse iiequit, (piin revera ad
ypaixnaria rrjs jiovX^s fere vocatum .spectent ilia verl)a, de (piihus modo
36
TJic AtJtcnian Secretaries.
the secretary wlio in Aristotle's daj' was kA7;/-jwtos was in earlier
times xe'/JOTovi/ro's, while it is universally held that the secretary
j(£iporovT;Tos was the ypa/A/xaTet's t>}s /iJovA^s, the onl\- one of this
character tliat existed in former times. The title y/ja/i.ju,ar£vs kutoi
irpvTavdav I take to mean, the 'secretary wlio held office ])rylany
after prytany', i.e., ' for a seriesof prytanies ', and cite, in support
of this interpretation of kuto. TrfiVTavetav, the common phrases kuO'
rffiipav, ' d.ay after day', 'day by day', 'daily', and Kara /x^i/a
' month after month '.
There was no i)ossil)ility of there existing al Athens such a
thing as a professional class of secretaries ; for no individual could
hold the office more than twice in a period of twent\' years, and,
as a matter of fact, in the whole period of Athenian history, there
is not a singh-' instance of the same person holding the ofllcc a
second time.
As to the body from which the secretary was elected by lot (vDv
8c yiyove KXr)pu}T(')<;) : — in the year 341-0 B.C., the .secretary for the
year was ' Oi'7/(ri7r7ros 'Apa^vywos (C.I. A. 11, 1 16), of the tribe Aigeis.
Now, as it happens, we have a list of the senators of the tribe
Aigeis for that year (Dittenberger, Sylloge 334 A ; Bidl v, p.
36ifF.), and ' Oi/r/crtTTTros ' Apa<^r/i/tos is not among the number. Un-
eginius : jiriorc^ actalc illuslris.siinos ac fuklis.'^iiiios lioiiiiiies scrihas esse
creates. Sed velitn ea acriter attendas. Disserens eiiini de scriba kotA
irpvTavelav, (|ui tunc erat, tradil haec ; wpbTepov /xev oi'tos ^v x^i-Potopt]t6s —
vvv 8i yiyovt kXtj^wtAs. Habi'i i,<iilur priorriii sc/iaZ/tx sm'/xvii, qui sane
siriDiJmii prvlijuiaiii miitabatiir, rodriii loco ac postcriorcin Kara irpvTavtlav
scrihaiii, />!thliciiiii, soiic tfiriitiii. Idem maiiifesUnn 111 his: nal yap iv Tah
oTT^Xais - - OI'TOS avaypdcptra'. • scilicet ill ])raescri])tis (lecrclonini exaratiir
ypap./j.aTtiis 6 Kara TTpvTa>irlav oliiii seiiatorius liiiii ])iihlicus. Arisloleles
auteiii utruiiKjue jjrorsiis ae(|uat, nisi cjuod umun si.ijiiificat discriiiieii :
quondam creationem in usu fuis.se, jxjstea sortitionem. Receiiset eiiim ilium
suo iure inter apxo-% KKripo3Td%. Cum auteni (le])iiigendam sibi ])n)])osuent
eam rerum jiuhlicaium t'ormam, (juae ah luiclide restituta in jiosterum vij^ehat,
dii^num hahet adnotatu, (jiiae res liac aetate novatae sint ; 1. 1 fuit ille scriha
vel ]iost luiclidem per aliquantum tem])us x^'poroi'i'^i crealus. Necjue vero
meminit rei multo j^ravioris : scrihas ])i-i(ire aetate revera cjuaqtie jirytania
mutatos fuisse senatores, postcriore autem niaj^nstratus jnihlicos et aiinuos.
Iiiiiiio ditohiis i>ciu'i-ihiis non distinct is tiiiaiii quasi coiititiuam corn in propa-
gationcin statnit. lam fieri 11011 potest, ut siniul disserat jjristiiium seiiatus
scribam etiamtum exstare iuxta ypaixp.aT^a rbv Kara. Trpvravelav.
Officers of the Senate.
11
.s ill earlier
le secretary
)ne of this
fifiaTCv^ Kara
ce prylaiiy
, in supi>ort
ihrases khO'
[\ Kara ixijva
lens such a
ndual could
years, and,
i story, there
the office a
d by lot {vvv
etary for the
tribe Aigeis.
of the tribe
Bull V, p.
niiier. Un-
scrilias esse
scriha kcltcl
XeipoTovr^rdi —
r///, (/id saiw
LToi wpvravelav
^ai yap iv rah
■\\\\\ cN'aralur
Aristolcles
I (liscriincn :
(.1 cniiii illinu
li pro])i)suei'il
•ruin visj;el)al,
nil ille scriba
Xociue voro
(jiR' pryUiuia
los el aiimios.
\'oniiii firopa-
iiuin seiialus
fortunately for the settlement of the question, there are inscribed
on the stone the names of forty-nine senators only. (See E.
Goliob, Wiener Studien iii, p. 2i)9ff. ). There is left the pos-
sibilit}' that the fiftieth was the secretary for the year ; but, as
the name was lacking on the stone when set up, it seems to me
very unlikely that one of the officers for the year would be passed
by intentionally. I, therefore, hold that the .secretary was not a
senator, but was elected by lot from among the other members of
the tribe.
Two lists of the officers of the senate may here be considered.
(i) C.I. A. II, [14(343-2 B.C).
[ypa/u,/[xuT]€[u]s Kara 7r[pvTu]v€tai'
KXeoo-rpaTOS Ti/xofr^cVovs AiyiAtcus
CTTt Ta ll/rj(f>UTfJUlT(l'
Ar//J.o<^tAos llavTuXeovTO^ ' Ay f^vXyOev
€7rt TO OeWfHKOV '
K.rj(f}t(TO(ji(i)v K£<^rtXt'o)i'os 'At/nSvaios
fiov\.T]<i Tajxuu
'Avtik\^s ' ApuTTOKimTov^ Kvoa6r]Vtuev^
A/so/LiOKAetS^/s &pa(jvfj.y8ovs 'Ayvovcrio^,
(2) A. Willicliii, Ik-richt, p. 6 f. (335-4 B.C.)
ypafjifiuTtv; Kara Trfn'Tavuuv '
TIp6$cvoi TlvXayopov ' A)(^ep8ovcno^
ypap.p.iiTev<; tw Sy/xio
avaypacf)€v<; '
iirl TO. il'r]4>urp(t.T(t.' '
avTiyp(i(f}tv<; '
Tu/ut'as Trj fiovXij '
Ta/xtus Twv ets to avaBijpa '
KTJpv^.
It must be noted that they aie ofhcers of the senate as a whole,
not of a particular prytany, and, therefore, hold office for a year,
riie ypafifjuiTCv^ Kara. TrpvTaveuiv, KXeooT/jaTos TipocrOeiov; AiytA.t£i;s, is
found in the preamble of two decrees of the year 343-2 B.C.,
C.I. A. IV 2, 114b and 114c, and n^o'^ei/os IIvAayd^jou 'Axe^jSoro-iosmay
be restored in the preamble of C.I. A. IV2, 128b, 1. 2 (335-4 B.C.).
38
The Athenian Secretaries.
The official Wi to. {l/r]<f)L(rixaT<i has been usually identified with the
y/3a/i/i,aT£iJs rrj^ /SouAiys. Tliis is clearly impossible. There is no
reason (or thinkini,^ him a secretary at all, anymore than the
officer cTTt TO OoofHKov, who does not appear in the later list. This
office was probaldy abolished in 339 B.C., when the theoric was
converted into a military fund.
^s II. Rkstorations.
360-9 H.C. Tile editor of C. I. A. ii states that <PnvTOK\[rj<;'] must
iKdong to either 360-9 B.C. or 359-8 B.C. This being the case,
he must belony to 360-9 B.C.
359-.S B.C. Ket/ndSr;?, restored from C.I. A. ii, 672 and 996
(the _ V?- ugly written [Klpi(TL']^<; ) , in both of which a man named
^/x»'
•nie:; '"rom this deme, exactly fills the lacuna.
36^~1 ■>'5C. Tl"'re is no reason why ['Ie]poK-[A£t']8r;s [ ]
^0
[A-H]7rrp[£usj '." I A. II Add., 82b) should not be assigned to this
3'ear. "'."■■'} .'■(, ■ ■,[,■ of C.I.-V. 11 Add., 82b begins ['Etti ]
[ d/jxj'jv-oi. '„ '.:i arclion for 358-7 B.C., written thus,
Krjcjua-oSuTo, exactly fills the lacuna.
356-5 B.C. [lli^Jtu's : I have accepted the conjecture of Eustra-
tiadis (C.I. A. 11 Add., 661). frg. A & B., editor's note). The
father's name might be filled out thus, Avm/iaxov.
352-1 B.C. C.I. A. II, io5has[K]aAAta8//s'; Koehler assigns it pos-
itivel}' to 01. 107, and picks out ©I'cAAos, the name of the archon
for 351-0 B.C.. as the name l)esl suited to the lacuna. C.I.A. ll
Add., 105I), has KaAAid(5>;s Evmlyviid"; iypafifiajrcve, and is dated
thus : ['Etti Ji « ? ) d/JX"i'ros. Koehler remarks, " s/id-
jcci hacc titulo loj^, (juia facile aliqids aniiniim induccrc possit
utrumquc fragment tun ad enndeni annum referendum esse. Milii
quideni idonea causa cur sic statuatur non esse videtur.'' If with
so considerable a discrepancy between the number of letters in
©I'e'AAou (written perhaps ©dc'AAo) and [ ]s, one might take
them to belong to the same year, it ma^ be pardonable, perhaps,
to restore ' ApterroSr/wo, which exactly fills the lacuna in C.I.A. 11
Add., 105b and is no worse in C.I.A. 11, 105, than ©vc'AAo is in
C.I.A. II Add., 105b. Aristodemos was archon in 352-1 B.C.,
and a secretar}' from Erechtheis was due to this year.
%
Restorations.
39
346-5 B.C. Peiiiulorf, Tvcip/. Sliul. 1S97, ]>. 197 puts CI. A.
II, 75 and C.I. A. iv 2, i loc together, and completes the secre-
tary's name as above.
344-3 B.C. Koehler dates C.I. A. 11, iii in some year between
34S-7 B.C. and 336-5 B.C. Excepting the year 34S-7 B.C. itself,
344-3 B.C. is the only one available within this period, the name
of the archon for which fits the laciuia.
340-9 B.C. I have added a deme to the name of the secretary
given in C.I. A 11, 117 from C.I A. ir, Sogc, 1. 71 (^325-4 B.C.), in
which a person named AT^/ioo-TpaTos ' kiririrov Kvdr'ij}l)H)%, whom I
take to l)e a son of the secretary for 340-9 B.C., is mentioned.
The father's name is a pure conjecture.
33S-7 B.C. In C.I. A. II, 121, is mentioned a secretary named
't>t[At]7r7ras 'Arritj!) In C.I.A. 130, the following
.secretary is given, - - EtJTeiuos. The latter inscription is dated hy
Koehler in .some year between 356-5 B.C. and 336-5 B.C. (C.I.A.
II. p. 58). The deme EiVeaios belongs to the tribe Akamantis.
During this period there are onlv two years to which it could be
ascribed, viz., 348-7 B.C., and 338-7 B.C. I lia\-e placed it in
338-7 H.C., becau,se, after restoring the common name, Antiphon,
for the father of the secretary, EtVeaTos e.vactly fills the remaining
space.
336-5 B.C. s.vTTf.Ttauiv is the only deme of the tribe Kekropis
that fills the lacuna in C.I.A. iv 2, 128c. The name of the sec-
retary's father [.M£/\r/(r]a^S/joi' I have restored from C.I.A. 11, 943,
in which the name MeA»/(mv8pos z.vTTf.TiUMv occurs anioug th'- Statrvyrat'
for 325-4 B.C. As the 8tair»jTut were all sixty \ears of age, it is
not at all unlikely that he had a son old enough to be secretary
in 336-5 B.C.
