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Drpuly Mmislir Museum Bulletin No. 23 GEOLOGICAL SERIES, No. 32 AUGUST, 1916 THE TRENT VALI EY OITI.ET OF LAKE AI.(;()\Ql IN AM) THE DEFORMATION OF THE ALCiONQl IN WATER-PLANE IN LAKE SIMCOE DISTRICT. ONTARIO. by W. A. Johnstfin (IIIAWA ( idVI KNMl- \1 I'RIMISi, r.l HI U \,.. K.W CONTENTS. PAGB Introduction ■ • 1 Shore-lines of Lake Algonquin and its correlatives, and Algonquin river 4 Lake Simcoe and Balsam Lake districts 4 Sturgeon Lake basin 8 Pigeon- Buckhorn Lake basin 10 Stony Lake-Rice Lake district 1 1 Relation of Lake Algonquin to Lake Iroquois 13 Description and interpretation of outline map and profile. showing character of the difTerential uplift 17 Summary 20 ILLUSTRATIONS. Map 1619. Diagram showing shore-lines of Lake Algon- quin and Lake Iroquois 22 Plate I. Scoured rock floor of ancient Algonquin River channel at Bobcaygeon, Ontario 23 " 11. East limit of ancient Algonquin River channel near Keene, Ontario 25 " III. Small fold and fault in Trenton limestone, Trent canal, Kirkfield, Ontario; looking southeast along strike of fault 27 0Uii365iia AugUM2I, l Spencer, J. W 'Note* on the oriiln and hiMory of the Great Lakn of Nnth America" (Ab«r»ct); Proc. ^ .. Kwor. for tbe Ad. of Sc., »ol. 37. IMS. pp. HS-199. 'litm. MVMUM ■VUrriN NO. u. 1895, attention wu again directed by Gilbert > to the Trent Valley outlet channel. Cilbtrt found evidence of powerful stream action at various pluccit alimK the Trent valley. He noted that, between Stony lake and Rice lake the outHow was divided between the Indian River and Otonabee River vallcyH and that a delta, apparently formed by the Algoncjuin river, wan deposited in Rice Lake basin at a height corresponding to the calculated position of the Iroquois water-plane, but also corresponding to the plane of Rice lake. He found also that the outlet channel does not Htop at Rice lake hut "( (intiiiues with undiminished strength" down Trent River valley to the present level f,f Lake Ontario at Tivnton. Gilbert pointed out that this indicated that the Algonquin river continued to flow long after the disappearance of Lake !roe|uois In 189J Taylor had also examineil the Trent Valley outlet channel and made the same ol«servation» that Gilbert did "except that the channel near Tren'on seemed to him somewhat smaller and less capacious than th it at Fenelon Falls and less thoroughly scoured; this, howev'jr, may be an error."' In 1903, C«)leman' examined and mapped the Ir(x]U(>i!i beach in Ontario. He showed that a delta apparently formed by the Algonquin .iver at Peterborough was deposited in a small lake, which he named Lake Peterlwrough. He considered that this lake was formed in a restricted valley tributary to Lake Iroquois. He found that the altitude of Lake Peterborough was somewhat higher than that of Lake Iroquois but no serious doubt was cast upon the correlative relation of the two lakes. More recently Goldthwait* has inferred from a comparison of the amount of uplift as shown by the warped water-planes of Lake Algonquin and Lake Iroquois that the two lakes must have been nearly contemporaneous, for both water-planes have apparently beer upwarped by the same set of epcirogenic movements and the water-plane of Lake Iroquois shows very little greater defor- mation th.in I'^at of Lake Algonquin. ' en*- ;rt. U The Alfonquin river" (Abttna). > U. S. Gcol. Sunr.. Mono. LI 1 1, p. 444. ' Coleman, A. P., "The Iroquoi* bemch in Ontario' pp. 337-358. • GoldUiwait, }. W.. "leobuc* of the Altonquin and Iroquola beache*. and their iifnU eance". BuU. Geol. Soc. Am., toI. 2], 1910. pp. 227-24S. Am. Geol., vol. 18, ISM, p. 231. , BuU. Geol. Soc Am., vol. 15. 1903. LA» ALOONQUIH. • In 1V08, an instrumenul iurvey of the ihore-linw of the extinct lakes A'^onquin and Nipiiwing in •outhwestern Ontario wan undertaken by Mr. J. W. Cfoldthwait under the direction of Mr. F. B. Taylor, the re«ult» of which were puhliHhed a« Memoit No. 10 of the Geological Survey. Canada. The Lake Simroe dintrict, Ontario, wai included in the a a examined by Taylor and Goldthwait and altitudes of the Algonquin »hore-linc were dcterniinetl at a number of localitici* in the dii»trict. An isolwwc map «)f the Algonquin Ixsach and a profile of the warjKHl Algon- quin water-plane accompany the report. The map and profile show the direction and rate oi tilt of the lieach and the rapid steepening of tilt in the northern p«)rtion of the Lake Simcoe district. Goldthwait showed "that the strong Algonquin beach was formed duri:>' he activity of the Algonquin river as an outlet." His obset vations around Balsam and Cameron lakes also showed "that even in these small liasins there is a distinct sh-re line