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' ^ '«■■■ ■ V - i^ ■ f• ir^ 1^ .^Zm 4' ''A ■■■■■ ■ le'Ji^. «■ ar. jj.; .J., uj rii ■1 i A 1 riflkr TT ' ■ I H n ra I ] H I III 1 1 2/ I IJ-J I 1 IbtTiI -' il ( '% "4,. .sv' 1^ I /f/Z/c/f //f/A J f/a//tf//(>ti /or// ff/ ///>// J (o/^ii/i/'oHs /•f}/-//in//'f>/i J fh-/(i/ft' g. 'f'hniiH/nf i^rwa/th/i . J 'i^//r////^// ;^ GEoiiOc;K AL M vr X of <#*•». *''?^ THE OIL REGIONS IN CANADA \\K« r, bv UEXUY Willi K, PLS liilho^anWA'PubMed bvWC (V>nv« iW TORONTO. I thrfy/f/ft// l>f>ttfft/tn/t>/tn/ ■t^.-r/rA rx/tifuf/t/f/af o/n- rifn- tJic rttnou-t fMto/of/ua/ /or/z/a/wii.t (0////io.fi/ft/ f/r/ t//ff/f/ -t'/fVf/ft o/Yfi/t/tr/ff hf-'tf. uifh their a/i/fii/fif^ f/i//, u/i/"/i /. o/ify /h>//t / /o.i: or />v//t '^> fc M/rr/ //rr //n/r.lut/. for i//nsfni/w/f. /.v neir'fMWiiv ti\rtf/yr/r//t(L \ MHHiiiii H W *^ I csP GEOLOGY. OIL FIELDS, AND MINERALS, ^ OF CANADA WEST: HOW AND WHERE TO FIND THEM, WITH A NKW THEOET fOR THE PRODUCTION AND PROBABLE FUTURE SUPPLY OF PETROLEUM* ACCOMPANIED BT HXUSTAATEI) GEOLOGICAL MAPS OF CANADA WEST AND OF THE OIL REGIONS ; IHX FORMER OlVmO THE FORMAI^IVE STRUCTURE Of iHZ (ftOVINCE, WITH T0W1TBHIPS| COUNTIES, LAKES, RIVERS, OTIEB, TOWNS, ROADS, RAILROADS, ETC.) AND THE LATTER SBXWINQ EACH LOT, CONCESSION, AND OIL BEARING ANTICUNAL. WITH A COPIOUS GLOSSARY, INDEX, AND A CATALOGUE OF 42 DIFFERENT MINERAL SPECIES ; BMBRACINa 400 LOCALITIES WHERK THET ARE TO BE FOUND, FOIKTEiy OUT BY TOWNSHIPS, LOTS, CONCESSIONS, ETC. BY HENEY WHITE p. L. SURYETOR, TORONTO. TORONTO: W. C. CHEWETT & Co., 17 & 19 KING STREET EAST, 1866. iiii^^'...,.. .. i-mmmmmM Jl / / feir Mr. 0. OHEWKtr a CO., Klt?0 BtRBSt BAST, TORONTO, J,- J %■ ■ 'i-:- CSP TN PREFACE. f\ The preface to a work is very oftett too much like the style of the pompous smiling cletk behind the counter, endeavoring with bland visage to dispose of his master^s goods ; or the liveried porter at the gentleman's door, all consequential smiles, salaams^ scrapes and bows ; in fact, too excessively polite, apologeticftl, and condescending; with the former of whom you are disgusted, and with the latter you do not de- sire to parry time, particularly if you are hungry and anxious to allay your thirst at the anticipated bounteous table of your kind host within ; therefore you desire him not to delay, but to admit you at once, atid conduct the way to the festive board, where you can revel in the good things set before you to your heart's content. With these preliminary Observations I might reasonably introduce my reader to a perusal of the succeeding pages, without {hrther circumlocution ; but such a flagrant departure from the customary code diplomatique would be unpardonable in the extreme, and not at all in accordance with the flank movements of good gen^alship ; which, while making &feint^ lets the enemy enter the gates of the fortress to feast upon what is within. In order, therefore, to obviate the necessity of the guest being obliged in his hurry to kick the bland clerk, knock down the smiling porter, or batter the bulwarks of the fortress, I shall deliver him the key ; briefly saying that the impetus which the last few years has given to speculative ( I 4 PKBFACB. mining enterprise in Canada and the United States, more par* ticulariy in that of oil, and the absence of any unincumbered brief compendium of the geology of the Western Province, whereby a knowledge of its geology and mineral producing formations could be acquired, without a life of labour and vo- luminous reading, as at present ; and the total absence of any practical advfce or instruction to explorers as to how or where the prevailing minerals in any formation may be found ; has induced the production of the following pages ; collated and compiled at considerable labour, not only from personal obser- vation, extending over a period of many years ; but also from the most authentic available sourcies. and records, amongst which I must prominently acknowledge my indebtedness, more particularly to the various reports of the Geological Survey of Canada, by Sir William Logan, and his able staff of assistants, extending as they do, over a period of more than twenty years; and his condensed report of the same survey in 1863 ; and also that very excellent little work of 1864, on the Mineralogy of Canada, by Prof. Chapman, of the University College, To- ronto, &c. From the information contained in these, and other sources, I have, with a liberal and unsparing hand, availed myself, in the compilation of a considerable part of what follows ; which is not designed as an elementary or text book for the use of colleges and schools, but just what it pur- poses to be — a brief and comprehensive synopsis of the geology of Western Canada, in which all the various formations com- posing that part of the Province are classified in the order of their respective positions and relative ages ; and their leading and distinguishing characteristics (other than fossils) given, so that they may be easily recognized by the explorer ; from the Laurentian formation, in the north-east, up to the Portage and Chemuing Group, in the south western part of Canada : with a notice of the economic minerals (and how to find them) which pervade each respective formation, and a catalogue of .1 PREFACE. 5 forty-two of the known mineral species, and over 400 localities in which they occur pointed out, as wcW as a new theory for the origin of petroleum, and its probable future supply, and how and where to find it, with a brief notice of what might be the origin of coal. The map of the oil regions of "Western Canada, which accompanies this work, is prepared on a scale of five miles to the kich, and was got up with great care and accuracy, and exhibits on a sufficiently large scale each distinct lot and con- cession ; with all the cities, towns, villages, roads, railroads, lakes, rivers, &c., from and including London, Canada, on the east, to the extreme west of the Province; and Detroit, and as large a portion of the adjoining State of Michigan as the oil territory probably ces. 1st. The Primitive or Granitic Formation ; 2nd, The Laurentian Series ; 8rd. The Huronian series (the last two being known as the azoic rocks) ; 4th. The Silurian Series, and its subdivisions (some of which are wanting in many places in Canada) ; 5ch. The Devonean Series, and its subdivisions , uth, The Clirboniferous Series and its sub- divisions (wholly wanting in Canada West, but partially deve- loped in the Gaspe district in Canada East) ; 7th. The Permean Scries, wholly wanting in Canada. These are known as the palaeozoic rocks — "palaeozoic" is a compound Greek word signi- fying ancient lifQ. Sth* The Triassic Series; 0th. The Jura89iQ AND OIL FIELDS OF WESTERN CANADA. 28 Series; 10th. The Cretaceous Series, known as mesazoic or secondary rocks ; and 11th. The Cainozolc or Tertiary rocks, wholly wanting in Canada ; and 12th and 13th. The drift deposits and modern formations, both developed in Canada. Thus Nos. 2, 3, 4, the lower part of 5, and 12 and 13 alone occur in Canada West, all the others being wanting, thereby leaving a great gap or void (which has probably been caused by denudation) between our geological horizon in Western Canada, and the lowest American series, or coal-bearing for- mation — see longitudinal sketch. The distinguishing peculiarities of the Laurentian formation is its general dark grey colour ; its stratification ; and in many places its high angular dip ; corrugations and contortions ; in- terspersed with large beds of crystalline limestone ; and con- taining within its area innumerable small lakes and rivers, which abound with immense quantities of various kinds of fish of the finest quality. THE TEMMISKIMANG FORMATION. At Lake Temmiskimang and westward lying on the Gneiss, and apparently dipping under the Huronian formation, is another series (/f a compact silicious and argillaceous, fine grained, cleavable rocky structure, weathering from dark grey and dingy olive green, to bottle and sea green. In some places the cleavage is very perfect, and the material well adapted for the manufacture of roofing slate. It is probable that its thickness exceeds 1000 feet. It is apparently succeeded by a quartzite of pretty uniform character throughout the whole mass, which weathers from greenish white to a light yellowish brown. It appears to be composed of quartz and feldspar with occasional scales of silvery mica. It is in general moderately fine grained, but in some places it is coarse and approaches the character of a fine conglomerate with pebbles of wl^ite trails- ■'i ii| !ib vU m 111 •I fim 24 SYNOPSIS OF THE GEOLOGY, KINERALS, parent quartz. In some places it is well adapted for honestones. Its total thickness as determined by the hills of which it is composed, and in which it forms horizontal layers, is between 400 and 500 feet. This greenstone extends westward, cross- ing the Sturgeon, Maskinongi, Wahnahpitae, and White-fish Rivers, and becomes more coarse grained as you proceed westward, and whether it is an overHow, constituting the base of the upper Huronian, or an eruptive mass in the form of a dyke, at a later period, has not been ascertained, in fact very little is known of it. That part which came under the writer's notice, some 60 or 80 miles north of Lake Nipissing, in 1863 appeared in many places to assume the character of intrusive dykes. It is intersected in some places by large quartz-veins, holding sulphuret of copper, and specular iron. The copper prevails in small yellow specs more or less throughout the formation. The recognized succeeding HUaONIAN FORMATION Overlies the greenstone, and is frequently interstratified with igneous rocks of a similar character, which are sometimes seen to cap the hills where the strata below is nearly horizon- tal ; but whether these distinct stratas belong to the same for- mation or to two distinct gelogical periods matters little to our present purpose, as they are supposed and recognized as belonging to the Huronian formation. It more or less overlies in broken succession- the Laurentian series from, about ten miles west of the western outlet of the French River, where it enters the lake, to, and for some dis- tance westward of, Lake Superior; but is at intermediate intervals and in many places wanting, and intersected by intrusive rocks ; and in other places is overlaid by more recent deposits, supposed to be altered Silurian strata, belonging in part to the Potsdam Qroup, and partly to the Calciferoua AND OIL PlEliDS OF WifSTfiRK CANADA. 25 series of Quebec, to be hereafter described. Its thickness is propably about 10,000 feet, but its Northern limit as ^ell as its area is unknown. The economic minerals found in this formation and the overlying metamorphic lower Silurian are, copper, lead, zinc, silver, quartzose-sandstone suitable for making glass of good quality, nickel, cobalt, arsenic, molybdenum, roofing slates, uranium, honestones, jasper conglomerate, and gold sparingly. The PalaDozoic formation, as known in Canada West, com- prise in asending order, a complete series belonging to the Silurian, and part of the earlier succeeding Devonean epoch. The Silurian strata will be divided into the lower, middle and upper series; Ghazy; Trenton; Utica; and Hudson River, Formations and groups. THE POTSDAM FORMATION. A series of slate rocks and slate conglomerates, resembling those of the Huronian, associated with beds of Chert, some- times coloured black from the presence of anthracitic matter, grey and red dolomites, interstratified trap beds, and some argillaceous sandstones^ all more or less altered by metamor- phic action, and containing copper, iron, &c. &c., are found at Thunder Bay, and especially near the grand falls of the Kaministiqua River ; are supposed to belong to the Potsdam period. They overlie the Huronian rocks in unconformable stratification with these, and hence belong to a succeeding geological epoch. If they are of this age, the question arises, do they represent a distinct series older than the sandstone beds of the East ? Or are they to be considered of the same period of deposition ? The rocks of this formation which have their development or outcrop at Grenville, Lanark, Renfrew, Leeds, and Carlton counties ; and in the townships of Pittsburg ; Storrington ; and 26 SYNOPSIS OP THE GEOLOGY, MINERALS, Loughborough ; and west of Knowlton Lake ; consist essenti- ally of beds of sandstone of various colours, but principally yellow, brown, green, red, and white. Some of the sandstones are fine grained, and of a purely silicious character, and some exhibit bands, or stripes, of variegated colours, and are occasion- ally interstratified with a few layers of dolomite, or more or less impure limestone. The economic minerals of this group comprise good building stone, now used in the erection of the Ottawa Parliament Buildings ; quartzose sandstone, almost free from the oxyd of iron, and suitable for the manufacture of glass, and refractory sands, and sandstones, for lining sides and floors of furnaces ; and, if it has its representatives at Lake Superior, which is not improbable, as before surmised, then native copper, native sil- ver, silvtr glance, amethyst quartz, sulphate of baryta, &c., may be added. In fact recent discoveries seem to confirm this view. It is about 110 feet thick. The name of this group was given by the American Geolo- gists before the geological survey of Canada commenced, and is derived from Potsdam near Ogdensburg in the state of New York. THE CALCIFEROUS GROUP Consists, in western Canada, chiefly of dolomite, or magne- sian limestone, more or less, in many places, impregnated with silicious matter, varying from over 40 per cent, downward ; sometimes interstratified by beds of grey, brown, and white, silicious sandstone, alternating in some places with calcareous beds in the same district, which yield a very poor lime. East of the Gneissoid belt, at the Thousand Islands, on the St. Lawrence, in the counties of Leeds, Greenville, Lanark, and Renfrew, there are extensive outcrops of this formation, con- taining in many places important deposits of Galena ; and it is probable that they may occur west of the Gueissoid belt, which AND OIL FIELDS OP WESTERN CANADA. 