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Tbey bear tbe most iiMmistiikeal)l(' similarity to tbe barrows t)l tbe Orkney islands.'^'* in whieli the skeletons ar(^ likewise deposited in cbests ; and to tbe graves of Ciermany, in wbicb, us at Nienburg on tbe Suule in tbe dutcby of Anbalt, stone; cbambcrs are fuund. Tbe second kind of burial-mounds contain in tlic centre, and resting on tbe original surface of tbe ground, a bellowed, trougb- sbaped hcartli of clay or stones of various dimensions ami beigbt. In these mounds are found urns -witb the remains of burnt corpses.''' These burial-mounds likewise consist of tbe eartb of tbe vicinity, but are so constructed tbat two or three layers of sand balf-an-Ineb tbick altornutc witb tbick lavera of eartb, and tbe surliice is covered witb a coatmg of gravel. Mounds of sepulture of this kind are also found in Kuro|)e, witb perbaps tbe sole exception of tbe layers of sand, wbicb bavc not to my knowledge been met witb. Jn Altranstadt, in tbe province of Sacbsen, Kingdom of Prussia, a tumulus of tbis kind was dug open in tbe year 1849. It consisted of eartb from tbe vicinity, bad resting on tbe original surface a beartb of clay, wbieli material is not li^und in tbe nelglibourliootl, and conse(]uently u\u>t have been brougbt from a distance ; and, concealed about a loot be- low tbe surface, an urn of excellent worknuiusblp, a glass witb a long foot, ibe remains of a knife and of a comb, and tbe aslies of tbe in ilead. These sepulcbral tumuli are sometimes placed so close togetbcr that two circular miunds liave become a single egg-sbaped one, in wbicb ease tbere is, perbaps, a union of one mound witb anotber more ancient,.'-'- 'J'bis coinbliiatlon of two or more mounds into oiu; is also met witb in luirope -' Tlie lieigbt of tbese mounds viirles in Ain(!rica as in Euio])e iVoui live to iilty feet and over, altbougb usually as in Europe tbey do not exceed from twelve to sixteen i'eet. Tbe mound builders of America observed tbe same custom as tbose of Europe in tbe burial of tbeir dead ; tbey placed in tbe grave along 20. Bilderatli'is zimi (.'onversnlions- Fiexikon, Abtlieil. Vl(. I'l- 20'.), Text, p. 82. Comp. S()iii('r, Anc. Moii. ]>. 162, Fio- .50 and rA : and p. Id!*, Fij-. i,.'>. 21. Si]ii'iLT, Anc. Moil. p. 14.'^, scjq. 22. S- Lexikon. VII. A'-iliiil, 'i\\t, p. }il. r :i^li' h -if iiii With the corpse liis weapons, utensils, ami ornumcnts in grout pro- fusion ; unci the tnuHuresol' our inuseiuns eon8i«t lor tlie most part of the !'j)oils obtained by the openiuL' of tliese ancient tombs. Alter what lias been said it will scarcely bo disputed that the nneient earthworks of America and Kurope exhibit tlie closest sinii- arity, and in most cases even u positive identity. An equally re- markable identity is tlispluyed by the utensils which have been taken from the ancient graves of both Continents ; 1 mean the ums^ the implements of stone and metal, and the urticlcJ of ornament. From New York to IVru, as well as on the shores of the Baltic and of the (ierman Ocean, there are found in the graves agreut number of urns ami fragments of urns. The ancient pottery of Europe is essentially distiiifjiiished I'rom that of modern times by the lact that the clay is mixed with pretty ct)arse sand and mica. The older they are, the less thoroughly the clay is worked, and the thicker arc tne walls of the vessel. On the outside they are usually coloured with black-lead, or they have their natural colour and are decorated with lines which Ibrm a pattern. The lin^s are cut into the soft clay as with a knife. Freciuently, raised or sunken ornaments are observed.'-' Tlie forms of the vessel are very various, and lluctuate between the shape of a Hat saucer, and that of a llask.** The American pottery is liKewise made of clay, quartz-sand, and mica,-" and accordingly differs in like manner from modern pottery, while on the other hand it frequently agrees in material with the ancient vessels of the basin of the Baltic and the German Ocean. Great diversity is to be expected in the shaping of a soft mass like clay, which leaves so free u 8co})e to the whims of the artificer ; nevertheless, the forms of the European vases, as exhibited in our museums,'-^ and those of the American us portrayed by Squier, Ancient Monuments, Plate XL VI. and pp. 191, 192, are evidently of the same character. The implements found in the American graves agree in form, and partly also in muteriul, with those Ibund in Northern Europe, in a manner so striking, that it can hardly be owing to mere chance, The arrow and spear heads of Europe and America differ not at all, or very slightly, and consist, here as well as there, of the sharp-edged stones furnished by the country — flint, quartz, and obsidian."" The American stone daffgers difler from the European only in so far as 'oo^ 24. Klcmm, Handbucli, der gcr- manisclien Altcrtliumskunde, § 51. 25. Kkinm, german. Altcrthums- kundc, PI. viii. 26. Squier, Anc. Monuni. p. 188, at tlic bottom. 27. Klcmm, german. Altcrtliums- kunde, PI. 12. Kalina v. Jutlien- stein, Bohmens heidn. Opferplutze. PI. XXV. sqq. and elsewhere. 26, Squier, Anc. Mon. p. 212. Comp. Preusker, Blicke, i. PI. 2. Worsaae. Diinemarks Vorzeit, p. 14. Leitfaden 7.ur nordischcn Altertbumskundc, p. 36, sqq. 9 tncy seem intended to receive u woixl or bone Imndle, whereas in ourH the lumdlc is formed of the Huine piece of stone."'-' 'IIjc knives i»f (lint und obBidian found in Europe und Aineric , are perfectly idi'ntionl, us is shown in the " Ancient Monuments," p. 2l/>. More- over, the wedge shaped knives,^" i.e., the implements which have hitherto gone by the nameofimpcrforiited wedges or hand-axes, and, when only an inch and a-hulf or two inches long, by that of amulets, ure 80 completely alike in America and Europe, that one is tempted to believe mat tne representations in the " Ancient Monuments," p. 215, sqq. were prepared Irom European originaly. The American stone axes also present, unmiatakanly, the same charactc^ as the European, although their form is somewhat more artistic. Still that portrayed in the "Ancient Monuments," p. 218, Fig. 114. No. 5, resembles one depicted by Worsaae, p. 12 ; and that in the " Ancient Monuments," Fi^'. 1 14, No. 6, it) not unlike one in the collection of the German Society of Leipsic. The enigmatical stones with a hole in the centre, found in Scandinavia," are also met with in the graves of America. In America, also, as in Europe, bones and horns are fashioned into implements, the uses of which arc readily suggested by the form and nature of the materials. Along with the stone utensils arc found implements of copper. Of these some arc mere imitations of the stone implements, such as the wedge-shaped knives^' und the lance points." The resemblance which a copper knife found in America'^ bears to a bronze knife in Bohemia,'" appears to be accidental. Lastly, among the articles from tlie graves are to be mentioned copper armlets, which have precisely the form of some found in Europe, and accordingly indicate a common taste in the shape of oinamcnts.37 21). Squier, Anc. Mon. p. 211. Worsnjie, p. 12. Klcmm, gcrman. Altcrtliionskunde. PI. x. no. Id a lecture before the German Society of Leipsic, I have shown that these implements are knives, a fact of wliich any one can convince himself by grasping one with his whole hand, or, if it be a small one, by taking it between the three first lingers in sueh a manner that the forefinger will lie over the back of the knife. That corner of the edge which is most rub- bed down must be turned towards the wrist. By using a little strength, pa- tience, and dexterity, one can suc- ceed, as 1 have done, in cutting even leather, especially if laid on a stone. When tiie edge becomes dull, it can be sharpened again by grinding on stones, which are also found in the graves of Germany. 81. Leitfaden zur nord. Altcrthum- skunde, p. 89, 13. 82. Squier, Anc. Monnm, p. 221. .•38. Squier, Anc. Monum, p. 197. 84. Squier, Anc. Monum. p. 201. Fig. 80, 1 ; comp. p. 212. Fig. 108, 2. 8. 4. ; and p. 201 . Fig, 87, 1 . 2 ; comp. p. 211. Fig. 99. 35. Squier, Anc. Mon, p. 201. Fig. 86,2. 86. Kalina v. Juthenstcin, Bohmens heidn. Opferpliitze, PI. vi. 8. 