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Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too Isrge to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper Soft hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de rAduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, il est fiimA A partir de i'angle supArieur geuche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant ie nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 t 2 3 4 5 6 s THE WORKS OF HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT THE WORKS OF HUBERT HOWE BANCKOFT. VOLUME IX. HISTORY OF ]\rEXlCO. Vol. I. IJIG-I02I. SAX FRAXCISCO : A. L. BANCROFT & COMP.VXY. PUBLISHERS. 1883. KiUd.il aiti.nliiiB to Act of Coiigrcns in llii> Your ISXii, l.y HUHKKT H. BANCROFT, 111 till' Ulllr.' of tlie I.lbriu-ian of C'oiigro»», iit WiiKliiiislo'i. AH Jihjhls Jieserred. PREFACE. As the tliird n^rcatost of the world's ropubllrs, wherein soeiety and civiUzation are tlisj)layed uikKt somewhat abnormal aspects, under aspects at least widely different from those present in other than Spanish -speaking connnunities, conlln'urations and climates, races and race intermixtures, civil and re- ligious polities, and the whole range of mental and physical environment being in so many res[)ects ex- ceptional and individual, Mexico i)resents a study one of the most interesting and prolitable of any among the nations of to-day. A brilliant though unjust and merciless conquest was followed by the enforcement of Spain's institu- tions upon the survivors, who were themselves so far advanced in arts, industries, and intellectual cultin-o as to render such metamorphosis most tlisnstrous. After the awful success of Cortes, Spain neither ex- terminated the natives, like the United States, nor left them in their aboriginal independence, like the fur- magnates of British America. Aiming at the utmc^t kintlness, the Spanish government fastened on body and soul the iron fetters of tyramiy and superstition; ainnng at liberty and humanity, slavery and wrong were permitted. With grants of land, grants of men ivj Ti PREFACE. niul women were made. The church fought valiantly against the evils of the cnconiienda system, and against the cruelty and injustice imposed by the colo- nists upon the natives. There was here little of that wholesome indifference to the welfare of her colonii-s later manifested by England with regard to her settle- ments in America. Spain's American possessions be- longed not to the Spanish people but to the Spanish sovereign; the lands and the people were the king's, to bo held or disposed of as he should direct, ilonco among the people were encouraged dividing castes; commerce was placed under the severest restrictions, and in many ways it became clear that provinces wero held and governed almost exclusively I'or the benefit of the crown. And so tliey remained, Europeans and Americans intcrminfilinjj their loves and hates for three hundred vears, which was indeed Mexico's dark age, two civilizations being well nigh crushed therein. Light at last breaking in upon the people, the three centuries of viceregal rule were brought to a close by their taking a stand for independence, such as their Anglo-American neighbor had so recently achieved. And now during these latter days of swift })rogression ISIexico is happily aroused from her lethargy, and is taking her pro[)cr place among the enlightened nations of the earth, to the heart-felt joy of all. The first of the five great periods of INfcxioan his- tory, embracing the aboriginal annals of Anilhuac,, lias been exhaustively treated in the fifth volume of my Native Iktccs. The second is that of the conquest by Cortc^s; the third covers nearly three centuries of vice- regal rule in New Spain ; the fourth comprises the strug- gle for independence and the founding of the republic; PREFACE. tU and the fifth oxtonda tlioncc to tlio prosont tlino, inchuHnij as saUcnt tuaturos a series of internal revo- hitions, the war witli tlio United States, tlie ini|)erial experinient of ^EaxiniiUan, and the peaceful develoj)- ment of national industries and power in recent years. It is my purj)osc to present on a national scrale, and in a s[)acc sj'uiuictrically proportioned to the impor- tance of each, the record of the lour successive |>eriods. The conquest of Mexico, liilinjj^ the present and ])art of another volume, has been treated by many writers, and in a masterly manner. In the three ])eriods of Mexican history followini^ the conquest tliere is no comprehensive work extant in Kni^- lish; nor is there any su(^h work in Spanish that if translated would prove entirely satisfactory to I'^nji^lish roadei-s. Of the few Spanish and ^lexican writers whose researches ha^e extended over the whole field, or largo portions of it, none have been conspicuously successful in freeing themselves from the quicksands of race prejudice, of religious feeling, of patriotic impulse, of political partisanship; none have had a satisfactory command of existing author- ities; none in the matter of space have made a sym- metrical division of the periods, or have ai)i)reciated the relative inq)ortance of dill'ercnt topics as they appear to any but Spanish eyes. Yet there has been no lack amonjj: these writers of careful investigation or brilliant diction. Indeed there is hardly an epodi that has not been ably treated from various partisan standpoints. The list of authorities prefixed to this volume shows approximately my resources for writing a lIisTOKY OF Mexico. I may add that no part of my YtU rnEFAcr. coll('<'tl»)n U iMoro sfitisfactorily coiujiletc tluui tliafc pcrtjiininjjf to Mexico. I have all tho staiulaid iiis- torlcs and priiitod clironirlcs of the earliest times, to'jretluT with all the works of writers who have ex- tended their iiivostiijations to the events and develo))- mcnts of later j^cars. On the shelves of my Library are fonnd the various Co/ccciuncs de Documentor, filled with pieeious historical papers from the Spanish and Mexican archives, all that were consulted in manu- script hy llobertson, Prescott, and other able writers, with thousan«ls equally important that were unknown to them. !My store of manuscript material is rich both in oriijinals and copies, including the treasui-es secured during a long experience by such collectois as Jose ^Farui Andrade and Josd Fernando Kamirez; a copy of the famous Archivo General de Mexico, in tliirty-two volumes; the autograph originals of Carlos ]\[aria Bu.stamante's historical writings, in about fifty vt)lumes, containing much not found in his printed works; the orijjfinal records of the earliest Mexican councils of the chur \\, with many ecclesiastical and missionary chronicles not extant in print; and finally a large anK)unt of copied material on special topics drawn from different archives expressly for my work. Documents printed by the Mexican government, including the regular memorias and other reports of different departments and officials, constitute a most valuable source of information. Partisan writings and political pam})hlets are a noticeable feature of Mexican historical literature, indispensable to the his- torian who would study both sides of every question. Prominent Mexicans have formed collections of such works, a dozen of which I have united in one, making two hundred and eighteen volumes oi' I\q>clai Varios, rRKFA(M':. Is poiTio fivn iljousand paniiililct^<, bes'uh^s nearly ns many inoru folK'ctc'U l)y my (»\vn cH'orts. Tlu; ne\vs|)a|Ki» ot'a country cannot bo «lisri\nar«lt'(l, and my collection ia not (Icti '.'ni/ in this class of data, bcin;^ pailicuiarly rich in olliciai ^v»'lodicals. Tho conquest of !^^exico, wliich lu'i^iiis this jiistorv, lias the peculiar attractions of forming the {^landiist I'pisode in early Anu'rican annals iVom n military j)oint of view, and in oi)eniii^, to the world the richest, most populous, and most civilized country on the northern continent, and of j^^radually in- corporatin_i:f it in tho siste.-iood of niiions as tlu? fori'most representative of Latin Vmerican states. On the other hand, an episode which presents hut a continuation of tho bloody path v.liich marked the advance of tho conquerors in Ainerica, and which involved the destruction not <>nly of thousands of imoilending peoi)les but of a most fair and hopeful culture, is not in its results tho most }>leasing of pic- tures. But neither in this pit of Acheron noi' in that garden of Ilesperides may wo exi)ect to discover the full significance of omni[)otent intention. Fiom the ])v;rpctual snow-cap si)rings the imperceptihiy moving glacier. A grain of sand gives no conceptit)n of the earth, nor a drop of water of the sea, nor the soft breathing of an infant of a huriicane; yet worlds are madeof atoms, and seas of drojis of water, and storms of auLTry air-breaths. ThoULjIi modern Mexico can boast a century more of histoiy than the nortluM-n nations of America, as compared with the illimitable future her past is but a point of time. ' COIS-TEXTS OF THIS YOLUME. CHAPTER I. VOTAGE OF DEUNANDEZ DE cdRDOHA TO VCCATAN. 1u1G-1j17. A Glance ..t tl.c State of European Discovery an.l Govem.nont in America at the Opening of this A'oh.mc-Diego Velazquez in Cuba-Character ot tlie .Man-A Hand of Adventurers Arrives from Darien-Thc Gov ernor C^^unsels them to l.:mbark in Skve-eatching- Under irernan- dez de Conloba thay SailWestward and Discover Yucatan-And arc Filled with Astonishment at the Large Towns and Stone Towers thev See thero-They Fight the Natives at Cape Catoche-Skirt the loninsula to Cluunpoton-Sanguinary Battle -Return to Cuba- Death of Cordoba PAGE. CHAPTER II. JI-A.V DE GRIJALVA EXPLORES TUE WESTERN SIDE OF THE MEXICAN" GHLF. 1513. Vclazqne;^ Plans a 'Tew Expedition-Gives the Command to his Nephew Juan de (Jrijalva-Wlio I'hnbarks at Santiago and Strikes the Conti- nent at Cozumel Island-Coasts Southward to Ascension Bay-Then luni. and l)oul,les Cape Catochc-Xaming of Xcw Spain-Fight at Champoton-An-ival at Laguna de Tvnninos-Alaminos, the I'i'ot 1^ Satisl,e.l that Yucatan is an Island-They Coast ^Vest^^ard and Discover the Pavers San Pedro y San Pablo and Tabasco-Xotable Interview at this Place between tl,.. J.:ur..],eans an.l the Amei^icans- The Culhua Country-They Pass La Kand.la, T.i.hi, the Rio ( :oa/a. coalco, the Mountain of San :\rartin, the Rivers of Alvara.lo and Banderas, and Come to the Inlands of Sacrilicios and San Juan de Ulua Ij CHAPTER III. RETURN OF GRIJALVA. A NEW EXl-EDITION OROAMZED. I0I8. Refusal of firijalva to Settle-Alv.srado Sent l,ack to Cuba-Grijalva Coatnmes his Discovery-After Reaching tlie Province of IMnuco he ! xii CONTENTS. PAOB. Turns back— Touching nt the Rio Goazaroalco, Tonala, the I^i^iina (Ic Ti'nuiiios, and Ch.injjiotdn, tiic Expcilition IJeturns to Ciil).i — fJrijalvii Tra(hicptl and Discliarged — A New Expedition I'lannt-d — Volazqucz iSends to 8anto Domingo and Spain — Cliaractcrs of VeIaz(|Uoz and (irijalva Contrasted — Candidates for the Captaincy of the New Expedition — The Aleaklo of Santiago Successful — His Standing at that Time 23 CHAPTER IV. THE IIEItO OF THE CONQCEST. J *hi)lace of Ilernan Cortds — His Coining Compcnsatorj* for the Devil- sent Luther — Parentage — llernnn a Sickly Child — Saint Peter his Patron— lie is sent to Salamanca — Returns Home — Thinks of Cor- doba and Itiily — And of Ovando and the Indies — Chooses the Liit- ter— Narrow Escape duiing a Txjvc Intrigue — Ovando Sails without Him — Cortc''s(!oes to Valencia — Is there 111 — Returns Homo — Finally Sails for the Indies — His llceeption at Santo Domingo — Ho Fights Inilians undiT Velazquez, and is Given an Encouiicnda — Goes to Cuba with Velazquez — Makes Love to Catidina Suarez — Rut Declines to .Marry — Velazquez Insists — Cortes Rebels — Seizures, Imprison- ments, Escapes, and Reconciliation 41 CIL\PTER V. ■pAILINCi OV TlIK KXrKIJITIOX l.-.18-l.-)I9. The Quality of Leader Desired — Instructions Issued to Heman Cortes, Commander-in-chief — Tlie Character of Cortes Undergoes a Change— (^ist of the Expedition — ]5y whom Rome — Places I'.stablishcd for En- listment — The lianner — Cortes Puts on the tJreat M.-m — More of his Character — The Scene at Santiago Harlxir — The (Jovernor's Jester — Dark Suspicions of Velazquez — Departure from Santiago — Cortes at Trinidad— Eresh Recruits — Vcrdugo Receives (Jrders to Di pose (,"or- tcs — 1'ho Elect Proceeds to San L'ristobal, or the Habana — Review at Guagunnico — Speech of CortOs — Organization into Companies- Departure from Cuba oS CIIAriER VI. TlIK VOVAC.E. i:>i!). Something of the Captains of Cortt^s — Alvarado — Montejo — Avila — Olid — Sandoval — Leon — Ordaz — Morla — The Pa.ssiigi! — The Elect Struck by a Sy the Municipality — Velazquez' Caiitains Intimate Rebellion — CortJs promptly Arrests Sevend of Them— Then ho Conciliates them All — Important Em- bassy from Cempoala — The Veil Lifted — The March to Cempoala — A\'liat was Done there — Quiahuiztlan— The Coming of the Tribute Gatherers — How They were Treated — Grand Alliance IIU CHAPTER X. MULTIPLICATION OF PLOTS. June -.July, 1519. Cortea, Diplnmatc and General — The Municipality of Villa Rica Located — Excitement throiu.huut *Vj».ihaac — Montezuma Demoralized — Arrival XIT CONTENTS. PAOI. of the Released Cf)llcctors at the Mexican Capital— The Order for Troops Coiiiitcnnandod — Montezuma ScndH an Knilinssy to Cortra — ChicomacatI Asks Aid against a Mexican G.arriaon — A I'lcce of Pleasantry — Tlie V'eliiaiucz Men llofuse to Accompany the ICxpedi- tion — Opportunity OiTcred them to lleturn to Cuba, wiiicli they iJcclino through Shame — The Totonacs Rebuked — The Ccnipoala Brides — Destniction of the Idols — Arrival at Villa Rica of Salccilo — KfForts of Vehizciuez with the Emperor — Cortt^s Sends Messengers to Spain — Velaz(piez Orders them Pursued — The Letters of Cortes — AudioDcia of the Euiperor at Tordesillaa lo2 CHAPTER XI. TUE SINKING OF THE FLEET. July- August, 1519. Diego Velazquez once ^lorc — His Supporters in the Camp of Cortes — Tlicy Attempt I'Iseape — Arc Discovered — Tiic Leaders are Seized anil Executed — Cortc's' Ride to Cempoala, and what Came of it — He De- termines on the Destruction of tiie Fleet — Preliminary Stratagems — Several of tlie Ships Pronounce'2 CHAPTER XVI. MEETING WITH MONTKZnMA. November, 1510. Something of the City — The Spanianls Start from Iztapalapan — Reach tho tireat Causeway — They iirc Met by UuViiy Nobles — And Presently by Monte/uma — I'.utry into Mexico — Tliey are Quartered in the Axaya- catl Palace— Interchange of Visits "J75 CHAPTER XVII. CArTCKE OF THE E.MrEUOK. November, 1510. Cortt^s Inspects the City — Visits the Temple with Montezinna— Discov- ery of I'juried Treasure — Pretended Evidences of Treachery — Cortis Plans a Dark Deed — Preparations for tho Seizuie of Montezuma — Witli a Few Men Cortes Enters the Audience-chandler of the King — Persuasive Discourse — With (.ientle Force Montezuma is Induced to Enter tho Lion's Den 204 xvi CONTKXTS. CHy his Subjects— Cortes Attempts Egress by the Tlacopan Causeway — Failure of I'^scobar to Take the Pyramid — Cortes Gains the Slippery Heiijht — The Gladiatorial Combat There 430 CHAPTER XXV. DEATH OF MONTEZUMA. June, 1520. A Lixing Death — The Old Imperial Party and the Xew Power — Aztec Di'tiancc — Perilous Position of the Spaniards — Disappointment to Cortds — Another Kally — The Dying Monarch — He has Xo Desire to I^ive — His Rejection of a Xew Faith — He will None of the Heaven of the Spaniards — Conunemls his Cliildren to Cortes — The Character of iloutczmna and of his Reign 449 CHAPTER XXVI. LA NOCIIE TUISTE. June 30, 1520. The Captive-King Drama Carried too Far — Better had tiie Spaniards Taken Montezuma's Advice, and have Departeil while Opportunity Oll'ered — Diplomatic Value of a Dead Body — Xecessity for an Im- mediate Evacuation of the City — Departure from the Fort — Mid- night Silence — The City Roused l>y a Woman's tJry — The Fugitives Fiercely Attacked on All Sides — More Hon-ors 4G3 UiHT. Mks., Vol. I. u xviil CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXVII. RETUEAT TO TLASCALA. July, l")-20. Fatal Mistake of tlio Mexicans — A Brief Respite Allowed the Spaiiiaids — The Ileinnant of tlie Army nt Tl.acopan — They Set out for Tlaseala — An ever increasing Force nt their Heels — Rest at the Tepzolac Temple — Cortes Reviews his Disasters — The March Coutiuueil aniiilst Great Tribulation — Encounter of the Grand Army— Iinpoi-taut Ikittlo iiiul RemarUable Victory — AiTival at Tlascala — Tlio Friendly l!ec<;p- tion Accorded them There 4S2 CHAPTER XXVIII. INVALUAnLE FRIENDSHIP. July-Septcmbcr, 15'20. Divers Disasters to the Spaniards — Mexico Makes Overtures to Tlascala — A Council Held — Tlascala Remains True to the Spaniaids — Disaf- fection in tlie Spanisli Army — CortOs again Wins the Soldiers to his Views — Renewal of Active Operations against the Aztecs — Success of the Sjianish Anna — Large Reenfcjrcements of Native Allies — One Aztec Stronghold after another Succumbs 500 CHAPTER XXIX. KINO-MAICIXO ANU CONVKKTINO. October-December, 1520. CoiKpicst in Detail — Barba Caught — Other Arrivals and Rcenforcemcntf; — The Small-pox Comes to the Assistance of the Spaniards — Letters to the Emperor — Establishing of Segura de la Frontera — Certain of the L)isaireeted Withdraw from the Army and Ri;turn to Cuba — Division of Spoils — llead-ipuirters Estiiblished at Tlascala '>oQ CHAPTER XXX. CONSTRUCTION OF THE FLEET. December, 1520 — February, 1521. The Objective Point — Vessels Needed — Martin Lopez Sent to Tlascala for Timber — Thirteen Brigantines Ordered— CortJ -t Tlascala — Drill and Discipline — Address of the General — Parade of the Tlaacaltecs — Mari'h to Tezcuco — New Ruler Appointed — Sacking of Iztapalapan — Tho Chalcaus — Arrival at Tezcuco of the Ihiganlino Brigade 5GI CHAPTER XXXI. PRELIMINARY CAMPAKiNS. March-May, 1521. Plan for the Investment of Mexico — Reconnoitring Tour round the Lake — Cortes in Cummaud — Alvarailo ancil — I'l'aee J'riiposfil.s Sent to Mcxii'o — Further lIi'i'ouiioisMaiico of tin- I^-ikc ri(';L,'iiiii— Many ISattloa and ^'ict<)^i^'s — (^iiaulitialiuac Captured — JJurnin;,' of Xorliimilco— Second Ivoturu to Tczcuoo — Conspiracy 582 CHAPTER XXXII. INVKST.MKNT OK SiKXlC'O. May-June, 1.V21. Pliasos of lli'mi-tm — TIic I'riLrantinos ujion tho Lake — Divinon of Forces Ixtwicn Alvarado, Sandoval, and Olid — Desertion, (Japtnie, and Execution of Xicotcncatl — Departure of the Troops from Tezcuco— Kaval liattle — Possession Taken of the Causeways —At One Point Cortes Unexpectedly Caina Entrance to the City — ilut is DiiveaOut (ilM CHAPTER XXXIII. CONTIXUATIOX OF THE SIKOK. Juno-July, \3'2\. Sonicthin.,' aliout Qnaulitemotziu — Infamous Pretensions rif I'.ui-opean Civili/aliou iuid Ciiristianity — Proin[it Action of the .Mexiean Km- peroi-— Papetitions of the Entry Assault — Submission of tiie Sur- rounding Nations — Dire Condition of the Mexicans — Spanish Defi'at and iJisallcctiun — Kesolution to Puize the City (i.'irt CHAPTER XXXIV. TUK CONtJUEST ACHIKVKD. July- August, l.')i21. The Destroyers Advance — I'iercc Figlitini,' in the Phiza — I)isnial Situation of the Mexicans — The AVoik of Demolition — Movements of Aha- rado — The Emiienn- P.efuses to Parley — Misery of the Aztecs I'n- bearahle— Horrible Massacre of Women and Children — The Tender- hearted Cort(^'S Mourns over his o\ra Work — Cajiture of tiie Em- peror— Tlie ('on([uest Completed — IViniputs and 'l'liaiik>givini.rs — Dispersion of the Allies to their Homes — Pelketiuns ()(J9 AUTHORITIES QUOTED in THE HISTORY OF MEXICO. [71 i» tny nitlom to prefix to each irork of the »rir» (he mini'' of enri/ nulhnrihi riled in ill pnrfe>. Iiilhi^ iiiMliiure, hnnerer, it uiiinpriuliedlile, tin immense ii my iihilerinl for the IIi^TiliY of JIi.MiO th'tt a ,''•'// list tf the nwthitritieit vnuld fill ii third tf n Vfhtme, ntn-inut^lt/ iiiin-e ifpiire fhiin C'tn prt'j'fftij he ulU'trvtl ce( n fur no imjioiimU a feutiire, J therefire rt'titee the lift hi/ omittinj^ for the iti(}»l p'lft^ IhriO in-'je c/iiwhi; /«/, Ihn'e fi/ir/n/y yiivii for Cl N rn.vi, AmI'.iiIiA ; teeomi, Ihore to be ijireit in the Nmiril >Ii:xi('.\N' Si'ATi:s; mid (A in/, vinny uorl.n, mnnlli) punqihli'x, irhi h, thoiirh eoimdted and often iiiiioiioitt, hitie oiilij on iiulireet hetiriu'j on hintori/, or irhielt hoeo tn-ni viled perhoon tint otue^ ond on 9IJIHC Hjiiciiil topie, lliettCf uud ull bihlioijriqyhic iio/tv, ure iiicet^ilde thronjh thu i/i(/( .r.j Alibot (Oor'- ni D.), :\rcxico and tlio rniteuerien), llatoa dewgraciados. Mi-xico, ISIO. MS. Acta C'ai)ituli I'rovincialis celclirati in hoc Iniperiali S. 1'. X. Doniihici Mexiceo Cu'nobio. 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Mexico, I'l.'ul. Jiustaniante (Carlos Maria), Jtespuest;i al I'apel intitulado "Alia'' van es.u vcrdades. [Mexico, l.s;i7.] liustjinianto (Carlos Maria), Scsion do la Cdniara do Diputados, discurso (]iio en cl!a leyo. Mexico, 184."). l»ustiinianto ((."arlos Maria), Tc/coco en los liliiinos Tionipos. Mexico, IfiiJO. ]>ustaniante (Cirlos ^Iari:i), \'oz do la Patria. Mexico, isjf-;-."!. ■"> vol i. Bustanianto (Carlos Maria), Voz do la Patria, Continuaeion. Mexico, 18.'>7-0. MS. «.» vols. I5u.st;unantc (Carlos Maria), Ynvnsion do Mexico por Anglo-.Vmericaiios. MS. lUistamanto (Javier Aguilar), Defensa del I'aso Del IJrovc do Monsunor Clcnienti. ^lexico, 18o3. liustiiniante (Javier A^;uilar), lleprcsentacion . ..inconveniontes de la ley de 1 1 do Abril. Mexico, 1857. Ijtistaniante (Miguel), ^lenioria iiistructiva pnra Colcctar Y I'reparar para ku tranporte los objetos de historia natural, etc. Mexico, 1S;5!). IJustuni.'into Y (ialootc (Pedro M. ), Itelaciou do los estudios, nieritos, etc. Ori/ava, 18-10. ]>ustani;iiito Tracts. A Collection. Butron (I. Moran do), Vida do la B. Mariana do Jesus de Paredcs Y Florea. Madrid, 18.")4. Bntterlield (Ci'irlos), United States and Mexican !Mail Steamship Line, etc. New York, 18(10. Butteniold (C.aloa), United States and Mexico. Xew York, 18(11. Buttcriield (Cdrlot;), Value of Spanish America to the U. S. New York, 1SG8. C. (D. J.), Catecismo Politico. Mejico, 1820. C. (M. A.), Pastorcla en dos Actos. Caballero (.liaquin), lionuncia Justiiicada del Gobiernor interino. Morelia, [I8:]:!.j Cabczas (Jos.), Historia prodigiosa de la admirable aparicion. Mexico, 1748. Cabildo lie l.i Cole;,'iata de Nra Sra dc ( luadalupe, lieprescntacion (pie dirigid al Soberano Congi'cso Constituyiente. ^lexico, 1824. Cabildo I'lclepifistico de CJuadalajara, Infomie al Licy. In Icazbalccta, Col. Doc, toni. ii. Cabildo ]SIetropolitano do Mexico, Observaeiones. ^lexico, 1827. Cabotranco (Mariano), Compendio Ascetico do la Perfeccion Cristiana. ^li'xico, 183."). Cabrei'a (Florencio), Bosqucjo sobro la historia antigua de San Luis Potosf. In Mcx. Soc. Cieog., Boletin, 2'!:' Ep. iv. Cabrera y (Juiiitcro (Cayctano), Escudo Do Armas Dc ^lexico. Mexico, 1740. folio. CiibrcrayQuintcra (Cayctano), Vivaeopiadelmagiulnimosagrado. ^Mexico. 17.12. Cadena (Felix Maria), Alocucion dada ;l los ^Mcjicanos el 17 do Agosto do 1814. n.pl., n.d. Cadena (Luis Velaajuez de la), Esposicion que hacen los Interosadoa en las parcialidades. Mexico, 1840. AUTITOUITIES QUOTED. XXXT Ciulwal.'iclcr (Ocorgo), Tlic riiihulvll'lii.i Orcys' Collei'tioii. Pliiluilcliiliia, 1,S4H. C.'iici'ilo (.r. M. Torres), I'liidii I.atiiio-.\iiKrii.'iiiia. I'liris, 1S(m. ( 'aiitr.'if Ifiii'ioiOi Menuiriii (jiic iircsoiita Al Suiuiulo C(>iij,'ri'.s«). Oaxiiea. I'^iil. folii). Ciilt'iili) I'nidoncial ilo la ])ob!aci()ii ilo las misioncs do Ifi Comjwflia tie .Ii'sus vi\ X.Vizi-aya. In IVh'. Hist. MfS.. soric iii. toin. iv. CiiKlonni (Martin), Infornio siibro la pi'nlicion tlo los Iniliim do Mexico. MS. ..f it:!."). CaliUnin (Mnthiaa do Pcralta), El Ai)ost<)l do las Indian. Mexico, HkJl. ( 'aMi-ron di! la r>iirca. I^ifu in Mi'xion. ]>ost. Caniacho Villaviccncio (I'r. Mieuel), Dictamen do Concicncia. M.S. [171!).] Ciiinara do Disputados, Maniliesto ea la Logislatura ile ISIll y 1S.'?'J. Moxioo, 18;i2. Small 4to. Camino Carrotoro, C'amino do Fien'o y Canal por el Istnio do Tehuantopec, Infonnos Del Ingcnioro. Mexico, lS70. Camino Do Hierro, Torcor Cuadorno quo publica cl apoderado do l»on Gabriel Xufioz. Mojico, IK)'.\, Campaign in .'lexico by "One wiio has seen the elephant." rhihidoliihia, etc!, 18-t7. Campaign in Mexico by "One who was thar. " Philadelphia, 1S.")0. Campafia contra I.os Americanos Del Norte, 1" parte. , .Mexico, 184(i. C.impafia do Puol^la, Parte general (|Uo dirige General Alvarez. Mexico, 1 ;•")(!. Canijibell (William W.), Speech in U. S. House of Hep., April 8, 1810. Wash- ington, 1840. Campbell, A Concise History of S))anish Amei'ica. London, 1741. Camjie, llistoria del Descubrimiento y Conquista de America. Madrid, 180I>. 3 Vols. ; Alcxico, l8o4; Mailrid, l.S4,">. CaTupechc, Constituciou Politiea del I'^stailo. Campeche, 1801. CampiUo (Manuel Ignacio (ionzaloz), Kdieto. 8 Abril 180!). n.))l., ii.d.; Edieto. Mcx., 1812; Exhortaeion. Puebla, 1808; Exhortacion Pastoral, 2.") Eiicro, ISO.'i. n.pl.,ii.d.; Manilicsto. Mcx., 1812; Manitiosto. Xoviom- brc ;?, 1810. [Puebla, 1810]; Past.nal. Sept. ;W, 1810. [Puebla, iSlO]; Pastoral. Mayo 20, 181 1. (Puebla, isl 1.) Campillo y Cosio (Joseph del), Nuevo sistema do Gobierno Economico para l.k America. Madrid, 1789. Canipo (Jos6 Maria Gomez del), Xoticia niinera del Estado do San Luis Potosi. In Soc. Mcx. Gcog., Bolctin. 2il" Ep., toin. iv. Campo-Sa':;rali;it.!i. Mexico, ISOS. CiiH'clacl.i (.fii.iii |y);L'/.|, lir.iii.i, (!o Ii Niii'va K.^iiiu'ia. Ciiiliz, 1811. 4tO. ('(iiircliiila (.iiiiJii Liipi'/), Tr!c';;riifi> .Mixicaiio. (';iiliz, ISl I ct bcij. ("aiircliidii (Juan J^ojic/i, Jji Wrilu'l Sabiila. Cadiz, l.sll. ('aiulaiu" (( iaf^par (iiin/alc/ ik!, .Scinidli. Mexico, 18(10. (.'aur.loii; taiiiNlai.), I ii; la Itcvoliition all Mf.\ii|uc. n.pl., l.SOO; I)isfCiir8() quo «l l(i ilo SiticmlirtMli^ lS(Jl. Montcruy, IWJl ; Lii Itovuluciou cu Mu.\iuo. Maf.'o, lS(i(). Mont.ny, lS(il». C^arii'ilii (.Iiiaii il(! l)i(isi, .Acnwacioii contni tl I''x-MiniMtro dc ra'licioiics Don I.i'ici.f .Mauian, Mcx., I8'_'."i; Maniiic^jtoa la Naci(jul:;.'ii).inijla. Madrid, KSJO, Caiioa ll.a). Mexico, |.SJi)elKii|. ''.iiioiiistas y 'i'eolo;4os. CoiiMiiitn .'i Iom. Mexico, 18.T3. ( 'a|rill.iiiia, i'lindacioM d(^ ( laiicllania do MissMM. Mexicrj, 171.". folio. CiijiilulMciiin acoiilada para la cvacilaciou de la (^'iiiij.nl de i'liclila. [Puelilu., 1S_'I.| Capitui.K'ioii liecha entre Ttiirl)ide y Rodriguez de (Via. [I'liehl.iJ, 18:21. (,'a[iitidados en Ciudad Fernandez, ItepieseiiUicion ijuc Ion capituludua en Ciiidiid Fernandez el '.',:) do Mayo. Sail Liiiif I'oto;-!, 1>S;!7. CarlKijal (Francisco), Diseur.sus del I)iputado. Mexico, 1S4S; Vindicacion. ISitxico, ISli. Carl)aial (Fraiic'.sco LeoiO, Discurso aobro la Icgislucioii do lo.s uutiguoa Mcxi- lanos. Mexico, l.SIJl. ( 'ail> ija.l FsjpjiioHa ( I''ianei."Cf)), ITistori.'i, de Mexico. Mexico, ISCi'J. 'J vols. Carilena (I'atricio (t.), I'royecto dedicudo y piesentado .-.olm; la filiidaci.jti de iin liaiico l'onur''i '.1. Mexico, ISoT. Carden"H y ( 'ano (( lahi iel de), Fnvayo cronologioo pnni la Idstoria general do la Floi-ida. ^Madrid, IT-."!. I'olio. Cardona. I'lsposiciou (juo lia dirigido al Senor Comaudaiitc geiiural. Mexico, l.^;!4. Cai-lcton (.J. II.), IJattlc of Bneiia Vi»ta. Xcw York, 1S4S. C.iili (< lian-liiiialdo), ("artan Americana'. M. Mex., |178!)|; Soleinno Aceiou dc gracias. Mex., 1800. Carlo.i 1\"., Descripcioii de las fiestas celebradas en la Imperial C'orte dc Mex- ico, [Mex., 17!K)J; I'claciou de lasexeqiiias fimerales. Mex., 1820; liela- einii de las cxcquias en 2;{ y 21 dc; .'^ept. de 181!). Mex., 18l.'0. (^ai'lota.La ljiipcratri/.(.'arlotaen\'er.'iCriiz, Noviembro 18ii."). Vera Cruz, ISO."). <'arpeiiter ( W. W.), Travels and Adventures in Mexico. New York, 18."1. CiirriUK'a (.losepli Maria), Discii-.iL, sobre el c.stablccimieiitu do una esciiela piiblica. Mexico, 1788. Cari'aisquedo (Te()liIo), Aleg.'to (''" l>iicna pnieba. Mex., 18")1; iManifcstacion (]ue liacc al pi'ililico cl Juc'r 2'"aino criiriinal dc Mexico. Mex., 18o0. (^•inv(.n (Kafael), Vindicaci^ a. .'iazatlan, LSO.'!. Carreia (Lorenzo), Exjiosicion que dirigc al publico. Mej., lS3o; Vindicacion documentada. Madrid, 18.)0. (""arrcta ( I.a). Fuebia, 1820 et seq. JJan'illo (.J. C), Kstudio historico sobre la rnza indigcna de Yucatan. Vera- cruz, 18()."). 4to. C.'irrillo (Josii Ignacio), Hcfiitaeion A la dcfcnsa publicada por el C. JosiS Antonio Nieto. Mexico, I8;?.j. CairiUo y Ferez (Ignacio), ho ^Iiixinio en lo niinimo. ^lexico, 1808. 4to. < aria al Fuebia ]\Iexicaiio sobro la conspii'aeiou del Momento. Jlcxico, 1841, Carta id Fey, delos Oidores. In Col. Doc. lueil.. toni. i. Carta dc la .\udicncia de Santo Domingo, •'^. ^T. 30 de Agosto de 1520. In Fachcco and Cardenas, Col. Doc. , toni. xiii. Al'TIIORITirS Quoxni). xxxvil rnrtii (1(1 tuniiilto (le l."iilrl"iii'rfi(l(! |(',:M. TiiT)ni'. 7^i,st.^^l■x.,sc^il' ii. t.nii. iii. CaitiMlf uii cmiLiili.'gii il l)(iii .Mi;^iul IIiclal;,'ii. .Mixicu, l,s|(». (Jiirtii lit! 1111 I".\-ililiut.icl'> ill! NiH'Mi Jv-iiaiia Aliiaiito ilil I'ilnaofo Xc/aliiial- coyotl. Miidriil, iM'-J. Carta ill' nil I'adit! ix-.li'siiita. In Nucvn Vi.aaya, l>iii'. MS. Ciita f.iiiiiliiir ilu III) Maccnlutu rcMpiicnta ;i uii culfgial iiiaiyo si'.jo. Mcxiio, ITli.'). -Ito. Carta Tastural ilcl Illnm y Extno Seflor Arzohispo do Mexico. MuxiiM, Is.l.'i, Cirtas .\iiiiTir;iiias. (^Uirr.'tani, lSl-_». MS. 'J vuls. CartaH di! liidiis. Madrid, 1^77. fiilio. Carta!< di; \ ali'iitin ( ioim / (Varias) tii ISl,"), a 1). IV'niardo Gonziik'/. Anguloy ri'siiui"ita ill' istt'. Mi'xii'ii, \S-ir>. lol. MS. Cartas ('asturali's. A Cipllcctinii. Cut ilia ill! IMrriK'os luniinu'sta pur iiii Americano. M(?xicr), ii.d. CartiUa ]iara liw ;,'i frn y lurt iuuIiIhh cii Aiiii'riia. \r\v ^'llrii, 1S23. ( 'aitilla solirc (jiia lie ( liisaiius di' Si;da. Mixico, IS.'Jl. 4ti). CartiUa y dui'trina ('s])iritiial. Mexici), 177">. Carto;,'ia|iliy of till- I'aiilii; States. Sail Franeiseo, 1873. MS. .'< vols. Ca.s:i (La), I'lrerriiia sular ilu.-itro eii ijuo naiiii la, lleyna do lo.-i A:igele3. Mexico, l(iS!». 4ti.. Cas.'idelaCoiitratacinii lie Sciiilla, Ordeiiaiiza^i Reales. Valladulid, 1004. -Iti). ( '.isaiiiiva ( lose), Kii'-ayos I'nOlicos. .Mexico, l.S."»l. Cas;i lVre;,'rili!id;- Li>rct.>(I„i). Mexico, lOsil. Casas (tiiiillcii de las), Carta al I'ey. In Cartas de Ilidiaa, Caia.iula (■)().<• Maria), Acusaiii)ii li.cal Mcx., 1S.")I ; .Vciisacion quo en la tci'iera sala.ctc. Mex.,lS,"j.S; Alcaiiceal t'ollcto tituladi. riM/iilK'Ti>ni<. Mc\., |SJ7. Cass (Lewis), Speech on proposed occupation of Yucatan, May 1(», LS-kS. ■\Va^lii:iL,'ton. I SIS. Cas3 (JA'wis), War with Mexico. Speeches Jan. 3, 1S47; Feb. It), 1S47; March 17, ISJS. WasliinLcton, 1.S47 S. Castancda (C .Fesnsi, Oracinn civica prominciada. Mazatlan, 1S(!'2. Castaficda ((Jahriel), ItclaciDn de la JDrnada ipic jiixo l)on Francisco SaiidiAal Aca.dtli. In Ica/halceta, Col. Doc, toll), ii. Castancda yX.ijevn, lulornic al en defensa de MM. de A/.carate. !Me\i 'n, ISi'.l. Cast.'i"ii::a (Juan Francisco), Kelacion del Jiestaliliciuiieuto de la Sa;,'rada Conipauia de Jesu ;. Mexico, ISIO. Casta :ii;;a (Maria Teresa), Breve Esposicion sobre la Testamcntaria de Mixi.o. ls;!0. Castaiii.'a (Teresa), Piscursoa do loa Srca Senadorca sobro nulidad del tista- ii;ento. Mexico. IN.HO. Castclaxo. Maniiiesto de la llirpioza de la Xegociacion do Minas, etc. }kkjico, IS'JO. Castcllano (Andi'i's Patino), l^ercchi) A]iiiloji;i''tioo. Mexico, 17l'>. (.'astcllanos (-luan dc), l']lc;;ias de Vanmes ilustres dc liidi:is. Madrid, l.S."i7. CastiUaui'S (-Manuel), Dcfcnsa heclia en I'l juici.) verlial. Mexico, l;S(i,"). Castilla y I'cross.) (Francisco Uonicro dc), .\puntea llistoricos sobre el archivo ^'cncral do Simamas. Madrid, l'>7.">. C.-istillo (Antonio del), Menioria sobre las Miu.'is De A/ogno de Aimrica. Mexico, 1S7I. Castillo (Antonio del). La Vida del Venerable P. Fr. Ivan de Castro. MS. Castillo (I). T. di'l), La Piostituciun o C onsecueneia.s de nn liial i jeniplo. Mexico, l.S3(i. Castillo (Dcnietrio del), Provecto de ley sobre arreLjIo de la Conlaihnia in;, vor. Mexico, 1S4'J. Castillo (I leri'tiiiiMo), Diccionario llistovico, lliogralico y ^lonr.mciital do Yucatan. Mi'rida, ISoli. Castilla (.Mi,'ucl de), I'^spcjo De Kxemplarcs Obispos. Mexico, lOViS. MS. Castillo (i'cdro I'ernr.iidc/',), Fsposicion. Mc\., l.'>!8; Senteiicias absolutoi'ias eu b' y :;iMnsiaucia. Mex., lS4;i; Senteiicias lijsolutorias promuicialaa. Mex.,'l8o0. XX win AUTHORITIES QUOTED. I IP Castillo (PimIim Ttaiiiirc/ del), Litras fclixincntc lavroaila-i. M('\ico, 17"J4. Castrilloii (Antonio), Oration liinuln'i' [)ano_'\ rico. .Mexico, 1714. Castro (i'ranci-ic-o dc), l^a Octava Maravilla y sin scyiindt) niila.;ro dc Mtxico. .Ml 17-J!). Castro (.l(isc|(li di), ])iri'ctorio jiara intonuacioiR'S do lo-s I'rL'tundientt'S do cl Santo Jlaijito. Mexico, 17.'i7. Castro (.losi'jili) I'rinicra llcyla du la IVeunda !Mudro Santa Clara do -V.ssia. .M cxico, 17ol> Ca.'-tro (Josipli ill), Yiai^c ilc Ainorica a Itonia. !Moxico, 174."). Castro (.losfjih Anj,'iistiii dc), Auto dr Coutricion. I'lii'lila, 17'.M; Ku F.Iogio del Amor. .Mix., KSt)'.l: (Jratitiidcs dc un cxircitanti'. I'ucliia ilc 1.. A. '.i;{ ; Ml ScntiniiLMito.s do la Ai i7>S(i. Mi.x., 17.S(J: Ti ifo del ■Silcncio. Castro (.luan do l)ios)* Dt'fonsa. Mcjico, ls;i'2. Castro (I'l'dro Muno/, df), jlxaltaiion Ma;.;nilii'a. ^Mexico. I(i07. 4to. Casti'o (liiif.ul). Carta soliro la ni/ci'sidail do fstabk'ccr nn caniino do liicrro I'ntrc Wia Cruz y Mijii \' •ra Cruz, 1>S," Castro Croin/is), rroclania dirigiJa j'l los \'oluntario.s du Fernando Xil., 'Ji) ile \ov., ISOS. Mexico, IHO's. Catoiisnio para nso ilc los I'arrocos lioclio por cl IV Concilio Proviiici.il !Mi x- icano. Moxico, 177-. Causa Cili'brt: contra lo.s asosinos do I). Flor. I'^gcrton y Doiia laus Edwards. Ml ( ;nisas mas IS 14. ("111. Col, do las. Moxico, \S,r>4. '2 vols. Cavanillos (Antonio), iUstoria do Jlspaiia. ^Madrid, l.Sti.l-li. ."» vols. Cavo (.Xndii's), Jjos Ties Si^'los do ^loxico. Moxico, IboCi-S. itvola.; Moxico, 1S.V_>; ,)alapa, lS(i(). (.'ayol'uto, (laoota Ivxtravagantc. Moxico, IS'JO ot acq. Coa ((ionaro tins do), Olisorvacionos aooroa do la iutcrvencion Kuropoa oil M. J 10, J'aris, 1S.V.). I'oliallos (lianion), Voiutu Cuatro capitiiloson viudicacion do Moxico. Mailriil, ISrid. (M.allos y Dol Con,lo (Ramon do). Do iI,jico. Mailrid, IS.'iS. Ctdula Real do S. .M. y sonoros dol Real y Supromo oonsojo do las Indias. 11. pi., ISK). Cc'ilula Jtial, JCxpodida por S. Mago.stad on '2 do Xov., 177;!. ^Mexico, 1774. t'olio. Cedilla Real para la, fuiidacion do la cofradia do Santiago en la ciiidail do Mi'xioi), 17li8. Co'hila soliro ooiK ilios 1 ro\ incia los -21 do Ai^osto, 17(i:). [Moxico, 17(J'.).j (•oiliilas Ordoiianzas V l'ro\ isionos Roalos, l.VJS I'l l.'idS. MS. foliu. « oiliilario. A ( 'ol!coti,)ii. loiiiucino) 1 ?of. ly ^ISS. folio. ;t ^ols. Ml lS.-)2. < 'rlis (.luan Xi'i (A'lis (U.), Catalii..;,) do los S .;otos ,lo la (.'omjiania do Jesus el ilia dol arresto do.li Ml 1S71. 4t Coiiionti'iio do Xuo.stra Sonoia do Los ibigeles do Moxico. Mexico, IS.jO. ( 'on.-^or (111). \'eraoiuz, lS4;)etsoi|. Censor ( iciior.il (I'A). C.iili/, ISl'J ot .so. Coinor !M, • (Kl). Moxico, 1S_';; ot soq. ('out iiiolii (I'll). Cliihualma, IS.")."! ot scj. Ceiitiuela I'cleral (l';i). Tlalpaiii, ISJit et soq. Copoila (Fernando), Rolaci ivor.sal Lou'itiina y Vonladcra dol sitio en i\\n! sta t'vndada la muy noMo, etc., eimlad do .Mexico. Moxico, ltj;>7. lolio. '2 vols. I .M.S. notes liy .Vlvaroz .Serrano. 1 CcvliMutos ( VL;naeii)( luiiilalupo). Syno|iois,le vaiiosd,'erotos. [Valladolid. ] M.S. Cc'.ralvo (.Maripio.i do), Acusaoiou por oahiinnia. [Madrid, lUIJd.j folio. Ccrtilicacioii do las Mercedes. MS. ( 'ol•^antos(•(os^'•M.^' Ccr\-.iiites (.!u!io M. ), l'.\] Octubro do 18vi'J. QuereUu'o, ISli'J. lor^.Fo.itivas.Vclaiiiacionesdo Xalapa. 'Mi'xico, ISOfl. osicion ,ia,' ,'ii su l.Vleiisa ilirij,' al Congrojo lii rt'seiita».i()ii jhh- cl clcro ilo Mexico al (lobieruo iSu[>i Cliaiiiiin vino. Mi'xii'o, is 17 o V 1) 1S_'1 iiuinii|i]i, I>uiIo;,'(i Joco-scrio solire la Iiulciicniloi Ml Se;:uiflo l)ial)L;o. Mcx., ISlM. (.'liaiiiiilaiu (SaiiiiRl). Xiinativi^ of a \'(i\ai^i' to the West Inilies and Mexico ill tlio Yeans l.V,l'»-l(i02. Lomloii. i.s.VJ. C'liMiiilicr (Zacliaryl, S|ieeeli in the V. S. Senate, July \'2, lS(i7. n.^il., n.il. ( 'iNiniay lUisiiv). Le Mexinue. Paris, IS(i;j. CliiiiiH line (P. ), Moll \'oyago all Mexi(jue. Paris, IS.'iO. '2 vols. ( 'liiiteanliiialiil I.M. del, \'oya;j;es en Aineri(|Ue. Paii.s, u.d. L'ha.idoii (L. M.I, and P. A. Delaailine, Nouveau ])ictionnaiio Ilistoriiiiie. Lyons, ISOl. i;i vols. Cliavero (.MtVe h>), Algunaa ohscrvaeioiics al Senor AVa;,'ner. Mixieo. ('he\ ;ilter(Mielu ll, l>u Mexi(juc avant et Meiidant hi eon(|uelo. Paris, 1.S4."). Clicvalicr (Micliell, I,e Mexii|iic .Vneieii et Modeiiie. Paris, ISli.'i; Paris, 1S04. (Iiev.d'er (MiilieH, L'Jlxpedition du Mexiiiue. Paris, iStiJ. Chevalier (Mielitl), Mexico Ancient and .Modern. IaiiuIoh, 1804. '2 vula. ('Iii:i;ias, ])ocuinentos Origiiiales para la histoi ia d.' ( 'hiajia M.S. ("Iii;il)a.s y Yucatnn, M emorias solire liiiiites, UtS-2 a I7G7. MS. Chi! ipa, Keprescnuiciiin i|Ue los vecinos enii;,'rai dos de la villa de. Mc:;ico, ISlo. CliiljiantriiiL,'!!, Solire trilmtos a]dicados a la lirlcsia. MS. IT.'iO-T'l. fulit C'liiiialp^iiii, Hist. Cmihi. See (ioiiiara (I'lancisi'o Lopez de), Jliat. !Mex. Cliiiiaea (La). Mexico, ISii'J et seij. Chiva (I)oiningo Ant.;, (,'oni ipeni Hi. St.: M< Cliiileru, Preceptos liinirllicos. Mejico, I'-i.'A). ■J' is;] Chynoweth (W. H U'ris), 'J'lie Fall of .Maximilian. London, LjT-. Ciscar (G.), Cnrso do l^studios I'lcinentahM de .Marina. Mexico, LS'J.'i. 4 vols Citial]iopoca (X. S.), de S. P. l>irectorio de Conl'es,iores. .Mixico, ITL". Ciiidad do .Me: tantes ( le \i Pn J .ICO, iteva J',.-iiiana jclaina (lue l.i iioL la diri;;e ;i los lidelisiinos liabi l.\K ISIO. ( 'iiiiladano (i'"l), niilitar .Xnuricano ainantc dc la Pa/. Mexico, l," _'l. Clailcra (Cliristobal), Iiivestiyacioncs llistoricas. .Mailrid, ]7'.'4. Clailiirnc (\V. C. C.), I'.xtractof a letter from, to the lion. Sccretaiy of Stilto if the L'. S, 1): eceriilier _j .M.S. Clav.i del In.lio (La). .Mexico, ]S()-J. CI.ivc (Felixi, llistoria dc Pio l.\. .Mexico, lS.-,3. (iavi^ero (l''r.incisco Saverio), History of .Mexico. Clavi;cro (r'rancesct^ Saverio), Sloria .Vntica dvl Messi-'o. Ceseiia, 17SD. 4ttJ Ion, 17S7. -iti il.-^ 4 vols. Cic Cle fDi(".;(i), Menioria soh.c las moncdas on Castilhi. MS. f. it XllL, Sane i snni in ( liristo i'atris, CoiistitiUio (pia Listiliuum So- Mexiio. I7(ir). luvc lie Xnestro .May .Santo Padre. Madrid, 177'!; 1.1 Ll.into .'tatis.li Cienuiitr.XiV., ) .M fu oxico oil los tiernos lecuerdos. Me neioiio: heclui IS en el coiiclavo. Ml i: 17iJ'.». Xolii ■ta de las Clero do la P.dosia Mejii'ana, ()[)iisciilo en defe'.is,i del. Mejico. ]s"7. Club tJilorrorii, Uoghiinento ilel, llstablei ido cu la \' ilia do ^lier, I'.dh' I'eb. do 1S70. Mi or, LS7t). Chisorot (0.), Mexico and the solidarity of Xations. Xow York, isiil). Coiihuila, Liiciativa : Jiiii.ida Oie caiiipaiia one )ii/o e lai; Coal i' ipida < ),joa 111, Xoticia 1 I leiieral .Mnta-.\i .Mex.,lsl7; S. |eail,i e:/anda pai An. .Mex .i estadist ., 1S47. ica.s sobro lie .Ic el Partiil 1 do. More'.la, IsilL d. Cobli ( ijouell), Speech in U. S. lloiiso of Pep., I'ob. '.?, \MS. ii.pl Cocke (William M.), Speech in U, S. Hou.h: of lop , .May IS, iM^. \\ ash- in^jtoii, lrt4S. AUTHORITIES QUOTED, III ! Ill I fmlcx riiinifilpnpopfi. MS. ('(>(li\'l'(ll(ri;iiii) KiMiuiisis, J']x]ilio;R'ii)n. IiiKiiigHboroiigh's Mt'X.Antifi.,V()l,v. < 'iMli;j:() (1(> J^cycs (Id liidias. MS. I'nlio. Cudi.!.,'!! I'('ii;il (U'crctjuli) iior 1;ih ( urtcs .saiicionado y prDiiiiilgadcj cii 1!) do Niarzo oiuiiioiitos Jlii'ditos jiara la lli-^toria do Iv-ipafia. Madrid, l,Sl_'-7.'{. ;")!» vols, ("o'ofuioii do Notioias do Muelias do las Iiulal;,'oiicia.s. Moxico, IT'^T. ( 'cjlocoiou d(! Vaiios (looiiinontos intoiosaiitos lolativos al Doci'cto .\iiticonsti- tiK'ioiial. J,ooiia,-Vicano, IS.'tO. <~"olf'i'oioii Eilosiiistica Moxioaiia. Moxioo, 1S;{4. 4 vols. Coloooioii (ioiioral do las I'rovidoiuias. Madrid, 17?. Madrid, 17(10; Li.sta alfaln'tioa y croiiologioa do loa Kcuoroti oniiil'ailos o iudividuos. Moxico. IS.VJ. C'ologii) do J'lscrihanos do Moxioo, Estatiitoa, 1!) do .Tiiiiio do I7!l:2. Mni'i, 17!W. f'ologio do X. S. do (iiiadalnpo ilo /aoatnoas, J']s(;riptin'a do Pi'dtostuoioii. .'il.'. Cologio do Sail (Irogoiio, Jnvorsioii do las roiitas. Mr"ji V ."-'an I'alilo do Moxioo y sii llaci'iiili. MS. IS-J(. filio. Colugio do Saliva Maria do Todo.s Santos. A Colloolion of M ->S. and print. i'olio. Cologio Militar, I''l (Jonoral do Division Mariano Arista snplio i a V. .'^o -'wvix asistir u los actos piil)lioos. Moxioo, JS.'iO. Coliina, laisayo lv-;tadistioo s:iliio el toriilorio. Mox., IS|!1; lN|io':!oi mi iji'.o al Snproino < lohionio X.-icional liaco la Dipniaoion. Mix., ki'JJ; liii[ior- tanoiado lanportma dol jhiorio ., |S{">. Colonias Miiitaios, I'royiH'to ])aia ii Ivjtaliiooiniionto v.i las J'lon'.oras do Orionlo V Ooiidoiito. Mox., ISIS. Jto; lioglainoiilo par.i ol ];...alilooiiiii- onto do las, on la Siorra-( iorda. Mox., 1S4!(. Coloniaioioii, 1 'ooiiinontos (|iio I'uMioa l;i |)iro('oiou do. Mox., 1S4S; XncvJi I'royooto di> Colonos I'roprii'tai ios inodioros .arrondatai ios y asala'.-iados. Mox., 1S4S; Troyc'ctos do (,'oloiii/:\('ion prosontailos jxir la junta dol ruiio. Mox., IS4S; lioglainonto di; la Diroooion do (Joloni/acion. Mox., I,S1."). Coloipiio oiitro Soplirono y ].,ooiiiilo soliro niatorias politio.is. MS. Coinoi'iianti .s do Moxioo, Esposioion diri ;ida .al ( Joliioiiio. Moxioo, IS.Id. L'oinoroio do la, ( 'indad do Moxioo, Uoprosontaoion ipic diriji; al Coiigros;) Na* oional. Moxioo, IS.'IK. CollK'i'oio Ivxtiiior, Ohsorvaoioncs oontra la r,iliortad dol. I'uoMa, lS.'i"i. C'oinoroio do (Inailalajara, J'^sposioion (pio dirijo al Supioino (.!ol)ior;io. (Jiiail.-dajarji, ls;t7, Coinoioio do Xiiova Es[iana. MS. |l7liS.] folio. Coniisiiiu Mixta do ];ool;;niaoioiios do Moxico y los Iv-itado^-l'nidos. ^foxioo, lS7(i. Conionrort (T';naoi'>K ^r.-nii!ioslo. ^Tarzo 4, IS"" [M(\., lS"i7|; Mani'iosto, .Ia!v, IS.iS. Xow York, IS."iS; I'uljlioa di.ranto sii goliiiino on Mi xioo. Xii('v,-i ^■ol■u, is.-is. C'onioto I I'lorciiiio I 'ore), Disoiirso tiatrii'itioo contra l,a rolh lion ono acan^lilliv AC ('oni|i: lira I lidalgo. M. .lolC unino lie riorro i Id. I 1(! T.ionliavM, Infoni •1 ■io ( ; L'lltO ;i jo-i ,S( iioros .\. •lonistas. M. iscit. C.'oiniianiii J)ol Canal •.]>.■ Moxioo ;i Clialci. M 0X100, ISUU. AUT! lOrJTlKS QUOTED. xU Coinii; ( 'oiniMU ,1c Tn V Liiciyos, Ci)nstiliK'iiiiirs. ^Icxico, IS'Jfi. l.i |)>^ ('<)lo;ii/;iiiori Asi itica, i;>tituti).i. Mexico, ISdii. Ciiinii.u'iM K.sjilot;iiliir;i ilc lus I'Liciixs ]h: Oro cii la .Sionii-.M;iilii'. Mi'ji IS, >/. (•.,11 Icl Fc ■,inil (li: <)i'iz;i\";i ;i Vera Oni/, I'^statiitd Ml Jii'.il (.'iilul.i lie I'heccioii 10 .Maiv.o 17^."). Madiiil, l|i:iiii:i < Coiiij'MrLia iK; Filipi 1 17'i.").J fiili". ( 'i)ni|Mruii. il'i Iiiilustri.i t'li Tl.ilpini, I'soritnra do .\si)ci;:cii)ii. Mr\iei>, IS Coiiii'iuiia s. Mi'X., 1.S7I; < 'oii'ei'ioii (111 Ural I)(i'ni, do 117 I'olii-or.) Ti'iii'. Madrid, 17ii7. fulio; Coloooiuu goiioiiil il. dv: M: d, 17(17; DolV • lo Im, So. 1. Mox.. ISH; Iai n)s;i'iiiii dol I'liiviiioial do la. Mux., lS,"i,"i; Jiifmiiio i|iio lia/o la Pros iiuia do l.i. I'lifhla, 17-';'; Nanaoiou do las iiiuotias do jiihilu. I'liebla, IS.il!; Jtila- ciciii di 1 rcst:i!)Iooiiiiioiili). |Mo\.J, ISld. Conipaiiia LiiiKastoriaiia, lOxpo.sioiou ijue diiigc. ^Fox., lS."i7; Ivoyl.iiiK iito. .Mox., IM. M. :a Liinitnda dol Forrocarril Moxicano, Coudio ;ioi), im;;». 101103 ( 1.: A: sooiMomii, Cciiii]i;iiiia do .Miiias Donoiniiiada llostauradora dol ^liiioial do C'atorco, Flan. Moxioo, 18.")!. ia do .Miiia.s ro-itaiuadora do Toiiiascaltopoo, Iiifoniiaoioii, prosupuosto. M< is;;,s. ( 'oilll afiiiiilo Mliias Z.icatooMiio-Moxioaiio, Infori i^ro ISU. Ciiiiyii (Timi.'is do), Ivslado do 1;m i.sl.i.s l''ili;ii]wu on ISIO. Madrid, 1820. Coiioosioa ( hi L orrooarn I oiilio Mo\i 'y \'ora Clii/ into ol C.iu^i oso. Mox- ioo, ISOS. Mixioaiio Provincial ITT. y IV., Catooismo y Simia do la I)oitriu;i, ( 'liri^itiana. IM' 1771. MS. tV ("oiioilio I'rovinci.il Moxicano IV. JIS. folio. "J vols. Conoilios Provincial s Moxioaiios. 1', 2', .'!', y t ; 1.")")"), ].")i!."'), l.'iS.'i, 1771. iio oii:;iiial M- i.iris, 1/ 172.-); .Ml tOO ird.s. lolio. ,'i vols.; also editions I7(i2, 177(». .M. r/o.); Coiido y (Jnuoiido (I'raiicisoo X.ivior), Discrtaoion liisti'irioa. Mexico, I 2 \ids. Coiido y ()niioiid(j (FraiK isoo Xavior), Ohra (Af larioion i lo Xnost (iu:idalii])o). .M.- ; vols. Toiid'.' V Pinoila. (Fraiicisi:o), Oraciou Moral. Moxioo, ISOt). C.indi .l ^.OIISOJC v,o''encia i lo !•: 'V' Indi. la All also .Mexico, ISIO. l',,li. spauola. Ctdi/, ISl I ; ( onsojos ill 1 I .\nii..l,id. Me is;! I. Coiisorvador (I'"il). Mexico, ls."(!> et _onMoelai.'lono-< ; ohi'o .Ml IS4S. o la .Siliiaoioa Polilica y social do la IJojii'i Mo ('oiisliturimi |iolilica. do la Moiiar(|ti(a Ms]i;iriol;i. Cildi/, iSP. ( 'onstilncion Sai'iosancti .V|ios(o!aliis, .Sle\ico, ISIS. Colistitlioional (ill). .Moxioo, ISlt et i:oi(. I'oIHI ilaoiolics t\r la ( 'oil' re .Melon v i: deC iristo. M. on •titiiciiiiics do la llial Dideii Aiiioricaua do isaliol la Catnlica. .Madi hslU. xlii AuxnorjTiEs quoted. J !i f'onstitiicioiics E/lcsiasticic ili.sputaniln3 propa^'andiffjuc in aula rcgct antiq, Mexico, [IT'J'J.J Conatitiu-iiiiKs, INj^'Iu y Cunstitnciones quo han ilc guardar iuj I^cliqiosaa do lo.s Coiivi'iitos (le Nuustra Scfiora do la Concejieion. Mexico, 170.'^ CoiiKtiiiccioii du la iiiDiiarquia do Espafia. I'roiiiulyada on Cadiz, I'J do .Marzo, ISl-i. Mexico, ISJO. Consiilta del (,'onsojo Lxtraordinario do Castilla al Rey. MS. 1707. folio. ContoHtacioii a la circular quo romitio u loa Profesoroa do ^Icdicina. Mojico, IS 10. Contcstacioii ;i la cxposieion que !ian prescntado al Roy algunos ex-diputado3 do America resideiite.i eii Madrid. Mexico, LSilO. Coiite.stueiou al Articulo infanuitorio contra la Repiiblica Mexicana. Mexico, IH-JS. Coiiteatacioii al 8nplenicnto al Xo. 21 ilcl Cosniopolita. Mexico, IStl. Contcshu ion del (Jura du la Aldea do uu "ueblo do Jalisco. .San Lui.s Potosf, i8;',s Contestit r cncrahleCahildo Mctropolitaiio Alaa dos notasdol Supremo (Joljier. lia 14 del corriento lOncro. Mexico, 1S47. Contcstacioii Vicario Capitular do Arzubispado a la Circular do ID do Mayo. Mexico, 1847. Conte.stacion quo ha dadoal Supicanoflobierno la AltaCorto do Jubticia. sobro el Descoiiocimiciito quo D. Lucas Alamau liaco do sus Ministroa. Aloxico, 1S;54. Contostacioucs, Coutinuacion do loa documcntoa relativosi'i la cesaciou eu sua funcioiics del Escmo Ayuutanuento. Mexico, 1S4I}. Contesticionos eutro el Supremo Cobienio y el Escmo Ayuutamiento. ^Mexico, KS4;{. Contra loa cncmigos del Rcgimicnto do (irJcnes militares. ^lexico, 18'J1. Contra las Verdades ■'iiiargas. Mexico, 1.S21. Contra-Tiiinpo (101). Mexico, ISlGetscq. Coiitreras (.Jcjs.i Mariano), Las (lar;nitiaa Individualea en el Dcpai'tamento do Sau Luia Totosl. Mexico, 1S41. Contreras (Joso I'eon), Kl Seiior do Ecatcpcc, Lcyeuda Ilistorica. Mexico, 1872. Contreras (Rafael ,S.), Relacion documeutada. Tlalpam, 1820. Convenciou Es[).u")ola, Conteslaciou a la niemoria quo sobro ella hizo ]). ,M. I'ayno. Valencia, ISoS. Convendraquo Ins juocea de los Tribtmales scan i)erpctuo3. [Oajaca, 182(1.] Conveniencia del Tribunal Mercauli!. ^lexico, 1832. Convento do la lOnearnacion, Mandatos do los Illiaoa Arzobispos do Mexico il laa Religiosaa del. M.S. Convento do Xuestra iSonura del I'ilar, Relacion historica de la fuudacion, JNlcxico, 17'JI{. Convento del San Geroiij'nio, Rcgla y Constitucioncs. Puebla, 1773. (.'unveiito de S. Lorenzo, IJ.egla y Constitvcionos. Mexico, 1707. Conventos do la Ciudad, Pepresentaci'^'i. Mexico, KiOo. 4to. Conveision de la Deuda Esterior, Estiacto del es|)ediente. Mexico, 1840. Convite ii los Catidicos Americanos couformo a lo quo Dioa y las cortcs exigen do .su fe. ^lexico, ISlt. C(mvocatoria, Observaciones Imparciales. Mexico. 