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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may Ise ffilmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are ffilmed beginning in the upper lefft hend corner, lefft to right and top to bottom, as many fframes as required. The ffollowing diagrams iilustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre ffilmte A des taux de reduction difff«rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul cliche, 11 est filmA A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en has, en prenant le nombre d'images ntcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ' ^A ^^ /^<^t^> ^■' ^ BRITISH COLUMBIA. ^ b 'A'// AN ESSxiY. -♦••«»♦- I-lY THE REV. R. C. LUNPIN RROWN, 5I.A., MINISTER OF «T. MARY'.S, ULLOOET A ■0 V i NEW WESTMINSTER I V PRINTED AT THE ROYAL ENGINEER PRE>J8. 18G3. BRITISH COLUMBIA. ^ Colonial SKtiiETARYa Okkice. I iTii Maucii, 1H(J2. Whcrofis it appears from a report from tlio Board appointed to adjudicate upon the Esfays called for by this (lovernment, by pub- lic notice dated the 2l)th day of October, 18G1, that none of tlie Kssiiys received in consequence of that notice can be adjudged to fuUil the 'peciHed requirements. Notice is hereby given that a premium of fifty PorxDS stehlixo will be paid by the (lovernment of British Columbia for an Kssav which shall be adjudged to set forth, in the clearest and most coni- l)rehensive manner, the cnpabilities, resources, and advantages of British Columbia as a Colony for settlement. The following rules will govern the award : — I. Competitors must send their Kssays in a sealed cover, directed to the Chief Commissionn' of Lauds and Works, on or before the .'.oth day of June, 18(i2. :i. No name or mark is to be attached to the Essay, whereby the writer can be known by his Essay ; but a distinctive motto is to be aflixed. 'i. A duplicate of the chosen motto is to be sent to the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works, marked on the o(t(si(f,' of a separate ft'dlal Envelope, u|)on the innkfc of which is to be g'ven the name of the writer of the Essay bearing such motto. 4. The Essays will be submitted for selection to a Board com- ]»03ed of three independent persons, and after they have signified llioir decision to the Chief Commissioner of Latid.s and Works, the Chief Commissioner will fo'-wnrdto them the .sf'/^joit of tlio I'olldwiji^' |iiiL;(s lo j^Ivo Sdiuo accuJinf ol' I»riti.--li ('>t!iiiiiliia, the youngest, l)iit not the least |ir<)inis- iiiir, of the Coloiiics t»f that Kiiij)ire on which tho sun never Kl.'tS. In tho Act pas-<')S,*'to i>rnviions. Whether in- deed he came further north than the 4Sth parallel is uncer- tain, but the re ia. From the lldeky Mouiit;iins tu tho (hilf of (reorgia it flows it dis- faiue of 1000 miles, remarkable not leas for the grandeur of its seencry, the ^^ulity of its etirrent, and the volunie of its waters, than for trie gold whieh has been found along Ui* rourse. The faet that there vrm gold in the eountry !>ad in- di, chiefly adventurers from the adjoining states, found their w.iy into the eountry on the upper Frascr, where they n>ined with great .«'uecess. (In tho approaeh of winter they withdrew to Victoria and San Franci.«eo, where they spread glowing ti- dings of the richnes's (»f Fra.ser UiVer. The exeitonicnt eau.sed by this news amongst the Uiiiiers of California was unbcuinded. And not tho miners only; all clas.^es of the community seemed smitten with the gold ejti- «Ieniie. ''None arc too poor," says tho Times eorresi)ondent, writing fnrm Han Franeise**, in Juno, 1H5S, "and none too rich to go. None too young, and none too old to go, even the decrepit go. Many go with money, many go without ; .«ome to invest in real estate, some to see 'what may turn uj»'; some out of eurio.«5ity, some to steal, and unquestionably some to die." Tn sliort never in the history of the migrations ol" men has been seen a "rush" so sudden and s(tva.st. It is cal- culated, that by the middle of July some 20,000 men had left California for tho new Eldorado. IJut unfortunately by far the greater number were doomed to disappointment. Tluiy arrived too early. The river was swollen and the bars (]>y which t(;rm are understood the auriferous banks formed at angles of tho river) were floodetl by the stream. Only a few met with success. Tho greater part, discouraged by failure, by scarcity of food, and by the impenetrability of the forests, made haste to abandon the inhospitable Fraser. On their rc- tiirn to (California, their disappointment found expression in a wholesale condemnation of the country, whieh they stigma- tized as a gross imposition, coupling it with tho South Sea bubble, tho Mississippi scheme, and other celebrated hoaxes. Those however Avho remained on the Fraser reaped the re- ward of their fortitude and patience. The river fell, and the T 4 INTRODUCTION. miners were able to work, and with very good average succijss. The Home (irovernmont now proceeded to revoke the grant, ])y virtue of which the Hudson's Bay Company had exchisive light to trade in these territories. The new colony, under the name of British Columbia, was thrown open to the world. An Act was passed by Parlianicnt providing for its govern- mont, and Mr. Douglas was appointed to administer its affairs. In the dispatches of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, entire conlidence was expressed in his ability anJ knowledge of the country. The Civil and Criminal laws of England were declared in force i>i British Columbia. But Mr. Douglas was empowered to govern to a great extent on his own authority. It was judged that the best form of government for a Colony in its earliest years, was one which placed the reins of power in the hands of one man. At the same time Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton gave it to be understood that this was only .; temporary measure, and that it was the anxious desire of I'ler Majesty's Government that representative institutions, witliout which they were convinced peace and order cannot long pre- vail, should l>e established as soon as practicable. Provision was also made for the military requirements of the Colony l>y sending out a party of Boy al Engineers, who arrived early in 1859. These troops, so superior in discipline and intelli- gence to ordinary soldiers, besides being ready to discharge military duty, Avere intended also to act "cis pioneers in the work of civilization, in opening up the resources of the country by the construction of roads and bridges, in laying the founda- tions of a future city or seaport, and in carrying out the nu- merous engineering works which, in the earlier stages of colonization, are so essential to the progress and welfare of u community." Thus furnished and equipped, the Colony began its career. Its progress up to the summer of 18G1 Avas dubious and slow. Its resources were but i)artially known, hence its future was veiled in uncertainty. ]Jut since its mineral wealth is better ascertained, and its agricultural capabilities proved; it bids i'air to advance with rapid strides. -»-♦-»- i T GENERAL DESCRIPTI )N OF THE COUNTRY. 5 CHAPTER IT. i GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY. No one sailina; from tho fireon islnnd of Vaiiconvcr, can have crossed on a fino day the (lulf of Cioorgia, which sepa- rates it from the mainhmd, witliout ath of water sufficient for any vcsstds save of the very lar- gest class, the Fraser seems intended to be a gate through which the wants of a great cny is collected. A nnle and a quarter above the town is "The Camp" where the Royal Engineers under the com- mand of Colonel Moody, liave their head quarters: — a most rftieicnt body of men who have materially aided in the devel- «»|)ement of the Colony. As a port New Westminster possesses great advantages. There is plenty of water, excellent anchorage, and abundance «»t' room for wharves. During the flood tide a vessel is borne up with case, and in the summer, when the freshets are strong, there is daily a fine breeze up stream which will bear her sifely into p(n*t; so that with the rivjr entrance well buoyed, and provided with a light-ship, this place might become an excellent seaport. [t IS but fair to add that the value of the harbour is con- tested by the inhabitants of Victm'ia, Vancouver Island, wlio assert that the navigation of the Eraser is impracticable on account of the so called Bar at its mouth; this is a mistake, with ordinary care the Eraser may easily be entered by ve.>^- sels drawing from 18 to 20 feet. Indeed New Westminster only requires a few firms posses- sed oF capital, to induce direct communication with England and San Francisco, and put an end to the present roundabout and expensive trade through Victoria.* Among the commercial advantages of the capital may be mentioned the proximity of IJurrard Inlet, where there is an excellent harbour, easy of access to vessels of any size or class. As regards agriculture there are several farms in the neigh- bourhood. The soil, though not everywhere deep, is generally very fertile. Of its fertility, the luxuriant vegetation is at the same tiii?e the cause and the effect. The laud has been found to bear abundantly whatever has been tried; especially vege- tables and fruit; bat owing to so great a portion of the dis- * Sec Appendix A. OENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY. trict being: densely wooded, the portion of available land in this section of the country, is at ])resent but limited. Leaving,' New Westminster the traveller into the interior of the country, ascends the Frascr in one of the river steam- boats. The Camp first attracts his attention from its fine sit- uation. Ilore the river is fully three quarters of a mile wide. Up stream a long reach (called the Queen's Reach) stretch- es rway before the eye, apparently terminating in a small island, clothed with luxuriant vegetation. The banks on ei- ther side are thickly ivooded, while in the distance snow-clad moui'tains bound the view. Proceeding up stream the next spot worthy of mention is Fort Langlcy, 10 miles from Now Westminstor. This has been for many years a station of the Hudson's Bay Company, estaldished both as a trading post for the Indian traffic, and also as a farm for agricultural pur- poses. The soil is excellent, and wheat has been grown year after year, without the use of manure. The traveller up river will next pass the extensive and fer- tile prairies' at Sumass and Chilukv/cyuk (loft bank). 3Iueh of this land indeed is flooded during the summer freshets, but only for a few days. These and many other similar tracts are admirably adapted for stock raising. The floods and mos- quitoes arc their only drawback. With the exception of those ])rairie lands, the banks on either side arc clothed with the i'orost. It is indeed a strange sight for the traveller fresh IVom thu Old World to see the exuberance of the vegetation on this humid soil. He enters the wood by the trail or pat?i which has been cut through the dense bush, and gazes silent- ly at the wonders of the forest. The damp soil deprived of the sun is covered with moss, ground creepers, and a rich growth of ferns of various species, and of rare luxuriance. 3Jingled with them arc the berry bushes, the salall, the sal- monberry, the raspberry, the huckleberry, loaded with their luscious and many coloured fruits. Above the bushes rise the hazel and the maple, their light green leaves relieved by the mass of darker foliage. Verdant pendants of moss hang from the lower branches of the forest trees, which stretching upwards, tower far above all things else, permitting glimpses, and but glimpses, of tlie blue sky overhead. Thirty five miles above Langlcy, the Fraser receives the waters of Harrison River. Here is the first divergence in the route to the Cariboo mines; — one road going by way of Harrison River, Douglas, the lakes and Lillooet — the other by way of the Fraser, Hope, Yale, and Lytton. The former is the more convenient, and the more direct. From the mouth of Harrison River to Douglas is a distance of 50 miles, 7 by 8 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY. the river, the roinaiiidcr by Harrison Luke. This i.s a noble sheet of water, reiuark!i)>le tor its rn;od bcanty. At the end of the lake is the town of Douglas, the termination of the river carria^o, ajid oonmu'nciMnent of the wau'uon-road. Douglas lies in a narrow valley betwi'en two ran <;es of moun- tains, and though small, much traffic daily passes throu<>h it. The trees rouml the town are remarkably fine, and the white pine lumber cut by the ^law-mill is much esteemed, some of it having- been already exported to San Francisco. A n)a:e iVom I)ou<;las to Lillooet is 20] miles, lloadside houses abound on it, where food and shelter may be obtained. 'J'he cost; ot^ each meal is one dollar'''. At tho inn 20 miles from Douglas, there is a hot mineral sprln;^', said to be very efficacious in cases of rheumatism. Its (diicf constituents are sulphur ami soda. The portni;e terminates at the Tena-vs liuke, across whicli the traveller is conveyed in a small boat; tluiice a povta/^e of a mile and ha f conduct.^ him to Jiillooot Jjake. 1'lie inconvenience of this portion of the route will shortly be obviated. The Tenass Jiake is connec- ted with Ijake Jjillooet, by a short and rapid river of H miles in length. It is expected tlint the powerful steamer just built on Jjillooet Lake, will be able to stem its stronj^; current, at least during- the summer months when the water is high, and thu^ navigato the whole distance from the foot of Tenass Lake to the head of Lake Lilloo;'t, a distance of 2.)- miles. Tlio ueneral direction of Jiake Lillooet is X. At the head of Lake liillooe^ stands the villauo of J\'mberto)i. Next a waggon-road takes the traveller over a second poiiage 20 miles long. There is a fine tract of ])rairie land in the neigh- bourliood of Pem1)erton known as "the meadows," it is 7 or S miles long, and iVom half a mile to a mile Avide. The land is fertile and produces grass abundantly; it is also well suit- ed for cultivation. There are now 12 farms taken up. The road starting in a westerly direction presently approaches the river, which Hows from N. E. to join Lillooet Lake. A little beyond the ILdf-way-ILuise we pass the watershed of this district, which is 1482 feet above the level of the sea. From the road, the traveller will see on his right, a roaring cataract descending the mountains from their snowy summit. The stream divides on re'.ching the va' ley, part flowing S. W. and part flovving N.F.; the former running down the valley we have been ascendinc:, throu";h Lakes Lillooet and Harrison * Tlie American dollar equals 4s. 2d. of our money, but for coa- Vpnicnce sake it is reckoned in these pages as 43, GENERAL DESCEIPTION OF THE COUNTRY. 9 into the Fraser, the h»tt<5r making its way through Anderson and Seton IjaJccs into the river just below Lillooet. The road now descends to Lake A»:'l'n'!-:on. The name is not romantic, but few scenes in nature '•an surpass its beauty, at once sub- lime and tender, especially as seen in the freshness of a spring morning as the sun crests the mountain peaks, ere his rays descend upon the calm waters of the Lake below. Its length is 10 miles, direction nearly N. and H. Lake Seton, the last in the scries, is 14 miles long, general direction W. and K. ; it is winding, rugged and picturesque. J'rubably this lake will be connected with Lake Anderson by a canal some future day: they are only a mile and a half apart. A new steamer is building on Lake Seton. Four miles further on is the town (if Jjillooet.* Hitherto our way i'wnn Douglas has been up a deliie or pass hemmed in by stupendous mountains, but as we approach Lillooet the hills recede on either hand, and the eye rests once more on an opoi expanse. A valley lies before us, forming an irregular circle with a diameter of from o to 4 miles, bounded by lofty mountains. Through this valley or basin the Fraser winds, — the river bed l)eing 100 feet below tlie plain. A series of benches rise tei race-like, regular and level, ajid according to the season, snow-clad, grassy, or gre}'. These singular benches remind us of the par- allel roads of Glenroy, and suggest the idea that the whole •valley was once a lake, whose waters gradually tell as s'^-nie obstruction that barred their egress was removed. On one ct these benehes stands Lillooet, right bank of the river, latitude ;"»()^ 4 1' N., and close upon the 122nd parallel of west longitude; its altitude is lOuG leet. The town consists of a fine broad street, at the southern extremity of which stands the cluirch. The situation is romantic. From the flat immediately behind the town, the spectator has as fine a view of highland scenery as he could wisii. To the lell the tcolden sanded Fraser rolls his impetuous current, some distance off a mountain range (a branch of the Cascade) skirts liis left bank. Westward to the right St. Mary's f ]M()Unt lifts its pine-clad peaks far into the clear blue sky. Farther south stands Blount Brew, (0000 ft.) a noble mountain: liis mantle varies with the clianging year, light green in the springtime, and yellow when autumn paints the deciduous trees on his flank with gold, but his lofty brow * Stage coaches ply on all the portages from Douglas to Lillooet, tha fare through being $20, including the steuniboat fares, which are $1 each. The whole journey which now takes 2 days will, it, is expected, shortly be accomplished iu 24 hours. ■f This name, identical with that of the church at the foot of the mountain, has received the sanction of the Governor. 20 GENEUAL DESCUIPTIO'., OF THE COUNTRT, romains crowned with snow during most of tlie year. In front licyond the town the f^e-tator observes a series of pKr.ns, part- iy enclosed and blossoming into gardens, while far away the view is bounded by tlie mazy windings of the Fraser, as he is lost to sight among the dih^tant lulls. Lillooet, though by no means a large town, shows signs of progress. Its average white population is 350. Much traffic ]>asses through this town, as Lillooet divides with Yale the Imsiness of ibrwarding goods to tlie mining districts. Thesoif in the neighbourhood is light, but when watered proves abun- dantly fertile, cereals thrive, and even tomatoes, melons, &c.^ oome to perfect maturity in the open air. Indications of min- <;ral we-alth are traced in the surrounding moimtains, and coarse gold has been found both in Bridge Kiver to the N., and in T/ayoosh Creek to the S. of the town; probably important dis- coveries will be brought to light as soon as the Cariboo excite- inci.t abating, miners give themselves time to prospect in those parts. Lillooet is the most central town in the colony ; it h;is rhe advantage of being a most agreeable place of residence. The climate is cl<^ar and regular; generally spcaTcing the sky is without a cloud throughout most of the year. The winters arc severe, tlie summers hot, but the v inters are ibr the most part; clear, and cloudless, while the summi-r heat is tempcied by the inountain breeze. I must add, that it is remarkably healthy ; nor in cimmerating the advantages of Lillooet as a place of residence, must we forget these two, that Avhile some of the other towns :\re enclosed by mountain or forest, here is ample room to walk or ride ; and while many other places are in simimer in- fested with mosquitoes, Lillooet is free from these tormenting insects. Having thus brought the traveller to Lillooet via Douglas, I must now conduct him by the other route, through Hope and Yale to the upper country, from the point where the lines diverge, viz: at the mouth of the Harrison River. From that point there is nothing worthy of mention until Hope is reached, ot a distance of 95 miles from the mouth of the river. Until ktely it was a flourishing little place, but the gold-bearing country to the east, Similkameen, having now been deserted by the miners for Cariboo, and it having been found impracticable for the present to open a route di- rect to the upper country from Hope, via Kamloops, most of the traders have left the place, and repaired to Yale 15 miles above. No one however doubts that Hope will flourish again as soon as the Okanagan country to the east, of which it is the natural outlet to the Fraser, becomes inhabited. A short distance from Hope, a silver mine is being worked; which is CEKERAL DESCRirXIOX OF THE CCUNTP.V. U expected to prove hi}i;lily remunerative. Yaks (rig^ht bajik) fj\io kend ivf bkc ri*H)r «avi}i;ation, is situated in a narrow p«ori!;'t>;oT»-road (18 feet wide and with easy jiradcs), which I'or the lir^t 20 miles fid- lows the course of the Fraser, throujih a grey and gloomy landscape, bounded on either hand by beetlinfj; mountains. Four miles above Lillooet the road passes a well known and dangerous slide, now converted into a safe and easy road. Hero the Fraser is joined by a small auriferous river called IJridiie river. Four miles I'urther is the Fountain, Avhere a large piece of land is uiuler cultivation. I'avillon vStrcam is passe^l 22 miles above Lillooet, at Bridge Inn. Further up Pavilion Valley there is an extensive farm, The (J range, where with a soil derived from the "disintegration of granite, metamorphic rocks, and crystaline limestone,"* excellent crops of cereals and vegetables arc produced. With such fertility one would hardly expect to find that the altitude of this val- ley is 2500 fect.f At Pavilion (the name is French, taken IVom the flags there found floating over the Indian burial grounds, by the Canadian Frenchmen, who first explored it) the lliver Trail diverges from the waggon-road. As the for- mer road is 35 miles shorter than the latter, (although it is also much rougher and more hilly), it may be necessary to give some account of it. Ten miles from Pavilion will bring our traveller to Leon's, on the river side. A good walker may make it in one day from Lillooet. The next day's jour- ney will be Big Bar, 25 miles further. Hitherto the road has lain along the course of the Fraser. The aspect of that river and its banks is grey, sombre, and desolate. But after cros- sing Big Bar Creek, and ascending an elevation of about 1000 feet, we reach a series of plateaux or table-lands, with good soil and beautiful grass, adorned with myriads of wild flow- ers, among which the geranium and wild pea are con!?picuous. Here are prairies sufficient to pasture countless herds and flocks. Canoe Creek is the next stopping place, 25 miles * Official report of journey from New Westminster to Lake La Hache, by Captain R. M. Parsons, R.E. tlb. