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 "t- 
 
 A TOPICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 OF 
 
 \ 
 
 English and Canadlvn History 
 
 From William III. to George III. Inclusivb. 
 
 (for MATRlCULANXti ANU SKCONU CLAott UAiNUlUATBS.) 
 
 BY 
 
 J. AT TTTTKTF;R M.A., LL.B. 
 
 Modem Ldiijaayc AiXnUr, JJaiTit CoUei/iuie ntstilute. 
 
 TOROISTO: 
 W. J GAGE & COMPANY, 
 
 1886. 
 

 Entered according to Act of Parliametit in the office of the Minister of 
 Agriculture, in the year of our Lord, 1886, by VV. J. Gagb & Co. 
 
PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 This little book is founded upon J. R. Green's PTistory of 
 tlie English People, but, as the student will very soon find, 
 it ia not intended to take the place of that or of any other 
 history. Its purpose is to send him to the various histories 
 of the period with a definite object in view, and its purpose- 
 will not be accomplished unless it does so. Jts author hopess 
 that by the use of this Topical Analysis the young student 
 will he saved many a weary hour of misdirected effort, and 
 enabled to grasp some methods of historical study that will 
 be found both fruitful and pleasurable. That this Analysis 
 will facilitate an illegitimate cram its author does not believe ; 
 if he did, it would never have been written. 
 
 Thanks to the efforts of our educational authorities, every 
 school in the Province ia likely to nave a good reference 
 library, and it may confidently be expected that the histori- 
 cal department will contain most of the standard histories. 
 This Analysis assumes this ; and its author believes that he 
 will have done a good work if he succeeds in turning the 
 attention of the pupils of our schools away from bare outlines, 
 a^d sends them to the perusal of works, the reading of which 
 is an education of itself. 
 
it 
 
 l»REFACfi. 
 
 The licartiest thanks of the author are due to J. Black- 
 s ' , U.A., of Upper Canada College, for assistance of the 
 m u valuable character. 
 
 C l.liKOIATE iNKTiriTK, BAHKIE, 
 
 ^ April 8th, iSfcO. 
 
 Note.- r.. Green; .U=Maca.i]ay; r-L = TuBwell-Langmeacl 
 I/=Hallani. 
 
 
FIRST TOPIC. 
 
 THE REVOLUTION OF 1688. 
 
 (See Macaulay and Hallam.) ' . 
 
 I. Its Causes. 
 
 A. The cliaiiicter of James II. — " Obstinate and im- 
 perious." — M. 
 
 B. His designs. — "To make himself an absolute 
 monarch, and to subvert the establi.shed Protestant 
 
 ^ faith."— r-L. 
 
 C. Tlie means he adopted to carry out his designs as 
 stated by the leaders of the Revolution in the Bill 
 of Rifjhts. - 
 
 'O' 
 
 [The student should take care that he understands 
 clearly all the terms used in the following enumer- 
 ation of the arbitrary and illegal acts of James II. 
 He will find it a most necessary and vahial)le exer- 
 cise, also, to arrange this enumeration in chrono- 
 ' logical order, and to refer to events supporting the 
 charges stated therein. For this purpose the follow- 
 ing works may be ocisulted : The Second Stuar? 
 Tyranny; T-L.^ chap. 15; H.^ chap. 14; M., 
 chaps. 4-8.] 
 
 MThe late King James II., by the advice of divers 
 evil counsellors, judges, and ministers eniployed 
 by him, did endeavour to subvert and extirpate 
 the Protestant religion, and the laws and liberties 
 of this kingdom : — 
 
tOPlCAL HISTOllV. 
 
 1. •' By asauming and excrcisaig ;i {.ouerof dispensing 
 with and suspending of l.iws, and the execution ol 
 laws, without consent of Parliament. 
 
 2. "By committing and prosecuting divers worthy 
 prehites, for huml^ly petitioning to be excused from 
 concurring to the same assumed power. 
 
 ?,. "By issuing and causing to be executed a com- 
 mission under the Groat Seal for erecting a court, 
 called the Court of Commissioners foi- Ecclesiastical 
 Causes. ■ ' 
 
 4. '* By levying money for and to the use of the Crown, 
 by pretence of prerogitive, for other time, and in 
 other numner than the same was granted by Parlia- 
 ment. . , • * 
 
 5. "By raising and keeping a standing army within 
 this kingdom in time of peace, without consent of. 
 Parliament, and quartering sol 'ieis contrary to law. 
 
 6. " By causing several good subjects, being Protes- 
 tants, to be disarmed, at the same time when Papists 
 were both armed and employed contrary to law. 
 
 7. **By violating the freedom of election of members 
 to serve in Parliament. 
 
 8. '* By prosecutions in the Court of King's Bench for 
 matters and causes cognizable only in Parliament • 
 and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses. 
 
 9. "And whereas of late years, partial, corrupt and 
 unqualified persons have been returned and served 
 on juries in trials, and particularly divers jurors in 
 trials for high treason, which wore not freeholders. 
 
 10. *' And exces-^ive bail hath been required of persons 
 committed in criminal cases, to elude the laws made 
 for the liiierty of the subjects. 
 
 11. "And excessive fines have been imposed; and 
 illegal and cruel punishments inflicted. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY, 
 
 a 
 
 12. "And several grants and pronuses made of fines 
 and forfeitures, before any conviction or judgment 
 against the persons upon whom the same were to be 
 levied. 
 
 '* All which arc utterly and directly contrary to the 
 known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm." 
 
 I). Tlie actions of tlic King, by wliich lie alienatiMJ 
 
 the various classes of the nation. 
 
 [The student will note here a restatement from another 
 point of view of sonic of the fact« mentioned under C] 
 
 1. How the nobility were alienated. 
 
 a. By the attacks on the church and universities. 
 
 6. By dismissing Peers from their ofhcs for refusing, 
 to comply with the royal will. KxampLs — Halifax 
 dismissed from the Council ; Ivirl of Oxford and 
 others dismissed from their otHcea as Lords Lieu- 
 tenants. 
 
 2. How the Clergy weie alienated : 
 
 a. By the King's efforts to repeal the Test Act. 
 
 b. By the attacks on the Universities. 
 
 c. By the tyrannical acts of the Kcclediastical Com- 
 mission. 
 
 d. By the publication of tiie Declaration of Indul- 
 gence. _ 
 
 e. By the prosecution of the seven Bishops. 
 
 3. How the mass of the people were alienated : 
 
 a. So far as the people were churchmen they were 
 affected by the events mentioned above. The 
 Protestant Dissenters, knowing the objects of 
 James, refused to support him. 
 
 h. By taking asvay the cliarters from the towns, and 
 by "reg dating " the corporations so as to put the 
 supporters of the Crown in ofRce, 
 
'■'I 
 
 TOPKJAL IIISTOBY, 
 
 c. By the packing of Juries, and'the (Hsniissing of 
 Judges who refused to do the royal will. 
 
 d. By bringing over Irish troops. 
 
 XI. The Invitation to William Prince of , 
 
 Orange., 
 
 A. Tha political state of Eiiropo at tiiis time. 
 
 1. France, its commanding position. Ambitious pro- 
 jects of Louis XIV. 
 
 2. The German Empire, how ruled, its lack of unity. 
 
 3. Spain, its decline in power 
 
 4. Holland, its peculiar po'.ition. Tlie character of 
 ^ William of Orange, 
 
 B, The circumstances under v hich the Invitation 
 was sent olf. 
 
 1. All show of legal rule had disappeared. 
 
 2. Tiie announcement of the birth of the Prince of 
 Wales. • 
 
 a The men who signed the Invitation. In particular, 
 Dan by, Devonshire, Compton. 
 
 D. William's reasons for accepting it. 
 
 III. The events between William's accept- 
 ance of the Invitation and the calling of 
 the Convention. 
 
 1. William colhcts ships'and troops for the expedition. 
 
 2. James refu^jus to believe the warnings of Louis and 
 rejects his proffered assistance. 
 
 3. Louis pours French troops into Germany. The 
 Dutch States-deiieral gives its sanction to William's 
 Kxpeditio.!, 
 
 i 
 
tOMCAL HiSTORt. 6 
 
 4. James' panic on learning of it. His policy. " He 
 personally appealed for sujpoi t to the Bisliops. He 
 dissolved the Ecclesiastical 0<>i i mission. He replaced 
 the Magistrates he had drivm from oiiice. He 
 restored their franchises to the towns. The Chan- 
 cellor carried back tlie Charter of London in state 
 into the city. The Bishop of Winchester was sent 
 to replace the expelled fellows ol Magdalen. Catholic 
 Chapels and Jesuit Schools were ordered to be 
 closed." — G. 
 
 6. Delay of men of influence in joining William. 
 
 6. The revolt in other parts of England. JJanby in 
 York, Devonshire at Derby, Norfolk at Norwich, 
 Lo elace at Oxford. 
 
 7. W dliam advances on Salisbury. Bristol opens its 
 gates. Lord Cliurchill deserts to him. THe Princess 
 Anne joins Danby. 
 
 8. James resolves to flee to France, is caught and 
 is brought back. 
 
 9. Williain enters London. James escapes to France. 
 
 10. William assumes.jby request, provisional authority 
 and calls the Convention. (January 22nd 1689.) 
 
 IV, The Convention. 
 
 (See T-L., Chap, xv., and Af„ Chap, x.) 
 
 A. The parties in it.| 
 
 L Blind enthusiasts for James II, — few in number. 
 
 2. Ultra-Republicans — also few. 
 
 3. The Tory Tarty, divicted as follows : 
 
 a. Sherlock's party — strong among the Clergy — 
 wished to restore James on condition of his guarantee- 
 ing the Civil and Ecclesiistical Constitution of the 
 realm. 
 
6 TOPICAL HISTOP-?. 
 
 b. Sancroft's party — also strong among the Clergy — 
 held that the King's stupidity, perverseness, and 
 siipei'stition entitled the nation to treat him as 
 insane; that a regent should be appointed to per- 
 form the kingly functions. 
 
 c. Danby's party — tlie majority in the Tory party — 
 held that the King had, by his flight, abdicated 
 the Throne ; but the Throne cannot be vacant ; 
 therefore the Princess of Orange should be at once 
 proclaimed. 
 
 d. The Whigs — not divided like the Tories — held that 
 .* James had broken tlie contract between King and 
 
 people, and had therefore forfeited the crown. The 
 nation should, at once, through its Parliament, elect a 
 new King and lay down conditions upon which he 
 should rule. # ^ 
 
 13. Its proceedings. 
 
 1. After discussion the Commons agreed to the follow- 
 ing resolutions : 
 
 o. ** That King James II., having endeavoured to sub- 
 vert the constitution of the kingdom by breaking the 
 original contract between King and people, and 
 having, by the advice of Jesuits and other wicked 
 persons, violated the fundamental laws, and with- 
 drawn himself out of the Kingdom, has abdicated 
 the Government, and that the Throne is thereby 
 vacant." 
 
 h. "That it hath been found, by experience, incon- 
 sistent with the safety and welfare of the Kingdom 
 to be governed by a Popish prince." 
 
 2. The Lords at once agreed to the second resolution, 
 but took up a considerable time in discussing the 
 first. They resolv^^d : 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 a. That there should not be a Regency. 
 h. That there was an original contract between the 
 King and the people. 
 
 c. Th.it James, as stated, had misgoverned the 
 country. 
 
 d. That he had "deserted," not "abdicated," the 
 country. 
 
 e. That the throne was not vacant. 
 
 3. William then explained his position. ** He had no 
 
 mind to be his wife's gentleman-usher." Mary 
 dejliaed to accept the Crown except in conjunction 
 with her husbr.nd. 
 
 4. llie Loids gave way and resolution carried that 
 
 William and Mary be declared King and Queen. 
 
 5. Tlie. Declaration of Right drawn up. *' It contains : — 
 
 a. A recital of ail the arbitrary and illegal acts coin- 
 mitted by James II. ; of his abdication and tiie 
 consequent vacancy of the throne. 
 
 b. An emphatic assertion, nearly following the word.-* 
 of the previous recital, that all such enumerated 
 ac*3 are illegal. 
 
 c. A resolution that the Crown should be settled on 
 William and Mary for their joint and separate 
 lives, but with the administration of the fiovern- 
 ment, during their joint lives, in William, alone ; 
 and after tl e d(;cease of the survivor, on the 
 deacentlants of Mary, then on Anne another issue, 
 and lastly on the issue of William. 
 
 6. Tender of the Crown to William and Mary and their 
 
 acceptance on these conditions. 
 
 7. "In the second session of the Convention Parlia- 
 
 ment, which rea^Jiembled in October, 1689, the 
 Declaration of Right was < nibodied and confii.ned 
 with Konic slight but iiisport ait anieadincnts, in a 
 
 
8 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 •■> 
 o. 
 
 reg liar Act of thf Leg'sliture. For text of Bill of 
 Rights see T-L. 
 
 V. Acts Passed to settle the affairs of the 
 
 Country. 
 
 (Besides G. see H. Chap xv., M. Chap, xi., xiv., xv.) 
 
 1. In the heginiiing of 1689 tlie Convention voted itself 
 
 a Parlianient. By the same Act it was provided, 
 . . ** thit no person sliould, after the first of March, sit 
 or vote in eitlier House without taking the Oaths to 
 the new King and Queen." This Oath was refused 
 by the Primate and several Bishop^?. v 
 
 2. Th3 method of granting the revenue was discussed. 
 
 The giant of the royal revenue was restricted to a 
 term of four years. A buist of royal ailger led to 
 the grant being made an annual one. 
 The Mutiny Act conferred power on the officers of 
 the army to preserve discipline, and made provision 
 for the p lyment of the army, but both pay and dis- 
 ciplinary powers were granted only for a single year. 
 In this coujiection the history of the Sta'iding Army 
 may be revised. 
 
 4. Thk ToLERVTfOM Act. Its object to relieve Non- 
 conformists from severe penalties directed against 
 tliem as dissenting from the faith and worship of the 
 Catholic Church. Provisions — exempted "from the 
 penalties of existing statutes against conventicles 
 and absence from Church, all persons who sliould 
 take the Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy and 
 subscribe to a declavr.tion against transubstantia- 
 tion." For full provisions see histories. Result — It 
 " established a group of reli^^ious bodies." 
 
 5. Act for Settling the Oaths of Allegianck and 
 Supremacy. Piovided tlut '*no person should at 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 
 
 any future time be admitted to any ofHco, civil, 
 military, ecclesiastical or academical without taking 
 the Oaths to William aj)d Maty." Piovided albo 
 "that every person holding a civil or military office 
 must tak& the Oath before 1st of August, 1689." 
 Furious disputes arose whether this should apply to 
 those holding ecclesiastical or academical offices. 
 Decided in the affirmative. The Non-Jurors, those 
 who refused to take this Oath. Among them the 
 Primate and six Bishops. 
 
 G. The Corporation Act restored the rights of those 
 Corporations which had surrendered their charters 
 to the Crown during the last two reigns. 
 
 7. The Act of Grace, passed after Parliament had 
 refused to pass a Bill of Iniiemnity. •' An Act of 
 Indemnity pas'ses through all the stages through 
 which other laws pass, and may, during its progress, 
 r be amended by either House. An Act of Grace is 
 received with peculiar marks of respect, is read only 
 once by the Lords and once by the Conmions, and 
 must be either rejected altogether or accepted as it 
 
 9. 
 
 stands. 
 
 M. 
 
 8. 
 
 The Treason Act. Object — To defijie more pre- 
 cisely what constituted treason, and to afford the 
 accused better opportunities of defence. Provisions — 
 The accused to liave a copy of the articles of indict- 
 ment five days before the trial, to have the assistance 
 of counsel, to be proved guilty by at least two 
 witnesses. Passed 169G. 
 
 r.ills propo:ed but which failed to pass. 
 a. The Triennial Bill — vetoed by William. 
 h. The Place Bill, excluding all persons in tl>c em- 
 ployment of the State from a seat in Parliament, — 
 Defeated i" t.lie House of Lords, 
 
10 
 
 TOPICAL history; . 
 
 C. The Comprehension Bill, modifying the Prayer 
 Book so as to render possible a return of the Non- 
 conformists. 
 
 d. Bill to repeal the Corporation Act of the reien of 
 Charles II. > ■ 
 
 ^. The Indemnity Bill mentioned above, r 
 10.^ Act of Settlement, (1701), a sequel to the Bill of 
 Kights. Reasons for its pressing— James II. had juot 
 died and his son had been recognized by Louis of 
 France as the legitimate King of England Further, 
 the Duke of Gloucedter, only surviving child of the 
 Piincess Anne, had died in the preceding year. It 
 was thought expedient, therefore, to define the suc- 
 cession and to settle more clearly the Royal Preroga- 
 tive in several particulars. 
 Its principal provisio!is : 
 
 a. The Princess Sophia of Hanover, grand-daughter 
 of James I., and lier heirs, being and continuing 
 Protestants, to be next in succession to the thro e, 
 after the respective descendants of King VViUiuni 
 and the Princess Anne. 
 
 b. That the sovereign shall be a member of the 
 Church of England. 
 
 c. Ihat the J^nglish people should not be required to 
 defend any possessions of its King other that those 
 belonging to England unless so resolved by Parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 d. That the consent of }\ai liament must be obtained, 
 should the sovereign wish to leave the country. 
 
 6. Tha.t all measures recommended by the Privy 
 Council must be signed by those Pdvising them. 
 
 /. That only those native-born can be members of 
 the Privy Council, or members of Parliament, or 
 hold any civil or military office. 
 
topic AL HIS'^ORY. 
 
 11 
 
 g. That no person holding an office under the Crown 
 can be a member of Parliament. 
 
 h. That judges shall hold their position for life and 
 good conduct. 
 
 «. That the royal pardon shall not be pleadable to an 
 impeachment. 
 
 The 4th, 5tii, and 7th of these clauses were subse- 
 quently repealed. 
 
 VI. Results of the Revolution. 
 
 1. It gave the death blow to the doctrines of the 
 Divine right of Kings and of passive obedience. An 
 English monarch is now as much the creature of an 
 Act of Parliament as the pettiest taxpayer in his 
 realm. ' 
 
 2. It established " the right of the people, through its 
 representatives, to depose the King, to change the 
 order of the succession, and to set upon the throne 
 whom they would." 
 
 3. It transferred the sovereignty from the King to the 
 House of Commons. - 
 
 4. It gave the Commons the control of the revenue. 
 
 5. It, (by the Toleration Act), gave liberty of Faith 
 and Woi'ship to those who refused to conform to the 
 Established Church 
 
 VII. The Revolution in Scotland. 
 
 1. The South of Scotland at once declared for William. 
 The Episcopalian Clergy driven from their parishes. 
 
 2. William, on the advice of Scotch Lords in London, 
 summoncil a Convention Parliament. It resolved : 
 ((t) that James had forfeite<l the Crown ; (h) to offer 
 the Crown to William and Maty ; (c) to draw up a 
 Claim of Right ; [d) to abolish Prelacy. 
 
 3. Crown accepted by William ; Claim agreed to. 
 
12 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORlf. 
 
 4. Rising of the Highlaiulors luuler Graham of Claver- 
 house. **A11 that the RevoLition meant to a High- 
 lander was the restoration of the House of Argyle." 
 
 5. Battle of Killiecrankie, July 27th, 1689. 
 
 6. The means taken to bring the Clans into suljjection. 
 . The massacre of Glencoe. 
 
 7. The Scotch Parliament rejects the Toleration Act 
 proposed by William. 
 
 VIII. The Revolution in Ireland. 
 
 1. Tyrconnell's Lord-Lieutenancy. *' Every Englishman 
 was turned out of olhcc. The English settlers were 
 
 . , at the mercy of the natives, on whom they had 
 
 trampled since Cromwell's day." 
 