37. Squier, Anc. Mon. p. 204 ; comp. Klemm, gernian. Alterthumskunde, PI. iv. ; 'A (! I (I III t 10 The untleuiable coincidcnco in the cases above enumerated, naturally leads us to imiuire into the causes of this coincidence. Were these objects of sucli a kind tliat their form must necessarily be determined by the common nature of man, the coincidence would not surprise us. But the specific forms of the earthworks, the mode of burying the dead, the composition and workmanship of the pottery, the manner of shaping stone into implements, all point to an individual cultivation of a portion of the human race ; an indica- tion which is strengthened by the fact that we meet with the traces of this cultivation only in a line which, starting from the north-east of Asia, passes through Central Europe in a South "Westerly direction, recommences in North America, and continuing from there through Central America to Peru, appears to reach its termination in the South Sea Islands. For we find in Southern Siberia, in Asia Minor, and in the steppes of Southern Russia in pAirope, in Central Europe, between the Alps and Pyrenees on the one hand, and the Frigid Zone on the other, and in America, in the localities pointed out by Mr. Squier, earthworks and graves of tlie same clui- racter and essentially the same contents, only with this remarkabln diiference, that both form and contents manifest a constant improve- ment in proportion as we advance towards the West. To tlic Siberian mounds are joined in Europe earthen enclosures ; the irregular embankments of Europe are converted in America into regular forms ; and the round tumuli of North America become regular terraced structures in the South and in Mexico, and receive their highest development in tbe ]Mexican teocalli. The rude orna- nients of the European barrows, consisting of earthenware beads and the teeih of wild beasts, are exchanged in America for polished stones of regular shape ; and the ruder forms of the vases receive their finest development in Peru. These phenomena, in my o])inion, point to an intimate internal connexion, for whicli I can find no other ex- planation than a gradual migration of a pt)rtion of the human family from one part of the world to anotlier — from (me hemisphere to tlie other. In short, I see in it a colonization of America, by means of an immigration from Europe. Tliis supposition is further strengthened by the consideration tluit a mutual intercourse hcticcen America and Europe xnwvX have existed in the primitive times. In Osnabruck, in tlie kingdom of Hanover, and in the Dutchy of Ilolstein, there have been found, in eeitaiii mounds of sepulture, urns, battle-axes, flint knives, and stnull chnj pipes. These are five or six inches in length, and ornamented ; tlio orifice is cut off oblir[ucly, and bears evident marks of having bewi smoked from .''" The Ameriean graves are also very frequently fouiul iJH. Waclitcr, ill ilie //rt///i(Y7w//c J/«7r;c/;/ lor IH41. 27, p. (18.5. An. :i(;, ji. o;.";. Ait. ail. ! ii lA. ■'^MrtmMtKV'Minnff''" 11 to contain pipes of cluy and stone ; the clay pipes seem to possess the primitive forms of our small clay pipes, ana to ue entirely similar to those found in llrtiiover and Holstein/^^ It necessarily follows from tlii«, that the practice of smoking belonged to the people who con- structed the graves in America ; but it is also equally indisputable, tliat men who smoked were buried in Europe. Tliat the custom of smoking was not common to all the Europeans to whom the graves owe their origin, is evident from the fact that in but comparatively few graves have pipes been found. It is, therefore, to be presumed that m such graves either strangers were buried, or men who had liad intercourse with strangers, and that consequently the practice of smoking was introduced from abroad. This practice can be shown to have existed first of all in China and America ; and from one or the other of those countries it must have been brought, in the ancient tuDC, to Europe. When we reflect that in the graves of the eastern parts as also in the interior of Europe no pipes are found, and that they occur only in the countries bordering on the German Ocean, we can hardly doubt that smoking must have been introduced into Europe by means of intercourse with America. It may be objected that Europeans may have taken to smoking of their own accord, as well as Americans. But in that case it would be necessary to assume that there existed in the vegetable productions or in the nature of the country a special incitement thereto ; and supposing this incite- ment to have continued, it is perfectly inexplicable that a habit which is not ac(iuired in the first place without considerable effort, and is afterwards very difficult to lay aside, should have so completely dis- appeared as to be introduced again, as entirely new, after the discovery of America by Colimibus. Since then, the practice of smoking was not unknown to the people who buried implements of stone along widi their dead, it can scarcely be denied that an intercourse with America must have existed in those primitive times. TJie supposition of an intercourse between America and Europe, aj)pears also to receive confirmation from the fact that figures of American palm-leaves have been found on some dolmens at Lok- mariaker in Brittany.**^ A support for the opinion that America was known to the ancients, has been sought in the Atlantis of Plato and Strabo, Atlantis*i being supposed to be America. liut w-hoever accurately examines the pa;«sages referred to in the writings of the ancients, will find, that from these fabulous materials, which no doubt owe their origin to various misunderstood accounts of dis- coveries lying nearer home, it is impossible to deduce a historical foundation for the belief that the Greeks were accpiaintcd with oil. Squier, Aiic. Mon, p. l!)4. Fig. Aritiq. a Copciiliague, xvii. p. It), lii- fiO, tioduction. 40. M^nioiros (U- la Soiitte (Us 41. Platon. Tiiti. 24. 8lral)(> ii. 102. % a 1 * I i v^ I i III*; r I I 12 America. After stripping off all that bears a fictitious characttx from these relations, what is left will hardly lead us further, than the Avcstem coast of Africa and the adjacent islands. If, now, the facts we have discussed compel us to the conclusion that at an unknown epoch of the past an emigration must have taken place from Europe to America, the questions inevitably present themselves, — Who were this emigrating people ? When did the emigration take place ? What were their means for passing from one continent to tnc other ? And what induced them to do so ? Unfortunately we possess not a fragment of literary evidence to aid us in answering these questions ; for hitherto no written cha- racters have been discovered in the graves of America. But we have a few skulls of the mound-builders, and representations of their heads on stone pipes, masks, and reliefs, from which conclusions may be drawn as to the race to which the people belonged ; and we still find traditions and remains of populations in America which confirm these conclusions. Mr. Squier gives us, in the "Ancient Monuments," in Plate XL VII. a side view, and in PlateXLVIII. a front and vertical view, of a skull found in an ancient American grave. It has a tolerably high forehead, an aquiline nasal bone, a tolerably high upper jaw with strong teeth, and cheek bones which, as compared with the vertex, have only that degree of prominence which is customary in Caucasian crania. A Caucasian skull, which was taken from an ancient grave at Altran- stadt, in the province of Sachsen, kingdom of Prussia, agrees in its proportions with the American skull, excepting that it has a very inconsiderably larger facial angle. These proportions lead to the conclusion that the American skull, when hving and clothed with flesh, had a prominent aquiline nose and a broad upper Up, and that its cheeks could not have been strikingly prominent. Dr. Morton, in his "Crania Americana," Philadelphia, 1839, has described this skull ; and he states with respect to the ancient American skulls in general, that they arc larger than those of the present Indians, and that they have a greater vertical and frontal diameter, a greater facial angle, and a greater internal capacity (from 85 to 90 