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OP THE COUNTRY. Id from Leon's. Here it was that Stewart and Fraser (the dis- coverers of Fraser lliver) bandoned their canoe to travel by land: hence the name. Fifteen miles beyond is Doj? Creek. Two or three farms are taken up here and promise well. There lived here in times past an Indian Chief, who was in great favour with the Hudson's Bay Company, and who re- ceived the soubri(juet of liC I'etit Chien. From him the creek derives its name. There is a mission house at Doj: Creek, which the lioman Catholic priests built and used 40 ^ears ago. Alkali ]iako is 10 miles from Dog Creek j the distancv thence to Williams Lake is 34 miles ( by St. Peter's Springs 10 miles). The total distance from Lillooct by this road is 129 miles. Keturning to Pavilion Valley, let us now proceed thence to Williams Lake by the Avaggou-roud. Leaving Bridge lim in the Pavilion Valley, the traveller begins the second day's jour- ney from Lillooet, by crossing 1 uvillon Mount nearly 400<» feet above the level of the sea, covered by excellent i)asturagc, and well Avatorcd. Inns will be found at Clinton, 47 mile.*^ from Lillooct, ])leasantly situated in the Cut Olf Valley, a beau- tilul glen 16 miles in length. This is the point of junction of the Yale and Lillooet roads. The next day the 70 mile house may be reached: there are however stopping hou.ses Ijetween. Laud poor, soil light, plenty of wood and water. Foui'th day to tlic 100th mile post, at liridge Creek. Here a farming country begins, superior to anything seen since leaving Lang- k'y on the lower Fraser; the soil is good, and there is abun- dance of water and wood. The waggon -road here follows tlie old Brigade trail, so called from the large Hudson's Bay Com- ])any's trains. The Blue Tent n(!ar Lake La Hache, is 2G miles further; 22 miles beyond Avliich is Lake Valley House, at the head of Williams Lake, and 9 miles from the village of that name. From Bridge Creek to WHIiams Lake is a fine country, well adapted for fanning; it is said that late Irosts might some- times injure the crojis, but at Lake La Hache excellent crops t)f barley and wheat were grown last summer, and at Williams Lake there is an extensive and productive farm. The farming land is bounded by low hills, beyond Avhich there are other praij-ies and valleys. These hills are midulating and brightly green, and their grassy carpet is daisied ,over with countless wild floAvers. The road occasionally crosses some fresh moim- tain stream, whose cool, clear waters invite the traveller to drink ; now it wends by the bank of a lovely lake, in who.se glassy depths the trees and shrubs along the margin seem to contemplate their own symmetry mid lace. Here two ways to the mining country are open to the traveL 14 OENERAL DE8CR1PTI(»N OF THE COtNTRI^. pen undulating coimtry covered with copious vegc'tatii»ii. For agricultural purposes the soil is too humid, and would require drainage; the pasturage however is excellent. Ar Beaver Lake there is a pretty largo extent of land capabli; of cultivation. Two or three farms arc already taken up, and prove productive. The whole country N. and N.K, of ]^eaver Lake is in some respects different from any which the traveller has seen in the lower districts of tlie colony. Judge Bi'gl'ie in a note to hir^ map of the district, says "Froui Beaver Lake to beyond Keithlcy's i* one continuous, deusc, grassless, mountainous forest, about 5 or C days for loaded ani- mals." The trail leads through forests and swamps, wliieh iu the middle of summer swarm with mosquitoes. Occasionally where Ihc forest has been subjected to a conflagration, tlii>, cliarred trunks stand aroUtid like the ghosts of tho monareln of the Avood. By a trail leading through these spectral forest >•■, cut out of the densest forest gi-owth, the fravelfer plods on his way over fallen trees and slumps, or tlu'ough mud hoU .< often knee deep. But let him take heart he is now approach- ing the goat of his j)ilgrimage, — world renowned Caril)oo. The village of Quesnel, 23 miles from Beaver Lake, is situa- ted at the confluei'ice of the two branches of the Quesnel River, the southern branch of which rses in the Great Quesnel Lako to the S., 8 or 9 miles from the toAvn. That lake is nearly 100 miles in length, one branch of it extends to the E., the other N. The north branch of the ri^'er floAvs S.E. from Cariboo Lake. The toAvn is situated on the low tongue of land enclosed liy these tAvo riA'ers ere they join: all around are high mountains thickly covered Avith timber. Leaving Quesnel for Keithlry'.s <'rcek (25 miles") the traveller takes his Avay along North Quesnel river. Three miles on this side of Keithley's he gain* Cariboo Lake, noAV rendered important by the discoA^ery of a silver mine in the A^icinity. Here begins the Cariboo country •*''A short cut hoAvcver may be made on the Avaggon-road at the Bridge, io a point beyond the Forks at Quesnel : inlormation regar- ding it will be obtained at Bridge Creek, GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY. 15 (CarilxK) — carri-ftow/, or rcindfcr frequenting thoHO pr.rU.) Be- yond the Luke he reaches Kt'ithley'n, where n Hmnll villuge haH Hpning up; a great deal of gold wa« taken out of tliirt strcaui in 18G0, and ultliough in IHV)1 a heavy Hood deMtroyod niofir of the fluiiies, and it wm accordingly in [)art al>nndoned, then* w no duuht that there are utill riuh cluinis on the creek. Oi the creeks in the neighbourhood of Keithh7*H Httic is now heard; the prol)al)ility is they are yet ^v fi-om exhausted. Such arc iiuom Creek, 6 niiler. Cunninghnm'H, 12 miles, and Harvey ':i, 14 milcfl di^tunt fioin KeithU*y';». All those are *o ti.'C N.K. of Keithky'n, and consequently out of the way to Antler, which li»*s either to the N. or N.E. The journey from Keithley's t > Antler ( 25 miles) i» some- what tedious. The trail first ascends a mountain 5 milys in length, then descends the sjinie, and n 'Xt plunges through :i swamp. Then there is the liald Mountain, whose heiirhts onc«" gained conmiand a magnifieetit view of moimtain scenery. Immense snow mountains are seen to the N.E. which in all probability are the Rocky Mounaina. An inn will l>e found on Snowshoe Creek, below tlie Biild Mountain. Pursuing our Wtiy over a nroiuitainous and swampv emmtry, at lengtli ^fter a long descent of 3000 I'eet, we reach the valley of Ant- ler. Antler Creek which in 18G1 yielded consiilerable trea- sure, wai! in 1802 to a great extent abandoned for the now far famed Williams Creek ( 12 miles distant), but is still l>e- licved to te ricli. As the miner crossing to Williams Creek ♦lescends through the Ibrest and brushwood, which thickly mantle the valley, upon the town of liicldield ( 4216 feet, above tlje sea level) a cheering sight will mj-et his eye. Arrivinp, say in June, he finds the snow all gone, life and energy, busi- ners-s and stir visible everywhere. Th? very wheels upon thi^ stream seem in.spired with the excitement whicli quickens •every pulse, and fire.^. every eye. Here the traveller feels he has reached indeed the heart of this inmiensc country, the cen- tre from which lilt' and connucrce radiate to its Ihrthest limits. Next in importance to Williams Creek, is Lightning Creek, ■which is 15 miles distant ft'om the former, across fi rough and swampy cc uutry. This creek although very expensive to work, is supposed tx) be very rich; it is al)out 35 miles long. At its junction with Kip Van Winkle Creek, a town has sprung up, nam- ed Van Winkle, which bids fair to become a place of importance. The other principal creeks are as follows : Lowhee, 3 miles from Willi.ims Creek, Jack of Clubs, Grouse, Last Chance, ('hisholm, Sovereign, Fountain, Anderson, Nelson, Stevens, California, Thistle and Sugar Creeks, Maccallum Gulch, Taba- ixx) Gulch, &c. The route to the mines via Qucsnel, as well 10 OENKllAL DESCRIITION OP THE COrNTUY. n« the commiuiirntion between tlic diflTcront creeks will lie iimch inji)rovctl tliis Hiiniiin'r by l)ridlo-j)aths, ibr which tcii- jIcjh arc advertised ibr by (lovenmient. Sui)poHing one to wmhIi to enter Cariboo by tlic western route, via, FruHcr liiver and Lif^htning Creek, he will not turn to the right at Lake Valley 1 louse on AVilliania Lake, but contiinjo on to the villagi! ol'that name, I) miles further on. 'J'lie vil- lage of AVilliams Lake, which is tlie residence of tlie magistrate of the district, is one of the ])retliest jdaces in the colony. Here nature appears, not as on the lower Fras<'r in her subli- mcr grandeur, but in lier attractive beauty. 'J'lie shrults and Avild tluweis, no ks-' than the fenced fields and golden corn, re- tall the softer landscajies of the mother country. AIthf)Ugh its elevati(.)n is 2100 ieet, Williams Lak»' yields exiiberant cro])S of grain and vegetables. Fi'om AN'illiams Lake lliei'e are 20 miles to Mud l^ake, the terminus of the fn-st porti(>n of tlie waggon-road from Lillooet to Lightning Creek — now nearly comj)leted. Mud Lake, oi- more projierly Clear Lake, (the original nanu' being '•Lac de terre claiie," a name given by the Hudson liay Company's pe('j)le, with reierencc to the Avhite chiy that aboiuids there), is a line yhwt of water, about r» miles in length, winding like a broad river, clear, deep and calm ; the slo])es along its banks ratliei- resemble a gentleman's grounds than uncultivated wastis. From (.'lear Lake, or rather from the mouth of »Soda Cri'ck in its vicinily, a .steamer, now nearly cc>m]ileted, will .^hoi'tly ])ly to the moutli ofQuesnel, a distance ol"50 miles; this will llicilitate tlie journey to Cari- boo and the transport of provision^'.. On its way the "Knter- ])risc " will pass Alexjuuhiii, a Hudson's Uay Fort, where i'lU's are collected fi'om a vast surrounding district. Its jiosition is 52° od' N. Latitude, and 122° 20' AV. Longitude, and 1470 ieet above the sea. Here the river is '• from 250 to SOO yards in Avidtl), and the velocity of its cun-ent 51 statute miles an hour; the extreme depth of the channel 20 feet at low water, and the rise at the freshets from LS to 20 feet."* The land round Alexandria is for the most ])art poor, yet the patches cultivated by the peo])lc of the Fort, bear good crops. A few miles above Alexandria the bunch grass ceases, together with the terracc-likc benches, characteristic of so great a por- tion of the course of the Fraser, where it usually grow.'*. A few prairies occur of rich meadow grass and productive soil, f The mouth of the Que.snel Kiver, 1490 feet, will be the head of steamboat navigation; as it is likely also to become * Lieut. Palmer's Report on Bentlnck Arm Route, page 23. f Lieut. Palmer's Report on Cariboo, page 4. ORNEUAIi DESCnirTlON OF THE COUNTRY. 17 tho meeting point of tlio Frusor llivor rouff, nntl wlcitover otlier route mny iiltiiniitcly be made availiiMe, it is evident it nuiHt l)eeoin«! n jKjint of iniitortaiice, Hecutnd oidy to fliat of the several lieads of navi^'ation, and jn'rliaps superior to any of them taken Hingly. It is a tbrtunate eireunistanee that the ])oint wliere these roads converge oilers nn U(hi!irahle locality lor n town; the climate is genial, the si-encry i)ietures(|ur, and a suflieieney of open coiuitry lies around, a good portion of whicli irt availahle for agrieidture. A!l these auth, and thence to Cariboo. The new road, it is said, would materially shorten the distance to the mines, ay the journey from the coast thither would not exceed 240 miles, which is nearly the siujie as Lillooet from Cariboo. There i.s, it is said, a good harbour at Bentinck Sound, at tl»e mouth of tlie Bella Coola River, and a site for a town. The road, it is alleged, might be made at little cost, the country being ibr the most part level, although in places very marshy. This project has encountered oj)position on the ground that a new route in this direction would injure tlie towns already es- tablished on the present line along the Fraser, and retard the settling up of the lower part of the country. Admitting, it is further argued, that the new route would facilitate the journey to the mines, and cheapen provisions there, tlie same road which allows men easier ingr-^ss to, furnishes at the same time a readier egress from the country, yet what is desirable is not 18 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY. to furnish the greatest facilities to the miners to come to rifle its treasures, and then depart as cheaply and expeditiously as possible, the great thing is to liavo the country settled \ surely it is unfiiir, it is contended, to sacrifice the interests of the whole country to the mining population. But to argue thus is to forget that it is the miners who are mnkint^ the country; it is consequently of the last importance that they should be sup- plied with provisions as cheaply as possible. Hence if the Bentinck Arm route is found to be shoiter and better than those at present in use, and will cheapen provisions at the mines, no considerations can prevent it from being carried out. Government meanwhile, being unwilling to divert its energies into new channels, and to abandon its efforts to open up the country via the Fraser River, in order to enter upon new la- bours on a new route, and having no money to spare for this project, is nevertheless anxious to see the country opened up in all directions, it accv'rdingly gave a charter to the Bentinck Sound Route Company, guaranteeing that if they construct a good waggon-road from the Coast to Cariboo, they might on its completion be entitled to charge one cent and a half per lb. on all goods passing over it, and sent Lieutenant Palmer, of the Royal Engineers, to examine the proposed line of road, and lay out a site for a town at the mouth of the Bella Coola River. Mr. Palmer's Report is adverse to the route; the distance of the trail, from the Coast to Alexandria, he gives as not less thin 270 miles, although in his opinion it might be shortened b^-^ 30 miles.* The harbour is bad, and the country presents great obstacles to road making. It is very swampy, and being for the most part very elevated (2000 to 4000 feet,) tho snow lies on it for 7 months in the year (November to May inclusive.) There is a general absence of good soil, and the feed for animals is poor. If, however, a road be made from Bentinck Arm to the mines, it will probably cross the Fraser not at Alexandria but at Quesnel mouth, which is about equi- distant from the const with Alexandria, and 40 miles nearer Cariboo. Some such route will, doubtless, ere long be at- tempted. Another Coast Route, now mooted, is by way of Bute Inlet, further south than Bentinck Arm. Indeed by last reports a party of men have been conveyed to Bute Inlet from Victoria, and have already begun to construct a road. This route is said to possess the advantage of good anchorage, and a better geographical position, than Bentinck Arm. But as ifc has not yet been properly examined little is known about it. * North Bentinck Arm Route. Report ofa Journey of Survey from Victoria to Fort Alexander, via North Bentinck Arm, by Lieut. H. Spencer Palmer, R.E. R. E. Press, New Westminster. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY. 19 Before leaving this part of the country, there is a word to to be said of the districts to the north of Cariboo, and st'ttle- ments already existing there. Various Hudson Bay Compa- ny's Forts are dotted about the northern regions. Fort George is 136 miles above Alexandria, -where the land under cultiva- tion produces wheat. A hundred miles beyond there is another Fort at Stuart's Lake, from which flows Stuart's RivtT, a tributary of the Fraser. Beyond Fort George, the Fraser makes a great bend to the eastward. It rises near Mount Brown, in the Kocky Mountains, in 53° North Latitude, 118° 40' West Longitude: not far distant is the source of the Columbia, flow- ing south, the Peace River, flowing north, and the Stickeen Kiver, whose main course is west, all gold-bearing rivers. At the outset of its course, the Fraser flows N.W., then W. to Fort George, about 290 miles from its source, whence it flows S. and S.W. as far as Hope. Within the remarkable curve just indicated — let a straight line be drawn across the map from the source of the Fraser to Alexandria, and a just idea will be obtained of the locality — within that singular bend lies the golden region of Cariboo. Peace Eiver, where great discoveries were made in 1862, flows N., through the Pocky Mountains. At present the only way of getting there is by the Hudson's Bay loute, viz : from Fort George, 120 miles up the Stuart River, to Fort James, thence by land to the head waters of Peace River (90 miles), and down that stream 130 miles to the mines. It may be well to give now a brief account of that southern portion of British Columbia, known as the Similkameen and Okanagan country. The entrance into this interesting and valuable district is by Hope. From this the road will lie, for about 25 miles, in a S.E. direction, up the valley of the Ni- coloom and down the valley of the Sumallow, a tributary of the Skaget. On the Nicoloora the land is thickly timbered; on the Sumallow it is of a superior quality. Thus far there is an excellent waggon-poad, constructed by the Royjil Engineers, in the summer of 1861. Hence a mule-road, 35 miles in length, leads to Princeton, at the junction of the Sulameen and Similkameen Rivers. This is carried over very rough and el- evated ground, the altitude at one point being close upon 4,000 feet. The Cascade range, running in general in a N.W. and S.E. direction, is here so cut up by interlacing valleys, that it can scarcely be termed a "range"; the country lying between the Fraser and Princeton, is better described as a vast sea of moun- tains. Through some one of these valleys, as yet undiscovered, a road will at some future date be made by Nicoh Lake and 20 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY. Kamloops to the north : and looking southward, there can be IJitle doubt that at no distant period there will be an impor- tant line of cf)nimiuiication with Washington Territory through the valley of the Skaget. About 15 miles from Princeton the highest ridge is crossed. Here the country becomes more open ; covered with bunch- grass, and with firs at intervals; there are but few deciduous trees, and the soil is very light. There is however plenty of feed for cattle, and though not good for agriculture, much of the land is suitable for pasture; and Prince on may one day become the centre of a pastoral and mining country : good pros- pects of gold have been made in the neighbourhood, and in- dications have been found of silver and copper. From Prince- ton, the valley of the Similkameen lies in a S,E. direction, imtil tlie frontier is crossed, a distance of about 55 miles. The land- scape is grassy, and there are patches of ricli land wherever water has passed. Two miles below Princeton a trail, some- what over 40 miles in length, branches off to tlie great Okana- gan Lake. The country round the Lake is well adapted for larming: operi and grassy widi rolling hills, and sufficient Avood for agricultuj-al purposes. On the Avest side of the Lake runs the Hudson's Bay trail, the line by which the upper country is supplied with cattle from "Washington Territory. The ti'ail runs alono: between the lake and a low mountain range, li'om Avliich detached spurs pi'ess upon the lake, and rise; above tlie Avatcr in preci[)itous bluffs. There is excellent feed for cuttle all along this route, especially on s])i:ill spits of land which jut out into the lake. Tliese have been formed by an alluvial deposit brought down from the mountains by the nu- merous streams, and consisting of rich soil, are covered with luxuriant grass. Tlicy are lavourite spots Avith the drovers, Avho camp between their herds and the trail, and thus prevent the risk (.f the animals straying. The lake itself is abcmt 70 miles long, and about 1 to 1^ nfles Avide, and lies almost di- rectly N. and S. About the centre, on the eastern side, is the J?oman Catholic Mission, in the midst of an extensive laruiing district. There are here about 10,000 acres of clear land, having an excellent soil, adapted for raising stock, or groAving corn, or any other kind of pn.duce. The climate in summer is Avarm, the thermometer ranging as high as 98^^ in the shade. There is a little Alkali in the neighboui-hood ; it may be seen in small quantities in the Mission Garden, but the A'egetables do not seem injured by it. * Some gold is found over all this *" Alkali" is ii saline efflorescence which is fuund in parches in many parts of ihc country. It contains sulphate of £oda, common salt, and car- bonate of soda. ' A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY. 21 n region, — on the trail from Osoiiyos Lake, and on the streams tliat fall on cither side into th? Okanagan Lake. Last year there wero paying diggings on Mission Creek, but the miners liave been enticed awny by tlie more glittering prospects of Cariboo. There ore a lew small farins taken np in the neigh- bourhood of the Mission. Arrived at the northern extremity of the lake, the traveller comes upon a piece of ground which lias perhaps the finest soil that lie has yet seen in the Colony. This is called Tete d'Epinetto, and is claimed by the Nicola Indians, and has accordingly been reserved for their use. Still following the Hudson's Bay Company's trail, which here takes a westerly and slightly N. dii-ection, we arrive at a fine tract of country, called the Grand Prairie, with excellent soil, and clothed with luxuriant bunch-n^rass ; its extreme lencfth IG miles, breadth from Ih to 2^ miles, bounded on either side by hills, between which flows the Salmon Kiver. Admirably adapted for a grazing station, the altitude of the district (125(» teet) acts as a drawback in causing noct u'nal frosts as early as the month of Sei)tember. The ride from the Grand Prairie to the Thompson Kiver is one of exceeding beaury. A glittering stream flows merrily down the valley, and by the margin the alder and the willow dip their branches in the clear water. On either side green meadows stretch along, studded here and there with clumps of trees that give a grateful shade through the hot summer day, and every mile or two a small lake re- flects the rocks and trees, and passing clouds on its glnssy sur- face. Here the iiirincr will find good soil, fit at once for culti- vation, and what rentiers it of greater value is the fact that the recent discoveries of gold on the Thompson and North Kivcrs seem to promise that this part of the country will prove ex- tremely rich, and thus attract an ar)midant population for the consuinj-tion of all the a,2,-ricuUuralist can produce. Fi-om the extremity of Okanagan Lake to the Thompson Kiver is about 45 mile.