27 crosses the St. Lawrence at the Thousand Islands, in a thin band, at the top of the outcrop of the Potsdam series, in the Townships of Pittsburg and Loughborough, although no positive indication of its presence there have been found or identified. Although displaced in many localities, in Lower Canada, from the top of the middle Silurian downward ; and where they consist, in their southern extension in the Eastern Town- ships, and in Gaspe ; of grey, black, red, and green, shales ; and are known as the Quebec Group, over a thousand feet in thickness, and interstratified with beds of dark and other coloured dolomites, limestones, and sandstones, weathering to chloritic, talcose, and schistose shales; yet its fossiliferous evidence places it in its true geological position. It also con- tains epidote, slates, serpentines, marble, and other analogous rocks, in many places holding large deposits of copper ore* chromic and magnetic iron ores, galen&, &c. &c. ; the sandy desintegrations of which, forming the alluvial sediments, hold- ing a large amount of the black oxyd of iron in fine' particles, contains, as well as the quartz veins, a considerable quantity of native gold. The strata of the upper copper bearing series of Lake Superior belong to this group — the lower being generally refered to the Potsdam formation. They consist of red and green sandstone conglomerates, quartzosc sandstone, limestone, and shales, and interstratified masses of compact amygdaloidal trap, and greenstone dykes ; and the entire formation is generally capped by trap of h ba- saltic character. Its thickness is estimated by Sir William Logan at 150 feet in the east to 10,000 feet in the west. These amygdaloidal traps contain agates, amethyst quartz, calcspar, zeolites, green earth, epidote, specular iron, native copper ifec. ; but the entire formation is' also traversed by a considerable number of mineral veins belonging to two distinct systems, some being parallel with the range of the strata, 28 SYNOPSIS OP THE GEOLOGY, MINERALS, Rilii'fi ■1 '■i m whilst others run in a converse direction. They consist of calc and heavy spar, and quartz, sometimes mixed with zeolites, fluorspar, copper, iron pyrites, native silver, silver glance, sul- phate of baryta, galena, amethyst quartz, agates; and Baron de Rottenburg asserts the existence of gold in the alluvial de- posits, and more particularly in the sands of a stream on Michipicoton Island, and holds that the country there is aurif- erous. And why not ? It is in it^ equivalent that gold is found in the Eastern Townships ! The more important exposures of these upper copper bear- ing rocks, at Lake Superior, occur principally on the south side of Thunder Bay, where they form an escarpment of white sand- stone, about 200 feet thick, belonging to the bottom of the higher' group; also between Thunder and Black Bay, Point Porphery, Granite Islet, Edward Island, the mouth of the Neepigon River, the Battle Islands, St. Ignace, Michipicoton, Cape Gargantua^ Batchiwanung Bay, and Mamainse. THE CHAZY FORMATION Occupies a transition position between the underlying Cal- ciferous and the overlying Trenton groups, and consists princ. ipally of grey, brown, and black dolomites, and bituminous shales, and quartzo-calcareous sandstones, exhibiting a highly fossiliferous and concretionary structure. It derives its name from the town of that name in Clinton County, N.Y. It occurs somewhat extensively in the Townships of Nepean, March, Ramsey, Iluntly, Hawksbury, Ac, east of Kingston ; and may appear between the Potsdam and Black river formations in Storrington and Loughborough. It is also largely developed at L'Orignal, on the Ottawa ; Pembroke, in Renfrew County ; and stretches away in broken succession to the Mingan Islands, . in the east, and the Sault St. Marie, in the west : but with the exception of an exposure observed by Mr. Murray of the geor AND OIL FIELDS OF WESTERN CANADA. 29 logical survey west of Tattle Mud Turtle Lake in the N.E. part of Bexley, in the County of '^''ictoria ; and the sandstones of Sault St. Marie, and surrounding locality ; their occurrence west of Kingston, though it is possible they may be developed in many other places, have not as yet been definitely recognized. Its economic materials consist of dolomitic limestone, in the Township of Nepean, well adapted for, and yielding the cele- brated " Hull cement ;" fine grained, grey, and red limestones, suitable for the manufacture of marble ; a thin bedded lime- stone at yOriginal, on the Ottawa Kiver, extensively worked for tombstones and other purposes ; an excellent sandstcHie for building purposes, near Pembroke; and good limestone for the same purpose from many other localities in Canada West, as well as in Canada East It is about 150 feet thick. THE TRENTON FORMATION, Otherwise known as the Bird's Eye and Black Rivy Groups, occupy a large space in the field of the Geological horizon of Western Canada. From certain fossils being restricted locally to the bottom beds of the group, a devisable distinction has sometimes been drawn as above, and employed in reference thereto, thus in a great measure recognizing two subforma- tions. The strata comprising both divisions of the entire group, is 600 or 700 feet in thickness, and consist almost entirely of highly fossiliferous limestone, well adapted for building pur- poses, and usually of a dark grey colour, and occasionally bit* uminous, sometimes interstratified with thin calcareous clay^ and sandstone ; but its prevailing characteristic is essentially thick bedded limestone, passing into thin shaly limestone, some of which are sufficiently fine grained and free from foreign matter, to receive a good polish and be employed as marble and lithographic stone. These suitable for marble occur more particularly in the Townships of Pakenham; Gloucester^ 30 SYNOPSIS OP TOE GEOLOGY, MINERALS, :ii Cornwall; Kingsbary; Oxpoint, near Belleville; Cobourg; Co- boconk Village, in Summerville; Bexley ; and Rama, north of Lake Simcoe. The Rama stone is however highly silicious, and difficult to dress, but very durable. A thin light coloured band belonging to the base of the series, and which may be' found in many localities, from Marmora through Cobokonk, and Rama, to Cold Water River, on the Georgian Bay, yields a good lithographic stone; aud in some places, as at Cold Water, where it is of a green colour, it has long been used by Indians in the manufacture of ornaments and pipe bowls. This formation is extensively developed in the Counties of Prescott; Russel; Carlton; Renfrew; and Lanark, between the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa Rivers, and particularly at the City of Ottawa; but they occupy a still greater area on the west and north-west of the gneissoid belt before referred to, as crossing the St Lawrence at the Thousand Islands. It skirts the shore of Lake Ontario as far westward as the neighbour- hood of Oobourg ; thence it stretches northward as far as the Townships of Marmora, and Dummer ; thence northwesterly, along the southern outcrop of the Laurentian Formation, to the outlet of the Severn River, on the Georgian Bay. Its gen- eral western limit extends from a little west of Cobourg to a short distance west of Collingwood, on the Georgian Bay ; so tha^. Lake Simcoe; Balsam; Rice; Sturgeon ; Camerons ; and some other small lakes are embraced within its area, but it is much covered by drift deposits containing gneissoid, and crystaline limestone boulders from the Northern Laurentian formation. Its exposures, in proportion to its area, are not Yery numerous, except at its base, contiguous to the Lauren- tian, where the lower series are extensively exposed ; at Bea- verton, and the Lake Simcoe Islands, Thorah, Eldon, Mara, &c., where the lower sections of the upper divisions are partially exposed ; and at Lake Ontario, where the upper characteristics are partially exposed, and appear underlying the Utica Shales AND OIL FIELDS OP WESTERN CANADA. 31 Proceeding westward, further exposures are to be met with in many of the islands along the north shore of the Georgian Bay and Lake Huron, crossing to the northern side of the Manitou- lin Islands, and finally, after touching several other points, disappears on the north part of St. Joseph's Island, at the mouth of St. Mary's River. THE UTICA rORMATION Appears in broken and detached sections in several places in "Western Canada, particularly in the immediate vicinity of Ottawa City ; and in the townships of Cumberland ; Cla- rence; and Plantagenet, in the counties of Prescott, and Russel ; but is far more extensively developed on the north shore of Lake Ontario, from near Cobourg to the township of Pickering. From these latter points it sweeps to the north-west under the superincumbent drift, reappearing on the Georgian Bay, a little west of Colling wood ; and thence, extending north-westward, it appears in a narrow strip on the Manitoulin Islands, where it is very bituminous, discharging mineral oil ; and finally dis- appears on St. Joseph's Island. Its best exposures are at Ottawa ; "Whitby ; under the Blue Mountains at Nottawasaga Bay ; at Cape Smyth ; and some of the neighbouring islands of the' Manitoulin group. It doe^; not in any place exceed one hundred feet in thickness in "Western Canada ; but in Eastern Canada, where it is largely developed, it is much thicker. Its peculiar and distinguishing characteristics are its highly fosiliferous and dark brown bituminous shales, sometimes holding anthracitic matter, and occasionally interstratified by dark coloured limestones. In Collingwood, "Whitby, and else- where, these shales are sufficiently rich in bituminous matter to yield profitable returns of mineral oil and gas for illuminat- ing purposes, when that material commands the ordinary i ii\\ 82 SYNOPSIS OF THE QEOLOOT, HINERALS, price ; and experiments have been made at Collingwood which afforded by distillation about twenty gallons to the ton of shales ; but the discovery and development of the oil springs of Enniskillen in the west, and the cheapness of the natural material, with which the demand is supplied, has caused those distilleries 1,0 cease working ; but the time may come, however, when these hidden treasures can be profitably extracted and made a source of commercial enterprise, at many points of its outcrop. Its name is derived from the city of Utica in the state of New York. THE HUDSON RIVER FORMATION Is essentially composed of sandstone flags, of a blue and green gray colour, weathering brown ; and in Canada West is about 700 feet thick. Associated with the bituminuous shales of the Utica series, this formation occurs as an outlier in the vicinity of the Ottawa City. Its principal development however in this section of the Province is along the western extremity of Lake Ontario, from the Rouge River in the town- ship of Pickering, in the county of Ontario, to the River Credit in the township of Tonto, in the county of Peel, underlying the city of Toronto ; and on the western shores of the Geor- gian Bay, from near Collingwood to Albemarle, in the Indian Peninsula. In the intervening space between these points, crossing the Western Peninsula, there are many exposures ; particularly at the Don, Humber, Mimico^ and Credit ; Point Montresor, Point Rich, Point Boudiier, in Nottawasaga Bay, Point William, Cape Croker, &c., and in many of the small islands including the great Manitoulin and Cockburn, in Lake Huron ; but it is in the main very generally concealed by over- lying drifts. It yields good flagging and building stone ; and whetstones of fair quality are obtained at the Blue Mountains, liear Collingwood; and yellow Ochre in Nottiwasaga, and AND OIL FIELDS OF WESTERN CANADA. S3 Sydenham ; with clay suitable for the manufacture of red and white brick^i in several localities. This formation takes its name from the Hudson River, in th« state of New York. Point Bay, small Lake over- ; and itains, and THE MEDINA FORMATION, Begins the middle Silurian series, and, skirting the south shore of Lake Ontario, crosses from the United States into Canada, at the mouth of the Niagra River, and sweeps around the head of the lake, under the city of Hamilton, as far eastward as Port Credit, in Toronto Township, forming a narrow belt, consisting of red and green arenaceous, or sand shales, succeed' ed by a coarse and somewhat loosely consolidated sandstone of a red colour, overlaid by marls and shale beds, striped and spotted with green, which is again capped by a grey band, some ten or twelve feet thick ; the whole being about 600 feet in thickness. From Port Credit it bears away to the north- east for about twenty miles, then diverges to the north-west through east and west Flamboro, Nelson, Caledon, &c., follo\^- ing and overlying the western mai^in of the underlying Hud- son River Formation, through the Indian Peninsiila to Cabots head in the Georgian Bay, and westward to the Manitoulin Islands. Building and grinding stones of good quality are its principal economic materials, and are obtained in this formation at Hamilton, Dundas, Waterdown, Georgetown, &g. The succeeding and scarcely separable CLINTON FORMATION, Consists of a series of beds of green, grey, and red shales, with occasional interstratified limestones, and dolomites. Where it overlies the Medina, at the mouth of the Niagara River, it is only a few feet thick, but increases as it ascends, and sweeps 3 ' • ill 114 SYNOPSIS OF THE GEOLOGY, MINERALS, o; I I round following the Medina to the north, till reaching Cabots Head, at the Georgian Bay, it attains a thickness of 180 feet. Further to the west it'may be seen at the Manitoulin Islands. Exposures of this and the preceding formation are seen along the coast, at Cabots Head, Cape Commodore, Owen Sound, Nottawasaga, Caledon, Esquesing, Georgetown, Flamboro, Dundas, Wellington Square, Hamilton, Saltfleet, Louth, St. Catharines, Thorold, Queenstown, and