IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

1.1

lii|78

itt lU

\^ i2.0

25
2.2

1^1

1.4

114

Hiotograpiic

Sdenoes
CarporatiQii

23 Vmr MAIN STRUT

WIISTIR,N.Y. I4SM

( 71* ) •72-4903

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHIVI/iCIVIH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Inttituta for Historical Microreproductions / Inatitut Canadian da microraproductions hiatoriquaa

T«chnic«l and Bibliographic Notaa/Notaa tachniquat at MMIographlquaa

Tha Inatituta haa attamptau to obtain tha baat
original copy avallabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia
copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua.
which may altar any of tha Imagaa in tha
raproductlon, or which may aigniflcantly ehanga
tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow.

D
D

Colourad covara/
Couvartura da coulaur

r~n Covara damagad/

Couvartura andommagAa

Covara raatorad and/or laminatad/
Couvartura raataurAa at/ou pailiculAa

Covar titia miaaing/

La titra da couvartura manqua

rn Colourad mapa/

Cartaa gAographiquaa wn coulaur

Colourad inic (i.a. othar than blua or black)/
Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira)

|~n Colourad plataa and/or illuatrationa/

Planchaa at/ou illuatrationa an couiaur

Bound with othar matarial/
Rail* avac d'autraa documanta

Tight binding may cauaa ahadowa or diatortion
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La re liura aarria paut cauaar da I'ombra ou da la
diatortion la long da la marga IntAriaura

Blank laavaa addad during raatoration may
appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar poaaibla. thaaa
hava baan omittad from filming/
II aa paut qua cartainaa pagaa blanchaa aJoutAaa
lora d'una raatauration apparaiaaant dana la ta tta,
mala, loraqua cala Atait poaaibla, caa pagaa n'ont
paa At* f limAaa.

Additional commanta:/
Commantairaa aupplAmantairaa:

1
t

L'Inatitut a microfilm* la maillaur axamplaira
qu1l lui a th* poaaibla da aa procurar. Laa d*taila
da eat axamplaira qui aont paut-ttra uniquaa du
point da vua bibliographiqua, qui pauvant modifiar
una imaga raproduita, ou qui pauvant axigar una
modification dana la mithoda normala da filmaga
aont indiqute ci-daaaoua.

I I Colourad pagaa/

Pagaa da coulaur

Pagaa damagad/
Pagaa andommagAaa

Pagaa raatorad and/oi

Pagaa raataurAaa at/ou pallicuMaa

Pagaa diacolourod, atainad or foxat
Pagaa dAcoloriaa, tachatAaa ou piqu6aa

Pagaa datachad/
Pagaa dAtachAaa

Showthrough>
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Includaa auppiamantary matarii
Comprand du material aupplAmantaira

Only adition avallabia/
Saula Mition diaponibia

r~~| Pagaa damagad/

I — I Pagaa raatorad and/or laminatad/

Pagaa diacolourod, atainad or foxad/
Pagaa

F~|/ Pagaa datachad/

r~l/ Showthrough/

rn Quality of print variaa/

I I Includaa auppiamantary matarial/

I — I Only adition avallabia/

I
c
f

(

a
a

a
1

h
ri
n
n

Pagaa wholly or partially obacurad by arrata
alipa, tiaauaa, ate, hava baan rafilmad to
anaura tha baat poaaibla imaga/
Laa pagaa totalamant ou partiallamant
obacurciaa par un fauillat d'arrata. una paiura,
ate. ont At* filmAaa A nouvaau da fa^on A
obtanir la maillaura imaga poaaibla.

Thia itam la fiimad at tha raduction ratio chackad balow/

Ca document aat f limA au taux da rAduotton indiquA ei-daaaoua.

10X

14X

lax

22X

2BX

aox

•

12X

IfX

»X

2MK

32X

Th* copy fttmcd her* has b—n raproduesd thanks
to th« g«n«rotlty of :

National Library of Cunaila

L'axamplaira film4 fut raproduit grica A la
gAnArositA da:

BIbliotMqua nationala du Canada

32X

Tha imafiaa appaaring hara ara tha bast quality
poasibia eonaidaring tha condition and lagibiltty
of tha original copy and In kaaping with tha
filming contract spacif ications.

Original copiaa in printad papar covers ara filmad
baginning with tha front covar and anding on
tha last paga with a printad or iilustratad Impras-
aion, or tha back covar whan appropriata. All
othar original copies ara filmad baginning on tha
first paga with a printad or illuatratad impras-
aion. and anding on tha krat paga with a printad
or iilustratad Imprassion.