335-4 B.C. The secretary's name is given thus : ITpd^ci/os
[II ] I have fillel up the lacuna from
C.I.A. II Nov. Add., 5^7!) (2S7-6 B.C.). In this inscription a
man named Ilpo^tfos \\v\ay6pov 'A;^£/jSoi'(rios inakis the motion.
He may have been the same person or perhaps his grandson. The
name fits the lacuna exactl}-. (Since writing the above, an in-
scription has been decii)liered by A. Wilhelm, (.see above p. 37)
which contains the name as restored, with the title ypafjLfjLaTtv<s kuto.
TvpvTuvciav. )
40
The Athenian Secretaries,
334-3 B.C. Ill C.I. A. II, 230, we have Mvr;fn'<^t\os Mi'>;o-ojv[os]
[ s] €ypi/a/xaT£)'£. Ill 334-3 B.C., Aiaiitis luusl have furnished
the sccrelai"}', and, of the tribe Aiantis, there are onl\' two denies,
'S\t\tlnZy\<i and fI>uA?;/j£t'i;, that fill the lacuna exacth-.
331-0 B.C. In C.I. A. IV 2, 115I), a man from Kollytos is said
to have 1)een secretary. Koehler dales the inscription in 342-1
B.C. The decree refers to the reception accorded certain ambas-
.sadors from Athens at Ejiidaninos and Apollonia, and commends
the jj[Ood-will shown them by two citizens, one of Hpidamiio.s,
and the other of Apollonia. The motion is made by a man named
noA.i'£xtKT[os 2<^r;r]T(.os. In 343-2 li.C, a man named
IIoAi'tuKTos is known to have accomi)aiiied Demosthenes on an
embassy to the Peloponnese and Acarnania. Koehler assumes that
this is the emliassy referred to, and dates the inscription in 342-1
B.C., because the denie of the secretary will not allow him to
place it in 343-2 B.C. The deiiie of the secretary, in the light of
present knowledge, ns little allows il to belong to 342-1 li.C. It
must ])elong to either 35i-<J I>.C. or 331-0 B.C., and from the fact
that 111 the preamble we find IkkXiytUi kv Aioi'L'aov, it must be dated in
331-0 B.C. ; for this part of the preamble is ibnnd in no other de-
cree before 33S B.C., and is just as much an anachronism in the
year a.ssigned b\- Koehler as it wouhl be in 351-0 B.C.
328-7 15. C. liy assigning C.I. A. 11, 236, and C.I. A. iv 2, 178b,
to the same year, the archon and the name of the secretary may
be restoreti in the former, and the denie of the secretary in the
latter.' In both decrees the restorations suit the lacunae.
i^ 12. The Fifteen Year,s of Coxeu.sion between 322-1
B.C. AND 307-6 B.C.
At the beginning of the vear
■i-o B.C., if not
earlier, an
oligarchic form of government had replaced the democrac}'.
Simultaneousl}' with this revolution came changes in the disposal
)f th
tlu
itl
le decrees ilie greatly (nminisned demos passed.
In the year 335-4 li.C, and a;.;ain in some sub.iecjuent year, we
know of the existence of an official called 6 dvuypac^eJs. Of his
'This restoration was su.tfgested to tiie by Mr. C. O. Harris, A.B., of Cor-
nell University.
■)
The Rci^istrar Supplants f/w Secretary
1 1
duties we are told only that tliej* were iirLfxiXurdai t?i<; 'ivayim(^?)'i r'ny-
yixtfifMTMv. No such title beinj^ found in Aristotle's IloAtTtta, it
has l)cen commonly held that the t)ffice did not c«)nie into exist-
ence till after 325 B.C. This view has been jiositively disproved
l)v the list of " Milelu'cier des Rat/ws
t^iveii ai)ove (p. 3;
The fact that he is not mentioned by Aristotle indicates one of
two thin*^s, eitlier that his duties were of ver\- little iinportance,
r that he was not a permanent official. His appearance in
or
.i.i.-^
-4
H.C.. and a^ain fifteen years later, precludes the latter alternative.
When the state of affairs at Athens was normal, the official who
attended to the registration of state documents woulil have had
ceremonial rather than actual duties to perform. It was not an
unusual thini; at Athens to appoint an individual or committee to
attend to the codification of the laws. The dmypaf^cis tu>v rofjLwv,
accused by Lysias' client in speech xxx, assumed importance only
through the disorganization that attended the last years of the
Peloponnesian War, and the overthrow of the democracy. vSo it
was with the avaypucjievi; tCov ypaixfidnov. Before the Laiiiiaii War,
he was probable a subordinate to the yfjufifiartv^ Kara TTfn'Tni'ti'av and
did clerical work in the Metroon. The oflicial eVi ra i/'r/^tV/xaTu
was in all likelihood his colleague. Both are probablj- included
among the aAA.01 y/ja/x/xarew ot iwl T0T5 8r)Hoaioi'; ypdiifjuunv mentif)lied
in C.I. A. II, 61. The i-eorgani/.:ition of the st;ite in the form of
an oligarclu' brought about a reversal in the positions of the
avaypa^ivs and the ypa/x/xuTei's KaTa.iTpvTavt.Lav. Henceforth, the sec-
retar}' was to be a prytany official — a member of the presiding
prytany most probal)ly. The registrar took fi-om him the duty of
l)ublishing the decrees of the .sena';^' and assembly. This is
clearly indicated by the pre.sence of the name and title of the
registrar in the preamble of the decrees, along with, and taking
precedence over, the name of the secretary, and more clearly still
by the fact that in the decree itself the umyp(i(/)£i'?, not the
ypap.fiaTev<s as heretofore, is instructed to attend to the jiublication.
The avaypa4>iv<; was ill the past an otTicer of the .senate as a
whole and therefore annual. He remained still an annual officer,
and for the three years of the oligarchy we possess the names of
the three registrars.
42
Tlu' Alhiiiia)! Secretaries.
Year
n.c.
.Wiii/r (Dill /hiiir (>/' /\'/[l; /\/rirr
/\'f/i'iriici\s
Trihc of
Rcjiislrar
321-0 (")/j(t(n'KA.r}s" NnvfriK^'aroi's- W/jidmos I\' 2, 229!) 1 1 , 234. Oiucis
320-() ' A/)X''^'«"s" Ni'iiK/j(.'roii A«/(7rr[pti'J>; IV 2, I92I), 1920. iClVclltheis
319-S 'Ettikoi'/joi; toD (rt'oii II Add . , 29(;l). IV
2, 299c
During Ibis iiciiod, Uic y/juz-t/taTer? kutu TT^juTfU'eia;/ was a ])r\iaiiy
ofTicrr. TIr'IV \v(-'ie, iherefoiv, lliirlv of them duriuL; the three
years. Ol" thc<c only the fnllowiiii; rcinain :
n.i
car
.Willie and nciiw of
Sccirlarv
Rrfciriicc:
7'ri/ii'(f Trihc /
Secretary
I'rvh
It
yia iiv
321-0 '
320-9 &ti)nfx.ivr)<; K7j(f>i.(Ti.ev<: IV 2, 192C. iCrechtluMS I'Ireclitheis
320-9 [Nt]Ko6r//i.()s- 'Am- II, 191, 192. I\' Aiiliocliis Aiitiochis
[f^jAi;[(r]Ttos
2, I92I).
319-
Tlie secretary ai^aiii changed with the ])rytany, but, unlike the
secretary before 363-2 15. C, l)el()nged to tlie tribe in the prytany.
Upon the restoration of the democracy at the end of Gamelion
or the beginning of Anthesterion of the year 319-S B.C., the old
order of things was re-established. The flmy/aa</>eJs, however, is
never found afterwards, and, as he would undoubtedly have been
mentioned among the duriTot had he been in existence, the infer-
ence is that the irate demos abolished the office altogether. The
secretary again assumed the duty of publishing tlu? decrees CC.I. A.
IV 2. 231b, 1. 67. )
We know that it was upon the death of rVntipatros that Poly-
sperchon had the democracy re-established at Athens, and that
Demetrios of Phaleron was one of the members of Pliokion's
part}', who escaped their leader's fate by going into exile on this
occasion. How long the demos controlled is uncertain : Init we are
informed that it was in the year 317 B.C., atsome time later than
the first of the month of Poseideon (Dec. -Jan.), that Kassandros,
whose officer, Nikanor, had all the time held the Peiraeus, bade
the Athenians receive back Demetrios of Phaleron as eVio-TaTT/s or
Trpo(TTdT7]<i Tov Br'jfiov. Demetrios is said to have preserved the forms
I
.'
Scent arics Under Dcnictrios of P/ia/cron.
43
'/'rihr of
h'lXistnir
Oiiicis
iMxclilhcis
, a pry I any
>■ the lluce
nilw ill
/'/■y/ii iiv
1 iMcrlitlieis
AnUt)chis
, unlike the
lie prytany.
f Ganieliou
.C, the old
however, is
have been
, the infer-
ther. The
eesCC.I.A.
that Poly-
Is, and that
Phokion's
lile on this
but we are
later than
lassandros,
laeus, bade
iTrifrTaTr/s or
ll the forms
of the democracy in their entirety. Whether the y/xi/t/iuTci'; kuto
TTiiVTiiviidv was a.i;aiii elio><eu iVoiu the tribes in the ulTuial order
cainiot be decided. It seems probable that he was not ; for duiinjj
the four years that immediately follow the exjudsion of Deme-
trios, at the end of 30S-7 H.C., an oflleiid oriler of the tribes of
the secretaries cannot be made out. The fcdlowinj^ is the list of
secretaries for the period 31S-7 to 307-6 B.C. :
.Wniit' and Prinr of Secretary
(')ei}(Tnnros 'I;r7ro[ t] vs
KA£iy[€V7;s — —
- - A]a/A7r[Tp£iJ?]
- — — fti'?
- - o)i'os ' KAev'rtV[io?]
- ('J8r;i> N[(t..,]os t —
- a(f]aro7roi'[7roJi) Iiro]Ttt[/i.tos] ? II, J3S
- -o]s 'Fa/i,i'0)'mo[sJ
A'<'/rrf)KYS
IV 2, 231b,
1. ,^,6
n, S35.
II, 222.
II, 230.
II. 231.
II, 231.
A/jurr.
o]v's Wo/Jtl[t£lJs]
OS
II, 244. Hermes X\', p. 34-^.
ir. 245-
IV 2, 245I).
IV 2, 24 sd.
The first secretary in the list Ijelonj^s to the year 318-7 V>.C
Unfortiniately his deme name is incomplete. To no one of the
others can the \ ear be assi*;ned.
Ill the year 308-7 B.C., Demetrios Poliorketes got possession of
the Peiraeus ami Demetrios of Phaleroii fled from Athens. It
wiis not till the year 307-6 I>.C., however, that MounycJiia was
taken and handed over to the Athenians and full liberty restored
to the 8r;/xos. Out of gratitude to their deliverer, the Athenians
added the two tribes, Antigonis and Demetrias, to the original
number, and gave them the first and second places, respectivel}',
in the official order. In 307-6 B.C., they for the first time had
their representatives in the state offices. To llieni were assigned
denies drawn t'rom the old tribes. The names of all these re-
allotted denies have not yet been agreed U]K)n. Certain of them'
have, however, and of these alone I i)urpo.se to make use in the
investigations which follow.
' Mr. V. O. Bales, Fellow (if Cornell rniversity, in his inaii,i^nr;il disserta-
tion, "The I^'ive I'ost-Kleistheneaii Trihes," has jjresented the most ex-
haustive treattnent on the distribution of these deine.s.
