CIHM Microfiche Series (l\Aonograptis) ICIVIH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Imtituta lor Historical Microraproductlont / Inttitut Canadian da microraproductiona historiquas Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes technique et bibllographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the Ijest original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibllographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. 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I I Cokxjred pages/ Pages de couleur I I Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^es I I Pages restored an*or laminated / — ' Pages restaurtes et/ou pelleultes r~p\ Pager discoloured, stained or loxed / '-'^ Pages dtojtortes, tachettes ou piqutes I I Pages detached/ Pages d«tach*e« r^ Showlhrough/ Transparence I I Quality of print varies/ I — ' Quality Inigale de rimpresskm I I Includes supplementdiy material / — Comprenddu materiel suppMmentaire I I Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refllmed to ensure the t>est possible image / Les pages totalement ou partiellement oi)SCurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont Hi filmtos i nouveau de fafon k obtenir la meilleure image possible. I I Opposing pages with varying colouration or discolouratlons are filmed twice to ensure the best possible Image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des cok>ratlons variables ou des d ■y^- / The Problem OF THK Indifferent Farmer ADDRESS BY C. C. JAMES Before the International Association of Farmers' Institutes Workers, at Washington, D.C., November 7 th, 1910 THE PROBLEM or THE INDIFFERENT FARMER ADDRESS BY C. C. JAMES Before the Internarional Asaociation of Farmers' Inatitutes Workers, at Waahington, D.C., November 7th, 1910 •M#1772 The Problem of the Indiffertnt Farmer. .V.lnptiiijit a ilcliniiiiiii of life ns given iiy soiiif Anieriian philoKopher. \w iimv my that the life of (he pwiplp is "jiint one juiililer after another."' Some of the« problems arc attackeJ with intellixence and vigor until tlipy are sclved. Others ire approached, considered in a more or less casual manner, and then turneil down for some other p-oblem more attractive. Other problems, big in size and of great importance in the national life, are not even met with ordinary coiiptcsy, but are treated with "xtreme indifference. It would be a reflection upon our intelli- (r"nce to put the problem of the indifferent farmer in the last class. We are giving it »)mr attention, but, considering its size, c jiaiciering its import,- uce, we must conclude thapt we are, appar- ently, not talving hold of it as yet in a manner likely to solve it very soon. We need not take time in discussing the question as to whether there is such n i)roblem. We all know the indifferent farmer; he is here on this American continent by the tens of thousands. We who are workers in the agricultural field come in contact with him. He is to be met with nearly everywhere. He is the burde-i of our e.xUtt-ice; lie is largely the excuse I'lir our ofHce. He has lieen here since wovk first began, and one can hardly hope that he will ever become entirely extinct. If wc had no direct exper iice with him, we would have strong suspicions of his existence, simply by reading the daily papers, — for are nis .'■hortcomings not set forth there from day to day? Frequently, the news editor confuses indifference and dishonesty — for you know there is that curious streak in us which makes a basket of scabby peaches loom as large as a carload of faulty rails, and a dozen small apples in the middle of the barrel rank with the flaw in a forty foot bridge. I J\i'ihIui'|Iciii.< lulu! iil,.,nt, Jji-.'.-in.iMHi,. """• " ''>■ •"" "'a''' •>' \>r<>ivi* i,t iT^ifiiiTiKimi «,■ cmi!,! tiini iill Mm. iii.liircrHil r.inii,T- iiil.. viiilciHiikM, |irivri-»iv... up-t..- iliit.. riiriiMis th.' lni,i| proilihli.Mi Mi.uM l«. P,i,i|v doiilpl...!. uii.I It n nut licv.ihil lli(. rwi.li iif |io*siliilJiy |i> iivhl,. „iir oiitpiil. \V.. Iiave in Ciina.hi. im y-m linv,. in ih,. milp.l Siiilc^ „ ('nminl"inn '■'"■ "!'' '■"ii-"iili ■ !(,■ V,... A- liir .1. liu. l'r.,^i^.•.. „< nnton.i U c-.iiiiTni,.,l, »,■ iiiv ...n, vrneil not m iniiL'li witli tlw pi',wrv.itioii .,i- ,(,n«.n,iiinii „t „„,■ a«rj,nlluinl ros(mnr< ,is »iili "" '■'' f"!' '■Xjiiiii'lin).' iiml cnlMr^rini; llic .i>;ri.nlliiral ri.