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b<e^ 
 
 ASIATIC 
 TRIBES IN NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 BY JOHN CAMPBELL, M. A., 
 Proftuor of Church HUtory, Presbyterian College, Montreal. 
 
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{From iht Proettding$ of the Canadian InatUuie). 
 
 ASIATIC TEIBES IN NOETH 
 AMEBICA. 
 
 BY JOHN CAMPBELL, M. A. 
 Proftitar in the Presbyterian OMegt, Montreal. 
 
 In a former paper on the Algonquins I directed attention to the 
 difference between the grammatical forms of that people and those 
 of the nations by which they are surrounded, or whose territory 
 borders on the Algonquin area. I also indicated that the Algonquin 
 diak.;t3 exhibit tracer of Turanian influence, which I referred to 
 the proximity of tribes .-ipeaking languages whose structure is largely 
 Turanian. This Asia*^^ic influence appears, even more strikingly, in 
 the arts and exercises, dress, manners and customs of the Algon- 
 quins. The birch-bark canoe and wigwam, the modes of warfare 
 and hunting, the skin dress and lodge, the snowshoe, ornamentation 
 with porcupine quills, the calumet, are not in any sense Polynesian. 
 Neither are they aboriginal, or adaptations made first upon this con- 
 tinent to the necessities of the country. They existed, as in a 
 measure they still exist, in northern Europe and Asia, before the 
 time of Herodotiis, when the Scythian took the scalp of his slain 
 enemy. The Malay Algonquin adopted the implements, dress and 
 customs of the people who occupied the country at the period of his 
 immigration ; but retained his soft, liquid speech, with much of his 
 oceanic construction of language, and most of the traits of the 
 Polynesian character. His quiet reserve is as unlike the manners of 
 the rude, boisterous and fun-loving Athabascan as is the silent dig- 
 nity of the Malay compared with the noisy childish ways of the 
 Papuan. By nature indolent and caring little for power obtained by 
 bloodshed, he fell before the restless and warlike Iroquois. That the 
 Algonquins held their own, and did not become incorporated with 
 tribes of Asiatic origin, is doubtless owing to the large numbers 
 that at one period must have established themselves upon this con- 
 tinent. This adaptation of an oceanic population to continental 
 modes of life, with all the differences of climate and productions, 
 and the preservation of their identity for many ages, is one of the 
 most remarkable phenomena known to ethnological science. 
 
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 4 ASIATIC TBIDES OP NORTH AMRRICA. 
 
 Although I must apologize for the scantiness of my materials, I 
 feel that I am in a position to iniHcate the origin of three important 
 Indian families, with which the Algonquins have long been in con- 
 tact ; these are the Tinneh or Athabascans, the Iroquois, and the 
 Choctaws. The first named are the neighbours of the Algonquins 
 on the north, biit appear also as an intrusive people as far south as 
 Mexico. Tlie Iroquois are scattered among the Algonquins ; and 
 the Choctaws and Cherokees, who are simply disguised Iroquois, 
 wei-e originally situated to the south of the Algonquin area. The 
 Tinneh family I associate with the Tungiisians of Siberia and 
 Northern China ; and the Iroquois and Choctaws, with the i)opu]a- 
 tions of north-eastern Asia, classed by Dr. Latham as Peninsular 
 Mongolidae. It is to these immigrants that we owe the peculiar 
 features of American Indian life. 
 
 The Tinneh are the Chipweyans of Mackenzie, Carver and the 
 older travellers, the Athabascans of many writers, the Montagnais 
 of Father Petitot and others who have copied his statements. In 
 the number of their tribes they exceed those even of the large Al- 
 gonquin family, and tliey occupy a similarly extensive area, but one 
 upon which civilization has little encroached. Among the more im- 
 portant tribes may be mentioned the Chipweyans or Athabascans 
 proper, the Coppermines, Beavers, Dogribs, Tacullies, Tlatskanai, 
 Koltshane, Atnah or Nehanni, Sursees, Nagailer, Tenan-Kutchin, 
 Kutcha-Kutchin, Yukon or Ko- Yukon, Digotho or Loucheux, 
 Bieanni, Unakhotana, Kenai or Tehanin-Kutchin, Inkulit, Ugalenzes, 
 Umpquas, Hoopas, Wilacki, Tolewah, Apaches, Navajos, Mescaleros, 
 Pinalenos, Xicarillas. In reference to their habitat I cannot do 
 better or more briefly than by quoting the words of Mr. W. H. 
 Dall in his " Report on the distribution and nomenclature of the Nsr 
 tive Tribes of Alaska and the Adjacent Territory." This great family 
 includes a large number of American tribes, extending from near the 
 mouth of the Mackenzie south to the borders of Mexico. The Apaches 
 and Navajos belong to it, and the family seems to intersect the continent 
 of North America in a northerly and southerly direction, principally 
 along the flanks of the Rocky Mountains. The northern tribes of 
 this stock extend nearly to the delta of the Yukon, and reach the 
 sea-coast at Cook's Inlet and the mouth of the Copper River. East- 
 ward they extend to the divide between the waterehed of Hudson's 
 Bay and that of Athabasca and the Mackenzie River. The designa- 
 
ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 In 
 
 tion (Tinneh) proposed by Messrs. Ros!) and Gibbs, has been accepted 
 by most modern ethnologiHts. The northern Tumeh form their tribal 
 names by affixing to an adjective word or phrase, the word tinneli 
 meaning " people," in its modidcations of tinneh, tina or teiia, or in 
 one .group the word kutchin, having the same meaning. The last are 
 known as the Kutcliin tribes, but so far as our knowledge yet ex- 
 tends are not sufficiently differentiated from tlie others to require 
 special classification by themselves." Mr. Dall gives in the Ap^jendix 
 to this report a vocabulary of the Yakutats about Mount St. Elias, 
 whom he classifies as Ko^Jush or Thlinkeets, but whose language is 
 plainly Tinneh. They difler also from the Thlinkeets by tlie absence 
 of the lip-ornament and the totemic system, and by eating the blub- 
 ber and flesh of the whale, which the Thlinkeets regard as unclean. 
 The word "Tinneh" in its various forms dinnie, dene, dinay, toene, 
 t»na, ttyannij, tine, tineze, tingi, tenghie, tinday, tinlay, &c., answers 
 to the lenni, ilenni, renoes, ililew, irirew, inini, eyinew of the Algon- 
 quin, and should be a guide more or less to the affiliation of the 
 |)eople so designated. Such a form is not very rare, nor is it, on the 
 other hand, very common. Of similar forms in America, as among 
 the Nootkans, Algonquins and some non-Tinneh Mexican tribes, I 
 need not speak. The Celtic dyn, duine are nearer than any other 
 known to me, and the Celtic languages in theii* non-Aryan features, 
 v/hich are few and evidently ingrafted, belong to the Ural-Altaic 
 class. In Africa we find such forms as tna, tkofm, among Bushmen 
 and Hottentots, with iden, dim, &c,, in the Niger region. The 
 Hebrew adc^n appears not only in the Semitic area, but also among 
 non-Semitic Africans, in the Caucasus, and further east, as a monu- 
 ment, perhaps, of Mahomedan Semitic influence. In Polynesia 
 forms like tan^ata, tamata present some resemblance, but I am not 
 aware that those who employ these terras, any more than the people 
 above mentioned, designate themselves by any such name. It ia 
 difierent with the Altaic family with which I have associated the 
 Tinneh. The Tungusians call themselves Tmigua, Donki, and are 
 termed Twn^-chu by their Chinese neighbours, the former being also 
 in several tribes the words for iruvn. Inasmuch as the Mantchu 
 dynasty in China is Tungusian, there is every reason to respect the 
 Chinese appellation. The Loucheux tenghie, and the Tenan-Kutchin 
 tin^i, like the Beaver tineze, are our Tungusian twitgua and donki. 
 Similarly the Tungus akee and the Mantchu cfiec/te are the Umpqua 
 
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 6 ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ekhe, and the Tiicully chaca, woman. The Timgiis tirgani, day, Ih 
 the Koltcliane tiljcan ; tog, fire, the Ugalenze takak ; ttzsho, liouse, 
 the Kutchiii zeh ; okat. rivci", the Tacully okox ; chukito, belly, the 
 Ugalenze kugott ; gal, hand, the Tlutskanai kholaa ; ogot, noHe, the 
 Navajo hutckih ; amai, father, the Tlatskanai rnamn ; and anya, 
 mother, the Kenai anna. In the accompanying vocabulary a com- 
 parison is instituted between a collection of Tinneh words derived 
 from various sources and part of the material of the Tungusic lan- 
 guages furnished by Klaproth. 
 
 The Tinneh languages exhibit their Northern Turanian character 
 in the absence of true gender, and the substitution for it of a distinc- 
 tion between nouns as intelligent or unintelligent, noble or ignoble, 
 animate or inanimate. This it has in common with the Tungus. 
 The fornuition of the plural by affixing an adverb of quantity marks 
 equally the Tinneh languages and the Mantchu. The adverb of 
 quantity thus employed, which is lau in certain tribes, is like the 
 Turkish plural in ler. There is the closest affinity between the 
 Tungus and the Tinneh languages in regard to the innumerable 
 modifications of the verb to express variety and quality of action 
 found in each. Both groups agree in prefixing the pronoun to the 
 verb, thus differing from the Ugrian and Turkish order of pronominal 
 affixes. Occasionally, however, the temporal index is infixed 
 between the pronoun and the verbal root in Tinneh, while, as far as 
 known to me, it is final in the Tungusian languages, as it is in 
 several tenses of the Tinneh. In Tungus and Tinneh, equally, the 
 accusatives precede the verb. The formation of the genitive by 
 preposing the noun possessor, followed by the third pereonal p»'onouii, 
 to the object possessed, characterizes both families. They agree, also, 
 in employing post positions only instead of prepositions. The 
 Mautchu adjective is generally prefixed to its noun, but in some, 
 at least, of the Tinneh dialect-s it follows. Yet the possessive adjective 
 j)recedes as in Matchu. The above mentioned grammatical relation- 
 ships of the Tinneh and Tungus, although far from exhaustive, are 
 sufficiently important to give weight to any other evidence linguistic ■ 
 or ethnological that may be adduced. 
 
 Various writers, generally, however, in seeking to account for the 
 origin of the Esquimaux, have referred to the pressure northwards 
 and eastwards of Tartar tribes in the fourteenth and previous 
 centuries ; and, among the nations whom they supposed the Yakuts 
 
ASIATIC TRIBES OK NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 and other Tartars to have displiicotl, enumerate the Tungus. This 
 is exceedingly probable, and ho far agrees with the Tinneh ti-atlitioim 
 I'oported by Mackenzie and Father Petitot. These state that the 
 enemies of the Tiiineh, who were very wicked men, dwelt to the west 
 of their nation ; that, fleeing fi'om them, they crossed a sliallow sea, 
 piussing from island to island in a bitterly cold climate, and at last 
 found the sea to the west of them and their enemies to the east. 
 Such tmditions plainly indicate the northern Asiatic origin of the 
 Tinneh, and, together with their vocabulary and grammar, limit 
 them to an original home in the neighborhood of Siberia. Mr. Dull 
 and other observera bear testimony to their love of a gipsy, vagabond 
 life, which Martin Saner, in his account of Billing's expedition, has 
 similarly remarked upon in speaking of the Tungus. The latter 
 stated in reference to this customary moving continually from place 
 to place that the Tungus did so to avoid the contraction of dis- 
 agreeable odoui-s ; and the traveller Hearne, in his " Voyage to 
 Hudson's Bay," mentions a similar dislike to bad smells among the 
 Tinneh tribes. In regard to pei-sonal appearance nothing can be said 
 of stature, for, while some writers describe the Tungus as tall, 
 athletic and straight, others speak of them as generally below the 
 middle size. The same apparently contradictory statements are 
 made regarding the Tinneh," showing that both Tungus and Tinneh 
 present much variety in this physical characteristic, although the 
 writei-s on both sides are agreed that neither in the one family nor in 
 the other is there any tendency to corpulence. The small eyes, 
 high cheekbones, low forehead and coarse black hair of the Tungus 
 are aiiaded to by Santini and Sauer, and identical features are 
 ascribed to the Tinneh by Hearne, Mackenzie and later writeis. 
 Although both peoples are generally in the liabit of depilation, it is 
 not univei-sal among either the Tungus or the Tinneh. Some of the 
 Tungus tribes, such as the Tshapojirs, tat-too their faces after the 
 prevailing Siberian fashion with bars or straight lines on the cheeks 
 and forehead, and so, according to many authorities, do the 
 Chipweyans and other Tinneh tribes. 
 
 The Tungus is inclined to be demonstrative, mirth-loving, com- 
 municative, and the contrast in this respect between the undignified, 
 fun-making and talkative Athabascan and the reserved, grave and 
 silent Cree, his neighbour, has escaped few traveller in the North. 
 West. The docility of the Tinneh is a frequent subject of favorable 
 
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 8 ASIATIC TUinES OF NOBTII AMERICA. 
 
 conimRiit ; and MHrtin Sauer in this respect accords the palm to the 
 TuugiiH ovtT nil the Siberian peopleH ho met with in his journeyings. 
 By this feature the Tinneh are separated from the Tartar Yakuts, in 
 spite of the Yakutats being Tinneh, and from the Peninsular 
 tril»eH r«'pivseiiti)(l by the Koriaks and Ainos. The lati^ir, especially, 
 iiro Here*', intractable warriors, which the Tinneh are not, for, 
 iilthoiigli cruel enough in their conduct towards the feeble 
 Esquimaux, they stand in wholesome di'ead of the Algonquin Oreo, 
 who, though of a widely different race, i-emindM them of their ancient 
 foe, the Yakut. Mongolian craft and cunning mark tlie Athabascan, 
 who, with all his docility, is wanting in the savage nobility, the 
 regard for truth and honor, that characterize equally the Algonquin 
 and the Iro<juois. He is in no sense the typical red-man of history 
 and romance, but affords an opportunity for novel portraiture of 
 Indian chai*acter to the Coopers and Mayne Reids of the North-West. 
 In domestic and social relations thei-e is absolute identity of custom 
 among Tungus and Tinneh. Government and laws they have 
 virtually none, and are thus incapable of any coqibination for purposes 
 of conquest. In this respect, however, the Mantchus, a Tungusic 
 I)eople, present a notable exception. The understanding among them 
 relative to proiMirty in game, berries and personal effects coincides on 
 both continents. The mamage ceremony is a simple act of purchase in 
 either case, the only difference being that the modern Tungus having 
 domesticated the reindeer, barters that rnimal for his wife, while the 
 Athabascan must needs offer some other equivalent. Polygamy 
 characterizes the two [jeop'gs, who are equally jealous in regard to 
 their wives. But they agree, also, in the absence of chastity among 
 the unmarried, and in the un-American custom of lending their 
 daughters, sistera and female slaves to those whom they honor with 
 their hospitality. The first wife occupies the highest position among 
 Tungus and Tinneh, and, although the place of the married woman 
 is as in most barbarious nations, one of subjection, a larger share in 
 domestic and even in public counsels is granted her in both nations 
 than is generally accorded to American Indian matrons. In matters 
 of religion there is much resemblance, both families being demoii- 
 olatora and sacrificing to evil spiiits, the dog being an object of 
 reverence, and their festivals and i-eligious dances partaking of the 
 same character. They agree in consulting young men who have 
 previously prepared themselves by a process of fasting in the inter- 
 
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ASIATIC I'RIBBB OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 pretation of drenmH, and in a spocies of divination by moanH of tho 
 shouUler-bliules of tlio deer, a practice conunon to the Tiniu'li and 
 TiinguH with the Lapps and other northern nations of the eastern 
 hemisphere, but unknown, so far as 1 am aware, among other 
 American tribes. 
 
 One of the most remarkable resemblances betwcon the cust-jms of 
 the two peoples a|)peai*8 in their funeral rites. The Tuhgus, as 
 reported *»y Santiui :uid Sauer, place their dead in wooden boxes, 
 which they leave above ground and sometimes suspend to the 
 branches of trees. Mr. Dall, in treating of the Unakhotana and 
 Tbum,. n Kutchin, uses almost the same language as the Asiatic 
 travellers in referring to the mode of sopulture of these tribes. 
 Abernethy, witii Santini and Sauer, inform us that the Tungus bury 
 with their dead all their arms and imi>lement8, and that their 
 mourning, which is at first violent, lasts generally for a whole year. 
 Mackenzie, Hearne and Father Petitdt bear witness to the similar 
 violence and long duration of mourning for the dead among the 
 Tinnoh, and to the burying of all the personal effects of .the deceased. 
 