44
The Athenian Secretaries,
§ 13. Oi'i'iciAL Okdhk ok thk Tkiiu'S in thk vSi;cki:taky-
siiii' DiTRiNd Tiiiv Last Tukkj-: Ckntukikh uici'Okk Ciikist.
Willi Ihf year 2()'^-2 15. C, llie list of ei^m villous nrclioiis ^^ivcn
by Dioiiysius of llalicaniassiis ends. Diodonis .Siculus carries us
only tlirouj^li tli'j year 302-1 H.C., and the newly discovered frag-
ini-iit of the 'Parian Chronicle fails us at jnactically the same
time ; so that from the year 293-2 H.C. on, we have to C( ct
an archoii-list from the stray references in ihe later Greek v\riters
and the names found in the Inscriptions.
A jjflance at the lists of archons offered hy Meier in his Com-
mcntiitio I']piQ;niphica Sccumia, 1)\' Neubauer in his Commcnta-
tioncs J\pii^rap/iiiac, by Dumoiil in his I'^ssai and /urstt's
Kponymi(]HcSy by Unjier in P/iiloloi^Ns, Ilomolle in the Bul-
letin, and Schoeffer in the /\i//ly- ir/ssoTca Rcal-Iincyclopadic
will satisfy anyone tliat unanimity has not \et been attained.
Neverthele.ss, there are certain groups of two or more archons
whose order, if not dales, no one can dispute. Obviously, it is
upon the secretaries, who held office for the years designated by
these groups, that we must depend for evidence as to the co- lu-
ation or non-continuation of the official order of their tribes g
the three centuries under consideration.
These secretaries and archons are as follows :
I
Year
B.C.
.lir/ioii
Xainr and /'>riiir of Srrrc/arv
%
Tribe
303-2 Leostratos Aioc^u^tos Atowo-oSw/aow 4>»jyou- 3 Krechtheis
302-1 Nikokles
301-0 Klearchos
NtKcoj/ (")«o8o)/uoi) nA(D6£Ds \ Aigcis
iMi'»/(ra^jY[os ]oi' ri/so/Sa- 5 Paildioilis
I At(rtos I I
300-9 Hegemachos
299-S Kuklemoii 0£o'(^tAos[Hev]o[</)aJi']ros Ke^a
I \r\Q(.v
II
6'''Leontis
7 Akamantis
290-9 Diokles
289-8 Dioti 1110s
288-7 Isaios
287-6 Euthios
Hei'o<)!)(o[v NjiKe'oi) AAaieus 4 Aigeis
AiKmrrpaTos [" A]pt(rTo[/x,]tt;;^ow 5 Paildioilis
I ITatuntv's I I
I ! 6!^-Leontis
Naiun/AeVj;? NuvcrtKu'Sov XoXap- 7 Akamaiitis
i V'^'* i i
iMilUi. 1897, p. I S3 ff.
Periods in Which xvc Knoxv Order of Secretaries. 45
III
2.SJ-I Nikias (Jtr. 'Ifrox^jarr;? 'l<roK^jaroi' ' AArnTrt- 1 2 Alllioillis
IV
275-4 Polycuktos Xdi/jttjbmi/ ' \f)Xt(TrfjdTtn< Ke0 i
274-,'^ Ilicron 'I'uu'i'Aos lln^^tAor 'O?i0(.v
7 Akaiiuuitis
8 Oiinis
242-1 Kallimedcs [KnA]Aias KaAAtaSoi' IIA<i)^eus 4 Aii;cis
241-0 5 '^•piitulioiiis
240-9 TllLM'si loci lOS Atd8oTos Atoyi'»/Toti <l>pta/lpios 6 Lcolllis
VI
18S-7 Syinmaclios 'Ap;(tKA^? 0eo8(i')/jov ©op^'^/os 6 Akainaiitis
1.S7-6 Tiicoxeiios 7 ■••OiiiL'is
1S6-5 Zopyros MeyapifTTos nJ/j/joi' Ait'(iji/e[L]'i S Kckropis
169-8 Kunikos
168-7 Xeiiokles
VII
'\f.f)M\'Vfji.[()<i\ Wor'jbiir Kr](f>i<Tuv<i i IClVclltllt'is
^6t\'e^r]li.o<; ' AaKi X)ij7nd6ov Til- 2 Aij^cis
hlKlloniS
VIII
129-8 Lykiskos
12S-7 Dioiiysios |
127-6 TiiL'odorides '
126-5 niotinios
1 25-4 Jason
124-3 Nikias and
Isigeiies |
123-2 Deinetrins
I 22-1 Nikodemos 'ETriyeVy/s 'En-iyeVoD Oti'aio?
- ' Avd^iKpdrov 'EAtufTtVios
5 '••PlDlfinais
6 ■■•Akainaiitis
7''-()inL'is
! 8 "•'Kekro])is
9 Ilippolliontis
10 •■■Aiaiilis
1 1 ■•■■Aiitiiu'liis
12 AUalis
IX
1 19-8 Aristarclios TeXarrrj^ MrjBtLov UdKivuv'i 3 Paudionis
1 18-7 Agatliokles EvkXtj^ Sevdi'Spor Aifti[A(,'8r/]? 4 Leontis
46
The Athenian Secretaries.
Year
B.C.
Archon
A\vnr iDui Demc
of Sccyctary
Name aud Dcmc of
I'rifst of .Scrapis
Tribe
137-6
136-5
135-4
134-3
133-2
1 32- 1
131-0
130-9
129-8 Lykiskos
12S-7 Dionj'sios
127-6 Theodorides
126-5 Diotiinos
i25-4J''^<"i
124-3 Nikias and
Isigenes
123-2 Demetrios
122-1 Nikodemos
121-0
I
1 20-9
119-8
118-7
117-6
116-5
1 15-4 Nausias
1 14-3
113-2
' AvaciKpaTov
' EAeiKrtVtos
[T]'/x . . .
Ar//i.(>fri[oi;J
Ar//x()(rt«['»J
r •I'ui'o/'itos 'EAev(Ti-
- rio[?]
( AT^/xjyT^jtos
'Airrtas TptKopiVtos
Ziyi'O)!/ ' Ai'ac/)/\,i'(rrto?
[Kjj]0tfro8(i)pos AuyU,-
M]u'ui'8pos •J'tAaSvys
Ai^ok'At/s ILttai'ievs
StoH' AevKovous
2oj/<Ar/s <l>ADeiis
Er^i'/i-it^o? ex Kt^a-
fxtiov
AiiK/'(TKo? Ai^a^jvews
' A6»;i/ayopas MtAt-
Tti's
[0£]o(/)al'TOS
Arjfiy'iTpio'; Mitpa^oj-
I'los
ATj/jidc^tAo? 'AAoJTre-
'ETTtyeVrys 'ETTiye- AiokAtjs Tr'p/X£tS?^s
vol) OiwiTos I
Hippotliontis
Aiaiilis
Anliochis
Attalis
iMechtheis
Aigeis
Pandiotiis
Leonlis
Ptolemais
Akainaiitis
Oineis
Kekropis
Hippotliontis
Aiantis
Antiochis
Attalis
Ar;/J.7;rpios Ilepyao-^- Hreclltlieis
C [A]a/X(i)r ey Mvppt-
voiTTT/s Aigeis
V [T]7;Ae<^o? ' Orpvi'cl^x'i;
A(oi'i'.,-(,os Ilutai'ter? Pandionis
2r](i(r€'(i9 Ko\wv7jd(]' Leontis
Z(i)/A]os <I>Av£i's Pto'eniais
I ^T/jaTOfJu/tos Hop^'xto? ., ^
(^ A tor I '(r( OS 2:,(piiTTios
rtttos Taiov W)((ipv€v<; Oiiieis
' ApuTTitni' McAireu's Kekropis
C NiK'0(rTp(jros ritipni-
' ,^ ^ ^ ' ... Hippotliontis
K((A/ - -piLTOS Lpot- ' ^
ao.
Periods in II 'hicli ivc Know Order of Secretaries. 47
Tribe
Hippothontis
\iantis
•Vntiocliis
At la lis
[Mcchlheis
Ai<;eis
Paiidionis
fA^ontis
Plokinais
Akainaiitis
Oineis
Kekropis
Hipiiothoiitis
\iantis
ntiochis
iVUalis
fcivchtlieis
.igeis
laiidionis
-ontis
Lo'emais
Ikaiiiantis
liieis
ikropis
ppothontis
Year
I I 2- 1
II I-O
.lir/ioii
Xante and Pciiu'
of Secretary
Xainc and I'>cihc of
Priest of Sera/>is
Tribe
110-9 Polykleitos
109-8 Jason
10S-7
107-6
106-5
105-4 Menoites
104-3 Serapion
2io</>oK[A]j'}? At;-
, /xr;[rp(.'o]u 'I</)t-
SeAei'^o? Pn/xfoiifTtos Aiailtis
Ar;/x»yr^jios ' \va^\v- Allliocllis
<jr\ OS
Swrriwi/ OiViuos Attalis
'A Kieclilliuis
Kri(f>i(Tuw<: (Gen.)
Aigeis
Paiulioiiis
I^eontis
'l7r7roi'iKo[? 'l-inro]vLK- Ptolemais
ov <t>ADeus
Akaniantis
B.C.
.Ire/ioii
XT
Xante and Denie of
Secretary
A'efere/tces
Tritw
33-2 Diodoros
32-1 Lj'saiidros Fuios ruior 'AAdteJs II Add., 4S9b. S Kekropis
31-0 Lysiades
' , 9 Denietrios
29-S Deniochares - - tjo-TOKAeors 'AttoA- IV 2, 489c. 12 Attalis
Awnei-'s
2^-1 ....W... i I I
This t^'idence is conclusive. In all tlit 'e groups cxcc])t the
last (XI), the tribes of the secretaries follow one another in the
official order. Grou]) X is the only one in which one might chal-
lenge the disposition of the archons. If one does, he can cut it
out altogether : he certaiidy cannot advance any arguments for a
different disposition. All the other grouj'is, except \'III, agree in
their arrangeiiKMit with that given in the Pauh'-Wis.sowa Real-
Encyc. In regard to VIII, Koehler's authority for the reading
of C.I. A. Ill, 1014, seemed decisive. The dates to which these
groups belong can also be assigned in a general sort of way.
They are as follows :
V, 242-1 B.C.
VI, 188-7 li-C.
VII, 169-8 B.C.
VIII, 129-8 B.C.
I. 303-2 B.C.
II, 290-89 B.C.
III, 283-2 B.C.
IV, 275-4 B.C.
IX, II 9-8 B.C.
X, 137-6 to 104-3
B.C.
XI, 33-2 B.C.
ria.-.rrrr.mrrTnr- r-i i i
48
T/ie Atlicnian Secretaries,
It will be seen that I-X are distributed with considerable regu-
larity over the third and second centuries l)erore Christ. Of these
groups, X is the only one that requires explanation. The list of
names at the ri,i;lit hand side is copied without alteration from
DiiUctm xvir (1^93), p. r46f. It contains the names of Athenian
priests of .Serapis for the island of Delos. It is to be noticed,
though it was not noticed by the editor, that the priests follow one
another in tlie official order of the tribes to which they belong.
If there were two priests for one j'ear, they were both chosen from
the same tribe. (vSee 137-6 B.C., 120-19 B.C., 116-5 B.C. and
especially 113-2 B.C.). Just as the official order distributed the
secretaryship among the triljes, so it distributed the priesthood.