 2. When James flees to France Tyrconnell intrigues to 
 gain time. Fear of a massacre by the Irish. 
 
 3. James invited to Ireland, his landing. His plans — 
 To aid the revolt in Scotland and to invade England. 
 The plans fail. 
 
 4. The siege of Londonderry. Rout of the besieging 
 force. 
 
 5. Tlie Parliament called by James. • Its measures — 
 The Act of Settlement repealed, Bill of Attainder 
 passed, Religious freedom withdrawn. 
 
 6. Schomberg sent to Ireland, (Autumn, 1679), com. 
 pelled to pass the winter at Uundalk. 
 
 7. In spring of 1690, Irish reinforced from France. 
 William crosses to Ireland. Battle of the Boy i', 1st 
 (12th) July. Schomberg killed. James fl* at) Kin- 
 sale and takes ship for France. 
 
 8. The Irish, under Sarsfield make a stand at Limerick. 
 William, compelled to return to P^ngland, leaves the 
 command to Churchill. 
 
 9. Churchill's successes — Cork and Kinsale taken 
 before the coming of winter. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 13 
 
 10. Spring of 1091. Giiikell seizes Athlone, Battle 
 of Aiighrim. Sarsfield's surrender. 
 
 11. The treaties of Limerick. 1. The military tvcdiiy 
 permitted such -of Sarsfield's soldiers as chose to 
 follow him to embark ^or France. Very few chose 
 to remain. 2. The civil treaty stipulated ** that the 
 Catholics of Ireland should enjoy such privileges in 
 the exercise of their religion as were consistent with 
 the law, or as they had enjoyed in the reign of 
 Charles the Secord." An amnesty was promised to 
 all who should submit and take the Oath of Allegi- 
 ance. They were to retain tlieir property, and to 
 be allowed to exercise their profession. 
 
 12. The civil treaty never ratified. " The most terrible 
 legal tyranny under which a nation has- ever groaned 
 avenged the rising under Tyrconnell." "Hewers of 
 wood and drawers of water." 
 
 SECOND TOPIC. 
 
 THE MILITARY HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF WILLIAM 
 AND MARY, AND OF WILLIAM ALONE. 
 
 (Students should use their atlas). 
 
 A. The Campaigns in Scotland and Ireland as given 
 
 above. 
 D. War with France. Declared May, 1 689. 
 
 L Its causes. — The intervention of Louis on behalf of 
 James, the remembrance of the ways in wliich Louis 
 had interfered with the Government of Entjland 
 during the reigns of James and Charles, and the 
 injury to Protestantism by the Revocation of the 
 Edict of Nantes. 
 
u 
 
 tOPIOAL HiStORY. 
 
 2. England joins the League of A ugsburgh. See M. , 
 Chap. vii. 
 
 3. First engagement — a naval one — indecisive. English 
 leader, Admiral Heibort, inc.ipable. French masters 
 of the seas, i 'anger of a Jacobite rising in England. 
 William unable to sen<l soldiers either to France or 
 Ireland. 
 
 4. French gain a victory off Beachy Head, 1690. Land 
 and burn Teignniouth. Are vigorously opposed. 
 The news of tli Boyne puts an end, for a time, to all 
 dreams of a rising in favor of James. 
 
 5. 1691. \\ illiam sets out for Holland to take com- 
 mand of the Allies in person. No battle of any 
 moment. 
 
 6. 1692. Great preparations on both sides for continu- 
 ing tlie war. James gets together an army of 20,000 
 refugees to attempt, with French aid, a landing in 
 Fhigland. William loaves the defence of England to 
 the Queen and embarks to take the command in 
 Holland. But the English Admiral, Russell, though 
 of Jacobite leanings, was determine*! to fight. **If 
 I meet them I will fight them, even if King James 
 were on board. " French defeated off Cape La Hogue. 
 On the Continent the French take Namur and compel 
 the allies to retieat after Steinkirk. The English 
 once more masters of the sea. 
 
 7. 1693. French lake the fortresses of Huy and Charle- 
 roi and defeat the allies at Neer- Winden and Landen. 
 In England "everything seemed to prognosticate a 
 return to the Stuart line, and the Princess Anne 
 wrote to her father requesting his forgiveness." But 
 France exhausted, and Louis desires peace which is 
 refused. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 15 
 
 8. 169 i. William's plans communicated to Loui--, as 
 is supposed, by Marlborough. Tlie English fail in 
 an attack on Bre^t, but succeed in surpt ising Dieppe 
 and Havre-de-Grace. On the Continent the French 
 still have everything their owii way. 
 
 9. 1G95. Namur recaptured by William (September)— 
 tlie first great triumph of the Alliance. 
 
 10. 1696. Financial difficulties (reformation of the 
 coinage) prevent vigorous measures abroad. 
 
 11.1687. Treaty of Ryswick (September). Terms : - 
 **(!) That neither sovereign should countenance any 
 schemes against the other, (2) that free inteii^ourse 
 
 , be restored, (3) that the Hudson's Bay dispute be 
 referred to commissioners, and (4) that in the event 
 of the renewal of hostilities, six months' notice be 
 given to the subjects of either nation to remove their 
 effects." Louis surrendered most of his con^uc^t^-, 
 but kept Strasburg and several fortified towns in 
 Flanders. Louis, of course, recognized William as 
 King of England, and (see first clause) abandoned 
 the cause of James II. 
 
 THIRD TOPIC. 
 
 . THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION. 
 
 (A valuable book for the study of this topic is "The Age of Queen 
 Aline," by E. E. Morris : Lonjjma.is & Co, Its author ia a teacher of 
 experience. Students should use their atlas). 
 
 I. Its Causes. 
 
 1. Thejluropean situation. Danger to the liberty of 
 Europe from French aggression. 
 
 2. The claimants to the Spanish throne. The Dauphin, 
 Joseph of Bavaria, the Emperor Leopold 
 
p 
 
 16 TOPICAL HISTOEY, 
 
 3. Tlip First Partition Treaty. Joseph to get Spfiiii 
 ' antl its possessions. Philip of Anjou to get Naples 
 
 and Sicily as a separate kingdom. Guipuscoa to be 
 dch'd to Fiance. Archduke Charles to rule the 
 Milanese. (1C98.) 
 
 4. Death of Joseph. Second Partition Treaty. — Arch- 
 duke Charles to be King of Spain. Philip to get as 
 befoie. France to get in addition the Milanese. 
 
 '' 6. Irritation in Spain at tliis cutting and carving with- 
 out saying '* by your leave." Finds vent against the 
 English and Tutch. Wl y ? Cliarlcs II. leaves 
 Spain by will to Philip of Anjou. 
 
 6. Charles 11. «lies. Louis repudiiites his obligations. 
 His son becomes King of Spain — II ri'ij a />«,,» de 
 Pyrenees. -' ' 
 
 7. The Engliah averse to war, but Louis makes three 
 mistake::?, the last of which n)akes war inevitable. 
 
 a. Louis reserved Philip's right of succession to the 
 
 Freiich Crown. 
 h. He garrisoned the Spanish Netherlands with 
 
 French soldiers. 
 c. He promised James II. to recognize his son as the 
 
 King of England. 
 
 8. War declared, 1702. 
 
 II. Course of the War. 
 
 1. The Cirand Alliance revived, Its general aims : 
 
 a. To place Archduke Charles on the throne of Spain. 
 
 h. To keep down the power of France by preventing 
 France from retaining the Netherlands, and by 
 hindering the union of the Crowns of France and 
 Spain. 
 
 2. Death of William III. Accession of Queen Anne. 
 Influence of Lady Marlborough over her. Ma'l- 
 boiough the hero of the war. His history. • 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
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18 
 
 TOPIC. .L HISTORY. 
 
 i 
 
 3. I Tow the powers of Europe ranged themselves. 
 
 a. On the side of tlie (irand Alliance: (1) The 
 Emperor ; {'!) Four of the Nine Electors ; (3) Minor 
 Princes of Germany and Denmark ; (4) Holland ; 
 (.">) England ; (6) After first year, Savoy and 
 Portugal. 
 
 b. On the French side : (1) Franco ; (2) Spain and her 
 Dependencies ; two of the Nine Electors, IJavaiia 
 and Cologne. 
 
 4. Where the war was carried on : In general, where- 
 ever a Frenchman and an ICni^lishman met. In 
 particular, (1) In Flanders and the Rhine Provinces ; 
 (2) Northern Italy ; (.S) In S|)ain. 
 
 5. The aim of Marlborough — To clear the Netherlands 
 of the French, to penetrate France and to compel 
 Louis to grant the demands of tiie Grand Alliance. 
 
 6. Other leaders — Prince Eugene, Lord Peterborough. 
 
 7. Events of the war, by years. 
 
 1702. a. In Flanders, Marlborough cleared from French 
 
 occupation a wedge with Lii'jge as its apex, the 
 Rhine as its base, and the ^Teuse as one of its 
 sides, and thei cby protected the Dutch frontier at 
 one of its most vulnerable points. 
 
 b. In Spain, Duke of Ormand fails in his attack on 
 Cadiz, but seizes the AVest Indian treasure ileet. 
 
 c. In North Italy, victory of C emonaMon by Prince 
 Eugene, and passes into Tyrol secured. - • 
 
 1703. a. Marlborough managed to widen the base of his 
 
 triangular wedge by the capture of Bonn on the 
 Rhine, and to drive it a little further home by the 
 capture of the fortress of Huy. 
 
 b. lu Bavaria, allies defeated at Hochstadt and 
 Landau. 
 
 c. Rising of French Protestants in the Cevennes. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 » 
 
 1704. a. Lonin resolves to attiu k Vienna. Mju'll)orough'« 
 
 plan to strike across thu Rliiijo, meet Kiigeno, and 
 prevent the junction of the French armies in 
 Bavaria, liattleof Dlenheini. Tiio power of Louis 
 brokei\, and prestige of tne French arms destroyed. 
 
 b. In Sp lin, Karl of (;lul\vay, with an army of Eng- 
 lish and Portuguese, opposes Duko of Berwick, an 
 illegitimate son of James II. Sir George Rooke 
 captures (iibialtar. 
 
 c. An English fleet sent to assist the Camisards, but 
 owing to a mistake it sails away without doing so. 
 
 1705. Only important events take place in Spain. An 
 
 English force sent under Lord Peterborough, to 
 attack Sp:>in from the east. He captures Barce- 
 lona. Catalonia declaics for the Archduke. The 
 war of the Camisards comes to an end. 
 
 1706. The year of victory. 
 
 a In Flanders — The victoi y of Ramillies. The 
 Netherlands cleared of the French. 
 
 b. In Italy — Turin in danger of being captured. 
 The siege raised by Piince Eugene. The battle of 
 Turin. The French demoralized. Savoy secured 
 to the Grand Alliance. 
 
 c. In Spain — Peterborough raises the siege of Barce- 
 lona that had been besieged. Galway marches 
 from the west and enters Madrid, but obliged 
 immediately to quit it. Spaniards become loyal 
 to Philip. 
 
 1 707. The year of disaster. 
 
 a. In Flanders — Marlborough fettered by the slow- 
 ness of the Dutch Deputies, was unable to accom- 
 plish anything. 
 
 b. In Spain — ThobattleofAlmanza, Galway defeated 
 by Berwick, the greatest defeat the Allies had 
 
20 
 
 tOPICA^. HISTORY. 
 
 suffered during the war. Only the Province of 
 Catalonia remained faithful to the Allies. 
 e. The Allies defeated on the Ilhine by Vilhirs. 
 d. Part of an English fleet in tho Mediterranean lost, 
 , Sir (loudesley Shovel, the commander, drowned. 
 
 17v)8. In Flanders — The French gaining ground, lay siege 
 to Oudenarde. Eugene joins Marlborough. Battle 
 of Oudenarde, and capture of Lille. 
 
 1703. Negotiations forpeace. Conditions offeredtoLouis: (1) 
 Philip to give up the throne of Spain ; (2) the Pro- 
 testant succession to the English throne to Ije recog- 
 nized; (o) the Pretender to be banished ; (4) the Dutch 
 to liave a strong chain of fortresses in Flanders. 
 Subsequently a clause ad('ed requiring Louis to 
 assist in driving his grandson from the throne. *' 1/ 
 J must continue the war, I will contend against my 
 enemies rather than against my own family.'^ Louis 
 appeals to the country, receives a noble response. 
 
 a. Marlliorough wishes to fight his way into France ; 
 meets Villa'^s at Malplaquet and defeats him. The 
 Allies at last on the bor^lers of France. 
 
 b. Port Mahon, in Minorca, taken by English. Louis 
 withdraws the French troops from Spain. 
 
 1710. Stanhope, the Elnglish general in Spain, tries to 
 advance into Spain from Catalonia, which was still 
 faithful to Charles. Wins the battles of Almenara 
 and Saragossa. Madrid entered a second time, but 
 the Allies again compelled to retreat. In the retreat 
 the English surrounded and compelled to surrender. 
 This the last can^paign in Spain. 
 Marlborough enters France. 
 
 England getting weary of the war. The excitement 
 ari.-iing from the trial of Dr. Sacheverell causes a 
 Tory m-ijority to be returned to Parliament. 
 The Archiluke Charles elected Emperor. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 21 
 
 1711. Marlborough captures Bouchain in France. 
 
 An expedition to capture Qaebec is a failure. 
 Marlborough dismissed from his command on the 
 charge of having taken money from a Jew who had 
 a contract to supply the army with bread. 
 Duke of Ormond appointed to command the English 
 . „ troops, but the latter separated from the other 
 
 troops. 
 Negotiations going on for peace. 
 r >^. Villars wins a victory over Eageuo at Denain. 
 1713. Peace concluded at Utrecht;. 
 
 III. Arguments for and against the Peace. 
 
 • 1. For the Treaty. 
 
 a. The war a great burden to England ; .increase of 
 national debt. 
 
 h. Strength of patriotism in Spain enlisted on the 
 side of Philip V. 
 
 c. The union of Spain and Austria more dangerous 
 than that of Spain and France. 
 
 2. Against the Treaty. 
 
 a. Necessity for seizing the opportunity of prevent- 
 ing danger from France for the future. 
 
 h. Worthlessness of renunciations. 
 
 c. The scanty fruits of such splendid triumphs. 
 
 IV. Results of the War. 
 
 1. To France — The Spanish monarchy left in the hands 
 of tlie Bourbons. 
 
 2. To England — The possessions of Gibraltar and 
 Minorca, liadson':^ Bay Territory, Newfoundland 
 and Nova Scotia. 
 
 3. To Spain— The h)ss of possessions in Italy and the 
 
 Netiierlands. 
 
 4. To Prussia — The acknowledgment of its status as a 
 Kingdom. 
 
 5 To the Dutch— tilain of a barrier against France ii> 
 the Netherhind? 
 
■ . i 
 
 n 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 FOUJEITH TOPIC. 
 
 I 
 
 n>i' 
 
 mill 
 
 THE UNION OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND. 
 
 L Discontent in Scotia r.d. Causes — (1) The failure of 
 the Darikn Company; (2) the Scottish merchants 
 were excluded from the trade of the P]nglish posses- 
 bions in the East; (.3) the Scotch were not C('nsulted 
 when the Act of Settlement was passed. 
 
 2. The Scottisli Parliament passes an Act of Set urity^ 
 Provisions — "That although the Scottish succession 
 should be retained in the Protestant line, yet on no 
 account should the same person who might be chosen 
 for England reign in Scotland, unless the indepen- 
 dence of the Scottish nation and Parliament be ac- 
 knowledged, and the religion, trade and liberty of 
 the people secured against English inlluence." 
 
 3. War threatened between the countries, but Queen 
 Anne gives her assent to the Act of Security, and 
 procures the appointment of commissioners to nego- 
 tiate the union of the two countries. 
 
 4. The measure very unpopular in both countries ; 
 Scotch afraid to lose their nati( lality; English jeal- 
 ous of the advantages to be given the Scotch. 
 
 T). Act of Union finally passes Parliament, 1707. 
 fi. Its provisions — 
 
 a. That the two kingdoms become one, under the 
 
 name of Great Britain. 
 h. That the succession to the Uniteil Ivingdom be in 
 the Princess Sophia and the heir of lier body, 
 being Protestants. 
 c. That there be one Parliament: Scdtlnnd to be 
 represented by 10 peers and 45 commoners, 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. • 
 
 d. That the su])ject8 of botli kingdoms liave equnl 
 V rights coininercially, and be subjeut to similar 
 
 restrictions. 
 
 e. The laws of public policy and civil governuKnt to 
 be the same for l)oth oountiics. 
 
 /. The Scottish courts of judicature to remain un- 
 changed. •,:■■./■.::„:■:■" ..■„■;'' ■,.'"'"'■ 
 
 g. The Church of Scotland to be maintained in all its 
 
 I'iglits and privileges. 
 h. The same taxes and customs to be levied in both 
 
 parts of the United Kingdom. 
 7. Results of the Union — > * • 
 
 a. "England gained in the removal of a constant 
 
 danger of treason and war." 
 h. Scotland had new avenues of ^v.jaltl* opened to 
 
 her: from this time dates tiie rise of her great 
 
 commercial towns. 
 
 c. The Highlanders of Scotlaml were reduced to 
 peace and > ler. 
 
 d. Scottish national feeling remained, but jealousv 
 of England began to disappear. 
 
 FIFTH TOPIC. 
 
 THE RISE AND GROWTH OF PARTY GOVERNMENT. 
 
 (See particularly 7". L., Chap, xvi.) 
 
 1. The "temper" of the House of Commons after the 
 Kevolution. It* 'drove William and bis Ministers 
 to despair. " 
 
 2. The proposal of Sutherland. — "To recognize practi- 
 cally the new power of the Commons by choosing 
 
II 
 
 u 
 
 Topical history. 
 the Mini^tera of the Crown exclusively f.-om a>n«„. 
 
 w ■;;^re;;''^^'^^'''^"''^'^ ---■"■'«- '-•>^ 
 
 3. The position of the Ministers previ.m, to this time 
 -responsible to the King. The Privy Council- 
 
 11 . ) C"'""«t-<iates from the reign of Charles 
 11., a sort of committee of the Privv Council, has 
 never been recog„i.c,l by law ,■ its present pos tion 
 a„< n„ nence due to the party systen.. .^Sinee th 
 Revolufon ,t has becon.e a Ministry, nonnnally ap. 
 pomte,! by the sovereign, but in reality an KxecLvo 
 Co nnnttee of the two Houses of Parlian,ent, practi- 
 cally chosen by the majority of the House of Com- 
 inons. 
 
 4 Between 1693 and 1696 Willian, entrusted the chief 
 adm.mstrat,ve offices to the Whigs, who were then 
 m a majority in the Commons. 
 
 5. Union of the Whig Ministers-" the Junto" 
 Measures pass rapidly. 
 
 6. But system not yet established. In 1698 WhiVskept 
 the.r ofhce although a majority against themr Dis- 
 union again until 1705. 
 
 ^■f,^?''"' ,*«' fr' *'™ ^""'■^^^ *'•« ^^^'"'^^ »y«tem 
 fully and hnally established. Reason for this In the 
 personal character of those Kings. 
 
 3. George III. sought to overturn" the system, but it 
 was too tnmly established. 
 
 I 
 
*OPICATi ItlSTORY. 
 
 SIXTH TOPIC. 
 
 m 
 
 SOCIAL CONDITION OF ENG-LVfTD IT.NTDEU -WILLIAM 
 
 AND ANNE. 
 
 (Besides Macaulay, see Morris's "A;,'e of Queen Anno," and particularly 
 
 the Specfati^r.) 
 