18(i7. 4to. Copia del ICspediento forniad(j a pedimento do la S^u Anna ^'^arla do Yracta y ]SIicr, etc. MS. Ci)pia de la Kepresentacion al Rey Don Fernando VII. Mexico, 1820. C.irdoba (Tirso Pafaell, El Sitio ]>e Puebla. Puebla, 18G:1. ( oreal (Francois), Voyages aux Indes Occidentales. Paris, 1722. 2 vols; Am- sterdam, 1722. 2 vols. Corona Civica ;i los lli'iius del 2 -lS; I'ajiuaiciuu du los pcrjuiciob qiicha causado al Ihario. Mcx., 1H;}4. Corral ( Luis (jlonzuga Gutierrez del), Sennou hiatorico-apologutieo. Puebla, i.s:}u. Correo Atlaiitico (El). ^Mexico, ISIJ.'t et txij. (,'orreo do J^spaua. Mexioo, IhJ-l et .so((. CoiTCO dc 111 J'cderacion. Mi.xico, 1 IS'J(i et .soq. (-'orreo do los ^>i^os (Kl). Mexico, ISIIJ et ^eq. Correo Xaeional (El). Mexitto, )M7 et sei|. CoiTOo Si'iiiaiiario do Mexico por el peiisador Mexicano. Mexirn, IS'Jfi. Cortazar (Luis tie), iJocunientos relativos ti la eonducta del (Joliernador do Guaiiajiiato. Morelia, 1815!). Cnrtt'H (Aiisehno), I'royeeto do Pronto Pago de la deuda. Mexico, 18.V2. Corti'ti (He. lan) Aventuras y ('(UKjuistab de llernau Cortds en !Mejico. Bar- eclolia, ; 10; Mexico, IS,').'!. Cortrs (Iferi.aii) Uricfe dcs. lleidellicr;.', 1770. (jjrtca (Henian) lirieven. Amsterdam, l7iS(J 1. Cortc.s (llcrii:\u). Carta rl 8. C. C .M. acerca do los repartimientos, \~>42. Loudres, liS.")-!. Corti'.s (Ilcrnaii), Carta de Pelacio. Seville, I.'rJ'J. Co'tcs (Ilernan), Carta tercera do Pclacio. ,">evillc, lij23. Cortes (H( man). Cartas y Itelacione.-; de Hernan Cortes al Empcrador Carlos V. Paris, lS(i(J. Corti s (Henian), He Pcbiis Ce.stis. In Ica/lialreta, Col. Doc, torn. i. Cortis OIi'Hian), Despatches of llern.inil;' Cortes. \e\v York, 1S43. Corti's { Ilernan), ICscritos Sueltos. .Mexico, ].s71. Cortcs( Hernan), l'"ernan. [Dated October l."i, l.VJL] Cortes (Ilernan), LeUirs and lUports by Cortes and other Odicers to the I'mperor and Council. In Doc. Ined., torn, i.; tom. iv. ; tom. xxii.; Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. iJoc, tonis. v., xii., xiii., xiv. ; Icazbalcetii, Col. Doc, tom. i.; Hist. Piim., torn, i.; Panmsio, tom. iii.; Pi'oaden- eyras, liiblioteca, tom. xxii.; Xavarretc ( 'ol. de N'iages; Kuigsborough's ^lex. Antii|.; Alaman, l)ioert; Corles, I'l.'^critos Sneltos. Corti's (Ilernan), Oder die lanberung viju Mexiko. n.pl., n.d. Corti's (Henum), Ou la Coni|Ui';e du .MJ_'.] Cortes (Hernan)„ \'ervi>lg der liei.-in, etc. lu Aa, tonis. x., xxviii. Cortes (Hernan), Von dem Xewcn His]ianien. ^\u;;-i|iuri:, l."),")0. Cortes, iiartyr, et al.. Do Insvlis nvj.i r in\i litis I'l 'inandi Corte.'^ii ad (.'arolum V. Xarrationcs cum alio (piodam I'elri Nutrt.\ris. n.pl., 1. >;!_'. Cortes de llsjiana, Actas de las ( 'cirtcs < )i'ilinari.as. (,'adi/, [ ISLi. | "J mi!.-;. Cortes do Espana, Actiis Publicas de la Primera Legislatura. Madrid, lS-JO-1. '2 V(ds. Cortes de l^sjiana, Coleecion de Deeretos y Ordenes. Mexico, \S2',). Cortes de Espana, Diario dc las Actas y Diseusioues de las CorteH. }^ladi id, PS'JtJetseip Ill I In lllllljl xliv AUTITOUITIES QUOTED. C'l'irtrs do Espnfia, Piaiii) ilc las Disciisiinii's y Actaa do las. Cadiz, 1 SI 1-1.1. Cortina, I'lMiniuntim IIi.5to''icos, ivinado do Felipe IV. In Doc. Hist. Mcx., yvr'u: ii., 1(1111. iii. Cortina (J. (Joiiiiz do la). Carta. diri;,'ida a todon los Scfiorcs editorcs. M( x., LSI."); Caitd!alIis(MiiaI. Mix.,'lMII; Cartilla ninml niilitar. Mox..ls:;;». JIox., 1S|.'); Cartilla social (iliryvc. instniocioii soliro losdorcchon. Mix., ].'ili(); Contostai'iou ;l l).\\'onoo--lai) ,M])uclu'. ^Irx., Is,",7; CuiUostaiidU ii la ci'itica dil Scfmr Cdiiina |.si;;ni'd ^loxicK. 1 do Ji nio do IS4!IJ. npl., 11. d.; Coiitcstacioii al Sofuu- 1>. J>. Cnnto (dated A,l,'oh,' > 1(1, 1S4!). Mex., ].S4'.t|; (Viticii solire la Mcdalla, .lunio 1, ISI!) |.Mfx., vl'.l]; Diecidnai io d(i Sini'iiiiiiMis Castcllaiiiis. ^fex., 1,S."I!; ]'",is:iiiioii Criti.'o do la.s jiir/as liteiaiias. Mex., Is;i7; | Ml dia 4 del jiri'seiito iiies, etc., i,i;.Mieil 'laenhaya 'J.'i do Xmiemliro do ISI'.t. J ,Mex., IS-ll); Miisayo do una .Sri.-inolo^ia (Ll Vallo do ^Fexioo. llaliaiia, ls.")l); La callo do J). ,1 nan Manuel. Mex., ]s;j(); Li Ldteria. Mex., 1SI4; Xocinne.s eleinentalea do lunnisniatica. !Mex., ISj;); rruntuaiio l)ipioinatiL'oy Consular. Mox.,lt>.')ti; Torieniutoa. :Mex., 1810. Coruna (Condo de), Carta al P.ey [Aliril 1, loSl]. In 0;rtas do Indias. Conviii rrii(«n;is), Speech on Mexican War, in U. S. Seutito, Feb. 11, lS-17. Wasliiiigtoi), 1847. Corz()(A. A.), llcsonadu Variossuccsos do Chiapas. Mexico, KS()7. CosniopoMta (111). Mexico, 1^^41 et seq. 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KscdIi.M' ( liiscpli Siii'ii/. ill), IJrcvo, tnitiiilo ilo Lis luii-i ]>rtiu ipalcd ordunauzaa ill' MiiiJis. MS. n.].!., I7()(i. Kscolijir (Miiiiiicl di'i, \ rnliiil Kidi'xn. ^ri'xirn, 1703. Ksfoliiii' (I'riiiv) Xtiiiit'Z di'), Cartji ti Fulipo I, Jii I'iu'lioco iUid Cardiiia.^, ( 'ill. 1 'ill'., liiin. \i. KMriiliiilii ( IViliii), Ciirona rrmi.'lirc del. [Mr\ico, IStt.] J'l.-iiiiinni/ (liian ill'), .Mixun Cuniniiytadii. .Maiiiid, IT'.'S. Ksfoiva J' EsL'iilaiili! (I'l'dro di'), ilaziin de la iSuittencia dcfinitivn. Mrxico, 1714. l!:si'(i.'iiira (I'atrii'ii) dc la), (^uiijiirju'ioii do Mcjico. Mudiid. l.S.")0-|. "i vnls. lisc'dtu ( .Viiti'iiiii), ( 'imti'staiiiiii ;i la ai'iisaciouijuo foniialii'.n 1>. .Man. Mamiila. (luailalajara, ISJS. KsfritiiiiM (111.-) dilnii siijotars(< i'l las Icyrs. ^IOjil.■o, l.S'JO. Ksiiu'la. do .\liliiaL'iiip, lIc".;laiiKii(n. Mexii'o, l.SVJ. IvsiMicla r.'itrioliia, N'otioia do I.i di:itrilpiuii)ii do jironiios. Moxion, 1S,")4. K.'i l.uit I ( I .Miiti ii'.ionio a Ins ( 'l(''ii.i.'o:i y Traik's. Nlixioo, IS'.'A. Kspiid.i il( la .luaticia. -Moxioo, I.Sl'O. ll.'il'afi.i y .Ml jifi) cm tl A.siinto do laCouvcncion Espantila. Madrid, 18,"i5. IlspaiKil, J!l. Mi'xicii, 1 .'%")•_' ot f^oi]. Iv.paiv.i (MaiTii.s do), I'.xixisii. inn del Kx-'Ministro do IlaoioTida. .Mo:;,, KS.rJ; Inrmnio jn-o.^ontado al (ioliiorni) Suiinino. Zarati'oa.-i, \-<'M. Kstpodiontc in:'.tniidii jioi'ol lllino SfXioario ra;ii(alar. Moxiru, 1S^7. Ksjjino.-a, ( 'lu'iinioa ^\lii)stiilioa. n.id., 17!'i. 'J xnls. lisiiiniisa ( I. ), liases ilol riau do H.uionila l'iil>lioa. Mixioo, ISU. Kspinosa (Isidio I'oli.s do), Nuovas c'inpre.sas dol iiori'uriiio Ann rioa sop trional. Moxioo, 1717. r.spino.^a ll'i'dni), Carta I'astoral. (Jiiadala jam, IS."!); CiioulardoK li>l>. I'.ilis. do ( ir.adalnjara. ( li'.adalajara, l.T:!!; Ciroular ,i todiM l.is .>^;'oorilot.'f do la iJiiioo.^id. (liiadalajara, IS."!); liii'iitiio quo ol l>(inoiinii) Individuudu la C.inii inn dol \'(ii. ( 'abiklo iUh iu;;ilalaiara. Mox., Iv^^;)!. Espinos.i (Kafai'l), Cartilla Sioial. ]\loxico, 1847. Kspiiitu I'nlilioo. .Moxici). I S'J.S ot ^oij. ]]sp<)sioiiin i!o la toroora .*^ala do la suinoin.i Corte <]c .Tu^ticia. Mexico, 183'2. EsiKisioion dol .^-rdohoniai'.or l)i^l.,a Mitia. ( Uiadalajaivi, IS'JO. Kspoffioiiin (lonoial, Doonniontos. Mo.-iioo, lS"(i. Esposioiiin ('i jn'();'i;una do lua l)iputad do Juniodo IS-JI. Madrid, lSi21. Esposioinn inio ilirigc^ la ('oni]iariia Lanoastorianado Mexico. ^loxioo, lS."i7. Expo;. Luiz Velazquez dc la Cadeua. Jloxico, 1841). Exposiciitn qne lian diri;;ido al Exmo. Sr. Ministro do Oobemacion los Capit- ularos quo la ."usorihon. Moxioo, l-S.VJ Esjiosicion . Jlstatiltiis ()r'_'7. Ivstiidios Kciiiiijniico-rolitii'os. Mexico, l.S,"7. Ivstuiniido (Iiito en la Acordada y N'erdadero dotal do sus innmi'cesiWliss Sucesos. ^Icxicd, IS'.'!). I'.vaii.s (Allicit. S.), Our Sister Repiililic. Hartford, 1S70. I'lx^lnicii Aiialitico di 1 prestaino do |;!(».(M)0 lihras eslorliiia.'*. Mexico, 1S40. J'lxaliicn Criticu do la AdiiiiiiLstiacioii dil Maxiiiiiliaiio. Mexico, 1S(J7. J'^xiiiiicn do las ordciics e\]ieilidas por el niiiiisterio, A niediadoa do Junto ultimo. (^>uerctaro, iSlS. Kxilnien Iniparcial di; la respuesta ([lie la Siipreina .Funt.a provisional, Me.xico, 1 ;;•:(). I'lxcncionca y I'livilc^rio.s liegulares, llrevo defunsa lieclia por los I'relados del Coiiveiiio ilo S. JJicgo. Mejico, IsH. Kxlioit:u'ioiialos]iatriolicosdistiii^iiidosdo Fernando Sept iino. Mcxii'o, is 10. Kxliortai'ioii ipi'! .i los liakituntes liaco uii individtio del Coleyio do Ai>o;Lradoij. Mexico, ISlO. Fxtracto do las l'"lotas. In Morfi, Col. Poc. K/.cta (Luis do), Manual di' AUalcles y ,Iiicce.'< do Paz. Alex., lSir»; rroiiip- tuario jiara los Alcaldes do Ciiaitcl y (Icfos do Man/ana del ]>istiito Federal. Mox., \SM; J>ct'en.sa do I'oriiaiido Saulillaii. 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Jjillanlt, l)iscnsi(iii eii el C'icipo legislativo de Franeia .Sdlnelas eniinciidas. M(,'NiLM, ISii.'t. Fclijie de Jesus, i')ie\e loRinp.cii du l.i vid.i y niaityiio. Mexico, ISO'J. 4to. I'clipo d;: .hoiis INIaria, \"ida,, Virtndes. lionie, ITlil. I'Viiix de la Li))ertad. ^lexicn, IS;!;! et secj. I'l'iiiaiidc/. (A,i,'!istin I'oniposii), l)i singauos (juc A los insurgentes de Xvieva Fsjiafia setlucidos. Mexicn, ISI'J. I'eniandi) \'l., Consnelos I'lnierales, Anto([nera. ^loxito, 17.")0. 4lo. ]'en: :nd<) VJI. IXrretos d( 1 K.y. Mexico, 1S;1(). l'"crrei-(le ( 'onto (.Fosi'),C'onieiitari()s soluc laeiiestiou de Mejien. ^ladrid, ISlJl. ji'eiTer de Couto (Jose), (."uestioiies de Mi'jieo, Venezuela y AniiTiea en (len- cral. Madrid, IHIII, 4!)f)p]).; Madiid, iSdl, (idOiiii.' Fc'n'<'vra (Jose), Con'.ustaeion A los eargus do Lopez y (.landara. Uies, 1850. Ferri ((ialiriel), Le.? Itevohitioiis u.i Mexipio. I'aris, 1S(>4. Fcriier (F. L. A.), Jleonc'miiea I'olitica del tJobierno. Mexieo, lS4;"i-4. 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Me\., PM'J: Maiut'c.stacion ipie haee al (Icfo .Sn- jirenio de la :l;e;.iililica. ^lex., l.S,')7; \ indicacion de las ealannd -.s ipio el (Jeneral Jo.se Uiiea y sus .Aj.'entes lian lieeho circnlar. Me\., 1841. C:indara (S.'dsador de l.i), <'arta ipie liulire l.i ^'ida. Mexico, 171.!. C!an;.;anele, C.irta del Eniin. il vn IJeligioso (pio pasaha a la Aniciica. MS. u.pl., n.d. (laid, ( 'arta id Emperador Don C.irlos. Tri Cartas de India-i, Hiirale ( LJoniardo), Prinicra Carta Pastoral del O'oi-[io de (ihieii'taro. Mexico, l.H!4. Ciaray (.To.sii de), -\n acconnt of ilie Isthnuis of TelnKintepr". London. l.'^Ki; J)i 'tiinien de la .Mayona de 1 i Coinision Especial j>ar.„ 1. .\iiertur;i de una via ])or el istnio do Tehuante|)oc. Mex., I8."il; .Mi'inoire insiruetif des droits. Wash., IS.-i'J. Pa\-s, 18.V_\ .Mex., IS.V-'. Xew York. 18,V_': Jie- conoi'indentodcl Istnio di' Tehuautepec. Lon., 1841; Survey of Isthmus of Tehuantepee. J.,on., I.S44. (lar;iy (JiisiHluadaUipo Perdi,:.;on), Defensa. Mi'jieo. 1S40. (iaray (.lose Maria), Meinoiia, en (pie il poscedor actual dil niayorazgo do los iMoralcs. .Mejico, 18113. ■9 AUTIIOIIITIES QUOTED. Ivr riiirfiyo (Atili Iii'zl, Manifc.stai'iiiii (juc d .\i)(iilci'ail() dc l.is Ai'reiiloru.s I'ciido J).>t.il distii;a dil distrito do Xixjuil- Jix Soo. MfX. dull!'., Ilolotiu ."frik, Ep. 1 CaiXM (Carliit.), A Iw liaLitaiitcs do la I'lvv. do I'lulila. fl'uolila, Is-Jl.] (iaivia (Fi-aiioiyco), Killoxioiioj solirc. cl Acta ('.mstitutiva. Mexico, IS IS-J.T: i: •xaincii ()ii o jiara conar el curso dc asitis, dii) ;i su dispiito cl dia II d IKT) UC (laii italc v^'iirio) Ori' MS. |.Mo;;ic.., ITi'i luuicacKiii < KIC lijs ludio.s dc cl Xucvo .Miiiidc liidiaa Occi- Madiid, 17-J!>. (larcia (I'aLlo), .Maiiilio^to <[nv liaco ii sus coiiciudadaiios. (':iiii]icolu', 1S.")7 (iarcia (I'aulilio), Manito:itacii)H ilcl ricl'octo do I'ucMa. rucKIa, ISl-J. Garcia (I'cdru), JJcclai-acinii ilc Ins (.luaiiava^iiicz do Xi itii.siiuc lii.-j ludid.s do la I'r-ivincia do An I l.'.:!:f. Ill Pacli ucva I„^[iaria, liaciaii a sii .Scfior i 1 M: dC inlclias ( '>il. Due. toiii. xi il(jlle» (Ic Vi (laii ia ( IVdiu Marceliiiii), liiloniic solirc la siihlcvacioii dc lo.s Zeiidales. M.S. 1711'.. (iarei 1. ( riiiiidad), Aimnlesi sobro cl Diseurso. Mcxici), 1S70. (lari. l:n (iai'i Iclk la II silla (.luaii),M. iiiiiri::lda illl I Iliicrta (hiaiiuiii), LaiiuiriiaMa even !■').■/(!. MS. [Spaiiil, l.").")(). e Ids iiiiios. M. tiarcia y Culxu (Aiit.iiiii)), VA Coiiicnio exterior ilc ^Icxico. In .Si (I CO-'. L.ilcti JM I Gan p. 11 a y I'liba* (Autuuio), -Vtlas iiictiidieo ]iai'.'i la eiiserianza dc la ( Mt eo'/rafia .Ic la i: :)Uliliea .\iexica:ia. Mcx., \s','l; Coiiipciidio dc G 'ratia < Ida llcpuWica .Mcxieaiia. Me.x., I.'>G1; Ihisayo dc uii I^.itiulii tiitrc Ia.s rir.aiiiilci Ejijicia-i y ^Icxieaiias. Mcx., 1S71 ; liii]>oitaiieia dc l.i Es- tadiatica. ,Me.\., 1,S71; ilcmoria paia .scrvii' i'l la (,'aita General dc la Itjliulilii a Mexicana. Me.x., I'.ol; Xoticia.i Geoj;. y E.itad. di: la Kep. deoau.se!) u Tajia cliiila. Mcx., l: I'.xpci Icida auto cl (i J I :\: isno. .M. i.sio. Garcia y Garcia (lose I'cdro), rrusjK'riilade-! do la l' tlarei!a.;;i dc la Ve,^'a (l^I liiea), rriniera Parte >U; lo.s Coiiientario.s Ucalcs .Madrid, I7-'n. folio. Garcilas.j . Garde (LLieliard), letter to Kt. lloa. I'.arl ILussell, o:i the abdolui • right of tl 10 Me ex. Ijo'.ulaiililcrs Liiulon, ls;Jl; London, l.S()_\ Gan >(.Io:ie N'ictoi'iauo), Sale a laWrgaelizacl Teiueiito Don Paiuon 1'; Mexico, 1,S_\S. foli t!are!!.i, (Xiipoleon), Projet d"i il do Jouctioii du LOceau I'aeilj ML G;r;ija(LVdru), Pri Garvi.^ Paris, ISJ." ipio ct la. [Mexico, 1800.1 M (\'icente), Ivxposieioii al Augusto (..'ongrcso del Estado dc Zacatecaa. cjico, 1; (larza (i.:i;;aro dc la), Disciirso h il. Me IS31. tiar; (L do la), Meritos v Servieios. .Mexico, \S',V2. Gaiva y Piallestcros (L. dc la). Carta ipic el Du diiigo al clero di' sii Dii'iecsis. Mix., I.Sol; Garta Pastoral del .\r.'.olii., l.'i.'id. f.i M 10 iiillcs- t.ieion I pic liaci'n a I \\\i. ( 'lero y I'ieles. MeX. , I.S."i!l ; Opl'i. eido sohre I OH Mex., I.S.".t; Pastoral line Tole eraii la Jicimiooa. M l.->."i."i; Priincra distriliiicioii di- Pnniios. Ga.staiieta y Escalad.>,i (-los.'' Maii.i), Pel dia. Me.x., iS-ll); Oiaeiun ijwe pronuiicio en ex. Mex. l.S-tl. leltaelnn iiiie en < I' la Ala r\ i-eli'j;iosi da. ^ Ml y soicMiiiu Ivi AUTnORITIES QUOTED. Gavio (.T(is('' Lonl do). El Rpgocijo Mcxicano ijor cntrada ile Francisco Xavier ViiTcy. Mexico, 1810. Cavito (I'raiiciscd), Itimas. Mcjico, lS4n. (Jciircr (•fdhn L. ), A I'i'i p .it Mexico. J.ondon, 1S7-1:. (iclvi's (.Miiniiu'.s tie), I'l'otc-sto Jcl V'irrcy ;i la aiidit^ncia. MS. Ociiius of hiliertv. Vera Cruz, 1S47 et sc(j. (Iciitry (M. P.), iSpcccli on Mexican War, Dec. IH, 1840. Washington, 1S40. (Icyer (Otto I'Y'i'iliiiand), I'anoriuna of Mexico. Moliile, 1S;{."). (Ill (l-'rancisco), Fundacioii de la Obra I'ia, qne para id niaycr culto. Mexico, 177-"i. 4to. <;i!es (W. F.), Speech in U. S. House of Ecp. AVashington, 1849. (iiiliam (Alliert M.), Travels in Mexico. Philadelphia, 184(). ( ;imcnez (Manuel Maria), El Mcrito Vci-dadero. n.pl., 1S;21. (liordan (I'rancis), Description do ristlinic de l\;huantepco. Pari.s, 1838; lieponsc ail lil)el!o sur la (^olonie du (iiiazacoalco. Paris, 1331. (lirard (.lust). Ivxcursion an -Mexi(juc. Tours, lS(i7. < j.)l)ei'iiador (El), del Departniento al Publico de Mexico en las qucjas. ^Icxico, lH;i7. Gohierno do la Iglesia, Dudas rpio sc proponen. Mexico, 1820. '!ol)icrno Politico de N. Ef^pafia. MS. < Jodoy (Diego), Kelacion a Hernando Corti^s Mayo de 1>V24. In Barciu, Hist. Prim., toni. i. (iodoy (.f()s6 Maria), Piscurso Pronnnciado. Mexico, 1840. Ooggin, S]ieech in LI. S. Hoii.sc of liep., I'Vh. 1st, 1S4S. n.pl.,n.d. • ioldschniidt (AUxu't), see Cartography of the Pacific ('oast. Oomara. (Fi-ancisco l.npez)), ("n'mica de la Xucua l']spafia c(jn la Conquista do Mexico y otras (jisas Xotahles. Saragossa. [l."),')4.] Gomara (Fr;mciseo ]j7. 4to. Gonzalez y /liniga (Anna ^la.), Florido Ranio quo tributa en las f.estas dc (iiiad.ilnpe, Mexico, 1748, 4to, Gonzalo (\'ict, Lo])cz), Oliisoo de Pnebla. [Pnebl.i, 1784,] fJordoa ( bwi' Miguel). I'ellccsiones (pu- se hicieroii por su acior a consuUa ilel Hon. Cong, do Z.icatecas. ^lexico, 1827. < 'lovdoii ( Tlioiiias l'\), The History of Ancient Mi'xico, Philadelphia, 18;i2. 2vo'<. Codon (Tlionias F.). S]innish Discoveries in America prior to lo20. Phila- delphia, 18;U. 2 vols. AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Ivii iliirliijo. [•stilS lie Odrosito (Frnnci.sco do) C;irtilla en Diiilogos acerca de la ronfcsion. ^Icxico, ITO.'J. (Jdrosii;:;! 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(!r(gory (Samuel), History of Mexico. Boston, 1847. (i.Mjue (Call von), Briefo iiber Xord-Ainerika nnd }iIexiko. Braunschweig, 1S,".(). id dajara, Coinlucto observada por el CJobierno Kelesi/istico. Onadalajara, IS.V.I. 4to; IMscursopronunciado. Mex., l.S'J4; I'lcsameii Publico, (iunilil., 1S4I; Ec; ]).■.^icioll i'(d Cabildo. (luadal., 1S'_'4. folio; Ilsjiolios dc> los Sic.-? Obisjjos 17.")!>. M.'^. folio; Exjilicaciones ([iieel Mayordoino, ( uiadal.. ISli"). 4to; Exposicion lu'clia por el Ayuutamiento. Chiadal., IS4-I; (l.icela i!o Coljienio. (luadal., I81.M; (lobierno I'k'lesiiistico. Guadal., IS,")!'; Pepre- selitaciou del Obispo snbre Ceiiii'liteiios. [Ouail., l>S47J;(>bi po ilc, Carta Pastoral, (iuadal., IS.")!); Observaciones que hacc el \'. Cabildo. (Juadal., IM'2. 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Vin<".ria, IXM. ^[j'.rtyr (Potor), Oinis l']i)isto!annn. (^)plnti, l.j.'lO. ^lasoras (rjartlioloiiio), Inl'ornio t(joaiito a las iiii.sioiics do Xayarit cl 13 do Ootiiiiic do ITS.'). :m,s. [Mason (U. IE), rictai-c:^ of Life in Moxico. London, 1S.")1. lis ]\ias(jnos ])u!a ilo Xucstra Santisiiiio I'adio cl Sofior j,oon XII. i'liobla, IS.'iO. MasL-ioras (lv)i Eo J'ronraiiiino Av ri']ni;)iro. Mi^xico, l.SiU. ]Ma (!•:.), Ui 11 ossai (I ompiro an JloxiijU 1'; ISTI). !Mass(^y ('i'lioinas Iv), ^loxico as it is. Washington, iStil!. Massoii (I'jiio .to), Olla i'odrida. I'aris, l!3(i4. Mata (.E ]■]. M.), lli ilocsionos sobro la guorra cntro los I''t>tados E'ni.b York, ls(i(; E ixiniiliaii, Aus nioiaoui l.olioii lu'isosUi/zon po ;'!;:, lS(i7. ixiniiliaii, ( 'olo ixiniilian, ixiniiliaii, Mcinoiaiuhun sobiv ol I' !Maxinii!iaii, Xoiiiia riio':r;ilica. Aph^ (led do las (\iii M. sicioncs Iditicas. ichtc Mexico, 1S(;4. 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Mcndoza (.Vnt.oiuo), Carta ;l .Juan za (Antonio), Carta I'scrila al i'lniperador (Vcrlos V. dandole cucnta do lo ocnirido eu los lerrilorios de sn m.-iiido. In Florida, Col. ])oc. Mendoza (Antonio), Fi'ai,'nunLo ilo la X'isita lieclia. In Icazlialccta, Col. l>oc., torn. ii. Mindo/.a (Anto!n'o), Provision dada ]ior el vircy liO dc Xov. do l.");!7. In I'a- clicco anil C'ardenas, Col. J)oc., toni. xii. Mi'mloza (.Viiionio), lielacion, apuntaadisitos y avisos. In Faciicco and ( Vir- delias. Col. Doc, toni. vi. | Mendo. a ( Antoniot, lielacion ilo !.i j.iniada o.i; », ct rc q. Mes.i (l"raiicisco do I'aiila). lireve Manifestaci vica in Xen-S]>alucn. I.ei|izig, \~>y'J. w liacc nl pi'dil eoiidiictaconio Cobr do (.tiieret.'ii M. 1S4',». llCO, (Ic .su Mesa y Lcoiiipurt, Coin)H'iiilio ilo la llistoria de Anierici. Talis, lS7n. '2 voh. Mesegiicr (Francisco), El diablo, diseurso ij^ue en la eatedral de Mexico, ISU'J. I ililliiiill f Ixxii AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Mi'toilo q'.ifi sc nbicrvft coiistiiutemcntc cu Mexico, etc., para reciljir y de- .sjkicIkii' I'l (Jalt'ou do Fiiipiuas. Cadiz, IT'i.'t. MS. M"xiL-;ii; AllUirs, I'iipors l•l;latill,^' to. Wasliingtim, 180.J. Mexican Dimdholders, (Jeuural Moutiiigs. JiOiidon, IS.'iOctseq. Mexican lioiidliolders, Itepnrts of tlio Committee. London, Ib.lO et 9e([." Mexican ("omiiaiiy, Ueport of Directors, May 1, 1828. London, 1828. Mexican Constitutional Government, Decrees inviting American emigrants to settle. New York, 1804; Sun Francisco, 18Go. ^Mexican Dcl)t lleports. A Collection. 3 vols. Mexican Kinpire (Tlie) and the American Union, n.pl., n.d. -Mexican Finance KSo^-ti. A Collection. Ml xican liii[>erial Street Kailroad Conipanj'. Xcw York, 1865. Mexican Missionary Association, Its Origin and Work. New York, 1871. Mexican National Debt contracted in London. London, 18(i0. Mexican Ocean Mail and Inland Com])aiiy, Reports. New York, 18.53 et seq. ^Mexican I'acilio (Joal and Iron Mining and Land Company, I'rospecto. Niieva-York, ISM; I'^xploriiig expedition to the States of Guerrero and Miclioacan, 18oO-7. New York, 18r>8. Mexican I'amphlets. A Collection. "> vols. Mexican ^\ ar. A Collection of U. S. Government Documents, Scraps, I'anqihlet.s, etc. 12 vols. ^Mexican War, Complete History of the late, Ry an eye-witness. New York, ISoO. Mcxitan War, History of the raising of the first American -flag on tho Capitol of ^Mexico. Washington, 18.")0. ]\fi\ican War, Incidents and Siitl'crings in the. Roston, etc., 1S4S. Mexican War, ^Messages of tho I'resident [liOCong. 1st Sess. House I<]x. CO; Senate J'^x. 1 1. Washington, 1817-8. 2 vols. Mexican War, Ollicial list of oliieers who marched with the army under Scott, etc. Mexico, 1848. ^Mexican War Pamphlets. A (Collection of .'lO pani]ihlcts. ^Icxican War (The) by an I'lnglish soldier. New York, 1800. Mexicaiiisclie Typen und .'^ki/zen. Rerlin, 1870. Tdexicanisclie Zustiinde aus den Yalire 18;J0 bis 1832. Stuttgart, etc., 1837. 2 vols. ^Icxicanus (Los), Dcscripcion de la Repi>1'".ica de Mexico, n.pl., n.d. Mexico. London, 1S40. !>K'Nico. San Francisco, 1801, Mexico, No. 1. Sliall (Mir ( Jovcrnmont Act, etc. n.pl. n.d. Ab'xico, No. 2. Historical and I'iiiancial Items, n.pl., n.Kxico, Acta del Cabildo Vclebr.ido en 30 do Mayo do 18.30. :Mexico, 18.30. Mexico, Acta coiistitutiva de la Fcdcracion ^Icxicana. ^Mexico, 1824. Mexico, Actas did Cou'ireso Coiistituyente ^Icxicano. ^lexico, 1822-.'). 10 vols.; also Mexico, 1824-0. 4 vols. Mexico, Actas do la Jiinta de Mineria, 1840-7. Mexico, 18,")8. MS. folio. ^Mexico, Actas I'rovinciales de la I'rovinciado Santiago de Mexico, etc., desdo I.VIO hasta 1.".8!). TdS. Mexico, Aciienlo (Ida. runtadeguerray Real Hacienda, 30deAbril del 772. MS. ^lexico, .\l jiuclilo Mcxicano, Rdacion de las ciusas (juc intlueron en los des- graciailos sucesos de 20 de Agosto 1847. Mexico, 1847. Mexico, Aiiak'S del ,Miuistci-io do Fomento. Jlcxico, 18."i4 ."). 3 vo'iS. Jiexico, .\nalisis dc la Memoria do la Comision de Hacienda. Mcx.. 1822; Analysis of Memorial ]iresciited by Sec. of Treas. to 1st Const. Cong, of I'niteil .Mexican States. London, 182."). Mc'iico, A::'.'"io -5. 'i vols. ^Texico, I'loletin do Noticias. Mexico, lS44et8cq. Mexico, lioletin Olicial. Mexico, I82!) et sc(j. Mexico, I'losqui'jo llistorico d" l.i IJevolucioM de tres dias. ^Mexico, 18'2S. Mexico, lliiscpiejo I.iLrensiiiio . Mexico, Casas do Moiicda, Moticias de .Aeuuacion. Mex., 1870; Onletianzaa (pio ]Kira el nianejo y gohierno del apartado do oro, etc. Mex., 1700. Mexico, Causa Instruida contra los Plaeiarios del C. Juan Cervantes, etc. .Mexico, 1872. Mexico, Ceremonial para la Fiesta Xacional del 1(5 do Seticmbro do iSlUi. .Mexico, 18(il(. 4to. Mexi'O, Circul.ir soliro nombrnndcntos 1771-^^.3. Mexico, Circulares y Otras I'ublicaciones lieehas por la I.caacion Mexicana en Waslnnuton durante la (luerra iK- Interv eiiejnu l.s(iL'-(i7. Mexico, 1808. Mexico, (Jodii^'o Civil del Impcrio Mexicano. Mexico, 1800. Mexico, (VkH^^'o do Comercio. Mi'xico, IS.U. Mexico. Codij,'odolaReforma(icolocciou deLcyes, etc., desdo IS.IOliasta 1801, Mexico, 'l8(il. Mexico, ( 'iidi^o fundamental de los Kstados-Unido.f Mexicanos. Mexico, 1847. Mexico, Coleecion eompleta de los decretos generales. Mexico, 1603. Ixxiv AUTHORITIES QUOTED. m Mm Mt'xii'o, f'dlc'ceion do constitucioiifs do loa Estoilos Unidos Mi'xiianos. jMcxico, LS'JS. ;j vols. Mexiro, ( 'olci'iiiiii do ducrutos sobrc contribucionca directaa y papel Mtllado, Mexico, 1.S4'_'. Mexiio, L'ulecL'ioii de disjiosioiones rclativaa li la rciitade Alcabnlas. ^MoxioD, ^k'xic'o, (>)loccion do Itincrariosy Lcguarioa. Moxico, 1S,")0. Mexico, (Jolcccion du las li'yi-'s, ilocictu.s y onleiiod li3.")0-l, \S'>',] '). Mexico, I sril)-,-). H vols. Mfxicc), Colciu'iou do Lcyua y Dccietoa, ISIi'J-il, IS-tl-S, ISoO. Mexico, l8.')l-'_'. « vols. Mexico, ('oleceioii do Lcycs, Decretos y Cii'cnlares 18(13-07. Mexico, 18(5". .'{ vols. Mexico, CoIi'Ccinn do Lnyos, Dt'crctos, Cireulures, etc., relativas A lade.samor- ti/acioii. .M(!xico, Kstil. 'J vols. Mexico, ( 'oleccioii do Icyes, decretos y re^laincntos, aistcma politico dil Im- pcrio. Mexico, I8(i."). 8 vols. Mexico, Colocciou do los decretos eapedidoa por el supremo gobierno. Mex- ico, 1841. ^Icxico, Coleccioii do los decretos y ordcuca du las Cortes de Espaila. ^lex- ico, 18'J9. . Mexico, Coleccion do loa Doeumeiitoa relativos al prestamo do medio luillon do pesos. Mexico, liS;}!). Mexico, ("oloccion de olicios ori^'inaloa. MS. 1770. Mexico, (Joleccion de Urdeiiea y decretos do la Sobcrano Junta. Mexico, l.S'-'!». ;t vols. Mexico, ( 'olcccion de ScntoiT i:. < ]ironunciadas por los Tribunulcs de la llcpi'ib- lica Mcxicaiia. .Mexico, i8.">0. Mexico, ( 'dlonias Militares, Troyccto. Mexico, IStS. Jlexit.'o como Xacioii ]ii(le]ieiidiciite. ])escripcioii. Mexico, IS'JS. Mexico, Condition of Alliiirs. \\'asliin'_;ton, ].S(!{I. "J vols. Mexico), Conducto ileyal del Ministeiio do Ilacieiula cu sua providencias. Mexico, 1841. Mexico, ( 'on(|nest of. London, n.d. Mexico, Considcraciones sobro la situaeion politica y social de la Republica. Mexico, 1818. Jilexico, Coiisolidacion dc. la llijulblica Mexicana. Mexico, lS."fl-l. !^ vols. Mexico, (,'onslitucion federal do loa Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Mexico, 1824 et sci|. ^Mexico, ( 'onstitncion politica del Eat.ado do Mexico. Mexico, 1827. ISiexico, Ciinstitiiciones. A Collection. 2 vols. INlexico, Coiitestacion A la nota diri^ida ]ior la.lunta dc Coloni/acion i' ru'lna- tria. I'lulila, 1818; Contcstacion do la Junta Directiva del Uiinco j\'a- eional. Mex.. 1841; Coiitestacion de la se^'unda eoniisioii do Hacienda. Mcx., JS.HI; (\>ntestacion en dcreclio do JJon lOstciian Diaz (ion/ale/.. i\icx., 18,'JI); Contcstacion (juc da, el Ayuntaniiento. Mex., 1840; Conteii- taciiin (jue da la Coniision do Hacienda. Mex., 1825; <^!ontestacionc3 Iiabidna enti'o el jfobierno Mexicano y el eoniniisionado do los I'lstados l'nid"); CorrcLipoiulencia ArTTTorjTir.s QuoTr.y>. bocv qiip lin mrdindo rn'-o ]a I.ci'M'ioii Jlxtinoid'' ilc, y el Pep* ' ilo 1' t;i;lo do Ids ivUs rnidiis. I iiil., l-iiid; I'oi ii'sixiiidiiuia inu' li;i iiK'(li;idii viilru ul Miiiistro do Ktlacidiu's y l;i Lcv^aciuii lU; I'laiaia. Mox., \Si,'>. Mt'xiti), ( 'I'S.'is. \'( ra ( 'ill/, IS.'.S. MtxicK, ( 'iiadcni') dc l''iirniulaiiiis. Mi'xii'a, Is40. MfxiiM), CiU'iita do la ix'ii'i'iH'iiiii, dist! iliuiimi ('■ inversion ilo loa die/ inillniu'S (!<■ jiisos (|U(' ]ir()dn ji) il tiatado de Mi .silja. Mixicci. iS,"),"». MoxiiM), CiU'slidii do Mijiio, .si la iii(iiian|nia i(iii.stitiiciiiiial. Madrid, Isd-'; ( 'lli'stii)ii rclativa ;i la, |iri)vi.>ii)ii do (Jliisjiados. Mix., IS,"i(>. Mi'xicd, l>i rlar.u'idni'.s .sulnv »■! tuiiiiilto. ]ii l)i)i'. Hist. Mox., siiie ii., toiii. ii. Mexico, l)ecreti) (A very hirj,'o iiuiidu'r ipioited iiy date, sulijoct, ni' aiilliorityl. Mexieo. Delcusa Jiii'idii.a pill' el veiieralde I)eaii y i.aMldii, etc. Mexiio, 17H. M.S. Mexi.i). I)creL'lios Mexieanos eii oideii ii los Agcutes cumcrcialcs. Veia I'm/, 1S.".!». Moxiiii, l>i'i'0(lios reale.s do la Akaliala. Mexico, ISOo. fnlio. !Me.\iiii, I >csc;ir.m)S del .Maiipus do ( ielves a Ins i'ar;4iis. MS. folic. Mexico, 1 >escii]>tioii of till! Ilipiiijlic. l'liiliidiliilii;i, l.S4(i. Jiloxico, ])rstiorn) del Ar/oliispo. Jii \hn\ Hist. Mex.,.serio ii., toin. ii. Mexico, 1 •iaiio do la .liiiita .Nacional liistitiiyiiite. Mexii-o, IS'JJ et .sei|. Mexico, 1 >iaii() del ( lol)ienio do la llepiihliea .MeNieaiia. Mexico, |S4(I et se(|. Mexico, Diaiio do las S'^siniuH do la.liinta I'lovisioiial (.iubeliialiva del Im- ]iclio Nle\icaiio. M'xico, ISJI I't sei(. Mexico, 1 Maiio ill 1 Iiiipei'io. Mexicii, 1SI1."» et scij. Mexiiv, ] 'iaiio Olicial. Mexico, IS7()etMi|. ^iexico, l)ict:uiieu (Several hundred i'e|i(iits of Cuiiuiiittees of State and Xatimial ( lovcniiiieiits cited by date and topic). Mexico, I lie Aiis\v;iniierillii,' narji .'\Iexico, etc. Lcipiii;. ii.d. Mexico, !>il'erenci;is entre I'rancisc.-inos y ( 'uras IVirrncns. MS. ^Mexico, I lireccioii ( leneral dc la iiidiistii.i Xacicinal. MS. ^Mexico, ]»isciiiso jironunciado ante el (oiigieso (ieiieral jior .Tosi'' lirrnia. Mexiio, IS J.'). Mexico, iJisciuso pronuiiciado pur el I'lesidriito 1' dc laieio do l.S.'i'J. Mexicn, IS.VJ. Mexico, lUscur.so pi-oiiuiiciado por el rresideiito l."> de Oct. do 1S.")-J. Mexico, I.S.VJ. Mexico, Pi.^posieiones le;_'nlcs y otros documentos lelativos ;'i, proliibiciou do Jnipi'csos. Mexico, l.S.'iO. Mexico, Doeiuiicntos Iscle.sijisticos. MS. folio. "> vuLs. Mexico, ])ociimoatos iiiiportaules tornados del Ivspudieiitc instruido. Mexico, IS-.M). Mexico, Documentos iinprcsos ]ior .•tciierdodelSiipiemo Poder. ^lexico, IStM. Mexico, ' '.icunii^itos jiistilicativossobre la iiiversinii de Kis foiidiM pedidns :i la Junta directiva do (.'I'edito Publico. Mexico, |S.")|. Mexico, J >ocuineiitua quo publica la nirocciuii do Coloiii.^acioii e Iiidiistria. Mexico, 1S4S. Mexico, l)ociiiiiciitos refeieiites A la euestimi a'iitada en estos ultinios di.ia .siibre si Ins iiniubraniientos do .liicces .Mllitarcs. Mexici , 1S.')L>. Mexico, ])ocmiientoa lelativos a la aperturado coiuiinicacioii do 'ri.huaiitepee. Me;dco, l.s.Vi. Mexico, I)(icii!iieiitos relativos A las t'lltinias ocuirencias do Xueva Mspafia. .Madrid, 1S-_'1. Mexico, Diouiiientos relativos al decrcto sobre provision do las liiagistiatuiaa v;icaiitcs. Mexico, lS4(i. Mexico, I).is Auoseii Mexico. ^Mexico, ISIO. Mexico, Dos Alios en ^lejico 6 nieino>-ias criticas. Valencia, 1838. Mexico, Draft for !i Conveutiou. Wiisliington, 18(51. Mexico, Di-.'.inas. MS. Mexii'o, ];ilieto ilel I'residciito y cabildo Mctropolitano Gobernudor del Arzo- bispado. ^lexico, 18o0. Ixxvi AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Jli'xifo. E.'.ic'.o sobi'c pngo . ^!l,'xicl), El JiiiiK'iiu y la Intirvciu ion. Mexico, 1S07. Jloxiuo, I'll Niivy ile iS'iieva Esiiunii Don Etlix !M. CalKja A, sua Imbituntca. Mi'xiio, ISU. Jlcxico fii lS-17. ^fcxico, 1 1". ^'(■\ii'o, EiR'aniaciciii juisoiK is, Loiiis\ illo, 1S4S. Jlcxici), JOMcalafnii (ii'iK ral tU- Aitillciia. Mcx., ISoO; Esoalafon Ooiicval del JCjOrcito. Mux., ES4;J; Escalatuii (.Jcncral do todas Armas del EjOrciio. Ui}s., 1S4,'>. Mexico, Escudo di' Arm.is. In l'i;,'U('n)a, Vindiciaa. MS. Mexico, Ivstiido Mayor (Jial. del lljiicito, Ivscalafoii. Mexico, 1S.")4. ilexiec), Estatuto Orj,':'inieo I'rovisional d la KepiiMica Mcxicano. ^fex., IS.'id; Estatuto para el ]te,L,'inieii do I'lana ^layor del Ejt'reito. Mex., Es;!!(; J'lstatuto jji'ovisioiial del Jmperio Mcxicano. Mexico, l.S(i,"). Jlcxico, ]'',statutoa do la Comiiania do ('olonizacioii Asiiitica. Mex., ISCili; Estatutoa do la Conipafiia del Eerro-carril do Orizava a \'cra Cruz. Jlex., KSUl. ^Icxico, I'iapcdicntc con dos acucrdos del Sonado sobro convencioncs dipln- niaticas. Mexico, 18.J2. Mexico, JOxpedienle inntruido en il Mini.stiu'io de lielaciones Estcriores lUI CJobierno Con.stitilcionrd. \'eia ( 'ru/, lS(i(). 4to. Mexico, Exposicion (Several hundred l)y various connnissions and individuals on dill'erent toi)ics). Mexico, I'lxpulsion del Arzoliispo. In Doc. Hist. Mex., sevie ii., toni. iii. Alcxico, I'lxtiactos do (Jedulas I'U los arcluv(,s de la Ciudad. MS. folio. Mexico liel y valiento ''2. folio. Mexico, -,")i'. A Collection. (J vols. Mexico, llistoria de la Itevolucion de Mexico contra la Dictadnra del t Icneral Santa -Anria. ^lexico, IS.'iO. Mexico, Hostilities hy ("-"J Cong. 1st, Sess. House Ex. Doc. 100). Washing- ton, lS4(i. Mexico, iinjiortant oihcial Documents, n.pl., n.d. Mexico in 184'_'. IS'ew York, 1S4'_*. Mexico, Indemnities, Convention of .Jan. 'M, 184."} (28 Cong. 2d Scss. Sen. Doc. SI). Washington, 1845. Mexico, Indicacion del origen do los (>stravios del Cong. Mex. ^lexico, 1S22. Mexico, Jnformacion sohro el tunndto. In Doo. Hist. Mex., scrio ii., toni. ii. Mexico, Infornio (A very large nnudier of rejiorts by various connnittees, coiporations, and indivi(hials on dill'erent topics and of dillercnt dates). Mexico, Iniciativa del Cobioruo para la dcmareaeion do la linea do Coniercio liljre. Mexico, IS.Vi. Mexico, Iniciativa quo la Exma Junta Departamental haco al Congreso CJeneral. Mexico, 1830. Mexico, Instrucciou do los comisionados do la Dircccion General. Mexico, 17S3. Mexico, Instruccion del Iley. In Pachcco and Cardenas, Col. Doc, torn. xii. Mexico, Instruccion para la priictica do los padrones que so ban do forniar. Mexico, is;').*}. Mexico, Instruccion para que los administradores do aduanas hagan la legitinia exaccion. Toluca, IS,"],"), ^lexico, Instruccion Provisional A que ban de arreglarse las Comisarias Cen- erales. Mexico, 1824. Mexico, Its present Government and its Political Parties. Washington, 18(J0.. ArTiToniTiEs QroTr.D. Ixxvii Jloxicn, .Tiiicio Imparcial sobre los Acontecimientos en 18*28-29. New York, ftc. is;«). ^Icxii'ii, J.ii liitiTVciiciuii Knr(i]i('a c'li Mexico, rilinlcltia. IS."!). Mexico, l.a IiitervcDcioii y 1 i .Nloiiarnuiii. Wasiiington, 1S(J"J. Mexieo, l.a Lev. 'I'olueii, Is, I i-t sei|, Mexico, LeLrisiaeioii Mejieaiia, L'uleccion coiripleta tic las Lcyca lS4S-,'(i. :\iejico,' 1S,-).V(!. I'J Vols. Mexiio, Ley ileerutuila {mv el Coiigrcso geuenil cstaMeciendo un iinpucsio, .Mexico, 1S44. Mexico, Ley do 4 do Nov. de 1,S4S sobre nrroglo del ojt'reito. Mexico, 1,S4S. Mexico, Ley do I'resupuestus (Jeiicralea de la Kepublica Mexicaua Ihlil, Mexico' ]S()1. Jlexico, Ley orLT.inica do la f;iiardia do sofjuvidad. Mexico, Ley orj,'!iniea ib^ la (iuai'dia Xacioiial. Mexico, 18.")7. Mexico, Ley jiara nl arre.L'lo de la Admin, do Justieia. (liiadalajara, 1K.^7. Mexico, Ley ]ie!i;il para Ioh liesortoi-cs del Lji rcito. Mexico, l,s;;<). Me\ico, Ley penal jiara los Knijileailos do JIaeit iida. Mexit'o, IS,').'?. Mexico. Ley i|"<' arre;,dii la leiita del pa]n'lsellado y los iisos de ostii dcerctnda on 14 do Feb. de IS.'iO. Mexico, IS.'i(i. Mexico, Ley que arre;L.'!a las procediniientos .Tudiei.iles. La T'az, lS(i7. Mexico, Ley sobi'o derochos y observaciones )iaJToi|uialos. Mexico, IS.'iT. Mexico, Ley .solii'c Libel tad deCultos. Mexico, ISdl. Mexico, Levos A las r|uo lia dobido aiTt'glar.se la eleocion do log Supremos I'odercs. Mexico, lS4S. Mexico, Lcyos, Docieto.s y (.'onvenios Relativos ;l la dcuda estraiigera, Mex- ico, 1848. Mexico, Lista pormonoriznda do los dafios, etc. M.*^. Mexico, Manit'estaciou do las actas do las diseusionos, etc. Tlalpam. 1820. Mexico, Manifestacion quo linee al publico la coniision nouibiaila poi- 1. s aore- eilores do Mineiia. Mexico, l8.">(). Mexico. .Manit'estaeion quo el l^xnio Ayuntamieuto Iiacc al publico, contratas, de linijiia do oindad. Mexii'o, ls.'!4. Mexico, Mauifostucion quo la Kxnia.luuta Departmental ilc Mexico. Mexico, ls:i7. Mexico, Manifiesto do la Camara do Piputados on la logislatura de 1831 y ls:i2. ]\lojioo, IS.'5-J. Mexico, Manitiesto del ("ontrreso General on el prescntc Alio. Mexico, \S'M. -Mexico, Maniliesto del (!oV)iorno Constitutional a la Xaoion. Colinia, iS.'i".*. Mexico, Manifiesto del Supremo 1'ribunal do Ciuerra. n.pl., ii.d. Mexico, Maniliesto del iSuprenio Tribunal de (iuorra y Marina. Mexico, 1848. Mexico, Momoria do I'luniayes. In I'aclu'oo and ( Virdonas, (_'ol. Doc, toni. xii. Mexico, Moniorias (Kogular Kejiorts of tlio ditl'eront frovernnient dopartuients ; Agricultura, Fomento, (.iuorra, Ifacieuda, Interioi', Justieia, ilarina, lielacioncs F.xteriores, etc., from 1822 to latest date; a complete set eited !>}• dates). Mexico, Memorandum do los Negocios Pendientes outre ^Mexico y Espafia. I'oissy, 1S.'57. Mexico, Memorial do lo succdido en la ciudad ilc .Mexico dosdc ol dia ]>rinu:o do Nouiembrc de 1(J2;{, liasta quinzo do Enoro do 1024. Mexico, l(iJt. folio. Jlexico, Monsngedcl Prosidente. [Cited by dates.] Mexici^, Merced de S. M. do las cosas arzobispalos al Obispo D. Fr. .Tuan clo Zumi'irraga y sus succesorca para sienipre januis. In Doe. Hist. Mex., serio ii., tom. iii. IMexico, Notes made in 1822. Pliiladelphia, 1824. Mexico, Noticia llistiirica do lufantoria. Mexico, 1840. Mexico, Noticia Histi'irica de los Cucrpos do Caballeria. ^Mexico, 1840. Mexico, Noticias do la ciudad. Mexico, 18")."). .Mexico, Noticias do Mexico y sus contornos. MS. folio. Mexico, Observaciones generales sobre Caminos de llierro. Nuova York, 1S33. I^^l Ixxviil AUTIIOniTirS QUOTED. i II! Ill Muxioo, Oli^iorvncioti'^s ((lU! luico cl cjicutivn al I'niyi'fto dc Araui'il Av Aliri* litis. Mi'xi >, Into. Mi'xii'M, ())wci'viK'i'iiu.4 (luo Hfthro cl proycctn dn Risi-s. (riindal'ijara, I vlll. *Mc'xi 'c>, Olwui'viiLiDiiLS mdIm'c l;i Iiilluonciii tlcl Coiiu'rciv J^ttrair^'io. Mcxi' i, l>s;i!». Moxic'i), ()l>sfrva('i(nus kdIm-c las fai'uUailf.s drl CDiigruso Coiistitiiyontc. Tlal. J) nil. ls"ti». MoxuM, Obsciviicioiics xiiliru rcl'oriiiaH :i la.s Ityi'S constituciolialcs. Mcxim, l;iH. Mcxii'n. Oli.sfrvatioiis mi tlio oiijiiii iind ('oiidiKa .>f t!;o war with. Xtw ^'cll U, IM7. Mexico, Occupation Ijy I'ltiuli troops. Mtssaijc! of tln^ Prcsidont, J)oc. "Jl, l.S'!.-i. ^Ii'xico, Ordctiaiiza dc la division i\v Li iioliilisinia iiiidad dc Mexico en ijiiar- teles. Mexico, 17S_'. I'oHo. Mexico, ()i(l,'iiaii/a di^ la relita del Taliaco, '21 do A'.'OMto, lS4(i. Mexico, I SKI, M' xico, ( )iileiiaii;:a ilel ramo d;i cailies. Mexico, IS."),). ^lexieo, ()rdciiaii/a;.;eiierai dc Adilaiias Mantiiiias y iVoiitoriz.'i.s. Mexico, lS."i(i. Moxico, Ordenaii.a liiiiilar paia cl ie,:^iiiieii, diseipliiia, etc., ilel J'ljireilo. .Mexico, i.s;{;{. ;> \dis. Mexico, Onlciiaiizii inilitar provisional ipu^ debe oliseivar el ciierpode patrio- t-AH. Mexico, |,s|l). iMexico, OrdcnanzaM do ost.i nobilissinia eiiidad. Mexico, 177"'. MS. folio. Mexico, Drdi'iian/as dc la licl execntoriii fonnadus por la ciiidad do .Mexico. Mexico, 17;{(). folio. Mexico, Ordenaiizas de f.otcria. Mexico, 1841. ^lexico, Ordenanzas [lara '1 reuinun do lo.s teiidoros y tieiida.s de pulporia. Mcxi.d, 17oS. fol. Mexijo, Ordeiianzas <|uc so lian do oi..^ervar y ;;nanlar in la limy iioliiljsiiiia y leal ciis.l.id do .Mexico. (Mexico, iT'Jit.J folij. Mexico, I'aJiipldots. A (.'ollecMon. ^I xico, i'apeles N'arios. ,\. ( '. llection. Mexico, I'.ipei:! ri'latiii;,' to. \V'asliiiit;to!i, 18(5(1. Mexico, rciiiidico ( ):ii i:d. Mexico, lS(i:! et ^.c^(. Mi'xico, I'iezas .lustilicativas del Ai're,lo ilo 'a dcnda F.stoni.i do Mexico. .Mexico, lsi:». Mexico riausilile con la Ti inini^lial detnoiistraeion. ^ilexico, 1711. ^Mexico, I'l'csiiit (.'onilitioii. Mossmlji's of t!ic rresideiit ot' tiie I'. .S.. April 14, |si;_', .Ian. -J;), lS(i7. \Va.>liiiiv'ton, 1S(;'J, IS ,7. •-'vols. Mexico, l'iesii|mcsto del Ministeiio dc (liicrra y Maiina 1" .liilio do 1S.")1 :l iJlJ (It! ihinio d(! IS.VJ. Mexico, IS.V2. loHo. ^lexico, rresupiiesto del Ministeiio do llacionda do T Jul. do 1S.")1 a 111) do .Tnnio '2. folio. Mo:;ico. J'resnpnesto del Ministerio do .lusticia, etc., del 1^ do .Inliodo IS.'d d ;>() alas. Mcsii'K, 1^1'^. M( i:.'ii (•\1(PIU':< siilirc la liiil. lii'iiili'licia. ( liiailala ai',' IVJI. Mi'xii'ii, Kf.'laliU'iiti) lie AihiaiiaH Mantinias, M.xii'n. iS'Jil. 4ti>. M('xii'i), lii'nlaMiciitii », IN-J, Mcxiii), llculaiiiiiitu iiitiriiiu y I'riivi.sioiial para la (Jmiii.-iiiria ( 'oiitraldo (liur- la V .M.ii ma. M iXUii, 1N'_'.>. Mexico, l;e'j;lainelit<> pai'ael col'si) do liaitie ieo, lN4(i. ularc-i en la pi'e^cnte ;,'neii-a. M. Mexico, l;e;,daiiiento para el cstalileeimieiito ilo las ciloiiias luilitaic^* del utiir T. Iiuailte|iec. .Ml I S.I. Mexico, l;eL;laiihlilo para el goliieriio interior del C'oivjreso (leiieial. Mexico, ls4S. Mexico, l!o;.;1ain.'i'to par;i el ( lohii'mo interior ile la Siipi-i ma Corte marcial. Me Mexico, ls;,7. \ico, lleijlaincn Mexico, ls;;s. to para el (loliierno interior dc los trihunales siinerior<'S, Mexico, Jioglaniciito para el Lioliicrno interior y econi'iuiico de la Secretaria dc Jvxta M( 1S.VJ. Mexico, licLrlamento para el Sniirenio 'I'ribnnal do .Insticia del Il-^t.ido. Mex. ioo, ]SJ.'). Mexico, j;ci;]ament(i p.ara la adniinistraeiou y eontaliilid.ul. ^fexico, l.S()7. ^lexieo, l!e;;laniento para l.i ( 'oniunicacion por la via Intor-Ooeauica do To- niantep( M( IS.-, Mexico, KeLrlaniento jiai'a la (uiai'dia Xacional. Mexico, lS4f!. I scccion .superior do los Ui strito.i do Hacienda. Mexico, KcLjlaniento jiara 1; Jtexico, 1S.V_'. Mexico, lleudaiiieiito jiara la 'IVsoreiia ^roneral. Mejico, is;{l. 4to. Mexico, Iteulaiiieiito )iaia los ."^crs icio.< do Honor y cenmoiiial do la C'ortc Mc Mc Mexico, lS(i(!. cxico, Jle'daiuen to ]' rmisumal vara Ml ivor. 1," i;e-i M ex ICO, IS-:;!. 4t. las f uiiciones v servicio del l'',stadii aniento 0. Mexico, KeiKirts and ] lispatclics exliihitin,!:,' operations of the U. S. Naval forees during tiie ^Var with Mexico. Wa-shinyton. lS-1',1. Mexico, ]{e)i!escntacion diiiu'ida a la e;imura du l)iputados por el Supremo Trihunal tie (inerra y Marina. Mexiifi, 1M{."). Mexico, Ittpresentiiciou diri^^ida al Virey dc Nueva I'iSpafia. Mexico, 1812. Mi'xico, l!ci>n'sentacion ]»or la- Junta direct iva de la Industria Xacional soliro liecenidad de sn foniento. ^lexico, 184;{. Mexico, licprcsentaciou (|uc hace cl xVyuntiiniieuto cu defeusa de la industria a;,'ricola. ^lexico, ISll. Mexico, lve]ir('scntacion ui'iililc quo liace la oiudad en favor de sus naturales d Cirlos 111. en -J de Mayo de 1771. Mexico, 1771. MS. '2 \uh. Mexico, llcpresentaciou <|ue la Junta de Foniento y Acrniniatrativa de Min- ena. 5lexico, 1S.")0. ^lexico, rvcprcseutacion .sobro pago dc priniicins en las docti irvis. MS. ^Mexico, ller^eria dc la.s fcstividades que lian tcuido lugar en I'l-ebla de Sara- f,'o;;a. I'm.bla, l!S70. Mexico. I'esena histoiica dc las negociaeionea entre Espafia y Mexico. Ma- drid, ]S.")7. lilexico, llescna hi.sturica y explicativa de lo3 ultiuios suoesofj do Mexico, Paris, isr)7. 4to. Mexico, Kt'sena sobre el cstado dc los principales rainos. Mexico, 1850. Mexico. Kcvolucion en M.'xioo. Mar/o do 18(iO. M(jntcrey, 1800. Mexico, Segunda represent'icion que liaee cl coniereio de Mcgico al Supremo l.'ongre.so. Megijo, 1840. Mexico (Serviciu). In rachcco and Ciirdeiias, Cid. Doc., toni. vi. IMcxico, Scsion secreta ordinaria de 11 (h' Mnizo do 18li0. |Tlalpaui, 1830.] ^lexico. Sesione.s tenidas jior cl (Jongreso Constituyentc del Kstado eu los diaa '28 y 20 del ultimo Mayo. Tlalpam, KSoO. Mexico, Silver Mines in Mexico, n.pl., n.d. Mexico, Sindico scguudo del Exnio Ayuntamiento sobre la nueva rcspnesta. [Mexico, I8:18.J Mexico, Silio do I'uebla de Zaragoza. Mexico, 1803. Alexico, Stories of, N'.'W York, n.d. Mexico. Tarifa para el cobro uo los derechos do Alcabala y ^Municipal. Mexico, \^oA. 4to. Mexico. Tarifas do los Ilabercs IfqUidos monsuales quo eorresponden li todas las olnses pertfnecii'utes al ramo clc gucrra. Mexico, 1S4(). Mexico. Tercora parte Hobre C'onsoliilaciou de la Republica Mexicana. Mexico, 18,-) I. Mexico, Terrible fill uarion dc la Rcjiublica, Mexico, '8.V2. Mexico, Ti'stimonio do la averiguacion practicada ' or orden del Supi'tmo (.iobierno. Mexico, 1801, Mexico, Testimonio Biniplc do los autos dc la Audieni a en el asunto de la ex- pulsion del Arzobispo 1()'24, in Itoc. Hist. Mex. scric ii., toni. ii. Mexico, The complaint of Mexico and conspiracy i aijist idjcrtv. Boston, 184;{. Mexico, Tlie Country, History nnd People. London, 1803, Mexico, Tlic .Marino Corps in Mexico—Trial of First Lieutenant J. S. Devlin. Wiishinuton, 18,V2. Mexico, The Mexican l']m])irc, its actual situation. Ke\v York, ISOO. Mexico, The lte|)ulilic of iMexico restored, Mexico, 1807. Mexico, TiieWest Coast of \\'ashingtou, 18S(). Mexico. Tiiitado de Aunstad, etc., .Vustria. [Mexico. i843.j Mexico, Tribunal del rrotomcdicuto. MS. AUTHORITIES OUOTED. l.wxi Mexico, Mi'xioii, Tiini'illo lie 1()'21. Ill Poc. Iiist. !\K'\-., si'iic ii, tdiii. ii. L'ltim.-is Nutas I)iiil')m:itifaf< liiiiiliiadiis clitru el .Ministro ilc lUl lis Iv-ili'i i )r«s y las IcLracitjiiiH csti'aiiLjoias. Mexico, ISdJ. M. Mc ritin N'ariii il CoiiLrrcso Cimstitnvcnto del Jvslailo. Mcxicn, ls:!(). rtas lid i.al)ili tlUllUltll lie l."> do KlKTl! iloilc .Mi'Xicu a, los KuiioicH del coii.sejo .solii'i KJ-M. 1 eXlco iim Mexi. M Ml Muxic Mfxie , enlauelll Xi.ti do los 'J'lt'S Dias do Miiiistoi ii Mc ).s;;!). 1 1; A ViiVauc to. . .1)V It iliaii. New York, IS4! •o and . 11- roinsott, Kcply to a ISritisii I'aiiipliL't. riiiladclji'iia, ! >e M, 1S:2<». tlic Moiiroo Doctri • 111., 11. d. ml tlie I'liiti'd states, An Aiiiuiican vie.v nf tlic Mexican Question ^aii l-iancsco, iMid M exico aiiii 11' L'ldted States, 'J'reati i.s;i ■tc, IS.-J-d'J. 11 vols. Mexico \' (liiateinala, (Juestion de Liinites. Mexi ilS; 1.S40: ISO: 1S7 Me M exico V la tntervenelon. Me Mexico vsii.s.vlrcdedoies,(,"oI(' iNiil. de\'istas,i'tc. ^Mexico, IS.").")- 7 atlas. Mlio .M Me Me M exico \ Sll: ]ii-turlii(,s. MS. •2d .Ses ; u. i; Canada. Mess;i,L;eof the President, Jan. S, Ib'M (J.'itli Ci 1). Wasliiiiu'ton. ls;!S. Alls einer Discussion, etc. \c"/ Vori<, ISd."). exii|Ue 1 )c l.i Ja'Volntioi; an Mexioui ^I'/xic|ue, 1 )esci'i]itiou Sitiiat 'I' mil a Ml ■ lie M, la Villi IV) Me Me M. isco. ii.p d. ivit. 'oeuincns ts I'elatil's ;i la jirotectioii de.s sujet.s etraii;.'er.s residaiit, etc. siir le Coniinereo. V: isiy ^Me.xiiiuc ;Le) et riOuropo on eX| la sitii.'iti actue.' IS 17 !Mcxiiiue 'I.e) et ITnti'iveiilioii. Talis, Isdi. Mexiipio (I.e) efc ses liicliosses. >.'i)iivelle-Orli';ins, ISIi'J Ml Me Me Me Me (|UC :.i([U( ^;il|u■- IKs i:tiic Lc <; ;, ls(;;i llisto\ii|iiea an ]ioint de vne iiolitii|no et .social. I'ariM, IS.'O. d 1 Lo Seiiat, etc il.iiis la I •i" eslioii du Me.v Xllpl .inpi'i'eiir ( In ^1 i[ii( I'ari.s, 1S()4. t rinterventioii. Lei; in[iire e ntci x'eiitioii iVancaise an Ml XlqlR ISOO. I'aiis. ISCS. ^\!cinonindniii des lU'goliulions lpelldallte^j enlre lo Mcxiipie et lia.u'lie. Mexiiine, Kecnei I'oi.s 1 !S.)7. M. ]; I' L'lati ecneil (seeoii ■Ijdcv laC I'aii "•te de ]• ls;!s. IvK; ^I'xiijne, Coiii'iiisiion iScieiitili'ine, Arcidves. I'aris, ISO."-!). .'! vols ,\1.. ■C. ■mIa'). Talis. 17")-'. .Is JIicliik'na(lese .Mariano), ('ontestaeion (|ne dii'i aiiti I ■j\:\\\ .liirai IS!; K eacion lie la comlncUi. en al''i.'>i Mi All eiiorario.s y i.s Jvstadi.iti dereelios diciidi. por.l. J. J.. Ml ])inti Ml IS'Jl; IS:: lino we liaii ile colirar Ml U'alicel lie IS I!); Ml •hoac; lo.S I: ('ollslitlleiou Jiolilica del J^stado. .\lex., lS-_',">; Deeietus del ( 'oil^M'es.j Con.'titnvi nie l^L't .">. .Mix.. 1S2S; Jd Senor I)i|>tit:idi) al <'on';resi) l! Don llic' dil Tstii •do V: ir V sn J;i'(raelaei(iii. etc. .Mux., iMil ; ( lolici'ii.'idcr il todos su.s Iialiitaute.s, Mar: :o -JS (lc is; Morel ia, Is:!") (Ilistnria, de la i'rov. do San Micohisde Tolentino del oideii de ,San . tin); 1. 'j;ide()ctid'-,e do i; del Oliispo acerca do las niissiones i MS. Inftii'ine.s d;i leli iio N'erde sll I'ei 'i I. d Si:p. liiil). lie la lie- dilica J. ir lat! antoridade.s. ^. I'elia, IS-I."); ]nicia(i\;i que la .Nsamldea 1' , (pie par.i justilieiir :into la ojiiiiion piililica. .Mi la Adiijon ]iiil)lieii del Jlstiido de. Moi'elia. I .•partaiiieiiial elevo en 'JS de Fel de ISI."). Moi'elia, is l,"i; Maniliesto ISlil; Meinoria de IS;!i>; Trotesta del Senor Olii.;!") y veiuiaLle caliildo contra la ley de I I de l^nero de 1SI7. (iiiada- 'ajai-a, |S47; Keprcseiita Ii ISo.'). Ite Jdsr. Mi;x., Vol.. I. Clou en ileleiisa ik' SLsteina l''edi r.-d. Mex. ACTIIOIMTIKS OroTlvD. im Micr (ScrvMiiilo 'I'ci'i's.i), I'riil'i'ci.'i jmlitica, iliscinsn I,"! ilc Die Isi!.'!. M( IS III. MitT (Scrviiliil'v 'I'rrcsa^, ^'ic!,•|, ;i\i'iitiir;is, t'scr itnn, y via;'t'S. MiAiru. lS(i, Micr y 'I'cfaii (Mamn 1 dc), Maiiilc.-^lariiiii del citnladalio al |inMii .M^ IS-J.). ■Mills (XiclKilas), Jlistdiy of Mexico. I.onddU, IS'JI. Miiia ( Kiaiiii.sci'), IJrmc I^stiaulo ilc l.i viila. Li'inlnn, ISJ" ]\li M. ill' la Jai/, l\vi ISIS. lie Atirl. IS 10. Miiicli.i, lllfiirinc dado iior el Ivstaliliciiiiiriid) dr. ;i iL'adus snliri' il f; v, la, ( olMIMO'.l I li' Iiidiistiia •IC )ll;/l'i';;i) ((('lliT.- .M('\., Is;',l) ; liit'iriiH' ill 1 Mstalilcriiiiii'iito al .'-^I'lmr -Miiiistro dc ]l: llnl.l [Lisa M. ISIIS; M.iiiilcstai-ioii iiiic ■■oil iiiutiMi 11' 1.1 -Ml IS,")(); 111 |iii'.