cubic inches). When we consider that the Caucasian race has taken on an average, a lofty cranium, a prominent and high forehead (oval-shaped face), a prominent lose, moderate-sized cheek bones, a high upper jaw, and a mean internal capacity of 87 cubic inches, and that the American race has in ge- neral a low and strongly receding forehead, a stumpy nose, very prominent cheek-bones, a rather broad face, and a mean internal capacity of 82 cubic inches, we can hardly be deceived in attributing this skull to the Caucasian rather than the American race. The learned Dr. Morton, it is true, lias ascribed it to the Toltecan family; to those skulls it approaches the nearest, among the present Anieri- 13 can tribes — but he was perhaps led to do so only because this previous appearance of the Caucasians in America seemed to him impossible. This same Caucasian feature which we were obliged to assume in the skull just described, and presented to us again in quite a striking manner on the pipe-heads pictured in " Ancient Monuments," p. 245, etc., and in the masks delineated in the same work pp. 250, 251. We behold in them the oval st3rle of face, the lofty forehead, the regular, somewhat sharp and prominent nose, the straight-set eyes, and high upper lip ; but the low forehead, the long and narrow eyes inclined upward in an oblique direction, the prominent cheek-bones, the stump;^' nose, the broad face, and the retreating frontal bone of the American race, as described to us by ethnologists, we cannot find. The same cast of features differing from that of the present Americans was found by Alexander von Humboldt,^^ j^ the earthen masks discovered among the wild Indians on the Mosquito Coast, in the effigies of the palace of Mitla, at Oaxaca, in New Spain, on the reliefs at Palenque in Chiapas, and in the Aztec paintings. We find ourselves compelled by these testimonies to regard the people who constructed the mound.s, and who were doubtless not less accurate in their representations of themselves than we see them to have been in those of animals, as belonging to the Caucasian race. And in fact this conclusion is further strengthened by evident traces that present themselves of a white population in America before the arrival of the Northmen. Ari Marsson, in the year 983, was driven on the shores of an American country, to which he gives the names of Hvitra manna land, White Men's Land, and Irland it Mikla, or Great Ireland.*' The former name shows that the inhabitants of that coimtry had white skins, and the latter that they came from Ireland. Even if this account cannot go to prove that the people here mentioned be- longed to the primitive colony which I have assumed, because, at the remote period fixed upon by me, the name Ireland (if it be not perhaps a translation by Ari Marsson of another name of the same island), can hardly have existed, still it shows that numerous emigra- tions from Europe to America may have taken place before that of the Northmen. Of more importance, however, are the traditions and belief of the Mexicans and Peruvians, which lead us to infer an immigration of white men. Such tr. *ions which liave become an integral part of the popular behef, ah. ; point to a fact as the source from which they have sprung. Remarkable in this respect is the belief of the ancient Mexicans, that the God of the air, Quetzalcoatl, a being of 42. A. V. Humboldt, Anischtcn der Natur, im Auszuore. Morgenblatt, 1840. No. 248. n. 901 . 48. Antiquitates Americanee, vi. Mi u :!1 m I! i' \oi\y stature, with a whiff skin, Im'^ dark Iniir, :tntl a /foicinf/ beard, ill conscqucnc*' of the onaiity of a hifrlier do. I, took leave of his followers on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, on which he em- harked, promising to revisit them alonjjf with his descendants, and resume his kingdom.'** The germ t)f this tradition is doubtless thai a white man, who by reason of his superior qualillualiuna attained to royal rank among the ancient inhabitants of Mexico, was compelled to yield to one more powerful than himself, and withdrew to the eastern home of his race, where he could most naturally hope for assistance to re-conquer his kingdom. It is impossible that so exact and detailed a picture could be drawn of a being by those who had never beheld one of a similar kind. Now, a white skin and a flow- ing beard are so entirely foreign to the American tribes of the present day, that they certainly would never have imagined a being possess- ing these characteristics had they not seen men who bore them. Moreover, Montezuma, the last King of the Atzccs, who claimed a descent from Quetzalcoatl, is known to have been of a lighter color than the other Mexicans.*^ Tliat in several parts of America there existed a white population before (.'olumbus, has been proved by Aubin in the most convincing manner by extracts from ancient writings in Mexico, transmitted by him to the Royal Society for Northern Antiquities in Copenhagen. ■*'' A tradition was also cur- rent in Peru, that white, bearded men had come to that country a long while ago, and diftused civilization. The nobility of Peru, the Incas, passed for children of the Sun, by which was no doubt meant the East ; they had a higher, more prominent forchead,^^ and a whiter skin than the other Peruvians. Even in recent times the lighter-colored race was not yet quite extinct. Thus Marchand found on the Northwest Coast of America, between the 54th and 58th degrees of latitude, people with large eyes and a light complexion, whom Alex, von Humboldt supposed to be descended from the UsUm, an Alano-gothlc race,*" i. e., Caucasian stock. It appears that even among the Mexicans, at the period of the Spanish con- quest, the Caucasian iyi^Q had not been quite obliterated ; for one of the ambassadors sent by Montezuma to Cortes, so resembled that European, that he was called by the Spaniards, " the Mexican Cortes. "*9 After what has been presented, it seems beyond a doubt that in m 44. Prescott, History of the Con- quest of Mexico, I., p. 60, 312 sq. 45. Prescott, Conquest of Mexico, I., p. 74. 46. Die Konii^l.Gcsellscliaftfur nord. Altenthumsforscliung Jaliresvcrsamin- lurig, 1840, p. 2, line 22nd from the bottom, and p. 8. 47. Prescott, Conquest of Peru, I. p. 10; also p. 8,39. 48. A. V. Humboldt, Ansichten dor Natur, im Auszuge. Morgenblatt, 1849, No. 248, p. 991. 49. Prescott, Conquest of Mexico, I. p. 319. 1.5 primitive tiinos Caucasians emigratcxl 'mU> America, and there culled (brth ii civilization, which was afterwards destroyed, cither by a risino' a<;'alnst them on the part of the aborigines, or by a later bar- barian iinmigrailon, perhaps from the North-west, and proceeding from Asia, just as it fared with the high, and until recently, unknown fivilizatlon on the upper Euphrates and Tigris, with the civilization of tne ancient Egyptians, and with that of the Greeks and Romans. For, even supposing that Caucasian immigrants extended their in- fluence by degrees from New York to Peru, and founded ilourishing and peacefid kingdoms, in which a commerce was carried on that reached irom the plateaus of Mexico and the shores of the IVfoxIcan Oulf to the Alleghany Mountains, as Is evinced by the obsidian and the sea- shells which are frequently discovered in the graves of the Northern Unlon,^*^ still we could hardly be justified in concluding that America was uninhabited before their arrival. On the con- trary, several of the pipe-heads figured by Squler in the " Ancient Monuments," as in p. 244 Fig. 143, and p. 249, Fig. 149, appear to me to represent the features of the Aborigines, over whom the Cau- casians ruled for a time, and by whom, as the least numerous race, and after becoming gradually enervated, they were in turn subdued and partially annihilated. At all events, the disappearance of the Caucasians argues nothing against their former existence, even if the Instances above adduced of remnants of a European population, pro- bably somewhat changed by Intermixture, be not regarded as valid. How many nations can be proved historically to have lived, who yet have vanished without leaving a trace behind them ! Where are the Vandals, before whom Rome trembled? Where are the Goths, who gave laws to half a continent? Where are the Franks, who founded kingdoms still existing? Where are the Caribs? Where the Red- skins who but a few centuries ago filled with terror the European colonists on this side the AUeghanies? It seems ordained by des- tiny that one race of mankind should supplant another ; and who can assure us that the high civilization of the Caucasians of the present day will not, sooner or later, be trampled under foot by barbarian hordes? If then we may regard the fact of the colonization of America by Europeans as established, our next Inquiries are involuntarily directed to the possibility, the period, and the occasion of so far-reaching an undertaking. The abundant appliances by the aid of which our navigation is now conducted, cause us to regard it as impossible that a people who had no knowledge of the compass, whose vessels were small and of frail construction, and who were destitute of the nautical science of modern times, could undertake such distant and perilous voyages. 