 The Tungus live in tents made sometimes of skins, at othera of 
 birch-bark, as do the Tinneh, who have separate words to denote an 
 ordinary house of the latter character and a skin-lodge, Both peoples 
 are great fishers, hunters and berry-gatherers, while the Algonquins 
 and other Indian tribes confine their attention largely to hunting. 
 The use of the bow is characteristic of Timgus and Tinneh. More 
 remarkable is the presence in the Tinneh area, as attested in 
 Washington Irving's "Astoria," Pickering's * Races of Man," and 
 Dr. Gibbs' "Report on the Tribes of Western Washington and 
 North-western Oregon," of the corslet of pliable sticks interwoven 
 with grass and sinews, which Abernethy found among the Tungus. 
 It is supiwsed to be the only kind of defensive armour known in 
 America. The Tungus, in common with other Ural Altaic tribes, 
 use the snowshoe ; but I am not able to compare its formation with 
 that of the Tinneh tribes which Mackenzie and Hearne characterize 
 as being of superior workmanship. The birch canoe, generally . 
 regarded as peculiarly American, is Tungusian in its origin. " The 
 Tongusi," says an author quoted by Mr. Mackintosh, whose book on 
 « The Discovery of America and the Origin of the North American 
 Indians " was published at Toronto in 1836, " use canoes made of 
 birch -bark, distended over ribs of wood and nicelv sewed together. 
 
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 ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 The Canadian and many other American nations use no other sort of 
 boats. The paddles of the Tongusi are broad at each end ; those of 
 the people near Cook's River and of Onalaska are of the same foi-m." 
 Saner and Mackenzie refer to the insensibil'ty to cold of the 
 Tungus and Tinneh respectively. The fomier, referring to the dress of 
 the Tungus, says : " Their winter dress is the skin of the deer or wild 
 sheep, dressed with the hair on; a breast-piece of the same which 
 ties round the neck and reaches down to the waist, widening 
 towards the bottom, and neatly ornamented with erabroideiy and 
 beads ; pantaloons of the same materials, which also furnish them 
 with short stockings, and boots of the legs of rein-deer, with the hair 
 outward ; a fur cap and gloves. Their summer dress only differs in 
 being simple leather without the hair." Referring to the Chi))weyans 
 or Athabascans, Mackenzie writes : " There are no people more 
 attentive to the comforts of their dress, or less anxious respecting its 
 exterior appearance. In the winter it is composed of the skins of 
 deer and their fawns, and dressed as tine as any chamois-leather, m 
 the hair. In the summer their appai-el is the same, except that it is 
 })re])ared toithout the hair. Their shoes and leggings are sewed 
 together, the latter reaching upwards to the middle, and being sup- 
 })orted by a belt. The shirt or coat, when girded round the waist, 
 reaches to the middle of the thigh, and the mittens are sewed to the 
 sleeves or are suspended by strings from the shoulders. A ruff or 
 tippet surrounds the neck, and the skin of the head of the deer forms 
 a curious kind of cap. A robe made of several deer or fawn skins 
 sewed together covers the whole." The same author, speaking of the 
 Dogribs, refers to the elaborate ornamentation of the breast-piece and 
 other parts of their dress ; and other travellers have described it in 
 like terms. Santini dwells upon the fanciful and tasteful designs 
 wrought with coloured percupine quills in which the Tungus indulged, 
 and their coronet or head-band of leather, ornamented with em- 
 broidery and feathers. To the latter, Mackenzie makes reference also 
 in connection with the Dogribs ; and many writei-s have celebrated 
 the ingenuity in quill-work of the whole Tinneh family, who were 
 probably the teachers of this art to the populations of North America. 
 Finally, although this is a matter not of dress, but of food, both the 
 Tungus and tho Tinneh are in the habit of eating the undigested 
 food, princij)ally lichen, in the stomach of the deer, which they mix 
 with berries and other ingredients, as Sauer and Hearne respectively 
 
ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 11 
 
 testify. Such a collection of parallel facts has rarely been presented 
 for the connection of one or more peoples of unknown derivation, and 
 would be impossible as mere coincidences. The only characteristics 
 in wliich the Tun<;us mav be said to differ from the Tinneh are the 
 truthfulness of the former and the complaining ways of the latter. 
 But the evidence of Sauer to the first of these is not conclusive as to 
 its characterizing the whole Tungus family,* nor can it be said that all 
 the Tinneh tribes are equally unreliable. In docility the two families 
 agree. The Tungus of Sauer were cheerful, and so are the Tinneh in 
 general, although inveterate grumblers, at least in certain tribes, as 
 may be the case with some of the Tungus were more known con- 
 cerning them. Certainly, no two families representing the old world 
 and the new present closer affinities in name, vocabulary, grammar, 
 physical appearance, dress, ai'ts, manners and customs than do the 
 Tunjjus of Asia and the Tinneh of America. 
 
 Before dealing with the Iroquois, who should in geographical oi'der 
 next claim our attention, I prefer to take up the origin of the 
 Choctaw-Cherokee family, which shows its Asiatic connections more 
 clearly, and which will tend to illustrate and confirm the Iroquois 
 relationships. The original area of the Cherokee-Choctaw confede- 
 racy extended from Tennessee southward to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 The Cherokees and Choctaws are generally regarded as distinct 
 peoples, although their languages have much in common. The tribes 
 included under the generic name Choctaw, are the Choctaws proper, 
 the Chickasaws, Creeks or Muskogees, Hitchitees and Seminoles, all 
 of whom are famous in history. They were originally a warlike, 
 encroaching population, of a proud, fierce spirit, differing alike from 
 the reserve of the Algonquin and the childishness and docility of the 
 Athabascan. The character of the Iroquois is that of the Choctaw, 
 and these are the gi'eat warrior tribes of North America who brought 
 into the continent its peculiar arts of warfare as the Tinneh family 
 gave to it its peculiar arts of peace. The Choctaws, we are told by 
 Dr. Latham, Catlin, and others, used to flatten the head, and may 
 thus be supposed to co/ ^ct with the Salish or Flathead family of 
 Oi-egon. But for the present we seek to discover their old world 
 reJitionships rather than those of the new. The northern Asiatic 
 people who flatten the head are the Koriaks, who inhabit the extreme 
 
 a-,,. 
 
 " Wood, ill his " Uncivilized Races," characterizes the Tungus as good-natured, but full of 
 deceit. • „ 
 
ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 II 
 
 ;l i' 
 
 fi) 
 
 
 h 
 
 'i If 
 
 m 
 
 Ik: 
 
 I 
 
 !i ] 
 
 west of Siberia to the north of the peninsula of Kamtschatka, to 
 the centre o" which certain tribes extend. Their languages are allied 
 with the Kamtchatdale, Corean, Aino, Japanese, and Loochoo, and 
 partake more or less of a Mongolian character, being, however, well 
 differentiated from any Ural-Altaic division such as the Ugriajn, 
 Tartar, Mongol or Tungus. It is with these Koriaks that I find good 
 evidence for associating the Cherokee-Ohoctaw confedei'acy. 
 
 In the first place identity of name, although in itself apt to be 
 fallacious, may, as in the case of the Tungus-Tinneh connection, lead 
 to truth. The Koriaks exist in two great divisions, a northern, 
 known as the Tchuktchi, and a southern, the Koriaks proper or 
 Koraeki. The former call themselves Tshekto, men or people, and 
 they are the original Choctaws; the latter, who bear the name 
 Koraeki, are the parent stock of the Cherokees. This looks so 
 exceedingly plain that the question may be asked why was it not 
 discovered before. The answer seems to be, that investigators have 
 been so long theorizing and refining that they managed to overlook 
 plain facts lying upon the surface. Koriaks in Alaska have been 
 looked for, but Tchuktchis in Tennesee and Mississippi would have 
 been regarded as very much out of place. The Koriaks are of good 
 stature, with features more pleasing and prominent than the Mongol. 
 Dr. Latham mentions " their general resemblance in respect to 
 physical conformation to the American Indians." They are warlike 
 and independent, and have encroached upon the Yukagirs and 
 Kamtchatdales, as the Choctaws and Cherokees did upon the southern 
 tribes of the United States. Abernethy states that among the 
 Koriaks the mothers give, as they imagine, a decorous form to their 
 children when infants by applying three boards, one on the top to 
 give them a fiat head, and one on each side to give them a sharp 
 forehead." This is the Choctaw process of which Catlin speaks. 
 Sauer relates that the Tchuktohis had a game resembling " prisoner's 
 bars," and at the same time mentions the facility with which they 
 threw stones from a kind of sling. The game popularly known as 
 Lacmsse, common to the Choctaws and Ii\)quois, must, I think, be 
 referred to, and I regret that I have no work treating fully of Koriak 
 manners and customs by which this may be confirmed.* The 
 Tchuktchis and the Choctaws are alike fond of such athletic sports as 
 
 * A game Identical with our American Lacrosse is played in Japan. See Wood's 
 - ~ ' Uncivilized Races. • . 
 
ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 13 
 
 running and wrestling, and in this respect present a marked eonratts 
 to neighbouring Asiatic and American tribes. They are equally 
 noted for manual dexterity and mechanical skill, with capabilities 
 for self improvement, as the present civilization of the Cherokees 
 and Choctaws attests, and as is evident from the fact that the highly 
 civilized Japanese are nearly related to the Koriaks. A Choctaw 
 tradition, reported by Catlin, states that, a long time ago, the 
 Choctaws " commenced moving from the country where they then 
 lived, which was a great distance to the west of the great ri,ver and 
 th« mountains of snow, and they were a great many years on their 
 way." It is worthy of note that the Tuhuktukis ( ] Tchuktchi) are 
 mentioned as members of the Cherokee confederacy.' 
 
 In treating of the Choctaw language I find it necessary to compare 
 ts dialects with those of the Peninsular family in general, owing to 
 the paucity of my collection of Koriak and Tchuktchi terms, and to 
 the fact stat43d by Dr. Latham, that of 'the Peninsular languages the 
 grammatical structure of only one of them, the Japanese, is known. 
 The same writer adds that " the Peninsular languages have a general 
 glossarial connection with each other," and " in the opinion of the 
 present writer, the Peninsular languages agree in the general fact of 
 being more closely akin to those of America than any other." The 
 Choctaw word for man hcUak is the Japanese otoko, and the Mxiskogee 
 chauheh is the Loo Choo chu. The Choctaw tike, tekchi woman is 
 the Loo Choo tackki. Boat is peni in Choctaw, andyLne in Japanese; 
 and bone is foni in Choctaw and /one in Japanese. The two 
 Tchuktchi terms for father, annaka and attaka, are represented by 
 the Choctaw UTtJce and the Cherokee chatokta. The Cherokee agaula 
 and the Choctaw kuUo, fish, are equally derived from the Tchuktchi 
 ikhalik. The Tchuktchi name for god is istla and the Choctaw 
 hoshtahli, while the Muskogee god, e/eekeena, is not unlike the 
 Japanese jebisu. The Tchuktchi aganak woman is the Cherokee 
 ageyung ; the Tchuktchi iinako to-morrow, the Choctaw onaha ; the 
 Tchuktchi nov.na, water, the Cherokee ornma. But I must refer t<i 
 the accompanying vocabulary for the lexical evidence thus introduced. 
 
 In regard to grammaticjil forms, absence of gender characterizes 
 the Choctaw and Peninsular languages, and the same may almost be 
 said in regard to number. Case is marked in both groups by post 
 positions. The form of the genitive is worthy of special note. I. 
 the case of each the {Assessor, with an affix originally representing 
 
 f 
 
 
 li 
 I 
 
 ^ 
 
u 
 
 ASIATIC TRIBES OF HORTH AMERICA. 
 
 the third personal pronoun, precedes the object possessed ; in other 
 words the Choctaw and Peninsular languages practice the post-posi- 
 tion of the nominative. Thus in Japanese "the bone of the man" 
 
 is rendered 
 
 otoko no fone, 
 
 and in Choctaw hatak in foni. 
 
 Similarly, "the finger of the woman" is in Loo-Choo — 
 
 tackki noo eebee, 
 
 and in Choctaw tekchi in ibbak-ushi. 
 
 These forms, which give us the English, man! a bone, woman^ 8 finger, 
 and in which in, no, noo represent the possessive inflection 's, together 
 with the close resemblance in the actual words employed, illustrate 
 the nearness of the Choctaw to the Peninsular idiom, and render a 
 reference to Tchuktchi grammar unnecessary. The personal pro- 
 nouns precede the verbal root in Loo-Choo and Japanese as well as 
 in Choctaw, and the temporal index of the verb is final. For the 
 past tense ta is the Japanese and tee the Loo-Choo index, while in 
 Choctaw it is tuk, tok. The Choctaw futures in ching, he and ashki 
 are like the Mongol in ya, ho and sogai. In the formation of the 
 passive the Choctaw sometimes inserts an I like the Turkish, but in 
 other cases simply changes the final vowel, as in Japanese. The 
 Choctaw negative, k or ik, combined with the initial pronoun, is the 
 prefixed Mantchu ako. In Choctaw, Japanese and Loo-Choo the 
 accusative precedes the governing verb, and the place of the adjective 
 seems in either case to be sometimes before, at others after the noun 
 it qualifies. According to Santini, the Koriak verb, like the Tungus, 
 is susceptible of all the modifications denoting variety and quality of 
 action which characterize the American families of language. The 
 Choctaws are undoubtedly the Tshekto, and the Cherokees the 
 Koraeki. • ,. -.. 
 
 A family more important in many respects, at any rate to the 
 Canadian student of American ethnology, is that known as the 
 Wyandot, which, in general terms, includes the Hurons and Iroquois. 
 These fall into two divisions, a northern and a southern, the latter 
 being, in the historical period, natives of North Carolina, and thus 
 in proximity to the Choctaws. The most impoi-tant of the southern 
 tribes were the Tuscaroras and Nottoways. The noi-thern tribes 
 wei*e, and are still in part, in the neighborhood of the great lakes — 
 Huron, Ontario and Erie. The Huron, or Wyandot confederacy, 
 
ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 13 
 
 embracing many tribes comparatively unknown to fame, occupied the 
 more northern, and the Iroquois or Five Nations, the southern part 
 of the area. In the latter confederacy, said to be from three to five 
 centuries old, were included the Mohawks, whose real name, according 
 to Dr. Oronhyatekha, himself a distinguished Mohawk, is Kanyen- 
 kehaka, " the flint people," the Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas and 
 Senecas. The Tuscaroras, migrating northward, united with them 
 at a comparatively recent period to form the Six Nations, now found 
 on the Bay of Quinte and on the Grand River. An Iroquois tribe 
 originally inhabited the site of Montreal, and were known as the 
 Hochelagas ; and another still exists at Caughnawaga on the opposite 
 side of the St. Lawrence. The Caughnawagas, St. Regis Indians and 
 other scattered tribes, are generally known by the generic name 
 Iroquois. A body of Hurons or Wyandots still exists in the 
 neighbourhood of Quebec, where, in the days of warfare between 
 them and the Iroquois, they sought French protection. Of the great 
 nation that once occupied the extensive Lake Huron country, scattered 
 fragments only remain. Some, with their ancient foes and relatives, 
 the Ii'oquois, are found in the Western States, but the most important 
 band is that found at Amherstburg on the Detroit River, whose 
 history has been written in a somewhat rambling but amusing 
 fashion by one of their number, Peter Dooyentate Clarke. 
 
 A peculiarity of the Wyandot-Iroquois dialects is the absence of 
 labials, w being the nearest ap| roach to the sound of these letters. 
 In this they differ not only from the Algonquin tongues but from 
 their related forms of speech, the Choctaw-Cherokee. The Mohawk 
 makes a free use of the letter r, which in many cases possesses a 
 certain virile force. This is sometimes replaced by I in Oneida, and 
 in Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca, by a breathing. Thus boy is 
 raxha in Mohawk, laxha in Oneida, haksaah ..i Onondaga. The 
 Tuscarora forms though differing from those of the five nations, 
 agree with the Mohawk in presenting a recurrence of the harsh r, 
 so little known to Algonquin speech. As far as I am able to judge, 
 the affinities of the Wyandot proper Or Huron are with the Tusca- 
 rora, which, from its resemblance to the Cherokee,. I am disposed to 
 regard as the oldest and purest form of the Wyandot-Iroquois lan- 
 guage. The resemblance that exists between many words of the 
 Tuscarora and Cherokee has been noted in the Mithridates, and is 
 capable of large illustration. For instance, arrow is kanah in Tus- 
 
16 
 
 ASIATIC TRIBK8 OP NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 carom, yahnee in Cliei'okee ; dog cheeth Tuscavora, cheer Nottoway, 
 keethlah, keira Cherokee ; Fire ocheelelt Mohawk, otcheere Tuscarora, 
 clieela, cheera Cherokee ; man itaatsin Minekiissar, atseeai Cherokee; 
 woman ekening Tuscarora, agei/ung Cherokee ; boy doyato Huron, 
 ataatsa Cherokee ; child yetyataoyvJi Tuscarora, oostekuh Cherokee ; 
 death yuiheya Iroquois, choosa Cherokee ; face ookafiaa Tuscarora, 
 Isaokuh Cherokee ; father aihtaa Huron, tawta Cherokee ; mother 
 nekets Tuscarora, akatchee Cherokee ; good ayawaste Huron, aeoh- 
 staqua Cherokee; girl yaweetaeutho Wyandot, ayayutaa Civ rokee; 
 mountain onondea Seneca, «Sw;., naune Cherokee ; tongue nonacha 
 Iroquois, yahtwhgah Cherokee ; water aouin Huron, ohneka Iroquois, 
 omniah Cherokee. The following are a few instances of the agree- 
 ment of Choctaw and Wyandot-Iroquois words. The Iroquois 
 entiekeh and the Choctaw neetak, day ; the Mohawk ojiatok and the 
 Choctaw phitchek, star ; the Iroquois onotchia and the Choctaw noteh, 
 tooth ; the Cayuga hakaaah and the Choctaw uahi, boy ; the Seneca 
 hanec and Iroquois johnika and the Choctaw chinkeh, unky, father ; 
 the Iroquois nenekin and the Choctaw nockene, man ; the Iroquois 
 knirioiik and the Choctaw kanchi, to buy, are not accidental coin- 
 cidences, but indications of that relationship which a similarity of 
 chariicter and modes of life render probable. 
 