which is either the extension of the Algonquin beach itself, or its contemporary in a chain of .'jols along tne Algonquin river. A comparison of the five or six measurements in this district shows that if this shore line is the Algonquin it has suf- fered local warping of an unusual sort. Nowhere else ir the Great Lake region where detailed work has been done, has a clear case of local warping of the Algonquin beach lieen discovered. The alternative is that this shore line on Balsam and Cameron lakes marks the outline of a chain of lakes between ioid« on \ i ancient outlet ; that in Balsam lake the water plane - originally lower than in Lake Algmquin, and in Cameron la' t was still lower."' Lake Simcoe district, Ontario, is one m the most favour.nble localities in the Great Lakes .^'^n for a .- I'dy of the character of the differential uplifts whi' ' e known to have taken place by the deformation of the Algonquin beach; for this beach is well developed in the district and can be followed continuously for long distances. It occurs on both sides of Lake Simcoe and its general trend on both sides is approximately in the direction of maximum uplift so that isobases or lines of equal Reformation can readily be drawn and a profile constructed showing the ' Goldthwait, J. W., G«oL Surv., Cm., Mem. 10. 1910, pp. «fr-47. 4 MUSECM BULLETIN NO. 23. present altitude of the ancient water-plane. Hence a detailed study of the raised beaches in this district affords data which are of value in determining the character and amount of the differential uplift which deformed the beaches. The relation in time of Lake Algonquin and Lake Iroquois is of con.siderable importance in connexion with a study of the differential uplifts. In order to determine this relation, measure- ments of the altitudes of the raised beaches along the Trent valley and an examination of the outlet channel as a whole, for which no satisfactory interpretation has been given, were neces- sary. The object of the present paper is to present the results of a detailed survey of the Algonquin beach in Lake Simcoe district, Ontario, and of its correlatives along the line of the Trent Valley chain of lakes and rivers, and hence to attempt to show the relation of Lake Iroquois to Lake Algonquin. In Lake Simcoe district the altitude of the Algonquin beach has been accurately determined at close intervals. By means of these altitudes a map showing isobases or lines of equal deformation of the Algon- quin beach and a profile of the warped Algonquin water-plane, along the line of maximum uplift, have been constructed, by which an attempt is made to show the approximate character of the differential uplift which has affected the region during and since the existence of Lake Algonquin and its correlatives. SHORE-UNES OF LAKE ALGONQUIN AND ITS CORSELATIVES, AND ALGONQUIN RIVER. Lake Simcoe and Balsam Lake Districts. In Lake Simcoe and Balsam Lake districts, Ontario, the following instrumental measurements of the highest Algonquin beach were made in 1908 by Goldthwait, Taylor, and the writer:' > GoMthwait, J. W., Gcol. Suit., Can.. Mem. 10. LAXB ALGONQCIM. Locality Lefroy Big Bay point, 2 mile« west. Allandate Barrie Colwell Gowan Gowan, 1} miles eaat. Oro Hawkestone Orillia Silver creek Ardtrea. Beaverton Lorneville Junction Bolaover Botsover, i mile north Bolaover, IJ miles north Kirkfield, 1 mile north of station. . . Kirkfield, IJ miles north of lift-lock Kirkiield, 2 nailes north of lift-lock Victoria Road, 1 mile south Victoria Road, 1| miles south. ....... Victoria Road, hill east of high bridge Balsam lake, west side near canal Balsam lake, east side Rosedale, J mile south Balsam lake, south end Authority Taylor and Johnston. Taylor and Johnston. Goldthwait. Taylor and Johnston. Taylor and Johnston. Goldthwait. • MVSBUM BULLETIN NO. M. Instrumental measurements of the highest Algonquin beach m the district, determined by the writer, are as follows: Locality Barrie, 3 miles west of town, strong gravel spit Carthew, i mile southwest of Carthew, base of cut bluff Orillia, 2J miles southwest of Orillia, strong sand and gravel bar Altitude above sea-level, feet U miles south of last, strong sand and gravel bar, ... ,. 1 mile southeast of last, strong gravel spit Keswick, 1 mile north of Keswick, gravel beach ridge. Sutton, 1} miles southwest of Sutton, strong gravel spit. . . . . 3J miles southwest of Sutton, strong gravel spit 2 miles south of Sutton, strong gravel barrier 2} miles east of Sutton, strong gravel spit. Wilfrid, 2} miles south of Wilfrid, on town-line^ strong gravel bar 1} miles north of Wilfrid, on town-line, gravel spit. 1 mile northeast of last, strong gravel Ixach ridge. 