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[FROM THE WASHINGTON CHRONICLE, APRIL. 23, 1860], The following letter is from Hon. Robert J. Walker to the Corrmittee of the llova Bcolia League, in reply to their communi- catfon, requestiog hij •views on annexa- tion, &c. : Wastunoton City, April 21, 1869. To the Chairman and Secretary of the Nova Scotia Leagtie, Halifax, JV. S : Gentlemen; Shortly after your letter of the 10th of December hst reached me here, T was taken quite sick, auvi long remained so. My health is greatly improving, but I have been compelled to dictate from my bed this letter to an amanuensis. If, then, this reply ia less condensed than it other- wise would have been, will you be pleased to make the prOi-er allowance? You ask me — 1st. "What is the feeling in the United States on the subject of admitting Nova Scotia as a State of the Union?" 2d. "On what term^, as regards Nova Scotia, could such a union be accom- plished?" 3d. "What would be the probable effect of annexation on the welfare of Nova Scotia?" These quettl^^ns involve momentous con- sequences to Nova Scotia, to British Noith America, to England, and to the United'^ States. Coasideriag the gravity of these questions, I shall endeavor to discuss them most calmly and dispassionately. BeasoD, man's noblest attribute, must be the uav pire, and truth, the object in view. The facts presented shall be authentic, and tbf arguments intended to be logical deduc- tions therefrom. Let us, then, my friendav discard all local prejudice and passion, ani? rise to that region of light and knowledge, where we can see ihe truth and follow it" with fearless confidence to all its legitimalt' results. My respect for the people of Njva Scotia is most profound; indeed, the more thip subject has been examined by me, the mort- clearly does it appear, that your people area- great, enlightened, courageous, and liberly- loviag race. Your gallant ntiaintenance of i your rights, your devotion to the principles of free Kovernmenl, excite here ynbounded admiration. You are of our blood, race, and language. This is said of England also. But, then, England is European, aud you, like ourselves, are Americans by birlh or adoption. This great American conti- nent ia your home and ours. 'Here, in America, are your social relations, your interests and affections, your pleasant fire- mids, your w»v«8'Hud chlldrt?n. Who cau 4efioe iho. s».oalled Eiiropean balanco of graw«ir, Hud what iutereat huve you in Ihal ^•esiioD?. What iuterest bad you in up- iMkliug tbu G.>veram«iit ot Turkey, and i»rc]off ibu Christian to remain the elave •f the «eu8u il and brumal TurltV What in- terest bad you. in tbe rucKnt PiiriS' gou- ifiUre, by which the liberties of Crete- were (HCliBg'jished, and tbe Cross trailed! bL^fortt Uie Crescent in the dusti Tlitru aro-mauy oUier European questions, in detormimug wMcb you are not consuUed'— neither have 700 any voice, nr»r vole, nor represenl'a- lion, nor inlorest; but the dedjion of which May involve yo 1 in moat disastrous wait*. TMn there arc Anglo A.tnerican qne-s'-ionB, ■n regard t(X which you arc not consulted, aaid yet they might iavolve you and us in anrious conaequences. As a part of tlie Brilish realm, you participate iu her war?, •ad follow her destiny. Yoa niu&t flghi fc«r battles, aUbous^h you are never con- jEilteU in deteroaining the measures that in- ▼olvesoch fearful results Except where ■MUB ia regarded as a muiiket or bayonet, a j^ftdiator or a slave, he pavticipatcs in the cevBcils, whose edicts demtnd the sicri dteeof his life and treasure. With these swj^anatory remarks, I now answer year (faeetioDS in their o<-der : let 3o long as the disordant element «f alarery existed here, the annexation of Hofa 8cotia to the United St; tes was ini- ynK^ticable. Since the Oisappearauce of uld unite the b-iy of Fundy with Northumberland sound, and connect the i Bras d'Or with the strait of Causo. We jshould uniie your railroad_ system, as soon as practicable, by the lower southern route, with that of New England, New York, and Canada. We should extend our light- house system, (whicii is free from li!;ht dues-,,) all along your shores, including buoys, iight-boals, and all other aids to navigation, and give you all the advan- tttges of our magnificent coa's*. survey, up to the heid of tidewater, throughout your naiits. We would improve your rivers and harbors as we do our own, and con- struct all the necessary Federal buildings. I We should protect and Improve yourflsh eiies, and aid in developing, by all consti- tional nicaus, your mineral and agricultural wealth. Of course, you would enjoy forever, under the Constitution, absolute reciprocal free trade with >ill the Statas, thus securing iho tnarkets of f()rty millions of pe(>ple. You w< mid participate equally with our- selves in the exclusive privileges of our gi- gantic coasting Irade. One of our first act-?, would probably be, the eatabliBluneut of a great line of ocean steemers, to run fiom llalifux to Europe, built by yourselves, and with your own iron and timber, aided by po.stal and other ar- rangements. Tho inaprovement of Halifax would, ot course, become our interest and I 3 uld be mett- oGen- leveral uey of for the n tbi» Con- Again, 38 htk» J, or tiy 3* and ersand' leyees,. These- Unvon , n»ing o> ■96, par- of sucb y judg- [> canal dy with tiect the 1). Wc I as soon n route, York, url);^ht- m li?ht icluding aids to ad van- rvey, up U your rivers ud con- uildinga. our fi-ih U cousti- •icultural r forever, eciprocal securing pe^>ple. ith our- f our gi- first acts, ncut of. a to rua uilt by Iwn iron other ar- if Halifax lercit and ir duty, and we would expect io see her, in time, approach Boston in wealth and popu- lation. Nova Scotia, on eotering the Union, would frame for herself such republican State constitution as would be acceptable to her people/''Au immense prosperity would immediately succeed annexa- tion, and you would certainly soon' bring all the rest of British North America Into our Union. You would not have to wait the slow process of our naturalization laws, but, by the very act of annexation, you would all become immediately American ■citi'':en3, with all their rights and privilegesV The Senators and Representatives from Nova Scotia would take their places in tbe American Congress, and 'heir states- men grace our Cabinet. In peace, we would delight to do all in our power to advance your prosperity, and in war, we should defend you from all assail- ants. Indeed, with all British North America ours, with their own free con- sent and that of England, exhibited in the acknowledgment of their independence, we should never have another war. "The whole North Amciican continent would soon be ours by voluntary annexation, and, as will be shown hereafter, our population, long before the close of this century, would reach at least one hundred and fifty mil- linns of people, and our wealth be counted by hundreds of billions of dollars." Russia, Japan, and China on the east are already owr warm friends, China having trusted to an American the great task of securing her against disintegration; Japan having granted us most favorable treaties, anti Russia having traneferred to us the all-im portint territory of Al?ska. Pa?eing from Asia to Europe, after such a consumma- tion, thf; cordial reunion of the kindred races of Er)glan,d and America could at lasi be effected. Who would cross the At- lantic or Pacific to assail us, for wh.it cause, and with what certainty of disas trous failure? Our policy is peace. We have never engaged in an unjust war, nor would it be tolerated by our people. Hav- ing thus responded to your fecond quea- tioB, I will now endeavor to answer your third. 8d. The Atlantic ocean separates you by thousands of miles from Europe, but brings you within the imuieoiate vicinsge of otir own coast. Let us s .e now what is your present condition, and what would be the effect upon your trade and industry of an- nexation to the United States. In 1865 your total exports to all the world were 18,880.093, distributed ae follows: To Great Britain, $764,743; to the West Indies, $1,066,459; to the Canadas, $438,191; to the United States, $3,619,797; to all other places, $2,041,414. The imports to Nova Scotia, the same year, were $14,381 662, distributed a3 follows : From Great Bri- tain, $0,815,988 ; from West Indies, $007,- 200 ; from the Canadas, $508,935 ; from the United" Slates, $4,825,857; from all other places, $3,503,670. This, as indicated by the returns, was much the largest year, both of exports and imports, for Nova Scotia. The total of imports and exports thatyear were $23,211,701. The total of both for the precedint^ year of 1864, were $19,777,468, which were greater by over $8,000,000 than any year preceding. For 1866 the total exports from Nova Scotia were $8,04.3,095, and the imports $14,381,- 008 ; total of imports and cxp )rt3, $23,- 424,103 These were distributed as fol- lows : t^ EXPORTS Great Brlialn- . . $287,384 Canada .'J74,762 New Urunswlck 0(i5,482 NewfonmllHUd.. 504,3i)5 Prince Edward Island 2P).3,602 United Stales... 3,228,550 Urltish West In , 893, 596 (;anada 726,164 New Brnnswlck. 820,814 Newfoundland... 175.372 I'rlnce Ed. Island 346 46') British VV. Indies 1,01.3,363 Rnanlsh W.ipdles 1,091,456 irnlted States .... 