 A curious instance of the transference of a word from one meaning 
 to another is afforded in the Choctaw numeral three, tukchina. Now, 
 there can be no doubt that this is the Mohawk techini, the Caughna- 
 waga tekeni, the Cayuga and Onondaga dekenih, which however 
 denote ,two, instead of three. That tukc/mva and techini are the 
 same wox'd is evident fi'om the fact that eight, which in Choctaw is 
 nntuchina, is in Mohawk aa-dekonJi, in Caughnawaga aa-tekon and 
 in Onondaga dekenJi. I am disposed to think that the Choctaw form 
 is the true one, as the relation of eight to three gives ^ve, the unit 
 generally employed in compositions under ten. The Choctaw ten, 
 pocole, is the Oneida oyelih, the absence of the initial labial being a 
 necessity of Iroquois language. 
 
 What the Cherokee- Choctaws are, such in a great measure must 
 he the Wyandot-Iroquois judging from the specimen of lexical or 
 glossarial connection already given. What their relation is to the 
 Peninsular family of Asia may easily be shown by comparison, 
 although in philology it is not always true that languages which 
 resemble the same language resemble one another. There may also 
 
ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 17 
 
 Nottoway, 
 Tusearora, 
 
 Cherokee; 
 xto Huron, 
 Cherokee ; 
 Tusearora, 
 ^e ; mother 
 Mron, seoh- 
 Ch' rokee ; 
 e nonacha 
 % Iroquois, 
 
 the agree- 
 Iroquois 
 ok and the 
 taw noteh, 
 the Seneca 
 iy, father ; 
 e Iroquois 
 ntal coin- 
 nilarity of 
 
 LB meaning 
 na. Now, 
 Cdughna- 
 i however 
 li are the 
 ]!hoctaw id 
 -tekon and 
 ictaw form 
 3, the unit 
 octaw ten, 
 ial being a 
 
 isure must 
 lexical or 
 is to the 
 )mpar?8on, 
 ges which 
 ) may also 
 
 be several degrees of resemblance. In some languages the words are 
 80 feeble, consisting largely of vowels, that the comparison of any 
 two stch languages in different parts of the world gives but imsatis- 
 factoiy results, unless some law governing the vanation of vowel- 
 sounds could be discovered. In Iroquois, Choctaw, and in the Penin- 
 sular tongues words are generally strong, with a good deal of the 
 bold Koriak-Cherokee character and Tchuktchi-Choctaw independ- 
 ence, so that the framer of a comparative vocabulary, iiito which 
 one of these languages enters, will find little difficulty in deciding 
 questions of likeness. There are, however, two things which render 
 comparison less simple in the case of the Iroquois languages than in 
 that of the Choctaw. The first of these has already been alluded to — 
 it is the absence of labials, and, in this connection the uncertain 
 power of w in English and French renderings of Iroquois words. If 
 it were always the equivalent of a labial, as it sometimes undoubtedly 
 is, much of Ihe difficulty would be removed. At times it seems to 
 represent the liquid m, which is also a labial. The second hindrance 
 is found in the additions ^o the original root which appear in the 
 Iroquois as we compare it with the Choctaw and Peninsular 
 languages, and which is evident even in comparing the older with the 
 newer Wyandot forms. The Iroquois word has gi'own uncomfortably 
 by means of prefix, affix and reduplication of syllables, sometimes 
 apparently for purposes of euphony, at others, it would seem in a 
 retrogade direction to evolve by synthesis a concrete out of a com- 
 paratively abstract term. Were I better acquainted with the less 
 known members of the Peninsular family of languages with which 
 the Iroquois stands in the closest relation, I might have to modify this 
 opinion. 
 
 I am not at present aware of any Asiatic names with which to 
 associate those of the Wyandot family. The word Wyandot, like 
 Oneida, Onondaga, Nottoway, may relate to the Esquimaux term 
 innuit and the Samoied ennete, meaning man. In Arrapaho, one of 
 the Algonquin dialects, man is encmitah. The Wyandot forms for 
 man are oonqiiich, ungouh, aingahon, ungue, nenekin, (r)onkwe, 
 (l)onque, hajinah, hauj-eenoh, onnonhoue, aneehhah, nehah, eniha, 
 aineehau, (r)aniha — etschinak, ita-atsin, entequos, agint, (r)atsin, 
 (r)atzin, (fee. Still, Esquima\ix and Samoied forms appear — the 
 Esquimaux enuk and Samoied nienec. But the Aino aino and 
 the Japanese hito, otoko, may be found in the second and third groups. 
 
 ■ i 
 
 :: 
 
 ■CWtOJein 
 
I If ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 44 
 
 ill .'I t 
 
 
 
 1 i 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i- 
 
 
 \ 
 
 n 
 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 ' , 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 >n 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ' H 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 * 
 
 18 
 
 ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 The Wyandot family has undoubtedly miscellaneous Asiatic affinities 
 in point of language. The remarkable term kanadra, denoting bread, 
 is the Magyar kunyer, just as wish (five) is the Esthonian wiis. 
 Rain in Mohawk is ayokeanore, a peculiar form, and this is the 
 Turkish yaghmur ; and the Turkish hesh (five) is also the Cayuga wish 
 and the Mohawk wish. The Magyar hutya is the '1 . ;carora checth 
 (dog) and the Lapp oadze is the Huron auoitaa (flesh). The Mohawk 
 negative yagh is the Turkish yok, and waktare, an Iroquois word 
 meaning " to speak," is the Yakut ittare. Stone is odasqua in 
 Iroquois and task in Turk, and tooth is otoatseh in Tuscarora, dish 
 in Turk. To hide is kasetha in Iroquois and kistya in Yakut, and 
 field is kah'M in Iroquois and chodu in Yakut. The Onondaga 
 word jolacliarota (light) is the Lapp jalakas, with an increment. 
 Two is ohs Mohawk, ausuh Tuscarora, and uch Turk, ews Yakut, 
 while seven is jadah in Mohawk, Oneida and Onondaga, and yeddi 
 in Turk. 
 
 It may be asked why, when the Ugrian and Tartar lan^.-ia^es 
 relate so closely to the Iroquois by unmistakable roots, I turn aa.ue 
 to the Peninsular. I do so for various reasons ; Fii'st, because 
 certain peculiarities of Turkish and Ugrian grammar, such as j)ei'sonal 
 and possessive pronominal affixes to verbs and nouns, are wanting 
 in Iroquois. Second — Because the Peninsular languages are at least 
 as near in lexical affinity to the Iroquois as are the Ural-Altaic ; 
 and, thirdly, because the Choctaw-Cherokee dialects, which are 
 undoubtedly of Peninsular origin, are too like the Iroquois to admit 
 of separation. 
 
 The Koriak origin of the Iroquois is given in the identity of the 
 Koriak war-god, Aiioski, with the Iroquois Areskoui. The 
 resemblance of these names has often been noted, but it has been 
 regarded as a coincidence similar to that which exists between them 
 and the Greek Ares, curious, but of no scientific value. Mr. 
 Mackintosh, in the little book to which I have already alluded, draws 
 many parallels between the manners and customs of the Koriaks and 
 the American Indians, several of the latter being Iroquois customs. 
 Unfortunately this industrious author regarded the American 
 aborigines en masse, and mixed up Koriaks and Tungus in his 
 comparisons. Still, his facts, to which I cannot now refer, are 
 valuable. Arioski is not the only Iroquois word in Koriak. The 
 Koriak or Tchuktchi khatkin, giietkin are the Iroquois hetken, bad ; 
 
ASIATIC TRIBES OF NOKTH AMERICA. 
 
 r, 
 
 ngwat is oohuwa, boat ; rinaka and iegnika are ronwaije, and 
 aqU'ianha, boy ; aghynak is eghaisera, day ; nutenut, vunn, are 
 ononentsia, neujah, eartli ; a//f», unnuk and illigum are a^o, /taww and 
 lahkenl, father; annnk is i/onekn, firo; juV/c t< is atchita, foot; knaguk 
 is kowa, great; niyVi/i; is onuchquira, hair; khigan, klhiguin are 
 kiunyage, heaven, sky ; gailigen ia kelanquaw, moon ; ajui/c is atieheh, 
 mother ; ekt'gin is agicdghnene, mouth ; chynga is ymivgah, nose ; 
 /tf/tf/fc isjokey kaihyoehnhmk, river ; anighu is ouniyeghte, snow ; f/wm/fc 
 is otoatseh, tooth; m'm< is ohofee, tree; mo/c and nouna are oAweAa and 
 nekahnoos, water ; ug'inak is ekening, woman ; acZ/c is o«a«, young ; 
 ainhanka is em'age, enini/a, finger ; unako is eniorhene, to-morrow ; 
 kanvjak is kanadzia, copper; and A;«^/fi is oi/dih, ten. In some of 
 these words, the increment of which I have spoken, will be observed. 
 Thus, aghynuk becomes eghnis-€ra ; nujak is lengthened to onuchqui- 
 ra, anighu to ouniyegh-/e / unako, the Choctaw onaha, to-morrow, 
 takes an interpolated r, which is probably a mere strengthening of 
 the vowel n, and adds ne, eniorhe-n<!. The strength of the Iroquois 
 words comes out well in the Japanese and Loo-(Jhoo. Thus we have 
 kuni, Japanese, karo Mohawk, come ; kurrazzee, Loo-Choo, arochia, 
 Huron, hair; kokurro, Jap., hahweriacha, Iroquois, heart; atcheeroo, 
 Loo-Choo, otoj-a/iaw^f", Huron, hot ; korossu, Jap., kerios, Iroquois, 
 kill ; sheeroosa, Loo-Choo, keanigen, Mohawk, white ; teeroo, Loo- 
 Choo, atere, Iroquois, basket. Terms for man, woman and child are 
 fairly represented in this gi'oup: — Hito, otoko, Jap., give itaatsin, 
 etschiii: , hatglna, man ; tackki and innago, Loo-Choo, give 
 ntaikai and yonkvoe, woman ; kodoma^ Jap., is kotonia, and wocka, 
 Loo-Choo, woccanoune, child. The Aino^ which furnishes in its 
 ethnic term for man, an equivalent to aineehau, eniha, in sia sister 
 adds the original of the Iroquois tsiha, akzia. its oondee, arm, is the 
 Iroquois aonuntsa ; cahani, boat, is gahonhwa ; kounefsou, moon, 
 kanoughquaw and eghinda; wakha, water, auioeah ; imkippi, finger, 
 ooaookway ; and b, yes, zo. The Kamtchatdale is also fairly repre- 
 sented in Iroquois. Its form for axe, kvT.sqva, is the nearest I know 
 to the Iroquois askwechia ; adkang, bad, is the Iroquois hetken ; 
 ktahldzshi, brother, finds its analogues in yatsi, ataiha ; koquasitch, 
 come, in kats; kossa, dog, in cheeth ; kwatshquiko'sh, see, in atkahtos; 
 qvaagh, face, in ooknhsah; chtshitshoo, girl, in y a weetseuf ho, cuidaizai; 
 settoo, hand, in rhotta ; ki'siU, house, in guiumote , koschoo, sister, in 
 akihiha, <fec. Tlie Iroquois third personal pronoun ra, re is the 
 
 r 
 
 \ % 
 
T' 
 
 20 
 
 ASIATIC TBIBE8 OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Japanese are, and the Loo-Clioo aree. The Iroquois numerals rae 
 inoi-o Ugrian and Tartar than Peninsular, so far, at least, as my 
 vocabularies enable me to judge. The presence of many Ugrian and 
 Tartar words in common Iro(j[uois speech is a phenomenon for which 
 I cannot at present account. The same phenomenon appears iu the 
 Quichua of Peru. 
 
 The Iroquois grammar might be Mongol or Tungua as well as 
 Japanese or Peninsular. It is neither Ugrian nor Tartar. It marks 
 a distinction between nouns as virile and non-virile, similar to that 
 of the Koriak. It possesses a plund in final ke, like the Magyar in 
 k and the Mantchu in sa. It has also a dual like some of the Ugrian 
 languages. It forms the genitive in the same way as the Ural 
 Altaic and Peninsular languages in general, by preposing the geni- 
 tive, followed by the third personal pronoun, to the nominative. The 
 pronoun iu the accusative, or regimen of the verb, precedes it as in 
 Japanese, Mongol, iic, but this does not seem to be always the case 
 with the acc;isatives of nouns. Another peculiarity of Iroquois 
 gmmmar is that the small number of proper adjectives in the 
 language follow the noun they qualify, while, in the Ural-Altaic 
 languages, and sometimes in the Peninsular, they precede. Still the 
 possessive adjectives are preposed as well as the word akwikon, all, 
 and similar terms. The personal pronouns precede the verbal root, 
 and the temporal signs follow it, as in Mongol, Tungus and Japanese. 
 The Iroquois also agrees with the Ural-Altaic and Peninsular 
 languages in employing post-positions only. Like the Mantchu, 
 Northern Chinese and Choctaw, the Iroquois possesses the exclusive 
 and inclusive plural of the first personal pronoun. It also has 
 separate terms for elder and younger brother and sister, in common 
 with all the Turanian languages. The Iroquois grammar is thus in 
 its main features Choctaw and Peninsular. 
 
 The ball-play or lacrosse of the Iroquois, like that of the Choctaws, 
 must be traceable to an Asiatic region, and may relate to the * 
 well-known game of the Basques in Western Europe. A large 
 family of nations and languages has yet to be recognized, that, with 
 the Ural-Altaic class, shall include the Basque in Europe, the 
 Berber, Haussa and Kashna in Africa, the Tinneh, Iroquois, 
 Choctaw, and, perhaps, the Dacotah and Aztec of North America, 
 
 * Tlie Basque game, as I learn from my colleague, Professor Coussirat, who has frequent 
 witnessed it, ia all but identical with that of the Iroquois. 
 
ASIATIC TRIBES OF NorTH AMKUICA. 
 
 21 
 
 and the Ayrnara and Quicluia of the Southern Continent ; and, 
 intermodiate between tlie Asiatic and American divisions, the 
 PeniiiHulnr languages of Asia will occui)y an important position. 
 The Altaic languages least in sympathy with this family are the 
 Mongol, whose affinities ans largcily Dravidian. At the base of this 
 large family the Accad stands, whose relations are probably more 
 Peninsular tfian anything else ; and next to the Accad in point of 
 antiquity and philological iiiii)ortiince is the pre-Aryan Celtic, which 
 lives in the Quichua of to-day, as I showed in a contribution to the 
 Societu Amerieaine de France, and in a list published by Dr. Hyde 
 Clarke in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute. Dr, Hyde 
 Clarke had long before connected the Accad and the Quichua- Ay mara, 
 and had linked the Hoiissa with the Basque. He has also directed 
 attention to Basque similarities in Japanese and Loo-Choo. Most 
 of the tribes composing this family were known to the ancients as 
 Scythians, so that the ancestors of our modern Iroquois may have 
 over-run Media and plundered the Temple of Venus at Ascalon, 
 tantalized the army of Darius or talked with Herodotus in the 
 Crimea. Types of mankind, in a savage state, do not greatly change, 
 as may be seen by cotnparing the Tinneh or Algonquin tribes with the 
 Iroquois and Choctaw. Languages long I'etain their earliest forms, as 
 is apparent in the Japanese somofs and Loo-Choo shimittzi, which 
 are just the old Accadian sumu'c, saniak, a book, that were spoken in 
 ancient Babylonia perhaps four thousand years ago. This continent 
 may yet furnish materials in philology and kindred departments to 
 lay side by side with the literary and art treasures of the ancient 
 seats of empire on the Euphx'ates and Tigris, by which to restore the 
 page of long-forgotten history. At any rate there is a path from the 
 Old World into the New by the Asiatic Continent, as well as by the 
 islands of the sea. Discoui-agements enough have been placed in the 
 scholar's way by one-sided minds and stiulents of a single language or 
 science. It is time to treat them with the contempt that all narrow- 
 ness deserves, and to aim at making ethnology more than a state- 
 ment of unsolved problems. 
 