1} miles northeast of last, strong gravel L.ir Beaverton, 5 miles southeast of Beaverton, gravel bar.. . ' 1} miles northeast of last, gravel bar 1 mile northwest of last, gravel bar li miles north of last, gravel bar Argyle, 1 mile west of Argyle, gravel spit 1 i miles northwest of last, gravel spit Kirkfield, 1 mile west of station, gravel beach ridge. . ' ' 2 miles southeast of village, gravel beach ridge Horncastle, 1 mile southwest of Horncastle P.O., gravel beach ridge 2 miles northwest of last, gravel beach ridge Garden, Ij miles northeast of Garden post-office, gravel beach ridge Uphill, } mile north of Uphill post-ofiice,' gravel beach ridge Bexley, 1 mile east of Bexley post-office, gravel spit ll miles southeast of last, gravel beach ridge Balsam lake, near west side of lake. 2 miles southeast of Corson, gravel spit Near west side of lake, 2} miles east of Victoria Road gravel bar Southwest side of Balsam lake, on long point, gravel beach ridge 779 825 843 842 839 776 787 781 787 793 799 805 809 816 820 822 824 837 841 844 876 871 901 903 907 925 900 901 892 879 874 LAKB A'.GONQUIN. Locality Near south end of point at north side of Balsam lake, gravel bar Near north end of large island in lake, gravel beach ridge Near south side of island, gravel spit Southeast side of lake, 2 miles southwest of Rosedale, gravel beach ridge Baddow, 11 miles north of Baddow post-ofiice, gravel beach ridge Rosedale, 1 mile southeast of lock, gravel beach ridge Cameron lake, west side of lake, near school, gravel beach ridge Southwest side of lake, gravel beach ridge South side of lake, 1 mile west of Fenelon Falls, gravel beach ridge East side of lake, 1} miles north of Fenelon Falls, gravel beach ridge Altitude above lea-level, feet 898 889 882 880 904 881 875 866 869 ■878 The preceding altitudes have been used in the construction of the isobasic map accompanying this report. There can be little doubt that the beach which extends east- ward from Kirkfield to Fenelon Falls and surrounds Balsam and Cameron lakes is the highest Algonquin beach. A narrow pas- sage IJ miles east of Kirkfield connected the Balsam Lake em- bayment with the main body of the lake, but there is no good evidence that there was any fall at this point. The passage was divided into two portions by an island composed of irift. On th ■ west side of the island the passage was one-half mile wide with a maximum depth of 40 feet. On the east side of the island the passage was slightly over one-half mile wide with nearly he same maximum depth as on the west side. At the east end of the island a strong gravel spit occurs which was evidently built directly out into the passage. The passage is very shi .t and broadens almost immediately on either side so that it does not seem possible that a fall took place at this point during he highest stage of Lake Algonquin. It is, therefore, held that the • MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. M. Algonquin beach extends eastward past Kirkfield and formed an embayment in the Balsam Lake and Cameron Lake basins. At Fenelon Falls, however, a fall occurred and this point marks the begmnmg of the Trent Valley outlet channel of Uke Algonquin. It is known that the highest Algonquin beach south of the Trent Valley outlet isobase is a record of a "two outlet" stage of Lake Algonquin when the discharge was divided between the St. Clair outlet and the Trent Valley outlet.* It is probable as Gilbert' and Taylor* concluded, that the highest Algonouin beach north of the Trent Valley outlet isobase is a record of an early stage of Lake Algonquin before "the outlet was diverted by terrestrial deformation" from the Trent valley to Port Huron, so that the continuation of this beach srnth of the Trent Valley outlet isobase would fall below the highest Algonquin beach in that region. In Lake Simcoe district, however, the highest beach appears to be equally well developed both north and south of the outlet isobase and the distance is so short that, prob- ably, no serious error is involved in correlating the highest beach north of the outlet isobase with that south of it. Sturgeon Lake Basin. In Sturgeon Lake basin, which is connected with Balsam and Cameron Lake basins by a short stretch of river, a strong raised beach occurs. The beach is considered to be a correlative of the highest Algonquin beach because of the connecting channel at Fenelon Falls and because the beach is remarkably strong and is not horizontal but shows approximately the same amount of deformation that is shown by the Algonquin beach. Instru- mental measurements of the altitude of this beach were secured at a number of localities as follows: ' GoUthmlt. J. W.. G«ol. Surv.. Can.. Mem. 10, 1910. p. IS. ! !?"