Tha last racordad frama on aach microfiche
shaH contain tha aymbol -^ (moaning "CON-
TINUED"), or tha symbol y (moaning "END"),
whichavar appHaa.

platas, charts, ate. may ba filmad at
diffarant reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure ara filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right end top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:

Lee imeges sulvantas ont 4t4 reproduites svec le
plus grand soin, compta tenu de la condition at
da la netteti de I'exemplaire film*, et en
conformity avac las conditions du contrat ds
fllmage.

Lea exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en
papier est ImprlmAe sent filmte sn commengant
par la premier plot et en terminant soit par la
darnlAre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par Is second
pkit, salon la cas. Tous les autras exemplaires
originaux sent filmto en eommenpant par la
pramlAre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'lllustration et sn terminant par
ki darnlAre page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.

Un des symboies suivents apparattra sur la
darnlAre imege de cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: la symbols -^> signifle "A 8UIVRE". la
symbols y signifis "FIN".

Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. pauvent Itre
filmte i dss taux de rMuction diffirents.
Lorsque le document est trop grsnd pour Atre
reproduit en un seui clichA. II est filmA A partir
de i'angle sup4rleur gauche, de gauche k droite.
et de haut en bes. en prenant le nombre
d'imeges nicesselre. Les diagrammes suivants
illustrent hi mAthode.

Sktios II., i8U7.

[8B]

Tba.nb. R. S. C.

II. — Xitts on the Ctismoifniii/ and Jfistori/ of the tSqmimish Imiians of

liritiah Columbia.

\\y Prof V'ssor ( '. Hii.ii-TouT. Hiioklund r'ollei,'o, Vanroiivoi-.

(Coiiiiiiuniciitc'd by Dr. (J. M. Diiwson, .Iniu' IJH, l.'<!t7.)

Till' lollowiiii; notes oil (lie cosiiioiroiiy and history of the Sqiiainisli
ItuliaiiH of Hritisli ('olnml)ia, a sfpt of tlio i^i-eat Salishan stock, wvro
gatliiTcd bv inysolf from an agi'(l Indian of tliat sept some time last.
suniincr. Throuijli the kindness of tlio Uoinaii Catholic bishop of the
district. Bishop l)iiiieii. t received a cordial reception at tlic liaiids of the
cliicf men of the tiibo, and on learning; what I wanted they brought out

of ids retirement the old iiistorian of tlie triix'. lie was a deci

■epit

creature, stone-lilind from old age. whoso "exiNtence till then had been
(inknown to the good bishop, who himself has this tril>o in charge. I
am disposed, therefore, to think that tliis aceount lias not been pui into
Kiiglish before, \ first sought to learn his age. but thi.s ho could only
approximately give by infurming me that his mother was a girl on the
verge of womanhood when Vancouver sailed up Jlowe Sound at the close
of last century. He would, therefore, be about 100 years old. His
native name, as near as I could get it. is •■ Murks.' He coubl not under-
stand any Mngli.sh. and as his archaic S<iiiamisli was beyond my poor
knowletlge of the language, it was necessary to have resort to the tribal

iiiteri)reter.

le account wil

consequence, be less full and literal.

IJefore the old man could begin his recital, some preparations were
(leeine<l necessary by the other elderly men of the tribe. These consisicd
in making a biinille of short sticks, each about six inches long, 'fhesi'
played the part of tallies, eachstick re|)reseiitiiig to the reeitera particular
Jtaragraph or (diapter in his story. They apologized for making 1 hoe,
and were at pains to explain to me that these were to them what lioidts
wen! to the white man. These sticks were now ])laeed at intervals along
a table round which w«! sal, and after some animated discussion between
tho interpreter, who acted as master of the ceremonies, and the other old
men as to tho relative order and names of the tallies, we weiv ready to
begin. The tirst tally was j)laird in the olil man's hands and he began
his recital in a loud, high-pitched key, as if he were addressing a large
nudience in llu" open air. lie wont on without pau.se for jiliout ton
minutes, and then the interpreter took up the story. Tlie story was
cither bej-ond the interpreter's power to render into Knglish, or there
was much in it he did not like to relate to a white man, for I did not
unfortunately get a fifth of what thi' old man had uttered from him. and
il was only by dint of (jucstioning and cross questioning tliat I was

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

onnltli'd to get anything like ai connoctod narrative from him at all.
Till- old man ivcited his story t-haptor hy fhajttor, that is, tally l)y tally,
amd the interpreter followed in like oi-der. Tlie following is the sub-
Btainc-e of what T wais aiblo to i-eeord :