in the gorge of the Niagara River. From the Clinton outcrops, at Thorold atid St. Catharines, more particularly, a strong water-lime, dr cement is largely manufactured and of a very good quality. THE NIAGARA FORMATION Consists^ at its base or lower parts, of about tvTenty feet of of dark grey limestone, succeeded by a considerable thickness of dark bituminous thin bedded limestone, or calcareous shales, which are a^ain overlaid by thick bedded limestones, also of a bituminous character. At the Falls, the calcareous shales are about 80 feet thick, succeeded by the thick bedded strata, ^hich is about the same thickness, and over which the cata- ract breaks, making it 160 feet at this locality, though at others it is found to be greater. This formation is well displayed at the Falls, and along the gorge of the Niagara River to Queenstown, where it forms an abrupt clifif or escarpment easily recognized, and thence extends westerly, from that locality, to the west of Hamilton, where it turns, forming an acute an^le or elbow on its eastern side, and nearly a right angle on its west side ; and widening out as it extends to the north cast, turns again, and bears away to the north-west, gradually decreasing in breadth, till with slight in- terruption in its progress or elevation, it enters Lake Huron, jo the Indian Penjnsula. west of Cabots Head ^ thus travorsin|^ ATSTD OIL FIELDS OP WESTERN CANADA. n &nd underlying parts of the counties of Lincoln, Wentworth, Halton, Peel, Simcoe, and Grey. It also constitutes Fitzroy Island, the Flower Pots, &c. ; and the southren portion of the Manitoulin Islands, where it turns to the south-west and ex- tends along the western shore of Lake Michigan. Both the shales and limestones contain thin bands of gypsum, and the cavities and fissures of the limestone, in many places, contain crystals of calcspar, pearl-spar, gypsum, blende, galena, &c., but I am not aware that either of the latter have been found in su£5icicnt quantity in any place in this formation to be of commercial importance — though it may yet be dis. covered. In connection with this formation, it may be mentioned, that strata of apparently the same age as that of the Niagara group^ And having the same characteristics, have been discovered rest- ing on the so-called. Lower Huronian Formation, at Lak« Temmiskimang, on the north side of the great Laurentian water-shed, near the head waters of the Ottawa River. But as the geological structure of that part of Canada is com- paratively little known, I shall confine myself to a mere men- tion of the fact, with the hope that, when the more important and pressing demand of the settled and known economic por- tions of our country is attended to by our excellent geological staff, it will receive due attention. In western Canada however, its outcrops and exposures are well developed in the following places— Niagara, Queenston, Thorold, Hamilton, Ancaster, Dundas, Rockwook, Belfon^ taino, Caledon, Mono, Mulmer, Nottawasaga, Artcmesia, and Euphrasia, where there are many high clifii), particularly at Nottawasaga and Beaver River; Owen Sound; Cape Paulet, on the Georgian Bay, to Cape Chien at Cabots Head, where it overlies 180 feet of the Clinton forAiation. ^t is about 200 feet thick and yields ej^celleqt building stones^ I i , ■ s^ im^OTSft' OP THE GBOLOOr, HmttitlAL^ THE GUELPH FORMATION Succeeds the Niagara formation, and its rocks are largely developed in the neighbourhood of Guelph and Gait. They have not been traced beyond the limits of the Province — ^hence the local name. — They consist of dark brown very bituminous dolomites, succeeded by a mass of whitish coraline dolomites^ which in some places are not ciystalline, as at the quarry near the right bank of the Rtrer Speed, about half a mile above Guelph. They follow the more western outcrop of the Niagara fornmtion, and are supposed ta be denticular shaped, thining out to the west in Lake Huron, before reaching Michigan iif the west, and hi the neighborhood of Ancasterhi the east, with 8 central thickness of about 160 feet Its principle exposures are near Qudph; at Elora, on the Grand and Irvine Rivers, where its vertical diffs are over 80 feet high ; at Hespeler, on the branch of the Great Western Rail Road ; at Preston ; Gait ; Dumfries, and several other places. It supplies excellent stone fbr building purposes ; and cork pletes the middle Silurian series. THE ONONDAGA FORMATtON Forms the lower subdivision of the upper Silurian series, which however only contains the Onondaga and Lower Heldcr- berg formations. It crosses the Niagara River at the village of Waterloo, and can be traced westward from Lot No. 8 in the 7th, to Lot No. 23 in the 2nd Concession of the Township of Bertie ; thence, sweeping round toward the shore of Lake Erie behind Cape Albino, is again traceable from Lot No. 15 in the 8rd Concession of Humberstone, to the Welland Canal, on Lot No. 26 in the 2nd Concession of the same Township ; thence (Stretching awav to the North West, it fqllows the general outr XKD OTL FIELDS OF fW^ESTEItN CANADA. n e€l8>; but they are in the greatest abimdance in the latter, especial^ in the Towmship of Clinton, near the village of BeamsTilfe, where an unsvecessful attempt was maade to work iti,. ott a Lot in the 8th Coneession. The ore is seen on eacb side of the main fissure, and iSsseminated throughovt the lime- stone. Its prfnciple exposures are at Waterloo Tillage, in Bertie ; idong the; Grand Riv^er between C^yi^a, Rirls, and- the Don Si^R^ ; at Ayton, and Newstadt, intheTownsbip'Of Novmandy^ en the upper Saugeen ; Walkerton, in the Township of Brant ; and at several other places along the river, particularly at the tlbowv ift the south west corner of the Township of Elderslie ; vn^ below Plusley, on the bank of the rirer, and in many other loealitiesi Its prtnctpal economic iwneralf*, so fi»r as yet discoyered, or made known^ consist of its ^ps>un beds and material for hydraulic cement ; but it is not bey<»id therange of pe««ibility that brine may be obtained from. its> h^wer strata, and workable; qualities of galena from H^ range of strata already mentioned. The principal places where gypsum is mined are at and about I\iris, in the Towships. of Brantford; in Oneida; Mount Ifealy; Cayuga; In(£ana; and York, in theTownship of Seneca. Tl>e amount obtained at these places annually is about l(Mirteen •r fifteen thousand tons, worth in its unground state It is exposed in Bertie, Dunn, North Cayuga, Oneida, and Windham, and is from a few inches, at its thinest, to about twenty feet at its thickest exposure, but is frequently wanting between the water lime series of the underlying Oriskany and overlying »> .. » .»,*.,,.... ... CORNIFEROUS FORMATION, Which follows in ascending order, and is composed of highly fossiliferouB and bituminous limestone, containing a large amount of chert, or hornstone, from which it has derived its name. It is divided by the United States geologists into two successive masses, which are said to be distinguished by char- acteristic fossils, and lithologioal peculiarities. The lowest part consists of strata of light grey limestone, sometimes almost wholly made up of encrinal columns and corals, resembling in a great measure the beds at the base of the Niagara limestone. It yields near its base a handsome variegated marble, and gener- ally good compact limestones for building and lime^buming f; I .1 1^ :?i 42 SYNOPSIS OF THE GBOLOGT, MINERALS, purposes, which varies ne&r the top from drab, and light grey, to blue, ^een, and black, having in the latter case black shales associated with it. The homstone which forms the lower division is largely developed in many places all through, and in some places con- stitute nearly the wh(^e of the strata, and is highly fossiliferous, but not to so great an oxtent as the one below, and the corals are much smaller in proportion. The lower division attains in New York, a thickness of twenty feet, and is there ciUled the Onondf^ limestone, which must not be confounded with the underlying Onondaga formation, or salt group, and where the upper division attains a thickness of 70 feet, and is there called the Corniferous limestone. These two, with an additional schohmrie grit constitute what is described and known there, as the upper Helderberg group. * , > • It has been found that in Western Canada, many of the fossils of the Qriskany sandstone pass up into the C^H'niferous limestone, and that the American limestone cannot in conse^ quence be recognised here as a distinct formation. ThereffH'e the two American groups oi limestone are, with us, united under the name of the Corniferous formation. This being the oil-bearing formation, and consequently one of the most important econotnical groups in a speculative and commercial point of view, I have deemed it advisable to give the foregoing details and distinctions, iu order that the uur initiated or unprofessional r^der may be better prepared to follow me through a discussion, of the padt^ present andfuttire formative process of that recently introditeed great luminous staple of commerce — mineral oU. In the first pli^ however, I shall endeavour to follow out the programme Ijbid dowo, and complete as hr as possible, its geological and lithological description. But as the locality underlaid by this formation, in Canada West, has acquired so much notoriety, and such a degree of importance in a specu^^ AND OIL FTELBS OF WESTERN CANADA. 43 ]atiye and mercantile point of view, in consequence of the enormous production of the so-called '^ Rock oil/^ from the many wells recently sunk within its geological area, it is desirable for the general information that a more detailed geological description respectii^ that important groupv should be given, and which I make no doubt will be accq^ble if not appreciated by the reader. This formation enters Canada directly west of the under- lying formation already described, opf>osite Buffalo, and follows its partially undefined outcrop to the west, along the shore of Lake Erie^ resting sometimes on the Oriskany sandstone, and where' this is wanting, on the water limestone series below. It can be traced by outcrops from Homers Quarry in Bertie, near the Ridgeway Station of the BuffiJo and Lake Huron Railway,, at xarions places on the lak shcMre, as well as inland^ as &r west as Woodhouse and Miudleton in the ej^treme west of the County (rf Norfolk. Its eastern outcrop, howeyer, turns off to the northward through north Oayi^a, to within seyen miles west of the mouth of the Saugeen Riyer on Lake; Huron. F!rom this general eastern bcmndary where it forms parts of the Counties of Welland, Haldimand, Norfolk, Brant, Oxford, Perth, Huron, and Bruce^ on the east, it dips to the west at a slight angle of some :^0 to 80 feet to the mile for some distance — if jK>t continuous — in conformity with the underlie of the preceding underlying formations ;- but appa- rently rises again and crops out in the west, in the Counties of Kent, Essex, and Lambton. This undulation— ^if it really exist — ^may haye been caused either by upthrows in the west, intermedial denudation^ which is the most probable, or otherwise ; but it is more than probable the dip of the forma- tion is nearly uniform and continuous from its eastern boun- dary, as before delineated, to the extreme western part of the Proyince, and underiies the whole of that area; but that a greater degree of denudation and wearing away, took place I. h i I f i I t ) i i i ! u 8TN0PSIS OF THE OEOLOGT, HINBRAIS, across its central part, than at its eastern and western extremes «aereby forming, as it were, a depression, which was subsequently filled up by the succeeding or Hamilton formation, and its overlying drift. Should this view hold good, and its dip be taken at 30 feet to the mile, it would attain a thickness, after deducting the natural fall in the sur- face westward, of some 2,000 to 8,090 feet at Lake St Olair; but this, liowever, nay be very much modified by slight un- dulating causes, and appears hardly probable, as the estimate thickness of its equivalent in Michigan, according to Professor Winchall, is only about 850 feet. It is, however, much more largely developed in Western OanadatJaan in the State of N.Y,, and may possibly attain tiiat thickness at the place indicated. It thus embraces an area, including its underlie and exposures, of some 6,000 or 7,000 square miles. But a large part of that area — though the Oorniferous or oil bearing formation, under- lies at no great depth beneath the surface-^is overlaid by drift and a north and south cross belt, known as the Hamilton formation, (but might be more appropriately designated the Lambton formation) which centrally intersects it, and rests on a central saddle shaped, low anticlinal axi$^ running east and west, through the Western Peninsula of Canada West, from Hamilton, at the head of Lake Ontario, to and beyond Gincin- oati in the United States. Having now given the outlines of its general geographical position, so far as relates to Canada West, I shall proceed to a consideration of its lithological and other characteristics, other than is fbssiliferous remains, and notice some further localities of itsmoro extensive outcrops as well as its economic minerals. '; --^ This formation is essentially composed, or made up of highly fossiliferous limestone, generally free from magnesia, and highly bituminous, combined with layers of chert, cal- eareous sandstone, highly bituminous shale, and bornstone* ajTd oil Fields of western cattada. U from which latter, as before remarked, it derives its name. The limestones abound in fossil remains, which, at or near the base of the formation, contain vast quantities of fragmentary crinoidg, and other traces of or^^anic life ; and which, having their organic remains — if I may say so — destroyed through the lapse of ages, left cavities, or vacuums, in the enclosing rock ; which^ being subsequently refilled by silicious matter, retains perfect traces of the original organic structure of. their former occupants. This