-t'iil; ll'lillHS lU IK. an nimiiai lU'. -Ml I7!tl. M jMlIli 11. 1 il ■;i!rs (iiilriian/a < ivira l.'i liiri'iTi'iii, rr;;iiii('ii y yj>- \)\vvi M M: d, i7s;i. il i: lilii; liiiarsiliiarliiia.'S il [ llv.A 'I'ldaaial di CMfO, ll|Ur'prci| Minimal- X Mexico 17SI. folio. 1 (.\llj,'lislill de), ^'id,■l lie 1 l A'eneralile Madre .M ii.iia'1,1 Jnsejijia do .1 riirilie.aeii)ii. riielil.i. I' la.|. d. M Carlota. Ori/alia, ISO I. iiilH'reiir .MaMinihaiio y i de la !■: i[>;'ratiiefeiit-a, do loH lliiliistros. A er)lleelioM. Miraiiioii (Mieliel), ({eiii'ial de division Clief de TArii ■t I'l'i'siilellt silljsli- (ilt. dii la j;r'|>lit)!ii|lU' Mesieailie ;i l.i XatiMii. |( iKqiiilti'iiee, |S.')I). Miranda (Callialilia de), I'loei so V 1 ansa eriminal e.iiitia M.' I CUD. Mi d. foli da (Iraneiseo .Javier), .\1 iiui.-is Uellexione.s wohre li eiiestioii ile la .M. Oil. ISdf); I'!-, losuioll. 11. is.,',): J. d.; 1' Miraeda (Fraiieisco Mmitero de), .M eiiHina .^1 .lire 1, uieiiincri iiroiiiiiiei.ail l(> llerli .1., ls,-,7. M- i )irii\iiieia lie \ eraiia/. .M.^ 10 toli ■iiilol, ( '.-iiisa lie jiiiinlelitio. M.S., 17',l'_'. loll I'l dio. Miseelaiiea, A ( 'I'lleeti lis Miseeliiliea ( ' M isei'lalie.a i Mi.seelhi M lei Ml 1 a, A ( 'ollei'lioll. It Vol.-J Nsieo, A < 'olk'itii'li. iiieoii.s I arii{>liu t.s, A Colleeti AC /limi. 1(1 Vol.-; Mi i.seen.iny. issa ( lotliiea sell .Mo/araliiea, eti'. All'.'eloi)oli, 1770 fi Missa' )in) del'iilied.s. li.|il. li.d. 'Ito. Mitllieliilll,!j;eii eilies jliiiLjeii ri;iy<'l's iilier (lessen See !M iiiielieil, ISJ Muderados (Lo.«) y el Kstado de Me\ieo. 'I'ulue.-i, l.siU. Modern Tiavellel' (The), Mexico and ( iii.aleinala. l.ondii Jloslon, is;i(t. i> vols, ^loliiia (.\lonso de), ( (iilinaneaz ))ara estas (Isjiitalles. ]MS. Moliii.i (.Vloiiso de), N'ocalailario en leiiuiia ('a -ti liana y .Mi l.s-J I. 'J vols. ^Iv I. -.7 1. '2\> toli Moliiiero del ( 'erro (('aralaiii|iio), Caitas de. Mexico, |S(IS. ^loiiardes (.Nicolas), llistmia liiediciiial de l.is cosii.s (|Uc se ti'aen de Indian Oocident.des. Sevilla, \~t~\. Moii;.,'Ia\e (iMii^'eiie de), llesuiiii' do I'liistoire dii Mexii|iie. I'aris, 1S-2(>. Monitoi' Coiistitiieional ludependicnlo. Mexico, ls.(,1(t. seij. Monitor ritr;iiiiaiiiio (ill). .Madrid, l.S'_'"J. Ml i.y (.\iiti M. Villi 171tl isei'ior), < 'raeioiies |i,'iiiej,'yi'icas fiinol iroa oil las ex- MiMit.ina (.losi'|)li Isidro), l"l corazon ile las llimas. I'lioMa, 17<»."). Ment.ina (liiiis), < 'araeter iiclitico y niai'eial de los illsl^l•^elltes. Mi v., ISIO; (liianaxuato liivadido "JS de Se^it. de IslU, Mex., ISIO; KeiiexioiieM AUTIIOKITI 1 :S QUOTi: D. 1.x s(>l)i'o l(iH iilliorotoH iic.Ti'iilns en ;il;,'iiii()s jmclilos df Tii'rr.iilcntrii. Mcx., Mfilllcjo, 'rrslillinili;l. Ill Col. l)(ic. Iliril., tiiin. i. Mniilciiiiiiiir (.lii.iiiiicM Fr.iiicisi'.is), llMvliatioiu's Suiiiici ntviii ix Ihcisinniliiis i;iL:i:o (.'li.iiirclliiri.i' S.iiHti. Mi'Nici, KKiT. Miiiitiiii.iiin" (.)o:iiiii(H Fraiiciricus), I'a.stur liouiis Dnmiiiiis Jc-iiiH. Mrxim, Mcji, riiiaidi- (.Tiiini l''r.iiiiisci) dc), Disciirsi) )iiiliticc) lii.sti'ji'iro .Iiiiiilii-c) del (A. ilo li 1', ), Itiiuiario )iaia ['ainilids dc Jiidins. AiidMiis, 1 7.'! t. Mmiti iiiii, Jicglaiiii'iilo para (1 ( invu rim di 1 MiiiiLi,' jiio viiidas Ar lllilli^^ll•ll.s i\v. Aiidi<'iiiiaH. Madrid, 1770. Miiiiti: I'io dc Ol'iciiia.-i, I'lniitiiaric) ficiicnd in ciiifo Taiifas. Mcxii"), 17'^l. Miinirid" ( I'cdro M. dc), I'loclaina cjiie cl Ink inlcntL- do la I'niviiicia dc .Mcx- icM, Mexico, l.sKI. M.ii!lc~i do Oca y ((lirc'jiiii ([.uiiacio), Ofacioii Tiiichrc qui' cu las Imnr-as do .luau Itniz ilo AlafcDii. Moxicn, 1S7S. Munt. -clariis, Cal'la. hi I'aclnciiand ( aidciias, dil. l)iic., \ito (luc hroti'i in el lloridi) ( aiiipi Moxico, I' Moi.i.i y CrivcHi (Toina.^l, •ritioo Koliro c\ mi.stcina dc Jfacii^nda en Mox- Mt ISli, Ml .1, Iiiiciativa, ii .Manuel i Iclacion del I'tiiicral, eiitierio y exeiini.is de i I illn (.Ml \ida V M Morli (I nan .Nj^nstin), ( ' he ad\ icl'tcn en el Ni iiiuii) V ^alulas einoriai^ leceioii do M eXl o, 17tit). J.ondrcs, liSl'J. I )oc Mexii litoH. MS. folio; Desiirdi ptc. MS, 17!i-'. folio. iMort'i (.luaii Aiij,nistiiO, I.n. iiolile/a y Picdad dv lo.s MoiitaiicscH dcinonstrada jMir el ( 'rislo do lliilL'o.s. Mexico, I77">. folio, Moiyii (Antuuio de), Suuesos de lus islas Filipiiiua. Mexico, lliO'J. 4to. Ixxxiv AUTHORITIES QUOTED. I III I ii;il !M()ri;nia v Zaf.illa (Miircos), Snloiniioa excquias el 9 y 10 tk' Mayo do ISIO. MlNUIl. ISIO. M(jrilli> (l'al)lol, Mi'innires rclatifs aux canipagncs cu Annjrique do 1S15 d l.SJl. Paris, ]S2(i. Mori) (Clcrarilu), liitoiiiic cii ilen'clio sobn^ (|Uo la coiiipailfa ilu el Ifcal asiu.'.ito do la CJrau lintaua. .Mexico, 17'Jt. folio. Mor.so (Isaac ]•<.), Spuccli in iIlIculc of the Mexican War, Deo. ISKJ. ^^'ash• iii'.'toii, l.sKI. Mosaico Mfxicaiio (l",li. Mexico, ]S40-)'J. 7 vol.s. Muta Fadilliv (Mafias dc la). Historiado la conijuista do la Nncva-flaliiia. Mexico, ItSi;;. MS.; ^lexicd, ).S7(». Mofoliiiia (Toribio), ('arta al Einiierador CVirlos V. In Icazbalceta, Col. Due, toni. i. Motolinia (Toribio), llistoriadc los Iiidios de Xiieva Esp;.fia. In Icazbalceta, ( ' il. J toe., toni. i. Motolinia (Toribio), La VIda y Miierta dc trcs nifio.s dc Tlaxcala. MS, Motolinia (Toribio), ^'idas y Martirios di' ires Nifio.s 'i'lascaltecas. MS. folio. Jlotf.'znina, Testaniento. In iV.chcco and (':;rdcnas, Col. ]>oc. toni. vi. Moya, y Contreias (I'cdro), Carta al I'rcsidcntc do lo3 Kealcs Cousejos de Inclio-i. Ill Cartas do Indias. Moya y Contrcras (i'cdro), (Jarta ]lelacion al Rey Don Fcliiic II. In Caitis do Indias. Miicliarrcz (■fuse Antonio), Contestaeion del I'aiaayador y .Inez de lialanza. ,Mex., ISKi; J'Isposicion solirc refoniias cons-'titntionales. Mex.. 1S41. Mivrde (^>ucdito (JOI), I'apcl joeoso, scrio, .'^atirico y inor.il. MS. 1711. Midler (I'.aron .1. W. ve.-i), lleiscn in den Vcreinigteu staatcii Canada e.nd ^lexico. LcipziLT, 1S(!1. ;{ vols. Mungnia (Clcnienti'), l.)(d Dereclio Xatiii'al en siis prineipios eoinniies. ^lex., |S-1!). 4 vols.; .Maiiiliesto i|iie dirigi^ A la iiacion Mejicana. ^loi-ei'a, 1S.")1; Mex., is,")!'; Uii voto indcpcndicnto cu la eilcstion del jnraniento. Moreli;i, bS,-)l. ^lunL'uia (Clenicnto do .Tesns), Defcn.?a Eclosiilstica. Mex., IS.'iS. Hn. '2 vols.; Instrncciones I'astorales. Mex., IS,")7; (.)!)ras diversa.i, I'riniera Scric. Morclia, IS.'i'J-.i.'i. '2 vols. ; Obras divcrsas, 8cgunda Seric. Mex., 1S,V_>. 2 vols. Mnimuia, I'.istor.alcs, A Collection. iMmio;'- (luaii liautist.'i), 1 listori.i di I Xncvo !Mnndo. ^ladrid, nO-*?. ^liuio/. (.(nan J'.inf ista), Menioria sobre las Aiiarieioncs y el cnlto dc Xuestra Scnora lie . Nardi ( l''ranccsco). Visita dell' Inipeivitore li Impcratrice del Messico ul S. Tadrc. lionia, I Mil. Narte (Sejo Amira de), Claniorcs de la America. Mexico, ISll. XanticaN>escriiition of tlicCnll uf Mexico and 1 lay of llonduraa. London, l.s.-)(!. X'ava (.losc])li lL;iiacio Maia'a de), l^'logio funel>rc (]ne en las honras dc. ^lex- ico, l,S(t2. Xavarrctc, Hiotfralia, In Hoc. liu'd.. toni. ii. Navarretc (h'ranci.-co Antonio), Ivelacion l'ei"griua de hi Agua Corricnte. Ml 17;:!». ArTiioniTiEs Qr()Ti:n. lx?:xv XiivniTfto f.T. C), Es])iisiiiciii que diri'/n iil (" iii^iH's') (Icnoral. M( xiin, In')!, X-iviiinlu (.M;i!UR'li, J'lutri'tiniiiiifulws 1V» tu'o.s. Mi'xico, ]V>2X "J vmIs, Xavarrclr (.M;ii tin I'VtikukIi'/), ( (ilroiDii ilc los N'i.'igrs y JV'.sculii iiiiii utn.-i (jiio liicioinii 1(VH l';>jKiu(ilf.s (.losile linos iK'lSl;.;lo W. Mailriil, hS'_'.>-."!7. 5 voU. ?>'avarii> (.Iils' Aiiluiiiip), Jlstai.lu ilu la.s iiiisionc'.'i . M'i. XavaiTi) y lliana (.Iiia(iuiiil, ])isciir.so i)r(muiiciail>\'i. Xiivarnj y Xurio^'a (Foniaiulo), }.louioiia koIji-c la poblaciou dol lioiii.j do N. ]■:. Moxioo, IH21). Xayarit, l"ra',^iiioiito llistinioo. M.'^. Xayarit, Iiifonnc do la aiidioiioia do (inadalaxara fooliado ;l '2(5 do Ayosto do * ITS.".. MS. Nayaiii.is, liclarioii do la Coinniista. Madrid. [17--.] N'.bol (f'.irlos), Viago piiiturosoo y Ar(j^iiooli.jioo do la R(;p, Mo.;. Paris, oto., IS."!). Xobrija (.\ntiiiiio do), I'^xplioaoimi do los Iil)ros cvarto y qiiiuto. I'li.lila, k;:)."). Itn. Xogooios do .Moxioo, Disciisiou iii ol Soiuido I'spafiol a^Aivc lus. Mexico, 1803. 4io. Xo;,'ooi(i.s l''ondioutos eiitro M^xiooy Kspafia. I'ai is, ISr),S. No.'Moios J']olosi,istioos, ])iot.iiiioii i()u dol Torritorio eu Yucatan, Moxioo, isc.l. Kioroiuljorg (J. ]■'.), I'e la dovooion y patrooinio do Sau Zvligiiol. Moxioo, |i(ii:}.j Xioiiw Sjiaaiijc. In .\a.,toin. x. Niloa (•loliu M.), History of iSoulh .Vniorioa anil >.''"xico. ILirtford, Isll. '1 vols. Xilos (Jdhn :M.), Speech iu Son. of the U. S.. IMi. fl, ISIS. Washington, 1S-4S. Xiaos Mxiiositos, J'^xpo-siiion (|Ho haoeal ]nililioo. .Mexico, ls;!S. Xoamira (f. 1!. Z. ), Momoria Instructiva lohro (.1 ^laguoy v.ils. Xorioif-a (Joso M. D.), i'unestod iiecuerdo.s dol Liln rtadnrdo Mexico, .Mixico, ISda. Xoiman (l>. M.), Ivanihles hy T-ind .ind Water. Xew York, lS-1.'). Norniau (IJ. M.), Jiaiiiblcs iu Yucatan. X'ew Yurie, 1S4U. Notas, Yoeahulario (ioouralico. In (.'artas dt! ludias. Xoticia lliogriilica dol A'-chidnqiio I'eiiiaiidip Maxi'.iiiliano \. n.d. Xo'icia do loR Procodiiaioiitos en la lleposieiou do la Sagrada Ini'igo!!, oto. Mexico, lst(i. Xolirii J'lstraordinaria, Division ik- ojioracionos on la I'arra do, Taui[iioo. I.Mcxici, Ivj'j.J f,,lio. Xoticia i» Ill ■ 'I 111 ill; I iii ' r !: Ixxxvi ArTITORiTIKS QUOTHD. N'fitiji.'is intorr=i;nitisiinas cintr.;, l:i iiiik'poudoiicia. ^loxico, IS'Jl. folio. Kotii-iipso ( It luTiil. Mexici), ISITi I't !^cc|. Js'oiiL' ()k: .,*c Tcrru fcrma XoiNuju'iitc troiuito in Imlia. S(;villi, l."iL"2. Nncvii, Ivniiifin, vVoiR'i'dos do la Junta Superior do Jical llai'ifiida. .Mcxiin, ITilk MS. Nueva I'-spaiia, T.rcvo Rcsinncu del l)t'SC>il.)rinuL'iito dc la. Madrid. [IT'iT.] MS. loyal folio. "2 vols. Nm^vji Iv-^pruKT, Rcspucst.'.s :i las pri';^uutas ln'clias soliro d estado dc los lu- ll io.s. ;ms. Xufvas lIi'dcNioncs solivc la cucstion Francij-Mi'xicana. Mexico, 1S()2. K\u^vo Diocioii.irio do la leii^ua L'astellana. Kuevo Leon, l»ictauien de la eoinision celesiaslico. [Apr. ,10, ISIit. Monterey, is;i4.1 Xucvo Leon, L>ii;t:unen preseutado sobi'o introdneeion de Al^'idnn. Mon- terey, ISI.'i. Xuevo Leon, 1 )iet;!inen Kolir(^ reforina, de Lis I'lie^es Or'^;inieas. Jlonten'y, LSi.j. >i'nix (Juan), Kelli'xiones Jiiipareiali's. Madrid. IT^-. Xunoz (.Monso), ( ':irta I'lisle.ral. Mexico, 1777. Ifo. Nunez (Alonzo), ('< nsLituiiones. .Mi'xieo. |l77."i. | Is'une/ (.\ntonio), })i.stribucione.s di; las obr-as onlinariiis y cxtraordinari^iss. Mexico, 171-. 4to. Nufie/ (Ildelonzu),Kelaeioi! de la fnncbre cereiuwniay exi'ijuias. Mexico, 1;S;>2. 4to. Nunez lie llaro y Per.'dta (Alonz')), Carta Pa.storal. Mexico. [177<>.] >.ufio I'iuto, ]ii JJaniire", I'r oee-^o eonlra -Mvarado. Kyc (Jiiini'S ^\'.), Spec.'li in Sen. of U. S., Jidy I 'J, lS(i7. ii.pl., n.d. Ojijaca, Asuntog. in .Mex. Doc. I'lelos. !MS. torn. ii. Oajaca, ( 'art;', del A 'iiitaniii'ito. in l';u'liceoand( Virden;is, Col. TVic, toni. xiii. Oajaea, Coiistitueioudel Ivstadoclc, Oax., LS."")7; Copiais cl,^ las ( 'oiitcstacioiios. Mex., lS2."i; Di4CUr.'o (|no I'rouiincio (d ciudadano J. }il. Artea;ja '2 do Kliero do IStl]. Oax., ISiri; Ksposioiou por (1 (!i>l)ierno ;d Solieiano ( 'on- ^reso, IS4S et .SJfj.; Inieiativa quo hi Ai^ainlilea eleV() 1!) Jeli. l>il,") ^loliro ref(.nnas do bases O'Lranien.s. Oax., lS4r); ]^ey de Instinccion I'ubiiea 1807. ii.pl. Vi.d.; Ley Oru:iniua para td (inliienio y Adiiiini.stracion In- terior. ()ax., '807; ItcLrlainento cspedido )ioi' cl iloii. Asanil)lea 7 do Fel). 1S44. Oax., H44: 'l;eiiiiraeion de la Catedral do Antivpiera. .MS. 17-;!-4; J.aVietuliii. Oiij., )S7S ct se((. Obispo do la I'ueblH, ■Nleiuori.n al J{''y. ^18. l(;"i'2. Obser\aeioncs nccrea del I'areeer I'iseal y Acuerdo d ■ l:i eorto snpreiua do Jnsticia. Mexico, 1;;48. Observaeiones al diotiiineu de la sogunila coniision di; Ifaeieiid.-i de la (,'iniar.i do Diputados. Mexico, 1S4(). Observaeiones do los Fabricantos y .Vi^rienltores d • Mexico. Mexico, 18(51. t)b.sei'vacioncs liin);iveiales acerca ilo la .■\dinini>.tri.ria l'NiiaMi)la y .Viiioiicaiia, Disi'iirso Ilisti'irioo-* 'n'tico. M>i. folin. ((rinla;.M I l>iij:'> Aiiilirusii) ili'i, l>a L'.i:', dil I'liai'ii.Mas I'liia. Mi\ii.i), 171!^. Oiili iiaii/ii d(! la ic'iita d(! TaliiiLM). Mo.ioo, ISKi. Orik'iiiiiu'.a Mi!it:ir, ti'atadi) i^uartu, J!i'i;Iaiiiuiit.) i)ara il Ejrivicio y Maiiinlira.s di! la. iiilaiitciia Mexico, JS.Vt. "2 volci. Oidi'iiaiizas. ii.pl., l.")4S. Orili'iiaii/as du India.s. A C'dllfctinn. 4to. OrdiiiaiiAH .; ]i(:,danii':ito a ijiio delio snjetar.se. el eueipo do eoso- eiiems del di.stvito lOdoMayo ISJi". MeX.,IS4:2; Ke'.'l.inielito del eile'.po do eoseeheU)ti do Taljaoo ilol di.strilo do l.'J do A'_'o.sto do J.S-IJ. Mexieo, IStJ. Oriaiva y ('(irduva, Docunioiitos nfeiento;i ;l lo.s suce.so.i ocnrridos. \'er;i Cniz, l^.'M. OraiiPi'li' a (.Juan IJ.), Oraeion ftinoljio en las soloniue-; linnra.^, ,lo-i6 Santia;,'(). Mexieo, ISi,'). Orozeo y lierra (Mannel), C\it'>';i-afia M^ xieaua. Mexico, n.d.; (leo'^'ratia do Ian Len;,'na.s y ( '.u'ta J']luo;.;r:iliea di; .Mexico. Mexieii, IWA; lli.sio-.-ia do ^Mexico; Meinoria jiara il I'lano lU) la eindad d:^ ^ilex. Mi-x., I.H(',7; ,\Ieinoria ]iaia la (.'arta lIidro'.f|-.;.;ea del \'ai! • do Me\. Mux., If-All. -ii-u.; Xoticia Uisti'ii'iea del Mai'ipi. .s del Vidlo. ?»U'\., 1S,'.;{. Oriji'.esta (La). Mexico, l.'i7-> it .seij. Onio (iVanei.seo X. .V. do), Solui-ion del (Ir.an I'lolilenn.. ^le.'.ico, )7<).^. 4to. Orta (!'i"anei>eo do 1'.), llcrutacion al nianiiitslo do la (iuaruieio;i do W'l'.'i Ciu/. Mexico, iS'.i'.). ()rte;.,'a (Ainad il, Voto iuiulado do uno do l>js niinistros do la eorte do jii.sticia. -Slexico, Im;).'!. Ortc, L (Ihilaliu Maria), Plaiiloyor sar rincor.i[ietenco du eonseil do (luerru 1 Vaii-;i;is. Mexico, IS.il. Orte;.':i(Rt, Poesias. Mejico, IS.'IO. ()rte;;a (Feniando do), Ale'^'acion Juridica ]iMr. ^loxiio, 17! 1. folio, Ofte,:_:a (Jesii3 O.), I'rotesUi del I'roidenlo do la ( 'uj le .Sn[iienia ile .Tustieia. i-Mexico] 1SU.J. 4t(). Orte. a (L:iea:l Fernandez), Villa liio (•ro.--eiiii Joacliinj, Xiiova Aljaba apo.sti'ilioa con v.ii i.i.s eaneii««ies. Mexieo, 17o7. Ortiz (Taii.'u), Mexico cuu.siderado como iiaeion indi poudiento. IJavdeo--, is:;.'. Ortiz do .\yala CTadeo), Reminien do la Estadi^t; a del lnil)eiio Mixie.j'ii'. Mcxie.'i. l'^^. Oshoriu.' (.loliu), Lfuido to tlie \\\.st Indies, Madiir.i, ^lexieo, etc. London, 1S4.-.. Os.sorio (DSeyo), Americano si-r;ipIiieo ll.nilo do istaprovinoia dil S.inio Ilv in- gelio. Mk'xico, I7.'i7. 4to. Onscna i.lViix-liin), I'ereLrrinaeion eliristiana ])or 1 1 c'lniino I'lal. Mexieo, I7"iil. O.sw.-dd (I'elix 1..K Sinniaerland ski'teiies. i'liilad. Iplii.i, jSHO. OteiM (M.uianoi, ( 'inuinieacion .sobro las neguciaoioni s lailrc ]vstados-l'nid>iM y Mexico. Mexico, 1 847. Otero (.M.iiiano), ihisayo ,soln>' I'l verdadiTo eaUido do la cucstion .social y IJoiitie.i, Mexico, KS-ii Me.\., lt>42. T bcxxviii AUTIIOrJTIi:;^ QUOTED. Otovo (>Tiiiiiir,')V Ohrns. MS. ],S,-n-r,0. 7 vols. Otc'.-i) (M;iri:iii(il.()i':icioii civira cl .li.i ]i\ ilo .S(U.>!nl)ro do \M?>. M ■xico, 1R4I'. Oviudo (•! 11,111 Aii;ii;iii) dc). \ itia adiiiiialdu, aiKoLolicu.^ iiiiui.sU'iiu.s y hcniiciid virtiidrs. Mcxifd, 17"'-. 4t{i. Oviudo y \'iild('s ((idu/.ido iVTiiaiidrz dt), l)o la Xutiiral llystuiia di^ las la- d as. Toledo, l.")'J(). Oviedo y A'aldcs ((I(Jiizalo I'Vrnaiiilcz dc), Jli-stoiia (Itiioral y Xatuial dc laa Jiidias. Madrid, IS.'il-."). 4 vols. 4to. ()\ icdo y \'aldit4 ((.ioii/alo i'uniaiulu/ V(>ls. I'arada (Vicente (iuliioz), Scguiida esposiciou lo,';os de. Salanianea, l."i41. I'aredcs (Antonio do), Carta edilicantc. Mexico, 17(11; Carta cdificanto. ox- tin^'iiida (,'oinpania do .Tesvs. Mexico, 17;'4; \'oto Paiticalar, en la .Junta oston, 1848. AUTHOR ITHvS QT'OTF.D. 1 xxxix railcmaii (V.). Tnfovino que dio t'l pciito f.uiiliativo, luiii.'is i ilrl ,1 .1.1 CaUo. Moxico. ISkS. -Iti I'lina (Francisco), ('oiii|iii sta «lc la Calioia, etc. MS. llS(l.-)j ^to. jiro lia do Xulisco, \i I'ana (li'si'iih Gomez), Jiniiortaiitissiiuas y viTil, ultras I'lsolucioiKjs para, Vx] IcsKisticdS. I'uvl.l I'arri'S (Luifi , Manifest; Mataniuro; ili'l Cniitailiir A.h M intinia ili Mat; is:;i). ]';ii'ioili (A.), Mi'moriji, tn>ljro l;i ]^vacii;iriciu niilil;ir del pnrrtu do 'l';iiiijiii. 'J' I'artl ini;iidi|';i ISK! ). l)io Intervention in Mt Leipiti.; ami Stutt-art. ISOt. ]';is;itieniiii) (l-H, (Aiieccion do \ovelas, Anoodotas, et.'. Mijioo, IM!!). l';istoral u» do3 Actus. MS. IS'JS. r.itino (I'edi-i) r;il)lii), l)isevtacii)ii eritieo tlieo-fdosijlica suljro la coiiKervacioa do l;i S;!nt;i iniiigen. McNicD, ISO!. 4ti). ratr(in;ito fin;di/,ad() eiinti';i el l'ation;itu enilirolladi). Mcjieo, ].s;i;). ]';iU'un;;ti), lii;r.<)_L,'o intrc un enr;i y nu .\l)iiL;atlo. ^lexico, Ib-'T. l';itriinatii, ()iist'i:iculos solire. A (.'(ilection. l'a:t( r>iiii ((.ieo. ^V.), Across Mexico to ('alifonii;i. MS. l\:ttron;ilto do r;irtto (17-l> li ITI'.'). y\' I'auw (Coi'iieille), llct-jicrohcs pliilusopiiiiiucs siir les iVnici L'.ndr etc.. 177.). ;i VI r;'.vno, ( 'r(>noloL'i;i do ^fexico. In Soc. Mex. Goo;;'., 15olrtin, to'.u. vi. ruyno (.Manuel', (Jomiiendio dol:i llistori;ido .Mox sinuinico I ilo la llisLoria Anl .Ml .Mexico. ^lex., 1.^' •o. I'i7;i; Cuadro, ( 'lu-ntas. (iastojj Aercedores v otros asunlos. Me\., ISGS ; La Convenciou ]•; JIcx., 1S.")7 ; La Deuda h ir do .Mex. Mex., Isd."); Memori;i soliio el ;\r;i<:iiev .Mex. Mex., liitil ; Mcnioria Hohro la Kovohicion do Die. do IS.'i? y ]•: <\c 18.">S. Mex., ISGO ; Mc:aco and lier Fin;!nci;d Qaestions v.iih Lnyland. Mex., ly(j:2; I'roycctos do arreglo do los g;ist(j iracionili. ]\lex., IS-IS. r;iz(La). Mexico, IS.'iS ot .'cq. I'lU (.Iosi5 lynacio), I'lau dc est;ituto<, eon.stitueioncs y ej( rcicios. do l:i Mc XICO, T ISIO. S [x'odi on 'JVn 1 ic^nnen rc;irce, Siiecch on Tlnot^ ]*,lilliiin Lill. M;irc]i I, l.S-t7. Wasliinvrti r. tBill. ,Tan. 1.^, isll'^. W;'«!iin"t(in. 1S4'^. 1847. lr;i::a (.M;iiniel Gome;'), Acus;icion ivresent;ida en la e;ini.iv;i, do dipui;ulos, '.J ])ic. \''<>0, Mex. IS.'l:); lniim"n;icion ;i l;i eiinlc.st;icion dvl. .Mex., lSJ7 ; .'\!;uiiueslo (Inl. .")(), UiJ.'!). (.Mex., l;r_';!); Xotas ;d nianiliesto I'uljlicado. Mt l!!;;i ; ] cllexionos luqiortan tes;dM. .re lU; 1 < (Iraya. M<'x.. is:;;}. lVclri>/:\ (F. do ,!.), ]')io;;rafi;is do los^irincijiales ( 'amlillos dc la Imlepondencia. L;i Faz, 1878; Conqiendio ILsturico do l;i L'oncpusl;i I8i7. Pcllotan (Fufl^cnio), Profession do f('. del Si.Jo ])irz Y Xi .Mt L;i Faz. Mexicl. IS'il Fciiii (I;;n;icii) ilc l;i). 'i'rono Me cainii.'hUKis. .Madrid, 17-J8. -iU en el (Amvento do reli :\na pero M;)din'a. Me; iihri r Fefi:i (Luis dc l;i). La .Muerto 'iV l'cfi;i V Fena (.Manuel do l;i), Cole^'cion cle. lis tlocunientui ma-; i!n'"irt;uito3 relativos ;'i la inst;d:icion y liceonoeiinieuto. bcntados ;i hi Ac;ideniia ilo Jurispnidenei; Fr;ictica 1 orenso Moiio;ui;i M. sancion p'r el Lien clo l;i X: en l;i c;ius:i contr;i Al;ini M ex., M. I.' Mex. A). 4 v. 1S!7; 1) IViO; 1 i; :sciir.--os pre- icceione.s do iMMii'sc t'st;i 1811. folio; ^'olo funiliido po Feua y Fena (.M;inuel do l;i), Coniunic;icion ('ircul;ir solrc l;i Ci dc F 6 ( luorra. (.hierct;i ]84f- Fcnsiiniiento X;ioionii IVnuclas (Fid)lo). Sermon (pie en iicoiou do gracias por l;i ex;dt I (VA). .Mexic'o, 18.V)etseq. ;icion ;d trono M ]7»1. FcuiK his (Falilo .\iitonio), Drove uotieiii do la prodigioKa ini;igen ilo Xucstra Sehora do Los Aiiuek: .M exico, 1781. xo AUTIIOPvlTIES QLOTKD. h:;ii Pei'iilla (Antonio ilc), Disertacioncs scholustica) ilo Divinia Dccretis. Mexico, 17:27. IVnilta (.Juan Suarcz du), Xoticias IIi!jturiu.'is do la Nueva Kspafia. Madrid, iS7S. iolio. rcraza (.Juiin), I'roccso contra nct^o csdauo dc Guillen Poraza. ^IS., l.-iilj). iVivdo (V'li'CMtn ilcl), llistoiia do la Saii'.'sinia ViiHru Marl.i. Mexico, IfS'JIt. I'orc;;, rr<)(;'iuiia (lol ( 'ajpitan (Iciioial. Mcxii'", ls()!). IVri'/. (Aiit'iuji) .I(;aiiuiuj, Uraciun fiiiu'lirc, .Salvador 15iuni])iea y .Sotoiiiavor. ^Madrid, 1S(I4. IVtcz y CaiiKilo (l''lorcii(i1. I'lateria, Ordenanzas dc la nobilissinio arte. Mexico, 1715. folio. Plausible !.'ozo do la X. Kspaiia pur la prision do crueles insurgentcs. [Mexico] n.d. 4to. Plaza do Mexico, P)alanza ^Mcrcantil, 1843-5. Mexico, 1844-G. folio. I'leitcs. A Collection. vols. Poblanos (Lo.s), A los habitantrs do Mejico. Puebla, 1821. folio. Pobre Peregrino (ill). V«a'a Cruz, 1844. folio. Poesia.-i .Mexicanas 1700-1800. A Collection. 2 vols. Poinsett (J. P.), Coutestacion del Mini:jtro Americano. Mex., 1829; Esposi- AUTHORITIES QUOTED. xoi cion lie la cnnd • •' 1. politiia ill) lo.i l/st!)ilos-Uiiii10, 4 vols. 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Primer gcfc del Ejercito imperial a los habitantes do Mexico. ^Mexico, 1821. folio. I'rncesoporel Real AudienciauclaEspauola. In Tcazbaleeta, Col. Doc.,toiii. i. I'roceso sobre la fuga dc sioto religiosos del Couveuto do la ]Slerced. iLS. .Mexieo, 18(10. Proclama dc una Americana .1 fcus compatricias. [Mexico, 1810.] I'rocbiina del Arzol)is])o \'irey contra los eiiganos perlidos do los ilouapartcs. [Mexico, I8l0.] IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 •■1- 2.5 m m 2.0 U 11 1.6 %V' PhotDgrapliic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 t ..^' «>. \ xcit AUTHORITIES QUOTED. l'rf)cliiina <[\v: (lirij,'c it loa espafiolc!* Europeos. ^fexico, 1810. I'miitiiai ic> por iiiatciias y I'n'ilcn airalxHico, ,Me\ioi), IS'J.S. rio.<|H'(tu ; and Aft Incui'poratiiig tlio Aiiiei icau iiml .Mexican Railroad ftinl 'I'lii'^i-ipli ('()iii])ai!y. New Ycirli, lh(i!). ]'rot('>fla del Uliiiu fScuur ^Vi'ZobisiR) do Cesareii y vicario Capitular. Mexico, 1.S4S. I'rovicU'iieian utAiro AzogucH, l(i70-7.'l. MH. rrovincia du .Saii Diego do Mexico, Altcriiativa que so h:i oljscrvado. MS. 177-'. I'roviiicia. d(! San Xicolaa, (For la)... Do la Ordcn do Sun Augustin on el I'lcyt") '''III i) Tadrf presentado I'ray. n.jil., n.d. I'roviiieia del Santo I'lvangeUu do Nueva Espufia. [A collection of MSS. of tlie Kith ci'Utury. j folio. I'roviiu ial dil ('anncii, Esposicion que jx>r lus cxcnciones do la Provincia de Mexico. 1S.">1. I'roviiicia.s Iiitornas, Copia do una carta del Miniatro de Gucrradc Espafia do L'-l.lc.lnlin, IcSlL'. .MS. I'roviiicia.s liitcrnas, licalOrdi^n do 11 do Marzo de Mi's conccdicndo al virey do X. Kspaiiit, MS. I'rovincias liitcnias. Real Ordcn do la Kcgencia do 12 de Julio, ISI'J. MS. I'rovi.siiiu uartel. I'uebla, 17!'(>. folio; Parte ticn. (pic sobrc la cainpafia de I'uebla. Mex., 18o0. I'l-odauia Oct. "24, 1840. [I'uebla, 184(1.] folio; Rctlcxiones so'io varios Articulou del I'royocto dc ('oimtitucion. I'uebla, I8'j;t; Rcfutacion a la Contesta- cion. I'uebla, 1840; Representacion del Ex'"" Ayuiitainii nto il'' la cap- ital do Pueblu. I'uebla, 1830. 4to; Reprcsentiicion (j^uo la exni» junta AUTHORITIES QUOTED. xciii Dcpnrtmcntftl de Pucbla. [Putljln, ISJl.] 4to; roprcsentacion que l;i j'liit.v iHscctiva lie imliistria. riulilfi, 1H,'»I. 4to; lto]>rf«('iitn('i()ii ilo la .lunta do imliistria. ii.]). 1S40. 4t(); Ui'iiri-Hcntacion (iiie la juiUa du iii- (iustria lie I'lulila c'.ova al lioiiornMc coiigreso. ruclila, IS.VI. 4t(). I'm l)!a do lu8 Aiigelfs, Notiiiati Kiyradas (luc ;l mayor liuiira. ruobla, KiiU. liic Mil do Zaia^jDza, SItiu do. Mixictt, ISli.'J, I'liolilii .Moxicai)i>, Itolaoiou tie las oausas citie innuycron cu lo8 degrociadua siKc-ii.s del dia 'J(J do Agostode 1,S47. Mex., Ks47. I'ucuto H.-oaia noreo, Li;.'ora do.scrii)eion. [Mexico, 1S4I.1 I'luiito (I'oclio do la), Uetluxioitca sobre el Ijandu .'I. l'iii;:lil:iiioh (^Viitunio), La inquisicion sin milHcara, 6 diaortacion. Mexico, 1SJ4. ridi|iio lil.-inco, Ordcnam^ns do los Sefiorcs VitToyes. [Mexico, ICmS.] folio. rmoliii.s. His ril^rrinios. London, Ki'J.VO. ."> vols, folio. I'liidv (.loiin), \\ liittlc and I^urio's complete Mailing Directions. London, is) a ]'iisd;.';it) (Ignacio), El Xigronidntico Mejicano. Barcelona, 1838. 2 vols. (,»\i;ii tirly lioviow. London, 1S09 et scq. <,iuo Miicivv ol ra])ol Monoda ya que Conicnzi') A. Enfennar. [Mexico, 1823.] (.,'iioipn (M.-inuol Abiid), Carta ])a.stnial del iltistnsinio Sofior Oliispo olooto y < lol)orn;idor. Mexico, ISKt; Culoocion do los esoritos nuis iiiipi)rt;into3 i|\ic diii;,'ii'ialGobierno. Mex., ISIU; Edictoiiistructivo, [Sept. 30, IhlU. Mix., IMO.j ("^ncj.is di' lo.s Moxicanos it su Ilustre Presidonte. ^Icxioo. 1S41. (^Hiori lull). Caida d«'...on lS(i7. Mox., ISO.S; (.'oiiMtituoion I'olitica d' 1 l".>t:ido cl 12 de Acosto dc 1S2.'). Mox., 1S.'J;{; l)ioti'inien qiii' la .Iiinta ilo)iart;iiiioiital. (^luori' taro, l.S4(); l)iis I'alaliras en Jlonor do. Quor., l'A2; V.l (.'ongresD do Qiien'taro ■•I su.s Coniitantos. Mox.. |K4'.I; LI Cuia do >Santia;.'o Ac, ii sus (iolos lialiitantos. n.pl., n.d.; Kspodionte for- m.ido sobre la .siisponh^ion que deorotii ol Sii]iromo (iobiorno. (,'"oi'.. Is44; Kstiidistica del ])opartaniento. ti>uer., liS4(i; Inioiativaqno la ilonoriiblij LoLii-^latura. Quti'., 1H4S; Quen'tiiro Liliro. Mex., iJS.'iO; Noiiis esta- dislioas. Mex., 1.S4S; Ucurroncias en los dias 18 y 10 do Enoro de 1.S47. uor., 1S4.-.. Qnijiir (iiiUiiido.s ( I 2 do Die. do 1830. Mox. LS;J0; Anipliciuion (|ue ol. Mox., l.s;iJ; Cuiiit.i roprosont.ioion li la (Viui de Diji. Mex., ls;(l; Disourso en la Alamodti el III dc Sept. do 184."). Mox., 184.'>; Int'ormo del Apodoriido de los Acroodore.s, etc. Mex., 1834; Observaoionos sobre uii informe que dio. Mox., 1835. <>ti.iidL.'ii, Carta. In Paclicco and Ciirdenas, Col. Doc., torn. xiii. • Juiroga (Uomingo), Conipoulio brcvc de la Vidu, et, 17f>'>. Iluniirr/ (.JuNi'- I'crn.'ni'lo), At"i3;i;'io!» proscntadfi nl (iviin .luradi). Mijii-o, 11. '1.; A;m!itm;Uica3. Mix., is.VJ; Kjctmifntos nlalivos A la fundacioii dol lio.'^pitui di-1 Aiiioi-do iJins. MS.; Iiit'(ii-nio (juo lii/.o 111 dcfiiLsa do iJoiiilla. ]Slcx., IHUI; Mcinonas, Xcl'o- ciafiiinc';* y 1 >iH:nini'i)toii para scTvir ;l la Ilisturia tntre Mi'.xici) y l)S Ivs- t.iM (i)c.s hccliaa al d^iuii- iiKiiti) II" -i do la iiiuimria. Mcj., IS.'rJ; I'rocf.so do lli-HidoiR-ia cmitia I'cdio do Alvaiado. Mex., 1S17; ^'ida do Mutuliuiu. In Ica/bahxta, Cil. line., tolll. i. liamirc/. (.Ji»o Miu'uol), Voto Particular al proycfto do rtfunnas do las leyi'S cdiiKtitucioiialo^. [Mix., l.'i};(|; Xobt I'liriicular i'O, Ki'JS. Iianiirt'Z Punco do Leon (Juan Folix\ To.stimonio del Tcstamento Mcmoria y d.M(')lMlii.'illo3. MS., 1714. foliij. Raniiicz do l'iad(» (.Marcos) and J. do (). Mont^flcz, Colcccion do las Ordonan- i'a.^ que 1 ara I'l (johionio d(! ( 1 Oljjsjjado do .MiclKiaoan. Mexico, 177A'i; Msposicio!! India pop lo.s iinlividuosile la estiii';uida Corte Maicial, via. Mex., hS4."); Senumla defcma ilcl Sr. , Historical researcliea on tlio CuiKpiost of Pern. Mexico, ( !c. J.,ondon, 1;>27. liaio. in Soc. Mex. (Icoj;., Polctin. torn. iii. liatos Ivitrotonidod o ^Mi.sceLinea lUil y euriosa. Mexico, 1810. 2 vols. iLiit/el (I'liediidil, Aus Mexico lleiseskiz/cii, 1S74 und 1.S7,"). lireslau, 187S. ]!avi;xiiai\ (.\.l, Do los.lesuitas y de sii Institiito. Mexico, lS4"i. Jta'.vson (Wiliiaiir, 'i'lio present opi'ratioii.s and future jiiospcctd of tlio Mex- ican .Miiio .\ssoeiatioii8. Loudon, 1S'_'."). ll.iyinoud, Del Catolicisiuo en la i tueiodades. Mexico, IS.'il. Jiayou, .\sedio y Def 'iisa do Me\iri) 6 .siicesos del 13 do AgoBto al 15 de Seiiciuhre do IS47. Mexico, 1847. MS. lti/on(La). Mexico, l,S."i7 et seq. ]t i/o'iador (F.l). Mexico, |.'-il7 ui seq. 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Mexico, KS17. Itcl'utaciuii lie un espauol-.Viiiericuiio ii. in'oclainas do Joa(5 IJoimi)artc. Mex- ico. ISIO. llcfutacioii cii Irt parte lustijrica del jirticido dc foudo. Mexico, 1849. l.tljiitroTiiiiuistri'. Mexico, iHSlJ-S. "2 vols. l;cj,'i-stro Vucatcco. Mi'rida, l.s4."i. 1* vols. llci^^la dc la riiiis.sima C'onci (icioii, ( Inleii (jue se ha dc /riiardnr. ^I('\ico. n.d. ]ie;,'la y ('olistitliciolies dc las licli'.'iosas Descalwi'i iji' laOiilcii de la gloriosis- ^illla \'n;.'eii Maria del iiiontc Caniiclo. Madrid, IT^llt. llf.laiiii iito de las Oi'deues luilitarca do l'"cniaiido y .Sail Ilennenegildo. Mexico, ISIO, ];e;,diiiiu iito dc uuu sooiedad para cl fomento de la industria Nacional. Mex» k\>, isa'j. lli'i'laiiHiito en los Ilospitales. In Kealcs Oi'denos. tmn. ii. i;e;,'Iaiiiento para cl cstablecenucnto de una Cuinisaria dc yuerra. Mex. , 1817. folio. iJc'jlas dc la Compafiia dc Jesus. Mexico, 1712. lieuularcs. A Collection. Mexico, l.SO'.) et scij. llcji in (Manuel Crccencio), Justilicacion do la contiilicos. MS. ]!!». Kepidilica Mcxicann, Considernciones .sobre la situacicn jioliticjv y social. Mex., 1S4S; Lijera licsefia dc los I'artidos, etc. .Mr\., ls."i|. l!c jiiena (Tonias), Defcnsa. ^b'X., 1S4.1; Si ;:unda clefrn"a. Mex., 1S4."). Kc.si riptos Uvales sobre Asuntos I'iclesi.isticos. M.*^. folio, llcsi'ua Ilistorica do la forniacion de operacioues del ejircito del Norte durante l.i iiitcrvoncion francewi, etc. 4to. Ueseiia Histurica y Explicativa dc lu:i ultimos Suceaos do Mexico. rai'U, lbJ7. sovi AUTIIORlTIi:S QUOTKD. l-fpspiiosta i\ las D>!;ioo, IS'JT. l{t'8i>iR'stii ilu nil Ainciicano li las I'regimUis ijuo liizo Iturbidc ul I'cnuatlor .Mfjicano, j.M. \ici., IS-JI.J IJ-^'spiK'sla (Hic ila nil Sdldadi) A'A. Kuvilla Ciiyeilo ((Jundo dc), lOxlractDS do la cartii ile -7 do Dicioinln-o ilu ITI'.'l. MS.; iii.stiucJ MS. folio; Yi;»trucciou ipio el I'.xiiio. Sr. dijo escrita 17>S'.l-tl4. ^IS. 2 vols, rovi.sta Catdlica. [.Sicxico] l.S.")l et soq. lleviiit.'i llspauoi.'i. Madrid, 18.'J() et i;fi|. llevi.sta Miiieia, I'oriodioo Cieutilieo e Industrial. Madrid, l.S.'if) rt .scq. lievoluoion do Ntiova luspafla, \'erdadero origon, eanioter, causjis, resortes, etc. Moxioo, ImJO. lltivolaeion do \'era Cruz, Xucvas ocurrencias. [Mexico, lS2iI.] lio\u<' Oticiitale I't Anu'rioaine. I'aris, Is.'D ct se(|. l>eyf,'adaH ( Ferniiii), Disourso contra el fanatisnio y la inipostura de losreljcldea do Nuexa jlsiiaiia. Moxioo, Ihll. liihadonoyra y i!;u-iienti).s {\. J. doK rscudo Real en Defciisa. ^IS. 4to; .M.'inii.'d i 'iimpi'udio do I'l l{eui(j I'ationato Indiaiio. Madii. 'Ito. liiha.s (Andrc'd Tore/ de), Historia auta I'lS eiitr(> frentoH las )iia.s l);hl>aras y floras del Nuciio Oiho. Mailriil, I(i4.'». liibeva (Ai'tmiio di;, Kazoii do la hentonoi.i iloiiiiiitiva quo dio. n.pl., n.d. IMliera (.Mi;,'iul), llitorino (pio jior el doieolio (pio assisto. 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MS. folio; Carta iil AliniranU- I 'on Andri'S do I'lZ hoIhv idlHu-otu y niotin du lo^^ Indio.s dt; Mexico, MS. folio; (ilorias de (JiierOtaro. Mex., l.S(K{; I'araiso Occidintal ]ilaii'.'do y Cullivado. Mi'xico, l()!S4; Teatro do Virtiide.s I'ulilicuH. In I>oc. Hi.it, Mex., Herii; iil. Silieeo I Ignacio Nunez), Oniciuii civica i>runuitciada en la ]ilu/a. Guanajiiiito, iM(i. Sil\a ( lU'iitri/ de), Vida dc funiladera dc la 6rdcit de la priniera conccpeion. .Mexico, J.S'iO. MS. Sisteiiia Mctiico- Decimal, Tulilas fjue estal)lecen la rclacion. Mexico, 1S,">7. Slliitli (S. ( 'oiniit'iii), Clii'e con I'anie. New Voik, 1,S.J7. fSiiiitli and Ilaiclc.i--tlc, .Map of the ^'al'ey of .Mexico. Iteports of tlu" Secre- tary of War, January l7iind'Jtl, |Si;» |;{(K'oii,!.'. I'd Seh.-i. .Sen. Kk. l!>;;il Coil!,'. IstSem. Sen. ivx. 4\. Wa.sliin.utoii, IM'J. '2 vola. Sociedail, Huiiilioldt Aiiales, Mexico, l;i7-. Socicdacl de .Mejoias Materiale.s Moiah s IJeneficeiieia y Soeorros Mutuos do Texcoeo, l)ocunieiiti;.4 lelativos. Mexico, I.S(j.">. .'^ociedad .Mexit'anadi^ (Ico'rrafiay Kstiidistica, ISoletin. Mexico, ISCil et Re(]. I Includes liintituto Nacional. j Socicdad .Mexicaiia de (leoyialia y E'- .dfstiea. Re|.;laniento. Mexico, l-()2. Sociedail .Mexicaiia I'roniovedora du Mi joras Materiale8,Keglainento. ^le.xico, is.-. I. Socicdad Tatriotica. Kstracto de las sesioncH de la. Mexico. IS.IO. Soilcii (luliii. i, l)ie Spaiiiir in I'cin \ind Mexii'o. T.erlin, I71>-l. "J vols. Solaiia (.luan), I'rontutiiio o iiiunnal y coneBi.ondencia de delitoa y penas. Mexico, IS4I. Solano (l'"ran<'oi, Kl Tnnante de Fal)ioo pintura du Buenaiiarto. Mexico. ISOS. Solis ( A' tonio de), llistoria de la ( 'oiii|uista de Mexico. .Madrid, KiSI; Itar- ccloiia, Kl'.tl. folio. "J Vols; Ainberes, 171^1; I'ariM, 1704. '_* vol.s. ; l^omloii, 17-1. folio; Madrid, 17>'~';$. 4to. 2 vol.-!.; Londres, 1M07. 3 vols.; Madrid, is4;j. Soloivano Tereyra (Juan de), Obras VTrias rostlniinna. ^ladrid, 1770. Soria (I'ranii.seo de), l.^toria y l''undaeion ii ( lliltimiiilii), I'riyi'cto hdIiii- forininiiMi ilc < '(itnpiiina^ Naiinnalcs m^tniii' ftintnii'Tilv-i vu la lU'iuililJca. MfX., iMiil; Siu't'cli l^lVlt. i.'l, |s(il|. {(iuaiiajlia' > \rni] SttTii (.\il"li), KaistT Maxiiii,' ''ii I. von Mexico. I)rpsil<'n. 1H(JS. Stt'Vi'ii.i (Imiuic I.), Ciiinifuigiiii (it .'." i(ii> (iraniiu and of Mexico. Now York, IS.-. I. .Stewart (Win. M.), Speech in U. S 11. oi l!up., Feb. 1.1, 1H^»7. Wu.sliin^tun, I.S47. Sti(Mi,'( William), Spcechin U. 8. House of Kep., Mureli 4, 1S48. Wu.sliinnlon, r.s»s. .stinviii.-i (r.nre. Oottli.), IJililiotliecii liisti'irica. LipHiao, ITH'2-lHO-l. 'J'JvuN. Miiriii (llii-iiiiin), Tiio Iie[)ulilic of Mexico iiinl itn Ann lii'un (.'lediturs. In- iliana|Mi||M, I Still. Siiaic/'. V .Navarro (Juan), Kl (ieneral Saiitii A.ma Ilurliiinlos la \i Mix., Is.'il!; HiHti.riade .Mexico y dil < Sen. .\. 1,. lit! .S'liii..- Viiiia. Mi \., IsM); Inforino Hubrc las* causas y cariicter do losj frci.'uen'u.-i canil>io.i poll- ticin III Y'licaLiin. Mcx., ISOI. Siili.silio |'.ili«i;i.>itico en Lw Imlias. MS. 17-1-02. fo'' > ."Miiiiaria ciiinilial contra Tie^ Heli'^ioMKS AiTiistiiios. Mi. ISll. f.ilin. Suiiiai io del Derecho ropular dedicudu li las Nucionca ilo Auieri< .i. Mcjico, I :ii .Siniipu r ..vrtlinr), The lives of (ieneral Z. Taylor an. 1 (.tei> .ul \V. Scott, etc. New Vorli, ISIH. Sun of .\iialiuac. Ve.u Cruz, 1847 et sofj. Tal'iH'ii, Ih'iiiKstracion de los tenninosen (|iii! In olit ■nidnl;i Rcitn del. Mc:., isjli; Idieiinieiitos one justilicin el ilusistiniieiitii ilr 1 i. Miniiresa ilc. Me\., |S4I; Iiifoniii' de l;i iMupresa dc, etc. Mex., ISH; ()lis(i\aiinnes al diet. 1111(11 de la ■Jseoniisiuii de llaiieiidn. Mi'X., ISK); ():icii) ilni ,id > i la ciiiiii.Nion de Hacienda. Me\., Isti; ()nliiian/as dc la It'al ll'^uta d> 1 Tatiai o. Mex., 170S; ILestableciniientodel e.stanco de la .sienii)i:i. Mex., i.s;;:). Taliasfii, .Mi;niricsto del Oobeniador del Ivstado. Taliasco, 1,S47; Ueprrscnla- einii dtl r.atallun ( JnavdacostaH do, .luuio iS. S. .Juan Jiautititi, ISl."). 'I'alieU'i ( ieiitilicon. .\ ( 'ullection. 'layle (I'raiu isco M. S.), Disciirso sobre ereacion de nil I'oder Con.ser\ udi ir. Mex., ls;r.; (Jbras I'o.'ticaa. Me\., IS.'iJ. •_' voU. 'J"aniau!i|ias, C'or.vei.siones del l;io\'erde, I'i'innco y 'J'anipicn. n.])!., n.d ; I'io ]>ciit.s(lio CoUiiiiu in. IJaltimoie, I.SH; Ue','laiiiento i>ara el ;,'obi( run in- liiiur dc l.i.s nninicipalidailcs del 1 )e|)art;iiiK'nti) de. Victoria, Is-l."?. Taniliicii lie 'i^•lIlla^llipa^^, Meinoria subre la evacuacion niilitar del i'uertn. [San I.iii.s roto!>i, 1S4.S.] T.ipia i.\iiiln''si de), Keluciuu sobre la conipii.sta do Mexico. In Icazbalce^a, < 'ot. J)i)c., toni. ii. T.ipia, (Mu'^cnio de), Febrero Novfsiinamente redactado. Madrid, l.S.l.l-.'i. fS Viilsl." Taiavre {{■'.. nnillcinin), Exploration Miner.iloginue de.-i Kiyioiia Mexicaiiii's. i'aiis. lS(i!>. 'i'a-iti'ra, et al.. Carta nl Einperndor Don C/irlos. In Cartas do Indias. Taylor (I'ltdi W.), The liroad I'eiinant. New Vuik, l^tS. Taylor (Fit.li \V.), The Fla;,' Ship. New York, ISlO. '_* vols. Taylor (Isaac), The Mine. I'hiladelphia, l.s^l. 'J'.iylor (Zacliary), A brief review of the careei , eharncter. .Tiid campaigns of. AVa.sh. n.d.; A review of the life, character, and ])i>'>itic.'d opinions of. lioston, 1S4S; A Kketcli of the Life and charaeter of. '"■' the oiie-leL,'ged Serj^eant. r>oKtoii, l,s47; A Hketcli of the Life ami I'liMic Services of. \\asli. |1,S4>S]; liiopraphy, A Collection; (Ieneral Ta_\ '.i-rw moral, in toUoctual, and prufessiuual cliuructer. Wush., u.d.; Letters of, etc. CIV AUTHOniTirS QUOTED. ! ' y\ X. v., r-^l"^; Life niul V:\]>]]c SltvIocs of. I!y nn officer of tlie U. S. A. X. v., l.S4(i; \. Y., I.sr>(); Lifciiiid I'lihlic Scrvires (,f. alsi) lifo iiml si r- vicc'Sdf Milliiid I'llliiiDii'. Ilartfiiiil, ISJS; Lifu, liiittlLS,!Ui I |)i's])!iUlic^. Phil., IS47; 'I'liu l.if.! miictaiiu'n do la( 'oiiiision soluc (1 iit'i;ociu di'. .Mc.\., I8,"r2; ( 'amino (.'ariv- ti'i'o, ('amino do l''i<-ii() y Canal ])or il istnio do. ,Mcx., IS70; < 'ilcstioii do Nuova-^'oiU, 18,")^; Dooroto del Sii[iroino (ioltiorno pani la upoi-tura dol Istino. Mox., 18.");?; l>iit.imon do lii ("onii.siou Ivsiiooial. con niotiw) ilol iiri\ iU'irio concotlido a .losi'- ( iaray. Mcx., 18.")l ; l)iot;liiicn ni/;ir ol istino. f.Mox., 18"_':!|; licj^Iamonto ]iaia cl llstalilooimionio do las ('nloiiia.s Miiit.'ircs dol Istino. Mox. LS,")! ; Loitliv- liionto jiara la( 'oinunioaiion por la via Intci-Oco.inioa. Mox., 1;-),'J7; Uii;lit of way. n.pl. [ISoliJ; N'indicacioii dulaconducta politicade los. Oa.xaca, 1847. Tchn.'Mitojioc Canal, A Collection. 1'cliuantei)ec Canal, A memoiial .scttiiii; forth the rij;ht3 and just reasons for not rcoo^nizinj; tho validity of the privilege granted to D. Joso Liaray. Xow Yoik, Ksh-J. Tohuantopec Canal, A Review of tho Tchuantepec Controversy. Georgetown, l8,-i:}. Tcluiantopec Eailway, Ita location, features, and advantages under tho L:v Sore (Irant of islj!). X'ow York, 18(J!». Topic, -Maiiiliosto <[Uo ol Ayuntauiicnto. ( Uiadalajara, 184."); Santa Cruz (| no so vonora en ol convento dc lieligiosos iVanciscaaos do la ciudad. ( luada- lajaia, lS.");t. Toin.inx-( 'omjians (Henri), Kccneil do Documents et Mi'moircs o''i;:ina\ix .snr rilisioire dos I'ossos.sioiis l']spa^'nolos dans rAm('ii(|Uc. r.ois, 1S4I). Tornaux-l.'ompans (Henri), \'oya;;os, lielations et Momoires origiiiaiix poi'.r sorvir a I'liisloire do la DOeouxerte do rAnioriiiue. I'aris, lh;)7-4l. 'J si.'rio.s, It) and S vols. Testinionio a la lotia did Kspcdientc niandado formar por el Ar/obispado do Ce.sarea. ^Icxioo, 1S4S. Tostimonio do lliilal','uia do Corti's. In Col. Doc. Iiic'd., tom. iv. Tostory (Aliato), Ml Inipoiio y d Cloro Mojicano. Mexico, 18(jj. 'i'ozozomoc, Ji'ocopilaoion do tradicinncs. MS. Tezozonicjc (.Vlvaro), Histoiic du Moxii|uo. I'aris, 18">IJ. 'J vols. 'i l.icrs (.v.), llistoiia dol ( 'onsulado y dol linpi lio do Xai)olooii. Mexico, 184."). ThuniJis (Lewis F.), (Jortoz, thi' Coni|Ui'roi'. \\'a-iliiii^ton, 18,")7. Tliompson (John l..ewis). History of the wars of the United States, riiila- dolphia. ISOO. 'J vols. Thom[)son (Waddy), liocolloction.s of Mexico. X'ew York, etc, 1847. 'ilioilio (T. I!.), Our Army at Monterey. I'hiladoli.hia, 1S47. I'horpo (T. ]>.), Our Army on the L'io (Irando. I'hiladelphia. 1840. IlK'.uimol (.\. II.], .Moxiko und die MexikaiK'r. llrlaii,'on, 184S. 'I'hiimn'.ol (.\. 1{. ), Xouesto (iesohiohlo dor Uciiublik Mexiko. Kriangen, 1S4S. Tieinpo ( Lli. Mexico, ISIiletseij. 'iildcn (Daniel Iv. ), Speeoh in U. S. House of Hep., July 14, 1840. Wash., 1840. Tipogrufia Mexicaua. Mexico, 1878 et seii. AUTHORITIES QUOTED. cv TIascala, Almsns i\o Ins mauddnoH ili; Ii;ilios. MS. 'Mov., lf1-^0; Ai-usaci in iiiic !:i llxiiia J)ii)Utacii)ii 'rcnilDrial. Mix.. IS.VJ; i>osiM>i(> ;i iiuiiM ai- liiada iMir il i'rcficto du. I'liulila, 1M!>; Disiiir.s.i )Mi)iiiiuria(li> cl "Jtl ili- l)ii'. l>. Con;,', cuutra fl Art. lo del I'royecto do coustitucioa subio. Mcx., ]S.")(i. 'I""!uca, Eleccionos do. [Mexico, ISili.] 'Jciiniikiiis (I'atritk \V.), Spccclas in U. S. House of Rep., Jan. 19 and March It, IMS. u.pl., n.d. Toiiisiin, Viaire de. In Siic. Mcx. Ooog., lioletin, G'l" Ep., turn. i. 'i'wral ( l'"ianciscii), Carta al .Vdchuiladu de la i'lui-idil. In Cartas ilo Indias. 'r; .Maiiil'estacion iiiei)ariolea. .M(\x., ISU; lUv-^- jiuesta del (Jen. Mex., ISJO; V;irii)s lv-.pariiili.s al Sr Ti'inil, ultima respuesta. Mex., KS41; \'otiJ I'artieular, etc., relatives al l.stnio de 'reliuaiite|iec. Mex., 1S."»'J. Tnrii' 1 y Meiidivil (J. .TiUiaii), La .Vparicion de Xuostra Sefiora do (luadaliipo di''MeNiei). Oii/ava, 1S4!). '2 \oh. Turml y ^lendivil (.foso Maria>, Ijrevo Resofui llistiivica de lus Acnnteciniien- to.s* Mex., IS.VJ; Decretos, Dec. I'i), iSi'S, Ahril -'■.', l,S-2:>, Aug. -Mi, 1S2D. Mcx., iS'JS-It; 1 liscuiiso pronunciado en la .Vlauieda "27 do Sept. do ISrKl. Mex., IS.'id; Discur.sii (pie en la Solruniiilad 1! do Set. do lvS4:j. Orixava. lS4:i; iJiscui.so <|uc al .solenndzarsu el t'eliz iialalicii) del Enip. Maximilian (i do Julio di' istil. Oii/.aba, ls(i4; l>iscursii (pie prnnnneii) el Exin.. Sr. C.^n. Mcx., ISKt; Elf,'ritodo la patria, Aii.i,'. 4, 1 vJl [ l'u,.|,la, ISlMJ; l>iis Ilcincs doDiiiorts v'-idicadcs. Mex., l!v')(); rnpclaiuacinnes, Dec. -JT, ISJ.S, .Marzo 17, l.V21», Ahril 'JS, ISJi). .M(.x., 1Sl'S--!I; IVotcsU del tien. eiintra el decreto es|j(.'diilo. Mix., Is;;,); Rivspiiesta del Cell. -Mex., KS40; Vindicaci.iii del Coniucl. Orizaba, l.S4'_'. 'i'oripu luada (liian de), Mi'iiar(pii:i Iiu'iiana. ^la.lrid, 17-1!. ."! vi.I-:. fulio. 'J'one (Jiiaii de la), llelaciou do li).s Re»idiioH. In I'aelicci) and ( '.inicnas, Cd. l)i>c., t(im. xii. 'i'liliv (Martin de la), Carta sobrc el Conieta de lUSO. In ^Mdrfi, ( '•>!. Doc. Tuirciite (.Mariaim), Ilisturia do la Kcvuhlcion llisi).in()- Americana. Madrid, 18:it). ;i vols. TiiiTes, Ccrtilicacii'n. In Doc. Hist. Mix., .snie ii., t.nii. iii. T..1T1S (C. A. de), IV Laudihr.s .Mari:u ilarhanc lic^;in;c 17-VJ. Mexico, 1 ,(;0. I'urres (.liisii .1. (1. di'l, DcsciiLraui) ;i Ins Kcb-'des lii^lirc mi nuni.strunna coii.sli- tlicidll. |.MeX., ISl.")|; Villilicacidll di 1 Clern .Mrxiiaiin. ?\1(\., |Sl-'. 'I'nrres (Luis dc\ Secinnn fiiiiebre ipio en las lioiua.s ipie hiricrnn en "il) do Mayo do I7l>7. Mexico, 17tiS. Tiirrcs (Miu'uelK ^'ida ejeinplar y innerto preciosa. ii.i'l. 117-^!] lio, 'Jcrns del Talacii) ( i'rancisii) del, I'roceso colli ra. MS., |.)!).i-7. T(jri'es y Ricedo (Marcos), Testainentarv disptjbiiion, leaving' (iovernnient of Mexico to Iteal Andicncia. MS. [fuDll.J Trait D"l'iiion (Le), .Mexico, 1,S(!1 et sci|. 'J ian.--latiiinn>3 liispanisclier sprach zii Fruntziisisch gemucht so durchdoVioo liey. etc. \o-J.2. CM AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Wr.fi '''IIP !lr, Tra-Jtour P. E.), Moinorial-claim against Tclnxantepcc Railroad Company. :,\'w-()r!f.iii:i, IS.'^. Trel>ari-a (Xiij) iloon), Ia>a Misterio>i do Chan Santa Cruz. Mc'rida, 1834. 'VivH !)i'n lU; .MinistiM-io, Vordadora Xoticia do \oa. Mfxici>, IS.'JO. 'l'ril)uiKU clrl ('r)iisiilado. In Sue. Mex. (icog., Uolctiu, toni. ii. 'J'rih'.uiD ( I'.n, (liiadalajara. KS27 I't suij. Trilmt ) X la W'rdad. Mexico, 1847. 'I'rilmtds. MS. Triljiit Ki, Hcu'lamonto do Ion tributos do esta capital. Mcx., 1702; Rcgla- nil iito y Ordunan/a.i. Mex., 1771. Trigacni.-i (lixnacio), Dcfensa romitida al Gran Jurado cl 13 do Jul. do lo4(j. Mtxic .,' ISK). 'J'l-iiinfu (111), do la justicia on Ins vilcs insurqentcs. Mexico, ISIl. 'JViijill) (liw ■ Sanciii/), I'niyccto .sohro jinidiicton y rceursus. Mexico, 1SG5. 'l"ul)in> I i''i;HR'it do Die. 17'.t>. Mex., I7'.ll ; Sunlemento a la.s (Jonstituciones. Mex., I.s;i!». Urbano \'lll. Breve, acerca do la Teruativa de los Religiosos, etc. Mexico, l(i:i;). I'ribe (.loseph A. 1\), Discrtacion Ilistoriea critic.a. Mexico, 1801. Uricoeclie:i (i;.K M;ipotecaColondjiana. Londrea, 18(J0. Uri/ar y lv-i(rada(.)uau de), Defensa cauonica do la jurisdiccion do los I'relados Reu'ulares. n.pl. n.d. Urrea (■lose), Diario de lasOperacioncs miliiaros de la tlivision, etc. Purango, ls;{S; I'rotesfa contra la violacion do las eapitulaciones do Tanipico, etc. .Me\., 18;{;». Uruena (■losti Antonio), Defousa do la Sccularizacion. Mexico, 1810. MS. 2 \ols. Vacuiva (f.ii), rnstrueeion para miuistrar. Mexico, 1814. \'al(lr8 (.lotieph EuL;enioK \ida .Vdiiiirable y ])enitente. Mexico, 1705. ^ alilivielso ( 1','nacio), Ap\iiites biogi'aiicos. I'aris, I8(')l. A'aldoviiios (Mueio), (^arlilla de los Madivs de l''-.m\lia. ^Mexico, 1855. N'iileneia ((ialiriei), .Mauiliesto sobre .sii eondticta. ^lejieo, 1841. N'i'.kiui.i (Olii.-ipi de), ]!e|iresi'n(aeiou a las Cortes. Valencia, 1820. N'aKiuia et al , ("ai'ta al MniinT.idor. In Cartas de Indias. Valendu (I'll.), N'urtrag idjcr den Mexicauisclieu Culender-Stein. New York, 1878. AUTiIOPJTirS QUOTED. evil ,uii.l;il.ij!na, Vallid-ilil, E\hort.v-ii 1 que <\c\ij\\ '.Hi vl Ileal Ayini'ainicnt;! (K' la liiulinl. Miriilii, ISM. Vallartu ( lL,'iiai'iip L), l.a (,'tu'stioii do .lali.scn. ML'.\ii.''i, ISTO. \'a!lu (I. N. doll, Kl \'iajcro 111 Mixii'.>. Mcxici), IS.'d). N'allicill'i Miuiii',' Coiiii>aiiy. Xtw VurU, IS.Vi. Vallej.) (.ru'-cf l;.'nacio). \'ida do l;v Aladro do Dios. Cosona, 1770; Vida (Kl .Sii'iiif Sail .l(is('. Mcx., lS4r). Valli'j" ( Mi"'-'"i" *'•)• <'.il"i'iiuii du Docuinentos para la Historia du Moxito. MS. and initit. f'lli >. "J vols. Valoii I Henry do*, L'Kxpcdition du Mexiiino. I'aris. lS(i4. A'alvmli' (A'atiinic) .S.), Idea ilel valor di- la Isia Ivsjiafiola. Madrid, I7'<'. \"aiid'-rLiiiden (I'eilro), Meiiioria bobre el Cuerpu do Salud Militar. Mexieo, I M.".. Van I'yke (.1.1, Speeeli in V. S. House of Hep., Ap. 2, IMS. n.pl., ii.il. \'ar'.fa-i (.loHcjili ^lariano de), Carta do pOsamu pur ol fallccijuiento, Mexico, I7S7. 4tj. \'a:ia< I'oisias, A Coll-'ction. \'aliedade.=i, A Collection. .'{ Vols. \'ariedades de la Civilizaeion. Mejico, 1.S,")'2. 3 vols. Vaiieilade.s de Jnris|irudeiieia. Mexico, ISdO-j. 'J vols. \','!ied.ides del Monitor, A Collection. \'arins Imjircsos, A Collection, .'{vols. \ ai- iH I'ap'le.-i, A Collection. '_' vols. \'att(l, l>crecho do C.ontcs (> I'rincipios do la Ley natural Aplicados si la con- ilucta Interesos. liurdeos, lvJ-_». 4 vols. Vaz<|iiez, A;>untainiento. In Doe. Ined., toiii. Hi. Vazipie/ (i;o(lri;:o), Miinoiial roferento il la ro);articion y trihiito do lai ticrra.s do la .Viiova-lispana. In rai'liocoand ( '.udcnas. Col. I)mc., toiii. \'\. \"aziiiu/. de .\vi!a (Inan), Carta al Kniporador 10 do Feb" do I.nJK. In I'.i- clieco and C:ird"nas. Col. Doc, toni. iii. \'i'ciiujs del Di.-^tiitu (Lo:s), Solo pidon igualdad y ju.'sticia en los iinpuo.'^tos. Mexico. IS.VJ. VoLra (.lose Sixto < Jonzalez], Exliortacion ;i los .\inericaiu\s. Mex., 1>^I I. Vcj.a (I'liicido), Docnniento.s para la Historia ilo Mexico. MS., IStJ'J-'^ 1.") Vols. Vo^'a (I'hUiilo), Da Ciienta al CSohiorno do la ]{cpul>lica Mejieana. Topic, lSi>7; Deposito Cieneral do Annas. MS.; l^cpiiblica Mejieana Dlieial. ii.|.l., 1,S(;7. Vega (Koiimlo Dioz do la), Manifestacion fpic hace & los halutantes do Yu.a- tan. Merida, 1S,'.4. Ve;.'a (S. D. do la), Di.si'urso sobro el ol>jeto do las dran^'n. Mexico, 17'^'i. ^'eitia Linage, Ciiatro lniai;cnes niilagrosas do Xuestra .Sonora. MS., 17")4. \'ejacionos ;l los ln; Mex., UmN; Maniliesto en di feiisa i\r la Nola. Mex., 17(H). Vclasco (Andres Miguel Perez de), Kl Pretendiento do Curatos instruido. I'lielila, nii.K Velasco (Luiz do), Carta al l!ey solao rolio por navlos franceses en el Puerto do Caliallos. MS., I.mS. Velasco y Arellano (.losepli Luisl, Aiunestria Hen'iicc^ Mex., 1711; Saita Aniorosa. Mex.|l7ll|; Tierno lecnenlo do. Mex., 17'-(>. Velasco y Texada (.Vutonio .lose|ili), Historia ilo la niila;;r'>sissinia iinrmeu. Mex., 17'J0; Vo;a'S Jnridic.as . .Vcxico, h'tM. ilS. W'k'z (I'fdni), (Jli.icrvacionL'a shIko el ncuord ) dc la c:'iinara ilo sonadmc ■!. Mt'x., is:;.'); Vindicaciou do la piinioia hala do suiirunia curtc do Ju-slii ia. Mox., lS.i4. Vcnailiio (Cinde), Docnmont lcaviii'» tlio fiovernmcnt to D. Tran. Xovtl'.i, July."), ISJI. Me\.,l-Jl; Fidcli: inion lialiitant Mileostacapital. Mo..., 18J1; lV(x:lama:(do Marx.xlo I.yJI. Mcx.. ISl'l. Vtiu':.;a9 {I'ranoiaco Xavi.r), Manillosto do S;i Viroy a la, Xnova Kspafia, Ort. 'J7, ISIO. Mo.x., 1 il); I'roni'i.