?^' °- ^' '"'"'* Alwnquin river" (Abarart), Am. Geol., vol. 18. n. 23 • Taylor. F. B.. U.S. Geol. Surv.. Mon. LIII, ms. pp. 4U-413. LAKB ALGONQUIN. Locality Altitude above sea-level, feet Sturgeon lake: west side of Sturgeon lake, 1 mile south of Fenelon Falls, gravel beach ridge i mile south of last, gravel beach ridge 1) miles south of last, gravel bar 2i miles south of last, gravel beach East side of Sturgeon lake, 3} miles south of Fenelon Falls, gravel beach ridge North side of Sturgeon lake, } mi'e east of Sturgeon point, gravel beach ridge 21 miles northeast of last, gravel spit 1 mile east of Red Rock post-ofiice, gravel spit 1 mile west of Bobcaygeon, base of cut bluff South side of Sturgeon lake, opposite Sturgeon point, gravel beach ridge 1 mile east of last, gravel beach ridge 832 831 826 820 824 824 829 833 830 819 819 ^ 3 Near the entrance to the bay in the southwestern part of the lak- the ancient beach nearly coincides with the present beach and in the southern part of the bay the plane of the ancient water level apparently passes beneath the present water level. These altitudes show that the abandoned beach in Sturgeon Lake basin is on a distinctly lower plane than that of the highest Algonquin beach in the adjacent Cameron and Balsam Lake basins. The connecting outlet channel at Fenelon Falls is nearly a mile wide and is in large part rock floored. The bared rock floor and undercut banks on the valley sides show evidence of strong river action. The present river has a fall of 23 feet over a sill of Trenton limestone and it is evident that the ancient Algonquin river also had a considerable fall at this point. It is impossible to directly measure the height of the ancient fall but it can be arrived at approximately by taking the difference in altitude of the correlative beaches, at the nearest points above and below the fall, and subtracting the amount of uplift. This gives approximately 30 feet for the total fall in the ancient outlet cheuinel at Fenelon Falls. The total fall was probably 10 mvmvu BULLETIM NO. M. partly taken up by rapids above the direct fall which was nearlv three-quarters of a ™ile below the head of the outleTcharner Pigeon-Buckkorn Lake Basins. ;, J" ^f«'"-B"<^''horn Lake basins, a raised shore-line, which ^Tch we • J" 7.72' rT"""^"'^ "' ^"^ ^'»'*"d^ °^ »hi ucacn were secured at five localities as follows: Locality ^'""^f ?ot """' "'' ''^'^■■«~" '"■"= * ""'" "°"h °f mouth of Bobcaygeon river, base of cut bluff . . I mile north of last, base of cut bluff West side of Pigeon lake IJ miles south of mouth' of Bobcaygeon river, gravel beach ridge J miles south of last, gravel spit Altitude above sea-level, feet 829 833 819 809 813 No evidence was found of the existence of a shore-line above he present shore-line around the southern part of p1^! lake or on Chetnong lake and it is probable that t'e plane o'Z ancient water level passes beneath the present water level in StTslT^' 1 l'"t'^^'"^' '' '^ ^-^ •" the iu:hwel™ Rrt of Sturgeon Lake basin. The northern shores of thes^ wat :rtior tLt' ' ^"' 'i^'^ ^ ^'^^^ nmeiL'^i fPlate A°"^^ r"""^' '"^^-^^'^ Channel at Bobcaygeon (Plate I) near the northeastern end of Sturgeon lake afford^ evidence of powerful river action and marks ^e second faSt the ancient outlet channel. The present fall f^ml^^gi; H LAKE ALCONQum. 11 Pigeon lake is 7 feet. The amount of descent in the ancient river, as determined from a comparison of the altitudes of the correlative beaches in the two basins, was about 6 feet. Stony Lake-Rice Lake District. From Buckhorn lake to Stony lake the present descent by a series of rapids and falls is 39 feet. It is not known what the descent in the ancient river was, but it was probably not as great as the present fall, for the ancient water-plane was higher than the present in these basins. This would have resulted in a drowning out of part of the rapids and falls. On the south side of Stony lake near Indian River outlet, a strong gravel spit, apparently marking a correlative of the highest Algonquin beach, occurs at 796 feet. On the south side of Stony lake near the entrance to Clear lake a faint gravel beach ridge also occurs at 788 feet. In Katchiwano Lake basin, southwest of Clear lake, a faint shore-line, which is apparently nearly horizontal, occurs at a height of 10 feet above the present lake-level. The altitude of the water-plane represented by this beach was determined by the rock sill at the outlet near Lakefield at a time previous to the lowering of the outlet by stream erosion. This beach is not, probably, a correlative of the raised beach in Stony Lake basin, for it is not similarly deformed. It is also evident that the tilt rate of the raised