generally holds good throughout the whole formation ; and many of the beds are nothing more than aggregates of silicified oi^nic remains, with so little calcareous matter, that the whole mass coheres after the carbonate of lime has been dissolved out, and they have no doubt, formed the original neuclii, to and around which, daring the consoli- dation of the composing and containing strata, much of the cherty matter has been attracted ; and in some of which a kind of oily substance, supposed to be rock oil or petroleum, has been found. It is upon this unimportant, though quite natural fact, that the prevailing theory of defunct carbonaceous organism, being the origin of petroleum, is endeavoured to bo established. ■ ' ( < These limestones, unlike the great masses of the middle and tfpper Silurian formations of Canada West, effervesce freely with acids, and are not dolomitic. It is found that on the lake shpre, near Port Dover, where there are some of the silidous organic beds already referred to, that they are marked with epsomites, the impressions of which generally occur between the underlying chert and thd overlying limestone, and are often highly bituminous, with a liquid carbonaceous matter often filling the pores of the coral remains. Instances of this kind are met with at Horn's Quarry, at Bertie ; Gravelly Bay, in Wainfleet ; and at the Village of Jarvis ; but as a general rule, the coral cells are completely empty. In some places bituminous shales in thin layers are found along the /! m ill il itii f" II m SYNOPSIS OF THE OEOLOOY, HINEKALSf north shore of Lake Erie, as far west as the formation extends. In the same section of the country but higher up in the series, blue limestone twenty feet thick, alternating with grey beds of the same material, are associated with cherty layers, and interstratified with thin bands of dark coloured limestone. These strata are, in some places, quartzose, and in general, yield good stone for building purposes. . At Woodstock, nearly in a direct line on the anticlinal axis before referred to, a^ running longitudinally through the Western Peninsula, is an outcrop of the Corniferous formation ; in Wallace and Elma, its characteristic fossils indicate its presence ; and further west in Garrick and Ilowick the same characteristics indicate its near presence; while to the northward its outcrop crosses the S.W. corner of Brant, and is seen upon the Teeswater River, near the eastern boundary of Greenock. On the south shore of Lake Huron, west of the Saugeen River, it is seen to crop out in many places, within a distance of four or five miles along the coast, and lying in nearly horizontal buff coloured beds near the surface of the water, exhibiting evidences of having once contained vast quantities of organic remains, which are how- ever now replaced by chert Again at Point Douglass, in the Town^ip of Bruce, it appears as a calcareous sandstone, skirting the coast line, associated with calcareous beds, hold- ing numerous nodules of chert, with black bituminous shales, and blue and drab coloured dolomites, some of which might be advantageously manufactured and used as a hydraulic cement. Although the strata there apparently holds no fossils, yet its fissures contain celestine, quartz, and calcite ; and a coarse grained black band composed of an aggregate of imper- fect crystals of calcite, highly bituminous, overlies the sand' stone ; and this is again succeeded, in ascending order, by thin alternate beds of black bituminous shales, and dark coloured calcareous strata, capped by thin blue layers and pale yellowish be4s of bjrownish calcite. marked by lenticula^jr ■■ \ AND OIL FIELDS OF WESTERN CANADA. 47 shaped crystals and epsomites. About twenty feet of dark gray granular bituminous limestone, interstratified with layers of brown inflammable limestone, and. belonging to this forma- tiom, crops out near the Village of Kincardine, in the township of the same name, on the lands of Mr. Barker, which is ej^tensively used and quarried, and yields a good stone for building and lime-burning purposes. Where the boundary line between Ashfield and Colbome strikes the lake, near Port Albert, on the Nine Mile River, there is a clifify outcrop facing the water, of a few feet in thickness, which it^ seen at intervals along the shore of the lake for about a mile. Tbey are destitute of fossils, and consist, in ascending order, of calcareous beds striped with thin bituminous shales, and pale yellowish dolomitic layers, sometimes three feet thick, marked by lenti - ular crystals of calcito, or by cavities from which such crystals have disappeared. . w., >,. Further exposures of this formation may be seen near Port Colborne, Dunn, Rainham, Walpole, Woodhouse, N. and S. Cayuga, near Woodstock village, St Mary's, Carrack (on the branch of the Maitland. River), Brant, Port Douglass, and elsewhere along the coast of Lake Huron ; Bruce, Kincardine, Port. Albert, and in Blanchard^ on the Maitland. River, near Goderich, and at Maiden, near Amherstburg, which is over one hundred miles to the westward of St Mary's, and where good buff coloured and whitish grey limestones, suitable for building and lime, and it is said lithogra^^hf; purposes, occur near the surface. ' The limestones contained in this formation are all more or less bituminous^ which is in some places in a liquid form, filling the cavities in its corals and other fossils; but they have only been noticed in this latter state in isolated patches, or widely separated thin beds, which are in some instances saturated sparingly with oil, while others, having the same characteristics immediately above and below, are completely / ^» m 48 SYNOPSIS OF THE GEOLOGT, MINERALS, destitute of that mineral. These oil bearing bands, varying from three to six inches in thickness, so far as known, seldom occur, and scarcely warrant the assumption that the liquid hydrocarbonaceous matter contained in their minute cavities is the great fountain from whence the almost illimitable sup- ply of petroleum oil is obtained, though they may, and no doubt do, form a very important auxiliary in its generative process. The intermediate stratifications, composing the great body of this formation, are also made up of broken masses of encrenites and other organic remaips, which might on the same principle be expected to contain liquid carbon or petro- leum, but it does not contain any, and its principal compo- nents, (organic remains,) are only seen as a dry paste, by which the interstices of the coral bearing beds are filled up, thereby forming a cohesive mass. Oil is found flowing naturally from three distinct geological horizons, or formations, in Canada — 1st In the limestone of the comparatively low Trenton Formation, in which no traces of either vegetable or vertibrated animal life exist, or are found ; 2nd. In limestones of the upper Silurian Formation, as at Gaspe ; and 3rd. In the Corniferous Formation, as at many places in Western Canada. To this may be added, that small quantities of an allied hydrocarbonaceous matter issues naturally from other intermediate formations, as at Bertie; and at the Manitoulin Island, from the Utica Formation ; and a similar material has been obtained by distillation from the shales of the latter formation at Collingwcx>d. At Kettle Point, on Lake Huron, in a formation overlying all of these, and at other places in the same horizon, and even above it, the black bituminous shales of which they are composed are known to be inflammable, and are said, by the Indians, to have continued burning for a long time, where they are ex- posed along the shore. Ic is, however, from the central region occupied by the Cor AND OIL FIELDS OF WESTERN CANADA. 49 niferous formation of Western Canada that the supply of our rock oil has been hitherto mostly obtained. The other formations and localities indicating the presence of this mineral have been, as yet, only partially examined by the Geological Survey of this Province, and remains wholly unexplored by private enterprise. Their resources, therefore, in tl it mineral, in a speculative or commercial point of view, remains comparatively unknown. This is not a little surprising when we consider the vast amount of capital and speculative enterprise employed in its development, where its existence has become an established fact ; but on the other hand, when we contemplate the history of its first production, from tho native soil of Canada, a few years ago, and the maddened folly and wild epithets that were so gratuitously and liberally bestowed upon the enterprising ew who were the original means of bringing this hidden trea- sure forth from the bowels of the earth ; I cannot but believe that, were they (who are so ready to condemn and howl down legitimate speculative enterprise, through some peculiar dor- mancy, or obscuration of their perceptive faculties, but who are ever ready to made a grab, or follow in the wake of the pioneer,) to follow the enterprising example set them, and cause scientific explorations and experiments to be made, at a moderate outlay, with a view to its fiirther development in other localities, but that success would crown their efforts. But in the attempt to oarry out successfVilIy any such experi. mental explorations for a fiirther discovery of that mineral, or any other, it is necessary that soientifio knowledge and skilled labour should be procured and brougjht to bear ; and that no such enterprise should be entrusted to the tailoTy tinlsTt or ihoemaier^ as is too often thd case, on the sole merits that he or they had previously visited a grog tihop or gambling hooth in California^ or elsewhere^ in iearoh of mineralt^ and must therefore bo, in the estimation of the uniYAnkin^y'experieneed 60 SYNOPSIS OF THE OEOLOGT, MINERALS, and well posted. Did such people only reflect that, as a general rule, the results attending such unskilled explorations, and which too often fill the sad records of the uneducated miner^s life, generally end in as sad disappointment to the misguided employer, as it was disastrous to the inexperienced employee, in his random researches for the precious metal in the land from whence, by an ignorantly conceded assumption of arrogance, hU distinctive experienced mineralogical pres- tige is derived, they would not only exercise a greater degree of intelligent judgment in their selections for such an impor- tant purpose, requiring the highest professional knowledge, but be rewarded by an hundredfold degree of comparative probable success. I have known, and do know men and tradesmen, of the very lowest mediocrity of education, or wholly destitute of that acquirement, or any part thereof, in this city and elsewhere ; men that actually cannot even name or distinguish one rock or formation from another, much less its components or peculiar mode of combination, or from analogy form an opinion as to where similar rocks may be found, who are presumptive enough to put themselves for- ward as experienced California or Australia gold miners^ on the simple recommendation that they have heen there^ mole- like, grovelling unsuccessfully amongst the rocks, that knew just as much about them as they did about the rocks ; and whose experience terminated as might have been expected, in blind disaster, a collapsed purse, recourse to the highway or gambling table, a retrograde or flank movement, and ultimate ignominious retreat back, when possible under the circum- stances, with their ** mineral rod" to become once more the knighb of the ^ooM, the lapstone^ or ihe soldering iron (whence they had better never departed), to be on hand for an engage- ment by the simple, during these speculative mining times, as experienced exploring mineralogists. I am however aware that there are v^/ew chance exceptions to this, but like ^'angePs AND OIL TIELDS OF WESTERN CA7TADA. SI ylsits," they are few and far between — it is the general rule. That portion of Western Canada, as before remarked, which lies within the Corniferous formation, may therefore be des- cribed CM all that part of the Province lying to the teuth and toest of « curved line running from the foot of Lalce Erierehara^ Oxford^ Mossa, and other pliaceSy where sanci and clay onrerlie the ComiferouB formationy natural springs are f>und, yielding small quantiti«s of oil;, but so far a& I can learn, neither the surface weU» or those sunk in the rock be- neath have as yet furnished any great quantity of oil ; but this may be owii^ to not sUikiug. the erown of the antulinal», where the ott is certain to coHect when, set free; . As before remarked, a k>w nuun anticKim) axis runs longitu- dinally through the western section of the Plrovinee, from the west end of Liake Ontaria The crown of the arch passing thence through Woodstock (in the neigtibourhood of which the Comiferous formatioo foldls over it)^ describes a gentle curve, by the Thames^ and along the general course of the Great Western Railroad^ to Chatha!ii, and Pigeon Bay, on Lake Erie. But it appears more than probable that ther^ are subor- dinate anticlinals^ parallel to this, on both sides of the main ijds,, besides others that are a^^in divergent iUmiskiUen ia on A^D OIL FIELDS OF WESTBRU CANADA. B« the north side of this anticlinal axis^ but its oil springs may be, and very probably are, on a subordinate one, parallel, divergent, or connected with it ; and which may possibly branch off by Port Sarnia into the Michigan oil fields, or it may in some way bo connected with the apparent upheaval of the Guelph Formation iat Rockwood. Undulations are observable in the Corniferous Formation near Point Albino, and crossing the Welland Canal at the 2nd concession of Humberstone. The courses of these are about south-west; while that of another, on lot Na 13, in the 1st concession of Rainham, is about north-west, which would indicate other undulations ; and another in the Oriskany Formation, in North Cayuga,8hews an axis running about south- west There is therefore little doubt but that small subordi- nates, and parallel, or nearly parallel, antidinals, traverse that whole region,^having