-minr.. tliiit natnri. has jiiMMi in. iiii.l ,if kwpin;{ prodiictiiiii up Ui (Ic'inaiiil. h it \V(n'tli our «iiil.. I» taki' Imld nl' llii-i i.\pan«ii)ii in ival I'arnest, ilnii Is n- iIhmi^Ii «,• liidii'vi'd it (niiM l„. ,|„|„. Tlio po-silpilitv III' ailiiiiiir uv(, ,„• ihr,.,. Innnlrnl niillimi iloljar- vi.,irlv lo iiiir rural iniuiiie siirrly makes this a lii;{ prolilmii. Irft ini' u»k n^'ht liiMv l.s thn-f aiiv ..tlicr pi-iililciii on lln' AniiTii-aii Cniti- ncnt lliat imrics into ilu' siim,. class ivitli il :- Von, ^itnitli'incn. wlio nrp (Mi^'M^'cil in lliis ii,.|il know now it is lo Ih' worked oiil. You know l!'. foundation loiirses upon wliieli this ^rcat wc^altli may lie Imilt. These coiiises iire iiluin and >'nip . 1. nraiii the soil. 2. Sow only the be t seeil. .'1. Carefully prolec^t and store llie prodmls of tlic fields n„d orei.iirds. •I. Feed fi(dd products only to prolitalile stoek. "i. Put the linislied product on the market in the best form. If we could in s„me way bring the inditfcrent farmer to the knowledge of these five plain, eonvincin}; lines of work, we would liave solved Ihe proldeiii ; all else involved in agrieultural improve- nieiit would come easily as a natural se(|uenee. And what a solviu',' of other prohleuis there would be. A man in our Province wlc. hasi been a farmer for many years said to me the other dav, " Push the draiiia,s;e of land. Spend money on it. If you can pet all the I'arnii'rs to drain their land, you will solve tlie problem of l'oo.I roads, fo they will have money cnoucli to build tliHH r.,f ll,....i«.K...," |„,r,,,.„ „„. i„,,„„„. „f ,|„, |,„|i,|,, r«riiiw. „n,l «.. will I,,,,.. ,!,.. „„.„„. ,1 ,„. ,|i,^^„| ^, „.„„^„„. , , rccon^truLt, lu ,l..v..|„,. tl„. ,■„.„! ,,ul,li,- hc-I,,,,,! ,„•«(,.,„ ,.lon« rations hnc.. An.! ... „.. ,„i«l„ ,„|ar«. ,.|,„„ ,|,i, .,,■,,„„„ „|,„ -»«nv li„c,. |.,„ ,„„„, „„„„., i„ „,„ f„^„„.,^, |_^^.|^^,,^ ^^^ ^1^^^ rtwiili or 111* Jrii|iriiH'il work iin in.iv will Ih' tliitufn ilointf ill til,' rural ™n»t,lu..n.v that „r,. .„,» ,.xi«t..m larw-.U In the ImiK., an,l '"■'•"''.•' "•■ ""■" "■ '•'■ •"'""■tini.- cull,.,l „|,|i„,i,|, „n,l ,|,ion„ri... "I'liiiiiniH anil VKionani'- ^l■ iriiKhl iMilarir,. ii|K)n llii*. Tl,,. ..|ii-i,.|i,i„.nt of the farm- or». (1,,. iriiprowriu. „f ||„. rural «lio..ls tli,. lH.„iitifvinff of the rura home,, ,he in. .ease nf ^..-ial a,lvaiita«e,s the q,iiekenin« of ;"'«■"'""■•'"■'•• ""■ """■'! "I'iifl-"ll e in« out „r the .,tirriii« into life oi the imiimTe.it farriier. Von who are workinjr for and '""""" ""-' f"""''™ !<""« a. ther. ,|„ „l,.,t all this mean- in the ilevelopnienl of a nation ahne thu liij{he0 iliffieult. If we eon 1,1 pre-cnt a prohlen. more inlrieatc ami more darn:;, we eonhl ex|H..t to set the ,,eople *o its solution, l-ook over the nre,.l prohl.'ins that have attract 'he people of intluenee, the people ,)f initiative iK«ver. the ])er who control tlie ereative forces and the ilistrihution of wealth. This sini|)le l.rohlem of stirring up the indiireivnt farmer to aetivitv docs not a" vet appeal to the people as it deserves. Here arc two areas o( land, ten million acres eiieli in extent. The one is occupied bv farmers, good, bad and indilTerent. The other area is unoccupied, it is as nature made it, but it is five hundred miles avray. Two (luestions arise— shall we develop the agriculture of the occupied area, double its i)roduction, double its population, and again double its production ; or shall we set to work to build a railroad to that unoccupied i,ind, there to repeat the experience of the former seotion— farmers, good, bad and indifferent? You know what would lie done, llillions woulil be available for the more daring proposition and thousands only for the other. It ia ea.sier to build a ilrendnauglit than an agricultural col- lege. We can arouse the interest of two continents in solving the problem of aerial navigation, but it is difficult to get the people to demand — no, let me put it more mildly — it is ditliciilt to get tne ;ieople to support enthnsiastically the proposition of spending money freely in teacliing the indifferent farmer how to drain his land, why he should use only the hest seeds, why he should test his dairy cows, wliy and how he should spray his apple trees, and how, in short, he can increase liis income by one thousand dollars a year. This brings us to the question as to liow we are to solve tlia problem of the mdiffereni public. You will understand tliat when I refer to tlie indillercnt public I