4,041,844 All other coun- i tries 271,030 Total $14,381,003 I have not the tables complete for 1867, but only for the first nine months, which show that the total exports from Nova Scotia during that period to all the world were $5,474,338, and of imports, during the same period, into Nova Scotia, $9,345,490, making a total of $14,819,818. This would seem to indicate a furt'ier decline in the trade of Nova Scotia. The first remark I would niake on those tables is this, that while the exports of Nova Scotia here reached $3,019,797, those of Canada only amounted to $488,191, and from Great Britain, $764, 742 ; while the imports the same year from Great Britain to Nova Scotia amounted to $0,815,988, from the Canadas $508,935, and Irom the United States, $4,835,857. It thus appears, that the exports of Nova Bcotia to the United States, in 1865, ex- ceeded those to Great Britain that year m the ratio of nearly five to one, and to the Canadas more than eight to one, whilst England Imported that year into Nova Bcotia an excess of more than $5,500,000, thus throwing the balance of trade to that amount against Nova Scotia, the Canadas adding considerably to that balance. *^The paltry and insigniflcant trade wiih the Canadas, as compared with the United States, must show the absurdity of sacrifi- cing the trade of the United States for that of the Canadas. For 1860, the exports from Nova Scotia to Great Britan, were $287,884 ; to the United States, (the recipro- city treaty havin allien expired,) $3,228,550. The same year, the imports into Nova Scotia from Great Britain were, $0,893,596 ; from the United States, $4,041,844. Thus, even after the termination of the reciprocity trea- ty, whilst the exports from Nova Scotia to Great Britain amounted to but the paltry sum of $387,884, the imports from Great Britain to Nova Scotia approiched $6,000,000. . It is here, then, also clearly evident, that, as compared with the United States, England affords no markets for Nova Bcotia, even under our present high tariff. Such is the present state of affairs; let us now seewhat would be theresult after annex- ation. Our population in 1870, it is conce- ded, will exceed forty millions. Now, ac- cordinff to the last official report of the Com- missioner of the General Land Office, the internal commerce between the States, as given for 1868, (and estimated for 1870,) would be five billions of dollars in gold. Now, if upon annexation, the trade of Nova Scotia with her sister States was equal to her proportionate share, accord- ing to her population, in 1870, as given in the Canadian year book, the total trade of Nova Scotia that year with her sister States would be $48,750,000, and that of the Ca- nadian Dominion, so called, together with Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, Vancouver, and British Columbia, would be $556,700,000. In making these esti- matea., I take the tables of population from ' the Canadian year book of 1869, pages 6, 156, 158, and 159. These results are so stupendous as almost to dazzle the imagina- tion, and yet these are the very marvels officially exhibited as regnrds the internal trade between our Stales by our census and other official reports. The same results also speedily followed with all our pre- ceding annexations, from 1808 onward. Indeed, in nearly all these cases, these re- sults were exceeded in a few years by the actual returns. This was owing to the fact, that. In a few years after annexation, the States and Territories newly admitted, immediately after becoming a part of the Union, commenced augmenting in a greatly increased ratio of wealth and population. Indeed, this inter-State trade with Nova Scotia, would, in time, become much greater than the average per capita of our present inter State trade. This would arise mainly from the advantageous maritime position of Nova Scotia. Thus, Cape Bre- ton, which constitutes an important part of Nova Scotia, is a long island deeply in- dented with harbors, bays, and inlets, and scarcely an acre of her soil is more than five miles distant from navigation. She has most valuable coal mines almost im- mediately on an ocean inlet. Nova Scotia proper is a long peninsula, surrounded by the Atlantic, the bays of Fundy and Northumberland, and the straits of Canso. Her great coal mines are mainlj' also on ocean inlets. Scarcely an acre of her soil or mines is distant more than twelve miles from navigation, whilst, owing to her deep bays and almost countless inlets and har- bors, nearly one-half her products, mineral and agricultural, are close to navigable waters. Tempered by the great Gulf Stream, her harbors on- the Atlantic are open nearly all the year, and her climate is much milder than the average temperature of New England. The products of Nova Scotia are pre- cisely those which are most wanted for a great interior commerce with nearly all the States of the Union. These are: First, her coal mines, of the best quality, inexhausti ble, and located almost immediately upon the ocean shores. When it is remembered that New England, New York, and New Jersey produce no coal, with a present population of nine millions, and rapidly increasing, the vast extent of this internal trade can hardly be estimated. The Penn- sylvania coal mines, it was predicted, •would be greatly injured by free coal from I No trea dut; J sum 5 mor peri : turli I nal i I coal, will (See 8ton( that fiffon even analy miral evapo c.vceei (Seec to ilje 1, 18Gf begs a Kept., The alreadj mated suppos tity. ' value the tot coverei the vasi Nova wealih.l I sequenj price creasedl per toi from til ultimatj This is results under that giA Next iu the gl and off i often I I- iimestoi i sition vi I The iro! I that of for the il way A' hi Miththal nternal 3U8 and results )ur prc- >nward. hese re- 3 by tbc to the exation, Jtnitted, t of the a greatly julation. th Nova e much ta of our )uld arise maritime Jape Brti- Lant part leeply in- alets, and lore than ion. She ilmost im- ova Scotia 3unded by andy and of Canso. ly also on af her soil elve miles her deep s and har- ts, mineral navigable :reat Gulf .tl antic are : climate is jmperaturc ia are prc- mted for a arly all the First, her inexhausli • ately upon membered , aud New a present nd rapidly his internal The Penn- predicted, •e coal from Nova Scotia. But, under the reciprocity treaty Nova 1^ otia coal was imported here duly free for ten years, and yet the con- sumption of Pennsylvania coal augmented more rapidly than during any preceding period. No great maritime and manufac- turicl^ nation, especially with a vast Inter- nal and coastwise trad", can have too much coal. That of England, it is now conceded, will be exhausted in less than 200 years. (See Sir William Armstrong and Mr. Glad- stone's speeches ) It is now ascertained, that many of the mines of Nova Scotia atford coal entirely free from sulphur, not even a trace beiui^ found by chemical analysis. Nova Scotia coal produces ad- mirable gas, coal oil, and petroleum. The evaporative power of Nova Scotia coal exceeds that of England or Scotland. (See offlci^l report of Professor Henry IIow to ihe Provincial Government, dated June 1, 1868.) Besides coil, •'extensive peat begs are found in the province. " (How. Kept., pp. 0-36.) The whole quantity of coal in mines already discovered in Nova Scotia, is esti- mated at four billions of tons, but this is supposed to be far short of the real quan- tity. This coal at the pit's mouth is of the value of $3 per ton, which would make the total value of the coal already dis- covered "18,000,000,000. Such is one of the vast additions which the annexation or Nova Scotia would make to our nationsU wealth. But, by annexation and the con- sequent removal of our heavy duties, the price of Nova Sootia coal would be in- creased to the producer.-? at least one dollar per ton. This would make an addition from time to time of $4,000,000,000 to the ultimate aggregate wesiUh of Nova Scotia. | This is but one illustration of the glorious j results of free trade among the Slates j under our Constituiion. '"It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes." Next to coal romes iron, which is found iu the greatest abundance, of every variety, and of excellent quality. Iron ores are often found abundantly, together with the limestone ^mx, all in immediate juxtapo- sition with the coal, and near the ocean. The iron bears a fiivorable comparison with' that of Sweden, aud is admirably adapted ! for the manufacture of steel, and for rail- way wheel tires. The value, as compared Miththat of England, is as follows : £ ». d. Eb^iish pit; iron, (BtafTord- Bb've,) average 4. 0. 0. pertoa. Nova ttcolla 7. 0. 0. per ton. EnKllsh bar Iron, (Blafford- (shlre) 9. 0. 0. per ton. Nova Scolia 15. 10. 0. per too. Among tha varieties of iron ores found in Nova Scotia, are the bog ore, clay-irou or^ brown hematites, red hematite and i^pecular ore, iron-sand, magnetic iron ore, black bHud iron stone, brown iron ore, hydrated red iron ore, turgite, titaniferous iron ore, and oohrey iron ores. In con- nection with the iron ores, are mineral paints. This n.ime is given to the ochres and umbers, consisting of peroxide of iron and manganese existing in a hydrated state. 'These mixtures have been largely used in the Province, and have been exported in considerable quantity." — (Prof. How, pp. 83-109.) One of the most important ores, found in great quantity in Nova Scotia, and of the best quality, is manganese. This mineral is of great and constantly increas- ing use and value; it is the oxide which it contains which constitutes its great value. It is used in making bleaching powoler, in manufacture of iron and steel, in a great variety of arts, and manufactures of a chemi- cal character. It is also used in mak- ing glass, pottery, dyeing, and calico prinliug, in the preparation of manga- nates and permanganates, and boiled oil; also, as deoderisers and purifiers of water, and as cheap agents in the ex- traction of gold from quartz. It is also used for manufactures depending on the products of the alkali trade, namely : Soap, glass, paper, cotton, linen, woolen, colors, and all chemical mmufactures of any magnitude, also iu alloys. About 50,000 tons of it are used annually in Eng- land, but only about 1,000 tons here, it Is a raw material of manufactures of great and increasing value, and, by the annexa- tion of Nova Scotia, its consumption here would be wonderfully increased. (How's Report, 110-126.) Gypsum, of the best quality, is found in great quantities ia Nova Scotia. It is put on shipboard in ITova Scotia at ninety cents a ton, aud the ordina- ry quality is sold in New York at |3 25 per ton in gold. The quantity of gypsum export- ed from Nova Scotia in 1867 was 103,426 tons of which there were exported to the United r 6 States 101,000 tons, and the rest, being only 2,830 tons, to Canada, Newfoundland, New Brunflwlck, Prince Edward, and St. Pierre. Thus, the Unitid States appeared to be almost the solo consumer, of gyp- sum, exported from Nova Scotia. This f!yp8um is much used as a fertilizer in PennsylvHnift, Maryland, and Virginia, and is also beginning to come again into favor in the cotton States. By annexation, the consumption here would be greatly in- creased. Besides its application as a fertil- izer, it is also used in making caBts,models, copies of vuluable statuary, museum fossils, for fine ceHing.