 I. Population. 
 
 1. Populatl;ii of England aud Wales estimated at six 
 millions. • 
 
 2. One-tenth of the population in Lon-lon. 
 
 3. Other important towns. — Bristol, chief s*\aport ; 
 Norwich, the largest manufacturing town ; York, 
 
 ' Exeter, Shrewsbury, Worcester. Bath was the 
 
 fashionable watering-place. ' 
 
 II. Manner of Life. 
 
 1. In the towns. 
 
 a. Typical characters, see .S'pec/Iflr^o?', No. 2. 
 
 b. Fashions, etc., Spectator 4:5, 30, 81, 98, 102, 104, 
 127, etc. 
 
 c. AnnHements, Spectator 13, 14, 235, etc. 
 
 d. Coil'ee houses and clubs. Spectator 1, 9, etc. 
 
 e. The exchange, Spectator 69. 
 
 /. Police service. " The Watch. " ' ' The Mohawks. " 
 The student is earnestly recommended to look over 
 "Y'/te S'/)eda^or," as almost every phase of life is 
 ' '* touched upon in its page^. 
 
 2. For life in the country the DeCoverlcy Papers in 
 7'Ae .S'yj^cfa^or are invaluable, 106, 107, 108, etc. 
 
 III. Pauperism. 
 
 1. One-fifth of the population estimated to be paupers. 
 In 1873 only one twenty-seventh. 
 
26 
 
 TOPKJAL HISTORY. 
 
 ! I 
 
 r' 
 
 111 
 
 iMii: 
 
 f 
 
 2. In (Jharles II's reigii the sturdy beggar was trans- 
 ported. 
 
 3. In Queen Anne's reign tljoy were conipolled to enter 
 tlie army. 
 
 4. By the statute of Kli/.ibeth it was the duty of 
 church Wcirdons to "provide work, build poorhouseg 
 and to apprentice paupers." 
 
 iV. Land and Products. 
 
 1. The following table shows how the 37,000,000 acres 
 of land in England and Wales were and are distri- 
 buted : 
 
 THEN. 
 
 Arable 9 
 
 Meadow 12 
 
 Woods 6 
 
 Unfit for cultivation 10 
 
 NOW. 
 
 12 
 2 
 
 8i 
 — Morru. 
 
 2. Chief products —wheat, wool. Coal fields not largely 
 M'orked. 
 
 V. Luxuries. 
 
 1. "It was calculated that in the year after the Revo- 
 lution a quart (of beer) a day was brewed for every 
 man, woman, and child in England."— J/orW.s. 
 
 2. The use of tea and coffee was rapidly spreading. 
 
 3. Owing to the war with Prance port wine took the 
 place of claret (a general name then for the French 
 wines) with bad results. 
 
 4. "England and Wales consumed eleven million 
 pounds of tobacco, and sent no less than seventeen 
 millions to the continent, all of which came from the 
 English plantations in Virginia."— J/orm. 
 
 VI. Taxation. 
 
 1. In the reign of Charles II. the public revenue waa 
 about one million and a half. 
 
imm^i 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 27 
 
 2. How made up -The excise produced £585,000 ; the 
 customs £530,000 ; the tax on chimneys, £200,000 ; 
 the Crown Lands, etc., the remainder. 
 
 VII. The National Debt. 
 
 1. " There was a small national debt in England before 
 the Revolution, Charles 11. having takeu the money 
 of the goldsmiths and having told them that he would 
 pay interest, though he would not repay the princi- 
 pal." — Morris. 
 
 2. The wars springing out of the Revolution necessi- 
 tated the borrowing of money, hence the national 
 debt. 
 
 3. Morris gives the following table showing the sums 
 borrowed and the wars during which they .were bor- 
 rowed. The figures represent millions of pounds : 
 (a) Willianrs War, ending witli the peace of ' 
 
 Ryswick , ... 13| 
 
 (6) War of Spanish Succession. 38 
 
 (c) The wars in George II. 's reign, and including 
 
 the whole of the Seven Years' War 86 
 
 (f7) War of American Independence '. . . . 121 
 
 (e) Gieat French, or Napoleonic War 600 
 
 SEVEN^TH TOPIC. 
 
 LITERATURE AND ART. 
 
 I. General Literary Character of the Period. 
 
 1. Its writers have comparatively little of the inde- 
 cency of the writers of the Restoration period. 
 
 2. They excel in form, in polish, in taste, 
 
 3. Tliey have no great depth or originality; they lack 
 pathos and enthusiasm. 
 
28 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORIC. 
 
 Ijtl 
 
 lit I 
 
 4. They paint with exquisite art, Society and Man in 
 Society. 
 
 6. They are masters of wit and satire. 
 
 6. The prose writers are much more valuable than the 
 poetical. 
 
 II. T>pical Writers and Works. 
 
 1. Diyden (1630-1700). Absalom and Achitophel. The 
 Hind and Panther. 
 
 2. Pope (1688-1744). The Rape of the Lock, Essay on 
 Man, The Dunciad. 
 
 3. Addison (1672-1710). In poetry, 'The Campaign. 
 In prose, Essays in The Spectator, In drama, Cato. 
 
 4. Swift (166G-1745). Gulliver's Travels. 
 
 5. DeFoc (1661-1731). Robinson Crusoe. 
 
 6. Locke (1632-1704). Essay on the Human Under- 
 ! standing. 
 
 7. Gay (1688-1732). The Beggars' Opera. 
 
 8. Tillotson (1630-1694), StiUingiieet (1635-1699), 
 South (1633-1716), theologians and preaches 
 
 ill. Art. 
 
 « The only art that really flourished in Queen Anne's 
 time was Architecture, and that because England 
 happened to possess an architect of consummate 
 genius. " — Morrk, 
 
 1. Sir Christopher Wren. ♦' St. Paul's is Wren's gieat- 
 est work, though some say that the Church of St 
 Steplion's, Walbrook, is a more perfect specimen of 
 his art." Total cost of the cathedral, nearly £750 
 000. Begun 1675, finished 1710. 
 
 2. Sir John Vanbrugh. . ..ilt "at an expense to the 
 
 nation of half a million pounds, Blenheim Palace, to 
 
 be presented to the victorious Du Ue of Marlborough. " 
 
 An epigram says of him : 
 
 Lie heavy on him, Earth, for he 
 Jiaid uiaijy a heavy load on thee. 
 
 i 
 
TOPICAL HISTOKY. 
 
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 30 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 m 
 1 
 ill' 
 
 im 
 
 n 
 
 2. The Act of Settlement. 
 
 II. Character of George I. and George II. 
 
 "Aliens in blood, in language, and ip political sympa- 
 thies they clung fondly to their beloved Hanover, and 
 seemed to regard the Kingdom of Great Britain as an 
 appendage, and rather an irksome appendage, to their 
 small German Electorate." — T-L. George III. wished 
 '* not to govern against law, but simply to govern — to 
 be freed from the dictation of parties and ministers, to 
 be, in effect, the first minister of the state." He 
 gloried in the name of Briton. 
 
 III. Effects of the Accession of the House 
 
 of Hanover. 
 
 1. The right to the throne was finally made to rest upon 
 Parliamentary title. 
 
 2. The establishment of the Cabinet system of Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 3. Owing to the personal character of the first two kings 
 the power of the Crown became dormant. 
 
 4. The Tory party adhered for fifty years to the cause of 
 the exiled Stuarts, and the Whigs had complete politi 
 cal control. 
 
 NINTH TOPIC. 
 
 ATTEMPTS OF THE STUARTS TO REGAIN THE 
 THRONE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 I. The Rebellion of 1715. 
 
 1. Before the death of Anne the Tory leaders were busily 
 intriguing for the return of the Pretender, the Queen 
 being favorable. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 31 
 
 2. On the Queen's death tlie Whites promptly took steps 
 
 to PGcure the succession of George I. 
 
 3. Bol'.ngbroke and other leaders were impeached but 
 
 allowed to escape to the Continent. 
 
 4. Such disaffection among the Jacobite party — fanned 
 
 by the clergy — that James the Pretender resolved to 
 make a descent on the Highlands of Scotland, where 
 his cause was particularly strong. 
 '' 5. Jacobite rising in North of England and North of 
 Scotland. 
 
 6. James's partisans defeated on the same day at Pres- 
 
 ton, in Lancashire, and SherifFmuir in Scotland (Earl 
 of Mar). 
 
 7. James arrives too late, with only a few friends (Louis 
 
 XIV. had just died), is forced to return to France. 
 
 8. The English did not go into the rebellion very heartily. 
 
 a. The '45- 
 
 1. England at war with France (Austrian Succession). 
 
 2. France places a force at the service of the Young 
 
 Pretender to invade Scotland and thus distract the 
 attention of England. 
 
 3. A storm disperses the fleet — what escaped, goes back. 
 
 4. Prince Charles resolves to make the attempt with 
 
 only a few followers. 
 
 5. Lands at Glenfinnan (West of Scotland). Highland 
 
 chieftains join him, marches to Edinburgh, wins 
 the battle of Preston-Pans, marches into England, 
 reaches Derby, receives no support, retreats to Scot- 
 land, defeats General Ha^ ley at Falkirk (Jan. 1746), 
 is defeated at Culloden by Duke of Cumberland 
 (April), is a»fugitive for months, finally escapes. 
 
 6. The hopes of the Stuarts extinguished for ever. 
 
 7. The Highlands reduced to order. 
 
1' 
 
 
 32 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 TENTH TOPIC. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF WALPOLE. 
 
 I. Came into Power on the failure of the 
 South Sea Scheme. Administration 
 lasted 1720-1741. 
 
 II. Reasons for his long lease of Power. 
 
 1. It was a period of political stagnation ; the Tory 
 party was gone. 
 » .. 2. The Whig party was led by a knot of great landed 
 
 proprietors, whoso influence was supreme. 
 
 3. He maintained the principles of the Revolution, kept 
 out of war, and did not meddle with the Church. 
 
 4. The rapid growth of trade and commerce absorbed the 
 energy of the nation. 
 
 5. Parliamentary corruption was systematically practised. 
 
 III. Walpole's Policy. 
 
 1. Foreign. — A poace policy. — Examples: 
 
 a. Avoidance of war with Spain between 1720-1729. 
 Spain resolute to regain Provinces lost in war of 
 Spanish Succession, to recover Gibraltar, Minorca, 
 etc. Sees a chance if Emperor can be detached from 
 the Quadruple Alliance (a survival of the Grand 
 Alliance). Offers to guarantee the Pragmatic Sanc- 
 tion. Emperor agrees. The secret treaty is re- 
 vealed. Formationof Triple Alliance, 1725. War 
 averted for the time, but danger again, 1727. Wal- 
 pole averts war by "diplomatic pressure." The 
 Treaty of Seville, 1729. England (1731) guarantees 
 the Pragmatic Sanction. 
 
 b. England kept out of the Pol*h war, 1733-1736. 
 *• There are fifty thousand men slain this year in 
 Europe, and not one Englishman." 
 
TOPICAL HISTOKY. 
 
 33 
 
 c. His struggle to maintain peace wlien the Family 
 OoMPACT li.i'l aroused the suspioion and jeah)uyy of 
 England. France has recovered from the exhau^ition 
 of the war of Spanish Succession. Alliance witli 
 Spain to ruin the maritime supremacy of Britain 
 jFamily Compact). England, under Treaty oi 
 Utrecht, had riglit to trade with Spanish Colonies. 
 Spain attempts to enforce restrictions of tliis treaty. 
 Evaded by smuggling. Conflicts frequent between 
 Spanish and English. Tales of cruelty brought to 
 England. Walpole compelled to give way, 1739. 
 
 2. Colonial. — Broke through the prejudices of the time. 
 Allowed (Georgia and the Carolinas to export rice 
 directly to any part of Europe. In middle of century 
 profits of colonial trade two millions a year. 
 
 3. Domestic. — The first of England's Finance Ministers, 
 a. " Declared in a Speech from the Throne that nothing 
 
 Avould more conduce to the extension of commerce 
 than to make the exportation of our own manufac- 
 tures, and the importittion of the commodities used 
 , in the manufacture of them, as easy as may be." 
 h. Excise Bill, though withdrawn, "the first measure 
 in which an English Minister showed any real grasp 
 . of the principles of taxation." 
 
 c. Although the nation was becoming rich Walpole 
 practised a rigid economy. The public burdens re- 
 duced twenty millions before the death of George I. 
 
 d. Hated religious intolerance, yet never ventured to 
 suggest the repeal of the laws against Non-Con- 
 formists. 
 
 e. Did not permit any tampering with public justice, 
 or with personal liberty. 
 
 • /. Though foully slandered, never meddled with tlie 
 press. 
 g. lluled Parliament largely by means of corruption. 
 
34 roPIOAL HISTORY. 
 
 IV. The Patriots, 
 
 1. Walpole too jealous of pov/er, *' was left, after twenty 
 years of supremacy, with but one man of ability in his 
 Cabinet. " 
 
 2. Dismissed colleagues form a party. Pulteney, leader. 
 
 3. Ardent young Whigs join them. Leader, William 
 Pitt. 
 
 4. Speeches of the party characterized by lofty appeals 
 to patriotism. 
 
 5. Walpole's fall largely due to their attacks. 
 
 V. The Fall of Walpole, 
 
 1. Loss of the support of Queen Caroline, who managed 
 the King. 
 
 2. Tlie bitter opposition of the patriots, supported by 
 the Prince of Wales. 
 
 3. The country tired of inaction. A more vigorous 
 policy desired. 
 
 4. Walpole charged with thwarting England's efforts on 
 behalf of Maria Theresa. , 
 
 6. In his own Cabinet almost powerless. His colleagues 
 men of no capacity, but inliuential, because rich. 
 Hence blunders in the policy of the Ministry. 
 
 ELEVENTH TOPIC. 
 
 WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION. 
 I. The Emperor Charles VI. died 1740. Some time be- 
 fore his death he had issued a Pragmatic Sanction by 
 which he provided that his hereditary dominions should 
 descend unbroken to his daughter, Maria Thqresa. 
 Spain, En^^and and France had guaranteed that -the 
 provisions would be carried out. 
 
TOPJCAL HlSroiiY. 
 
 m 
 
 2. France breaks her pledge, wishing to break up the 
 Empii-e into a group of powers too weak to resist her 
 aggression. Spain, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony each 
 wish a share of the spoil. England alone remains true 
 to her pledge. , 
 
 3. Walpole advises Maria Theresa to buy off Frederick 
 of Prussia by giving him part of Silesia. She refuses. 
 
 4. Maria Theresa defends her dominions nobly. Eng- 
 land's part in the war of little value. Walpole resigns. 
 Carteret succeeds him as Foreign Ministor and carries 
 out his plans. 
 
 5. The Queen forced to cede Silesia to BVederick. Eng- 
 land makes new efforts on her behalf. George II. wins 
 the battle of Dettingen. Thp French evacuate (Jer- 
 many. 
 
 6. Austria in turn becomes ambitious. Frederick again 
 joins France to oppose her. But Maria Theresa; suc- 
 cessful for the time, meditates the division of Prussia. 
 This unpopular in England. Carteret compelled to 
 resign. The Pelhams follow Walpole's policy, and 
 wish peace with Frederick. Peace made so lar as 
 Germany is concerned. 
 
 7. War continues in other parts of Europe, in America 
 and in Asia. Closed in 174S by peace of Aix-la-Chap- 
 elle. England surrenders her gains at sea; France, 
 those on land. This peace a mere pause in the sti ugfdo. 
 Struggle continued in the Seven Years" War. 
 
f 
 
 JO 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 TWELFTH TOPIC. 
 
 THE SEVEN YEARS' WAB. 
 
 1. French in America grailually making encroachments 
 on the English. In liulia also they seek to drive out 
 the English traders. A'adonul jealousy aroused that 
 only waits for occasion to manifest itselt. 
 
 2. George 11. as ruler of Hanover is jealous of Prussia, 
 with which his njinisters «eek to be in alliance. Kussia 
 also jealous of Prussia. Maria Theresa passionately 
 desires to get back 8desia. 
 
 3. In 1755, Maria Ihcresa joins in league with France, 
 Spain, Russia and ISaxony against Prussia. Negotia- 
 tiuns very secret. 
 
 4. In spite of George II. 's opposition, his ministers make 
 a treaty with t'rederiek of t'russia, providing for the 
 neutrality of Prussia and Hanover in any contest be- 
 tween England and France. Tieaty gives otience. 
 Prussia ana Iv-.gland iiave to tight the rest of Europe. 
 
 6. Course of events. War opens disastrously. England 
 unprepared. Port Malion, in IVIinorca, lost. Admiral 
 Byng retreatw. Duke of Cumberland falls back before 
 a French army and engages by convention of Closter- 
 Seven to disband his fv^rces. In America, French have 
 possession of the Valley of the Mississippi. General 
 despondency. *'We are no 1 nger a nation." Pitt 
 comes to the front. His union witii Newcastle. The 
 tide of fortune turn.s. Plassey gives England control 
 of Bengal (June, 17.'7). Frederick defeats the French 
 at Kossbach (November, 1757). Soon after, at Len- 
 then, defeats the Austrians and clears Silesia of them. 
 But a series ot defeats reduces his fortunes to lowea^ 
 
i 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. $^ 
 
 point (1759). England meanwhile gains three great vic- 
 tories— Minden, Quiberon, (,)uobec. Death of George 
 II. (1760). War continues. Capture of Pondicherry 
 destroys the power of the French in India. France 
 makes a new "Family Compact" with Spain. Pitt 
 wishes to declare war with Spain at once. George III. 
 refuses. Pitt resigns. Lord Bute's administration. 
 War declared against Spain, 1762. English capture 
 Havannah and many Spanish treasure-sliips. Take 
 also some islands of the French West Indies. Nego- 
 tiations for peace (Nov. 1762). Peace of Paris 'Feb 
 176.3). 
 
 6. Conditions of treaty. ' > 
 
 a. England obtained : Canada, Cape Breton, Nova 
 Scotia, Louisiana, Dominica, St. Vincent and other 
 
 - islands in West Indies, Senegal, Minorca, the two 
 Floridas (from Spain). 
 
 b. France got back : Guadaloupe, Martinico, Belleisle. 
 
 c. Spain got Havannah and Phillip pine Islands in 
 exchange for the two Floridas and the Spanish pos- 
 sessions in North America. 
 
 d. Prussia did not lose any territory— held Silesia. 
 7. General results of the war. 
 
 a. England becomes the head of a great Empire. 
 
 b. France is effectually checked in her aim to break up 
 the unity of Germany. 
 
 r. The unity of Germany sprang from the victory of 
 Rosabauh. 
 
38 
 
 (TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 THIRTEENTH TOPIC. 
 
 THE RISE OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDI^. 
 [See in particular Macaiilaj's essays on Clive and Hastinpfs.) 
 
 1. East India Company foimed in England, 1600. During 
 the following century only three forts acquired — Fort 
 St. Georgn (Madras), Fort William (Calcutta), and 
 Bombay. 
 
 2. Company devoted itself exclusively to trade. The forts 
 protected by "Sepoys." 
 
 3. Attempt of the French to expel the English from India. 
 Capture of Madras by Labourdonnais. Clive among the 
 captives. 
 
 4. Dupleix, Governor of Pondicherry, conceives plans for 
 the creation of a French Empire in India. Circumstances 
 favourable. Mogul Empire falling to pieces. Dupleix 
 offers his sword to the Emperor. Becomes virtually 
 master of the Court of Hyderabad. Places a creature of 
 his own on the throne of the Carnatic. This Nabob had 
 almost conquered the Carnatic when Clive interfered, 
 (1751). 
 
 5. Clive surprises Arcot ; is besieged in its fort ; the Mah- 
 rattas relieve him. Clive twice defeats the combined 
 forces of French and natives. His health ../rpaks down. 
 
