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•»i». !#««««»»* '■:i«m»'\^m'''-'">Vd^ .-ai. .0M|9fe4"*J*i

EPITOME OF A LECTUUE

OTTAWA PRODUCTIONS,

DELIVERED BEFORE THE

BYTOWN MECHANICS' IMSTITUTE AND ATHEMUM,

ON TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 15> 1853,

By EDWARD V A N-C O RTX A V D T, Surgeon,

HONORARY LIBRARIAN TO THE INfrriTUTE,

|iil)li»]^e)r mrtttt % gnsjitts of % gratitatt,

B YTO WN :

THE OFFICE OF THE « OTTAWA CITIZEN," LITTLE SUSSEX STREET.

1858.

.\%«.,

a*^

VAMOTTS CONDITIONS TJHDEE WHICH lEON IS FOTOD.

NATIVE IRON.

It is generally supposed that Iron "ever exists

i.he metallic state, but it is asserted ha^pure

unaduUerated Iron has been discovered at Car aan

in the United States. Native ron >» '''"V'«^

uroduced by the spontaneous ignition of Coal in

rh^tigiblrhooj of Iron deports and jvhere.

is known under the name of Native S eel. ine

Lrealest quantity of Iron is found combined with

I'ul ,hu1 3/ygen^r Carbonic AcjU, the firsUnovvn

as Iron Pyrites, is never worked as an Ore. ine

best iTon Ores ire Oxides, but the greatest port,on

of British Iron Ore is a Carbonate.

METEORIO IRON.

The Histories of all ages acquaint "" «f huge

masses of Iron being found in various parts of the

G obe and which are considered to be of meteoric

oriS and in point of fact two masses of such

S Actually seen to fall at Hadrschina, near

r/ramT in cfolia, in 1751. Several masses have

STou nd in Africa, and in America and Siberia

-!Se last mentioned was discovered by Professor

Pallas, and weighed 1600 pounds. An enormous

mas. weighing^ 15 tons was found

»>,• hnni «t-cl and on this account it is mat
EnglS weapons of superior description are
alwHVs made of Swedish Iron. .-.u. :„

^'X ore exists in ^^^^^^SZ^
-rrsJecCnb f^ ::":L obtained from I,ot
N^ lT,7h concession of Hull, and only four m.l..
frnm the falls of the Chaudiere, where it consti-
[r. abed 20 feet in .thickness, and there is a
water power within 300 yards of it. .

"tn fhe authority of Mr. Murray the ass st"^^
Provincial Geologist, we are enabl .a to ^^fj^^l

^on^Tr 'Sl^S^r t eTKoirceSn ^oT Sh
Sc^,^;^X,.d. Mud Lake not^nirf^m

uuB, "a- - i" Peru, by

DonRubi^de Cells. Capt. Parry took some knives
home which he obtained from the Esquimaux
in one of his voyages, and which were made of
Meteoriclron. f hire is a mass of it which weighs
Jhree thousand pounds, deposited in the Natural
H story Lyceum^ at New York, and ^hieh was
found at lied River, Louisiana ; and a po/tion of
a mass of Meteoric Iron.which fe 1 at Santa Rosa
SeTr Bagota, was manufactured into u sword and
presented to Bolivar.

MAGNETIO OXIDE OP IRON.
Oxydidoits Iron, Octahedral Iron.
It is this variety of Iron Ore which produces the
Native Loadstone. It occurs in various parts of
The world, especially in the North of Europe, and
s tS of which the best Swedish Iron IS made
and it yields also the Wootz Steel of the East j
iSes. It is of an Iron black colour, darker than
common Iron ; its powder is pure J^-k-it e jer ts
a decided action on the magnetic Needle, attract
?ng and repelling, according as the positive or
«|aUve point, arl presented. This variety, which
is found in several parts of ^hi* continent is called