beach in Stony Lake basin is sufficient to carry the water-plane below the altitude of the controlling sill at the southwestern end of Lake Katchiwano. Hence there was no possibility of an outlet from Clear lake and Katchiwano lake by way of the Otonabee River valley past Peterborough, at least not until uplift had sufficiently progressed to cause an r -erflow by way of the Otonabee River valley. Stony lake has at present two outlets, one by way o. Indian river past Keene to Rice lake, and the other and much the larger by way of the Otonabee river through Peterborough to Rice lake. During the greater part of the existence of the Trent Valley outlet of Lake Algonquin the outlet river from Stony Lake basin was by way of the Indian River valley down to 12 Ml'MUH BULLITIM WO. JJ, boulders. The sides of thT Sn "^^f"^'^^ «"d "'trewn with Lake Peterborough was forS in .k • ^"'♦^'nan named when the drainage wal^S^cLrt'edT^^^^ Peterborough valley to Otonabee valley by different^l uS R "'''" o"""'' borough and Rice lake, drift hirZkedth^H ^''^'^" f^»«'- time held the lake ud I .mi fJ^ . ^ drainage and for a the lake. Thet wZ" fo^Tb^lleta'tar^^^ 'T ''T'^ '" outlet" stage of the "ke befor7th. h' T' '"""^ '''' "^°- verted fronf the Tren outle t; up ft thT "'^ "£t ''" however, the main channel of outflow Lake Pet^U^V^^ the Otonabee outlet channel ar^ n^ k Peterborough and map because their cor^rt ion wTtLtT °^/'' '*^'°"P""y'"« quois appears doubtful '' '^'^°"''"'" ^"^ I^°- LABE ALGONQUIN. 13 RELATION OP LAKE ALGONQUIN TO LAKE IROQUOIS. It is evident that the delta in Rice lake at the mouth of Indian River valley was not formed by the present stream but must have been formcench-mark established at Healey falls. The altitude of the highest strong gravel beach ridge was found to be 689 feet. A lower strong beach occurs at 679 feet. These altitudes confirm Coleman's determination of the altitudes of Iroquois beaches at this point.' On the north side of Rice lake, 3i miles east of the mouth of Indian river, a well marked beach, which is probably the highest Iroc|uois beach, occurs at 621 feet. A .strong shore cutting slightly above the present level of Rice lake also occurs near the mouth of Indian river. The trend of the isobases of Lake Iroquois, assuming for this district the direction of tilt north 20 degrees east as determined by Cole- man,' also indicates that the Iroquois water-plane would coia- cide with the plane of Rice lake not far west of the mouth of Indian river. Rice lake owes its present existence to drowning of a large valley by uplift of the outlet. The lake could not have e:;isted previous to the uplift which is shown to have taken place by the deformation of the Iroquois beach, unless the water body which occupied Rice Lake basin was an embayment of Lake Iroquois. The delta was formed before uplift took place. Hence it seems evident that the delta at the m*^uth of Indian river is to be correlated with Algonquin river and Lake Iroquois and it follows that Lake Iroquois was for a time at least, contempo- raneous with an early stage of Lake Algonquin. The continuance of a strongly marked outlet channel along Trent river below Rice lake and extending as far as Trenton on > Colenuui, A. P., "The Iioquou botch in Ontario." BuU. GcoL Soc. Am.. Toi. 15. I90J. • Loc. cU., pp. 359-363. M MVntm aVLLBTIN no. II. ?or th?V" T ''r'"P«^''«' 'I"-, the existence of he ?akt Siff ThT r ''"T '" ,""""'''• '" ''"^ '''■^-'•- of maxima" Uplilt. The Iroquois shore- hes. however an- n«f «« „ nor do they show ^ much divergence^rth.^^ of ^.V a^"""*™."' i...:™^ *c:L;'s,:;f ls:.»'t'r •"- 'i- makes this expifnatirirdoll,;"'" ^''^""^■'' ''"^•^^-• is to'L"^""' ^Ji^^'^^^''^' ^h*^ outlet channel below Rice lake •s to be correlated with the Otonabc-e outlet channel It w.! 'ZoiSVr"'^. '^"""^ '''^ -'^^-« of the "tt-out"" »ol. ', ^Tr"' ^ ""•• ■■""*" "" "^•«" '*«'«• of Ontario BuU. G«ol. Soc. Am.. f LAKE ALGONQinM. u Fenelon Falls was approximately .10 fwt. At BolM-ayKwn the fall was alM)ut 6 feet. Between this jviint ami Stf)ny lake the present fall is -W feet. It is prnhahlu that the aniient fall was not as Krt'at. f'>«" ^^*^ altitude of the ancient water-plane wa« higher than the present which would have resulte^MlU:.n„, .a„.i: '",:'/ '7.;""" "V'" "*■'"""• The near R^K-hcs ..',„, ,„ ' !^ '^ ..r.'-hn.. ..f lake AlKo„,,ui„ ••Hows ,ha. .hc\ar. ^tn.'^t.: '^,^'-'-'— '--«* (kpo.„H of ,h,. ,,; , ,h<.r,.|i„. I ."" ;-'""^n«v in the ''hflls of molluM-a similar h, r ^ •^'*^""''"'" "' f'^'' fact that ,h.. fossil sh : iV ' , '",'."«: ''••"'»^'-'" '•'•>■ ""'I the that tom,..ratur.. co, | o^ / ,;'f Z'^' ''''T' '" ^'■'" '''"- miKh n,or.. s.v,.r.. than n ^-1!' '""''' ""' have- k^.p 'he- K..n.ral al.M.,K-./o i ^ r''; ..""