9* ^ V /" .^\^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^s 1.0 I.I 1.25 L4 12.8 ^ Uii 12.2 S 144 ■" ■WUl. U 11 1.6 K ^A m /a :>>/ ^>* '/ /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 672-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques i Technical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notaa tachniquaa at bibiiograpliiqi'M Tha inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibliographicaliy unlqua, which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction, or which may aignificantly changa tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. 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Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included In one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre fllmAs A des taux de reduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichA, II est filmA A partir de I'angle supAriet r gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants lllustrent la mAthode. rata ) elure. 3 ax 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ''"'./ /.^«r.i^y .;(-•'■?«' '^-^^'/-?^-^/i^-<'< yfy/y'/Mt- '''^■'^■ < r. /,' />^i'. I'/ «!y.-tY>>-*r<».*^/ '/^.:*W( ^y^ .'^'r.lr^""' , /;,. /^>*^C.v..^/^/5^#<'/'-'^'<-^ ^^»*'''^--' THF. 4 - EMIGRANT'S GUIDE TO NEW BRUNSWICK, BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. BY THE REV. CHRIST. ATKINSON, A.M., Late Pastor of Mascreen Kirk, St. George, New Brunswick. Anns gach Sgriobhadh biodh Cuspiar Sonraicht an Uglidair ann do sliealladh. In every work regard tlie writer's end. Ne defetis camur recte faciendo ; nam Debito tempore Metemus, si non satigemur. Oal. Ti. 9. BERWICK-UPON-TWEED fRt.fTRD AT THB WARDER OFFICE, 57i HIQH STREBT. 1842. Oh 145593 '«» ,>^- '■*i ^ ^i^Afpr w .■l>i i TO HIS EXCELLENCY Major General Sir JOHN HARVEY, K.C.B., K.C.H. Late Lieut. Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over the Province of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and their Dpendencies, &c. &c. &c. May it please Your Excellency, In taking the liberty of dedicating the following pages to Your Excellency, and in soliciting for them Your Excellency's approbation, I feel that I need only state in explanation or excuse, that the un- dertaking is one which I humbly hope may pro- mote the Public Welfare ; that in endeavouring to render the natural advantages of this beautiful Pro- vince more generally known and better appreciated, I shall be advancing the best interests of a country, which, under Your Excellency's mild and paternal government was, and I trust is about to assume that rank among the Colonial posesssions of Her Majesty, to which the loyalty, devotion, and true British feel- ing of its inhabitants justly entitle it. IV That Your Excellency may long continue to pre- side over the Councils of Newfoundland, and infuse into the minds of all classes of its population, the same liberal and generous sentiments, for which Your Excellency has ever been distinguished during a long course of public life and usefulness, is the earnest prayer of Your Excellency's Humble and obt. servant, CHRIST. ATKINSON, Minister of the Gospel. College Place, Berwick, July, 1842. i '- :J(.- INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. At a period when the Queen's Government, in pur- suance of a wise and liberal policy, are using every means to encourage Emigration to her Britannic Majesty's possessions abroad, and thus add to the strength and security of the more distant portions of the British empire, — it becomes the duty of every well-wisher of his country and friend of his species to lay before the public whatever information he may possess in relation to the subject ; and however limited may be his means, to cast his mite into the general treasury of knowledge, and if possible aid in directing attention to those portions of these colonies which a settler can occupy with the greatest comfort, and im- prove to the most advantage. The object of emigration is tlirc«'foliJ : — To relieve the parent state of its superabundant population ; to increase more rapidly the number of inhabitants in the colonies, and thus to promote their advancement in wealth and importance ; and, thirdly, to provide the means of subsistence for those who are anxious to leave the scenes of their earlier years, to secure else- where ** a local habitation" and a more comfortable and happy home. With reference to the first of these objects : So far as the parent state is concerned, it matters little what fate awaits the venturous emigrant, so long as the land of his nativity is relieved from the incumbrance of his presence ; still, the philanthropist everywhere must feel an interest in the destiny that awaits him ; and a paternal government will watch over his course, and endeavour to direct his uncertain steps to the haven of happiness and repose. The colony, however, whose prosperous condition must chiefly depend upon the possession of an intelli- gent agricultural population is deeply interested in securing some portion of that industrial wealth which is continually extending itself towards the American continent ; and it therefore becomes an object of im- portance that information should be widely dissemi- nated as to the capability of each of those possessions to contribute to the promotion of the general good. And to the emigrant himself it is of vital consequence .7 3 that he should become acquainted witli that colonial possession which, other advantages being equal, is nearest in proximity to the British Isles. New Brunswick, of which I am about to treat, ex- tends fiom its »outh west point on tlie Island of Grand Manaan, at tlte entrance of the Buy of Fundy, in lat. 44-40, long. 67-10 to the 48th deg. of north latitude ; and is bounded southerly by that bay and an isthmus of fifteen miles in width, wiiich separates tlie Bay of Fundy from the Ba}' of Verte on the eastern coast, where is the termination of its southern line in lat. 46 long. 64. Its eastern limit extends northwardly along the Northumberland Straits and Gulf of St. Lawrence till it strikes the Island of Ship- pegan at tlie south entrance of the Bay of Chaleur in lat. 48 long. 67 ; and it is bounded to the northward and westward by Lower Canada, and to the west- ward by the River St. Croix ; and a line runs fiom its source to the high lands that extend to the head of Connecticut River, United States. Tlie climate of New Brunswick is healthful — tliere are no periodical diseases ; and when the constitution has not been injured by exposure or excess, indi- viduals usually attain a good old tigc. Everywhere the purest water is abundant — a luxury unknovvi) in many parts of Upper Canada; and it will be per- ceived that numerous navigable streams intersect tlwj country, ofiPering every facility for the conveyance of produce to market. Its numerous and extensive rivers form, during the winter season, when the in- tensity or the frost has covered them with ice, level and excellent roadp, which are marked off and desig- nated hy lines of bushes fixed in the ice by officers whose duty is prescribed 1/ law. The mails for England and Nova Scotia pass to and from Canada twice a week, without suffering any interruption from the severity of the season. Throughout the province the utmost tranquillity prevails ; and during the four years I was in the province no wild beast ever disturb- ed my peace, or ill-disposed person crossed my path ; and when I have entered the houses of the inhabitants I have met with an hospitable and most confiding frankness. The utmost toleration everywhere pre- vails with reference to religion. In fact, the people are not aware how well off and happy they are. With reference to land fit for settlement, that is to be found in abundance, and of excellent quality ; as, ii^otwithstanding the ease with which men of wealth Wore enabled formerly to appropriate to their own use extensive tracts of country, still there are thousands of acres spread over a wide extent, upon which large bodies of settlers can be located with advantage, and who, after a few years of moderate toil and exertion, will find themselves in possession of a property that 5 will every year become more valuable ; and who may secure for their relations, &c., permanent comfort and a prosperous condition. There are various parts of the province, however, to which 1 could not possibly advert, and which, having been long settled, may not oflFer inducements to the man of property, hut where the industrious emigrant — whether male or female — will be certain of obtaining employment, provided an exorbitant rate of wages is not required. If single men would be content with from £20 to £25 and £30 per annum, exclusive of their board and lodging, and would hire out for about three years, they would soon obtain the requisite sum to procure a hundred acres of land, which is from 2s. 6d. to Ss. 6d. per acre, and which would be sufficient for any man. And were young persons of either sex, to engage them- selves in this way, they would be certain of succeeding to comfort and independence — would become useful members of society — and would strengthen those ties by which this colony is already attached to the parent state, and render it secure against foreign aggression. The soil of New Brunswick is extremely varied in its composition, having been produced by a a variety of causes, and from many different kinds of rock. It is therefore necessary that those who cultivate it should previously take an extensive view of all the facts connected with its former i If 11 and present condition. To his inductive knowlege, experiments should be added to afford those practical illastrations which unite in the mind — philosophical reasoning with absolute demonstration. Peat is abundant in the province, and most of its varieties will afford manure ; but it sometimes happens that the low situations where it is accumulated have been exposed to earth containing much iron, and where the salts of that metal render it unfit for such a pur- pose. Such peat may be known by its ochrey appear- ance, and the presence of " bog" and " shot" ore^ In this province there is also an extensive Coal Field, situated between the primary rocks of the county of Charlotte and King's County, and the Straits of Northumberland. On the Gulf of St. Law- rence, only the south and south-east sides of this coal field have yet been explored ; the west, north, and north-east sides still remain to be examined, and its limits, therefore, in the latter directions, yet remain unknown. This coal field extends in a northerly di- rection to Bathurst, 150 miles, and to Miramichi, 120 miles, and from the latter place along the coast to Shediac, which may be estimated at 70 miles. Until the north-east side of this vast coal tract is explored, it would be impossible to give an accurate account of its area ; but it may for the present be considered -equal to 5000 miles. Tjiig tract may perhaps be cha- % 10V racterizcd as l)eiiig the larges^t coal fieUl ever discover- ed on the globe. To distinguish it from the West- morland district and other coal fields in the British provinces, it has been designated " The Great New Brunswick Coal Field." The province likewise abounds in iron, copper ore, lead ore, rock salt, sand- stone, lime-stone. The different productions thct may be used are as follow : — Mineral — limestone, marl, marly clay, allu- vium of the sea (marsh mud), alluvium of rivers (mould.) Vegetable — seaweed, peat, ashes, soot. Animal — excvementitious matter, fish, shells, bones. But the litter of ilic stabling is almost the only ma- nure in many parts of the province. The estimated quantity of cleared land in the pro- vince in the latter end of 1840 is as follows : — In the county of York, 44,818 acres ; Carleton, 49,953 ; St. John, 19,134 ; King's, 69,462 ; Queen's, 43,089 ; Sud- bury, 12,262 ; Westmorland, 99,022 ; Northumber- land, 26,323 ; Kent, 20,403 ; Gloucester, 11,681 ; Res- tigouche, 6,679; Charlotte, 36,136. Grand total, 436,861. The number of inhabitants in the above counties :— York, 13,996 ; Carleton, 13,381 ; St. John's, 32,967 King's, 14,464; Queen's, 8,232; Sudbury, 4,260 Westmorland, 17,686; Northumberland, 14,620 Kent, 7,477 ; Gloucester, 7,761 ; Restigouche, 3,161 Charlotte, 18,178. Total, 156,162. 8 An account of the several parishes including all the various statistics of each, the details of these and other matters, it is hoped, will make this woik iJghly interesting to all classes, both at home and abroad, — but more especially to those who enter fully into the spirit of emigration, and who are desirous of being in possession of that information before they leave their native land, which may ensure them to the full ac- complishment of those plans they have in view on their landing. le id ly he in eir ae- on CHAPTER II. Possessing the advantages already alluded to, it has long been subject both of surprise and regret, that while the most strenuous efforts have been made to direct the stream of emigration to »he Canadas and other colonies in this hemisphere ; the inhabitants of the mother country have been left in ignorance of the resources and capabilities of New Brunswick, — and that even when the emigrant has reached her shores, he has been permitted to depart, without exertion being made to render him acquainted with the natu- ral advantages of the country, or to induce him to remain, and enrich it by his industry or wealth. The sea-coast of the province, like that of Nova -»*1- ' I I 10 Scotia, presents a rugged and forbidding appearance ; and the scenery around the city of St. John possesses nothing indicative of the fertile regions to which it leads. If the traveller extends his observation to In- dian-town, two miles above the city, whence the steam-boats take their departure for Fredericton, the view is bounded by a narrow channel and abrupt and precipitous rocks, scantily covered with a growth of stunted trees ; and presenting a repulsive exterior to the anxious and inquiring stranger. From this place to Fredericton, the river flows as a gentle placid stream, which is the point of disembark- ation for the Fredericton passengers. Fredericton is about 70 miles by water from St. John, and is the seat of the Provincial Government, and is situated at a place formerly called St. Ann's having been settled since 1785. Here is the residence of the Lieutenant- Governor, and the Legislature holds its sittings here. Fredericton, though at the head of a sloop naviga- tion on the St. John, and from that circumstance doing much business with the surrounding country, presents none of the bustle of a trading town, but wears rather the quiet aspect of a country village. It stands on an extensive and level plain, about a mile in length; and half a mile in the rear, with high ground in the rear and on either side. It has evidently been the bed of a former lake, and was probably laid 11 bare when the retiring waters of the St. John made their last abrupt escape, and fell to their present ordi- nary level. The streets are regularly laid out, being all at right angles. The principal building in Fre- dericton, and perhaps the finest architectural struc- ture in the Province, is the University of King's Col- lege, which occupies a commanding position on the hill in the rear of the town. The College building, besides excellent lecture rooms and