Native Loadstone. It i» •"f^^'';'^ ,^'?°'^,,„ °
blow-pipe, and soluble in Nitric Acid ; it occurs
"n primiUve rocks, chiefly of mica and gnem ; it
it is exceedingly rich in metal, yielding 80 per
cent. It is very abundant in Sweden, and at
GaUvara, beyond the Polar Circle it constitutes
an entire mountain. In the United Slates it exis s
Tn the greatest abundance, and is worked in severa
DUcesf On the western side of Lake Champlam.it
i found in beds of 20 feet thick. lis ore produces

man that mi-ht be here obtained, the proximity
Kood n abLdance for fuel, and the exis ence
of water power at no great distance, combined
with the advantage of a navigable canal, the
wa er of «hich is in contact with the ore, render
reToeality wcl worthy of attention to such as
JeiispSTo altemp't the smelting of Iron in

%KSgical formation yielding the magnetic

ox-Ides of Canada and those of the fJnited State.

rwherc they prevail in equal abundance) are

£ cal .a^ys Mr. Logan, and it is P-^f ie/ ^

^S^eSSSfin^s! ^Brtt^pTaSal^xpSels^"
Sl'"o?:i are still so few t.at not ing can

Canadian orea are bu.. ow •-- -•;-- "^ ^ r
yet be proved from them.-H<ie i^ej^ort oj
^Geological Survey, l851-'o2, page 46.

SPECULAR IRON ORE, RED IRON ORE, IRON
GLANOE.
The lustre of this ore of Iron is metallic, its

coloS i"dS steel gray, jt i« inf"f' %t'"^r e^t
blow-oipe, but melts with Borax. The great
llSilyof this ore is the Island of Elba, which
has been noted for producing it for sixteen centu-
ries back"and its mines are considered inexhaus-
be bu it i« also found in Saxony, Bohemia,
' Sweden Siberia, Massachusetts in the United
irates, in England, and lastly but not least, lu
fhe Township of McNab on the Ottawa R.ver.--
Wherever it'exists it is explored with profit It
is found at Ticonderago, where it » P"|*^""^
and u"ed as a polishing powder. Most of the
Sate iron and iron wireSf England are manufac-
tured from this ore. It is extensively used in the
St'onSras a polisher, -d the ore most m
demand for this purpose comes from Spam, i no
h^t soecimens (or button polishing command a
v' i 5 pHce, and are generally obtained from
mil Ip bbl s;-it is worked at UUca m ths

• ^J

United SUtei with profit. This ore exists in en-
ormous quanlities at the mouth of the Madawaslta
in McNab Township ; it is a very valuable species
und is very easily smelted, and possesses every
requisite for that purpose on the spot. A splendid
specimen of this ore was presented to the Bytown
Mechanics' Institute at the lime of our Exhibition,
und atfacted the marked attention of the Governor
General. The ore bed is twelve feet in thickness,
and will yield 25 tons of pure iron for every
fathom in length and depth. The ore contains
69 per cent of pure metal.

BOa IRON ORE.
Uldrated Peroxide of Iron, or Brown Iron Ore.

This Ore is generally found in detached portions
at the bottom of shallow lakes and morasses, and
hence its name— Bog Iron, and possesses several
characters in commop with Specular Iron Ore.
It is made up of numerous aggregated fibres, and
ill colour it is invariably some shade of brown ; it
is very brittle, and possesses no magnetic power.
On some occasions we meet with it in a more or
less pulverized condition and assuming the ap-
pearance of an ochre, but it differs from all the
other Ores tf Iron, in containing water in large
quantities, not simply absorbed, but constituting
a characteristic part of the Ore, being chemically
combined with it in the proportion of one-sixth.
Bog Iron Ore is only found in limited quanti-
ties in England, Prance, and Siberia. It is un-
common in the northern countries of Europe, but
in Germany, France, and Austria it is extensively
worked. At Splisbury in Connecticut, it exists
to an unlimited extent, and has been worked for
more than one hundred years, yielding from this
locality alone thj large quantity of two thousand
tons of Iron annually.

The Iron obtained from Bog Ore is said to
excel in toughness and hardness, and to be pre-
ferable to Red Iron Ore on that account, whilst
the purer varieties, on being melted with char-
coal, may be readily converted into steel of an
excellent quality.

Bog Iron Ore is of more recent origin than any
pf the other Ores of Iron, and its deposition is
going on continually, even at the present time in
shallow lakes and swamps. In the south-western
parts of New Jersey, where Bog Iron Ore occurs
in great abundance, many spots previously ex-
hausted are explored again successfully, after the
lapse of about twenty years. And what is more
curious than all we have yet said of it is, that it
is brought to the state we find it in through the
intervention of an infusorial animal called the
Gaillonella ferrugince.

