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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur ia dernidre imsge de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: \t* symbole — •► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds i des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd A partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Z A A LETTER V h ..1 TO fVilmot Borton, Esq. M. J^ / , .! ' ; ■ 'i ^ M t, jSt.^. if! lii .4! ON ' ■ ' '. EMIGRATION jFrum ItrtlutJ^* BY TKE REV. M. I. KEATING, Rector of Ventry. . XXniEXiBlCK : * • Printed at Canters' Paper Ware-house, 12, Francis-street, \ <:,::>> o ) ^'"-:. \ :^^ c. ^ EMIGRATION. To Wilmot Horton, Esq. 31- P- AS to you belongs the distinguished honor of having originated the Emigration Question, I take the liberty of addressing a Letter to you on the subject, ^vhich has been written with a vicv of proving to the Lauded Proprietors ot Ireland the immediate benefits that would result from its adoption, and also to point out the means by which then- assistance, in co-operation with Government, can be best applied and rendered most conducive, in forwarding so desirable a measnre. A plan of Emigration is proposed, and a statement made of its general objects-the reasons are assigned for each suggestion-the motives by which they ar« dictated, and the ends for wliich they are designed. It refers to Upper Canada ; but, should the principles be sound and the details practicable, it might, simultaneously, be carried into effect in our other colonial possessions. The condition of the Irish Peasantry has lately attracted much of the public attention, and also engaged the serious consideration of Parliament ; it may not, therefore, be cither (4; presumptuous or intrusive, in an individual who has devoted some attention to the subject, to premise what appears to him the immediate cause ol a state of society so deplorable, and also the practicably remedies tliat may be applied. I must observe, in the first place, that the obvious source of the miseries under which this Country at present labours, is, perhaps, beyond the reach of direct Le<.^islative interference. I allude to the system adopted in setting land. To rej^nilate the management of private property, is not the province of a wise Government. But there is a maxim of our law, founded equally in justice and expediency, " Sic uiere tiio ut non Loedas alieno^'' and it is the part of the Legislature to see that it is observed. Now the practice in Ireland is iVaught with evil to every class of the community. Were it, indeed, intended to produce the greatest quantum of human misery, a more effectual plan could not be devised for accom. plishing such an object than that which has been ])ursnt>d, and of which its present state affords a melancholy illustra- tion. The subdivision of land has been carried to a greater extent in Ireland than any other Country in Europe, and with the same effects that have, invariably, attended so injudicious a system. Small patches of land are granted out for the sake of the exorbitant rent offered. The landlord acquires new tenants and new freeholders. This design is seconded by the natural inclination of the people, the state of the country leaving the father little other means of providing foj- the sons but by dividing his farm. Hence, many Districts are occupied by as many families as its pro- duce can maintain. This evil once prevailed in the High- lands of Scotland, and the remedies applied there, with success, must be adopted m this countiy, before any per- Xiaaneat improvement can be expected. A system of large ■ ■R r mr ( 5 ; farms, Emigration on nn oxtonsive scale, nnd the concentra- tion in villages of the scattered hibouring pojnilation, are the means of amelioration which botli theory and experience liave proved efficacions nnder similar circuuisiances. The Act to regnhite the suU-letting of latid Mill, in fnture, lestrain, in some measure at least, this prolific source of misery. It is, however, djie to the English as much as to the Irish peasantry, to ohviale the eiiects which a change in the management of landed property must produce in the distribution of the inhabitants. The class of small tenants who are dispossessed, will supply a continual influx of labourers into Eni;land, injurious to the situation of their own workmen, and tending thereby to increase the amount of their poor rates. Thus one evil engenders and perpe- tuates another, nor can we look for any other efl'ectual remedy but in bettering the condition of the poor in this country. The resident landlords are now, in general, per- fectly convinced, that the system hitherto pursued has been defective, and are anxious to adopt such measures of a remedial nature, as the peculiar circumstances under which they are placed will admit of But, my appeal, in the first instance, is to the great Absentee Proprietors, whose duty and