 6. Clive returns, 1756, to India. Goes to Bengal to avenge 
 the massacre of the Black Hole of Calcutta. 
 
 7. Battle of Plassey. (1757). 
 
 8. The East India Company places a creature of its own on 
 the throne of Bengal. His rule soon merely nominal. 
 
 9. Battle of Wandewash, 1760, gained by Colonel Coote 
 over Lally, French Governor of Pondicherry, establishes 
 British supremacy over Southern India. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 39 
 
 POURTEENTH TOPIC. 
 
 
 THE ENGLISH IN THE NEW WORLD. 
 
 i. The Pre-Revolution Period. 
 
 (For Constitutional aspect consult " May's History.") 
 
 A, The period of settlement. 
 
 Virginia settled in beginning of seventeenth century 
 
 by English gentlemen. 
 Maryland settled by Lord Baltimore, a convert to 
 
 Catholicism. 
 New England States settled by Puritans. 
 Pennsylvania colonized by Penn and tlie Quakers. 
 New York State obtained from Dutch in Charles XL's 
 
 reign. 
 Georgia b» came in George XL's reign a refuge for Eng- 
 • lish debtors, and for the persecuted Protestants of 
 
 Germany. 
 
 /?. The period of conflict with the l^'rench. 
 
 Xn the middle of the eighteenth century Montcalm 
 forms the project "of extending the French domin- 
 ion over the broad plains of the Ohio and the 
 Missouri, from Canada to the Mississippi, and of 
 cutting off the English colonies from all access to 
 the west." All Englishmen ordered to quit this 
 territory. The English Government bestirs itself. 
 Acadians driven out. An Ohio Company formed. 
 I^'rench drive out the Ohio settlers and establish Fort 
 Duquesne. Braddock attempts to take this fort. 
 His force is routed, himself slain. 
 
 Three English expeditions prepared, "one to the 
 Ohio valley, one to Ticonderoga, on Lake Cliamplain, 
 
40 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 while a third, uuder General Amherst and Admiral 
 
 Boscaweii sailed to the mouth of the St. Lawrence." 
 
 (1758).— ti^. 
 First and third expeditions successful, second a failure. 
 1759. — French evacuate Ticonderoga. English capture 
 
 Fort Niagara. In September, Quebec taken by 
 
 Wolfe. 
 1700. — Montreal taken by Amherst. End of French 
 
 rule in Canada. 
 
 G. Kelation of Colonies to the Mother Country. 
 
 1. Political. — *' Every Colony was a little State, com- 
 plete in \i> legislature, its judicature, and its execu- 
 tive administration. But, at the same time, it 
 acknowledged tlie sovereignty of the mother country, 
 the prerogati\es of the Crown, and the legislative 
 supremacy ol Parliament. The assent of the King, 
 or his representative, was required to give validity 
 to Acts of the Colonial Legislature, his veto annulled 
 them, while the Imperial Pailianient was able to 
 bind the Colony by it: Acts, and to supersede all 
 local legislation. Every Colonial judicature was also 
 subject to an appeal to the King in Council at West- 
 minster." — Alay. 
 
 Practically the Colonies were left to themselves. 
 
 2. Commercially. — ** She sufiered no other country 
 but herself to supply her wants ; she appropriated 
 many of her exports, and, for the sake of her own 
 manufactures, insisted that their produce should be 
 S(?nt to her in an unmanufactured state. By the 
 Navigation Acts their produce could only be export- 
 ed to England in English ships In compensation 
 
 for this monopoly she gave a preference to the pro- 
 duce of her own Colonies, by prohibiting any pro- 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 41 
 
 te tive duties upon foreign commodities. In claim- 
 ing a monopoly of their markets she, at the same 
 time, gave them a reciprocal monopoly of her own." 
 
 FIFTEENTH TOPIC. 
 
 f 
 
 KINGLY POWER SINCE THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 (Beside T-L., students will do well to consult May's Constitutional History, 
 _ , ,, and that of Prof. C. D. Yonge.) 
 
 1. ** In outer seeming the Revolution of 1688 had only 
 transferred the sovereignty over England from James to 
 William and Mary. In actual fact it was transferring 
 the sovereignty from the King to the House of Com- 
 
 ! i mons." — O. 
 
 2. Yet the personal influence of the King was very great 
 "William III. was his own Prime Minister, his own 
 Foreign Minister, his own Commander-in-Chief. Queen 
 Anne not only regu larly presided at Cabinet Councils, bu t, 
 
 • occasionally attended debates in the House of Lords." 
 
 T-L. 
 
 3. The change brought about under George I. — He did not 
 know enough English to preside at Cabinet meetings. 
 He cared nothing for English politics. Similarly George 
 II. "Having lent their name and authority to compe- 
 tent Min'sters, they acted upon their advice, and aided 
 them by all the means at the disposal of the Court. "- 
 May. 
 
 4. George III. attempts *' not only to reign hut to govern.'- 
 Circumstances favourable to his design : (a) He w^^ boru 
 
42 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 f 
 
 and educated in England ; (6) He was personally popu- 
 lar ; (c) He was possessed of a strong will and consider- 
 able talents for intrigue ; {d) The Tory party were now 
 loyal and earnest supporters of the King ; (e) The Whig 
 party was broken into factions ; (/) Tlie King was the 
 fountain of honor ; he could bestow honors, dignities, 
 places and preferments. ' 
 
 5. Difficulties in the King's way : (a) His ministers were 
 responsible to Parliament for every act of their adminis- 
 tration ; (6) They had been so long accustomed to exer- 
 cise the power of the Crown that they were reluctant to 
 give it up ; (c) The Whig families had for fifty years 
 dispensed the patronage of the Crown ; (c^ The House 
 of Commons was difficult to control in tho King's 
 interests. 
 
 6. Meaus adopted by the King to carry out his design : 
 (a) The formation of a party, "The King's Friends"; 
 (6) Persistent efforts to break up all parties that thwart- 
 ed his will ; (c) Dismissed as soon as possible the Min- 
 isters in power at his accession, (Pitt and Newcastle) ; 
 {d) Supported, with all the resources at hla command, 
 Lord Bute, who became his mouthpiece ; (e) Interfered 
 in the election of members of Parliament ; (/J Employed 
 bribery, etc., to gain adherents in the House of Common* ; 
 {g) Forced those Ministers who would not obey his will 
 implicitly to resign or to sacrifice largely their convic- 
 tions ; (A) Dismissed from their offices those membeis of 
 Parliament who opposed his favorite Ministers. 
 
 7. Relation of the King to the Ministers during his reign. 
 
 a. Pitt and Newcastle — Pitt too great to be subservient; 
 Newcastle, no longer consulted in the disposal of 
 patronage, resigned after "numerous affronts." 
 
 b. Bute— entirely subservient. Only eleven months in 
 office. Intensely unpopular with the people (1763). 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 43 
 
 e, Grenville — "differed as to their relative powers, but 
 too well agreed in their policy, both arbitrary, impa- 
 tient of opposition, and resolute in the exercise of 
 authority." Chief acts of this Minister: (1) Proceed- 
 ings against Wilkes ; (2) The first taxation of America. 
 King sought to dismiss him, (early in 1765), but was 
 unable to get any one to take office. At length, (late 
 in the same year), he could no longer endure the Gren- 
 ville Ministry and dismissed it. 
 
 d. Rockingham, leader of the Whig aristocracy, had 
 recently been dismissed from his Lonl- Lieutenancy for 
 opposing the King. Relation of the King to this 
 Minister suggested by his conduct in the matter of the 
 repeal of the Stamp Act. ** He, (the King), resisted 
 this measure in Council, but, finding Ministers resolved 
 to carry it, he opposed them in Parliament by the 
 authority of his name, and by his personal influence 
 over a considerable body of Parliamentary adherents." 
 In July, 1766, they were ungraciously dismissed. 
 
 e. Duke of Grafton. — Pitt, as Earl Chatham, the ruling 
 spirit of the Ministry for over two years, then, his 
 health giving way, he resigned. Grafton's Ministry 
 continued till 1770. Pitt, during his term of office, 
 played into the King's hands by helping to break up 
 parties. The Duke of Grafton, '* partly from indolence 
 and partly from facility, consented to follow the 
 stronger will of his sovereign." 
 
 /. Lord North. 1770-1782. "That Minister, by prin- 
 ciple a Tory, and favorable to prerogative, — in charac- 
 ter indolent and good-tempered, and personally 
 attached to the King, — yielded up his own opinions 
 and judgment, and for years consented to be the 
 passive instrument of the royal will. The persecu- 
 tion of Wilkes, the straining of parliamentary privi- 
 
44 
 
 Topical history. 
 
 lege, and the coercion of America, were the 6 ^^• 
 trous fruits of the Court policy. Throughout inis 
 administration the King staked his personal credit 
 upon the success of his measures, and regarded oppo- 
 sition to his Ministry as an act of disloyalty, and 
 their defeat as an affront to himself. "— May. 
 In 1780 a resolution was moved in the Hou^e of 
 Commons declaring "that the influence of the Crown 
 had increased, is increasing, and ought to be dimin- 
 ished." When the North Ministry was overthrown 
 the King spoke of retiring to Hanover rather than 
 submit to the limitation of his power which a change 
 of Ministry would bring. 
 
 g. Rockingham. — Policy distasteful to the King. "Its 
 first principle was the concession of independence to 
 America, which he had so long resisted ; its second 
 was the reduction of the influence of the Crown by the 
 abolition of offices, the exclusion of contractors from 
 Parliament, and the disfranchisement of revenue 
 officers." — May, Ministry only a few months in office. 
 
 h. Lord Shelburne. — In office only nine months. Trusted 
 to maintain himself entirely by the King. Overthrown 
 by a coalition of the followers of North and Fo5r. 
 
 t. Duke of Portland.- North and Fox the real leaders. 
 The King said, ** to such a Ministry, he never would 
 give his confidence, and that he would take the first 
 moment for dismissing them." Opportunity came in 
 opposing Fox's India Bill. 
 
 j. William Pitt (178:M801). — The struggle between 
 Pitt on the one side, and North and Fox on the other. 
 Pitt triumphs. The King * * had now a Minister, who, 
 with higher abilities and larger views of iState Policy, 
 had a will even stronger than his own. . . If the King 
 was no longer his own Minister, as in the time of Lord 
 
Topical history. 
 
 45 
 
 North, he had the satisfaction of seeing his own prin- 
 ciples carried out by hands far abler than his own." — 
 May. The influenca of the Crown now greater than 
 ever. Pitt resigned, 1801, owing to the King's per- 
 sistent refusal to sanction a measure for the relief of 
 Roman Catholics. 
 
 k. Mr. Addington.— Enjoyed the confidence and even the 
 affection of the King. 
 
 I Pitt's second Ministry.— Pitt wished to have the 
 assistance of Fox. The King resolved "not to admit 
 Fox to his Councils, even at the hazard of a civil war." 
 Pitt's lofty temper now distasteful to the King. Death 
 of Pitt, 1806. 
 
 m. Lord Gronville and Fox.— Ministry ''maintained its 
 ground so long as it was tolerated at Court, but when 
 it ventured to offend the King's religious scruples it 
 fell suddenly, like that of Pitt in ISOl." 
 
 n. Duke of Portland and Mr. Percival. King became 
 insane, 1810. 
 8. Since the reign of George III. the personal influence of 
 the sovereign has steadily declined. 
 
 SIXTEENTH TOPIC. 
 
 THE ENGLISH IN THE NEW WOELD. 
 
 II. The War of American Independence. 
 
 A. Causes. (See in particular May.) 
 
 1. As has been seen (14th topic), the English colonies 
 had been left very much to themselves. "In mat- 
 ters of imperial concern, England imposed her own 
 
4C 
 
 fOPlCAL HISTORY. 
 
 » 
 
 policy ; but otherwise left tlinii free. Asking uo 
 aid from her, they escaped her domination. All 
 their expenditure, civil and military, was defrayed 
 by taxes raised by themselves." — May. > 
 
 2. In pursuance of his general policy, George III. 
 determined to make the colonies conti'ibute to the 
 general revenu the government. Following are 
 
 arguments in favor of this determination : 
 o. Much of the national debt had been incurred in 
 
 defence of the colonies. 
 h. Other States had been accustomed to enrich them- 
 selves by the taxation of their dependencies. 
 
 c. Constitutional lawyers held that it was competent 
 for Parliament to tax the colonies. 
 
 d. Parliament had on manj^ occasions passed acts 
 providing for the levy of colonial import and ex- 
 port duties. 
 
 Arguments agaiii 
 
 a. The colonic^ d ha'l no voice in the wars by 
 
 which England's debt had been incurred. 
 6. The colonies had taxed themselves heavily for 
 
 protection against the foes of the mother country 
 
 with whom they had no quarrel. 
 c. Granted that Parliament could make laws for 
 
 government of the colonies, yet, by constitutional 
 
 usage, taxes were always granted by the people 
 
 through their representatives. 
 
 3. The Stamp Act passed 1765. The colonies indi- 
 vidually and through representatives in a Congress 
 denied the right of Parliament to pass such an Act. 
 
 4. Act repealed by Rockingham administration in spite 
 of the obstinate resistance of the king and his friends 
 (1766). At the same time, Declaratory Act passed, 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 47 
 
 ■ r* 
 
 asserting the supreme power of Parliament over the 
 colonics, "in all cases whatsoever." 
 6. George III. intensely annoyed by the repeal of the 
 Stamp Act. Determined to seize the first oppor- 
 tunity to undo the "fatal compliance of 1766." 
 
 6. In 1767, Townshend, notwithstanding what had 
 happened, imposed a variety of small customs' duties 
 on the colonies. Another period of agitation, and 
 government withdraw all hut a tax on tea (1769). 
 Americans refuse to buy taxed tea. 
 
 7. Attack on tea-ships at Boston (1773) gives the King 
 the opportunity for wliich he has been waiting. 
 
 8. King refuses to consider the question of compensa- 
 tion — Boston punished by having its port closed 
 against all commerce. Massachusetts has its charter 
 altered. Troops sent to "bring the Americans to 
 their senses." 
 
 9. The colonies adopt the quarrel of Massachusetts. 
 Hold a congress (1774) to arrange joint action. 
 
 10. Lord Chatham (1775) brings forward a measure 
 providing for the repeal of the late Acts, for the 
 security of the colonial charters, the abandonment 
 of the claim to taxation and the recall of the troops. 
 It is contemptuously rejected. 
 
 11. The congress of delegates adopt measures for gen- 
 eral defense, raise an army and put Washington 
 over it. 
 
 B. Course of War. 
 
 1. 1775. Skirmish of Lexington, April 19th. 
 
 2. Battle of Bunker's HiM. 
 
 3. The British troops cooped up during the winter 
 (1775-6) in Boston. In spring they withdraw to 
 New York. 
 
4M 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 f 
 
 4. General Arnold makes a raid upon Canada. 
 
 5. The Southern colonies expel their governors. 
 
 6. 1776. Declaration of Independence, July 4th. 
 
 7. Howe gains the victory of Brooklyn. Washington 
 forced to evacuate New York and New Jersey, 
 Later, gains seme successes. 
 
 8. 1777. Burgoyne marches from Canada to seize the 
 line of the Hudson ; then with the help of the army 
 at New York to cut off the New England States 
 from the others. He finds himself confronted by 
 General Gates. Surrenders at Saratoga (October). 
 
 9. Howe sails up the Chesapeake, defeats Washington 
 at Brandywine, takes Philadelphia. Washington 
 faces Howe's army at Valley Forge during the 
 winter. 
 
 10. Chatham again tries to bring about a reconcilia- 
 tion — fails. . 
 
 11. 1778. France and Spain conclude an alliance with 
 the States. They declare war. 
 
 12. All hope of reconciliation passes away with the 
 death of Pitt. 
 
 13. 1779. Gibraltar besieged. The Dutch join the 
 league against England. In America the British 
 generals are successful in the South. 
 
 14. 1780. Lord Cornwallis captures Charlestown and 
 gains other successes. The United States bankrupt. 
 
 15. 1781. Cornwallis surrenders to Washington at 
 Yorktown. 
 
 16. Lord North resigns. 
 
 17. 1782. November. Preliminaries for peace signed. 
 
 18. 1783. Peace of Versailles. 
 
 Conditions : a. Independence of United States ac- 
 knowledged. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 49 
 
 b. France to get a share of the Newfoundland fish- 
 eries, and islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. 
 
 c. Spain to get Minorca. 
 
 d. England to keep Canada and Newfoundland. 
 
 C. Results. 
 
 1. "If it crippled for a while the supremacy of the 
 English nation, it founded the supremacy of the 
 English race. " — G. A great English-speaking nation 
 wa?< established in America in which, on a wide scale, 
 English law, English institutions and English liberty 
 began a new career. " 
 
 2. The mother country was taught some useful lessons, 
 from which in her subsequent dealings she profited. 
 No further attempt was made to tax any of her 
 colonies. . 
 
 III. Canada Under British Rule. 
 
 (Student may consult Withrow's History.) 
 
 1. 1760-1764. Canada under a military government. 
 The country divided into three jurisdictions — Que- 
 bec, Montreal and Three Rivers. 
 
 2. Indians dissatisfied with English rule. Pontiac's 
 war. 
 
 3. In 1764, Canada formally annexed to British pos- 
 sessions by royal pioclamation. Government estab- 
 lished — a Governor and Council. Representative 
 institutions promised as soon as the country became 
 ready for them. English law, and English methods 
 of conducting judicial proceedings intio luced. 
 
 4. T '^satisfaction among the French. Th ly are ex-* 
 clu«'. jd from nil ofTices and treated as a conquered 
 vac«. Tliey tli->like the English law and English 
 tc.uuie of land. 
 
60 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 
 
 I 'C'lJ 
 
 4. The Quebec Act (1774). Its provisions : 
 
 a. "Extended the bounds of the province from Lab- 
 rador to the Mississippi, from the Ohio to the 
 watershed of Hudson's Bay. 
 
 b. "Established the right of the French to the ob- 
 servance of the Roman Catholic religion, without 
 civil disability, and confirmed the tithes to the 
 clergy, exempting, however, Protestants from their 
 puyment. ■ 
 
 c. "Restored the French civil code, and established 
 the English administration of law in criminal 
 
 cases. 
 
 d. "Vested supreme authority in t^^'^ Governor and 
 Council, the latter being nominated by the crown, 
 and consisting for the most part of persons of 
 British birth. "—W^. 
 
 i. Canada and the American Revolution. Canada 
 invited to join in the revolt. French fairly satisfied 
 with the concessions of the Quebec Act refuse, but 
 are apathetic as to the result of the contest between 
 Britain and her colonies. The Americans invade 
 Canada (1775). Montreal occupied. Ineffectual siege 
 of Quebec by Arnold. The Americans compelled to 
 . retire (1776). In 1777, Burgoyne invades New York 
 from Canada. Importance of Treaty of Versailles 
 to Canada. — "By its terms, Canada was despoiled 
 of the magnificent region lying between the Missis- 
 sippi and tlie Ohio, and was divided from the new 
 nation by the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence, the 
 watershed between the St. Lawrence and the Atlan- 
 tic, and the St. Croix River." — \V. The war, fol- 
 lowed by an exodus of U. E. Loyalists to Canada — 
 10,000 to Ontario alone. 
 
TOPICAL HisroRy. 
 
 61 
 
 ' :Vl V ■■ 
 
 G. The CoN.STiTaTiONAL Act (1791). The rapid devel- 
 opment of what is now Ontario, since the American 
 War, raised the question of its separation from 
 Quebec. 
 
 a. The Act ** divided Canada into two provinces W 
 a line coinciding chiefly M'ith the Ottawa River. 
 
 b. "In Upper Canada, British law, both civil and 
 criminal, and freehold land tenure were introduced. 
 
 c. "In Lower Canada, the Seigniorial and French 
 ■ - law m civil cases were retained. 
 