At Sweden, Bog Ore has been fished wp from
the bottom of the sea, where, according to Hans-
mann, it is still produced. It is worked in every
quarter of the globe, but its Ore is generally used
for castings, which are said to take a sharper
impression from the phosphoric acid, which Bog
Iron Ore always contains. The Iron produced at
the St. Maurice forges at Three Rivers, is ob-
tained entirely from Bog Iron Ore, and is, as is
well known, of an excellent quality, and is just
DOW largely worked by the Hon. James Ferrier,
of Montreal ; and a new company haa also siarted

in opposition, headed by Mr. Hale. These forges
were commenced by the French Government in
1737, aud it is said most of the French cannon
handed to the British at the capitulation weio
made there.

During the last American war these forges were
of signal service to the British army, having
manufactured a large number of cannon balls aiiU
shells, at a time they were much needed.

It exists on the Ottawa on an eight feet bed at
Cote St. Charles, on Lots 16 and 17, the property
of Mr. R. Lancaster, who kindly forwarded these
specimens to the Exhibition. Bog Iron Ore is
known to exist in the Township of McNab, and
other localities in the Valley of the Ottawa, but
which as yet have not been explored.
" To metallurgists the good quality of the wrought
Iron of the St. Maurice forges (says Mr. Logais)
appeared the more deserving of attention, as the
ore from which it is derived, being the Hydratcd
Peroxide, is usually accompanied by a small
amount of Phosphorus, in the form of Phospliate
of Iron. It is difficult to remove this impurity
whicti Ml too large a quantity rtnders the metal
cold short. In cast iron however its presence in
small quantities cannot be called prejudicial, as
it serves to render the metal very fluid when fused,
ond thus to give a fine surface to the castings,
and bring out all the details of ornamental
patterns in sharp relief, whilst it does not seem to
render the casting brittle or to deteriorate its
power of resisting the effect of sudden healing
and cooling. " The Peroxide of McNab contri-
buted to the Exhibition in London by Mr. Shcritf
Dickson, of Pakenham, was regarded as a very
beautiful ore, the uniform quality of which would
render it one of much more easy fusion and
management than the magnetic oxides, while it
would probably produce an iron of excellent

niinlitv."

quality.

IRON PYRITES.
Biiuiphuret of Iron-

Is found in small cubical chrystals, in veins
amongst Slate and Coal Fields, %vhere, by oxida.-
tion and it* conversion into Sulphate of iron, it
not unfrequently, by raising the heat to a great
height, causes the ignition of the Coal. It is also
found accompanying the ores of many other
metals, and often roplaces the remains of animal
and vegetable substances.

In Terra del Fuego, at the extremity of South
America, the natives procure fire by rubbing %
piece of iron Pyrites very briskly against a flint,
and catching the sparks upon dry moss, — a strik-
ing approximation to our flint and steel

Iron Pyrites is never used for the purpose of
obtoining metallic iron, but is employed in the
manufacture of Alum, Copperas, and Sulphuric
Acid, consequently is of little value to us in this
part of the Globe.

Mr. Logan referring to the Iron Ores of Canada,
as they appeared at the Great Exhibition, remarks
" The vast supplies of Iron with which the collec-
tion gave evidence that the Colony is enriched,
appeared to arrest the attention of all. The Bri-
tish Miner accustomed to follow into the bowels
of the earth, beds of ore of six inches to one foot,
conialnlR^ bet'.veen