a Chapel, affords ample accommodation for professors and students — its two stories and basement being devoted to these purposes. The size of the building is 170 feet long by 160 feet wide, with a handsome portico to the main entrance. It is built of dark-grey stone, curiously intermingled here and there with narrow lines of brick, — the use of the latter being, in my opi- nion, of unquestionable taste in so massive a struc- ture. The College has been liberally endowed by the Province. The Province Hall is a most unpretending edifice for the sitting of the legislative bodies — having on either side smaller buildings appropriated as the offices of the Secretary of the Province and the Com- missioner of Crown Lands. The residence of the Lieutenant-Governor is at the upper end of the town, and in a delightful situation, commanding a pleasant view of the river ; it contains Madras and other schools. The other buildings which attract attention ' ; i r 'if u are the Baptist Seminary, two stories high, 60 feet long by 36 wide, attended by nearly an hundred pupils of both sexes ; the Episcopal Church is a neat building ; the Presbyterian Church stands near the Baptist Seminary, and this last year it has been great- ly enlarged — (the writer of this officiated in the above church on Sabbath, the 30th of September, 1837.) There is also a large Baptist Chapel (which has been built this last year) ; a Roman Catholic Chapel ; and Methodist Chapel, are the several places of divine worship in the place. A reading room has also lately been established ; and there is a well-selected public library. There are also three banks, an alms-house, excellent barracks ; a branch of the Commissariat is also stationed here ; and Fredericton has been made military head quarters for the Lower Pro- vinces. Fredericton was formed by Governor Carlton shortly after the separation of the Province from Nova Scotia. From this place, as from a centre, roads diverge to the different parts of the Province, which are of easier access from Fredericton than from any other point whatever, — the principal places, such as St. John's, St. Andrew's, Cumberland, Chatham, Bathurst and Madawaska, lying in a broken circle round it. The number of inhabited houses in Fredericton, • 1 18 in 1840, was 480 ; families, 708 ; houses biiilding, 29; houses uninhabited, 20. Males above sixteen, 1061 ; under it, 829. Females above sixteen, 1666 ; under it, 798. People of colour — males above sixteen, 28 ; under it, 43. Females above sixteen, 48 ; under it, 29. Total number of persons, four thousand and two. Acres of cleared land, 1696. Horses, 248. Neat cattle, 524. Sheep, 380. Swine, 642. Fredericton by land is sixty-five miles from St. John ; on the east side of the river, eighty-six. To St. Andrew's by the Nerissis, 100 ; to Chatham (Miramichi), 114 ; to Quebec, by the Grand Falls, 346 ; to Halifax (Nova Scotia), by the Bend of Petit- codiac, Dorchester, and Amherst, 308. Opposite Fredericton are two rivers; that at the lower part of the town is called Nashwaak, flow- ing from the northward for a distance of twenty miles, when it turns to the northward and westward, and ultimately heads beyond Woodstock, which is the capital of the county of Carlton, of which I shall only mention, that Woodstock is sixty-four miles from Fredericton. There is a Church and Methodist and Catholic Chapels. (There are 482 inhabited houses, occupied by 520 families, w^ho have at least 9,757 acres of cleared land. There are eight other parishes in this county, which we shall notice here- after. mtm 14 CHAPTER III. I I 1 f ^ Twelve miles from Fredericton the inter- vale appears on both sides expanding to a considerable extent. Another road from Fredeiicton strikes the Nashwaak at a considerable distance from this place. About 18 miles below Fredericton the road to Miramichi turns off to the right, and ascending a steep hill, pursues its sistant alderman ; the mayor is appointed by the ex- ecutive. Among the new edifices is a building for an exchange, a reading room, a police office, and a mar- ket — the lowest part of the building is occupied as a market, the rest as above stated. The building is highly creditable to the town. The St. John Com- mercial Bank, a new and beautiful building, con- structed of the Shelburn stone, is the best and hand- somest building in the city. The front is very beautiful. The St. John Mechanic's Institute, (incorporated by Act of the General Assembly,) erected a build- ing, and devoted the same to the promotion of Sci- ence and the Arts, and the diffusion of useful know- ledge. The corner stone was laid on the 27th day of May, in the third year of the reign of her most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria, by his Excel- lency Major-General Sir John Harvey, K. C. B., and K.C.H., Lieutenant-Governor and Commander- in-Chief of the Province of New Brunswick, etc.» etc., etc., 1840. The Institute was established in December, 1838, and the first President was Beverley Robinson, Esq. 39 A new custom-house has commenced in Prince William Street. The plan of the architect and owner of the building, Mr. John Walker, gives 200 feet front on the street ; and it will be built to resemble the front of Carlton House, in London. The build- ing will be occupied as a cuslom-house, bonded ware- house, and treasury office. There is also an exten- sive block of brick buildings now erecting south of the Exchange building. Among the private resi- dences, I would notice particularly the mansion- house of the Hon. Judge Cliipman, which has a very imposing site on the rise of land overlooking Prince William Street. The streets of St. John are laid out wide, and at right angles. Advantage has been taken of the rebuilding of the town to widen and lay out new streets, in most of which are very excellent buildings. The place wears an air of bustle and ac- tivity, which gives everything a cheerful aspect. Ship- building appears to be a leading branch of the busi- ness of St. John and the towns adjacent. Some of the best ships in the world are built in this port, loaded with timber, and sent to different ports of England, Ireland, and Scotland, and the West Indies. The city contains several places of worship: — two Episcopal, two Presbyterian, two Wesleyan Methodist, two Bap- tist, and one Catholic churches. The revenues of the city for the year 1840 were i ' 40 £88,671, 48. 6d. The Commeroittl Bank of New Bruns- wick (in St. John), incorporated by royal charter — capital £160,000, with power to increase to £300,000 ; President, Lewis Burns, Esq. ; Bank of New Bruns- wick in St. John — capital £100,000 ; President, Thos. Leavitt, Esq. Inhabited houses, north and south, 1418 ; families, 2652 ; individuals of both sexes in St. John, north, 9616 ; south, 9766 ; acres of cleared land, 1071. The barracks are in a delightful position, overlooking the harbour. The spring tides at St. John rise from 24 to 23 feet ; the body of the river is about 17 feet above low water mark. The city suffered much by fires in January 1837 ; the second in A 'igust, 1839 ; and the third in Mar^h, 1841. That on January 14th, 1837, took place on Saturday night. The fire commenced on Peter's Wharf, about nine o'clock in the evening, by which at least one- third of the commercial part of the city became a heap of smoul- dering ashes. The total amount of loss sustained was estimated at £260,000 ; the compass of the fire em- bracing two sides of Prince William Street, a front in Market Square, the east and west sides of St. John or Water Street, the South Market Wharf, east and west sides of Ward Street, north and south sides of Peter's Wharf, Johnson's Wharf, Church Street, and Princess Street. The number of buildings publicly noticed to have been destroyed was 108, 41 ings 108, tenanted by 170 different interests ; besides an exten- sive range of wooden stores, occupied as waierooms for heavy goods. The reflection of the fire was seen at and above Fredericton, a distance of 90 miles. The falling of burning paper and other materials in flames were noticed 9 miles from the city, and so alarming was the scene from this circumstance, that at one time fears were seriously entertained that the greater part of the city would be destroyed. The se- cond fire was on Saturday evening, about 9 o'clock, August 1839, (the same day and hour of the week as the great fire in 1837.) The conflagration continued extending with unabating fury till nearly daylight on Sunday morning, sweeping away in its course every building in Nelson and Dock Streets, &c., &c. It is not at present known the full amount of loss from this awful conflagration. A far greater number of in- habited houses have been destroyed than by the great fire of 1837 ; and as they were mostly occupied by several families, it is calculated that nearly 3000 per- sons have been rendered houseless, nearly all of them being of the working class. The total amount of property destroyed, including buildings, merchandise* and household effects, it is thought cannot fall far short of *I200,000, but the sum at this time can only be conjectured. The burnt district of 1837 being si- o II i$ n 9 w n 42 tuated to the southward of the Market Slip, tlie firw did not exend to that portion of the city. The third distressing fire hroke out about one o'clock on Wednesday morning (March 17, 1840.) The alarm bell aroused the citizens from their mid- night slumbers, and the lurid flame which was at the hour discernible, directed them to the fatal spot. Nearly all the buildings destroyed were insured, as were also some of the merchants' stocks. Mr. James Malcolm was insured to the amount of £2000. The different engine and fire companies of the city, assisted by the engines from Portland and Carlton, exerted themselves with praiseworthy alacrity. To record the loss of life accompanying this sad calamity is the most painful part to relate. Mr. Matthew Holdsworth went to examine the scuttle on the roof, and unfortu- nately stepped into the hatchway and fell to the ground floor, a distance of thirty feet. He left a wife and two children. Also a person known by the name of Mr. Gibbloken, lost his wife and two children. The house was filled with smoke before the inmates were warned of their danger, and several of them escaped with difficulty. The painful circumstances attending this conflagration have cast a gloom over the community which has been rarely, if ever wit- nessed. Had it not been for the pipes and fire plugs of the St. John Water Company, this fire, disastrous J Ltes [ces Iver rit- lugs lous as it has been, would have extended yet farther, and laid a large and valuable business portion of the city once more in ruins. And the proprietors of that com- pany, who have year after year struggled on against difficulties of no ordinary character, deserve tlie highest praise the city can bestow upon them. In defiance of the numerous obstacles wliich have al- most wilfully been placed in their path, they have succeeded in furnishing the city with an abundant supply of water, but for which at this time the greater part of the inhabitants of St. John would have had to mourn over further loss of life, and the prostration of the commerce and prosperity of the city for a very long time. How impressively should it rivet on the attention of all, the important admonition, — *^ Be ye also ready, for in such an hour as ye think not the son of man cometh." By how uncertain a tenour do we hold life, property, and every earthly good, and yet, like every similar occurrence, it is to be feared that it will attract attention and observation for a lit- tle while and then will be forgotten. Portland is a thriving place, connected with St. John by a wooden bridge, but is not represented in its councils. It is the great ship-building quarter of St. John, and contains several foundries and manufac- tories. It presents at all times a scene of commer- cial bustle and mechanical labour. In Portland there 1 ■ u arc tlirce places of worship. It contains 445 inhabited houses, 1130 families ; total inhabitants, 6207. From Portland a suspension bridge was proposed to connect its heights with the Carlton shore, and a company, with a capital of £20,000 was formed for the purpose, A lofty wooden erection was placed at cither end from which to suspend the chain bridge. From a de- fect in the manufactory, the latter, after being some days in position, and crossed by several foot passengers, fell early one morning, with a number of workmen who were completing the fastenings. Nothing now remains but the lofty wooden bridges alluded to. The company, after sinking £5,000, and the capital above mentioned, abandoned all intention of proceed- ing any further in the work. The total length of the bridge was to have been 1400 feet, of which the chain part was to constitute 450. Carlton is a village opposite the city of St. John. The locality of the town is much in its favour. The principal business done is in the ship and deal yards, and timber yards, while a number of new houses is being erected, which keeps carpenters busily em- ployed. The fisheries, too, are a lucrative source of profit to the place, and brick-making is carried on rather extensively ; besides, there are several saw and grist mills running constantly. There is an Episcopal Church and a Dissenting Meeting-house. There is a 45 of small steam-boat wliich plies between the city and this place, every quarter of an hour, remaining five minutes on either side. The arrangements with re- ference to this boat are equal to any I have met with in the British Provinces. The docks on both sides of the river are commodious and safe. Persons desirous of taking the St. Andrew coach would do well to cross over to Carlton on the preceding evening, and then gain the coach on the following morning. There is jn Carlton 153 inhabited houses occupied by 260 fa- milies. Acres of cleared land, 90. It is 45 miles from St. George, 65 from St. Andrews, and about 86 from St. Stephens, which is on the lines. Lancaster is the next place the traveller passes through to St. Andrews. A large hill on the east side of the Musquash, and about a mile from the village of Ivanhoe, is composed of conglomerate which has been intensely heated by its proximity to an overlaying mass of trap lime. Stone appears on the opposite side of the river. A tract of land was purchased by some Americans for the purpose of quarrying marble from it. Like many other speculations of the kind, it pro- ceeded no farther; notwithstanding^ good marble might be procured at the spot. The village of Ivan- hoe belongs to the Lancaster Mill Company, who have here a very superior and powerful set of mills for the manufacture of all kinds of lumber, and an incalcula- J ill T 4(; ble amount of unemployed water power, The milla are 200 feet in length by CO in breadth. The com- pany own a tract of land containing upwards of 60,000 acres in connection with these mills, and from which they procure supplies of excellent timber. In the parish of Lancaster, there is a neat church, but very seldom is divine worship performed therein. There Is 219 inhabited houses, 252 families, and 4446 acres of cleared land. From this place to St. George there is nothing worth noticing, as it is nothing more than a dense wood the whole distance of 30 miles, except about a dozen houses on the road side, occupied by in- dividuals from Ireland. Saint George, or, as it is called by many, Maga- GUADAViE, is situated to the eastward of St. AndreW) with St. Patrick's interposed. Its two principal set- tlements are placed, the one at the Upper and the other at the Lower falls of the Magaguadavie, a fine stream flowing through the county and parish, which issues from a series of fine large lakes of the same name, about 20 miles from the sea. The upper and smaller settlement is 7 miles distance from the lower, which again is situated at the head of the tide, 4 miles above the junction of the river Mascreen. Few places in the Province afford a more singular and beautiful spectacle than the Magaguadavie Falls. The river, after descending from the mountains north- le 47 ward, passes throufjh a level and wide plain of intervale, and when it reaches the village is about 100 feet above the bed of the river below. And the main fall the water descends by five successive steps, in the distance of 600 yards, through a chasm averaging about 35 feet wide and 100 feet deep. Through this narrow gorge the whole contents of the river is poured out with a fury that defies description. The industry and ingenuity of man have considerably modified the ap- pearance of this remarkable spot. It still, however, remains a most extraordinary hydraulic spectacle, and iffords a power for turning machinery beyond com- putation. Having swept slowl v along the valley above, the water is accumulated at the bridge over the top of the falls, it is then thrown by its own weight into the deep and narrow opening below, where spouting from cliff to cliff, and twisting its foaming column to cor* respond with the rude windings of the passage, it falls in a torrent of froth into the tide below, or passing be- neath the mills, its fury seems abated as it mingles with the dense spray floating above. There are six saw mills huddled together at this spot, and they ap- pear like eagles' nests clinging to the rocks on each side. A considerable sum of money has been expended in their erection, and they are now in full operation. The deep cavities in the rocks are overhung with the alder and creeping evergreens, which seem to be placed n{ n !l .