interest it is to set an example in ameliorating the con- dition of their tenantry, and on whom a great moral respon- sibility will rest, should they neglect the present opportu- nity for effecting a change, which the circumstances of the country render absolutely necessary, and which can be accomplished at present with greater facility than at any former period. I admit, however, that,, to counteract evils of long standing, is an operation of no small difficulty, but the obstacles are by no means insurmountable. It is, evidently, the interest of the Proprietors to clear their estates of the superfluous population, and to set their lands, in laroe farms, to individuals of capital and skill, without a power of re-letting in sub-divisions. During the operation of this change, and the temporary derangement it occasions, the population must be gradually cast into a new form.— The race of cotters, after Hlling up the demand for labour, vhich will be re(|uircd under the new arrangements, and falling into the various fixed employments that are necessary for the business of an extensive farm, must be drained oflby Emigration. A few of the small tenants, who, with some amount ol capital, com)>ine industry and good management, will take a part in the new system, and grow up into farmers onagreater scale, but the remainder must, in one way or other, seek for means of livelihood different from tho." on which they have hitherto depended ; and, as the country affords little othermeans of living beyond that arising out of a possession of land, they must look for subsistence where there is a prospect of employment, and bring their minds to theresolution of removing from their native place. Two prospects present themselv^^s-cmployment in public works and manufacturers, or emigration. It is easy to foresee which alternative will best suit the inclination of the Irish Farmer, when, by the easy acquisition of land in the Colonies, he may speedily attain a situation and mode of Jife similar to that in which his habits have been formed.-- Thus it appears, that in the subversion of the present mode of setting land, emigration forms a necessary part in the general change. It is the unavoidable result of the state of the country, arising out ol causes now above all controul, and essential to its welfare and improvement. That it does not neccssarih , imply a permanent diminution of actual numbers, but, on the 9ontrary, may leave resources for a nds, in hout a eration asions, bnn. — labour, ts, aiid cessary d ofl'by 1 some ^ement, farmers way or \ioF on country rmed.— nt mode •t in the state of :ontroul, it it does of actual ;es for a r 7 ; farger increase of a different sort of inha})i(anls, will ha admitted by all who have examined the theory of popu- lation. Without sucli an exjicdient, however, at the present moment, common humanity will prevent mauy Landed Proprietors from dispossessing- poor persons, without giving them a place where to lay their beads, indepen- dently of the danger with which such a measure would be attended in this country. The old system, therefore, is, in. most instances, with all its concomitant evils, of necessity, persevered in. The assistance of Government is indispen- sible, and it remains for the wisdom of the Legislature to determine the principles which should guide, and the policy which should be pursued, under such circumsiances. It is to be observed, that the disposition to emigrate is a strong indicationof the feelings of the people on the subject, for, notwithstanding the local attachments and ])redilections of the Irish, thousands are, at this moment, seeking the most eligible means of leaving tlieir native shores, with a hope to find, in the cultivation of the wilds of America, certain sub- sistence and ultimate comfort. Whetlier, then, they remain at home to struggle with poverty, or, by a better exertion of courage, endeavour to acquire land in absolute property, in the Colonies, is an alternative in which their choice will be determined by their ability. It is practicable, howeVer, only to those who can afford the expense, and is of no benefit to the poorer classes, being confined to the most enter- prising and industrious who are possessed of some capital. Since, then, emigration must go on and take its course, the attention of Government should be directed to the destina- tion of the several emigrants, who are now dispersing in various situations in Foreign States, where they are lost to their native land. It surely is desirable that the overflow- r ( 8 ) ings of our own popuiatioii slioiiUl ha colloctcd together in our own Colonies, where tlioywouia not ouly contribute to tlicir stren-th and iniprovemeiJt, but become a .substiuitial benefit to the mother country. 'ihe undei taking of public works— the cultivation of waste' lands— the encomagenjent of fi^he .