-!, and hence to the junction of the North Kiver and the Tl!i»]n|->soii about 10. This latter portion of the journey offers noriiliig specially worthy of remark. The low grounds still present inimy spots well suited for farming. At the conilueiice of the North Kiver and the Thompson stands Fort Kamloops, the Hudson's Bay Company's Post for the district; and Iraving arrived at tins })oint, Ave will pause t<> notice tlie economic importance ot' the cmmtrv thronuh which we have liccn passing. Its value consists in this, that it is the high\v;!y through which the mines of the north are su})- ])li(^d Avitli cattle. The droves are purchased in Oregon, and are driven by the Dalles, Columbi:i Kiver, Okanagan Kiver, Osoiiyos Lake, western shore of Oiaiiiagan Lake. Thompson 22 GENEllAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY. River, Buonaparte River, and thence to the Cariboo coun- try. The profit obtained by persons employed in this business is very large, as may be seeu at once from the fact that beasts purchased in Oregon at $10 per head are sold three or four months afterwards in the north at $50 per head, and cost liter- ally nothing for food by the way. At the same time it may be mentioned that they by no means deteriorate during the journey, but arrive at their destination in as good condition as they started. The only expense is the wages and keep of the drivers, and this is but small, the owners themselves being able to drive a large herd without difficulty. But this country will h^ used not only as ore convenient for the tran- sit of stock, but also for cattle raining. Land taken up here will be at once supplied with stock by the droves passing through, and at a very moderate price. Here cattle thrive wonderfully : and (a faci^ of some importance) they may safely be left out during the winter. If besides we take into account the many thousands of acres, capable of raising good crops of wheat for the supply of the mines, the importance of this beautiful district must at once be discerned. The Fort is situated a few miles from the head of Kam- loops Lake, a fine sheet of water 25 miles in length. There is a trail on both sides of the lake : that on the north bank rough and hilly, while on the southern bank, the country consisting of rolling prairie land, the trail is good. On the west side, half way down the lake, aro indications of a copper mine, at a very romantic spot; thence the trail turns to the right, leading to the upper country, which is used occasion ally by the Hudson's Bay Company. On the southern side of the lake there are some fertile valleys, where some claims are taken up: the rest is pasture land. A ferry will be found at the west extremity of this noble lake, where the waters of the Thompson leave it to resume their course to Lytton and the Fraser, some 75 miles distant. The trail to Lytton passes the mouth of the Nicola River, which flows into the Thompson from the Nicola Lake, where there is, it is said, a fine agricultural country. Taking the trail on the right bank of the river, we descend the basin of the Thompson, along a series of table-lands. The soil is somewhat light, but the herbage is good. The trail next crosses over into the fertile valley of the Buona- parte, whence we may either proceed northwards to the upper country, or west towards Lillooet. -i PHYSICAL GEOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY. 23 CHAPTER III. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND METEOROLOGY. The Rocky Monntains which may be termed the spine of North America, run from N.W. to S.E., forming the eastern boundary of British Cohimbia. They are part of the mighty chain which as the Andes transects South America, which cros- sing over into Asia, at Behring's Straits, may be followed as far as Arabia, and again traced in Africa; while a branch appears in Europe as the great Ural range. The range which is com- posed mainly of igneous rocks, is found to contain auriferous strata at various points of its world encircling course. From a spur of the Rocky Mountains, rise the Eraser River, flowing first towards the North, and the Columbia flowing South, their sources being only a few yards apart. It is probable that the mountains of which Cariboo forms a part, run nearly parallel to the Rocky Mountains, at a^ distance of 100 to 150 miles, but of these little is known. The great Cascade Range runs almost parallel to the Rocky Mountains, at a distance of from 250 to 300 miles. It has ramifications in all directions, and from various points sends down rugged mountain spurs which meeting the sea form deep inlets*. The Cascade Mountains are compo- sed chiefly of igneous and metamorphic rocks with dykes of trap. In some places crystalliub limestone appears in contact with other rocks. There are mountains of this crystalline limestone 2000 feet in height, as in that magnificent gorge called the Marble Canon 30 miles N.E. of Lillooet. No trace of fossils occurs in these rocks, which evidently belong to the igneous series. Huge granite boulders are found along the Eraser, but granite is not so abundant as limestone. Between Similkameen and Lake Okanagan, one sees scattered every here and there small rounded masses of vesicular lava; hav- ing the appearance of vitrified sponges. The district of the lower Eraser from Harrison River to the mouth, and from Burrard Inlet S. was, probably once an estuary. The geological feature of this section of country is loose friable sandstone and alluvium; this sandstone oc- *See Dr. Forbes's Essay on Vancouver Island, page 7. 24 PHYSICAL OEOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY. curs in alternate layers with lignite; at J?urrard Inlet it is found to contain fossils of leaves and branches of trees. Sandstone is found also croppintj out on the Brunette near New Westminster, such as would be excellent for building purposes. To the north of Burrard Tnlet, the coast is, says Dr. For- bes, "a ruld bcinvn)ed by the disintegmtioji of coarser gold — where then is the coarser gold, and the (lUiUt/. veins whence coarse gokl comes i* Ho tliusc enterjjrisijig men went up the river aiid its tributaries in quest of coarse gold. This was discovered in 1859, first on the Quesnel River, and late in 18G0 followed the discovery of Cariboo. MINF.RAL KE.S(»L'l{CEfli. 29 CariV)oo is unf|ncstionaMy the richost part of thi^ country yet oxplorcil. In that ro«^ioii the ^oM iw iound both in the beds of tlu! crooks, and in their banks. The })ed-roek from which it is taken is very irre;^ular, beinj; **strnck" sonietimca near the surface, sometimes at a depth of from I'l to 50 feet. The }»od rock itself consists of slate, which is jjrenerally of a bluish ci^lour, thou«rh sometimes of a y(']lowish white. For the primary or i2:Jieous rocks which form the marked ^eu- lojxical feature of the wh(eriod. The trrtld of Cariboo is fi(>r|ucntly found mixed with quartz. .Sometimes the (juartz is in the centre of the specimen pro- tected b^ the irold; sometimes the specimen shews only the s!i!i,htc.>t adn»ixturc of quartz, f>r atijain it is almost all quartz with a l)rij:ht spot of tiold offerini;- a fine cojitrast with the white stone. It is interestini; to note the history of this com- bination. In order to undei^itand it, we njust u-o back to tlie f'tuntain-liead, viz: the roeks from which this jiold, with its quartz has come. Here is an iL;neous metamor})hic slate-rock, one of those sxiants primeval, who bear the world on their shoulders; it is in a state of intense heat, it cools: and, in coolirijr, cracks: throu-ih its cracks or fissures water passes vontaiuiniif silica. It deposits its silica in the rent of the tire- rock, probably on both sides of the rent; and so the sides of th,80U, — but their |)ro vis ions bein;^' exiuui frd I'iiey had to hMive. It is conlidently exjiected thnt a n(!:;:I;cr of miners will be at work there next season. The Stickeon Kiver also, on whose baidcs line ii'old was disef)\er(;d last summer, and to wliich so <^reat a "rush" of people repaired that it w;!S deemed ?iecessary to create there a itew ] "itish Colony — the territory lying beyond the north- ern ])oundary line of lii'itish (\ilunibia; — takes its I'so in the same nunintains. ]']v;.'rvt]iini>' in sin it se-ins to indi- catc tlio exi,stei>ce of wjalthv mines in and bevi-iid the dis- trict of (\iriboo. to the north. 11ie North iJiver flows into the Thompson at Kamloops, perhaps I'UU miles fnnn (^irib-. S.l'L.as llu' erow flic>:. I'his river takes its rise in the nei«ihbourhood ( -.' liio Cariboo mountains. It has been but slightly explored, 'n* is believed to bo auriferous, and would doubtless yi\i\ ttu iiilour of prospecting. It is navigable for nearly GO m^'i": N. of Fort Knmloops, vrherc it joins Kamloops l^idce; and ii is not im- ])ossible that one of the great road,s to(.'ariboo may Ite via Fort Kamloops and the North Iiivcr. The 'J'i'an([uille Kiver flows into Jjake Kamloops out of the North, some 5 miles west of the Fort. A considerable (juantity of gold has been taken out of this little river. Tlie writer f(nind a crow.l of China- men working there in Juno, 1801; their wages ;'.veragcd ^7-15 a day. l^ooking S.F. towards Okanagan, we find the streams everywhere auriferous. And beyond from Okanagan, at Siujilkameen, S.W. of the lake, and to Fiock Creek on the frontier to the S.E. we find traces of uold. Fight streams which flow into the lake, iind the two small lakes adjoining, give the "colour." Indeed in ISO'.f this country was the rage among miners, and though now ;d)andoned for Cariboo, its wealth is very far from exhausted. In July, ISGO, as nnmy as 200 white men were at work in these localities, and nn\ny claims paid fr»)m S-5 to ?I00 (£^ to £20) a day. Ncn* is the gold-field confined to the eastern section of the country; from Peace River to the ])order, even to the west of the Frascr. gold has been found; the quantity hitherto ob- tained ou Bridge River, Lillooct, Last Chance (streams enter- ArilUCULTUUAL AND PASTORAL RESOURCES. .']:> in^- the Fniser cm its nVht bank) has been small, but iu yoJtl has bL-on partially coarse, one piece found on lirid-.v Itivor wcighiiio- an ounce and u half. _ Of tho other ^lineral ]I(S(mree.s of British Columbia Wttl^ IS known. The country is believed to be very rich in many imncrals. Indications have been found of Silver, ('(M»iK.r I 111 Platinum, Plumbao,., (lalena (Lead), Iron, Li,ne..(,„M>,' toai, cV-c. lo the silver mine at I [ope allusiim has already been made. Indicalions of rich .-silver leads have been fmnd in various parts of ('ari]>,,o. Pieces of copper oie have bee found at several places. (Jalcna has ])eeii o])taiiie(l at Wil- liams Lake and elsL'where. Plum]);mo near '!ie Northern Coast, kf. indications of iron an'as little better tlian a "howling wilderness, wherein lialf-famished beasts of prey' waged eternal v.-ar with a sparse population of half-starved savages, where the cold was more than Arctic, the dearth niore than Saharau", and that to ((uote the words of the Chancellor f.f the lOxchequer in the House of Commons four years ago, <' these territories were bound by frost aiid banked by fog, and woe betide any unfortunate individual who might be so far diverted from the path of prudence, as to endeavour to settle in those parts." And a stranger on hi.s first arrival is apt to imagine that there is truth in this description. As he looks upon the seem- ingly impenetrable forests, which cover the banks of the lower 8G AGRICUIiTUUAL AND PASTORAL RESOURCES. Fniser, as lie scos far in tlio di.stancc the snow-topped peaks, and is told tli-it yonder mountains traverse the country in all directions, he is not unlikely to question the existence of any agricultural land in the (Jolony. But the country round about the lower Fraser, is not by any nie:ins the locality where farming; can at present be most successfully undertaken. Yet even here there are many broad acres of excellciit laud. Behind the belts of forest there are open spaces where grasfi ji,rows luxuriantly : as already re- m.irkcd, some of these lands require drainin<>'; they invite the ijivestment of tlie capitalist with a sure prospect of a rich return, whether laid down in hay or cereals. There are thou- sands of acres of good prairie land on the lower Fraser well adapted for stock-raising, Avhich is the chief tiling to be done in farmin<»; in this district. A farm below New ^Vestniinster c^)r.i;)rises 1,0 J!) acres; there cattle fatten rapidly, and what- ever is sown grows widl. Close by, is an island with many thousands of acres of clear land : the v/h acres. There is also prairie land at 3Iud Bay, 10 miles S. of New Westminster; at Pitt Iliver miles to the N., at Fort Langley 15 miles up stream, &.C. But to roach the best agricultural lands we must penetrate further into the interior. They will be found scattered u]i aiul down througliout the vast area beyond the Cascade Bange. 3Iost of the countiy is occu}»ied by arid mountain chuins, rollin-i; liills, or hi'>h jxrassv table-lands. Between (he moun- tains we find fertile and well watered valleys. The Okanai.'- an and adjoining districts possess an e:::ent of land capable of supporting an agricultural population of 10,000 souls (al- lov.'ing 1(J0 acres for persons.) Above this lies the coun- try around Shushwap l^ake, which is dc;^cribcd as containing an extensive area of ;irable land. The district around Kiuu- loops Lake and the North River, is d>^scribed as extendi nu- '^80 miles from S. to N., and 100 miles frmn E. to W.—a ])astoral country of high table-land, with abundant pasture, free from forests, and only interspersed with timber." Adja- cent lies the land around Nicola Lake, the head-quarters of the Indian tribes: a district little known, but said to possess great agricultural capa.bilities. The basin of the Thompson Iliver has good j.asturage, and iis tributary the Buojiaparte excellent arable land. The country through which the wag- gon-road passes to AVilliams Lake, must ultimately become a valuable agricultural district. The soil is excellent, requir- ing little clearing, and will prove most fertile. With no more timber than is needed for farming purposes, it has also a good supply of water and plenty of the best of feed for stock. The AGRICULTfRAL AND PASTORAL RESOURCES. same remarks ap]tly to Williams Lake, Clear Lake, Mouth of Qiicf-ncl, aivl Mouth of Cottonwood. Nor is this the limit cf the ii^rieuitural tli.strict: for at Fort Georuc 100 miles further up the Fraser, excellent wheat is raised ; and further north still at the Iludsons' Bay Forts, barley and ve<;etables are «j;rown. The soil is of three kinds: first — black, rich, and loamy, consisting of decayed vcg'ctable matter, and alluvial deposits. 'J'his is tlie character of the soil by the banks of streams or lakes, and in the bottoms of valleys, and wherever land has l)ecn formed of deposits l)roup,ht down by the streams from the mountains. This soil is rare. The second kind of soil (which characterizes the basin of the Fraser) is liuhter and more sandy. ]>eing formed by the disintceen thought that the presence of al'vali would obstruct tho growth of cereals; a fear likely to prove utterly chimerical. In many places the supply of rain is inade(|uate, and irri- gation has to be resorted to: for which purpose streams abound everywhere. This want is it must be admitted a drawback, but by no means a fatal one, seeing that many of the most fertile countries in the world are watered by artifi- cial means. Wherever the soil has been cultivated, it has been found liighly productive, and I shall now give a few illustrations of its capabilities. My samples are taken from farms and gar- dens in different parts of the country, chiefly those of Messrs. 88 AQUICULTURAL AND PASTORAL UESOURCES. livacly and Hory iit Lillooot, and Mr Tlerring a' New West- minster. At one farm oats produced 50 bushels to tlie acre with 4 tons of straw, the straw bein<>: from 3 to 5 feet hi<^h. At another oats and barley grew to the amount of (10 to 70 ]»ushols to the acre. Wheat has not yet been extensively tried, but fields of it at Fort iiangley, on the JJuonaparte, and elsewhere have borne «i'ood croi)s, which promises well for its cultivation. It is said that wherever the scrvice-bei'ry is found, wheat can be grown. Sj>ring wheat would indeed re(|uire ir- j'igation; not so, wheat sown in the autumn; receiving all the necessary moisture from the rains of autumn and spring, it would come quickly to maturity and yield an early harvest in July. For some years the virgin soil would produce it without manure. Maize or Indian corn yields from 00 to 70 Inishels to the acre. The vegetables of Britlsli (^olumbia arc unsurpassed by any in the world. Its potatoes (thriving best on the continent of tlu'ir birth) excel tlu)se of the "Old Country ". On one farm the yield to an aci"e was 7 tons, on another as high as !•'). 'I'lic average si/e (»f many was a pound, but there were not a lew weighing 22ibs. each, and one or two even aUa.ined a Avcight of olbs. Turnips both Swedish and white ]»roduced -•) tons to the acre. On Brady's farm some grew to the cnor- seen so larnc^ 'Jy ^j ill Ijigland. The average size on the New AVestminster farm was 7ibs. Onions prodiu-ed fr(mi 4 to tons to the acre. Many weighed lUbs., a few 21t)s., one (grown at the Foun- tiiin, 2lbs. loz. Cabbages weighed lVc({uently 12 to 14tbs.; at one garden a cabbage was produced weigiiing 25ibs., this prince of cab])agos worthy to grace the ta))leofthe Titans, was dis]iosed of to an Indian for G bits (os.) J^ast autumn the writer saw a beetroot IHLs. in weight, 2 feet in length and 20 inches in iiirth, and at another farm a carrot weiu'h- iiig 41bs., with 17'] inches givih. But — not to trespass tco much on the patience of the reader — suffice it to say, that cvei'v kind of vegetable which has been fairly tried has grown td)uiidantly. AVith regard to fruits, it is worthy of note that melons grow ill tlu' open air without niiinure, attaining grea.t size and fine 1l:ivuiir: tomatoes also Come to full maturity v/hcn sown not t'>o lato. The orchard at Fort Jiangley is a great success, and it cannot be doubted that this is a good country for ap- ])\vi'.: orchards are in course of being ]danted in various local- iiios, which may one d;iy vie with tliose of (Vdifornia and Oregdn. 'Unit the soil is -adapted for pears and cherries, the growth of the wild cherry and wild pear sufficiently testify: AOincULTURAL AND PASTORAL RKbOUlXCES. 39 nnd probably tho|:rape itself would ripe.i on the sunny Rhinc- liKc terraces oi the Fraser. "^ It i.s not lesH important to state that the f'arn.er or o-ardon- cr may reckon upon a ready market for his produce. AUhou.-h the prices of farm and garden produce must fall below the present excessively high rates as settlers increase, it will be long- before gram and vegetables cease to connnaud u Iiioh j.nc:e. In the interior the great ,,rice of freightage acts a.Ju high protective duty. Hitherto all the flour used in the col- nny iins Ikhmi imported, its ].resent prices being atXew West- mmstc r ilo per barrel; at Liilooet i;4 per barrel, in Cariboo XK) per ],arrel more or K.ss. JJaricy will always be in great deinaml, wn.,r,> so many h(,rses and nuiJes are ^nM.loyed; its pnce m ,}nur 18G2 was ]2s. per cwt. at New Westminster; Xo per ewt. a!, J.illooet-further up the waggon-road £o pel- £12 to <£1U £8 £20 I'otatoos Gs. to \Gs. pcrcwt.--- IJenn-^ COs. " 'I'urn.ps 8s. " < 'nioiis 40s. to 8()s. " Ciirrots, &c. 10.«. " <':!hl)age8ld.to 1.1(1. por lb. \]i\<' < oru [Uulv.in) Js. por doz. ! ^,. per doz. For st(K-lv-raising tliis country is unrivalled. The o-rnss is „f great excellence^ There aje ^ari.ais kinds, but tlu. best i. |i so tlie most abundant, exJendin-r over vast tracts between flu, ( ns<;Hie range and the lloeky Mountains. It is ternxMl • bunch-grass,- as it grows in tuf s or buiiehcs. In proof of H'^ iiurhly nutritious character it is only necessary to mention Wiehu-i That the common horses of the country fid on it alone penorm journeys such as a gra.ir:..led Fnglish hack could Jiot wit.v.ut diihculty, overtake. On one of these hardv an- nuals -b) miles a day may be ridJon. witlnrnt difKeulty • the yxpressman s daily distance is 50 miles. Pack animals too in^e upper country, although they have to carry three and ■:•- Tiic reader will bear ia mind that throuo-h"^tlii^ Er/av'ilo* \u, 'JT ' '^ huiidrod pounds, being the American com- 10 AGUICULTURAL AND PASTORAL RESOUIICES. even four hundred pound.s over trails sometimes hilly, stony, or mar.-diy, are fed exclusively on this buneh-^rass. Cattle lii.ive ■wonderfully on it. A well known cattle-dealer, who lias br()uj;lit in several droves from ()re<;()n, has stated in the Biitisli Coluhilktii (Nov. 28tli, ISiil) that after two years* experience of the country, he could say that his stock had tliriven better here than even in Oregon and California. Cattle thrive bettor and increase : lore rapidly in British Co- lumbia than they do in Enjilaiul. T shall j;ive a single in- stance shewing the value of this kind of proj)erty: two years ago a man bought a cow, for which he paid $140: that sum- mer he made vvJoO by the sale of her milk and butter: nov/ she has three calves, each of them worth ^?100. In sunnnor the cattle need little care, and no feeding — even in winter they have till last year been left to forage for thenis(>!ves. Yearling calves and foals, not G months' old, have weathered the wintry blasts. ]jut to nuike no provision whatever against severe weather is at once imprudent and inhuman. Much is not rey a simple calculation it might bo shown that TOO ev/es and 2 rams would, in the course of 5 years, suppotv.ng the produce to be one half lambs, and the wethers to be sold, increase to the number of 10,00. This calculation supposes the ewes to lamb twice a year, and to have twins one time in three, which is under the aver- age. Sheep cost, in Victoria, £2, and rams £20 (Southdowns.) The animals would cost little, summer or winter, and the wethers being sold for mutton, the proceeds v/ould cover the wages of a shepherd. As mutton cost Is. to Is. 3d. per lb. (and the sheep average 50 lbs.), it is easy to see that even allowing a wide margin for casualties, a small fortune could thus be realized in the course of a few years. The fleeces might cithei be turned to account in the country itself, or exported: the price of wool at San Francisco is 40 cents per tt>. The number of sheep imported in 18G2 was G,94G; of cat- tle 5,G40j of horses and mules 6,427. The small cactus, which some have erroneously supposed AGIIICULTURAL AND TASTORAL RESOURCES. 