r.f I

nis

'V^

important metal, naturally regarded with surpruo,
huge blocks or it from beds of 100 und 200 feci
in thickness, and yielding 60 to 70 percent;"
And again, "Ihc Canadian Iron Ores were examin-
ed with great cure and attention, by the agents of
llussia ; It seemed to strilio them with wonder
thai such prodigious sources should be found in
any country but their own, and the public in ge-
neral, without taking into consideration the ques-
tion of its present application to profitable uses,
seemed to regard the great beds of Magnetic
Oxide, as national Magazines, in which was stor-
ed up a vast amount of a material indispensable
to the comfort and progress of mankind, which it
is always satisfactory to the inhabitants of a
country to know is within their reach and con-
trol, should circumstances arise to render its ap-
plication expedient or necessary.— [Vide report
fur 1851 and 1832, pp 43 and 46.
PLUBraAGO.
Grajihite, commonly called Blacllead,
Plumbago is found in various parts of the world,
in detached rounded lumps and in veins of mica
slate, Gneiss, and in transition rocks, and altho
called Blacklead, there is not one atom of lead in
its composition, it being a Carburet of Iron. It
is fo-jnd of the best quality in a mountain called
Borrowdal^ in Cumberland. The mine has been
worked since the daya of Queen Elizabeth, and is
now nearly exhausted, the consequence of which
is that the Cumberland blacklead brings a very
high price.

Plumbago also exists in many other parts of the
world, where although not of a quality fit for lead
pencils ; it is profitably worked for other purposes,
chiefly for converting into crucibles ; it is used
however for polishing grates and stoves, to prevent
the friction of machinery, and as a preservative of
iron from rust. On the Ottawa it is known to
exist of a very pure quality at the iron mine in
Hull; but as yet in such small quantities, as not
to warrant its being worked. It exists also
tolerably pure at Devils Lake near Newborough,
on the Rideau Canal. It is also found in large
quantities, but of an inferior description, atGren-
ville, yet if properly cleared would no doubt
answer for crucibles.

The opinion of some of the great Pencil-makers
of the metropolis was obtained by Mr. Logan in
regard to its applicability to the purposes of their
trade and "although it was found that thePlumbago
could by washing be freed from its impurities, and
by pressure after the method of Mr. Brockedon
be converted into pencils, they would be considered
of inferior quality."

XiKAD ORES— GAIiKNA.
Lead was well known to the ancients, and was
used in Britain from very early times. Amongst
the Romans it constituted a most important
article of commerce, blocks and pigs of it having
been frequently discovered bearing Latin inscrip-
tions, and the remains of Roman Establishments
are found in the neighborhood. Several pigs of
lead are deposited in the British Museum bearing
Roman inscriptions.

After the departure of the .Romans the Saxons
continued to work the lead mines, and are supposed
to have been the first who buried their deid in

leaden coffins, the remains of which are frequently
met with in various parts of England. In the
casting of lead, and where it is rapidly cooled, a
cavity is produced, and which in rifle bullets is
instrumental in causing them to swerve from a
rectilinear course ; on this account rifle and musket
balls are frequently formed from rolled lead. If
rain or river water is exposed for any length of
lime in open leaden vessels, the metal becomes
oxidized and deleterious, and in cases where danger
is to be apprehended in this way from cisterns.
Doctor Christison advises their being filled with
a very weak solution of phosphate of soda, by
which they become covered with an iusoluable
coating.

Lead ore is found in several parts of Canada. It
cither is or has been worked near Kingston, with
what results I do not know. It abounds on the
Ottawa, and some where in our immediate
vicinity on the Gatineau, it is said to be so plenti-
ful and so easy of access as if discovered to admit
of being worked most profitably. But the secret
of its locality is confined to the Indians, who look
upon it with so much supeistition that nothing
can bribe them to divulge it ; they are under the
impression that when the white man discovers it
their race is to be swept away. I have in my
private collection an Indian pipe made from an
Oaken knot, the bowl of which is most ingeniously
lined with lead— it was found in an Indian grave
at Rice Lake. It is found also in large quantities
on the land of Mr. Marshall at Fitzroy, and ero
long I have no doubt the Ottawa, amongst Us
existing and prospective manufactures, will add
Lead to the number.

COPPER.
Native copper is as yet only known to ex'st in
Canada in quantities worthy of attention at the
Bruce and Wallace mines. Lake Superior, whcro
a company is just now working it very profitably—
it is of a very pure description. We have a spear
head in the museum, evidently made of native
copper and shaped by hammering, which was
picked up in Renfrew. It is probable that it was
left there by some of the migratory tribes of
Indians during their incursions across the country
on their way to the Ottawa, with a belligerent
intention. .

There is an engraving ofa spear head m the Cana-
dian Journal for January 1853, identical in every
respect with our specimen, and which is described
as a relic of the ancient miners of Lake Superior.
It at all events shows us that the Aborigines were
acquainted with the metal.