others in some instances divergent, and running in an oblique north-west and south-east direction, from the axis of the main anticlinal. The central portion of this great anticlinal, with its subordi- nates, are again much depressed towards their central parts, hyih synclinal^ which, crossing from Plympton, at Lake Huron, to Oxford, at Lake Erie, gives them a somewhat saddle-shaped depression^ which is filled up by the Hamilton and overlying formations ; the former of which attains a width of only 25 miles on the great anticlinal belt between the Thames and Sydenham River, but on either side spreads out to the north- east and south-west along the shores of the two lakes. It is possible however that some of these subordinate undulations may bring to or near the surface, domes, or ridges of the underlying formations, as it is probable may now exist at Qoderich, and Point Douglass, on Lake Huron. Scientific reasoning and inferences, which subsequent practical experi- ments have so far fully confirmed, has demonstrated that it is aty along, or near the crown oj these anticlinals, in hydrocar- bonaceous bearing formations that liquid 2>6troleum may bo expected to be found. n .'H \ - ;' I ^ * H 54 SYNOPSIS or THE GEOtOGT, MTKEtCAlSj Some of the springs in Western Canada appear to be on the line of the great anticlinal as before indicated, and others are, no doubt, either on, or connected with subordinate undulations ; for, the oil being lighter than water, and permeating with it the strata, naturally rises to the highest part, or crown of the different anticlinals, where it is confined, and from whence it escapes into the overlying deposits^ or to the suriSace by natu- ral rents, cracks, fissures, or borings. By the sinking of wells, and the aid of artificial borings, into the underlying oil bearing rocks below, and the recently dis- covered improved modes of refining it, as well as the various purposes of life to which its uses have been^ and can be appli- ed, has been the means of greatly increasing its supply and augmenting its demand. Rock oil has therefore created quite a mercantile revolution in the article of light alone ; and caused an almost unparallel- ed new branch of manual, mechanical,, and speculative indus- try to spring up within a very short period. It therefore becomes a matter of the greatest importance to enquire, and if possible, determine where these anticlinals and their subordinates are located in oil bearing formations ; as well as tlie secret opperations of nature, that has been, and now are employed, in its formative process; and also, whether its supply is likely to continue, or become exhausted. I am aware that the task, as to the formative process of Rock oil, is somewlMit complicated, but the difficulty does not, however, arise so much from not being able to furnish a scien- tific solution of the proposition as in combating the prevailing views, which appear to have received (for want of due consid- eration) a kind of quasi authoritative sanction from many writers. I shall not, however, stop to argue against the popular but unthinking, current, or usufrux^ of public opinion, though high its basis, or unfounded its data ; but proceed to launch before the reflective and thinking public my own views as to AND OIL FIELDS OP WESTfiRN CANADA. 55 the producing cause of mineral oil, and its probable future supply from the same source* Hydrocarbonaceous matter is found, from the base upward, in the Palaeozic rocks of Canada, but its presence is still more strongly marked in the limestones of the Trenton Formation, and in most of the limestones of the succeeding formations, which, in many cases, assume the form of bitumen, and in others, that of petroleum, or mineral oil, as in Pakenham, and Lancaster, in the Trenton Formation ; at Riviere a la Rose, and and Montmorenci, in the Birds Eye Formation,'it exudes from fossil corals; at the Manitoulin Island, a petroleum spring rises from the Utica Formation ; and in the Hudson River For- mation, in the Township of Gildersland, near Albany, in the State of New York, petroleum is found. But it is principally in the higher formations, or strata of the Devonean age, that petroleum is found in Canada. The dolomites, or magnesian limestone of the Niagara For- mation, are generally more or less bituminous, and which, in some places are said to contain so much solid bitumen, that it exudes from the rock when it is heated. But, ascending still higher in the geological area, we find that certain portions of the limestones of the Corniferous for- mation are still more bituminous, as at Bertie, where two oil- bearing beds are visible, the one three and the other eight inches thick, while others are said to be there ; one of which being concealed hy water in a quarry pond, and the other flow- ing out on the water where the rocks are exposed by quarrying . at the village of Jarvis ; at Gravelly Bay, in Wainfleet ; and in Rainham ; while Kincardine, and the Manitoulin Islands afford bituminous shales containing 12 '8 to 8*8 per cent, respectively of bitumen, soluble in benzole. The overlying sandstones of the Portage and Chemung Group, are often highly impregnated with petroleum, and have long been known to yield oil springs ; and it is in these, and Hi ■i 56 SYNOPSIS OF TBB OEOLOOV, MINERALS, still higher strata, that the oil wells of Ohio and Pennsylvania are sunk ; though it is possible that these, like the wells of Western Canada, have their source in the Gorniferous forma- tion below ; but this is only conjectural, as there appears to me to be no reasonable objection why any carboniferous limestone^ containing the necessary chemical re-agents-^or chemically circumstaneed-Af I may be allowed the expression — may not be made to surrender its carbonaceous matter ; and it is well known that all liniestones contain a very high per centage of carbon, a great portion of which has been, as before remarked, abstracted from terrestrial circulation, as well as from organic remains. The oil-bearing districts of Western Canada have been long known to the Indians, and were made known by natural flows, at which places the oil Was found floating on the water, and was gathered by spreading and saturating their blankets with the surface liquid, and then squeezing out the retained oil. This was used by their medicine men as a specific for rheumatism, and was probably equal to, if not more efficacious than, many of the patent nostrums' of the present day. In many places, as at Enniskillen, the overflow of oil becoming dried, partly by volatilization, and partly by oxidation, left solid beds of tarry bitumen, which are found, from the surface to ten feet beneath it, varying in thickness from a few inches to a couple of feet, some of the deeper of which, are separable into thin layers or laminie, and retain the impressions of vegetable and animal life, which had been embedded in it, while in a liquid state, thus representing the characteristics of coal> The localities within which natural oil springs have been hitherto observed, in the western part of Western Canada, so far as known to the writer, are at the north and south sides of the Townships of Enniskillen, in Mossa, Both well and Oxford, on the Thames ; Big Otter Creek, in Dereham, near Tilsonburg, Bertie, Jarvis, Wainfleet, Manitoulin Islands, and other locali- ties. {See Catalogue.) AND OIL FIELDS OF WESTERN CANADA. 67 The oil springs of Enniskillen, which are supposed to take their rise, through the superincumbent strata of the Hamilton formation, from the underlying Corniferous limestone, have been sunk by borings to various depths, which, striking upon cavities connected with anticlinals, as before remarked, bring to the surface large quantities of petroleum, often accompanied by saline waters and inflammable gas. These wells are now so numerous, and have been sunk to so many varying depths, with so many varying remunerative com- mercial results, in a mercantile or speculative point of view, that, to enter into a detailed enumeration of them, would carry me beyond the design and contemplated limits prescribed for this synopsis, without any corresponding advantage to the reader. Suffi.ce it to say that, as a general rule, the surface wells are sunk, from 40 to 60 feet through drift deposits, before reaching the underlying rock, or shale ; and that the borings extend from 150 feet and over, into the underlying rocks, before reaching the Corniferous limestone, or supposed oil-bearing formation. Though circumstances lend a certain degree of doubtful proba- bility in support of two of the many theories heretofore advanced respecting the supposed source from whence mineral oil is obtained, — coal and organic remains — ^yet it appears to me, its origin, though it may be susceptible .of being chemically solved, is at present (more particularly by this mistification in which these many conflicting theories have shrouded it) involved in4i considerable degree of obscurity ; and that, although one of these theories may be, to a certain extent, an auxiliary to its primary production, they are all wide of the mark. A few of the theories which I shall notice, pre-supposes, as well as others, far fetched and unwarrantable conclusions. One of these connects the natural flow of petroleum in West- ern Canada, by fissures or subterraneous rents, in underlying formations, with the coal-bearing strata of districts occupying ,1 1 « ! i r 5 J I 58 SYNOPSIS or TOE GEOLOOV, HlNERALS, much higher geological positions, in Michigan, Ohio, or Penft' sylvania. To this view it may on good grounds be objected that the coal bearing strata of Ohio and Pennsylvania occupy a geological position of 860 and over 10,000 feet respectively above the Corniferous, or petroleum-bearing formation of West- ern Canada ; and that a long lapse of duration must necessarily have intervened between the deposition of the two series of strata; and that they are geographically separated by the respective distances of about 80 and 200 miles ; as well as the opposite angular dip. of the intervening strata, between the Western Canadian Rocks of Dcvonean age, and those of Ohio and Pennsylvania. See sketch map. The unquestionable certainty of the general uniformity of these angular inclinations, in the intervening spaces, coupled with the fact that the coal formation is far above that particular strata which would bring the oil along its natural stratification up into Western Canada, leads to the inevitable conclusion that, if this coal is the origin of our petroleum, it n^ust have first penetrated through all the intervening strata to the respective depths of the Canadian formation below these coal deposits, to be thence conveyed along the natural strata in an. upward direction, till it emerges, after its long travel of a thousand years through the bowels of the earth, in Western Canada. Though circumstances may lend a certain degree of plausibility to this theory, yet it is unsup- ported by demonstrable facts, and is in the highest degree improbable. Still it may be said that the oil was generated in some of these coal-bearing beds, at some subsequent epoch of unknown geological history, and from thence conveyed by fissures to our Western Devonean strata. Many facts are how- ever opposed to this view. No evidence of the occurence of oil in these^ or in any other coal beds of other localities have hitherto been obtained ; neither are any reservoirs of petroleum known to exist in the coal rocks of England, or any other coal producing country. But small quantities of the same sub- AW mh TtELVS OF WESTERN CANADA. 69 Btarice, have been found in strata far below, and topot^apically^ far removed from the geological horizon of these coal-bearing deposits of a succeeding era in the world^s history ; so that its- conveyance there by connecting fissures becomes an almost ab' solute physical impossibility^ I might appropriately, in this place, and in connection with this subject, notice a few of the many wild and extravagant theories advanced by unthinking writers to account for the origin of petroleum. One writer states, that at a period when the earth was in a highly heated condition, asphaltum wa» volatilized and suspended over the earth in the form of a vast cloud: — ^must have smelled greasy, I should think — and that when the earth began to cool, the lighter portion of the asphaltum began to condense in the colder latitudes, and de- scended upon the disturbed strata of the Alleghany coal fields and the oil producing states ; and that the hard asphaltum of Trinidad is nothing more than the residuum which might be expected after distillation on so grand a scale. Another states that the great reservoirs of petroleum are the works of the coral insect, and that liquid petroleum occurs in rocks far be- low the coal formation. Another believes the petroleum to be the bitumen of Anthracite coal which has been extracted fi'om it by heat on the east side of the Alleghanies, and ejected on the west side of those hills. Others suppose that petroleum is merely the gasses from deep seated coal-beds, which may be subjected to a low heat, and condensed upon coming in eon- tact with water which fills the fissures of the strata in the coal-fields ; and that the gas which escapes so violently when the reservoirs are tapped, is merely the free gas which occurs when coal is distilled in retorts, and which is only condensed by artificial means. There is a very strong resemblance be- tween petroleum and the crude oil distilled fi*om coal ; but similarity of origin ought to have produced oils precisely simi- lar ; they are not. Again it is said that the vast amount of ill 9$ SYNOPSIS OF TttH OEOLOGf , HIKERAtS, carbonaceous animal life — human as well as otherwise — that inhabited the world prior to, and which were destroyed at, the time of the unirersal flood, were drifted by the waters and currents of the, then, seas, and rivers, and settling into great deposits at their bottom and estuaries, were, in the course of time, covered over by sedimentary matter ; which subsequently becoming