am speaking in general terms. There are persons who have an inspiration as to the greatness of this wor'., and there are some places where this problem is baing worked out; but, on the whole, the public are more or less indifferent to the importance of the work, judging by their actions, or ratlior inactions. If the development of our agriculture means the grcatcj^t wealth creation within the nation, and if the stirring of the indifferent farmer to better things i.'j tlie key to the situation, wliy do not our iwople — manufaoturers, bank- ers, professional men, business men, and intelligent farmers — rifi in a niasa and demand thait this work be undertaken and car- ried through? There are at least two reasons: In the first place, there is a too prevalent opinion that work done among and for the farmers is a charitable contribution to a class that should be able to take care of themselves. What a woeful misconception of this movement! Helping the farmers to larger production and to larger life can be justified only on the ground that thereby we are contril)uting to tlie prosperity and uplift of the whole com- munity. A town of 5,000 people is surrounded by a farming community. Through the agricultural uplift, $1,000,000 could easily be added to the annual production of the surrounding and contributing country. Ts it conceivable that such an addition could be made without touching every banker, every manufac- turer, every storekeeper, every doctor, every lawyer, every newspaper owner in the town? First and foremost then it seems to me that we must take the problem of the indifferent fanner out of the country and bring it into the town and city. we must,, in addition to discussing it at the Farmers' Institute and tlie Farmers' Club, put it up to the Board of Trade, the Bankers' Afsociation, the Betail Merchants' Association, and even the County Teachers' Contention. It has been a local ques- tion; we must moke it a national question. We must bring people to see that it is not charity or local contribution, but merely the investment of public funds that will bring ample returns to the whole people. In the next place, we have not yet succeeded in getting the men of influence behind this movement. And I admit, at once, that herein tliere is much diificulty. We can get tlieir approval and their blessing, but wihat we want is their support and back- ing, in season and out of season. If only we could interest in this work a large number of men who have built up the great indus- tries of this tountry, who have planned the groat undertakings, who have built the railroads, dug the canals, erected factories, organized linancial institutions, laid pipe lines and strung power cables; if we had a host of men like J. J. Hill of the Great Northern, and President Brown of tlic XewYork Central Lines, men who are able to size up this question not simply as one of personal profit, but as one of national importance — then we could hurry along the movement. What is required is that our people and especially those wlio control expenditure and direct public energies shall look upon the spending of money for agricultural development in the same way as they do the constructing of a bridge, the digging of a canal, the building of a railwaj', as an investment of the people's money for the benefit of the whole people. When that condition of affairs arrives, when this agri- cultural problem is put on a business basis, and is considered from its national standpoint, it will not be a question of — How little can we get along ivith? but, Where and how can we epend mora money so as to bring good profits to the people as a whole? We are a great people on this side of the Atlantic — at least we think we are — but I know nothing more sitimulating and more corrective for us who ere engaged in agricultural work than a visit now and then to some of the countries of Europe, especially those lying adjacent to the Nortli Sea. Prance, Belgium, Hol- land, Germany, Denmark and Sweden are worth visiting. In 8 those countries we see intensive ugriculture, farming carried on along tire lines of our market gardening, co-operation practised along the most successful lines, the hest of seeds and the best of Btock considered none too good for the average farmer. But the one thing that impresses vou is the general public interest in agricultural pursuits, tlio recognition by all, including the lead- ers of state, that agriculture is a