In the lieginning there wais water everywhere and no land at all.
AVhen this state of things haul laisted for a lung while, the (Jivat Spirit
detei'inined to make land ajtpear. Soon the tops of the mountains showed
ailiove the water and thoy gi-ew aind grew till their heads reaiehe<l the
eloiids. Then he maide the lakes and rivers, jand after that the trees and
animals. Soon after this had been done, •• h'n-la'nih the tii-st man. wais
maide. The (Ireat Spirit bi'stowed upon him the three things ain Indian
oaniioi do without, viz., n wife, a chisel or adze, and a sailmon trap.
Ka-la'na wais a good man and obeyed the (Ji-eat Spirits eoinniainds, and
in coui'se of time his wife bore him many sons and daughtei's, who spreaid
out over the land aind peopled it. When tho land wais fiall of people aii<l
Kalana had gi-own very old, the (Jrcait Sjirit took him awaij' one daiy
and the people saiw him no moiv. Now. as Kalana had aidvanecd in
yeai's the ]ieoi»le had beeomo very wieked aind vexed the (ircait Spirit.
And after he haul left them they became worse. When this state of things
had been going on for a long time, the (ireat Spii-it maide tho watei-s rise
up over all the land above the tops of the highest mountains, and all tho
jteopie were drowned e.xcept one man named Cheatmuh. the fii-st-born of
Kalana. and his wife. These two escaped in their - ,inoe, which floaited
about on the water for a long time, and at last, when thoy were nearly
dead with hungea*. settled on the top of ai high moiantaiin which was not
quite covered with water. After this the waiteis subsided, and Cheatmuh
and bis wife descentled from the mountain and built themselves a house,
and in coui'se of time rejieopled the land again with their otfspring. A
long interval now went bj' and the ]>eople were hap]>y and prosperous,
^laiiiy salmon came up the Squamish eveiy season, amd there wais fooil
for everybody and to spare.

Hut the (Jreat SjMiit became aingry with them aigaiin a second
time after ('heatmnh"8 deaith. and this time he punished them by
.seiiiliiig a greait snow-storm upon the land. Daiy after daiy, and moon
after moon, the snow fell in tiny flakes, covering everything and
bidii\g all the land, and the streams, and the rivers, and the trees. The
snow was remarkable fov its extreme fineness, and it penetrated e -ery-
where. It came into their houses and put out the tires, and into
their clothes and made them wet and cold. (In this part of his
recital the old man was exceedingly interesting and graphic in his
description, the very tones of his voice lending themselves to his story,
and 1 had gathered, long before the interpreter took up tho story, that
he had told of something that wais very small and had penetrated every-
where.) Soon all tho stores of fish and all available tirewood was eon-

[iiiix-ToiT] SQUAMISH INDIANS OF BRITISH COLUMIHA 87

Humed. and no moiv i-onld ho i^ot. Starvation and told assailed thorn on
ovoiy side, and soon tlio ciiiidron antl (dd pooplo hogaii to die in Hcoros
and hnndmls. Hut sliii tlio snow came down and tho misory of thoso
that woro loft intivasod. Doad iiodics lay around ovorywhoro, (U^ad and
dyini? lyinj? toj^othor. (Here tlio old mans voice was hushod to a plain-
tive wail, and the laees of his audience wore an eloquent index of the
traijfie interest of this story of their aneostors' misfortunes.) Kverythinjj;
that eould jiossihly afford sustonantr was oa-rerly sought out and eaten.
The hair was .craped from their slorc of skins, and the latter, soakeil in
the snow to make them s tl. were then torn into pieces and dov«mreil.
lint soon even this source of supjdy failed them, and their only hope now
lav in the approachini^ salmon soasiui. Hut when this long-looked-for
relief came it was found that the salmon were .>*o thin that there was
nothiui; on them hut the skin and hones. It was impossible to cure
salmon of this description; moreover, they did not conic in their usual
numbers, and soon this miserable supjily failed them also. By tho help
of this poor diet the more hardy of them inana,<,'ed to keep body and soul
toi^ether for some lime lon,i,fer. I>ut all who wen- sickly an<l weak gradu-
ally tiled off, so that in a little time there remained but a few oidy of the
whole tribe alive. All this time the snow had continued to fall, though
it was long past the beginning of sunuuer ; and now even the salmon
skins and bones were consumed, and all had died of starvation but two, a
man and his daughter win* lived apart by themselves. These two it
seems ha<l mamiged better than the rest. They were the fortunate
possessors of a dog, which they killed after the salmon had failetl them,
an<l this they atej.it by bit, as long as it lasted. They also burrowed
down through the snow to the moss beneath, which they gathered, and,
after wiping the slime of the salmon on it for flavouring, they then made
s(»up from it. This, together with the dog, had enabled them to outlive
all the rest of the tribe. But still the snow ean\e down, and now they
al.xo had exhausted their resources and nothing remained to them but to
Ho down and die as the others had done. As they sat lamenting their
lot. tho man happened to look sound wards, and then he saw a large tish-
hawk swoop down upon the water and rise again with a large salmon in
its claws. Hastily getting out his canoo he launched it, and with his
bow and arrows ready at hand, he patldled out to sea and presently got
within range of the eagle and shot an arrow at it. The arrow went
home and the bird fell with the fish still in its claws. He quickly
secured both and returned to his daughter with them. Jiy means of this
fish and bird they wore enabled to sustain themselves for some time
longer, and by tho time this food was consvimed a givat change began to
take place. The snow at la.st stopped falling and the sun apjiearevl. and
a great and rapid thaw sot in. In a short space of time tho great white
covorin.' of snow sank down, and tho long-hidden trees, and streams, and