41 would prove an insuperable obstacle to the raising of sheep, is most serviceable in the fattening of pigs. In fact these animals require no other food in the summer time than th(^ roots, grasses, and fruits which abound in ilie woods and plains. Thc3^ would of course require to be kept up and fed during the winter. Pigs arc a very profitable investment, bacon being one of the great staples in the mines. Average prices of farm yard produce in 1liciou,s fish; so full of oil that it is said those caught in tlie noith Avill Inirn like a candle. There can be little dou1.»t that they would make excellent .Sardines: they eiiuld be ]»rescrved in their own oil. Tlie salmon begin to er.ter the rivei' in March, and speci''s after species continue to arrive until Oetober, the successors mixing for a time with the last of their forerunners. There is a greater degree of certainty in periodical arrivals of eaolv kind in this stream than at the coast and islands. TIjo most valuable kind^ the silver or spiring salmon is sure ti make his appearance. it is impossiiH^ to say liow many species tiiei'e are. During the summer of 1801 five or six diirorent kinds paissed up the Frascr to a ureater or lesser distance from the mouth. A considerable portion of them (cliieily those of the slhcr and KATUHAL rnODUCTlONS — ANIMAL AND VEGETADLE. 43 lioolv-bill spocics) make their way up the river to n distanco of a tliDUsaiul miles — even forcing tlicmselves up the streams ' still with the mighty current until at length < xhausted with the (MOilivst they are driven ashore to die. 'f heir ^ranil ohject is to ])r(>pau;ate their species, and an in- stinct impels them to deposit their sjiawn in the very head- \^;lte^s of the stream; whereby they fullil the desit ings in the interior. The spring or silver salmon begins to arrive in the river in March or early in Ajnil: it is most plentiful in June, and iiy the early part of .July has mostly j)assed up the river. It is a remarkably fine fish, weighing 4 to 25 lbs.: it has been known to reach as high as 72 lbs. The fish sent to the exhi- bition of 1S62 weighed 40 lbs. Of those that arrive first, the •greater portion are red ; the next are red and white (the flesh of the back aliove the sidelines red, l)elly white), the hist are principally white. This fish is easily cured and stands well at market. The second kind arrives in June, continuing till August; a small handsome fish, back green, belly white, flesh red, average si/e 5 to tJ lb., easily cured, and brings the highest ]le(not edllde.) The smelt arrives in the lower i'n.ser early in spring, and af'rer spawning, returns to the sea. An excellent trout is caught in the lov7or Eraser, weighing 7 and :;.'on ahouiuls in the rivt-rs and lakes tliroughont the year: lif lias liren fonnd as liir up as Fraser's Lake, and near the lioeky Mountains. In winter he retires lo tlu; hot- torn in dee|) water, atul sonietiuies goes out to wa to return ii\ Hpring. 'J Ik')' attain a size ranj:;ing from 100 to ^OOlhs. and upwards, 'J'hc female is th(! larp^er — as she lien in the deep water she is rarely eaupht: lieneu the eomparative rarity of raviare, which is made fron> her roe. A female sturgeon eon- tains great (piantit'es. From one killed in the Frascr recently a hushel was taken. The flesh also of the aturgeon is by stimo c(/nsid(,'red gfiod when pvo])eily cooked. It is believed that thcjre are exterisive ood-banksin tlic Gulf of ileorgia. In the northern seas Avhales and seals abound. Indeed the extent and variety of the fisheries of IJritish Colum- bia are inimeiisc. Oysters abound in Burrard Inlet, good Imt small — >they only require a Ijttlo care — transplantation, feeding, to equal those for which I>ritain lias so long been famous. It i.s evident that in these iisheries British Columbia possessej* a source of immense wealth. Her countless salmon (to speak of them alon(!) must foi-m one day a very important article of export. Unfortunately no one has aa yet taken up this branch of trade. Here, as elsewhere, it is capital that fails. The process of curing is a work of care and time. But there must come ere long to these shores men of practical knowledge and ca]>ital suflicient to give tliis business u start, and tlieru is uo fear that a market will be Avanting. In California there is n good mai'ket, for her own rivers do nf)t sup})Iy all the sal- mon she needs: so too eventually no doubt the Colony will be al)le to export its fish to the Sandwich Islands, Australia, and New Zeakmd, perhaps even to EngUmd. The fur-bearing animals have already been incidentally mentioned. The country is rich in these. To shew how large a trade the Hudson's Bay Company still carries on it need only be uientioned that £.">0,000 worth of furs were taken out of the country last year. With their organization no individual or company could successfully compete, aUhough many silver- grey foxes are obtained from Indians, who receive for them from £2 to £.'1 a piece — the vahic in England of a good skiu being from £20 to £30. In this country thci'e is an ample field for the adventurous .sportsman. Thei'c is an abundance ( f bears : grizly, black, and brown, the last being by far the most conmion. To be found K.xruiiAL rnoDuCTioNs — ANIMAL AND vi:(si:tai;i,f,. 45 liowcvcr llioso juiiiunls inn>0 feet, with 10 feet of diameter <\i the i)ase. Sections of a Douglas Pine o09 feet in heiglit, cut at New AVestminstei*, have been sent to the Exhibition of 18G2, which will make known more eloquently than words can do, the for- est wealth of British Columbia. Already a trade in this wood is springing up between Van- couver Island and the Sandwich Islands, the South Amci'icau coast and Australia. Dr. Foj-bes in his Esvsay on Vancouver Island states that "the French, S.n'dinian, and Dutch Govern- ments have been supplied with masts and spars, by a company Avhicli has slablished Sawmills itc. at the head of the Alberni Canal in Barclay Sound, V. I. In the English jMcrchant Ser- vice, tluy have been laigely used, and have given gn-at siitis- laction, being usually considered the finest mastsever imported."' lie adds "the extraordinary size, straightness and miifbrm thickness of tlie trees, their strength and flexibility, the regu- larity and beauty of their grain, their durability, fieeness from knots and siu^i-wood, place them almost beyond competition in point of quality, and especially tit them for the masting of large vessels." (See Appendix E.) The "White Pine is another valuable wood, clear, smooth and easily worked, it is Avell adapted for finishing purposes. The White Pine of New Westminster is not of so fine a quality, but that Avhich gi'ows at Douglas is superior to any on the Pacific coast. Thus in these two woods, the Douglas Pine and the White Pine, the Colony possesses two invaluable sources of supply, the hard wood adapted for masts of vessels, for rafters of houses and other heavy Avork, the softer wood uiu'ivalled for all work of a finer description, such as the intei'nal furnishings of a house, &c. « Among the other pines may be mentioned the Balsam, Hem- lock, Black spruce, Scotcli fir; all valuable trees. The Cedar attains even greater dimensions than the Pine. The autiior measured one at Douglas in 18G0, which was 33 feet in girth some 4 feet from the base. This wood is very useful for domestic purposes: easily chopped, it makes a bright and warm fire. From this tree it is that shingles ( the slates of wood built houses) are made. Of the deciduous trees the following are some of the princi- pal: Maple, Hazel, Cottonwood, Alder, Dogwood, Cherry, In- dian Pear tree, and Crab-apple. ^ATORAL rRODl'CTIOxXS— ANIMAL Ami VEGETABLE. 47 Wild fruits grow in great profusion. Tlie variety and num- ber ol its berries constitute a marked feature of the country. J hese form a staple of the food of the natives, who dry them ^.r winter use. Tiiey are vastly superior to the wild fruits of i^nvope, often attainrng a size and a fiavour such as only culti- vation can impart in England. The service berry is twice as large as a ripe black currant: It grows in profusion, everywhere beyond the Cascade Kango. ihe other pnncipal berries are the sallal, the huckle-berry <)r blue-berry, the wortle-bcrry, tlie salmon-berry, the rasp- berry, strawUn-ry, Oregon grape, gooseberry and currant: de- licious li uits, which make excellent piteservea. The best berry Jor preserves IS however the cran-beriy, which grows in swampy places. Picked in the pro^^er season (towards the end of Sep- tember) cran-berries will keep well for mor<5 than a year, by being simply put into a water-tight .ask, filled with water. Iherearegreat quantities near the mouth of the Eraser- and this Irmt already forms an article of export. 250 casks ( each contammg 30 gallons) having been exported in 18G1, from JNew Westminster to San Erancisco. The^ country is rich in roots, which form another chief arti- cle of Indian consumption. Some of them possess important medicinal properties, ^ Both hemp and flax grow in this country wild, a fact which promiS3s well for their cultivation. Many shrubs and beautiful flowers grow wild, which are much prized in England, such as the honeysuckle, arbutus; myrtle, seringa hawthorn, rhododendron, wild rose, a species >of hly of the valley, calceolaria, &c. ^ Oflcn the wanderer through the unpeopled waste is cheered by the sight of a geranium, or it may chance a daisy or some well known flower looking up to him from its grassy bed with ii kind ofmysterious sympathy, and recalling to him the ver- dant iDlains and flowery gardens of his own dear land 48 COMMERCE — STATISTICS- CHAPTER VII. COMMERCE — STATISTICS, A Colony possessed of such resources cannot fail to become a commercial country of importance. At present gold is her .sole export of importance, besides the furs of the Hudson Bay Company. But when her mineral resources are developed, she will export largely various ores, gold, silver, copper, lead, possibly too iron and coal. Her agricultural resources will with difiiculty maintain herself, but her pasture-lands may supply hides and fleeces for export. For her natural pi-oductions there is a demand all over the Pacific. For preserved fish a market may be found in Chili, Peru, &c., for dried or salted fish in China and Japan ; probably also in New Zealand and Austra- lia. Oils, isinglass, caviare, &c., may also form articles of ex- port. The splendid timber of this Colony and Vancouver Island, also promises for both Colonies a commercial future. Spars may be exported to England and France, timber to South America, China and Persia, countries where wood is scarce. Potash or pearl-glass, turpentine, &c., may also become articles of export. Ice may be shipped to India, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific. It may be long before British Columbia will accomplisli much in manufactures, excepting for the partial supply of her own necessities. But as she will probably be found to have better coal-fields, and more muuerous hai'bours than are now known, there is no reason why with a large population ahe may not ultimately become important also as a manufactu- ring country. Meanwhile her active little neighbour, Van- couver Island will probably far outstrip her in this respect.* For the goods she manufactures her mighty sister will furnish her with varieties of raw material, and then become a purcha- ser of the articles she manufactures. iis regards imports, these are steadily increasing; those of 18G2 shewing an increase of 98 per cent on those of 1861. The latest published list will be found in the Appendix F. * For a valuable sketch of the manufacturing prospects of Van- couver Island, the reader is referred to Dr. Rattray's interesting- treatise on Vancouver Island and British Columbia, (Smith, Elder. & Co., 18G2,) chapter VI, COM MKROE — STATIST "S. 49 Tho I'lvr"' l.ulk of the imports consists of articles of consump- tion, which will probably ere long be raised iu the Colony itself, e. g. flour, bacon, beans, &c. It Avill be noticed that the value of goods imported via Van- couver Island for the last year is £I02,G50, whereae those im- ported from the United States direct amounts only to £157,508. The transfer of goods by Victoria causes a great additional expense and loss of time Avhich might be avoided if ther>e goods came direct. There is however nothing to prevent British Columbian merchants receiving their goods from San Fran- cisco, New York, and England. The idea that Frascr River cannot be entered except by the smallest class of vessels is n(>w happily exploded. The statement of Captain Richards, R.N., containing the nautical opinion upon the subject is of the highest importance, (vide Appendix A.) Many vessels have with ordinary care successfully passed and repassed the so- called bar at the mouth of the Frascr. A prejudice, it is said, exists, or has existed, in England against this river in conse- quence of which shippers wishing to insure direct to New Westminster may be required to pay an additional premium. Rut Caj.tain Richards's statement shews such a prejudice to be unfounded, and that with vessels of 1500 to 2000 tons, draw- ing fi'om 18 to 20 feet, the risk would not be increased by their cominc: direct to New AYestminster. The gi-eat obstacle to direct importation is not the naviga- tion, but the want of capital among the merchants of British Columbia. There are not in the Colony merchants able to charter ships in regular succession. When opportunity offers they combine and charter an isolated ship from San Francisco; for instance in May 1802, a ship brought a large cargo of flour and barley from San Francisco to New "Westminster direct: the freight- age was 82.7 per ton, while the freightage from Victoria alc)no would have been $S per ton. Doubtless as the Colony advan- ces, and capitalists resort to it, and tho increasing demand re- quires increased supplies, merchants will settle there, and have their wo(lscunsi;2:ned to Ncav Westminster and brought thither by a regular line of ships. A table of Ihe duties collected at New Westminster, will be found in the Appendix.* Every article imported is taxed, with the exception of fresh meat, fresh vegetables, fresh fruit, coin, baggage of jiassengei"s, Government Stores, salt, and books; a further duty of h cent per lb., is levied on all goods leaving Douglas, Hope and Yale. The Tonnage Dues amount to 12s. per ton on all goods leaving New Westminster. ■'' Appendix G. 50 COMMKItCK — STATISTICS. clcnnug uvc Hi 1. per ton ro- The Harbour Dues on entering and on ton register for sailing vessels; for steam-ships 2d. per gister.* A personal tax of 4s. is levied on all persons entering the Colony, for the relief of the sick. The Revenue of the Colony up to last year will also he found in the Appendix. f The Revenue of 1862 falls not fiir short of £120,000. This is a large revenue for so small a population, but in truth the taxes are little felt, being lost sight of in the high prices paid for goods in the upper country. It is a healthy sign that the magisterial districts are self supporting, the receipts at the dif- ferent towns (from sale of land, of miners' licenses, recordin:; claims, &c.,) fully covering the expenditure. Thus the entire revenue, Avith the exception of the salaries of Officials at New Westminster, can be expended on improving and developing the country. The great means of improvement is manifestly the construction of roads; and accordingly to this object the largest proportion of the revenue is devoted. And not -without result. By the end of the present year the colony will proba- l)ly possess two good waggon-roads into the heart of the mines. Whatever grumblers may say, this is no mean achievement for the Government of so young a Colony. Five or six hundred miles of road through the roughest country imder heaven — why there are parts of civilised Europe (such as Spain) with- out w.aggon-roads to this day. Yet the revenue is by no means adequate to the wants of the Colony. Public works of essential utility are in abeyance, ibr want of means. There is no Gold Escort from the mines. At least two-thirds of the country is unknown, because unexplored. With the excep- tion of the main routes little of it is surveyed. No bridge yet spans the Eraser either at Lillooet or Yale. The Douglas Lil- looet road is in poor repair. The Cariboo district requires to be intersected with roads. The mail service is defective and irregular both on the ocean, and within the Colony itself. For these and many other public requirements essential to progress money is needed. In a word we need a loan from England. It is said that the Governor has applied for a loan of £80,000. Heartily is it to be desired that no obstacle or delay may oc- cur in obtaining it: for such a sum judiciously exi)ended would prove an incalculable boon. It is thought by many that the revenue might be advanta- geously increased -without detriment to the interests of the community at large, by substituting for some portion of the import duty, an export duty on gold. If a duty of, say 2s. an Appendix II. t Appendix [. rOLTTICAL AND SOOTAL ASPECTS. 51 ounce, were imposed, a handsome addition would be made to tlie revenue, even allowing for the expenses of collectinLf it. Nor would the tax be in any way unjust to the miners, who might well be called upon to contribute to the developement of the country, a fraction of the wealth it gives them. Further it is argued, such a tax would touch only the successful men who could well bear it. Others however are of opinion that such a duty could not be collected without difficulty and expense, and that for the present things had better be permitted to remain in statu quo. CHAPTER VTir. POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS. The affairs of the Colony are administered by a Governor who^ with the Colonial Secretary, usually resides in Victoria. In iNewA\estminsterthe other Heads of Departments reside, viz : the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works, the Judo-e the Treasurer, the Attorney General, the Collector of cSs- toms, the Chief Inspector of Police, the Postmaster General, the Registrar General. The Treasurer is also Master of the Mint, his staff consisting of a Chief Assayer and Chief Mel- ter, with their Assistants. The country is divided into districts, each of which is un- der the care of a Resident Stipendiary Magistrate; these districts are as follow: New Westminster, Douglas, Yale, Lytton, Hope, Similkameen, Lillooet, and Cariboo. The Magistrates also discharge the duties of Assistant Gold Com- missioners, County Court Judges, Assistant Commissioners of Lands and Works— in a word they are General Agents of the Government. New Westminster is the only incorporated town. Its Town Council is composed of nine members elected annually. The improvements which this body have effected in the short period of their administration wouM seem to indicate that the same privilege might with advan- tage be conferred upon the other towns. The manner in which the (jicverament is carried on, and the laws administered; gives general satisfaction. So long as 52 I'OLITICAL AXI) S(K'IAI< ASPECTS. the Colony progresses, and its new necessities arc mot by now cnaf'tnionts, the colonists (with tlie exce])tion of an uninflu- eniial cli((ue at New Westminster ) are satisfied ; they have not the wish, as in the present eireumstanccs they would not have the time, to legislate for themselves. Yet, although ]Jritish (!ohiuil)ia has flourished under her present Governor, it is evident that her interests can never receive tliat exclu- sive attention wliich is essential to her rapid developement, so long as His Excellency has also charge of the neighbour- ing Colony of Vancouver Island, and resides there. The white population of the whole (Jolony in the summer of 1802 probably did not exceed 7,000: in the winter it fell to S,000. In the autumn most of the miners left to winter in Victo- ria or San Francisco. Such will continue to be their practice until winter-labour at the mines and elsewhere becomes more abundant. The Chinamen number about 2,500. A peaceable and in- dustrious class, they have hitherto as consumers proved a ])enelit, and fortunately their numbers are not increasing. The colonijil population is very varied, comprising men from all the nations c»f the earth, and from many grades of society. lentil recently the Americans have had the ascen- . dancy in point of numbers: but the immigration of 18G2, from England and the Colonies, has turned the scale: and no;v the British Subjects decidedly preponderate. As in all new communities, the character of the population is somc- Avh at rough. A sprinkling of the refuse of society may be found amongst them; but the majority are respectable and well conducted. I'he amount of crime committed in the Colony is wonderfully small. A list of the commitments at tlie ]I;vase of Correction at Now ^Westminster is given in the Appendix.* It will be seen that the total number of com- mitments at th'-, the principal prison of the Colony, during a period of lt» niunths, oiily amounted to 164, and of these 81 were discharged, while of the 8'} left, a number were only cases of dru'ds'fnn'.'ss. Another table will shew the character of *Lc crimes committed in the course of a year, the punish- ments awarded, and the nationalities of the several criminals: from all which we can draw but one conclusion, viz: that our calendar of crime is singularly light. That so large a number of men, many of vv'hom have previously dwelt in lauds where scenes of license and bloodshed were daily witnessed, and where the law was often set at defiance because the criminal could buy himself off from Justice, should conduct themselves so peacc- * Appendix K. POLITICAL ANT) SOCIAL ASPECTS. 58 a})ly is a iiiiitter of wonder and of t]iankfuliios9. Tliis liaj)py state of tilings is to be ascribed, under (Jod, to the purity and impartiality with which Justice is administered, and to the wholesome sense entertained by all of the majesty and inflex- ibility of the English Law. But the existence of certain grave social evils is not to be denied: such is the degrading concubinage with native wo- men, a vice which is happily on the decrease. Gambling, that curse of mining communities, has been hitherto largely practised at the mines. It is earnestly to be desired that the ^lagistrates of Cari- boo will soon be in a position to put a stop t(» the practice of that debasing vice. There is no d(mbt that the thing can bt; done, for the large body of the miners themselves are opposed to it, and will readily assist the eftbrts of the Magistrates. These social evils will, let us hope, be crushed in their infan- cy; iu.)r can one fail to mark already various signs of im]irov!