matter of common interest and is deserving of the best that can be given. One outcome of this is that it is in tliese countries an education is provided for the average farmer that is intended to equip him for his life work. The indifferent farmer is not so much in evidence in these coun- tries fis he is in many sections of this continent. TiCt me again empha<«ize tliis point. One of the most important factors in the future development of agriculture on this continent will he in getting not only the approval of the city people in onr efforts to upbuild agriculture, bnt their hearty support; more than that, their enforced demand that agriculture be assisted and developed as tlie greatest contributing element in the prosperity of the wliolc people. We must get the town and city people awakened to the possibilities, and to do this we should have the powerful support of the pres.-^ and through it reach the city organisations. It is all very well for some of the papers to call attention from time to time to inferior farm products that find their way to market and bo preach a little sermon on the subject for the benefit of tlie farmer; what is wanted is the pro- viding of ways and means whereby the farmer can be shown the better ivay. We go about these things too often in the wrong way. Let me give you an example. There was held recently in the city of Toronto a meciiug of Produce Commission Merchants to discuss the question of bad egg.«. The result of that meeting was the passing of a resolution asking the Dominion Minister of Agriculture to have enacted stringent legislation against the marketing of stale eggs by the farmer. That, of course, was the easiest proposal to make, easier to suggest than to carry out. One not engaged in the handling of eggs might suggest that the merchants have the remedy in their own hands — "refuse to buy stale eggs." That, however, might upset relations that may not be even too pleasant at all tiinejs. But is there not a still better way? Suppose these niercliants had said: "The marketing of stale eggs is in the long run bad business for the farmer, it is a losing game for the commission merchant, and it is certainly an aggravation and a loss to the consumer. Let us ask that the farmer be taught the better way." We have only to go to Den- mark to see what that better way is. And here I might mention that already in two of our counties we are trying out this better way, not by legislation, not by preaching, not by scolding, but by the enthusiastic missionary work of some men set apart for the work, two of whom are the district representatives of our Depart- ment, and the practical backing of a big Commission House. They nre reaching the indifferent farmers and by a house to house canvass are working little short of a miracle, accoiuplisUing results that years of legislation would fail to do. Even the sub- ject of fresh eggs is important enough to engage the attention of staitesmen. They certainly think so when they sit down to the breakfast table in the morning. It is a big question, too. There's millions in it. The egg production of the United States in 1909 was worth, I understand, considerably over $500,000,000. When the United States put up the bars against Canadian farm pro- ducts in 1890, they shut out Canadian eggs. At that time we had a snrplns. Last year eggs from Russia and from China were imported into Canada, and while I am writing t\m the daily papers inform us that eggs from Germany are on sale in the city of Toronto. Let us stop passing the question by with a joke ; let us stop threatening; let us give the farmer and the farmer's wife and their little flock of chickens a fair chance. There is a way of doing it and it is worth serious thought and a liberal invest- ment of the people's money. Eggs may be laid because the hens like to do so, ov perhaps because they cannot help it, but let us get this into our heads that from the public standpoint they are produced for general public consumption. The consumer is as much interested as the producer — it is in the general public interest that the indifferent farmer be shown the best and most profitable way of handling eggs and finishing poultry for mar- ket. In short, it is time for the general public to stop critiiieing, 10 to demand that thorough work be done and to see to it that funds are provided for the elBeient carrying out of tlie worlc. In other words, we need a change of attitude, a new