^ T "'^ '"-n^- ""« l.y "f '-<<.■ AlKon,,.i„ .1 he r^ '" " "" "' "'""'"""' ''''-- f-f<'- it rea.h..l i,s mall ^ r^' "T- '"''• ^'«"-'"'" more rommonlv .nrur in ,7Z *'"'' "■"'"^'^''' '•""''«^-r« -"- friKi., tc.m,K.ra;;:r "o '•:;:;""■;:"""""?■ ^'"^'"^ '' virtual interval ,hro„,h wh . h ,h"e u , "'•';«"""' "^^ '^i«'-t shore-line of of Lake SimcH. .lis.ri, t i, " ' ^'""; '" '^'^ ^""""■••" P"rtion v-ti,al interval letween , , r. "17"^ "* '""' ^" ''''' ^- ^he ^h..w an nnconforn !l , ;. ;r;"'f' ^••-"';-"---'kIs. which •ho ms, of the hide' M ^" "•"''■^'> '"« «lnH.sit.s. and ^ichisonthet;iti^!r;ri;;t;tr- "f this vertical interval in .1,.. ,u ^^^^ magnitude "'^•nV. .^uggests that ;' "n : .r; .':Ttcr'""'" " ''''" '"""«" "• "P'-f' "f the northern , . on of .T" ""' "1^^ cotisequent rtion of Lake SimoH,- distriil. Altitudes of the hiKhest AI){o:u|tiin shore-line and its correlatives are shown in feet alK)ve se.i-level at loi-alities when- measurements have In-en made. The altitudes are all instrumental determinations. In most cases the lake levels were used as a datum plane, the altitudes of which were determinei] from iKUch-marks established by precise levellinK by the I'ublic U'orks Department of Canada. The shore-line of Lake InKjuois is taken from ("oleman's map of Lake Iroquois accomj)anyinK the Bureau of Mines report for Ontario, 1904, with slight mmlifications in Rici' Lake area. The altitudes of the Ir ^'" ""^ "'' ^^"' ^^^^ ^"«^''- transversemtr^nV T^L Thrtre\'t''^" '"'''^"'"^ ^ the marked change in the trend of h ?" ^""'^ ^"^^ ''^''^ character of the fault sutesTsIha ther" "'"" '"^ ^''^ between the uplift whirh f ^^^at there was a casual relation the Algo„,uin"tacht1h r^rt ltd 't^r ,'^'°^'""'°" °^ fault. The isobases ar,. I k u . *" development of the Balsam UkHrea foTItt " ."^ ^™'^'" ""^^ '" '^' ^'^''fie'd- be drawn. U Tpo s^ ! haTlh "" 'T^'^ *>"" ^'^'^^ ^''^"'d bases in the faukS^arei "' ''' ^''^'"^ '''^^^^^ '" ^^^^ ■- mun7u;,ir;n'fhetoXr"n ''' ^'^ T? •^^"••'" °^ ^''^ ^ --- that there i a s^r" J-'hl'^ T-"^ '^' ''"*"" ^^^"'"^ *" «how northof this^r^afaffe S yLeTrr '^^^^ ^'^^^ ^^«'- not affect or only sliehtlv 7^ . , J o^. movements which did The direction ol :1'^Z:.'7X whichTasThf °' ?' r^ W mov^ents was more nearly nottthr ti^t 7t ^IrS line o?tlir;f i^Ltd^^^sh'''""''"'" "^^^'-^'^"^ ^'-^ *"« Of the differential ^^^^J:^Z'^:!S::r-''' mapJiiirrrSTcat luSSTrr- ^^^-p'^-' fro. which the -ocationTf'l^^r nt-^^^^^^^^^^^^^ LAKE ALGONQUIN. 19 tude of the beach was determined and the distances between these points were secured. The altitudes are all instrumental determinations and so far as the actual levelling is concerned, they are believed to be correct within a possible error of one foot, except in the case of the three most northerly ones which, because of the distance over which the levels were carried, may not be so nearly correct. It is not held that the profile shows the exact character of the warped water-plane, for it is recognized that the altitudes of the shore-line do not truly represent the altitudes of the water- plane. The altitudes are all, however, of wave-built features such as beach ridges, barrier beaches, etc., and the exposure to wave action was fairly uniform throughout the area, so that there is likely to be a fairly close agreement between the alti- tudes of the beaches and the altitudes of the water-plane. It is considered that the difference at any one locality due to the great- er or less development of the shore features and errors in level- ling would not exceed 5 feet. The profile shows that there is at least one locality in the district where there is a marked irregularity in the rate of uplift. Between Beaverton and Lorneville the beach rises from 824 to 838 or 14 feet in a distance of 1 A miles. If the altitude 838 of the beach is accepted, the beach rises 14 feet in less than one-half mile. The altitude of the beach as determined at this point may, however, be too high and it need not be taken into con- sideration. South of Beaverton the altitudes of the beach show a rise of only 8 feet in a little over S miles. North of Lorneville the beach rises 7 feet in 2 J miles. The marked increase in the rate of rise of the beach between Beaverton and Lorneville is too great to be accounted for by greater development of the beach at one point than at another. The field evidence also shows that this is not the case. The sudden increase in the rate of tilt at this point is confirmed by the altitudes of the beach along the same isobases on the opposite side of Lake Simcoe, where the beach rises 14 feet in IJ miles. The beach can be traced con- tinuously at these localities. No evidence of faulting was seen and the sudden increase in the rate of tilt is apparently due to local warping. The irregularity in the profile between Beaverton 20 MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 23. .he character of ,ho dcfo ,S Z ; ,ha^ o^f'];!""' :"^*""' """ of the zone of deformation ,. "*^'^J^' \ """-thward migration district by the marS ^h^n u" '1'°'"" '" ^^"^^^ ^''"'^^ upliftandUe" diLt ?:rll%H'"^^^^^^ of the zone of deforLtion Twlve of uol^^ nonM migration to north, taken in conZn. u^/ P''"''^"^'"^ f™™ «>"*»» long still-stand of the waters ^n^ . " '^ ''^P'^^'^i^ a northern part of the bit ^°"".