*»3 111 i ;l 48 i! li! 1; I I there for the purpose of decorating one of nature's wild performauces. The low roofs of the mills are strongly contrasted with the massive rocks they oc- cupy, and where they hold a precarious situation. The shelving piles of deals seem to mock the violence of the boiling pool beneath. Such is the power of habit — the sawyer, careless of danger., crosses the plank across the gorge, and ventures where his life depends upon an inch of space. Of this I have frequently been an eye witness, (u >y house being near the Falls.) These falls, if the scenery in its neighbourhood pos- sessed no other charm, would amply repay the ad- mirer of nature for any expence or inconvenience he might incur in visiting them,and in England this village would be a place of annual and crowded resort. There are three places of divine worship at the village, and one at the Upper Falls. The parish contains, includ- ing the Le Tang, Le Fete, and Mascreen settlements, 363 inhabited houses ; 880 families, and persons, 2422 ; and acres of cleared land, 4097. About 3 miles up the river there is a settlement, chiefly agricultural, named Mascreen, and consisting principally of Scottish Highlanders, from Perth* Sutherland, and Caithness-shires, and their ramifica- tions. It is situated at and near the mouth of the river, stretching for several miles along the south side of the bay, and terminating one of its inlets, called Le Fete 'W Passage. In this settlement there has heen a neat church erected ; in June 1839, it remained in a very unfinished state, only being rough boarded. At this time the inhabitants were unexpectedly visited by the Rev, Christopher Atkinson, (missionary) from the King's County, 27 miles from the city of St. John. Inasmuch as this people had not been favoured with more than half-a-dozen sermons during the last year, they gladly engaged Mr. A. for one year, at the end of which period the whole of the people unanimously came forward and not only chose but appointed Mr. C. Atkinson to be their pastor, with a promise of XlOO per annum. The engagement with Mr. A. is as fol- lows : — We the undersigned General Committee of the Presbyterian Church in this place, being destitute of a regular Minister, have, in consideration of the Rev. Christopher Atkinson, g'ving (during the three years he has been in this province, and more particularly the last year in which he has officiated as our Minister,) the undeniable proofs of his sincerity, zeal and ability in the work of the Ministry, chosen and appointed the said Mr. Atkinson to be the Pastor of tlie above Church, with the entire approbation of the congrega- tion. And we trust Mr. A. will continue to have the respect and love of his people which he has already obtained, and that his valuable labours may more H I li k il - ll : lit w I than ever ])e appreciated by those who may hence- forth have the pleasure of sitting undtr his Ministry. Signed, June, Anno Domini 1840, and the third of the reign of her most Gracious Majesty, Queen Victoria. George M*Kenzie, Esq. ; Peter M*Diarmid, Esq. ; Hugh M*Leod, sen. ; Donald M*Kenzie ; Archibald M*Vicars ; George M*Vicar9 ; Thomas Lailand. Mascreen, St. George, N.B. The above appeared in the St. John Courier and Christian Reporter, in June, A.D. 1840. After Mr. A. was appointed to this church, he used every means to have it completed. In May and Oc- tober, 1840, he collected upwards of £20 in the city of St. John, and £36 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, both of which sums have been paid into the hands of the Committee already mentioned, and which also ap- peared in St. John papers to that effect. The church still remains in an unfinished state. In connection with this place is a small settlement called L. Tang, which is inhabited by a few Scotch families who left their country about twenty years back, (viz. Argyle- shire.) L. Tete, with the above settlements, are in the parish of St. George, From this place to St. An- drew's, is about 20 miles, to which place there is no- thing worthy of notice, it being chiefly one dense wood, until you come within 6 miles of the town. ; itj 1 1 >5 _> I v^ /: i \ I 51 CHAPTEfi VI. ;.l :i: 1 if '' I. The local situation of St. Andrew's, as a frontier town, bordering on the United States, renders its population of a more fluctuating character. Tlio data from wliich calculations alone can alone be made on this point be- ing thus Yacillating, the estimates themselves, from onu period to another, must in a corresponding degree par- take of the uncertainty. It is calculated the popula- tion of the town has decreased at least one-fourth since 1880^ from a combination of causes, and one circum- stance which has of late years operated as a check to the prosperity of the town, and led to the dispersion of many families, is the number of rivers in its neigh- bourhood, viewed in connexion with a change of sya- . V J ]' I 1 ]r ! £41 4 4 i NS ^mom 52 tern which has taken place in the shipment of their produce. On these rivers an extensive trade in the staple commodity of the colony is pursued. Numer- ous saw mills have been eiccted on them, and many hundred tlioustinds of tons of timber are every year floated down them. This produce is eventually car- ried to the West Indies in the shape of boards and shingles, and to several parts of England, Ireland, and Scotland. It will be obvious that the whole of this trade would centre in St. Andrews, were its position like that of St. John, at the embouchurre of a large ri- ver, and the only large one in the whole country emptying itself into the sea. Instead of this, St. An- drew's is placed on a bay ahout 20 miles long, and nearly half as much broad, and into this spacious bay three rivers, the St. Croix or Schudiah, at one end,the Mag- uagadavie at the other, and the Digdegnash in the middle, besides smaller streams, disembogue their waters. The country portion of St. Andrew's parish is in the course of gradual but accelerating occupation, by industrious emigrants and their offspring. In- habited houses, 509 ; families, 617 ; acres of cleared land, 6309. There is one Episcopal Church, one Presbyterian, and one Wesleyan Church — each have a minister — as well as a Roman Catholic Chapel. St. Stephens is the next place that is worthy of our notice. It lies by the road 26 miles from St. 58 Andrew's, and is a very thriving pariah. It touches on the St. Croix on its left bank at the head of the ship navigation, and being on its western border skirt- ed by the same bounding river ; til is parish combines within itself the pursuits of agriculture, i'mibering, and commerce. Mill Town, about three miles towards the United States, is in the s'^me parish. In the for- mer place there is an Episcopal, andVa Wesleyan Church, at Mill Town, so called on account of the great number of saw mills. There is a Wesleyan and Catholic Church at each place. There is a toll-bridge which takes over to the State of Maine. St. Stephens is opposite to Calais, in the above-mentioned State. Inhabited houses, 495 ; families, 579 ; acres of cleared land, 4225. St. James is the next parish. This is altogether an inland parrah, and the only one in the county that is not nigh the salt water, touching St. Stephens on one side, and St. David's on the other. It stretches northward into the interior until it joins the county o York. I rode through this as well as those annexed to it in June, 1839. Inhabited houses in t is parish, 179 ; families, 181 ; and 4499 acres of cleared land. St. David's is the next parish, which is an excel- lent farming district, and contains 171 inhabited houses, 175 families, and 4886 acres of cleared land. St. Patrick^s joins the above parish and is about I M i, 4 11 1 1 mi I in i the suinc ill popiilutiun, but exceeds it in superficial extent. The first settlers of this place were soldiers from some Scottish Highland Regiments, disbanded after the close of the American revolutionary war. It it more rocky and hilly than the other parishes, but the soil in most places is good, and in the upper part of the parish inferior to none in the country. It is intersected by the Digdegnash and Moannexo streams. There are 294 inhabited houses, and 303 families, with 5206 acres of cleared land. There is a Presbyterian and Wesleyan Methodist Church in the parish. Pennfeld is the next parish I shall notice. This place is situated to the eastward of St. George, and obtained its name from a number of families who emigrated from the United States, and who belonged to the Society of Friends. Its soil is excellent, and its coast is indented by L. Tang and Beaver Harbours. At this place I preached every other Sabbath for a considerable time, it being only 6 miles from St. George. During my visits to this parish, I was kindly entertained by Joseph Knight, Esq., J.P., who al- ways took great care that not only myself but my horse should not want. There is in this parish 168 inhabited houses, and 170 families, with 2235 acres of cleared land. The last named parishes, except that of St. Andrews, viz., St. George, St. Stephens, St. James, St. David's, St. Patrick's, and Pennfield, the '-H o5 male population go in tiie winter i.ito the woods fur the purpose of lumbering, without which many would not be able to raise their numerous families. The plan of these winter campaigns is as follows : — An in- terprising . rmer enters into an engagement with a timber merchant, whereby the person with whom the farmer makes his engagement furnishes him and his gang OP gangs, of twelve or more men each, with pro- visions and other necessaries, taking for the same the timber and saw logs of the farmer, and in spring pays him the balance due for whatever quantity of timber he has furnished him with. During their stay in the forest of spruce and pine, the men raise for themselves small huts with boughs and trunks of trees, and cover them with spruce bark, one for the oxen, one for sleeping in, and a third for cooking. The two lat- ter are divided by a stout plank bench running length waysfipom end to end ; they overspread the whole nearly two feet thick with the pliant and ever green twigs of the hemlock, and by a very large fire defy the ut- termost efforts of the sternest North American Winter and the wild beasts which by chance may surround them. Having erected their domicile, the sound of the axe daily reverberates through the dense wood. How bow the sturdy maple, spruce, etc., beneath the stroke ! The oxen haul the timber, as soon as it is cut down. % ■ >1 M \^ 56 on the slippery surface of the beaten snow, to the nearest brook, one of the feeders of the nearest river, where it it is yarded on the ice until the grand break- up of the ice, which is about the beginning of April, in which month — " The winter's nearly gone, the earth has lost Her snow-white robes, and now no more her frost Candies the grass, or casts an icy cream Upon tlie silver lake or cryi>tal stream." When the vast body of snow that overspreads the country, swells the various streams into impetuous torrents, carrying the ponderous produce of these ro- mantic winter expeditions down into the main rivers, I have seen rafts, in proceeding from Fredericton, &c. of from 12,000 to 18,000 tons of timber ; and I have known the Maguagadavie (at which village I resided two years) covered with a floating bridge which reached a considerable distance, and which was bend- ing its course to the mouth of the Mascreen river, at which place there were several ships to receive it. Campo Bello, although an island in the Passama- quoddy Bay, is in this county (Charlottee.) It is 2 miles long, and about 2 in breadth. Its longest dia- meter is from north to south, and whether consider, ed on account of its tine harbours, fisheries, or timben is extremely valuable. \ Oi The whole of the eastern shore is bold and lofty ; frightful, needle-shaped clififs, and shelving masses of slate descend into the sea so perpendicularly, that in foggy weather vessels might be thrown by the waves against the cliffs, before any danger could be appre- hended. Instead of the overhanging precipice, the west side of Campo Bello has a gentle slope towards the shore, where the inhabitants have made considerable progress in agriculture. Inhabited houses. 