But the analogy is clo.ser still ; for in any given year the priest of
Serapis and the secretary came from the same tribe. This is
shown b}^ three correspondences :
1 (125-4 B-C. and 124-3 B.C.). Nikias and Isigenes are
shown by C.I. A. in, 1014 and Bull, xvi, (1892) p. 152, to have
been joint archons for the year immediately following that of
Ja,son. The secretarj- for Jason's year belonged to the ninth tribe,
Hippothontis (C.I. A. 11, 460). Therefore, since the secretary for
the next year but one after that of Nikias and Isigenes belonged
to the twelfth tribe, Attalis (C.I.A. in, 1014 and 11, 471, lines i
and 6), it is certain that the secretary for Nikias and Isigenes'
archonship belonged to the tenth tribe, Aiayitis. Now, from an in-
scription published in ' k&y]v. 11, p. 134, and quoted by Homolle in
Bull. X, (1886) p. 17, 11. I, we find that the priest of Serapis for
the year of Nikias and Isigenes' archonship was ^r]^y]rpio%
'E/a/xun'ou Mapn^toi'tos of the tribe Aiajitis.
2 (109-S B.C. ). The secretary who held office for the archon
year of Jason /xera IXoAJkAcitoi/ was 'ETrtc^ui/r;? ' ETrK^ai/ov Aa/xTTT/aeu's of
the tribe Erec/ii/icis (Q.l.K. li, 461). Tlie priest of Serapis for
the same year was 'A Ktjc^ktu'ws (Gen.) of the tribe £"r^r/i///m
(Bull. VI, (1 882) p. 323).
3 (105-4 and ^^4""3 B.C.). It is shown I)y C.I.A. il, 465, lines
28 and 33 that vSerapion followed immediately after Menoites in the
archonsliip. Therefore, the secretary for Serapion's archonship
being 2ot/>o[KA.]>5s A77/x7;[Tpi'o]u 'I^to-naS?;! of the sixth tribe, Akaman-
Order of Secretaries^ Tribes the Official Order. 49
■i regu-
if these
; list of
11 from
[henian
loticed,
low one
belong.
,eii from
.C. and
Ued the
esthood.
priest of
This is
enes are
to have
r that of
ith tribe,
etary for
)elonged
, lines I
[sigenes'
bni an in-
l)niolle in
Irapis for
archon
liTTTpevs of
(rapis for
Irechtheis
1.65, lines
Ics in the
:honship
Lkaman-
tis, the secretary for Menoites' year must have l^elonged to the fifth
tribe, Ptolemais. Bull, vii, (1883) p. 368, shows that the jiricst of
Serapis for the same jear was 'l7r7rdi'tKo[s 'IttttJovikov 4>Av£Js of the
tribe Ptolemais.
Now, since we have seen that the tribes in tlie priesthood fol-
lowed the official order for the whole period, and that in three
different years well distrilnited over the period the tribe of the
priest and the tribe of the secretary coincided, it follows directly
that the tribes in the secretaryship for the whole period also fol-
lowed the official order, and coincided with the tribes in the priest-
hood tliroughout. Therefore, as a period for which the off.cial
order of tlie tribes in the secretaryship can Ije demonstrated, we
may set down the 34 years between 138-7 B.C. and 104-3 B.C.
The statement of the conclusions arrived at by a consideration
of groups I-X is, that, wherever during the 200 years between
304-3 B.C. and 104-3 B.C. we can determine the order of the
secretaries, that order is the official order of the tribes to
which they belong.
A consideration of group XI will add a clause to this statement.
It is obvious at once that, at the time to which this group l:)elongs,
a time customarily fixed at about 30 B.C., the tribes of the
secretaries no longer followed the official order. Therefore, our
new clause is: and that, when next after 104-3 B.C., or
rather, as will appear later, after 96-5 B.C., /. e., in 30 B.C.,
we can determine the order of the secretaries, that order is
not the official order.
Groups I-X — i c, the periods during wdiich we can determine
the official order of the tribes in the secretaryship — being so
luimerous and so well distrilnited over the 200 years under con-
sideration, there i.s ^ prima facie probability that the official order
remained unbroken throughout the whole period. That proba-
bility I purpo,se to make a certainty l)y using the following list of
secretaries and archons disposed upon the assumption that it was
a certainty.
50
The Athenian Secretaries.
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To coiuplL'lc llic list of secretaries, I j^ive the followiiijj; names
which havii not as yet been assij>;iiecl to any particular year.
UNOATKl) SIX" UICTAK lies.
A'(i'///(' and fhinr of
Si-i irfdiy
Ui'/crcmcs
ArchoH
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II, 310.
- r]os
— Boi'lAayop 01' —
II. 342.
— ro[ s 'l7r[7ro k (utov —
11.344.
— ' Af)t(r T (). tj[ .i)\v —
II. 345-
2(iJfrT'iTo| <>] 'A[^K|'rr
11.371-
Tliyniochares
— cV oi'<; Kt - 8>y?]
IV 2, ■?7ic.
TloTafUill' Ao|/[uKOS ? -
II- 372.
Ilaj^iiias
n/)OK[A]>/? 'Att - -
II. 373.
The()i)lienios
^ AlHiTTO/Vl^^Ot ' ApUTTO
II Nov. AcUl., 37^1).
Lysi.'uk'S
f")t](>8()(rt(>s "Ziixxfid V
". 377-
II/jOKAjy« lltpi — -
II. 392.
- p.(.Ta Pliaiiarchides
Kt^uAo? Ke</)aAoii —q s
II, 407.
NtK[(ii'](i)^ - —
IV 2, 407I).
— MV ^ .— —
IV 2, 4oyb.
©eoAwTos - — ^ £1/
II. 418.
nionysios
'laiTUiV ' AfiUTTOK p - —
IV 2, 4i.Sb.
iJionysios
— o)]i' Ayi'o^t'oi) -
II, 430, 495.
'llpilKXcdtV Ndl' — —
II. 433-
.\ chains
Ev(iv6i)0<; - -
IV 2, 463c.
Phokion
The dates of Group I, for which see j). 44, are fixed positively
by the lists of archons given by Diouysius of Halicarnassus, I)io-
dorus Siculus and the Parian Chronicle. We are certain, there-
fore, that in the year 303-2 B.C. the tribe which furnished the sec-
retary was Erechtheis. The list on the right hand side contains the
tribes disposed in the official order with Krechtheis in 303-2
B.C. as a starting point. In constructing this list it is assumed
that it was in 229-S B.C. or thereaI)outs, that the tribe Ptoleniais
was added to the twelve previously existing, and given the
seventh place in the official order lietween Leontis and Akaman-
tis. This date, 229-8 B.C., is the one for which there is most'
evidence. It is also a.ssumed that it was in 200 B.C. that the
tribes Antigonis and Demetrias were dropped and the tribe Attalis
' For best treatment of this point see the dissertation of Mr. P. O. Bates,
led at p. 43 above.
6o
The Athenian Secretaries.
added, and given the twelfth, or hist place, in the official order.
This date is snfiicientl}' attested by Livj' and Polybius to Ije quite
certain. With the official order of the tribes in the secretaryship
demonsi rated for so many i;ronps of years between 304-3 B.C.
and 104-3 B.C., it would be strong testimony to its unbroken con-
tinuation throughout, if the events, recorded in the inscriptions
which give us the secretaries, as dated upon the supposition that
the official order 7cas unbroken, agreed in their c'aonological .se-
quence with the narratives of them found in the works of the
later Greek historians. This agreement we have throughout.
But we have stronger testimony still ; foi in four widely separated
years we can show that the secretary, who held office for each of
tlie.se years, did, as a matter of fact, belong to the tribe ])ostulated
for that year by an uidjroken official order. These four years are :
(1) 268-7 B.C.
(2) 168-7 B.C.
(3) 125-4 B.C.
(4) 97-6 B.C.
(i) According to a notice prefixed to a fragment of Antigonos
of Karystos, the philosopher Polemon died in the archonship of
Philokrates (E[rwin] R[ohde], Literarisches Centralblatt, 1S82,
p. 58). The original Greek version of Eu.sebius' XpoviKa, and the
Latin translation of them b\' Hieronynnts, agree in assigning the
death of Polemon to the year 26S-7 B.C. (Vol. II, p. 120 and 121,
ed. A. vSchoene, i866j. The secretary for the year of Philokrates
archonship was 'Hy?y(n7r7ros ' Apurrofiaxov MeAtTtus (C.I. A. IV 2, 33 1 c.)
of the tribe Demetrias. It will be ^f^^w from the list of tribes that
the official order demands a secretary from Demetrias for the year
268-7 B.C.
(2) In the papyrus rolls from Herculaneum, Col. XXVII (Phil.
Suppl. II. 1863, p. 543, (juoted by Dumont, Pastes Kponymiqnes
d'Athenes, p. i8j, we read :
' AyufxyjcTTuip 81 /Jiera ttjv riepcre'ws [."Ajtucrtv Ai . as Dtos oiv iloXv^ivov
inl HevoKAeoDS ryv air6\v(nv tov f3tov iTroLyaaTO .
The battle of Pydna was fought on the Ro.nan' 4th of vSept.,
or on the 22nd of June, of the Julian calendar, in the year
168 B.C. (Mommsen, History of Rome, Vol. II, p. "^ss), and Per-
'Thi.s (laic is (leteniiincd by an eclipse of llic sun.
Year^ in JVhich 7i>e Know Tribes of Secretaries. 6i
jrder.
quite
-yship
3 B.C.
n coii-
iptions
)n that
ical se-
of the
igliout.
[larated
^ach of
itulated
irs are :
ii<
nship of
, 1882.
111(1 the
111"- the
ukI 121,
)k rates
les that
the year
II (Phil,
yiuiques
XoXv^ivov
of Sept.,
the year
1 Per-
aiK
sens was captured a short time afterwards. This would be in the
Attic year 168-7 J^C., and surely the Greek quoted above means
nothin-^, if not tliat Xenokles was archon in that year. The
.secretary for tlie year of Xenokles' archonship was "SOcviBijiioi;
'A(T/c(\)r/7rittSou Tei^pamos of the ifibe A /oeis (C I. A. iv 2, 4411!.)
Accordin^^ to the unbroken official order .l/j^eis should have the
secretaryshij) in 16S-7 B.C.
(3) Phles^on of Tralles (Mirabilia X ; Rerum Natnralium vScrip-
tores, ed. Keller I, p. 75 f.) says :
'Ey£i^i/r;^r/ /cat ctti 'Po')//,t^s avSpoyvvos, ap)(0VT0<; ' \6y'jvr)cnv 'ld(rovos, vwa-
T€VI)l'TMV iv P())/X>J Md/JKOI' ll\a{v)TLOV KIU AoVKlOV K.aVLVLOV ... YipULOV Kill
MdpKOV 4>OvA/3tOU 4>XttKK0V.
According to Moiuinsen rCLL. i, y>. 534 f.j, the consuls for the
year' 125-4 ^'-C. were, M. Plautius Hy])saeus and M. P'ulviiis
Flaccus, and those for the \'ear 2-1 li.C, Octavius Augustus and
M. Plautius vSilvanus(C.l.L. i, ]). 548 f.). A~, s////'<r// to tlie last
mentioned ])air Baiter, Fasti Coiisulares, p. I^X sq. (Cic. Op. ed.
Orelli Vol. VIII), adds Q. Fabricius and L. Caninius Gallus. As
Keller (praefalio, p. LXV^), says: '' ncglcgcntioris librarii ab illo
M. Plautio ad hunc al/eriim abeyrasse videaniur. "
The secretary for the year of Jason's archonship was
- ' kva^iKparov ' KXevfrcVtos (C.I. A. 11, 460) of the tribe IlippO-
tJiontis. This irihe an unbroken official order deni.ands for tl;e
year 125-4 I^C.