-itico do la Foliuidad Aniorioaiia. Mo\., ISIO; ViniUcaf.'ii)n do lis a;:,'iavi(w. Cadiz, 1^11. VoncLTas (Mi.iruol), Vida y\'irtndos (kl.Fuan IJautista Zappa. Ijarcclona, 17"1. \'ora Cruz, Araucil do loji 1 tdiinraiio.s y iKrodios Jnilirialts. Mcx., 1'.4! ; Dalanza dol (AHiHTcio Maiilinio, afio do ISOO. Mcx., I^IO, Cirtado Li Ju:;tioia do 10 do .Iidin, 1." lit. In C'irti's, C;:l'tas ; Cai't.a del Aj iMitan:i;'nti>. In Cid. Doe. Iiu'd., toni. i.; I)((ciiinoiitos rot'orontos ;i lori kuoomks ocnnidod en Ori/.;iva. \\ ra Cruz, \i<','A; I'A I'lan lloipulilioano di 1 Triunvi'iit ). Mox., \fy2',]; Exp'isicinn dc los J'.nipi'esario.s do nuovoa Caminos. Mox., l''.'U; lispo.'ioiou tliri^ida al Con'.'nsuConoral. Mox., 1' 10; K:itad;: lica <1(1 esta^o lil):o y sol/riviMo do .lalapa, Is.'il. '2 vols.; IVdjiica do raii.i- <[uiii ; (Ui- cios d^-l Coiisulado. Vera Cruz. 18:21 ; Itoglainento d" adnuuirfti;;cion litlioii;:o do (^Juirc'taro en la ]iro- ccsiou de id corpus desdc el afio do 1700. M,'"'. ( 1740) 4to. ^'et^nlcvrt (Av;;vstin de), flannel ilo adniini.strar los sauto.s sacramcntos C(jn- I'ornie ;i Ja rcf.irnia do I'aula V. y Crliano VII [. Mmico, \~CA. \'i'tanovrt i AvL;vstin do), Mouolo.do Franciscano do los Varonos :na.s Souala- diia. n.pl., 11. d. folio; Mexico, lS71. Vetancvrt (Av^;vstin dv), Sorinon a la npnrioion do la niila;;rosa ima;;oii do Xuestra .Sciiora do I'ilar. Mexico, l(i74. \'otaiicvit (Avgv.stin do), Tcatio ^lexicano. Mexico, lOOS. folio; alsoeditiou Mexico. 1870-1. 4 vols. ^'etallcvrt (Avgvstin do), Trntado do la eiudad do Mexico, n.pl., n.il. folio. \'oytia (Mai iano), llistoria. .\iitinua ilo Mojico. ^Mexico, lSI!(i. ;i vols. \'oytia (Mariano), .Suniaria Kelacioii do todas las cosaa en la Xuova E.spana y quo los tultecas alcan/aroii. X'iago j'l los Kstados-l'iiidos del Xorto. Cincinnati, 18.14. Vicarios Cenerales, rreguntaso »i. . . doban obteuor lionores de Ex-Prcvinciales. n.pl., n.d. 4to. Mctoria (tJiiadalujio de), Derrotero de las Islas Antillas. ilox., lS'2o; I'ro- claina ;l las provincias de Oriento y (.)ccideute. Mox.. 18'JH. Vidai (Joseph), Fspada Aguda de Dolor. Mox., lODJ; Vida del Migvel do Oinaua. Mcx., 1082. nil Ill AUTriORITIES QUOTED. cix Viu'il fT. MJ, .iml Juan B. Ilij.-ir do ILiro, Eiisayo Ilisti'irico del Eji'roito do Oiiidfiito. -Ml xici>, isTI--. Vi'.riii! (. Vi!la-.\iiior (MantU'l), Bio^'i'al'ia del (leiieral Santa ^Viiiia. Mexico, lSr)7. \'illa_'iitieiT(^ SutiiMnvor (.fiian ile), llistoria de la L'oii tie l."(S4. hi I'acliceo and ( 'ardi'iias. Col. Doe., toiii. v. \'ilialovoH (.loacliiii ,\ntoiiio de), Jielox de soinliras. I'uelila, 17-!*. \ lila .Manniiiue (Manjiuvs de), Carta ul lley Don Feliijo 11., March 2.3, l-jSiJ. Ill Cartas de liidias. \ilhirroel, Mexico jior ])eiitro y Fue a. Mex., IS.II. \'illarroil (Iliiiolito), Eiiferinedadi .s iiolitica.s. 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Mex., IS.'iO. \'izarroii y E^'uiarreta. Copia de dos cart;is. [Mi'x., 1742.] MS. folio; Kes- puesta y Satisfacciou. Mex., 1772. folio; Seutencia dada y prouunciada. Nlex., 1742. folio. VocalnilarioVocabulario filosofico-Dcmocriitico, Xuevo. Mexico, 1834. 2vols. Walileck (F. de). Voyage Pittorcsquc, etc. Paris, 1.S3S. folio. AVai)]iiius (.J. E.), Geogiaphie und Statistik von Moxiko uud Central- Anierika. J^ei|)/i}.', 1S()3. ^'i '• 'ifh .\Iexico, Reports, etc., of Operations of L^. S. Xaval Forces, lS4()-7 , ...hCoiig. 2d. Sess. H. Ex. Doc. 1, Pt. ii.]. \Vasliini,'ton, 1S4.S. Ward (II. ii.], (iedr:iiigtes({enialde des Zustandes von Mexiko. Leipzig, 1.S2S. Ward (H. (;.'. Mexico in I.S27. London, 1828. 2 vols. Ward (H. G. M'"'*), Six Views of the most important towns and mining dis- tricts of Mexico. London, 1821). folio. Wilister (Daniel), Speech on Mexican War. March 23, 1848. Washington, 1848. Wi lister (Daniel), Speech at Philadelphia, December 2, 1840. Washington, 1847. Welila (Otlion), Dos Proycclos sobrc fundacion de Colonias. Morelia, ISO.j. W(l/li(.fe.'(.Max Moritz), ])ie Republik Mexico. Leipzig, 1802. Wcst-Indisclie Spieghel. door Atiianasium Inga. [Amsterdam, 1024.] ^\'<•stlllinster JU'view. Loiulon. 1824 et seii. AMiitehead (Charles), Letter May 11, 18.")."), to G . W. Lottsom on debt of Mex- ican Goveriimeiit to British Bondholders. MS. folio. ,i 111 •1 ■ i. 1 li H S"^ ^^ ^v \v \v \v \\ \v w \v ^v t AUTIIOUITinS QUOTED. liitj'ienil (riifirlcO, raviviciit of tliviilciuls liv Mexican Oovcnimont to Kilti.li i:<>ii.lli..l.k;s. " Mav II, l>.:;.\ -MS. illii I'll I'l lii)iii;i.s). llistD'.y nf t!i<' i;i;.'litli V. S, Iiifiintry. n.jil., IST.'J. - V(>ls. illaril (Ijiiina), Lift Jii'avcs (jf Aiin'i-icaii Jiistory. Xcw Voik. \S',',]. il!iaiii. ( r. J.), 'ri:e I ahiiris nf 'I'lliiiaiit'pco. Now Vnik, Is.rj, -J vols. illii-(I!i'l>i'i'ti> Ciiclit(iii). -Mtixii'i). Xotii-'ia soliro sii Ilaciiuilii I'lihliua Iwjo ol i i-.t ! 1 ' .-...I ., i\ I.. 1.. I ...1..- 1 ;.. ^ f ....:.... I ^- « r ( (olili run llspafml y l)(.".-i[nu's de la Imli'peiKU'iiLia. Mexico, lS-1."). i.lsua ( Miriius), Aiiioricau iiistory. Ciiiciiiiiati, 1S47. 'uMn\ (IvolMit Aiiiloraon), A New lliatory of the CoiUjiicst of Mexico. I'hila- »l.lplii:i, lS,-,!». 'i'.s')u ( Ciilicrt Anilerson), Mexico nnil its Religion. Xew York, lS,"i. ilson illiilxTt AuileMon). Mexico: Its Peasants anil its rricsts. Xew Ym'k, etc., l.S."ill. inllin.M, S;ie<'c!i on the Mexican W.ir, .Tail. 8, 1S47. Wa.sliinLTton, IS17. itte (Nicol is). Carta al lMiiper;i(l(ir. .July l">, l.").'iil. In (^',irta.-i de ludias. 1,11 (.\.ili iaiii, l",.-;j)()siri;)n piesentada al i'resideiite. Mexien, \S'>2. 'i«>d.; (l);i!iii 1 ]J.), Sixti-en iiionl'is at tlie (Jold di ;;;ini,'s. \cw ^^ll•k, 1S,")1. o.il (liiliM i"..), A SUetclidf the Life and I'lililic Services of. New York, IS,")!, orndl ( Tiinvis), K\;iinen d(d nii''rit(M|ue puedan tener los fundanioutus, [ired- t:.iiio cl Sii-Mlulj". Mexico, is:;ii. 'ortii (W. .L), Ch'irpea nL'aiust l>y (iener.al Scott, n.pl., n.d. 'oiLliiii,'ton (C. J.). 'i"he Woman in B.ittle. Hartford, IS7 de lincna prueba por parte de la Cmnparu'a Avia- iloia. etc. Mexico, 1S(;_' ifie/. (.rnaii) y ^ocioa, l^xh-acto de l;i causa f'irinado al. ^Ic;;ico, ISriO. Ylan'e,'i'.i (lo.sti Sahizar), l>atus do los traliajo-i astrononiicos y topugnilicos lstl)-.">l) I'or 1,1 eoiuisi i I de limit H, M I'onni,' ( 1 Ob ras Seleetas. Mc 1,S.")(». is:{:(. 4 vols. Yrolii {Ni : (Philip), iiistory of .\iexieo. t'iiiciniiati, IS.'iO. I)e las J''seri[iti [Mexico, ICO."). I 4to. ^'Lurri,L!iirai (lose Manueli, Acta Literario con que la ileal y Po liificia I'niver- d Ml Ml 1 v):{. V Yucatan, Actas de l;i .Ttmta I'.leetorid de I'l'ovincia 12 do IMc. lSi,"l). Mc'rida, 1S;>0; < '.isu of IL M. subjects .settled on the coast of ^'ucatan. Loud., 17f>!l; Compendio historico I'a/ouado del ori,'en, etc. Jlex. , ISiTi; l»ic- t.lir.en i'iir(ji(ar<; reeouociniieiito y 1814. .M. ri(ia, 1 ;4: ] aniortizacion de los creditos. Merida, ISiiS. 4to; Ksi Ayuntamiento. Mf^riihi, 1S;!(>; Haco pocos dias (pie so publi (pie el Leal Ml 1;>:!1; I M( niHimiacioii ii las ol)ser\ X., 1 ■•:il ; liniiUL:naci 111 ;l l lies hechas por varios Yiicatecos. l!»(iel()et. Mex., nneva :is oliservaciones (pie en l;.;U; Liiciativa de la le-islatura del estado. .Merida, ls:'.2: La liiopo>icion (111 Sci'ior Uejon .sobrc Yucatan. Mex., 1S;U; Las facultades lie los supremos jiodcres federalcs en euanto ii la orgaui/aeion. Mex ls;i2; .Mai del ( on 'reso a •sto (le la Couveneion del estado. MOrida. 1S;!1 ; Mauiliesto los liabitaiites de los estados de la (.'oufcderaeion Meji- catia. Ml rida, 1S24; .Maniiiesto del uefe Superior ;i los pueblos, Merida, Pvll; Maui Ijsto del (lob. Provisional il la nacion acerca do los lU'u'oeios. Mex., Isi:!; Manifestaciones dil Exnio Consejo, ilustrea Ayiintaiuientos. la, ls;!l; Mcnioria Icida ante el Augnsto Coni,'rc,so Extraordi ,1 M. Mi'riila, ISlti; Memoria k, 'a ante la I'.xcnia Asaniblea del Departaniento do 7 de Mayo ilc 1843. Merida, lS4o; Newc zeittniig von ileiii lande AUTi ion iTi : :^; q uotkd. 93^ (Ics oii. I'-Jl. Mcx., 1N7">; 01)sorv.'.cioncs sobro el ilict;ilii> a 111 l.i jir iposieiDii <1'1 Sofior \'iir;;;is. .Mox., ls.,|; Oh^iurva- cioiR's siiliri' la actual sitiuainH ilil ili'paitaliuuui. Mix., lS4."i; ( >piitiii;'.i» rcclaina a l.i caiiiani tic l)iinita(l(is sii rcprisLiitaii'ii li'L'al. Mix., |N2G; I'ii'/as jiistiiicaliva.s de la foiidiRta jxililiiM. MOriila. IMii; rruyucto ilo l".ji.M's para la rt'u'i'iu'racinii ]ii>litica lie la Ui'inililica. M rida, ISJI; Kcj)- rcscntacioni'S y J)cuiiiiu'iiti)s justilicativus ipa- la Li'u'i.latiiia Ciiistitu- cioiial. Ml I'iila, 1S71; S(';^umla caita del N'maloco al Tayu do Itosaiiu, Mcx., ISJK; Tratadi) epic cclcbi'o la adiiiiiiistracioii priivisimial con iiis autoridadis. M.x., 1.S45. Zaciui.is (Luis (lon/aqa), Kcprcscntaciou que el lie. diriji<> al Iliiio Si". Oliispo dc csta I'i.icesis. I'uclila, lS(i."). Zacatccas, Aitoilc uii.luiciip vcrb.il cd'^brad) en cl J'lZ'ado dc ilistrit i. Zac, |s4l ; Availed dc Icis liouorarios y dcrochns ji;dici,!lc.; Dii-taiueii jirc.ciitado pur la Ciiiiii.-cpa; tat acuta Is )l)rc lUtOrr.iaa de las r.a-cg tic ()ry;anizaciiin imluica tic la licjiuhlica. Z.ic, Is!.'); Meinyi'ia pi-c.sentaila jiiir cl Kjceiilivo « la Hiiii. Lc;,'i.>latura. Zai'. 1S7I; Plan para el estahlcciiuiciito tie una (,'alt)iua eu d llstaili-. i'laltiiilorc, 1S.")'J; licllcosiaucs al Hun. Cuiii;. sabiv la e.sposicitJii cvi)cion:iiia en verso. Mi\., 1S.")1; In .\iutl ])ester- rado del Ciclo. .Mcx., Is.).'). ZMiuli.mi (I. I'oituuato), Imisivo tic una un'iuoiia sobi-c la iicccsidatl tic pre- vfiir :i los incautos contra lo-s aitilicios ilc aluiinod lisioloqos. }ilc-ico, Isiil. Zaialiiano ( Tuaii A.). Apuntes sobfc Ci.minos dc I'iciro y I'lu'iliilnl ilc IT.-iciT- los, Mcx., l;ii)7; Coiuunicacioue.dtclativas .i la lleaiiiui.i i|Uc tit 1 Cargo dc Tcsoiei't) (iciieral tic laNiui.in. in.co. Mt \.. istil; 'I'.iril'.i dc .Siuldos Militarcs arriL'lada para cl u.--i) tic los cuer})iis de lij rt ito dc> la Kc[iul). Mc\i.aiia. .Mcx., 1S.14. , Zaiiiora (.Vutoiiio I'cnianilc,^), I'lau dc ll.uicud.i i>ara ,a ];i!;>ublii-a Mi xicana. -Mexico, l;-.-!7. Zaiuora (N'ictoriaiio), Tnforiiie Iicc'.ti) a la I'"xni;i "J" S,i!a, felativo li los liui- ilosos Autos lid neiiuni io li" .'S.iu ('lieiaentc. Zicatc^as, \ .i, Prucbas tic Nobli >a. MS I7i;s. Za]ipa (liio ll.it'iist.iK Coitia tli N'ialisi i Leitcre .'n. .Iu;in dc Zarau/, ilii al supleuieiito del di- ario dc Mcxi.t) til vicincs, S tie Noviiinbrc lU- bSO.'). Mexico, ls()7. Zarco (l'"ranciscM), Historia ilel Con^'ivsi) Extraordiuario Cjustituyeiito de ls,")() y ls.")7. .Mexico, I ).")7. - vols. Zir/a(.ruaii .\.l. Sit>stas I)oj:ni aliens. Mexico, I7<).'). Zarzos.i (I'etlro). licprcsentaciou ipic elcva .i la Caniara ild St uailo. Mex., 18'25, cxii AUTHORITIES QUOTHD. Zavala (Lorcnw) de), Dict.'iincn sobro el proyocto ,'o(.Io8i5 Maria), Discnraos panogiricos 6 Sermoncs varies. MS.; (jlorias de QnenHaro. Mex.,lS0.3; Viila I'ortoiitosa. Mcx., lSi2; Z'-'laeta(Jtiaii), Maiiilie.tto a huh compatriotas. Mexico, IS.'JT. Zerecero (Aiiiistasio), Memoriae ])ara la lli.storia d<' las Jievolucionos en Mex- ico. Mcx., ISli'J. '2 vols. ; Ubscrvacioiica del ciudadaiio il la constitucioii, Me.x., IH.-.7. Zcvallos (Fi-aiieisco), Vida del P. Fernando Konsag. Mexico, 17G4. Zoniera y i'iiia (Manuel), ]']sposiuion quo hacc dc sua actoa de la inva.sion franccsa. Mexico, 1r//r/(l<' I >. Antonio I'elirj/in'z di- Boznii, in .\/rnilo~.'i, Co'. I>'H\ Iiir'L, X. .S()-(t, taken from the areliives of the liiilies, the credit of tills expedition is claiiiiod wholly for the t:nveiiior. Indeed, \'elaz(|iie/. hiiii- Bilf leiteatedly asserts, as well as otiiins, that the ev]iedition was niaile at liis Cist. |{iit knowing tlie man as we ilo, and considering the claims of ntlnis, it is safe enough to say that the governor did not invest much money in it. 'J"hc Imrdeii tcd by the governor of Cuba. As in the DccfukiA Ahri rhutriM (/(- /(w Ih.tfulirinikiilii", Mi'iiduyt, {'"I. Dnr. Jim/., viii. ,")-,">4, we fmd that '101 adelantado Diego Vela/,(|uez de Cuellar es autor del descubriniiento de la Nueva Kspafia,' so, in etl'cct, it is recorded everywhere. Indeei((s, ni el Key; (jue hiziessemos a hn libres esclavos.' J/l-'t. I'lTilod., i. On tlie strengtli of which fiction, Zaniacr>is, Hi-n was sent out to capture In- dians, ' ir e enviar j'l salteai' indios para traer ii ella.' for whicii jnirpose there were always men witli money reaily; and that on this occasion ('lirdoba. Mo- ran te, anil('aieedos\ibscviticd l,.")(l()or'_'.0()()castellanoseach, togoand eatcli In- dians, ■.itherat the I.ucayas Islands ov elsewhere. Tonniemada, i. 'M\), writes niiirt! mililly, yet ]>lainly enough ; ' ])aia ir ;"i buscar Indins, a las Islas ( 'on- vccinas, y hacer Ucscates, como hasta entonces lo acDstnmbraban. ' Cngolludo, Hi"'. Y>i''iilhiiii, 1 (i, follows tJernal |)iazalm'ist Htcrally. Oomara, Hist. Iml., (111. is non-<;ommitt;il, .stating tirst ' jiara desciibrir y rescatar,' and afterward, ' Otros dizeu <|U(! )>ai'a traer esclauos dtlas yslas (luanaxosa sus minas y gran- jcrias.' Ovieilo ami Herrera pass by the ((uestion. Landa. f'el. (h: Ymiitini, |(i, 'a rescatar esclavos para las nuiias, ipu; ya en Cuba se yv.a la gente apo- eando y (|ue otrosdizen ([nesalioa dcscubrir tierra.' Says the unknown author of />!' J{i liii.t (tcsti.t /■rnliii/iiii/i ( 'Drit'sii, in /nrJitiJi'i ti, Col. Dor., \. ,S;{,s, 'In has igitur insulas ad grassanilumet [)r:eilaniluni, \it ita dicam, ire hi de (|uibu3 su|ira dictum est, constituerant; mm in lucatanam. ' It is clear to my nuni) di^ (Hitiil, but tlio (lilj't ToncL's aru iiiiiin[)<)rtaiit. (V)nii)arc I'fl' r Marfiir, ilco. iv. eaj). vi.; l)ni'>;i, Iti.^iunr IliM. Am., i. !).'{; ('Inriiji'm, Storia Mvk.i., ill. IJ; I.h.i ('u.-^m, Hist. I'luL, iv. .'MS-O;}; Coil'iHiii/n, ni.it. Yili-dthiiii, W-H; (iniiHim, I list. J,,,/., GO-l; liirniil JJiaz, Jfi4. Vm-ilad., l-'2; H>:rreni, .^ti.-i Ffrfliiididli Cnr- /«■i\, i. ;iHl-4l ; Mrirrh >/ Jjufjorfi, Mnrimi Esixiiiuld, i. 4(i.'{-S; ]'i,l/('rfioii'.i llixt. Am., i. '-'.'JT -tO; r(tiiiiiiirt'.i ///,ut his entire wurk, these [ia|iers aie paraded to the exclusion of the more reliable, but more aci'essilile, st/indanl authorities. In the attempt, at this ]Miint, to fnUow at once his doi nment and the ])lainly current facts, he falls into an erim-of wiiirh la'apjieai-s niicun- Bcious. He states, ('mii/. Mt.i:., i. 'J'.'"-', tiiat ('iircli(ba 'sailed with three vi-;scls on an expeest atithoritiet! reoogni/.e this as the first discovery. 'Sieipio non ad (iuana\os, (juos petehant, aiipulerunt, se■"••* (/(' 111 Id- hi' /■('<; Ogilliy, 1071, //"■* (/'■■■n-onoriilft; bamjiier, KiilJ), /. iiiiKirrds: Jctlerys, ITTU, /i' i/c J//y'('rc.-i, or IVoinan'-'i /. It was this name that led lertain of the chroniclers to speak of islands oil" tlic coast of Vu(..taii iulialiited liy Ama/ons. ' Sirvio de asilo en miestros dias al celel^rc pirata. Liilitte.' liolrtin Je In Socictlnd .l/c.r. di' Ocoi/., iii. 'J'J4. ' For a description of these people see JlitiirrqlTK \atirc /iVuvs', i. f)4,"i-747. •* See l.niida, livl. . ' l>oiini.ni Cotoche sonat; iudicatiant enini domus et oppiduni luuul longe abesse.' iJii livbu'< LlvMia Fcrdinandi Vortcnii, iu ARRIVAL AT CAMrECHE. Thus invited, Cordoba, with sovoral of his ofliccr-s, and twent^'-tive soldiers arnu-d with cross-hows and lircloeks, aot'oni}>anied the natives to the shoiv, where the caei{]ue with earnest invitations to visit liis town managed to lead them into ambush. The natives fought with flint-edged wooden swords, lanees, bows, and slings, and were protected l)y armors ol" <|uilted cotton and shields, their faces being painted and their heads plumed. Thej charged the enemy bravely, amidst shouts and noise of instruments; several of the Spaniards were wounded, two fatally. At length the natives gave way before the sharp and sul|ihnrou8 enginery of their exceedingly strange visitants, leav- ing til'teen of their number dead upon the ground. Two youths were taken prisoners, who were after- ward baptized and named Julian and ^Eelchor, and })roiitably emjdoyed by the Sj)aniards as interpret- ers. Near the battle-ground stood three more of those curious stone temples, one of which was en- tered by Father Gonzalez during the fight, and the earthen and wooden idols and ornaments and plates of inferior gold found there were carried away to the ship. Embarking, and proceeding westward, the Span- iards arrived a fortnight later at Campeche,'' wliere their amazement was increased on beholding the number and beauty of the edifices, while the blood Iriizh(ilc(t,i, Col. Dor., i. XV.). ' Concz ootoclie. (7 (jiiieru dczir, Ainlinl noa n mis casa.s.' llirrvriaz. Hint. I'eiilail., -. 'J'liis, llio iiortli-castcni iiuiiildt \'iua- taii, is (111 Fcrnanilo CoIoh's map, l.VJT, ijolwhi'; on tiioiiuqiof hicirixlL' iJilicri), ]."i'Jlt, /i: r'li>/: l^aet gives the name correctly; Ogilby anil .lelt'eiys call the i)lace S. /'/•■" '/'/ Caiiijitc/ie. ' Lod Indios le dezio yuunpecli.' Jlmtra, dec. ii. lib. ii. cap. .wii. 10 VOYAGE OF CORDOBA TO YUCATAN. ,«Jll 1^ .';: and other evidences of human sacrifice discovered about the altars of the temples filled their souls with horror. And as they were viewing these monu- ments of a sujierior culture, the troops of armed natives increased, and the priests of the temjiles, ])roducing a bundle of reeds, set fire to it, siijfni ly- ing to the visitors that unless they took +heir de- parture before the reeds were consumed every one of them would be killed. Remembering their wounils at Catoclie, the Spaniards took the hint and de- parted. They were soon caught in a storm and severely shaken; after which they began to look about for water, whicli had by this time become as precious to th(!m as the Tyrian mures tincture, of whicli each shell-fish gave but a single drop. They accordingly came to anchor near a village called Potonchan, l)ut owing to a sanguinary battle in which they were driven back, Cordoba named the ))lace I^ahi'a do Mala Pelea.^" In this engagement the natives did not shrink from fighting hand to hand with the foe. Fifty-seven Spaniards were killed on the spot, two were carried off alive, and five died subsequently on shi])boai'(l. Those whom the natives could not kill they followed to the shore, in their disajipointed rage, wading out into the sea after them, like the bloodthirsty Cyclops who pursued the Trojan yEneas and his crew. But one man escaped unharmed, and he of all the rest was selected for slaughter by the nati\'es of Florida. Cordoba received twelve wounds; Bernal Diaz three. The survivors underwent mucli sufierinu: before reachinir Cuba, for the continued '" X'tiini.^(t, and on No. xiii. Oslitmii. -Again next west, on lioth. is Mcdniinx. On No. x., next to roaln ni.sa, and on No. xiii., west of PunUnh hi.-< Ariii(i<,\'A\\w\\n.\w' Aiiriiiirs. Ogilhy gives iiere 11. di' I'dii'd, and in the inferior south, a town t'ltiid; I'ast of JL dc L((ijiirl'i.i\n also the town (,'".'/"> "'"^ '" large lettci-s the name ('hinu-d. " ' Dezian los Ksjianoles (j'estavan halilailocon el Diego Velazquez, y con los Indios: Senor estus Indios dizen, (pie sii tierra se llama VuiJita, y assi so, ipiedo loeste m'lbre, <|ue en propria lengua no. sc dizeassi.' Hi-/. Iiid., (iO, states that after naming CatiM-Iie, a little fai'ther on the Span- iaiils met some natives, of whom they asked tlie name of the town near liy. Tucteta, wad the reply, which mean.s, 'I do not uuderstand. ' The Spanianls, 12 VOYAOE OF c6RD0BA TO YUCATAN. The |)i(>|ilt' of tliis coast scciiumI tt> ]\i\\v licaivl (»f the Sj)iuii;ii-tls, for at several places thev sliouli'd '( 'as- tiliaiisl' and asked the straiiLTers bv sii^iis il' thev did not come from toward the i-isiniif sun. Yet, neither the , ilvrivfr* th»! name I'loiii the native Vionl ■•' The native nanu' was Maya. See lliiiHioj't'H Salivf iiiicax, v. (il4 .'{4. 'I'heie are vaiioiis other tlleolies and renderiiijis, among tiiein the folk)\ving: In answer to Curdoli I's ini|iiii y ;is to the name of their eountiy, the natives exelaimeil, ' /(// /( /«(//, esto i"< : ('/''■'' <'<""" /idliliii'' ZiiiiinriiiK, lllsl. Mij., ii. '2'2S. 'Que jireLtuntundo a estos linlios, si iiuia en sii tierra a(]nella.s rayzes quo se Ihima Yuea. . . . Ues])(iiulian Ilatli, jior hi tierra en (jue se ]ilantan, y (|Ue de Yuea juntado eon Ihitli, se dixo ^'u^■att;l, yde alii Yueatiin.' //irrcrn, dee. ii. lib. ii. eaji. xviii. Wlieneesccver tlie nri^'in, it was elearly a mistake, as there never was an aboriginal designation fur tho whole country, nor, like the Japanese, have they iianu's for their straits or bays. Forsonu! time Yucatan was supposed to be an island. (Iri jalv.i called the country /.•.■/<» dcSniitd Murknh' Rema/ioH, though that term w;is cmjiloyed by few. In early documents the two names are united ; instance tlie instruc- tions of Velazquez to Cortes, wiiero the country is called / ( )'..S0, liii'ittniiii ; .Orontius, on his globe, l.'i.'U, Iiii-otmin; Munich Alktit, no. iv., \'uM 40, ciicnliiii: liiiptista Aguese, I'lW-itO, iiicalaii; Mercator, l.KiO, Irratiui ; Michael Lok, l.")S'_*, //(• (■(il')ii; llondius, lo'X), Luet, Ogilby, etc., yucat'tii, which now assumes penin- Bular jiroportions. ' ' The term Mexico lias widely dilTi'rent niciiiuugs under ditFcrent condi- tions. At first it signified only tho capital of the Nahna nation, and it was live hundred ye;irs before it overspreail the tei'ritory now known by that name. Mexico City was founded in lltl'."), and was called Mi .liin '/\'iioi/i/i//,iii. Tho latter appellation has been connected with Tiiiin/i, the Aztec leader at this time, and with tho sign of .a no]ial on a stoiu", called in A/.tn', re- spectively nofhtli and letl, the final syHable representing locality, and tho tii'st, /(', divinity or suix'riority. The word ^Ie\ico, however, was then rarely used, 'renochtithm being the ctmnnon term employed; and this was retained by the Spaniarils for some time after the cotKpiest, even in imperial decrees, and in the official records of the city, though in tho eoirupt forms of Tim'iXiitun, Tenusfititn, etc. See l/ihio dc ('(iliilihi, ir)"_*4-!), :MS. Tonjuemada, i. 293, st^ites distinctly that even in his time the natives never employed any other designation for the iincieut city than Teiiochtitlan, which was also the name of the chief and fashionable waril. Soils, Co/c/. Jlrr., i. ,S!K), is of opinion that ilcxico was the name of the wanl, Tenoch- titlan being applied to the whole city, in which case Mexico Tenoehlitlan would signify the ward Mexico of the city Tenoclititlan. Gradually the TlIK NAMK MKXICO. 13 Spiuiisli rroonls ))pjinn to ndtl Mexii'o to T'MUH'lititlnn, nml in those of the first |ii(iviiu'iiil ociiiiu'il, helil in I.Vi.'i, wo tiuil written 'J'l ini.rtillni) Miriro. < 'iiiii-ili'iK /'/•()('., i. ami ii., MS. In tiic lourse of time tlic oUltT luul more in- triiati' name ili»ai)|n.'ari'(I, th()ii>,'ii tlio I'ity arnist ulwayn rt'tnint-'d tho Hynilxilio uul>iil und atuuu. t'lariyi ro, Storia Mv»»., i. IGSj iv. iJlw-70; Soc, JJtx. O'eoj/. Abmm of tub Repudijo or Mexico. 14 VOYAOE OF CORDOBA lO YUCATAX. ^fer!rn in Bmnll letters, inlaml, as if npplied to a town, nltlioii^h no tnwii U (lesit-'natetl ; I'toleiiiy, in MiiiiKlir, \'u\\\ j,'ivits Ti ini^iititii; Mnnir/i AthtK, no. vi., ^^\lIlIH)Me(l to liave iKJcn drawn In'tween l.'i.'J'J anil l."(40, TiiU'liittan n I Minirhii; liaptistA Aifneso, l.'>4(>- 50, 'J'imilin/ilii tri Mixirit; Haniusio, I, ")(!.">, Jiiriiii; Mcriulor'n All'ix, l,")(il), J/ij'iVo, an a citv, ami Triiiichilldti ; Michael Lok, l.")S'J, Mfxko, in HondiuH, alwuit 1 ")!(.">. in l)i-<(kr'n iVorltl Kiifntiiiinnxiil, the city m Mrrico, ami the gulf lia'ia ili Mi'rifn; Hiin<1iuH. in I'lirrhaH, 11 in J'il'iriiiicn, Ijiot, Ogilhy, Dainpier, Wcnt-fiidinche Sji'wjhil, .Facoh Coloni, anil otlier Heventeentli-eentury authorities, give uniformly to the city, or to tlio I'ity ami province, but uut to the couutry ut large, the name (u ut present writteu. CHAPTER II. JUAN DE GRIJALVA EXPLORES THE WESTERN SIDE OF THE MEXICAN GULF. 1518. Vela/qvez Plans a New Expekitiox — Gives the Command to ni.^ Nei'HEw, JfAN deGkijalva — Who Emdakks at Santiacd ani> Stuikes f HE Continent at Cozi'mei. Island— Coasts Soithwaud to AsrENsiox Bay — Then TruNS and Doi-hles Cape Catoche — Namino ok New Spain — Fight at Champoton— Arrival at Laoi-na de Tekminos — Al-vminos, the Pilot, is Satisfied that Yicatan is an Island — They Coast westward and Discover the Rivers San Pedro y Sav Pablo and Tabasco — Notaiile Interview at this Place iietween THE ErR0PE.\NS AND THE AMERICANS— ThE ClLHIA Col NTRV — TlIEY Pass La Ramrla, Tonala, the Rio Goazacoalco, the Mountain of San Martin, the Rivers of Alvarado and Banderas, and Come to THE IsL.\NDS of SaCRIFICIOS AND SaN JlAN DE UlCA. As Diego Velazquez talked with Cordoba's men, and with the captives, Melchor and Julian, and ex- amined the articles obtained from the natives, their su[)erior kind and workmanship, and the gold and images taken from the temi)le at Catoche by Father (ionzalez, all grew significant of yet greater things beyond. The hardships attending the expeilitiou were light to him who ditl not share them, and the late commander being now dead, the governor found him- self free to act as best suited him. He determined at once on a new expedition. There was a young man who seemed admirably fitted for the purpose, Juan de Grijalva, a gentleman of the governor's own town of Cuellar, nephew of Velaz- quez, though some deny the fact; he was twenty- eight years of age, handsome, chivalrous, courteous, (15) 4! :-!li 16 GRIJALVA EXPLORES THE MEXICAN GULF. and as lionost as lie Avas bravo. He had been with the governor for some thne, and the wonder was how so bad a master should have so good a man. There was no lack of volunteers, two hundred and forty ^ coming forward at once; among them several who afterward became famous. Two caravels were added to the two brought back by Cordoba, making in all, refitted and equipped, four vessels, the San Schastiaii, the Trinidad, the Santiago, and the Santa Maria de los Jlctnedios. The pilots and many of the men from the former expedition were engagetl, and some natives of Cuba N/ere taken as servants. Grijalva, as com- mander of the armada, directed one vessel, and Pe- dro de Alvarado, Alonso Dilvila, and Francisco do Montejo,^ were appointed captains of the others. Grijalva's instructions were not to settle, but only to discover and trade.** License was obtained from the Jeronimite Fathers, who stipulated that Francisco de Penalosa should accompany the expedition as veedor. As priest, attended one Juan Diaz,* and Diego de Godoy went as notary. 'Solisand FrciTerasay2,")0; (TomaraanflOalvano,200; Fctcr Martyr, 300, etc. - Torcjueniada, i. 358, asserts that Moutejo furnislicd liis own vessel, fiml that Aluii.so Hernandez Puertooiirrero, Alouso Diivila, Diego do Ordaz, and other.-', went at their own cost. ^ As upon this point, that is to say, the orders and their fulfilment, turned tho in-c.i;.iy, not only of Grijalv:i, but of the conquest, there has been much controversy over it. 'Si luan do Grijalua supiera -onocer aquella buena ve- tura, y ]ioblara alii como los tie su (iompania le I'Ogauan, fueraotro Cortes, mas no era pnra el tanto bien, ni lleuaua coniission do jwblar.' O'omarn, Il\»t. Intl., 57-8. Partisans of Cortt^s vegard Gnjalva with disdain, while no one seems greatly to caro for Velazquez. Hernal Diaz w.is of opinion that the matter of founding a colony was left to Grijalva's discretion; out Las Casas, M'ho had much better opportunities for knowing, being intimate with the governor, and at speei^d pains to ascertain tho truth of the matter, states clearly that Gri- jalva's instrnetions were positive, that he should not settle but only trnde. ' IJartoloiue do liis Casas, autor de mucha fc, y quo con particular eaydado lo ([ui.so saber, y era gran auiigo, y muy intimo de Diego Velazquez, dize que fue la instniccion que espressaniente no poblasse, sino q solamente reseatasse." //cm/a, dec. ii. lib. iii. cap. i. So hold Torquemada, Solis, and all careful writers on the sidijeut. ^ Or lis he calls himself, 'capellano maggior ' of the armada. Long before the soldier, Beinnl Diaz, published his 'True History,' Juan Diaz had given to the world an iiccount of the voyage, fthwrarh) t/r la isoln de lurfiatnii, fol- lowing the /thii rarlo a, May 1, l.")IS,' and refers to the Itlncrarh of Juan l)iaz in proof of his statement, lint Juan Diaz makes no such statement. ' Sahbato il primo giorno del mese de Mazo,' he says, Jtimrario, in Iiuzlxilnta, Col. J foe, i. '281, 'de questo sopradito anno parti il dicto capitaneo de larniata de lisoia Fernandina.' Saturday, the 1st day of May, the armada left the island of Fernandina, or Cuba. The writer does not intimate that they left the port of Santiaj^o on tliat day, which, as a matter of fact, they did not, but tlie extreme western JH))nt of tlie island, Cape San Antonio. Tliis I'reswtt miglit further have earned from Herrera, dec. ii. lib. iii. cap. i., 'Despachado pues luan de (irijalua de todo ])unto, .sidio , who statics tliat all met and at- tended mass at Matanzas, the 5th of ,-\[)ril, just prior to sailing; ' Y despues de auer oido Missa con gran nvij quatro, o eineo diuz antes do Santa Cruz Im viinos.' 'i'he native n;ime ot tin; island wna Ai'ii^itmil — l^anda, A'r /.(/»'}'(/'. , 2(1, writes it ('ir.ii)il; Cogolliidn. ///>■'. Vii'dtliiiii, ]{\, ('iiznn)'il — Swallows Islj-nd, \vhi
  • m:. /tiiurfirio, in Ira-Jiiilrftfi. Cnl. ])o.\. i. '1H"1. 'So le pnso nomlire il csta Jsla Sfinrla Cruz, A. ia (pial los indios Ihiri'im Cr:ni!ih !.' Dviulo, \. ,")()4. ' This, according to Diaz ; Ovicdc says vhey landed on Wednesdiiy, the .'ith, nnd agiiin on the (ith ; and Bernal Diaz atl.rms that the landing took place on the south side of the island. UisT. Mex., Vol. I. 2 \H ORI.IALVA EXPLORES THE >rEXICAX GULF. IuikUhI \vlt,li a liuiulrec'. men, and asccndiiiLif a high tower took jiosscssion of tlie coiintrv; alter whieh, mass was said. And Las Casas (|uestions it' it wa.s <|iiite rii^ht for Juan ])iaz; to hold tliis solenm service in a place where sacrifices were wont to he made to Satan; for even between the two ofreat and formal exercises of the Spaniards, an old Indian ])riest with his attendants had entered and had blown incense hel'ore the idols, as if to rouse his gods to vindicate their might before these opposing worshii)pers. To 'I CSin Antonio^ --^ .'"i- Punta di Calc^hu the point was given the name San Felipe y Santiago, jmd to a tt)wn standing near, that of San Juan ante J*<)i-tam r.atinam. Then thev entered the town, and lound thcri' houses of stout', and ])aved streets, in the evis of Juan J)iaz not unlike the towns of S|)anish construction. Meanwhih;, a small party ])eneti-ated one or two leagues into the interior, and observed otlu'i- towns and cultivated landr^. While crossing to the Yucatan coast the following day, they descried in the distance three towns, and, as tliey descended toward the south, a city "so lai-ge that Seville could not show to better ad\!Uitage." THE NAME NEW SPAIN, 1ft uite and tlic ush I ted ved [in^ mil, L'C. Next thoy caiiio to a jjfreat opeiiiiiL? in the shore, to which, after Alain inos had examined it in a boat, thcjy jjrave the name of IJaliia de la Ascension, from the day of discovery. Unable to find a pass in this di- rection round the supposed island of Yucatan, they turned back, passed Cozuiiiel, and, roundiinjf t!ie penin- sula, arrived at Campeehe the 25th, rescuing on their way a woman from Jamaica. l^verywherc they beheld the same evidences of high culture seen by Cordoba, the tower-temples and crosses of the Mayas rising from gracefully outlined promontories, and glistening white from behind le- gended hills, leading them every moment to antici- pate the discovery of some magniHcent city, such as in our day has been revealed to an admiring poster- ity; for while the East buries her ancient cities in dust, the West none the less effectually hides hers ill foliai^e. And of the monuments to the u'reatness of the past, and of the profitless millions here en- gendered, who shall speak? And why do men call nature considerate or kind? ])oes she not create only to destroy, and bestow blessings and cursings M'it.h the same merciless indifierence? Surpassingly lovely, she is at once siren, mirse, and sanguinary beldam. This barren border of the juniinsula rested under a caiiojiy of clear or curtained sky, and glared in iiiingled gloom and brightness beside the fickle gulf; and from the irregular j»lains of the interior came the heated, perfumevl air, telling here of ti'ee- less table-laiuls, of languid vegetation, and there of foi'ests and evergreen groves. " It is like Sjtain," cried one. And so they calltnl the country Nueva Esp;ina," which name, at first apjilied only to the "* It wus the crossns, wiiioh the Spiuiiiinls Iieru rt-j^anli'il of iiiiraculotis oriniii, more than uiiy pliysical feature wliioli after all gave the naiiK! to these Hliores. Cort.s estahlisheil it for all the region hiuIlt A/.tec Hway, ami under the viiie- ruy.M it was applied to all the S|)aiiish possessions north of Ciuateniala, inehul- iii.H tlie undehncd territorieii of Califoi-ida. and New Mexico. J/iiiiihotdl, AWii /'"/., i. 0-7, and others, have even shown an inclination to enilnaco therenn- Uor Central Auierica, but for this there is not sullicicut authority, yco M6' 20 GRIJALVA EXPLORES THE MEXICAN aULF. peninsula of Yucatan, finally spread ccr the whole of the territory afterward known as Mexico. At Campeche, or more probably at Champoton,*" occurred a notable affray. The fleet anchored toward sunset, half a league from shore. The natives imme- diately put on a warlike front, l)ent on terrible intimi- dations, which they continued in the form of shouts anrl drum-bcatinn- ing opposite Amatique Bay and Golfo ]3ulce, or if that were too far, then opposite Chetumal or Ascen- sion, confirmed his suppositions, and settled tlic matter in his mind that this was the termination of tJie islands; hence the names Boca de Terminos, and Laguna de Terminos,'^ which followed. The temples " Puerto Escondiilo. Ou tlio initps of Colon and IIooil it is j)liU!C(l ns oiio of tlio eastern entruiiues of the I^giina tic Terniiuos, tlio former writing,' />. ili'Ki'iitli), ami the latter /'. drKimln; Goinura jilaren the Laijnnade, 'J'cniiiiion between Puerto Dest^ailo and Kio (Irijalva. On Kil>ero's inaji, north of Kseon- (liilo, is III (jcr, Vaz Itoiirado niaikiuL; in the sauio locality ;";. w/" aiwjtutriste, Danipier gives Bucii Ksck'^mlklo, and Jetlerys, Bora Ksiinnliiii. '■' VelazijUi.'Z had instructed his captain to sail round tlnMslandof Yucatan. Cortes, in 1519, ordered Kscobar to survey this (sheet, whicii uas fouml to ho a iiayand shallow. Still tiio pilotsandchartinakers wrote it d(jwn an island. It is Worthy of remark that in the earliest drawinj^'s, like(Jolon's, in 1.V27, the maker ai)|)ears undecided, but Kiljero, two years later, boldly severs tho peninsula from the continent with a strait. See GohhchmidCs ('urtnij. /'itr. L'oii.tf, MS., i. 41'J-14. Tho earliest cartoL'raphera all write tcnniiiox, J{iliero niiirkiug u anmll stream lluwiiig into the lu^jouu, /«;. de x pluiwa. Here also 22 GRIJALVA EXPLORES THE MEXICAN GULF. here seen were supposed by the Spaniards to be places wliere :nerchants and hunters made their saeri- fices. A greyhound, eager in the pursuit of game, neglected to return in time and was left behind; when the Spaniards came with Cortes they found the animal well-fed and happy, but cKcessively glatl to see them. Before departing, Grijai /a again declared for Spain, "as if," growls Las Casas, "the thousand possessions already taken were not enough." Indeed, this tierce charging on a continent, so often repeated, hurling upon the inhabitants a new religion and a new king, was about as effective as Caligula's advance on Britain, when, preparatory to crossing, he drew up his troops in battle array, on the seaboard, and give orders to collect shells, the spoils of conquered ocean. Proceeding the 8th of June, and creeping stealth- ily along the coast," drojjping anchor at night and weighing it with the dawn, they came to a river which they called San Pedro y San Pablo, and then to a larger one, the nati\'e name of which was Tabasco,** after the co.cicjue of the city, but which the Spaniards called (:Trijalva, in honor of their commander. The face of nature here changed. The low, gray hills of the ])eninsula gave place to elevations of en- livening green, made lustrous by large and frequent is the town and point of Jioalango. Ogilby calls the lagoon Lnfjo dc Xir r- hiiiijo, east of which is the name A''"'* .V'^ df la Vitoria; Dauipicr places south of Luijuiiii Tenniiia the town I'huknhnl; Jctlerys writes in larito letters, a little south of L'tijinniif- X'lraJaii'io or 'J'rriniiios, the words (^adii.uhc:i liidiox llrartx. Kolil thinks I'uerto Ksconiliilo may be the I'uerto Deseado of Grijalva men- tioned liy (Jomara. '■'Of 'la isola riccha chiamata Ualor,' as the chaplain calls it, Dinz, flJiw- i-'tri'^ in Irazhali-etii, CoL Do''., i. 2!).'), 'descoprir una altra terra die so dice Mulna.' Alaminos believed Now Spain to bo another island distinct from Yucatan. The natives called it Coluii, says Las Casas, I/Ut. IwL, iv. 428. " On the cliart of Cortes, bViO, it is called li:. dp Oiizaliia, and placed west instead of oast of Rio Santa Ana. Ribero writes, li:. df (jrkahia: Vaz IJourai Id, li'. dc ijriijaliin ; Hood, A*, di' Grixalua; Mirr'jtor'n Allan, 1574, lias a t;)w;i, Tiiiisri); Ogilby, Dampior, and Jetferys employ the name Tabaarn. Kohl ascril)es the name of tiio river tiaii /'cilro y Sail- Pablo to Grijalva. Colon iia4 A'.-. (/(■ .'•■. pnblo; Riljoro, A', di'. k:. P(dt>^; Munich Atfrut, No. iv.. Wo dc n. )<.: Raptista Agn'.'so, rio dc S. puuli); Hood, A*, dc S. I'idilo; Ogilby, 8. P ndn: Dampior, .S7. /'ctcr, St. Paul, etc. As there are ])lenty of streams in that vicinity Herrera givei cue to Grijalva and still leaves tiie chieftain, Tabasco, his own. TABASCO, .^treaius. BoMlv in the front stood the hciufhts :it prt'sc'iit known as San (Jabriel; beyond continned the ihit, monotonous foi'ei^round of a gc^rgeous picture, as yet hut dimly visible save in the ardent iniaginini^s of the discoverers. The two smaller vessels only could enter this river of Tabasco, which, thouj^h broad, was shalh)w- mouthed; and this they did very cautiously, advanc- ing a slioit distance up the stream, and landiiii^ at a (^rove of palm-trees, half a leafjue i'roni the cliief town. Upon the six thousand ^^ natives avIio hero threatened them, they made ready to fire; but by ])eaceful overtures the sylvan multitude were brought to hear of Spain's great king, of his mighty j»reten- sions, and of the Spaniards' inordinate love of gold. The green beads the natives thought to be stono made of their chalchiulte, which they prized so highly, and for which they eagerly exchanged food. Having a lord of their own they knew not why these rovers should wish to impose upon them a new master; for the rest they were fully prepared, if necessary, to defend themselves. ])uring this inter- view, at which the interpreters, Melchoi- and Julian, assisted, the word Culhua,'" meaning ]\Iexico, was often mentioned in answer to demands for •••old, from ''It is Las Casas who testifies to 0,000; l>enial Diaz cmimerate.s .50 canoes; Ilcrrrr:! K]ic;ikn of tliice Xiquiji'des of 8,000 men each, standing rcaily in tliat vifiiiity to oppose tlie Spaniards, waiting only for tlio word to ho ;^iviii. '"^ot 'Ciillia, (.'ullia, Mexico, Mexico,' as I'.ernal Diaz has it. 'J'lio na- tives pronounced the wcjrdC'nlliu.i only ; but this autlior, tindinj: tiiat ('ulh';:v referred to .Mexico, puts the word Mexiio into the nioutli of Taiiaseo and his followers, l.oiig hefore the A/tecs, a 'roltec trilte called the .AcoUmjis, or rulhuas, had settled in the vjillev of Mi'xico. 'J'he name is more anciei.t than that of 'i'oltcc, and the Mexican civilization might ])crliaps as apjiro- jiriately he called (,'ulhua as Nahua. 'J'lie name is interpreted 'erooki'd ' from riildfi, ]>L'ud; also 'grandfather' from coW. ('ollniacan mii^iit therefore signify Land of our Ancestors. Under Toltec (huninion a trijiartite confed- eracy had existed in the valley of .\iiahuao, and when the Aztecs hecanic the luliiig nation, this alliance was reestablished. It was coin)iosed of the Aco!- liuii, Aztec, and 'I'epanec kingdoms, the Aztec king assuming the title (Julhua 'I'ecuhili, I liicf of the Culhuas. It is evident that the ('nlluias liad becomt! known tliroughout this region by their coinjuests, und l)y their culture, supe- rior as it was to that of neighboring tribes. The n|)HtU2, A*. (Ic S. Antonio, etc. Vov Santa Ana Danipier in KiOO lays down .SV. Ainm, andJelferys in 177<), Ji. St. Ann. ''Tortos calls it Ilia de tctiiqnalquo; Colon, /?. dt: gasncalcos; Ribero, 7?. de f/niisuralro; Orontius, IL de (/iialtio; Vaz Dourado, It.o de de ijuaqaija; Hood, li. dc. Oiiara; Mercator, Quacaqualro ; De Laet, Ogilby, It. de O'uazaeoalco; Jellorys, A'. Onazacalo; Danipier, li. Oiuizaeoaico or iliuxshiijwalp. '"Colon gives it, Sieiroti de San mrti; Vaz Dourado, strtw de S. viartin; THE r,ro DE BAXDEIUS. n to the soldier who fi^„t ., " ^•■'l '"? ship, and ente*d !r"''.f''"™'-<' '"« 'iter- «. led by tl.o nativorpLM^" *^ "*'"='•'' » river soI.I,crs after the dileovToX"' ''''f-"™^'' ^V hh <''«'i;lme the captain receiv«/fh'"' '''""'' '"•'-■■'* of mander^ The next strtSim t -, ? T™""" "^ '"•' eo,n- c.^lc.dRiodeBanderli|«eausrr *^^ '""'« ^^"■' '" Wso numbers, earr,'i„gXte ^^ ""''T 'Woarod ^V,tl, these wJiite Hanfthi „"?•"•'* <"; «>«'> lances. «tra„,^.crs to Jand,- wl,c?cun„n T^'T ''"*""«' the sent ashore under Frane^?? w"""'^ ^"''Jiors were ''We reception bei,* ™ccoXtf^°"'''-'"' •■""' •'' ^vor! "I'Foached with his S a,fd I '!' \''" «"n">»nder de erence was paid the ^,e,'^ t""^- f'" "'"»«' more fully ap y^ & iVT' "-^ «',1I hereafter zuma, having, in Id.; canit d^f n- '"S^' ^"■■'1 Monte- v...tors upon his eSn ', " b"'"T"'" ?^ «'« «t™I^ be rc-crontially enterta "ed f^th "'''•'T' *«"> ^ spread on mats an abunXn vhat best the Span" "h°" '"''*? '■"'«••« "nd »i"l gathered them ffoM tW^L ^•\''"''-'^' '"= ««'t out teoii thousand pesos S^f'^h '° «'« value of fif I«"ea GrijalvaC:L-mt ette;";^^''"f«» '•- ' c natn-es, subsequently c Ss^en?! r ^'"••'■'°'' °»<^ °f .interpreter. After a s av n? 'f ""'■'*'^°' =«>«>'» •^^"Icd, passing a small i.l d\^, f' ''^ .*'">''' the flec"t of iral...,,' -^"^ "'• ^'^"^'"■^ A,/«, Tins s5;iiS't;; M "'?'^'-' '^- ^^'•'-'* ^ ",il--.era makes the r„,i;..„ ^ ^"■'"'' ^^^'« '^ «''tivo '"^-^z ji,tl(j^ etc, * |)i(» I", NoiiiG of the earlv mo., i ' ^'^"'^'^ «/Ce«to» 20 ORIJALVA EXPLORES THE MEXICAN GULF. '4 a. \- Grijiilva called Isla Blanca, and tlion the Isla Yi'rdo, ^leaiiiiiiLf green with t'oliau^o amidst the green waters, tour leagues from the continent; coming presently to a third island, a league and a half from the mainland, which aifordcd good anchorage. This, according to Oviedo, was on the 18th of June. On landing tho Spaniards found two stone temples, within which lay tive human bodies, with bowels opened and limbs cut off'; and all about were human heads on poles, while at the top of one of the edifices, ascended by stono steps, was the likeness of a lion in marble, with a j^-ii-^^v \iead, showing the tongue cut out, and oppo- hhe to it a stone itlol and blood-fount. Here was evidently n sacrifice to some pagan deity; and touch- ing it 's to witness the horror with which these men of Spain regarded such shocking spectacles, while viewing complacently their own atrocious cruelties. Crossing from Isla do Sacrificios, as they called this blood-bespattered place, the Spaniards landed on the adjoining mainland, and making for themselves shel- ter with boughs and sails bcLran trading for gold; but the natives being timid and returns inconsiderable, Grijalva proceeded to another island, less than a league from the mainland and provided with water. Here was a harbor sheltered from the dread yet grateful north winds, which in winter rush in with • • • passionate energy, driving away the dreadful summer vomito and tumbling huge surges on the strand, though now they formed but a wanton breeze by day, which slept on waves burnished by the radiant sun or silvered by the moon. Here they landed and erected huts upon the sand.^^ To the Spaniards all nature along this seaboard seemed dyed with the blood '■'- The Chaplain Diaz affirms that ten days were passed on the inainlano,„ tl,is circumstance tol ?"'"' ■1,°"''^ '""■'•' 't --■ •'"-' "amo of the commanZ ' ' 'V*'' "'« '^^ts that «;a.. n»,v about the ti™oftr'''''' ""^ «'"* ' '," •!'^"' 'i'" baptist, the is" n,?""""''^''"->',"*'tl'efest !.• Lhm - wIn-lL thi co„ no ,t n'M'"!""' '''•■'" J"a„ -'llcci Santa Mana de laaNWos " "'""'^ «"■' V' ■■' •;'.<-'i). Hw, irhoVj/?//'' 'T''''"''''" (J'l V 'rrcrnl ^'"'"■'"'^ "rites ' '/"J.'Ira; and market I. on l'""^''''"'- '^'. ^o/ atmera; Viiz l^ourado, (ilhiii'irn; lloinl, Ahnrrin; ni>a. vi. mid vii., Mmiirh A/las, rio liu'<'.s iiurtli of IJianai ilc Alitirna a liii';,'t> jridf lalielli'd /'. tic S I'" ij S I'liiiln, and siiiitli of it Tuliiin, and Ton; Jiramo. Panipier lays tlown Almrria I. opposite 7V.<;»'aiid llauiaijo Isle on tlie mainland. Liict gives Naotldan ti Aliiicria, and Lhmiiii lie. Almcrid. ^ ' Vinioa las sierras de Tusta, y mas adelanto do a Id a otros dos diaa vi- mos otros sierr.as uiuy altas, ij agora se UaiiiiV las sierras de Tuspa;' so called, lU'inal IMaz says, J I int. i'crdm/., 10, from tho towns lying at their base. 1'ho Kio de Tiixpan is supposed to be the San Pedro y San Pablo of early days. ' l>a das I'eter-und rauls-Festauf den 2!) Juni.' *Kohl thinks Grijalva did not jiass Cabo Rojo, tiie C:. ro.ro of Vaz Pourado, and Hood, and I am inclined to agree with him. Hernal I)ia/ says, lliiii. Virdad, 10, ' Y estocs ya en la I'rovineia do I'anuco; e yendo jior nuestni naiiegaeio llegamoa li vn rio grande, (jue le pnsimos por nobre Kio de Canoas. ' The iionienelature of this stream is quite regular in tho several times and pluees. Cortes gives Jiio Panuro Irifutoii ; Colon, /?.• jmnwo; Kiboro and V,i/. l)(mrado, pvuiro; Orontius, li. jianh-n; }food, Pniiiiri); ISaptista Agnese, /mnu- rhn, and no )iainicho ; no. vi. Miinlvh Atlan the .same ; I'toleniy, I.'j.SO, in Mini- tJ< r, /'(t)iiico; Mereator, river and town I'mnnn, and next town south < fii'tt. And so on with Hontlius, Ogilby, ]>aiiipier, and the rest. See (Uildsrlnnhll'H < 'lU-to'j. I'ar. ( 'onM, M.S. , i. 578. Upon tlie hypothesis that the San I'eilro y San I'abloand the Tuxpan were two streams, the latter may have been the Kio tii atliiiu that tho ]>rovinoe of I'anuco was reached, and we well know that little would be .said to strangers of an aboriginal ])rovince by its inhabitants l)efore its great town, or its great I'iver, was approached. Hence tho general impression that Ori- j.dva on this occasion coasted as far as Tampico, and that tho Panuco was bis liio lie Canoas. It is my opinion tiiat tho entrance to the IJahia de Tanguijo, mistaken for a river, was the Kio de Canoas of Grijalva, and that Cabo Kojo \v:is his ultimate ])oint of discovery. ■* Some say sixteen. 80 RETURN OF GRIJALVA— A YEW EXPEDITIOX. m III jj')' ill'!' relate a iMiraclo wliioh liappened lierc because Grijalva refused the soldiers leave to sack the place; how a star, poised al>ovc the fleet after sunfeot, shot toward the town and hung over it invitingly, as if J(.liovah signified his pleasure that the Christians should seize the citv." After beating back the canoes the Spaniards })roceeded, but found their course impeded by the currents off C-abo Kojo; from which circumstance, together with the hostility of the natives, tho rapidity wirh which the season was advancing, and the condi- tion of the ships, they determirxcd to return. Turn- ing toward the southward, tlierefore, they were carried past the Kivur Goazacoalco by boisterous winds, and entered TonaU to careen and repair a leaky vessel.^ Again the men blasphemed and held the commander in derision because he would not settle. After sev- eral failures in starting they continued the voyage, encountered bad weather, touched at Deseado for water, engaged in a parting fight with the natives of Champoton, sailed again, and the fifth reached San Lazaro, where they were led into ambush AvliiJe searching for water, and attacked. After helping themselves to maize they embarked, followed the shore jtast Rio de Lagartos, the Comi of the native^, \\licnco tliey sailed f\)r Cuba, and arrl'/etl at ]\Iatanzas about the first of November.