> nient in general society, among which not the least is the ar- rival of more families in the Colony. Dissevered fn/m the softening infliuMice of wonjen, men generally becf^me move or less rough. Often lieligion itself dots not st eni pt-iinirted to efleet the needed reformation \^ithout tliis iiistrunientality. To many men the Son of Mary still reveals II iniself through woman, and through iu:'r puts forth His healing and civiliz- ing grace. The recent increase of families is therefon; a nuitter for congratulation. At New A\'estminstor there is a small and choice society; at the other towns there are the germs of society in the presence of a few families; and even beyond the towns we find occasionally a family "s((uatted" in the wilderness, where ladies (with young chiidren too) arc braving the toils and hardships of "the "Imsh" — toi]s and hardships which seen from a distance appear high as moun- tains, yet when approached in a strong and courageous spirit become more easy and endurable. The religious wants of the eonnnunity are not neglei-ted. The Church (.f England, with a Bisho]>ric founded in l.*^-")!*, by the illustrious munificence of an English lady, has taken root in the land. The Bishop resides in A'ictoria, \'aneonvi'r Island, which for the present forms part of his J)iocese, but already during his brief episcopate, he has travelled through- outmost of his vast Diocese and penetrated into the heart of the mines. The Archdeacon resides at New ^Vestminster. Churches have been erected at Xew Westminster, Hope, Douglas, and Lillooet, while the mijiistrations of the Church ai'C carried by a series of itinerary services throughout the mining district of Cariboo. The Churcli of Rome hits I'OLITlCAh AND SOCIAL ASPECTS. Churches at New Westminster and Okanagan. Its Mini»tcrH however devote themselves chiefly to the Missionary work nmongst the Aborigines. For half a century the lloman Catholics have been amongst the Indians : their spliere of la- bour is now confined to the lower Fraser, and the Okanagau district. The Wesleyans have Churches at New AVestminstcr and Yale, and the Presbyterians have now regular services at New Westminster. In all the settled towns of the country Sunday is admirably kept. Families meditating emigration to British Columbia will not unnaturally inquire what provision there is for the edu- cation of their children. Now it must be confessed that the subject of education has not as yet received much attention. This is owing to the very limited number of children in the Colony. New Westminster is the only exception : there, at the R.]i. Camp, contiguous to the town, is a good IVIilitary School, attended by a large number of children, and efficient- ly conducted. In the towns in the interior the necessity for schools does not yet exist. There can however be no doubt that so soon as twenty children arc settled in a town provi- sion will be made for their education. As for boys and girls beyond the years of childhood, they must for the present be left at Victoria, where there are excellent schools: let the reader refer to the Collegiate School ably conducted by the Rev. C. J. Woods . For a long time the want of suitable accommodation for the sick was sorely felt. Now however, thanks to the ener- getic movement made by New Westminster, seconded by the liberality of the colonists, a large and handsome Hospital, sit- uated on a commanding site, has arisen in the capital, wheio the sick and infirm of any nation, colour, or creed are admit- ted, and attended with care and skill. Thus, one by one, the institutions of the Mother Country transplanted here take root, being destined one day to cover the land. Her Ileligion, her Laws, her Charitable Institu- tions, we have already. Her Education will follow soon, soon too the Home life of the old country will characterize the new. Nor, may we be sure, shall the political life be want- ing, or Representative Institutions be withheld, whenever, by an unanimous expression of its wish to possess them, the community gives evidence of its capacity to use them. F.Mltin.VTlON. i)i> (MAPTEU IX. KMIGRATION. It is not the object of the writer of this Essay either to in- duce or check emigration to the Colony whose advantages and hardships alike he is endeavouring to portray. If any persons inifit to encounter tlie difficulties of a new country, are so far led astray by hopes of wealth, as to emigrate to tlieso shores, they will have only themselves to thank for their folly. The classes of emigrants that the Colony needs are capitalists and labourers; yet even the latter should not come without means to maintain themselves for a time, m\ case of not immediately procuring Avork. For want of men of capital the Colony is hindered in its de- velopement : to such it presents strong attractions. It is a com- mon saying that money makes money : the remark espt-cially applies to new countries, most of all to tlie newest. In British (Jolumbia at its present stage, a man ])ossessed of some capital may within a jicriod of say 5 years realize a competency; while the larger capitalist may multiply his means a hundred fold. To enumerate within the limits of a publication like this, all the varicid fields of enterprire here opening up, woidd be im- possible. A few however may be hinted at : a man with means may for instance go to Cariboo and purchase a share in a mi- ning claim. Miners often dispose of claims which promise Avell for a comparatively small sum in cash. There have been eases where a claim has yielded tlie day after its purchase gold enough to reimburse the outlay. Such cases are exceptional. Not every one lights on a pocket of gold; one claim costing little or nothing yields a fortune : another for which a large sum is paid, yields little or nothing. Mining, like life, is a lot- tery, (as in our ignorance we say,) whereof the blr^^iks are many, and the prizes few. All that I can say is, at Cariboo the ''chances'' are good. Again the man of capital may hire men to prospect in new and unexi)lored parts of the country, and share the profits of their discoveries. Capital can open mines of silver, copper, &c. Or take trade. At present there are many traders, few merchantsi (roods on their way to Cariboo, pass through many hands, and at each transfer the price swells, until it attains large pro- 50 F.MKJHATION. portions. Morclmiits possessed of capital siiflieicut to cslublisli tlieir own lino of comniunioation between the port of entry and Cariboo, would, while reducing the present high rateof provi- ssiony, and thus conferring a boon on the 'whole population, soon realize a large fortune. An easy but inglorious way to wealth open to one possessed of some means, i.s by lending money. At some places 5 per cent a month is the ordinary rate of interest. But there are ways of investing which do not savour so strongly of usury. 'J'ake for instance the timber trade. Lumber may be .squared for transportation. A good trade in S(piared lumber will ere ]oi:g spring up Vvith Australia, and also with China. There are many in the Colony who imderstand the srpiaring business, especially New Brunswickcrs and Canadians. Again, much may be done as regards the fish which aboinid — Herring, Sal- mon, Cod, for Avhich a ready market would be found in the Colony itself, at San Francisco, the Sandwich J 'and.'^, &c. Should such projects lie beyond the capacities of the innni- grant, he may turn to other things, tor instance he ni'iy erect a saw-mill or a flour mill. The ])rice of lumbei* at present is, at New Westminster £'o 8s. ( tlressed £7) at Lillooet £10 and at Williams Creek £25 per 1000 feet. A reference to the chapter on agriculture, will .sliow hoAV profitable are farming and sfock raisMjg. For the latter the jiasture- lands are free to all, and for farming lil>eral allowance; of land is made; IGO acres almost given aw:'y (so small is the price) to each bona Jide settler, Ijeing a British subject, or an alien who has tak(!ii the oath of alkgiance. For particulars the reader is referred to the Pre-emption Act given in the Api)en«lix.* A fVee gi-ant of land is made to retired Officers of the Army and Navy. Particulars I'cspecting this peculiar (biit sub-stan- tial) reward of valour will be foimd in the Appendix. t Besides the men of capital, the class of men for British Co- lumbia are the men of inu;cle. For miners, labourers, artisans, there is an opening ; yet even tiiey require inmost cases some meraus to begin uj)on. What openings there are for the miner, the account already givtn of the mines will amj^ly show. Cariboo has already made a few aftlueut, many well oil'. Now be it remembered, any man can be a miner, who is gifted Avith pluck, strength, and a good constitution. True the novice does not know where to look for the gold ; he must therefore ally himself Avith an experienced miner: a good partner is half the battle. Thei'e are many disoouragonienis in mining life, and a man s * Appendix L, f Appoudix M. f,:mi(;r.\ti<)\. 57 lortitudc and jiutieuce are often sorely tried, efipceiully at Cari- boo, — wliatwith bad weatlicr, poor lood, and isonictinie.s .swarms of nKtS([uitoeH buzzing about Iiim as lie works, lint he who nieaiis to succeed nnist set all those things at defiance; keep a got>d heai-t, and not be cast down by hardshij)^ or disappoint- ments. I would also reconnnend him if lie hopes to be suc- cessful, to have nothing to do with the bad lif[UorH, which arc frequently sold there, the ruin ^alas of many. To take the trouble of going to Cariboo, to undergo all the hardships of iiiining life, and then to sj.oil everything by drink would be indeed a pity. No miner in senreh of a claim need be in Cariboo before Juno: a man may ind(>od find work earlier by liiring himself out, as yet the denuind for liired labour is limited: "as claims are opened there will be a larger denuuid for labour. The proprietiir of a ehiim nuist be on the ground by the first of •Inne, olh"rv,isi! his claim is *»ju]n])ablc" i. e. nniy be jum- ]»ed on, and taken possession oi' by others; such is now the l;i\v, but as snoti as iiruvisions are abundant at the mines, claims will no lon;>vr be laid over during winter: the owner or his rei>n>sent;(tive will then have to remain on his claim all I he year ruuiid. It is ])ossibk' that the miner, even if he should not arrive too early, mny nut succeed at once in finding a claim. Per- Inij.s his means become exhausted, what then is he t(; do^ I'lrst he will naturally try to hire himself out in the mines. .\nr if he is a man of sense will he be too jmaid to work for another Uian. He who is not willing lo take any lionest em- jdoyment (hat offers bread and wages, is (juile I'inHt for the Avork of this Colony, ^^ueli ;ui one had better remain at home or emigrate elsewlu-r.>. If unsuccessful v.t the diggings, the miner is not left with- (iii; a r'.,vi)uree; ha can work on the public roads, or engage in farm labour, or [.ly his own ti'ade in any of the towns. There was indeed a time last year, when men wanted work and could not obtain it. But it is very unlikely that such a combination of misf<.rtunes as the country then suffered from will (iccur auain. There are a few berths open for carpenters, axemen, black- S!u t is and labourers. Tli-o present wages are, — earpcjiters 12s. a day at New Westininster, 2t;s. a day in the central towns, in Cariboo 00s., bi.n-ksmiths 2{fs. to 4Us. a day in the season, axemen lOs. to 10s. a day at Jjillooet, 4(is. to OUs. in Cari- ]m)o. The wages of ordinary lal'ourcrs v.ny, ianging from 12s. a day to 10s.: at 'he mines 40s. ^Vllcre tlicfre is work, nicn Will have high v.Mges. The \v;ig(>s roe(':\ed on the ] ub- .)^ KSrHiKATJuN. lie roads lust .suniiiu'r wi-rr tii ji nioiitli and )>(>avd: lur fanrt l.dxMir at ]>reH(Mit XH^ and l»uard, in tlio central districts. Waiic's arc smaller at New \\'cstniinsti>r, and livinj;' chca)»ci. Tlic latest prices of provisions at New Westminster, iiil- lo(»et and ('aril)oo, will be f'onrid in the Appendix.* .At present livinii; costs at New Westminster .'}h., at Lilloo- ef 4s., in Cariboo 20s. a day; or if one boards at an h(»tcl, at New WestminsttM* ,£2 a week, at Lillooet JC'2, in Cariboo r£() : or for sin<;l(! meals at an liottl one pays at Ni-w WoHtminster 4s., at Williams liake (5s., at Williams Creek lOs., but in ( 'ariboo the cost of'livin;;' will it in expected bo less })ef'oro lony,-. 'i'lu; demand for labour is comjtaratividy small because there is not as y(>t sutlicient capital to employ a very lar»2,'e nundier of labourers. Wlu'n it is brouj:ht, the field of labour will bo .«ivorp()ol to New York, £20 £12' New York to Siiu Francisco, .'io .'{(» Sua Franci,-2(.'0 to Victoiia, 10 "> Total ... <£S(J £-n Kvevy miner should have £20 in his })Ocket on arriving at Victoria, which is over 500 miles from Cariboo. Tho great objection to these routes is the risk of being de- tained for some days at Panama and San Francisco, through the overcrowding and inconvenience of the American steam- ers from the Isthmus. This evil would be obviated, and tho expense lessened, were an Engli.sh Company to put a line of steamers on the Pacific side to run from l^anama to Victoria direct. Indeed such a project is talked of, and may soon Ixi carried out. It is calculated that by placing a line of screw steamers on the lines from England to the Isthmus of Pana- iria, and from Panama to A'^ictoria, the fare might be l)rought ii.s low as £'20. GO raosi'KcTs. With I'cuard to the runic ruiiii*! V;q>v, Movu tlie fares are £50 for tlio cabin, and l>y some ^^hips as low as £20 for the hiteerago. Tlic voyage takes live iiiontlis, ])ut u steamer or even a good clipper ship can make it iu about 100 days. There is an overland route from Canada across the llocky Mountains. The last ex])edition which entered the country by this route reached Cariboo late last autumn. The party which con.sistcd of 150 men acconi})lishcd the journey from Lake Superior to Cai'iboo in five months. Tiiey do not en- courage others to follow their exam})le. The hardships en- countered, (lie ri^ks of Indian attack, the toils of the road from Edln^ll^()n to the Rocky jMonutains, ( where the men had to cut their own trail thrimgh very marshy ground) the (landers of the descent of the Fraser, and the leniitli of time expended, all conspire to make this route objectionable. Un- til a wairgon-road or railway unite tlie two great divisioi>s of the North American Continent, the sea must continue to be the highway to British Columbia. ClfArTER X. PROSPECTS. Tf the resources of Rritish Columbia are such as they have been described in these pages, we may safely predict for her a brilliant future. When capital begins to flow into the country, and labour grows cheaper and more abundant, dis- tricts now unknoAvn will be explored. Minend wetilth, of whicli only the out-croppings so to speak are apparent, and commercial resources, \-hich are still latent, will be revealed a.nd developed. The lands which are adapted i\:Y agriculture will be occupied, and new valleys aiid plains fit lor settlement discovered. Althougli as an agricultural country alone, British Columbia Avill not becom.e great, she lias, neverihe- less, as we have seen, arable and pasture lands sufficient to maintain a large mining and commercial population. 'J'hat population will come, unsteadily perhaps at first: by ebbs and flows the tide will advance. If the population should increase but slowly, this will be all the more advantageous. Tliat it will increase, the fact of the wealth of the countiy renders certain. Drawn by the resistless power of gold, men will penetrate iute the desert; and while the miner compels I'llOSl'ECTS. 61 tlio oarth to unfold lier secrets, the f.inncr will oonstvain lands, seemingly barren, to yield abundant luirvestH. Cities will spring u]^ wherever imncH of <>o!d or silver, of copper, h^ad, iron, or coal are opened, as well as at the ports of entry and along the lines of route. Then the lonely places shall be lively with the sounds of labour, and shores now silent echo back the seaman's call. J»usy connnerce will descend into harbours now unvisited, and thence dispatch licr fleets across the seas to Europe and to Asia. British (\)lumbia will send lier spars and timber to South America, China, and Japan; her fish, her silver, lead, and copper ores to English ports; and her gold to all the world; and receive in return the pro- duce of the States, the nianufactuves of England, and the hixuries of India and China. l{elip;ion and civilization, fol- lowing in the train of conunercc,\vill extend to these new lauds th(^ sceptre of their ancient rule, — and British law and liberty find a new home in the west. But in an attempt to view the future of British Columbia, the eye is forcetl to range beyond her limits, and see her linked witli her sister colonies — Vancouver Island, already as one with herself, and Canada so distant. Connection with Canada is essoiitial to her full developement. Iii a political point of view, it is of the utmost importance that Her Majes- ty's dominions in North America should be united by road, telegraph, and railway. Commercially, this is important, for it is iiow understood that the connection of the two shores of the North American continent would open a new highway for the commerce of England with Asia and Australia: even now the want is felt. Free and regular postal communication is essential to the existence of commerce and the advance of . civilization. At present British Columbia is denied this 1 boon. English mai's reach the colony, via New York and 1 Panama, in American ships, or overland from New York to | »San Francisco. Not to speak of the delays and risks towdiich ' the mails are subjected on these lines, it is unseemly that a great naval Power should be indebted to foreigners for the transmission of its mails to its own Colonies. Were commu- nication opened between Canada and British Columbia, the mail service to the latter Colony and Vancouver Island would be regular, expeditious, and safe. Nor would these Colonies alone be benefited: such a line once established, the postal service of England with Australia and Asia could not fail to bo carried through British Columlua. It is computed* that by ii railway across the North Amer- ican continent, there would be a gain on the present route t(» AjtiK'ndix P. m PROSPKCJ'f.*!, British Columbia of 22 daj's from Eiiglaud. TABLE OF DISTANCES. '• Panama to Canton about 10,000 milcS; British Columbia to Canton ,, G,900 ,, Panama to Sydney ,, 8,200 ,, British Columbia to Sydney ,, 7,200 ,, " " By transmitting tlie Australian mails from England to the? Pacific across British North America, a saving of 5 days* would be effected, as compared with the route by Panama, between England and the Pacific, and of 1000 miles, or say 5 days more, in the passage across that ocean — ten days saved in all." The following remark is extracted from TEcho du Paci- fque, a French newspaper, published in San Francisco, "In case of war with the United States, the only possible postal line for Enland would be through her own territory, across the Rocky 3Iouutains," — a consideration which ought to bo conclusive, but the writer adds, " mais le tresor anglais est peu liberal 2'>our sa Colonic," ('^ the English Government i« not too generous in its treatment of its Colony.'') The difficulties of constructing a railway across the North American continent in British territory have been greatly ex- aggerated. Taking a rapid survey of the route, we find there is steam communication to the head of Lake Superior; thence to the lied River Settlement, a road could be made without much difficulty. From the Red River to Edmonton, the way lies up the valley of the great Saskatchewan River, navigable For 700 miles. This is described as a splendid and extensive valley, capable of supporting a large agricultural population. At Edmonton the difficulties begin. Thence to Jasper House, in the Rocky Mountains, the country is swampy and bad. There is a coalfield here, and the seams appear on the surfiice, at some places on fire. Here the party from which this information is ob- tained (the party of Canadians who entered British Columbia by this route last autumn, already alluded to) built their nightly camp fires of coal. The gorge through which this road enters British Columbia is the New Caledonia or Jasper Pass. !<■ is described as a natural roadway through the mountains, which rise on either side like a wall to a height of many thousand feet. From Jasper House to Tote Jaune Cache, at the head of the Eraser, the country around is rugged and mountainous : yet there is a valley through which a road or railway could be carried. From Tete Jaune Cache the road would probably take a direct course for Cariboo, by one of three valleys as yet unexplored, which appear to connect the latter with the head waters of the Eraser. It is of course i»Rosi'K( rs. v>o iinpos.slble to define tlio distaiico, but the probability is that it does not inucli exceed 150 mih'S. From Ricljfield the lino would be taken to tlie mouth ol'Quesncl River, where it would Join tlie orcat lii^hways from the lower Fraser, and (should .such bo ultimately constructed) from Beiitinck Arni or any other sea port on the North West Coast. t'ROXIMATK TABLE OI' DISTANCES. STATITK MILKS. Liiko Suporior to liod River Setlloment 38() R(.'d RiviT to Kiluionton, by valley of Saskutclirwan.. 800 Edmoiitou t(j Jasper llousc'^ Rocky Mountains 400 .Jusper Jlouse to Tete Janno Cache 144 Theiicc to Riclilielii i,-,i) Total distance from Canada to (,'ai-iboo 1.8T4 Ricbfielil to Qtiesnel mouth GO Month ot'Quesncl to Bentinck Arm, rirrn 250 (Mouth of Qucsnel to Douglas, Yale, or Hope, circa .... 