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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratioa. Thoae too \mf%a to be entirely included in one expoaure ara filmed beginning in the upper left hend comer, left to right and top to bottom, aa many frnmee aa required. The following diagrama Hiuatrata the method: Lea cartao, planches, tableeux, ate. pauvent iltre filmia a dee taux da rMuction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atra raproduit en un aeul cliche, II est fiiniA A partir de I'angie sup4rieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut an baa, en prenant la nomhre d'imegea nAcesssire. Les diagrammea suivanta illuatrent la m^thoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^^ r W. F. GANONQ, NORTHAMPTON, MASS. |6f/ GENESIS OF THE MANGANESE DEPOSITS OF C^ITACO, NEW BRUNSWICK. BV CIIAKLES IVV WHITTLE. One of the largest deposits of luaiiganese found in New Bruns wick is situated .-vt the extreme point of Quaco Head, which forms tJie south side of the harbor of Quaco and extends inland as far as determined in a broad, curved band for a distance of over a mile. The association, position and occurrence of manganese ores excei)ting mangane8e-i)earing veins with certain strata are Whittle. J 254 [Feb. i8, remarkably characteristic, at least as pertains to the deposits along our Atlantic coast region. Dawson in his Acadian Geology maps the rocks exposed on QiiacoHead as carboniferous, although a small exposure of Trassic sandstone occurs on both north a?id south sides lying unconformably on the Carboniferous. We are only concerned with the lower horizon. In this, ascending geo- logically occurs first, a homogeneous melaphyre which though brecciated still remains as a non-schistose rock. Over this, and including in it near its base large angular to sulvangular areas of melaphyre lies a sub-crystalline limestone carrying scattered through it. minute veins and round areas of psilomelane and pyro- lusite. At its upper jmrtion it is somewhat shaley and carries manganese nodules in great abundance. There are three princii)al varieties : the first and most common is a porous, cavernous nodule composed largely of wad with scattered areas of bright jiyrolusite crystals and showing remains of a concentric structure ; the second is a compact mass composed mainly of psilomelane, in structure concentrally arranged about either one or several nuclei. The third and least common variety is in the form of stalactites. Sections of these cut and polished show a centra! tube more or less irregular as in common stalactites of calcic carbonate with many ramifying cracks now filled with manganese oxide in a purer state than that making the outer portions of the stalactites. When polished the oxide filling these cracks stands salient showing its greater hardness. Over the ore-carrying strata are beds of a bright, somewhat incoherent brick-red slate revealing little evi- dence of bedding for several feet in vertical thickness. This origi- nally may have been comparable with the deposits of clay that occur at a depth of about 2600 fathoms on the present sea floor. Tlie second variety, or "kidney ore" is very uniform at this localit_y as regards the presence of phosphorus and iron, — these two ele- ments existing in much less quantity than in the previous variety. Many of the nodules occur as mammillary masses simulating the bimches of grapes, potatoes, etc. Traveling the strata generally in a north and south direction arc several veins of pyrulusite mixed with manganite. It is from these that the purest oxide of manganese free from iron and phosjdiorus is obtained suitable for decoloring glass. T!»c veins occui»y narrow fissures and characteristically vary in width giving a maximum thickness of two inches and thinning down to IS9I.J 255 f Whittle. mere films. The veins in the limestone are minute threads of ore crossing it irregularly for a short distance and then disappearing, and are associated with numerous round to elliptical areas of the same. Vermont ores of manganese occurring in Rutland and Winsor counties are similarly .-.sociated, although the country rock is Lower Cambrian and tlieir geological position is at the base of the Stockbridge limestone as irregular lenses and small areas of porous earthy ore, carrying a largo percentage of iron, in yellow or white clay. The limestone lying conformably on a flinty quartz- ite affords an excellent water way, and its alteration to clay has liberated the ore so that it can carry now be removed simi)ly with pick and sliovel. Here as at Quaco the rock at the base of the ore-carrying stratum is one of the least porous varieties. A section across the ore-))earing horizon in which the Crimora ores are found in Virginia presents the same association as found in Vermont. There again the manganese, occurring mainly as "kidney ore" is found in lenses and scattered masses in yellow clay, the product of a decomj)osed limestone such as makes the surface of the country in that region, which lies on a micaceous (luartzite or quartz schist,— the layer of ore-bearing clay being next the quartzite. In the geology of the Virginias these rock's are classed as Silurio-Cambrian.' One stalactite weighijig sev- eral pounds was given me by a miner at Crimora who assured me he had found it pendent from the roof of a small limestone cav- ern. In Vermont lenses and geodes of limonite occur with stal- actites of psilomelane traversing the interior like bars. Tliese bars in section show cbncentric bending. As regards the source of manganese nodules one cannot fail to notice the similarity of the more porous, earthy variety of ore occurring at Quaco to the manganese nodules found by dredgin«>- in the deep sea during tlie voyages of the Challenger and Blake" The two nodules not only resemble each other physically but chemically the resemblance is still more marked. Phos{)horus exists in much larger amounts in the deep sea nodules and their specific gravity is less owing to their porosity. Analyses of the ores uniformily show the presence of phosphorus and iron in varying amount. The following are partial analyses of the com- ' Rogers, Report reprinted in 1884. 