 It would be well for all who hold the essential diversity of 
 American from other grammatical forms, to ponder the statement of 
 one, who, himself no mean philologist, has generally shown little 
 favour to any attempts that have been made to reconcile the Old 
 "World and the New in point of language. I allude to M. Lucieii 
 
 s 
 
 'Vj 
 
 f 
 
 
II 
 
 99 
 
 ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 I, 
 
 i, a'i i'il 
 
 Adam, who, after a comparison of Algonquin, Iroquois, Dacotuli, 
 Choctaw, Tinneh, Maya-Quiche, Aztec, Muysca, Carib, Guarani, 
 Quichua and Kiriri gi-ainmai"s, a(Uls this important note; "In fact 
 the j)rcceding languages are all more or less polysynthetic, but this 
 polysynthesis, which essentially consists in suffixing subordinate 
 personal pronouns to the noun, the postposition and the verb, equally 
 characterizes the Semitic languages, the Basque, the Mordwin, the 
 Vogul, and even the Magyar." As far as American i>hilology is 
 concerned the question of the unity of the human race remains where 
 it has been fixed by Revelation. I clo.se this i)aper with a sentence 
 from Dr. Daniel Wilson's address before the Amei-ican Association : 
 "The same lines of research (as those which have demonstrated 
 Aryan unity) point hopefully to future disclosures for c irselves, 
 helping us to bridge over the great gulf which separates America 
 from that older historic and prehistoric world ; and so to reunite the 
 modern history of this continent with an ancient past." 
 
 I.— COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF THE TINNEH AND 
 TUNGUS LANGUAGES. 
 
 The material of this niid the foUowlniC vocahularies has been 'terivcd from English, Krcncb and Gerninii 
 suiirct's. with variant ortljogmiihy. I have nut thought flt to make any other alteration than that of replacliiK 
 the German j with y, as such English vowel sounds U) ah, ee sufHulently attest their origin. 
 
 TiNNEH. 
 
 «rm 
 
 Ola, T. (TacuUy) 
 tiih, K. (Kiitchin) 
 
 axe 
 
 
 shiishill, T. 
 
 bad 
 
 tschooltn, Kn. (Kenal) 
 
 bear 
 
 sua, T. ; yass, C. (Chipweyan) 
 
 beard 
 
 tarra, D. (Dogrib) 
 
 bed 
 
 kaatHch, U. (Ugalenze) - 
 
 belly 
 bird 
 
 kagott, U. 
 kakashi, Kn. 
 
 
 tsoje, Ko. (Koltshane) 
 
 black 
 
 tkhlsutie, Tit. (TlaUkauai) 
 
 blood 
 
 ako, T. 
 
 
 shtule, Um. Uinpquu) 
 
 1)««t 
 
 tsi, T. 
 
 bdy 
 
 kttha, B. (Beaver) 
 
 bread 
 
 kliuthchu, K. 
 
 brother 
 
 phah, K. ; ei hill, T. 
 
 buU 
 
 chasska, U. 
 
 
 iihkik. K. 
 
 chUd 
 
 beye, T. 
 
 
 quelaquis, C. 
 
 
 idcliynake, Kn. 
 
 itlnthes 
 
 thutli, C. ; togaai, Kn. 
 
 cold 
 
 nikkudb, K 
 
 
 hungkox, T. 
 
 * 
 
 oulecadze, B. 
 
 come 
 
 chatchoo. L. (Loucheux) 
 
 co))per 
 
 thetsra, K. 
 
 day 
 
 tiljoan, Ko. 
 
 daughter 
 
 nitchit.K. 
 
 deer 
 
 batshish, Ko. 
 
 di'ink 
 
 esdaii, Mo. (Montagnais) 
 
 
 chidetleh, L. 
 
 ear 
 
 xoiindo, Kit. 
 
 
 BZUlu, K. 
 
 TUNOUS. 
 
 ngala 
 
 tiikka 
 
 shuko 
 
 kaniiilt 
 
 kuki, kuti 
 
 txhurkan 
 
 Bektau 
 
 chiikito 
 
 gaslia 
 
 doghi 
 
 saohalln 
 
 shosha 
 
 sdgal 
 
 djuw 
 
 kuakan 
 
 kiltora 
 
 aki 
 
 chJukuD 
 
 etsche 
 
 liuja, bujadjui 
 
 uli, aljukan 
 
 kunga 
 
 tetign 
 
 inginikde 
 
 inginishin 
 
 yullishin 
 
 tsohi 
 
 tsuhirit 
 
 tirgaui 
 
 unadju 
 
 buchu ' 
 
 undau 
 
 kuldakoo 
 
 schen 
 
 korot 
 
ASIATIC TRIBES OP NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 38 
 
 
 TtNNKII. 
 
 TONOUS. 
 
 earth 
 
 n«, Na. (Navajo); nanee, Um. 
 
 na 
 
 eat 
 
 boha, L. 
 
 blshui 
 
 eye 
 
 eta, Slo. 
 
 ewha 
 
 father 
 
 niairin, Tit. 
 
 ama 
 
 lire 
 
 tcuck. At. (Atnah) ; takak, U. 
 
 toua, tog 
 
 flHh 
 
 uUilali, C. 
 
 olda 
 
 
 luo, Mo. 
 
 olio 
 
 forehead 
 
 sekata, Y. (Yukon) 
 
 onkoto 
 
 girl 
 
 j?et»l, K. 
 
 cernihl, Tol. (Tolewah) 
 
 asatkan 
 
 
 ghoorkan 
 
 give 
 
 hamiUii, C. 
 
 oinuli 
 
 go 
 
 antong«r, Y. 
 
 genigar 
 
 Rood 
 
 sutohon, T. * 
 unshaw, C. 
 
 ssain 
 
 great 
 
 ekzxham 
 
 
 ehoh, K, 
 
 choydl 
 
 green 
 hand 
 
 dclllu, Mo. 
 
 tschurln 
 
 khohm, Tit ; huUah, Na. 
 
 gala 
 
 
 inln, Mo. 
 
 nala 
 
 head 
 
 odzai, D. 
 
 udjoo 
 
 heaven 
 
 Jujan. Kn. 
 zoh, K. 
 
 njan 
 
 house 
 
 dzsho 
 
 husband ' 
 
 ahotecy, C. 
 ctsayoh, B. 
 
 edeo 
 
 
 oddiu 
 
 
 duneyu. Mo. 
 
 edin 
 
 ice 
 
 ttatz, U. 
 
 djuko, dschuche 
 
 Iron 
 
 shlestav, T. 
 
 sele 
 
 knife 
 
 tcish, T. 
 
 utsnh 
 
 
 tlay, L. 
 
 sele 
 
 leaf 
 
 ehilun. K. 
 
 awdanna 
 
 life 
 
 anna, T. ' 
 
 inni 
 
 lightning 
 
 nahtiinkun, K. 
 
 talkian 
 
 lip 
 
 edanne, Mo. 
 
 aodjun 
 
 man 
 
 tengi, K.; tingi.Tn. (Tenan-Kutchin) ; tcnghie, L. 
 
 tungtis, donkl 
 
 
 gykka, U. 
 
 uhacha 
 
 
 l)iiyyalinay, P. (Pinaleno) 
 
 boy 
 en 6 
 
 mother 
 
 anna, Kn. 
 
 
 an, Mo. 
 
 ani 
 
 mountain 
 
 sohhell, T. 
 
 tsuholkon 
 
 
 tauri. Mo. 
 
 urra 
 
 no 
 
 aume maw, B. 
 
 umi 
 
 nose 
 
 neuzeh, At. 
 
 nigaha 
 
 
 buntchu, H. (Hoopah) 
 
 onokto 
 
 old 
 
 saiyidhelkai, K. 
 
 sagdi 
 
 pipe 
 ra n 
 
 tekatski, T. 
 
 tagon 
 
 naoton, T. ; tsln, K. 
 
 oodan, udduu 
 
 
 tchandellez, Mo. 
 
 tukdol 
 
 red. 
 
 delicionse, C. 
 
 cnolachin 
 
 river 
 
 okox, T. 
 
 okat 
 
 salt 
 
 tedhay, Mo. 
 
 tak 
 
 see 
 
 eshi, Mo.; utschtschiilia, U. • 
 
 itschetschlm 
 
 serpent 
 
 nadudhi. Mo. 
 
 nogai 
 
 sleep 
 small 
 
 azut, U. 
 
 adiikta 
 
 astekwoo, Tit. 
 
 adsighe 
 
 
 naooutza, Y. 
 
 ujuktschukan 
 
 son 
 
 tsiah, K. 
 
 dHUi 
 
 spoon 
 
 schitl. U. 
 
 kulli 
 
 star 
 
 kumshaet, L. 
 
 omikta 
 
 
 klune, Y. ; shlum, T. 
 
 haulen 
 
 stone 
 
 tschayer, P. 
 
 djoUo 
 
 sun. 
 
 chokouoi, Na.; chignonakai, Co. Coppermine. 
 
 schigun 
 
 
 shoonnahaye, M. (Meacalero) 
 
 shun 
 
 thunder 
 
 idi, Mo. 
 
 addi 
 
 thread 
 
 mo, Mo. 
 
 uml 
 
 tongue 
 
 tsoola, T. f 
 
 tschola 
 
 tooth 
 
 egho, X. (Xicarilla) ; shti, Tol. 
 
 ikta 
 
 wife 
 
 sak, T. 
 
 ashi 
 
 
 jarcooey, C. , * '. 
 
 sarka n 
 
 wind 
 
 atae, Y. 
 
 edyn 
 
 wolf 
 
 yess, C. T. 
 
 gusko 
 
 woman 
 
 ekhe, Um.; ohaca, T. 
 
 heghe, cheche 
 dokli 
 
 write 
 
 edesklis, Mo. 
 
 i 
 
 The Tinneh numerals do not agree with the Timgus, but seem 
 intimately related to those of the Koriaks, Tchuktchis and Kamtchat- 
 
 m\ 
 
I 
 
 M 
 
 24 
 
 ASIATIC TRIBES OP NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 dales. This must be the result of intercourse between the Tinneh 
 and these peoples in an Asmtic home, as the genei-al vocabulary of 
 the Tinneh shows comparatively little likeness to those of the so- 
 called Peninsular family. 
 
 Tinneh. 
 
 1. tahse, A. (Apache); tauhte, Co. ; tashayay, M. 
 etscha, T. ; titskoh, Tol. 
 
 tililagga, K.; aitschla. Urn.; tathlai, Na. 
 ki.sslekka, I. (Ingalik) 
 
 2. nutoke. Tit. ; inteka, I.; nateakcha, At. 
 techa, Kn.; gatte, U. 
 
 nacli, H.; nekni, K.; nacheb, Tol.; pakhe, C. 
 nalike, D. ; onghaty, B. 
 
 3. tokchke, Kn.; t<iek, W (Wilacki); taak, Um. 
 taliek, H.; tiik, K.; taakei, At.; tauh, Na. 
 kaliyiiy, M. 
 
 Peninsular. 
 
 dysak, Kamtchatdah 
 atashek, Tchuktchi 
 attajlik, T. 
 
 nitukaw, Koriak 
 liyttnka, ytaligau, K. 
 niochtsh, K. 
 
 tschok, tsook, Ka. 
 
 ginch, K. 
 
 teucheli, Tol.; tuntscliik, Um.; teetutye, Si. (Sicanni) tsohak, tsnhaak, tschaaka, Ka. 
 
 dine, D.; tin, Na.; tang, K. 
 
 inla, lakkcn, D. 
 
 swoila, Tol.; scliwullak, Um.; chwola, H. 
 
 sesunlase. Mo. ; skiiiilai, T. 
 cooKlap, W.; ulkitakc, T. 
 tluzuddunklie, C. 
 etsedutsenekai, K. 
 ookaidingkee. Si. 
 
 hoitahee, Um.; tauatee, B.;tBaytch, Tol. 
 cooslak, W. 
 elkedinglie, C. 
 9. tahgeealittah, C. 
 poostenekha, W. 
 
 8, 
 
 islitama, T. 
 
 monlon, myllygen, K. 
 
 (sombula, sabljak, sliumblia, 
 
 sumula, Samoied) 
 sewinlak, T. (0) 
 gylkoch, kylkoka, Ka. 
 tiicholudunug, Ka. (8) 
 ctichtanu, Ka. 
 ahdanuth, etuchtunuk, Ka. 
 itatyk, Ka. 
 tshnokotiik, Ka. 
 tsoholudmiug, Ka. 
 tsrhuaktuk, Ka. 
 tschaaktanak, Ka. 
 
 II.— COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF THE CHEROKEE-CHOCTAW 
 AND PENINSULAR LANGUAGES. 
 
 axe gahlooyahste, Cherokee. 
 
 bad ooyohee, " 
 
 okpiilo, Choctaw; liooloowako, 
 bear yonung Cli. (Cherokee) 
 
 beard ahhalinoolunghunge, Ch. 
 
 belly ikfiika C. (ChccUw) 
 
 iniihalkny M. (.Muskogee) 
 belt uskofa(^hi, C. 
 
 bind takolii, C. 
 
 bird hushi, C. 
 
 black kungnahgeh, Ch. 
 
 loosah, C. 
 blood homma. C. 
 
 cliata, M. 
 
 issish, C. 
 boat peni, C. 
 
 body ahyahlunge, Ch. 
 
 bone foni, C. 
 
 bow itchukkatoxy, M. 
 
 boy, son pooskoos, C. \ 
 
 cliahpozhe, M. 
 
 nokkene, C. 
 
 ushi, C. 
 broad hopntha, C. 
 
 brother taychokkadny, M. 
 
 chottihilchwauh, M. 
 
 unggcnele, Ch. 
 
 nocksish, C 
 
 imuiini, C. 
 bum hukmi, C. 
 
 buy kanchi, C. 
 
 child hdkosy, M. 
 
 hoi>olivyah, M. 
 
 pooskoos, C. 
 clod kupussa, C. ; kussupe. M. 
 
 galgate, Koriak; algatta, Tchuktchi. 
 a.shiki, Japanese. 
 Muskogee achaU, K. (Koriak) 
 
 keingin, T. (Tchuktchi) 
 elun, Kamtschatdale rtschatdale 
 
 fuku, J. {.)apane>ie); piigi, Ka. (Kam- 
 kaltki, Ka. 
 obee, Loo-Choo ' 
 toji, J. 
 
 hotu, L. (Lv o-Choo) 
 kunnl, Aino 
 luulklek, K. 
 kehm, A. (Aino) 
 ketsu, J. 
 Chi. L. 
 fune, J. 
 gylgin, K. 
 pune, A. 
 edzak, Ka. 
 
 poo, A. ; patscha, Ka. 
 . tungpoka, Corean 
 iegnika, T. 
 ekik, K. 
 habba, L. 
 
 otoko-kiyodai, J. ; tyga, Ka. 
 djalatscha, Ka. 
 , eninelan, eninelcha, ninelek, K. 
 eninic'-ge, ninichsi, K. 
 emtsohanhi, K. 
 yuku, J. 
 kau, J. 
 chigaiti, A. 
 bofoo, A. 
 
 wocka, L. (young) 
 feesa, L. ; tschapchunak, T. 
 
ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 25 
 
 le Tinneh 
 ibulary of 
 }f the so- 
 
 .AR. 
 
 al» 
 
 K. 
 
 ^schaaka, Ka. 
 
 ,K. 
 
 k, shurablia, 
 
 cd) 
 
 Ka. 
 (8) 
 
 inuk, Ka. 
 
 JHOCTAW 
 
 rchuktchi. 
 
 rtschatdale 
 Ka. (Kam- 
 
 a. 
 
 k, K. ^ 
 
 day 
 
 death, die 
 
 devil 
 
 dog 
 
 drink 
 
 ear 
 
 Mt 
 
 egg 
 evening 
 
 eye 
 
 far 
 fatlier 
 
 female 
 fight 
 finger 
 fish 
 
 flesh 
 fox 
 
 fhift 
 
 girl, daughter 
 
 go 
 
 god 
 
 good 
 
 goose 
 
 graas 
 
 great 
 
 green 
 
 baU 
 hair 
 
 head 
 
 heart 
 
 heaven, sky 
 
 hot 
 
 house 
 
 ice 
 
 life, live 
 
 light 
 
 lightning 
 
 love 
 
 man 
 
 moon 
 
 morning 
 mother 
 mountain 
 moutli 
 
 neck 
 
 night 
 
 nose 
 
 old 
 
 prince 
 
 rain 
 
 neetak, C. 
 
 ilU, C.ilzah, H. 
 
 askina, Ch. 
 
 ophe, C. 
 
 isliko, C. 
 
 istbluielitsko, M. 
 
 clieelnne, Ch. 
 
 pa. inipa, C. 
 
 alilestahyunghungskaw, Ch. 
 
 akang, C. 
 
 oosunghe, Ch. 
 
 yhofkosuy, M . 
 
 toUtlowah, M. 
 
 mishkin, C. 
 
 liopiyi, M. 
 
 aki,C. 
 
 unite, aunkke, C. 
 
 tavrta, Ch. 
 
 ilhky, M. 
 
 tek, C. 
 
 bohli, C. 
 
 ihbak-ushi, C. 
 
 atsatih, Ch. 
 
 aganla, Cn.; kullo, C. 
 
 nune, C. 
 
 ahpisochah, M. 
 
 ch<>ola, C. 
 
 nni, C. 
 
 take, C. 
 
 chuchhoostee, M. 
 
 ahe, C. ; aguy, M. 
 
 foka, C. 
 
 hoshtahli, C. 
 
 chito, C; heetla, M. 
 
 shilaklak, C. 
 
 hasook, C. 
 
 tlakkeh, M. 
 
 chito, C. 
 
 etsahe, Ch. 
 
 pahuylilamrayomuy, M. 
 
 gahnasookha, Ch. 
 
 gitlung, Cli. 
 
 paso, paclie, C. 
 
 nutakhi.sh, C. (beard) 
 
 Hkobonli, Chickagaw 
 
 nishkulx), C. 
 
 eoau, M. 
 
 cliuuk\i8h, C. 
 
 effaga, M. 
 
 oonohe, Ch. 
 
 gullungluddee, Ch. 
 
 ukanawung, Ch. 
 
 chookka, C. 
 
 okte, C. 
 
 okchaya, C. 
 
 egah, Ch. ; hiyiaguy, M. 
 
 anahgahleske, Ch. 
 
 immuyuyhluy, M. 
 
 hottoli, C. 
 
 nookene, C. 
 
 chauheh, M. 
 
 teenoenentoghe, Ch. 
 
 halhosie, M. 
 
 onnihile, C. ; aunahlae, Ch. 
 
 iehskie, M.; akachee, Ch. 
 
 nunicliaha, C. 
 
 tsiawli, Ch. 
 
 chaknoh, M. 
 
 innokewau, M. 
 
 ninnok, C; nennak, M. 
 
 kohyoungsahli, Ch. , 
 
 Buppokne, C. 
 
 miko, C. 
 
 ema, C. 
 
 omba, C. 
 
 nitchi, L. 
 
 wiillngyn, K.; haiulvi^a, A. 
 
 akuina, J. 
 
 stahpu, A. 
 