-i, their centre pieces and I cornices, and in making paper, instead of' China clay, in stucco, for fictile ivory, and for filling fire-proof safes, as well, as for cement. Lr^rge blocks, hardened by a new process, have lately been sold at high prices in the United States. The compact white gypsum, called alabaster, has been found abundantly in several counties of NoVa Scotia. Anhydrite, known as hard plaster, is used as a building stone, and is a good substitute for marble in indoor work. It is twenty-one per cent, more valuable than gypsum as a fertilizer. Boratss and three new minerals are found in gypstPta and anhydrite. Two ofj these minerals are entirely new, and an-; other of them is identical with the mineral, called tiza in Peru, which is imported largely into England, and to some extent into the United States, for the manufacture of boras, or for immediate use in the pot- teries. It is also most valuable in glazing, is an excellent flux for metallurgic pur- poses, and ia used in certain factories. These three new minerals are called natro- borocalcite, cryptomorphite, sillicoborocal- cite. Glauber salts are often found in the gypsum beds of Nova Scotia. Numerous brine springs exist in the gypsiferous dis- tricts of Nova Scotia. The brine is very pure and limpid, and the salt is said to be of superior quality. Most excellent salt, very white and ppre, is manufactured at some of these springs. (Professor How's report.) Magnesia alum is also found in this re- gion, and has been used for dyeing in place of alum, (How., 127 to 148.) Nova Scotia "contains peifectlv inexhaustible quanties of Umestones, presenting a great variety of qualities." Lime.stone is quar- ried for building purposes; its chief value, however, will be "found in the making of lime for washes, mortar, cement, agricul- tural purposes, and as fluxes in iron smelt- ing." It is valuable for hydraulic and other cement, and for masonry. It is also of great value as a fertilizer. Marble of the best quality abounds' in Nova Scotia. That "found in largest quantity is pure white in color, of excel- lent grain, surpassing in beauty when polished, according to marble workers, the Italian marble." (How's report.) If this marble be so splendid and so cheap, as believed, we should like, in case of an nexdtion, to use it as a material for con- structing our great public buildings, espe- cially those projected for the State, War, Navy, and Interior Departments. The varieties of Nova Scotia marble are very ' great. Beside the white, they have the purple colorei}, with green spots of ser- pentine; the red banded, the red and white mottled, the chocolate, the greenish colored, the gray patterned, the white, with black veins; the red and clouded grey, the white and green, and tlie bla*k marble. The gray, when polished, "exhibited concen- tric waved bands in separate sets, whose outlines somewhat resembled expanded flowers." It is "uniqud" and "aa^bject of great admiration." Marble of " rare flesh color is also found in inexhaustible quantities." (How's report. ) Barytes are found in several localities of Nova Scotia. Its principal uses "are the making of porcelain, the adulteration of white lead, the producing permanent white pigment, and enameling artides miuie of paper, as cards and collar.s, and giving u peculiar surface to room-paper." Forty tons a day are consumed "at one factory in New York for enavneling collars." The value is said lo be "$20 a ton crude, and $35 a ton refined." Some of the veins are "fifteen feet in thickness." (How's report.) Moulding sand of the first importance, in metf! casting, of the best qualify, and in large quantities, is found iu Nova Scotia, Ii, is this which gives iron and ornamental cast- ings their "unrivalled delicacy and ex- quisite finish." (How's Report.) • Bath-brick sand, mortar sand^ and brick i da; Scfl yar nou of] for potf ston (lie B nbui mat( Auk and beau slate ston* the stone earth Th silvei fury, and nbunc of M nugge distric coppei (How The per, c( and St at ma very r points, How prove yetuLf GoU: S'cotia, workei riferou which metal. ' veins, aurifer ity to e in allu' in stret tia is ei miles, whole in Nov years, •w quar- iTRlUC, Ing of ;ricul- sr.jelt- other ,l8o of ids in largest cxcel- wbcn STB, the ) If eap, as of an or coQ- 9, espe- e, War, . The ire very ' ave the of ser- id white colored, ,h black tie white e. The . concen- 8, whose xpanded la^bject [)f " rare haustiblc ixUties of "are the ration of ent white made of giving a ' Forty e factory rs." The rude, and veins are (How's ipcrtauce, i:v, and in Scotia, It icntal cast- and ex- ) ^ and brick clays ar : found in great abundance in Novn Scotia, where they have most extensive brlclt yards and potterle?, also Are bricks, pro nounced the best at tlie London Exibition of 1802. Thtse are used for paving tllf, for flower pots, flue conductors, chimney pots, butter coolers, vases, earthenware, stoneware, crucibles, melting pots, &c. (How, 149168.) Building Btones are found in the greatest abundance in Nova Scotia; also slopes and mateiialB for grinding and polishing. Among tbcse are granite, most abundant and of the finest quality; also free stone, beautiful and abundant; flag stone, clay slate, pencil stone, oven stone, and grind stones in the greatest abundance and of the best quality; also mill stones, hone stone, rutting material, and infusorial earth. (How., 169-178.) There are aiso in Nova Bcotia mines of silver, argentiferous galena, antimony, mer- cury, molybdenum, arsenic, cobalt, nickel, and bismuth. "Native silver is found abundantly disseminated through the drift of Mackenzie river in small grains and nuggets." Silver is also found in the gold districts in manganese ore and in native copper ; also in argentiferous goleua. (How., p. 58-64.) There are also found in Nova Bcotij cap- per, copper ores, lead ore, zinc ore, sulphur, and sulphur ore. "Copper ores are found at many localities, and are occasiomilly very rich." Copper alsoi? found at various points, and is being worked to some extent How far the copper mining operations will prove generally profitable is a problem as yetULSolved. (How., 65-82 ) Gold is found in many portions «)f Nov;i Fcotia, and is extensively and profltubly worked. It is found in the trap and au rlferous qu irtz ; also "in talcose slate, which is sometimes beautifully plated with metal." (How's Report.) It is found in veins, leads, and lodes. Groups of rioh, auriferous leads are found in close proxini ity to each other. The gold is alao foutwi in alluvial deposits, in sand deposits, and in streams. The gold region of Nova Sco- tia is estimated to extend over 7,000 square miles, or much more than one-third of the whole province. The gross yield of gold in Nova Scotia was as follows : For the two years, 1860-1, the yield was of the value of 1111,000, The Increase was constant < yaar until 1807, when it reatibed $.*04,831. Professor How «iays <)a this subject: "la gold mining tlie success may be coasideM^ good, both in the increase of gold obtaiiMii and the average rate per ton of quariB crushed; wiiilst the average remunenitioa for each man, counting 313 days ia ike year, and the gold at $18 50 per ounce, to $2 44 per day— a result, it Is believe*, without a parallel in any country. Tfca progress In the yield of gold has heMi steady, and we may expect a largo increase in the working of the poorer mines; leaite i-re now made to pay which, at first, conM not have been worlced without ]o8s;aaJ leads now deerae nerative." (II )W, 87-57.) The abundant supply of coal, wood, a!i^ peat near the mines wouid be of the greal- cst value in running the furnaces. It is be- lieved that, with an adequate supply Mf labor ana capital, which annexatiou woaM furnish, with increased skill and knovy> ledge, with improved machinery, and t'lM most economic processes, the gold of Nova Scotia may be made to yield for centarrai millions of dollars a year. Nova Scotia abounds in minerals for jeir- elry and ornamental purposes. Among theae, are topaz, girnet, crystal quartz, rock crys- tal, amethyst,, smoky quartz, containiDf crystals of one hundred pounds weight aad of great value, chalcedony, agate, jaaper, and heliotropeor blood stone. In addition ts these, twenty other beautiful minerals, chiefly adapted for the cat)tnpt, are givea t)y Professor How, (How; 179-lfltl.) Nova Sc.)iia aboumln in mineral watera of the greatest value. (How, pp. 192- 260.) The abundant supply which Nova Scotia could furnish us of many raw ma- terials for manufactures and chemicals, would be of great value. U I have given these de,taiU of the mineral wealth of Nova Scotia, not so much to enlighten your i)eople, as for the informa- tion of our own cilizans, that they mvf- know how immense is the value of Nova Scotia, and how liherai should be the terms offered her as au inducement for annex- ation.'