300) Total distance between Heads of Navigation 2,184 >Such is the lino which in all probability the wafrgon-road and railway will f(.ll(»w. It is preferable to those dwelt upon by previous writers. Its preference over the route by 8t. Paul's, Minnesota, consists in this that its ivhole course lies IhrQiifih British tcrritor//. Indeed tlie possibility of war with the States is a sufficient objection to any line which passes at imy point witliin their border. Jai^per Pass possesses advan- tages both over the Kanauaski Pass recommeuded l)y Captain Pailiser,^' and the Kootanie Pass preferred by Captain B^ackiston.f Its advantages are: (1) The road from Edmon- ton to the Ilocky Mountains is more free from Indian moles- tation, than the others by the more southerly passes. (2) It opens up the settlements of St. Albert's and .St. Ann's. (8) Tlie Jasper Pass is pronounced easily convertible into a wag- gon-road or railway. (4) This route leads directly to the great gold fields of Cariboo. When, in addition to these important advantages, it is re- membered that the distance from Lake Superior to tlie Coast, by Jasper P,ass, is apparently less than by the Kootanie, or (jther piisscs, to New Westminster, it will be seen that the fact of the former passing through Cariboo must decide the -fjuestion in its favour. That communication across the continent is desirable, the very fact of the existence of British Columbia is enough to prove: that it is practicable the accounts of reliable travellers KufTiciently shew. To many however the idea appears vision- •- Papers relating to the Exploration^y Captain Paliiscr. June, 18r)9. f Q.ijarterly Review, voL cix., Article on Canada and the Xorth AVest, 04 I'Uosi'Ki rs. i| ary and rouioto. Vet, voinoti; as it iniiy ^vcaw, It iiitist (x^ Krought near, taken liold ol', carried out, and tiiat soon il'at uU. The United States liave lon^' Ihhmi endeavouring to achieve a trans-continental raihvay through their own terri- tory. Hindered, first by party interests, and more lately hy pecuniary difficulties, this cherished scheme will nevertheless ultimately be executed by that enterprising people. ]>ut tlic national honour as well as interest require that ]<]ngland should take the lead across the continent, and English capi- tal renders this to her a comparatively easy task. ]\[illions of money and many precious lives have been expended on the North West Passage. The way by sea to the Pacific is now found to be barred by ice, but here is a safer and cheap- er way by land, which invites immediate attention from statesmen and capitalists. When, in 1858, British Columbia was made an English Colony, the following sentiment was expressed in the speech from the throne: "1 hope," said Her Majesty "that this new Colony in the Pacific may be but one step in the career of steady progress by which my dominions in North America may ])e ultimately peopled in an unbroken chain, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, by a loyal and industrious population." To the fulfilment of this sublime hope, a railway across the con- tinent would infallibly lead. When by its construction England ghall have solved one of the greatest problems of the age, and made another stride in that career, which as the great civili- ser of the world she seems called to pursue, then British Co- lumbia will assume the importance which her geographical position and her resources conspire to bestow. As one of the great highways of the world, she will be the scene of a busy traffic between Europe and Asia. Passengers, mails and at least the lighter goods wiil pass through her territory between England and Australia, China, perhaps India. In conjunc- tion with Vancouver Island, she will become a centre-point where the commerce of the Pacific and the Atlantic will meet, and receive the produce of the one for transmission to Europe ; the goods of the other for dispersion over the Pacific.^ In the march of Christianity and civilization which still moves towards the western Sun, British Columbia and Van- couver Island are in the van. The torch of truth they shall raise, shall yet flash along the shores of the Pacific, till the degraded millions of China, and the benighted idolaters of the Isles, beholding, shall arise from their darkness and supersti- ticn, and rejoice in the light of God. * See Ai)peiKlix P. Couipare Rattray, Vancouver Island aud British Columbia, p. 128. It i- y APPENDIX APPENDIX. i. APPENDIX A. DESCnr.-T^ON OP THE MOUTH OP FRASEn niVKR BY CAPTAIN RICHARDS, R. N. Fraser River, in point of magnitude and present commprcinl impor- tance, is second only to the Columbia on the North West Coast of America. In its entire freedom from risk of life and Phipwreck it possesses infinite advantages over any other river on the coast, and the cause o this inimunity from the dangers and inconveniences to which all great rivers emptying themselves on an exposed coast are subject, is sufficiently obvious. A sheltered strait scarcelv 15 miles across, rcooive^ its waters ; and the neighbouring Island of Vancouver serves as a natural breakwater, preventing the possibility ot any sea arising which would prove dangerous to vessels even of the smallest class. To the same cause may be attributed in a great measure tiie fixed and unvarying character of the shoals through which this magniHccnt stream pursues its nndevious course into the Gulfot Georgia; and there can be little doubt that it is destined at no distant period, to fulfil to the utmost, as it is already partial y fu hlling, the purposes for which nature ordained it, to be the ou let for the products of a great Country, whose riches in mineral and agricultural wealth are daily being more fullv dis- covered and developed. j „ o luu^ uis- VessoLj of from 18 to 20 feet draught may enter the Fraser and proceed as high as Langley, or a few miles above it, with ease provided thoy have, or are assisted, by steam power. The only diOiculty IS at the entrance, and this is easily overcome by providini pilots, and the means of maintaining the buoys in their positions The great quantity of deposit brought down by the freshets of summer has created an extensive series of banks, which extend 5 miles outside the entrance proper of the river. The main stream has forced an almost straight, though somewhat narrow, channel through these banks, and at its junction with the current of the H ^ t-Teorgia, which runs at right angles to it, has caused the wall-edged bank before alluded to, extending to Roberts Point on the South, and Gray Point ou the North. APPENDIX B. ABSTRACT OP METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS TAKKX AT THE ROVAt ENGINEERS CAMP, Nr:w WESTMI.NSTEU, Dl'UING TII.'^ YEAR 1861 BY OKDEU OP COL. R. 0.' MOODY, R. E., ' COMMANDING TIIE TROOPS. Latitude 49° 12' 47" North . Longitutlo 1 22° r„3' 19" -vycst . mu 1 • 1 ^ 1. „ . INCHES. The highest reading of the Barometer, corrected for temperature, was 30.565 9.30 a.m., 4th Feb The raeau height do. do., at 0.30 a.m. 29.943 ^0- ^O' <^o. ?.30 P.M. 29.889 The lowest do. do 29.272 9.30 a.m. 3rd Dec. ii. APPENUIX. 52.2 20.0 21st, January. 24.0 23ra Dcccraioer. DBOKXCS. Maximum temperature of Air, in shade, at 9.30 A.M 74.3 9th Jul/, Do. do. do. do. 3.30 P.M. 84.0 ,, Mean temp, of Air, in shade... 9.30 a.m. 48.8 Do. do. do. do. 3.30 I'.m. Minimum temp, of Air, in shade 9.30 a.m. Do. do. do. do. 3.30 i>.m. Minimum temperature on the Grauii 10. 2l8t January. Greatest amount of Humidity 1.000 Mean do. do. 9.30 a.m. .1<')\ Do. do. do. 3.30 p.m. .854 Least do. do. 422 3.30. p.m. 9th July. Tlie cistorn of the Barometer is nbout f)4 foct above tbi« level of the sea. All the observationy were made at 'J.ilO a.m. and 15.30 p.m. daily throughout the j'ear. There wero several frosty nights in April, one on the 20th May, and tliey recommenced on the 20th October. Thunder and Lightning occurred on the 27th May, and .5th, 21st, 22nd, and 20th Augu.st. During tlie months of June, July, Aujrust, and Ropterabcr the amount of Ozone was inconsidcrablo. On the loth July Ihf t(?st paper gave no indication of its pres'^nce. The ineau daily amount for the year Avt.uld be indicated by 5 on the scale. Table shewing the depth of rain, the number of da^'S on which it foil, the mean liuniidity and mean tcmpc-valure of Air at 9.30 a.m., 3.30 P.M., and the lowest temperature on the grass in each month. ir.X'ni;9. days. nuMir-TTv. Jamiiirv 7.100 15 904 Februii.y .').4S.'J 18 3T'J Mardi S.L'VO 12 7SS April Mty Juno July Aupust .... Peiif ember Oet.iber.... >(i.)vember. .. ft.Ut'j 10 ..4. .'.75 12 .. 4.770 16 ...o.noo :3 ,..:^.1K0 8 , .. 1.07!i 6 ,..f>.145 10 US,'2) 'JS December 7.020 20 .743, .71.1, .7;io .07.;; , .743 , .7U7 , .915 .041 , .010. THKr 0.30 a.m. :«.2. SS.2. 12. <.5 t:i.4 35.0 t'O.y 25.0 4;).0 22.0 35.2 11.0 Tot.il... 'J0.4S5 164 Kain fell on 12 days when the wind was S., 5 when S.W., 9 when W., 2 when N.W., 14 when N.E., G4 when E., 26 when S.E., and 32 when calui. The greatest fall of rain in 24 hours measured 2.150 i'lches, on the 4th of November. The average fall for every day of the yeor, was 0.1 60 inches. The average tall for each wet day wns 0.3G9 incho.=:. A comparison of this abstract with thai for the yo.iv ISGO, chows that G.Obi' inches more Rain fell in 18G1 than in IbGO. Rain fell on 13 more days, in 18G1 than in 1860. The mc'in height of Barometer .070 less " " The mean amount of Humidity was .008 greater " " The mean temperature of the Air in shade was 5.1 greater " The absolute limiting nights of Frost, were nearly at th? same date in both years. In the six winter months, January to March, and October to De- cember, 4l.230inches of rain fell in'jBGI , and 40.586 inchcti in 1860. AITFA-niX. in. _ III the remaining months 19.25r) inches foil in IPHl, and ]'{ 8-54 in I860. Ot the entire quantity of rnin 2(5 inches fell in Januarv November, and December, in each year. ' The iirovailing direction oftbe wind during rain in both years was E. and S.E. J^"a» June was the driest month, and August the warmest in 1860 July was both driest and warmest in 18 29.919 29 S89 29.9t.3 29.956 I 29.924 Rain wa.s more equally distributed throughout all the months this year tiian in IBUu or ISGl. In the winter months, January to March nnd October to Decem- ber, :!1.G82 inc'.ios of rain fell in 18(12, 4!-2.".0 i)i l.SCl, and 40.58G in IHCO. In liie remain! up; laontiis 15.715 inches foil in 1802, 11'. 255 in 1801, nnd U.l^?,4 iu is;:.i). The prevailing dirccliou of ilio wind duriu'/ rain in each year •wa:3 K. and S.E. The absolute limiting ni;^.:Iit.- of frost iu the three years were nearly the r^ame. THE FRASEU lllVKR AT NEW ".Vi^TV.INSTER. \e,ii . Icvil. IjOV.ltlt levi.'l. 1860 12tli .[line! 4tli Mia- 18C1 ;:lli .TmicjlTtli Mar 1S62 n nil ,Iini.:ii til A|ir liifl'ci* nco I Ol'll'Vcl. j Trniarlis. Hi 10.5 feet •:':'■ V,;iy to 12 Ar.-, s'.iijui ili,! nut owing to 9.5 luet 1 1',; Mi'.y to 10 An-, do. tlo. [the Ikod tide. 10.5 feet 1 1 51 IV tn 2 :^cpi. d... do. Ice appt:ared on the l.-t of .lannary, 1802, and the river nt New "W'e.stniiu:;ter v.'as unnavigablo on the -Ith ; it was completely frozen over on the 9ti!, aud the ice attained a thickness of 13 in(dics iu the channel opposite the R. E. Camp.onlhc 12t!i of Februaiy. Sleighs were runniiig rr-nu liaugiey to several miles below New Vrcotmins- APPENDIX. t«r, and p^Mona walked from Hone tn flm !«♦♦-. , i of 80 miles, on the ice at the /ml^nf n *^V V'*^**' " ^^i»t''»'^co tho other Lakes ne^e fro. -u ^l^ZTT ^i^' 'Jf "'^"" '^"^ wasbpen to tho mouth oHho rlv.:^ ^ LTirifr 7^'^^"''"^^^^ Yale on the 12th of April. A^ain on the III ?S ^ ^'''"''''/^"^ 'O'" was ice in the river at^'ew wiZZXt:[i^'''^ j^^,^!::^' 1861, there was ice at New Westmin^tnr h,,^ I ^'- "\''-^^^^-^^.n mo„,h orthe river was no. i^S^n r^'cVI'^^^:',':'!;.: '"" L.lc:cX"™i'rc„:r,,tE" " "" '"''°™' '-• ^- •'°«" -^ R- M. Parsons, Captain. R.E. B\ DU. H. FEATIIEnSTONEHAUGlI. January-Average Temp^erature for 22 days I40 above zero. Coldest day, 29th . ^ " ^fo ^"^T ''^'''' Hottest ,/' . . ■ 9ro , ''°- 'n,,„ „„. , " . , , - -i" above zero 1 en cold wmdy days ; ivind from N.W. and \ E r.brnarj— Avomge Tcnporaturo for I's days 23» above zero Ooldo"s. day, 1».° . '" " ,^° ""'7 ".o: Hottest „ nth ,,-o , ''"■ ^ is,;':ri? 3™^^.ir^'i -?„™">- ''^^•^. -^^ -^ ^3.-d. April.-Average Temperature for the month 54^ Coldest dav, 4th - - 310 Hottest ,,' 30th - - 84° May.-Avera Je Ven!n Jil''^^ ^'^' ', ^^'^' ^'^^ °^ ^^^ ^ f^^'n S.E. ;'. Average lemperature for the mouth 78<^ Coldest day, Gth - . q^o Hottest nth - . loao Jitne.-Avcrage Temperature for the month 81° Coldest day > . ^qo Hottest day . _ jq^o J„i^ A '^'^'■ee^^iu'ly days ; rain fell on 4 daya. July.-Average Temperature for 12 davs 97"^ Coldest day, 2nd - ' 80° Hottest ,," 5th - lofio August— Absent. September— Average Temperature for the month Sl^ Coldest day, 30th - . qqo Hottest ,, 2nd - . 9.50 ^ISt!!"" °i^V^^'''-^!^^' '^^^ *°^ s^^^;^ ^i°^7 days; 30th, cold S.E. wind. ♦ .^ » AI>1'KNI>IX. 1' OctoliPr. — Avfrnpo Trinporntiirc for the month 71' Coldcisf (lav - - - GO" Hottest ,,' - - - 81" Haiti IVll (»ii six (lays ; six windy dayrf. Novembpr. — Avvr.ijic tciuporuturc tor the month 4.H" (Oddest day - - - ;e,< whiin floodfid, and thoneo cxtcndini^ down info the river indefinitely. For dry digginj;S, a space twenty-five feet by thirty feet. For ravine di,i,'j^in,i(.s, a spueo of twenty-liv(^ feet alonj^ the bniik of the ravine nnd cMend up to till! to[) ni'ench bank. In quartz elaini;s the size, wlun net otlicr- wicX' eslfibli^hcd hy by-law, thiill be one hundred feet in length, measured ulan^r ihc vein or seam, with power to the niinrr to foll{iW ill'.! vein or scam, nnd its s;)urs, dips and nn.L;IeH, Jiny where on or below the surface included between the two extremities of f-ueh Ien].,'th of one hundred feet, but not to ndvanee upon or beneath the surfjce of the eirtli more than one hundred feet in a lateral direc'Llun from the nuiiu vein or seam, ulnnrjwhieli the claim is to bo mc:isured. All menKurcments ofarea arc to be made on the surfico of llic earth, nef^^Icctiiij^,' inequalities. Every claim is to have a disj- tin^uibhin^.,' number marked on its boundary pegs. IV. If !tny Free Miners, or party of Free Miners, rhall discover a new n:lau, and sucii diocovery shall be e.stabli.shed to the salir^- factiou of the Cold Commissioner, the first discoverer, or iiarty of diicoverer.i, if not more ihi'.n two in number, shall be entitled to a claim tlouble the established .size of claims in the nearest mine of the same dejcrlption, (i. e. dry, bar, or quartz diggings.) If such ])\v\y eonslsL of three men, they shall collectively be eulilled to five cliiima of the established size, on such nearest mine; and if of four or more mtn, ,nch party shall be entitled to a claim and a half per infui. A new sa\nUim of auriferous earth or rock, situate in a loc.vlity wiicre the claims are abandoned, shall for this pur- po.se be iloomed a new mine, although the same locality shall pre- viou-dy have been v/orked at a different level. And dry diggings discovered in tins jiei'^hbourliood of bar di'^/inc's shall be deemed a new uiine, and vice versa. V. Tlio ro;'-i,=!tr,ifion of claims shall be in such manner and form as Liio 'v.r jkl Oj.uin; isionor sihall ill any locality direct, and sh.ill includ... l>.'i'Ldo.; ilu mattcr.i mentioned in the Gold Fields' Act of 1850, ail .uicii other matters as the Gold Commissioner shall thiuk fit to ineluue. VI. No transl'or of any claim or of any interest therein, shall bo eniorceiible, unless the same, or some memorandum thereof shall be iu writia,:;:, siji-iied by the party sought to be charged, or by his l.iwfully authorized agent, and registered with the Gold Commis- siouer. VII. Any person desiring any exclusive ditch or water privilege, shrJl make ajiplication to the Gold Commissioner having jurisdic- tion for the iihice where the same shall be situated, stating for the guidance of the Commissioner in estimating the character of the application, the name of every applicant, the proposed ditch head, and quantity of water, the proposed locality of diatribution, and if VIU. Al'PENDIX. euch water shall be for sale, the price at which it is proposed to sell the same, the general nature of the work to he doue, and tho lime within which tuch work shall be complete; and the Gold Comm.saiouer .shall enter a note of all Guch matters as of record. VIII. Unless olhcrwiso specially arranged, the rent to be paid for any waiei* privilege bhall bo in each mouih, one average day's re- ceipto, from the sale thereof, to be estimated by the Gold (Joiumis- sioacr with the assii.tance if ho shall so think ht, of a jury. IX. If any person shall refuse or neglect to lake within the timo montioncU ui hio application, or within .such further time (if any) as tho Gold Couimiiiioncr uioy, in his discretion think fit to grant for the completion of tho ditch, ihe whole of the water applied for, he shall, at Liic end of the time mentioned in hi.s application, bo dcemoJ entitled only to the quautily actually taken by him, and tho Gold Commisiioner shall make such entry in tho register as shall bo proper to mark such ahcration in the quantity, and m.'^.y grant the surplus to any other person, according to the rulco herein laid down for the granting of water privileges. X. Every owner of a ditch or water privilege shall be bound to take all reasonable means for utilizing the water granted to and taken by him. And if any such owner shall willujly take and waste any unreasonable quantity of water, he shall be cbaiged With the full rent as if ho had sold the same at a full price. Ami it shall be lawful for tho Gold Commissioner, if such oifoncc be persisted in, to declare all rights to the water forfeited. XI. It shall bo laAvful for the owner of any ditch, or water privi- lege, to sell and di^tributo the water ccuvcyed by him to r^uch per- sons, and on such terms as they may I'.cem advisable, within the limits mentioned in their application. Provided alw; ys that tho owner of any ditch or water privilege shall bo bound to supply wa- ter to all applicants, being Free Miners, in a fair proportion, and shall not demand nivTvc from one person th.ui from finothir, except when tho diilicully of supply is enhanced. Provided fuiliior, that no person, not being a i'~vce Miner, sh..li be entitled to demand to bo supplied with water at all. XII. A claim or any mine shall, until otherwise ordered bj'- ?orao valid by-lavv, be deemed to be abandoned, oud oj^eu to tho ociup:'- tion of any Free Miaer, when the same sli:tll have rciiKiincd un- worked by some registered hclder thereof lb)' the sp;.cc of seventy- two houi'o, unless in case of sickness, or unless before tho expiry of such sevcniy-two lor.rs, a further extension of time be granted by the Gold Comrni' iorcv, who may gr.mt fur.'her time for cua- bliug parties to go prospecting, or for such other re: sjnable ci.u30 as be may thiik propei. Sunday.-?, and such holidays as t!;e Gold Commi,>=.sioner nr.iv think fit to proclaim, are to bo omitted in reck- oalng tho time of uon-wovklng. XIII. V/heuever it shall be intruded, in forming or upholding Aay ditch, to enter upon or to occupy any pc'rtof a registered claim, cr to dig or loosen any earth or rock within [4] feet of any ditch not belonging solely to the registered owner of such cl.\im, tiirco O o APPENDIX. a. days notice In writing, of such 'ntention, shall be given, before on- l;riQ3 cr approaching wltbiu four foot of such other property. XIV. If the owner of the property about to be so entered upon or approached, shall consider three days notice iasuiliciert for ta- kl.i^ proper me::siu-e3 of ])vccautiou, or if any dispute shall arise be ween the parlies as to the proper precautionary measures to bo t-ikea, or in any other respect, the ^Yhola matter shall be immedi- ately referred to the Gold Commissioner acting in the district, who shill orlor such in.oival of time to bo observed before entry, or make such other order as he may deem proper. XV. In quartz claims and reef;:> each si,cc^s?ivc claimant shall leave ihrco feet uuv, okcd to form a Louhdary wall between his cl'.iiu uud the last previous daim.nu, and shall stake olf his claim accordingly, not comuiencing at the Ooundary peg of the last pre- vious claim, but ihree feet further on ; and if any person shall stake out his claim, diirogarding this rule, tlie Gold Commissioner shall h:;ve power to come and remove the firsL boundary peg of such wrong-doer three I'uet further on, notwithstanding that other claims may then be properly staked out beyoud him ; so that such wrong- doer shall iheu have but ninety-seven feet. And if such wrong- deer shall have commenced work iramediaiely at the boundary peg of the last previous claim, the Gold Commissioner may remove his boundary six feet farther on thiin the open work of such wrong- doer: and all suc'i open work, and also the next three feet of such Bpico of six fjct sh-ill belong to and form part of tlie last previous claiai, and the residue of such space of six feet shall be left as a boundary wall. XVI. Every such boundary wall shall be deemed the joint pro- perty of the owners of the two claims between wh^oh it stands, and m ly not be worked or injured, save by the consent of both such owucrs. XVII. In staking out plots of land foi' Free Miners and Traders, for girdouing and residential purposes, under the powers of tho said Crold F.(.lds' Act, ]Syj, contained, the Gold Commissioner is to ke.^p in vic.v Ih- general into.o. wuolo loc ility, and also the earlicV application is to be pre- ferred; l;ut wliore the eligible spots of land are few, or of scanty dimension.-, i;u 1 o^p.^clally where they are themselves aurifcrou-^, it may l)e ir.jadiciou.-? that tlie whole or the greater part should fall iu'.o tho li lUG? of one or two persons; and thorofore, in such cases, the Gold Comm.s-douer may, in the c.-cercisc of his discretion, allot small p.ots ouly to each applicant. XVI il. Any p.r;on desiring to acquire any water privilege, shall be houad to ro.pcct the ricrhto of parties using the sinne water, at a pcait below the place where tho person desiring such new privi- lege iuicado to uic it. XIX. Any person desiring to bridge across any stream or claim or other place, for any pur[)03e, or to mine under or through any ditch or lluaio, or to carry wcter through or over any land alreadj X. Arl»ENDlX. occupied by any other person, may be enabled to do so in proper cases, with the sanction of the Gold Commissioner. In all such cases the right of the party first in possession whetlier of the mine or of the water privilege is to prevail, so as to entitle him to full compensation and indemnity. But wherever due compcni^ation by indemnity can be given, and is required, the Gold Commissioner may sanction the execution of such new work on such terms as he shall think reasonable. AS To LEASES IN LAEGEB PROPORTIONS THAN CLAIMS; XX. Applications for leases are to be sent in triplicate to the Gold CDmraissioncr having jurisdiction for the locality where the land desired to be taken is situated. Every such application shall contain the name and additions of the applicant at full length, and the n.-.mc:, and addresses of two persons residing in the Colony of British Columbia, or Vancouver Island, to whom the applicant is personally known. Also, a description accomp jied by a map of the land proposed to be taken. XXI. Leases will not be granted in gcner il for a longer term than ten year.