spirit, an awakening of the whole people to their co-operation and responsibility in the matter. How easy it is to get some great movements under way; liow dillicult to awaken tlie whole people to an appreciation of then- direct interest in this agneultural matter. Every once in a while a large part of tlie people get it into their heads "that things are going wrong and tlien they do things. We have even known them to go to the polls and east their Imllots for the other fellows and think that thus they are going to set matters right. What we need is to get people to think things out to their origin, and having tliought things out then to do things. How lire we going to reach and teach the iiidiflTerent farmer? This is perhaps the important question. You all have your answers, for T doubt not there are many. That is the work you are engaged in. That is what brings you here in conference. There are two lines in operation in Ontario that I would refer to briefly. Next week we expect to gather together in the Convocation Hall of the TTniversitv of Toronto a thousand women from the farms, villages, towns, and even the cities of Ontario. .They will be the delegates from over three hundred Women's Institutes of our Pro- vinrr, mainly representing the farm homes of Ontario. This is a movement the force and energy and regenerating power of which no man dare measure. The farmer's home is the centre of his work. It is not only his home but also the headquarters of his business operations. If we can capture the farmer's home, we believe we will have him at our command, to move him, to mould him, to inspire him to better things. Oive us pos,session of the farmer's home and we believe we can revolutionize the farmer's life and work. We propose to gain possession of the home through tlie farmer's wife. The Women's Institutes have a grand mission to perform : it will do what the Far' ers' Institutes alone could never do. There are farm improven- .its which we propose to introduce through the home, there is a reconstruction of social life that can come only through the home, and I can even see .«igns that the 11 rural scliool imiy W mUvjui} nml upIifW by the famM-r's wife when the fanner himself has failed through his apparent indiffer- ence. And then we are tryins nut tlie work of reaching the indifferent farmer by the aBricultnral missionary, that eonibination of agri- cultural teacher and district representative of tlie Department of Agriculture, whicli is worlcing so well in Ireland and along certain lines in tlic Southern States. When a young man of practical training, equippetl witli tlie ninilcrn expert knowledge and experi- ence which a giiod agricultural college affords, is dropped down among a lot of indifferent farmers as a permanent resident, when he takes off his coat and goes to work showing the farmer a better way and helping him to make more money at his work, something is going to happen and something is already happening with us— the indifferent farmer is having his eyes opened. Three years ago we started this work in six counties. This year we carried it on in sixteen centres In one county, not only was there indifference, there was direct opposition. The county council passed a resolu- tion condemning :he whole thing as a needless waste of public money. To-day there would be trouble if we suggested stopping the work : in fact, two other sections of the same county are urging the opening of offices and starting similar work in connection with their High Schools. In carrying on our movement for agricultural uplift in Ontario there are three things to be considered : 1st. The plan. 8nd. The men and women to carry out the plan. 3rd. The money to provide the men and women. 1st. The plan.— We have the Province of Ontario fairly well organited for agricultural work. There are 340 Agricul'ural Societies. 64 Horticultural Societies. 100 Farmers' Institutes. 164 Farmers' Clubs. 600 Women's Institutes. 