60. Squier, Anc. Moii, Chap. XIX. /. t •M I ii 16 But it is well known tliat the ancient naviffators directed their course with great skilfulnesa by the stars, and that they took with them ravens and other land birds, which, when they haa lost their way or were in search of land, were let fly, and thus served as guides. Tnese were the compasses of the bold sea-farers. But was it necessary that they should sail in a straight line from Ireland or Nurwuy to America? May they not, like the Northmen, have sailed from one island to another of the Northern Ocean, until at length, perhaps, after decades of years, they found the way to America as the Northman did in later times ? Can it be correctly maintained that to the ancient people that was impossible which was possible to the Northmen, as IS shown by the accounts of their sea adventures, and furthermore by their structures in America ?•'" Can it be doubted that an evidently more cultivated people, like the makers of the stone weapons, could as easily reach America as the Esquimaux of the American Polar region, who are now acknowledged to belong to the same race with the Laplanders of the Polar regions of Europe? The fact of the immigration may be received as a sufficient proof of its possibility. The ashes which Hecla sends from time to time to the Faroe isles, the drift-wood and other things which the sea brings from the west to Europe, were the messengers that called the ancient colonists to America; distress at home gave the impulse that caused these mes- sengers to be obeyed; and skill, courage, and perseverance, were the guides that brought them to its shores. It is far less difficult to show the possibility of reaching America, than it is to determine the period at which colonization began. We can only say, that it must have taken place before the introduction of bronze into North-western Europe. Many utensils of copper have been discovered in the American graves, but not a single one of bronze. This copper was worked in a cold state, as is shown by pieces of metal found about the works of the North-west Mining Company.^^ Jt jg very evident from an ex- amination of these masses, that portions have been separated from them for the purpose of being worked up. Bronze, however, is so much superior to pure copper in hardness and brilliancy, that no one after using it would return to the latter. Hence we may conclude with certainty that the people who emigrated from Europe to Ame- rica, must have left their homes before bronze was known there. Had such not been the case, bronze would have been transplanted along with them to America. — This conclusion is also strengthened by the fact that the American copper implements are imitations, not of the bronze implements of Europe, but of those of stone. 61. Die kiinigl. Gesellschaft fiii nordische Altertlmmsforschung Jah- resversammlung, 1840; with a repre- sentiition of the Norman Baptistery in Airerica. 62. Squier, Anc. Mon., p. 202 sq., and p. 279, at bottom- *« t mr t J 17 The question now arises — Wlicn did bronze become known in Nortli-western Europe ? This, also, ciinnot be answ(!r(.'(l with ccr- tiilnty. Only thus much wc know : tlic arms of Theseus were of broni^c ; the armour, weapons, axes, and knives of the heroes of the Trojan War were of bronze f* the andiors of the llegeliuj^fon wore of bronze ;^^ and the weapons of the Teutones, who, in tlie year 113 belbre Christ, made their appearance in tlie Koman territory, were likewise of bronze.^" — Hence we sec that bronze was already known in North-western Euroi)e 2,000 years ago. But we may assume that it became known there at least 1,100 years earlier, by means of the I'hoonicians. It is true that the first voyages of the Pluenicians through the Straits of Gibndtar to the Auiber Coast are commonly placed in the year 1,100 before Christ ; but they must have procured amber already for some considerable time before the Trojan War, which is placed, according to the lowest computation, in the year 1184 before Christ ; for in the heroic age of the Greeks, amber was one of the most favorite materials for ornamenting apartments ;"'* and the Phoenicians already manufactured of g(jld and and)cr the splendid chains that charmed the (h-ecian women.^" Accordingly, at the period of the Trojan War. a great deal of amber must already have been brought from the Amber Coast. Now, the trade of those days, as is always the case with rude nations, was one of barter. Without doubt they offered to the inhabitants of the North such articles as they most coveted ; among which, vvcapons, especially if made of bronze, and glittering like gold, would be sure to hold the highest rank. We may therefore assume with certainty, that many of the bronze weapons of classical origin, which were afterwards found in tlie countries bordering on the German Ocean and the Baltic Sea,-''' were bought and sold there as early as 1,200 years before our era. The acquaintance, then, of the inhabitants of the coasts of the Ger- man Ocean and the Baltic with bronze, cannot be fixed at a lower date tlian the year 1200 before Christ. But it is still more probable that even before this period the inha- bitants of modern Germany, France, and of the countries of Western Europe bordering on the Ocean, as far North as the Polar Zone, were acquainted with bronze. Many things go to show that among the Altai Mountains, so rich in metals, the first bronze was made, 53. Plutarch. Tlieseiis, c. 8(5. 64. Homeri Ili.-id. VI. 190. .318. 321. IV. 320. XI. 640. XIII. 439, sq. 012, 0.50, 002. Odyss. VIII., 403. XII., 173. XV., 41B, ct scq. 55. Kutnin, I., 109, (4,42(}— 4,450.) 50. Virqilii Am. vii., 743— 745. 57. Homeri Odyss. iv., 73. 5R. Homeri Odysd. xv., 4.59 (400). .59. Bulletin do TAcademie roy. do Bol<,'iquc. Vol. xiv. Part 2, p. 208, 2, a-.;d the Phite belonging to it, Fig. 17 ; conip. E. Gerliard's Denkmiiler uiul Forscliungcii, PI. xii. Also Worsaae, Diinemarks Vorzcit, p. 24, a sword of bronze ; conip. E. Gerhard's Denk- miiler Forsch. 1849, PI. ii., Fig. 2. n m ^ •-! w p; .1 (1^ i '$i 18 and that from tlicr(5 it was brought with the migrating nutions to tlu; AVcst. For thcMV, in tin* earliest times, the most extensive mining operations were earrieil on ; and in the ^^nv i ind abandoned works of tliat region, nten^ilti of the most varieii ileseription have been found made of the finest harcU-ned bronze.''*' From there tltis bronze, togetlior with the other products of the Siberian mines (berylhis, amaragdus Seytliieus, &e.,) was carried westward along with the people as tluiy migrated to Europe. The Massagette, who, according to Jacob Grlnun(Geschihtederl)eutsc.henSi)rache), are identical with the Goths, who afterwards made their appearance on the Danube, had corselets, lances, arrows, and battle-axes of bron7x>/'* \n various parts of Germany, widely separated from each other, utensils lor casting articles of bronz(> have been discovered."'