>s, aiuf the introduction of manufactures, have been deviled as substitutes for emiyrra. tion, and measures calcuh^ted to attract the displaced popu- lation into new channels of in'dnstry at home. It is sufficient to observe, that not one of them is applicable to the circur.i- btances of those mIio are inclined to cmij-rale, and can afford it. As to the exi)ectiition entertained from employment in public works, tlieir appropriate utility must be sufficient praise, without ascribing to them cfTccts for which they are quite inadequate. They ever are the result, not the cause of national prosperity— the sources of expenditure must come from the sister country, and, at best, they can give but temporary relief. The cultivation of waste lands appears, at first sight, a promising scheme, but we must not forget, that it never can be recommended as a speculation to which the national resources should be applied. It may be encouraged, but the execution must be left to the manage- ment of private iiidividuals or (Companies, and, though conducted on the most extensive scale, will never afTord jsuflicient employment to prove incompatible with a judi- cious plan of emigration. The introduction of raanufac. tures, were it practicable, would, obviously, present no object of employment suitable to the displaced tenants, and the same remark extends to the Fisheries. It is not easy to convert an agricultural into a manufacturing population, and the facility with which small farms are procured has tended to impede its progress. Agriculture being a simple the •JiSP'" !» ther in biite to >uiutial •f waste' Lluction iniiLrra- il popu- ifficient circurii- 11 afiord iient in ufficient hey are le cause re must an give appears, t forget, to wliich may be managc- thougli er afTord [ a iudi- Tianulac- 10 object and the , easy to puiation, ured has a simple and heahhy occujuifion, rcjuirini;- but lilllo cjipilu] wbt-n condiiclod on asinall scale, suilcd to tlic hal»iis and cha- racter of the lower classics, it has become their sole pursuit An exception, howerer, inusl, be niudv with respect Jo the Linen .Vade, wliicli is the only m uiuracture that seeniii naturally to liave spruni;- upotitsellin Ireland, and it is worthy ol observation, that even this is partly an agricultural employment. Manufactures are of slow growth ; (hey cannot be lorced, and are ever generated by the creation of maikcts, but the occupier of a small farm, who is conlenled to subsist on the lowest species olhuma!! food, and be clothed in rags, can be of no benefit either to tlie financial* or to the manu- lacturin';- interests of the State. Hy adopting- the principles j)roposed, a new colonial and home market will be 0])ened — the labour of the country will be brought into successful operation, and receive that direction in which it can be beneficially employed— the distinction will be marked out between the situations of farmer, manufacturer and labourer, in this manner— the commercial form of property and popu- lation will be established in Ireland, and the i)easantry ])laced in that relative station which is best adapted to the l)urposes of national wealth. Agreerbly to the observation of Dr. Adam Smith, "that the diminution of cottagers and other small occupiers of land has, in every part of tlurope, been the immediate forerunner of improvement and better cul- tivation/' With respect to the concentration of the inhabi- tants of each districtin villages, it is not difficult to calculate on the advantages that would result from such an arrangement. At prcserit, the bulk of the population is scattered over the * The population of Ireland is nearly one-third that of Great Britain, whilst the amount of Excise Duties paid ax'e about oue-tenth. Such is tlje disproportion of wealth and comfort ! > i ( lo; foce of the country — eacli individual peasant lives in an isolated spot, occupyiu*^ a wretchc'd hovel — in a great degree sechjded trom society, and reduced to a condition little better than the savage state How can iaiprovement he expected Under si'ch circumstances ? It is also admitted, that tlie subdivision oi land has tended to give a stimulus to the in- crease of population, by which the supply of labour is artifi- cially kept up beyond the demand. Under the system which I advocate, tlie miseries attendant upon an unemployed, redundant population, will, in a great degree, be obviated, as the supply and demand will be brought to regulate itself — the price of labour will attain its just level — ready money payments will be introduced — markets lor provisions esta- blished, and the peasant cease to depend, entirely, for sub- sistence on the potato. In another point of view, let us estimate the effects produced by individual influence and exertion — the facilities afforded the peasantry for attending places of public worship, and availing themselves of the means of education — the benelfits arising from mutual inter- course and co-operation — all tending to advance man in the