^'"«/' "«^ ^ue to uplift of the beach is Zt.ca ly hor It?"" "'" ''^ '''^''^^^ ^'«""^"- southern urS'th^™rLrr:r''^^^^^^ '^^^^ «^ ^^^ SUMMARY. f2inve., heg.„ a, Fe„c,o„ Fa„, and '„« '^.^i, S,a altS ' ^"'""«^'. J- W.. Wisconain Survey Bulletin XVII. p. „s. LAKE ALGONQUIN. 21 been generally supposed. Correlative shore-lines of the highest Algonquin shore-line occur in several basins along the Trent valley. Strongly marked outlet channels show that the ancient water bodies in these basins were connected with each other and with the Balsam Lake embaymcnt of Lake Algonquin. The main channel of the ancient Algonquin river between Stony Lake and Rice Lake basins was by way of the Indian River valley. At the mouth of this valley in Rice Lake basin a large delta occurs. This delta was deposited in Lake Iroquois and was formed by the Algonquin river during an early stage of Lake Algonquin when the discharge was largely by way of the Trent valley. The Otonabee outiei channel and Peterborough delta are correlated with the "two outlet" stage of Lake Algon- quin when the discharge was divided between i.ie Trent valley and St. Clair outlet. They are probably post-Iroquois in age. The strong outlet channel along Trent valley below Rice lake is correlated with the Otonabee Valley channel. Its exact relation to the post-Iroquois water bodies in the Ontario basin is not known. The total fall in the Algonquin river from Lake Algonquin to Lake Iroquois probably did not exceed 150 feet. This is about 100 feet lesr- than the difference in altitude of the two lakes as determined from a comparison of the altitudes of the Algon- quin and IrcKjuois beaches in the southern part of the Huron and southwestern part of the Ontario basins respectively. This seems to show as Gilbert and Taylor concluded that, previous to the Algonquin uplift, and during the early sta;; - i Lake Algon- quin, when the discharge was largely by way of the Trent valley, the plane of Lake Algonquin was much lower in the southern part of the Huron basin than it was at the later "two-outlet" stage of the lake when the discharge was divided between the Trent outlet and the St. Clair outlet. An isobasic map of the Algonquin beach and a profile of the warped Algonquin water-plane in Lake Simcoe-Balsam Lake district show that there are remarkable changes and irregularities in the direction and rate of uplift. The profile of the warped Algonquin water-plane along the line of maximum uplift seems to show that the character of the deformation is J 22 MUSEUf BULLETIN NO. 23. that of differential warping. The rate of warping increa-ses towards the north but i.s interrupted by local irregularities. The marked change in the direction and rate of uplift in the northern part of the district seems to show that there is a sort of "hinge line" or zone here; the region north of this line or zone was affected by cpeirogenic movements which did not affect or only slightly affected the region south of it. The direction of maximum uplift, which was the result of the later set of move- ments, was more nearly north than that of the earlier uplift. creases arities. in the a sort line or : affect tion of move- uplift. L- Profi/e s/70¥v/nfb altitudes of the 4ldfnguin sbor*'line at k and approK/nt il/, the cha . / ^er of def Geo/o^/ca./ Survey , Canada. To ticcompajT^' Museum Bul'^tin by W.^ Johnston. Dia^rsLm showing shorelines oF i ■M 'ine at localities a/oni directiqn of max/mo r? inc/ina.tion ( ^~B ) er of deformation of Om ^/^on^m i*mter-p/*ne > oF Lake /4l^onquin and Lake Iroquois 1619 2J 17 St SB 'J I J ! r I i — ■ 3 3 J Ji B 1 It J 1 LIST OF MUSEUM BULLETINS. The Museum Bulletins, published by the Cieological Survey, are numbered consecutively and are given a series number in addition, thus: ("■eolonical Series No. 1, 2, 3, etc.; Biological Series No. I, 2, .», etc.; Anthropological Series No. 1, 2, ot'. In thi v.-^' <,; ,'..iiletiiia 1 and 2, which contain articles on various subjects each artic. 'as U-en a^piK-iu: .i separate series number. The 1 !st BiJIotin 'v:.s ei; Ued Victoria Memorial Museum Bulletin; sub- sequent !