- If now we con- sider that the population of Northern aiul Central Euroj)e immigrated to the North of the Caucasus from those regions in which bronze was fu-st produced, or from countries situated very near the place of Its production, we will find it more reasonable to assume that the bronze-workers of Central Germany brought their art with them at the period of the Imnilgratlon of their people, than tliat they learnt it from the Phauiicians, who can hardly have })enetrated beyond the coast to any distance Into the interior of the country, or from the Romans, who had iron weapons long before the days of ]Marius and Julius Caisar. This supposition receives confirmation from the fact that the mysterious implement called a " celt," " hachc gauloise," " palstafV," battle-chisel," ctc.,*'^ is found chlelly In the countries of Central and Nortiiern Europe ; I'or which reason It Is plainly to bo regarded as a production pccidlar to those regions, and conse([uently as evidence of a native, original branch of Industry.^* That along with these native productions In bronze, more finely wrought articles in the same metal, of classical origin, should have been introduced, as we have assumed above, need appear no more surprising than tlic fact that a good deal of English cutlery is now sold In Germany along with the many useful articles of native manufacture. In the GO. Rittcr, Enlkunde, Vol iii. ni. Herodot. i., 215. G2. Snieltinof pots with molten bronze and lumps of tlie same metal, and even entire foundries vvitli moulds and tlic articles cast in tlietii. Iiavc been discovered at Deniinin iii^Ieckienhnri,'', Gross Jena in 'rinirintren, IWaunfels in Hessen, and Zuricli in Switzerland. Keferstein, Ansicliten, iiber die Kel- tisclicn Alterthiinier, i. 4152. (53. In a paper read before tlic Ger- man Society of Leipsic, I liavc sliown that as these implements are by no means of a suitable form for weapons, and cannot he supj»osed to have been used as such, along with the lances and sworils of bronze, and as we can show no other afjrieultural inipknient of tiie ancient inhabitants of Germany, they must iiave been desin;ned for till- ing the soil, and were in fact a sort of spade. 04. I find the same opinion ex- pressed in the Leitfaden zur nord. Alterthiimsk. Copenhagen, IHST. p. 09. 19 iil)scncc then of any woijrhty firfijnmcnt to the contrary, we arc jupti- (u!(l in iissuminf; tlmt loiif^ bofore the arrival of the Phijunicians, tlie (hvellcrs about tlic Gorman Ocean and tlie lialtlc were ac(|uainled with bronze. Accord in<,'ly the iminii,'ration of the people to wliom bronze was as yet unknown, must hv referred back to an indefinit(( period, reaching; at least to over 1,200 years before the birtli of Chri^it. Itespecting the cause wliich produced tliis emigration to America, I liave but a few conjectures to oflcr, :md to these no great value will probably be attached. It can scarcely be doubted that a people who ui botli hemispheres successively raised such prodigious earthworks, cannot have been in Europe a mere pastoral, hunting, or fishing people, but must have been, as they afterwards were in America,''^ a population who practiced the art of agriculture. Such works can be erected only during a long continued abode in the place where they are situated ; and the motive for erecting them must have been the protection of territory which it would have been a severe loss to resign. Consetpientfy, the builders of these works nuist have been agricultiu'ists. lUit a people who practice the art of agriculture do not quit their home without a pressing necessity, least of all by the tedious and perilous route of the ocean. This necessity cannot have been produced by any accidents of the clcini>nts ; for man braves the elements on land with great endurance, and least of all would he betake himself to the sea in order to escape from storms or Hoods, which only partially assail the land, llcvolu- tions of the earth, since the construction of the graves in Central Europe, have certainly not taken place. It is, therefore, only a war with a people pressing upon them that can have produced the necessity for emigrating to America. Perhaps, we would not err, were we assume that the people with bronze weapons, as the superior one, con(piered the people wi'' i: me weapons, and forced them to emigrate. We may form some idea of how this took place, if we assume that the Aborigines were gradually driven by their enemies from the Continent to the Jiritish Islands, and from there to the smaller islands, constantly further to the West ; and that probably, only the more powerful and wealthy of the Aborigines, together with their followers, retreated and emigrated rather than become the vassals of the new comers. After the expulsion of the princes, the new comers took possession of the land and of those subjects of the expelled who had not emigrated ; while those who had thus been driven from their former homes, got for themselves a new country and new subjects in America. We would thus have an explanation of the fact, tliat wiiile relics of the stone-weapon people remain in Europe, stone weapons also occur in the graves along Avith those of (')'>. Sipiicr, Anc. Mon, [», 11?0, .■mil chny. \\\. IJ 2 20 M II l)roir/o. Tluis wc arc not compcllrd to nttributo stone wciipons ami Ixttiizo weapons to one anil tlio same people ; altlioiinh it may lu-ad- iiiitteil that, In eonsetpu'iieo of the n;ivater v.ilue of bronze in iMn-ope, the \H)o\vv in(livi(hials ol the bn)nze -weapon people may have had reeoiirt'e to stone liiipleiin iits, the use of which they may luivo udo[)t"il iVom the Aboriirines. To eonn>lete the proof of the loreiijn ori;,nn of the Amerlean antiipiities, it would he necessary to show that they cannot he aseril)e(l to any primitive Auu-rli'an peopK'. To carry «)»it this proof, is lor nie impos>ible. In consecpience of the utter lack of materials. Hut I may be allowed to say, that tlioy cannot bo attributed to tlio sava<^e red men of theprcvsent day ; because these, as liir as I know, have not eri'cted or u^ctl any such stiuctures ; and they certainly stand at a lower point in the soi-Ial scale than the builders of the ancient earth-works, if wc deduct tbc results ol modern European culture. i|, Wt O/iservnfiojis on the Monio'ir of Dr. Ztsfi-nnn7iti, rrloth'f/ to tin; Colo. nizatiaii of Aiiurini in rre-Jlisforic Times. Hy \\. (j. Sqi HCll. oin (I The bypothesis of tlie Discovery of Amcrli-a by adventurers froi the North of Huroju', ])rior to the epoch of Cohimbus, has foiui manv and able suii])orters amon^thc learned men of both the Old and New Worlds; and it ha£> now come to begenc'rally admitted that the Northmen, subscfpicnt to the discovery and partial colonization of (irecnland in the Xth Century, j)enetrated to the American continent somewhere Tipon tiie coast ol' Labraoint, ilrawn from Sa_Lras which have all the simplicity and directness of truth, seem conclusive, and probably will not be called in question. Hut it has been claimed i'urther, that these adventurers coasted aloii*,' the ("ontinent as iiir South as Khodc! inland and Narrajxansett IJav, and actually made tem[)orary establishments, and left trac(!s of their occupancy there. This claim, however, is not so well supported. It rests upon casual exj)ressIons, of ih)ubtful meaning, contained in the Sairas, and upon a lew rude monuments which are clearly referable to other eras and oriirins. The evidence which has been put forward In support of this claim, by the Antiquaries of Cojienhajren, itseeitis to me is incapable of supportini,^ a critical analysis ; and the st!e>s which has been laid upon It has contributed to weaken, rather thnu to sustain, the original proj)osition. The Dighton Kock has its almost exact counterparts in various parts of our country, which are Avell known to be of Indian origin: the Fall Uiver Skeleton, In its mode of burial, cranial characteristics, and in the ornaments found with It, is clearly that of an Indian; and nPWB" 'mmmmmmmmmmf^ 21 in various tlio '• Old Tower '' ut Newport, it is now clem onst ruble, Ims an anti- (]uity of not more than two luimlred years. 'iheelaim, or ratla-r liypotliesis, which ifl submitted in the paper jiijit read, varies materially liom that to which I have alluded; aud iiltliou^h not new, is more ingeniously supported by Dr. Zestcrmann than it has been hy any of its previous advocates; and as it is j)ut forward in an int|uiriu«i; spirit, su^■^■estively and not do■ '< »l ^;i ; I jl 11 rl 22 TluM is ndmittcil l)y Dr. Zestoinumn, wlio, however, contonds thiit tluTc !in> !