consolidated, retained the carbon of these animals, as an indestructible element, and which is now, through the subsidence of the ancient waters, or upheaval of the land, being surrendered in the form of that prime and indispensable necessity of civilized life — a cheapo safe and edonomical light Again, and lastly, it is said that, the ancient maps and assumed delineations of the locality of what was once the land of the Pharaohs, are all wrong ; and some of our more enthusiastic American cousins, placing it amongst the oil re- gions of the western hemisphere, attribute the great flow of that material, to the immense destruction of locusts, hull frogs and other animals, which perished during the time of the plagues of Egypt These suppositions are crude, incongruous, and irreconcilable with any known data or facts, and shall be passed over without further remark. The other theory which I intend making some remarks up- on, brings down the supposition of the pre-existence of a former great living and vegetable occupation of the earth's surface, at interrupted intervals, during the time of the forma^ tion of the various oil-bearing stratas that are found to encom- pass its surface. On this supposition we must conclude that, the earth^s surface was at various times procreative, and capa- ble of sustaining enormous multitudes of animal as well as vegetable life, that at subsequent periods were destroyed ; and becoming physically extinct, left their relative proportions, as well as their carbonaceous matter, in the enclosing sedimentary rocks ; and that this carbonaceous matter was taken up, and retained by such enclosing sedementary strata ; which subse- jIND rection of the Tower of Babel ar:^ till flowing in the vicinity of the remains of that ancient st ucture of folly ; and oil producing wells have been in existr'nco in eastern coun- tries from a very early age, as at B'vmn,h, Pers.t and Zante, — the latter of which is mentioned by llciodotus — which have never ceased flowing and producing in those countries vast quantities of burning fluid or petroleum. Again, compare the oil from the sand-well before and some time after it ceases flowing, and as you can readily perceive the difference in aspect between a new and old guii.ja, so will you also as easily recognize the contrast between Iho old and the new oil ; for the latter boars striking evidence vf its com- parative newness of m>anufactui'e^ while the former looks old. 5 • ' S7K0PSIS OF THE OEOLOGT, HIMEKALS, If we accept the view that it is of oi^anic origin, we must assume that the subterraneous caverns of reservoirs, in which it is contained, are of enormous dimensions ; that the former accumulation of carbon-producing organic remains, of an un- known nature, in th^r immediate vicinity to such a vast amount as to produce the great quantities of mineral oil, that have been known to escape from their sources, must have been very great indeed — the assumptions are too great. But the production of such immense quantities as are now avail- able for commercial purposes from these sources (were enter- prising capital employed in their developement), and others in the United States. Canada, and elsewhere, render it in the highest degree very improbable, if not absolutely impossible, that this mineral has its origin exclusively in the perishable sea-weeds and defunct animal remains of former Devoneau seas. The limestones of oil-bearing formations are generally of marine origin and impregnated with saline water, holding in solution common salt, with lime and magnesia, as chlorites and sulphates. Similar salts will at first impregnate the overly- ing and accompanying argillaceous feldspathic sediments ; and the slow decomposition of the feldspathic matter which tliey contain, yields out a portion of soda, as a soluble silicate, which will decompose the soluble salts of lime and magnesia present ; which reacting on the carbonate of these bases, by a similar decomposition, gives rise to carbonate of soda. Hence mineral waters, which have their origin in argillaceous rocks, are found to be alkaline, from the presence of carbonate of soda. These alkaline waters permeating the adjoining calcareous and feldspathic strata, displaces the earthy salts, and the marine limestone becomes impregnated with a solution of the carbonate of soda ; which in turn is decomposed by the carbonate bf lime, magnesia, &c., with the formation of the silicates of these bases. The regenerated carbonate of soda, being now set free, XISJ) OIL FIELDS OF WESTERN CANADA. 6T again attacks and dissolves more|siIica; and thus continues the process of converting carbonates into silicates, with the disengagement of carbonic acid, which in turn acts violently on magnesUin and other limestones with which it comes in con- tact, ending in the disengagement of their carbonaceous matter. This may be again acted upon by benzoic, hippuric, or sulphu- rous acid gasses, the latter of which is known to escape through natural and other cavities in oil-bearing regions, — or by some other means ; amongst which we must not overlook the power- ful reducing and dissolving agency of organic matter, in its containing rocks, as % very probable auxiliary, as before remarked respecting hippuric acid, in this chemical work of decomposition, and oil-producing process ; by which is being rendered back to nature those primal el iments of which the earth is composed, and from which their components were — more particularly carbon — m early epochs of the world's his- tory, extracted in greater abundance than in after periods. For it appears evident that the proportion of the element (car- bon) existing in a diffused state is much less now than it was at former sedimentary periods. This may be accounted for by the fact that, its previous absorption, from the terrestrial circulation, was more extensive and rapid in former geological epochs, as evidenced by its great abundance in all sedimentary strata, and coal deposits (which is just so much carbon with- drawn from atmospheric circulation) than in after periods. So that much of the rocky structure of the earth, when in a sedimentary condition, contained, not only the elements of iti own consolidation, but those also of its subsequent decomposi- tion and dissolution ; and that this slow but certain process of building up, and pulling down, absorption, and subsequent decomposition, and dissolution, has been, and is imperceptibly, though certainly and surely going on, from the remotest period of formative antiquity to the present time— rendering back to nature the elements of their composition and organization, I H STNOPSIS OF THE GEOLOGT, HINBRALS, which were originally abstracted from it, to undei^o in per- petual mutation the same process, '^ till time itself shall be no more." And such is the case with all flesh when lifers transient day is past. Its components — carbon, iron, lime, phosphorus, sulphur, &c. — ^aTe being constantly dissolved and rendered back to the dust from whence they sprung, to be absorbed and commingled with their kindred elements in nature's great digestive maw, and doomed to undergo the same mutative process through vast periods of time, till " TLe ksrti loud trumpet'8 dreadful piercing sonnd, Sb^vU through the rending vaults and tombs resound, Ar ' with voice of thunder, and terrific roar, Ct !) 'brth from man's abode, and death's dark shore. All Uving nations, and departed dead, ■^'o w. (it the Judge, with trembling conscious dread.** Wiien it ' possible that some of our disintegrated atoms, when call- . forth in that dreadful day, may be found supply- ing the material for the lamp, the smith's forge, the plasterer's trowel, the apotherary's laboratory ; or happily the hvng hole of the wine merchant's cask of some future unborn genera- tions yet to be (for nothing shall be lost) — sad reflection on the pompous arrogance and haughty pride of poor perishable man. , This subject, though now extended beyond the limit of my original design, might be instructively prolonged to a much greater extent, and ndght also appropriately be made to embrace a brief notice of the origin of the great coal deposits of the world, which, after the abstraction of the vast amount of carbon from atmospheric circulation^ as before remarked, and its subsequent absorption by sec»ni lary formations, are ju8t as nicely to have had their origin in the consolidation of liquid petroleum in low tallies^ clothed with luxuriant verdure {the traces of which they yet retain) in recent ages of the Vjorld^ 08 to attribute it to a purely vegetable origin. But KVD OIL FIELDS OF WESTERTT CANADA. 69 however anxious, or instructiFe the enquiry may be to the earnest enquirer, the great length to which its discussion would lead, in order to give it any degree of j ustice, necessarily precludes the possibility of a further notice of the subject in this place. I shall therefore conclude this part of my subjoct with the «dvice that, haying pointed out the formations and localities in which natural oil is known to exist, and may be expected to be found ; and seeing also that reason and experience hare con- firmed the ftw^t, thaty it ii at or along the crown of these anticlinaU that petroleum centres or collects ; we must^ in order to he successfuly look for these antitUnals in oil-hearing for- mations. They are sometimes [where not eodered over hy too much drift) marked by slight eievations on the surface; hut it is only from a minute examination and measurement of tTis angular inclinations of the substrata that the precise locality of these anticlinals can he definitely determined. This is an £asy process when exposures occur ^ or facts noted^ in deep hor- ings. For (/*, from the same surface levely several horings are made in an, oil-hearing neighhorhood in carious given direc- UonSy and the several depths ofthesam^ strata noted^ it would he eoisy to determine the inclination of the underlying strata^ and where the crowns of the anticlinals are located^ and may he founds and where horings may reasonably he expected to he successful, in the production of liquid petroleum. To those who go exploring for other minerals, I would merely say: First acquire a suiBcient knowledge of the rocky geologieal structure of the country, to enable you to readily distinguish the rock-masses of the various formations. Then, from comparison of circumstanoes, se<>.rch only in the matrix 4>r vein-stone of these formations^ in wMc\ from analogy^ the mineral searched for m^y he expected to he feuwl, and do not go blindly and indiscriminately to work, as is too often the «ase, in a general search through aU the rocky formations, and fldl ports of thoiA, for wb?^ may be a physical imposnibility iat ibe rocky structure of that formation to contain. 70 SYNOPSIS or Tin geoloot, kijsebals, THE HAMILTON FORMATION Consists^ in Canada We&t, <^ all the strata between tbe Cornifi^ous limestone and the Genesee shale, and occupies the lowest portion of the saddle-shaped depression, or syndinal crossing the anticlinal, noticed while treating of the Cornifeiou» formation, as crossing the peninsula ironk Lake Huron to Lake Erie,, and which separates the Corniferous into two areas. In consequence of superincumbent drift deposits, it is not easy to determine the precise boundaries of this formation. It, how- ever, crosses the counties of Norfolk, Elgin, Kent, Middlesex, Lambton, and the southern part of Huron. Exposures occur in several places at Bosanquet, and en the O. T. Bailroa^ near the Widder station^ Whore exposed it consists of marls amd claj, with occasicmal beds of intereallated limestone, the whcde abounding in fossils. Its thickness is about SOO feet» It deriyes its name from ^^ Hamilttm," a village in Madisoo county^ N. Y., and must not be confounded with ^'^ Hamilton dty,'^ in Canada West, which is situated on the Medina forma- tion, and, geologically,, much below the horizon of the Hamilton formation. American geologists usually ^vide it into three groups,, the lowest consisting of dark bituminous schists, and known as Marcellus shales ; the second is loade up of argilla- ceous and other shales, flags, and limestones, which are s^Noue- times overlaid by a bed called the Tully limestn is overlaid by a great drift deposit varying from &0 feet downward in thickness^ and that it is underlaid by much soft shale, which at one place was penetrated to the depth c^ 224 feet below 60 feet of drift;, without meeting with the lime- stone beneatlk ^ THE PORTAGE AND CHEMtTNG GROUP Consist, in Western Canada, of a few isolated patches of highly bituminous black sAiales, which are probably the equi' valent of the Genesee slates so largely developed in Miebigaa and other districts of the U. S. These black shales are met with at Cape Ipperwash, or Kettle Point,, in Bosanquet, on the shore of Lake Huron ; at Kingston's MiHs, Bear Creek, m Warwick ; and at Brenan's Mills, in Brooke. It is not impro* bable, however, that further exposure may yet be found on the south side of the anticlinal near Lake Erie, underlying the drift. At Kettle Point, where a vertical section of some twelve or fourteen feet, of very fissile, black, bituminous shale, wea- thering to a leaden grey, and stained by brown oxyd of iron are exposed, spheriodal concretions are found, whose fancied resemblance to inverted kettles, may have given rise to the name which the place bears. These shales abound in fossils and contain so much inflammable matter that they take fire and burn with a flame, after which they become brick-red. The black colour and inflammable characteristic of these shales, like those of the Utica Formation, have led many to suppose that coal-beds might be found in their vicinity. Be- ■f iit > f IJ SYNOPSIS OF THE OEOLOGT, MINERALS, tween these shales, however, and the nearest approach to the coal horizon in the southern peninsula of Michigan, there is wantii.