Having now concluded our description of the
metals, we hasten to enumerate some of the
Refractory materials and minerals of the Ottawa,
amongst which are included.

Marbles, white, mottled green, gray, brown, and
of superior quality and easily worked, Millstones,
Grindstones and Whetstones, Sandstone white and
yellow for the manufacture of Glass, Phosphate of
Lime and Shell Marl, highly important as manures
Hydraulic Limestone for making Hydrauhc
Cement. _ ,

Dolomite for the manufacture of Epsom balta
and containing 45 per cent of Carbonate of
Magnesia.

»at«i^".

mum

RleatUe or Soap-stono uliirh \» applicable to
various purpose, sinfe it, u u.cd in the inunufac-
lure of I'orc-laiii and for polishing Serpent le
M irble aixl Mirror Oltts^c. U constitutes the
l,«»U of Coi.metic poivders, and '*/";'»'"
ingredient in untinltrilioii pastes, and dusted on
the inside of new boots it causes Ibcm to Blip on
eusil*', lastly it removes grease spots Jrom siiK
uiid woolen cloths. . ,. , ■ „4

Amonzst the minerals in the Ladies dcparlment,
and appliea'jle to .lewelhry, wc have Labradoritc,
^hich when looked at in difl'erent lights assumes

the hues of chnnfrcablc silk. Sunstone llyacinlU
I'dOienta, Hubbies and Sappbjres, together w.b
Amethyst. Garnet and Peri^tor.te a new m ner i

dise<.»ered by "'y«'''««?'«'^ '^^'•^'''^ "' f u . \^,„ « I
of Perth, and deriving its name from the «ppt nr
ance it assumes of the beaulilul colour of .
doves breast.

Clay for Bricks, Tiles, &c.

Poltcry clay of several varieties, also exists very
generally throughout ll>e Ottawa country.

THE WOODS OF THE OTTAWA-

Amoncst the ordinary wants and prerequisites
r,f Ihe human family, there is none involved m
more doubt and di.rkness than the origin o( lire.
\ud it is not known whether its first discovery
vas referrable, lo the direct action of the buns
ravs, to spontaneous combustion, to percussuin,
10 friction, or to on accidental mixture of diflcr-
tnt substances. The generally received opinion,
however, is that the most primitive mode of pro-
.lucing it artificially was by rubbing two pieces
of dry Wood togetlier, a means still resorteU to
by the Aborigines of many continents a'ld Ocea-
nic Isles. At all events, there is litile doubt that
the first Fuel consisted of Wood, however ques-
tionable the means by which fire was first obtain-
ed, and it u quite certain that it was used as such,
€ven at the most remote periods.

Evergreen Trees — Pliics.

RED PINE.
PtHUS Resivosa, Pin Roiige.
Is a large handsome Tree with scaly red bark.
Its timber enters largely into commerce, and is
fine grained and of close texture ; it is shipped in
the form of squared logs, and as well undressed as
Spars for Masts and Yards, for which purposes it
is in great request, some deals are also manufac-
tured from this wood. From its superior strength
it is used for rafters in England, and is well a-
dapted for supporting the slate and tile roofs of
Britain, and owing to the great distance Lumber-
ers have to go in search of it, it brings the highest
jprice in the market. By far the largest quantity
i)f Red Pine is derived from the Ottawa, and on
Ihe banks of some of our tributaries, large tracts
of sandy land are entirely covered with it. It con-
.■slilutes the only open Wooded Tree in Canada.
WHITE PINE.
Pimis Strobtis, Fin Blanc.
This is the commonest and most majestic of all
our Pines, towers over all the other trees of
the Forest, and attains a very great size. When
growing in open situations, it is often feathered
-down to the ground, and when loaded with its
large pendulous cones assumes a very bcautitui
and picturesque appearance. White Pine is easily
'.vrn-.Uht. cnmparn lively free from knots atiQ very
durable. Its timber is most in demand for ordi-
nary domestic purposes, a fact fully demon-

strated by the tens of thouj-ands of L^gs, V'*

ee everywhere abr.ut our Saw Mills. From lU

suueriorsize and lightness the lower masts of

Sliips a e generally made of it, and Us possessing

the property of not splitting by the sun. Ills it or

t rir decks. This wood is our most extensive

Video commei-ce and is shipped in the shape

I- Masts, Planks, Boards, Shingles, Laths and

Sauared Lo-rs. This is one of the trees which

?uTntsh the Cium with which the Indians pay over

the seams of their Canoes.