 Igu, A. 
 
 tschiftuchk, T. 
 
 welolongen, C. 
 
 ippali, imbi, A. 
 
 allotionim, Ka. 
 
 kuga, L. 
 
 aigomkje, T. 
 
 yube, J. 
 
 lilet, K. 
 
 manuko, J. 
 
 yempo, J. 
 
 chichi, J.; isch, K. 
 
 una, A. ; annaka, T. 
 
 teteoya, J. 
 
 iliigin, T. 
 
 tackki, L. 
 
 pilluak, T.;buchi-ai, J. 
 
 yubi, J.; eelieu, L. 
 
 etscliuda, Ka. 
 
 ikahluk, T. 
 
 ennen, K. 
 
 tul)i8h, Ka. 
 
 tclia-sallwii, Kr. ; gitgalgin, K. 
 
 cwynak-, K. 
 
 tackki, L. 
 
 chtHhitslioo, Ka. 
 
 iku, yuka, J. 
 
 apkas, A. 
 
 istla, T. 
 
 hota Corean ; kuwodai, J. 
 
 lachlach, T. 
 
 kusa, .J. ; ewuk, T. 
 
 lukiiklin, K. 
 
 chytschin, Ka. 
 
 ichtschitschi, K.; sjiu, A, 
 
 aplela, K. 
 
 kannik, T. 
 
 kitigir, K. 
 
 bode, Corean; feejee, L. (beard) 
 
 nujali, T. 
 
 Bchaba, A.; kobe, J. 
 
 naskok, T. 
 
 kasliko, T. 
 
 shin, J. 
 
 sampeh, A. 
 
 minjugu, Ka. 
 
 keilak, T, 
 
 kikang, Ka. 
 
 ke, uchi, J. 
 
 tiiuhikutu, T. 
 
 kakowa, Ka. 
 
 choigychei, K. 
 
 kuniylgilat, K. 
 
 okmukuliugin, K. 
 
 otoko, J. 
 
 ningen, J. 
 
 chu, L.; chujakutsch, K. 
 
 tankuk, T. 
 
 jailgat, K. 
 
 euiukulas, Ka. (unhaiel, Vufrayir) 
 
 okkasan, J, 
 
 naju, K.; naigak, T. 
 
 zehylda, Ka. 
 
 sekiangin, K. 
 
 lngik,K. ' " 
 
 nigynok, K.; unjuk, T. 
 
 kajakan, Kn. 
 
 gepinowli, K. „ 
 
 raiko, J. 
 
 ame, J. 
 
 apftu, A. 
 
 ■Hi 
 
26 
 
 ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 m 
 
 lit: 
 
 
 aski, M.; aguskah, Ch, 
 
 
 azgutsoh, Ka. 
 
 red 
 
 keekahgeh, Ch. 
 
 
 akai, J. 
 
 
 chahti, M. 
 
 
 kawachtuk, T. 
 
 river 
 
 hucha, 0. 
 
 
 gychi, Ka. 
 bez, A. 
 
 
 bok, C. 
 
 
 
 equonih. Ch. 
 
 
 goJLm, K. 
 
 nm 
 
 chuffa, C. 
 
 
 shuppon, J. 
 
 
 sitkuscha, M. 
 
 
 chikuten, J. 
 
 Mlt 
 
 hupi, C. 
 
 
 schipoo, A. 
 
 sea 
 
 amaquohe, Ch. 
 
 
 uml, J.; mok, imah, T. 
 
 
 wehuta, Httchitee 
 
 
 atui, A. 
 
 sick, sickness 
 
 abeka, C. 
 
 
 biyoki, J. 
 
 sistei 
 
 unggedo, Ch. 
 
 
 onna-kiyodai, J. ; tsohagado, K 
 
 
 nookaishtike, 0. 
 
 
 najahak, T. 
 
 akin 
 
 hakschup, C. 
 
 
 kawa, J. 
 
 •leep 
 
 gahlehah, Ch. 
 
 
 keilkat, K. 
 
 
 nusl, C. 
 
 
 netsuki, J. 
 
 
 nogobuscha, M. 
 
 
 soibushi, J. (sleep together) 
 
 •mall 
 
 ehotgoose, M. 
 
 
 chiisai, J. 
 
 •nov 
 
 unguawtsl, Ch. 
 
 
 anighu, K. 
 
 
 tlUigue, M. 
 
 
 hlhlgwuh, K. 
 
 star 
 
 owohchikea, Hitchitee 
 
 
 hoshi, J. 
 
 
 phoutchik, C. 
 
 
 foshi, J. 
 
 summer 
 
 nitski, C. 
 
 
 natsu, J. 
 
 
 kohkee, Ch. 
 
 
 ka, J.;kuiga, T. 
 
 
 tomepuUeh, Chickasaw 
 
 
 adomplis, Ka. 
 
 sun 
 
 neetak-husih, C. (Day-star) 
 
 nichi, J. (day) hoshi, J. (star) 
 
 
 neetahusa, M, 
 
 
 matschak, T. 
 
 
 kalesta, Ch. 
 
 
 kulleatsch, K. 
 
 take 
 
 ishi, C. 
 
 
 V)ku, A. 
 
 throat 
 
 atigelega, Ch. 
 
 
 Igliak, T. 
 
 thunder 
 
 hiloha, C. 
 
 
 kyhal, kyigala, kihihelan, K. 
 
 
 Jyrajaa, C. 
 
 
 rai, J. urgirgerkln, T. 
 
 to-morrow 
 
 onaha, C. 
 
 
 unako, T. 
 
 tongue 
 
 soolish, C. ; istetolahswih, M. 
 
 etschilla, K. 
 
 tooth 
 
 innotay, M. 
 
 
 wuttlnka T. 
 
 tree 
 
 iti, C. ; itta, Chickasaw ; 
 
 uhduli, c;h. 
 
 utut. K.; uttu, T.; uuda, Ka. 
 
 walk 
 
 yahkahbuscha, M. 
 
 
 hakobu. J. 
 
 water 
 
 ur.kah, C, 
 
 
 waku, A. 
 
 
 ahmah, Ch. 
 
 
 emuk, T. ; miraa, K. ' 
 
 white 
 
 hatki, M. 
 
 
 haku, J. ; atiych, Ka. 
 
 wolf 
 
 yahah, M. 
 
 
 haigugeh, K. 
 
 woman 
 
 choyo, C. 
 
 
 jo. J. 
 
 
 ageyung, Ch. 
 tike, tekchi, C. 
 
 
 aganak, T. 
 
 
 
 tackki, L. 
 
 1. 
 
 humna, M. 
 
 
 onnnn, K. 
 
 2. 
 
 tuklo, C. ; toogalo, Chickasaw 
 
 tzogelsch, Ka. (3) 
 
 3. 
 
 tsawi, Ch.; totcheh, M.; 
 
 tukehina, C. 
 
 isook, Ka. 
 
 4. 
 
 ushta, C. 
 
 
 ishtama, T. 
 
 
 nunggih, Ch, 
 
 
 nijach, K. 
 
 6. 
 
 tahlapi, C. 
 
 
 tachlima, T. 
 
 6. 
 
 hannali, C. 
 
 
 nunmalan, onnamyllangan, K. 
 
 7. 
 
 untuklo, C. 
 
 
 nitachmaltangga, K. 
 tschooktunuk, T. 
 
 8. 
 
 untucliina, C. 
 
 
 9. 
 
 OHtabah, M. 
 
 
 stammo, T. 
 
 10. 
 
 pocole, C. 
 
 
 kuUe, T. 
 
 III.— COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF THE WYANDOT-IROQUOIS 
 AND PENINSULAR LANGUAGES. 
 
 above 
 
 arm 
 
 axe 
 
 basket 
 
 bear 
 
 bad 
 
 belly 
 
 below 
 
 belt 
 
 blaok 
 
 ehneken, Iroquois 
 
 onentcha, I. 
 
 askwechia, I. 
 
 nokeuh, Ttiscarora 
 
 ahdokenh, Mohawk 
 
 atere, I {Iroquis) [M. (Mohawk] 
 
 oochereuh, T. {Tuscatora) ; ooquharlee, 
 
 hetken, ' 
 
 wasbuh, X. 
 
 kwichta, I. 
 
 unagwenda, H. 
 
 ehtake, I. 
 
 otitagwarinchta' I. 
 
 hont^i, I. 
 
 tetiucalas, O. (Oneida) 
 
 uyeni, Japanese 
 
 oondee, A ino 
 
 kvasqaa, kosh^ho, KamtchatdaU 
 
 inggalco, Koriak 
 
 adaganu, K. 
 
 teeioo, Loo-Choo; zaru, J. (Japanese) 
 
 akliak, Tchuktchi 
 
 chaitkin, K. (Koriak) 
 
 wasa, Loo-Choo [egchka, T. (Tchuktchi) 
 
 ksuch, Ka. (Kanitchatdale); aktscha- 
 
 nanchiin, T. 
 
 jechtok, T. 
 
 ririt, ii-lt, T. " • " . V 
 
 nudchen, T. 
 
 natchala, T. ; kytyhalu, K. 
 
ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 27 
 
 OQUOIS 
 
 'all 
 ■panest) 
 
 Tchukteht) 
 aktscha- 
 
 blood 
 
 body 
 bone 
 
 bow 
 boy, son 
 
 brother 
 
 burn 
 child 
 
 cold 
 come 
 copper 
 day 
 
 do 
 dog 
 
 death, dead 
 drink 
 duck 
 ear 
 
 earth 
 
 eat 
 
 ^ee 
 
 .end 
 evening 
 
 eye 
 
 father 
 
 feather 
 
 field 
 
 tingera 
 
 tire 
 
 ttsh 
 
 foot 
 
 forehead 
 
 fox 
 
 frog 
 
 girl, daughter 
 
 give 
 go 
 
 god 
 
 good 
 groat 
 
 cotnuh, T. ; gatkum, N. (Nottoway) 
 
 hotkwensa, I. ; otquechaa, On. {Onon- 
 
 gu-ierongue, oieroiita, I. fdaga. 
 
 onna, H. (Huron) 
 
 hechtienda, I. ; akstiyeh, I. 
 
 awraw, T. 
 
 laxha, O. 
 
 ronwaye, M. 
 
 haksaah, On. ; eawook, S. (Seneea) 
 
 ataquen, H. ; jattatege, On. 
 
 haenyeha, H. 
 
 teetoteken.'S. 
 
 teeahgattahnoonduclih, M. 
 
 yatsi, H. 
 
 gatchatha, I. 
 
 kotonia, I. 
 
 cheahhah, H. 
 
 woccanoune, T. 
 
 wathorats, I. ; turea, H. 
 
 karii, M. 
 
 quennies, M. ; kanadzia, I. 
 
 entiekeh, I. 
 
 ennisera, 1.; eghnisera, M. 
 
 yorhuliuh, T. 
 
 konniH, I. 
 
 yunyenoh, H. 
 
 cheeth, T. 
 
 erhar, M.; cheer, N.; tsehierha, On. 
 
 kenha, I. 
 
 ichnillkeeuh, M. 
 
 soluck, M. 
 
 ohuchtfi, On. 
 
 suntunke, N. 
 
 ohetta, I. 
 
 onouentsia, I. 
 
 uenjah, S.; ahunga, O. 
 
 higuech, I. 
 
 tehatskalions, M. 
 
 onhonchia, I. 
 
 koktha, I. 
 
 yougarlahsiekhah, M. 
 
 teteiuret, H. 
 
 aooina, H. 
 
 kaka, 8.; okaghha, C. (Cayuga) 
 
 ionniha, I. ; ihani, C. 
 
 aihtaa, H.; ata, T. 
 
 rakeni, M. ; lahkeni, O. 
 
 onasa, I. 
 
 kaheta, I. 
 
 eyingia, H. 
 
 salihut/uehlahgheh, M. 
 
 ontoliielita, I. 
 
 yoneks, T. 
 
 otschionta, On. 
 
 yeentso, H. 
 
 kenyuck, S, 
 
 saseeke, N. 
 
 oosa, T. 
 
 oohsita, On.; achita, H. 
 
 akentstara, I. 
 
 oyeutsa, H. • 
 
 iitsho, M. 
 
 skwarak, I. 
 
 kaunuhwukh, T. 
 
 kayung, O. 
 
 ikhehawog, C. ; keawook, S. 
 
 keyahwe, wahetky, I. 
 
 higue, I. 
 
 yeliateatyese, M. 
 
 ocki, H. 
 
 tezhu.'ikahau, H. 
 
 oogenerle, M. ; ioyanere, I, 
 
 kowa, I. 
 
 tatchanawihie, N. 
 
 ketsu, J. 
 
 gilgin, K. ; karada, J. 
 
 hone, J. 
 
 kotsu, J. 
 
 erit. K. 
 
 laki, K. 
 
 rinaka, T. 
 
 akek, jakak, K. 
 
 otoko-kiyodai, J. ; tyga, Ka 
 
 eniniclise, K. 
 
 itschamitugin, T. 
 
 tschamdakal, K. 
 
 ktshidzshi, Ka. 
 
 yatta, L. < 
 
 kodoino, J. 
 
 chigazi, A. (Aino) 
 
 wocka, Lo-Choo (young) 
 
 kiyetaru, J. 
 
 kuru, J. 
 
 akagane, J. 
 
 nitchi, L. {Loo-Chpo) 
 
 niohi, J.; aghynak, T. 
 
 halui, K.; hallugg, Ka. 
 
 okonai, J. 
 
 inu, J. 
 
 getten, T. ; sheda, A. 
 
 atar, chatalan, K. 
 
 gang, L. 
 
 igyletsch, Ka. 
 
 galie, K. ; galgagalach, T. 
 
 tschiftuchk, T. 
 
 tschintak, T. 
 
 ttaii, Conan. 
 
 nutenut, K. 
 
 nuna, T. 
 
 ku. J. 
 
 tekitschgyn, T. 
 
 nohk, nuku, A.; nyhach, Ka. 
 
 hate, J. 
 
 aigaweroe, K. 
 
 aathin, Ka. 
 
 gan, J. 
 
 shigi, A.; iik, T. 
 
 una, A. ■ - 
 
 atta, T. 
 
 illigin, T. 
 
 hannee, L. 
 
 taliata, hatake, J.; getschigyn, K. 
 
 ailinnka, T. 
 
 tscliilgit, K. 
 
 undji, A. 
 
 arnak, eknok, T. 
 
 ctscliuda, Ka. 
 
 entschudu, Ka. 
 
 anuegui, T. 
 
 shaku, J. 
 
 assi, J. 
 
 gitkat, T. 
 
 kytshal, K. 
 
 kuitschitsch, Ka. 
 
 iucbka, T. ; hitschkat, K. 
 
 gayeru, J. 
 
 ngewek, K. 
 
 suwingh, Ka. 
 
 gutikuku, K. 
 
 katchu, Ka. 
 
 yuku, J. 
 
 utashish, Ka. 
 
 egeg, K. 
 
 duzdeachtscliitsch, Ka. 
 
 femelewli, K. 
 o, okii. J. ; kaaguk, T. 
 chytschin, Ka. 
 
 I 
 
 I .1 
 
 V 
 
f M !) 
 