^ "Ill questo giomo sul tardi vedesseino r.iir.acolo ben grande el qunl fii die ajiparvi' una dtolla iiifima !a nave dapoi e! trainoutar dul sole et partisse simu- prc huttaiido ra/.i lino clio tvj j>osu sopra qi.el vilagio c'cr popiilo giaiule ct la'^si) \iiio la/o 111! laiere die diiro piu do tre liore gniiide ct anchoia vidi^ssinu) iiltii sigiiii! Iii'ii diiaii dove coiiipieiKk'ssenio die ilio vi.lca per suo servitio po- puiaa-JiMiio la dicta terra. Il'i.,erarin, in Icazhnlce/a, <\il. J>oc., i. H()2. ' Ik'rnal Diaz dai:ns to have jilaiitod here tlie lirst oiaiige-secds sown in New Spiiin. It was at the liase of a temple, on whose siiiiiniit he had enjoyed a refreshing sleep, above the douds of inosi|uitoes, and through gralitinle ho sowed these seed, which he had brought from Cuba. He tells, likewise, of o))tainiiig here liy barter 4,000 pesos, which, with the 1(1,000 pesos Alvarado carried home, made 120,000 pesos secured during tjie voyage. Among the treasures were some copper hatchets, which the Spaniards took to he an infe- rior kind of gold. La? Cjsas gives a detailed descri])tiou of the treasures obtained by this exr edition, among wliich was an emerald w orth 'J, 000 ihicats, from tlio mainland opposite Isla de Sacriticios. "This, following Oviedo, who in lo"J3 visited Velazquez, and wivs told ILI ILL-TREATMENT OF GRIJALVA. 31 III die 1 Sl'lll- Iclo ft [.siino jo i)o- (11 ill lovotl ho the toUl When Grijalva cast anchor in tho hay of Ma- tanzas his heart heat high with ])runiise. He had ivtunied successful from a brilhant discovery, in \\hich had begun that pronounced niastery i)f hfe which is the dream of every chivah'ous minch Tiiere had been nothing in the least irrational in his policy, or fickle or factious in his conduct. He haotoii, Si'iiti-tiiln'r I ; Niii J.azaro. St'i)toiiihi'r Ti, ami Mataiizas, Octohcr S, which is too t'urly, aiconUii'^ to tile date of Cortes' instructions. '•'Oviedo says that Olid Meiit to ("oziiiiu'i and took possession of tlie ishilid, thinking lie liad discovered it; then coasting north antl wubtwaid to a port, 32 RETURN OF GRIJALVA-A NEW EXPEDITION. \H arrived with the gold and jj^ood tidinij^s from tlio armada, Mliioh i^avo tlio governor unbounded joy. (jrrijalva liad yet to learn, however, how Alvarado, not t'orgetting the censure hestowed on him for dis- ()bt.'dienet\ liad not I'aik'd to color the conduct of his commander to suit his own ends. (Jrijalva's rej)eate;l refusals to colonize were jviiaded as tlu gross mis- takes of a stubborn and s[)iriiJess inan; the coolness and bravery disj>layed at (^ham|)oton were made to apjH>ar as reckless imprudence; and as the govi'rnor thought of the danger to which his adventure had there been subjected, he became alarmed. "Had I lost all," he muttered, "it would have been a 'just jxMiahy for .sending s'lch a fool." And now both J):ivila and ^[ontejo poured fresh poison into the ear of the govi'rnt)r resjiecting his ni'phew, in revenge for simil.ir fancied injuries; so that when CTrijalva reported himself to V\!laz(juez at Santiago, he was told to go his way, since the governor luul no further use for him. Indeed, tliis line of action had been for some time determiiied on. Inmiediati'ly upon the arrival of Alvai'ado, a new expedition had been j)lanned, in which (Jrijalva was not to particij)ate. The latter was hurt, almost to deatii. Jle had conferred a great benefit on this Tiberius of an uncle; but as affection is heightened by the conferring of beui'fits, so it is (>!'teii lessened by the acceptance of them. Not long after, Juan de Salcedo M'as sent to Santo ])omingo for ]n>rmission io colonize New S]>ain, ami ]>enilo Mai'tin, chaplain and man of business, was despatched to Spain'" with a full account of the dis- I*agiuiii (!'■ TiTiiiinos, ami liiuling no traces of (rrij.ilva, niul liaviiii; lost lii;< niuhors, ln> ivtunii'd to Mataiizas oiglit days ho im Cirijalva; Imt in tliis litattMncnt lu' is susUiiiuHl noitlRT by his ooiiton;]>oraries noi" tiy liis own cuh latcial stiiti'tiu nts, Volaziimv,' instruotioiis '.o ('ortt^s iiro tlat('(l tho 'JIM of Oclolior, itt wliii'h time noitiiorOliil noiMirijalva liad wturnod, siiioc Corti's is tohl to soaivli tor thcin ; )>oth arrived, liowovi-r, lii'foro lie sailed. '" It was in May, 1.")!!), ai'i-ordiiij,' to «)viedo, that lienito Martin— some eall him M;i;tine/ saili'd h)r Spain, tlrijalva hiiviiij; arrived at Santiago late in the Oetoher previous. IJy ret'erenee to a Vela/.(|nez menioriat. in iv. '2X\ I, Col. l>oc. /iitiL, \vc liud that hcforo this, upon the atreiiglh of Cordoba's dia- CHAIJACTER OF VEL V/OFT^ A>-r. 3.1 »"' «. lu.i.pilv were .list ut . ^CT'P' <^""<-''i'l"-: acklantado of Cuba adJcd. ^ '^'' ''''^^' *^^^ ^^^lo of How different t] ^" u.iiURMir tlio qua It V qn- ;vna Gnlalva, aril Zl q'lalltv of tlicso tu tlio pluunix <-'Iiaracter of th wt lout ami Jioll.nv witi i'o oved glory, tlio hi <'».tIio ability ami tl so widely dm o mou, A\>1, u- ^v about to rise Iron I • • "7'^""<^ <'•'"» ^- a camllc tiamo, lu,t i.'-ovornor was lil, uu. )rass a Almost 'IS JlHloh as irold tiiict »i'; and ni m osi.i>-ning men be was very read'y to sus.^'t tr '"^'^^'■'^•^' '"""'■^^•J''. ;;•fe^<>^thootlu.r'h:Ll::'7L'';:•^'- Xew 'World d ^' n-H(i diseove :. o ; "r ;'"' t. Oberlionf . ' : '. ''^ '' ""'^Jo-^t fl •^ the l.ysander ,,f *>in.s and uo-1 > nianly •^PXMt, obedient to oust }';'^''-'-'^J-noraml:i^:;;ri"''" t eiK'i r()ii> ■onerous action, t] pleasure, nativ ' :^'^7f 'i«^-iion, the verv f.nlf.. i ' ■•— '^s nan "•^- -Inne brilliant .w I' ;... ''^' ^IV'-^'^ out by ] as ny H ^^paniard that ^'l^tues. ] { Jus -^•va<^e, as brave and tah-nted ever drew steel ^- \vas as chivab ''•'^■'^ly. th,. u as any. on nalvrd ^'ili'l.iiitn, fi;< li.'M ill.' f, Oof \v '".'-'•oiKl,,. i;Ul,„f X, J^nt he laekc,! 'i win "iiil, jit I ■K lit' liad (llSOOV.T.',! Ol till. ,1 •''liii.s of th lis own COMt. ( ,"i'"'r. I.")IS, at S, ' '"■'"ii.'litdi.-ic fini.troHsn, iiiail(> \\q. fa of ''■■o'l'iiilaiits of Spaiiiaid.s, »! o/lliii,.| ■OV.T. 1 Z, '"'■'i w.is not tn ■"I'l Viioataii, ( "": '•"•li..Waiii„.,i ;"^''ni(.r of ('„! yourso, (h.. I ••'K.iiii, whici aro, '■"i>. Iii,l..,.,|, tl '»' S'liifa M ••'^ ••' nil.', «i,l,.iv .1 >il>ii, to t\ 'I'-iiorof th.. ili.s ',l;'V''N(>lill.s,.v,,„( ill l.'SC IMtli I'lcnt fn Ilia il.i fiirth. iin/, '• ■Uiinorial ,/,'f y itu'u iiis(,.a,l.,f 'Ml t\ 111) ;"^'''';y i>< .'laiin..,! m| ''■'"I", Co/. />, I ni ( ■/■la 'I'swio ,/,■ />■ j ''"'• />"■•. />„,r '" viMitiin.il N('Vl.|l. Iio lly for tl '""i<' than Ik II foil io I'r/ri '/">■• 'i'i>/f/a>it,„i„ /)/,•„„ iw„ ' ' '"' xi'vt'iit iis'iinco -l^-Ki, th.. littl. 111"!-. .MkX., V "'.It of oii.i !,„_; ;'J'/"'': -^ //<■/•«„;, ( s'n'l's ami a I'L. I. u K'oMii into ii ciiia\ d '" '''>/• /'.v. /,,,,/ or/t " ith SO or i»0 iii'i'inii xii. iiion. >(\ 34 RETURN OF GRIJALVA— A NEW EXPEDITION. the unscrupulous positivencss inseparable hero from permanom: success. He was resolute in overcoming difficulties, and he was strong and shrewd enough in the prosecution of any high enterprise, particularly so lonrr as fortune favored him : but he was no match for the subtle-minded of his own nation, who over- Avhelmed him in their show of learning, backed by imposing forms. All contemporary writers speak well of him; likewise all the chroniclers, except Go- mara, who permits chivalry no place save in his pet and patron, Cortes. The soldier Bernal Diaz pro- nounces him a most worthy officer. The liistorians Oviedo and Herrera call him a comely man, thor- oughly loyal, and never backward at fighting. Yet we are told that some censured him, while others cursed him outright for his conscientiousness, be- cause he did not break orders and seize opportu- nity. So ready were they to engage in the f:\llacious argument that it was right to do wrong if good might come of it. To disobey Velazquez, they said, was to break no divhie law; forgetting that the gov- ernor derived his authority from the king, and the king from the Almighty. Of a truth, when force alone is the standard of right, then honesty is not the best policy. For a time he carried himself with a brave front, conscious of his integrity, yet we may say he was laid low forever by the blow misfortune here gave him." Meanwhile patience, good gov- " Las Casas saw him at Santo Domingo in 1523. He was reclnced to ponnry. I'r.jceoding thence to Panama, lie was sent l)y Pedrarias to Nicaragua, where" ho was killed. So perished the best and morally bravest of cavaliers, while unscrupulons tricksters lloui-ished. Prior to his departui'C from Cuba, however, and notwithstiinding the vile treatment of the governor, at Vela/.- (jiiez' request, ftrijalva wrote a narrative of his expedition, which was h)st by Oviedo in its transmission to the king. It is embodied, however, in sub- stance, in Omnia, i. .WJ-ST. One of the most original and complete accounts of (irijalva's expedition extant is that by the priesc J^an Diaz, lltnenirio (Ic LdniKita iH lie Cn/ho'ico in India ri'ifo hi Ao'n de lurhatloin del, aitno M. I). XVIII, alia ijual fu Prexidviite <0 ('<./,lfaii (Ifiifralo foan d^ Orifilm: el r/iial c facto "prr el copellano maijijior de dicia Armafa a fiiia Altizzi, published in Italian, at Venice, in LVJO, in French by Tcrnaux-Compans. in IS.'iS, the former being copied and quoted in manuscript by Preseott. Tlie issue at Venice was as the second part of the Jtincrario df Lvdooiro dc rarlffur' Motojuoit ndlo Eyitto, wiUa lioria, etc., and was there begun, (jui comincin lo VALE GPJJALVA. 33 ernor! For soon enough M'ill arise an agent capable of i)laying shrewd tricks to your ani[)le contentment. It'iiierarlo dr Lhola de Inchatnn nonnweiite ritrounta per il sujiior Ginan dp. (.'ri^alur, etc. By far the best edition is tliat given with a Spanish transhi- tion Ijy Icazbalceta, in his Col. Dor., i. "JS 1-308, piinted in Mexieo in IS.VS. Next is the account by ]'»ernal Diaz, who, like the chaplain, accompanied the expedition, thus giving us narratives by eye-witnesses at onc(! from ecclesi- astical and secular stand-points. The st^itcments of Goniara, J/iif. Ind., M-H, ami //i4. Mex., 9-11, must bo ttiken with allowance. Worse still are the nie- iiKirials of the relatives of Velaz(jue2 to sovereign majesty, such as that found in I'ai-heco and Curdciia>i,('o!. l>o<\, x. 'l tidc- Unilado Diego Vehiz'/uez d llcrmvi t'ortr.s, in Pci'-hcvo and ('(irdcnas, Col. Dor., xii. 2'2C)~C)l, also important, &s furnishing original collateral light. Las ("asas, JH4. Ind., iv. 10, 4'21-4, though full, is specially inaccurate and weak, not only in his facts, but in his deductions. Nor is Peter Martyr, dec. iv. cap. iii., any stronger. Chivljiro, Storin Jfe-ix., iii. 4-6, De Itchus Cesl'ni Fi'rdl- iKuidi Cortcii, in taizhalccta. Col. Doc, i. 34l-(i, and Landu, H, an/., A Xrw Col., i. 189-98; SammlniKj iiltcr /'eisdieseh., x'ui. '2'A-M; Lnhnriie, Alir'(/e, ix. 219-31; AVrr'.'* Co//-, ii. 70 1, and iii. 410-.").'!; Klenim, Alli/emeiiiet 'idtnriiisefneli/e, 219; Cord no, Selieepn- '/'■iijt, 3-18, and .3."»-8!). in Ai, Xiinire. 11" ri/f/, 72-o; Gotlfrieil, I?i i/Ken, iii. ;Fiilsiim, 'u\(,'oi-ten' De.ii)a/rhis,(>-><; I/niriU'.i //is\ U. S., i. 8-9; Lordiier's I/i-^l. /Jj.sciic., ii. 43-4; S/kiii. Com/, in. Am., ii. 3 (I; Vttanecvt, Tealio Mrr., pt. iii., 100-9; Larennudiire, J/c.c. (t (hint., .">:; t: CoUe, M,m. ij Xnf., 81-2; .Voi/er'.s Me.r. /|-.^<-, i. 14-1,-); //iii'etf, /i'e>iiim(^, i. 97-103; Miiror'.s ///m"., xxiv. 0,7-0; (irdjori/'n Hint. Me.r., 19-20; Xorm(in\H Ii(tinlile.i,{Kt; ]Vilson\i Mix. and /leij., IS: ('o'Inn'.H Jour. Geo;/., No. vi. 84; Xeire Zeilluwj von Jueafun, 1, etc.; Mon- 'j'lire, /{('.••■unie, 41 0; ^/nreh y Lahore.'^, ^flished, he must return humbly to Santiago, and lay his trophies at the feet of his master. Grijalva was most nearly such a man; but he lacked that subtle second sense which should tell him when it was the governor's pleasure to have his orders disobeyed. Por- callo was competent, but Velazquez was afraid of liim. He was scarcely farther from the throne than himself; and in reporting any important conquest to the king M'ould prove the greater of the two. The relatives present were worse, if anything, than Grijalva; be- sides, they had no means, and to thk position the suc- cessful aspirant must bring money as well as courage and discretion. Bcrmudez miglit be eligible, but for his services, in braving the dangers, and bringing the results of the expedition to Velazquez, he had the ^f^'r., 77-8; Tnnron, Ifi.it. Oen. Am., iii. 58-78; liiisstcrre, VEmpire Me.r., 103-0; SnmlovuU llht. Carlos V., i. l()I-'2; Cort^^, Jlint. Mt.i:, .SO-110; ('amy"'. 1114. jyrsfuh. Aw., ii. 7-10; Cortc.t, Aven. y('on<]., 1'2-l.S; Stephens' lucid, of Tniirl in Yio:, ii. 3(i(>-0; Drnke'n Voy., lGl-3; llart'x Tahruco, 4-iJ; Jai Cnr., V. r)41-4; XourdlcnAii.de.f Voi/., xcvii. 30-1, and clxiv. 101; and Manzi,Coiiq. (/(• J/',sw.. l-.l 'H'allod Rorrcgo, says Torqucniada, i. 301. Bemal Diaz gives Borrego as the si'c'diul Hui'iinnio. '^ Bcnial Diaz says Aiigustin BuTmudez. I:' 1 1 m RISE OF IIERNAN COllTl'X 37 temerity to demand throe thousand (hieats. The ]>r()[K)sition was not for a moment to be entertained; tlie job must be accomphshcd for less money. Watchful eyes saw the governor's dilemma, and artful tongues M'agged opportunely. Near to him in their daily vocations were two men, both small in stature, but large of head, and broad in experience and sagacity. One was the governor's secretary, Andres do Duero, and the other the royal contador, Amador de Lilrcs. Both possessed rare attainments; they were skilled in every artifice, and could make their master see white or black; while Litres could not write, he had not failed to profit by a twenty -two years' career in Italy, during which time he rose to the honorable distinction of chief butler to the Gran Capitan, and he seldom found it difficult to move the unstable Velazquez to his purposes, although they were not always the purest and best." Following the example of the governor, these two worthies were not averse to improving their fortunes by securing, at little risk or expense, an interest in the New Spain conquest; and so they gave heed when the alcalde of Santiago softly insinuated that he was the man for the emergency, and that if they would hel)") him to the command they should share the profits. 15 The alcalde of Santiago bore a fair reputation, con- sidering the time and place; for comparatively few names in the New World were then wholly free from taint. In the prime of manhood, his age being thirty- three, of full medium statuj'o, well proportioned and muscular, with full breast, broad shoulders, square full forehead, small straight spare compact body and well " Las Caaas regarded him as a scheincr, and often warned Vela7.(|uez nj,';unst ' Veintidos ufios do Italia.' IIUI. liuL, iv. 4-17. Ho calls him like- wise ' Ihirgali's' and ' lioinlire astutisimo.' '■' ' (^hie partiriaii,' says IJernal Uiaz, lfi.it. I'cnlttd., 13, ' entre todon trea la jiaiianeia del oro, y plata, y joyaa, de la parte (jue le cupiesse a Citrti's,' :iiid also, growls Lis Ca.sas, iihl .tityrn — knowledge of the facts as yet heinjj liiit nimoi — what Cortes eould steal from the king and the governor was sub- ject to division, beside what ho would rob from tho natives. 88 RKTURX OF GRIJALVA-A NEW EXPEDITION. II I turned limbs, tliougli somewhat bow-legijfCfl, ho pre- sented a ])leasing rather than imposlnijj front. His portraits show fine antique features, beariniif a somo- wliat sad expression, which was increased by tlie ^n-ave tenderness of the dark oval eyes. The full though thin beard, cut short, counteracted to scmio extent the effect of the small ash-colored face, and served to cover a deep scar on the lower lip, the memento of a duel fought in behalf of a certain frail fair one. He was an exceedingly popular alcalde; there was nothing staid or sombre in his method of administer- ing justice. The law was less to him than expedi- ency, and his standard of right was easily shifted, according to circumstances. In wit and vivacity he was a Mercutio. Astute of intellect, discreet, of a cheerful, even jovial disposition, with brilliant intui- tions and effervescent animal spirits, he knew how to ])lease, how to treat every man as best he liked to be treated. A cavalier of the Ojeda and Balboa type, he was superior to either. He would not, like the former, woo danger for the mere pleasure of it, nor, like the latter, tamely trust his forfeited head to any governor. Life was of value to liim; yet adventure was the rhythm of it, and the greater the peril the greater the harmony secured. An hidalgo of respect- able antecedents, whatever he might have been, or might be, he now plaved the part of magistrate to perfection. As a matter of course, ho was in entire sympathy with the religious views of the day, as well as with the leachnjif men amoniTf the cler^jy. Iiuleed the friars ever praised him, believing him to be a zealous and conscientious man; he made it a point that they should. The moral ideal of the Japanese is politeness. Politeness is virtue. They do not say that lying and stealing are wrong, but imi)o- lite. While the alcalde if pressed must confess himself an optimist, believing that whatever is, is best, yet in practice that best he would better, and CORTK.S OBTAINS TIIK APPOINTMENT. a» wliatsoevcr liis strongtli permitted, it was right for hiiii to do. He was a sort of Mephistophelcs, decked in manners and guided by knowledge. Besides the workl, he knew books, and how to make somewhat of them. Earnestly devoted to the service of the church, many of his acts yet met with its most unqualified condemnation. Possessed of vehement aspirations, his ambition was of the aggressive kind; not like that of A'elazquez, mercenary and timid. Like Tigellinus Sophonius, it was to his pleasing person and unscru- pulous character that the alcalde owed his rise from poverty and obscurity; and now, like Phaethon, if for one day he might drive the governor's sun-chariot across the heavens, it would be his own fault if he were not a made man. This much at this time wo may say of Hernan'" Cortes, for such was the al- calde's name; which is more than ho could say for himself, not knowing himself as we know him, and more than his associates could say of him. Here- after as liis character develops we shall become further acquainted with him. It is as difficult to detect the I'ull-grcnvn plant in a seed as in a stone, and yet the seetl will become a great tree, while the stone remains a stone. And so, with the aid of his loving friends Duero and Liires, whose deft advice worked successfully on the })lastic mind of Velazquez, and because he ])os- scssed some money and many friends, as well as courage and wisdom, the alcalde of Santiago was proclaimed captain-general of the expedition." And '" Hernan, Hernando, Fernan, Fernando, Ferdinando. Tlie names are one. Witli no s[)ecial preference, 1 employ tlie tirst, usccl liy tlic! l)(.'st writers. Anioni,' the early authorities. Soils, the Siianiah 1 Mislator of I)e lM>un d'eai'iH Ferdinamli Cortexii, and many others, write >i.r,"a'i; Pizarro y Urcllaiia, Varonen Ilvulres, Fernan; Bernal Diaz and Oviedo, Hei.mndo; Goinara, Fer- nando. In accordance with the Spanish usaj^e of adiling the mother's siinianie, ho is sometimes, tliough rarely, called Cort«58 y I'izarro. For portrait aucl signature i refer the readier to Alavmn, Divert., i. ai)p. i. 15-10 ; portrait as an olil man; Claviijfro, Storia MesH., iii. 0-8; PrescoU'n Mex., iii. 1; Id., (ed. Mex., 1840, iii. 210-11); Armin Allc Mex., 82, plate from the painting in tho Conci'pcion Hospital at Mexico; March y Liihovn, Marina Kspanola, i. 400. '' In making out the commission Duero stretched every point in favor of his friend, naming him captain -general of lands discovered and to bo dis- 40 RETURN OF GRIJALVA— A NEW EXPEDITION. now, wliilo the heathen wail let tlic Spaniards rejoice. Yes. Noble Castilian! cry aloud! for gold shall fill the coffers of your king as they were never filled before, and great shall be the glory of your kingdom; and if the sight of the blood your captains shall draw from the hapless savages, even more freely than gold is drawn, does not spoil your appetite for the game, then whet your swords for the grand pacification. covered, as well as of the fleet. ScUa, Hist. 3fex., i. 47; for the greater tho sliare of Corti'S, the greater Duero's share. Gomara says, JJist. Mex., 12, • Hablo a Fern.lilo Cortes para Jj armasscan amboa a mcdias, porQ tenia doa mil Castellanos de ore,' etc. ; but "iOiX) castcllanos alone would not pnrchaae u half interest in this undertaking. Las Ca.saa, loc. cit, states that Velazquo/, for reasons that will appear in the next chapter, was very cautious in intercourse with Cortes until his scruples were overcome by advisers. CHAPTER IV. THE HERO OF THE CONQUEST. Bim iiPLACE OF Herxan CoRTfe — His Comino CoMPENSATon y Fon the Devil- sent LUTHEK— PaREXTAOR — HeRNAX A SiCKLY ChILD— SaINT PeTER ins Patron — Hk is Sent to Salamanca — IIetcrns Home — Thinks ok C6RD0DA and Italy — And of Ovaxdo and the Indies— Chooses the Latter — Narrow Escape during a Love Intrigue— Ovan do Sails WITHOUT Him — Cortes Goes to Valencia— Is there III — Keiurns Home— Finally Sails for the Indies— His Reception at Santo Domingo — He Fights Indians under Velazquez, and is Given an Kncomienda — Goes to Cuba with Velazquez — Makes Love to Cata- lina Suarez — But Declines to Marry — Velazquez Insists — Cortes Reuels— Seizures, Imprisonments, Esc.u'es, and Reconciliation. Lf:T US now look into the life of this Cuban maijis- trate, so suddenly raised to prominence. Medellin, a small town of Estremadura, Spain, was the birthplace of Hernan Cortes, and 1485 the year ill which he was barn — miraculously born, as INIen- dicta and others believe, and perhaps by way of com- pensation for the appearing about this time of Martin Luther.^ The shade of Montezuma, pcradventurc, ' Indeed, to make the miracle perfect in .ill its details, a little warpinf? of tlie facts is perhaps allowable. So wlicn the zealous chroniclers hring into the woi Id the same year, the same day, even tlie solf-saine iionr, these two {;ioat champions for the souls of men, we should not he too critical, though in truth there wei-e two years ditlerence in their ages. ' V asi, no carecc do niistcho qtie el mismo aflo que Lutero nacio en lalebio,' tliat is to say Kislel)cn, ' viUa le Sajonia, nacio Hernando Cortes en Medellin, villa do Ksiuula; aqucl para turijar el mundo y meter debajo do la bandera del demonio a niuchos de los liclcs que de padres y abueios y muchos tiempos atras eran catolicos, y este para traer al gronio de la Iglesia intinita multitud de gentos (jue jiorafios sin cuonto habian esta/lo debajo del poder do Satanus envueltos en viiios y cicgos con la idolatria.' Mriidieln, Hiit. L'don., 174-5. Pizarro y Orellana will not he outdone by any one in zeal or mendacity. 'Nacio esto llnstro Varon el <'ia mismo ([lie aquella besti-i infernal, el Pertido Hcresiarca Lutero, salio •tI mundo.' I'aroiiex Ilvxlres,(ii). Iternal Diaz is the iirst authority on the (jncs- tiun of age. 'En el ano que passanios con C'ortca dendc Cuba,' ho writes (41) I: III II m 4a THE HERO OF THE CONQUEST. might (loiiy tluit his was tho advent of a new Messiah, though tho tleluded monarch, at tho first, sorrowfully hailed him as such. The father, Martin Cortes y ]\lonroy, was of that poor ^ut prolific class who filled Spain toward the close of the ^Moorish wars, and who, although nothing in particular, were neverthe- less permitted to call themselves hidalgos, sons of something. Some give him the title of cscudero, others place him still higher in the scale of fighting men. The mother, Catallna Pizarro y Altamirano, likewise, with poverty, claimed nohle blood.'' Hernan was a sickly child, and probably would have died had not his good nurse, Maria de Estevan, Hist. Vi'.nhid., 23S, 'a la Niieva Espnil », fne cl dc quinientos y diez y nucuo alios, y cntonces solia ilozir estnndo en uonvcrsacion tie toiloa iiosotrcd los coni- pai'ieros (jue con el passanioa, que aula treyiita y quatro aflos, y voynte y oclio (jue auiau jiiissado liasta (]ue muiio, que )0n sesenta y ilos afios.' Wliile agree- ing with Iternal Diaz in tiie date of Cort(53' death, December '2, l.")47, (ioniiii-a says he was then sixty-tlirec. From his false prcniiso Mcndieta elaborates a eoniparison between Lutiicr and Cortes, dwelling with pious pathos on tiio holocaust of human victims oti'ercd up at the consecration of the great Aztec temple at Mexico, which deed, he coolly stiites, was committed on the day Cortt's was born. For the facts, see Jinvcro/f's Native Ilnccs, v. .''), 4;{!)-4l). Without taking the trouble to test Mcndicta's statement, Torqncmada, i. .'540-1 , carries the nuraculous still further. Following the luaven-descended Cortt's in his piratical raiil on M.^xico, he sees the hand of (!od in the linding of Aguihir, who, like Aaron, was to be the mouthpiece of his chief, in the alli- ances with native states, antl in the great victories antl hair-breadth escapes of tho coii(|ueror, lighting luitler the banner of the cioss. '■^ Accoriling to the T 'Iialf Suiiit, Pctor, tlu'nccforth liir^ j)atr<»n.'' With his iiiothL-r'.s milk he (h'tiiik couran'c* and intellii^euco, and ho was schooled in the virtni's and the vices of the «lay. In his youth he was liead- stronjjf, hut cliivalrous, and he revelled in liis supe- liority ()ver other hoys. The hrain-fernient, chronic throughout his life, set in at an early day. J le was keenly sensitive to disj^-race. As he developed sonie- M'hat of archness and du[)licity, he was deemed hest tit ted for the profession of the law. At the aj^e of fourteen, accord iui^ly, with such preparation as the slender means of the father would allow, he was sent to Salamanca, whose university, though past the zenith of its fame, was still the leadin<' seat of learn- 'u\\j; for conservative Spain. Two years of restraint and intellectual drud'''ery, durinix which time he lived with his father's brother-in-law, Nunex de Valera, suliiced to send him home surfeited with learning, to t he i^roat disappointment of his family.' A frolicsome and somewhat turbulent disposition, more marked since his college career than pre\'iously, made his I'e- turn all the more unwelcome. Not tliat his studies, ' The nurse was .a ' vezina ilc Oliun,' and her method of choosing a patron vas (.■hiinicteristic of the tinie.s. ' La deuucion fue echar en suortca los doze aiiDstoli's, y darlo por aiiogado I'l postrero ii ssliesse, y salio sau I'edro. Kn cuyi) iiuhre se dixcron ciertas uiitisas y oraciones, con his (inales phigo a Dioa ■j siiiassi'.' Oomara, IlUt. Mex., 4. * And Pi/airo y Orellana, I'ttmiirn /I'o'/r.v, 00-09, inchdgcs in a Icngtliy dissertation upon the elleot of niothms' milk on iierous. 'C'riolc a siis polio.-i l>')ria Cat;iliua Pizarro su niadre: y a la genorosidad ileste lacticinio atiilmyo MaiiiuM) e Siculo su gran valor, y vii'tud. ' ' I'i/arro y Orellana, Vnroins //(>7;v.v, 07, states that he was supportecl at fdlleg,; l)y Monroy and Rodrigu<'Z. It is ]i(issil)lo that his proud spirit oliafid uiiikr this tlependonce, or tliat ho felt too diej)ly lii.s position as a j)! Kir student aaioiig the wealthy youth there eougregateil; or that tiiis aid was withdraw ii v.wing to the turhiilent character here developed hy the youns,' man. 'J'luse views find .support in ilomani, II'iM. Mcx., 4: ']5oluiose a Medillin, haitu o arrc|)entido de istudiar, o (juiya falto de dineros.' While admitting tiie want hotli iif money and inclination for study, Tor((ueniada, i. .S4."i, states that a i]uartau fever came on as lie was pi'eparing for the study of law, and was tlio chief cause of his leaving the college. Las ( 'a.sas. Hint. IiiiL, iv. 1 1, gives Idm the lioiiorsof a hachillcr, and as having studied law, both of which H»^atenu'nti are uidikely, considering his short course. 'Aprendiendo gramiitica' imjilies a cuur.se of study in Latin and (h'eek, as well a.s rlictoric, which it required three years to complete. Plan ih- Ka/m/iDs di; In I'liin r-iiddd iff Sdlamniirit, ipiotcd liy Folsom, ill ''oW'v' y>('N;i'(/'/((<, 10. According to Peralta, 'asento coil nil Lscribano, . . . .y aprondio d escrebir," etc. in Valladolid. XoL Hint., 50. m ' 44 TU7 HERO OF THE CONQl"E>;T. '3]' !. ij'. ''■ despite liis aversion to them, liad l)oeii wholly no- elected; he could boast a sniatter of Latin, wliich indeed proved of advantajj^e afterward, / Onl/aii'i, Wn-i'iii^ Jlrstrt's, 70: Solis, Hist. Mrx., i. 4j; Dt lldiuis Uiditi Finlinundi Cviivnii, in Icazbalccta, Col. Do<\, i. 31-. CH)RTi:>; SAILS FOR THE NEW WORLT>. a After this, Cortc's tliou^'ht aLjaiii of Italy, and wont lo A'alcMicia to place himself uiuler Cordoba, hut ojicc more illness overtook him, this time accompanied by destitution, and he returned to ^ledellin somewhat soliered." Thus another year was idled away; but notwithstandinjTf his follies, the youtliful cavalier, who was now iiineteen, displayed many tine qualities. As hr ap}>roi,clied manhood his health improved, and form }iih1 teatures became more pleasing. Though proud in his bearing, and of quick i)erceptions, and high-spirited in tempo", he sought to school his tongue, and to ]irnetise discretion in the use of his sword. Native to jiiiii vere genercjsity and amiability. The qualities of his jieart were noble; the vices were those of his time and station. \et he lacked the moral fibre which ^llould bo interwoven with the good impulses of every lich, sensitive nature, and this want could not bo made up by repeating prayers and singing psalms, wherein Gomara describes him as efficient. The ])inching economy to which Cortes was reduced iiiiide his present frequent visions of the Indies a])pear only the brighter; and when, in 1504, a fleet of ti\e shi|is was announced to sail for Esjjailola, he deter- mined to delay no longer. With little else than his lather's Idessing he proceeded to Seville, and took jiassage with Alonso Quintero, master of one of the vessels, who fancied himself shrewder than other men, and shrewder than he was. Thinking to overreach his brother captains in whose company he sailed, and to secure at Esjvanola the iirst market for his merchan- ny.icmada, i. 340, sees in the bird a nieascngcr from God to conduct-, safely his chofnu inatnimcut for converting tlio natives of the Now World. I'izarro y Orellana, Winiiicn Ilrslira, (i9-70, recognizes the Holy (ilio.-it, avIio assiinieil tliis form, and conuueuts on similar niipeuranccs clsewhe 'c. How gotxUy a thing is faith ! '"jio assisted in the pacification of Higne, Baumco, Haignao, lutagna, Jaruguil, and Amgnayagua. Corks, Memorial, in Vol. Doc, Incd., iv. 2"20. m. THE SN.VRES OF WOMAX. 47 in official pursuits, varied by military exploits and lovo intrigues which kept his sword from rusting and gave him wounds which he carried through life. An ab- scess under the right knee, a most lucky affliction, alone prevented his joining the ill-fated expedition of Nicuesa to Vcragua." On assuming the direction of New World affairs as governor, in place of Ovando, Diego Colon in 1511 fitted out an expedition against Cuba, and gave the command to Velazquez, who appointed Cortes his advisor and executive officer,^^ a position which the latter gladly accepted, deprived as lie was of his patron (Jvando, and lieartily tired of the monotony of Es- ])aiiola. Still hidden beneatli a careless exterior were the deeper qualities of his nature, and there were yet six other years, and more of ordinary business and pleasure, before the appearance of earnest thought or great self-reliance." Meanwhile Sjianish womoi were not numerous in the Indies, and rivalry for their favors was great. Cortes had escaped with light " The author of De Uehus OcMU Fcrdinandi Corte-'iii directs tlii-scxpeilitioii tr. C'il)a, after delayiiij^ it three iiv.mth.s iii the hope of seeunii!^ the .serviced of (.'oi'tos, iu both of which statements lie is iu error. Icazliakrta, Col. Doc, i. .Sis- lit. '- 'Socium ot ministruin cotisilionim omnium adsumit.' Dc Ih'him Orsti.i Ferd'iniindi (.'orfffiii, in fcaz'ia!cet(i, < 'ol. Doc, i. {i2'd. So higlily did X'ela/.quez estoeiu the (jnalitiesof his friend, 'din inultunniuo Cortesium ro;,'at, ut Heemii eat: niaria ae montes pollicetnr, si operam ad id belhim polliceatnr.' J'l., |{10. J^as Casas, wlio knew Cortes at a hiter time, makes liiiii one of the two scerct^irics of Velazfutez, the otiier l)oini; Audrija de Duero; and tliis wouKl eoincido with tiie alxjve. Las Casas is too inconsistent to be very reliable. On the same page ho refers to Cortes as a prudent, reticent man, ami iilso as a prater nf)t to lie trusted with secrets; useful to ^'elazmlez only for his knowledgoof Latin. JJhL In'L, iv. 10 1 1. Ilrrrcra, dec. i., lib. ix., cxp. viii., follows Las Casas. Comara, I/iKt. .l/c.c, (!, calls him 'oticial del tesovero Mij^iud de lAa.ssamote, para tencr cu<'ta ci> los ((uiiitos y ha/.ienda del rey, y nun 1 1 me.smo Diego Vcla/,(pie/ se In roito, ])or .ser habil y a muy resabido y recatado,' say.s Las Casas, ' puesto que no inostraba saber tJinto, ui ser dc tantii hubilidad eomo desiiucs lo mostro eu cosus lirduuH.' 48 THE HERO OF THE CONQUEST. punishment many gallantries, but he had not been settled long: in Cuba before he found a more serious case upon his hands. Among those who had settled in Cuba was a family from Granada, Suarez by name, consisting of a widow, her son Juan, and three daughters, remarkable for their beauty. They had come with the vireyna Maria de Toledo, and Gomara is so ungallant as to say that their object was to secure rich husbands.** Scores of hearts are laid at their feet, but the marriage obligation is evaded by the more promising men of the colony, for the Suarez family has a somewhat clouded reputation. In one of them Velazquez takes a tender interest; some say he marries her.*'' Cortes fancies another; Catalina is her name; ho trifles with her afl:cctions, obtains her favors, promises her marriage, and then seeks to evade the issue. The brother petitions the virtuous governor, who cannot see the sister of his* love thus wronged. Velazquez orders Cortes to marry Catalina. The cavalier refuses. Enmity arises be- tween the two men, and without difficulty Cortds is persuaded by certain disaffected to join a cabal against the i^^'overnor. Nocturnal meetings are held at tho house of Cortds; and when it is determined to lay their fancied grievances before the authorities at Santo ** Tho deceased head of tho family boro tho name of Diego Suarez Pa- checo, the mother that of Maria do Marcaida, also wrongly written Mercaida. Tho son, Juan Suarez, tho partner of Cortes in tho Cuban encomienda, after- ward settled in Mexico. Bernal Diaz, Hist. I'crdcuL, 12-13. See also Proceso de Marcayda, in Cortda, Kesidenria, ii. 333. Peralta, the son of Juan, gives tho family a genealogy of high order. Not. Hist. , 57. ' Suarez gento pobre. ' Ans Casus, J fist. Iiid., iv. 13. ' Doiiii, Catalina Suarez Pacheco (the daughter), doncella noble y recatada. ' Solia, Hist. Mex., i. 40, and Pizarro y Orellaua, I'aroiv's llvstrcs, 70, also write Suarez, Herrora and Gomara, Xuarez. Tho lat- ter says three or four daughters. Hist. Mex., 7, but it seems that there wcro four children in all. Thoso who write tho more common form of Suarez are more explicit, and deserve at least equal credit with Gomara. '■^ Velaz(iuez was man'ied not long ufter his arrival in Cuba to the daughter of Contador Cu(5llar. Tho brido died within tho same week. Harrera, dec. i. lib. ix. ccip. ix. 'Velazquez fauorccia Li por amor do otra su hcrmana, rf tenia ruhi fama, y aun el era deinaaiado mugeril. ' Gomara, Hist. Mn: , 7. Delaporte, Rcisen, x. 141-2, assumes that Cortes won tho love of her win 'lu Vciazcjuez wished to possess; while Gordon, Anc. J/ex., ii. 32, supposes tln'.t the brido had been the object of A'clazquez* gallantry ; hence tlietrouliU. Folsom, on tlie other hand, marries one of tho Suaicz sistcra to Velazquez, and calls hun the brother-in-law of CortOs. Cortes, Despatches, 9, 11-12. impiiison:iiexts axd escapes. 48 Domingo, Cortes is clioson bearer of tlie complaints.'*' As he is about to embark on liis perilous mission, to traverse in an open boat eighteen leagues of open ocean, the governor hears of it, seizes the envoy, and sends him in chains to the fortress. His partisans are likewise imprisoned, and active in preferring char<]fes ajjainst them are Bermudez, the two Yelaz- quez, A^illegas, and Juan Suarcz. Friends intercede and prevent immediate hanging." Cortes resolves on escape. With some difficulty he extricates himself from his fetters, seizes the sword of the sleeping guard, forces the window, and dropping to the ground takes refuge in the church. ^"^ Velazquez, enraged at the escape, yet not daring to violate the privilege of sanctuary, resorts to artitice. Introducing some sol- diers into the chapel through a small door in the rear, the blushing (^atalina is stationed at a distance before the sacred edifice as a decoy. The lover sees her; the dear girl wishes to speak with him, but her maidenly modesty fo"bids her nearer approach. Cortes rushes forward to clasp lier in his arms, only to be seized from behind, and placed under a strong guard in the hold of a vessel bound for Espanola, where, in company with the other conspirators, he is to undergo trial.'® ""' Goinara, /list. Mex., 7, insists that Vola/.qnez had no motive for nngt'i- except tho refusal of Cortes to marry. The meeting of conspirators at his house gave plausibility to the charges of his enemies. ]}y others it is even st-iteil that at these meetings Cortes dofencled the governor against tho ch.'irges of tho conspirators and oveiruled their plots. Jk llehim (li-iU Fc Jicbus Oeslis Ferdhmndi Corksil, in JaKliiilcrin, >'o!. Doc, i. 325 and .3'JG-7. '" In /V lii'htis Gi'iif/s Finimatidt Curti'xii, in Irazhol'r'a, Col. Dor., i. .SSfi-T, it is reliited that Cortes broke the ropes holding him by means of a stick, and lilecl (he paillock of the chains Seizing a bludgeon he advanced on the sleep- ing jail'T, resolved to break his head if he moved. But Cristobal de Lago3 eitlier slept or pretended not to hear the noise as (Vjrtes seized the swor I and shield at his head. Swinging open a small wintlow, (,'orti's slid down and hiuTJed to the sanctuary, giving on the way a word of cheer and advice 'o the cons])irators wlio were held within the ])risou. * ' Cortes. . . .tuuo por eierto 4 lo embiarid a santo Domingo o a Espafta.' Utar. Vkx., Vol. I. i 50 THK HERO OF THE CONQUEST. Sympathy for Cortc's increases witli his misfortunes, and aid is furnislied for a soeond escape. The shackles are removed, and exchanjjinij elotlies with an attend- ant, he mounts the up|)er deck,*' strolls carelessly about watching his opportunity until he gains the skiff; then cutting loose the boat of another vessel near by, to pre- vent pursuit, he pulls lustily toward Baracoa. The boat becomes unmanageable, he plunges into the water, swims ashore, and once more gains the sanctuary.^' Cortes was sensible enough now to perceive that ho had involved himself more deeply than a trifling love affair would justify, and that possibl}^ he might best rid himself of the charming Catalina by marry- ing her. Once determined on this course, lie called to him the brother, Juan Suarez, and informed him of his doleful resolve. Meanwhile the constant impor- tunities of powerful friends, and the need of Cortes' services in an Indian outbreak, induced Velazquez to make overtures of reconciliation; but Cortes met him Gomrira, HiM. Mex. , 7. There would have l)ceii no reasons for his fears on tliis soorc, if he possessed papers iniplicatin'' \'ehiz(jiiez, as Gomara states. Another versiion is that the alc-.hles imposed a licavy sentence on Corti's, after his capture, and that Velazquez, on being appealed to by Duero and others, was noble-minded enough to grant a pardon. He discharged him from his service, iiowever, and had him placed on board a ship for Espanola. Torf/iiriiKuIn, i. .S48. Herrcra says that (^atulina lived near the church, and while Coites wiis making h)ve to her an alguacil named Juan Eseudero, whom Cortes afterward hanged in Mexico, came up behind him and pinioned )iis arms, while tiie soldiers rushed to his assistance. Dec. i. lib. ix. cap. ix. ; < 'orOx, /iCKidoirln, i. OH, etc. Las CantiK, J I id. Itul., iv. II; J)e Iiebitu Of'stin Fvr- diiiiiwli Corffil, in Irazhalceta, i. .'V27-8, give minutely the mode of capture. -"Broke the pump and crawled tlirough, ' Organum pneumaticum,' etc. Ih Jii'liii.s Gc.slis Jerdiitaiidi Oor/ciil, in fcazhalccta. Col. Doc, i. 32!). ■^' The current of the Mac.agnanigua River did not allow him to enter it, and elsewhere the breakeis woukl upset the boat. Stripping himself, he tied to his head ccrtiiin documents against Velazcjuez, held by him as notary of the ayiintamiento and clerk of the treasurer, and thereupon swam ashore. He entered his house, consulted with Juan Suarez, and reentered the temple, armed. Oomara, I/i,st. Afex., 7. l>e nt'hu. of the vessel from which Cortes escaped comes also to the temple, to sccuvn himself against Velaznuez' wrath, no doubt, but is refused admission into the sacristy by his fellow-refugoo, who suspects the man, and fears that the ])rovisions may not outlast the siege. In llcrrera, dec. i. lib. ix. cap. viii., Cortes drifts about uu a log and is tinally coat ashore. LOVING ENEMIES. « 'tunes, lackU'S ittcnd- ^ about ■; then to pre- . The water, /e that trifiinjJf ) might marry- 2 called him of , impor- Cortes' ;quez to nut him lis fears on avii stiitcs. on (A)l't('3, Duero ami ;il him from Espauola. luircli, ami lero, whom iiiioncil Ilia X.; ('ort'':>f, f captiire. liciim,' etc. lo enter it, lilf, he ticl yxry of the ■lore. He \o temple, lorti'nii, ill ^me 8hii>"s house (if rocec^H to ti the cai>- , to secuvi! ^sioii into that tlie pap. viii., in a haughty spirit, and surrounding tlio church M'ith ;i guard he went his way to the wars. Notwith- standing the cavalier had made up his mind to drink the marriage-draught, he would none of the governor in it; or if he must, the rcconciliaticm should he ac- c'oni[)lished after his own fashion. No sooner liad the governor departed than Cortds directed Juan Suarcz, with lance and cross-bow, to await him at a certain I lace. Escaping the guard during the night, Cortes joined Suarez, and proceeded to the plantation where Velazquez ■ was quartered. The governor, who was engaged in looking over some books of accounts, was not a little startled when Cortes knocked at the open door and entered. "Is it murder the man means with aims in his hands, and at this hour?" was his thought, as he uave the visitor a nervous welcome. ''Command that no one come near me I" exclaimedCort.es, "else I will put this pike through him. And now, if my ex- ci'lKnt and brave captain, Senor Velazquez, has aught against me, let him speak. I am here to answer." So sweet was the mutual forgiveness that followed, that in the morning the two gentlemen were found occupying the same bed.''^ Not long after Cortes ■'-' So tlie story was current at the time, and I doubt not it contains some degree of truth, notwithstanding Las Casas, Hist. ItuL, iv. 1I-1'2, scouts it as a pure fabrication. He knew both men; Velazquez as a proud chief, exacting the deepest reverence from those around liim, and makinst them tremble afc lii.s frown; while Cortes was in those days so lowly and luimble as to be glad to curry favor with the meanest serviints of the governor. The good bisliop is evidently prejudiced. In De Rebiis GeglU Ferdiiiawll t 'nrtfsii, in IrazMceUi, <'•'!. Doi'., i. 332-4, the facts arc a little elaborated and contra '<" neeeiar • tlnn,n:: "Pipe homo" as P / •"""'! ^ "'"n »« « a."lDuer:p evaiS^i nr^''''' ''^^^'ui of L=lre, --^er.i„.c,dWofre:X^^^^^^^ (83) y 54 SAILING OF THE EXPEDITION. ! i l)cf<)ro the notary, Alonso do Escalantc, in aecor lanoo witli the permission granted by the autliorities at Santo Domingo, which hmited the cntcrjirise to exploration; tlie f)riv lege to colonize depending on royal favor for which Velazquez must sue in Spain.* One would think that after these twenty-five years of experience there could be found no ecclesiastic or luler so childish as to expect morality or humanity from the wolves of Spain let loose among the naked and defenceless of America. And yet we find the friars of Espahola, in pursuance of the devout and higli-minded views expressed by Velazquez, subscrib- ing ho instructions which enjoin Cortes tt) observe a conduct befitting a Christian soldier, as if there were any reasonable hope of his doing so. Ho must prohibit blasphemy, licentiousness, and gamblinn; among his men, and on no account molest the natives, but gently inform them of the glory of God, and of the Catholic king. Possession must be taken in Ve- lazquez' name and the secrets of the country ascer- tained. Search must be made for Grijalva and Olid, and for the Christian captives supposed to be in Yucatan. We miijht aefain mark the double-dealing of the governor, who discharges Grijalva for not having settled contrary to his instructions, while charging the new commander not to seize the coun- try, yet expecting him to do so.^ The instructions ' ' Fray Luya dc Figueioa, fray Alonso do santo Domingo, y fray Bemaldino Macjenedo, <] eran los goueriiadores, dieron La licencia ii0. ■' Evidently Velazquez desired his captains to disobey instructions niul colonize. He could not officially authorize them to do so, not having -' '""I after ;>f ncj intuitions. Alwt^r ".^ '*» "^:'' ''"-^'''^-^i'" t<>.l>ulo„t emotions, hi" amhif , "!° '"''"^•"<^« '-f eome more aggre.s.sive L puro""i,. " ""'^'-^"'^y '«■ f««l"'ffs, n, noble instincts ie'^^vn! ""P"'™-*. '» i-eHnecl He harbored no ideal of dutv^ T"*"'"^''''-'''«'--tive. '".tlio mind of Griialv,^'- •'""'','"* «•« liave seen "«ti.er broad nor ea^o ic' j ", "'^"/^f -»"^^ was Sreat respect for re S ;„"^-'''' ""'f'tl'^t^inding J,i, -T-ion that be ca-re^^v^rfS ,'"t ' '' "^ '^ '=°-'" s andmg l,is outward piotv -^n 'V ''• ""'"itl- 'liureh, tile li„|,ter i„ ■'iv "' '"'' ^iovotion to (l„. -e and grace?t,,at ZZ^^Z «"'^'' ''"" «ith a , tlio least. Yet for all twi t, ' ,"'°™""'nts not in »u;Ide,d.v. beean,e a ..reat ml, " /' ™''''^ »'' S^'-tia- ;ictunllv; wllni.,!, r^vo^ft • '■ ""' "' "=""<•• only bnt '-' '"■".-"• was tt rotc^To'fi"" "T'y °'' ^>'^"^ oomm,ss,on was a niatch appliL I"' "f ' *" """-■'•■^ In's '-•■Itm.? loo.se the latent force Tl, ?^'\°"''" '"»t«'ial, Kull-sliore expedition.s, COrXba '. ''f '^ "'' ""■■ '"'^ l"'<«ent themselves before „si ^'i"" ™. ""d Co,te. 1-oportion.s. Cordoba [he first '^"'T'^ "'"■«'-"^' ^, / IJ'e full text of tho ,-„»* X- "'ctions for arguments on " tl'« preamble, but?L .fff'^- "'• ^•^'*-»' PreseVved" tt J'^' ■ J?'