^ You may also here contrast yarn natural advantages wi»h those of Mass*- IF .ihusetlB. la the valuftble little work on Hova Scotia, by J. B. Calkin, head master of the provincial model school, Truro, NJ H.f he Bayn: "Nova Scotia possesses great ■•x)mmercial facilities in its very excellent liarbors;" ho then names the principal, -eighty-six in number. This is unequaled ■ u the world. "Few countries are more liealthy than Nova Scotia." "The hardier varieties of the grape come to maturity in the open air." (Calkin, pp. 54, 47.) "Nova Scotia is situated in the vegetable mone, whose chiiniclerlstic proilucts are the oak and wheat. The . llora is similar to that of the northern Stutcs and Canada. Tlie forests are (.xtensive, yielding timber, lumber, fuel, Ac. The cone-bearing ti-ees, fiuch as pine, spruce, larch, &c., are oi j>;reat commercial value. The most valu- able hard wood trees, are oiik and beech, maple, birch, and ash. The finest orna- dcntal trees, are the elm, poplar, and rowan, or mountain ash. Many beiimUul, herba- <",cous plants are indigenouato the province. The principal cultivated fruits, are apples, pears, plums, cherries, quince., currants, Ac. The common cereals, as wheat, oats, rye, and Barley, are succi-ssfully cullivated; Indian corn is ripened without difiiculty. Potatoes, turnips, bc^ts, carrots, &c , are extensively cultivated."— (Calkin, pp. HO,- 'lO.) A description of the soil of Nova Scotia is thus given by counties by Mr. Calkin: Oupeb«yro — "good in the north, barren in the south, except on the rivers. " Halifax — ^'generally peer, except on the rivers." tjunenburg — "much fertile soil, espe- cially on the rivers aud shores of Ma- Sione bay." Qweens—" rocky and bar- cea on the coast, fertile tracts in the interior." Shelbtirne — " rocky ; exten-' aive barrens' and peat bogs." Yar- wiouth — "rocky, generally arable." Dighy— * 'average quality; good soils on Digby neck and at the head of St Mary's bay." An- napolis — "generally fertile." /unf^s— "gen- jrally fertile, superior marsh." Hants— ' 'feriile, good marsh." Cumberland — "gen- • orally fertile, extensive marshes" Col- Hhetter — "generally fertile, good marsh, •and intervale." Pictou — "generally fer- ' iile, good intervale." Aniigonish — "gen- erally fertile." Inverness — "generally fer- *'*ile." Victoria — "generally fertile." Cape 27r«<(?n— ••generally fertile.'* ntohmond— "best soil on the Bras d'Or lake aud aloD^ the rivers." (Calkin, 77, 79.) Judging from these reports, and general Information, wo may assume, that at least twothirdt; of your soil is fertile, aud more than three-fourths is arable. Horses, sheep, swine, and cattle arc raised extensively in Nova Scotia. The tonnage of Nova Scotia in 186G, was 400, GOS, valued at $i;],74y,., 17. The tonnage built that year was registered at 58,01.'?, and valued at |3,388 "80. It is clour that your shlp-buildiDg, freighting, anil navigating interest will be greatly pro- moted by annexation. We have seen that ihi.? would Increase youi* internal trade with the United States eight times, as compared with the present system and high tarlif. This alone would make a wonderful in- crease in your ship-building and freighting. Bu; there is a still larger result connected with this question: It is the opening to you freely, with ourselves, the great lieneflts oi the coasting trade, from which you are now entirely excluded. This trade extends froru Eastport, Maine, to all our Atlantic cities, to New Orleans, and thence by the isthmus, or around Cape Horn, to all our ports on the Paciflo. It also includes the Internal navigation of all our rivers, as weJl as of our lakes and canals. The whole of our ocean coast line, including bays and rivers on both shores, reaches 44,000 miles. That of our lakes, 3,020 miles; that of the Mis- sissippi and its tributaries, 35,644 miles; that of all our other rivers above tide water, 58,907 miles — making in all 143,171 miles, requiring a vast, annual supply of shipping which could be furnished by Nova Scotia, whether the vessels were of wood, or iron, or both, in enornous quantities, and as cheaply as by any other State. The value of the lumber and timber exported in 1860, was $704,997; fish, §3,244, 940; fish oil $133,- 826; horned cattle and other animals, $174,- 219; vegetables, $210,619; butter and lard, $138,180. We thus set, even by these im- perfect returns, what great advantages Nova Scotia has in her lumber aud timber, in uer tonnage and ship-building, and fish- eries. I say, then, here, without any fear of successful contradiction, that there is no area of the world, not larger than that of Nova Scotia, on which the Creator has lav- ished such bounties and such wonderful f re I lin wi In 9 natural adyaatages. Takiog tho conibinti- Uon of all theso advantngcA, thcru is no Btate '^f Ihlfl Union, nor of tlie world, that. In proportion to her area, can compare with Nova Scotia. Let us first contrast some of the natural ad- vantnges of Miiflsiichusetta and Nova bcotIa:.i Area of M>is8achU8<;tt8; 7,800 square miles,! Nova Scotii, 18,700. Massacbusetls shore I line, 764 miles; Nova Scotia, 1,500 miles, j Massachusetts— coal, none; Nova Scotia- coal moat aluudant. MMssachnsettB— cop per, none; Nova Scotia— copper, considera- ble. Macsachusetts — gypsum, none; Nova Scotiii — gypsum abundant. Meissachusttts — freeetouu, limestone, grindstones, marble, &c., comparatively none; Nova Scotia — very abundant. Massachusetts — iron,j scarcely any; NovaScolia — very abundant.! Massachusetts — gold, none; Nova Scotia — j very consideruble. Massachusetts — sliver, ! argentiferous galena, antimony, mercury, arsenic, cobalt, uioUcI, bismuth, lead, ziuc, plumbago, sulphur, manganese, borates, salt, magnesia, alum, precious stones, cabi- net minerals, &o., comparatively none; Nova Scotia — all found, and somo in con- siderable quantities. Massachusetts— lum- ber and timber, ne; Nova Scotia — very considerable. Massachusetts— fisheries, none scarcely on her own shores; Nova Scotia — large and valuable. Mas'^achusetts — hydraulic power, considerable; Nova Scotia — very much greater. Massachusetts^ — soil sterile; Nova Scotia — fertile. Massa- ! chusetts— averag ! distance of lands fromj navigation, TjO miles; Nova Scotia— 10 miles. Such is a brief summary of one of' the greatest contrasts in natural advantnge- that perhaps ever existed between two States. In Ma' sachusetts, labor is king,' and virtue, liberty, and knowledge urei prime ministers. Her great staples are! schools, newspapers, intellect, and Indus! try. She has an army of two huudred' thousand pupils at the pu">>lic schools; but, above all, she has the markets, free and un- restricted for all her products, of forty mil- lions of people. Indeed it, is the Union, with all Its countless benefits and blessings, but especially with free trade among all the States, that has made M issachusetts great, rich, and powerful. Had she remained a British colony, Massachusetts would have had no such career. Let us look at some of the results which llboity and the Union, free institutions, and free trade between the States have achieved for Massachusotts, contrasted with Nova Scotia. Massacbu- setts, by census of 1800, the population was 1,231,000; Nova Scotia, by census of 1801, a30,8r)7. Massachusetts, total value of real and personnl property, by census of 1800, 1^815,337,433 Nova Bcntla, by census of 1801, $01,205,014. Massftchu.Hetts, by State returns of 18C8, $1,300,000,000. (Com'r L. O. R., 1808, p. 200.) Such has been the wonderful proi;res9 of Massachii- setts, one of tlio smallest States in the Union, with a sterile soil, a severe climate, and no mineral wealtli. Il Is manufactures, and the markets of a great nation for them, that have accomplished tliese miracles of progress. The^'c results I have taken from our census P. is our i^ merican Evangel, proclaiming at each decade, not onlj' for Massachusetts, but for tlie whole nation, the decennial progress of American inter- nal free trade, liberty, and Union. These results are prophesies, for each decade ful- fills the predictions of its predecessor Let us now look at the progress of some other of our American States. The State of New York contained In 1790 a popula- tion of 340,120; In 1800, 3,880,735. Penn- sylvania, population in 1790, 434,373; in 1800, 2,000,115. Illinois, population 1810, 12,282; in 1860, 1,711,951. Mic ,gan, popu- latiou in 1810, 4,702; In 1820, 8,765; in 1830,31,639; in 1860, 749,11.3. Wisconsin, population in 1840, 30,749; in 1800, 775,- 881. Iowa, population in 1840, 43,112; in 1850, 192,214; in 1800, 074 913. Min- nesota, population in 1850, 0,077; iu 1800, 172,133. There is no parallel to these results in the history of the world. Let us novv look at the progress of population in the whole United St ites : Year. Population. 