111 ; fa- milies, 132 ; acres of cleared land, 1000. Friars Head is a considerable cliff on the south side of the harbour, at Welshpool. West Onaddy light on the American shore, stands on a low cliff. Between Quebec and this island, the tides run with great ra- pidity ; and as the channel, at low tide, has no moi*e than two feet of water, and contains a number of dan- gerous rocks, the navigation is almost impracticable, except at high water. Tijis island is owned by Cap- tain Owen, R.N., who resides at Welshpool. It con- tains 111 inhabited houses, 132 familes, and there is 1000 acres of cleared land. It is about 16 miles from St. Andrews, and 8 miles from Deer Island. This is- land is upwards of 12 miles long, and about 3 miles broad. I preached two sermons on the island, 24th April, 1840. The south side of the island presents a chain of low hills, composed of trap rock and broken slate. These hills are scattered over an inclined plane, extending to the shore, which is singularly indented t ^'■> >1' !R o8 and occasionally occupied by beds of sand and gi'avel. Sometimes projecting masses of rock extend into the sea, affording fine harbours for boats and other small craft. This side of the island is also sheltered by n great number of small islands, scattered along the shore. Many of the hills are naked, others, and the valleys, are covered with a light growth of birch and spruce. Many are the inducements offered for the inhabitants to cultivate the soil, and a number of fine farms have been cleared, but as fishing is considered to be the most profitable employment, they have been much neglected. The next is Indian Island, about 7 miles from the latter. It was with great difficulty that I could reach this place. The jea runs very heavy between here and the Wolves — six islands so called, which are of considerable mngnitude, and are well known to the mariner for having been the scene of many shipwrecks. They are situated very unfavourably for the navi- gation of the coast. Indian island is about a mile or so long, and three quarters of a mile broad. I landed on the south side, about 2 o'clock on Saturday the 25tli April, 1840. At the request of the inhabitants, I preached at 3 o'clock and 7. This island is included with that of Deer Island, and several ot hersniall is- lands. Indian Island is about one mile from Moose Island, on the American side, on which there is a beautiful town called Eastport, in which I have se- 59 veral timci preached, and received great kindness from the people. This island is about G miles broad, and is in the county of Washington, and the state of Maine. It is impossible to conceive a more interesting sight than is presented in this bay during the summer sea- son. (It is similar to the scene presented on the northern coast of Scotland in the months of July and August, which I had the pleasure of viewing in 1826, between Stronsay and Ronaldshay Island.) Boats and vessels becalmed and carried away by the tide, are at one instant hidden by the blackened rock or the green foilage of some small island. At another t\\cy glide from behind the curtain, and appear struggling with the overwhelming current. Frequently several hun- dreds of boats, huddled together, and practising a deadly deception on the haddock and cod, from a sig- nal given by the tide, draw up their anchors and hasten to the shore. The silence of evening is broken by the sound of the Indian's gun, levelled with fatal aim at the rising porpoise. The hallow sound of the " loon's" note is discordant with the scream of the gull. Here the glassy surface of the water is broken by a shoal of herring ; yonder the spouting grampus is blowing up the spray in preparation for another dive. Perched on the rock, and armed with a pin kook, baited with a shrimp, the fisherman's boy can fill a large bag with herrings sooner than a dozen of scientific anglers could it replenish with trout during a 11 i ■* *tf ^1. 60 whole season. The sea is alive wiih fish, its surface with human beings, and the air with feathered tribes. The next island worthy of notice is Grand Manan, which is a large and beautiful island, situated about V^ iTiiles soutli from Campo Bello and West Onoddy Head, and 16 miles from the American shore. It is 24 miles long and about 5 miles in breadth, its longest diameter being from north-east to south-west. The north-west side of the island lies nearly upon a straight line, notwithstanding several high headlands that ad- vance into the sea. It is inhabited on this side, which presents a level front of overhanging cliffs and lofty mural precipices of majestic grandeur and beauty. Between the main land and the island there is a very powerful current, both on the flood and ebb tide. When the wind is opposed to the currents, a heavy sea is soon produced, which by its violence is constant- ly undermining the rocks, and hastening their down- fall. Deep caverns are worn out cf the solid base of the lofty wall, which tumbles headlong into the sea beneath. Along the south side of the main island are a num- ber of smaller islands ; some of them are connected with each other by reel's of rocks, and bars of sand, which are covered by the sea at high water. The smaller islands afford shelter for ^'cssels at all times. A number of ledges appear only at low water, others ?3 61 are always covered by the sea ; to avoid them, the greatest care and experience are necessary on the part of the pilot. The largest of these small islands are inhabited ; and although the soil is scanty, fine crops of grain and potatoes are generally produced. It is from the excellent fisheries the inhabitants derive their chief support, and, therefore, a soil capable of success- ful cultivation is neglected. The season is short, and the frosts appear early in the autumn ; but vegetation is rapid, and fine fields of ripe wheat may be seen in the month of August. Inhabited houses in Grand Manan are 154 ; families, 170 ; cleared land 2671 acres. A small sailing vessel visits the island from St. An- drew's twice a week. In the fishing season, a grea^^ number of American vessels attend at this time. In fine weather, the surface of the water around the is land is covered with these craft, and a more singular and lively scene can scarcely be presented than the panorama of Northern Head. This fishery is of great value to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Nearly all the islands in Passamaquoddy bay, and along the coast, present to the north steep or perpen- dicular cliffs, while on the south sides, they descend by a gradual slope down to the sea. This circumstance lias arisen from the collections of diluvial debris formed in the eddies made by these prominences, and is exactly similar to those occurring i k II i4 7.3— ■ il i i 6'* daily in iiver«, upon a uaucIi smaller scale. A dread- ful fire broke out in August, 1839, by which tiie Episcopal Church was entirely consumed. There are 154 ' >habited houses, 170 fanailies, and 2671 acres of cleared land. 6j^ CHAPTER VII. The road from St. Andrew's to Fredericton is through the Brockways, Harveys, and Hanavelle settlements. The first of these is in York Count/. From the Dig- dognashtothis place there are but few settlers ; there is a fair proportion of good land, hut much of it lies between two rivers, and whicli is flat and low, and unfit for cultivation. Between this place and the Harvey settlement, there is a beautiful district of ex- cellent land, all held and owned in a wilderness state by the proprietors. The Harvey settlement is com- posed of English and Scotch emigrants. A few years ago they suffered severe hardships ai.d privations, but at present they are in comfortable dwellings, and maliing greaf clearings in the woods. From here to III i ^ 1 I I H I I (;4 the Hanwell settlement, the road passes through 'much good farming land, with several patches of swamps and barrens, and some ranges of stony ground, which reach near the Crina Lake. This settlement consists of about 20 families, from the Emerald Isle. From this place to Fredericton, the land is thickly studded with heavy hemlock and spruce, and the road leads near the Oronocto Lake till the traveller reaches the seat of Government. From Fredericton to Woodstock is quite level for about five miles when it ascends, and proceeds along an elevated tract of coun- try, passing several excellent farms, and a large body of intervale and islands of that description, which for a great > 421 74 ( li'fi 1 'a -i. iiioilanJ tii^tiict aiul other coal fielJs in tlic Briti.-ih Provinces. It is designated by the name of the " Great New Brunswick Coal Field," wliith for its mngnitude and wealth, will be better known, long after its first geological pioneer has ceased to travel over its surface. I sliall now proceed to give an account of the Westmorland Coal Field. There is a great difficulty in fixing the bounds of this coal field on account of a part of its surface being covered with new red sand- stone and otlier deposits of more recent formation, the strata of which thin off in such a manner aa to leave the line of demarcation obscure. It has been stated that, beginning at the Harbour of Shediac, the Westmoreland Coal Field reaches along the shore eastward to Pedish Uiver. It then extends along an irregular line southward, until it approaches the vil- lage of Sackville, and proceeding in a westerly direc- tion, it meets the new sandstone near Dorchester la- lane — a line drawn from Shediac to the Petitcodiac, about 10 miles below the Bend, will mark its northern side. The coal ^icld then becomes more narrow, and, crossing the river, maintains an average breadth of 10 miles, as it proceeds in a westerly direction, until it reaches Sussex Vale ; here its extremity is forked ; one branch is curved towards the north-west, until it meets the source of Studholme's Millstream ; the other becomes very narrow, and disappears beneath 111 7.) the cong-^omerate a few miles southward and west- ward o^ Sussex Churcli. The longest diameter of this coal field is upwards of 70 miles, and it will ave- rage 17 miles in breadth. It is by no means t oc^ain that coal is contained in every part of the area in- cluded within these limits, but as the out- 'cropping of the bituminous strata has been discovere.' iii « number of situations, it is evident that it embraces vast quantities of coal, and is of the highest impcyrt- ance to the Province. It will not be expected from the liaiited time devoted to the exploration of this coal field, that a full and correct account of its ex- tent, contents, and value, can be given at present. We nevertheless proceed to give Kuch facts as have been discovered in confidence of receiving that sup- port these pursuits so much require. The rocks belonging to the Westmorland Coal Field are first observable betwee/i the uppersettlements of Hammond River and the Kennebeckasis, where it enters Sussex Vale. Here they dip beneath the more recent formations of new red sand stone and conglomerate, already described, and which rests upon them unconformubly, and the detritus common to the surface. After passing a considerable area, the lines indicat- ing the boundaries of this formation, proceed in an easterly direction towards the parish of Salisbury. On the road leading southward, and immediately after 1 .! ^1 t ! n 1 5 ft .': 76 ascending the high lands of Sussex, the sandstone and shales appear, and are intersected by the small streams passing downwards to the river. These rocks were examined at the farm of Mr. Allen Sheck, and other localities, and their bituminous nature distinguishes them from any ot'icr in this quarter. At the latter place there is a stratum of impure cannel coal, at least three feet in thickness, and from the quantities of this kind of coal mingled with the debris of the surface, it is evi- dent that it exists in much greater quantities, and of a quality more pure in situations now concealed by beds of &and and other detritai matter. The carbon- aceous stratum burns very freely, and contains a very considerable quantity of bitumen. But the quantity of ashes after combustion is almost equal in bulk to the quantity of coal used, notwithstanding its specific gravity is much diminished. The ashes con- tain much carbonate of lime, and will be found ex- cellent for manure. The out-cropping of the coal may be considered as having been ascertained extend- ing in a north-east direction from the starting point and along a distance of six miles. And although the larg- est and most important beds of coal lemain undiscov- ered, from circumstances already noticed, yet an ad- vancement is made towards their developement. Fif- teen miles from the mouth of Pollet River, small seams of coal appear in its bed. The strata here dip northward at a small angle. Coal is also found two ! k ( I MP miles farther southward, and mixed with the gravel and sand, having evidently been transported from tlie outer-cropping of some vein in this vicinity, and by the same cause that produced the detritus where it. is buried. The coal appearing in small quantities on the surface at the head of PoUet River, is of the bitu- minous and common varietv, and that it is abundant in the concealed strata beneath, appears very evident, but the almost horizontal position of the rocks, and the wilderness condition of the country, render its disco- very very difficult without resorting to boring. These remarks are also applicable to Coverdale River and Turtle Creek, These streams terminate in thiis part of the coal field, and are crossed by its strata, it least ten miles southward of the P- titco- diac, and the same indications of coal exist eastward of the main river. At the head of Turtle Creek, and about ten miles north-north-west of Shepoddy, the coal again appears at the surface, and may be followed along this wilder- ness tract of country several miles. One Lot, No. 3. the property of Mr. William Ste- vens, and about a mile from a new road and path connecting Hopewell and Hillsbro* a quantity of channel-coal was found in the bottom of a small ravine. Upon closer examination, a stratum about ten feet in thickness is seen where the rocks have been uncovered by the water of a brook, but the surface in ■ ( :l H p. ;i^ :j' II I! i!l 78 too thickly covered with detritus, the forest, and de- cayed trees, to allow of any correct measurement, nor can the dip be ascertained without the application of considerable time and labour. From the drift coal found in the small brooks and in the soil, it is certain that there are other beds a little farther southward. Coal strata also appears on the next lot occupied by Mr. William Baizley, and upon ungranted lands farther eastwar J. That there is abundance of coal in this district can- not admit of any doubt, and before many years have elapsed, it will be applied to the numerous objects it is calculated to support. Besides being abundant, the coal here is much superior in quality to any found along the outline of out-cropping. The bituminous mineral, when taken from the sur- face, where jt is exposed to the decomposing influence of atmospheric agents, is always much inferior to that taken from mines. This coal kindles quickl}' and burns with a splendid white flame, affbrding much heat and light. Pieces taken at the distance of three feet below the surface are found to possess the fat caking qualities, as they are called. The proportions of carbon, hydrogen, and and azote diff^er in different specimens. It affords a greater quantity of carburetted hydrogen gas than any of the i!n ported varieties, and is therefore admirably adapted for lighting buildings and streets. The earthy >!'' ■1 ';" !i !!