30 Co-operative Fruit Growers' Associations. ■'(> I>M-al INuiltrv A^stH'iatiiin.a. 10 Jjocjil llornr Afiwicijition?. In nddiliiiri to llio iiliovc llicre are mnnv jH'ovinciiil iii^wciiitiunfi in onniiection with daininjf, fruit growing, live stock, poultry, ptf. It is, however, through tlie loi-iil district or county associa- (ions Hint the l)i»lriii lie|ireM'ntiitive will he .ahle to rarry on hi- county work. The nliove afwiciations are, in tlie main, composed of the cnteriirisinp, wide-awake fiirniers, the men who appreciate help, w.io <\rp asking for help and who. to a large extent, are able to help theniselvex. It is not of these Jiat I am speaking. They are available and in many ca.ses are willing and eager to help the indifferent farmer, the man who reads but little, who seldom attends an institute meeting, who is unmo\-ed by what he hears of others, who is to In- moved only by the close personal toucli and the active sympathy arousiil through bringing l)etter ways right into his own field, his own orchard, his own farm and his own home. These associations of active men present a nieami whereby demonstration work can be hrouglit hdme dire<'tly to (the farmer by short courses of a practical nature. What they rcfpiire mainly is direction and inspiration. The report in one of our leading agricultural papers of a conference of representatives of Farmers' Institutes and Farmer.-' Chilis referred tn the District Eeprescntatives as follows: " These young men arc doing things. They took perhaps about ten minutes eacli to give their addresses, but ihey were full of optimism, for they are getting the hearts of the people and they are already getting results. Institute managers and secretaries who have gone lioine without being impressed by the work of these young men have missed procv. -ing the touchstone which wn. bring success to their work." 3nd. The men.— Here is where the Agricultural College comes into the Kchenic, Our College at Guclph has at the present time 344 students in its regular course: 1st year, 149; 3nd year, 88: 3rd year, 57 : 4tli year, .10 : extra, 6. After January Ist there will he probably 300 more taking sliort courses. We expect that band of fifty in the fourth year tn snppi- us with the additional men required tn man the work at tli'- new offices and to supply us with 13 aoHistnntii in the otliif* nlroady <'Mtlll>li^tlll'll. 'I'hi' wlii'ine voii nee is an oxtoimion of a>;riL-iiltiinil uoik tlml cnrrie* the College to every part ot the province und l>rin)(H into iii-(,peiiili(ia all the toree» aviiilahle in all tlie other branches of the llepnrtnient of A).'riciil- tiire. And what ahoiit the women? Our proiilciii would Ik- ^nlved nuu-li more c|uiekl,v if only we e(Ui!d supplenuTit the work liy havinj! trained women missionnrie.-i in the rural |iaris, working in and through the Women's Institutes, carryiuj.' d estic W'ience instruc- tion to all the rural schools arid lu'lpinjr to iui|irove the social life of the countrvside. The Director of Ifouu' Kconoinics at Mac- doinild Institute, which is part of our A;.'ricultural Collefre. has her plans all ready: she has a larjie hand of youn:; women train- ing fiu- -nch work; all that is needed f.ir carryin;; out her pan ..i the plan is monfij. 3rd. 'I'he money. — We have this year ahout i|17»(l,l)00 to spend in agricultural work in Ontario. To carry this work into every county and district of tlie province, to nuin all the hranelies ot the Departnu'nt au'' meet the rcipiirenients of tlie Agricultural College to keep pace with demands, we need approximately if25n,nnil niore BDnually. At first this looks like a big sum, but in comparison with an annual output of ^-J.lO.noO.OOO from 175,0(l(( .farnLs it U not 90 large. We are now spending on agricultural imiirovement just thirty cents apiece yearly for every person in the pnivince. What we neeil is just ten cents apiece more. Shall we get it 'i Of course we shall if we make out a good ease and puhlic opinion gets behind it. We can get public opinion behind it if we can show results. These are eoming. In fact, they are here for those who Hill take the pains to look for then'. We are trying to make them so plain that it will be impossible uot to see them. The Dominion Government could give lis this amount without missing it. If the Government of Canada were to divide onlv $1,000,000 annually among the different provinces for the e.vtension ot' agricultural work, there would be an iimuediate expansion of work that would show itself in increased customs receipts. I believe that every dollar so invested would be returned many times over in increased customs. The business man is shrewd who knows how 14 to inv«t hie gurpluB ca»Ii so as to produce more. Somftiiiied it pays him to borrow to carry out ilia plans. Our government* «liould follow tlic example of the successful husineas man. As far as the Department ot Agriculture is concerned, it is not sayinjr where the money