scale of civilized being, and to render him an useful member of the community. Considered as a measure of security ni a country circumstanced like Ireland, the plan must be deemed important. VVith what facility could a few Police- men preserve the peace of a district, were all the inhabitants concentrated in a village which would require a large force to effect, while they continue dispersed, as 4:t present, in all directions. The wretchednes*} of the lower orders is erro- neously attributed to the depression of the agfricultural interests. During the period when it was most flourishing, their condition was very little superior to wliat it is at pre- sent. The evil lies in the subdivision of land, and it is vain r>i ) s in an t degree B better ipected hilt the the in- is artifi- n which plo;yed, iviated, itself — money IS esta- br sub- let us ice and tending of the lI inter- II in the neinber irity 111 lust be Police- ibitants ^e force , in all IS erro- ;ultural rishiug, at pre- is vain to ascribe to any other cause, effects which it is quite adequate to produce, and that are strongly exemplified by the tact of the most destitute peasantry being found on the richest lands, where it prevails, while in the less fertile parts, parti, cularly the niountain districts, under the opposite /stem, they are generally alflnent. The absence of Irish Land lords is the subject of continual complaint. Compulsory laws are impracticable! To induce Gentlemen to remain on their estates, their residence must become attractive, and the people around them improved. No one will reside from choice in a land of misery — conti- nually liable to outrage and disturbance, and overflowing with a degraded, unemployed population. Should, however, the proposed means of amelioration be adopted, I am con- vinced, that Ireland would cease to be a blot in the British Empire, and its whole internal economy altered in a period of short duration. Capital would be invested in agricul- tural pursuits — the lands planted, fenced,* drained and properly laid out — the miserable cabins, which now disfigure the aspect of the country, will be removed, and be replaced by comfortable and neat villages. And how gratifying uould it be, that the traveller, as he passes, j-hould view, both on the face of nature and the face of man, that it is by wisdom and prudence the country he surveys is governed, and, while he sighs at the sterility which improvidence causes, and the miseries which a vicious system produce, he will leave a blessing on that land which the wisdom of its proprietors has made fertile, and on the people whom their benevolence has made happy. I The (lifFiculty of protecting- j)lantatioiis is a serious obstacle to that species of improveuient. In some di-5tricts, the injury done to growing timber, aufi the devastation of hedge-rows, exhibit tiie iai.ai efl'ects of the scarcity of fuel and the want of markets to atiord a regular supply. Pro t( ctiou nf trees is no easy matter in u country where there is a cabin and a numerous family in almost every fieUl. The fame remark applies to -he preservation of game, ( 12 ; P1.AN ©F EMIGRATION. That districts of land in Lppor Canada be granted by Cliarter to a Company incorpoiated for the p!ir])ose ol' pro- rnotihiT EniiiiTation. 'ihat: eartj KinJoTant uho pavs, or for v. ]m in there shj. 11 h''p:.')d. the sum ol £ (h'posii:, be en^iihd to a share ; ti'.e jmees of sbares a:id proporfion of land attached to eacJi to vary tor men, women anle sahuies. That the Directors be an^honVed to establish a Bank, with a limited caj>ital (not e\ree(!in,i>- the an^onnt of expenses incurred by l^minration,) which should be ouHranteid bv <^overnmeni aiid ilie colonial Le-i^jature. That hey be empowered to issue iheir own Notes, in jiavment of iho expenditure, but not have the priviie-e of dis.'ountinir. TliHt the Notes of tlie Company's Bank be pavalile in London m (iold, aiul lu received in the Coloni(>s in all public departmenis in (hscii-ir-e o duties and taxes. 'Chatthedej);)sits on shares be applied to meet the de- mnjids in London, for the exchange of Bullion for the Nores oftheiJank. ShouUi luse means prove insuliicient, that liie ;>irectors be ernpowered to negotiate a loan. t The expyrim.'iit iili-ca;i\- ma;k' by (.'uvonuiAcnt. with the view of ascnriawjiii.-^ the uctiv.l expense of conveying an-l cstahlisliin!,- Eialurants m l.;,j)..T Canala, has bei^i conipletclv succ(\ssful. The (limculties inci- dent to the looa'ion of the settlers have been snvniounted, unM isions, seed corn and potatoes for planting, 'the ur nsils necessary to ujable them to commence clearing and redtiuitin-^ tile gfouiul, t-nd assistance in the enction of their houses, l^he entirS costainouitLrl to th .- averag.^ rate of £20 for each Ihnigrant, vouns.