>■■;'*: matter varies in quantity from twelve to twenty-five per cent., and the ashes contain carbonate of lime. The out-cropping at the above locality is within five hundred yards of the trap rock and the syenite already described, and which form a high and steep declivity along its southern side to the distance often miles. A highly bituminous shale that burns with a beautiful flame, is placed beneath, and also reposes upon the coal. In proceeding in a north easterly di- rection, the sandstone and shales of the coal measures cross the Petitecodiac from ten to fifteen miles below the Bend. On the road leading from ihe bridge, and on the west side of the Mamramcook River, and in the high grounds of the Peninsula, the rocks of the coal field are partially uncovered. Nearly opposite Dorchester, four miles from the main road, cannel coal was dis- covered in Autumn, 1839. The first stratum of coal is near a small brook, and is twenty inches thick. The second is about eighty yards farther south, and is twenty two inches in thickness. This stratum is immediately succeeded by argillo-calcareous shale, capable of combustion. Forty yards still farther south, there is another stra- tum four feet in thickness, and superior in quality to any other at present discovered here. The course of this stratum is east by south, and the dip is south by west 35 degrees. This coal has the hardness of m 1'1 ■IK m M- ' ! ; I so J^' 1^ I ii ? fi anthracite, but possesses most of the common proper- tics of the bituminous mineral. It ignites readily, and burns witli a white lambent flame. When it is first taken from the earth, it is very hard, and slightly so- norous, but by being exposed to the weather for any considerable time, it decomposes down in thin scales. It is of a dark brown colour, and the best kind is streaked with solid bituminous matter yielding an odour, when rubbed, like that of carburetted h^^drogen. It retains the heat a long time after tlie flame has subsided, but the quantity of aslies produced is very great, and containing a considerable quantity of the carbonate of lime. The ashes of the most kinds will afford excellent manure, and the rock enough bitu- men for calcination, A pound of the best coal from this place yields four cubic feet of carburetted hydro- gen gas, it is therefore like that north of Shepody, admirably adapted for lighting cities. A small quan- tity of coal has been discovered four miles from the mouth of the Shadouac River, and upon examination the Westmorland coal-field was found to extend to the south side of the harbour of Mediae, the dip of the strata at this place is north twenty-five degrees, east seven. The rocks from the Bend of Petitcodiac, to the Belleveaux Village are chiefly new red sandstone ; and there are but few situations, even in the deepest parts of the ravines, where the strata belonging to I 81 the coal series are uncovered ; the surface being occu- pied by the former rock of the detritus derived from it. Some information has been received of indications of coal at Fredericton's Brook or branch of Weldon's Creek, emptying into the Petitcodiac between its mouth and the Bend. The first indications of coal were observed near a meadow, formed by an ancient beaver-dam, about three miles from the river, and the same distance from its confluence with the Memram- cook. The strata are intersected by the stream, and run nearly east and west, with a general dip to tlie south. The coal was found most abundant above the ber^ver-dam, and exists in several separate strata, the largest of which is about nine feet in thic'iness. The quality of this coal is superior to that of the Mam- ramcook or Stephen's Farm. A quanti^^^y of it was collected and fired in the bed of the stream ; it ignited readily and burned with great splendour. Advantage may be taken of the brook in searching for the thick- est beds of coal. In the month of July the water may be confined by a dam above and the sand moul- ders, &c. removed at a small expense. The strata, to the distance of a mile and a half, may be laid bare ; and the site where they contain the richer deposits of the bituminous mineral, could be ascertained without difficulty, with the fullest confidence of success in working tliem. It is of the greatest importance, in deciding upon I '(ti i 4 hi ,1 •• • ' V }U i.'i :\ ■it ^'li , K Si^ the yite Nvherein to (>j.)cii a coal nuno, to (U-terniiiie with accurncy wliore tlie <(veatcst number of favour- able circumstances exist. In the first place, it is ne- cessary tbat there sliould be one or more coal strata, of sufficient extent to ensure a full supply ; and each stratum must be sufficiently thick to compensate the expense of sinking shafts, striking levels, ike. The kind and quality of the coal must be considered, and the demand justly estimated. The consumption of coal must not only be continued, but must con- stantly increase. Tiie draining of mines adds much to the expense of working them ; and, therefore, pro- tection from the influx of water into the adits should become fully studied. It is but seldom that an out-cropping of any mag- nitude appears at the surface ; and it is necessary, on account of the loose matter spread over the rocks and superficial beds, to bore downwards to considerable depths, in order to ascertain where the richest depo- sits are situated. That there is abundance of this useful mineral in New Brunswick, is now no longer problematical ; for it may be seen in thick strata ex- posed to the light of day, and only requires a mode- rate degree of enterprise to bring it to bear upon the demands of the country, and the support of those na- tional energies it is capable of sustaining. As an in- stance, it may be mentioned, that from the know- ledge of the existence of deposits of coal capable of .f. i s.; yichling gas in large quantities, a proposition lias al- ready been made to liglit the city of St. Jotin from this source ; nor can the time be far distant when other and more important objects will be gained from the mineral wealth of the Province of New Bruns- wick. Before I conclude this chapter, I would observe, that the General Mining Association of London have a lease for sixty years of all the mines and minerals of Nova Scotia. But notwithstanding coal, and iron, and other valuable minerals are abundant in that Province, the Association hitherto has deemed it most advantageous to work only the coal mines of Sidney and Pictou. The Province receives X'4000 peran\Uim, or 20,000 chaldrons, Newcastle measure, and 2s. for every chaldron raised above that t\uantity. It is from this source that the whole of the cnsual revenue is derived. At Sydney, upwards of 500 men, three steam-en- gines, and 90 horses, are constantly employed, and during the year 1839, the miners produced no less, than 70,000 tons of coal. At Pictoii, steam-engines, 100 horses, and 500 men are employed ; and in 1839, 48,000 tons of coal were exported from that place, to the United States, and the British Port» along the coast. As the demand for eoals is rapidly encreasing, the Association has not only laid out thf sreat })rofits h\ -;:i! ).-: w 1-. i\ 'ill >r. \i I V I Si 84 arising from the mines, but alao other capital. The Company have opened other new shafts, laid down expensive rail-roads, &c. in order to meet the en- crcasing demand. It is from these circumstances that persons unacquainted with the fact have supposed that the Association has not realized the interest of the great amount expended ; but when these works are com- pleted they will return great profits. It does not appear that tlie price of labour has any effect upon the work- ing of the Pictou and Sydney Mines ; the scarcity of labour only is complained of; and the miners earn from seven to ten shillings per day, each, admitting the low estimate of 1,000,002 tons to be the annual amount of the Sydney and Pictou Mines ; the yearly amount of profit received by the Association will be £30,000. It is obvious that the coal mines of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are not only of provincial importance, but also the richest sources of the nation. :lii ' ! 85 w ;l CHAPTER IX. i Is this chapter an account will be given of the riverg, lakes, streams, &c., in tlie province. In a preceding chapter I have noticed, that the province of New Brunswick extends from its south-v/cst point on the Island of Grand Manaan at the entrance of the Bay of Fundy, in lat. 44. 40., long. G7. 10., to the 48th degree of north latitude, an^s bounded southerly by that bay and an isthmus of about 15 miles in width, which separates the Bay of Fundy from the Bay of Verte, on the eastern cast, where is the termination of its southern line in lat, 46., long? 64. &c. &c., (see pages.) I shall now observe that the principal rivers to the northward is the Restigouche, which empties into the Bay Chaleur, and running south-west about fifty miles, terminates near the sources of the Riviere Ver- te, which empties into the St. John, near the junc- tion with the Madawaska river, and where it suddenly turns off in a southerly direction . Another branch of the Restigouche heads near Grand River, which unites with the St. John at a short distance lower down. %y' *^! 1f ^ > IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 IliMM US |5o "^^ IMH ■^ Uii 12.2 1.4 1.6 6" y] .%. /. 71 '/ /A HiotDgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) •72-4503 ^ 'f V If- J: V: The next river of importance in that quarter is the Miramichi, which empties into the Gulf of St. Law- rence, in lat. 47., long. 66., and running in a south-west direction about 30 miles, sends off a branch called the North West, and continues its course in its original di- rection to Boiestown, 40 miles from Fredericton, where it suddenly turns to the westward, and branches off in- to the Pexas and Little South West Rivers, one of which heads near the Tobique, and the other near the Shiktahawk rivers, which discharge themselves into the St. John, nearly 200 miles from its mouth in the Bay of Fundy . There aro the Renous and St. Bar- tholomews, and a number of ^her tributary streams and rivers which fall into the main branch of the Miramichi. Between the Miramichi river and the Restigouche, at the bottom of a deep indent in the bay. The Bay Chaleur, is Nipisiguit harbour, at present called Bathutst. The Great and Middle Ni- pisiguit form a junction, the village of Bathurst being situated on the Peninsula thus caused, within twenty miles of Bathurst. The country is watered by the Ca- raquet, Pokamouche, Tracadic, Tabusintac, Bartibog, and other minor rivers. The Richibucto, another ri- ver on the eastern coast, empties into the Straits of Northumberland, about 30 miles to the southward of the Miramichi, and runs in a south-west direction un- til it separates into two branches, one of which heads near the Salmon River of Grand Lake, and the other n near the liead of the New Canaan River, which falls into the Washadcmoac. There are other minor rivers in that quarter, but which it is unnecessary to refer to at present. After crossing the isthmus already alluded to, and at a short distance from the head of the Bay of Fundy, the Petitcodiac River empties itself into the Shepody Bay, having first united with those of the Memrem- cook. This river, or rather arm of the bay, for a dis- tance of 20 miles, extends in a north-west direction, when it makes a sudden turn to the southward and westward, and afterwards separates into two branches, one of which heads near Salmon River, a branch of the Kennebecasis, and the other making a short de. tour to the northward, terminates near the head of the Cocagne River, which empties upon the eastern coast of the province. The tide of the Bay of Fundy. which at some places near its head rises upwards of sixty feet, rushes into the Petitcodiac and Memremcook with great velocity, forming a boar which enters the former ri- ver at a considerable elevation. The Memremcook river intersects the Petitcodiac near its junction with the Bay of Fundy. From the Petitcodiac to the mouth of the St. John there is no river or harbour of any consequence, with the exception of that of Quaco (St. Martins) a few miles to the eastward of that place, where a light- house has been erected to warn the mariner against appproaching its treacherous and fatal ledges. ■i[ r i m ^'■i t m I' A short distance to the westward of the harbour of St. John is Manawagonis Bay, which formed original- ly one of the outlets of the St. John, before the rocks and falls were rent asunder, and the waters of that river were enabled to discharge themselves through the ravine which some convulsion of nature has evi- dently occasioned. Farther to the westward is Mus- quash harbour, which is a mile and a half wide and two miles long, into which a minor river of the same name empties itself. At the head of the bay, the Dig- gedeguash empties itself, and a few miles below is the mouth of the Magaguadavic. The falls near this river, and which runs through the village of St. George, have been fully explained in a former chapter. At the head of the Diggede- guash, to the westward, an arm of the bay extends in a north-west direction till it meets the Schoodik Ri- ver, decided by Great Britain in 17d8, to be the St. Croix intended by the treaty of 1783, when the in- of Lakes, the most remote of which is only a short dependence of the United States was acknowledg- ed by Great Britain. This river runs in a north- westorl}' direction till it terminates in a serici of Lakes, the most remote of which is only a short distance from the Highlands designated in that treaty, and near one of the branches of the Penobscot. From the head of Oak Bay, situated near the junc- tion of the Schoodik with Passamaquoduy Bay, a new !l; 4', ■r» road has been made to Fredericton, and another is opened to the mouth of Eel Uiver, and thence to Woodstock. The falls near St. John are a great natural curio- sity, from \'he circumstance of the water descending in opposite inections at ebb and flood tide, and being level at about half-tide. This anomaly is caused by the WRters of the Bay of Fundy, which enter the har- bour of St. John, rise at high water above the level of the river, and consequently descend through the Falls and pass inwards, until checked by the accu- mulating waters of the river, and the retreat of those of the bay when a similar discharge of water takes place outwards, and the descent is thus in that direc- tion. During still water, at about half-tide, eitheif upon ebb or flow, steam-boats, or river craft, piloted by persons who are acquainted with the place, pass up or down in comparative security. Although this passage is the only outlet at present for the St. John, it is evident that it has been formed by some convulsion of nature, similar to that, or pro- bably the same, which rent asunder the channel of the Magaguadavie, and forced open the passage of the Deg by Gaste, directly opposite the harbour of St. John on the Nova Scotia side of the Bay of Fundy, and thus drained ofl^ the body of water that evidently covered the Alylesford Plains and Carriboo Bog, over which the postroad at present passes Annapolis and Halifax. > ■ i: I ; i|i i I t i r 6i I i.i I I' r liil' i i 90 After passing the abrupt opening near Indian Town, two miles from the City of St. John, the river suddenly widens above, and forms what is termed Grand Bay that extends about 20 miles in a north-west direction, receives the waters of the Kennebeckasis and Hammond Rivers, the latter of which empties from the eastward, and the former passing through Norton and Sussex Vale, terminates in Salmon River, which rises in the vicinity of the head waters of the Peticodiac, or rather the Annagance River, which empties into it. A small stream called Trout River, flows into the Kennebeckasis at its junction with Salmon River, about twenty miles from Hampton Ferry ; and at the entrance of Sussex Vale, is what is called Smith Creek, which runs to the northward, and may be said to be one of the branches at the head of the Kenne- beckasis, Salmon River forming the other. Just above Grand Bay, on the left as you ascend, and ten miles from Indian Town, is what is termed the Nerepis River or Creek, which extends upwards of twelve miles over a fine bed of intervale land. It then passes through a deep gorge in the Nerepis r.iountain, wending its way at times round the base of almost perpendicular cliffs which rise on each side of the valley for a considerable distance. From the Ne- repis Creek for 16 miles, the St. John, which is here called the Long Reach, runs in a north-east direc- tion entering Belle Isle Bay, 27 miles from Indian .01 Town, and is upon an average a mile wide, resembling a lake rather than a bay, or branch of a river. At the mouth of Belle Isle Bay, the St. John sud- denly resumes its course to the northward and west- ward, for the distance of ten miles, when you reach the mouth of the Washademouc. There is a fine stream on the west side of the St. John, called Littlo River. Five miles above Little River is tlie Ocnabc, L(«ke, into which flows a stream of the same naim.