1790 3,933,827 1800 5,305 937 1810 7,239.814 1830 9,638,191 1830 13,866,020 1840 17,0«9,4.')3 18.50 33,191,876 1860 31,445,080 This striking regularity in the progress of our population, arose from the fact, that European immigration increased at each decade, in a ratio fully corresponding with Rite of increase 35.03 30.45 83.13 33 49 32.67 35.87 35 59 wm Ti IF our augmentation of population. The itn- rrigration here, from 1859 to 18G0, including that which came from and through the; Canadas, wns 3,000,000. Now, according' to the Btatistical tables, ihe average net value of the products of each person is $1,0U0 during Ihe average duration of hu maH life. Multiply our immigration from 1850 to 1800 by !:,1,000, and it makes an addition of f 3,r00..000,000 to our wealth by the immigration of one decade. If our i population increased during each decade until 1900 in the sume ratio a'^ from 1850 to j 1860, the result would be as follows : j la 1870 43.fl36,8.5s' In 1880 ft7 791,81.5' In I860 78,359.243 In 1900 , 100,247.297 Our late census superintendent, in an offi- cial report, making a due allowance f(>r the effect of our la to war, estimated our popnla- tiou in 1900 at 100,355,802, making a differ- 1 ence of nearly si.x millions as compare! with | former progress. This is a "aost reasona-! ble estimate, for we know that European! immigration is prepariag to reach outi shores in vastly augmented numbers. This isowing to several causes: First. Thewoild' is now convincv'^d of the permanence of' our institutions, and that we are the strong- 1 est Government on earth, both in war and peace, re^^tiug upon the broad basis of the suppc-t find afflictions of the people. With out a conscription, two millions of volua- teers rushed to th- defence of the Union, and continued the contest until the pro- slavery rebellion was overthrown. This sublime devotion to country, without a parallel, or oven a distant approach t» it, arose from the nature of our Goyernment. Each volunteer -^ us a voter, who felt that he was defending his own rights; that this rt'as /''JsGovernu.oni., which he would trans- mit to his children, all whole and undivided. This American Union, this great inherit- ance of freedom, is tne only legacy which the poor can transmit to their descendants, and yet they die content. They know that this Union can never die, nor even a single star fade from our banner. TLJ.s convic | lion, as to the btrength of our Govern- ment, has not onl}' reached the masses of i the people of Eai-ope, but also kings aad; emperors, and their cabinets, especially in I England. This is well illustrated in a re- 1 ceut derlftration of Mr. Gladstone, the English Premier, and the greatest of all her statesmen, excfl It Joiin Bright.** Mr. Bright, throughout the contest, predicted our success, and, at the darkest period of the war, with foi-ccasting vision, he un- rolled the scroll of history, and sketched our coining destiny, when the American Union, as he foretold, should embrace within its limits the whole Ainerican Con- tinent. In his great speech at Birming- ham in 1862, alluding to the destin; of our Union, he said: "I have another and far brighter vision before my gaze. It may be a vision, but I will cherish it. I see one vast Confederation stretching from the frozen Korlh in unbroken Hue to the glow- ing South, and from lue wild billows of the Atlantic westwari^ to the calmer water of the Pacific main; and I see one people, and one language, and one faith; and over all that wide continent, the homes of free- men, the home of freedom, and the refuge for the opnres."d of every race and clime!"',) This is the same John Bright, who was your leading friend, who endeavored to in- duce Parliament to inquire into your griev- ances in connecvion with the repeal ques- tion, lie was for you and for us, because we were br)th right, and because he is always the friend of justice and humanity. Come, then, Nova Scotians! Come, Ameri- cans! Come our brethren of this great Con- tinent, and hasten, by all peaceful means, the fulfillment of that inevitable destiny, fraught with such countless blessings and benefits to you and to us. The 2d reason why immigration liere will increase more rapidly herear^er, is this : The liomestead bill, passed duiing the war, e;ivi'8. substantially, to eaoh settler upon the public domain, w'^ether native or immi- grant, IGO acres of public lands, on the sole f ndition of .settlement and cultivation. This bill is now, for the first time, bein^ made generally known to the masses of the people of Europe, accomik at the persistent, ever active, and constantly augmenting force of the mutual attraction of kindred race, of Ian, guage, of institutions, of interest, and geo- graphical position, and then ask yourselves how long this moral force can be re8!3ted. Why resist it any longer? Let Nova Scotia come first, and all British America would soon follow. . ' 3d. Perhaps the greatest cause of in- creased immigration from Europe, will be found in the disappearance of slavery. This kept back thousands of European im- migrants from our shores, and esf^cially from the rich and sparsely settled lands of the South. Our Southern cotton culture has been greatly injured for a shovt time by the war, and by the disorganization of labor; but, in a short time, the cotton culture of the South will be revived with renewed vigor and success. The culture will he carried on like the agriculture of the North, by free labor; the lands will be subdivided as there info sma'l farms, well cultivated, and yielding large additional products per acre, not in cotton only, but in all the great Southern staples, if any doubt this, let ihem look at the census of 18G0, which shows that the agricultural product of the free States in 1850, was $131 48 per capita, and of the skve States, it was the same year $70 56 per capita. Thus, the agricultural product of the free States, . was nearly double that of the slave States per capita in 1359, notwithstanding the far richer lands and much more vuluablo staples of the Souih. For all these reasons, it seems clear, that the estimate of the superinteodeut of the census, of one hundred millions as our population in 1900, will be fully realized. It is, then, the markets of forty millions of people now, rapidly augmenting every year, until it exceeds one hundred millions in 1900, that Nova Scotia is asked t<, reject, and tike as a substitute five or six hundred thousand dollars a yeir of exports to the Dominion, and from three to seven hundred housand dollars a year to England, leaving a deficit of five or six millions of dollars a year, t) be made up, if possible, by the profits of other trades But if, os predicted by your greattst Btatesuian, and as we 12 all most firmly believe, the Americnn conti- nent should soon be ours, our populiition in 1900 would reach 150,000,000 of people. Here would be the reign of liberty, peace, and Union, and of free~ trade between all the States. Now, look at Europe. It is little more than a military camp, bristling with four millions of bayonets, covered wtth forts and arsenals, and composed of thirty- eight separate and often hostile Govern- ments. Our great trans continental rail road is substantially completed, the con struction of the ship canal at the isthmus of Darien will sooq follow. Who, then, will command the commorce of the world? Having looked into the increase of popula- tion, let us now examine that of our wealth, as shown by our census In 1850 our total wealth by the census was ^7,135,780,228; in 1860, $16,159,616,068. Thus, our in crease of wealth from 1850 to 1860 was 126.45 per cent. In England the increase of wealth by the census, from 1851 to 1801, was 37' per cent. Assuming these ratios, the result would be as follows: United KiDgdom, 1801, wealih, $31,500,000,000 " '• 1871 '• 43,155 000 000 " " 1S81 " 59.122,350.000 " «• If-Ol " bO.997,619.500 " •' 1901 " 110 9(50,837,715 Applying the percentage of the increase of our wealth, the result would be as fol- lows: United Statee, If'CO, Vi-ealth, $16,159,610,068 " 36,593,450 585 " 82.805,808,849 " 187 314 353.225 1870 1880 1890 J 900 1901 423.330.438,288 " 4(33,330.438,288 Thus, if each Dation increased in the same ratio respectively, as for the last de- cade, the wealth of the United Staees in 1880 would exceed that of the United King Jom $23;743,518,849; in 1890 it would be much more than double; in 1901 much more than quadiuple, our excess being 1352,363,000,573. These are astounding results; but our census shows that the ratr of increase of our wealth from 1850 to 1800 was much greater than during any preceding dcade. Thus, the previous re- sults, so fur back as the returns were {;iven, are as follows: From 1820 to 1830 41 per cen* From 1830 to 1840 42 " From 1840 to 1850 64 •« From 1850 to 1860 120.45 " The causes of this wonderful and pro- gressive increase of our wealth are easily explained : Ist. We have seen that our wenllh, from 1850 to 1860, was increased |S,000, 000,000 by immigration alone. 2d. The whole of the pufvlic hinds owned by the United States amounted to 2,807,- 185 square miles, or 1,834,998,400 acres. Of this there remains unsold, and now the •[iroperty of the Government, 1,405,360,678 acres. (See Report of Conimlssioner of General Land Office for November, 1868, p. 164.) This area exceeds by 1,200,000 square miles, all Europe outside of Russia. The pecuniary condition of an individual or a State, whose property in in excess of its indebtedness, is always considered sae. Tljcse lands and mines connected with them, are worth more than our whole pub- lic debt. We do not, however, sell tl.ose lauds or mines. The lands are given in quarter sections, of 160 acres each, to every tettler, native or immigrant, who will re- side upon and cultivate tbem, and the mines of the precious metals are also given in an adequate number of feet to each uiiner who will work them. Commissioner Wilson, in one of his great Land Office Reports, speaks of our put)li<.; domain as follows : "It embraces soils ra pa Vile of abundant yield of the rich productions of the tropics, of sugar, cotton, rice, tobacco, corn, and the grape ; the vintage, now a stable, par- ticularly so of California ; of the great ce- reals, wheat and corn, in the Western, Northwestern, and Pacific States, and in that vast interior region from the valley of the Mississippi river to the Rocky moun- tains ; and thence to the chain formed by the Sierra Nevada and Cascades, the eatt- em w^all of the Pacific s^ope, every variety of soil is found revealing its wealth." "Instead of dreary iuarable wastes, as supposed in earlier times, tie millions of buffalo, elk, d^cr, mounttiin sLeip, the primitive inhabitants of the soil, fed by the hand of nature, attett lis cai;aciiy for the abundant support of a dense population shrough the tkillful toil of the p.gricultu ralist, dealing with *.he tailh under the guidance of the science of the present age." "Not only is the^ield of food for man in this region abundant, but ii holds in its bosom the predous metals of gold, silver, with cinnabar, the useful metals of iron, lead, copper, interspersed with immense .