(4) There is publislied in Bull, iv, (1880) p. 190, the following
Delian inscription :
Ep^a'ifrrttt', ' ATroAXfoi/Kifrrnt'. noiretSoji'taorat', o\ yei'oyitci/oi iiii vTrdrmv
Vyatov Kofn'YjXi'ov XevToXov Kid lIoTrAt'oi' Xi.kivlov K/jdfnrou inl enifieXriTov
be rrys vytrov Mt/Sc/'od to? Mr/^e/'oi' Iletpnteo)?, tuv llpaKXijv dviBi^Kav,
a4>up(!i(ravre^ llpuKXa. kuI 'IriiAiKOis.
Cn. Cornelius L,entulusaad P. IJeinius Crassus were consuls at
Rome in the year 97-6 B.C. iMominsen C.I.L. i, p. 537). Evi-
dently Medeios was epimeletes of Delos in the same year. Now,
' I have fi)lU)\\x(l Moiiiiiisiii Ikto ratlu-r llian Halter, wlm ]mtN M. I'laiUiiis
IIy])saeiiri anil M. luilvius I'laocus in 126-5 B.C. ; for Moinmseirs calciUa-
Udus were made 25 years later, in iSfi;,, aiid are based U])i)ii inure coiiijilele
evidence. .Schoeffer, I)nini)nt, IloinoUe, ]Meier and otliers follow Monunseii
likewise. 125-4 J^-^'- i^- I think, to he ascribed with certainly t.) Jason.
62
TJic Athenian Secretaries.
Medeios was epimeletes of Delos twice, once under the first
archonship of Argeios (C.I. A. ii, 985D, 1. 13 and 14), and again
under the second archc^nshij") of Argeios in the following year.
On this point Honiolle (Bull, iv, (18S0) p. 191, n. 2), says :
' " L" anncc suivante, sous le deuxienie arcliontat d' Argeios, il
reniplit les nienies fonctions ; mais il s' agil evidemment ici de la
premiere cTn/xe'Aeia, puisqu 'on n" a pas ccrit iTnfi(.\r]Tov to Stvrtpov."
This objection lo the second cVt/xeAeia will not hold ; for in
C.I. A. II, 9S5D, 1. 30, there is no to Sevrepov added to distinguish
the second archonship of Argeios.
The secretary for ihe archonship o{ Medeios, between which and
the Second archonship of Argeios there fell three years, was *iXtW
*iAt'wro5 " EAeuo-tVios, of the tribe Hippothontis (C.I. A. 11, 467).
The secretarj' for Argeios' second year, theref)re, l)elonged to the
tribe Ercrhtlicis, and this i.- the tril)e required for 97-6 B.C. by an
unbroken official order from 304-3 B.C. on.
The coincidence between the tribe postulated for the secretary
by the unbroken continuation of the official order, and the tribe
which the inscriptions show to have held the secretaryship, in
any one of the four years, would alone be sufficient, in the
absence of evidence to the contrary, to make the unbroken con-
tinuation of the official order all but certain. No uncertainty
whatsoeve-r remains when all fi)ur are considered together ; for,
although there might be a diffi^renee of opinion as lo whether
Xeiiokles, Jason and the second Argeios belonged to the years
16S-7 B.C., 125-4 B.C., and 97-6 B.C., or to 167-6 B.C., 126-5
B.C., and 96-5 P>.C. res[)ectively, yet, when we string the three
years on the official order of their tribes (which official order
groups VII, VIII, IX, and X given aI)ove demonstrate), the in-
lervals between the figures of each set of years make the former
set alone possible. For instance, if Jason were put in 126-5
B.C., as Bailer supposed, Xenokles would have to be put in 169-8
B.C. But in Xenokles' archonship, Perseus King of Macedon
was ni;ide a prisoner by the Romans, ,'in event which did not take
' 1 wisli I knew Iloinolle's axithorily here. lM)r it' the second ii:i\xi\ii.a oi
Mcdeids is not sulliciently vouched for. il niiijlit he thought that the olTicia^
order of the tribes in the secretary.shii) stopped when that of the tribes in
the ])riesthoo(l of Sera])is did, somewhere Ijetween 104-3 B.C. and loi-o
B.C. (see C.I..\. II, ^f,^V., 1. 57).
One Pscp/iisniala Secretary and One 0)ily.
63
e first
again
; year.
eios, il
•i de la
jTtpOV.
for in
inguish
ich and
IS $i\twv
I. 467)-
:d to the
:. by an
;ecretary
ihe tribe
-ship, ill
1, in the
^i-n con-
■LM-tainty
R-r ; for,
whether
le years
126-5
he three
:il order
, the in-
e former
im 126-5
in 169-8
Macedon
not take
n^Aeio of
\y tribes in
land 10' -o
place till after tlie battle of Pydna in the early part of the Attic
year 168-7 ^•^- Xenokles, therefore, conld not have belonged
to the year 169-S B.C., nor Jason to the year 126-5 ^^C.
^ 14. rpa/x/i-arev? Kara TrpvTau^Lau. Tpa/A/Aarei'? rov
Sry/Aou. llept TO I3rjfj.a.
It is perfectly evident that the persons said in the ])reand:)les of
decrees to have been secretaries were, during the tiiird and second
centuries, as during tlie fourth, all holders of one and the same
apxv- This the official order of their tribes proves. It is ecpially
as evident tliat the person, srud in tlie preaml)Ie to have l)een sec-
retary, is identical with the secretary who had the decree pid)-
lislied ; for the only object sought in putting his name in the
preamble was to certifj' tliat the publication was made I)y him
and was therefore official. When, therefore, we finil menticjued
two different titles in connection with the publication of decrees
it must be that they both belong 10 the same official.
For these and other reasons, the conclusion was reached that
ypa//,/xar€rs r^s /3ou/\t'/s and y/on/u,;u.ar€i'5 Kara irfn'Tui'ttai' were different in
title only. The same reasons prove that ypa/xjuuTti's Kara TTfiVTavadv
and y/aa/x/xareiis rov S>//xou were titles for one and the same official ;
for, just as in the period between 35.S-6 B.C. or 354-2 B.C. and 31.8-7
B.C., we find the officer who had the ilecrees published ca""(l, in
one decree ypa/x/xareus Kara TrpvTavtcav, and in another yiMii).iiii.Ttv<i t»;s
/Joiv\r;s, .so, in the period between 307-6 B.C. and 237-6 B.C. (omit-
ting C.I. A. II, 415, and IV 2, 535(1 as uncertain i, we find the officer
who posted up the decrees given, now the title y/j(i/j./^(tT€ii Kara
TrpuTtti'ctui/, and again ypafx.fx.aTtv% tov (iyiwT, while all the time the
names given in the ])reamble followed the offiicial order of their
tribes.
Of the inscriptions which h;i\'e y^zjit/xarci's tov Sy/iov, the follow-
ing belong to the latter part of the fourth or the beginning of the
third century : C.I.A. 11, 273, 275, 282, 286, 29;,, 310, 367, 368?,
530 ; IV 2, 296e, 318c, frg. b., 1. 15, 374c, 5x3b, and 5131 ; the follow-
ing are dated, (Pint.), Lives of the Ten Orators, p. 852E, in Anaxi-
krates' archonsliip 307-6 B.C., C.I.A. iv 2, 345c, 1. 34 in Ourios'
64
The Athenian Secretaries.
:i
archonship 285-4 B.C., C.I. A. 11, 334 in Diomedoii's archoiiship
270-9 ]5.C., Dif>J,^ LacTt., VII lof. in Arrlieiieides' archon.ship
263-2 to 261-0 15. C. ?, and C.I. A. iv 2, 3.S5C, 1. 2Siii Heliodoro.s'
archon.ship 237-6 H.C. ; and the folhnving are verj- donblfnlly
dated, C.I. A. li, 415, circa 197 B.C., and C.I. A. iv 2, 535d
(wliere ypaixfJ-nrevs rov Sr/ixov slionhl be read) ' tCjv irpo XpiarTov
Tiie two decrees which purport to be ])nbli.shed ])}• the y/ja/u,/i.ttTevs
T^5 /Sov\rj<i Kui Tov h'lfwv are C.I. A. 11, 146 (356-336 B.C.), and
C.I. A. II, 309 (jio.st 290-.S9 B.C.).
Koeliler has restored the former thus :
[toc h\ ypaiJLfXiiTia t]^s (SovXij^ [kui tov Bt'ifiov ? avaypunl/aji ToSe to
ip^7j(l)L(Tixn iaTrjXtj Xt^tVeji .
Instead of this Scliaefer, De .scribis senatus po]-)ulique Atheni-
ensium, ]). 35f., sugi^ests :
[tov 8e ypdjXjKaTin r]*}? f3ov\rj<; [ei/ aKpoTruXa dvaypdij/a^L ro6e to i/'>y(/)t(r/xa
ktA.
C.I. A. II, 309 appears in the Corpus thus :
\^dviLypdnpaL Si. to {l/rjcfyuTfxjd tov ypafJLp.aTia Ttji ^[ovA.J/s kui tov S/j/jlov kill
(Tr]r}rrai ei' dK[p]o7ro/\.£t, et[s St Trjv Trorjcnv r^i (rr>;/\.rys /xeptVut] tou[s] ctti
Ti] SiotKr/(T[€i TO dmAoj/Aa J .
If Tr^9 /3[ouA^s] is correct, I think the following reading preferable,
though by no means certain : fov 8t/<a(rr]j/ptoi' kutil tqijs v6fio[^v'; ']
[dvaypoit/'at Se To'Se to i/'//(^t(r/x]>t roi' yp l/xixltcl Trj^; /^[oi'AJ/s iv CTTrjXi]^
[At^6 VI] K(U <rr>)<T^'U iv iiKpoTrdXtt ' «i[9 8e rrjv Trorjaiv t>}? (TTr'jX vy?]
r/xe/atVatJ tou[?J ctti tiJ Stot/<r/(r[et to ai'd/\(i)//,(ij.
This has the merits at least of supplying two imi)ortant parts of
the formula, To'Se, and ei' (TTyXr) XiOivij, and of making the last three
complete lines of equal length, as is usual in iTT0i)(y]h6v inscriptions
of this time. As printed in the Corinis, the lengths range all the
way from line 15, which has 35 letters, to line 35, with 42. The
new readings promised i)\ . Wilhelm will probably change the
restorations materi.illy. Whr.tever the correct readings in C.I. A.
II, 146 and 309 may be, it is safe to say that the\' are not those of
the Corpus ; for the.se identify the y/ju/x/xaTeus t/Js (SorXy<; kiu tov
St^/hou with the ypup-ixarev^ t^s /SouAr;^. ypup./xaTev'i tov 87//XOU or
ypa/u/ix(iT£is- K(LTa irpvTuvuav, as he is differeuth' named, and this is
impossible.
rchoiiship
ichonship
eliodoros'
oul)tfully
' 2. 535d
O XjUltTTOV
i.C.j, and
]t TO^t TO
? Alheni-
o ipi'/(f)i.aiJLa
i Brj/jLov Kill
T0l)[5] eVt
referable,
(rrr/A. 77?]
t parts of
last three
;criptions
;"e all the
p. The
Euige the
11 C.I. A.
; those of
Is Kal Tov
Sij/jLov or
:1 this is
In only one case is the r,n ' ^
L'le senate connuended In- (I,,. R- ■ PO'tany
ypa^^ar.., -? S.>o,, Neoptolenios \ T '' '"''^'"^^^^^ ^''^
«ame character such as C I A rr "'"'^'"'''^ ^^'^^''^Jecrees of the
431. J. 45 (..0-9 B.C.).' and 44r";fe't,"';'' ^^^ '''~' ^•^•).
^-AV. .a. .ov 5,Vo, ^,,^, , ;^-^ ''^ ftle found ,s y.a^^ar.), ,.^
Vo. is but an abbrevi;tec \o /;r;r -""^^ 7."..-.^. Jc
Neopto,e,nos had nothin, J, ' .^ '^''^ 'f^ J" that case
--Iconld under no cira^n^t uJ ^'"'^^'^'^tion of decrees
;-« ^...«.e.w applied .;; r"\''^^-^ -• ^^- ^itie ,,,,..,,;
■^ ^. S7.!. (probably a bul. nf •';" '^ ^'"^ -'I i" C.I.a!