-;, or for a larger space than ten .acres of alluvial soil (dry diggings,) or half a mill* in length of unwoi'kcd quartz reef, or a mile and a half in length of quartz, that shall liavc been attemp- ted and abandoned by individual claim workers, with liberty to follow the spurs, dips, and angles, on and within the surAtcc for two hundred I'uet on each side of the main lead or seuin, or, in bar diggings, half a mile in length (if unworkcd,) along the high water mark, or a miic and a half in lengtli along high w.iter mark, wlcre the sam? shall have been altcnipled and ab.iudoncd by individual claim workers. XXII. Leases as above, will not in gcnoral be granted of any land, alluvium or quartz, which shall be considered to be immedi* uteiy available for heing worked by Free Minors, as lioklers of in- dividual claims. Nor v/ill such a lease in any case be gi-anted, where individual Free Miners are in previous actual occupjtion of any part of the premises unless by their consent. XXIII. Every such loii?e shall contain all reasonable provisions for aecuiing to the puldic rights of wny and Vvatci , ::r,ve in po fivr as shall be necessary for the miner-like working (f the premises thereby demised, and also for preventing damage to tlie persons or properly of other parties than the lessee. And ihe prcmi.ses there- by demised shall be granted for raining puipo.se3 only, and ii shall not be co:-npetentfor tlie lessee to assign or sub-let t'le same, or any p ;rt or parts thereof without the previous license in writing of the Gold Commissioner. And every such lease shall contain a cove- nant by the lessee to mine the said premises in a miner-like way, and also, if it shall be thought fit, to perform tiiC works 1 herein de- fined w'thin a time therein iimitc>l. And also a clau;^e by virtue Avhercof the said lease and the demise therein contained rn.iy be avoided in case the lessee shall refuse or neglect to observe uiid perform all or r.ny of the covenants therein contained. XXIV. Every applicant for a lease, shall at the time of sending in his application, mark out the ground comprised in the applica- APPENDIX. XI. tlon, by square posts firmly fixed in the boundaries of the land, and t'oiir f>;ct above the surface, with a notice thereon that such hind has been applied for, stating when and by whom, and sliall also fix upon a similar post at each of the nearest places on which mi- ners urc at work, a copy of such notice. XXV. Objections to the grantin:^: of any such lease shall be mado in writing,-, addressed to His Excellency the Governor, unaor cover to the Gold Commisjionor, who shall forward all sucli objcctious, together with his report thereon. XXVI. Every application for a lease shall bo accompanied by a deposit of Twenty-live pounds sterling::, which shiill be refunded in case the application shall be refused by the Government, and if the application shall be entertainod, then such sum of Twcnty-ftvo pounds shall be retained for the use of Her Majesty, her ho'rs, and successors, whether the application be aflerv/ards abandoned or not. Issued under the Public Seal of the Colony of British Columbia, at Victoria, Vancouver Island, this seventh day of Septoniber, in the year of our Lord one thousand eicrht hundred and fit'ty- uine, and in the twenty-third year of Her Majesty's Reign, by me, JAMES DOUGLAS, By Command of His Excellency, William A. G. Young, Acting Colonial SicrolarY. [L.S.] UDLE3 AND REGULATIONS r0H THE WORKING OF GOLD MINES. Issued in conformity with tlio Gold Field.)' Aot, 1S59. WHEREAS it is provided by the Gold Field.' Act, 1S59, that the Governor for the time being, of British Columbia, may, by writing under his hand and the Puolic Seil of the Colony, mike Rules and Hegulutions, in the nature of By-laws, fur all matters relating to mining ; And whereas, in conformity with the said Act, certain rules and regulaiions have already been issued, bearing date 7th of Septem- ber, 1859 ; And whereas, since the issuing of such rules, extensive mines have been discovered on the high level benches, lying on either side of Fraser River, Thompson River, and other rivers, which benches are generally terminated by abrupt and steep descents or cliffs, the general direction of which is parallel wita the general direction of the Rivers ; And whereas, such mines cannot be conveniently worked in small rectangular subdivisions, but the convenient working thereof re- quires a large size of claim, and may, in some casis, require that each claim should reach from the cliff in front of each bench to the clilf in the rear, or when there is no cliff in the rear, then to tho general slope of tho mountains in the rear ; Xll. APPENDIX. And whereas, it is also cxj^edient to make further provision with respect to the regulation of claim:?, and to adopt one (general rulo for determining tne measure of the quantity of water in any ditch or channel , Now, therefore, I, JAMES DOUGLAS, Governor, &c., do hereby mulic the foliowiu;^ Rules and llcgukitious accordingly; I. The mines in the said level benches shall be known as "bench d'g:5in,;f.^," and whill, for the purpose of ascertaining the size of cl'.iniR therein, bo excepted out of the class of " dry diggings," as defined in the Rules and Regulations of the 7th of September last. II. The ordinary claims on any bench diggings, shall be register- ed by the Gold Commissioner according to sucli one of the two fol- lowing methods ot rreasuremcnt, as he shall deem most advanta- geous on ca -h mine, viz: One hundred feet square, or else a strip of land 25 feet wide at the edge of the idifF next the river, and bounded by two straight lines, carried as nearly as pc'sible in each ca^e, perpendicular to the general direction of such clilF, across the 'evel bench, up to and not beyond the foot of the descent in the rear, and in such last mentioned case, the space included be- tween such two boundary lines when produced over the fjce of the cliff in front, as fur as the foot of such cliff, and no further; and all mines in the space so included shall also form a part of such claim. III. The Gold Commissioner shxH have authority in cases where the benches are narrow, to mark the claims in such manner as ho shall think fit, so as to include an adequate claim. And shall also h-ive power to decide on the cliffs which, in his opinion, form tho natural boundaries of benches. IV. The Gold Coramiirsioner m?y, in any mine of any denomina- tion where the pay dirt is thin or cl.iims in small demand, or where, from any circumstances, he shall deem it reasonable, allow nny Free Miner to register two claims in his own name, ana allow such period as lie may think proper for non-working eiiher one of such claims. Buc no person shall be entitled to hold at one time more than two claims of tlie legal size. A discoverer's claim shall for this purpose be reckoned as one ordinary claim. V. All claims shall be subject to the public rights of way and water, in such manner, direction and extent, as the Gold Com- missioner shall, from time to time direct. No mine shall be worked witiiin 10 feet of any road, unless by the previous sanction of the Gold Commissioner. VI. In order to ascertain the quantity of water in any ditch or sluice, the following rules shall be observed, viz : The water taken into a ditch, shall be measured at the ditch head. No water shall be taken into a ditch, except in a trough whose top and floor shall be horizontal plaiics, anO sides parallel vertical planes; such trough to be continued for six times its breadth in a horizontal direction from the point at which the water enters tho trough. The top of the trough to be aot more than 1 inches, and APPENDIX. xin. the bottom of the trough not more than 17 inches bolow the snrfaca of the water i:i the reservoir, all rnoasurcmont^ being taken inside the trou,'j,b, ond in the low water or dry ;-;enson. The area of a vortical tr,;nsvcroG sortion of the trough, shall be considered as tho rao.l:^uro of Iho (iii.nt:.^/ of w.uor taken by the d;t:;h. Th-^^ snmo rmdc of mo'-^nrcmont sh.-.ll be apnliocl to apcortain tho qu-ntity of water running in a trough, or out of any ditch. r 1^ -^ I-mod under thr Puldic Rrnl of the Tolony of Pritish g ■) Cohimbi", at Victoria, Vancouver Inland, this 6th dny "' f of J-.mu^ry, in tho year of Our Lord One Thous-nd ^ E'c;'it Hundred and S^xty. and in the Twenty-third Year of Her Mijesty'3 Reign, by me, „ . J.'.MES DOUGLAS. By His Excellency's Command, William A. G. Young. RULES AND REGULATIONS, [lSi[]r.D IN COXFDllMITY WITH TII3 QDLD FIELDS' ACT, ISSO.] Wiii;re\s, und.'r the "Gold Fields' Act, 1359,'' the Governor for tho tiinj i)oi:ig uf British (Jo'uinbia is eiupowere,l by writing under his hand and the Public Seal of the Colony, to make rules and rcg- uliti >aj, in the uuturo of By-laws, for all matters relating to mining ; And whcrnis, in conform'ty with that Act, certain Rules and Regalation^ havebcen issued, bearing date the 7th Sept-jraber, 1359, the Gth Jan., 1860, and the 29th Sept., 18G2, respeolively; And whoreis it is expedient to make farther provisions for the working oi'gjid mines; S£C. I— Repeals rul3 3, of "th Sept., 1?'.9. The Rule No. 3 of those dated 7ch Sopt., 1859, declaring the sizo of raining cl.iims, is hereby repealed, so far as it is inconsistent herewith. Sec. II — SizoofcUims. — Bar diggings. From and after the date hereof, the size of a diim shall be, for bar dig,!;ing3, a strin of land 100 feet wide at the mark to which the river rises when flooded along such high water mark, and thcaco extending down direct to the river, to the lowest water level. Dry Diggings, For dry diggings, 100 feet square. General Diggings. For diggings not herein otherwise specially described 100 feet square. Quartz CTaijns. In quartz claims the sixc shall be 150 foet in length, m3asured along the lode or vein, with power for the miner to follow the lode XIV. AJ'l'tNDlX. or vein and its spurs, dips and angles, anywhere on or below tho f'-iirface, included between the twoextrcmilics ol^uch IcngMi of 150 feet, but not to advance upon or beneath the surf.icc of the earth, more tlifui 100 foot in a hitoral direction, from the niain lodo or vein, along which tiio cLiini id to be measured. iMl monsurcmonts arc to be made on the surface of the earth, neglecting inequalities. Number — Staking. Every claim 13 to have a distinguishing number marked on its boundary pegs. Every individual claim, whether part of a company claim or not, shall be staked out with 4 corner pogi of at least 4 inches diameter, the same as defined in rule 2 of the rules and reg- ulations of 7th September, 185a. Tuuticl Clalmfl. In tunnelling or sinking, each miner shall be allowed a frontage of 100 feet, irrespective of depth. The Gold Comm'.ssioiior shall have the power to regulate what number of the miners, holding such claims shall be employed prospecting, until g(dd in payinr, quantities shall have boon discovered, after which tho full number of authorized miners must be employed on the claim. The si.lo boundaries, of ea'di claim shall be di.^tinctly marked oil' by 'i parallel lines or rows of pegs, fixed in tho grouuu at intervals of 5 f,;et or thereabouts, the said boundaries or parallel lines shall be carried in a direction as 3trai;rht iind square as possible to the summit level. No party shall sink or drive ahc 1 1 between the said p irall.d lines, saving with the consent of the party first in possession, until gold shall have been found as under mentioned. Extent of Claim. The extent of claim to each miner shall be 100 feet square, and he shall be allowed to mark ofl'the claim ah(;ad of tiio si)Ot, where gold in paying quantities shall have been obtained, beyond the limits of the claim so marked out. Iliglita of rro.=«pccting Bevond these limits any other parly may prospect by shaft and tunnel from tho l)ottom thereof, and until a lead is struck in paying quantities, shall have the exclusive right of prospecting within two Euch parallel lines as aforesaid, and shall then mark out hi;; claim as above mcutioued. Tunnol Under llilla. In tunnelling under hills, on the frontage ofwhich on'j;los occur, or which may be of an oblrmgor elliptical form — no party shall bo allowed to funnel from an} of the said anp-lcs, nor fi-orn either end of such hills, so as to interfere witli parties tunnelling from the main frontage of such hills. In case of two or more paitics tun- nelling fiom opposite sides of the same hill, and th'.-ir.ide bnunda.ry lines meet or intersect, or their claims meet, the party that first marks off their claim shall be ontillcd to priority of claim thereon. In case of tunnelling under hills, or fronts of hill-!, such as orrur at the junction of creeks in which there may be two leads, nil partied Fhall, if required, take their rluims on the lead ncare;.t the side of the hill at which their tunnel coaimencca. a)»pki;di\. XY Forfuiture of Clium iuvolvoa Tunntl, ic. The right to tlic tiimicl and the ten feet of ground on oilhor sid^i of it, ill iiddiliou U) the ul);)ve cl.'iiai, ,-hall bo coniiderod ns up|)ur- tenmit to the (d.iiu) to whicdi it i.j iuiiicxt d, and l)o abnn loncd or forfeitcil by the ubaudunineat or IbriciLuri,' ol'thc (daiui iLali'to which it appertains, Dc;v,isit of Leaviii.gi. The Gold Con!nii^!sion."r ni.iy. whci".^ docnicii dcsiralilc. nrirkrut a space iu tlic vicinity I'di- de]ji)jiL ul' loavin;i;s and dead.-; iVoui any tunned. S.-.c. II!.— D.'iiniM.'ii of HinrTs' ni:^:it.; iu a Chiim. Whereas it i.? oxpiMlient Iiottor to diMino t!ic rig'ht.? of ropfistorrd free miners iu thdir tdalius, iL Is !icr.-;i)y di;cdarcd, cii.icu'd and pro- claimed ; That ciaase V of tl;o Gold Fi'j]d:j' Act, IP.'-O, i-; licrcby roiici'dod. Every free miner nliall, save a;-; afrainst. Her Majedy. ha^•c dmdujj the eonlinnance of his ccrtidcatn, the exclii-'ivc r!;i;"it ti talve the golil and auriferous soil upon or within the claim I'ur llic time b;dnn; duly licld rei,dstered and Ijoiia J'rl' not (•ol(niral)!y worked !)y hiai and the exclusive riuht of entry 0:1 the claim for the puvpo.-e of ^vorkin<^ or carryln;.'; away pnch gold, or auriferous soil, or any |).!r!. thereof- And also a.s f.ir as may be accessary f)r the convenient and mineriikc workini.'; and security of his flumes a:id propei'ly of liivcry description, and for a rcsidene," — but he shall have no surface rights therein for any otlier purp/ose, save as next hcreiuufter men- tioned, unless specially granted. Sec. IV. — Ono n; -oril ouvcr.i iioc" ; -ary witor and clftim. In addition to the above ri;rhts, every reg'stered free minor shall be entitled to the use of so much of the water flov.-injr naturally through or piast his claim as shall in the opinion of the Gold Com- missioner be necessary for the due working thereof. Sec. V. — Iic'lii ivc' w.xlcv pr'vi'e- ;;<;.■! ; i-rcllr.ianry notice, Where apjdicallon is ini.L'adcd to lie midc ^■:ir the e::(dus!ve grant of any surplus water to lie tekcn. from any creek or other locality, every sueii ai)pUeaut ,^!j .11. i:) additioiilo tiie existing requirements, affix a written notice of all the particulars of his a[)plication v-,on. some con;3picaou.3 part oftlie premises to be aO'eeted ))y the proposed grant, for not less than live days bei'ore recor^ x ig the same. Power tu OoM C.jmiiis'iiv'iKjr to in ^ilify the Grant. The Gold Commissioner, upon protest being entered or for reason- able cause, shall have power to refuse or modify such a.jiplicatiou or grant, either parciaily or entirely, as to hira iihall seem jui't and reasonable. Saving offnturo miaers' rijj;!!!:-; touatev. Every exclusive grant of a ditc h or Av?.ter j'rivilege in occupied or unoccupied creeks shall be subject to the rights of such registered free miners as shall then be workmg or f.hall tlu'reartor work in the loculity from which it is proposed to take such wMter. . Sec. VI. — Gold piauiltieg recovcrvblo by Distress. Whcroa.s it is expedient to confer additiouul power for cnforclugf XVI. JIPPENDTX. penalties recoverable for infraction of the Gold Lawa under Soctioa 40 of tho Gold Fields' Act ; It is hereby declared, onacfod and proclaimr>d that such pcnaltioT may, if deemed p/dpor, bo order. 'd tol-crecovccJ by s-ale ; iiddis-tros?, to bo levied foi-'Jiwilh or al iuiy convoiiic'.it i'ltcr'.al ai'lc." cotivit tion and nonpi'.yniont Aviliua so niftiiy hours, or mtli longer time as s h.iU be .'illuwed t^y distrt'So mid r,:\]^ ol';iny claim orditrli ov any pcrnonal property wliatiioevor of lh<; p'jriuu ou wlioin sueli ptiui ty iriiiy h^vc been imposed. Sec. VII. — Certified copy of any Qokl rccorJ to boevulenco. Every copy of or extract from any record or register under or hy virtue of tlii^ Act or tlie Gold Floi'la' Act, 185D, or any oilier Act which shall be mule in relation to Gold mined or Gold ii:;ldj, or any of the I'uled an I llL'f;-a'a:ion.un.ulo in pursuance thereof, respect, vely required to be Ii(!pt by any Gold Coiiunissioiier, rind certilit-d to bo a true copy or extract under the h.md oftheGdld Goramissioner, or other person enirusted to take and keep such record or register, shall in tlie absence of the origin il register bo receivable in any judicial proceeding as evidence of the matters and things therein appearing. Sec. VIII. — F'jcs on recording claims. So much of section G of the Gold Fields' Act, 1859, as imposcn a fee of 43. on the ilc'^istration or Rc-rcgiatration of Glaims sha.l be and is hereby repealed. la lieu thereof it is hereby declared, enacted, and proclaimed, there shall be paid to the Gold Gommissioner for the use of Her Majesty, her heirs, and succcosors, tho following fees ; That is to say : Upon every Registration or Re-registration on record "> of i;ij Glaim, J IDs. 3d. And no person not being a free miner, shall be entitled to record a cairn or any interest therein. Gold Cotumisaioner m-iy onlargo Bitches. Tiie Gold Commissioner sliall liave power whenever ho may deem it a lvisa')le, to order the enlargement or alteration of any ditch or ditc!i '^>, and to lix wh )/ (if any) c mponsation shall bn paid to tho parties to be beueiitted by such alteration or enlargement. Scttlimont of Districta— As to Boundaries, &c. In ci^n of dispute as to boundary, or measurements, the Gold Goraniissloncr shall have power to I'mploy a surveyor to fix and mark the same, and cause the reasonable expense thereof to be paid by or between such of the parties interested in the questional issue as he shall (ieera fair and just. Served under the Publ'c Seal of the said Colony, at Victoria, Viiucouvcr Islond, this 24th day of Febrnnry, A.D. ISG,3, and in the twenty-sii'th year of Her Moje^ty's Reign, by me. By His Excellency's Command, "William A. G. Yoono. Colonial Secretary. JAMES DOUGLAS. APPENDIX. xrii. APPENDIX D. I- nr.iTisn columuian gold dust shipped fhom victohu TO HAN PRANCI3C0. TEAR. MACDO:ULD i CO. WELLS. FMIOO, A CO. 1853 $:37,765 1850 $259,815 951,489 IbGO 349,293 1,303,329 1861 602,734 l,339,li'j5 TOTAL. Total $1,211,341 $3,932,478 $5,144,319 or about £1,028,164 II. nETURNS OF TUE ASSAY OrTICE AT NEW TTESTyiNSTEn, FOR 18G1-2. Amount of Go'^' D-'..-t A-f'y^.:! T^^t!; cv!:r.*»n. Approximate value $1,223,854. APPENDIX E. The fol!o^;n:^ statement on the Fle.^ibility and Resistance, nnd •Density of Masts from Vancouver Island, compared with raasts from Siga, is talicn from Dr. Forbco' Essaj on Vancouver Idand. <' The timber of British Columbia fccLCSces similar ciialities. The prini'ipal quality oftbosc wooaj is a flexibility and a tenacity of fibre rarely m.etv,-ith in trcos so aged ; they may be bent and twis- ted several times in contrary directions without breaking:. Several polo3 of the greite^t len-th havin;^' the Cuil at the foot, nnd the top of the tree cut, oil", wore tried compai- itivcly with pedes of the same dimensions cut iVom a Riga spar of iirst class, and the following results were found : Maximum degree of I ending \ Vancouver Pine, Riga Pine. before rupture at the foot / Cm 025 ."^Om 023 Atthehead 019 o 016 Mean, , Charge of rupture (per centimeters) squared at the foot 022 022 5 21k 00 At the head...,. IG 11 19 G3 J _ o Iv it) 19 93 20 23 Density of the wood 1 at the foot of the tree / G3G O 72i> Density at the head 478 532 C 557 621 IV UJ. APPENDIX These experiment? give a mean almost identical, for the bendiirg^ and brcakin.-^ of tho two kinds ot wood, wh.lc tlio douoity diilcra notably to tlae advantage of the Vancouver wood. The only question still undecided U that of durability, the masta anddparj of Vancouver are woods rare and exceptional for diiucn- siona and superior quulitica, btrca;^th, lightucs;!, ubaeucc of kuola and other grave vicc3. Tonloa, Scplcmbor 21st, 18G0, Si;?ncd L. A. Silvester, Du Perron, Chief Engineer of 3rd Section," The followin,:^ extract from a London Paper, is givenby a recent number oTthc Britisk C'oluinUan ucw.spapcr : "Tl:e remak=! lately made in oar columns on the very great valuC' of tho DoroLAS Fill, have led one of the most skilful tif our .judges of timber to favour u •! with tho followin,:^: highly imporfant informa- tion. This fir wood, JIr. Wm. Wilson Saunders, F. R. S., of Lloyd's, has had many o[)po!'tunitie3 of cximinlng carefully ; and, in order to Fatisfy ouo of our large t importer?., he ha;j made some careful expcrim.cnta o i 'ts strength and Iloxibilily in comparison with other similar woods. The following table, with whicii he haf^ favoured ns, giver! tho roult, which is in the highest dcrreo ; atiyfactory.. Mr Wiliou Sauuder:; has a regular ma-hine for these experiments, and the rciulti can be implicitly relied on. Lengths of the woods enumerated in the following table, care- fully p(|unrcd to Ij ip(di, were submitted to pressure' of weights pendent from tho ccatre, thclongths being supported between stan- dards exactly (J feet apnrt. Tho weight at which each broke and the amount of deflection from the horizontal line at the time of breaking, are given in tho following table : lbs. iNCa.:s. Douglas Fir, 2 SO 4 Fractnrc, rough and long. Pitch Pine, 280 4 ti short and even. Canada Spruce.... 196 4.7 (( short and rough Red Pine, 1G8 6 fC rough. Larch — British,... 168 S.2 «i short and eveu. Doodar from ) Himalaya, j 154 3.8 ti. short. Thespecimensexperimeuted upon were carefully selected from the? best de-' Jption of wood, and free from all defects. The defiectiori is given '^i inches and tenths of an inch. Each wood had two trials,, and vhe figures giveamean result." Dr. Lindley commenting on these tables goes on to say ;■ •'It will be thus seen that none of the Fins approached in strength the Douglas or the Pitch Pine; it having required the weight q/'280 lbs (0 break a small bar of their u-ood, no more than an inch and a qvar- ier square. A hundred and sixty-oight pounds broke a piece of British Larch of the same scantling. Moreover between the Doug- las Fir and Pitch Pine, whose strength was equal, there is this great difference, that while the latter snapped short under a pros- APPENDIX. XIX, 5ure of 280 lbs, the Douglas yielded unwillingly with a rough und long rend. Since our la=!t a further example ofthi? tree hai arrived at tlic hilorn.itional Exhibition, from British Columbia. It consistrs of 10 borizouliil s-cc'tinti; of that tree. 3J9 feet h\',j;h, to wliich wo formerly alluded, and oi'whichadiMwiujr iia^Ijeen susponded ii\ ilie buildin;,'. Tlioy arc about to be di>-playod in the Court of Briti.-di Columbia, and serve to sLow unmi.stal;cably what a noble tree tliis i.^, and how superb an ornament us well as iucxbaudtiblc source of wealth to the two Colonies." APPENDIX F. ABSTRACT STATEMfNT OP IMPORTS FOR THR YEAR 18G2^ Articles. .(Vie and Porter in wood Do. in-bottle... Agricul, lmpt.> Axes Bacon & Ilanis Barley Beans Beef, salt liilliard & Bag. atclle Tables Bitters Blankets Boots & Sliocs BooliS Broad Briciis Butter fJ.iuJles Caniplicnc Chccie China merdze. Chocolate €ider Cigars Clothing ■Coal From Vancouver Lsland. Quantity. I Value 5,191 igals 50('U|doz .