^', in Western Canada, the remaining portion of this group, which in Michigan is 863 feet thick. Following this in ascending order, we have what has been named the Napoleon Group of sandstone, 1 23 feet thick ; then the Michigan salt group, 18^ feet thick, which consists of marls, dolomites, and beds of gypsum, yielding brine springs of great strength and purity. To this again succeeds 66 feet of carboniferous lime- stone, and 105 feet of sandstone, making 840 feet, before reaching the coal measures of Michigan, on the w%st side of Lake Huron. And, on the south side of Lake Erie, we have above the Hamilton formation^ and its overlying black shales, a thicl ness of more than 10,000 feet, of silicious and argil- laceous rocks, before reaching the coal measures of the Appa- lachian field. So that the probability of finding mineral coal in Western Canada is reduced to an almost physical impossi- bility, though greater quantities of an allied substance may be eventually found in greater abundance, in the drift and other deposits overly In;^ the Gorniferous formation, as that region becomes more devebped, and being the immediate production of the oil contained in that strata. M ,: ^.t>; '^i t . :.)??'-: ^^> 4:. %, CATALOGUE OF MINERALS. it- ! 3! ;■ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT.3) (/ ^ f^ .*r ^ ^^ **>^ V 1.0 I.I 140 M liii^li^ < 6" ► FhotDgraphic Scmces Corporation n WMT MAM ITRMT WIMTN,N.V. UIM (7U)I7«-4»0S ? ** ^> CQ P5 o CATALOOni or YALVABLB 9 .,'-,-, {Z5 OJ Pm 5 'C a 8 I 1 s «a "to o 9 H 0UJ9 SO e- o o «9 I i I ^ r ri 76 CATALOOUB OF VALUABLE € ss H i •I' cud ► 2 SCONOMIC HIKEKALS. .as* I- tg « 0 f' cr « li O • -5 5S "ijs^ E»'2 m ra CO -. •« fc o «6 « 2 0Q^;S 90 «• OS t: O OD II o S d as e« 3.at:M a 0.2 • 0^0 S I 0SaS°"0aDe«&S§ n S 'Si '6 s I S' (O E S JS ^o a ID I '^9 S t> ja 08 l» III I 04 r* lo ooooe^tOrH to to 00 «^ 04 ^ ^1 a -I ^ II I r 9^ t I I ^1 BCONOlfIC MDHaULS. 8B y> .a I e 'P4 .a CO . 2 „ « g fl Si * s o Sri on O 9 ^ •O (M ^ri O ® «( O • a n I (?> ^ 5g S «• 3 0) ►» o "^ a: ,- S ^ s s S S JSi ^ I 7.11 -^ - O an _<_ II 82 CATALOGUE OF YALUABLB •|- 11 3 •So s^ s^ S.9 fc • § "^ •g ► _ *S S 4» C «» S C « *■ Iflsfflf «BOQ aSCOQ0f-i*Q « • O 9 O « K 'O •!■ ^ 'O M ^S ^M 'I ^» \ <; V S ^ •g • • S ggSn S hoh I I s 00 00 CO »O00fe<0< e« »o ^ ^ III i^l ^•1 ^4 El 1^ »l I III « 9 •e S r ■OOHOHIC mNEKAU. 8S s B d 2i a ^ i4 H P S iS a a> S'S fc,o * & a *> a> OD 0) o X «M "So 00 (prf 5i| «0 bog Q McbS OD >**¥M d)«A « 7 o a b « «* •£ u a C ••la'C r* fl8 CO 5 08 ^ 00 to a . o - 5 ^^ os^ a «£ d 'o 2 t- cs 60 a ^ OS 9i a S fl 00 S • *! ©•O ^-»*3 « • 5 o-S! a fe 9r9-? 5 JO Si*" -o a S s p 00 «S QQ 2z:»&3zi eo C3 :is ^ ^ s i S § s r Ills '■■/ €ATAtoatra: -« «^ charooal. Js it pQe of tibie pri- mary .elements?. JO, 11, 63 68 CAEiQuto Aci9.— lA componeat of oxygen (I6)t *nd .carbon (6) 10, 61, 62 66 CAREoim^RQvu LmESTQXE.— Formntion « 22 72 CARioNiVVB .OF S.a»A.-^Sal-$oda or barilla of oommerpe 66 OARaonvEaocs FoBjuTioN.^<)ioalrbeafing rooks ..>. 22 Celebtike.— White, grey, . pale blue, ^o., rook, from which . sulphate of strontia is extracted ^87, 99 48 Ghast foRiunoN 25, 28 88 Chaltbeate Sprinqs. 80 Chert. — A variety of quartzose rock, sometimes suitable for millstones 25,41,44 46 ■*^» ■..•VI GLOSSABT. 93 /\ CoKMtbAL Aasstrr. — The prbdncing cause of oil. 20, 61 64 Ch&MICAL CoNSTITUTIOir OF TBK EaKTB • 8 CHLOBiDESk — ^From the Greek eMorm, green, relatmg to chlo- rite, an earthy mineral 11 Chlobike. — ^From the Greek cMoto9^ green 11 63 CnLORrrio. — ^Relating to greenish minerals 27 65 Chrome. — From the Greek chroma, coloiir 19 2*^' CHBOMib IttoN.-^— A valuable iron ore,- containiiig Chromic aeid 19 27 CuBAyAOE. — Splitting or fracturing' in parallel planes ....... 19 CUNTON FoitMATION 33 CoAl Stoata— Hand the probable origin of coal. . 28, 57, 68, 6S 71 CosALT.-^Froin the German kobtdd, a cbvil, a brittle md»l of a reddish grey colour .25 81 Conglomerate. — ^Mixture of roc^s in compact mass 23 CoppEB ..19,24, 26,26,27,28,42,82, 84 89 CoRAixiiiK. — Contaiiilng cottd remains 41 Corals.— ^rom the Gre^k koresy I ornament, and aU, the sea; rocks fbttiaed by the p6lypi. 41 46 CottNiirsRots FoRMAti6ii 41, 48 70 CRETA0EOti&;—' From the !Latin eretfct, chalk, relating to chalk. . 9A CrinoidSw — Radiated fossil animals 45 CbtstaUjre Limestomi! . . . . ... . . . ..... . . . ... ...... .; . .23 83 DKLTinrR]8.-^alceroas shells, belonging to the class ortiltV, in the Treaton formation 39 DCVONSAN SBRIBft.. .....22,26 40 .DiAMONDk—drystalized carbon 68 I)oL»MiTK.-^Magnesian limestone 26, 36, 39^ 6*7 66 Btkk. — An iatrasiye compact rock. .«. 24 27 ELBCTfto-MAONBTiSM. — ^Thc phenomena prodiiecid when a eiUN • rent ofelectricy is traversing any dilbstance. 1^ Elzitu 84 Ehcrimteisi. — ^From the Grei^ ArtfMM, a lily, a genua of f68l^ Echinoderms. The skeleton of this animal e^mtalttlk nfiit leaa than 26,000 piecei 41 mmiT u GL08SABT. ENORnrAi. — ^From the Greek hritum, « lily 89, 40 41 Epidotb. — ^From the Greek eptdidoma^ to increase 27 EpsoMrrx. — Crystals of donbtfol origin, containing sulphate of magnesia, or Epsom salts 47 Ebvftxyk 17 21 I^BiDSPAE. — ^A crystaline rock, composed of silica, alumina and potash 10,18,23,41,66 89 Fbbsugknous. — ^Iron bearing 21 Fluoainx. — A constituent of fluor spar 12 Fluobspab. — A rock from which fluoric acid, 80N RiTXB FoBMATiON 26,82,88 88 Hull Ckmemt 29, 19 80 Htdbauuo.— From the Greek vddr, water, and aulot, a pipe, liquids in motion 46 Htdbo-Cabbonaoeous. — Containing carbon and water... 48, 68 62 Htdbo-Chlobio Acm. — ^Muriatic acid , . 62 Htdbaulio Cehxnt 87, 88, 89, 46, 60 78 hubomian fobuation 24 79 Htdboobn , ^ 11 loNEovs. — ^Fire ; applieA to rocks whose origin is attributed to the action of fire 19 20 iBON .•«••.•.•,.•......•.«.••,,.... .10, 26, 68, 78, 79, 80 88 JuBASsio FoBMAnoN. — ^From the Jura Mountains 22 Jaspeb. — ^A silicious mineral, of various colours 26 81 Eamanistiqva Riysb 26, 76 86 Labbadobtts 81 Lamcastbb 88 86 Laubbntian FoBMAnoN 18, 22 23 l A l A Dm ••••••••«•••«••••••••••••••••••*• alv, 23, 26, 26, 81 82 LncBSTONB 27, 29, 47, 70, 82 88 LufncuLAB. — Raised in the centre and tapering to a thin edge 86,87,46 47 LiTHOLooiOAL. — ^Fron Greek lithoi, a stone, and loffoa a dis- course ; writing on stone 80, 41 44 LrraooBAPmo Stone 29, 80, 47 88 LOOHIBL 88 Maonesium. — ^Tbe Metalic bases of Magnesia 10 Magnesia.— A product of the metal Magnesium ... .11, 12, 44 66 MAGinmi} Iiu>ir. — ^AttrMitcid by thd magaet^ and possMting iii tome instances the power of magnetism ............. 27 MAteBi* .l!9,29,41 84 MANGAitesE.— A metal ........ .... . . .... .......... .11> 88 84 Mn>iNA Foemahon 38' Mttozoto. — ^Animals of the middle periods,, being: formed xoidimy . . . .. . . .^ ........*... . ...*..*« * * . 28^ MsTAMOKPHio. — Change of form.-.- . . . . .^ <• . .-. . . .-• ..... 1^) 21 25 Mxnottic StonHs.— OarboA iii^-^. . . . ... . . . . ... . ,■* . ... ^ . . . .* 68' Si(iCA.~»A thin^ transparent^ foliated mineral^ tilMd finr stbv^j lanthdrti, and navy ship windows, ibcj .'..... «..19j 76- 77' ^NEii^ Ohi i....i ,»...*....^...v... 81 66' MtNEAAIiOOT . .^. k.. . b. .«.*.k. .......'.%.. *.. 8^ MicniOAN Salt Formation, and Coal Mkasuses 72 MicmptdoToir Iblamd .S!8, 74, 77, 84 87^ li[OLTtosimK.-^A blue tinged, bright foliated ihiiiieral of great valiie ; resembles graphite 19, 25 84^ Ka'POLEON FoBMATIOK .-^ .^. . . . ,,-, . . . . . I^of Kiduoiit — ^The centre arirand whioh nultter oollectr . .... .^ . . 46> NiAGABA Fobmation. 34,86 77 ISieKtu-^k white metal ; it is the basis of " German Silver" 25 84 NiFissiNG Lakb 24, 76, 77 81 Ni!rBdGi£tf.— All elastic fluid or gas ; the basis of Uitric Acid. . . 12 l^ODULits.— IVbtal thie Latin fUMfitf, a knob. Round kiidb-shaped tnihetalb 46' Oit Ci^Btt ...*..... ..^ • .. . 86 OiL.-iiUsedatthetowei^ of Babel ...^..r.r^.. ...... 4...,...., 66 « LoOALtraBS m Wkstsbn Canada 47„ 48, 63, 5>i, 66 86 , " Theories for the prodnctioi^ of . . * 46^ 65^. 67, 61^ 62, 66 66 Onondaga FoBHATioN 86 Oounsr-^Froni two Greek words^ meaning egg and atone, ^gg ah^ed 86 Obganio — Fossil remains of organized being 17, 56 61 (DftlJlKANir FOB|fAT|0(^ 40- 6flOAW4 , , , . .,.*.,, , , . » . r , . .....,., , , . . . ♦ . . , . . . .,...,. 8t OLOSSART. .91 OSNABBUOK ., ■ , , g5 OmaTAiL Lakx 89 OtTSSHSAD fjff OxTOsir. — ^A Tivifying gas, constitutes one-fifth of the atmos- phere; essential to life lO 6S PlLiiozoio FoBMATioH.— From the Greek paUns, ancient; and fou;»Iife; ancient life , ,.,.,..,,,,..22 25 Pabma Formation , 2S PiABUPAB. — ^Pearly rhombohedrons, with curved faces, related to the dolomite , 35 87 P»AT 86 PitfTAmaous.— Fossil shells belonging to the JBraehicpoda class 88 89 PiBXiAir Formation. — ^After the ancient kingdom of Permia. . 22 Pbtbolkum. — In volcanos and primitiye rock 23 " An impure mineral oil ... . 45, 48, 68, 57, 68, 60 61, 63, 69, 85 8« Pio Island 77 89 pBOtPBOBus ." 12 68 PLVMBAaa— From the Latin plumbum, lead ; grapUte ..... 19 89 POBTAai AND ChBMUNO FORMATION 71 Potsdam FoBMATioN 24, 25 28 PoTASSiVM.~A metal discovered in potash, by Sir H. Davy In 1807 11 QuABTZ.-«A silicioQs rock of white and other colours . .18, 23 46 QuABTZOSB Sandstone. — ^A compact rock, containig sHicia in excess. , 26 40 QuiBBO Gbovp _,.., 27 ^ J 77 JBoonifO SiARS,. 28, 25 86 RoorRiraft....,., 77 Sandstonis 25, 26, 26, 27, 29, 82, 83, 40, 41, 51, 72 78 Salivb.— Sfltty, relating to salt springs 87, 66, 71 78 6 ANDi-EBrBAOTORT.— Capable of resisting fire 26 7 i COiOSSAJlT. IBAinyr B at .......< BoHiBTOSB.— From the Greek sehittot, split, .slf^ty 80BI8T8.— From the Greek scMitos, split, 8lf^te>-Iike .....;...<•• SiLEiaTB. — ^A Tari^y of gypsvm .^7, 14 ^KBFKNTiNs. — A handsome blackish green ooloored, CQia^)fict and fibrons rock 2*7 Beymovk .SO ftsALES. — Thin slaty roek masses .27 Bheffikld .» SnJOA. — ^From tUae, ffint, sificions earth .10 8iUGiou8.<— Containing eilica, tiie component of ^a8» 17 SiLv&iAK Sbbibs ,,ii 22, 25, 3S J^iLvm 2S, 24, 2ft, 28, 84, 87, 8a ** 6ijuR«.— Snlphnret of sil?er. .26 60AF8TONB {See J^eatUe.) 60DIUM. — MeteKe basis of soda !...» South GkosBT ».... South Shkrbiooks IKlatbs. — Boek, which can be divided into thin layers tbr roofing houses 8^Eoui.Aa Iron. — ^A vaiaaUe ore, poasing throi^h nwBy vaxieties 24 Bphenb ...►. SpEtRB!0B>AU — Round, Bke a sphere ••••••• 8(SBATxra.->Soapetone, a soap stone, easily cot, witb greasy feel SuLFBATss. — ^Metals cpnt»ini;ig sulphur SuLFBEUKK) Acm.— oA destructive compound Belaid, , EtoPKBiOB Lakb 18^ 24, 26, 87 S^MCLstrAX. — ^A longitadinal de^xresi^on in the rocky strata, by which both sides dip do^ and towards each other. 63i 7fU}0SB.— A 90ft (gjanerally) dialy jQck, conipose^ of pliop^ magptesia and waljer . . »» • vr %'i 87' 84' 84 82 ■y. b 85 69 2S 60' 89 as' 11 80' so ^■ 2r 89 88* 6T i9 n GLOSSARY. 09 TimnssiMAiro.— 'A kke of considerable size N. E. of Lake Klpisting . . . .' 18, 22, 28, 24 85 TiNTAOutiTi.— A ipeciet of marino animal, belonging to the cnttle fish tribe 89 Tbbeaoi Ooti......« 84 TsBTiAftT.— Applied to roclcs which underly the drift 28 Titanic Acid 19 Tea?.— From the Swedish trappa, a flight of stairs; applied to certain igneous rocks composed of feldspar, angite and horn blonde 2t Tbkssalov Binn. 89 Thundkb Bat 26, 28 74, 76 76 TaivToir FoBXAnox .,.« 25, 29, 48, 88 86 TuAssia— From the Latin (iv§, three, composed of three stratii...* 22 iJBAViuiL— A metal discovered by Elaproth in 1789 25 88 UnoA FoiXAnoir 25,48, 81, 82 71 TuiDBATiBt.— Having a spine or back bone 40 WABirABnTAI BiviB «....« 24 WjBLLiNaTOir Moris 7t WmxwoBffH 80 84 WasnoAfB 86 WvnsToiris ...•• 82 88 WuTK Fish RiYsn ..«•...... 24 WnroBiSTiR ......•..••.• «...........•« • 88 2K0LITIS.— nrom tiie Qreek Zeo, to boil ; they consist of silica, alumina, jmd some alkali, easy melted 27 28 ZiMO ,. , 25 89 ZmooM— Oems in prisms and octahedrons, white, grey, red, yellow, Ac 89 ZecMoy.— The stndj of living creatarei«...« «.... B ■fftf i : f ,' ». , ! Vjt A' '^"i* '"f.3- • ■I' >f'- '**> -- r M ^' »■ fi ei ,s . ^'- ''^ ,..«,■.» ■,• i- '■r '.■! .''^•"^I'i „ j> * * i ». ,>. .«,►-«- *- , i.-.-<^'^^ .i* f^>< •iiO » ■* i ' t t ; * , ,, t « * » ^-. » i* rf ' ^ *' H. I. * ■»' ^■''•■i #if t ■^ ^ . f ¥^ t' <>■••« -'= >-f-- '■<■ INDEX. FAQI. Abrading A.ction of the Waves 20 Acids — ^Uieir Action, <&c., in Minerals ... 8 Aee of the Earth 20 Albemarle 82 Alternate Changes of Sedi- mentary Deposits 21 Alumette Ishmd. 78, 87 88 Amherstbnrg 47, 82 88 Animals — ^their Antiquity. . 9 An Interesting Question ... 20 Ancient Seas 19 Ancaster 35, 36, 87 81 Angular Dip 43 Antiquity — ^the Remoteness of 21 Apatite 76 Arctic Ocean 18 Area covered by Inland Seas 14 Arnprior. 84 Artemesia 85 Ashfield 47 Asphaltum of Trinidad .... 69 Auxiftaries inthe Production ofOU 67 Ayton 88 Balsam Lake 80 82 Barrie 84 Bastard 76, 79, 81 84 Bathurst 75 Batchewanung Bay 28 76 Bear Creek 71 Beamsville 88 PAQI. Beaver River 35 Beaverton SO Bedford 79,81 87 Beginning of Sedimentary Strata 14 Belfontaine 86 Belleville 80 Belmont 79 Bertie . . 86, 88, 41, 43, 45, 48 66, 74 86 Bezley. 29 80 Bituminous Shale. 28, 46, 46 47, 48, 67, 70, 7! 74 Binary Compounds 12 Black River 28, 81, 84 87 Blanchard 47 Blue Mountains 81 82 Bowmanville 82 Bosanquet 70, 71 74 Brant.... 88,48,47 83 Brantford 38 78 Bristol 78 Brooke 71 74 Bruce 46, 47, 74, 75, 76 81 Burgess, N. 75, 76 84 BuUding Stones 26, 36 41 Cabot's Head 33, 34 86 Caledon 25, 83, 84 36 Camden 79 Cameron's Lake 30 Canada — its Formations ... 28 Canada — its Mineral Wealth 6 Cape Albino 86 68 Cape Chien 86 102 INDEX. PAOI. Cape Commodore 84 Cape Croker 82 Cape Gargantua 28, 76 11 Cape Ipperwash «... 11- Cape Paulet 85 Cape Smyth 31, 74 86 Carbon — Constitutes 2 per cent, of the Earth's Crust. 11 Carbon — in a Crystalized State .... 68 Carbon ; — its Abstraction from Terreetial Circulation 67 Carbonate of Lime ... 10, 46 6& Caribou, B. 76^ Carlton* «*.... ^^ ...... .26 80 Carraok- «... 4T Caynga. . .88, 89^ 40, 41, 47 68, 78 ftr Cement; 84 OharlotteTille .79 88 Chatham .,...;.... &2 Chandiere Lake 69 Chemical Action .......... 19 Chemistry->its Investigative Power 8 Chij^ewa 87 Chlorine 11 Clarence 81 86 Clinton Township 88 88 Coal — its probable Origin.. 66 Cobokonk 80 8« Cobourg 80 81 Cockburn Island 89 Colborne 47 Coldwater River. 80 CoUingwood 80, 81, 82, 48. 74 88 Contemporaneous Rocks may be dissimilar 17 Continent emerging from under the Ocean 16 Continents — Upheaval of . . 