>»<=^-ely i.Kiicate that ex-.,; """'""''■' /^-^V.. Tb.se fact
o'h- La...!, that .be v,,,,^,^" , f ,f "■ " . '"-'y 1-, „„ „„
I" ' - case, be i,, of c„u,offf,t, r'"'r""™ '''"-•-•
From tbe time tbe tin,. ' " ' : ■''''■ 'W' «'• ■■'"'1441
V..»»..., .„a ..v.. J: , J~;;» «V... <,i.app.rs, tbe
""'"'cat.o,, of decree.. E,se„. Ce ' ' """'"'"' «■'■"' '"e
-"o..gtbeb-.st,s.,f.„ea.V™,„ ;„ "V-^"-' officer i,. f„„,„
tereotyped title ,„.^^„.,, ^J,, " ""i "«-«. He i.s «ive„ bi«
""= l«ter part oftbe sect 'o, f '"■ ' ■■'" '"' ""''''■ '-'"'"-^ .o
■^f'" Christ rCI.A. ,„, , :'f «"'-"-U.i.-dce„u,r:
.04.. ro43, ,o4.S, ,05,, ;o64:a "?„-T„ '°-"- '".'^^ -.H, .0,0,
-^•;»/55p.. ThisprobalW^v. .,"'■;;, ''r"""^- •'"'«■- -called
"'•■>■■'.>■ known at tbat ti,„ e Tl ' , ■ ' "■'"'"'' '"■' "'•-'■^ I'op.
"-' ■" .l.e lists of tbe *V„„; : f t, ""' <" '" "«= '"-t
absent, and (aJbvCI.A. ,„, ,;;'",:'; j^''^--. "■= otber is
J "^U,)- Where iu the pre-
66
The Athenian Secretaries.
amble of the decree, 'PoStuj/ KaXAto-Tov Mapu6'aji'ios is said to have
been secretary, while in the list of annual officers, diViTot, posted
at the end of the decree, he is designated Trcpt to y8^/xa,
§ 15. rpaixfJiaT€v<i inlTOV<i vofjiovi.
The secretary who conies second in the treatment of Aristotle
may have had this tiile. His duties were much the same in
regard to the vdixoi, as were those of the ypu/i/Aarevs Kara TrpuTttvcuzv
in regard to the i/'»j<^(,'rr/tt<iTa. The ■ypu/i./u.ttTtiis Kara TrpvTavtiav, how-
ever, had to have certain of tlie i/^r^f^tV/xaTa inscribed on stone,
whereas none of the vo/aoi were so treated. It is, indeed, entirely
owing to the fact that so many of the {j/rj(f>i(TfjiaTa have come down
to us in this way, that we are a1jle to add to the knowledge
concerning their curator which we derive from Aristotle. Had
we as many laws, we might be aljle to do the same for the
y/oa/xp,ttT£vs eirl toik; vifiov; ; as we have none, we are obliged to con-
tent ourselves with what Aristotle tells us.
§ 16. TpafJiixaTev<i T17? jSovkrjq /cat rov hrjixov.
This is a title found, with one exception, only in the class of
inscriptions called by Koehler ' catalogi prytaiixim ' . Of these
catalogi there are three sets :
(i) Those of the first set belong to the fourth century B.C.,
and were inscribed upon oiferings dedicated by the prytanes in re-
turn for honors awarded them by the senate and people. At the
end of the list of prytanes, the name of the ypap/xarcus t^s (SovXrjs
Koi Tov Srjixov is frequently, though not invariably, given. Of these
names we have the following :
C.I. A. ir, 865 (early part of 4th cent.). Pandionis.
[ypafi\fiaTtv^ rrj fiovXrj Kal toj 8t//u,(j)
.... \ti8r)i 'PiXoOyjpov i^ Olov.
C.I. A. II, 867 (378-7 B.C.). Akamantis.
- - €y]pap,[p,]ttTev«i/ rrj /8ovA^[t kui tw 87^^,0).].
C.I. A. II, 86g (middle of 4th cent.). Antiochis.
ypafifiaTiv<i Trj<; (SovXy/s Kal tov 8rjp.ov
Upovdwrji Tlpo$ivov IIpoo-TraATios.
to have
»i, posted
Aristotle
same in
rrpvTavciav
tav, how-
)n stone,
, entirely
ne down
lowledge
le. Had
e for the
d to con-
class of
Of these
iry B.C.,
nes in re-
At the
rj<i fSovKrj'i
Of these
nis.
ne Sccrefary ll^o I^ead the Documents,
67
Pandionis.
C.I.A ir. 870 (middle of 4th cent.). Aigeis
[BAjeViyjo, ? \\^Sav?>pov Xlaiovi^^
C.I.A. IV2, 8711, (middle of 4th cunt.)
•^wpos ^/UKvOov MeAiTcu's.
C.I.A. IV 2, 872b (undated). Leonlis.
ypafi.fj.[„T{Vi'] /SovA^s
' Avrip.4vr,<: ' A[,\]oi7reKij[eiv]
the only officers ,ne„tio„ed ir.l.ese Ss t "•" '"' ""^ "^
office for a year f Aeschin III .,' """"'"*" """
.H^:":::^':;:,t':::::---;;---o.er.e
prytanes a,,,, officers are attached t di ^ ^^ 1' "''■',"' '"t
people in wltich they are coinnier le,l T , • "'"'
Prylany officers f, i^ , =°"'"«'-'«l- Besides the names of the
are'givL ttro^s^o^cTHhrrel^r"' "V'""""* "--
them tJif. ,. > ~ \ ^'^ • ^''"V/'a^/^arcv's, and amone
tliem, the ypa^f^arcv, rr,, fiovXij, ,al rov Srj^ov. Qf the htter T
are found the following : /a- • wi tne latter there
C.I.A. ir, 393 (post 229-8 B.C.).
[6 ypaf,p^Te]{„ t^\ /3ov\^, ^al roS 8^p.ov
SwcrtTTTTOS
tUS.
C.I.A. 11, 394 (post 229-8 B.C.). Hippothontis.
Lo ypapp^arev, r^, /3ov\^, kuI rov 8^]f,ov
4'ui'O - - . .
C.I.A. II, 431, 1. 45 (2,0-9 B.C.). Uontis.
C.I.A. ir, 441 (undated).
o ypafi^arek [r^? /3ov\{j, ^al rov S^^ovJ
For C.I.A. II, 329 see above p. 65.
^mmmmmmmm
68
T/ic Athenian Secretaries.
(3) The inscriptions of the thinl set belong to the second cent-
ury after Christ. In them, along with the nanifs of the prj'tanes
and their officers, ai^jjear those of the rlariTot, and among the lat-
ter, in the following inscriptions, is found the ypayu/Marfus
/JovArys Kill 8r//xoii : C.I. A. HI, 1029 {167-8 A. D. \ 1030 (168-9,
A.D.), 1031 (169-70 A.I).), 1032(170-1 A.D.), 1034 (170-1 A.D.),
1040(183-4 A.D. ), 1041 (185-8 A. D.), 1042, 1044, and 104S. In-
stead of ypafXfinTtv<; fiov\^<; kul 8r//xoi;, in C.I.A. Ill, IO38 ( 175 ?
A.D.) and 1045, is found the al)l)reviated title ypu/x/xaTtLis /JovA^s.
There can be no doubt as to the identity of the two.
The OUL' inscription in which the title yfjafjLfj.aTev<; t/Js fSovXr/^ Kal
Tov 8r//Aov occurs, outside of the ' catalo^^i prytanum ", is C.I.A. 11,
488 (rd)oul 30 B.C. ). Here, at the end iA a decree, is read:
[rojriro TO [i/zryt^trr/jia Iv Mwpi'Ji'r/ 6 ctti T[oui (>Tr\(.iT(L<; (TTfjnTrjyo<i Kal
6 k]^/jv^ [t^s f]^ ' Apa'ov ndyov /io[i)A>}s Kat 6 y/ja/u,/xuT£u? t^s] /iouA^s kol
TOV S/iixov. What they are t(j do with the \l/rf<^uTix.a is not known.
It is, therefore, apparent that there existed at Athens, during
the fourth, third, .second, and first centuries before Christ, and dur-
ing the second century ailer Christ, an official called ypaixfiaTevs
^ovXrji KUL S>//A,ow. Was the apxv held by tiie persons denoted by
this title the same during the whole period ? There can be no
reasonable doubt that it was. If so, it is evndent that it was an
ainiual office. After Christ it certainly was ; otherwise, the name
of its holder would not appear among those of the dio-tTot. Now,
among the ata-iToi there is found the name of no officer, who in the
last four centuries before Chri.st is known to have held office for
the time of one prytany only. Any that were prytany officers in
earlier times, c.^., ypa/jL/xuTexx; fSovXevrwv, are mentioned among the
prytanes themselves. On the other hand, among the dtVtrot are
found several officer-;, who in the centuries before Christ were
J'early magistrates, C.ff., ypa/xp.arev'i kiito. TrpvravtMV, dvTiypaffiiv'i.
These facts go to show that prytany offices remained prytany
offices, and antuial offices remained annual offices throughout this
whole period. The inference may therefore be drawn that, dur-
ing the fourth century, B.C., the y/):i/u./iar£us )8ou.\>}s Kat 8rip.ov was
an animal magistrate. Hence, at the time Aristotle wrote the
'AdrjvaLuyv IloAtTeta, there existed at Athens a j'early secretary with
The Secretary Wlio Read tJie Documents,
69
L-ent-
Lanes
t liit-
68-9,
L.D.),
In-
<i75?
JovAijS.
/\f/S KM.
A. II,
read :
iyos Kal
jXf;s Kat
3\vn.
during
nd dur-
x/AjaaT£VS
:>ted by
be no
was an
le name
Now,
;) in the
fiice for
icers in
ong the
Tirol are
St were
prytanj^
lout this
jat, dur-
,ou was
ote the
,ry with
that name. The ypa/i/xarciis fSovXrji kuI 8>;/xou must, therefore,
be one of the three described by iiim. He is clearly not the
first. Tiie second had the laws under his care and had nothing
whatever to do with the ])rytaiies, He can only be the tlii ' the
one of whom Aristotle says (.\th. Pol. 54, 5) : xiipoTovil Sk i 6
8^/ios yfxiixiXdTiiL T()V avayvaxTo/iivov ui'tw (i.e. tuI 8»//i,(i>) Kal rrj j3ov\yj, kuI
ouros ovbcvo'i hm Kvfjiof dW ij rov di'n.yi'aivui.
Why then is his name found in the 4th century ' cataloi^i pry-
tanum' } The same question must be asked in tiie case of the
(li/rtypiie^eik. The 'ivriypi^tv^ jjresented to tile people, at the end of
each pr\-tany, the accounts of the monej- received and expentied
by the prytanes. The y^ja/x/Aareus liovXrf<; kuI StJ/aow read to the peo-
ple, at I he request of the presidin.; prytanes, all documents such
as Tr[)ol3ovXtvfj.'LTa, i/^r;<^ur/xara, etc. What is there surjirising in the
presence of their names among those of the prytanes adjudged to
have acquitted themselves best during the year? Their reports
and attainments would, no doubt, have done much to secure the
honours for the prytanes in question. It is noteworthy, in this
connection, that the ypa/i/xiTcus f3ovXrji K<a S>//u,ou was chosen by
popular election, not bj' lot. Not every citizen could nuike his
voice heard throughout the ekklesia, and the 8riiio<: nuist at least
hear the proposals of the prytanes.