>«M».ilM>,.' 13 belts or strata of that propulBive elemen C02.1," &c.. la his official report to Congress of November, 1808, Commist-ioncr Wilson says: "In twenty years we have probably added to the metallic circulating medium of the world about $1,250,000,000, ten per cent, of which is eilvor Of the "vorld'a" annual product, about $200,000,000, we are producing more than one-half." Our recent discoveries of mines of gold and silver, made known siiice Mr. "Wilson's report, are of the most startling character. The first reports of the White Pine silver mines of Nevada were, to a great extent, discredited here; but the actual results arc now realized. That these mines do yield from $1,500 to $2,000 per ton, of sUver, is now an ascertained fact. These mines are of great extent, and, in the quantity pro- duced, exceed the richest virgin silver quarries of Mexico. Our latest accounts from Alaska, also, fully confirm the great value of the gold mines of that region. No account h taken in our census of the public lands or the mines upon them; they are only estimated as a part of our wealth when -'they become private property. This sys tern of free grants to miners and settlers, is found to incrr ^se the national wealth and population much more rapidly than sales of lands and mines. It stimulates labor, which produces all wealth, and encourages the hardy miner in his daily toil. It makes the axe and the plough, the great emblems of American civiiizaiion. The forest is re- moved, or the prairie ploughed, the cabin is built, and the settler, whe^^ the toUs of the day are over, meets, at his humble board, a happy and contented family. The farms soon become settlements, villages. Then counties, territories, and cities emerge from the wilderness. Manufactures and other industriei; soon follow. New States are organized and introduced into the Union. Within the last nineteen years, six new Sta.:3 and nine Territories (soon to become States) have thus been organ ized within our limits. Do you mar- vel then at our wonderful increase of wealth and- population? It is the same cystem that has carried the fcifeterhood of States from ♦he Atlantic to the Pacific, and now binds them together by our first great Continental railroad. This will be followed by many others, and esp«cially by the great Northern and Southern routes. The flrbt of these, with its magaificent land grant from Congress, will be the Northern Pacific, running from the headwaters of Lake Superior to Portland, on the waters of the Oregon river, and to Puget sound. Skirting below ihe British Territory, it will give a grand route for British North America from Nova Scotia through New Brunswick, and Maine, and New York, and Chicago, and St, Paul, the Red river of the North, and thence to the Pacific. Our British friends may diverge from Chi- cago, by Omaha, by tLe Union and Central Pacific to San Francisco, or the trains from Montreal may connect with either of those routes. But no continuous railroad route, entirely through British territory, can ever I unite Hiilifax and Montreal with the Pa- cific. Nature forbids the banns.'/^Indeed, British Columbia, surrounded by oar terri- tory and population, north and south, is essentially American In feeling and in in- terest. Her last Provincial Legislature re- jected the proposed Union with the Cana- dian dominion, by a vote of more tha ntwo to one. Indeed, British Columbia, has been rained ar.J depoi>ulated for want of our markets, which are esE^^ntial to her ex- istence. They have requested England to permit them to be annexed to the United States. / ' It has been estimated by the opponents ofannexatioH in Nova Scotia, but espe- cially in the Canadian Dominion, that your and their people would pay, on annexa- tion, a Federal internal revenue tax, esti- mated at five dollars a head. The popula- tion of Nova Scotia having been 30^,857 in 18G1, a tax of five dollars a head would amount to $1,654,285 per annum. Now, in point of fact, your portion of our inter- nal revenue tax would be much nearer in proportion to wealth than population. But the result in your case would be more favorable to you than this, the collections being small, even in proportion to wealth, where there are no great commercial or manufacturing centres. Your wealth in 1861, as heretofore given, was $61,205,014, and yet there are three men and firms in New York, whose tax would exceed that of Nova Scotia. The ofilcial table herewith published shows that the internal taxes paid by the different States were not in proportion to population, but much more nearly in the ratio of wealth : w 14 u ,S^inai^>),*'0 beg i •=5;2Tid;Km?P f i-J^aoro^S^'w-^r it's id {3 ^ '^ 15 ^ u 3 Speaking on this subject, at the close of iis great report of Kotember, 1868, Com- tiliiflsioner Wilson says )• "The total popu Iriiitfn of the United States in 1860 was. in rouad iJi/mbeis, 31,500,000. In 1865, it is estimateci tlat the population ■was 85,500,- 000. At thei present tinu.\ November 1, 1808, according to the most satisfactory estimate, it is 89,2o0,000. In 1870, accord- ing to existing ratios, tlie population of this country will be over 42,250,000. At the end of the present century, 107,000,000/' Judging by the returns, our wealth will have more than doubled in 1870. Analyzlngtbe1able,the State of New York, with less than a ninth of the total popular tlon, approximated in payment one fourth of the whole internal tax; and Massachu- setts, with less than a thirtieth of the popu- lation, paid a proportion exceeding one- 'teiiilh of the whole tax. We have no Fed- .eral land tax. The State that approached jneare«£ Nova Scotia in wealth and popula- tion, by the returnB, was Minnesota, al- though ii was considerably in excess of Nova 8c®tia, both as to wealth and popu- lation. y,e,t, with this excess, Minnesota contributed but |36^,000 in payment oi the internal tax of 1808. Judging by Min- nesota, the iuteiTial tax to be paid by Nova Scotia in 1808 would have been about ^000,000. But, (there is another fact ol great importanoe in connection with this question; it is this — that our wealth more than doubles every ten years, thus rendering the internal tix necessary for the support ofthe Government, fifty per •cent, less onerous at each decade. Indeed, •with the reduction of expenditures now going on, and the increased revenue from other sources, no dtubtis entertained, that, within four or five years, our whole internal taxation may and will be entirely repealed, except i-pon liquors and otacr intoxicating drinks, upon tobacco, and a just and rea- sonable tax on the national banks, which caust soon yield large results, inasmuch as tlie free banking system must be adopted at an early day. But Iken it must not be for- gotten , that, whatever addition to the ag gregate of the internal tax, or from revenue derived from the tariff followed the annex- tion of British America, would enable us still further to reduce the internal taxation, or applf such excess to great works of in- iternal improvtfWfeflt, including the enlafge- i ment, to their utft**st capacity, of all ouf own, (as well as the C»i.tediau canals,) o( ! which the great cut from Chicago to the j Illinois river would be prominent in giving I access to the va..ty of the Mississippi. I Among the great works, iu the event of an- !nexation, undoubtedly wculil be the deep canals from Lake Huron to Toronto, from the sirae lake by the Ottawa to Monirea), Jaad thence to St. John's on the Richelieu river. Of course, we would enlarge all :our own canals from Buffalo, from Os A'Cgo, ■and from the head of Lake Champlain, to I the Hudson river. The people ot the West I and Northwest mv8t and will have tliexn i enlarged c?.nal3, their accumulating pi j ducts demand it, they must and will have \cheap freight and no monopolies, and ctose itoburn Indian corn for firewood in the ! West, for want of proper facilities for ' market. I The attempt to force the union with i Canada upon Nova Scotia against her will and protest, is one of the most stupendous I blunders in modern history. It transcends in tyranny any occurrence in the worst days of the Stuarts. Notwithstanding the I warning voice of John Bright and eighty- j seven of his associates in the House of ! Commons, that House refused even to ia- j quire into the grave and truthful facts set I forth in the most respectful petitions of lyour Legislature and people. How often i history inscribes its warning upon the walls j of royal palaces, and sends its mournful I echoes through the long corridor of centu- Iries! Yes, history continually repeats itself. I The present position of Nova Scotia, closely [resembles ouj- own in 1774, preceding the American Revolution. Then, our colonies, setting forth their grievances, requested redress, and most truly represented their earnest desire to continue the British con- nection. How strange now sound to us the loyal words, then bearing the signa- tures of Washington, Franklin, Jefferson, the Adamses, Hancock, and other distin- guished patriots of the Revolution I Read these words, fellow-Americans of Nova Scotia, and see how parallel your prflsenl position is with that of ours in 1774; Then we were most loyal subjects; but our ffCtition for redress being coutumeliously rejected, we fought iu 1775 many battles 16 -with British troops as enemies, but still for our rights as Eaglishmea under the Brit^isb constitution. Nor was it until the 4th of July, 1776, that we declared our independ- ence. Who now doubts that we were right on that occasion? Besides the memorial above referred to, on the 26th of October, 1774, the American Continental