ROYAL SOCIETY OK CANADA

rivoi-s, and laud woiv i*oi'iH»noe moro. The man now took his (laiiglit«T
to wifi', and l"n)ni lliow two the laitd was in course of tinm once inon-
iv|»oo|tli'd. Times of plenty came Itack, and the people learned to t'ors^et
the terrilile punisiuueiit the (ireat Spirit had sent U()on their t'oretatlu-i-s.
Hut ont-e ai;ain a dreadful mistorlni\e befell them. 'Phis time it hap-
|H'nedin this wise. One salmon season the tish were found to he covered
with runnini; sores and blot (dies, whicii rendered them until for food. Ihit
as the people depended very larijely upon tln-se salmon for their winter's
food supply, they were oblii^ed to catehandemv them as best thiy could,
and store them a»vay for food. They put otf eatiiij^ them till no other
fooil was availalile. and then be>;an a terrible time of sickness and dis-
tress. A dreadful skin di-^ease. loath.soine to look njjon. broke out upon
all alike. Xoni' were ^pavi-d. .Men. women and children >ickened. took
the disease and died in ay;ony by hundreds, :<o tiiat when the spriu:;
arrived and IVesh food was procurable, there was scarcely a persttu left
of all their numbers to get it. (Jamp after camp, villairc after villaicc.
was left di'solate. The ivmains of which, said the old man. in answer to
my qiu'iies on this heatl. are found to-day in the old camp sites or
mid<lcn-heai»s over which the foivst lias been growiui; for so many gene-
rations. Jiiltle by little the remnant left by tlie disease grew int(» a
nation once more, and when the first white men sailed up the Snuaini>li
in their big iioats. the tribe was strong and numerous again. Following
Vancouver's advent four generations have come and gone, the second of
wlii( h was his own. Wliat f()l lows from this point is not of any particular
interi'st, but before concluding my paper I desire to say that the name of
this liist Squamish man. as handed down by tradition,- Kl-la'iiii — suggests
some thoughts for the ethnologist's consideration. The ilaida term for
<iod closely resembles it. viz.. Sli(i-I<i>i<t, tiie initial consonants being inter-
changeable I liroughout the tongues of this area, ilut if we go outsidi-
the district and language of British Columbia, and examine the genea-
logies itf the llawaiians. we there find this name " Ka-lana." or •' J\a-
lani. " occurring again and again. Kor example, we have a fragment of
a chant entitlecl •' Kaulu-a-lvalana." which in Knglish runs thus :

I am Kiiulu,'
Tlio cliild of Ivalnna,
Ktc, I'tc, etc.

And I'ornander, in his first volume of "The Polynesian I'ace " (p]i.
19y-2ilO), writes thus: •• It is almost certain that a number of names on
the " riu" line were those of chiefs in some of the southern groups who
never set foot on Hawaiian soil, but whose legends were imported by

southern emigrant^

The Maui legends, the Maui family of

four brothers, and their parent. a-Kalami, Karami or Taranga, are

Tills Kiiula-Knluna was a celebrated niivigator.

[IIII.I..TOIT] &QUAM1SH INDIANS OF imiTISlI (OKUMHIA

found u|M>ii nil tlnmc gr«»u|is in slij^lilly <lin»'ivMt Vfr>iniis It

Ih just (() conclude, llu'relore, tliat tlio Miwu family and legends were not
only not indij^cnous to Hawaiian soil or (MHitcniporary with any cliiofs of
iho ■' Xanaula " line. Imt it is very <|UcstionaiiK> whet lior their orij^in does
not date Imck to the i'HK-1'aeitie period of the I'olynesian race."