PITCH PINE.
rimis liigida.
Is the most symmetrical and beautiful of all the
family of Pines, although it seldom attains a great
i size and never thrives except on the most arid and
sand? oils. As its name indicates, it is che.fly em-
ployed for making Pitch, n is an extremely r.-
nid erowing tree, and exists in large qnanlities at
Sandv noiiit Torbolton, and although every t,-ee
on thb locality was destroyed by fire about ten

Jears^ince.they have ^^'^\J^\'TYf'lTZ
bers and of sizes already, which, but for the in-
disputable evidence of the neighbouring Farmers
SouTd scarcely be believed. Tar and Lampblack
are largely manufactured from this tree, in Ver
mini by I very simple process. The knots beuiB
"corruptible, are found abundantly in groves of
this pTe which are collected and piled upon a
stonJ.hearth, covered with sods ^"d earili^and
sett on fire, the heat soon expels t»^« ^ar wh ch
runs down a groove cut in the stone for that pur-
nose. The Lampblack is only the condensed
Ee of the same fire eolleeled in large Wooden
Troughs. The only purpose this wood is convert-
ed to when worked, is 1 imp-making.
SPRVCESS.

HendocJ: Spruce, AMes Ca7iadcmis, Pmctie.

This tree is exceedingly abundant throughout
Canada. It is a noble species rising to 80 or 100
fee" aid measuring often from 2 to 3 feet in dia-
me er It is of slow growth and is supposed to re-^

25 to 30 years old, its appearance is exceedingly
fleSnt, but when older its large broken l.nribs de-
t St from its svmmetry and beauty, and the na-
Led stumps of the o.^ ii.bs^give the tre^e a„^ ap-

17nS"of g;ear^af^;:andis-chi;fly employed .or

fathc- «nJ coareo Indoor work Tl,e b"k U Tcry
f«l.iablc us a (.ub»tUulcf..r Ouk bark m Tunning,
and s that almost exclusively employed -n our
Tanneries. A dccoclion of il, I'- ^^ ,"^[,? "u",
•uilorflc whilst a fomcnUition made by boilii>g us
Snche's: is considered by f -'^ ";.-,;? ,^:,,!
Panacea for llhcumalism, and . U «"'^'' "' •J''
ling,, and Iho " Sovcreign'sl thing on canhj for
■ green wound."

BIi\OK SPIirOE.
Abie* Nigra, Epinctte Noir.
Is a native of the most inclement portions of
our continent, growing most dense y ""J P^";"^'
ing a very sombre appoarance ; and as large tracts
of countrV are frequently covered exclusively with
Jhis t cc it has gained for Ihem the appe lation
of Black Wood Lands. It ia remarkable for he
Jegularily and symmetry of ts branches which
taocr in the most beautiful pyramidal manner
f om the base to the summit. The timber is of
rreTt value, and is used from its straightnes,,
fightness and elasticity, for the yards of Slnps
and to " bend like a Black Spruce topmast is a
Common saying amongst Sailor.; •» V>«" "'f^
for the knees of Ships and other craft. From ,t is
extracted the Essence of Spruce, so well known
for its Antiscorbutic properties and »" l^K'^'y ^J""
ployed in the manufacture of Spruce Beer. Large j
Suantilies of this timber arc annually shipped ofl
from Quebec, chiefly for the Irish market.
BALSAM SPRUCE.
Silver Fir, Abies Btdsimea, Sapin.
This is a beautiful ever green tree, rising in a
pyramidal shape from 30 to 40 feet. In open and
cultivated grounds it becomes feathered down to
the bottom; it is consequently much •" demand as
an Ornamental Tree. It is this tree which furn.>J-
.„ the Gum de Sapin, or Canadian Balsam, sold
lareely as a substitute for and under the name of
Balm of Gilead,an article of Eastern production,
and which brings a high price in the market. It is
also in the chief ingredient in severa descriptions
of Varnish, and particularly valuable for prepar-

ing a transparent limped vornUh for water colour

P'U ir?l?o branches and leaves of ^Ws tree which
furnMh the Lumberer with a rude and p imltivo
bed, when far removid from Ihc ab.Hlc. of man,
hunting up Timber-groves in the forest.