 ., (/ "In each province, a government was constituted, 
 
 consisting of an elective Legislative Assembly, and 
 a Legislative Council and Governor appointed by 
 the crown. 
 . e. " One-.-^eventh of the land was reserved for the 
 -; "se of the crown, and one-seventh for the main- 
 tenance of the Protestant clergy." — IV, 
 7. T>jc War of 1812-15. 
 
 A. Its causes. 
 
 1. Napoleon's "Berlin Decree," and the retaliatory 
 
 British "Orders in Council" press heavily on Ameri- 
 
 ,, can shipping. The American Non-Intercourse Act. 
 Mutual exasperation. 
 
 2. Britain asserts her "right of search" for deserters 
 from the navy. 
 
 3. The puldication of the secret correspondence of a 
 Captain Henry who had reported that New England 
 was ready to secede from the Union. 
 
 4. A desire to annex the provinces of British North 
 America to the United States. 
 
 B, Course of events. 
 
 1812. 1. War declared, June. 
 2. Sir Isaac Brock takes Fort Mackinaw, and secures 
 the allegiance of the British. 
 
1 1 
 
 
 52 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 3. The American plan of attack, Canada invaded at 
 three points. 
 .., - . a. General Hull crosses the Detroit River— Brock 
 goes to meet him. He re-crosses. Brock follows. 
 . /• Hull surrenders. - 
 
 h. Van Ranselaer crosses the Niagara a t Queenston. 
 Battle of Queenston Heights. Deav^h of Brook. 
 The American force surrenders. Other American 
 troops prevented from crossing. 
 < c. General Dearborn advances by way of Champ- 
 lain ; fails in an attack at LacoUe, and retires into 
 winter quarters. . ;« 
 
 1813. 1. Both sides make extraordinary efforts to con- 
 tinue the war. 
 
 2. The Americans construct strong vessels for the 
 lakes. 
 
 3. American plan — to conquer Upper Canada. 
 
 a. Proctor captures Winchester and 500 Americans 
 at French Town, Michigan. Later in the year is 
 compelled to cross the Detroit Rivor and fall back 
 before General Harrison. Battle of Moravian 
 Town (Oct.), British defeated. Western Upper 
 Canada in American power. 
 
 6. Amerians take York and Fort George, but are 
 defeated at Stoney Creek and Beaver Dams. Sir 
 George Prevost and Sir James Yeo attack Sackett's. 
 Harbor. Attack not so successful as it might have 
 been, from over-caution. In revenge, the Ameri- 
 cans plunder and burn the town of York, but are 
 defeated by Yeo when returning across the lake. 
 
 c. An American force gathered (October) near Sack- 
 ett's Harbor to advance against Montreal. De- 
 feated at Chrysler's Farm. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 63 
 
 d. Another force invading Canada by way of Champ- 
 lain. Defeated at Chateauguay. 
 
 €. These defeats led the American commander at 
 r ' "*^ Foi-t George to abandon it in December, after set- 
 ting lire to every house in the town of Niagara. 
 In re\ enge for this, the Canadians take Fort Nia- 
 gara and ravage the whole frontier. 
 
 1814. a. The American General, Wilkinson, defeated 
 
 (March) at Lacolle Mill by a force much smaller 
 than his own. 
 b. British troops defeated at Chippawa; but the 
 Americans defeated at Lundy's Lane. 
 . c. A force under the over-cautious Prevost advanced 
 against the Americans at Plattsburg, but failed 
 to accomplish anything. 
 
 1815. The British defeated in an attack on New Orleans. 
 
 0. Peace of Ghent, December, 1814. 
 
 1. Americans did not gain any territory. The adjust- 
 ' meat of unsettled boundaries was left to a com- 
 
 mission. 
 ' 2. The "right of search" and the rights of neutrals 
 wore not mentioned in the treaty; the European 
 • i War was now over. 
 
 3. Ail agreement made for a omhiued elforb for the 
 suppression of the slavo traffic. 
 
 SEVENTEENTH TOPIC. 
 
 THE GROWTH OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA. 
 (See Macaulaj'*s essays on Clive and Hastings;. 
 
 1. In 1760, British supremacy was established over 
 Bengal, and over Southern India. 
 
 2. The work of organization followed that of conquest. 
 
54 
 
 TOPICAL HISTOBT. 
 
 a. Clive's Work as an organizer: (1) He organized 
 the service of the East India Company in India •. (2) 
 he put down the trading of the Con pany's ser- 
 vants, and forbade their acceptance of gifts from 
 the natives. 
 
 h. In 1767, he returned to England, and by unspar- 
 ing denunciations of themi^governmont of Bengal, 
 attracted the attention of the government to India. 
 
 c. The Regulation Act, 177.3: 
 
 (1). Established a Governor- eneral and a Su- 
 preme Court of Judicature for all British posses- 
 sions in India. 
 
 (2). Prohibited judges and members of Council 
 
 from trading, 
 (3). Forbade any receipt of presents from natives. 
 (4). Ordered that every act of the Directors should 
 
 be signified to the government to be approved or 
 
 disallowed. 
 
 d. Clive's own career inquired into. He is censured, 
 but the Commons unanimously vote *' That Robert 
 Lord Clive, did at the same time render great and 
 meritorious services to his country. " 
 
 Hastings the first Governor-General. His adminis- 
 tration, 1773-1785: 
 a. Established the direct rule of the East India 
 
 Company over Bengal. 
 h. Organized afresh the system of government 
 respecting as far as possible the prejudices, feel- 
 ings and habits of the natives. 
 c. Began deliberately the subjugation of all India to 
 the British Crown. 
 
 Sold the services of the Company's army to crush 
 the Rohillas, 
 
 il 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 55 
 
 6. Met aiul ill the end defeated the Mahrattasj (who 
 
 weid incited hy the French.) 
 /. Met th? danger from Hyder Ali, whom Coote 
 
 defeated at Porto Novo, 1781. 
 g. Annexed Benares. 
 h. Reduced Oiide to virtual dependence. 
 
 4. The many unscrupulous acts of Hastings lead to his 
 impeachment. His long and memorable trial, 1786- 
 1795. The investigation of the character of his 
 administration, made it apparent that it was not 
 ath'isable to permit a trading company to rule over 
 so great a possession. 
 
 5. Mr. Fox's India Bill, 17S.3, " Proposed to transfer 
 the political government (of India) from the Directors 
 of the Company, to a Board of seven Commissioners 
 The appointment of the seven was vested in the first 
 instance ia Parliament, and afterwards in the (yrown.'» 
 Bill defeated in the Lords, the king exercising his 
 
 ' influenco for that purpose. The ministry requested 
 to resign. 
 
 6. Mr. Pitt's India Bill, 1784. It "preserved in 
 appearance the political and commercial powers of 
 the Directors, while establishing a Board of Control, 
 formed from members of the Privy Council for the 
 approval or annulling of their acts." This dual 
 method of governing India continued till 1858 when 
 its government was vested directly in the Crown. 
 
 7. British rule only once seriously threatened during 
 remainder of the period (1797-8). Tippoo Sahib, 
 successor to Hyder Ali in Mysore, vows to drive the 
 English into the sea. Is killed at the storming of his 
 capital, Seringapatam, and Mysore added to the 
 British dominions. 
 
66 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 EIGHTEENTH TOPIC. 
 
 THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE YOUNGER PITT. 
 
 A. The circumstances under which he assumed 
 power. 
 
 The King had contemptuously dismissed the coahtion 
 ministry of North and Fox, and entrusted the form- 
 ation of a government to William Pitt. Pitt's 
 followers were in a minority in the Commons. He 
 was defeated again and again, but refu-^ed to resign. 
 Meanwhile the King was exercising his influence in 
 Pitt's favor. The adverse majorities gradually 
 dwindled down, and on the House being dissolved 
 (March, 1784), and a new election taking place, an 
 overwhelming majority was returned in favor of Mr. 
 Pitt. (For constitutional principles involved in this 
 struggle, see May, chap. I, pages 72, etc.) 
 
 B. Pitt's relation to the King. 
 
 The King trusted him because he had saved him from 
 the power of the coalition. Pitt was no puppet in 
 the King's hands, his will was stronger than his 
 master's, yet the Kirg never ceased to guard care- 
 fully the royal power. "He (George) had the 
 satisfaction of seeing his own principles carried out 
 by hands far abler than his own. In prosecutions of 
 the press, and the repression of democratic move- 
 ments at home, the minister was, perhaps, as zealous 
 as the King : in carrying on war to crush democracy 
 abroad, the King was more zealous than his minister. 
 They labored strenuously together in support of 
 
TOl'KJAL HISTORY. 
 
 67 
 
 mouarchy all over the world ; and respected too little 
 the constitutional liberties of their own people." 
 May. 
 
 C, Pitt'.s Foreign Policy. 
 
 1. "He Wcas a 'peace minister' and a statesman, who 
 saw that the best security for peace lay in the freedom 
 and widening of commercial intercourse between 
 nations. " — O. 
 
 2. Commercial Treaty of 1787 between England and 
 Prance, framed on these principles. It "enabled sub- 
 jects of both countries to reside and travel in either 
 without license or passport, did away with all prohi- 
 bition of trade on either side, and reduced every 
 import duty." — G , 
 
 3. The intimate connection between England and 
 France, made the events of the French Revolution of 
 1789 of great interest in England. Pitt's attitude 
 towards the Revolution— cool, but without distrust. 
 
 4. Besides his desire for peace, Pitt's policy in Eastern 
 Europ< led him to seek an alliance with France. 
 Cathar ne of Russia had two objects in view, (a) the 
 annexation of Poland, (6) the expulsion of the Turks 
 from Europe. Austria was willing to join her in 
 carrying out her plans. To defeat the designs of 
 Russia and Austria, Pitt had renewed the old friend- 
 ship of England with Prussia, and in 1789 entered 
 into an alliance with Prussia and Holland to preserve 
 the Turkish enipiie. But Prussia had designs on 
 Poland herself, and hence Pitt's anxiety for a French 
 alliance. 
 
 5. Burke, alarmed at the doctrines of the French 
 Revolution, had determined to make a continuance 
 of peace between France and England impossible. 
 
6S TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 Pitt struggled against tlie .slowly-rising tiile of public 
 opinion until opposition was impossible, an<l war was 
 declared 1703. 
 
 6. Pitt, an unsuccessful War Minister. He was at 
 heart a Peace Minister ; he was forced into the war ; 
 he was destitute of his father's power to arouse 
 enthnsiasm. 
 
 7. England joined the league against France, consisting 
 of Austria, the Empire, Prussia, Spain and Sardinia. 
 During this war England accomplished nothing 
 worthy of herself on land, but she kept her position 
 ajs mistress of the sea. Her money was given 
 lavishly to keep the continental armies in the field. 
 She was paymaster of the coalitions. 
 
 8. This war at once gave Russia her opportunity. 
 Poland was divided, Russia, Austria and Prussia, 
 each getting a share. Pitt was powerless to prevent 
 it. 
 
 9. Throughout the war Pitt kept watching for an 
 opportunity to bring it to a close. His attempt in 
 1796 was a failure, owing to the elation of the French 
 over the victories of Napoleon in Italy. No other 
 opportunity offered during his first ministry. 
 
 10. Pitt's later position "one of almost tragic irony. 
 An economist heaping up millions of debt, a peace 
 minister dragged into the costliest of wars, he is the 
 very typo of a ba filed statesman." 
 
 11. Pitt was recalled to power 1804, during the peril of 
 the threatened French invasion. He succeeded in 
 forming an lUiance of Russia, Austria and Sweden, to 
 resist French agg e.^sion. But the crushing defeat 
 of the Austrians at Austerlitz killed him. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 rn 
 
 D. Pitt's Domestic Policy. 
 
 1. "His policy from the first was a policy of active 
 reform, and he face<l every one of the problems tinan- 
 eial, constitutional, religious, from which VValpole 
 had shrunk." — G. 
 
 2. Financial Policy. . 
 a. Smith's "Wealth of Nations" was the ground 
 
 work of his policy. 
 h. He was able to carry on the government without 
 making the taxes too oppressive. 
 
 c. He proposed to pay oflf the national debt gradually 
 by means of a sinking fund. 
 
 d. He reduced the customs duties to such an extent 
 as to make smuggling unprofitable, yet the revenue 
 increased. 
 
 c. He made (1787), a Treaty of Commerce with 
 
 France. 
 / He proposed free trade with Ircl uid, but his offer 
 
 was rejected by the Irish Pailiament. 
 g. He succeeded in bringing about free trade between 
 
 England and Ireland immediately after the Union 
 
 (1800). 
 h. Why he failed to do more. — (1 ) He had to contend 
 
 with the ignorance and prejudice of those who 
 
 supported him. (2) The breaking out of the 
 
 French Revolution put a stop to his plans. 
 
 3. Constitutional Foi-icy. 
 
 a. The India Bill (1784). Pitt "left the (Kast 
 India) Company in possession of their laige powers : 
 but subjected them to a l)oard of control represent- 
 ing the crown. The Company were now account- 
 able to ministers in tlieir rule ; and ministers, if 
 they sufi'ered wrong to be done, were responsible 
 to Parliament," — May, 
 
60 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 b. The Bill "to amend the representation of the 
 people of England in Parliament," (1785). See 
 Topic 3. 
 
 c. The Regency Bill (1789). George III. had become 
 insane, and the Prince of Wales claimed the 
 regency as a right. Pitt resisted the claim on tlie 
 ground that Parliament alone had the right to 
 appoint a regent. 
 
 d. The Constitutional Act, (1791). Divided the 
 Canadas and gave them self-government. 
 
 €. Supported Fox's Libel Bill (1792), which gave the 
 jury the right to decide whether a publication is 
 * ' lil)elous or not. , ... 
 
 /. Resisted the panic excited by the French Revolu- 
 tion, but moved (1794) for the suspension of the 
 Habeas Corpus Act. 
 
 g. Carried through the Act of Union between 
 England and Ireland. 
 
 _ h. Proposed (1801),, to introduce in Parliament a 
 Catholic Emancipation Bill, but the proposition 
 met with the deteri:iined opposition of the King. 
 This led Pitt to resign. ' . - ■ 
 
 4. Policy in Religious Matters. (See May, chap. 
 XII.) 
 
 a. In 1787, 1789 and 1790, Pitt opposed, but in a 
 half-hearted way, a motion for leave to bring in a 
 bill to repeal the Test and Corporation Acts. 
 
 b. In 1792, opposed a measure supported by Fox, to 
 repeal certain penal statutes against Unitarians. 
 
 c. Pitt's influence obtained the passage by the Irish 
 Parliament of certain measures for the relief of the 
 Catholics of Ireland. 
 
■ 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 61 
 
 a. After the union of Eiigliind and Ireland, Pitt wns 
 of opinion that Roman Catholics niii^ht nafely be 
 adniittod to office, and to the privile^^e of sitting in 
 Pailiiuuent, As stated above, the Kin^^' opposed 
 the proposal and Pitt resigned. 
 
 NINETEENTH TOPIC. 
 
 THE CAREERS OF BURKE AND FOX. 
 
 ■ (Sec articles in Eticyclopaiilia Britatmica.) 
 
 I. Burke. — "Oiio of the greatest luuucs in tlio 
 history of political literature." 
 
 1. Born 1729 at Dublin, educated at Trinity College, 
 Dublin, went to London 17o0, to study law. Little 
 
 "'-■ known of this period of his life. 
 
 2. Made his fiist mark as writer by a satirical work, 
 '* A Vindication of Natural Society." Then followed 
 his work "On the Sublime and JJeautiful."- Bolh 
 works were published 1756. "By 1756 the cast of 
 Burke's opinions was decisively fixed, and they under- 
 went no radical chansfe." 
 
 3. Began his public career in the service of "single 
 speech " Hamilton, wJien the latter was Irish Secrc- 
 tary. In 1765 liec.ime pri\ate secretary to the 
 Marquis of Rockingham, and in the following year 
 M'as returned to Parliament for a pocket borough. 
 " For the space of a quarter of a century, from this 
 time down to 1790, Buiko was one of the chief guides 
 and inspirers of a revived VV'hig party." The policy 
 of that party was opposition to the King's attempt 
 
., t 
 
 02 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 at personal rule. Bjirke made speeches, and wrote 
 books full of unanswerable arguments, but, all the 
 same, the Commons voted for the Kini;. 
 
 4. During thc^se years Burke was a member of the 
 club of which Reynolds and Garrick, Goldsmith and 
 .lohnson, were leading lights. 
 
 5. On the fall of the North Ministry, 1782, Burke was 
 made paymaster of the forces, but held tlio oflicu for 
 only a few months. In 178.3, he held tlie same posi- 
 tion under the coalition ministry. 
 
 6. For fourteen years (1787-1795) he gave close atten- 
 tion to Indian affairs. Tlie enormities of which 
 Hastings was guilty aroused his indignation. His 
 impeachment of Hastings was one of the interesting 
 events in his career. 
 
 7. Burke distrusted the French Revolution from the 
 first. When its excoss revealed its true nature he 
 determined to arouse the English nation against it. 
 With this object he wrote '* Reflections on the 
 Revolution in France." Thirty thousand copies 
 were sold within seven years. His views alienated 
 him from his party. He sacrificed his friendship for 
 Fox. He published an "Appeal from the New to 
 the Old Whigs." Largely through his instrumen- 
 tality, FiUgland was force*! into war with France. 
 
 8. In 1704, liurke lost his son in whom his hopes were 
 wrappea up and he never recovere<l from the blow. 
 
 9. Pitt's desire for peace called forth Burke's "Letters 
 on a Regicide Peace." He died in the year follow- 
 ing, the dark year of tlie war. 
 
 II. Fox (1749-180G).— "A stat.'sinau v.l.o, dt^^pite 
 his failings, is one of ilie. W m-^I .ind must fascin- 
 atinpf figures in modern bistoi-y." 
 
TOPKIAL HISTORY. 
 
 G3 
 
 1. P»orn in Westminster, eilucateil at Eton and Oxford, 
 fciciv. Ueil extensively in France an<l Italy, entered 
 the House of Commons in lldci for the pocket borontrh 
 of Midhurst. 
 
 2. Was third son of Henry Fox, *'the most thoroughly 
 liated statesman of his day '; was idolized by his 
 father, but received from him a bad training. His 
 father initiated him into gaming and other worse 
 vices, and laughed at his son's scruples. 
 
 3. At first supported the party of George III., and was 
 made a Lord of the Admiralty; but, opposing the 
 Royal Marriage Bill, incurred the displeasure of the 
 King, and was never forgiven. 
 
 4. "In 1774 Fox began that opposition to the ill-advised 
 and ill-fated measures of Lord North which gave him 
 a place among the greatest of orators and the most 
 prescient of statesmen." Became a pupil of Bui ke's 
 in political science, and was soon the acknoM'ledged 
 leader of the Opposition. The chief efforts of the 
 Opposition at this time were directed against the 
 King's policy in the American war. 
 
 5. Became Secretary of St ite in the Marquis of Rock- 
 ingham's administration, but held the position for a 
 few months only. Became Secretary of State for a 
 short time again in the coalition Ministry. Tiie chief 
 
 measures with which his name is associated are : 
 
 (a) The treaties of peace between Great Britain and 
 France, Spain, and the United States of America. 
 {h) An India Bill. 
 