Congress, (as shown by its journal,) in closing an address to King George 111, adopted the following declara- tion: "That your Majesty may enjoy every felicity through a long and prosperous reign over loyal and bappy subjects, and that your descendants may inherit your prosperity and dominion till time shall be no more, is and always will be our sincere and fervent prayer." But allj redress or hearing being refused, within : gix months the first blood was shed at; Lexington by British troops; Bunker Hill followed, and as promptly as a gallant army ever obeyed the battle reveille, the people rose to arms. But, in 1774, our ! people had been most loyal, and at a time | when loyalty to kings was a sentiment; much deeper und more universal than it j ever has been since tae whole system has i been rocking on its base under the teach- 1 ings and results of the American Rovolu- ; tion. I Our complaint was taxation without repre- sentation ; but, although this was a great grievance, it docs not compare in atrocity with the attempt against your will and pro- test to transfer you as slaves to a foreign Dominion. Who wonders that you resist and denounce the effort? As Lord Chatham said of us in the war of the Revolution, "You would be fit to be slaves if you did not resist." Rest assured, England will never attempt to drive you by force into the Canadian Dominion, Continue to endeavor to obtain for Nova Spotia a repeal of the Union. But if, after one more effort, this should fail, or even if now you should regard the case as hopeless, then you should commence im- mediately a most earnest effort for annexa- tion to the United States. In hoc signo vinces. Appeal to the masses of the peo- ple everywhere, organize your committees in every county and district. Speak through the press, through public oral addresses, through lectures and social in- tercourae. Let there bo no thought of war nor of any collision, except of argument iiud intellect. Do this, and your success is certain. The proposed Canadian Dominion, stretching from Newfoundland to the Arctic and Pacific, is but llftlo more than a fragmentary selvage of the United States. It is composed of detached parts, incapa- ble of intercommunication, or cf being conflolidated into one empire. It can never be a compact body, with one head or heart or one arterial system. It is the universal opinion of all our engineers, thit a con- tinuous railroad through British territory, running from Halifax, through Montreal, to the Pacific, can never La constructed or used. The route by the Restagouche is. not a commercial, but a military road, and constitutes a part of those heavy war expenditures which you are called upon in part to make to protect Canada against imaginary assaults from the United States. And yet, strange and contra- dictory as is this policy, none know better than your civil and military engineers, and those of England, that British America, in case of war, is totally indefensible against the United States Indeed, what could be more obvious than {hat 4 000,000 of peo- ple, however brave, could not successfully contend against 40,000,000 of people. The folly of this route consists in this, whilst Montreal is in latitude 45.30 north, and Halifax in latitude 43.40 north, the Kesta-" gouche route goes north from Montreal to latitude 48.30, in order to return south to Halifax — thus going three degrtes out of tiie way. The Restagouche route coulvi, of course, enter into no competition in s ammer with the St. Lawrence and Gulf route, and, in winter, it could not successfully contend with a railroad from Halifax to St. Johns, New Brunswiclt; thence to Bangor, Maine; thence by two snort cuts, especially from Island Pond, to Montreal, diminishing the distance from Montreal to Halifax ninety miles. Thus, the real distance from Hali- fax to Montreal, through Maine, would be reduced to 756 miles, compared with 858 miles by the Restagouche route. But, be- side the diminished distance, the route by Maine passes through a cultivated and somewhat densely populated country, the 17 I 1 best summer route, but especially prefer- able In winter te the other, which passes, for hundreds of miles, through an un- broken wilderness and deeply-drifting snows. Can the Canadian Dominion alter the decrees of Providence? Can they change climate and geography? Can they roll back the eternal snows, or melt the glaciers of this dreary and semi-arctic waste? From Montreal to the Pacific ocean, the route of ♦.he railroad wilT cover a distance of nearly three thousand miles. It must pass entirely north of Lake Hu- ron, Lake Superior, and the Lake of the Woods. The region north of tiicse lakes, is broken, rocky, and dreary, swept over by deep and drifting snows for nearly a thousand miles, rendering this part of the route, in the opinion of our engi- neers, utterly impracticable. From the Red River of the North, through the Sas katchewan country, to a point within about a huadred miles east of the Rocky moun- tains, the route is regarded as practicable for a railroad, and most of the country is considered valuable; but, from this point westward, through the great ranges of the Rocky and Cascade mountains, the country is very poor and dreary to the Pacific, ren- dering the difficulties by this route insur- mountable, so far as the country is known. Here, then, are three detached regions of great extent, one on the St. Lawrence and Restagouche; one, very extensive, north of Lakes Huron, Superior, and Lake of the woods, and, finally, the one between the eastern base of the Rocky mountains and the Pacific, vast regions, lying in detached fragments, incapable of intercommunica- tion, except through foreign territory. Can these fragments ever be consolidated into one empire? But another question is urged upon the people of Nova Scotia. It is this : that if you join the Canadian Dominion, that Government will be able to make a reci- procity treaty with this country. Now, if there is any question definitely settled, it is this : that we never will agree to any reciprocity treaty with any British province separately, or with the Canadian Dominion, on any terms what- ever, or at any time, present or pros- pective. Why should we discriminate as regards tariffs against our friends during the late war, and in favor of Englaid, or'any of her colonies, especially since England has forbidden her colonies (except *he Dominion) to treat with us, thus rebuking them and us. We shall not discriminate against them. On the 3d of March last, Mr. Schenck, from the Committee of Ways and Means, reported to the House the following reso- lution : Resolved, That while this House does not not admit any right in the executive and treaty- making power of the United States to conclude treaties or conventions with any foreign Gov- ernment by which import duties 6bo'l be mutu- ally regulated, it is however of the opinion, and recommends to the President, thai, .^pgotiationn with the Government of Great Brltaik. should be renewed and pressed, if possible, to • deu- nite conclnston regarding commercial Ini^i- conrse, and Becuring to our own citizens the rights claimed by them in the fisherieq on the coasts of the British provinces of America and the free navigation of the Bt. Lawrence river from its source to the sea. In the debate'which followed tl' intro- duction of this resolution, embracing, half a dozen members, Mr. Schenck, the chair- man, said: '*I do not believe we ought to enter into any relations of reciprocity with the British Provinces, either through nego • tiations with the Imperial Government of Great Britain or by direct treaty with the Provinces themselves, if that were possible. I believe the people of the British Pro- vinces should be treated like all other ftn signers, and made to pay the same du- tiofe on articles they import into our coun- try that other foreigners are required to pay upon similar articles." At the same time Mr. Schenck expressed himself in favor of commercial treaties "in regard to the fisheries on the coasts of those Pro- vinces, and in relation to the free naviga- tion of the St. Lawrence river from its source to the sea." Mr. Pike, said ; "The only reason why I drew out this expression of opinion from the Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means (Mr. Schenck) was the fact that it has been published in the papers quite extensively that that committee was in favor of a renewal of the reciprocity treaty." Mr. Schenck. "I am not authorized to speak for the rest of the members of the committee, but I am not aware of any difference of opinion between any of them and myself on that subject." 