*|>ociru'- rcfciiilil'.iiuTH, imt to say idfutltii's, betwi'on thi; ()rlinitivt' lUDMumentH nl" tin; North of Kuio|)o, tiixl of the United otutes, MuHieicntly miiucnma and coniidrto to wi'irunt tho conchision that they were built by people of the mnie Ktoek, wlio, previous to their sej)aration, hud ue(|uiri'deoninu)ii prattieos, in rehpeet not only to reli^^non hut to their modes of defenee and hurlul. The belief in u Suprenu' Power antl in a future existcnee, pcems to be intuitive and inherent in the human mind. At any event, it is found to exist, in a clear or obscure form, amongst nil peoples*. The uUi'ged exceptions among certain debased African tribes are not yei to be received as llicts. A certain degree of allection for the living, and conseciucnt regard for the dead, are eipially common to humanity, and are shareil, to a degree, by the higher orders of the brute creation. This universal belief in a future existence, and regard or reverence for thedi'ud, arc competent to explain theconnnon I'eatures which are exhibited in the early burial rites and burial moinunents(»r all nations. The primitive man accomi)lishes his i)urposes in the simplest mode ; and the simplest and most durable method of pre- serving the memory of the departed, is by raising a mound of earth or a lieap of stones al)ove his remains. Accordingly, we fuid instances of this mode of interment in almost all countries of the globe. The development of this rude monument, in after ages, is to be seen in t\\r pyramids, which may, not unphilosoj)hically, be re- garded as ])erfected tumuli. The enclosure of the corpse in a cist, or chamber of wood or stone, to protect it from the rude contact of the materials of which the monument might be composed, is a step which the same leeling that led to the erection of the monument itself would naturally dictate. The deposition of articles of use and ornament with the deatl, originated in the common primitive belief that they would be required by their owner in his future existence. To the same ideas may be traced the origin of tho immolations and sacrifices made at the tt)mbs or on the pyres of the dead ; the wife and the faithful scrviint sought to accompany their lord in his future life ; and a numerous retinue was slain at the tomb of the Scythian King and the Peruvian Inca, that they might appear in a future state with a dignity and ])omp proportioned to then- earthly great- ness. The Mexicans killed the techichi at the grave of the dead, that his soul might have a companion in its journey along the dreary, terror-infested pathway, -which, according to their superstitions, intervened between the earth and the " blessed mansions of the sun." So, too, was the faithful dog of the Indian hunter placed beside him in tlie grave, that, in the blissful " hunting grounds of the West," he might " bear him company." The warlike Scandinavian had his horse sacriliced on his funeral pyie, and his weapons buried with him, so that, fuU-urmed and mounted, he might, with becoming '23 state, nnproach tlic IiuIIm dfOdin. In tin; almost imivnrHiil Ix'lieCtlmt tlio ^'^lll ol'tlic (li'iid, lur ii luii^cT or wlioitcr |K'rio(l, IIij{^er(M| iiround tlu! aslicst IVoin wliicli it wan Mtpamtcd, wo may (li«'ovoi- tlic reason why lood iind olH.'riiin;s wvro deposited at tlie grav(» ; why it was can'riilly preserved, and why, at stati'cl intervals, the siirviviiiir relatives of the »h'teased deeketl it with flowers and perroriiicd <,Mnies artjtmd it. In some of tliesc eereinonies, it was believed the tlepartiul spii it silently puitifi[)ated, ane or ornu- laent, such as we know were often surrenderiMl as olKi in;j;s by the American aborii^fines, weighs conclusively apiinst the hypothesis that they were places of sepulture. The further eircumstaiiee, that numy uf them exhibit unecjuivocal evidences of havin requisition, would, in case of necessity, lead hlni to select and occupy them for purposes of protection. They must, therefore, everywhere sustain a certain likeness, and will difler nnl V in the degree of skill displayed hy their builders. ir^ I I ,| , . 1 ' t! I i ii J' I- 26 llioy arc, therefore, to be found in North and South America, in the Pacific Islands, in Australia, and even in Africa. {Cook's Sicond Volume \ Ellis s Polynesian Res. vol. i, p. .'>13; Polloclts Neio Zealand, vol. ii., p. 26 ; Lainrfs Pohjnesian Nations, p. 108 ; Southei/s History of Brazil, vol. ii., pp. 162, 189 ; Charlevoix's Paraguay, vol. i., p. lo6 ; Davis's History of Barbadoes, p. 325, etc. etc). There is, however, another class of structures, which have a higher archa3ological value ; I allude to those Avhich I liave, in my works on our ancient monuments, denominated " Sacked Enclosures." None can be more ready than myself to admit the general corres- pondence which exitts between these and many of the primitive monuments of the British Islands and the North of Europe. I have elsewliere (Appendix to " Aboriginal jNIonuments of New York ") pointed out, in detail, the features common to both, and attempted an explanation of the principles upon which they were probably constructed. Tlie hyptjthesis which I liavc there advanced, and which is deduced from tlie consideration of a large number of facts, is that the forms of all primitive sacred structures were more or less determined by the religious ideas and conceptions of their builders ; in other words, that they were symbolical, not only as wholes, but in their parts, and in the relations of those parts to each other. The undeniable resemblances which they sustain to each other, in various parts of the world, are not, therefore, the result of contact or relationshij), but of a certain uniformity in man's primi- tive or elementary beliefs and conceptions, of which, in one form, they may be regarded as expressions or indices ; and which beliefs and conceptions are themselves the result of a uniformity in the mental and moral constitutions of men, subjected to like influences, and surrounded by the suggestive phenomena of nature, which arc everywhere very nearly the same. What has been very vaguely termed " Sun Worship," or what might better be called the worship of the Powers of Nature, seems to have been the earliest and most widely dilFused form of human superstition. In this system, the Sun, as the emblem of the active and most eflicient Principle or Power of Nature, has the first place, and is itself symbolized by the the circle. The primitive temples dedicated to this luminary, or to the power which Avas supposed to dwell in it, the active, vivifying energy of Nature, were, therefore, circular. The early and generally received doctrine that the gods made temples and sacred structures their [)laces of const'jnt abode, and in some instances actually ani- mated their shrines, it will readily be understood would naturally suggest and perpetuate certain forms in those structures as best be- fitting the deity to Avhom they were dedicated, and most likely to secure his literal presence. This idea seems to be referred to by Sallust, in his treatise on the (lods and the World. lie says that " A certaiiv habitude and fitness is all that is necessary in order to 27 receive the benericcnt communications of the Gods : and as all habitude is produced through imitation and similitude, therefore temples imitate the heavens, and altars the earth," etc. We arc as- sured by Pliny that the Pantheon was symbolical in form ; and both Plutarch and Ovid concur in representing the temple of Vesta, orlj^inally built by Numa, on the banks of the Tiber, as also sym- bolical. " Tlie hgm'e of the temple, in almost every religion," says a learned and pious author, " is the hicrogram of its God. The hiorogram of the Sun is always a circle; the temples of the Sun are circular ; the Ophites worshipped a serpent deity, and their temples assumed the form of a serpent ; and, to come home to our own times and I'eelings, the Christian conforms to the same idea, Avhen he builds his temples in the form of a cross — the cross being at once the symbol of his creed and the hierogram of his God." (Rev. J. B. Dcane, British Archcp.ologia, vol. xxv., p. 191.) *' On every review," observes another author, "and from every direction accumulated pruofs arise, how much more extensively than is generally supposed, the