 28 
 
 ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Iiiiir 
 
 hitna 
 
 h;ire 
 
 he 
 
 liead 
 
 M 
 
 • i : 
 
 *'l 
 
 heart 
 )ieaven, sky 
 
 horn 
 hot, heat 
 
 liouse 
 
 hunger, liungry 
 
 kill 
 
 kinfe 
 
 life 
 
 lip 
 love 
 male 
 man 
 
 moon 
 mother 
 mountain 
 iiinuth 
 
 much 
 
 nail 
 
 name 
 navel 
 neck 
 night 
 
 nose 
 
 place 
 
 rain 
 
 red 
 
 river 
 
 .saliva 
 
 shoes 
 
 silver 
 
 Hister 
 
 iikin 
 
 sleep 
 «mall 
 
 arochia, H. 
 
 ahwerochia, I. 
 
 onuohquira, On. 
 
 ononkia, C. 
 
 osnonsa, I. 
 
 chotta, I. 
 
 tahlioot-ahnaykuh, M. 
 
 ra, I. 
 
 noat.sheera, H. 
 
 nontsi, I. ; auoonjee, M. 
 
 hahwerlacha, I. 
 
 quaker-wutika, N. 
 
 kiunyage, I. 
 
 garonhiague, I. 
 
 Kanagaa, I. 
 
 otarahaute, H. 
 
 yoonaurihun, T. 
 
 kanosiotl, C. ; kanoughsode, M. 
 
 anonchia, H. 
 
 cautsore, O. 
 
 cadagoiirlax, O. 
 
 kerios, I. 
 
 kainana, C. 
 
 yonhe, M. 
 
 kounhe, I. 
 
 hechkwaa, I. 
 
 enorongwa, M. ; aindoorookwaw, H. 
 
 hatglna, I. 
 
 neuekin, I. ; aingahon, H. 
 
 itaatsLu, Minekussar 
 
 cnilia, N. ; aneehah, T, 
 
 oonquich, M. 
 
 lookque, O. 
 
 kanaughkwaw, C. 
 
 kelanquaw, M. ; karakkwa, I. 
 
 ena, N ; aneheh, H. ; eanuh, T. 
 
 ikilluoha, M. ; ahkenolha, O. 
 
 kaunatauta, C. 
 
 onontah, H.; onontes, On. 
 
 chigue, I. 
 
 yasod:, 
 
 sishakiii'a'u, C. 
 
 oosharuiiwah, T. 
 
 agwaghsene, M. 
 
 eso, I.; aysoo, M. 
 
 awquayakoo, M. 
 
 ohetta, I. 
 
 oocheelah, M. 
 
 osenna, I. 
 
 hotehetota, I. 
 
 oneayn, M. 
 
 sonrt'kka, I. 
 
 kawwassonneak, O. 
 
 nehsoha, S. 
 
 yaunga, H. 
 
 oteiisag, N. 
 
 oojyasa, T. 
 
 kukundah, S. 
 
 geneuchsa, M. 
 
 enuch.sakke, C. 
 
 kiterons, I. 
 
 iokennore.s, I. 
 
 quechtaha, 8. 
 
 guwenta-rogon, I. 
 
 tucotquanrauyuh, T. ; oniquahtala, O 
 
 kihade, C. ; geihate, On. 
 
 wtchcra, I, 
 
 oiiokqua, T. 
 
 hwichtanoron, I. 
 
 tsiha, I. ; akzia, On. ; auchtchee, T. 
 
 hoaerodiia, I. 
 
 hnonk, I. 
 
 wakitas, I. 
 
 ostonha, I. 
 
 launhshach, K. ; ruh, A. 
 
 tscheracher, Ka. 
 
 kytyhuir, kitigir, K. ; kar-nu, A. 
 
 nujak, T. 
 
 scan, C. (Corean) 
 
 syttu, Ka. 
 
 whl-huta, K. 
 
 are, J. 
 
 kashira, J. 
 
 naskok, T. 
 
 kokoro, J. 
 
 goku-raku, J. ; rikita, A. ; kochall, Ka. 
 
 chain, Ka. ; khigau, K. 
 
 cherwol, K. 
 
 tseheonok, T. 
 
 hoteru, J. 
 
 nomling, K. 
 
 kisd, kishit, Ka. 
 
 ennit, T. 
 
 katsuyeru, J. 
 
 ahandageri, A. 
 
 koro.shi, J. 
 
 ko-katana, J. 
 
 inochi, J. 
 
 kyjunilin. T. 
 
 kkoviin, Ka. 
 
 (annrak, Yukagir) 
 
 otoko, J. 
 
 nin^en, J. 
 
 chojatschin, T. ; hito, J. 
 
 aiiiuh, A. 
 
 kengitseh, Ka. ; oikyn, A. ; ickkeega, L. 
 
 luka, T.; elku, Ka. 
 
 (ktninsha, Yukagir); kounet»ou. A, 
 
 gailigen, K. 
 
 alngga, anguan, Ka. 
 
 ella, elhi, K. ; illia, Ka. 
 
 kimita, A. 
 
 enshida, namud, Ka. ; neit, T. 
 
 kuchi, J. 
 
 syeksye, saaxxa, Ka. 
 
 sekiangin, K. 
 
 gikirgin, djekergen, K. 
 
 ekigin, T. 
 
 osa osa, J 
 
 oowhoko, L. 
 
 wegyt, T 
 
 wachelang, K. 
 
 ninua, K. 
 
 hozo, J. ; katkatachik, T. 
 
 onnajan, K. 
 
 ukuru, anzkari, A. ; unnjuk, T, 
 
 kyunnuk, Ka. 
 
 uikita, T." 
 
 enku, K. ; hana, J. 
 
 tatuk, T.; ahduni, idu, A. 
 
 echaeoh, yachchaya, T. 
 
 kaakang, Ka. 
 
 chyngak, T. 
 
 enigytam, K. 
 
 kakeru, J. 
 
 (yagmur, Turk) 
 
 kawachtuk, T. 
 
 nitschel-rachen, K. 
 
 tshatshalo, Ka. 
 
 klha. Ka. ; kuigutt, T. 
 
 yodare, J. 
 
 huDginn, C. ■' 'im 
 
 elnipel-wychtin, K. |k. 
 
 ahtschitjch, kutchaan, Ka; tchakytaetch 
 
 rus, A. 
 
 nakka, T. 
 
 kangwit'-; , K. 
 
 uitschenu^, Ka. 
 
 ! 
 
^ 
 
 ASIATIC TRIBKS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 29 
 
 '■'■ ' I 
 
 snow, ti) snow 
 
 spring (season) 
 star 
 
 stomach 
 •»tone 
 summer 
 sun 
 
 tongue 
 tooth 
 
 throat 
 thunder 
 \iUage 
 walk 
 
 water 
 
 weep 
 white 
 
 winter 
 
 wolf 
 woman 
 
 write 
 
 year 
 
 yellow 
 
 young 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 6. 
 7. 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 10. 
 
 wakerens, I. 
 
 ogera, On. 
 
 onyeiak, S. ; ouniyeghte, M. 
 
 atakea, H, 
 
 kungweeteh, M 
 
 ojechsoondan, 8. 
 
 ojislionda, C. 
 
 utskwena, I. • 
 
 owrunnay, T. 
 
 akenha, M. ; kayahneh,.S. 
 
 kelanquaw, M. 
 
 karakkwa, I. 
 
 ladicha, H, 
 
 onteka, I. _ ^_ 
 
 heetay, T. ; aheeta, N. 
 
 kaehquaw, S. ; kaaghkwa, C. 
 
 ennasa, I. 
 
 onouweelah, C. ; onawira, I. 
 
 otoatseh, T. 
 
 niarigue, I. 
 
 kaweras, I. 
 
 kanata, I. 
 
 erai, H. 
 
 ahteatyese, M. 
 
 auwcah, T. ; awwa, N. 
 
 ohneka, I. ; oncegha, Minekussar 
 
 garkentat, I. 
 
 kearagea, M. 
 
 kenraken, I. 
 
 keaankea, C. 
 
 koashlakke, O. ; kosera, I. 
 
 oxhey, H. ; koosehhea, T. 
 
 ahquohlioo, M. 
 
 yonkwe, M. O.; ekening, T. 
 
 otaikai, H. 
 
 klnatons, I. 
 
 oseia, I. 
 
 hotgikkwarogon, I. 
 
 cheenaguarle, M. 
 
 oaae, N. 
 
 unji, T. ; unti, N. 
 
 uskot, M. 
 
 teehini, M. 
 
 nekty, T. 
 
 tegliia, O. 
 
 sliegli, 8.; segli, C; ahseli, iM. 
 
 alisenh, ().; aushauk, H. 
 
 kayerih, M. 
 
 kayelih, O. 
 
 huntak, T. 
 
 wisk, II., &c. 
 
 tehoatak, On. 
 
 nakruh, T. . 
 
 tagheto, O. 
 
 tutonh, M. ; tiohton, Oaughnawaga. 
 
 tiohto, C. . ' ■' 
 
 oyelih, O. 
 
 tsatak, M. 
 
 yuki, yukigafuru, J. 
 
 korjel, Ka. 
 
 aniglin, T. 
 
 idakuwa, A. 
 
 anehtoha, T. 
 
 agajin, Ka. 
 
 ashangit, Ka. 
 
 ikuwan, J 
 
 Whraugon, K. 
 
 sakan, A. ; kcgniu, T. 
 
 galenkuletseli, Ka. 
 
 kuUeatsch, Ka. ; tirkiti, T. 
 
 laatseh, T. 
 
 niatbchak, T. 
 
 tida, L. ; tyketi, K. 
 
 koatscli, Ka. 
 
 entsel, Ka. 
 
 wannalgn, K. 
 
 gutuk, T. 
 
 reguzy, A. 
 
 kyhal, kyigala, ikigigrihan, K. 
 
 guina. K. 
 
 hiroi, I. 
 
 ita, J. ; atehoong, L. 
 
 wakha, A. 
 
 inh, K. ; mok, emak, T. 
 
 terugatirkin, T. 
 
 slieroosa, L ; shiroi, J. 
 
 nilgachen, K. ; rata-gaunep, A. 
 
 genggahlan, Ka. 
 
 koUealas, Ka. 
 
 aohsachsaan, K. 
 
 aigugeh, chgahuwu, K. 
 
 innago, L. ; aganak, T. 
 
 tackki, L. 
 
 katchoong, L. 
 
 gytscbanido, Ka. 
 
 nuutelgrachen, T. 
 
 duclil-karallo, Ka. 
 
 atschik, T. 
 
 ingsing, K. 
 
 dyshak, Ka. 
 
 niteohaw, K. 
 
 niechtseh, K. 
 
 ytechgau, K. 
 
 tsook, Ka.; giuch, T. 
 
 sang, L. 
 
 gyrach, K. 
 
 tsagelch, Ka. 
 
 niyaeh, ngsliakaw, K. 
 
 asheki, A. 
 
 itatyk, Ka. 
 
 angrotkin, T. 
 
 tshookotuk, Ka. 
 
 tsuhauhatonoh, tchanatana, Ka. 
 
 tschuaktuk, Ka. -•• • 
 
 kuUe, T. 
 
 
 
 ADDENDUM. 
 
 THE DACOTAH FAMILY. 
 
 It is only since wiiting the foregoing article that I have found the 
 relations of this important family. The Dacotah languages differ so 
 widely in their vocabulary, or rather in their vocables, from the 
 Iroquois, that, in spite of grammatical construction, and the equally 
 warlike character of the two people, it was hard to imagine a com- 
 munity of origin. In the labials that are wanting in the Wyandot 
 
 'r 
 
 g- 
 
30 
 
 ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 dialects, the Dacotah is peculiarly rich. So complete is the compen- 
 sation made by the Dacotah dialects for Wyandot shortcomings in 
 this respect, that labials utterly unknown to the original root start 
 up everywhei'e, as terminal, medial, and even initial sounds. On 
 the other hand, the strong Mohawk r is almost absent in Dacotah ; 
 the Ui)sarokas, Minetarees and Mandans, who sometimes employ 
 this letter, being very sparing in its use. Nor, can it be said, save 
 as a rare exception, that there is an I in Dacotah to atone for the 
 comparative "absence of r, with which, in the Iroquois dialects, it is 
 at times interchanged. The general vocabulary has miscellaneous 
 Siberian affinities, largely with the Samoied, and many with the 
 IJgrian languages. (I may say that I use the word XJgrian to denote 
 the Finnic-Magyar family of languages as opposed to the Altaic, 
 which includes the Tartar, Mongol and Tungus, since I cannot see the 
 I)ropriety of extending it, as has often been done, to the whole Ural- 
 Altaic division). I was thus upon the point of making the Dacotahs 
 a Samoied colony, and had, indeed, communicated the likelihood of 
 such a relationship to correspondents interested in American philo- 
 logy, when light broke upon the subject in connection with the 
 terminations of verbal forms, which, being followed up by other 
 coincidences, settled the matter in favour of a Peninsular origin for 
 the Dacotahs, as well as for the Iroquois and Choctavvs. The Hon. 
 Lewis H. Morgan has shown that the Dacotah and Iroquois dialects 
 are allied, and that the latter separated from the p-^snt stock at a 
 much earlier period than the former. 
 
 Tiie Dacotahs, better known as the Sioux, and the Nadowessies of 
 Oarver and other older writers, are a warlike, intrusive peojde, of 
 ii,ood stature, and generally pleasing appearance, • with capabilities of 
 iio mean order, and exhibiting, as in the case of the Mandans, a con- 
 siderable advance in culture beyond the neighbouring tribes. They 
 occupy a great portion of the centre of the continent, being essenti- 
 ally an inland people like the Wyandots and Choctaws. Their 
 hunting-grounds extend from the Red River to the Saskatchewan 
 southwards to the Arkansas, and are chiefly found between the Mis- 
 sissippi on the east and the Rocky Mountains on the west. They 
 are thus the neighbours of many Algonquin tribes, with which they 
 are more or less intermixed. The principal tribes of this family are 
 the Sioux or Dacotahs proper, the Yanktons, Winnebagoes, Assine- 
 boins, whose name ia Algonquin, Mandans, Upaarokas or Crows, 
 
ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 81 
 
 Miuetarees, loways, Osages, Ottoes, Omahas, Qnappas, KonaaG and 
 Hidatsas. Their warlike and independent character is well known, 
 especially in connection with their recent encounter with the Ameri- 
 can troops and the subsequent withdrawal of some of them to 
 Canadian territory. 
 
 The Dacotah word for man, male, is loika, wicasfa, and this is the 
 Tchuktchi uika ; while other terms, such as hlhna and neeteka, relate 
 to the Aino aino and the Japanese, o/oAo. Similarly, the words for 
 woman, wingy, winnokpjah, wakka-angka and tawiku, represent the 
 Loo Choo innago, the Tchuktchi agannk, and the Loo Choo tackki. 
 The general lexical resemblances of the Dacotah and Peninsular, 
 within the limits, at least, of my somewhat defective vocabularies, 
 are not by any means so close as between the Choctaw and the 
 Peninsular. Still, there are some striking foi'ms. Such are the 
 Dacotah echong, make, and the Loo Choo oochoong ; doioang, sing, 
 and the Loo Choo ootayoong ; yazang, sick, and the Loo Choo 
 yadong; cangfe, heart, and the Japanese sing, &c. The Kamtchat- 
 dale connects intimately with some of the Dacotah dialects, particu- 
 larly with the Assineboin. The Dacotah wahrheesh, child, is the 
 Kamtchatdale pahatskitsh ; matst, knife, is wattsho ; tnka, sevant, is 
 tslipquatsh; hto, arm, is settoo ; ataki, white, is attagho, &c. The 
 Tchuktchi necessarily is connected ; and wo have the Dacotah eeneek, 
 eejivggni, civgksi, boy, in the Tchuktchi iegnika; cang, day, is gan- 
 nnk ; vijihah, hair, is nujak ; vahsso, head, is naxkok ; ecat, small, is 
 eki'fachtu ; neah, mini, water, is, noun a ; tehha, lake, is tonga; ov- 
 kahnh, finger, is ainhanka, &g, Of the few Corean words known to 
 me, several answer to the Dacotah equivalents ; thus the Dacotah 
 akhui, ear, is the Corean qui ; unhta, good, is hota ; paykeo, hair, is 
 bode ; cezi, tongue, is chny ; and pezi, grass, is phee. 
 