 6. At the election of 1784 the Whigs were left in a 
 hopeless minority. Every effort was made to defeat 
 Fox. His election was contested. In his subsequent 
 parliamentary career he made many eloquent 
 speeches, but accomplished little. The chief points 
 
1 
 
 I I 
 
 64 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 in it are: — (1) His opposition to Pitt's coinmercial 
 treaty with France; (2) His oppositioji to the slave 
 trade ; (3) His attempts to have the Test and Cor- 
 poration Acts repealled ; (4) His support of a thorough- 
 going .scheme of parh'amentary reform ; (5) His ap- 
 pointment as a maiiager in the impeachment of 
 Wanen Hastings ; (0) His support of the claim of the 
 IVinoe of VVahjs to be regent daring his father's mad- 
 ness ; (7^ His Libel Act; (S) His friendly support of 
 the French Revolution ; (9) His opposition to the 
 sur.pension of the Habeas (Joi'pus Act, etc.; (10) His 
 support of the measure?; to it^sisst Napoleon ; (11) His 
 appointment as Secret ny of State, 1806; (12) His 
 farewell speeoh again.st the slave trade. 
 7. Fox disc:)itinuGl attou lance in Parliainont for 
 ! . some time (1707), and occupied hiin^icli with vviitini;; 
 a History of Enghind fr-jui James II. 
 
 TWENTIETH TOPIC. 
 
 i HE \V.\H WITH RE VOLUriONARY FRANCE (1793--1801). 
 
 I. Its Causes. 
 
 Tlie spread of revolutionary principles on the continent 
 
 excited the distrust of the conservative class in Em^- 
 
 land. The excesses of the revolutionists arou.^ed 
 
 horror in all classes. Burke worked upon the fears 
 
 . of the English people until a panic of terror was 
 
 ' excited. Pitt withstood the demand for war as lontr 
 
 as he could, but in 1792 the French Convention 
 
 /;,, decreed that France otFered the aid of her soldiers to 
 

 TOl>irAt HISTORY. 
 
 m 
 
 all nations who would strive for freeilom. Further, 
 ' in February, 1703, the Frcncli, having overrun 
 
 Holland and conquered Flanders, threw open the 
 navigation of the Scheldt, in violation of the Peace 
 of Westphalia, and when the P^nglish envoy remon- 
 strated he, was ordered to quit the country, and war 
 was declared against Englaml. 
 
 II. Its Course. 
 
 1.. Austria and Prussia attacked Fr.ince to the north 
 and east, vSpain and vSardinia to the .south, Fiigland 
 kept the sea, and the peasantry of La Vendee rose in 
 insurrection. 
 
 2. The war was at first disastrous to tiie French. Tiiey 
 failed in their attack upon Holland, and were drive!) 
 from the Netherliiids. But the German powers 
 were not anxious to restore order in France, as they 
 wished to carry oat their designs on Poland. 
 
 3. Soon an entliusiasm to spreatl ld>erty everywhere 
 was awakened in France, and tiien her arms began 
 to conquer wherever they went. An English force 
 under the Duke of York, acting in the Netherlands, 
 was so wasted by disease and hardsliip that it re- 
 embarked for England. Lord Howe defeated the 
 French deet off Brest on the 1st .luno, 1704. 
 
 4. The year 1795 saw the coalition against France 
 break up. Austria was the only ally of consequence 
 England had, and she had to be heavily subsidized. 
 Most of the French and Dutch colonial possessions 
 fell into English hands. 
 
 5. In 1796 Pitt, heartily sick of the war, strove to 
 bring about a peace, but the successes of Lonapart<> 
 in Italy led the French Govornnient—the Directory 
 — to decline all overtures. Spain ent«"od into a 
 
 > , V 
 

 no TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 treaty otlenaivo and defensive witli the Fronoli, an<l 
 , ileclared war against liritaiu in Outobei-. 'I'he 
 Spanish and Dutch fleets were now at the service of 
 France. A French army under Oencral Hoche set 
 sail for Trehind in December, l)ut the fleet was dis- 
 persed liy a violent tempest and returned to Franco. 
 
 6. Tlie year 1797 is the dark year of the war. Napoleon 
 drove the Austrians coujpletely out of Italy, and 
 Austria was compelled to sign the Treaty of Campo 
 Formio. Kngland wns left without an ally on the 
 Continent. Her fleet mutinied — specie payments 
 were suspended at the bank — Ireland was only wait- 
 ing for an opportunity to revolt. Still she remained 
 mistress of the sea. In February Admiral Jervis 
 defeated the Spanish fleet ofl' Cape St. Vincent. In 
 October Admiral Duncan defeated the Latch fleet off 
 Cam pel down. 
 
 7. In 1798 the Irish Catholics rose in arms. The in- 
 surgents were defeated at Vinegar Hill. Later in the 
 year the French General Humbert landed with 900 
 men; surrendered to Lord Cornvvallis. In May of 
 same year Napoleon sailed for Egypt, his ultimate 
 destination being India. He took Malta on tlie way 
 and, arrived m ij^yyZ, ticicautni me MamiuKes. 
 Fusliing on into Syria, he was worsted at the siege 
 of Acre (May, 1799) and compelled to retreat. Mean- 
 time (Argust, 1798) Nelson had annihilated the 
 French fleet in Al)oukir Bay. On the continent of 
 Europe Russia joined with Austria to resist France, 
 and I'itt encouraged the alliance by giving large 
 sul>sidies. 
 
 8. The eflbrts of this coalition successful in the begin- 
 ning of 1799. Frencli were defeated in Italy, but 
 held their om'u in Switzerland and Holland. Napoleon 
 

 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 «7 
 
 returned from Egypt and was made First Consul. 
 Russia retired from the coalition. 
 9. In the spring of 1800 Napoleon crossed the Alps at 
 the St. Bernard, and defeated the Austrians at 
 Marengo. Moreau also defeated them later in the 
 year at Hohenlinden. Austria gladly made peace at 
 Luneville, Fe])ruary, 1801. 
 
 10. In 1801 En^jland was once more alone in opposition 
 to France. Napoleon resolved to strike at England's 
 commerce by sliutting all European ports against her. 
 lie succeeded in uniting Russia, Sweden, and Den- 
 mark in an armed neutrality. The English fleet de- 
 stroyed that of Denmark in the battle of Copenhagen. 
 A short time before this l^attle the Emperor Paul of 
 Russia was assassinated, and his siK^-cessor, Alex- 
 ander, made a convention with England. Malta 
 surrendered to tlio English, and the French army in 
 Egypt capitulated. 
 
 11. Napoleon now resolved on peace for a time. Peace 
 OF Amiens, Maich, 1802. 
 
 III. Conditions of Peace. 
 
 1. France to withdraw from Southern Italy, and to 
 leave the republics of Holland, Switzerland, and 
 Piedmont to themselves. 
 
 2. England to recognize the French Government; to 
 give back the captured colonies, except Ceylon and 
 Trinidad ; to restore Malta within three months to 
 the Knights of St. John. 
 
1 
 
 G8 
 
 TOriCAL JIISTORY. 
 
 TWENTTY-l^iaST TOPIC. 
 
 THE W\R Wini NAPOLEON. 
 
 I. Its Cause. 
 
 N.ipoleou resolute to bGoauu mister of the Western 
 World. Despite the plelge in the Peace of Aniiens, 
 th3 republics of Holland, etc., made dependent upon 
 his will. The protests of the English Government 
 ,^ ' meb by a demand that the French exiles be driven 
 from England, and that Malta be surrendered. Huge 
 aim iments made ready for the invasion of England. 
 War declared by England, May, 1S03. 
 
 II Its Course to the beginning of the Pen- 
 insular War. 
 
 1. Napoleon formed a camp of 100,000 men at Boulogne, 
 and sought to divide the English fleet and to concen- 
 trate that of France in order to cross the channel. 
 The death of the French admiral prevented the plan 
 from being carried out, and the a-sumption of the 
 title of Emperor and the ceremonies connected with 
 his coronation kept Napoleon engaged to the close of 
 1304. 
 
 2. In 1805 Napoleon planned the union of the Spanish 
 fleet with the French. Nelson was too quick for the 
 pVench adni .J. The French and Spanish navies 
 were annihilated off Cape Ttafalgar, 21st October. 
 Meanwhile a l(3ague of Ruasia, Austria, and Sweden 
 was formed agai l^4t Napoleon. Pitt gave subsidies. 
 Napoleon, dij^ap; "tinted in li:a plans against England, 
 marched his army against the Austrians and Rus- 
 sians. He crushed their combined forces at Austcr- 
 
tOPlCAL fllSTORir. 
 
 4. 
 
 litz, 2iul D.ec;eml)ei\ Results:— (1) Tiie Treaty of 
 Presburg, by wliich Auatii.i ceded all her Italian and 
 Adriatic provinces ; (2) T e dissolution of the old 
 (jrernian '■ nipire. 
 
 In Octol)er, 1806, Prussia was crushed at Jena. In 
 November, Napoleon isaneil his ** Berlin Decrees." 
 In January, 1807, the English Governnifnt replied 
 by an " Order-in-Council," declaring France and 
 allied countries blockaded, and neutral vessels trad- 
 ing with them good prizes. In June, 1807, Napoleon 
 defeated the Russians at Fried land. Battle was 
 followed by the Peace of Tilsit. Russia became 
 friendly to France, and forced Sweden to renounce 
 her alliance with England. The Russian 'and 
 Swedish fleets were put at the service of France, and 
 Napoleon counted on that of Denmark also. In 
 September an English fleet bombarded Copenhagen, 
 and seized the Danish fleet. In November En^i ] 
 issued fresh Orders-in-Cou:icil, hearing still niu.v 
 heavily on neutrals. In December Napoleon issued 
 in return his Milan Decree. 
 
 III. The Peninsular War. 
 
 A. How it came to be entered upon. 
 
 Napoleon was seeking to unite all Europe against 
 England ; in particular he wished to close the con- 
 tinent against English goods. Spain had been the 
 subservient ally of France lor some years, but 
 Napoleon wanted to have full control of the country. 
 . He forced the King to resign, and appointed his 
 
 brother Joseph to the vacant llirone. The Spaniards 
 refused to acknowledge him. The English govern- 
 ment gladly offered to su])port tliem. 
 
7^ 
 
 T3PICAL HISTORY. 
 
 d\ 
 
 i 
 
 IJ. Its Course. 
 
 1. Sir Jolin Moore an<l Sir Arthur Wcllc^ley were sent 
 with sm ill armies, 1808. Wullcsley gained the 
 battle of Vimiera, and forced a French army to 
 surrender in Convention of Cintra. 
 
 Sir John Moore advanced into Spain, found himself 
 opposed by forces much larger than his own, and 
 made a masterly retreat of 250 miles to the coast. 
 Was killed in the battle of Corruna, January, 1809. 
 
 2. Fresh troops were sent (1809) to Wellesley, in 
 Portugal. He crossed the Douro, compelled Soult 
 to retreat ; then marching on Madrid, defeated a 
 Frencharmy at Talavera (July). Had to retreat on 
 Badajos, and to allow Ciudad Rodrigry and Almeida 
 to be captured. Checked the advance of Messena at 
 BiTSACO, but fell back on Torres Vedras, October, 
 1810. 
 
 3. Messena was compelled to retreat, and Wellington 
 followed and besieged Almeida. Battles of Fuentes 
 d'Onore, May, 1811. Portugal was saved from the 
 French, but vSpain was in their hands. 
 
 4. Napoleon witlidrcw the best of his troops from 
 Spain, and Wellington assumed the offensive, 1812. 
 Ciudad Rokrigo and Badajos were captured. 
 Wellington marched on Salamanca, defeated Mor- 
 mont (July 22ad), and in August, entered Madrid. 
 Besieged Burgos — but the approach of two French 
 armies compelled a retreat to the frontiers of Portu- 
 gal, (Octol)cr). ^ 
 
 5. In May 1813, Wellington again advnnced from 
 Portugal, defeated the French at Vittoria, and 
 drove them across the Pyrenees. In July, he carried 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 71 
 
 San Sebastian by assault. Gained the battle ot 
 Bidassoa in October, which enabled him to enfer 
 Spain (1814). Drove Soult from an entrenched 
 camp at Bayonne, and defeated liim at Orthes. In 
 April, an indecisive battle fought at Toulouse— the 
 last of tlie war. 
 
 IV. The War in Europe from 1808 to the 
 
 Battle of Waterloo. 
 
 1. In September, 180S, Napoleon entered into an 
 intimate alliance with the Czar of Russia, in order to 
 
 • . pievent the German powers from renewing hostil- 
 
 ities. 
 
 2. In 1809 Austria, determined once mQre to renew the 
 struggle with Napoleon. Battles of Wagram, July 
 6th and 6th. An English force sent against Antwerp, 
 returned after heavy losses. 
 
 3. In 1810 Napoleon dispossessed his brother Louis of 
 the kingdom of Holland, on account of his laxity in 
 carrying out the continental system, and added the 
 country to Franc 3. He also sought an alliance with 
 the United States against Britain. 
 
 4. "In February 1811, the United States announced 
 that all intercourse with Great Britain and her 
 
 • dependencies was at an end " — a serious blow to 
 English commerce. Beside this Napoleon seized 
 several States, among others the duchy of Oldenburg, 
 for tniding with England. The Duke of Oldenburg 
 was a brother-in-law of Czar Alexander, and the 
 latter resented Napoleon's action. He resolved to 
 disregard the continental l)Iockade of British manu- 
 factures. Napoleon determined to punish him. 
 
3 
 
 i 
 
 72 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 5. In M.iy, 1812, Napoleon set out from Paris to super.' 
 iatond the invasion of Russia. lu June the United 
 States declared war against England. 
 
 6. In the spring of 1813 Prus-ia rose in arms against 
 Napoleon. Later in the year Austria stirred to 
 action by the successes of Wellington, joined Prussia 
 and Russia. Napoleon was defeated })y the allied 
 forces at Leipzig in October. On the last day of 
 1813, the Allies entered France. 
 
 7. In March 18 M the Allies entered Paris. On April 
 4th Nopoleon abdicated and was sent to Elba. The 
 Trkaty of Paris closed the War. The Treaty of. 
 Ghent concluded the war with America. 
 
 8. On the 1st of March 1875, Napoleon landed at 
 Cannes, and in twenty <Liys was* in Paris. On June 
 18tb, he met Wellington at Waterloo* and was de- 
 feated. . 
 
 TWENTY-SlilC0I3"D TOPIC. 
 
 I 
 II 
 
 IRELAND IN Tiil^: ELGPILEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 (The afciident may consult Walpole'a Short History of Ireland in the 
 
 Franklin Square Library.) - . 
 
 1, As the result of the war of the Revolution in Ireland, 
 over 1,000,000 acres were forfeited. Vast estates 
 were given to the friends of William III. It became 
 the fashion to reward nameless English services at 
 the expense of Ireland. So wholesale the transfer of 
 land that at the beginning of the century, the Roman 
 Catholics owned less than one-seventh of it. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. ^$ 
 
 2. The govcnimpiit was absolutely in the hnnds of the 
 Protestant minority, and this minority determined to 
 stamp out as far as possible the Roman Catholic 
 religion. Tiio English Parliament in K502 imposed 
 oaths of Allegiance and Abjuration, and the making 
 of a declaratioa against transubstantiation, upon all 
 persons holding office. Then followed a series of 
 Pknal Statutes, passed by the Irish Parliament. 
 
 a. No Roman Catholic might teach a school or any 
 child but his own, or send children abroad. 
 
 b. No Catholic was allowed arms, and if he had a 
 good horse, a Protestant might claim it on tender- 
 ing £5. ^ 
 
 c. Priests from abroad were banished, and their 
 return declared treason, 
 
 d. Mixed marriages were forbidden betAveen persons 
 of property, and the children mis^rht be forcibly 
 brought up Protestants. 
 
 e. A Catliolic coubl not be a guardian, and all wards 
 in chancery were brought up Protestants. 
 
 / The Protestant eldest son of a landed proprietor 
 might make his father tenant for life, and secure 
 his own inheritance. 
 
 (J. The wife of a Catholic was encouraged to aposta- 
 tize by being permitted on her conversion to obtain 
 a jointure of value. Apostatizing children were 
 empowered to bring their fatiier into chancery in 
 order to obtain an allowance. 
 
 h. "The crowning statute of the penal code was an 
 act passed in the first year of George II., by which 
 every Roman Catholic was absolutely disfranchised 
 and deprived oi his vote botli at parliamentary and 
 municipal elections." — Wu'pule. 
 
74 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 » 
 
 Irish trade was dostroyo 1 by statutes passed in a 
 similar spirit. 
 
 a. As early as 1063 a bill was passed forbidding the 
 importation of Irish cattle, sheep, swine, salt meat 
 or bacon. 
 
 h. In 1696, all direct im])ort trade with the British 
 colonies was absolutely prohiljitcd. 
 
 c. In 1099 and 1700, acts were passed that ruined the 
 Irish woollen trade. This trade was almost wholly 
 in the hands of the Protestant English colony, yet 
 that mattered nothing to the English traders. 
 
 (/. Endeavors to introduce the manufacture of silk, 
 glass, cotton etc., were also prevented by English 
 jealousy. The linen trade alone flourished. In 
 1786, petitions signed by 117,000 persons praj'ing 
 for the prohibition of Irish linens, were sent to the 
 English Parliament from Manchester. The prayer 
 of the petition was disregarded. 
 
 *,. Whilst England was harassed with the American 
 war, the Protestant Irisli determined to assert 
 themselves. All the English troops had been 
 withdrawn and it was resolved to raise a national 
 militia, Protestants only to be enrolled. 42,000 
 men were enrolled. At once arose a demand in the 
 Irish Parliament for free export and import. In 
 1779, Lord North carried three bills through the 
 English Parliament, one allowing free export of 
 wool, glass etc., the second removing the prohi- 
 bition to carry gold and silver coin to Ireland, and 
 the tliird permitting Ireland to trade direct with 
 Mediterranean ports and the British colonics. 
 
 /. By the Act of Union Ireland was put on the same 
 commercial footing as Great Britain. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 75 
 
 4. The 'government of Ireland waa the instrument of a 
 ttrrlble tyranny. 
 
 a. Tlio Lo:il-Lieutenant was often absent in England, 
 and during his absence the government was usually 
 in tho hands of the Primate, the Lord-C'hancellor, 
 and the Speaker of tho House of Commons. 
 
 b. Tho Parliament consisted of two Plouses. The 
 Jrouse of Commons was split into factions, and it 
 was. the policy of the government to play these off, 
 one against another. The bulk of tlie IFouse was 
 composed of the nominees of the great Protestant 
 land-owners. The Parliament could sit as lone as 
 it pleased. The government was not responsible 
 to tho House and not removable by it. 
 
 c. Large sums from the revenue were employed to 
 ])e)jsion the favorite^ of the English Kings. In 
 1733 those favorites dv^'T £69,000 from the treas- 
 ury. 
 
 d. "The Irish Parliament had no power of origin- 
 ating legislative or financial measures, and could 
 only Hny "yes" or "no" to acts laid before it by the 
 Privy Council in England. Tiie English Parlia- 
 ment too claimed the right of binding Ireland as 
 well as England, by its enactments, and one of its 
 statutes tiansferred the appellate jurisdiction of 
 the Irish Peerage to the English House of Lords." 
 — Green. 
 