designs of the ancients in architecture were affected by their speculations in astronomy, and their mythological reveries." (Maurice, Ind. Antq., vol. iii., p. 199.) And it is the fact that the religious conceptions, the philosophy and physical speculations of the ancients, exerted a controlling influence upon the forms and con- struction of their sacred edifices, which invests these monuments with interest, not only as works of art, but as illustrations of man's primitive belief, his notions of cosmogony, and his philosophy of the Earth and Heavens. The objects of the Drudical worship were identical with those of the followers of Baal; it was Sun Worship, or Sabianism, under one of its simplest and commonest forms; and we have abundant direct evidence that the circular, as well as the serpentine and other pre- dominant forms of the primitive temples of Europe were symbolical. Finding in our own country similar structures, obviously built in accordance with a general plan, foimded upon certain definite prin- ciples, analogy would justify us in the inference that their builders were devoted to a similar religion. And when we inquire further, and find that Sun Worship greatly predominated, if, indeed, it was not of universal prevalence throughout the continent, the inference so Avell sustained by analogy, rises into the digiiity of a well-supported hypothesis. This worship existed from Labrador to Patagonia, and was attended by the same rites and illust'iited by the same symbols, which were common to it in the Ohl World. There is no reason for supposing that this form of Avorship, or this system of Natural Reli- gion, is derivative; for, as I have said, it seems to have been nearly univcn-sal, antedating all history and tradition, and going back, pro- bably, of all monumental records. 1 do not, thcrefoie, attach much importance to the coincidences pointed out by Dr. Zestermunn and \\ ', I.' ! Ii? i i 1' if 28 others, bctw. on this larixc and interesting class of structures in tlio United States and similar structures in the North of Europe, as evidences of connections, recent or remote, between the two c(m- tinents. But if convinced tliat tliese coincidences were not to be accounted for on the natural principles which I have so briefly indicated, still 1 should not look to Europe for their explanation. The monuments of the United States are identical in their elements of construction witli those of Mexico and Central America, and all of these sustain a closer relationship to those of India, than to those of any other (puirtcr of the n'lobe. The terraced pyramidal structures of America, surmounted by chapels and ornamented with siguilicant scul[)tures were, it is capable of demonstration, built not only in conformity with the same ijjeueral princi[>les with those of India, but the detailed and specidc ideas which they illustrate were, in many instances, the same. The JUuldhist Temples of Southern India have almost their exact counter- parts in Central America and jNIexico. I have made their relation- ship a subject of extended remark in the work entitled " The Serpent Symbol and the Worship of the Reciprocal Principles in America." 1 am, therefore, of the decided opinion that the |)roposition ad- vanced by Dr. Zestermann derives no support from the monuments of America. Besides, tl;e American race, above all others in the wtn-ld, seems most averse to everything like assimilation with other races. It is, we may say, almost entirely imim])ressible. If the Indians constructed these monuments, this admitted iactis prima facie evidence against the hypothesis which ascribes not only the introduc- tion of the practice ot erecting them, but of the ideas which they illustrate, to a foreign people. I'Auope has poured its populations in an unbroken flood for three centuries on America, yet the Indian is little changed. An emigration sulliciently large to have riioulded this obstinate race, in the earlier and ruder ages of Nortliern Europe, is a hy])othesis too startling to be admitted; but not more so than that which involves a migration sufliciently great to have dill'used itself over the continent, and to have erected in the Mississippi Valley alone a series of monuments quadrujDling in number and magnitude alltlie primitive monuments of Europe. But this lattc^' ^^ypothesis is in- validated by the established fact that the Indians of Mexico and Central America, at the time of the Discovery, built precisely such structures as, under this supposition, nuist be referred to an utterly extinct, exotic people. Dr. Zestermann ([uotes the skull which I obtained from a mound in Ohio (and which is figured in plates xlii. and xliii. of tlie " Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley,") as possessing Caucasian characteristics. lie, however, confounds it with another obtained from the Grave Creek Mound in Virginia, and figured in Dr. Morton's " Crania Americana.'' Dr. Zestermann is mistaken in 29 supposing tliat a " stumpy nose; " is a characteristic feature of tlic American race. The very reverse is the flict: no peojile have more fiihont noses than our Indians. The particular skull in question, so far from betraying a Caucasian origin, is regarded by Dr. Morton and other craniological investigators as nearly a perfect type of the Ame- rican head. Upon this point I cannot clo better than quote a })assago from a letter from Dr. Morton, to whom I sent this skull. " Nothing ol'the kind," he observes, " can be more entirely characteristic than this relic, and you may distribute casts of it as a perfect type of the race to which it belongs; that race which, in all its numberless localities, conforms with more or less ])recision, and for the most part with amazing exactness, in its cranial proportions, to the skull you hiivc now discovered. What are the characteristics of the aboriginal American skull.' Are they not, as 1 have so often pointed out, the vertical occiput, the prominent vertex, the great inter-parietal diameter, the ine(|uilateral form, tlu; large facial bones, tlie loiu/ and mlicntvose^ tlte prominent maxilhc ? Look into the Crania Americana, and observe the Peruvian heads there ligiued, and how admirably they correspond Avith this skull, which has, however, a less receding forehead than usual. Ju'cry new observation on this subject goes to confirm my previous conclusions, that our Indian [)opulations, ol' all epochs, have belonged to a single homogeneous race. There have no doubt been colonial or accidental mixtures in Caliiornia and else- where, but they have been too inconsiderable to effect any other than very local variations from the primitive type. The type, I grant, has its varieties; but these may be reterred, in a great measure, to a plurality of centres or origins, all of which, however, jjoint to that primitive organization of which you have now so fine an example." In respect to the sculptures of the human head and the masks of the human face obtained from (he mounds, little need be said, except that the deductions from them differ as widely as the preconceived imtions of investigators. Some have pronounced them "thoroughly Indian," others eminently " Caucasian." Upon my own mind they have produced no decided impression one way or the other. From the circumstance that the scul])tures of animals found with them arc surprisingly accurate, we are justified in assuming that the sculptures of the human head are eciually fiithful representations of the pre- dominant features of the people who made them. The traditions of Ari Marsson, like those relating to the ancient Atlantis, are far too vague to enter as elements into any ])hiloso- phlcal discussion of the ([uestion of the Colonization of America from the Kast. The traditionary Quetzalcoatl of Mexico is referred to by Dr. Zestermann, as probably a personage of Caucasian stock, who by some means penetrated to Mexico, and subsequently left it for another land. lie was represented as bearded and of a fiiir com- J m ;li(* I i i! U .C 80 ploxion, and these arc tlio only features by wKich he is identified nn of another race. Now it should bo observed, that all the gods and dcmi-gods of Mexico were individualized by certain characteristics oi' form and feature. The god and goddess of water were