When the secretary under consideration is bidden to read a
document, he is usually called simply o y/ja/x/xareJ? (C.I.A. ir,
114A, 1. gf., Aeschin. Ill, 100, IX-m. XX, p. 4S5, Thucyd. \'II, (o,
where the r^s TroAeojs is bracketed by Herwerden, Stalil and liude,
Sandys Ath. Pol.,Ch. 54, 511.). In ( Pint. ) Lycurg. 841 F he is called
ypufjLfi.aTev'i tjj? ttoAcu)?. Iu A. Wilhelni, Rericlit, p. 6f. he is called
y/ja/x/Aareu? Tu) S>J/j,u), an abridgement of what in C.I.A. 11, S65,
867, and 870, we find as ypiiniJ.aTev<; rij fSovXij k<u rw SijfJiu). vSo in
C.I.A. II, 329, ypa/x/xnTcv^ ISovXrj'i kiu Srjpiov is perhaps abbre-
viated to ypap.finTtv<; rov Sy'ip-ov^ and in C.I.A. IV 2, 872b, III,
1038. and 1045, to ypa/xjuiarciis rrji fSovX?]^. The probability is that
he had no fixed title at all, but was most commonly called
ypaju/u,(tT€us TJjs (3ovXrj<: Kal rov StJ/xov. The uniqueness of his duties
would distinguish him sufficiently in any case.
70
The Athenian Secretaries.
Tliese (lulies were to read letters, new laws, psephismala, pro-
bouleumata and oilier documents of all kinds to the senate and
assemhU'. OCto? oi'iSecd* t'tm Kii/jios I'lXK /y ToO di'ayi'wi'ai, says Aris-
totle. His name is, therefore, wroii<j;ly restored in C.I. A. ii, 146,
and 309, and he i-> wron.i^ly identified with the y/ja^/iartus toC
8j//xou found in the inscriptions cited above, p. 63f. ; for he was
not the officer who attended to the publication of decrees.
§ 17. Vpafxnarev'^ TrpvToiveaju. Ppa/x/Ltareu? /SouXeuroii^.
In the ' cata/fliyi prytanum ' of the second set, there is mentioned
a secretary with the title ypa/x/iareu? TTfiVTaviwv. In those of the
first set, this name is wanting. The presumption is that he did
not exist in the fourth century. In the three following centuries
he was a member of the ])residing prytany (C.I. A. ii, 329). It i.s
unlikely that he was elected by lot. His associate, the Ta/xtas,
certainly was not (C.I. A. 11, 431). His duties were ras ^vcrtas
dvav irctfras ra? Kn6r)Kov<Ta<; iv Trj iTpvTavf.ui vnip Tt Trj<; (iov\rj^ Kai
Tov 8i]fiov ' iTTifiiXiiaOiu Se Kai T^^iv aWcoi/ diravTuyv (C.I. A. II, 431).
In the third set of ' calahiri pryianum \ an official correspond-
ing to the ypafiiJi.aTev<; Tr/auTai/ewi/, l)Ut with the title ypafifKinvi
ftovKevTwv, appears. There can be no reasonable d()u))t that he is
the same. He is still a j)rytany officer, and is not registered
among the dio-iroi.
§ 18. Fpa/x/aarev? rail/ ra/atwi/ T^5 ^eov. V payi.}xa.Tev<i twv
TafXLwu TTji; deov kol tcov aWoti/ deiov.
For the period 434-3 to 407-6 B C. inclusive, we have a
tolerably complete list of the secretaries of the treasurers of
Athens. It is as follows :
Secretaries oj the Treasurers of Athena,
71
, pro-
e and
Aris-
I, 146.
e was
(/)
tf)
W't^'i:Kh4clh<o<ii <:-<(Xi_;<:<?h<<w<<i-jw
•:: -^
c —
,* .-•
c-
• — (y
xa
itioned
of the
lie (lid
mturies
). It is
T(x/i,ia?,
IS ^vtrtus
espond-
lat he is
gistered
I
9,
On O
-f in
(JvO^f^ '+COXCC CT*
"sfvO ^\D M ri C( '■■( 10 f<^
15
M
M
. o
00 «
—' i^cc 00
- l-« ^^ "^
"^00 OC ON
"" in 'o 10
. . 'O ^
1-1 1-1 O "'- t^ I^CC rO 'O 10 t-^
r>. i^ ts i-" 10 10 10 X *0 vO
11 -^ CS CS CS fS M CS rl CO <^j fO 10 10 "O 10 fS M C) M «^ f<; rC ^5
t^ 1-1 cfi <?^ O "-1 «N fO ON cr> o i-i M "+ -t 'O 10 'oo i^ f^ -f "+ >r)
w ^ 1-1 11 H (S M CS cs CN rO fO ro 10 10 10 M fN M M r<~/ ro ro ro
dp,
o o
rr, f^ -1-
rei"; Twy
have a
lurers of
I
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1^
'a
2 "3
1:^ 5 ^^
Is
2 <
o
3
K
S
12^
=^ ^ iw
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3
P
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560
If
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t, ^3
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I- •^
b ?
s-
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a.
/I
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b
w
ro cs "-I O ONOO r^vO Lo 'd- r^j f^
I I I I I I I I I I I I
r)- rfj ot ^ O 000 r^vO 10 -:f rO
rOr<^rOrO(^>tM <N (N <N M CN CN
'^'^•^•+'t'+rJ-r)-rt--*T)-r)-
o
a.
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o
(yi — ■- »w
?« !?■ r; ?s
.- S- 3
<; I — I ^
O
<^
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^a
I I
b
I ^
o
;^
.3
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b
S.
S ^
«- 3
5 S
b -
?- b
P- 5
S -e-
5 e
'A
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Q.-UJ1 b
5 t:
2 i-
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-e- iL p
<; P a
• -a "
- Q-
P »-
«3- 3
3 ir
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"*• 00
'< tr w
,<2 -=;
'a =<
?^ <! e- w -^ lEle <! <;
b
/<
o o
p. ^
X g
(A P 2
^2
I TiiiiiiiiiTiiii
(S «00N00t^vO>O-:t-fOf^i-i00NC0t^
(S| (yiC)-<i-i"-"-i-ll-l«»-»Hl-iOOO
73
The Athenian Sccyctaries.
Dnriii};^ two periods, 4.^4-^^ to 430-29 B.C. inclusive, atul 416-5
to 413-2 H.C. inclusive, the tribes of llu- secretaries follow one
atiotlier in the reverse of their oflicial order.
lM)r the nt'xt nuinher of years, the treasury hoaids of Athena
and of the Other Gods were united, and had a secretary in coni-
mou. Of these secretaries tiie foUowini; remain :
Year '
B.C,
.\\t\tu' and Ih'mc of
Si'cirlavy
References
Tr'tbi' (f
Srrrttiiry
406-5
*Akan>anti.s
405-4
='=Leontis
404-3
'l-Pandionis
403-2
— — as KoAAi'Tci's
IV 2, 642I).
Ai.neis
402-1
K\lL(T0<f>O<; t]l'o>I' X'fUVS
11,642'.
ICrechlheis
40 1 -0
■t^Antiochis
400-c)
W£^(rt[Ao X"* Omiio'i
n.643, 645.
Aiantis
399-«
Xul^ t U)V ' EiXilXTll/LWi
11.644. 652. IV 2,
645b. 653
Hippolliontis
39S-7
Mi'r/fru/jos ' Adfjiovtv s
II, 652, 653. IV 2, 653.
Kekrojiis
397-6
Mo/jv;(os Bovra'.Sr/s
II. 652. IV 2, 653.
Oiiieis
396-5
^■■AUaniantis
395-4
'''Leontis
394-3
•'■Paiidionis
393-2
''■Aii;eis
392-1
•^^''rechtheis
391-0
=''Antiochis
390-9
— -/J>?s ' A(fn8v(U0<:
II, 660.
Aiantis
3S9-8
■'■Hippothontis
38.S-7
•^•Kekropis
3S7-6
"'"Oineis
For the i)eriod 403-2 to 390-89 B.C. at the very least, the
tribes (jf the secretaries follow one another in the reverse of the
official order, and it is probable that it was of twenty years dura-
tion so as to complete two sets of tribe rotations. The date, at
which the beginning of the twenty year period must be fixed, lies
between 407-6 B.C. and 403-2 B.C. 406-5 B.C., the first of a
Panathenaic Penteteris, is privia facie the most probable year;
for, as we are dealing with the .secretary of the joint board of
treasurers, twenty years, starting from 385-4 B,C., the first year^
' This inscription is now dated precisely.
^SecC.I..\. II, 667.
Secretaries of the Joint liiKxrd of Treasurers. 73
416-5
)W one
\.i1r'1Ui
n corn-
Ac of
rtary
\;intis
lis
ionis
is
liihcis
ochis
ilis
)t)Uii)nlis
ropis
jis
iiuantis
litis
(lionis
tis
htheih
iochis
itis
pothoiitis
ropi^^
is
[east, the
Ise of the
tars dura-
date, at
klxed, lies
Ifirst of a
|)le year ;
board of
first vear'
in which we know that the union of the hoards no h)nj;er existed,
take us at once beyond 40,^-^ H.C. Indeed, 406-5 B.C. is the
year assij^iied by Hans lA'liner (ttber (he atheiiischeii Schatz-
verzeichnisse iles vierten Jahihnnderts. Honn, iSHo, p. 12 IT. ) and
liy Paul I'anske ( I)e niaj^istratibns Atticis cjui saeculo a. Chr.
n. (piarto pecunias publicas curabaut. Leipz. Stud. XIII, 1S90,
1>. 4 IT.) f)r the consoUdation of the boards. The evidence
for this date is ; that C.I. A. iv 2, 642b compels us to assume that
the boirds were already jtnned in 404-3 li.C. ; that Andocides, l)e
Myst. 77 refers to a joint board in 405-4 B.C. ; that the treasur-
ers of Athens for tlie year 407-6 B.C. do not, as usual, name their
successors: tliat, at the end of the year 407-6 B.C., of the jjold
and silver offerings cared lor by the treasurers of Athena, all
kept in the Pronaos, and many of those kept in the Par-
thenon and Helcatompedon, were handed over to the Ilel-
lenotamiai to meet the expenses incurred in filling; out the
fleet to flight at Arginousai ; that the Old Temple of .\theiia, in
the Opisthodomos of which were stored the precious t'nini^s cared
for by the treasurers of the Other Gods, was l)urnt down in the
early part of the year ; that what remained of the offerings after the
fire, was put, with what was left of Athena's treasures, in the
Hekatompedon ; that the treasurers both of Athena and of
the Other Gods, at the end of their term of office in the early jiart
of 406-5 B.C., were lying in jirison on a ch.irs^e, of negligence we
may suppose, in connection with the burning of the temple.
When the treasures were for the great part gone, aiul when those
that remained were all storeil in one room, it is not surprising
that a single board of caretakers was thought sufiicient.
So, when the construction of the Long Walls, in 393 B.C.. and
the peace of Antalkidas, in 387-6 B.C., brought commercial j)ros-
perity to Athens, and Thriisyboulos, in 390-89 B.C., won back
tribute-paying dependencies for the city, the administration of the
finances would demand a board of treasurers to replace the Hel-
lenotamiai. Moreover, upon the rebuilding of the Old Temple
of Athena, alluded to by Aristophanes in Plutus 1191 ff. (3S8
B.C.), a board of treasurers would be required to care for the
money, and gold and silver offerings again undoubtedly stored
74
The Athenian Secretaries.
there. It is not surprising that 3S7-6 B.C., lieing the last year of
a Panatheiiaic Peiiteteris, and the hist in the .second set of tribe ro-
tations, ended the period of the joint board of treasurers and of
the reverse of the official order of the secretaries' tribes.