RKO CEDAR,

Juniper Virginianae, Vcilar Rouge.

ThcCunadian lied Cedar is identical with th«
Bermuda Cedar, which is so '"/g'^'y «7' Xh„7
the Pencil makers. U grows from Cedar hl.in.
Take Champlain. to as far south os the Gu f of
Mexico. 1 attains a height of about b) feet,
J^^ws on the most sterile regions and muy
frcauently bo seen springing out of the crevitts
of rocks growing most luxuriant y without any
apparent i^urishment. In this section of the coun-
^S^ it is not applied to any part.cu ar use, but m

,e vcslern district is largely "'^J f°^ ^f""/^ ';•
There is a peculiarity connected with this tree
^vhich although very ornamental, never produces
rXedS alike', that is two t-s of t e s...
shaoe. A resinous gum called Cum a.andarac i

8 ^b ained from tl^ Red Cedar, "h'ch when
nulvcrizcd is known under the name of Pounce
Snd used a, an absorbent of ink and to nrevent

, r spreading T"..^'- ^.f^l'L^^'v^S ne^t^

auing over uic iiutxj \"'"~~. ^ ,. „.
paper; it is° also largely employed byCab.net-
Kers for making a seperior tran«paren var,a»h
The essential oil is very fragrant and imparts a
most agreeable odour to leather and to it books
in Russia owe their inviting smell.
WHITE CEDAR.
Tliuya Occidentalis, Cedre Blcnc, Arbor Vila.
The White Cedar never attains any great height
and is so universally known as the occupant of Ce-
HlrSwamns that any lengthend description is
J^caSr.' Tt wo Jd is soV .-oth. «tre-e^
lieht, and possesses an aromatic smell. " reia ns
Smanent shape, and is so extrem.ly durab e
Js to have led to the saying, " as sound as aCedar
nost » It is chiefly used for fences and the sleep-
S?s of cellars, aiAom it the Indian Bliopcs the
I ribs of his frail bark.

VouN'o Mi.v or Bytown, —

At the same time that the main object of our
Lectures is to excite in you n taste for scientific
an J useful knowledge, other means have not been
overlooked of affording you facilities for their fur-
ther cultivation. The President of Iho Institute
told you in his clever Inaugural Address the num-
ber and the nature of the Books which grace our
•helves, and it is for you to show how far you op-
preciatc the labors of the Managing Committee,
both by a constant attendance upon the Lectures
and a more or less uninterrupted attendance at
the Reading Room and Library during the long
winter evenings. This is the season for Early
Shop Shutting, and when the labours of tho day
arc over (to borrow a simile from tho sacred
Psalmist,) you must iiot sit down " like a Pelican
in the wilderness or an Owl in the desert." Try
to merit a comparison to a more noble bird than
one whose indolence and inactivity is only sur-
passed by ita gluttony. Never be called tho Peli-
cans of the Oyster Saloon, or be likened to the
Owl, whose deeds are always associated with dar!»-

ncjs and seclusion ; avoid the Pigeon-hole, and
shun these secluded haunts of vice andinfnmy, the
Nine-pin Alleys. Aspire to bo somebody and
something, and by a proper application and well-
directe(( study, at no distant day some of you, I
havo no doubt, will fill and do justice to the post
of honor which has, without any merit on my part,
been assigned to me this evening. You must be
up and doing while it is day; imitate the Spartan
youths, and avoid sloth and luxury ;— for this is
the summer of your day, and you know from
good authority that " He who gathereth in
Summer is a wise son." Wo live in utilitarian
times ; the march of man is onwards. New re-
velations are going on daily around us, and it
would sccni as if the striking prophecy of Daniel,
that " Men shall go to and fro on tho earth, and
knowledge shall be increased," was about being
literally fulfilled. On the part of the Managing
Committee, I can answer for the readiness with
which they will ever co-operate with you In any
useful undertaking, and the cheerfulness with
which they will acquiesce in any just and reason''
able dematid.

•a

-'ate^..