of a light blue ; the goddess of flowers of a fair and rosy complexion ; the supreme god Tezcatlipoca was often painted black. Rut what is meant by " fair complexion" in the Spanish accounts of Quctzalcoatl, written by men who Averc bent on identifying him with St. Thomas, and who even found etymological proof in his name, that he was the same with the apostle, " whose surname was Didymus ?" Against these traditional accounts, correct enough in their general outlines, but received at second-hand and often interpolated in tlicir details, we may place the irrefragible evidence of the paintings, in which Quetzalcoatl is neither represented as bearded nor of a liiir complexion. On the contrary, wc are expressly assured by Sahaguii, who is the best authority in matters of this kind, that his face was painted dark. " La cara tenia teiiida de negro," are the precise "words of this authority. But admitting the full force of tlic tradition, I fail to perceive that it has any real bearing upon the liypothcsis advanced by Dr. Zester- mann. Quetzalcoatl is the Mexican name for that intermediate great teacher and dcmi-god, which may be traced in every primitive mythology, as I think I have fully shown in Chapter vii. of my work on Serpent Worship. He is an incarnation of the principal God of the Mexican Pantheon, Son of the Sun, by a virgin mother, and in his origin, character, and attributes, coincides with Buddha, Codom, Fohi, Schaka. Zoroaster, Osiris, Taut, Hermes, and Odin, in the old world, and with Bochica, Votan, Cuculcan, Manco Capac, Payzume, AVasi, Manabozho, etc., etc., in the new. 1 conceive him to be a strictly mythological character ; a being, half human, half divine, such as primitive nations in their religious speculations and refine- ments have thought necessary to place intermediately between niaii and divinity — as their intercessors near the latter, the medium of tlie transmission of his will, and the repr(!sentative of his goodness, wisdom, and power. Knowledge in religion, government, ugricul- ture, and the arts, in the primitive systems, was supposed to proceed from above, through this chosen channel. Thus, Quetzalcoatl, like Bochica, established religion and laws, and taught ignorant and help- less men agriculture and the useful arts. His mission fulfilled, lie disappeared mysteriovisly, with a promise that he would one day return with new gifts, to introduce a new era, when " peace and good Avill " should prevail, and the world enter upon a new and millenial age. Quetzalcoatl belongs to the mythic realm ; he is ari impersonation of an idea, not a historical character, and cannot be admitted as such in these investigations, under that or any otlu^r ol his nmnerou- nan.os. ^"^^^ 31 It appears to me that if we are to attach any importance to the traditions of strangers, sin«^ularly drcascd, and of extraordinary aspect, who penetrated into Mexico, Central America, or Peru, we may look rather to Asia, to China, or India, for the place of tlieir origin, than to Northern Europe. So far as we may infer the doctrines of these traditional teachers, from the traces of them which remain to us, they were essentially those of Buddhism ; and if so grave a conclusion as a migration to America, however small, may be based upon traditions or vague ancient records, it is better suj)- portcd by the Cliinese accounts of the distant country of Fu-Sang, than by any others with which I am acquainted. These accounts refer to great nations, already possessing civil and religious organiza- tions, and, if admitted to their fullest extent, leave the question of the origin of the American race, of American monuments, and of American civilization unatleeted. If I have attaclied their true value to tlu^ evidences submitted by Dr. Zestermann, in support of his proposition, it cannot be enter- tained; and conse(piently, the conjectural suggestions as to how and when the hypothetical migration took place need not occupy our attention. Our learned correspondent, however, very justly observes, in the concluding paragraph of his memoir, that his evidence is fatally in- complete, unless it is shown that the American Monuments cannot be ascribed to any American people. To show that a portion, if not all of them, are of aboriginal American origin, it appears to m_c, is not a dilHcult undertaking. I have said elsewhere that the principles of constructicm in the earth-works of the United States, are tlie same with those of the monuments of Mexico and Central America ; that the latter are, in fact, the more developed types of the former. A comparison of the structures at Caliokia, Illinois, at INIarietta, Ohio, at Williams's JJayou, in Mississippi, in Madison Parish, Lousiana, and at numerous other places in the Mississippi Valley, with the plans of those of Yucatan, presented by Messrs. Stcj^hens and Ca- therwood, and of Mexico by Du Paix, is alone necessary to the substantiation of this remark. The ability to construct the latter involves the abihty to erect the former; and we have direct evi- dence that the people of Yucatan, equally with those of Mexico, built such structures, at the period of the Conquest. The histoiy of the building of the great Temple of Mexico, by the first Monte- zuma, is not only preserved traditionally, but is recorded in the paintings. The construction of the great symbolical tem])le of nirn stages, by Nezahualcoyotl, King of Tezcuco, also falls Avithln what may be called the historical period. The paintings record the con- structions of sacred edifices in the course of the migrations to which they refer; and their names and the places where their ruins exist, may even now be ascertained without dlfliculty. The building of Ill ; I i • I: III' >l I !:- 'lif 1 li. ii^' iiL k 8ft Uxmal and Mnyapan nrc events referred to with great exactnes.s in the traditions oi Yucatan; and the fact that many of the struc- tures of that country are of comparatively recent origin is sulUciently evident from tlicir inv(^stigation, in themselves, apart from traditional or historical aids. The constructions of mounds occasionally by our Northern savage Indian tribes, often by the partially civilized Floridians, and generally by the Peruvians and Auracanians, is sufTu'ii'ntly shown by the facts which I have brought together in the Appendix to my work upon tlic Aboriginal Monuments of New York. I have there also shown that a portion of tlu; earth-woiks in Northern Ohio and New York, which, misled by erroneous repio- sentations as to their true character, I had classified (in the work to which Dr. Zcstcrmann so often refers) as of the same system with those of the Mississip[)i Valley, are of a different origin and later date, and were actually built by the tribes found in occupation of I the country at the time of the aisco very by Europeans in the 15th [ century. The fatal deficiency, the effect of which Dr. Zestermann so well | comprehends, docs therefore exist. A portion certainly, and pro- bably all, of the monuments of America, were constructed by nations belonging to the great American family — that race Avhich, under all of its aspects, in language, religion, and in physical traits, betrays conclusive evidences of unity, and radical separation from all tlie other great families of men. How far casual and partial migrations or intermixtures from abroad have introduced new elemep , into the religions, new features into the civil and social organizations, new Ibrms into the monuments, or new traits into the physical constitu- tion of this race, it is of course, difficult, if not impossible, to say; it may, nevertheless, be claimed, that if such migrations and intermix- tures liave occurred ,they have been without any extended or decided, not to say without any perceptible, effect. .*t ■n« London: IUtehan & IIahowickr, I'rJnterR, Xi, Carey-rtroet, Lincolii'jt inn. at exactnosH of the struc- is sulUclcntly m traditional iusionally by ally eivilizetl racanians, is ^cthcr in the ;nts of New earth-works neous rep 10- the worlc to system with ^iu and later I )ccupation of ! in the lath lann so well | [y, and nro- id by nations ;h, under all aits, betrays rem all the I migrations cip , into the cations, new ;al constitu- 3, to say; it id interniix- 1 or decided, J-i-t ■ •H' 'm-