18 Not a single member exp.'essed himself in favor of reciprocity. (Congressional Globe, March 3, 1869 ) On the 28d of March, Mr. Bcbenck's res olutlon w»8 unanimously adopted. (Con- gressional Globe, March 23, 1869.) After this unanimous vote of our House of Representatives, it is hoped, that anti- annexatlonists evtrywhere will no longer attempt to delude the public on this ques tion. The Canadian Dominion and all the Pro- vinces know well the pliin and unequivo- cal terms on which they can obtain per- petual free trade with all the Slates of the Union. It is by annexation. If the Do- minion and other Provinces refuse annexa- tion, as they have a perfect right to do, so do we reject reciprocity. It is neither your inteitst nor that of England that her North American Prov- inces rbould remain longer in colonial sub- jection. England could do no wiser act than at once to acknowledge the inde- pendence of the Dominion, and that of all tiie adjacent provinces. Such an act would speedi! lead to <:he amicable adjustment of all difficulties between the two natioBf. \ I It has been suggested, that England would transfer all these colonies to us in payment of the Alabama claims. This England win never do, nor should we ask such a transfer. She would justly regard such a request, in such a form, as an attempted humiliation; and it would alienate from us the Irlendly feeling of all the colonies This is proved by the resistance of the peo pie ot Nova Scotia to their attempted trans ferto the Canadian Dominion without their consent. The Canadians, the Nova Sco- tiane, and the people of the other Provinces are brave and enlightened men, and we should not wound their feelings or suscep- tibilities. ,\ We wish no States forced into the Union. If these colonies, with their own fre« will, would come into the Union, we would rejoice to receive them, but not otherwise. Indeed, our people would commemorate your voluntary annexation to the United States as the greatest event of this centuiy. So soon as the telegraph •hould communicate the result throughout the country, the booming cannon and the sliiming bell would anaonnce our rejoic- ing, and a great people would bid you wel- come, thrice welcome, into the Union. These people are equal to ourselves. They would consiitute a large portion of the voters of the Union, and they should be, like ourselves, free as the "casing air," subject only to the limits of the Constitution. We want, and will have, in this country, no serfs by transfer, or otherwise. Nor will England ever treat with ua for the acknowledgment of the in- dependence of these colonies in connection with the Alabama claims. Let the colonies ask for independence themselves, and they will surely receive it. That they would then desire annexation to the United Slates, is not doubted. Thus, the an- nexation measure, the greatest of any age or country, would be speedily consum- mated, and a fair and just settlement of the Alabama claims would follow, as a necessary consequence. ^^The Senate has lately rejected the treaty about the Alabama claims, by a vote of S4 to 1, and the decision was clearly right. This treaty, as shown by my letter of the 17tb of January last, embraced but an Infinites- imal portion of the damages inflicted on our Government and people during the war by British cruisers. There was but one speech made against the treaty. It was by the eminent chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, (Mr. Sumner.) That s^oeech may be criticized, but it will never ue answered. Having been the financial agent of our Government in Europe during the war, and charged also with special duties as to these cruisers, the facts are all familiar to me. The rejection of the treaty is supposed to indicate approaching' war. There is danger, but war, it is believed, may be averted, if both countries will act in a spirit of justice and mutual forbearance. Meanwhile, the great questions of annnexa- tlon and independence can go on without Interruption. \^ In the Parliamentary debate on the bill creating the Canadian Dominion, Earl Russell said : "If it ever should be the wish of these Provinces to separate from England, the Parliament might be ready to listen to their requests and to accede to their wishtJ in any way they may choose," On the same occasion the Marquis of Normandy said : "If the North American colonies feel themselves able to stand alone, and show 19 tbt'ir anxiety either to form themselves into UD independent country, or even to amal gumate with the United btates, I think it wonld not be wiae 'to rcBlst Ihat de sire." If any contrary views were ex. pressed on that occasion, I have not seen them. Subsequently Join Bright said: "Your scheme (of confederation) must breatc down if the Nova Scotians resolve they will not have it. * * * It is not possible to coerce them. * * * Therein no statesman living in England who will venture to bring about the shedding of one drop of blood upon that continent." In his speech in the House of Commons, on the 23d of March, 1865, Mr. Brifht sai " :' 'I venture to say that there is not a m-.n in this House, or a sensible man out of it, who, apart from the consideratton of Ihisi vote, or some special circumstances attend- ing it, believes that tb*^ people of this coun- try could attempt a successful defence of the frontier of Canada ajiainbt the whole power of the United States. I said the other night that I hoped we should not now talk folly, and hereafter, in tlie endeavor to be consistent, act folly. We all know perfectly well that we are talking folly when we say that the Government of this country would send either stiips or men to make an effect ual defence of Canada against the power of tbe United States, supposing war to break out." The London Times of the 13th o< March last, in a leading: editorial, declare^' ihut if the colonies desire annaxation to the United States England will not object It is quite certain that England can never lie a leading American Power, but she h now a great Eastern Power, and, by con centrating her energies at the East, she can become far greater. Tlie area of Great Britain and Ireland is 121,000 square miles, with a population in 1881 of 29,317,000. From her limited area, then, England hae almost reached her climax at home, and therefore cannot be the greatest European Power. Several of the European Powers now greatly exceed her In area and population. European Russia, alone, has an area of 3,100,000 square miles, with a population of 7o,000,000. But Eug- land is tar the greatest of all the Eastern Powers; her Australian area is 3,200.000 square miles, and a population of 1,200,000, whilst British Hindostan alon« has an area jof 1,200,000 square miles, and a population |of 180,000,000, making a combined Eastern English area of 4,400,000 square miles, and an Eastern population of 181,200,000. Bo- sidtiS China there are three great Eistern iPowers. England and Russia, by reason |of their immense possessions and popula- jtion In Asia; and the United States, by its ivast geographical coast line upon the i Pacific. This coast line brings us within jforty miles of tbe shores of Northern Asia, |and, by the Aleutian Isles, within a few jhundred miles of Manchooria and Japan. lAlihough the Uuiled States own no Asiatic possessions, and have never desired any, yet, by geographical position, and by trade and intercourse, they are a great Eastern j power. Now, by these tables it appears ithat the total area of all the British posses- jsions, together with those of Russia and of I tbe United Stales, are 19,530,000 square I miles; add to this the urea ol China proper, 1,300,000 square miles, and tbe result will be 20,880,000 square miles, or largely more than two fifths of the land area of the world. The aggregate population of these three great countries would be 3C8,567,000; add to this China, 400,000,000, and the re- sult would be 736,567,000, or very largely more than half the population of the world. I have added China, because the Burlln- game treaty, negotiated first with us by our eminent countryman, the Chinese Ameri' can Minister, and yince by him with Eng- land and Russia, substantially guarantees the integrity of the Chinese territory. It is of vast importance that tbe mo^t cordial relations should subsist among all the great Eastern powers, China, England, Russia, and the Unitbd States, so as to leave full room for internal developments, free from |the hazards of war, »iTo accomplish this [important objec*^, it is essential tha' England 'should withdraw from America, and con- jcentrate her wealth and energies U(,on her lempire in the East — a step magnifying her importance and security as an Eastern as well as a European Power. And now, my friends, having endeav- ored to convince you that your true and permanent interests require your annexa- tion to the United States, great will be our delight if your people ahould concur with us on this momentous question. But, should it be determined otherwise, we would relinquish this cherished desire with 26 the deepest regret. We muHt then turuj our eyes, more directly, to Mexico, Cen- tral America, Cuba, Porto Rico, San Do mingo, 4&C. The people of all these coun tries most earnestly desire annexation to the United States. We do not think of force in any of these cases, or of violating any principle of justice or of international law. They are all coming as rapidly as we could wish, and we are preparing to receive them into our Union. Mexico, we always supposed to be the richest silvei ' mining country in the world, until the re cent discoveries in Nevada, But the northern provinces of Mexico, containing the richest silver mines of that country, are rendered almost non productive, by the hostile incursions of the Apa- ches and Comancbcs. Indeed, all Mex- ico is in a reolulionary condition, and labor is entirely disorgiinized. There is no remedy for this evil, except annexa- tion. Then, the prosperity of Mexico would recommence, and go on with re- newed vigor. Under American rule, the silver mines of Mexico might be made to produce at least |(10,000,000 per annum, and she would supply us most abundantly with the raw materials of manufactures. The flume remarks apply with almost equal force to Central Atuerica, Cuba, Porto Rico, St. Domingo, &c. These countries contain now a population of 14,000,000, which would rapidly increase after annexa- tion. Yet, valuable as these regions would be to us, these people are not, like you, of our kindred race, blood, and language. And now this long letter must be brought to a cIoKe. It is my sincere hopn, that, in any couliugency, you may pass succeas- fully through all your troubles. That an overruling Piovldence may guide your counsels, and, iu deciding this momentous question, conduct you to wise and just conclusions.^ With great respect, your obedient ser- vant, B. J. Walker. U ; fii . S - V^>~-~J' i' I liiCTT' T»m rale, the made tu unaam, undantly ifactures. oiit equal a, Porto coaDtriea t,000,000, ■ annexa- Qs would J you, of ruage. B brought ;, that, in i Bucct as- Thai au ide your omeutou8 and ju