 5. Tiie condition of the people was wretched. 
 
 a. "Disfrancliised, disinherited, disabled from exer 
 cising the most ordinary civil functions, the Roman 
 Catholics, the bulk of the Irish Nation endured all 
 the social and moral disadvantages, all the con- 
 tempt, all the bitter sense of inju^stice of a subject 
 
: I 
 
 70 
 
 topic; At HISTORY. 
 
 race. Witli no room for honorable ambition, nu 
 scope fo;' oiterprise, they were eondemned to the 
 swinish existence for which the evil of the day is 
 sufficient, and wliicli takes no thought for the mor- 
 row." — Wafpole. 
 
 b. Tlie landlords were largely absentees. "Middle- 
 men " rackrentetl in the most rtinoiseless manner. 
 Frcqucrt fa .lines fell upon the poor. " Tiie poor 
 squatted where they could, receiving starvation 
 wages, an I paying exhorbitant rents foi- their 
 cabins, partly with their own laboi. Unable to 
 rise, the wretched people niultiplied on their potato 
 plots with perfect recklessness. During the famine 
 which bjgan in the winter of 1739, one-fiftli of the 
 population is said to have perished." Article 
 ** Ireland," in /incjf. Brif. 
 
 c. Secret societies ilrrishc I — "Whitcboy^^ " (1761), 
 "Oakboya," " Hoavts-of-steel Boy ," " Threshers " 
 etc. 
 
 6. The Irish Parliament iudcpeiulcnt of the English. 
 1781:-- 1800. 
 
 a. How " Home Rule " came to be given. — A national 
 militia had been raised to protect the countiy when 
 England withdrew her troops during the Americ;in 
 war. This gave che Protestant oligarchy backing 
 in their demand for the removal of trade restric- 
 tions. Certain restiictions were removed. Then 
 came a demand for legislative independence. On 
 Grattan's motion a re-s-dution to this effect was 
 carried. Durii-g the Rockingham administration, 
 1782, the demand was granted. 
 
 5. The principal leaders in the Irish Parliament we'e 
 Grattan and Flood. Many important acts were 
 
Topical history. 
 
 77 
 
 J)a«se(l — a iiatioiiai bank was establishcJ, t'.u 
 appointments of judges were made dependent on 
 good behavior, the marriages of Presl)yteri;ins were 
 made valid in the eye of the law ; a Habeas Coipus 
 act was passed, etc. Strenuous efforts were ma !e 
 o» behalf of Parliamentary reform. One-sixth of 
 the Irish House were returned by less than 500 
 electors. Seats were bought and sold. A schen)e 
 of reform which left Roman Catholics without the 
 franchise was rejected. Bills striking at the m.^st 
 notorious abuses were voted down by the corrupt 
 supporters of the government. At length hbc 
 government itself in 1793, passed a bill admitting 
 Catholics to the franchise. 
 c. How the Irish Parliament was taken away. — 
 Owing to the risings the condition of the country 
 (1798) was deplorable. The country was in a state 
 of siege. Pitt ha'l resolved that a legislative union 
 must take place. The Act of Union was b uiriit 
 througU the Irish Parliament. Its main provisions 
 were : — 
 (1). The kingo m to be unived, and the succession 
 
 to remain as fixed by the existing laws, 
 (2). Ireland to be represeiit'jd in ^he united Pnrlia- 
 
 ment by one hundred commoners ; by ff>ur \'U-As 
 
 spiritual, taken in rotation , and by twonty- 
 
 eight lords temporal, to be elected for life by 
 
 their fellow-peers. 
 (3). Irish peers to be eligible for election in any 
 
 British constituency. 
 (4). All members of the United Parliament to 
 
 take the oaths which excluded Catholics. 
 (5). The continuance of tlie Irish church to be e 
 
 fundamental art'cle of tho Union. 
 
7S 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 
 (6). Both countries to be on the name coinniorcial 
 footing. 
 
 (7). Taxation to be proportionately <listributed be- 
 tween the two countries. 
 
 (8). The Courts of justice to be untouched, with 
 a final appeal to the Hous6 of Lords. 
 7. The Irish revolts. Ever since 1761 secret societies 
 had flourished. No attempt was made to remove the 
 grievances of the people ; the government simply 
 crushed out lawlessness by coercion. Fre^h outbreaks 
 were theretore inevitable. When the French Revol- 
 ution came, its influence upon Ireland was very great. 
 The " United Irislimen," a society of Catholics and 
 Protestants that a^ first sought parliamentary reform 
 by constitutional agitation, became a secret society, 
 to wrest Ireland from English control, and to estab- 
 lish a republic. France promised assistance. In 
 December, 1696, General Hoche set sail for Ireland, 
 but a storm spoiled his plans. Stronger measures of 
 coercion followed. Then followed " outr.^i,ges on the 
 one side, tyranny on the other." A geiieral rising 
 was fixed for May, 1798. Iluthless butcheries took 
 place all over the country. The main body of the 
 insurgents were defeated at Vinegar Hill. Later 
 General Humbert landed, but surrendered to Lord 
 Cornwallis. The story of the suppression of tho 
 revolt is terrible beyond measure. K>ee Wcdpole. 
 
TOFICAL HISTORY. 
 
 7i> 
 
 T \VENTy-THIRD TOPIC. 
 
 THE S(;C[AL CONDITION OF ENGLA.ND IN THE 
 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 (Knijrht's flistory of England may be consulted with advantage). 
 
 I. Increase of Population. 
 
 From 1700 to 1750, 200,000; from 1750 to 1780, nearly 
 a inilli is cand a quarter ; froii) 1780 to 1801, nearly 
 a million ami a half. "The start in the national in- 
 dustry, supplying new sources of profitable labor and 
 new means of subsistence to increasing numbers, 
 app ars to have been singularly concurrent with that 
 outburst of public spirit which attended the ad- 
 mi nitration of the first William Pitt." — Knight. 
 
 II. Morals and Manners of the People. • 
 
 1. The Manners of the upper classes were refined : 
 their Morals loose. Walpole sneered at all appeals 
 
 • to patriotism or any of the higher feelings. The 
 
 Duke of Grafton appeared in public with his mistress. 
 Fox was a Lrambh-.r. 
 
 2. The mi Idle classes were the salt of the country — 
 rTO'lfe.aiiig, intelligent, law-abiding. 
 
 3. The comuiou people were sunk in terrible ignorance 
 and brutality. The Methodist revival did them 
 untohl good. 
 
 4. "In Wa' pole's day the English clergy were the 
 idlest and the most lifeless in the world." The 
 Meth xlist revival m ide the fox-hunting parson and 
 the absentee rector impo.^sible. 
 
80 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 1 
 
 II ^ 
 
 III. Religious Progress. 
 
 1. In the early part of the century among the upper 
 classes Deism prevailed extensively. Christianity 
 was regarded as an exploded belief. 
 
 2. The Methodist revival was confined almost entirely 
 • to the lower and middle classes. Whitfield, the 
 
 orator ; John Wesley, the organizer ; Charles W^es- 
 ley, the poet of the movement. 
 
 3. The reflex influence of the movement on the Estab- 
 lished Church very great. It created an evangelical 
 party within tlie Church. 
 
 4. The noblest fruits cf the revival vvcre : (a) The new 
 moral eiithuHiasni ; {b) the new philanthropy. Hence : 
 (1) Prison Reform (note Career of Howard); (2) 
 Repeal of Penal Laws ; (3) Abolition of Slave Trade; 
 (4) The beginniug of Popular Education. 
 
 iV. Progress in Manufactures. 
 
 1. In 1770 one man in three was engaged in agricul- 
 ture ; in 1S50, one man in four. The great advance, 
 ment in the mechanical arts began just at the 
 accession of George III. 
 
 2. The names ot the great inventors and discoverers of 
 the end of last century are Brindley, ArkMTight, 
 Cronipton, Cartvvright, Roelniok, Wedgewood, Wait. 
 
 3. The first canals were opened in the first years of 
 George III. 's reign. Tiie coal trade at once sprang 
 up. Arkwright took out a patent for a spinning 
 machii-e, 1700. Mobs burn- 1 the mills in which 
 they were used. Crompton'.; "mule" was finished 
 1770. 8team power was first employed in spinning 
 1787. Cartwright's power-loom was first brought 
 into profita])!e use 1801. 
 
 i.'tiniefuMi^tii. ,c--iLr./ii 
 
 ^; 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 81 
 
 4. Dr. John Roebuck's name is conriecteil with two 
 important inventions: (1) A process for producing 
 sulphuric acid cheap; (2) the process of smelting 
 iron (]7o9). 
 
 5. In 1793 Wedge wood produced a new kind of earthen- 
 ware that soon drove out tlie wooden and pewter 
 ilishes. 
 
 0. In 1774 Watt's first steam engine was set up in 
 Birmingham. 
 
 TWENTY-FOUBTH TOPIC. 
 
 LITERATURE AND ART IN THE EiaHTEENTIi 
 
 CENTURY. 
 (Refur to Chambers' Cyclopaedia of Literature). 
 
 i Literature. 
 
 A. Poets. — Daring this period the.^e is a gradual 
 transition from tlio classical school of Pope, to the 
 natural school of the beginning of the present 
 century. 
 
 1. Edward Young (16M-1765).— Night Thoughts. 
 
 2. Janien Thomson (1700-1748). —The Seasons. 
 
 3. William Collins (1721-1759).— Ode to Liberty, et.-. 
 
 4. Thomas Gray (1716-1771).— Elegy in a Count.) 
 Churchyard. 
 
 "). Oliver Goldsmith (172S- 1774).— The Deserted Vii 
 
 I;)ge. 
 
 0. W^illiam Cowper (I7:*>l-]vS0{)).--The Task. 
 7. l{oi>e.t lUirns (17r>:J- 1790).— The Cottar's Saturday 
 Night. 
 
1 
 
 II ? 
 
 ^1 
 
 82 TOPICAL HiSlORY. 
 
 8. William Wordsworth (1770- 1850).— The Excursion. 
 
 9. Smuiel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834).— The Ancient 
 Marine!-. 
 
 10. Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832).— Lay of the Last 
 Minstrel. 
 
 11. Thomas Moore (1779-1852).— L-ish Melodies. 
 
 12. Lord Byron (17S8-1821).— Childe Harold. 
 
 1.3. Percy By««lie Siielley (1792-1822).— Revolt of Islam. 
 14. John Kelts (1795-1820).— Endymion. 
 
 B. Novelists. 
 
 1. Samuel Richardson (16S0 1761). — Clarissa Harlowe. 
 
 2. Henry Fielding (1707-1754).— Tom Jones. 
 
 3. Tobias Smollett (1721-1771).— Roderick Random. 
 
 4. Dr. Samuel .rohnsoM (1709-1784).— Rasselas. 
 
 5. Sir Walter Scott. — Waverly. 
 
 C. Historians. 
 
 1. Tobias Smollett. — History of En.,dand. 
 
 2. David Hume (1711-1776).— History of England. 
 
 3. Dr. William Robertson (1721-1793).— History of 
 Scotland. 
 
 4. Edward Gibbon (1737-1794).— Decline and Fall of 
 the Roman Empire. 
 
 I}. Metaphysicians. 
 
 1. David Hume. — Treatise on Human Natuio. 
 
 2. Dr. Adam Smith (1723 1790) -Theory of Moral Sen- 
 timents. 
 
 3. Dr. Thomas Reid (17 10-1796.) -The Intdlectnal 
 Powers of Man. 
 
 4. Dr. DugaldStewart(1753-1828).— Philosophy of the 
 Human Mind. 
 
 E. Theologians. 
 
 1. Dr. Joseph Butler (1692-1752).— Analogy of :;cligion 
 to the Course of Nature. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 83 
 
 2. John Wosloy I70;]-1701 ). - Seriions. 
 
 3. Goor^'o Wliitlicld (1714-1770). Sfrmoiif^. 
 
 4. Dr. WilliamPak-y (I74;i-l 05).- Natural Tlieology. 
 
 F. Essayists. 
 
 1. Dr. Samuel Johnson. — The Rainl)ler and The 
 Idler. 
 
 2. Dr. Hawkosworth. — The Adventurer. 
 
 3. Itorace Walpole. \ rp, t,^ ,, 
 
 4. Karl of Chesterfield, and others, j ^^''' ^^ °'^''' 
 
 5. Rev. Sidney Smith. ^ 
 
 6. b\-ancis Jelfrc^y. \ Edinburgh Review. 
 
 7. Lord Biougham. j 
 
 (r. Dramatists. 
 
 1. David Garn'ck (17l()-1779).— The Lying Valet. 
 
 2. Samuel Foote.— The Minor. 
 
 3. Oliver Goldsmith. — She Stoops to Conquer. 
 
 4. Richard Briasley Sheridan. — The Rivals. 
 
 0. (TOvorge Colman. — John Bull. 
 
 II. An. 
 
 1. Hogarth.—" Tlie true founder of the English school 
 of painting." 
 
 2. Reynolds —"The ackuowledg d leader in portrait- 
 ure." 
 
 3. Gainsborough.—" A painter both of landscape and 
 portrait in a style a!: once thoroughly English antl 
 thoroughly original." 
 
 4. Wilson.—" He was a great painter, but his painting 
 was conventional." 
 
 5. West.— Pui ted "Death of General Wolfe." 
 
 6. Lawrence.- 'The undisputed succes.sor to Rey- 
 noMs." 
 
 7. WdUi').— Painter of the " pleasant side of every-day 
 life." 
 
.^4 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 I 
 
 > I 
 
 8. Turner.— "His ' Crossing tlie Brook ' is tho nobleah 
 English landscape of its kind ever painted." 
 
 The Royal Aoadkmy was founded 1708.— "The list 
 of original members is a curious index to the state of 
 art m England at that time. Of the thirty-three 
 whose names are inserted in the first catalogue, 
 eiglit or nine are foreigners; two are ladies; some 
 were coach and sign painters — most ;irc mere names 
 now : pi-obably not more than a half a dozen would 
 be recognized except by the students of the litera- 
 ture of art." 
 
 III. Sculpture. 
 
 1. Banks (reign of George III.). —The first great Eng- 
 lish sculptor. 
 
 2. Bacon (John) designed a very largo propoition of the 
 public monuments of England at the end of last 
 century. 
 
 3. Flaxman.— "Some of his grander productions, like 
 the Archangel Michael and Satan, are the glory of the 
 English school of sculpture " 
 
 IV. Architecture. 
 
 1. Sir Robert Taylor.— The leading architect when 
 George III. came to the throne. 
 
 2. Sir John Soane.— Arciiitect to the Bank of England. 
 
 3. Sir William Chambers.— Architect of ^'Somerset 
 House." 
 
 . TWENTY-FIFTH TOPIC. 
 
 THE HOUSE OF LORDS SINCE THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 (See May in particular). 
 
 1. The influence of the House of Lords very great, but 
 gradually becoming less. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 85 
 
 2. Its increase in num))ers. At beginning of Henry 
 VII. 's reign only 29 temporal pecra ; at death of Eliza- 
 l.eth/r)9; at Revolution, 150; at accosaion of George 
 ill., 174. Between 700 and 182 1, 607 were created, of 
 wliicli oSS were created between 1701 and 1821. 
 
 3. Character of this increase. The llou-;e of Lords *'is 
 no longer a, council of the magnatco of the land, — the 
 territorial ariistocracy, the <losc»Midants or representa- 
 tives of the barons of the ohlen time." Tlie additiciis 
 to the peerage have consisted of eminent men in various 
 walks of life. 
 
 4. The principle of representation in tiie House of Lords- 
 
 a. Tliere are 23 peers of Ireland elected for life. 
 
 b. Scottish peerage represented by 16 peers elected for 
 a single Pat lianient only. 
 
 c. English spiiitual peers number 28, holding seats for 
 life. 
 
 5. Importance of the prerogative of creating peers. 
 
 ft. Attempts made in 1719 to fix the number of peers. 
 
 I); fcated chiefly thr(,ugh the exertions of Walpole. 
 I). Power to create peers prevents a dead-lock between 
 
 Commons and Lords. 
 c. Creation of peers in House of Lords equivalent to a 
 
 dissolution in the Commons. 
 
 6. Source of weakness in the H^use of Lords. 
 
 ft. The atte idance is usually very small. ThrcL peers 
 form a quorum. 
 
 b. Business is transacted in general in a listless manner. 
 
 c. It follows its leaders too slavishly. 
 
 d It represents (necessarily) the interests of wealtii 
 and rank. 
 
86 
 
 TOriCAL HISTORY. 
 
 TWENTY-SIXTH TOPIC. 
 
 THE HOUSE OF COMMONS SINCE THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 (Soo May in particular.) 
 
 I. Number of Members. 
 
 1. Under the last two Stuarts average number of mem- 
 bers 500. 
 
 2. Union with Scotland added 45. 
 
 3. Union with Ireland added 100. 
 
 4. Number since averaged about 650. House which 
 met January, 18S6, had 670 members. 
 
 II. As Representative of the People. 
 
 1. Defects of the system of representation previous to 
 1832. 
 
 a. Nomination boroughs. 
 
 6. Partial and uncertain rights of election. 
 
 c. Fla'jrant bribery at elections. 
 
 d. Scats bought and sold. 
 
 e. Government influence in large towns. 
 /. Cost of elections in the great cities. 
 (J. Many large towns unrepresented. 
 
 2. Some examples of the defects: 
 
 a. " Seventy m^Mubers were re<;urned by thirty-live 
 places in whicli there were scarcely any electors at 
 all." "The Duke of Norfolk was represented by 
 eleven members ; Lord Lonsdale by nine, etc." 
 
 6. At New Slioreliam an association, " The Christian 
 Club," was in the habit of selling the representation 
 to the highest bidder, and, after the election, dis- 
 tributing the money amon^ its- members. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 67 
 
 e. ^^fin who had ainasspl fortunes in tha Indies 
 (Nabobs), and who-to careers had made tiieni un- 
 scrupulous, "forced tlieir way into l*arlifunent by 
 such a torrent of corruption as no private licteditary 
 fort'ue could ft; ist." As much as £(5000 was 
 givf n for a seat. 
 
 d. "The poll was Table to be kept open tor forty 
 days. . . . During th's period the public houses 
 were thrown open, and diunkenness and disorder 
 prevailed in the streets and at the hustings. Bands 
 of hired ruffians, — armed with bludgeons and in- 
 flamed by drink, — paraded the public thorough- 
 fires, intimidating voters and resisting their access 
 to the polling places." 
 3. At'cmpts to remedy these defects. 
 
 a. Wilkes' scheme (1770) proposed to give additional 
 iiicmbers to London and the large counties, to dis- 
 J'ranchise the rotten boroughs, and to enfranchise 
 Manchester, Leeds, etc. 
 
 h Duke of Richmond (1780) proposed annual parlia- 
 ments, universal suffrage, and equal electoral dis- 
 tricts. 
 
 /. Mr. Pitt moved several motions for reform (1782- 
 1785). Proposed (1785) "that seventy-two mem- 
 bers, then returned by thirty-six decayed boroughs, 
 should be distributed among the counties aud the 
 metropolis." Compensation was to be given to the 
 proprietors. Some thirty other seats were to be 
 purchased and distributed. The King thoroughly 
 opposed the scheme. 
 
 d. "The matter was now allowed to drop, and the 
 terror caused by the outlireak of the French 
 Revolution some years later rendered all efforts at 
 •\ form useless " 
 
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 S8 Topical histoky. 
 
 e. For main provisions of Kofonn Act of 1832, see 
 7' h. 
 4. Fails to represent the people as a whole. 
 
 a. Uv asons for this may ))e inforied p.irtly from fore- 
 going. 
 
 b. it represented tlie interests of the nobles or the 
 King. Bribery of members by the minister or the 
 King very common. 
 
 III. The History of Parties since the Rev- 
 
 oluuion. 
 
 1. Under William and Anne the two crreat parties, 
 Wliigs and Tf)r!"s about equally bal n-jd. Whigs 
 inclined to limit the royal power, Tories to extend it. 
 Wiiigs in favor of religious toleration, Tories against 
 it. Whigs favorable to the House of Hanover, 
 Tories inclined to recall the Stuarts. Whigs mostly 
 merchants and manufacturers, Tories mostly clergy- 
 men and land owners. 
 