■ jci '-. ive been calu d Museum Bulletins. Mus. But I. r,eol. Si'r. I The Trenton crinoid, Ottawacrinus, W. R nilhiigs -by K. A. Bather. Oeot. oei. ' Noteon Mcrocrinus, Walcott— by F. A. Bather. Geol. Ser. 3. The occurrence of Helodont teeth at Roche Miette and vicinity. Alberta— by L. M. Lambe. Geol Ser. 4. Notes on Cyclocystoides— by P. E. Raymond. Geol. Ser. 5. Notes on some new and old Trilobites in the Victoria Memorial Museum— by P. E. Raymond. Geol. Ser. 6. Description of some new Asaphidae — by P. E. Raymond. Geol. Ser. 7. Two new species of Tetradium— by P. E. Raymond. Geol. Ser. 8. Revision of the species which have been referred to the genus Bathyurus (preliminary report)— by P. E. Raymond. Geol. Ser. 9. A new Brachiopod from the base of the I lica— by A. E. Wilson. Geol. Ser. 10. A new genus of dicotyledonous plant from the Tertiaiy of Kettle river, British Columbia— by W. J. Wilson. Geol. Ser. II. A new species of I.cpidostrobus— by W. J. Wilson. Geol. Ser. 12. Prehnite from Adams sound. Admiralty inlet, Baffin island, Franklin- by R. A. A. Johnston. 5"^- -S'f- 1- The marine algae of Vancouver island— by F. S. Collins. Biol. Ser. Z. New species of mollusks from the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Canada— by W. H. Dall and P. Bartsch. Btol. Ser. 3. Hydroids from Vancouver island and Nova Scotia— by C. McLean Fraset. Anthrop. Ser. I. The archaeology of Blandford township, Oxford county, Ontario— by W. J. Wintemberg. Mus. Bull. 2. Geol. Ser. 13. The origin of granite (micropegmatite) in the Purcell sills— by S. J. Schofield. Geol. Ser. 14. Columnar structure in limestone— by E. M. Kindle. Geol. Ser. 15. Supposed evidences of subsidence of the coast of New Brunswick within modern time— by J. W. fk)ldthwait. Geol. Ser. 16. The Pre-Cambrian (Beltian) of southeastern Bntish Columbia and their correlation— by S. J. Si hofield. Geol. Ser. 17. Early Cambrian stratigraphy in the North American Cordillera, with discussion of the Albertella and related faunas— by Lancaster D. Burling. Geol. Ser. 18. A preliminary study of the variations of the plications of Parastrophia hemiplicata, Hall— by Alice E. Wilson. Anlhrop. Ser. 7. Some aspects of puberty fasting among the Ojibwas — by I'aul Ratlin. Mus. Bull. 3. Ceol. Ser. /C. The Anticosti Island faunas — by W. H. Twen- hofel. Mus. Bull. 4. Ceol. Ser. 20. The Oowsnest volcanics — by J. U. Mac- Kcnzie. Mi:s. Bill. ."i. Oeot. Ser. 31. .\ Heatrice-like organism from the middle Orilovician — by I'. K. Raymond. Mus. Bull. 6. Anthrnp. Ser. .?. Prehistoric and present commerce among the Arctic Coast Eskimo — by V. Stefanss' Mus. Blxl. 7. Biol. Ser. 4. A new species of Dendragapii ^Oeiidragapus Obscurus Flemingi) from southern Yukon Territory — by P. A. Tavcrner. Mus. Bull. 8. Ceol. Ser. 22. The Huronian formations of Timiskaming region, Canada — by W. H. Collins. Mus. Bull. 9. Anlhrop. .">«-. 4. The Glenoid Fossa in the skull of the Eskimo — by F. H. S. Knowles. Mus. Bull. 10. Antkrop. Ser. 5. The social organization of the Winnebago Indians, an interpretation — by P. Kadin. Mus. Bull. 11. Ceol. Ser. 23. Physiography of the Bcaverdell map-area and the southern part of the Interior plateaus of British Columbia — by L. Reinecke. Mus. Bull. 12. Ceol. Ser. 24. On Eoceratops Canadensis, gen. noy., with remarks on other genera of Cretaceous homed dinosaurs — by L. M. Lambe. Mus. Bull. 13. Biol. Ser. 5. The Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax Auritus) and its relation to the salmon industries on the Gulf of St. Lawrence — by P. A. Taverner. Mus. Bull. 14. Ceol. Ser. 25. The occurrence of glacial drift on the Mag- dalen islands — by J. W. Goldthwait. Mus. Bull. IS. Ceol. Ser. 26. Ciay Gulch and Skookum meteorites— by R. A. A. Johnston. Mus. Bull. 16. Anlhrop. Ser. 6. Literary aspects of North American mythology— by P. Radin. Mus. Bull. 17. Ceol. Vr. 27. The Ordovician rocks of Lake Timiskaming — by M. Y. Williams. Mus. Bull. 18. Ceol. Ser. 28. Structural relations of the Pre-Cambrian and Palaxjroic rocks north of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence valleys— by E. M. Kindle and L. D. Burling. Mus. Bull. 19. Antkrop. Ser. 7. A sketch of the social organization of the Nass River Indians — by E. Sapir. Mus. Bull. 20. Ceol. Ser. 29. An Eurypterid horizon in the Niagara forma- tion of Ontario — by M. Y. Williams. Mus. Bull. 21. Ceol. Ser. 30. Notes on the geology and palseontolopr of the lower Saskatchewan River valley — by E. M. Kmdie. Mus. Bull. 22. Ceol. Ser. 31. The age of the Killarney granite— by W. H. Collins. Mus. Bull. 23. Ceol. Ser. 32. The Trent Valley outlet of Lake Algonquin and the deformation of the Algonquin water-plane in Lake Simcoe district, Ontario — by W. A. Johnston.