•!'J2 p] XX APfLHVil. IMPORTS CONTINCED. I'rom \ anoouvcr Itikxnd. | Frt-iu Li ail cd fr^txtos. Article?. 1 Q;i;uitity. 1 Va'ti!^. i Qhi'ntity. i V; liie. ColT.'O 121133, 1b6 1 12(;,pl0 1 4i3 Enrtliemvarc .. 140; ;)ki;> 3,14;; (i4 23 n 54:1 72 I>cr2 33241 7..2i doz l.n29 H3 ii.ciH) 4i:; 12') 1? doz cs 81 233 12 Fish, ^>^0:^crv(•(^ 33 Dii., dry ii: sail -i;!?' pk.L^s 3.015:92 Fire Aiui.-! ■M |)kjrs 2,u77l.'.0 Flom- 24:>Hi! 3irii bvia 219,;>.<0:40 1.'?40i oris C3 12.159 418 15 Fruit.', inr.s'vil 2.771- 2i] 38 24 Do., dricil 1 2 n i pkps 11.819. Lt3l Do.. iVo>li ' 20"^4 It 8.289; 40 Funiitnro no M 9,SGui 79 Glass k Clasi- 1 ^v;iro 21 G 1703 ; ) 2. 047; 05 76 pkgf. 3G7 Groceries 9.31692 98 Gunpowder 250C:.i ihs 0,577 24 ]{!iril-.v;irc 4'JM pkps 02.234; (5 357 pkjrs 5,371 34 lli.y 8r- tons 3,038,24 1 251 hales 670 83 ■* «' Iliinic=;s nnd Snudlc^ry Ho .> nkc^' 11.224 8S 489 pkgs 7,352 CS Iron 'Uid t^lcc! 11.-.: l.d's 7.G40 02 Li»rd OT: 2 lbs 19,( GO 3:'. 1818 lb3 294 40 Lc.tthcr loT 370 3G884 rolls hrs feet 4,835 15 898! 50 Lime Luni!)cr 1,051 S3 Live .St(u'k. IIor..e,^ and Muli'S iind 21 Canicls I5nr. head 170,549 0^ 4S32 homl 437.333 00 Oxen c in •r 28,050 V20 00 oc 3 273 J) 2,130 00 Dull,! t-^O 00 Cow-, 710 00 13,940 '^0 Culve.-^> ir 1 1 132 5f 38 n ' 3,> 03 Beef CiU lie.. 50". * f 40 79.3 00 4492 »» 232.5^0 (.0 Sheep 2821 IGl ) ? 1 . 19.')C9 00 1,.'?40 50 4117 M 26,7t'C CO Ilof^'.s IMac'iinpry !.■ pkgs C31 GO 2 pkiit C50 JO Mate he.? 35: 551 5,8G' 7,32( 12 40 Mcat,))rosei\etl Do., fresh G15r4 lbs e,53C lA 250 lbs 25 GO Mice lancoiis Merchandize c>-j(v: pk a 124,53." 01 751 pkgt 3,323 00 Molasrtcs 28^)31 ,als 11.120 70 250 gals 222 26 Nails «9l kco-s 6,040 24 2 kegs 12 OO Nuts, Almoudi •28; !)kg.«^ 1,775 62 Oil.s, Sweel 142 C8 859 ".0 2 cs lOiO) Do., various ... 0395 gals 7,036 &*] ' 35 igals 21 '8t ^ M 4rpk>iDix. XXX, IMPORTS CONTINUED. 1 Articles. Oat3 Opium Paints Potatoes Pork, salt Perdoaaicflocli Plants Poultry Quicksilver ... KicG Ropei Cordage Salf Seed', Grain... Do,'J 57c)b6 lbs 602 pkgi 435 cs 123 pk{:6 4bl bkt. 14J5yga:s 32021 ,, 4452' „ 1037 bus I 2!4 hd\ 3ii0 pk . 532 ■ „ 73 nu Value. From United States. Quantity. , Value 4,437 0,170 747 4,727 8,02G 2,280 843 054 906 81,409 7,920 3,444 762 1,018 520 7,687 4,820 7l,4Cb 50,205 57 24,454 2,301 43,578 2,350 3,724 285 7,393 1,92G 5,288 lu,7 1 3 l,bcy 2.231 i,.r>: 13, 5.56101 15,7931:5 19,0G8 32 ._ I 237 'bus 14i brls «'pkg8 10 7700 doz K)s 29 coils 22 279 13 8277 2400* 4 845 2 5551 1 32 18 29] CCl;sk3 ■50 07 94 00 CO 50 75 1 37 iJ8 90 55 U 53 12 55 06 34 75 40 90 79 29 9C 90 37 50 CO 31 (7 pkgs bxs pkgs ibs ,c?als brls lbs i-kgy ibs pkgs ») 1) 390 gals 18 bas 4', 13i' 4' M •S2ni3.39;":L«^2 839 61 330 3uO 400 254 80 381 G7C 653 6,143 28 287 15 2,73] 1 12 3 85G 21 23 2i) 00 50 75 OC 87 GO 00 70 49 00 40 oa 64 40 50 20 40 50 18 00 412j7ri 550 lU '1- 10 ToUl value ot'luiports I'or the year lsii2 :^2.8■.)0,8-ll).:tl ^0. do. do. 16i.l 1^414, 309. 73 Sacwing an increase of $1,33^,441.18 It59 r.i. £162,528 1860 201,396 1861 226,642 18S2 402,500 .POUTS AND r.s. A. £14,770 55,254 60,237 157, 5G8 EXrOUTS. £ t,C49 11,400 IJ,G8C SnirS fNTEUED. 119 337 227 14.123 31.551 10.025 XSII. APPENDIX ATPENDIX 0. UATES OF DPTIEa OF PtHTOMS NOW MIVIAni.C UPOS GOODS A.-:0 AnTici.i:a imi'oiited into nunMsn colcmiua. Flour, per b.irre! ;; ji Bacon, salt and dried I'ork, jior lb." 1 IJoans, per loo II) j -j IJ.irlov, j)rr lOo lb " i 3 nutter, ]icr lb q 2i ^-'"(lIi'^S :, .'."..*."..* 2! L'lr'l, 1 Ilico, per 100 Ui 3 1^ 1'^=»/l'^i- 1'' \.........'.'^Z'. 2i f^^'f'i'"^", n U ^•^'f?:ii% ]' AU: and l-'orfcr in bolUo, per do/. 1 8 Ale und Porter iu wood, per gallon, 7 Wine iu wood and botUo, ,, 2 1 Bitters, perjiallon ' 2 I Blankets, per pair, 2 1 Cheese, per lb 2.^ <>pi'i"i, ,, 2 l"* Dried i'i.^li, per lb q ^ S«lt lish; ., .'" 0> Chin'iK: .Medioatou Wine, per gUloa ."} it Dil(d vegetable?, (Chinese; per ib. l' Saltvcgetables, ,, ,, 0\ ir-'pirit.^, per r:,MlIon. q 3' Ilor..e', Oxen. ?ui;k--, per he;id, 4 2 Sheep, and GoitK, ., 2 I Toi.iacod. jirr lb ,•) cj- Flour, lf).i lb. per baivtl 3 i\ On all ctLcr articles a duty of 10 per cent on the value thereof. APPT^XDIX IT. iiAncorn in-'-r;. £ b. v. For every Sailin? Ship or Vos.-ei above ?>0 tons rcrri.'^ter cither enierinp: or Icwurj; the '-aid Port, p<^r ton reL'istcr. 3 For every .-team ve.s.'^ei cither cnteriii;^ or leavinj^ the said port, per ton rtp-hsier, q q 2 For every vessel of and under 30 tons, includinji; boats and canoes, V 6 riLOTAGK, For oxcvy vessel clcarin,:;^ for, or cuterin^j from parts beyond sea, viz, If less tiian feet dran.2;ht of -water, 5 If more tlian ('> feet, and less than 7 feet draught of water, 5 10 And for every additional fool of water up to 12 feet, 10 And for every additional foot of water above 12 feet, 15 IVLAXD NAVir.ATION. Every stcaraer fradin;3: on Ihc Fraser Bivcr and not trucliu;^ to any part beyond sea, per ton rt^jjibtcr per annum, 2 AITENDIX. IXIU. APPENDIX I. The followlnfj Tables, of the Rovcnno and E>fpenflituro for tho years 1850, 18U0, and IBiJl have liccii kindly given for insertion: UOVEHNMKNT OK" r.KlTISil COLLMUIA. UEVE.NfK KOIl TUK YKAUS 185;), 1800, 1801. UEADa OF necfiiPT. l>^i.'.> AND TAUT OF ISOS ri. II. 7 7 in .83!) Customs Duties |178>0 Harbour Dues .'72 ;> 1 Head Money i 211112 l; JSeizurcs and Fines ! 4j'J lu 2 Tonnagp Duos I Inhiiid Niivij^'-ilion liieenscai Cusl.()m>i Fees Land funics Wh'JT. 5 H Land lievcnuc... Free Miners' Cerlilicnt'js I 508 U Minin{,Mi(!ise Duties '. Road Debentures issued !. IRtiO leoi i;j5'j 18 2i;2 4 108 15 £ 2!) 7 02 lill 1054 115 i)H 11 !1075 14;}« 807 1028 551 580 278 121 5(:2 22d 274 3G9 40 :{0 11 D. i £ 7 32m 01 5' ;;17 G. V. 18 11 2 IS ii: 1') 12 12 11 01 I 4! 10 G 12 7 ;{ 7 5 fl 4 17 G 14 5 9 1 i) 12 10 8 G 44 07 37i»i 52 18 570.; 785 1 92 5 18;<7 84.] 02'J0 l.TI 5:J8 017 4i.i2 749 10 17 87 12 G 8 8 1 15 19 10 5200 147125 Imperial Government 39^591 4 Loan Treasurer, balance due him, 58520 24518 11 5; 00045 17 o!i85i;{ ..i 1951 4 t 9 5 2 9 U 8 1 I 1.} 5 111 18 17 12 15 4 10 11 1 4 , I 8 ; 34 O! 2250 ;* 3 r. 2321 13 'i £i80510 4 7,83041 10 li;8343l 15 4 XXIV APPENDIX. EXPKNnm'RE FOB TIIR YEAHH 185f), 18(10, 18C1. HEADS OF EXPEXDITURK. 18f>n A\I) PVRT OF !S58 Sjilnrles, Fixed do. Pr()vi:.ioniil&Toni. Oiiicc Contiiigonck's Ailowunccs Ucvtnue iService, Exclusive i>f Kslalilislimcnts Colice ami (laols. do Works and Hiiildiii^^s Uuads, Strt'Ots, t liridoTs... lliirrison Hivcr Uond iSiu'Voys and Kxidinatioiis... Traiisporf Misccllaiu'oiis Stores Fines, Forfeitures, and fees Rents Admiii'stnition of Justice... Charitable Allowances IJefuuds ! Conveyance of Mails j General, Ex. of E ' Lijrht Houses j Interest Bullion E>chanjre ' Redemption of lionds i £ 4r)i4 10I7 «!(;50 (;r.i 30 lOH H. IH 4 7 1 17 7 7 4 1 3 10 14 16 19 4 11 D. 7 11 11 11 1 1 ') 10 5 4 6 isr,o 1861 X. (j. r.ino 7 0I7!» 19 104.^ 19 1018 9 170 1 7 7!»2 14 ?.725 19 2107G lU 10 £ 7141 1 •-•:{:):! 20 SI 5130 ir. 41 359 3 4 7 780 j;!9449 11 9i4717r 2 Jfilitary Expenditure |;573T4 5 8 24G88 7 iift082 20'J03 I 10 8 7 221 11 2:>Mi 9 307!) 18 5 29010 10 10 1635 15 8 1881 12 .^ 12K3 9 4l 4512 8 4 317 10 4159 8 10 38 174 194 1 3 200 7 44D 3 10 884 2 a 201 9 4 GOO G8 1 10 49 19 9 3020 10 18 2' 9 £|7(>H23 17 5171859 9 «i;90070 8 11 APPENDIX K. STATISTICS OP CRIME. The number or cases entered on thr books of the House of Cor- feetion, Xew Westminster, from October 27th. 1800, up to May 31st, 1862, was ifi4 of these there were discharged 81 Number convicted, 8;- And these tij^urcs represent, not the crime of New Westminster alone, but also /« some cjricH?! of the wliolo country, seeing" that crimi- nals in the upper Towns are usually, after rcceivinfr sentence, sent to the Prison at New Westminster. Cases of li;?ht oifcnce, and also a small percentage of graver ones, occurring in the other towns are not included, thcde oll'enders not having been aent to New West- minster,. A)'l'EMtl\. XTCW TnbU'9 Kliewinjr tho li-st of person;* rocoivod into the Hoinc of Cor- ri"tin»', fri.ni Mny .(1st, I m;i . to .May iM.-t, iMiJJ. v itii thv'.i i-cvcral crinit'M airl l«^•l)('l'ti'. e iiatioDiilitic-. ('K!Mi;:i. No. OF Casks. .Sk.n ; tvck. AJtinlrr 'j Acci'ssury btfori'l'iict murder,. I r-iloiiy 1 Lariciiy 8 Sr ling Spirits to Indians, 5 Horse Stenlin;? 2 iStiibliiiiir, 1 Riotous, , 2 Assault 7 Pcaih ; in 1 ca^c ropriovod^ " \ : .irs iiii|»rl.-'l. h.wa liiboiir. 1" MMrs, do, do. 21 hours to 2 mouths' do. 1 month to .1 months' do. or hcav)- fine, '2 months and 2 years, do. 14 days, do. do. 7 ilays and 14 days, do. 1 to 3 months, or fine, do. Total 29 Of these the natii)iialities were a.s follova : Erioflish, I Irish, Amci'it'iin: Dane 3 3 I Mexicans, fy Klin iki'.-i 3 Indians 8 Half-brccds , 5 TotRl '29 III addition to which there wero cases of Drunkenness, 23 General Total 52 ou APPENDIX L. BIUTISH COLUMTIA. PROCLAMATJOX NO. 9, A.D. 1861. By His Excellency J.a.mks Douolas, Companion of the Most Hon irable Order of the Bath, Grfivornor and Commander-in-Chief of British Columbia and its Dependencies, Vice-Admiral of the same, &c.., &c. WiiEitnAs, under and by virtue of nn Act of Parliament, made and passed in the Session of Parliament hold in the 21st and 22nd years of the Reip^n of Her M.'ijesty Qiioon Victoria, entitled "An Act to provide for the Government of British Columbia." and by a Com- mission under the Creat Seal of the United Kinjrdom of Great Britain and Ireland. I, Jamks Doit.las. nave been nppoiuted Gov- ernor of the said Colony, and have been authorized by Proclnma- tiou under the Public Seal of the said Colony, to make laws, n t'- tutions, and ordinances for the peace, order, and good government of the same; And whereas it is expedient to amend and cousolidate the lawg XXTl. AITt.VDTX iifTortin r the fctilpnirni of unjurvoyod (.'roTvn Lands in Britlbh Coluinhin; Nov,', th.'rrloro, 1 doliorcliy .locl.irc, prnrl nn, ami on.act as follows: Ki'[ic;il offirtnt-r I'r )rlain;itii>in. I. T'.i" ProcIiiiii.li.Mi i.-siii..| In- :n'-. iin Ut llu- l'n))]i • S "il of tho paid Colony, dalcil tlic llli d:iy or .laruciry, IStjo, mid tlic i'lo-omp- tioii AiiK'ihliii'ut Acr.l^^Cl, liud the Pn-oiuiilion I'urch.iso Act, Ibti! , arc lion by rcjicalt'd. riiroliiiMorrt HiniM! thd jOth .Iiuir to hold on tl.p nnlinnry tormn of Prp-omptinn. [J. All purrjiascrs (iri]ii;iirv(vi>d lanl in l!ritish Coliimbiii, who ph:ill liav(' ih.mIc! thoir })iirfh.is'?.s :-.uljL!"(iU'.Mif ly to \hv "^oth day of Jiiiif. !3';i, mid proviiui.^Iy to the. L'Tlh (l:iv of August, IKiil. siirill held tho land p »rchasod under pr('ci?oly tho Kaine terms and con- d:tio!i.i f,r ocfupalioii aanl iniprovfincti' v.r-. arc tiioiitioiiod in tho said i'roclajii.itioii of l!ic !fh day of January, IHCO, with rejrard to iandsPri'-oia|iti'd wiilioui, piircdiasc. lV.-:t:--!i Mi!iji'»-, irid .i!i<>n'< \v!ii> ' ith .)f Allr^i rivo toiler M^j^sty and Her SiU'cesoorH, may acquire the rl,',^ht to h(.M and purenasein fee simnP'. naooeiipied and uiisiirvoycd and unro:^erved On);', n Lands in Driti.'li Cidiimi)ia, r.ui hei il' tho sit<; of iui existent or proposed Town, or aiirifrnin. land av.iil il)!e for uiininp; purjiosoji, or au In- diaii llo?crvc' or v^'cttlemout. under t!ie followinfr conditions. The aottkr hh:ill '''iUt int i j >M"'-;i'iii iimI iciTnl liiw cliiim to any qniu tity not I'XCCL-liti;': lliii p.(•r(^^. IV. The ppi'.-;nn dc-irinj,^ to aeqiilre any par!.inil.ir plot of 1 ind of th? caarac'.^r afore -ail, ti'i'.U catjr into posso^sioi thereof, and shall record ]i'n;i! Iniul rontipuon-< to thn IfiO ucrt'S, by piyiiiK ioi iii*tulnnMit of tl;c i)iirchn:;e money. V. Any person in po cssion of 160 acres of hind as aforesaid, may acquire the ripht to hold and purchase any further tract of un?urvcycd and unocenpied land afore.-'aid, over and above tho quuit'ty of )(>') aeio^ afo'-esaid. and contijiaiou:' thereto, upon pay- ment to the nearest Majrl.lrato of t'ae sum of 2.-^. Id. per acre lor the sAm\ as and by v.iy ofinstalment of the purchr.^o money to be ultiraaltly paid to the Oovernmont upon the survey of the same land. Proposing iHircbiisor hIiiiII holJ ;ui(l record. VI. Any per.son so paying su^h deposit shall enter into possoa- sion and re':'ord his claim to such last ^mentioned tract of land, in manner herfciiibelorp jircscribed. Descriiiti'on of the lanil, how to he stated. Vn. The clfiimant shall in all capo.s pive the bcRt po.«!sible de- scription of the lund to the Magistrate with whom his claim ia re- corded, together with a rough plan thereof, and identify the plot in question by placing ot the corners of the land four posts, and by sttiting in his description any other land marks of a notlccabU «haractvr. ATMNDIX.. XXfiX. Itec*. tH^itar NhT'', or (i« noarly ns ponsiMe proportion nf tfie UnfU. VIII. rv(.'iy ])U".c of 1 ui'l sought t) 1)0 nrfiuircil uml« r the pro- vi3l.)'i3 of t.irn Proflnmilioii, pIimII, piivi; fn luToiir.ificr ui'Milionoil, h\^ (){';( f •cfmcfuliir !'h.i;»o. and th'^ shoricsi Ihie ihcroof' shall ho ut lo.i.it two-lhinio t!)C h'H'rih Dllhi; hinp;.-.U li'ic. Natiirul lioun l\ri'M nny Ik* iiili>jiteil In ccrtuin rnaps. I A. Wiir>r.^ the I, mil -on 'it to h? iU'.juiriHl i-? in \vhi)!r> or in p.Tt bo.ui Ij I hy m )Uiit.iin3, r;t(l;.^, I ik-^i, s\v;irap3. or thr; m;'.rc;iii of a rivf!', or hy other natiUMl hoiui'larii'--. thon such nnujril hounda- ric.^ in ■<" 1 «p ',>".'■< m IV be adoptcrl, notwith''t'indlnj; any irregulnirity of «hapo. XI. \\*hcrc •' pi"co oflandi.s partially or entirely cn( lo-'cd bo- t^vc in two or more clniin-J. tho oliim'int may acquire such onrlosod pio^^o. nowillii^ta'.idiiijj ;"iiy irregularity of form, or disproportion In Icngfh, of any of the si lo-!. n I'll I U'l'i t > run •\% n'iirly as piss^b'o .a^rjordinK to tho points of thocompaHs. Xil. TiiC! boundaries -shull run as noarly as possible by the car- (lliMl puiiitj of the couipas-i. I'urcbnse on Survey. XIII. When the Govoriim-nt Survey .^ha'.l extend to the land claimed, tlie claimant who has recorded his claim as afaro">aid, or hi.s heirs or dovisies, or in tiic case of the grant >;!' a certificate of iniji;'Ovement herein ift.'M- mentioned, tho a-^'igns of such claimant shall, if lie or they «irili h;ivc been in conliauon.s occupation of the 6.niielanect of whieh smdi deposit hh;ill havo been piid a^ afjre-aid. at. pur-h rate as m:iy for tiic time being bo fi.xed by the CJovornnuat of Briti.^li Columbia, not cxcooding the sum of -Is. *Jd. per acre. tVitificiito of iinprKVi-moit t.^ bo wm;} when improvemcntB have been made to thii extent oflOs. pur acio XIV. When tho claimant, I'i^ heirs nrdevi^ic^, shall prove to the nearest Magistrate by the evidence of hinidelf and of third parties, that be or they has or have continued in permanent occupation of the claim Tri m the date of record, and has ur have made perma- nent improvements thereon to the value of 10s. per acre, the said Magistrate shall grant to the said claimant, his heirs or dcvisie.';, a certificate of improvement in the forra laariicd X, iathc Schedule hereto. VboQ CortUicat« of ImproTement hai been issncd tLc h&lder ma; eeU or deai tritb the land. XV. UpoD the grant of the certificate of improvement aforesaid, the pvrsoQ to whom the eame is issued may, subject to any unpaid XXVIll. NrPLNMT. inptnlrncnts, sol!, morfpf.ipre, or lease llic land in respect of whirh sneh oerlifir;itr has hct n i.^siied, but no interest in any plot of land nf(|irire(i in either «jf llie nictliods afore^iiid, slmil. before payment of llie punliase money, be eapnble of passinj; to a purchaser, un- less the vendor sjnill have obtained sueli certificate of improve- ment as aforesaid. Conveyance on pnyniiiit of the purrlin** raon<'y. XVI. Upon payment of t'ne ptircluifle money, a conveyance of the land purcliased sliiill l)e executed in favour of tlie purchaser, rcscr* vinj^ the precious minerals with a ri^lit to enter nnd-work the .same in f.ivour of the Crown, its Assijinees and Licensees. Compensation to owner wlioso !an-s Issued under the Public Seal of the said Colony, at Vi'c- g ) toria, Vancouver I>land, this 27th day of August, in 'i the year of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred v-* and Sixty-One, and in the Twenty-fifth Year of Her Majesty's Reign, by me, JAMES DOUGLAS, By His Excellency's Command, VViLUAM A . G . Young . GOD SAVE THE QUEEN. {^ txt AfPlNDlJt. RCnEtntM! A. I lirrrhy ccrtifv ll nt liiis Bilti^t^.■.| rnc by ctiflrnop of (nanu'njf tlif witiie.v-c's. ami dnniliiiy: nny (.tlicr cviik-iiec U]hh wliidi tlic Mrtjiis- tmtc has (.ollK! U;lii>. Ilil-Iiiil:t ) llilit ol' Im.sinalf iiii!l\i\0- mciita to the cMcai oi I us. im ucre on acres ot Imul, hiiuuttdui Ihie day of APPENDIX M. THE rOLLOVriNO 18 AN An^niACr OP TUB I'llOChAMATIOM ALLOWINO OUANTH OF LAND TO MILlTAllY AND NAVAL OFFICKUH. I, James Doiai.A8, do prochiiui that from and after tlip duto hereof (ltd Jan. IhO.t.) Military and Naval Oliiccrs iii Her Mi!- jestya 8>'rvico,oftlie rank licroiiiaft(>r Hpocilioil. .-Iiall bo tiiititlci without pay to free grants ol linotfiip'u'd aud uusiirviycd Coimlry luiul io the amounts and uiunner t'oUuuiiig, that is to .-ay ; ArnF.s. Field Officers, of 25 years' service, in the wlinle, OuO. Field OHicers, of 20 yeard" s>ervice and ujjwarils, in the whole, 500. Field Ullicors of 15, or les-*, years' in the t. ; Doiins Hd. per Ih., somfttimf'S 23. por lb. ; MilU -ts. per pillion; Salt lluttor 2s. (Jd. per Ih. ; IJ"or 2^. (Jil. to I*, pir trill- ion; Slicrry, in wood or (.''^''flt i-l lOs. per pullon; <'hiinipii^ru' do. ; (Maret (5g. per gallon; \V....^lioy \*'>.*. per gallDii uliolcsale, 11 109. per gal. retail ; Salmon 2fl. to Od. per lb. ; Drii'd Apple.-" 7.ld. to lOd. per lb. ; Soap 8d. \)cv lb. ; Candlos 23. per lb. ; Tobaccu -Is. per lb. II. LATEST WUOMCSALK I'lllCKS AT LILLOOF.T, MAIICH, ISO!!. Flour Cn\. per lb. ; Heef \b. per lb. ; Bacon 33. per lb. ; IJear.s Is. 9d. per lb. ; Uice 8d. per lb. ; Sugar Is. per lb. ; Hutter 3a. per lb. ; Coffee 2d. per lb.; Tea 43. per lb.; Dried Apples 23. per lb. ; To- bAcco 8s. per lb. III. LATEST yUOTATION.S AT niCIIFIELD, FEBUUAUY, 1803. Flour 3s. 9d. per lb. ; Beef is. 8d. per lb. ; Bacon 58. Dd. per lb. ; Beans 49. per lb.; Sugar C)3. per lb.; Butter 10a. per lb.; Cofl'ee 53. 5d. per lb. ; Tobacco IGs. per lb. ; Candles lG.s. per lb. APPENDIX 0. miners' odtkit. The following articles are essential 2 Woollen Shirts, 4 pairs Worsted Socks, a pair of leather top-boota, a pr. of India rubber miningboots, a strong pair of trou?ers, an India-rubber coat, 2 pairs of blankets, a small tent. APPENDIX P. The following tables of distances arc given by Dr. Rattray, {Vancouver Island and British Coltimhia, page 134.) DI3TANCHS FROM HONO KONO TO ENGLAND BY THE DIFFERENT ROl'TE.S. MILEH. DATS. Distance from Hong Kong to British Columbia 0053 21 (steam.) ,, British Columbia to Halifax 253G G (railway.) ,, Halifax to Southampton 2532 9 (steam.) ♦ Total... 11,121 3(> Distance by Cape of Good Hope (Hong Kong to Southampton) 12,000 110 „ Overland, by Suez (Ilong Kong to Southamj'ton) 9,4G7 50-60 ,, British Columbia (Ilong Kong to Southampton) 11,121 3G DISTANCES FROM SYDNEY TO ENGLAND BY THE DIFFERENT ROUTES. Sydney to Southampton, by Cape of Good Hope 11,830 miles, do. do. Suez 11,219 „ do. do. Cape Horn 12,74G ,, do. do. Panama 11,115 ,, do. do. Vancouver Island 11,794 ,, xxxu. APPENDIX. APPENDIX Q. A TABLK OP THK l.ATITl'DKS AND LONGITUDES OP SOMR PLACES IN BIirriSH COIitrMIUA, as DETKUMINjSD by the royal ENGINEEBS. PropJireil at the Office of Liinds and W'lrks, by order of Col, U.C. Moody, R.E. An absolute vn'.ne for tlie Longitude of New Westminster, namclj' 8li. llni. 3;».ris. West of Greenwich, Avas ol)tained by observivtioua niivde durinp; six hniiitions in 1859-00, by Cai)tain Parsons and ♦Joiporal I-^iech, R. E., the results bein<]f corrected for errors in the moon's places in the Nautical Almanac. The other Longitudes are chronometric measurements from New West'dinster ; those of I'oiut (xarry, Langlcy Barracks, Hope, Yale, Douglas, and Lillooet have been repeated, but the value of the remainder of the deter- minations is that which may be attached to the transport of one chronometer. STATION. Alexiuulria, - _ _ .Vndcrsou, . - - AntiLM', - - - - A-:aii.ititiv, _ - _ iWMVor Circclv, Cut Off Valley, Ueaver Lake, Sellers' Hotel - IJoavcr Pass house. Lightning Creek, - r»ri(],u'e Ilivor, mouth, Uridire Creek house, Cainpmcnt du Chevreuil, CiinuTou's Farm, 12 ui. from Cottonwood (.'ampmont dos Fciiimes, Cliiiutliopoea Lake, (/Ottonwood, - - - ("lokeliu, - - - DouKlas, Esquimalt, V. I., Dimtze Point, (Fort Culville, U. S., Fort George, - - _ Fountain, _ _ _ Garry Point, Green Lake, opposite Crescent Island, Harrison River, mouth, - ^ Hat River, mouth, - * Hope, .... Ko'tliloy, - _ . Ko-om-ko-otz, - - _ Lake La Hache, East end, (camp), Lake La Hache, West end, - Langley Barracks, Lillooet, Court House, Lillooet Lake, 29 mile house, Lyttou, - - . . l\laniiot Lake. - _ _ NEW WESTMINSTER, - Nimpoh, (camp), - - _ North River, opposite mouth, latitude NORTH. 52^ 33''40'' no 32 13 52 58 44 52 24 40 51 7 6 52 29 19 53 3 58 50 45 33 51 39 2 49 20 5T 53 1 38 49 32 29 52 8 53 53 33 52 22 41 40 45 20 48 25 49 48 38 3 .53 53 29 50 49 51 49 50 49 52 52 51 51 49 50 50 50 53 44 44 1 23 14 54 22 45 22 49 51 12 41 3 13 49 12 47 52 22 51 50 39 3 4 25 1 21 21 36 41 50 9 49 45 25 APPROX. LONO.WEST. 122°2G'56''' 122 121 120 121 121 121 122 121 121 122 120 124 122 125 122 123 118 122 122 123 121 121 121 121 121 120 121 121 122 122 122 121 121 22 9'? 35 26 30 39 55 52 3 24 8 14 45 30 5 50 11 20 7 45 1 11 29 54 33 27 28 47 35 44 35 2 35 40 35 122 53 19 125 13 48 120 27 20 7 59 4 49 53 58 34 28 28 43 7 24 4 46 19 1 26 17 9 34 30 58 32 34 57 10 14 28 42 19 33 APPENDIX. ZUlll. TABLE OP LATITUDES AND L0NGITUDE8 CONTINUED. STATION. LATITUDE APPUOX. NORTH. LONO.WEST. Okanagtin Lake, head of, _ 50 21 13 119 26 35 Osoyoos Lake, . 49 1 52 119 36 55 Pavilion Mountaiu, North base. _ 50 59 15 121 58 37 Pcmberton, . 50 11 32 122 43 15 Puntzce, . 52 12 10 124 2 24 Quesnclle River, mouth, . 53 17 122 27 6 Qucsnel River, Lower Ferry, Donaldson's 52 58 15 122 26 52 Quesnell River, Forks, - 52 39 42 121 42 52 Round Prairie, Philips' Farm, . 52 47 57 122 23 49 Richfield, Court house. a. 53 3 9 121 33 55 Salmon River. Grand Prairie, _ 50 28 34 119 47 35 Seton, - - - . 50 40 18 122 5 47 Seton Lake, West end, . 50 42 25 122 26 43 Shtooiht, - 52 21 36 126 5 16 Snowshoe house, 1 miles from Antler ) 52 55 121 27 22 {Swift River, mouth, 53 7 39 122 28 34 Tahartee Lake; . 52 24 32 123 2 49 Vanwinkle, Court house, . 53 1 31 121 44 42 Vermillion Forks, - - 49 27 42 120 28 52 Williams Lake, Court house, • 52 9 24 122 13 32 Yale, - 49 33 44 121 25 58 rELSXED^BT TUB ROYAL ElfGINEEP.S, AT THE R.E. PRI98, fiiW WKSTMISaTEB, B.C.