-, that extends fifteen miles, crossing the road leading from Gagetoun to the Nerepis. Its course is thence nearly west, through a natural meadow, where there are indications of coal, until it approaches Tante Wante, where it terminates. Just opposite the Ocnabog, on the east side of the St. John, and 1 1 miles from the mouth of Belle Isle Bay, is the Washademoac Lake, the tide extending upwards of 20 miles into the Lake, where it meets the New Canaan River, and whose head waters are at no great distance from the Petitcodiac River. The mouth of the Washademoac Lake is 40 miles from St. John, and three below Gagetoun. Near Salmon Creek there is a stream tliat empties into the lake, and about five miles from its head, the Long Creek empties into it. The New Canaan River falls rapidly down to the Washademoac Lake through which it continues its course, making the distance from its source to its junction with the St. John about 70 miles. "h r ' ■ . I IS ■w il J « f I '^ Ml / I It II I 'i' I 1 Five miles above the mouth of the Washademoac, aud on the same side of the river, in the entrance to the Jeniseg, a sort of natural canal, three miles in extent, which connects the St. John with Grand Luke. This is an extensive body of water, and at its liuad are the Newcastle Coal Creek, and Salmon River, whose tributary streams are the Gasperan, and the Big: and Little Forks. There are two extensive bays near tlie head of the lake on the eastern side, called Cumberland Bay and Youngs Cave. Grand Lake runs in a north-east di- rection, is twenty miles in length, and at its broadest part about three wide, except opposite Cumberland Bay, to the head of which the distance is seven miles. From shore to shore, the greatest depth does not ex- ceed twelve fathoms. The main branch of the New- castle Heads, somewhere near the Nashwaak, a river that discharges its waters into the St. John, opposite Fredericton. The lower part of Grand Lake is connected with the Maquapit and French Lakes by means of a water communication, called " The Thoroughfare." Eight miles above the Ocnabog is Gagetoun Creek, which runs up five miies, where it divides and enters Hartt's and Cog's Lakes. From Gagetoun Creek to the mouth of the Oromocto, the land is elevated, and well settled. From the mouth of the Jcmseg, the St. John proceeds in a westerly course till it reaches D!^ a bav situated three miles below Fredericton. Near Sheffield is situated the French and Maquapit Lakes^ These lakes both extend in tlie same direction as the St. John River ; as is also the case with the Poilo- bello, a stream which empties into French Lake from the westward, rising back of Maugerville, and pass- ing in the rear of the swamp land in the upper part of Sheffield. French Lake extends in a northerly di- rection till it meets Little River. The Maquapit Lake lies between French and Grand Lakes at a dis- tance of two miles from the main river, showing on its southern side an island of two miles long, and from eighty to a hundred yards wide. The Maquapit Lake is a beautiful sheet of water, lying in a north-east and south-west direction. It is about five miles in length when the water is low in the summer. In breadth it is three miles ; in the spring of the year it overflows its boundary, and extends to the west, con- necting itself with the French Lake one mile dis- tance. It flows also south, inundating the low and extensive marshes, associating and mixing its waters with those of Grand Lake. In the months of May and June, the inhabitants often employ themselves in taking fish, called gaspe- reaux, that abound in this pait during the season, with shad and Cass, which greatly encourage the set- tling of the place. It receives on the south side the waters of the I'- f ■ 'l! 94 I. French Lake, through the Thoroughfare, or connect- ing channel, which winds and flows darkly and sul- lenly through three miles of low intervale, thickly studded with large birch, maple, and elm trees, whose luxuriant and spreading branches cast a gloom of pleasing solitude over the unruflled bosom of the noiseless stream. The shores of this beautiful lake have abounded with white oak, whose quality can neither be excelled nor equalled by any in the western world. But this invaluable wood has been profusely cut down for the most trifling purposes, so that it is now nearly all destroyed. The land at the north-west side of the lake is not of superior quality. On the east the soil is light, and produces sparingly, grow- ing soft wood, white birch, and poplar. But to return to the river. The shore of the river is planted with low trees and bushes to prevent it from being washed away by the floods of spring, when the waters of tiie St. John rise to the height of 15 feet. The bank of the river at Maugerville is probably 20 feet above the level of the river, when at its ordinary height during summer. A log was found in summer, 1840, at this place, at the depth above-mentioned from the surface of the bank ; and it may be presum- ed was left there by the retiring waters after a perio- dical fall, the subsequent deposits having buried it ; but with which the last yearly (1841) accumulations of soil can bear no comparison. 95 Twelve miles below Fredericton, and fourteen above Swan Creek, tlie Oroinocto flows into the St. John The Oromocto is the only river of any size, with the exception of the Kennebeckasis, that falls directly in. to the St. John below Fredericton. It has its rise in two lakes, at the distance of 20 miles apart, called North and South Dranch Lakes ; the streams from which form a junction 20 miles from the village at the mouth of the Oroinocto. There are several minor streams, some of which fall into these branches, and others into the main stream. On the south branch are Shin and Back Creeks ; on the north are Hard- wood and Lyon streams; and on the main Oromocto, are the Brook well stream, the Rusagonis and Rinny Creek. About seven mih s from the mouth of the Oromocto on Brockwell stream, the land is good, also on the Rusagonis it is the same. The Oromocto is navi- gable for sloops and wood boats, a distance of 20 miles ; for canoes upwards of 30 ; and, except during summer the creeks already mentioned may be navigated by canoes. Salmon, shad, bass, and gfispereaux are found in the Oromocto, when in season, and all the small streams abound with the finest description of trout. About seven miles from the mouth of the Oromocto, on the south-west branch, is a fine sh^et of water call- ed French Lake, about a mile long and the same broad. Its waters abound with a trout of a superior flavor, and a large size. Just below Fredericton, the '.Vi U -li '-i i %• I* ! f I river turns suddenly to tlie northward, and after pass- ing the seat of Government in a westerly, resumes a south-western direction, thus forming a segment of a circle, within which, on the right bank of the river, the town is situated. At Kingsclear, six miles farther up, it abruptly changes to the north-west, and pursues that course fov about sixteen miles through Queens- bury and Prince William, to the Nackawick, when another sudden turn takes place for a short distance, and it again resumes a north-west course till it readies Woodstock. As the town projects into the river. Its opposite shores are seen at the termination of the front street, and in summer time when the trees arc clothed with their luxuriant foliage, and the graceful elm waves in the breeze, the scenery around Fredericton is not to be exceeded in beauty by any place in the Province. Opposite Fredericton are two rivers ; that at the lower part of the town is called Nashwaak, flowing from the northward and westward, and ultimately heads beyond Woodstock, about seventy miles above Fredericton ; and the other the Nashwasis, emptying from the northward, and much inferior in extent and importance. Between the mouth of the Nashwaak and that of the Nashwasis or Little Nashwaak, (the termination asis in the Indian dialect, meaning little,) is about two miles, along which a road passes parallel with the margin of the river, in front of which dur- .91 nip; suiDincr, a nunthcr of Indi.iTi t'^milicn cfonoraily incamp. TIioso unfortiinato people* have greatly he such) and are much attached to the British govern- ment, and the inhabitants of these provinces. Any Derson may confidently trust him or herself to the care and attendance of his or her Indian guide, penetrate with him into the most remote and almost impervious forest, and rest secure on his integrity and knowledge of the country which he may be traversin:r. Various attempts have been made to induce these people to adopt the modes and habits of cultivated humanity, but content with the freedom they have long enjoyed, they roam through the country at pleasure, sitting down near some favourite hunting ground or fishing stream, on the margin of a lake, or in some dense fo- rest, sheltered from the wintry blast, they there sa- tisfy the wants of nature, which arc few, and remove when tired of the monotony of the place, or tlsc ap- pearance of warmer weather, or the approachinc o I I! I • ■:l- 98 scarcity of food. Thus living a life of seclusion and independence, tliey care not for events that are hap- pening around. " Enough for them, in ignorancA bred, Night yields to room, and 8un to rain, That nature's pulse, in winter dead. By spring rekindled throbs again." THE LORD'S PRAYER, AS USED BY THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. Tuksiarutslt Atatamut Killangmetomut. Nalegak Gud Atatavut Killangme. Akkit nakorijaule : Na- legaunit Kaigiarle ; Perkojattit Malliktaulit nu- name ; sorlokillangme : uvlome piksapt'ngnik tu nnittigut ; Ajornivut issumagijungnerkit, sorlo uvaguT uvaptignut ajortut issumagijungncrpavut : Oktolung nartomut pitinnata ; piulittigulle ajortunit. Nalega- unek pitsai'tunerlo ananaunerlo pigigangne issokang- itomut. Amen, The Nashwasis is a small stream extending in a northerly direction. It enters the St. John opposite the government house at Fredericton. Passing from the mouth of the Nashwaak to that of the Nashwasis, it pursues its course a short distance from the St. John to the parish of Douglas. About nine miles from Fredericton the Keswick Creek empties into the St. John. This has evidently been at some time a wide and extensive river, the opposite shore of which DO is plainly disccrnahlc from the Uidgo, an elevated tract of country situated upwards of two miles in the rear of Keswick Bluff, opposite the French village on the St, John, to which allusion has been made in a former chapter. Twenty-four miles from Fredericton, the Pokicok River rises near the Magaguadavie Lake, which is a portage, and runs nearly parallel with the St. John, at a distance of five miles in a north-west direction, and falls into the main river, 36 miles from Fredericton. There is a handsome fall of water near the mouth. Above these falls the stream is navigable for canoes, and it abounds with eels, chub, and trout. Lake George is one of the sources of this river. The Shugomock discharges its waters into the St. John from the westward, five miles above the Pokicok, and is from a hundred to a hundred and fifty feet wide. This river has its origin near the Chiputneti- cook, a branch of the Secodic River, at the Palfrey Mountains, which separate these rivers. Eel River, which is near the Shugomock, is larger than those just mentioned. It heads near the Chiputneticook at no great distance from the Monument, whence the present but temporary boundary line runs due north to Marshill. At Woodstock, the shire town of the county of Carl- ton, the Meduxnikik empties into the St. John twelve miles above Eel River, and discharges itself through w. 'I ■ !| ■;l ! I; ii i :[ r" mmmmmim 100 III 11! the village of Woodstock. This stream runs in a north-westerly direction for fifteen miles, when it se- parates into two branches, which pass into the Ameri- can territory. Salmon and trout are plentiful. On the east side of the St. John, about ten miles above the Woodstock Court-house, the Pekagoniik enters that liver and runs five miles in a north-east direction, where the coal stream empties. It then turns to the east-south-east about ten miles to the Forks, and there divides into the north and south braneheSj wliich flow fifteen miles. The Coal Stream empties into the Pekagomik from the north-east, and extends upwards till it crosses the road from the Little Shiktaliawk to the Little South West Branch of the Great South West Miramichi. The Pekagomik empties opposite Wakefield. The next large stream flowing into the St. John from the eastward is the Shiktaliawk, which inter- sects it four miles above the Big Presq Isle, on the op- posite side, and twenty miles from Woodstock. This river rises in a ridge of high lands ihat separates the waters of the Little South West Miramichi from those which fall into the St. John, and runs in about a south- west direction till it strikes the main river. The ex- tent of this river is about twenty mues, and near its head waters is one of the lakes in which the Nash- waak has its rise. Three miles above is the Munquat, which resem])le8 the Shiktahawk, and flows in the same i . 