189I.J 256 [Whittle. pact "kidney ore "and the porous variety occurring at Quaco made by Dr. A. M. Comey of Harvard College. Kidney Ore. Per cent. Porous Ore. Per rent Mangnnese Dioxide 71.54 Manganese Dioxide C5.00 Metall' langanose 58.20 Metallic MangancMC 57.15 Insoh.. rtiiicatcs 8.37 Insoluble Silicates fi.Cft Ferric Oxide 2.19 Ferric Oxide 1.75 Pliosplionis 0.02 riiosphorus 0.04 Calcium trace Calcium trace Sulplinr Sulphur Three unvarying phenomena are associated with the occurrence of ntanganesc in the three localities above mentioned : firstly, the presence of phosphorus and iron in all varieties : secondly, the distribution of the ores in or with a limestone or red clay hori- zon ; and thirdly, the presence of a practically impervious stratum at the base of the ore-carrying bodies. The first two factors point towards the source of the manganese; the last one indicates the conditions under which manganese deposits were formed and why they occui)y their present jtosition as true bedded deposits. In Sir C. Wyville Thomson's contribution to our knowledge of the character o'v the deep sea phenomena the iissociation of mangan- ese nodules with red clay deposits and the uniform i)resence of phosphorus .and iron in these is mentioned.^ Analyses made by Mr. Buchanan showed the manganese to be chemically combined as the peroxide and that by a process of substitution earthy peroxide appears to be changing to brilliant accilar crystals of pyrolusite, occurring scattered irregularly through the spongy earthy nodules.'^ This, too, without hydration. Chemically the manganese occurs in the same combination in the porous nodules in the deep sea as in the most porous ores found at Quaco, and it is noticed that the phosphorus is much more abundant than in the compact "kidney ore," being nearly double in quantity. The processes, begun before the induration of the deep-sea de})08it8 and before their elevation from the sea bottom that tend to convert semi-crystalline into well-formed crystalline ore, are still going on in the red, calcareous shale and limestone, and the most porous nodules wldch simulate so closely both chemically and physically ' Voynpc of the Clinllonpcr, vol. 11. pp. 7-8. « Ibid, p. 8. 1991.] 257 rWhittle. the deep sea nodules are but the remains of these. Structurally evidence of one or several neuclei about which the oxide formed in rude concentric layers still remains as areas of red or white clayey material-the residum resulting from decomposition. In many cases the nodules were undoubtedly organic and careful search will probably reveal fossils ; but the zone of manganese ore owing to its being a water way is a zone of decomposition and hydratmn. Where the strata un.lerlying manganese-carrying rocks are sandstone or other porvous rocks concentration doel not lake place, the grade is poor, and the ore is apt to occur with largo quantitos of silica or silicates, as on the Pacific coast, and it IS d.ssem.np.ced irregularly so that it is valueless as a marketable ore 1 l-.e occurrence of melaphyre at the base of the limestone on Quaco Head is paralleled by most of the European deposits ; nut IS not common in this country. Genetically considered the history of our manganese depos- its along the Atlantic coasts seems to me essentially as follows ignonr)g the processes which build manganese, iron, and i)hospho.' nis int.) concretionary masses in the great depths of the ocean • 1 rimarily, nearly all man-anese occurring as beds must have been derived from the sea water, which is well known to carry an ap- prec.able percentage of it as well as phosphorus and iron. Various dredging expeditions have note.i the intimate association of man- ganese and {>hosphatic nodules with red, calcareous diatomaceous ooze of the deep sea principally along the 2600 fathoms soundincr. —The simdanty in appearance and chemical composition of these norlules with those .,f Quaco have alrea.ly been pointed out. (xomg b;,ck in the history of this deposit we find it occupying a position comparable to the deeper portions of the ocean floo,"at present. Alternating stnta of calcareous red ooze and limestone having manganese nodules lay on a massive base of malaphvre iliese strata have been indurated and elevated, and the man<^an- ese which occurred in these as disseminated grains and nod'Iilos has by a process of concentration wholly or partially re-concreted into "kidney ore" and stalactitic masses, the impervious charac- ter of the stratum below permitting and causing this concentra- tion to take place at or near the top of the impervious layer, as this w.uild be a zone maximum interstitial water. Theoretically stalactites would !)e entirely recoiicrete'. matter, the "kidney ore'- wholly or partially, while the porous varieties would probably c<.n- M;iy i8«jl. I'UOCKEDINOS n. S. N. II. VOL. XXV. '7 Whittle,] 258 [March 4, tain in some cases remains of the original concretion. A largo portion of tlie manganese of Vermont is of tiiis latter variety. By this process of concentration tlie percentage of manganese is increased in tlie "kidney ore" -is compared to the earthy varieties, and the percentage of phosphorus and iron is decreased, while in the veins proper the oxide of manganese exists in nearly its pure state but as the sesquioxide. In a future paper several important de.luctions resulting fioin the recognitions of the character of the beds associated with the manganese ores will be brought out. li Msirch 4, L largo ■ariety. inese is rietiea, irhile ill ts pure g from ith the