«^'^^"»"z 'appear to be awa're "E It '"''' '''^ abbrevfatcd, thoughVreS f^"'"'"^ = iicscott (iocs not ^ 1 ' ' i I ■ •' i at SAILING OF THE EXPEDITION. most j]fentleinanly and kind-licartod pirate. Grijalva, thouj^h second to Cortes in talents and fame, was far before him in lionesty. During the ])reparati()ns whicli quickly followed the appointment of Cortes, the inherent qualities o reganled as \ Cla/ijuez" eon- t.iliition, for in the testimony before the royal council in Spain, Montejo, the tiiisted friend of the commander, declares that on delivering them over to tlie g' vernor ho received the order to join Cortt^s, with the vessels, of course. IHs .statements, and those of the captain I'uertocarrero, contirnud by the let- ter of tho ayuntannento of Villa Rica to tho emperor, agree th.it, from their (nvn observations and the accounts given by others, ("ortes nnist have oon- tiiliuted not only seven vessels, but expenucil over r)(K)0 eastellanos on tho outlit. Iieside procuring goods and provisions, while Velazque/. furnished only one thiiil, ehielly in clothes, provisions, wines, and other ell'eets, which he .siild through an agent to the company, the witnesses included, at exorbitant piiies. Montejo had heard that Vel.iz((ucz contributed three vessels, but « liether these were rxclusivo of (irijalva's fleet is not clear. He is also sup- jiosed to have lent Cortes '2000 eastellanos, and to have given twelve or thir- teen hundred loads of bread, and 30<)toeinos, beside 1800 east>dlanos ingfKxls, to be sold to the party at high prices. Evcn'y other supi)ly was tui'nished by Ciiitcs, who maintained the whole force without touching the shiii's stores, while remaining in Cuba, no dotd)t. Co/. l)oc. IikiL, i. 4S7-!t<). l'uerloc:arrero itiiils that Coi'tes' liberality to men in advancing means and outtits was gen- erally admitted. He himself had received a horse from tlie eominnndei-. Ifo gives a list of the outrageously high pi'iees ehai'ged by Velazfpiiz tor his sup- lilies. /(/., 4'Jl-,j. Another member of tho expedition states that Cortes furnisiiecl seven vessels, and Vela/.cpiez thiee, two nioro belonging to tlie lat- ter joining the fleet afterward. Cortes )iaid for all the outfit. I'lxtraet ap- I'lnded to Cai'ta del Ayiiiif. de V. Cniz, in Col. I>o<\ limL, i. ■)!!! "Jll: ' Casi his dos partes. . . .d su (Cortc's) costa, asi en navios eonio «ii bastinientos do ni;ir.' 'Todoel conciertode la di'-ha armada se hizo A voluntad dediilio l)iego N elaz(|uez, aunque ni puso ni giii^to Ol mas de la tercia parte de ella. . . .La niiiyor parte de la dicha tercia ])arte. . . .fue emplear sus dineios en vinos y en ropas y en otras cosas de poco vah..- para nos lo vender aea (\'. Cruz) en iimeha mas cantidad de lo que li id le costo.' Carta de la Jiin/icia de I'era- erir.. 10 de Julio, 1510, in Cortrs, Carton, a; I'acheco and Cardenas, Cut. J)or., xiv. .S7. Claiming to have no ready money of his own, Veh'.zqucz took for tho expedition lOIX) eastellanos from the estate ol \arvaez in his charge. Cumarn, llial. Mij.:, 1:2-13. ' Salio de la Isla de Cuba...coii quince navios suyoa,' i ; fciil I ti 88 SAILING OF THE EXPEDITIOX. Estal)lisliiiig places of ciilistniont throughout tl)G island, Cortun roused to action his many friends, both in pel-son and by letter. At principal settlements the expedition was })roclainied ablis, J/iff. Mi:.i-., i. (il, considers that Vehi/iiiiez hehl only a nunor share in ihe exi)edition. Montcjo stated in a general way that lie spent all liia fortune ( n joinint; the expedition. ( 'in. Am., l.").")4 .")."), rJ7 'iO, in Sijiiiirs MS. In /Je Itclmx (I'slis Fcrd'naii'/i Curtcsl'i it i.s asserted that Cortes expended 0000 pesos of his own, and iii);M) ducats horrowed money, beside what Velazipiez leni luni; his expemlitures bcduL,' iu all (."i,()00 pesos. Velazcpiez gave not one real, but merely .-^old goods at ixorbitant figures, or made advances at a high interest, even the Vessels ji'-ovided b}^ him being transferred to the comuuinil r under an ex- pensive charter. ' Sunt preterea nndti Hi pani viri boni ijui ct lur.ic vivu!it, ct (pii euni ea chissis dc qua ai.dmus, a|)i'arabatur, aderant. Ifi in hujus causae defensione, cujns ajmd (,'onsiliuui IJegium Indicum (ortesius est aecu- satus, testes juraii asserunt Velazi|uium nihil ouinino ex ])ropria lacultate iu Cortcsii elai-sem imp^ndis.so. ' This would indicito that Monti'jo and l^U'i- tocair'-'ro'-' t.stiniony Mas confirmed Ijy many others. The agenf, Jium Diaz, who attend- d to the sa!e of the goods and tlio collection t)f the advances, fi 11 in til'! retreat from Mcxic), and his money was lost. Icuihulrda, Cal. J Joe, i. ,'{43 !). This testimony by members of tlic expedition merits the fon'HKJSt attention in the question, particularly since the fewer stiitements on tlie oilur side are based wlujlly on supjiosition. It is somewhat qualified, however, l)y the eonsiileration that both ^lontejo and Puertocarrero were stanch friends of (Jortis, and tiiat the letter of the ayuntamiento nas prepared iu lii:i picsonce. It nmst also be borne in mind tliat a goodly ]>roportion of the sh.iio attributed to him consisted of vessels and eflects obtained upon Ids credit as e:ipt;ivU general of the fleet, and also in a semi-|)iratical manner. The Btatenu-nts in (''trti':<, Mniiorial, and in Df, Rihus O'e-sli.t Fi rdi)i(uidi ('(ir/'nii, indicate, bcsido, ;i hardly warranted attempt to regard Vel,iz(]uez' eonti'iliu- tion cliielly as a loan to the couunander or to the party, his vessels bciu,' spoken of as chartered. Another projiortion lulonged to wealthy vohni- teers. On the whole, however, it may be 'oncluded that Corti's couhl lay claim to a, larger share in the expedition tli ,i Velazquez; but the hitter ])os- sessed tlie title of being not only the disco i.'rer, throngli liis captains, of tlie regions to l)e eoixjiiered, l)ut thc^ projector of tlie expedition. Oviedo, while belicviiig that the licit lielonged with mo i right to tiie governnr, feels no pity for the treatment lie received, in view • f his o" n conduct to ])iego Colon. C'omplaceutly lie cites the proverb: ' Matixru '/ iiiatartc /iiin: ij iiiufnnui i/iiicii it via/an'.' As you do unto others, so shall be done unto you. ( >viedo a.sserts that he has seen tiistiiuoiiy showing that Corti'S and his men did not sail at their own ex]iense, but from his own statement it aiipears that the instnie- tions of \'elaz(|uez, wherein he speaks of the ex]iedition as scut in his name, istliecliief feature in this so-calleil testimony : i. olts it. Las Casas naturall}' sides with Velaz(|uez, and estimates that he expended over "iiKOOO caste- llmos; he had no need for, nor would ho hive stooped to a ])artnersliip, at least with a man like (.'orti's. l/i-'t. JikL, iv. 448. Herrera, dee. ii, lib. ill. cap. xi., eo[)ies this, and 'i'oiqtieniada, i. 359, reverses this figure in favor of Cortes. CORTI?:S PUTS ON OSTENTATION, 50 twr tliirds iio'iwj: to tlio outfitters.® A banner of Mar-k taf ;!:a was embroidered with the royal arms in gold, an* blue and white Hames surroundiiij^ a red cross, ai:d I'ound tlic border it bore the inscription, "Amici se(inannir cruceni, si nos habuerimus hdem in hoc si^'iio vincemus." Friends, lot us follow the ci'oss, and if we have faith under this sign we sliall conijuer." Assuming a dress and bearing more iitting a mili- tary commander-, Cortes threw open his doors, and by judiciously combining the frank joviality of a soldier with the liberal hos[)itality of a man of wealth, he riii)idly drew to his adventure all the available men of the island. There were not lacking those to sneer at this assumption of preeminence, which Haunted it so bravely with plume and medal, with martial music and retinue, saying, here was ci lord without lands." ]-jut they little knew the strengiii and firmness of him who, having once put on the great man, would lay the livery down but with his life. This soldierly display, always taking to the Castilian fancy, could scarcely be called affectation, for the genius whicli conunands success was present, and the firmness of resolve was covered with such pleasing affability as to lender it.- presence scarcely suspected. With his * Te.t'nioMO de Piicrtocarrero, in Cnl. Doi;. IiifO., i. 4!)1. 'M.'i.lo dar jirc^'om .■, y tocar susatamhorcs, y trompetas "u iioiiilire tie .svi Ma'^ostail, y 111 sii lU-al iiombre por Dic\;o Velaziiuez ]i-Mr (|\io i]iiaK'.S{iutcr pevsuiias que (jui-iii'.H.soii ir en su conipafiia jX las tiena.i niuvanu'nto dcseuliiertas !\ los con- (jiiistar y ilolilar, los darian sus partes del oro ])lata, y JDyas (jio se luiviossu, y ciiciiiiiii iidas de Indioa dospnes do pacitieada.' Bcrnul l>ia:, JIL', i'mlml., I'.'i. Mark here tlio promise nf eueoniieudas to the volunteers, i'lie woicl 'dnhlar ' d(jul)tless meant to explore or to mtW round the new islands, lierual l)iaz iloes not f.iil to observe that the royal license had not yet arrived to wamuit these proclamations. ''Se(^ Lamia, Rd. de )'«<•., '2.1; Tapia, ]M., in hazhah-ta, Col. fhir., ii. rCA; Faneourt, 7/.'.^ Yiic, '27, leaves out tlic middle seiiteuco; (ioniara, /list. J/(.f.,lor "jorijuemada, i. I{()4, ^ud others t;ive only the Spaiiisli translation. I'rescot'. says the tlait was of velvet, and attributes the sign to the liifianiiil 01 (Jons iintine, which, to say the least, is sonu'w hat fai-t'etehed. r>(inal I )ia/, Jli.it. Vird'iil , '■>. places the motto ujion 'estandartes, y vandenis labrada.s do (iro CO li's armas Reales, y una Cruz de cuda juirte, jnntamente eon las annas de jiiustro Key.' ' ' Se puso vn petiaelio de plnmas con sn med.illa deoio.' Ij< nial Diaz, I/ix'. Viriliid., |;{. ' Tomo casa. lli/o Mesa. Y comin(,'oa yr con armas, y niiu'ha •■'iiiiiiafiia. l)e ijiie muchos murmnrauan,dii',iendo i|Ue tenia estadosiusenoiio.' (joiiiara, JJisl. Mcx., 13. i si 60 SAILING OF THE EXPEDITION. fine soldierly qualities wore financial and e.Kccutive ability, and fair common sense, a rare combination in a Spanish cavalier. While loving adventure he did not altogether hate ideas. His world now spread itself Ijeibre him, as divided into two unequal classes, those that use others, and those that are used Ijy others, and he resolved himself forever into the former category. ' Like Diogenes, though enslaved at Crete, Cortes felt that if he could do one thing better than another it was to command men. Coupled with this egotism was the sensible intuition that the mas- tery of others begins with self-mastery. Indeed his connnand over himself, as well as over others, was most remarkable. " By my conscience!" was a ia\or- ite oath, which implies not brutal passion. At times a swelling vein in the forehead, and another in the throat, indicated rising anger, manifested also by a peculiarity of throwing oft' his cloak; but the voice would remain decorous, and the words seldom passed beyond a "Mai pese d vos!" May it bear heavily upon you. To the insolent soldier, whom we shall often find overstepping the bounds of prudence, he would merely say, "Be silent!" or "Go, in God's name, and be more careful if you would escape punishment." Equally ctmiposed in argument, he wielded his per- suasive powers to their best advantage. Rio ile Ave- nida, the Rushing River, was at one time a nickname, and later he affected long hair and lawsuits. At the gaming-table, to which he was greatly addicted, lie won or lost with equal sang-froid, ever ready with a witticism to smooth the varying course of fortune. Though he did not hesitate as gay Lothario to invade the family of another, most unreasonably he was very jt'alous lest his own family should be invaded. Wliilc liberal to friend or mistress, and ready to sacrifice almost anything to gain an object, he was not always regarded as over-generous by his men, too many of whom were of that class, however, that nothing would satisfy. Although a fair eater, he drank but little, WiAXCISQUrLLO THK fqoL. a;i(l confined ]iin.«,,lf + • , 61 "■''^ "ot only neat bnt 'ta rf ' ' i ! r" -'V'' ^'''^"tion, ;'!^"-'.t.v. A lovo of , on hm ,"' ' f "^' ""''"' 'i*t'e ';'^ "■<>",?. fortunes, n, ore ;,« " 1 ?■• ' ^■"■'''1>«I «itl, -'">«v lesidonees ami -,1 '"""'"'■"•ly ,„ the ,vav of 7" »i*h ti,o eo:,;ll .':,J;;;;f;;;;t■"".^;>•hich acoZ, '*"""".? "oUe Wood. Oe .v'2"" *" "'° '^''••""••"■'i ariiiy oven the ni.r,rar,llvi-' says fimt in (J,,, <-'rtes fou„*° '"'^ eauso ;'■* luniself. His libera ,1" "" '''^'P««'« •'•« aWo :«-.>c infectious, andtoi" bfj^ '''f ^""'"-asm ■■ .mteers who Curnishod So 1 '«"•""" "''■'■'I*'"- ;'" H'9'i to provide other™ w^Jl'""' """ »^Mi, *!'«•'■ .lonied over three huml. i *'"" " ^''^^ tiuij .^.^ernor-uistance, Krandsco /r f?""" "^ '!>« '"■lyordomo of Velaznne? ',""'' ""^"^'S" '!« Orda/ -*h p.-««odi„..sSl":5retlv r'r*^'' '^ '"■" t" Jlio Jiarbor of report. ;■',- -'-- i?-. ^f;;,f ,«-^ .«™e presented a ^''""■'•■>- •■"«! recruits, the cla, .5'"= '» '""«' '''■o '>f ""■'■; "l>on ships under. oim^rS,' "fl"'"''-''-''' I'an.- P«;!s and the loadin.f FveS r'' '^^ """'■'""'? "'' '• |J'"S was enlivened bv t „ ' ^^^0' dw the ""7'.an..-in-arm wfth i* ' ,", "vT"™ "*' tl'4.ov.i„o «>l;l.m.-pneral, surrounded 1 i'*^"', ■"""' '^""•I'liant ;•;> ; -ul followed by ha 1 l.?;f '^^t'^-^^'J "«-"l- >-; w,uiiiu,o;:-:^-:ts^^:-;: 62 SAILING OF THE EXPEDITIOX. forminsf his antics before liis master, cried out, "Aii, friend Diecfo!" Then to Cortes, "And how fares our brave captain, lie of ^Medelhn and Estremadura? 13e careful, good master, or we shall soon have to beat the bush for this same Cortes." Velazquez laui^hed heartily, and turninj^ to his companion exclaimed, "Conipadre, do you hear this fool?" " What, scnor^" replied Cortes, pretending preoccupation. "He says you will run away with our iloot," replied Velazquez. " Pay no attention to the knave, your worship; I am very sure these infamous pleasantries never emanated from his mad brain," rejoined Cortes, deeply chagrined. And ere the laugh died away on the lips of the governor his timid breast was chilled by fearful fore- bodings. What if it were true, thought Velazquez, and this fellow, whom I have lifted from his low estate, should declare for himself on reachinsf New Spain ? Then he called to mind his late quarrel with Cortes, and the courage, energy, and determination displayed by the latter throughout. The governor trembled when he thought of it. About him were enough of the disappointed oidy too ready to fan these sus[)ieions into a liame.'' 1 regret having to spoil a good story ; l)ut the truth is, the drama reported by Bartolome Las Casas, and reiterated by Herrera and Prescott, was never per- formed. It tells how Cortes put to sea, Prescott asserts the very night after the jester's warning; and that in the morning, when the governor, early roused from his bed, rushed down to the landiiiir with all the town at his heels, Cortes returned part way in an armed boat and bandied words with him. Beside being improbable, almost impossible, this version is '•* Las Casai, ll'ixt. fiid., iv. 4r>0-l ; Ilrrirra, dec. ii. lib. iii. rap. xi. rioriial Diaz, HIkI. I'cnlad., \',\, relates the inuiileiit as luiving (iconrrcd on tlie way to Sunday mass. The fool, wiioiii lie calls Cervantes, Mas walkiiiLC in front of liis iiiastiT and C'ortis, uttering nonsense in ju'oso and rliynic; tinally he said in a louili^r voice, ' l>y my faith, master l>ie^'o, a nice captain have yoii ehoscii: one who will run away with the tlect, 1 warrant, for Ik; has coura;,'e an 1 enterprise.' Diiero, who walked close tiy, sought to check his tonu'uc hy Btrikiug at hiui and by shuutiiiy, ' Silence, fool I Dou't be kua-vish as well, THE GOVElixon-s SUSPICIOY. »ot sustained hy the h f ^ ^•S some time elapsed JuTii '''''''^''^''•'' The f-iet -.;;• had fir.t U t L^ -^--f of the ^^ iu," fleet duruig .Wiieh iutcTv. V T^ the ,saiJi„^; of . '^-■roinara states ih-^i- -\- i <'"rtu. a„,l .so„,I o„7Gni2v"'°"Sl.t t„ b.eak will. v-ce M-as asked l,v the Cvo' f '■"" ^"'-^™' ^'l"'«o I- ^;'y'"^ that Co,.t Js arul ] i 7™,' T';'" r"'°"S of.jocti , ''■•■- ; (or like f|,o appet ': ' ^ T'''^^'. "Jncl, was vorv 'v^tl. eating, the l,„ re •, „5 ^y'S"-to„ wj.iej, ea^Z "'" l>u»inoss. i„d ('h '■ '™^';,'^to„,ael, l,e 1,,„, ,^ yovornor gre«-, the greater «, f •'*"«l">-'i<-i« of f ' ; -^-ranee. oC dcvotli^) , .JT ^'i<^ '="l"»i..-gene,-al ^ ^^term„,ation of Cortes an ,i V n'"""'' ^'^^^'""i^' ti.e ""^ ''^venture, in ^m^X^yuJ^'^Tf l^ ^^o^^^ut^ J iJ-iu staJved their all." El * m If" ■-" 04 SAILING OF THE KXPEDITIOX. Warned l)v Lilres and Ducro of every ])lot, Cortex hurried })reparati()ns, sending friends to forage, and shi))ping storoB with the utmost despatch, nieanwliile giving secret erilers for all to be ready to end)ark at a moment's notice. Finally, the hour having come, on the evening of the 17th of November, with a few trusty adherents, Cortes presented himself ijcfore the goveinor, and politely took his leave. It fell suddenly on Vela/(|uez, in wliose eyes all movements relating to the ex})edition had of late become the manoeuvres of men conspired to overreach him. But having neither the excuse nor the ability to stop the expedi- tion he let the officers depart. By playing with the devil one soon learns to play the devil. From the governor's house Cortes hastened to the public meat depository, seized and adde(' to his stores the town's next week's supply, and li'ft the keeper, Fernando Alfonso, a gold chain, all he had remaining wherewith to make payment.^^ It was a dull, dry, gray Novendjer morning, the ISth, very early, after mass had been said, when tlie s([uailrt)»i, consisting of six vessels, sailed out of Santi'ig(j li.srbor amidst the vivas of the populace and the inward cursings of the govcnKn'.*^ But of little avail was Velazipiez' remorse; for Cortes carried wrote only wliat lie was tuM l)y liia Hi.istor Ih' scouts t)ic idea of tin" powerful \'olaz(|uez either iieoiling Cortts' peci/jinry uicl or not beiii;.; al)l. to dispose of ilia llect as lie wished. A liuiti) (c gtiiiirv, iiidccil, to r)i,i«t' li:-i voioo against the t;reat \'ela/([uez, who could hav(,' lnUi'ti hia bread and lifu at any uionient ! JIi,^f. Ind.. iv. 44S-9. '- In his memorial to the emperor in IT)-' J, Cort(5a relat«'« this Miforced transaction iniito at length. Learning; that 1 is ctDik of the week hac! lietn oized, Hcrnan Oalonso seeks Cortes ami romplaiii^ with tears in hia eyi'-, whereupon he receives the i;okl chain, ' do iinos ubrojos. ' ( 'or/cs, Escritos Suff- tos, ;nu II; r,,/. J>oc. Iiinl., iv. •JJI. "' ]5crnal Diaz asserts that Diiero and Ljir 's were present at tlie partiiiL'. and that \"ela/.(inez and ("inti'-s several times e iihraccd each other and vowi I eternal friendship. ' llahiiit ("ortesiiis ci'im e ."^ancti .lacoln nrl)e et poitu sol'/it, naves se\: alia, nam septein halaiit, in port i, lit sarciretur rcl'u'i'rctui(ni' , I'elicta.' J)i' /'rliiiii (I'lstiM Fi nliiiiiii(/i ('(/r/cnii, in fcazhnla'ta. Col. I><>i\, i. ;U'> This authority lielieves that one of the reasons l')r Cortes' hurried departun wan a fear that (irijalva's vessels niii.'lit turn up: hut tin y ha. 1 already arri\ id, ns we have seen. The seventh vessel, a c.iravel, |Oiiied t^ortes li Trinida I, witii nine horses .uul ei;.'lity \t)lunteers, undt.'r Franei.sco de Saleeil >. Id., .'<.")4. ' I'artio se dc Santiago liarucoa. . . .en seys nauios. ' Oomaru, Jiiat. JJtix., 13. /lo (Ics IX tinati cortjL's at '^ ^Vl•nc^bno.,s to d I'lUA-IDAD. i 'y^;j);tf<-li{nq- one of the '^' ^lini I)aoIc fr vessels to J, 60 •oni Jii, ''' 'Wived uit/i d '^' steered for i'j :i(^ ;if'a for fiirtJ ■HnaiVa" f, »r VcJaxon...'.!^ ,'""^!«^<^ Vord '•ilcaic '"idad, Av] ler 8 '»^' out I lere jjo av uj)- ^"•^'lasin I,y tj IS ^^^'i"">^- and hy otha^ J id I "^'^ ''rotlior-in-I :'U^ses ;,t ]d« d J'^po.'^^al. 1 i\r 'o J)Iaeod t] ()] :'r'T'-*""-^''-i' w^"K^t"''''V*-"|" len- /; 'J't'o \va,s a jalva ".i^ .>■<), Ay II K'l-e \\ o'lK.nted by ovol ;^'"\^'''.^"«- «oon jiis ^"^■;;; Hereaisc;j:Wl'^^^r^'-'<>^"0 ri- a. ( ci'e ti -'"--^e;:« ,rS-»n( tlie .Tov \vitl ■^'•;!W''>'^vel4 '' .l.:;'^'^^oI,eIdM•ith "^'^■"oi-, an, I >infii an 1 iiiarti; J" ^'vlo'no-sup I'roj.rl't V, so J ''""-.-;, ^ar::i':;:Kf-t-;"ii« >plie,s C V artiJJ es oiy. Pfoud ions ';■■'!*' ^'>tle heed t<, B -'<-jLicn itiy iiof iittl. hat ] ''. ? "' »~l/; Ml 111 I -. . .-. ^■),^-ht> ^p II eedt-d; lis .snceess.' with :^ti- corsair ^—-ri--nl.4V-l..7y^:i lli^o.v^isi(«,.s'fbr fh "" '>''^^^ irour.h ivhitr "iiaica lad tl <'n il=SiS'5S=-S=::-:; ^"4p >!^*' R[J > * ' Vt if'iSiM !'■ :lM ii' ni ! 06 SAILIXC; OF THE EXPEDITION. iM i iiiinlit ;K'(ine' mission, Cortes sent Ordaz to seize and convey to Capo San Antonio, or perliaps to San Cristohal Avliero we after- ward tind liiiii,t]iero to await the Heet. This captain, it will he renicnihered, was the spy ol' Velaz(juez, and to him, therefore, rather than to another, was o-ivcn tliis mission, to prevent his watehinL? proceedings at Ti'inidad. "J'he connnander of the seized vessel was Juan Xunez Sedeiio, who was induced to join the expedition.^'' ^Nfeanwhile in the breast of A'elaz(|Uez was stirred atVesh the poison of jealousy ])y an astrol- ov CJoiiiara as Alonso Guillen's, Ixiuglit at 'I'l-inidail, tliou,<;li iiotliiii;,' is of course siiid about the inoile of jiayineiit. J/iKf. Mix., \',i. Prescitt mistakes in making Sedefio the nia.stii' of tliis V'ssel. '' drdaz jirooeedeil on lii^< mission ni the earavel Kl (hi received two thousand and nioreeas- tellanos in gold fi'inges, the only treasui'e 'in hand. Curli n. Mi imiridl, l.VJ'-', in ill., h'^^rri/iis Siiillii--, ;U'J. ' (Jnatro mil a ioua.s de ]'an, nul y (luinirntos tocinos y nnu: tiiat Sedei lias gallinas. anie into ra, llixt. ji/'.'.t'., 14. Bernal I viz intiniatis rt of his own aecorii, ans > ]i;irtv. fi. 'lit^ i' t;lllt:is \(il(l(\ in lit goiiil;) ill l;in<:;fuai;\' most respect fill, 1>eLj^nnL( liim fo Ix-lievo that lie would always he ti'iie t(t his (lod, his kiii^,', ;i!i(l his dear Irieiid and lifovernor. In like notes tho ]()h;ii and the screech-owl nnitilt^ their voices when (laii^;er is near, so as to conceal the iil- ingly invites him to a baii(|Uet on board his vessel, with thi; intent of eariy ing him oil' to Santiago; but Cortes ])ereeives the snare; and retires iindir ]iii • tenee of indisposition. The good bishop observes that he never kii^ "' Velaz([iiez evinec so little sagacity as on this occasion; nor did ()rd;iz beli:n • uiiy better. J/isl. IinL, iv. 4.")(i-7. (4omarji has the same account, but ad !< that the messenger from N'elazqnez came in a caravel, togi'ther with Alva lad. i, Oliil, Avila, !Montejo, and others of Orijalva's party, who had justarriv cil fmni an interview with the governor, /fin/. Afe.r., 14. He is eviileiitly mixed. 'J'on|Ucmada, who ((notes both versions from Herreni and (Jomara, ]d;ii'i's tin' occurrence at Trinidad, .-uid consiilers that Cortes was capable of and ri^^lit ■i:'l . I EQUirMEXT. eo isIumI. , (Mlll- pros- )anisli -y (lis- if l)Ut- pomp •a now Ordu/., U'lll 1" r-isoiur oldiiT^, ;t'K'. i'li' 1 ton 11-^ ai'tci'- a'j^niii if Capo el ])riinri' It.) Corti •<. Ih :i piiMii' ly cxcit'.l Itlio tiiwr. his oni' I' \\iii., ii. ' • llsali'tt.r ■h lie wi'.l -tters l'..i 11/ ilCOI'I'il- (if c:iiiy ,iT kii' "• 1/ lu'liii^ ■ hint ikM-* Klvanulii. lucil froiii ]y Illi\<'l- ■ ,.„vs 111.' Ln.l rig!'' S;in Antonio, was the |)lace a|)])oin(('(l f)!' muster iind aj)portioninent.'"' ^[i;aii\\"hile Pedro Alvarado was sent forward with sixty soldiers in the; Sail Sclxisfiin) to brinjj^ Ordaz to the I'endezvous, hut (hiven hy a <4';ili! bcjyond his i^oal and near- to Yuca- laii. he thought, it useless to return, and so ])roeoe(U'd 1.1 ( 'o/.umel Island, where he arrived two days hefoi'o the others. The ex])editiou consisted of twelve ves- sels, tlie Ihij^-shij) or ea])itana of one hundred tons, tlii'ee others of I'rom sixty to eighty tons, and the i.st small brigantines and open ei-aft, including a transport connnaiided by Gines Nortes. The soldiers iiumliered live hundred and eight, and the sailors one ]iun(h'ed anil nine, including olHcers and j)ilots. The piiests present were ,Juan D'nvA and J^artolonie do ( >lmc(lo, of the Order of Mercy. Under Juan Jieni- ti/ and I\'dro de (jluznian were thir-ty-two cross- hnwiiicn; thirtecui men only carried iirelocks, the rest licing armed with swords and spears. The ai'tillery cnnsisted of ten bronzed guns and four falconets, and was ill charge of Francisco de (Jrozco, aided by Mesa I >agre, Arbenga, and others. About two hundred (ulian Indians, together with some native women and negro slaves, were lm)ught for service, despite tlic ]ti'ohibitor3' clause in the instructions. Sixt(K!n IhU's.s recei\e the minute description and glowing t iirt.inium of the soldier Diaz, and ]>lay an important pari in the comijig campaign. The su|)plies included sniiie live thousand tocinos, or pieces of salt pork, six thousand loads of maize and yucca, fowl, vegetables, ill toiling \'tliiz(nicz. lici-iiiil Diiiz scmts (i.iiii.iia's story, wlii.'li is rojicatcil iii li' /I'l'ins (,'isliH /•'iriliiiiiiiifi Ciir/iKii, ill li-ii%li(ilrcltt, CdI. J>o<'., i. .■<.">.')--(». r.iaitu .laiiiiM that liis fathtT. Siiai.z, ]iuisu.'il ami sU'W th.^ Iii.liaii courier s.iit witli .ii.his tor J,uis .lo M.ilina, th.ii MJtli thi: iK'ct, to a^sl!Illt■ the .1 iniii.iiiil. M.' thi'r('U|)oii hroiiLiht th.' |ia|icr-s to Coit.H ami warm. I him lo siil,iua\. A'"'. //;>7.,(i'J -i. l'ci:ilta cvi.h iitly U|ili.ihlsall his fath.r tohl him. ■'So alhniis 'rii|iia, one of the party. Ilil(i '>, 7 ^-5. 7W Photographic Sciences Corporation \ 4 % V •N? N> <«^> o^ 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 T O^ 70 SAILING OF THE EXPEDITION. grocorios, and other provisions. For barter were beads, bells, mirrors, needles, ribbons, knives, hatchets, cotton goods, and other articles.** The force was divided into eleven companies, each under a captain having control on sea and land. The names of the captains were Alonso Hernandez Puer- tocarrero, Alonso de Avila,, Diego de Ordaz, Fran- cisco de Montejo, Francisco de Morla, Escobar, Juan de Escalante, Juan Velazquez de Leon, Cristobal de Olid, Pedro de Alvarado, and Cortes, with Anton de Aluminos as chief pilot. '^^ From this list it will be seen that those but lately regarded as of the Velazquez party received their full share in the command. This cannot be attributed so much to the captain-general's sense of fairness, wlii(.'h forbade him to take advantage of ititerests voluntarily intrusted to his care, as to a studied policy whereby he hoped to win for his purposes certain men of in- '' 'Tonio [Cortes] fiada do Diego Sanz tcndcro, vna tieda de bohoiieria en Bicteciutes pesos de oro.' Gomurn, /lint. Mex., 1'2, 14-1.5. Tliis w.ts at Sim- li'igo. Tliia autiiur, who, toi;etlier with Diaz, forms the main antliority (<>r the alxivc list, nu'iitiuiis only eleven vessels, hut does not include Alvarados. lie jilaces the S|>anish force at 550 w< '• ' it, hy adding to this tlie sixty and odd men ahsent with Alvarado froui 'view, the numhcr wo\dd agree witli ]krnul J)iaz' iigures. Thirteen vessi .\o having joined at Ilubanaas trans- ports; 5,'10 infantry; twenty-four horses; 5()00 loatls of niaizo and eassjiva ; 2(MK) tocinos. Ui- hi'hiis (risfU renlimiiuli dortexii, in Icn-.bah-etn, <'ol. Jjur., i. 350. Twelve vessels and 5(H) men. Carta drl Ai/nnt, de I'. Cruz, in ( '«!. Jjar. liiM. , i. 4 1 !(-'2(). Fift('eu vessels and 5()0 men, without any Indians or ncLtroes, nays Cortes, in iiis Memnrinl, 154'J, not venturing to admit that lie hail dis- olnsyed tlie royal onler and his instructions in taking Cuban Indians. Cortis, E'»'rit(>»Siiilln!<, ;{)(); ( W. Dm:, /iinl., iv. '2'20. Seven navios, three l)ergantines. Oc/cr/i, i. 5;{0. Nine vessels, ,5,")() .Spaniards, two to three hundred Indians. iittJt ('riMifn, Hint, /ml., iv. 44(1, 457. Eleven vessels of thirty to one tiunih'id tt. ii. I()l>-ll; l'iiifi)iir''H UiM. }'»'■., 2((-7; /ianntcoiM, /li'.st. Mfj., ii. VM't. Thirteen vessels, .5(i() jiersons, thirteen horses. Tuphi, /teiirioii, in /'".■ ha/cetJi, I'nI. /tw., ii. 5.5.S; I'rescott, Mix., i. '2ii'2, follows Iwth Ikrnal IMa/, and (ioinara, liut witiiout seeking to account for their diH'ercnces, ami tints allows himself to exceed every other authentic estimate for the number of the men. " TofiiiPmndn, i. .1(54; Oomara, /liM. ^f<'J'., 14, gives the same names, except that Francisco de Saleedo stands in the place of Alvarado. Soils, J I int. Mr.r., i. (k(, mentions eleven, including Saleedo and Nortes; Las Casjis, /{int. /lid., iv. 4.5.S, names eight, as ap|>ointe(l by Vela/(|HeZ. Zamacois, //'■>/. Mrj., ii. *JS7, leaves out Avila, which is certainly a mistake, bi>sed on Uernal Diaz, who includes (iini's Xortcs, the captain merely of u transport. Saleedo joined later, at Villa Uiua. SPEECH OF CORTIIS. 71 fluencc, whom it would, for that matter, have been dangerous to remove. Before the review, Cortds addressed his soldiers in a speech as shrewd and stirring as that of Marcius at Corioli. Pointing to the thousands of unbaptizcd, ho awakened their religious zeal; dwelling on the grandeur oi' the undertaking, he stimulated their ambition; re- ferring to the vast wealth these lands contained, ho excited their cupidity. Greater and richer lands than all the Spanish kingdoms, he called them, and in- habited by strange races, only awaiting submission to their invincible arms. Their whole fortune was in- vested in the fleet that carried them ; but who would regret so trifling an expenditure when compared with the glorious results to follow? They were setting out ujjon a career of conquest in the name of their God, who had always befriended the Spanish nation; and in the name of their emperor, for whom they would achieve greater deeds than any ever performed. Riches lay spread before them; but like good and brave men they must look with him to the higher and nobler reward of glory. "Nevertheless," he archly adiled, "be true to me, as am I to you, and ere long I will load you with wealth such as you have never dreamed of I will not say it is to be won without hardships; but who of you are afraid? We are few, but we are brave. Let us therefore on with the work so well begun, joyously and confidently to the end!" '^* There is no passion so artful as avarice in hiding itself under some virtue. Sometimes it is progress, sometimes patriotism, but its warmest cloak has ever been religion. There is a double profit to the devotee whose religion gratifies his avarice, and whose avarice is made a pait of his religion. On the morning of February 1 8th mass was said, the " Such is in substance the speech prepared by Gomara, J fist. Mex., 15-10, well Huitwl for the enterprise, yet not exactly in accord with the pretended mission of peaceful trade and exploration, roniueniada, i. 'M'A-r>, yives it nearly in the same form, while Uulia, Jlid, J/cu., i. 71-3, elul>urates to suit hunscif. 72 SAILING OF THE EXPEDITIOX. campaign standard Ucsscd, and Saint Peter invoked, whereupon the prows were pointed toward the islands of the west. All the vessels were to follow the flag- ship, whose light should be their guide by night; in case of separation they were to steer for Cape Catoche and thence proceed to Cozumel.*° ''^ The date of departure is generally admitted to be Febniary 18th, but in Cortis, Memorial, li>4*2, is written ' tardu en esto [fitting out] desdo diecioclio diasi del mes de Octubre . . . hasta dicciocho dias del nics dc Enero, del aflo de (liei! y nucvc que acabu de salir dc la dicha Isla de Cuba, del caljo do CorrientoH. ' CurlcK, Eifcriton Hueltoti, 313. This is wrong, however, for the llet^t could not have left Santiago before the date of the instructions; yet it confirms the fact that three months were spent, after leaving Santiago, before the licet finally left the island. Some of the authors indicate a portion of this time, showing that right days were spent at Macaco and twelve at Trinidad, leaving seventy- two days for the brief passages along the south coast of Cuba and for the stjiy at San Cristobal. Di' IM)U« Gestis i\'rdtnaitdi Corltm, or, as the Spanish translator entitles it. Villa de Henian I'ortiH, giving the fullest but also the most partial account of Cortes up to this time, is an anonymous manuscript in Latin, of eleven folio leaves, deposited in the Simancas archives, wlience Mufloz obtained a cojjy, published by Icazbalceta in his Coleccion df Docuinenlon, i. 3(M)-57. It is in a clear hand, with corrections and marginals, evidently by the author. Several points indicate that it formed iwrt of De Orl/e A'oro, a history of America, written api>arcntly in a series of biographies, to judge from the reference made to a precetling part relating to Columbus, and to later {tarts on the confinest of \Iexico. Mufioz expresses the opinion that the author may be Calvet de Estrella, chronicler of the Indies, mentioned by \ic. .Vntonio as the writer of the manuscripts J)e lifbuB Gcftin Vncr(I with povt'ity U) inaintaiii tlic rcjuitation of a ^'(kkI family iiamo. At tlio a«(o of twonty-livo Pedro caino over to Santo JJoininjjfo, and proni|>tod hy vanity paraded liinifn wan sewn the red cross of Santiago. At lirst lie \v<»n3 this garment inside out, giving as a reason his rednccd circumstances which made him ashamed to puhlicly own the rank of knight. On being reproved hy the admiral, he holdly attixed the insignia to his otlicr dresses, and thenceforth called and signed himself the Comendador Alvarado.* The title was never openly questioned in the Indies, where men had little time for incjuiring into the atfairs of others, and Alvarado failed not with his plausible tongue and crafty nature to use it for obtaining certain privileges and advance- ment. When Grijalva prepared his expedition he was living as an encomcndero, near Trinidad, in Cuba, with live biothers.' As captain under this chid' he gave evidence of an enterprising nature, coinhined with an impatiency of restraint Avhich ill tltted a subordinate. The want of principlr» already shown by his conduct at Santo J3omingo was hei'o made apj>arent in the attempt to injure his conunander with Yelaz(jucz, in order to further liis own ends. J lis now prominent position as a well-to-do gentleman, and the experience gathered under Grijalva, had made him a welcome member of the i)resent exj)edition. lie had also acquired the reputation of a good soldier and hoiseman, with a bravery bordering on reckless- ness, and was a great favorite with his men, among whom he also ranked as an able drill master. With an agile frame, he presented a most cheerful and pleasing countenance, fair, some called it, with a ten- • 'Qustamlo cii la cibdad de Sto Domingo vibiendo con cl Alinirante. Jiitnilir-., J'roriK,) con/nt Alianulo,riit. xi. 01; Jiuirron, Hunt., i. 2.VJ. -'1\h1o8 luMiiianoa, ()no fuo ol Capitan Pedro do Aluarotlo, y tJonpalo di Aliiarado, ., .Forgo do Ahiarado, y(ion(;alo fAlonzo] y (Jonioz, 6 Juuu du^Uvi!,' ruUo el viojo, i^uo era bustardo.' Uerml DiiK, Hist. Verdcui,, 14. ALVARADO, MOXTIilO, ANT) AVTLA. 75 (loncy to riuMiii' ss. Ttw .•ittrnction centred cliiiilly in the oyos, and afterward olitainc^d lor liini anion;^ tli'; Indians of Tlascala tlie appellation of Tomitinli, tin; Sun.^ His first j^lanee thrown upon a combatant was the ilasli which was to ho followed hy the tlnuuler- holt. Vanity prompted a careful attention to «lr«'ss, hilt witli a result approaching the showy ratiier than llie elegant. His manner, no loss winning tiian the i'ate, made him a most agrooahlo companion, the more so as he was a lihoral fellow, particularly with re-spiM-t to women, and to |)loasures generally. Bonoath this smiling exterior, however, lay hidden an insatiahle longing for power, and a blind worship of gold as the j)urchasor of pleasure, and under their inlhi- ( nee he became at times 8«) insensible to feelinl(iri! ill' visii^c, cc qui liii tit doiincr pur lus Tlnxcalt^qufa lo Hiiriioiii >l(> 'ri)iiiitiiili.' //int. Nat. Civ., iv. o.'l. Hut tliu authority fur culling liini IiIdihIi! in iiiit iiii'ntii>iicd. It may ri;st on mere tradition. A Mcxicun jiicture gi\r-i liiiii (link heard and a yellow helmet or head-dress, the same eoiors ImIiiit given to tlie Iteard and heud-dresa of tigurea representing liie Spjiniih triM>|is. litiinire/. is rather inclined to doulit the authenticity of tiie portrait so Ire- i|ueiit]y copied from (Jortinu's eopjter-platcs, rcytresenting him as of daik coiriplexion, M'ith long, inengre, pointed face, very high forehead, stuhlied hair, mustache, and ini|)crial. /{(nnircz, Procfoo ronira Alvunido, ]>]>. xi. xxii. '-'77 Hi, with plates. I'Tt-xrotVn Mix: (Mex. 1844), i. 4.18; Id. [tioinlrn uL), iii. "J'JO; 'i'nrli'ijal EKpinonH, Jli.tt. Mex., ii. ^40, ()8(l, with signattirr. .\ Woodcut in Armiii, AUe Mer., tfti'i, presents a much younger man, with ;i round, Jiandsomc face, curled hair, and full, curletl lH!ard. This correHiMtnds more to the descri|ition given in the text, hut the authoritj' is not indicated. Zamacois, Itixt. Mi[j., ii. 484, givesa full-length portrait corres|iondiMg to tiii.s. ' llel|)s, t'orU'it, ii. 1(>;?, compares him to Murut, Cortes being the Nu^Hjleou. liu-iad Diaz, JliiC. Verdad., lo, '210, -Ij. i: 76 THE VOYAGE. wUlcli indicated love for pleasure and generous lib- erality." Alonso de Avila, the third of Grijalva'.s brave lieu- tenants, had also a pleasant face and liberal disposition, combined with good reasoning power, but was alto- gether too loud-spoken and argumentative, and had an overbearing manner that created many enemies. He was about thirty-three years of age. Cristobal de Olid, a year his junior, was a well formed, strong- limbed man, with wide shoulders and a somewhat iiiir complexion. Despite the peculiarity of a groove in the lower lip, which gave it the appearance of being split, the face was most attractive, and the powerl'ul voice helped to bear him out as a good talker. While lacking in sincerity and depth of thought, and being little iit lor the council, he possessed qualities whit'h, in connection with great bravery and determination, made him an admirable executive officer; but an ambition to command began to assert itself, and di- rected by evil intiuence it brought about his fall a few years later. Bernal Diaz calls him a very Hector in combat, and po.ssessing, among other good qualities, that of being liberal; on the whole an excellent man, though unfit to be a leader.* The youngest of the captains, the most worshipful and the most lovable, was Gonzalo de Sandoval, an hidalgo of only twenty- two years, from Cortes' own town, the son of a foitress commandant, but with merely a rudimentary educa- ^Montijn, Mfmorutl at Emp., 1545, in Cent. Amer., 1545-5r>, MS. 1.10. 'Fu(5 lino do n(|ucllo8 inilitcs que ]>a8saron il estas partes., .mill (5 fjuiniuiitos y citoi'v*', A a(|uel ineamo aflo . . . fuesse de la Tierra-1; irtna. . . 6 imssosc A la isia dcCuloi. ' (ffirilo, iii. '217. "See J/ int. t'l'iit. Am., this series, i., 524-32. 'Era estrematlo varoii, mas no era jiara ninndar, sino jiara ser niildado y era dc edad do treintii y si-'.-j afios, natural do cerca do Baezau Linares. . . .Tenia otrasbnciias codioiones, de ser franco.' Brriud Dinz, ll'mt. \'. (/ad., \77. ' Era vn Hector en el esfu- er(,'o, para comljatir iiersona jxir i "^rs ma ' Id., 240. 'Natural (jue fue ilo Vbeda f) doLiuarcs.' /a Baeza nell' Andaluzia. Era monibruto, ombroso, e doppio.' Clarigero, Sto -ia J/f«x., iii. 8. 'D'uno laidcur extreme; sa duplicit<5 et sa fourberic lo rcnowerful voice, inclining at times to a lisp, was ox- liibited more in the issue of brief command than in conversation ; for Don Gonzalo was as energetic to act as lie was chary of words. The slightly bow-legged limbs indicated an early training for the saddle. Indeed, equestrian exercises were his delight, and his horse Motilla, a chestnut with a white foot and a star on the forehead, is described by Bernal Diaz as the finest he ever saw. Sandoval stands before us not (jnly as an admirable man, but as an ideal officer, in his combined qualities of juvenile ardor and prudence, valor and humanity, modesty of disposition and purity of licart. Cortes spoke of him after his death with feelings of deepest regret, and represented him to the em[>eror as one of the finest soldiers in the world, fit to command armies.'' Ill Velazquez de Leon we find another admiral)lo officer, who possesses many traits in common with Sandoval. He is described as about four years older than that chivalrous youth, with a well formed, i)ower- ful frame, fine chest and shoulders, full face, set in a ' Bemat Dim, Hist. Vrrdad., 240, 246; Clavigero, StoriaAlnu., iii. S; Por- trait and signature in Varbajal E^jyiiioxa, Hist. Mex. , ii. 254, 680. Portrait m Zunmcoio, JJitl. Mvj., ii. 4tiu, tiud la Armin, Alte Mex., 217. 1 il'll! I ilii! liMj I IIJ 1! 7t THE VOYAGE. somewhat curled nntl carefully tended beard. He wa.s open with the hand, ready with the Hword, and an ex|)ert horseman. He bore the reputation of havinj? killed a prominent and rich man in a duel in I'lspanola, a deed which had obliged him to seek refuge in Cuba with his relation Velazquez. The most devoted adherent of Velazquez, although not bound to him by ties of relationship, was his ancient mayordomo mayor, Diego de Ordaz,' a power- fid man, of large stature, with full lace, thin, dark beard, and stuttering speech. As a leader of foot- soldiers, for he did not ride, he gained the reputation of possessing great daring, as well as a good head; and among comrades he ranked as a liberal man and a conversationalist. Of the other captains, Francisco de Salcedo, reputed chief butler to the admiral of Castile, bore the sobriquet of 'Dandy' from his spruce manner;" and Francisco de !Morla is spoken of as a valiant soldier and good horseman.*" On the way over the vessels were dispersed by a squall, but were gathered by the Hag-ship, some at Catochc, and some at Port San Juan, on the north end of Cozumel Island, where they all finally congre- gated." Quite early in the adventure Cortds was ' Also written Onliis. 'Natural de tierra de Campos.' Bernal Diaz, Iliit. Vfrilatt.,'2Ui. Vortmit in Carhijal EnpiiwHu, JliM. Mex.,\i. 11('2. " ' Sancedo, natural do Medina do liioseco; y ponjue era muy pulido, le llama vanios, el galau.' Denial DUiz, Jlinl. VerdcuL, 'J4l). This captain joins later. '" liernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 240-7, gives a lonj^ list of notices of members of tlie cx)>ea water-houses. In return they «;ave the strani^ers cause for woncUfrment not unmixed witli wrath; for this was a sacred island, in a heathen sense, and tliither, from distant parts, resorted piljjfrima with ofKeriuiifs for sanijuinary shrines. And when one feast- day the priests of l^aal, within their temple, aroso before the people and called upon the gods of their fathers, the excited Spaniards could not contain thcuj- selves; C'ortus stood forth and preached his religion to the indignant savages, hut failing in the desired effect, the Spaniards rushed upon the idols, hurled them from their scats, and planted in their place the emblem of their faith.'' In due time Ordaz returned without the lost Christians, greatly to the disappointment of Cortes, who desired them particularly for interpreters. The fleet then set sail, but was obliged to return, owing to the leaky condition of Escalante's vessel. While engaged upon repairs one day, the Spaniards being encamj)cd upon the shore, a canoe was seen approach- ing the harbor from the mainland. Andrds do Tapia and others hastened to the landing, where presently the boat arrived, and four iwny undressed figures stepped upon the shore. Oiie was bearded, and his form a little bent, and as he advanced before the others there was eager questioning in the piercing glance he threw about him. Presently he cried out in ill-articulated speech, " Senores, sois cristianos?" On being assured that they were, he dropped upon " Two carpenters, Alonso Ynflez anil Alvaro Lopez, claim the honor of having raised the first cn)88 for the church in New Spain. To this the natives niavil thereof. JJiKt. I ml., iv. 4G0-'2, 470. IJemal Diaz, Hist. Vcr- did., IS, deacrilKJS the idolatrous rite, and l*rcscott, Mcx., i. 2ol)-71, speaks ol Coitta ua u rclonucr. Tlin LOST CHRISTIANS. •1 Ills kneca, and with tears fallin_i( from uplifted eyes lliaiiked (jod for his deliverance. Tapia saw it at a j^lance; this was one of the captives. Hastily step- pin;^' forward, he eauijht the uncouth object in his ill ins, raised him fro; . riio ground with a tender em- l)race, and conducted ii!'» to camp." But fur the luard it would have been difficult, fi'om his outward a|>pearancc, to believe him a European. Naturally of a dark complexion, he was now bronzed by ex- jiosurc, and entirely naked except for a breech-cloth and sandals. His crown was shorn, and ih-^ remain- in;^ hair braided and coiled upon the head.'' In his hand he carried a net containing, among other things, a greasy prayer-book. On being present d to Cortes he seemed dazed, scarcely knowing Wxiother to cull liiiiiself savage or civilized. At l)est he conld not all at (>iice throw himself out of the former and into *h*' latter category; for when h's Indiati companions s(|uattetl themselves before the captain-general, and with the right hand, moistened by the lips, touchetl the ground and then the region of the heart in token of reverence, impelled by habit he found himself doing the same. Cortes was touched. Lifting him up, he threw over the naked Spaniard his own yellow mantle, ' ' Tliis is the aubstancc of Tnpia's ovni account. Relation, in frnrtmlcfla, Ciil. JJuc, ii. 5,">(^-7. Otliers diilcr somewhat in the number of Ii.dians who iinivc ill the canoe, in tlie mode of addressini; Tapia, and other ]K>inta. Ao- rmdinji to IScnio! Diaz, J/ixl. i'erdatl., 19, some soldiers out hunting report till' approacli of th<3 canoe, whcreujM>n Cortes sends Tapia to ascertain its oh- jct't. Seven Indians of Cozumel land, and, on seeing tlie SiMiniards advonce, ure a)>out to ilee in alarm, but one of them reassures tho rest, and calls out, ' l>i').s, y Santa Maria, y Sevilla." While he is embraced by Tapia, a soldier nislu'S to announce tho news to Cortt's. According to (iomara, J/int. Mfr., CO, it is meal-time and first Sunday in Lent when the news of a canoe with four lulians is brought. Tho fleet had been prevented by a storm from sailing oil tlie prcvii.us innin. vi., relates that .\;:uilar's mother bccamo insane on hearing that lu'r son Iiuil fallen among cxn- nili.ils — who brougiit her tiie news it is hard to j,'uess — and whenever slie beh !d llisli roasting, loud l''''ame the laments for his sail fate. This is re|)eated in ia/, //Ist.l'i'r'hul., IS, very reasonably permits him to iiiie a canoe with six rowers, for ho has beads to ])ayfor it, and canoes would nni be wanting, .since the island was a resort for pilgrims, particularly at ihis ve;y time. Mendieta, /li-'f. Eden., 17j-7('), fails not to recognize, in the (■■>m- jiulsory re*'irn of the Meet to Cozumel, and in the lindingof Aguihir, the hand ot (lod; unit Torcpiemaila, i. H70, eagerly elaborates the mirnculous features iu the appearuuuo of this ..Vuruii, who is to bu the mouth-picco of hia Musca. it THE VOYAGE. exceedingly glad to secure this man, even though ho l^ad been a little less chaste and brave and cunning than he represented himself to be. He found him not only useful but willing, for this humble holy man was a great fighter, as he had said, and was very ready to lead the Spaniards again.st his late mastei', tliough pledged to peace and friendliness. Early in March" the fleet again sailed, and after talcing shelter from a gale behind Punta do las Mu- jeres for one or two days, passed round Catoche and along the Yucatan coast, hugging the shore to note its features, and sending forth a growl of revengo on passing Potonchan. Boca de Tdrminos was now reached, whither Escobar had been sent in advance to explore, and within the entrance of a little harbor, to which a boat's crew was guided by blazings, a letter was found, hidden in a tree, from which cir- cumstance the harbor was named Puerto Escondido. Tiie letter reported a good harbor, surrounded by rich lands abounding in game; and soon after tlm fleet met the exploring vessel, and learned of the iin- f)ortant acquisition to the expedition in Grijalva's ost dog.** Off Rio de Tabasco the fleet came to anchor, and the pilots knowing the bar to be low, only the smaller vessels entered the river. Remem- bering the friendly reception accorded Grijalva, tin; Spaniards were surprised to find the banks lined with hostile bands, forbidding them to land. Cortes there- fore encamped at Punta de los Palmares, on an island about half a league up the river from the mouth, au' I '* Bomal Diaz says the 4th, which is rather close reckoning, according to his own account, for two days arc recjuired to rcacli Coziimcl from Caix! Sun Antonio, nine days are consumed by Ordaz in waiting for the captives, nii^l four days for repairing Escalantc's leaky vessel. This alone brings us frun February 18th, the date of leaViUg CaiKs San Antonio, to March 5th, without c'lnting a probable day or two for preimring, starting, and returning. '" A greyhound bitch, really of great service to the hunters. Bemal Diaz, Hht. I'erdad., 20, starts Escobar from Punta de las Mujeres. Velnvcnt, Teatvo Met:., Vt. iii. 112. Cogolludo, His' I'uculhan, 29, while adopting I'U hearsay the more genci-al supposition that a missing vessel is found here, follow ■; Diaz in the account of tlic exploring vessel. Gomara, Hist. Mex., 25-6, aii'l Herrera, dec. ii. lib. iv. cap. xi., evidently attributes the name Escondido to tlie tiuding of the missing vessel. N! BATTLE OF TABASCO. 