 2. During the reign of George I. and George II., the 
 Tory party was gone. 
 
 3. After the ovortlirow of the Stuart cause in 1745, the 
 Tories became a national party. They rally round 
 George III, becc me "the Kin(^\s friends." 
 
 4. The Whig party broken up into factions by the 
 jealousies of rival families, and the intriguing of the 
 King. 
 
 5. The Tories support the King in his efTorfs to chas- 
 tise the American colonies. The Whigs, after in vain 
 opposing the King's measures, secede from Parliament 
 (1770). Return weaker than ever. 
 
 6. After fall of North and Rockingham ministries, 
 there are three parties, Lord Shelburneand the Court 
 
TOPICAL HlSTOTlV. 
 
 69 
 
 Party ; Lord North and his Tory adherents : Mr. Fo:: 
 and the Whigs. The Iwu lust unit.; agair.dt the tiist 
 led by Pitt, the younger. Alter a prolonged struggle 
 they are defeat'^d. 
 
 The To;ie3 om iniie iu the ascendant during the rc- 
 — mainiler of the period. 
 7. I'.lFect of the French Revolution on the parties. The 
 Whigs look on wiih. sympathy, the Tories wi^h 
 indignation and alarm. Mr. Burke's views. 
 
 IV. Duration of Parliament. 
 
 1. In 1664 the Triennial Act of Charles T.'s reign was 
 repealed, and provision made "uhat I'arliamcnt 
 should not be interrupted above tliree years at the 
 most." Effect : King might keep the Parliament 
 sitting as long as he lik( d. 
 
 2. Bill of Rights declared that Parliament ought to be 
 held frequently. 
 
 3. Triennial Act (1694) provided : (a) That a new Par- 
 liament should be called within three years sfter the 
 dissolution of* a former one. {b) No Parliament 
 should sit longer tlian three ye;irs. 
 
 4. Septennial Act (1715) extended the period of dura- 
 tion to seven years. 
 
 5. In practice, Parliament seldom lasts seven years. 
 Out of eleven Parliaments of George III., only eight 
 lasted six. 
 
 ' V. Privileges of Parliament. 
 
 1. Rinht of expelling membei'S. 
 
 (a) Sir Richard Steele expelled (1714) for writing a 
 
 pamphlet reflecting on the Ministry of t!»e clay. 
 (&) Wilke.s' cai|e. Imprisoned on a general warrant 
 for reflecting on the .King in No. 45 of the North 
 
00 
 
 TOPICAL HTSTOllV. 
 
 B-iion. Releosoil on his privilege as an M.P. 
 Whilst matter still before tlie courts, the House of 
 Commons expel him. He retires to France for a 
 time. Is re-elected (ITGS) and again expelled. Is 
 again returned. House expels, him, and declaves 
 that he is incapable of re-election. Again elected 
 (by a majority of 847), but his opponent permitted 
 to take the seat. In 1774 Wilkes was again re- 
 turned and pcMmittel to take his seat. In 1782, 
 the proceedings against him were expunged from 
 the records of the CoiMinons "as being subversive 
 of the rights of the vvliole body of the electors of 
 the kingdom,"-- 7'- Z>. 
 
 Right of committing to prison. Extends only to the 
 duration of the ssession of Parliament. See Murray's 
 case in T-L. 
 
 Publication of Debates, 
 a. After the Revolution, frequent resolutions passed 
 
 to prevent the publication of debates — without 
 
 avail. 
 h. Imperfect reports appeared from time to time in 
 
 Maga/.ines, sometimes as the proceedings of the 
 
 "Senate of Great Lilliput," etc. 
 
 c. Not s had to be taken by stealth ; reports gener- 
 al'y inaccurate. Dr. Joliuson *' took care that the 
 Whig. dogs should not have the best of it." 
 
 d. Leports of speeches accompanied with the names 
 of the speakers first appeared 1771. Col. Onslow 
 complains of some of these reports. 
 
 c. Commons order printers to appear at the bar. 
 Wilkes arranges a scheme by whicli the House is 
 brought into conflict with tlie corporation of Lon- 
 don. The Lord Mnyor committed to prison. 
 
 nm 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 tfl 
 
 /. Publication of debates since pursued witiio - any 
 
 restraint. 
 g. The privilege of reporting may be withdrawn at 
 
 any time. 
 4. Right of Commons to levy taxes and vote supplies. 
 This right freely acknowledged since the Revolu- 
 
 a. 
 
 lion 
 
 h. "Stopping the supplies" only once attempted 
 
 (1784) since the Revolution. 
 c. Lords can only assent to the appropriation bills. 
 
 TWSNTY-SEVENTH TOPIC. 
 
 THE PRESS AND LIBER lY OF OPINION. 
 (See May, Chap. IX). 
 
 L UndertheStuarts political discuss* A'as suppressed 
 with barbarous severity. Milton's Areopagitica was 
 a plea for Unlice; sed Printing. The Licensing Act 
 of the reign of Charles II. placed tlie entire control 
 of printing in the government. This Act after being 
 several rimes renewed was allowed to expire 1695, 
 and from that date *' a censorship of the press was 
 for ever renounced by the law of England.*' 
 
 2. The roytraint henceforth upon the freedom of tlic 
 press was the law of libel. This law harshly admin- 
 istered. 
 
 3. Newspapers assimed tlieir present form in Queen 
 Ainie's reign. Tl;o political writings of that time 
 s ■ *' ferocious," thutancw icstraint— astamp duty— 
 wa:i imposed 1712. The great writers of this ptrio(l 
 ^Addison, Steele, Swift, Bolingbroke, 
 
i i 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 92 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 4. No markefl advance in the next two reigns. *' Wri- 
 ters were hired by statesmen to decry the measures 
 and blacken the characters of their rivals ; and 
 instead of seeking to instruct the people, devoted 
 their talents to the personal service of their employ- 
 ers, aind the narrowest interests of faction." 
 
 5. The government of Geoige III. soon fell foul of the 
 press. It had been the custom of journalists to refer 
 to public men under cover of their initials ; the 
 "North Briton," Wilkes' paper, assailed them 
 openly by name. No. 45 of that paper attacked the 
 King and Bute. The government resolved to prose- 
 cute. A " General Warrant " was issued to discover 
 the authors and publishers ; on a question of privilege 
 W likes was excluded from Parliament ; and lastly 
 Wilkes was j)rosecuted in the Court of the King's 
 Dench. Public sympathy was aroused for Wilkes, 
 and popular riots took place. 
 
 6. Ijefore the excitement over Wilkes' case had died 
 out the letters of Junius appeared. lu the trial 
 springing out of this case two doctrines were assert- 
 ed: (1) that a publisher was criminally liable for the 
 acts of his servants ; (2) that the publication of a 
 libel by a publisher's servant was proof of his crim- 
 inality. A third doctrine was asserted by Lord 
 Mansfield, that the judge alone must decide on the 
 ciiminality of a libel. 
 
 7. Mr. Erskine won great fame in opposing the^e doc- 
 trines. In face of the opposition of the most 
 renowned judges of the day, Mr. Fcx's Libel Act 
 was passed 1792. It gave to juries the right to decide 
 the criminality of the libel. 
 
 3, The excitement of the French Revolution caused th^ 
 
 11^ 
 
TOPK.^AL HISTORY. 
 
 9H 
 
 publication of many seilitious opinions. Thouuis 
 Paine was tried for usiny; seditious language in his 
 '* Rights of Man" ; was Jefemled by Mr. Ei-skine. 
 Paine was found guilty. Tlie government a(!opte<l a 
 repressive policy 1792. Many trials took place for 
 using seilitious language, and so gt eat was the panic, 
 that a verdict of guilty was generally returned. Of 
 the twenty-ei^^ht years that follow, May says *' Tire 
 la.st twenty-eight yeaj-s of the reign of Gc(»ige III , 
 formed a period of peiilous transition for liberty of 
 opinion. While the right of free discussion ha<l been 
 discredited by factious license, by wild and danger- 
 ous theories, by turbulence and sedition — tlie govern- 
 ment and legislature, in guarding against the-e 
 excesses, had discountenanced and repressed legiti- 
 mate agitation. . . . Authority was placed iu 
 constant antagonism to large masses of the people, 
 who had no voice in the government of their country. 
 Mutual distrust and alienation grew up between 
 them. The people lost confidence in rulers whom 
 they knew only by oppressive taxes, and harsh laws 
 severely administered. The government, liarassed 
 by suspicions of disaffection, detected conspiracy and 
 treason in every murmur of popular discontent." 
 
 TWENTY-EIGHTH TOPIC. 
 
 RELIGIOUS LIBERTY. 
 
 1. Religious Toleration one of the latest doveloprnenta 
 of national life. The early idea was that tiie church 
 and the nation were coterminous, and that any one 
 separating from the church, put himself outsido the 
 protection of the nation. 
 
I 
 
 il 
 
 1)4 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 2. The efforts to crush out dis8ent during the Stuart 
 period failed. At the Revolution, Dissenters rendered! 
 important services. Hence the Toleration Act. Its 
 provisions : 
 
 a. It exempted from the penalties of existing stat- 
 utes against separate conventicles, and absence from 
 church all persons who should take the oaths of 
 
 ■• allegiance and supremacy, and subscribe a declara- 
 
 tion against tvansubstantiation. 
 
 b. It relieved dissenting ministers from the restric- 
 tions imposed by the Act of Uniformity and the 
 Conventicle Act, on condition that, in addition to 
 taking the oaths, they signed the 39 Articles, -wiVa 
 certain exceptions. 
 
 c. It allowed Quakers to affirm instead of taking the 
 oaths. 
 
 d. It required all " meeting-houses " to be registered. 
 
 e. It specially excepted Roman Catholics and Uni- 
 tarians from the Act. 
 
 3 Penal Laws against Roman Catholics were passed 
 
 from time to time. An Act passed in 1700 enacted: — 
 
 a. That a reward of £100 be given for the discovery of 
 
 a Roman Catholic priest exercising his functions. 
 
 6. That a priest so found be imprisoned for life. 
 
 c. That a Roman Catholic could not inherit or pur- 
 chase lane* unless he abjured his religion upon 
 oath. 
 
 d. That he coulft not send his children abroad to be 
 educated. 
 
 4. An inroad upon the Toleration Act wag made by an 
 Act (1711) against occasional conformity, and another 
 (1713) to prevent the growth of schism. Both these 
 were repealed in the following reign. 
 
 I 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 05 
 
 6. The relaxation of the penal code followed upon the 
 religious revival of the middle of the century. 
 
 6. A Roman Catholic Relief Act was passed 1778 with- 
 out a dissentient voice. It repealed the penal statute 
 of 1700. 
 
 7. The Test and Corporation Acts were repealed 1828. 
 
 8. Next year (1829) the Catholic Emancipation Act 
 was passed. 
 
 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. St ite the chief articles of the Treaty of Utrecht. What were the prin- 
 
 cipal ar;,'umont8 for and against the iatifi> ation? 
 
 2. Describe briefly the means by which the power of the Crown was 
 
 enhanced during the reigns of Geurge I. and Gcorgt! II. What is 
 mea.'.t by the expression " power of the Crown " under William III. 
 and George II. respectively? 
 
 3. Give an a( count of the religious revival in the reign of George II., and 
 
 dcL^cribe briefly the social condition of En,::land at that time 
 
 4. Describe briefly the warlilvc opciat-ions of the ye.ir 17.'ji9 (1) in Europe, 
 
 (2) in America. 
 
 5. The struggle for American Independence has been called a struggle be- 
 
 tween two En-lishmen, George III. of England, and Gcorue Wash- 
 ington. Examine the truth of this statement, and show by what 
 means George IH. obtained the power which he possessed at this 
 epoch. 
 0. Describe Pitt's fliancial policy during the first ten years of hi« ad' jiii 
 istration, and his attitude towards France fom the outbreak of tiie 
 Revolution to the Declaration of War. 
 
 7. Give an account of the Peninsular War undertheDuke of Wellington, 
 
 with dates. 
 
 8. Under what circumstances was the Act of Settlement pa.ssed? State 
 
 and explain briefly its provisions. Distinguish the clnef attempts 
 made during the half-century after its passing to disturb the suc- 
 cession. 
 
 9. Slcetch the history of England under Sir R. Walpol'^'s administratiiiii, 
 
 with reference to these points :— 
 
 a. Domestic polit'cs. 
 
 b. Foreign policy. 
 
 c. The Parliament. 
 
J 
 
 i t 
 
 l>6 TOPICAL HiaTORY. 
 
 10. Wiiat do you unrlerstami by responsible provermnont? What was 
 
 Saiiderlaoirs achenie o( government? Explain dearly the relations 
 betsveen the Sovereijyn, the Privy Council, the chief miniaterH of the 
 Crown, ami the Parliament, with regard to ministerial responsibility 
 under William, Anne, and the first three Georges. 
 
 11. Wr;to short historical explanatory notes on Attainder, farti -n 
 
 Treaties, Non-Jurors, Occasional Conformity, the Law of Treason. 
 
 12. In what does the liberty of the press consist? Give an account of the 
 
 gradup.1 emancipation of the press. 
 
 13. Explain hisfcorically, with dates where necessary, the expressions:— 
 
 a. The first United Parliament of Great Britain. 
 
 b. The Capitulation of Limerick. 
 
 c. Tho Kentish Petition. 
 
 d. The roly Alliance. 
 
 If. Siite the ^ n^'ra;)hical position of these places, and the historical 
 events with which they are severally associated :—Fontenoy, Ro«8- 
 bach, Minden, Campo Forniio, Austerlitz, Yorktown. 
 
 15. From the movement of the Declaration cf Indepondetice, it mattered 
 little whether England couTited for less or more with the nations 
 around her. — Green. Explain what is meant. 
 
 10. Mention the principal steps by which British supremacy has been 
 established in India. 
 
 17. Describe concisely the political and social condition of Ireland under 
 
 the Georges. 
 
 18. Tell what you know of the Peace of Amiens in 1802, and of its rupture. 
 1>). Udder what circumstances, and with what results, was the union of the 
 
 Crowns of England and Scotland effected? 
 
 20. In what circumstances did the war of the Spanish succession originate ? 
 
 Who M'ere its le iders and how did it terminate ? 
 
 21. Give a short accoiint of the insurrection of 1715. 
 
 22. Trace tlie dv3sccut of the re'gning sovereign from George !• 
 
 23. Give .some account of tho foreign policy of William III. 
 
 24. Give an estimate of William III.'s character and its influence on 
 
 English history. 
 
 25. Describe the origin of the national debt, and the establishment of the 
 
 i c of England. 
 
 26. Explam the relation of the English Revolution of 1688, to general 
 
 European politics. 
 
 27. Describe the measures by which civil and religious liberty were 
 
 secured under William III. 
 
 28. Write historical notes on Killiecrankie, Glencoe, Beachy Head, Rys- 
 
 wick, CuUoden, Ramilies, and Plasay. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 VI 
 
 29. Skvjtch the orijjin of the present syutem of tfoveri.ment by Cabinet 
 
 Ministry. 
 
 30. hat was the general course of Engliah politics under the first two 
 
 Georges? 
 31 What was the Pragmatic Sanction ? 
 
 32. Give a brief account of the attempts of the Stuarts to recover the 
 
 throne. 
 
 33. Indicate the causes of the French Revolution. 
 
 34. Give a brief siietch, with dates, of the wars of Marlborough. 
 
 35. Brief notes 0!i the treaties of Ryswick, Aix-la-Chapelle and Paris ; the 
 
 '•Act of Settlement," and the "Stamp Act." 
 
 36. Compare the social condition of England under William III., with that 
 
 under George III. 
 
 37. Tell briefly what you know about the history of England during the 
 
 reign of George II. 
 
 38. Give an atoount of the events which led to the revolt of the American 
 
 colonies. 
 
 39. Sketch the development of the system of party government in the 
 
 reign of Anne. 
 
 40. Mention the principal constitutional changes brought about by the 
 
 Revolution of 1688. 
 
 41. Tell what you know about the domest c history of England, during the 
 
 former half of George III.'s reign. 
 
 42. Trace succinctly the Revolution of 16S8. 
 
 43. Trace the origin and growth of the Cabinet. 
 
 44. Trace the history of the events at home and abroad leading to 
 
 the Treaty of Utrecht, and explain its efifect on English colonlfcl 
 
 history, 
 Define accurately the relation of the House of Brunswick to the Houise 
 
 of Stuart. 
 Give some account of the part played by Parliament, since 1688, in 
 
 settling the succession to the throne. 
 
 47. Write notes on Samuel Johnson, Sir Robert Walpole, Edmund Bii(li:e, 
 
 William Pitt, and the Prince Regent. 
 
 48. Sketch the history of the American Revolutionary War, giving prom- 
 
 inence to those aspects of it which most affected Canada. 
 Write notes on the South Sea Bubble, the East India Company, 
 the National Debt, the Slave Trade, and the Hudson Bay Company. 
 •Describe the connection of Great Britain with the French Revolution, 
 and the European wars growing out of it. 
 61. Sketch the characters of William III. and Queen Anne. 
 
 45. 
 
 46. 
 
 49. 
 
 60. 
 
i' 
 
 
 08 
 
 TOPICAL HIsniKY. 
 
 :i 
 
 iM 
 
 52. Trnco the proyrresa of Kiij,'Iish coiujiu'st i!i lutliii from the time of Clivo 
 
 to that of VVcllesIey. 
 
 53. Sketch the Navul history of the reii-n of (Joorui- 111. 
 
 .'^I. Write notes on : — Admiral Byiiy, (.'nlUnlen, Sujifunnial Act, South 
 Sea Scheme, Stamp Act Johr) Wesley, John Wilkes. 
 
 66. What right hnd George I. to the tin-one of l-.n-^Iund? Who was his 
 competitor? Show hy a genealogical diajrram the relatioribhip be- 
 tween them. 
 
 66. Explain the changes in the English con^titntional system from the 
 
 time of William III. to that of (;eorge III. 
 
 67. Writeshort notes on: Aberorombio, Arkwriyht, Camjierdown, Dettin.aen, 
 
 Dupleix, Ben. Frankl'n, Howe, WaichcruM. 
 
 68. Give an account of the administration of Kobtit Walpoi.^ and the elder 
 
 Pitt, contrasting the private clianicters of tlu' two men, and showing 
 the influence of each on tlie history of Kjiglund. 
 
 59. Give a detailed account of the Aniencan Kevolution, making particular 
 
 reference to the measures whidi drox*- the colDnists to revolt. 
 
 60. Account for the peaceable accession ('f Georv-v I., ajid describe the 
 
 subsequent efforts to overthrow the House of Hanover. 
 
 61. Trace the progress of invention during the eightoentn century. 
 
 62. Describe the jKirt ta\eri by England in tlie wars arising out of the first 
 
 French Revolution. 
 
 63. Indicate the restrictions by which the monarchy of England was 
 
 limited at the accession of William III. 
 
 64. Contrast the state of commerce, literature and manners in England 
 
 during the reigns of the first two Georges wirli their present state. 
 
 65. Give a history of the circumstances which led to tlie arrest and trial of 
 
 the Seven Bishops, the accusations ]>referred against them, the 
 defence pleaded, and the political results of the prosecution. 
 
 66. Give a full account of the proceedings of the Convention parliament of 
 
 1689, and state the claims of the Enjjlish people as set forth in the 
 Declaration of Rights. 
 
 67. D«^8cribe the battles of Blenheim and Ratnilies, and note the political 
 
 consequences of them. 
 
 68. What territory was gained by England at the Peace of Utrecht? Was 
 
 England wise or not in consenting to this treaty? Give both sides 
 of the argument. 
 
 69. Sketch the history of the National Debt of Great Britain down to the 
 
 end of last century. 
 
 70. State the circumstances which led to the final T'nion of England with 
 
 Scotland and give the date. 
 
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