After 3S7-6 B.C. came a period, we know not of \v'hat length,
in wl'ich, neither the reverse of the official order, nor the official
order itself, guided the tribes in their turns to the secretaryship
of the treasurers of Athena. This is indicated by the tribe of the
secretar}' for 376-5 B.C., Eu^t'as Ileto-tov Kr/TTios, of the tribe Leontis
(C.I. A. II, 670,671). In the year 351-0 B.C., however, as the
following Hst shows, we encounter a new system.
Year
B.C.
Nainc and Ihiiic of
.^ccrc/arv
Refcycnces
II, 69S.
351-0 'Aya^i'/xos ' khti^avjov II, O98.
©i)/AaiTa(ST/?) j
3.S"-9
349—8 nto-TtSv;? 0O|O(itevs
34«-7
347-6
346-5
345-4
344-3
343-2
342-1
341-0 - - i[ui)(ov 'EAevfTu'ftos) II, 703.
340-9 - - KJ^jaToi's TpiKopv- II, 703.
I fn(os)
I 7'n7>c of
I Secretary
Hipjiothontis
-■^Aiantis
Aiitiochis
''"Erechtheis
=i=Aig'MS
'■"'Pandionis
''%eontis
''•Akamantis
l*Oineis
'^Kekropis
Hippothontis
Aiantis
For the years 351-0 to 340-39 B.C. inclusive, the secretaries'
tribes follow, not the reverse of the official order as before, but the
official order itself. When this system was introduced, and how
long it lasted, we caiuiot even conjecture. The treasury boards
in the latter jiart of the fourth century B.C. lost nuicli of theii
former importance, owing to the vestment of supreme financial
authority in the persons of new officers. Consecpiently. the
boards are rarely met with in inscriptions of this period, and after
340-39 B.C. we are unable to give the deme of a single secretary.
I have no comment to make on llic ypa/x/Attrev? 'EAAt^i/otu/aioji' or
tlie ■ypiju./xaTtii ToJi/ TdfiMv tC)v aWtjDv Oiwv. The official order cannot
be shown to have had anything to do with the distribution ot't-ither
of the.se officers among the tril)e^. The tribe of the ypufifuiTtrs
6c(Tfio6eTo)v can in no case be determined.
year of
ribe ro-
and of
length,
official
:arysliip
e of the
Leotitis
. as the
■ihc of
■n'tary
pothontis
itis
iochis
:htheis
'MS
dionis
litis
iinantis
Topis
)othontis
itis
cretanes
but the
and how
ry boards
of theii
financial
itly, the
and after
lecretary.
■(t/xiwv or
V (-aniiot
of tither
APPENDIX A.
The Tribes with their Respective Demes.
Erechtheis.
Agryle, Anagyrous, Euonymoii, Kedoi, Kephisia, Lamptrai,
Pambotadai. Pergase, Phegous, Sybridai, Theniakos.
Aigeis.
Ankyle, Araplien, Bate, Dioineia, Ivrchia, Erikeia, Gargettos,
Halai Araphenides, Hestiaia, Ikaria, lonidai, Kollytos, Kolonos,
Kydantidai, Myrrliiuoutta, Otryne, Phegaia, Philaidai, Plotheia,
Teitliras.
Pandionis,
Angele, Graes, Kaletea, Konthyle, Kydathenaioii, K^-tneros,
Myrrhinous, Oa, Paiaiiia, Pliegaia, Prasiai, Probalinthos, Stt-ir'.a.
Lcontis.
Aithalidai, Cholleidai, Deiradiolai, Eupyridai, Haliiuous, He-
kale, Hybadai. Kettos, Kolone, Kropidai, Leukonoc Oion Ker-
ameikon, Paionidai, Pelekes, Phrearrhoi, Potanios, Skambonidai,
Sounioii.
A {(I mantis.
Cholargos, Eiresidai, Eitea, Hagnou->, HennoM, Iphi>Aiadai,
Kephale, Keranieikos, Kikyiina, Kyrlcidai, Poros, Prospalta,
Rhakidai, Sphettos, Tliorikos.
Oi)ieis.
Acharnai, Boutadai, Epikephisioi, Hii)potoniadai, Kothokidai,
Lakiadai, Eousia, Oe, Perithoidai, Phyle, Ptelea, Tbria, Tyr-
meidai.
Kekropis.
Aixoiie. Athmoiion, Daidalidai, Epieikidai, Ilalai Aixonikai,
Helite, Plilya, Pithos, Sypalettos, Trinemeia, Xypete.
76
The Athenian Secretaries.
\.
Hippothontis.
Acherdous, Amymoiie, Anakaia, Aiiridai, Azeiiia, Dekeleia,
Elaious, Eleusis, Eroiadai, Hainaxanteia, Keiriadai, Koile, Ko-
pros, Kor3'dallos, Oinoe, Oioti Dekeleikou, Peiraieus, Pol — ,
Sphendale, Thyiiiaitadai.
Aiantis.
Apliidna, Kykala, Marathon, Oinoe, Perrhidai, Phaleroii,
(Psaphis), Rhauiuous, Thyrgouidai, Titakidai, Trikoryuthos.
Antiochis.
Aigilia, Alopeke, Ainphitrope, Aiia[)lily.sto.s, Atene, Besa, Eitea,
Ergadeis, Eroiadai, Kolone, Krioa, Lekkon, Eeukopyra, CMelai-
iKii), P.illeue, (Penttile), Phyrriii.iesioi, S'iuiachidai, Tiiorai.
A^itigonis.
' -^'Agryle, Aithalidai, Deiradiolai ?, Eitea, Gargettos, Ikaria,
Kydatlieuaion, '•■Latnptrai, '■■Paiatiia.
Devietrias.
Atene, Hippotomadai, Koile, Kothokidai. Melite, Thorai,
Xypete.
Ptoleinais.
Aigilia, Akyaia, Aphidna. Berenikidai, Boutadai, Euiiostidai,
Hekale, Hyporeia, Ikaria, Klo — , Kolone, Koiithyle, Kydanti-
dai ?, Melainai, Oinoe, I'entelc. Perrhidai, Petaliai, Phlya, Pros-
palta, --Seinachidai, Themakos, Thyrgonidai, Titakidai.
Attalis.
Agryle, Ankyle ^ Apollonieis, Atene, Athmonon, Hagnous,
Korydallos, Oinoe, Oion Dekeleikon. Probalinthos, Sounion,
Tyrnieidai.
' The star signifies that the dcnie had two parts, one of which remaini-d in
the old tribe. That none hut thvidcd denies coahl helonu; to two tribes at the
same titiu, has l)een sh.own tjy Mr. F. O. Bates in the dissertation cited
at p. 43 ;ihove.
ekeleia,
.le, Ko-
Pol— ,
APPENDIX B.
Bini.IOGRAPHY.
haleron,
.tlios.
^a, Eitea,
,, (Melai-
orai.
^, Ikaria,
Thorai,
lunostidai,
'<ydaiiti-
llya, Pros-
[Hagnous,
Sovuiion,
|-eniaim'(l in
tribes at the
ition citetl
Bates, F. O. The Five Post-Kleisthenean Tribes, (Cornell
University dissertation ).
Beloch, Julius. Die Errichtun": der Pliyle Ptolemais. Neue
Jahrl)ticlier fiir classische Pliilologie 129 ( 1SS4J, p. 481 IT.
Boeckh, August. vStaatslianshaltung der Athener. Vol. 'l
(1850), p. 251 ff.
Busolt, Georg. Staats- and Rechtsaltertumer. I. Mtiller,
Handhncli "IV i, p. 254 fT.
Caillemer, E. Article Grammaicis, in Daremberj^ et Saglio,
Dictionnaire des Antiquites Vol. II (1896), p. 1646 flF.
Dittenberger, Wilhelm. Attische Archonten zwischen Ol.
122 und 130. Hermes II ( 1867), p. 285 flF.
Dittenberger, \A«^ilhelm. Untersuchnngen tiber die nach
Kleislhenes nen errichteten attischen Phylen. Hermes 9 ( 1875),
p. 385 fT.
Dorpfeld, Wilhelm. Der alte Atlienatempcl auf der Akro-
polis. Mitth. XI (1886), p 337 ff. ; XII (1887J, p. 25 ff. and
p. 190 fT.
Drerup, Engelbert, tlber den Staatsschreiber von Athen.
Philologisch-liistorische Beitraj'^e fiir Cnrt Wachsmuth (1897),
p. 137 fT.
Dumont, A. Essai sur la chronologiedes archontes athcniens
posterieurs a la CXXII' Olymp. Paris, ( 1870).
Dumont, A. Pastes eponymitiues d'Atlicnes. Paris, ^1874).
Dumont, A. Supplement a la chronologie des archontes
atheniens posterieurs h la CXXII'"" Olymp. Bull. I (1877J,
p. 36 ff.
Frcinkel. Max. Die Staatshaushaltung der Athener von Au-
gust Boeckh 1 1886), Vol. I, p. 226 iT.
Gardner, Percy, and Jevons, Frank Byron. A Manual of
Greek Antiquities (1895), p. 485 f.
78
The Athoiian Secretaries.
Gilbert, Gustav. Der athenische Rathssclireiber. Phiiolo-
gus 39 (1880), p. 131 ff.
Gilbert, Gustav. The Constitutional Antiquities of vSparta
and Athens. English Translation { 1895), p. ''268 ff.
Goodwin, W. W. The Relation of the TrpoeS/jo' to the Trpurai/eis
in the Athenian Senate. Trans. Amer. Phil. Ass. XVI ( 1885),
p. 165 ff.
Gow, James. A Companion to School Cla.ssics. (1893), p.
^117.
Hartel, Wilhelm. Studien iiber attisches vStaat.srecht und
Urkundenwesen. Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie
der Wissenschaften zu Wien, philosoph.-liist. Klasse, 90 (1878),
p. 543 ff. ; 91 (1878), p. loi ff. and especially p. 135 ff.
Headlam, J. W. Election by Lot at Athens. Cambridge
University Press ( 1891 ).
Heisterbergk, B. Die Bestellung der Beamten durch das
Los. Berliner Studien XVI 5 (1896), p. i ff.
Hille, Carolus Antonius. De scribis Atheniensium publicis.
Leipz. Stud. I (1878), p. 203 ff.
Homolle, Th. Supplement jl la chronologie des archontes
atheniens posterieurs a la CXXII"" Olymp. Bull. IV (1880), p.
182 ff.
Homolle, Th. Note sur la chronologie des archontes athen-
iens de la .seconde moitie du 11'"" siecle av. J. C. Bull. X (i886j,
p. 6ff.
Homolle, Th. Remarques sur la chronologie de quelques
archontes atheniens. Bull. XVII (1893). p. 145 ff.
Kirchner, Joh. E. Die Zusaninien.setzung der Phylen An-
tigonis und Demetrias. Rlieinisches Museum 47 {1892), p.
550 ff.
Koehler, W. Studien zu den attischeu P.sephisnien. Hermes
V (1871), p. 328 ff.
Kornitzer, A. De scribis publicis Atheniensium. Wien-
Hernals (1883). Progr.
Lehner, Hans, tjber die athenischen Schatzverzeichni.sse des
vierten Jahrhunderts. Bonn (1890).
^'hiiolo-
vSparta
rrpvTaveis
(1885),
893). P-
;cht und
.kademie
)(i878),
ambridge
urch das
publicis.
archontes
18S0), p.
iQS athen-
^1886),
quelques
[yleii An-
[892), p.
Hermes
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