83 tlio not far from the capital of the Xoiioliualcas, a lav^xQ town of adobe ami stone buildings on the opposite mainland, protected by a heavy stockade." In answer to a demand for water, the natives there- about pointed to the river; as for food, they would briiiL^ .some on the morrow. Cortes did not like the ii]>poarance of things; and when, during the night, began to remove tlieir women and children from town, he saw that his work must begin here. ]\[()rc men and arms were landed on the island, and Avila was ordered to proceed to the mainland with uiie hundred men, gain the rear of the town, and attack at a given signal.*" In the morning a few canoes arrived at the island with scanty provisions, all that could be obtained, the natives said; and further than this, the Spaniards must leave: if they attempted to penetrate the interior, they would be cut off to a man. Cortes answered that his duty to the great king he served required him to examine the country and barter for supplies. Entering the vessels, he ordered them to advance toward the town; and in the presence of the royal notary, Diego de Godoy, he made a final appeal for peace, as required by Spanish law, casting upon the natives the blame for the consequences of their refusal. The reply came in " Mille quingentorum passuum, ait Alaminus nauclerus, et ilomornm fiuintiue ac viginti inillium .... cgregio lapidibus et calco fabrefectoe. ' Peter Jlar/i/r, l)e JiwvHs, 14. 'A poco mas tie media Icgiia que aubiaii por el, (ri'.ir) vicron vn gran pueblo con las casaa ile ailoue.s y los tejados de pajii, el i|u:ii f.stiiua cercauo de madera, con bien grucssa pared y almenas, y troiieras liiu;i llecliar. ' Halls and temples are also refcirfd to: ' Mas no tienc vegcnte y ciiiio mil casas.' Oomara, Hist. Mvx., '20-37. 'Punta de los I'aliimi-es |u!iLTo (irijalva also camped], que cstava del pueblo de Tabasco otro media Icu'iiii.' Jlenial Diaz, Hist. I'erilad., '20. Montiinus, Xieuwe Weenlil, 77, fiillow.s (ioniara and Martyr, in calling the pueblo I'otonchan ; so does IL'lps, X/"('/. (.'oik/., ii. 200-4, who fro(iui'ntly reveals the aupcrliciality of hi.s re- Hcii'clies. Hrasseur do Bourbourg calls it (.Jentla. lli.it. Nat. Cir., iv. ."i8. The stockade defences are described in detail in .S'o'i.i, Hist. Mvx., i. !KV-4. ■'-' ' MantU) poner en cada vn batel tres tiros.' Avila received one humlred scililiers, including ten cross- lx)\vmcn, and took a route leading across creek i .•iiid marshes to the rear of the pueblo. Jicriial Diaz, lli.it. Venlad.. "JO. 'SiMialo Cortes dos capitancs con catla cienticinqucnto Espaftoles. Que fncron Alonso di Auila, y I'edro de Aluarado.' A ford was f' md half a league almvo the camp. Oomara, Hist. Mt some maize and fowl. During the action eigliteeii Indians were killed and fourteen Spaniards wounded.-' In the formal taking of possession which followed, it was noticctl by those present that mention of the name of Velazquez was signiticantly omitted.^* " llernal Diaz, Hist, Vr.rihid., Jf), estimates that twelve thousand wavriDis defoiuled tlie ti)\vii. He himself received a woniiil in the thigh, (tiiiiiar.i, Illxt. Jfex., '2!), Univcs only four hundred in ciiarge of the place. I'ctir Martyr, dec. iv. cjip. vii., allows tlie horses to share in the battle, and ])l:ii-i's tlie warriors at four thousand. Las Casas, J fist, /ml., iv. 474, exaggeiiites, of course, the Spanish excesses, but without giving detinite stateineuts. ^' 'Intetaba iiacer locjue de.«pues hizo,' says Vetancvrt, IWifro Mcj'., ))t. iii. 1 1 '2, in reference to the later eft'ected independence of Velazquez. The nindi' of taking po.s.ses8ion is thus described: Advancing with drawn sword ;iii'l aliicld to u large ceiba-tree hi the court-yard, Cortes struck it three times, uuU BRAVERY OF THE XATn'ES. 87 i" conchs, ^^s. Tho he mud, ont their arcd tliu 'ickcii at 3 natives Icrs, and as they I ashore, as they Drful and flung at dly with k^ere now courau'e. ir battle- ago, and itoekadc. 's chased a stand, icf! At saw the nd fle.l. Ited in vitod to exce})t ^liteen unded.-' wed, it of the 1(1 warriiiis (riniiani, .CO. I'l'tfl' ami j>1:k'('m Liigi^crutcs, L'Utrt. 'I'j'., ])t. iii. Tlie iiuhIi' ^W()^(1 iiu'l times, uud Ig- Next mornincf Alvarado and Francisco do Luffo, each with one hundred men, were sent by dift'erent ways to reconnoitre and forage, with orders to return l^efore dark.'^' Melchor, on being called to accompany one of them, was missing. Presently his clothes were discovered hanging on a tree, indicating that ho had gone over to the enemy. Lugo had advanced not more than a league when, near a town called Centla, he encountered a large body of warriors, wlio attacked him fiercely and drove him back toward the camp. Alvarado had meanwhile been turned by an estuary from his course and in the direction of Lugo. Hearing the noise of battle he hastens to the assist- ance of Lugo, only to be likewise driven back by the ever increasing hosts, and not until Cortes came to the rescue with two guns did the enemy retire.''* The result, according to Bernal Diaz, was two of Lugo's men killed and eleven wounded, while fifteen Lillians fell and three were captured. Nor did tho matter rest here. The captives told Cortes that Tabasco, concerned at the ari-ival of so large a fleet which augured hostile occupation, had aroused the province, the assembled chiefs being also urged by ISIelchor to manfully expel the invaders, as announced that ho took possession for the king, and would defend his riijlit ajiJiinst all comers. The soldiers thereupon shouted their approval, declariiij} tliat tliey would sustain their captiiin in his challenge. liernut Diaz, //ist. yurlx)urg follow him. liefore Corti's set ont, says Cogolludo, Jlial. Yucathan, 32, he had repelled on attack on his own camp. p- 88 THE VOYAGE. the people of Potonchan had clone. To dcpait now woukl leave a stain upon the generalship of Cortes in the eyes of both Spaniards and Indians such as was not to be thought of. There must be a battle fought and won. To this end all the horses, cross-bows, iire- locks, and guns were brought on shore. Thirteen of the best horsemen'" were selected to form a cavalry corps under the leadership of Cortt^s. The horses were provided with poitrels having bells attached, and the riders were to charge the thick of the enemy and strike at the face. Ordaz was made chief of infantry and artillery, the latter being in special charge of Mesa.^^ In order both to surprise the enemy and secure good ground for the cavalry, Cortes resolved to advance at once on Centla. It was annunciation day, the 25th of March, when the army left camp and stood before Centla, in the midst of broad maize and cocoa fields, intersected by irrigation ditches. The enemy were ready, their dark forms appearing in the distance under an agitated sea of glistening iztli. The cavalry now made a detour to gain their rear, while the infantry marched straight on.'^ Formidable as was in truth the Spanish army, the unsophisticated natives made light of it, and came gayly forward to the combat in five squadrons, of eight thousand warriors each,** as Bernal Diaz says, *' all in flowing plumes, with faces painted in red, white, and black, sounding drums and trumpets, and flourishing lances ■■" ' Si'nalo treze de acauallo,' who are named as Olid, Alvarado, Ptiertocar- i-crn, Kscalante, Montejo, Avila, Vcla/quez de Leon, Morln, Lares the good hoiseniau to diatiuj^uisli him from anotlier Litres, Gonzalo Domingucz, Moron of r>a/.anio, and I'edro Gonzalez of Trujillo, Cortes being the thirteenth. /.'' riKtl Ditiz, Hint. Virilcul. , 22 ; Solis, Hixt. Mex. , i. 100, says lifteen horses, but in the Carta del Ayuid. de V. Cruz, in Vorlis, Cartas, 16, the number de- ercases to ten. ''" (lonuvra says tlie force mustered 500 men, 13 horses and guns; Her- rera, 4(K) men and 12 horses. The alferez M-as Antonio de Villaroel. -"This was ii favorite movement of Cortes, and as such Tapia and the Carta dd Ay lint, de T. Cruz aceept it, while IWrnal Diaz and most writers state tiuit the swampy ground retjnired a eircuit. ■'" An estimate bftsed probably upon the strength of the regular Aztec Xiiini/iilli. with which the conquerors were soon to become aeijuainted. See ^'atirc I'acfH, ii. 425. Tapia even raises the number to six squadrons. Jlda- lion, in fcuzboU'eta, Col. Doc, ii. 500. THE HEAVENLY HORSEMAN. 89 and shields, two-handed swords, fire-hardened darts, iiiid shngs, and every man protected by an armor of <|uilted cotton." They would encircle tliese impu'.lent interlopers, and did they not fall faintin*^ hcneath their hrave yells and savage music, they would crush them liki; fhes. And by way of beginning, they sent forth a cloud of arrows, stones, and cliarred darts, wounding many and killing one, a soldier named Saldana. The Sj)aniards answered with their cross-bows and fire- locks, and mowed the packed masses with their can- non. The soft soil and ditches were less to the agile Indian than to the heavily accoutred Spaniard. It adds nothing to the honor of Spanish arms to tlirow in at this juncture a miracle to terrify the already half-paralyzed Indians, who might otherwise jirove too strong for their steel-clad assailants; but the records compel me. While in the dire embrace of heathen hordes, midst thrust and slash and crash of steel and stone, the enemy hewn down and driven back only to give place to thrice the number, behold, upon a gray-spotted steed, a heavenly horseman a])[)eared, and from a slight eminence overlooking tlie bloody field he frowned confusion on the foe. The heathen warriors were stricken powerless, enabliuix the Spaniards to form anew ; but when the horseman vanished, the Indians rallied. Thrice, with the same etlect, the awful apparition came and wont.^^ Then " CortiJs, on coming up and being told of this, shouted, 'Onward, com- ]i;iiiionHl verset tinghe sijnder Voor-Ouderen, hier te Ljindo ons overghedraghen heeft,' says Wachter, in the preface. The volume opens with a lengthy description of the Antilles, but the remaining text is wholly devoted to the Spanish colonies on the main, mingled witiiout order, and intei-spersed with special chapters on navi- gation and coiist routes for tlie benefit of traders. Beside the usual descrip- tion of physical am! jwilitical geography, with particular reference to natural resources and aboriginal customs, several voyages are described, mainly to point out sailing directions and the progress of discoverj', while the coiKiuest period is told with soitie minuteness, but garbled with the idea of expos'ing the avarice aiul cruelty of the iiated Spaniards. This is also the ol>jeet of nearly all the neatlyengraved copper-plates. The map extends Hiidson Ifciy very close to the I'acilie coast, where a faintly outlined strait is visiblo some distance abo\ e California Island. The port relating to Mexico, iuclud- CORTte INSXnUCTS THE NATIVES. 91 zinnel. [couiitry- oundctl, iM) iiiuii X-., :u. , wliilo lis aro yuiiia il)Vil)U9 I) dii'il, Finally e 1)0011 iv. 477. ajiainst lus littlo ir W'ost t C.'usco KVeitiot t,' Kays 11 of tlie son tho )n navi- losoiip- natuial inly to )iif temple on which was placed a large cross. From this altar Father Olmedo preached to the natives, and here were baptized the first converts to the church in New Spain, consisting of the twenty female slaves, who were afterward distributed among the leaders. Then folh^wed the ceremonial tender of allegiance by the chiefs of Tabasco's province to the Spanish king, and the formal naming of the large town, which was called Santa Maria de la Victoria, in commemoration of the victory.^ Palm Sunday being at hand, it was resolved to celebrate it in such a manner as to further impress the natives. Attired in their most brightlv colored garments, with palms in their hands and banners aloft, '• ' Y pnsosc nombre a aquel pueblo, Santa JIaria de la Vitoria, h assi se llama agoi-a la villa de Tabasco.' Benuil l>ka, Ili.-it. I'erdud., "24. ' I'otan- cliaiium dieitur ab accolis oppidum . . . . Victoriain nostri appellaniiit.' J'v/er Martyr, De fnnrlix, 14; copied in Gomara, /HkL M<'x., .30. Referring to the battle of Centla, Clavigero writes: ' e per nienioria vi fondarono poi una pic- cola citt.\ col nome delfa Mculoinia tlel/n I'lf/nria, la <|uale sti per lungo tempo la capitale di quclla Provincia .... Si spopol(> del tutto verso la metA del secolo passato. ' A later foundation received tlie name of Villahennosa. Sforia, Mcxk. , iii. 11. This is based on a statement by IJernal Diaz, /fist. Vcrdnd., 22, anil to reconcile this with the note above, it must be supposed that the Xonohualoa capital was removed to the site of the l)attle-field when the Spaniards settled, other authors either confound the points or avoid them by a vague reference. Victoria was founded by Cortes in 1510. Ah-edo, Die, v. .305. It is strange that the chief town is not referred to under its native name, for Potonchan is evidently a mistake by Peter Martyr. PUKRTOi AnRRRO'S PI.KASAXTRY. 03 the Spaiiiiirtls inan'licd in soltMun procession, to har- iiionioiis eluiiits, alunit the tuiuplo; and when tlieso (ItiULfhty men of war liunibled themselves hoforo the svmhols of their faith, tlie wondering heathen thoujifht that jifreat indeed must be the j^od worshipped l)V sudi l)eings. After eommendinjij the sacred emblenjs to the care of the cliiefs, with a promise to send holy men to teach them the true faith, and with assurances of royal protection, the Spaniards hade the Nonohual- cas farewell, an«l were shortly on their way again. Keeping close to the shore for purposes of observa- tion, the several places observed and named by Grijalva were pointed out to Cortds and conmiented upon by those who had accompanied the former expedition. Certain of the new captains took umbrage at this assumption of superior knowledge,, accompanied by lilteral proffers of advice; and one of them, the polished Puertocarrero, broke out in a strain of pleasant sar- casm. " It seems to me, senor," he said, taking tlip incidents of a wed-known romance for his text, "as if these gentlemen would enlighten you, in the words of the father of Montesiuos: Behold France, Montesinos; Behold Paris, the city; Behold the waters of Douro, Where they fall into the sea I Xow I would humbly suggest that your worship yourself should seek out rich lands and learn to govern them wisely." Catching the significance of the words, Cortes replied: "Let God only grant su*^ cess to our arms, as he did to Paladin Roldan, and with such gentlemen as yourself to aid me I shall well know what to do." Gliding past islas Blanca and Verde, the fleet anchored behind San Juan de Ulua late on Thursday in passion week. if.ik CHAPTER VII. WHAT MONTKZUMA THOUCJIIT OF IT, Home of Mexican Civilization — Tiik T'idudkk Land ok Savaoism— Coy- FUJrilATION OK TIIK ColNTUV — TlIK XaHIAS AN!> TIIK MaYAS- ToI.TErs, ClIIOIIIMKCS, AND AZTKCS — TlIE VaM.KY OK MeXIOO — CiVIL PoLITY O^ THE Aztecs — Kino Aimitzotl — Montkzima Made Kmi-kuok— Chauac- TER OK THE MaN — HlS CaRKER— TlIE FlK.-*T AlTEAUINO OK TDK .Sl'AN- lARDs NOT Unknown to Montezisia — 'J'iie Quetzau'oatl Myth — DEi-ARTruE ok the Faih (Jod— Skjns AND Omexs conceunino his I{e- Ti'RN — The Comino ok the Spaniards Mistaken for the FrLFiLMENx OK THE Prophecy — Thk Uoor Opened to the Invader. Before entering upon the crusade which was so f)ainfully to aft'ect the destinies of this vast interior, et us cast a brief gflance upon the country and its inhabitants, and particularly on that idiosyncrasy of the aboriginal mind which opened the door to the invaders. The first two subjects are fully treated in the first, second, and fifth volumes of my Natice Jiaces of (lie Pacific States to which I would refer the reader, being able here to give only an outline of what in detail is an exceedingly interesting phase of indigenous development. This developm nt awoke to consciousness in the forms of the Nalv '. and Maya civilizations, the former occupying the noi lern portion of that tropical table- land which rises to i lubrious heights between latitudes 22^ and 11°, and le latter the southern portions. Round the opaque lowland edges of this heaven-en- lightened interior the mind of man seemed also dark antl low, dwarfed by sandy sweeps, or overshadowed by redundant foliage ; yet it was not altogether free from the influence of its neighbors, for the people of EARLY NATION'S OF TIIK TAHLK LAND. till" tlcrrns cMllt'iifos bonlfriii}^ this i-lrvjition wcro I'lirtluT ri'inuvotl tVoin savMi^isin than tlu>ir luoro iiorthi'in ami soutljorn hivthri'n. The valloy of Mi'xit'o, tlio Aiulhuac of tlio Aztors, was situati'd httwci'ii the two principal ranj^es, tlie Vacitic l>raii<'h and tho Atlantic branch of the Siorni Madrc, uiuKt w hicli name Hio jjjrcat cordillcra hero presents itself, roininLT in from the north-west, ilatteninuf near tho centre, and reuniting l)e^''»»'o reaching Tt'huant(»pec. Kventually An;lhuac overspreads the whole plateau. Cross the continent on the nineteenth parallel and you will reach the greatest elevation and see tho highest mountains in this vicinity. Indeed, from tho plain of Puebla, whereabout lay the walled town of Tlascala, you may take in Popocatepetl, I/taccihuatl, and Orizaba at one view. Within seventy leagues from Vera Cruz inland, through tho temperate valley of ( )rizaba, you may pass from a region of palms to a region of pines. The plains of Tabasco, upon whoso border we have already landed and fought our battle, form tho north-eastern part of the broad isthmus valley of Tehuantcpec. This is bordei-ed on the south bv the sierra connecting the elevation of Anilhuac with the table-land of Guatemala, whose western declivitv breaks into parallel wooded ridges runniuix due south-west. North of Anilhuac the surface settles into wide })lains between short sierras, until monot- onous quietude is attained in the prairies of Texas and New ^lexico. Crossing the isthmus of Tehuan- tcpec at a diminished altitude the cordillera rises again and stretches out into the broad and lofty ranges of Central America, where the Maya nations made their home. Earliest among the Nahua nations to stand forth upon the mythic record are the Toltecs, whose first supremacy in Antlhuac is placed in the sixth century. l*]ii(lowed by tradition with a culture surpassing that of their successors, the halo surrounding their name has been kept bright by monuments, such as the 06 WHAT MONTEZUMA THOUGHT OF IT. II m I I: 1 1 '-■■'' pyramids of Teotiliuacan and Cholula. For five cen- turies this people Hourish, sustained by a coni'cdera- tion of kings whose capitals become in turn famous as seats of learning and of imperial splendor. Relig- ious strife, developing gradually into civil war, with attendant famine and pestilence, opens the door to ruder tribes, and the Toltecs pass off the stage. Throwing off the Toltec veil so long shielding them, a number of tribes now rise into distinct political existence, and the stronger, in connection with some- Avhat ruder yet more energetic incomers, form the new ruling combination, the Chichimec empire. Of the leading power, denominated the Chichimec, nothing is known; but the permanency of Nahua language and civilization leads to the supposition that it is of the same race as its predecessors. In later times the name is also applied lo the wild border tribes of the north. For several centuries Andhuac becomes the scene of intrigues and struggles between the different branches of the combination for the balance of power, during which a number of towns figure as dominating centres, and a number of tribes rise to prominence under the traditional term of conquerors and immigrants. Among these are the Aztecs, the representative nation of the Nahua civil- ization at the coming of the Spaniards. Upon opposite sides of the largest of a cluster of lakes which illuminate the oval valley of Mexico have stood, since the beginning of the fourteenth century, three cities, Tezcuco, Mexico, and Tlacopan capitals of three confederate nations, the Acolhuas, the Aztecs, and the Tepanecs. To the first belonged the eastern portion of the valley, to the second the southern and western, and to the third a small portior of the north-west. Of this confederation, Tezcuco was for a time the most powerful; Tlacopan was least. While keeping to their respective limits w'.thin the valley, beyond its classic precincts tho three powers made common cause against the barba- AZTEC SUPREMACT'. 07 rians. About the middle of the fifteenth century, under the warhke Montezuma I., Mexico attained the supremacy, and daring the next sixty years ex- tended her empire to the shores of either ocean. Within this circuit, howeyer, were severa) nations which she neyer conquered; instance the Tlascaltccs, the Tarascos, and the Chiapanecs. Many there wei-e — for example, the people of Tehuantepec, of north- ern Guatemala, and Soconusco, and the Miztecs and Zapotecs rf Oajaca, whose conquest by the Aztecs was temporary — who either paid tribute for a time only, or who threw off the yoke the moment the in- vader's back was turned. The !Matlaltzincas, west of the lakes, and the Iluastecs and Totonacs (jf Vera Cruz, were subjugated l>ut a few years prior to the appearing of the Spaniards. These coast -dwellers had not yet become reconciled to the ru^J of the in- terior lords, but hated them as inveterate foes; and herein lay one of the chief causes of success accom- panying the Castilian arms. Indeed, Aztec su})rem- acy was maintained in every quarter onl}^ by conr>tant war; rebellion, as soon as checked in one quarter, breaking out in another. Further than this, the Aztecs, by their overbearing spirit, had become ob- noxious to tlioir allies; yet their aggressive policy was continued in full force by the predecessor of ^tontezun. ., II., Ahuitzotl, with whom war was an absorbing passion. In the civil polity of the Aztecs were elements which, if given iVee play, would by elevating the people raise the nation yet higher in the scale of domination. This did not escape the observant neighbors, upon whom the prospect fell with chilling i'ear, a fear by no means mitigated l)y the ever in- creasing tendency of the Mexicans for the imraoia- tion of human btangs. Nor wcn^ the Aztec nobles pleased to see political power slipping iVom their f,n'asp and falling into the hands of the peojde, among v\hom the spirit of republicanism and equality was Hist. Me:.. Vol. I. 7 98 WniAT MOXTEZUMA THOUGHT OF IT. !!'■ rcjijardcd .is having already gained too great ascend- ancy. The result was a struggle, not unlike that at the same time going on in Europe, between the nobil- ity and the commonalty, the clergy taking sides witli the former. And at the death of Ahuitzotl the higher class succeeded in raising to the throne a person of extreme aristocratic and religious tastes, though humble withal, as Coriolanus could not be, to catch the common herd ; for when tidings of his elec- tion were brought him he was found sweeping the temple. ]\Iontezuma, he was called, and surnamed Xocoyo- tzin, the younger, to distinguish him from the iirst Montezuma, known as Huehue, the elder. He was the son of Axayacatl and Xochicueitl, and nephew of the late king; and had reached only his thirty- fourth year when selected for the throne, in preference to an elder brother. The reasons alleged for this distinction were the possession of high qualities as a warrior, whose bravery had been tested on more than one field of battle; as an adviser, \\hose words, uttered in clear, dignified tones, had been heard in the council with respect; and as high priest, whoso gravity and circumspection had won him favor among all classes. Upon occasions he could observe t'v; taciturnity which so often attracts a reputation for wisdom; and, moreover, he possessed a fine figure and a majestic presence, suci. as admirably suited the monarch. He was proficient in astronomy, picture- writing, and in certain esoteric branches, for which he showed a natural bent; likewise he was well read in the history of his people, and familiar with all their traditions. This second Montezuma was a born prince, and might have been a pattern for Niccolo Macchiavelli, with whom he was contemporary. For, like the Florentine's ideal, he was talented, learned, crafty, and upscrupulous. Had he studied in his own lan- guage that immaculate manual of political ethics, The- CHARACTER OF MONTEZUMA H, 99 Prince, he could not have more faithfully followed its precepts. No sooner had he assumed the sceptve than, throwing off the mask by w^iich he had deceived the jilebeians, he dismissed every person of that class eni|)l()yed about the palace, and filled all vacancies, civil and military, from the ranks of the nobles. Ho applied himself with energy to war and diplomacy, in both of which he was eminently successful, and raised himself and his throne to the highest pinnacle of grandeur; whereupon he did not disdain the title of Emperor of the World. Notwithstanding his talents and accomplishments, he was exceedingly superstitious, surpassing in this respect many of his followers, and was dependent on diviners and astrologers, appeal- ing also to the ccansels of Nczahualpilli and other ])r(»inincnt personages. Men, whom he knew, he did not fear; but the gods, whom he did not know, ho feared exceedingly. And Ijccause he practised human sacriiice to propitiate them he has been called cruel, but the actions of a blind devotee of religion nuist not be measured by a too critical standard. There was nothing cruel in the wish of Caligula, however hate- ]'iil and vindictive it might be, that the Roman people liad but one her.d, so that he might strike it off at a single blow; l>ut when he tortured men and women for amusement while at his meals, that was the quintessence of cruelty. As for honor, integrity, and all those virtues which go to make a man, we must not expect them in princes or in politicians; yet we may safely say that in all the generous qualities of mind and heart the Aztec monarch was no whit behind contemporary European rulers. I'^roni all which it is safe to say that ]\Iontezunia, though most magnificent and lordly among his lords, was not popular with the masses, and his position at this juncture was not of the safest. His extravagance exceeded all bounds; his continuous wars were expen- sive ; and to meet the heavy draughts upon the treas- uiy required excessive taxation. This was made to 1 1 100 WHAT MOXTEZUMA THOUGHT OF IT. weigh with special heaviness on the subjugated prov- inces, on which Hkewise was laid with peculiar aggra- ^'ation the horrible burden of furnishing victims for human sacrifices. The successful resistance to Iiis {inns of several states enclosed by his conquests, or bordering on his domain, caused him no small uii- happiness. There was the little republic of Tlascala, on the very border of the Mexican valley, which often he had tried to conquer, and failed. Then there was the Tarascan kingdom of Michoacan, on the western side, whose people boasted as high a culture as any of the lake region, which stood firm against all efforts of the confederation. With nations beyond their border little intercourse existed, yet Aztec traders, likewise playing spies, were often as far south as Nicaragua, and along the coasts of Honduras and Yucatan. There is no doubt, there- fore, that the presence in those parts of the Spaniai'ds was known to Montezuma from the first. It misj^lit have been like a voice from behind the clouds, the re- ports of Columlius and Pinzon, but the appearing of Cordoba and Grijalva, wlio talked and drew blood, was something more tangible. The people of Tuito, on the west coast of Mexico, held that before the con- quest a vessel was lost there, from which had landed more than forty persons, dressed like Spaniards, and whom the natives received kindly, but finally slew because they insisted on the worship of the cross.^ A box thrown up by the waves, and containing peculiar clothing, gold rings, and a sword which no one could break, was said to have l)een in Montezuma's posses- sion. Vague as were these appearings, there was something painfully portentous in them. * When Francisco Cortds entered tlie town, shortly after the fall nf Mexico, liewasniet by a body of Indians witli tlicir hair tonsured like priests, and with crosses in their hands, lieaded by tlio chief in flowing white gown and scapula-y. Tiiis, they explained, had been the practice of the shipwrecktd crew, who had liehl up the cross as a i-ecoiirse from all danger. Frrjrn, lli^l Com/., (1.3-4. This anthoritj' places implicit reliance in the story, and regai-ils the strangers as a missionary party driven fivni the East Indies or C!hiiKi. Jalisco, Xlcin. J I int., 'M-'2. V'' THE FAIR GOD. 101 For the chief divinity of the Xahua nations was Qiietzalcoatl, the gentle god, ruler of the air, con- troller of the sun and rain, and source of all prosperity. In the palmy days of the Toltecs he had been their king, the creator of their golden age, giving them metals, improved government, and products of spon- taneous growth; after which he was their god, with liis chief shrine at Cholula, where surrounding peoples, even those inimical to the city, maintained temples for his worship. From toward tlie rising sun Quetzalcoatl ]i;id come; and he was white, with large eyes, and long black hair, and copious beard. After a tinal rule of twenty years at Cholula he set out for the country whence he came, and on reaching the seaboard of Go- azacoalco he sailed away on a craft of snakes. His last words were that one day bearded white men, brethren of his, perhaps he himself, would come by way of the sea in which the sun rises, and would enter in and rule the land;^ and from that day, with a iidelity be- titting: Hebrews waitinjj the cominsc of their Messiah, the Mexican people watched for the fulfilment of this ])r()p]iecy, which promised them a gentle rule, free iVoni bloody sacrifices and oppression; but to their sovoi'eign the thought gave rise to deep apprehension, for then his own reign must terminate. Thus it was that the tidings of strange sails and 1 (carded white men on their eastern border were re- • 'fived at the gay capital with mingled fear and joy. And marvel-mon4-7. The precursor of these harbingers of evil apiiears to have been the famine of I.jOo, -which compelled many a parent to sell his children for the means to obtain food, while others lined the road-side with their famished bodies. The cessation of smoke from the volcano Popocatepetl, for twenty days, was a feature seized upon by the diviners as a sign of relief; and triie enough, in the following year, the suffering people were cheered with an abundant harvest. Soon again their fears were roused by an eclipse and an earth(juake, in the very inaugural year of the new cycle, loO?, and by the drowning of 1800 soldiers during the .Mi/tec campaign. Almost every succeeding year confirmed their apprehensions l)y one or more signs or occurrences of an ominous nature. One of the most alarming was the appearance, in Ijroad ilny, of a comet with thnas lieads, whicli darted across the sky, eastward, with such speed that the tails seemed to scatter sparks. ' Salieron eometas del cielo de tres en tres .... paro- eian echando de si l)rasas de fuego . . . . y llevaban grandes y largas colas. ' Mrndi'ta, Hist. Eclis., 170. ' Cay;) una cometa, parecian tres estrellas.' Saha- ijiDi, Hi.ft. ('onij., i. 4; Native J\'a-(.^, v. 400. After this, in l.j()7 or l.")l(), .'i pyramidal light, which scatterea sparks on all sides, rose at midnight from the eastern horizon till its apex reached tlie zenitli, where it faded at dawn. This continued for forty days, or for a year, according to some .leeounts. ' Diez afios antes quo viniesen los espanoles. . . .duro por espacio de un afio cada iioche.' Saha^jitn, Hist. Cmir/., i. 3. ' Oeho auos antes do la venida tie los espanoles, . . . .y esto sc vio cuatro anos.' Id., Hi/'f. Ocn., ii. 271. It occurred in l.")09, and lasted over forty days. Colev Tc't. lii'.m., in Kinle, and nai'ivt'il the cross, ll'iitt. <'/ij/u]>a, ',i04; Caminyo, Hint. Tlax., 140. (inmara iijifPLars to connect tliia eastern light with a thick smoke and with the tiny jiyi'amid, whicli were followed l)y a battle in the sky Wtween hodies (if iirmed men, attended with great .slaughter. Some of the courtiers sur- rounding Montezuma while he observed tliis phenomenon, jiointed out that the arms and dre-ss of the victorious faction resembled tliose in tlie chest uliich had been washed up on the coast. Ho declared his conviction, lin\vt.vi'r, that they must be relics of his divine ancestors, not of mortal beings V liii fell on a battle-field, as these forms appeared to ilo. }Ic proposed, as a test, that they should break the divine sword. This they tried, but in vain, mid remained mute with wonder at its tlexibility and strength. 11 iM. Mer., 214; Jli'iirni, dec. iii. lib. ii. cap. ix. Mendietii places this sign in 151 1. J/M. EcIpk., 17!). The hist celestial sign, as descrilxjd by Mendicta, is a large, brilliant I'imiet, which appeared the very year of tiie Spaniards' arrival, and remained i;nin()vable in tiie air for several days. Hist. Edm., ISO. Before Neaihualpilli icturncd to his capital, after interpreting the tiery signs, he was feasted by Mciiitezuma, and the two monarchs thereupon retired to tiie diviners' chanil)er to searcli into the legends of their forefathers for further light upon the omens. Froiii this circumstance gre\v the story that the twain had made a journey to the ancient home of their race. NeziUuialpilli, being a conjurer, took Monte- zuma through the air to the Seven Caves, where tiiey conversed with the bntliren of their ancestors. On learning that the first named was a descend- ant of the great Chichiniecatl Xolotl, he was ottered the government of this region, but declined, promising, however, to return at a later date. Tonptf- vniild, i. '21'2-13. Duran ajiplies to the reign of Montezuma I. a similar story, whicli is more appropriate to the present subject. Eager to acijnaint his ancestors with the glorious achievements of their progeny, and to learn some- tiiing of the old home, this monarch sent a force of sixty sorcerers on a mission to Chicomoztoc, with numerous presents for Coatlicue, the mother of the di- vine Huitzilopochtli. Transforming themselves into animals, they reachetl tlie sacred region occupied by some Aztecs whom the god had left behin iirrii, dec. iii. lib. ii. cap. ix. Aliout the same time .some fishermen caught a grey bird, like a crane, with a round comb or diadem, resembling a mirror. On being brought before Montezuma, ho was 8tartle, i. '2',i't. ('iimnnjo, Hid. Tlnxc, 13S)-10. Another great bird is referred to, with a iiiiiiian head, which soared above tho lake uttering the jirediction that speedily would come the new rulers of tho empire. Other monsters were found in the shaiK) of double-bodied and double-headed men, wiiich dissolved in the air sliurtly after liciiig brought to the sorcerers', or black iiall, of Montezuma. \ liiirril)!o aniiiial was caught near Tecualoia. Torqmmnild, i. "21 I. During all the years of these signs could bo heard, at frequent intervals, a female voice lamenting, 'Oh, my children, all is lost to us I My chiltlrcn, wiiither will you be taken?' Jil., 'JI4, '21)3. A similar voice was heard before the fallof .lerusalem. ./ns' ji/in-i, lib. vii. cap. xii. ; Mendieta, Hist. tJcl'-.i., 180; Wi'i/tin, Hint. An/. Mcj., iii. I5.'>.S ; iS'ili'Kjitn, Hist. Gen., i. 3. In lolO the imperial city wa.s startled, one dear, quiet night, by a fir«», which, bursting from the heart of the timbers in the temple of Huitzilopochtli, burned all the fiercer under the etlbrts made to ((uciich it. A procui-sor of this had been the fall of a stone column close to the templo, coining no ono knew whence. 'El chaititel de un Cii de \'itzilopuchtli, quo se llaniaba Tlacoteca, se encemliiS. ' S'lhrninu, Hi'^t. <'i»i'i., i. ;i 4. Shortly after, the temple of the tire j^od Xiuhtecutli, at Zocomolco, was stricken by lightning and burned. This occurred without the usual accompaniment of thunder, and with but a sprinkle of rain ; many regarded it as done by a sunbeam, and conseiiuently as particularly ominous. ' Loa 108 WHAT MONTKZUMA THOUGHT OF IT. by the Ht'i^lihoriiiLf nations, as the distinct annonnco- mont of the coming' of the jl^ocIs, who did in jjfood truth appear at the proptir time in the person of the Spaniards. And what should be tlieir doom, those stupid and profane men of Potonehan and Tabasco, who had raised their hands against these heavenly messeni^ersl W(! art! fui'ther assured that, prior to the arrival of any Spaniard, some ot the subjected [)rovinces assumed an air of inde[)endence, encouraged by the fear which these o(.'currences produced on the Aztecs, against wliom tliey were regarded as especially directed. Cuotlachtlan sorcerers having in their divining-pits conjured up visions of ^Ie\icans acting as aljject carriers to armed bearded men astride giant deei-, this people became in toll so insolent as to refuse the customary tribute, and even to murder the Aztcvj officials sent to collect it. And so involved was Montezuma in divers troubles that he was unable to resent the outrage. The thought occurred to the Mexican monarch that perhaps the threatened evils might lie averted by pro- pitiating the gods with greater sacrifices. For this the several campaigns then waged or concluded promised an abundance of victims; and to make the holocaust still more imposing, it was resolv<;d to consecrate at the same time a new sacrificial stone. After diligent search a suitable stone was (aund at Tonanitlan, near Coyohuacan. The scul)>t(.r; having finished their work, and the priests theirs, with loud hosannas it was rolled along toward the imperial city. While crossing the Xolco canal the brid<»;e broke, and the stone sank beneath the water, dragging down the hii^li- ]ii-iest and his attendants, "who went to hell quicker than the stone," comments the pious Torquemada. Iiulios (lecian . . . . el Sol ha quemailo esto Templo; porquo ni hemos visto llel.inipago, ni hemos oido Tniciio. ' Toniuemcuin, i. *214, 'ilU. Believing, or preteiiding to believe, the eity attiickud by cnetnics. the Tlatelulcfina ruslu'd to arms, for which excess of ze.al they were punished by a suspension of all their townsmen who held positions at court. N'.Uicu Races, v. 401-07. PAINFUL SUSPENSE. loa Th(^ stniio, liowcvcr, was rccovored, and consecrated till tlie summit of the great temple, in 1.^)12, with the l)l(t()(l of over twelve tliousand captive^.* And now Montezuma almost wishes the calamities ]\r fears were already upon him, so full of dread and (lire oppression is he. Priests, chiefs of wards, and other officials, says Tezozomoc, are conmianded to nseertain and impart all dreams and strange occur- rences relating to a coming people or to the throne. Wise and politic as ho is, ho does not seem to know lliat this IS only placing himself and his malady at the mercy of the masses. Who could not conjure up visions under such a summons? Some old men iinniodiately come forward with a dream, wherein lluitzilopochtli's imago is overthrown and his temple hurned to the ground, leaving no vestige. Certain * Torquemada assuiiica that tlio r2,'210 victims comprised also those ofTcrod at tlic consecration of two new tenipk-s, Tlamatzinco and Qtiuuhxieiilli. Set) yntire llaces, v. 471. Tezozomoc relates that the laliorers, after striviiit; ill ..ill to movo theasant at work in afield not far from Mexico, and seizing him by the hair in full view of his neighbors, bore him out of sight. Landed liigh upon a mountain, the man found himself led by invisible hands through n dark cave into a hall of daz- zling splendor, where Montezuma lay as if asleep. Less favored than Gany- mede, he was permitted to see no other form, but voices around explained to him that this was a representation of the emperor intoxicated with pride and blinded by vanity. Tezozomoc writes that the eagle assumed tho form of a lord and spoke ; but a superior being can hardly bo supposed to have assumed tho office of carrying a low peasant. A liglited pipe with a rose was placed in his hand, with orders to bum a mark upon tho monarch's leg, and then pro- ceed to court and re'ate to him what liad occurred, pointing out the blister in testimony. Tho gods were annoyed at his conduct and rule, which had evoked the ills soon to overthrow him. Let him amend and use well tho short term still allotted to him. The next moment tho peasant found himself borne through the air by the eagle, which enjoined upon him to obey the com- mand received. Tho man did so, and Montezuma, recalling a dream to the same cS'ect, looked and found a wound, which now began to bum painfully. Throwing the man into prison as an evil sorcerer, he sought his doctors for re- lief. 'Lo que vio el labrador, pudo ser que ocontecicssc en vision imaginatiua DIVINERS IN DANGER. Ill This, and more of yet wilder strain continued in the note, shows at least that prior to the coming of the porquo no es increyble que Dios por medio de vn Angel bueno ordenasse .... que aquel auiso se dicsse.' Ilerrera, dec. iii. lib. ii. cap. ix. Montezuma now rusolvcd to seek a refuge where none of the tlircatcned evils might reach iiiin. The place selected waa Cicalco, 'house of tlio rabbit,' painted by the myths as an abode of delight, abounding in every product, sown with flowers, and flowing with crystal waters, a place where death never entered. Aa a preliminary step four human victims were flayed and their spirits sent to Huemac, the ruler of that region, to prepare the way for the living messengers. These consisted of sorcerers, accompanied by dwarfs and hunch- backs to carry the flayed skins aa presents. Two hunchbacks were sent with the skins of ten flayed men, savs Duran. Entering the cave leading to Cicalco, they were guided by its guardian into the bowels of the earth, and presented themselves before the Aztec Pluto. With humble reverence they protlcred the skins with the prayer of Montezuma for admission into that abode of delight and into his service. Unwilling to make an exception to the rule for admis- sion through death's portals, Huemac sent the messengers back with pres- ents, giving the evasive reply that their master should confide to him lii3 .sor- rows and await relief. On receiving this report Montezuma engrily ordered the men to be cast into prison, and sent other messengers with fresh s'.kiiis., repeating his request for admission, yet conforming in so far as to ask for an explanation of the many signs abroad. Huemac, again avoiding t> direct answer, told them that Cicalco was quite a difi'erent place from what they uup- posed it to be. He and his comrades stayed not of their own accord, but were kept there by a superior power, steeped in abject toil ami misery. This un- satisfactory report entailed upon the messengers the same punishment as Ix)- fore. Two Acolhuan chiefs were now entrusted with fresh skins and tlic rc([uest tliat Huemac should at least explain the si^jus which threatened the emperor, if lie still refused him admission. Among these signs is mentioned a white cloud rising at midnight toward the sky. Propitiated by the hifrhcr rank or qualities of these messengei-s, or by the eanicst perseverance of their mas- ter, Huemac explained that the sufferings and mcnnccs were the result of his pride and cruelty. Let him amend, and as a preliminary task begin a fast of e:;^hty dfi,y.«. This accomplished, Huemac would meet him at Tlaciitonco, on the summit of Chapultcpec. Montezuma was so delighted with this answer that he rewarded the chiefs most liberally, and made the necef.sary arrange- ments for the government of th" empire during his seclusion. Going at the appointed time to Tlachtonco. a 'rilliant stone ordered him to make certain preparations and return in foui- uays, when lie would be conducted to Cicalco. This he did, aitsr enjoining n.icrccy upon all who had a8sisteures." Then they showed the glass beads, a sp'- iuicri too often approaching the value of the gifts I H 5 >.•.,<] by the strong from the weak. Montezuma Sdt 1 ;i:.r:c, scarcely heeding the messages sent him by (j!tl;'d-, I,, *" )iicerne.d most of all that vassals should ii(»t witness his dismay. Here again was his j)hantasy before him, like the shade of dead Hector before ' 'liosiiroti todos las proas ile las nnos ou scfial de adoracion, pciisaron <\\\o ei'.'i t'l ] Hon (^i'et:alro(ill qnu Yolviii.' Su/m'jiin, lliit. Vom/., i. 5. " Acroriling to T''?.ozoinoc, an Indian, witli ears, tluinil)s, and big toes cut olT, ui civcd frona Mictlancuanhtla with tlie report that he had sei'n a n>;iiid nionntaiii on the sea moving to and fro witlioiit approaching tin; shore. Tiie i' ; 'iiiiiuit was phiced under guard, and a cliief wiiii an atten(hint si-nt to l';i' .1 to v« rify tlie statement, and to chide lam for ne^'leet to report. 1'iiey aO';i : 'tnrned to say tiiat from a tree they had seen two suth mountains or tiiwi : j'.oni one of wliich a canoe had set out on a lishing ti'ip. The men on h-m,: ;,Q.(l wiiitc faces and iiands, long, thick beard, long hair, raiments of vin ltd ami brilliant colors, and round iiend-eovering. The mutilated Indian luiii,' now called to answer further questions, his ])risoii cell waa found vuuaut, JJiil. J/(U'., ii. '->3i»-4; Duriin, Hint. Iml., MS., ii. 330-17. Hmt. Max., Vol. 1. 8 114 WHAT MONTEZUMA THOUGHT OP IT. ^ncas, warning him against hopeless resistance to the preordained fall of Troy. Bidding the men retire and keep secret what they had seen, Montezuma hastily summoned his privy council,* King Cacama of Tezcuco, his brother Cuitla- huatzin, lord of Itzapalapan, and laid before them the mystery. After sage consultations, attended by divinings and comparisons of signs, prophecies, and traditions,, not unlike the means by which we of to-day likewise •; 'ain the unknowable, it was concluded that this c lander was none other than the fair- hued god hu^iSelf, who had returned to resume the throne, as he had said. Therefore resistance would bo in vain ; and the only proper course was to tender worthy reception and conciliate with gifts. The chiefs were sent back with orders for the governors of tlio coast districts ''^ to report any arrival or strange occur- rence. Following them was an embassy of five persons bearing rich presents, with instructions to bid the god welcome in the name of the emperor and of his court ; yet they were to watch him closely. But the embassy was too late. Grijalva had gone." ® Torquemcula, i. 370, names ten members, while Veytia, Hist. Ant. Mij., iii. .378, says there were twelve. '" Particularly at Naiihtla, Toztia, Mictla, and Qnauhtla. Torqiipma'li, i. 371); Saliagun, J/ist. t'onq., i. (5, calls the districts Cucxteeatl, Naulitlaiito/t- laii, and Mictlanquactla. Brasufur de Bourlioiirrj, J list. Nat. Civ., iv. 411, writes more correctly Nauthtlan, Tochtlan, iindMictlan-Quauhtla. " Tonjuemada, i. 379-80, expresses his disapproval of diomara and lltr- rera for following only Spanish versions, and ignoring the Indian records i;c- •juired by himself and others, including Saliagun. The latter assumes lliat Moutezuniahasbcenapprisedof Grijalva 's aoparture before the embassy Icin cs, and this body is therefore not sent till Corti's arrives, Uisf. Com/., i. 7. 