19 Cornwall 80, 82, 84 86 Corrugations of the Lauren- tian Formation 28 TAOM. Credit ....82 83 Gi'ow River 88 Cumberland Township ..81 85 Decomposition of Matter. . . 20 Denudation 15, 19, 20, 23, 43 51 Depi'esBion of Sedimentary ; Deposits, ,.»... ^1 Dereham . .' . .... ^\^'^ ... 62 65 Don .....'*.... 82 88 Dorie, R....... 76 Drifts, Ac. ...... 19, as, 61 70 Dumfries 86 Dummer 80, 74, 82 Dnndas .88, 84, 85 87 Dunn . . , , « 41 4t * Eardh* ,. , . ...... ..^•. .. . 79 EarthVl^story and Age as known by the Rocks 7, 18 l4 Eartb— its Ancient and Mod- em 6e<^p^phy ........ 9 Eastern Townirinps .... .27 ^8 Echo Lake ♦ . .76 79 Edward's Island 28 76 Elevation of the Bed of the tnland Sea 14 Elementary Forces 7 8 Elma 49 Eldon 80 Elderslie . 88 Elizabethtown.. . .76, 81, 82 84 Elora ...; 86 Enniskillen.. .82, 51, 62, 66, 57, 64, 70 86 Errata 109 Escott 80 Esquesing 84, 78 87 Euphrasia 85 Experienced Mineralogist, the 49 60 Fitzroy Island 85, 79 81 Flamboro' 88 84 INDEX. m PAGI. Flower Pot Islands .,,,,,, 86 Fluor Island.. 16 Fort William 16 Fresh Watei Ocean 14 Gait 86 82 Garrick 46 Ga8p6 22 21 Geography — Ancient and Modern 8 G«ology — Necessity of its Study 8 Geolojgy — its Relation to othier Sciences 8 Qeologv directs to Minend Lo(»lities 9 Geology and Revelation ... 21 Georgetown 88 34 Georgian Bay 18, 80, 31, 82 83^ 84, 35 81 Genesee Shale .70 71 Generative Process of Oil 52 54 Glass, Material for making26 41 Gloucester ...29 85 Grandisou 80 Grand River 36 38 Granite Islet 28 82 Gravelly Bay.. . .45, 65, 11, 86 Great gap in the geological horizon 23 GrenvUle ... .25, 26, 80, 85 89 Greenock 46 Green earth 27 Groups of rocks 17 Gulf of St. Lawrence 18 Goderich 47,58 82 Hamilton 83, 34, 86, 44 87 Hawkesbury ... .29, 78, 82, 87 Harrington ... 85 Heat 20 lleapeler 86 82 Hipjmric acid 62 Hollow Lake 79 PAOB. Homstone 40, 41, 42 44 Horn's Quarry 43 45 Howick 46 Humber 32 Human mind, inability of. . 21 Hnmberstone 86 63 Hungerford 83 Huntly 28 86 Icebergs of ancient seas. ... 16 Igneous formation 17 18 Indiana 88 Indian Peninsula ... .82, 83 34 Inoi^nic nature 19 Indian mode of collecting oil 66 Inflammable gas 67 71 Inflammable limestone . . 47 48 71 Iron, Anhydrous peroxyd of 78 " Black oxyd of . . 19, 27 79 " Bog 79 " Carbonate of 79 " Island 81 " Magnetic 25 79 " Magnetic oxyd of ... . 19 " Native 10 " Ochre 30 " Specular. . . 19, 27, 22 81 " Pyrites.. 28, 40, 81, 82 84, 88 Irvine River 36 Jarvis 46, 65 85 KettlePoint 48 71 Kindred sciences, our inti- macy with 9 Kingsbury 80 Kincardine 47, 65, 74 86 Kingston 28 29, 78 83 Knowlton's Lako 26 Labrador 18 Lake Erie. . . .36, 46, 52, 70 71 104 INDEX. PAOI. Lake Huron. .18, 31, 32, 34 86, 87, 43, 46, 61, 63, 10, 11 81 Lake Michigan ..... 36, 86 44 Lake Kabiquekobing 16 Lake Nipissing 24, 11 Lake Ontario, 30, 31, 32, 33 44 Lake Simcoe 80, 83, 81 Lake St. Clair 44 Lake Superior, 18, 24, 26, 27 28, 74, 76, 82, 83 86 Lake Temmi8kimang.l8, 23 86 Lake Winnipeg 18 Lanark 26, 26 30 Lansdowne 76, 81 82 Laurentide Mountains 14 Laurentian Formation — Its components 18 22 Sedimentary and meta- morphic 18 Its area and minerals. .19 30 The lakes of 23 The peculiarities of 23 Leeds 26 I/Original 28 29 Loughborough .. .26, 27, 28 78 Louth 84 Lutterworth 78 88 MacNab 76,79,88 84 Mackinaw Island 87 Madoc 80,84 88 McKenzie 18 19 Maiden 47 Mamainse 28, 82, 87, 88 Man's body, its composition and distribution 67 68 Mara 80 Marmora 80, 80, 84 March 28 79 Marcellus shales 70 Marls 88, 72 Manitoulin Islands . . 81, 82 33, 84, 86, 48, 66 87 MMkinongi River 24 89 PAGB. Matter, contains the ele- ments of its own consolid- ation 21 Matter, the cohesion of ... . 21 Metioric stones 10 68 Middleton 43 79 Millstones 41 Michigan oil fields 68 Mimico 32 Miner, the knowledge neces- sary for a 9 Mineralogy, its study neces- sary to success 8 9 Minerals confined to certain rocks 9 Mineral occurrences 9 Minerals, the alphabet of geology 12 Minerals, how and where to find them 69 Minerals, 6 ; constitute nine- tenths of the earth's crust 12 Mingan Islands 28 Mono 86 Mosa 62 86 Mount Healy 38 78 Mud Turtle Lake ... 29, 81, 84 Mulmer 86 Nelson 28 Nepean 28, 78,86 87 Newstadt 38 Nassagaweya 80 Niagara River . . 88, 34, 36 86, 87, 40, 83 88 Niagara Formation at Lake Temmiskimang. . . .86, 76 87 Nipigon 28 Normanby 88 Nottawasaga Bay, 81, 82, 84 86, 80, 87 89 Ocean, inland — ■ disappear- ance of the 14 INDBZ. 105 o v< PAOI. Oil-bearing bands. ../..... 48 Oil-bearing formations. . 42 48, 66 67 Oil at Mosa 86 OilinOrford 86 Oil in Bothwell 66 Oil in Enniskillen 66 86 Oil in Portage and Chemung formation 66 Oil in Bruce 65 Oil in Kincardine 66 Oil in Rainham 86 Oil at Gravelly Bay 66 86 Oil at Bertie 85 Oil in Packenham 66 86 Oil at Riviere a la Rose ... 66 Oil at Montmorenci ... .66 86 Oil at Oildersland 66 Oil in Niagara formation 66 86 Oil at Jarvis Village 66 86 Oil in Dereham 66 86 Oil at Cape Smyth 81, 66, 66 86 Oil at Cornwall 85 Oil at Tilsonburg 66 Oil at Thames River 86 Oil at Wainfieet 86 Oil at Big Otter Creek 66 Oil in Lancaster 66 86 Oil, its antiquity 66 Oil, how and where to find it 69 Oil in volcanoes 68 Oneida 88,40,41 87 Orford 62 86 Organic matter, its dissolv- ing agency 88 Ottawa 28, 29, 80 81, 82, 81 85 Owen Sound 84, 86, 80 88 OzPoint 80 Pakenham 29, 66, 84 86 Paisley 88 Papoonge 86 Paris 88 78 PAOI. Pembroke 28, 29 87 Pennsylvania and Ohio Oil Wells 51 66 Petroleum, its future supply 64 65 Pigeon Bay 62, 76 77 Pickering 31 32 Pitsburg 26 27 Point aux Mines 77 Point Montresor 32 Point Boucher 82 Point Rich ... 32 Point William 82 Porphyry Point 28 77 Point Albino 63 Port Albert 47 PortDaniel 75 Point Douglass. . .46, 47, 68 78 PortSarnia ...^. 63 Port Dover 45 Polar Ocean and icebergs. . 16 Plantagenet 31 Plympton 68 Prescott 80, 31 83 Preston 36 Prince's Mine 77, 88 89 Primitive 18 22 Primary crust of the earth. 19 Puslinch 83 Queenston 84 85 Rainy Lake .... 76 Rainham 47, 53, 66 76 Rama 80 88 Ramsay 28, 81, 82 87 Relativd position of striata . 22 Relation of geology to other sciences 8 Renfrew 26 30 Rice Lake 80 River Credit 32 83 River Speed 36 Riv. St. Lawrence. lo, 19, 80 85 }■%• m i . i. •>/«•»»''' /' .( iKivi^t^ R'k Bose . . . .-. . . . . 6S Rocl^wbod.. :....... 85; 58 IS Boick OU. .42, 43, 64, 56, 56 . 62,85 86 Bo«k:^, che IgheoQs Origin of , 1 3 " the Relative Age of. 18 , " Stratified and Un^ ■ stndiified 13 Bbckia, Structure of. ...... 13 RosebUi^h .... ... . . . . . . . . 85- Rocka, Biibsidence Mid Clai^' '. sification of . . . ......... 14^ '. iRoeka, Stratification of' . . . . 18 Itofuge River, . . . . , . . . . . . . 81 Rus&iel . . . . ......... . . .80 81 : Saltfleet . . , . , . . . . . ..:.... H Sarnla . . . .i ;. ... . ....... i9 SanltSte Marie .......... 28 Safugeen Riv. 87,88,48,46, 51 88 SecondaryD^nts Wanting 28 Sea— Whale Drinkini^ it up 21 Sedimentary Matter m Seaa and Lakes ... 21^ Sedimentary Matter — its mode of Consolidadbn. . . 20 Sedimentary Structure not of recent date 20 Severn River 80 Seneca 38 78 Simson's Island ■, 1*J Silicon, a Primary Element 10 Spanish River 77 St. Ignace Island. 28, 74, 77 88 St. Joseph's Island 81 St. Catherines &4 St. Mary's River ... .81, 47 88 Strata is the Qeologist's Guide 22 Stars, the Distance to 20 Storrington 25 28 Sturgeon Lake p i River . 80 24 Soccessiun of & < a is not Unifonn. ! 22 pl(b. Soccesidve Races of Animals 8 Subsidence of the Bed of thcl Inlsnd Sea............. 14 Subterranean Depths. ..... 21' Sulphur in Combination ^tti Minerals 11 Si^lphurouB Spriiigs ... .37 88 Summerville ........... 80 ^8 .Sj'denham .............. 88 ; Templeton ....... . . ; , . ; . . 79 Ternary Compomtds ... ... \*Ir TeesiWater lUver .... . . . . . . 46 Thorah. . . . .'. ...... .... . . 80 , Thorold. ........ 84, 35, 78' 88 Thousand Islands. . . . 19, 27 80 Tombstones. «. ....... .^ . . 29 Toronto Townishi^. . ...» Si 38 TUtitig up and IVactorlng. . 21 Transmitted HeAt of Early Epochs .i......... 21^ Tully Iimeston«. . .... . . . . 70 TuBcarora .............. . S7' Ultimate Paiiides of a Pebble 21 Upheaval of Sedimentary D^sits. .............. 21 Vegetable Life— its Antiqui. ty 9; Vista of the Past 14 Wainfleet ..45, 55 86 Walkerton ....88 88 Wallace 46, 74, 77, 81 84 Walpole , 47 Warwick 71 74 Water lime 34 Waterloo Village, 36, 37, 88 40 Waterdown 38 87 Water, its different distribu- tions 8 Washing down of sedimen- tary matter 19 4 nTDXX. 107 !fei>"i5ir?rr::^:lj I ^fs-«i!? ?«% PAQI. Windham * * ' '41 fra Windsor .........;;;;.: -74 Woodhouse 43 4^ Woodstock ; 46/47 62 con. stantly created ? 21 Yellow ochre ... o« ?»* Village .VsVrsS?! York Elver 37 jg J ■%*y 109 ' A ERRATA. M M M tt ,»» Page 9, in the last line, for '' compassing'' read " composing." 10, in the 8th line from the bottom, omit the word " it" 18, in the 12th line from the bottom, after " St. Lawrence,' supply the word " and." 28, top line, for "mesasoic" read "mesozoic." " 26, in the 13th line from the top, and after the word " series' aapply the following omission : " and the lower of these series wiU be sub-divided into the Potsdam, Calciferons, Chazy, Trenton, Utica, and Hudson River ; the Middle, into the Medina, Clinton, Niagara, and Guelph ; and the Upper Series, into the Onondaga and Lower Hel- derberg formations and groups." ** 26, in the 4th line from the bottom, for " Greenville" read "GrenvUle." •* 88, in the 10th line, for "Normandy" read "Normanby." •• 62 A 68, 56, for ''Oxford" read "Orford." n;ff I f. :n /! TT <:' v" 'If: ."■''•'l"i:'i'4-"( i;;o. « ;i •• k ;.j:-,;;,.n j, ^-^ J.-; <^/: <« ...r. .f tv !»!! O; 'v ■!:''.s: '.<■ f. r ,rr Vi- ..^> > f «J ■''•.■■■' ■"• ,.r *!-.;■ ■■ ' u't •: V ' -.f-' ■ -f- •• j. ,.• • I •• • V' ! ■'•:•' :/-^ !, ■'>..(., '" ^ •■^. '' '« ■■ '■,l-;v■-■■■■ ^\£^ 4y Jtnutr Hump •■•... ??f-:--Sc^ Cap* 'H:- tful>ft» HumI Fany Siiuiu ^ auUrJUiv ^■ iiy«« /•' ?0 .l.'A" A*v7 n-Zhnr thf Sm l.'j t'tithowjt dtvft. >^ t^ >- Bm am. SabU. Ml f'hanlrv Jf . I'hrltHan if J? D U ^ A 'A-^. /■ J^' Uin^tf l^^ tmlun^r ri4trk pri I Wif#.^lHli^ I r.iMlm1ftti imm T ■*«KATOt«C ••VTTON /aiCOTTt ALFULol HOPE j Fk ^ ^* pAWOOOj LOW j»«A8H*Mr'' •*»''"•«» 4r. .^^^ A'wn^ Hivrr GEOLOGICAL MAP OF CANADA WEST, THE FORMATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE PROVINCE with . Tbwnships, Counties, Lakes, Rivers, Cities, Towns, Roads, Railroads, ftc. 14 lONT Ci " ^^"^Jh^.*^*^ '\J^ »oTor\\*''*^^;;;;3 A 'y^M li ^^M i ^fcF^S"^ ^ ^ '^Mi^iv^ '^*r "^ "^•TjB IB E^ ...-••■■■ |j?<':. V- Vk*»* . ■ ■ I ^a.-; /i.^? ,,A Jfiitri ioC«v''. E i\ "^'^.^M- ' Joo fiithofnJ deeV- t *■(**• - ti V\ H * T A >• Htm Ijist of Various Railway Stations , Western GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY MON-raEALA.TORONTO DIVISION. MOm- I Alontreaf . Cedcmr. (oteau /.amluu/. HiekinmnirLanAJny. l¥iUianix6urg. MatadiU ^ KiiH'ttrdfburyh. fhscati Junction : nvAvott. Brock vi//e. /janreiou'/te . Cananoque . /ftngisiini. h'rnBftoimy. 21 19 'V .5i 6i 77 92 .99 in m izo ns H6 lAi 173 m 2AI IW BeUeville. 231 IHnton'. 242 2*,9 tta Rriahton Cofhornr.i GmOon (hbcnrq. JhrUlhpe, 29P BourtnaMi'i/fr : itev (khawn . HnhrtmiUhtr. .* fhrt fTmon., >nn Sctirhorotiffh / x\3 Ibivnto. 6RAIO^UNKRAILWAY TORONTO & PORT SARNIA I DIVISION . Tolai MUti 9 We,f(oru 16' Halt/m: 22 Bramptarc. 27 NvryaL. 30 Gforf/etoufi, 36y^cfoft' flhf/, 42 HocJrH'ooft, So Guelph'. J9 BrCiflau ; 6i Berlin. 70 hterfbur^h. 73 Hadcn: 76' tiunbura, /t5 ^'hdJfCA'Aeare > S9 Alralfonf. lu SjThornclale^ 111 \Lon(ffln . y li4\ijiiraf/ 121 tu Of Total ■HI Widder. tH fbrrtjet . I6t tfhrnM . /&9 IbHJfuron . 190 Jtidffcwajy. 19$ JVeiirBalumore^ ZU Dflroi/ %/tutciion GREAT WESTERN RAIUMwiciRtci MAIN UNE rnoM HAMILTON TO WINDSOR. ntai mi Ha/niUon Ji Duntias. 8i Flatnbom. Ill Copetflivn^ UK Lundeny. 19i Barrt'shurgh 26 thris. X ffincttvn/. 3t /trncliis. 431 Eoftmwcf. 4ft mwfMod'. .fly BeacMUtr. 67 InaenwU . 66i Eawantthiirgh : e^Waubnrn '' 16 London. M Kqmoka' m ATBrydgM'. .%» Lortgt^'ood. I'ti 'enc4>e : ^ "whiirtf. Bothwett. IhatnMviiU. . Oiadkam^ U4k Ba/MHeOvek. jsn BeUeBivrj-. irrt TkoumMih^, jmmhdtor CAI 6 n 16 m 9i m 17 22 26i J/i m 7 J w 2B S2i JSi Sfklk J$ i TRtull .J .9 It IS 2e 24 1 <^ ">-%•: * ^^^m A^^ Klvtr ' irddMr UaHimir ioe. t20 BeUeville. 231 TYeMton . Wi Hriahtnn . «.9 Colhorne.< •U6 Gra/toft . 2£t OndoitJ'g. HI IhHliopf, 2gO A'(MrtonviIle, 2/6 yafcfi.rfii' . 2.9P Benrttuutviile : Tctat Jotal Vnuf .W Oehawn . /hrf Pin AM ^ 'ttp >VairborfHiflh . liiivnto. .9 WettoTU 16' \faIlorv: 'Ll^rrwiptotL, I? Vorf :/. 30 Orvrgelown . 56 Icton He^/ . 42 Rbc/ni'oocL, JoGueipJv. o9\Breslau. 6i Berlin. Vi\naden. 7(}\BEunduro, AJ .fymJrejrAeare . ' Siralfortf. 8n . J 114 Lucan IV Qratas- 131 mdcter. mfbrres/, m Siwnia . m IbHJfuron . 190 Jtifltfet^'ajf. 2zii\De£n>i/*/ujrcfuin, iv Detroit mi iiu im lUi- mi im llamrUon . li BurtityfonJnnciie^ M pufttms: 8i Hatri^ro. ni Cope/oH'/t: li\ L^nden^.' J9i Warrishurgh t9 Ihris. 36 /yince4^n/. 3t jlrnchls. 43i Eatti^^ood m ffiwdstodr. .9i Bauhvitlt: 61 InariWfft. 6^ EawarfMiwqh . tiSiWauAnrn. * 76 London . M Ko/nolttiy'. m JUTBiydge^. 9a Lofufivood^ Gtenc4>e i A/hroiwv- BothwHt. ThamMville. BapiiHeOrek. BeUeniver. JkoufnitihA mhdtor. 6 n 16 m Harrifbnrg. flratich/on . nro'fon.^. ffespeler "Cueiph. TMl Bi 17 22 Jii ejph BNANCH. JViaaartv /bite, mordd. . bei/s. u ,nunjmf. w MUl6r0ok U anirti'H'ick. 2t IJfttltX, . 33 Ont(inte€ , 4J Unrtjcny. Vtt Htunz-A It r%, rt n,^t ttv I -^ (ohofirg. 5 ffaiUe/norr . 10 Brrtf/ms: 14- Baityoofl . 1? Imlitin IWai/e. U Kerne. lU Mor^afis. %B Velerhoro, 7^1- r fMii ir ti'iri^ fjttfxa'td 'i I mjtt I'^mu. l!^W_» wij.Ar V V> t extfntueff u tew Pjnevci. ■NOCKVIUC* OTTAWA RMIWAY • MaiMMMMM 1«^^IM1«|i9fMl.t. UruckfiHe 10 Hellani/. V U 63 Jrhvh'Cttek. SiuitMFal/x fVttJtktotvri . Carle ton /Yttrf, ^Ihnonle. Thr vorftcr nttAt.rA'.yw'Mo^'fir.Mui:^' frorn Tir*- cJrvi^J*- U- ..■■/'/»;. -'//Yc mCSCSTT A OTTAMM RAIiWAV 14 HtatoH Ik fYvn^Unnctwr '. Si i)aetuerviUf< ifit Oxrorrl. m Keniplville.: at QfOOorU. 36 Miitilleton . JS tVorth tUsyooi/e. M til0acej[frr M milwM'. JH OtlaM'n . Jio, . . ... »»/' Ttiwnt/n'/i.Y hiiilnuiit.r I'tiniil.v llnnk iiiul CtiiviUi'tl /iotnt.r iHhrr Hmhl.r Prttposfit Jiatlro/ls rT.-=..f^-a:-r- a