 T have mentioned verbal terminations as my guides to the affilia- 
 tion of the Dacotah languages. In Dacotah a common tennination 
 for verbs is that variously rendered ang, ong, ung, as in yatkang, eat, 
 nahong, hear, pahmung, spin, iongwang, see, echong, make, manong, 
 steal. Captain Clifford, in his vocabulary of the LooChoo language 
 appended to Basil Hall's voyage, draws attention to a similar ter- 
 mination of the verb. He says : " I have, throughout the vocabu- 
 lary considered the termination oong to denote the infinitive and have 
 translated it as such, even when the sense points to another word, 
 merely to preserve consistency ; there are, however, a few excep- 
 
 ^ 
 
 v.: 
 
 
 If Si I 
 
 1 1 
 
 ' i 
 
32 
 
 ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 *'< ' ' 
 
 tioTis to this, and some of the verbs will be found to terminate in 
 ang, ing, aiong, ong and ung." The Japanese ii^tinitive in mi, to 
 which there are many exceptions, does not resemble this termination, 
 but connects with the Turkish infinitive in mek and the Magyar in 
 ni. Neither does the common LooChoo and Sioux form resemble 
 the Mantchu in re, or the Mongol in hu. We are thus, I think, 
 justified in holding that tlie Dacotah verbs echong, make, dowang, 
 sing, and yazang, be sick, are the same words as the LooChoo 
 oochoong, ootayoong and yadong, having meanings identical. But a 
 confirmation of the Peninsular origin of the Dacotahs even more 
 intei'esting is afforded by a comparison of the Assiniboin infinitive, 
 or at least verbal termination, with that of the Kamschatdale. The 
 Assiniboin verbs in their simplest form end in alch, itch ; thus we 
 have passnitch, tusnitch, to love, wuimaeatch, to go, eistimmatch, to 
 sleep, aatch, to speak, wauktaitch, to kill, waumnahgatch, to see, 
 aingalch, to sit, mahrmitch, to walk, &c. Similai'ly in Kamtchatdale 
 we meet with kaaichtshitch, to stand, koquasitch, to come, kashiatsh, 
 to run, ktsheemgutsh, to sing, kassoogatsh, to laugh, koogaatsch, to cry 
 &c. It is true that the Kamtchatdale kowisitch, to go, and kwatsh- 
 quikotsh, to see, are unlike the Assiniboin wunng.eatch and waum- 
 nahgatch, except in their terminations ; but, as I have already indi- 
 cated the connection of the Dacotah and Kamtchatka vocabularies, 
 this is an objection that fuller knowledge of Kamchatdale would 
 probably i-emove. It was the verbal terminations of Sioux in ng and 
 of Assiniboin in tch that decided the question in my mind of the 
 Old World relations of the Dacotah family of language and tribes. 
 Those who are better acquainted with the Peninsular languages may 
 be able to account for diversities in the Dacotah dialects bv corres- 
 ponding difierences in them. That two such unusual forms as the 
 LooChoo and Kamchatdale should occur in one American family iji 
 very strong presumptive evidence in favour of that family's Penin- 
 sular derivation. 
 
 The grammatical construction of the Dacotah languages may be 
 said, at least, to interpose no obstacle in the way of a Peninsular 
 origin. The absence of true gender, and a distinction between nouns 
 as animates and inanimates ; the formation of the genitive by simple 
 prefix to the nominative, with or without the third personal pro- 
 noun ; the use of pronominal prefixes, and of post positions ; the 
 place of the regimen before the governing verb, are all in favour of 
 
ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMKRICA. 
 
 dd 
 
 such an origin. The post position of the adjective, which my know- 
 ledge of the Dacotah dialects does not enable me to say is universal, 
 tinds its analogue in some Japanese and Loo Choo forms. The in- 
 clusive and exclusive plural belongs to tlie Siberian area, and is 
 Turanian, The post position of the negative sni answers to the post 
 position of nang and nashce in Loo Choo. And the use of two tenses 
 only, a present-past and a future, reminding the philologist of the 
 Semitic and Celtic languages, presents no barrier to the relationship, 
 inasmuch as the temporal index follows the verbal root, while the 
 pronoun precedes it. It is worthy of note that while there is a 
 general agreement in grammatical forms among the Iroquois, Choc- 
 taw and Dacotah languages, they specially coincide in marking tlie 
 difference between transitive and intransitive verbs by the use of dis- 
 tinct pronominal particles. Judging from the identity in form of the 
 Sioux and Assiuiboin verbs to the Loo Choo and Kjamtchatdale res- 
 l)ectively, I would be inclined to regard the Dacotah family as a far 
 nxore recent off-shoot from the Peninsular stock than, the Iroquois 
 or the Cherokee- Choctaws, a view which is favoured by the geogra- 
 phical position of the several tribes. 
 
 The ball play or lacrosse of the Choctaws and Iroquois is practised 
 by the Assiniboins, whose method of boiling by dropping heated 
 stones into a skin substitute for a cauldron, has, according to Catlin, 
 gained them their Cree name of " Stone Indians." Pottery was ex- 
 tensively manufactured by the Mandans ; and tho large, handsome 
 skin lodges of the whole Dacotak family i>resent a marked contrast 
 to the wigwams of Ihe Tinneh and Algonquin tribes. The Mandan 
 lodges, excavated to a slight distance and covered witli earth, with 
 the exception of a hole in the centre, are the same as those of the 
 Koriaks and Tchuktchis. '^' The lascivious dances of many Dacotali 
 tribes resemble those of the Kamtschatdales. One i)hysical peculia- 
 rity of this family is the long hair of the warriors which often sweeps 
 the ground. My limited knowledge of the inhabitants of the Pen- 
 insular area does not enable me to say \vhether this feature character- 
 izes any of its populations. The Sioux have a story of a maiden's 
 leap from a precipice into the water, the " Lover's Leap " of Catlin, 
 which recalls the tradition of the Leucadian Rock and the Hyper- 
 borean practice alluded to by many ancient writers. If this be a 
 
 • According to Kliiprotli, the Koriaks call the Tchuktchis Mainetang, which may be the ori- 
 ginal of the name Mandau. 
 
 3 
 
 \ '\ 
 
u 
 
 ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Koriak tradition, the Leucadian Coi-ax, and Cliaraxus, tlio brotlior of 
 Sappho, may be terms of ethnical significance, I liavo litthi doubt 
 that the ancient Koriak habitat and centre of diffusion was the 
 Caucasus, where the Coraxi and Cercetao dwelt. The Assyrian in- 
 inscriptions should shed light upon this importfint family, which 
 finds such large rei)resentation on the North American Continent. 
 
 A few of the Dacotah numerals show their Peninsular connection 
 by agreeing with those of the Iroquois and Choctaws. Thus the 
 Dacotah onj'e, eyungkae, yonhe, wonge, one, are the Iroquois anji and 
 enska ; while amutcat, another form of the same number, is like the 
 Iroquois onskat. The Otto tekeni, two, is the Iroquois techini. I 
 can hardly think that it is a borrowed word, inasmuch as the Sioux 
 sahdognng, eight, is the Iroquois sahdekonh, and the relation of two 
 and eight was exhibited in the Choctaw tukchina and untuchina. 
 The Dacotah weekeechem, wik'chemma, ten, are probably the same as 
 the Iroquois wasenli ; and cheehoh, kakhoo, five, agree with the 
 Muskogee chahgkie. While a more extensive comparison than the 
 materials at my disposal have enabled me to make would be very 
 desirable, it will, I think, be confessed by competent judges, that, 
 for the purposes for which the paper has been written, it is not neces- 
 sary. It will be a simple matter for other students to follow out 
 the lines of research that I have indicated and in a measure illus- 
 trated, and either confirm the conclusions arrived at, or otherwise 
 account for the phenomena on which they are based. 
 
 COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF THE DACOTAH AND 
 PENINSULAR LANGUAGES. 
 
 arrow 
 
 bad 
 
 beard 
 
 lielly 
 
 belt 
 bind 
 bird 
 
 black 
 
 blood 
 
 boat 
 
 bon* 
 bow 
 
 ada, Ilidatsa ; avda, Mandan ude, yeda, Japanese 
 
 isto, Duaotak, Yankton [(Dacotah) settoo, Kamtchatdiile 
 
 mnhha, M. (Mandan); nm, moiii,', D. meobim, Ra. (Kuintcli^ 
 
 minjit, Os. (fisuge) 
 
 ashpaw, D. ; oceopa, A. (Aaainihoin) 
 
 ahima, ongspe, D. 
 
 schicha, D. ; ishia, H. (Hidatsa) 
 
 iki, H. ; eshaeslm, U. (('/'sarofcd) 
 
 Ikpi, D. 
 
 cliesa, 08. 
 
 bare, U. 
 
 ipasaki, H. ; ipiyaka, D, 
 
 kashka, D. 
 
 dikkappe, U. 
 
 tsakaka, H. 
 
 chippushaka, U. 
 
 eeokhpazer, D. [Winnehago aelikuropeeh, A 
 
 uoai, Y. {Yankton); waheehah, W. 
 
 lie) 
 machiniuche, K. {Koriak) 
 kvasqua, Ka. ; kal-kapak, T. {Tchuktchi 
 ono, J. (Japanese) 
 asbiki, J. 
 
 hige, J. ; uika, T. [piigi, K- 
 
 fuku, J.; pai, Corean; ksucb, Ka. 
 akslieka, T. 
 hara, J. 
 
 obi, J,, L. (Loo-Choo) ; tapshi, T. 
 kuku-ru, J. . . 
 
 tzkepf, A. (Afno) 
 tao, C. (Corean) 
 nufsunke, K 
 
 wamee, Cm. (Omaha) 
 
 idi, H. ; eda, U. 
 
 wata, T). 
 
 niati, H, : maheshe, U. 
 
 hidu, H. 
 
 etazeepa, D. 
 
 beerabhahj Min. (AftHctom);Vare- 
 
 auku, T. 
 keliin, A. 
 ketsu, J. 
 
 agwat, K. ; attuat, lietwutt, Ka. 
 maachdyhni, Ka. 
 
 kotsu, J.; kutai, L. ; kotham, Ka ; ha- 
 
 [liiiopah, M. edzak, Ka. [tainfa, K.; atitaaiii, T. 
 
 faru, C. fuika, T. 
 
ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 85 
 
 brother of 
 ttle doubt 
 
 was the 
 Syrian in- 
 ly, which 
 itinent. 
 lonnection 
 
 Thus the 
 i anji and 
 is like the 
 echini. I 
 the Sioux 
 on of two 
 intuchina. 
 le same as 
 
 with the 
 L than the 
 Id be very 
 dges, that, 
 
 not neces- 
 follow out 
 isure iUus- 
 
 otherwise 
 
 AND 
 
 lit) 
 
 , T. (TclmktcM 
 
 [piigi, K. 
 ;sucb, Ka. 
 
 pshi, T. 
 
 utt, Ka. 
 
 ham, Ka ; lia- 
 i.; atitaaiu, T. 
 v> [uika, T. 
 
 boy, son 
 
 brother 
 buffalo 
 
 bum 
 child 
 
 clothes 
 cold 
 
 come 
 (lay 
 death, die 
 
 do 
 
 doi? 
 
 drink 
 
 ear 
 
 earth 
 eat 
 
 enemy 
 evening 
 
 eye 
 
 father 
 
 fight 
 finger 
 
 Are 
 flah 
 
 flesh 
 
 flower 
 
 foot 
 
 forest 
 
 fox 
 
 fruit 
 
 girl, daughter 
 
 eoncck W. ; eejinggal, Min. ecingal, Ot. oongua, L. ; yeg- 
 chaliiiiks, A. [^Otto). okaijeno-bomiio, A. 
 
 diHi, H. 
 
 shekanja, Min. 
 
 weoHliinga, Os. 
 
 cingkHi, D. ; Hhinzoshlnga, On. 
 
 mcetfihingghco, D. 
 
 sonkakoo, D. 
 
 boocouppa, U. 
 
 tahtungkah, D. 
 
 sha, Os. 
 
 biHha, U. 
 
 adahahe, H. 
 
 ghu, D. 
 
 wahcheesh, D. 
 
 bakkattc, U. 
 
 Bhinga-Bhinga, Om. 
 
 sheena, D. 
 
 oisnaitch, A. 
 
 tasaka, D. 
 
 ccerceai, Min. 
 
 hootshero, U. 
 
 [neehee, W. kiyetaru, J. 
 
 doji. J. 
 
 shiHong, J. 
 
 boHnng, J. 
 
 Bhoni, Bhisoku, J. 
 
 muBnko, J. 
 
 tscliangkuoo, C. ; kamgoyak, T. 
 
 yubi, yobu, A. 
 
 tBchimga, K. 
 
 Bhao, C. 
 
 wooooshe, L. 
 
 taku, J. ; yaddee, L. 
 
 yaku, J., akka, L. 
 
 wocka, L. (young) ; wasaso. A, 
 
 paliatshitsh, Ka. ; bogotschi, A. 
 
 shoui, J. 
 
 ching, L. ; choongay, C. 
 
 koenetBuh, Ka. 
 
 tBchachtschen, K. 
 
 Byrriam, A. 
 
 samul, kan, J. ; kanjukukok, T. 
 
 ki, ku-ru, J. ; kokwasitch, Ka. 
 
 gannak, T. 
 
 tokok, T. 
 
 rai, rairosiwo, A. 
 
 ainneo, D. ; snee, Y., Ot., Cm., see 
 hi, kuwa, D. 
 cang, D. ; hangwal, Ot 
 tha, D. ; tehe.H. 
 carrasha, U. 
 
 hldi, H. [hah, W. itaahi, J. 
 
 shong, A. ; shonka, D. Y. ; chonke- ching, inu, J. 
 
 hi, H. kuiki, Ka. 
 
 smimmik, U. samgam, R. 
 
 niecnoatgauch, A. migiitBchi, T. 
 
 heeiatvkaupeteka, D. [naughta, Os. tapatken, K. 
 
 neetah, Om. ; nottah, Q. (Quappu) ; tschintak, T. 
 
 akuhi, H. kui, C. : igiad, Ka. 
 
 lahockee, Min. ilyud, Ka. ; wilugi, K, 
 
 mahnah, W. [Om. ; mongka, Y. nunna, T. 
 
 maka, D. ; maha, Ot., Os. ; moneeka, mok, C. 
 
 yuta, D. ; duta, H. etsyh, Ka. 
 
 bahbooshmekah, U. ippah, imbi, A. 
 
 utahpee, D. tabe-rn, J. 
 
 toka, D. teki, J. 
 
 tassetoo, D. tangkitti, tyngfouti, K. 
 
 ohpai, Min. ; appah, U. yube, J. ; aibyngit, T. 
 
 esa, U. iik, T. 
 
 eshtike, D. ; ishchuhsuhha, W. sik, shigl, A. 
 ate, H. ; atag, D.; dadai.Om. ; atnucu, Y. atta, attaka, T. 
 
 menoomphe, U. enpitsc'h, Ka. 
 
 kastaka, D- tatakau, J, (kogdak Yukagir). 
 
 onkaha, M. aihanka, T. 
 
 shake, D. ; shagah, Os. ; shagai, Ora. sokora, C. ; keko, gyhgek, Ka. 
 
 buschie, U. pkotsha, Ka. 
 
 napchoopai, Y.; shantee-ichpoo, Min. jubi, A. ; yubi, J. ; eebee, L. 
 
 pytshi, W.; peehae, I. {Ioway)\ pajah, apeh, A. ; pangitsch, Ka,; fl, L, 
 
 beerais, Min. ; wareday, M. [Os. pel, C. ; bryuumchitsch, Ka. 
 
 hoaahug, D.; haugh, Os.; hohhah, W.; eo, L. ; koki, kukl, C. ; giyo, J. 
 hoho, Om.; ho, Oi; huh, Q, 
 
 uwo, J. 
 sakana, J. 
 tubis, Ka. 
 taat, tatchal, Ka. 
 
 korattal, K. 
 
 koki, C. 
 
 ibuiki, sipoike, A. 
 
 poh, M.; boa, Min.; booah, U, 
 
 noghang, D.; hohung, Y. 
 
 cehpi, D. 
 
 tado, Y.; tahyuh, Q.; tatookai, Ot.; 
 
 tando, D.; tandocah, Os. 
 cuructshittee, Min. 
 chahhah, W. 
 odakapaki, H. .:,. 
 
 hka, D. [sih, K. (IToJwas) kn, 0. 
 
 siha.D.; sih,Q.;sl,W.,0t.,0m.,0s.; ashi, shake, J. 
 ochaw, D. hayashi, J. ; ooda, Ka. 
 
 soheada, D, tschkuada, Ka. 
 
 waskuyeca, D. [hoongshee, D. kuwashi, J. ; isgatesitch, Ka, 
 
 meyakatte, U.; macath, Min.; meets- math. A.; newekik, T. 
 meeyalkanja, Min, neuwekn, T. 
 
 sookraeha, M. shuguiua, Ka. 
 
 e^onggai. On. ungua, L. ; suwing, Ka. 
 
 I:}' 
 
 li 
 
 \ 
 
Ili^l 
 
 ¥^ 
 
 i'' 
 
 ■ 
 
 ! 
 
 
 i li 
 
 ili 
 
 .'6 
 
 ASIATIC TRIBES OF NOIITH AMERICA. 
 
 xirl, (lauK iter 
 
 hrenukhiihhiili, W. 
 
 kniinz, A. 
 
 
 Hhciiiuih'iit.'n, On, 
 
 Hhiii/ii, J 
 
 «ive 
 
 kill), iii!cti.|*', 1). ; kii, H. 
 
 qiii-niiK, lj ; kal>'hii, Kit. 
 
 «o , 
 
 cinh, U.; (If, I). 
 
 tiiiit, ti'iit, Ka 
 
 t(on(l 
 
 ititlcka, U.; tsaki, R. 
 
 liiatsi'liliikii, T. 
 
 
 toiihiii, <Jh. 
 
 HalimktMk, T. 
 
 
 uohU. D. 
 
 hnta, 0. 
 
 urnitH 
 
 ).2, I).; beka. U,; mika, 11. 
 
 jiliee, C ; wuk, wehei, T. 
 
 iiiiikkiiu)inh, U. 
 
 .VdIiii, .1. (to liail) 
 
 Imir 
 
 iiljihah, y. ; inimlieah, U. ; natoo, Ot 
 
 nii'tlhiishi, C ; iiii.jak, iiujet, T. 
 
 
 arm, Mm. 
 
 riih, A. ; tscrai'hcr, Ka. 
 
 hanil 
 
 Mhaiitei', Mill [Hhagni, Om. 
 