101 direction nearly. There are other minor streams in tho vicinity, which it is unnecessary to notice, with tlie exception of the River de Chute, whicli rises near Marshiil, and after running about twenty miles, emp- ties into the St. John at the same distance below the Tobique, and thirty-six above Woodstock. At the mouth of the River de Chute, there are falls of about eight feet perpendicular height, that prevent boats from ascending. Forty-eight miles above Woodstock, the River Tobique empties into the St. John from the eastward, and extends in a north-east direction about a hundred miles, seventy of which it is navigable; it^ average width is twenty rods. The Tobique abounds with salmon and trout. Fifteen miles above the Tobique, on the opposite side of the St. John, is Salmon River, which runs thirty-five miles in a north-east direction, and termi- nates in two branches that extend in opposite direc- tions. Boats may navigate this river twenty miles, and canoes thirty up stream. Formerly large quan- tities of salmon were taken here ; at present, however, they are scarce, but trout and a most excellent fish, called white fish, are taken in abundance. Retracing our steps, on the right bank of the St. John, the Restook River falls into it, four miles above the Tobique from the westward. The whole length of the Restook 13 one hundred and fifty miles by its course, which is very scrpcn- ui i' 1.1 I'' ' 102 tine, but preserves a gciiornl southward direction. Its waters sre slioal, having a smooth bottom and a mo- derate current ; salmon and trout are the principal fish that it contains. This river has its rise in the same mountainous region witli the other sources of the Allegash, belonging to St. John in the north, and the eastern branch of the Penobscot on the south. Twenty miles from the mouth of the river it re- ceives the Little Madawaska from the northward. This stream is thirty miles in length. The next stream of any importance is the Presqueisle, entering from the south. This isle is forty-one miles from the mouth of the Aroostook by the river courae, and has its course twenty miles to the southward of its own discharge. Forty-one miles the mouth of the Aroos- took Salmon River enters from the north. This is a considerable stream, and waters a large tract of coun- try. From the mouth of the Aroostook, the St. John extends northwardly upwards of eighteen miles to the Grand Falls. Here the channel of the river is broken by a chain of rocks which run across the river and produce a tremendous fall more than forty feet per- pendicular, down which the water of the river rushes with resistless impetuosity. The river just above the cataract makes a short bend, or nearly a right angle, forning a small bay a few rods above the precipice, in which there is an eddy, which makes it a safe land- I, ing place, althougli very near the main fall, where canoes, &c. pass with the greatest safety. Immedi- ately below this bay the river suddenly contracts — a point of rocks projects from the western shore and nar- rows the channel to the width of a few rods. The waters thus pent up, sweep over the rugged bottom with great velocity. Just before they reach the main precipice, they rush down a descent of some feet, and rebound in foam from a bed of rocks on the verge of the fall ; they are then precipitated down the perpen- dicular cliffs into the abyss below, which is studded with rocks that nearly choke the passage, leaving only a small opening in the centre, through which the water, after whirling for some time in the basin, rushes with tremendous impetuosity, sweep- ing through a broken, rocky channel, '^nd a succes- sion of falls for upwards of a mile, being closely shut in by rocks, which in some places, overhang the river so as to hide most part of it from the view of the ob- server. Trees and timber, which are carried down the falls, are sometimes whirled rouaa in the basin below the precipice till they are ground to pieces ; sometimes their ends are tapered to a point, and at other times broken and crushed to pieces. A short distance from the falls a succession com- mences—the first from a continued foam, called the White Rapids. The banks of the river arc here very high, and the water, compressed by a narrow channel, !:t^ •il i ill iii i'iit \ I mm i ; i i 104 rushes throiigli the bed of rocks wliicli nearly crosses the river, nnd whirling about in their passage arc forced over nnd round the crags in sheets of foam. Thirteen miles above these falls, Grand River emp- ties from the northward and eastward. This river rises in a range of mountains, that divides the Resti- gouche from the waters frilling into the St. John. It is upwards of thirty miles in extent. Canoes and light boats may proceed twenty miles from the Grand River. At a short distance from Grand River is the Shiegash. Twenty-five miles from the Grand Falls, Green River, so named from the peculiar hue of its waters, intersects the St. John also coming from the northward. About four miles above the Grand Falls the Mada- waaska settlement commences, and extends along both sides of the St. John, as far as the River St. Francis — a distance of forty miles. Thirty-five miles from the Grand Falls the Madawaaska River intersects the St. John, this river has its source in Lake Pemis- canta, which is twenty-five miles distant. From six to seven miles from its confluence with the St. John. Trout River flows into the Madawaaska at the point where the Madawaaska meets the St. John, which from the Grand Falls has pursued a north-west course, the latter river turns to the southward and westward, and proceeds in that direction for twelve miles to the Merumpticook, entering from the north- M t 105 ward. Five miles farther up in tlie direction to Fish River, entering from the southward, the St. John takes a westerly direction for thirteen miles to the St. Francis, emptying from the northward, and then eight miles southerly and westerly to the Allegash, a principal branch of the St. John, flow- ing from the southward. This river has its'source twelve miles north of Mount Ktaadn, and in by far the most mountainous and elevated region south of the St. Lawrence. For about one- third of its extent from its source, it connects a chain of ex- tensive lakes, nearly on one continuous level, being united by streams of small extent, and very little fall. The level of the uppermost of these lakes has been found to be only a very few feet higher than the waters of the Penobscot, rising in its immediate vi- cinity, which has suggested to our speculative neigh- bours the idea of a canal, probably not exceeding half a mile in length, which would enable them to transport timber and agricultural produce, as the country improved, to the Bangor market ; but which nature designed for that of St. John. This stream does not water a tract of country of much width, but of considerable length, a great part of it being well- timbered, and towards the mouth of the Allegasht there are many good localities for settlement. Action of the Sea on the Coast op New Brunswick. — About ninety miles of coast besides pi t ! lor; t'.stuarics and indentations, are in tlii' district under consideration exposed to the action of tiie sea ; and an opportunity is thereby aflfordcd for observing the action of the tides and waves upon the rocks of the shore. From Cape Mispeck to Cape Enrage, the ordinary rapidity of the tide is from tl '.'ee to four miles an hour. At Shepody Bay and Cumberland Basin its velocity is much increased ; and in the mouths of the Petico- diac, Memramcook, and Tantamarre, it runs at the rate of ten miles an hour. But notwithstanding this constant current along the line of coast, its effects in abrading the rocks are limited to those of a soft and yielding nature, and the range of strong ed- dies where the water is urged upon the naked strata with violence. The configuration of any coast de- pends upon the hardness of the rocks exposed to the sea, which wears out the most yielding parts into harbours, bays, and coves, while the more compact masses are left, forming capes and headlands. At every situation in the above distance, these ob- servations will apply, due allowance being made for the variable power of the waves, and the entrance of rivers. It might be supposed that low, sandy shores would suffer most from the action of the sea, but such is not the fact ; in those instances the waves throw up a barrier of sand and shingle, upon which their force is broken, and the dry land is thus defended from en- croachment. 5 ' . 10' Along the sliore uiuitr consideration, tlie bay is bordered in general by steep clitfd ; these, by being undermined by the waves, fall down, and the rubbish forms a slope, defending the precipice until it is washed away, when the same process is repeated. The falling of *he clitt's is far from common in the spring, when the rocks which have been rent asunder by the expansion of the water freezing in winter are Ijosened when the ice dissolves, and they, therefore, fall headlong in enormous masses to the beach below. It is to the formidable action of tlie breakers, how- ever, that the great delapidation of the shore may be chiefly ascribed. Even in calm weather, the ground- swell, as it is commonly called, falls heavily on the beach, or against the rocks, breaking the laigest stones into pebbles, and grinding the pebbles into sand. During gales this action is greatly increased, and t'lo dissolving rocks render the waters turbid several miles from the land. This effect is also produced by landslips, where large collections of rock, gravel, and soil, covered perhaps with trees, become loosened by the escaping frosts or the breaking out of a spring, and are launched downward to the beach, or into the waters of the bay. From these combined causes, and many others, which might be mentioned, the shore at many places is rapidly wasting away, and the sea is making annual encroachments upon the land. In other instances. i I KKS the united powers of the tide and waves wear out rude caverns ; and with uncouth sculpture, form iso- lated blocks, which, at a distance, resemble the work ot art. The sediment produced by these operations on the sea coast is transported by the tides to the banks and mouths of the river, issuing from tlic low grounds, and thus the extensive marshes of Westmorland and Cumberland have been formed, and are daily increas- ing in magnitude. These are the means by which not only the geographical features of a country are changed, but its agricultural character is improved by these operations of nature, which from the naked sterile rock, produces a fruitful soil and whole tracts of arable land are deposited along the vallies, to feed the cattle of a thousand hills. The Commerce of British North America. — To the intellectual and contemplative mind how vast the field presented by the — may he — commerce of this continent. One may survey the globe, from Arctic to Antarc- tic Pole — and trace the equatorial line — the lines which mark the limits of northern and southern tropic — the lines of latitude and longitude— and yet, we defy him to point out any portion of the earth, combining continent and isle, deep bays, capacious gul&, and inhind seas, gigantic rivers, navigable for the lai^gest ocean ships — and rivers, less, but still na- vigable for smaller craft, — wc defy him to point out 10.0 any portion of the peopled earth, which can hold a candle, as the vulgar have it, to British North America. Why, in our Lakes, the Kingdoms of Great Bri- tain and Ireland, can be soused^ — hidden totally ! whilst a dozen of the rivers of England, Scotland, and Ireland, would not make one Ottawa ; as to the St. Lawrence, all the rivers of Europe knocked into one, would scarcely exceed it, either in expanse, or volume. What is it makes England so maritime as a king- dom ! It is her sea-surrounded shore, — deeply and frequently indented with excellent harbours ; the po- pulation has become almost amphibious ; the sea, to them, is their territory, and though they draw not from it, as from the earth, the harvest^ — ^yet their in- dustry finds a rich investment, yielding returns, that make the miser's eyes water, from within the liquid domain of Neptune. The sea, to Britons, is as a milch cow, yielding subsistence ; and giving that strength and power which enables a small territory, like Britain, to dictate to Kingdoms and Empires. The sea, it is, which renders Britain commercial, Without it she would be what are Bavaria, Wurtem- burg. Saxony. An extended commerce, implies, ne- cessarily, great facIHty of communication. Where are there greater facilities of communication than here ? This, then, brings us again to the survey of the capabilities of British North America. r 110 Coininciicin^ at tijc Bay of Fuiidy, cncirclinjj the peninsula of Nova Scotia, Icavino^ to the rii,Mit, the vast Islaml of Ncwfo mull and, we enter the broad Gulf of St. Lawrence, which, from the Island of St. Paul's (at its entrance) to Cape Chat, extends some hundreds of miles. The Gulf is, of itself, a sea, largo as the Caspian, covering a space not greatly less than the Black Sea. We have said nothing of the marine Banks of Newfoundland, — a source sufficient of itself to make a marine nation. They are banks, which have no seasons of compression and restriction; but are abundant, copious, ever in their discounts. The Northern shore, or the Labrador side of the gulf, is, it may almost be said, uninhabited. There are one or two settlements for the catch of fish and make of oil, and some few wandering Indians, but that is alL The Southern shore, however, exhibits the flourishing Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and a portion of Lower Canada (that is, Gaspe with its deep Bay of Chaleurs.) The towns of Pictou and Miramichi, besides many smaller ones, which are more considerable than mere villages, are to be seen on this shore. Pictou is the centre of a valuable coal trade, and numerous are the vessels for New York, Boston, Halifax, St. John's, Quebec, which leave it freighted with the valuable mineral. Miramichi is a town noted for its extensive timber trade, and more than two hundred vessels, of large size, frequent its harbour annually, from Great Bri- Ill tain nnd Irolaml ; Iho same iloscription applies to Now Carlisle, and some other ports, tlio names of which we have forgotten, in the Bay of Chaleurs. Within the Gulf of St. Lawrence, nre the Magdo- len Islands, which arc visited annually by hundreds of fishing vessels ; also the fertile and prosperous Is- land of Prince Edward, the seat of a Lieutenant Go- vernorship : likewise the large Island of Anticosti, which, however, is useless to commerce, or to man — being barren, bleak, and worthless. At Cape Chat commences the magnificent St. Law- rence ; it has been ojir fortune to see many renowned rivers of America and Asia, (wc speak not of Euro- pean rivers, because comparison of them with the St. Lawrence, would bo ridiculous,) and none can com- pare, in beauty and grandeur combined, with this pater fluvium. The Mississipi rolls its deep and tur- bid volume to the ocean, through banks that have scarcely a feature of beauty about them, and is com- paratively narrow, though deeper, and though the current bo more rapid. The Ganges ! neither can it compare with the St. Lawrence, though its banks be beautifuL Our magnificent St. Lawrence penetrates into the continent more than a thousand miles, near five hun- dred miles above Cape Chat, it is still from two to two and a half miles wide. Its waters are clear, and at its western end, (Lake Superior,) are absolutely trans- lucent. It expands into lakes which makes the con- t' t 112 ceited European open liia eyes with wonder ; his idea of lakes, derived from such as Killa^ney, Lomond, Constance, or Lucerne, cannot compass such breadth, depth, and length, as will be shown to his astonished vision, by Ontario, Erie, Huron, Michigan, and Su- perior. It receives many tributaries ; one, so vast, that half the rivers of England, Scotland, and Ire- land, might be hidden in its pouch, as the Kangaroo hides its young. A thousand sea ships visit Quebec for timber alone : a multitude of others ascend to Montreal to discharge their rich cargoes of manufactured goods, and luxu- ries, and necessaries, and to receive returns in the produce of the soil. Here, it may be said, commences the inland navigation, proper. From Montreal, large sized barges bear the products of the interior from On- tario, and carry to that lake the imported goods, required by the in-dwellers of the Continent. On Lakes Ontario and Erie, are to be seen numer- rous steamers, mostly of the largest size, hundreds of sailing craft, which pursue their way from Kingston to Amherstburgh and Goderich, or from Oswego to Mackinaw and Chicago, bearing full freights, going and returning. Magnificent as are the rivers and lakes of Canada, yet the territory on either bank is equally magnifi- cent, being unsurpassed for fertility in any part of the world. 