- and olos]t ou each share ! I i lied by of pio- le shjill shnie ; to each it eel by jment.f [ted by iHiiage- tierated Bnnk, :pen,ses eid by iiey be oi ilio •r ,-« • ible in public ije de- Nores t, that view of aigrants ics inci- 1, frniti g' lund- itii)u, a sons, a ins, tho tivatioij: i entire ni>' and avera.!:?o l)ai(l as 03J Thid nfior tbc interval of fbe first seven vear^ the rem paiiy co,n...enee the liquidation of the balance of their debt lor vNhicli tlu'ir lauds and possessious should be responsible! liiattiie hhare-hoklersbe required to pay up at reasonable intervals the reaiaini..u- instalments on tlieir shares, until the amount of eacli is dischar-cd, after which, they become iul!wdualIy,es:onorated; and that the lands of' defaulters Diay be torfe.kd, lor the benefit of the Company at lai-e, in case olcontmued neglect of }>ayment. That the Notes of the Bank be taken in payment of all the nislalments after the orioinal deposit, and be <^ancelled on being received. That a limited number of shares be appropriated to tnuyrants ot a hioher c!rss, at an increased prire, which will entille the holders to a proportionable quantity of land, to heller accommodation and rations on their passage and a so qualify them for the situations of Local Dhectors, 31anaj>ers, &c. ' The objects contemplated in the establishment of a Com- pany, are to form a bond of union that will connect the whole community together, and promote a svstem of mutual co- operation, by ideutifyin- individual interest with the uood ol Uiecommunny at large, and extending to all a share in tlie common prosperity. Incalculable benefits are likely to result from ;he combined etlo.ts of a well-regulated society, and effects will be produced which never could be accom' plished by the exertion of individual skill and enterprizc J lie existence of such a body would afford the most feasible prospect of defraying the original exnenses incurred by Lmigration ; and, certainly, no scheme can be deemed })iacticable wliich does not hold out the expectation of ulti- mate repayment. The plan of a collection by Government from each separate Emigrant is surrounded wi'th difliculties. and the security would prove but unsubstantial for the money advanced, Ihe proposed measure would in a great decree remove this objection, and obviate several of the inconve- niences experienced in the occupation and settlement of m new colony 1 he holders of shares in the company would be relieved from many of those sufferings to which individual V ( u; Fmigranls are exposed. Tlie pride of belonpini? toso res- peciable a society would alleviate the pangs, which all must leel on quilting- their native land, and the prospective advan- tages to be derived will create an interest sufficient to attach iJieni to their own possessions, and prevent them passing over to other .^^tates. 'J he paymeni of a deposit on shares vvill secure a portion at least of the capital embarked— will bestow agiealer value on the accpiisition than if it were gra- luitonsly tfiven, and will remove the a])pearance of any thing like the exercise of < omfulsion in the case. It is fair to expect, that many Landed Proprietors would avail them- selves of so easy a mcde of relievin*;- their estates of a paiiper tenantry, and that it will serve as an inducement witli them for the immediate adoption of a more judicious system of setting land, j.articularly when the transition will be a chans^e lor the better to aii j-arties, accompanied with no violation of the leeiings of humanity, or attended with any great pecuniary sacrifice. Besides, many of the small Farmers are possessed of some means, which they may be inclined to appiopriate in the njanner prescribed, to the purchase of shares ; and, as it is a very usual practice with Landlords, to forgive rent and anears, jirovided they receive possession of the land, this always leaves the tenants some disposeable pjoperty. Tn addition to the suggestions of the Committee, encouragement might be given to the formation of Endgration Societies in the several Towns \ nd Counties in Ireland, to assist those who are entirely destifute oi' means, and Grand Juries may be empowered to makegranis to a limited extent in aid ofvolunlary contributions, Surely, the public would be amply repaid for the charge, by the dnmnution of crime that would follow on the removal of many troubled spirits, who now disturb the peace of society ; and, by their settlement in acountiy, where those energi*^es so prejudicial at home might receive a new direction, and be more beneficially applied. It also opens an extensive field iorthe exercise of private charity, and will give a new im- pulse to the l)enevolence and bounty both of relations and fnends. From such a variety of resources, and from the combined exertions of all classes interested in promotin this frieat undertaking there can h^ im Am^Ut ih..t «,v,pi funds would be procured ; and, I trust, it is not an ovei sanguine expectation, that means would 1 pn not o so res- all must e ad van- to attach passing 11 si I arcs