This view (»f Kornander's receives a striUiiii; accession of evidence
from the use of these .-ocniinj^ly identical terms in IJritish Columbia. I
have sliown tiiid tin* term stands f<>r (iod anioiio; the Ilaidas. It is also
seen in tlio con)|iound rianu- of one of their ancient d«'ities, '• //<7-'/»i/-
liiiKi," and from information su|»|i|ied me l>y the Kt-v. II. II. (iowen, who
was a missionary for some years amoni; the Ilawaiians. this term is used
liy the Polvnesians in the same sense. • Kveryoiie,' he writes me, "of
the Kamehameha line had the name Kalani forming part of his or her
full de.si;fnation. It appears to iiave heen e«|uivaleiit to •• rxnldd,"
'• heiireiih/," •(h'n'iir.'" Ai^ain, we tind a remarkable resemblance to this
term Kalana or Kalani in the name of the great chief who U'(l the Ynch-
chi across the Indus and conquered India about 20 !>.('.. whoso name, as
given by the Chinese historians, is ' Karrano.s,' or " Kalanos."

These facts will receive an acces.-ion of interest when I state that my
studies of the languages ot" tin- natives ot' this province have resulted in
yielding evidence of intercourse or relationship t>t' some kind betw«'en
the Kwakiufl-Xootka and Salish stocks and the Malay-Polynesians,
between the llaida-Tlingit and tin- .Ia]»o-Corean, and bi'twecn the Dene,
or Athai>ascan, and the Chinese and cognate races. Of the Dene tongue
it is no exaggeration to say that r)0 per cent of Its radicals are pure archaic
Chinese. I append a short comparative vocabulary ofthe.se:

Enci.isii.

Water
Face
F>et
Mouth
Skin

Mountain
Stone
Grass
Cor|)se
Sky-
Star
Snow
liinl
A fly
Wood
Tree
Small
Wet
Arrow

CUINRft:.

tsui
men
^ca
liow

tflan

tse

kle-zie

ben

slen, sen

sheat

dea, tea

jain

clii

tsi

tblo

tsil

chi

Ohne.

tlift, tsoo

nin

khb'

fwa

eve

taal

tse

tlo

ezie

shon, sen

t'si

tain

diin

tsel

tsol

tail

kie

ItOYAL SOCIKTY OF CANADA

KN<it.lHII,
ItoW

Hone

Itoat

Cliilil

Mreawl

lirotlier (elder)

" (younger)
l)o>:
Day
Ky«
Firo
Fatlier
Mother
Man

<i rand rather
(irandniother
Sister (younjfer)
Slimmer

I mi^'Iit fxicn.l tliis list almost in.li-finiti-iy. hut I tiiink ollo^l,^^il
radicuLs havo Ik-cm frjvoii I., show tlu- marked lexifogniidiical simiiaritTos
ht'twi-iMi tiu'si- two Iniiiriiairos. Nor are tliesc Ciiim-M- simiiaritios coii-
Hi.ed t.. the vocal.iilary. Ihoy extend to the M.oi-idiology of the laniruas,'!"
as well, and tin- charaetoristic methods of donomination in ChinoiTc find
llieir oxatt counterpart in the tirst thive of the four classes <d' nouns int..
ul.Kdi. aeconlin- to Father Morice,— than whom there is no his,M.er
nuthority— the nouns in the Dene ianjruage may be divided.

H is my intention to otler a fuller paper on these Asian atlinities
later. Our laek of analytical knowliHlge of the huiiruage of British
C.dumhia makes it dillieidt at times to proceed and bo sure of ones
ffnuind. The Dene ra<licals bore otferod are some of those jriven by
Fat lier Morice, and may, therefore, Ikj consideivd coriwt. TheChircse
terms are either from Kdkin. or from local Cantonese, tiie dialect of
which, as Kdkin has jH.inted out, is a purer and more archaic form of
Chinese than tlie court or lilerarv forms.

C'iiinksp:.

DiDNi:.

kui'i

in-tiiin

kwut

kweu

chan

t'su (canoe)

tui

tsi-ya

t'HU

hiuHK

UUt'l

eli^

kuen

t'len

clipn, tien

tzin

nnik

wwla

hwo

kron

|>a i>a

ap«

ino

emon

yan.jin

dan.', tin, ji, ya

tsu

etHe-yan

tsu

et8u

Ize

wieze

chaii-clion

tari-jfron