113 CONCLUDING CHAPTER. PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. His Excellency Major-General Sir John Harvey, K.C.B., and K.C.H., Lieut. Governor and Com- mander-in-Chief of the Province of New Bruns- wick, &c., &c., &c. Executive Council. — Hon. Wm. Black; Hon. G. Shore ; Hon. Fred. P. Robinson ; Hon. Wm. F. Odell ; Hon. John S. Saunders ; Hon. C. Simonds ; Hon. Hugh Johnston ; Hon. Wm. Crane ; Hon Joseph Cunard ; Hon. John W. Weldon. Legislative Council. — The Hon. the Chief Justice, President ; Lord Bishop of Nova Scotia ; Hon. Wm. Black ; Hon. George Shore ; Hon. Thomas Baillie ; Hon. Harry Peters ; Joseph Cunard ; Hon. James AUanshaw ; Hon. Wm. H. Robinson ; Hon. John S. Saunders ; Hon. Amos E. Botsford ; Hon. the Attor- ney General ; Hon. Thomas C. Lee ; Hon. Edward B. Chandler ; Hon. George F. Street ; Hon. John Robertson ; Hon. Thos. Wyer ; Hon. Harris Hatch ; Hon. Wm. B. Kinnear. Q h ^ IM- ITOUSK OF ASSF.MBLY. The Honourable Charles Sinionds. Speaker. County of York. — Lemul A. Wihnot, Jas. Tnylor, John Allen, and Charles Fisher, Esqnires. County of Saint Jolin. — Hon. Charles Simonds* John R. Partelow, John M. Wilmot, John Jordan, Esqnires. County of Charlotte. — George S. Hill, Jas. Brown, jun., W. F. W. Owen, James Boyd, Esquires. County of Westmorland. — Wm. Wilson, D. Han- ington, Hon. Wni. Crane, Philip Palmer, Esquires. County of Northumberland. — Alex. Rankin, John A. S. Street, Esquires. County of Sunbury. — George Hayward, Henry T, Partelow, Esquires. King's County. — Samuel Freeze, Wm. M*Leod> Esquires. Queen's County. — Hon. Hugh Johnston, Thomas Gilbert, Esquires. County of Kent.— Hon. John W. Weldon, D, M*Almon, Esq. County of Gloucester. — Wn?. End, Peter Stewart, Esquires. County of Carleton.— J. M. Connell, B. C. Beards- ley, Esquires. County of Restigouche. — Andrew Barberie, Esq. City of Saint John. — Isaac Woodward, Thomas Barlow, Esquires. r < BANKS. Bank of New Brunswick. — (In St. Join.) — Capital £100,000. Presi«lent— Thomas Lcavitt, Kscj. Coiii- inorcial Bank of New Brunswick. — (In St. John) — Incorporated by Royal Charter. — Capital X* 150,000, witli power to increase to £800,000. President — Lewis Burns, Esq. Commercial Brancli Bank. — (At Miramichi.) Acting Cashier at Chatham, Elenry Wiswell, Esq. Commercial Branch Bank. — (At Fredericton.) Cashier, Archibold Scott, Esq. Com- mercial Bank Agency at Woodstock. — Cashier, G. F. Williams, Esq. Central Bank of New Brunswick. — (In Fredericton) — Capital £35,000, with power to increase to £50,000. President — William J. Bedell, Esq. Central Bank Agency. — (At Wood- stock.) Agent, A. B. Sharp, Esq. Charh)tte Countv Bank. — Capital £15,000. — President — The Hon. Harris Hatch. St. Stephen's Bank.— Capital £25000 — President — Wm. Porter, Esq. Bank of British North America. — (Estaldished in London.) — Capital £1,000,000 sterling ; in 20,000 shares, of £50 ; (three- fourths of which have been subscribed in England, and the remainder in the North American Colonies,) with power to increase the capital. — Manager of the Branch at St. John, Alfred Smithers, Esq. Frede- ricton Branch. — Manager George Taylor, Esq. Mi- ramichi Branch. — Alanager Robert Cassals, Esq. City of St. John Savings Bank. — (In St. John.) — His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor, Patron. The Bank of New Brunswick, Treasurer, Daniel Jerdan, Esq., Casliier and Registrar. I'. llo SOCIETIES, &c., IN NEW BRUNSWICK. ST. JOHN, FREDERICTON, ST. ANDREW, &C. Bible, Trt»;jt, Benevolent, St. George's, St. Andrew's, St. Patrick's, Albion Union, Friendly Sons of Erin, Orphan, Shipmasters', Temperance, Friendly Fire Club, Union, do. Protection, Marine Hospital for re- lief of disabled Seamen, Chambers of Commerce (Companies,) Bridge- Water Insurance, Central Fire Insurance, Marine Assurance, Mechanics', Salmon River, Coal Mining, Whale Fishery, Mill, and Canal Land, Stage Coach, Floral and Horticultural. MODE OF CONVEYANCE IN THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. There is a Coach runs from St. John to Frederic- ton, by the Nerepis, G5 miles, fare £1. Do. to Dorchester, via Sussex Vale, 119 miles, fare £1, 10s. Do. to St. Andrew's, via St. George, 65 miles, fare £1. Do. Mail to Fredericton, via Belle Isle, 86 miles, fare £1. Do. Mail from Fredericton to Chatham, 114 miles, fare £1, 5s. Do. Mail from Chatham to St. John, via Richibucto, Pctitcodiac, Sussex Vale, and Hampton, 186 miles, fare £2, 16s. Stearn-boats ply between St. John and Fredericton, every day, during summer. First Cabin, 10s. Do. from St. John to St. Stephen's, calling at East- port, St. Andrew's, and Calais (United States) First Cabin, £1. i J 117 BRITISH AND NORTH AMERICAN ROY\L MAIL STEAM SHIPS, Of 1,250 tons burthen, and 440 horse Rower, under con- tract with the Lords of the Admiralty. Acadia, commanded by Edwd. C. Miller. Britannia, ♦< Richd. B. Cleland. Caledonia, " ^ „^.„<^«!u'nbia, « C. H. D. Judkins. Will sad from Boston and Liverpool calling at Halifax, as follows : — 1841—1842. From lioston. March Ist. March 16th. April 1st. April I7th. May 1st. May 16th. June 1st. June 16th. July 1st. July 17th. August 1st. August 16th. Columbia, Caledonia, Britannia, Acadia, Calodoni.i, Columbia, Acadia, Britannia, Columbia, Caledonia, Britannia, Acadia, Caledonia, Columbia, Acadia, Britannia, Columbia, Caledonia, Britannia, Acadia, Caledonia, Columbia, Acadia, Britannia, ...... Passage Money £25 sterling, from Halifax tcTLiverpool. From Halifax to Boston, 20 dollars. Tiiese ships carry experienced Surgeons. The Unicorn plies between Pictou and Quebec, in connection with this place. From Halifax. March 3d. March 18th. April 3d. April 19th. May 3d. May 18th. June 3d. June 18th. July 3d. July 19th. August 3d. August 18th. From LTool. March 4th. March 19th. April 4th. April 20th. May 4th. May 19th. June 4th. June 19th. July 4. July 20th. August 4th. August 19th. - f 118 ROADS AND DISTANCES IN THE PROVINCE. From St. John to Frederictoii, via Kington. Miles. To Black's Farm, 7 Gondola Point, 9 Kingston, . 4 ilead of Bulleislo, ^4 Washademoac, i3 Jerasej; Ferry, 6 Tilley'8, (Sheffield) 13 Perley's, . 8 Fredericton, . 12 86 Do. to Fredericton by the Nerepis. Yorkahire Ta^^ern, 4 Brundagc'u, . 10 Douglas Arms, . 4 Purdy's, . 12 Gillan's, . 10 Smith's, . 7 Morrison's (Oroniocto,) 7 Fredericton, . 1 1 G5 From Saint John to Saint Stephens via St. Andrews. 6 7 5 8 9 10 12 IG From St. John to Quaco. Tlie Mash, . . 3 Loclon^ond, . 8 Jones', . . 3 Realty's, . . 6 Patterson's, . 5 Quaco (or St. Martin's,) 6 Lake Field, Musquash, M'Laughlin's, Gray's, M'Gowan's, Waiter's, St. George, St. Patrick, St. Andrews, St. Stephens, 31 83 From St. John to Shepody. To Loclomond (Cody's,) J 1 Atkinson's Chapel, 10 Barnes' Bridge, . 4 Little River Chapel, 6 Londonderry School, 10 Head of the Settlement, 4 M'Manus' Farm, 6 Dorman's, (through the Portage) . 12 Shepody Chapel, . 12 IT From St. John to Halifax via Amherst. To Hennigar'a . 9 Ketch urn's . 7 Hampton Ferry, . 7 Baxter's (Finger Board,) 10 The Valley Church, 13 M'Monagle's, . 10 M'Leod's, (Portage) 12 Pittfield's, . . 13 Nixon's, . . 12 Lewis', . . 12 Charter's, Memramcook, 16 Hickman's, Dorchester, 8 Westcock, . . 7 Tantamar, . . 10 Amherst, . . 9 Total, 154 119 To Halifax from Amhurst. Curry's, \ To Stewart's, . 10 Hewaon's, River Philip, 9 Pnrdy's (mountaio) 10 Sutherland's, . 6 Yewill's, (Londonderry,) 10 Blanchard's, Truro, 15 Hill's, Stewiacke, 17 Miller's, Guy's River, 9 Keyes', . . 10 Shultz's, . 9 Halifax, . . 11 Total, . 116 From St. John to Hali- fax, . 270 From Fredericton to Riche- bucto via Miraniiehi. To Brown's, . 1 1 Ytmng's, . 10 Boie'a Town, . 24 Hunter's, . 14 De Cantline's, . 10 Cochrane's, . 14 Parker's, . 13 Newcastle, . 10 Chatham, (Miramichi,) 6 M'Beath's, . 6 M* Beath's Black River, 12 Dicken's Bay, (Duvin,) 10 Rankin's, (Richibucto,) 12 Total, Forom'H, Lee's, Batlmrst Court House, Total, . 48 From Batliurst to Resti- gouche. To Arisncaus, . 12 Daley's, . 12 Harvey's, (Nash Creek,) lOA M'Pherson's, (Cold Place) 94 Dalhousie, . . 10 Reed's, . . 74 Carableton, . 9 40 From Richibucto to the Bend To Sediac, Cocaigne Bridge, Little Buctouch, Harris', Richibucto, 13 9 9 9 8 Total, . . 49 Chatham to Bathurst. To Goodfellow, Total, . . 704 From Fredericton to Quebec. To Burgoyne's Ferry, 16 Munroe's, . 13 Guion's, , 5 Jones', . 17 Woodstock Court House, 8 Victoria, . 8 .^pplesley's, . 13 Band's, ' . .18 Tibbet's, . .10 Restook, . . 3 Grand Falls, . 18 Coombs, . 12 Vital Thibidean's, 15 Entrance of Madawaska, 10 Lake of Temiscouta, 24 The Portage, , 14 River St. Lawrence, 36 Kamouraska, . 18 St. Ann's, . 224 Rivierewielle, . 224 St. Thomas, . 15 Saint Joseph, . 18 Port Levi, Quebec, 12 346 6 I Total, 120 ORIGIN OF THE NAMES OF THE SEVERAL UNITED STATES. Maine was so called, as early as 1 623, from Maine in France, of which Henrietta Maria, queen of England, was at that time proprietor. New-Hampshire was the name given to the terri- tory conveyed by the Plymouth Company to Captain John Mason, by patent, Nov. 7th, 1829, with refer- ence to tlie patentee, who was Governor of Ports- mouth, in Hampshire, England. Vermont was so called by the inhabitants in their Declaration of Independence, Jan. 16th, 1777, from verd mont green mountain. Massachusetts was so called from Massachusetts Bay, and that from the Massachusetts tribe of Indians in the neighbourhood of Boston. The tribe is thought to have derived its name from the Blue Hills of Mil- ton. Rhode-Island was so called in 1644, in reference to the Island of Rhodes, in the Mediterranean. Connecticut was so called from the Indian name of its principal river. Connecticut is a Moheakanneew word, signifying long river. New York was so called in 1664, in reference to the Duke of York and Albany, to whom this territory was granted by the King of England. New Jersey was so called in 1664, from the Island I 121 of Jersey, on the coast of France, the residence of the family of Sir George Carteret to whom this territory was granted. Pennsylvania was so called in 1681, after William Penn. Delaware was so called in 1703, from Delaware Bay, on which it lies, and which received its name from Lord de la War who died in this bay. Maryland was so called in honour of Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I., in his patent to Lord Bal. timore, June 30, 1632. Virginia was so called in 1584, after Elizabeth the virgin queen of England. Carolina was so called by the French in 1664, in honour of King Charles IX., of France. Georgia was so called in 1732, in honour of King George II. Alabama was so called in 1817, from its principal river. Mississippi was so called in 1800, from its western boundary. Mississippi is said to denote the whole river, i. e. the river formed by the union of many. Louisiana was so called in honour of Louis XIV., of France. Tennessee was so called in 1706 from its principal river. The word Ten-assee is said to signify a curved spoon. R S U2 Kentucky was so called in 1792, from its principal river, Illinois was so called in 1809, from its principal river. The word is said to signify the river of men. Indiana was so called in 1809, from the American Indians. Ohio was so called in 1802, from its Southern boun< dary. Missouri was so called in 1821, from its principal river. Michigan was so called in 1805, from the lake on its border. Arkansas was so called in 1819 from its principal river. Florida was called by Juan Ponce de Leon in 1672, because it was discovered on Easter Sunday, in Spa- nish Pascua Florida. Columbia was so called in reference to Columbus, Wisconsin was so called from its principal river. Iowa is so called from its principal river. Oregon is so called from its principal river. POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. We annex a comparative view of the census of 19 States and the District of Columbia at the several enumerations taken by order of the general govern- ment from 1790 to 1840. The increase of population i • f I i 123 in these 10 Status and the District since lBf30, is 3,300,000. If the remaining States and Territories give an increase of a million, as they doubtless will, the population of the United States will amount, in round numbers, to Seventeen Millions. According to present appearances, it is as likely to exceed this num- ber, as to fall below it. In 1830, it was 12,886,920 ; in 1820, 9,638,131; in 1810, 7,239,814; in 1800, 6,306,926 ; in 1790, 3,929,827. States. 1790. 18.30. 1840. Maine, 96,540 399,955 501,796 N. Hampshire, 141,899 269,323 284,431 Vermont, 85,416 280,652 291,488 Massachusetts, 378,717 610,408 737,786 R. Island, 69,110 97,199 108,837 Connecticut, 238,141 297,665 310,131 New York, 340,120 1,918,608 2,432,835 New Jersey, 184,139 320,823 373,272 Pennsylvania, 434,373 1,348,233 1,850,000 Delaware, 69,098 76,748 78,120 Maryland, 319,728 447,040 467,367 Ohio, 937,903 1,515,695 Michigan, * 31,639 211,705 Indiana, 343,031 683,314 Illinois, 157,455 475,000 Missouri, 140,445 327,731 Mississippi, 136,621 384,000 Arkansas, 30,388 95,642 Dis. Columbia, 39,834 43,712 S. Carolina, 249,073 581,185 594,439 Total, 11,767,911 2,596,354 8,465,160 COLOURED POPULATION. Wc annex a comparative view of the coloured po- ^f^ "m^ 'T-^ 124 pulation in 13 States and the District of Columbia. The increase of free coloured persons during the last ten years, is 32,09G, and of slaves, 21,413. Total, 63,600 ; or about 17 3-4 per cent. Of this increase, 38,957 is in Missouri and Arkansas. In the otiier 11 States and the District, the increase is only 14,552 ; or but little more than 6 1-2 per cent. In all the States included in this table, where slaves were held in 1830, there has been a decrease of the number, except in Missouri. The same is true of the District. The aggregate decrease, excluding the two States just mentioned, is 10,390 ; or one seventh of the whole number. Much of the increase in Missouri, and Arkansas isowingto importations from other States. Free Col. Persons. Slaves • States. 1840. 1830. 1840 1830. Maine, 1,353 1,171 N. Hampshicie, 630 602 Vermont, jL. 718 881 Rhode Isl^d, 3,230 3,564 5 17 New York, 49,9G2 44,869 3 75 New Jersey, 20,970 18,303 658 2,254 Delaware, 16,926 15,855 2,613 3,292 Maryland, 61,938 52,938 89,719 102,294 Ohio, 17,016 I '67 Indiana, 7,018 3,629 Missouri, 1,433 569 48,491 25,081 Arkansas, 431 141 18,969 4,576 , Michigan, 703 261 1 32 Dis. Columbia , 8,361 6,152 4,694 6,119 Total, 190,598 158,502 165,153 143,740 FINIS. Printed at the Warder Office, High Street, Berwick. II The author begs that the subscribers to this work will kindly overlook any slight error, as he was much from home as it passed through the press. It does not appear uecessary to insert a list of errata. ■ *^