 Hj'ttu, Hotoiig, Ka. 
 
 
 sake, U ; HaM. 11. ; Hhagnh, D ; 
 
 ki. li ; chkt'tscli, clikafjii li, K^i 
 
 hu 
 
 im, [].; iicc, Mill ; nucah, W,; oiint, M. 
 
 nail, oiitiii, nuin, K 
 
 lieu<l 
 
 naHi), Ot ; imhHHii, W. ; nnnthu, I. 
 
 iiiiHhko, iiaNkok, T. 
 
 
 lift, D. ; jiuh, Y. ; pahhih, Q. 
 kikiiH, 11. 
 
 gpa, A. ; lioHi, L 
 
 hear 
 
 kiku.J. 
 
 heart 
 
 iiftSHc, U. ; nochteh, Q. ; natah, Min. 
 
 noknuek, iiuii,|ut;ii, Ku. 
 
 
 eanxte, D. 
 
 HliiiiK, •!. 
 
 heaven, Kky 
 
 aiimiahhu, U. ; inahagh, Os. 
 
 anil', .1. 
 
 hot 
 
 (ihoustungatch, A. 
 
 kiiinitsi'hkit, K. 
 
 
 ahre, U. ; arraiso, Mln. 
 
 kaiai, J. 
 
 
 clsamish, M. 
 
 attlNft, L. 
 
 
 iliiulita, 1). 
 
 (laiiki, J, 
 
 house 
 
 tshe. I. ; aHsim, U. ; cheehah, W. 
 
 iichd, ke, J ; ziso. A. 
 
 
 tii.i, U. ; tceiift), V. ; t4.'ib, A. 
 
 zibii, tschap, tsclilbl, C 
 
 
 otf, M.; ati, H. ; tea, D ; tshe, I.; 
 
 katdii, L. ; yatlo, taku, J. 
 
 nttee, Mhi. ; teeah, Os 
 I \k\ U.; vifh, t^ ; viM'a,(>s. 
 
 jco caKha. D. 
 
 Uiiife iiiatsi, Min. ; initsa, U. ; mahce. Ot , Om. 
 
 l.iku telilin, W. 
 
 leaf ajie, wajia, D. 
 
 liioiieyahiii;, U. 
 )ife, live uiya, D. ; noe, Ox. 
 
 ti, D. ; itsliasa, U. 
 Mghit thie.she, U. ; edayhush, M. 
 
 ohJAJo, Y. 
 love wahtHcheeng, D. 
 
 ahmiitclieshe, U. 
 mako eoliong, D fY. 
 
 rnan wica, D. ; walislieegae, Ot. ; wccchaslia, 
 
 wopgahah, VV. ; wineha, A. ; neka, Os ; 
 
 mattra, Miii [nikkah, Q. 
 
 hickeuhewccliaiita, D. 
 
 hihna, D. 
 
 oeeteka, D. 
 
 kida, H. 
 moon hftiigetu-wi, D. (night-sun) 
 
 minnatatche, U. 
 inotlier Ina, hung, D. ; enaugh, Os. 
 
 uiewitain khyaykah, D. ; liaiaoa, Y. ; ohai, T. 
 
 paha, D. ; avooavec, Min. 
 
 mahiio, ahmahabbe, U. 
 mouth iiptsnappa, Min. 
 
 ' nail shaka, O. ; shakahaugh, Oa. ; saki, H. 
 
 near askahaah, D. 
 
 neck shuah, U. 
 
 doti, H. ; dote, D. ; tashai, Ot. 
 
 apeeh, Min. 
 niglit hangyetu, D. 
 
 estogr, M. 
 no honkosha, Os. 
 
 bametkah, U. . 
 
 ea, D. ; eah, A. 
 pouch wozuha, D. 
 
 rain maghazu, D.; mahajon, T.; nezuma, Os. 
 
 naunshee, Om. ; ueezhuh, W. 
 
 hkahoosh, M. 
 
 hannah, U, 
 
 harai, Min. [hecat, U. 
 
 red . hishi, H. ; ishshee, Min. ; sha, D. ; his- 
 
 river wakpa, D. ; wacopa, Y. [U. ; azi, H. 
 
 passahah, M. ; watishka, Om.; ahesu. 
 
 v.u, T 
 
 (IKU.K. . 
 
 wattslioo, Ka ; niu,|id(li, \. 
 
 to, A ; touga, T. 
 
 wlia, L. (jipan, y'uhiii'i) 
 
 nit>p, A. 
 
 Inochi, J. 
 
 itchitdice. L. 
 
 atchat, Ka. 
 
 choigychei, K. 
 
 eiwatschlm, K. 
 
 aksi .atjcn, K. 
 
 oot'lioong, L. ' 
 
 ickkcega, L. ; okkal, A. ; uika, T. 
 
 ningen, J. ; licngc, Ka. 
 
 nutaira, K. 
 
 oyachutsiih, T. 
 
 ainu, A. * 
 
 otoko, J. 
 
 hlto, J. 
 
 tangkitti, K. (night); fl, hi, .).(ku)i) 
 
 man-getsu, J. (fuU-moon) 
 
 ainga, T ; anguan, Ka. 
 
 oka, J. ; gyeigoi, K. [Var/tV). 
 
 ]ichguktsch, Ka. ; bukkon, K. (]»•» Yti- 
 
 fnufa, tenup, K. 
 
 jeep, C. 
 
 kugi, J. ; kukuh, Ka. 
 
 kftkio, T. 
 
 kuiioh, Ka. 
 
 iityg, T. ; hutdehn, K. 
 
 kubi. J., L. 
 
 tyngfouti, K. ; unnjuk, T. 
 
 atziroo, L. 
 
 uinge, K. 
 
 biinakitlin, Ka. 
 
 iya, J. 
 
 foosa, L, 
 
 rta, T. 
 muchemuks, K. ; neptshuk, imagnai-li- 
 azgatseh, Ka. 
 ame, J. : kantsch, Ka. 
 furi, J. 
 
 akassa, L. ; akal, J. - . '^ 
 
 ■woyampih, K, 
 peth, fez, bez, bezu, A. 
 
lolif 
 mil 
 
 Halt 
 Men 
 Mervnnt 
 
 mIkio 
 
 Hlinnlilvr 
 
 Ni:'k 
 Mint! 
 Hinter 
 
 sit 
 
 ' skin 
 kI('c|) 
 
 Niriiill 
 
 f>nip\v 
 Hpeak 
 
 Kt;ir 
 
 Ktt'Ul 
 
 Htone 
 
 Htorin 
 sun 
 
 sword 
 
 tail 
 
 take 
 
 tiav 
 
 tliiiik 
 
 tlimi 
 
 tliuiuler 
 
 to-inoiTdw 
 
 tongui; 
 
 tooth 
 
 t re(^ 
 villaKC 
 
 wash 
 water 
 
 we 
 
 weep 
 white 
 
 wif<; 
 
 wind 
 woman 
 
 wood 
 
 ASIATir TRinES OF X:)nTfr AMBRl A 
 
 3T 
 
 iiialit'toli, M. 
 
 d'liii^akiin, 1). 
 
 akliai'iiiiMh, Oh. 
 
 ininiNkuya, D. ; Anmhotn, H. 
 
 tvhlia, tehchiina, W. 
 
 toku, I) 
 
 kikaki, II. 
 
 hanKpa, I). ; liiiiipcli, (j. 
 
 oi>ah, Miu. ; hupa, H. 
 
 iitaspa, il. 
 
 hljctc, D. 
 
 niiido, D. 
 
 yazanj?. D. 
 
 dowanj,', I). 
 
 wtdonsa, 09. 
 
 Itaklsa. H. 
 
 aingati:h, A. 
 
 Ilka, kokii, I). ; adiiaka, K. 
 
 iHlitiiignia, D. 
 
 luii.'hiiiiiMii', U. 
 
 eigtiniiMiiti'h, A. 
 
 tMi'ht^i'stin, tiuiaua, D. 
 
 ecat, U. [Mln.; wahhah, \V. 
 
 bfah, U. ; i)au, Os, ; pali, Ot ; tnahpai, 
 
 Ide, H. 
 
 la, D. 
 
 wickangpi, D. 
 
 ])i>ukahhai, Ot. 
 
 hkaka, M. ; iuka, H. ; eokah, Mln. 
 
 ki, U. 
 
 eeyong, Y. 
 
 eengro, Ot- 
 
 tattasuggy, Os 
 
 ni(^encajai, On. : nienahkah, M. 
 
 wee, D. ; pee^ Ot. ; weehah, W. 
 
 magaaagyo, D. 
 
 tsita, H. 
 
 ichu, eyaku, I'. 
 
 eonah, M. 
 
 echin, D. 
 
 lie, U ; deen'i, Os ; dieli, Q. [ne, M. 
 
 nish, D ; ne le, Min.; noy, W. ; nea, A.; 
 
 walkeeang, D 
 
 hayahkaytse ;hah, l» 
 
 dczl, H. ; tslediihi, D. : theysi, Min ; 
 
 dehzechth, W.; dehzeh, Q. 
 hi, B., H. ; he, I , W., Ot ; hih, K. ; 
 
 hee, Y. ; ea, U. ; ii, Min. 
 nahnah, W. 
 Otoe, D. 
 aiiietch, Min. 
 ahkit.shutnh, D. 
 ankedaiigli, Os. 
 iiassa-battsats, U. 
 yuzaza, 1). 
 
 nih, Q ; neah, Os. ; nhiah, W. 
 mini, D. ; meenee, Y. ; minne, U. 
 passahah, M. 
 midi, H. 
 
 iiiakuk, 'r 
 
 tsrhMs;.'!)!!, A. 
 
 hashini. .1. 
 
 niaMJicio, I, 
 
 ta, (' ; atiii, iidiii'ka, A. • 
 
 tslieipiatHli. K.i. 
 
 kukr-ni, .1. 
 
 hiinginn, C ; Hii>,'i-«iit. K. 
 
 saliiM'k, I. 
 
 tai>Hiit, ta|ilk.r, A ; iHiiiilpit, i 
 
 kiitta. Ii ; l<iila. .1. 
 
 oondi'i', A. (ami) 
 
 yailong, li. 
 
 iitan, J. ; ontaynoiii,', L. 
 
 it'htum, Ka. 
 
 t.schakyliftsrli, K. 
 
 eeooiig, L. (l<(itsi'lii, C. 
 
 ka, \i. ; kawa, J. ; kotiii)ili, Ka. : 
 
 tungykushili, Ka. 
 
 mnguiii, A. ; tmili'liaMiik, K. 
 
 miiehaten. T. 
 
 tiikine, takuni, A. ; iiitHclirnuii, Ka. 
 
 ekitaulitu, T. 
 
 upas, A. ; iiaugopUh', K. 
 
 idakuwa, A. 
 
 ii, in, .1. 
 
 ashangit, Ka. 
 
 fosi, L. 
 
 hoshi, J. 
 
 ikka, A. 
 
 uiguni, T. 
 
 whraugon, K. 
 
 teelitdk, T. ; tschiti'liutsclia, Ka. 
 
 matseliak, T. . ' 
 
 fl, J. 
 
 magiddee, A. 
 
 dzoo, L. 
 
 eeclioong, L.; uke-rii, J.; ulil^, okii, A. 
 
 oanas, K. 
 
 Mhiang, kangaye. J, 
 
 tu, Ka. 
 
 canny, A. ; nan,)!, J. 
 
 ycgdkegie, T. 
 
 haiedsal, C. 
 
 dytachil, Ka. 
 
 ha, J., L. ; ji, C. 
 
 
 !"• 
 
 
 
 bero, U. 
 onkia, D. 
 cheya, D, 
 atiiki, H. 
 sang, O. 
 
 ungeaip, A. ; unguar, Os. 
 
 hoteechkee, Min. 
 
 [chose, U. 
 ska, D., Ot., Om. ; skah, W., Q., Os. ; 
 moorse, M. 
 moah, U. ; mega, I. 
 
 hootsee, U. [mla, H. 
 
 melia, M.; meyakatte, U ; meeyai, Min ; 
 wingy, winnokeja, D. ; nogahah, W. 
 wakka-angka, D. 
 tawicu, D. 
 
 unah, D. ; eiiauh, Os. 
 tschang, D. 
 money, U. 
 
 nan, C. ; nili, A. 
 
 atanyni, Ka 
 
 inacld, J. 
 
 .slusotsu, J. (soldier^ 
 
 gunsotsii, J. (soldier) 
 
 bushl, J. (soldier) 
 
 yusugu, J. 
 
 inh, K. ; nouna, T. 
 
 uonna, mok, T. ; mimel, K. 
 
 peh, A. 
 
 mese, L. 
 
 warera, J. ; mum, K. 
 
 wankuta, T. 
 
 kia, T. ; tscliisgoa, A. 
 
 attych, Ka. 
 
 chein, C. 
 
 haku, J. 
 
 maroo, A. 
 
 mazy, A. 
 
 kyteg, K. ; kyttych, tschielmtsha, Ka. 
 
 math, A. 
 
 innago, L. ; mennokoosi, A. 
 
 aganak, T. 
 
 tar.kki, L. 
 
 newem, T. 
 
 tschitschini, A. 
 
 iiammo, C. 
 
 
f «; 
 
 i^ ' 
 
 t: I 
 
 ,m 
 
 1 
 
 1 ' 1 
 
 1 ■ * 
 
 1 [ 
 
 \'- w 
 
 il 
 
 Hi 
 
 ■\'i' 
 
 
 write 
 yelldw 
 yesU'iilay 
 voii 
 
 I. 
 
 10. 
 
 ASIATIC TRIBES OP NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Hkakashi, H. 
 
 tsidi, H. 
 
 tanueehah, D. 
 
 (loro, U. 
 
 (luetsa, H. 
 
 waijitah, D. 
 
 jungihal), W. ; eyunkao, I.; onje, D. 
 
 ilojia, H. 
 
 nopa, D. ; noopah, Min ; nop;, W. 
 
 jioue, Ot. ; iiowae, I. 
 
 tckeni, Ot. 
 
 rabeenee, Om. ; laubeiiali, Os. 
 
 tana, Ot. ; tanye, £. ; tahni, W. 
 
 topa, H., D. ; topah, Min„ Y. ; toba, 
 
 tome, A. [Om. ; tobah, Os. 
 
 tuah, Q. : toua, Ot. 
 
 satsch, W. ; sattou, Q. ; Hahtali, K ; 
 
 sahtsha, Min. ; thata, I. 
 kihu, H. ; kakhoo, M. ; cheeiioli, Min. 
 ahkewe, H. ; shaque, Ot. ; kohui, W. 
 akama, H.; kemah, M.; acamai, Min.; 
 
 ahcamacat, U. 
 schappeh, Q. ; sbappeh, K. ; sbapali, Os. 
 slialico, D. ; shakoee, Y. ; shagoa, A. ; 
 
 shako, W. [napah, Q. 
 
 painiimbe, Om. ; panompah, Os. ; pen- 
 dopiipi, H. ; kela-tobaugh, Os. 
 pelulaglienih, Q. 
 tatuoka, M. 
 
 shahendohen, D. ; shakundohu, Y. 
 kraerapane, I. ; kraerabane, Ot. ; krai- 
 
 rabaini, Ora. 
 perabine, Om. (rabeenee = 8). 54-3. 
 schunkkali, Q. ; shanke, Ot. ; shonka, 
 
 Om. ; sliankah, Os. 
 nowassapai, Min ; napcliingwangka, D. 
 nuhpeetchewunkuh, Y. 
 malipa, M. 5+4 
 
 ■wiket-sliimani, D ; weekchee-minuh, Y. 
 
 kaki, .1. 
 
 dsadsal, Ka. • 
 
 cheenoo, L. 
 
 turi, T. 
 
 tizi, L. ; dysak, Ka. 
 
 hitotsn, J. 
 
 ahnehn, ingsing, inshiiigyan, K. 
 
 tupu, C. ; tup, A. 
 
 yhnap, inipf, A. (4) 
 
 ni, J. 
 
 nitakaw, K. 
 
 liep, rapli, A. 
 
 sang, L. ; san, J. 
 
 tupu, C. ; tup, A. (2) 
 
 ishtamn, T. 
 
 tsaak, Ka. 
 
 itsutsu, J. 
 
 aslieak, A. ; goo, L. ; go, J. 
 iishu, C. 
 ihguaen, ywam, A. 
 
 .juwambe, A. 
 iikii, f^ ; sliichi, J. 
 
 aruw- rhi, A. 
 
 duhpyliM, tubishanibi, A. 
 
 pigar Ilk, T. 
 
 tschookotuk, Ka. ; yatsu, liatchi, J. 
 
 tsclionutonu, Ka. 
 
 raph, A. (3). 
 chonatschinki, K. 
 
 syhnahpyiis, sincsambi, sinobsain, A. 
 
 yhnap, A. (4). 
 
 min-gitke, K. ; tschom-ohotako, Ka. 
 
K. 
 
 :i * 
 
 \ 
 
 tchi, J. 
 
 bsam, A. 
 {o, Ka. 
 
 ' ' 
 
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