'I i.is is not unlikely, for council had to be first held and the future course lUilc r- mined, and messengers were always on the way between the subject provhut a ancl the capital, ready to convey news. But most writers, followed by tiio Native. Jlturs, take the view presented in the text. Herrera, di o. ii. lib. iii. caj). ix., who is very brief on Grijalva *8 ^■isit, says, M'hen it was Iciinml that the Spaniards wanted gold, the governors on the coast were ordered to barter with it, and to find out what further object they had in coiuini:. Ixtlilxociiitl states that merchants from the coast fair brought the first luw's of Grijalva to Mexico. Veytia, Hint. Aiit. Mrj., iii. 377-8, is brief on flu; m\\)- ject. Tezozomoc describes the necklace, bracelet, and other jewelry prepiiitil as presents by four of the leading goldsmiths and lapidaries. With they ! tlio chief who had been to the coast to observe the floating towers is ordcied to seek the white men. Pinotl must prepare food for them, and if they <'.it, they are surely Quetzalcoatl and his suite. ' But if they prefer human llesh,' FURTHER EVIDENCE. 115 ice to t tlicy privy Cuitla- ; theiu dcd by es, and ' to-day Licludcd Lie fair- imc the 3 would ) tender le chiefs s of the fQ oceur- ; persons the god is court; embassy Ant. ^Iij-> iulitlaiilo/t- Jlv., iv. 4'.), ra and Hi'i"- i\ fcconU i.c- Issmuca that uassy U'ux ^■'', , i. 7. 'H-'^ jursc cU'ti r- let ],)ioviin-' s well by til" . ii. Ill), iii- .as k'liiii'd ovd'ivd to in coiiiini-'- e first lu \V3 ou the Mill- ry iin'piii''' ,th tlu'iv' till) is ordciiMl to if they >':'^', uuiaii lU'shi say? Duran, in his version, 'and wish to eat you, let them do so; I promise to look to the future of your children and relatives.' Hist. Ind., ^I.S., ii. 3GG- 7. 'If you are convinced that it is Quetzalcoatl, ' continued Montezuma, 'adorn his person with these jewels made for the purpose, and say that I bi-.'» him liumbly to come and take possession of the throne which I hold for him. ' Te'oznmor, Hint. Mex. , ii. 23G-9. This author confounds Grijalva and Cort6s, but allows the jewels and message to reach the latter. According to Uuran, Montezuma tells the chief to ask the god for permission to finish his rule; after his death he is welcome to the throne. 'Que me dege morir, y que de- Bpiies de yo muerto venga muy de norabuena, y tome su Reyno pues es suyo y l(j dejo en guarda u mis antepasados, ' ut supra. Acosta, Hist. Ind., 508-14 refers briefly to this subject, and to the various omens and visions, some of which he regards as dreams imparted by angels. Meanwhile fresh messengers arrive to report that the white captain had spread the wings of his floating mountains and faded a/ ay in the east. They bring later drawings and gifts, inuluding beads, shirts, i , '">t, some biscuits and wine. The monarch crunches the Ijiscuits and .idmits ;heKi to be good, but the wine, with its peneti-atiug sweetness, lulling the senses and calling up happy visions, this delights him, and specimens of both are deposited upon the altar of Quetzalcoatl at Tula. Finally, on seeing tnc glass necklace, he declares the giver to be indeed the Acatl Ynacuitl, the travelling god of tlie reed; and deeming himself un- wortliy of so brilliant an adornment, he consecrates it to the gods. The best painters are cadeu to give a superior representation of the strange visitors from the rude drfiwings brought by the messengers, and from their description, while tlie okl and wise men arc asked for recollections and ideas which may throw light upon the subject. After much search a tradition is raked up, wherein a race is to come from the east mounted on serpents or masted mountains, and witli them a white, bearded people, astride of big deers and eagles, wlio will land at Tzonapan, and obtain possession of all the land. They are also described as a one-legged people, with the face in the middle of the body, of ■white complexion ami with long beard. In confirmation thereof is produced nn old painting, whi'^h agrees with those depicting the late arrivals. Con- vinced of the identity. Montezuma orders the governors of the coast provinces to maintain a close watch for the return of the strangers, so that he may re- ceive speedy notice. Tezozomoc, Hixt. Mex., ii. 241-50; Duran, Hist. Ind., MS., ii. .3.>»-92. Tliis chapter presents but a faint picture of the state of affairs within the Mexican empire at the time of the arrival of CorttJs. As I said at the outset, all this I have given in my Xatice Races, and can not of course repeat it here. Further authorities on omens and on the state of t!ie Aztec empire, most of them, however, of no value, are Carhajnl Espinosa, Hist. Alex., ii. 5-12; Bel- trami, Mfxi'iue, ii. 137-9 and 142-3; Zowacoi^, Hist. M^j., iii. 130-2; Vetan- cvt, Tcnfro Mex., pt. iii. 124-6; Bo.i, Leben der See-Heldeu, 4-5; Iln~.art, Kir- clicii-de.irliichfe, ii. 505-8; Touron, Hist. Gen. Am., iii. 1*27-34; Viagero Univ., xxvi. 192-237; Larenandiire, Mex. et Gnat., 12-5; Lofond, Voy., i. 105-7; E<,i[ih'stiin's Montfzvvw, 11-17; Sammhinr) aller Hei.iehesch., xiii. 289-91; Rus- ii'Ts Hist. .Im., i. 7()-9; Laharpe, Ahrrije, ix. 208-73; Du Perrier, Gen. Hist. I '()//., .'{32-G; Burke's Europ. Si't.,\. 71; SmolHt's Voy., i. 214-19; Chera- Vir, Mexiipie, 7-22; Mexiqur Etudes, 9-10; Robertson's Ilixt. Am., ii. 17-18; Jlii.f.vcrre, L'Emp. Mex., 119-30; Manti, Conq. diMess. 14-19; lioure, C'oni;ix. To call \voin"U loose comes well from men who spend tludr lives iii ni;ikin;^ them so. If, as has boon stated, tlic women of lier native district hjiv..' horno a reputation not altogether enviable, whose fault is it? \ut theirs, truly. Tliat this fih\ was the mistress of men, under the circMin- staiK'os, detracts not one iofai from her pood name in the minds of risht-thiiiU- iii;; persons; nay, it detracts nothing from her purity of mind, her honesty, or h'r innate morality, 'llepreliensihlo medio de osegurarla en su fidelidinl,' says Solis, Hint. Vomi. Mex., i. 119, otherwise so ready to cover up the defects of liis hero. '•> licriial Dim, Hint. Verdad., '24-0. According to Gomara she was born in Viliita, in the direction of Jalisco, the daugliter of rich parents, related to the cacique. From them she was stolen by traders and sold in Xical.nii o. y/'-'. .l/cr., 40. The town and district may be a corruption of Huilotlan, in Xi'.latzinco, which Ixtlilxocliitl, lliat. C'/iic/i., 287, gives as her native place, and this may be identical with the jjresent Oluta or Holuta, near Acayucan, on tin; istlrmisof Tehuantei>ec. Painala is no longer known. Fosaey, who travelled through the region, states that tradition makes Xaltipan or Altipan herbirtli- place, and iu support of this belief a mountain is pointed out, close to the AN EMBODIED ROMANCE. U9 ce and fluencc. nevcr- in her lininity, 5sage ill nothing beanng; do unto Y knows inds the dcr, and heaven isistance, history ? , cacique, .zacoalco. m a son, ntred all sion and aughter, ling nior- jhad just kvith tlio |), Marina Lldier Beniiil Bieir lives in [tive ilisti'ict ia it? N'lt I the oircum- I ri};l>t-tliii>'^- Ihcr hoiif.'^ty, gu fuleliilu'l' the. detects Bic was lioin Biits, ri'latc'l 111 Xiciiliiiu". luilotlan, in k'CplilCO, iiii'l lucan, on the Iho tvavilli'l in hcrliii'tli- close to tlio was sold to tho cacique, and by him transferred to the Spaniards. With a mind elastic and quick to learn, to her native Mexican tongue she added at Tabasco a knowledge of the Maya, becoming after- ward proficient in Spanish. And now no longer slave, save to the passion love, she is to queen it for a while us consort of the conqueror, becoming in the conquest second only in power and importance to Cortes lihnself, whom with her whole soul she loves, and to whom alone she clings after the departure presently of Puertocarrero for Spain. Accompanying the invaders as interpreter and adviser, she shares their hardships and rejoices in their successes. For is not the daring commander lord of her heart and person? Moreover, what claim upon her has a nation which drives her into solitude beyond its border, and for no crime? Tlierefore, if her newly found friends sicken, she nurses them; if they despair, she comforts them. Nevertheless she cannot forget he people, but freely exerts her influence in their behalf, saving many a life and many a town from destruction. Toward the end both races vie in showing her their admiration, gratitude, and respect; and although to the Indian the invaders become more and more objects of execra- tion, yet he never mentions with aught but loving ie\erence the name Malintzin, or Malinche, as in his tonii^ue is called Marina.* town, liearing the iiatnis of Malinche. Mcihjtte, 20-7; Gomarn, I/wt. Mer. ( I liistanuinte cd. ), i. 41; Berendt, ia Sakizar, Mix. en 1 ^mA, 1 7S ; llrrrcra, dec. ii. lib. V. cap. vi. ; Sahagun, Hiitt. Coinj. i. 1."), mentions Tetiopac, and Oviedo n:inio.s Mexico as Marina's native place, iii. 2.">0, while Saiivdia undertakes to reconcile the diflereut statements hy supjx)sing that lier family canio oriuinally from Jalisco, west of Aniihnac, to Mexico city, and thence to < loa/acoalco. Her high iutelligenco indicates that she was educated in the capit-d. Die. Univ., ix. 774. ^Mexicans being unable to pronounce the 'r,' Marina became Malina, to wliicli the tzi7i waa added in respect, equivalent to dofta or lady. Malinchi; was ii Spanish corruption, which was at times applied by the Indians to Cortt^, as the lord and companion of Marina, and Juan Perez de Arteaga had also tho appellation added to his name, from being so often with her. licrnal Diaz, flint. VinhuL, 52. Another conjecture is that her original name was Malinn. or Maliiudli, signifying 'twisted thing,' the term lor one of the Mexican days, applied in accordance with a native custom of giving children the name of their birthday. The iianic indeed is not uncommon, the lord of Tlochquiuuhco, 120 THE COMBATANTS SALUTE. \^4. tv '^-f i To the embassy of Cuitlalpitoc Cortes makes friendly answer. Ho will explain his purposes to the cacique in person. Meanwhile the messengers are regaled witli food; presents are given them, and gold is shown as for instance, being called Malinal or Malinaltzin. Velanevrt, Teatro ^fex. , ii. .^l , 40. On tindiug her own nanus so similar to Marina, the Spanisii priest gave' Irt tliis at the font. The Indians usually acquired a suniamo after they grew up, and Tenepal is that found for Marina. Shjuenza y Gonf/ora, Paraijm Occiil. , .'W : Salazur yOlarte, Vonq. Me.f.,'2\~; ArnSiiiz, Orizahu, 171, 182. To Cort<''s .slic liore a son, who was recognized by his father and raised to the rank of a kiiiglit of Santiago. While on the way with Cortf's to Honduras, in \'flA, she \vii.s legally married to Captain Juan .Jaraniillo. This took place at Ostoticpac, near Orizaba, and excited no little comment. Some believe that the airival of ('ortes' wife was the cause of the marriage; but althougli this may have led tn his separation froni Marina, it could not have affected the marriage, since tlic wife was already dead. Cort(?s no doubt found her an incumbrance, and souglit to be rid of it in a manner honorable to her at least, (iomara accuses hirii of having made Jaramillo drunk for the purpose. Hint. Mex., 251 ; but this I'er- iial Diaz corrects. He knew one of tlie witnesses at the ceremony. Hint. Verdad., 25. Jarc-imillo had .ichieved a certain prominence as comnianclir of one of the brigantines wl.icli aided in tlie siege of Mexico, and in other affairs, and is said to ha' e been an hidalgo. Ixtlilxochitl man-ies her to Aguilar, probably because this seemed a fit union. Hid. Chicli. , 287. Caniarro, Hist. TIax., 143. Shortly after her man-iagc the army halted at (loiizaco- alco, whither all the ehit'fs of the neighborhood were sumnioned to tendiT submission and to receive instruction in the faith. Among them was a young cacique with his mother, whoso resemblance to Marina at once called the attention of all acquainted with the story, and led to her recognitioa as the heartless parent. The old dame feared for her life, but Min-ina reassured her with tender caresses, excusing her conduct as controlled l)y the deceased stepfather, and cheered her with a number of presents. Sli<> presented her husljand, and referred with fond pride to the son she had given to Cortes. ]k)th mother and half-brother accepted baptism, he receiving the name of Ltizaro, and she that of Martii, an appropriate name for one who perhaps lived long enough to lament the ruin of her peojde and country, cu indirect result of her unnatural treatment of Marina. Bernal Diaz, who wit- nessed all tliia, and became turther acquainted wjth the family, declares (ui- niara wrong, and says : 'Conoci A su madre, y A su hennano,' concluding 'todo ento (jue digo, se lo oi muy certificadamente, y se lo junS, amen.' //int. Verdad., 2"); Clamijcro, Sloria .)le,''"- tuvning to Mexico, she received lands there and in her native province, but took up her residence in the capital, where her husband held a prominent jiosition tln-ough his wealth and offices, such as regidor and as the first alferr/ of the city. 'Rccibieron pr Alferes de esta Ciudad a Juan Xaramillo. ' ' Primer Alferes. ' Lihrode Cahi/do, MS., 210. Reference is made to lots ai;d other gnints made to him and his wife Dofla Marina, on March 14, l."2S, anil other r)0, wherein the viceroy grants a petition from her in favor of her gmndaon, Don Alonso do Estraila, son of Luis de Saavedra, deceased, and encomendcro of Tilantongo town. Alanian'a notes, iu I'rencoU's Mcr. (Mex. 1S44), ii. '2(58-9. In Vori/s, liesidenda, i. 1"J.3, ii. 70, 101, witnesses refer also to a daugliter of the interpreter Marina, wit!i wliom Cortiia is accused of having tampered, aa ho did with the mother. If so, this can hardly In; iSaavedra's wife, but a Tabascan child; yet Mai-ina's mastiT would not have presented a woman incumbered with a child when he sought to do honor to the Spaniards. Saavediu allows Marina to proceed to Spain with her liusband, who procured for her a high position at court. Here siic died, leaving several children, from wliom descended somo of the first families in Spain. J)ic. I'liii:., ix. 778. But this authority is too full of blunders to be relied upon. Ideal portraits are given in Carbajal Uspinona, Ilht. Mex. , ii. (Jo, and ZamacoLi, Hist. Mrj., ii. 350. ' I have snid, as the native record intcrpretetl by Tezozomoc and Ditran re- lates, that the fleet is sighted anil reported long before it reaches San Juan do Ulua — from Tabasco, says Vetancvrt, Tealro Sle.v., ii. IM. Montezuma, who Ii;id already begun to hope that the strangers would never return, becomes sad with apprehension ; yet he orders special relays to bo stationed on the route to the coast, in order to bring speedy news, commands his lieutenant to furni^ih the strangers with all they need, and sends TUllancalqui, the messenger who nift Grijalva, to ascertain their object. He is instructed to declare tliat Mon- tezuma holds the throne as mere dejiuty at the disposal of the white god, for he supposes that it is Quetz.ilcoatl, as before. If the god intends to procceil to Mexico the roads will bo cleaned, and the towns and stations prepared for his accommodation. Tlillancahiui delivers his message, together witli a neck- lace of gold set with precious stones, and in his eagerness to please the strange licings he offers fowl and tortilla to horses as well aa men. Cortes signiliea liis wish to go to Mexico, and asks that cliiefs bo sent to guide him. Tlillancahiui hurries back with the message, leaving orders to supply the Spaniards witi; all they desire. Duran, Hint. Iiid., MS., ii. 389-90; Trzo:nmo'\ llixt. }fe.r., ii. -."»0-.3. According to the version by Sahagun and Ton|uenuida, Moutczuiii i sends tho same messengers whom he despatched the year before to .seeli < irijalva, but who arrived too late. Their names are Yohualychan, the leadei-, Tepuztecatl, Tizahua, Huehuetecatl, and Hueycamecatleea. With them a'-" sent the presents already prepared for Grijalva, and tho sacerdotal vestment i of Quetzalcoatl. On reaching tho flag-ship they inquire for their king and god Quetzalcoatl. At first surprised, Cort(''S the next moment catches tho r power, and had proved themselves vulnerable at l\)tenc}ian. Yeu could beings wholly terrestrial so live without women, mount gigantic deer, and tame the lightning? Cacama thought they should liave a hearing. The national honor demantled it; beside, I'efusal implied fear. Cuitlahuatzin saw in the visitation only (3vil to tli(3 commonwealth, and urged expulsion. The gods should d!}cide; and very ibolish gods they would have been to vote admission to their destrovers. And now behold the fatal follv of ]^.lontezuniaI Instead of vigorous action toward " ' Y (Icsquc vio el casco, y cl quo tenia su Iliiichiloltos, tuno p^r oierto, quo eT'iiliKvi (Ul liiiU'^o do los que les iiuiau ilielio siirs iuitejnissadix, (['.'.o vtndii.-ni li scfinrejir iKjucstji ticrni. ' Jlcriial /)/(iz, Ili4. \'' rilm'., '2i. 'J'lii/i Kt;;t('intiit i ■. fiillowed ))y .a cut at (toiiiiiiu for giviiii; unreliable inforinatinii. ( 'utiKirijn, Jiisf. 7'/r(,sc., Itl. 'J'lie native version of Saliayun jukI Tonjueuiada diHiilies li )\v tlie niesfiii'^'ers are tspriidcled witii fi'e.iii luinian hlood, an eu^itoniary wiili iMqiiMtant. i)earers of new.i, I'eiore presentin;.; theniMclves biforo Monti /.niia. 'i'luy arousc! his ndniiratiou l>y s[ieal,in;-; of the wonders beheld, of the pen( - tialnig KWords, the suliilun\)U3 .smell of tiio thiuider snioki-, anil (;f tin; iu- t ixiLMting food; but Viiien they relate how outrageously they lia\e bci;i treated and how tlie strani^'ers threatened to conquer the country, 'hci t!ie emperor Wept, and with him all i!io city. Sahwiun, Hint. Coni/., i. lJ-1."!; 'J'on/ii' iiiaila, i. .'JStl-ti; Arontd, U'lHt. Ind., r>ir>-1>< ]>rasseur ile 1) niibourg ineorporates all tliis native version in lii-s narrative, and allown Teulillile to reach Mexico with liis I'cport a few ilays after the.-ie niessen:,'ers, thus con- lirinini; tluir account. Hint. I\'al. Cir., iv. 7.'>~t). Duran writes that on hear- ini^ of Cortes' eagerness to obtain jjtuides for Mexico, Monte/,uni:i bejan t.) grieve deeply over tlie prosjiect of liaving to resign and die. 'I'he envoy eon- (v the native painters, and as a mark of honor to the white captain. The soldiers not ina})propriately called him the jMexican Cortes.'* The slaves were then directed to lay down the presents; among which were thirty bales of cotton fabrics, from gauzy curtains to heavy robes, white, '5 Irnih-O'-hithllid.C'hh-h., "287-8; Cnnuirno, Hist. Tlcu^c, Ml-'.!; Il I, 404. '" Tliia 8u<-ins an iiu;riHli))Iy short tiino in a country witliout liorsos, for ^^^'xil'o lies over 'JOO luilea by road from this part of tho cnawt; hut vith nunieroua rchiya of numi'rs ami littor-hi'arcrs tlio diatanco voidd not taico Ion,!,' to cover. 'Eatas nionsajoriaa fni-ro en vn dia, y vna iioeho (Kd ;eal dc '.'ortea ii Mexico, «|ue ay setonta Icguas y nuis.' lloinari, ll'isi. Mi. v., II. '' 'J'oniueniada., i. .'{S!), asamnea tiiia to li^iv e heen in token of divine ndnr.',- ticn, hut tlio ceremony waa a, (|iiito connnon mark of rea]iLet for diatini^'uishid persona. Sec Xntirc /'(tris, ii. "Jsl. 'Noa Uamaron 'JVndea . . . .6 diosea.' ' Henei! when 1 aay 'J'eules, or (roda, it may he understood to mean ua,' haya Ikrnal Diaz witii consc entioua pride. Illxf. Virthul., '.VI. ]>ut tiio hit or Uo prefix to names nuial, bo accepted in the aamo ligiitas tho incenao Imni- ing, and in thia caae eipnvalent to 'hei'o.' See als ) Clari irro, Sloria .Mi.^n., iii. !!•. 'Demonioa' ia Oviedo'a trauahition of teulea, iii. 501). ''^ Some writera ih)ubt tho ability of nativo paintera to have (.;iven a anl'l- ciently ai'cnrato portrait; but with the aid of explanatory signa there was little diliieulty. MONTEZUMA'S PRESENTS. 127 colored, plain, aiid fii^urod,''' intcrwown with foatliors or omhroidored with jji'old and silver thread; feathers and plumes of all colors, enihroidered sandals, anndent stones calU'd emeralds and ruhies by the Spaniards; twelve arrows, a bow with cord stretched, two staves each iive ]»ahns in length; fans, bracelets, and other pieces, all of tine gold, Ix-sidi; a number of silver. What could ha\'e tlelighted the Spaniards more!* (^ne tiling only, and tliat was not wanting — the gilt helmet returned full "f \ ii-gin gold, line dust and coarse, with a plentiiid mixture of nuggets of various sizes and shaj)es, all fi'esh iVoni the placers. The value of this was three thousand ''■' St mil! of tliiMU were I'liockcMVil, which tn I'l^ti-r Martyr ia a aullicient pnxjf that tliu .Mi'xifiiiis phiyud clio.ss, tloc. v. caj). x. ■■"' CffW" 'III Aijiiiil. lie V. i'riiz, ill Coiii'-.i, ('(irtim, '20. ' Pcssnlxi la tin oro (|tiaii() r.ill y (ni.M»,:i'!it()s ])i'S8us. . . tenia iuu'm' iiahiio.s y medio ih' aiichuia , enters fully into the suhject. '■' \\\'ij;hinj,' 48 inarcos. Cartdihl Ajiiint., loc. eit. 'De cineii"iitft y faiitos mareos, ternia ile gordor oonio un tostou de il 4 reales,' saxs L.is ( asas, wlio examined the gifts in Spain. Ilisi. Iiiil.,'w. 4S.")-(i. 'Otm mayor nieil.i de phiti.' liiriml Din., Hint. Vmliul., '2(). Kohertson, Hint. Am., ii. H!, 4i:», uiisuiidurstaiiding Diaz, iiliicea tho value of this disk at '-'0,000 pesos or .C..000, 128 THE COMBATANTS SALUTE. pesos, and a]>preciation was attracted not so inuch by the amount as by th(^ significance of the gift, as ]^er- nal Diaz remarks, for it afforded a sure inthcation of the existence of rich mines in the country. "It was this gift wliich cost Montezuma his head,"*^ says Torquemada. The words which followed fell on closed ears. These so oreatly admired mfts are but a sliijht token of the high regard of the emperor, who would bo ])leascd to form a iriendship with his king; but Ih^ could not think of troubling Cortes to come to him through a hostile country; besides, he was ailing. JCvrrvthin*,;: the visitors might wish to aid their de- parture would be instantly su})plied. Tliis and more. I'oor, foolish monarch! As well might he ask the ravenous wolf to depart after giving it to lick a little blood from his scratched hauil. Foi- the gifts, a thou- sand tlianks; but after so long a voyage, undertaken solely for the purpose, the Spanish ca})tain dared nt)t face his master without having scjii the great ^Nlonte- zuma. As for the road, its ditliculties or dauLTers were nothing. Would the chiefs present their monarch these further articles, and bring s[teedy answer f'-'^ ^feanwhile discussion was in order among the Spaniards, and speculation as to what should be done. Some advised inunediate advance on Monto- '" Moiinrf[. Intl., i. .T,U). ' Viildria ol oro y la |iliita (|uc filli lialiia "JO i) 2."i,0(K) liistLlliinos, jHTO la lionnosiiia dcllas y la JRoluira, luiulio iii;is.' I.uk CiiKii^, iilii sup. 'I'oilia valor csto ]msi'iitL' viyiito mil diicados, o jiocos mas. VA (|Ual pivsiiit toiiiau jiara daiaCirijalua." ) lo it- jiarla co los Toulos (juo cosiiio trau,' says IJcnial l)ia/. I/i.it. Wnhtil., 'JT, iiitiin^'.liiiL; that another present was eonduj,' fur the white enijieiMr; Nut it was ajiplied to the cx])edition treasury like nearly everythinj,' ohtaine.l hy tiade or seizure. Ilcmrit. dee. ii. lil>. v. eap. v; Wtam-rrl, '/'•ulro .l/c/-., ))t. iii. II."). IJrasseur dc IJourliuurg estimati;s the gold disk alone at .'<.">7,->^" franes. Ilist. Xn/. Cir., iv. S.l. I'eter Maityr, dec. iv. eap. ix., gives a il"- tiiilud deseiiption of severiil of tli'- presents. •^ This tin\e the presents for the ehiefs were some cnd)roiderc(l sliirts, .silk Bashes and other things, while to the cini)eror he sent a Florentine g.>'oiet, gilt and enamelled with figures, three Holland shirts, and some liead ar'. ieles, notii veiy eostly return for what he lad received. IJernal I»ia/, //Lit. I'criliv/., -7, and Hei-rera, nesestauamala])osontado en el capo y arena les, se fuessc con el a vnos lugares seys o siete leguas de alii." J>ut Cortes ilo- cliiiud to leavu the camp. Goinani, Hist. Mi'j:., 43. THE SPANIARDS SPECULATE. 129 liii -.'0 ll) vo- ('/., -27, l.ut it iu'4 1>V rr., ,.t. :?.■.;, :is() S iV «l"- •t's, silk ic-t.,_'ilt •s, not a r/.. •-•:, > tlu'Ill. •Cllilll'S, tcs 'lu- zuma's capital; some, fearful of the nation's strength, as manifested by its arts and refinements, favored return to Cuba for reinforcements. Cortes let them talk, but said little. Traffic at first was freely per- mitted among the men,^* and as the result was meagre Cortes did not think it worth while to require of them a division. To this irregularity certain of the A'elaz- (juez leaders objected, demanding at least that the r(\yal fifth should be deducted; the commander there- lore ordered gold to be received only by Gonzalo iMcjia, as treasurer.'^^ Ten days elapsed before Teuhtlile returned, without the envoy ,^ but followed by a file of slaves bearing, among other things, as a present to the Spanish king, ten loads of rich feathers and robes, some j]fold figures vahied at three thousand pesos, and four chalchiuite stones, each declared to be worth a load of gold, but of no value to Europeans. Teuhtlile then stated that further messages to tlie emperor were useless, since the desired inter- view could not be granted. He hoped the Spaniards would content themselves with the promi.-ed supplies and depart in peace. Turning to his companions, Cortes said: "Truly tliis must be a great lord, and rich; and, God willing, some day we will visit him." Just then the bell struck for Ave ]\Iaria, and instantly, with uncovered heads, the soldiers were kneeling round the cross. The priests, ever ready to preach their faith where nil (ip[)oi'tunity presented, were soon at work. His words, however, made a bad inijiression on the go\ - trnor, as had also the evasive answer of Cortes to liis ■-' 'Y aquel oro q niar, qnv ibaii A. pescar, Ti trueco dt'sii ))oseailo. ' Jtirnal J>i(iz, Hist. Vcrddd., ■J7. If so it was probably after the Indians deserted. '-' ( loniara refers to i»n order to sto]) all barter for gold, with a view to let it ajijicar that the S[ianiard.s eared not for tiie inet-al, and thus to indnee tlio Indians to make noseeretof the manner in which it was obtained. Hist. Mix., "■'.I. As if the natives had not already learned what we wanted, sneei's I'urnal Diaz. -'' '()uc so dezia Quintalbor, no bolvio mas, porquo aula adolecido en el caniino.' liirnnl />inz, Hist. Vcnlad., 'J7. UiuT. Mbx., Vol. I. U 130 THE COMBATAXTS SAHTTE. iiicssngc. lie bade a cold farewell, and the next morning the Spaniards awoke to find the native en- campment deserted, and even the supjilies carried away. Precautions were now taken against jirobable attack, by sending on board the provisions and all cumbrous articles, leaving embarkation easy at any niomcnt.^^ *' According to Gomara, ffist. Mrx., 45, Corti^s told the governor that lio would not k'iivo without seeing Montezunia. Solia eln1>oniti'.s this ns usual into a long Hpocch, to which Tcuhtlilc replies with threats, and turning liin back stalks out of the camp. Coiiq. Mcx., i. 153-5; Ilcrrcni, dec. i. lib. v. cap. vi. CHAPTER IX. THE MIGHTY PROJECT IS CONCEIVED. May, ir>H). SEUiors Dilemma of CoRxfe— Ai'thouity wiTiiorx Law — Montkio Sent NDHTUWAun — Recommends anotiieu Anohoii.\(!E — Dissensions at Vera Curz — Pkompt ani> Siihewd Action ok Cortes — A MiNin- I'Ai.rrv Okcanizek— (V>KTEs Resicns— And is Chosen Leader r.v the Ml Nicii'ALiTY — Vela/.ioiez' Cai'Tains Intimate Leiiei.i.ion --('outes riioMi'TLY Arrests Several of Them — Then he Conciliates them ALL — iMrORTANT EMBASSY FROM CeMI'OALA — TlIE VeIL LiJTED — ThE March to Cemi'Oal.^ — What was Done there— (JriAiici/TLAN — The CoMINO OK THE TrIRI'TE GaTHEREIW — HoW TlIEY WERE TREATED — Grand Alliance. At this point in his career Ilernan Cortes iVnuul liiniself less muster of the situation than suited liiuL The color of his command was not sutiiciently pro- nounced. He had no authority to settle; he had no authority to conquer; ho niii^ht only discover and trade, lie did not care for Velazquez; anything that pertained to Velazijuez he was })repared to take. Ihit Velaz(|uez had no lej^al ])ower to authorize him further. Cortes cared little for the authorities at Espanola; the kiiiij;' was his chief dependence; the kinj^ to whose favor his ri^^dit arm and mother wit should pave the way. Some signal service, in the eyes of the monarch, nii'dit atone for slio-ht irrci'ularities; if he failed, the sever(\st punisliments were uln^ady come. ]^ut wIuto was the service? Had ^Montezuma granted him an interview, he might make n oort of that, and iind listeners. As it was, he could land and slay a few thousand natives, but his men would waste away and no benetlts accrue. Nevertheless, if he could plant (131) 189 THE MIGHTY PROJECT IS COXCEH^ED. liiinsolf somewhat more firmly on this soil than his connnission seemed to justify, chance might ofter o])por- tunity.and the signal service find achievement. Sucli were tlie thoughts that just now filled his sagacious brain, but the way was by no means clear before him. While the events narrated in the preceding chapter were in progress, Montejo, with two vessels, had been sent northward to seek a harbor less unwholesome than the present, where many of those wounded at Tabasco had died.^ As second in command went Kodrigo Alvarez Chico, and as pilots, Alaminos, and Alvarez el Manquillo. On reaching the extreme pt)int attained by Grijalva, the strong current pi'e- veuted further advance, as in the former attem[)t.- Tliey were obliged by a gale to throw overboard part of their cargo. Water failed, and in the attcni[)t to land an artilleryman perished. Prayer was now their only recourse, and this not only changed the wind, but brought rain. After a fortnight of mis- adventures'' they returned to San Juan do Ulua, and hastened bareheaded to the cross to offer thanks. More wholesome airs were not difficult to find, but good harbors were not abundant thereabout. The only favorable spot found by IMontojo lay some ten leagues north of the camp, close to the native fortress of Quiahuiztlan.* A high rock affording shelter from '^ J>t>riial Diaz, Ifi.-il. Verthtd., 27. Herrera, tloc. ii. lib. v. cap. vi., auil otlu'i-a rcfoi" to a similar number .is being on tho sick-list. Yellow fever, cr viiiiiito iiegro, now tho scourge of this and adjoining regions, appears t) li.u o devi'lopetl with the growth of Em-opean Hettlements, and Cla\ngero states that it was not known there before IT-"). Storla Mess., i. 117. ^ ' Hastii cl parage del rio graiule de I'iiuuco. ' Ilcrrcra, loc. cit. ' Llcgarou nl i>aragc del rio grande, qiio es cerea l- niose al cabo de tres t>enuinas . . . . Ic salian los de la costa, y so eacauil sar.gie, y se la ofrecii\ en pijueloa por aniistad a dcidad. ' Gomarn, Hist. Met;., 45. * IxtUlxochitl, Jli.it. C/iich., 2HQ. Quiauitl, rain or shower. Molina, I'ocnliii- Inrii). Henoo rainy place. Herrera calls it Chianhuitzlan, and this has been adopted by Clavigcro and most other writers. IVeseott, Mcx., i. 348, in a note holds up Clavigero as a standard for tlio spelling of Mexican nanic.i, but he foi'gets that tho Itidiau form, as in the above case, would be misleading to English people. SUBTLETIES. Jvi., nii'l Ifcvcr, ( r 1 t',1 hnvo latcj tluit 'IV.l- iiingiv, y 45. , Vocnhii- Ihas litfii J48, ill n. linca, l)ut north winds rravc tlio ]ilaeo some resemblance to the Spanish harbor of Bernal, whieli name was ae- (•(inhnu'ly ap|)He(l to it. Exten(Hng inkmd were green iiehls fringed M'ith fine timber, and .suppUed with creeks f)f good water." The fifty men comprising the expedition of ^lontejo liad been picked from the adherents of Vehizquez, in order that by weakening this faction Cortes might be ahowed to deveh)p his phins. For the army was slowly but surely drifting into division, as we have so often found in adventures of this kind, and the Velaz- (|uez party comprised all who desired immediately to ]'eturn. In this clique were many wealthy and in- fiuential men who cared no more for Yelazipiez than for Cortes, but who had possessions in Cul)a, and were becoming impatient to return to them. Nor was there much difficulty in giving form to discontent. There were grave suspicions atloat as to the li)yalty of the commander; but these, which assuredly wimo more conspicuous in Cuba than here, were of little moment when they harmonised with the wishes of the men. What stupidity in forming camp amidst such malaria, and in so early making enemies of the l)eo})le. It was evident, so they argued, that the eonnnander intended to sacrifice the company to Im ambition. The action of Cortds here as elsewhere marks the great man, the man of genius, the born master of men, and rightfully places him beside the Ciesars and the Napoleons of the world. The eonnnander wished to remain. All his fortune, all the fortunes of his friends w'cre staked on this adventure, and ho would 1 ather die than return unsuccessful. Little hope there woukl be of his obtaining command again; ..le would '^ ' Lc llamaro Vernal, por ser, como es, vn Cerro alto. ' Vftann^rt, Tentro ^fix., ])t. iii. 115. Tliia nui^ have been the origin of the name for the Spanish port, after which Bernal Diaz says it was called. Hist. Venlml., "27. Ho iipiilie-s the name to a neighboring fort, spelling it in different ways, of wliich Snli.s, and consequently Robertson, have selected the must lutlikely. Gomara applies A(|uialmiztlau to the harbor. Hist, Mcx,, 49. m THE MIGHTY PROJECT IS COXCEIVED. ii|jH ' not return, neither would he just at present die. In desperate cases spirited counsels and spirited actions are usually safest. Calling to him his most trusty followers, Pucrto- carrero, Alvarado and his brotliers, Avila, Olid, Esca- lante, and Francisco Lugo, he laid the situation fairly before them. Shortly after these captains were out among the men, holding forth to them ]irivat(,'ly on the wealth of the country, the ease and glory of con- quest, and the prospect of repartimientos. Where was the benefit of returning to Cuba? Surely they migjit as well hold the country for themselves as to aban- don it and let others step into their places. It would be much easier to increase the present force by add- ing to it than to raise a new army better appointed or larixer than this. Nor did they forijet the arijfu- ment of religion, which, however hollow in practice, was weighty enough in theory. "Elect therefore to remain," they said in conclusion; "and choose the al)le and cfenerous Cortes for your ijeneral and iu.sticia mayor till the emperor decides in the matter."*^ The opposition was by no means ignorant of these manrouvres, and Ordaz was conniiissioned to remonstrate with Cortes. He dwelt on the danocr of present colonization, denounced any attempt to ignore Velazquez, and insisted on instant return. Suppressing the anger natur-ally arising from these insinuations, true as they were, Cortes disavowed any intention of exceeding the instructions of his commission. For himself he preferred to remain, as, among other reasons, the oidy means of reimbursinn himself for his heavy expenditures. If, ho\vever, it '■ Bcmal Diaz relates with great satisfaction how earnestly the speake'- pleaded for his vote, Jiddrossing him repeatedly as 'your worship.' One rea.sim for their earnestness, ho implies, was tlie superiority in nuniher of the Vela/.- qucz party. ' Losdeudos, y aniigos del Diego Velazijucz, que eran muehos iiuis que nosotros. ' Bernal J)iaz, Hist. VcrdcuL. 28-!). He forms this estimate most likely on the propoi-tion of leaders wlio from jealousy of CortOs, ami for other reasons, were addicted to Ve!azc|nez; hut their men were prohahly more in favor of the general tlian of the captains, to judge from the result, The sailors for obvious reasons may have added to the Velazquez number, if not to their at' .-nsth. CORTES WINS. 135 v.tis tho will of the army to return, lie would ^'ield. A t'cw hoiu'.s later appeared an order to eud)ark the lolloNvin^" day for Cuha. This, as was intended, lii'()U!j;ht puhlic feeling to a crisis. All saw their i^oideii hopes su'ldenly dashed to the ground, their \isions of honors and repiirtiniientos dispelled; even the men so lately clamorous to return were n(»t ])i'ej)ared to tind their re(juest so readily granted. Would it not be well to think further of the matter, and perhaps devise a plan to cover the emergency? After noisy discussion the soldiers appeared in force before tlic captain-general and demantled the revoca- tion of the order. Thev had left Cuba with the de- dared understanding that a colony was to be ]>lantetl, and now they were informed that Velaz(|uez had given no authority to settle. And if he had n(jt, wore not the interests of God and the king par- amount to the order of any governor? And did not tliis same Velazquez defame Grijalva for not tlisobey- inn' instructicms in this very rey'ard? With no small satisfaction Cortes saw that he was safe; then urging c.ilm deliberation ho graciously promised delay,^ which was emjiloyed first of all in impressing on their minds how indispensable he was to their success. Finally before the assembled army the captain- general appeared and said: That he had invested his whole fortune in the tleet, and controlled it; yet he was willing to subordinate his individual interest to that of tho whole. He had given the order to n'turn because ho understood such to be the will of the niaioritv. As this was not the case, he would oladly renuiin; for God who had ever been with them was now disclosing such a field of wealth and glory as had n(!ver before been offered to Spaniard. Yet, if any w iy.hed to return, let them freely speak, and a vessel would be at their disposal. W^hat magic power ruled, that, when the disaflected majority were thus given " ' Se hazia niuclio de rogar: y coino tlize cl rcfran: Tu me lo rucgas, li yo iiic lo 4iiiL'i'o. ' Btriial Diaz, 11 tat. I'erdad., '2'3. 4 m '^ m ■! I s M ii '& 4 lU: : !■ ■ %.'■■ 'J' tv5: \n(\ TIIR MIOITTY PROJECT IS CONCRIVRn. their way, every mouth was (hiinh, and the coinmaiidfr rLiiiiUiKid more potent than ever? A colony hc'iw^ tlius (lecidod on, tlio foumUiii,' (•(.•reniony was neri'ornied hy the quasi hiyinjjf out of a town, tlie })Iantin!j^ a pillory in the plaza, and a jjfallows at some distance outside," thouj^h strictly spcakini^, the town was not proj)erly located or lai«l out till afterward. KeferriiiLC to the treasures here obtained, and to the ilay of landin;^, the new town was called Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz." Cortes, as commander, appointed the nmnicipal otWcers,*" namiiij,' for alcaldes I'uertocarrero and JVIontejo, a judicious selection, both for his own interests and as likely to meet general approval. And here again is dis- played the subtle policy of Cortes, who to this im- portant position nominates but one from among his own faction, Montejo being for Velazquez. Thus of an opponent he made an adherent, conciliating at the same time the entire Velazcpiez party." I'lio resxidores were Alonso de Avila, Pjdro and Alonso de Alvarado, and Gonzalo de Sandoval; procurador general, Francisco Alvarez Chico; alguacil mayor, Juan de Escalante; escribano, Diego de Godoy. Beside these vv^cre appointed, in the interests of the military department, as capitan de entradas, Pedro de Alva- rado; maestro de campo, Cristobal de Olid; alferez, Corral; alguaciles de real, Ochoa and Romero; teso- rcro, Gonzalo Mejia; contador, Alonso de Avila.'" * ' Sc piiso vna picota en la pl.i<;n, y fucra de la Uilla vi.u, horca. ' Rcrnnl Din:, Il'iff. Vcrdrul., 29; Vetancvrt, Tcatro Mex., pt. iii. 11(5. This signifies tliat justice was installeil, its otiicers being next appointed. " See note *2.3, chap. ii. , this volume. '" ' Xombronos .... por aleuldcs y regidorcs, ' say distinctly the appointed officers themselves, in their letter to the eiu])eror. Carta del Ayiiiit., in To/Vo, C'liicvi, 20. Bcrnal Diaz also indicates that C'ortt5s made the apjiointments, although he at first says, 'hizimos Alcalde, y Itegidores.' Yet it is probable that the authorities were confirmed fonnally as tlu-y were tacitly by the nK^nibers of the expedition ; for Cort(5s, aa he acknowleilges, had no real authority to form a settlement. " Tcdlmiiniodc Montejo, in Col. Doc. Im'd., i. 489. 'A este Montejo ponjuo MO estaua may bien con Corti''s, por mctelle en los primcros, y principal, lo mando nombrar por Alcalde. ' Bcnud. Diaz, llial. VcrdiuL, 29. '' Hcrrcra, dec. ii. lib. v. cap. vii; Tonjucmadd, i. 587. Bemal Diaz skips ■the regidorea. He thinks Villareal was not reappointed alferez because of ARDICATIOX. m Xearly all tliose men wvro. duvotod to Cortes, niul Will' 1 1 lore fore Jipowert'ul /utint i/\(jt/)iti for his project. Thus fur all was well. The men of Velazciuez and the men of Cortes, S[»aniauis all, for the same (iod jiiid the saino kinjjf, had of their own volition drtiT- iiiined here t^ plant a Spanish settlement, and had so ](Iiinted it. By virtue of his olHee, and in the ah- siiice of any hij^her authority, the captain-i^eneral Iiad eiiosen tenjporary officers for the new connnon- wealth. This was all. These men had elected to transform the army into a civil society, for temporary or permanent puqjoses as the case niis^ht be; and they had done .so. But ahout their leader!' What position did he occupy'^ A j^^eneral without an army, dc facto at the head o( afi'airs, but by no legal right. Let hiiu cut his own knot. The A^lonso urad( )r Juau Reside litary Alva- fere/., teso- vila.'- () porf|uo icipal, lu !az skips «au8e of Hat in hand, before the new municij)ality, Cortes a])peared and surrendered his connnission. Authority, chief and absolute, was now vested alone in the ayun- tamiento. Then with the modesty of Cincinnatus he retired. ]t was then in order, on the part of the munici- pality, to choose a chief ruler and representative of royal authority. This could be done by the council alone, though in this instance, for obvious reasons, it would be better to secure the ap])ointment by poi)ular Vote. Cortes felt safe enough eitlier way. A glowing eulogy delivered by a fluent speaker was followed by such noisy demonstrations that the opposition found no opportunity to express their opinion." The follow- n ilitliciilty with Cort/'S about a Cuban female. Ilitf. Wrdad., 29; Vitnwvrt, Tiairo M('j\, pt. iii. ll<5. Promotion and otluT caus< s f,'iivo speedy rise to eli;iiij,'es among the otheials ; Avila, for instance, becoming ulcaldu mayor of >i'e\v Spain, and Pedro de Alvarailo alcalde of the town. '^ ' Los q para esto cstiiua auisados, sin dar lugar a quo nadio tomasse la itiano. A vozcs respodiero Cortes, Cortes.' Ilirrcra, dec. ii. lib. v. cap. vii. iSi'iui'l Diaz merely intimates that a 'packed' meeting was held, by st.ating tliat the m'^n of Velazquez were furious on finding Cortes and the munici- J):ility elected, declaring, 'q' no era bien heclio sin ser sabidores dello todos los C;ipitanes, y soldados.' Ilixt. Venlad., "29. This indicates ako that many of the opponents must have been sent away from camp foi- the occa.8iun, ]>erhapa on board the vessels. Montejo had besides a number witli him. 138 THE MICHTY TROJECT IS COXCEIVED. ing day a committee tvus sent to apprise Cortes of his election," in the name of their Catholic Higrh- nesses, to the offices of captain-general, and of justicia mayor of the town. On appearing before the council to take the oath, the alcalde addressed Cortes, giv- ing as reason for the appointment his loyalty, his worth, and his talents. The commission which was then given granted him one fifth of all treasure ac- ■-|uired by trade or conquest, after deducting the royal fifth. This was in consideration chiefly for his services as leader.^' Exitus acta, probat. Las '* ' El qiuil como si nada snpiera del caso, pregunt6 que era lo que mandau.a. ' Having signiliod his acceptance, 'Quisiero besarle las niuiioa por ello, como co3a al bien ilc todos.' Hcrrcrn, ubi sup. '•(loniai'a says frankly, 'Cortes acepto el cargo de capitan general y justicia mayor, a pocos ruegos, porq no dcsseaua otra cosa mas por entonces.' Hist. M<\r., 48. 'Y no tuvo vcrgiienza Gomara,' is Las Casas' comment on the admission. Hint. Iiid., iv. 4!i6. Uernal Diaz states that Cortes had mado it a condition, when the army pleaded to remain in the country, tliat lio .should receive these offices: 'Y lo peor de todo que le otorgamos que le dariamos el (juinto del oro.' Hist. Venlad., 29. The letter of the ayunta- mieiito to the emperor sets forth that they had represented to Cort(5s thti injustice of trading gold for the sole benefit of Velazquez and himself, and the necessity of securing the country and its wealth for the king l)y founding a colony, wliicli would also benefit them all in the distribution of grants. They liad-will. Hist. Mer. 4G-8; He.rrern, dec. ii. lib. v. cap. vii. ; Tori/ucmndi, i. .S9.'). ri87. I>as Cast terms the whole transjiction, as related byComnraand the ayuntamiento, a plot to defraud Vel.izquez of his property and honors. Co'.tiparinjr the conduct of Cortc''S with that of Velazquez against Colon, ho lludd the latter trifling and pardonable, while the former was a barefaced A MUXICIPALITY ESTABLISHED. if» Casas insists that, since Cortds had no authority to form a settlemen^, his appointment of an ayuntamicnto A\as illegal, and consequently their election of him. No one supposed for a moment, l(^ast of all Cortds, that these proceedings were regular. They were but make-believe legal. But in following Gomara's version Las Casas failed to understand that the appointment wa:^ conferred by the popular majority in the name of the king, which though not strictly legal threw over all the color of law. Beside, with consummate skill Cortes made it appear that the expedition obligol him to act as he did; and if these manoBuvres did not legalize the transaction, they were the means of weaving a stronf? bond between the men and their leader, such as King Charles and all his ordinance-makers never could have created. Cor- tes was no longer the chief of Velazquez' expedition, but the leader of the Vera Cruz militia, as the army uiiglit now be termed, and removable only by the })()\ver that placed him there, or by the emperor.*® Although opposition was now in vain, the ad- lioreuts of Velazquez loudly denounced the whole affair, called it a conspiracy and a cheat, and refused t(i acknowledge Cortes as their leader. So abusive (lid they become that open rupture was imminent. The leaders of this faction were Velazquez de Leon, Oi'daz, Escobar, Pedro Escudero, Morla, and the iijUbeiy, resulting to Velazquez in loss of fortune, honors, and life. The cap- tains were accomplices. Hisf. ImL, iv. 4")3, 494-0. Peter Martyr gives tiio farts in brief without venturing an opinion, dec. v. cap. i. ; Zumdmuja, in ll'un'n-ez. Doc, MS., 271-2. Cort&s still held ont the ofler to furnish a vessel for those who preferred to return to Cul)a. As for Velaznu'jz' gooo\ver? Possibly Montezuma might grant Cortes audience under circumstances yet to be. Thus tlie plan of the conquest was conceived. The messengers ^vcre dismissed with presents and the assurance of a speedy visit.^ According to Ixtlilxochitl, the first revelation of Aztec ^v^akness was made by his ancestor and nanio- f^ake, the king of northern Acolhuacan.-' Fearing the power and treachery of Montezuma and his allies, and ''■•The soldiers called them Lopelueios, bconnso tlioir first in(|itii'y was I.npolncii), 'chief,' whom they wished to see. Tliey hud not ventured to ap- piMK'li while the Mexicans were at the canip. litriial I>i(r., /fist, I'enlml., "JS. ^'' Acconling to (ionmra, folic wd hy Herrera, the Totonacs were about twenty in nuniljer, and came while Teulitlilc was al>.sent on liisse(ond niissioii to Mc.cioo, without bringing a direct iiivitatiou to the .jpiuiiards, Uist. ' Site Xative Races, v. 47j-7. 142 THE MIGHTY PROJECT IS CONCEIVED. hating the Aztecs with a perfect hatred, this prinoo had hailed Avith joy the arrival of the Spaniards, antl had gloated over the terror with which their presence Avould inspire the emperor. The prospect of gaining an ally who might aid his own ambitious plans for supremacy, and for Mexican humiliation, impelled him to send an embassy to Cortes with rich presents, and with instructions to explain to the strangers tlio prevailing disaffection, the ease wath which the Aztec 5 might be overthrown, and the rare spoils that wouLl accrue to the conquerors. The interview with Cortes is placed at about the same time as the Totonac visit, and Ixtlilxochitl is said to have received the mo;st friendly assurances from Cortes.^- Be that as it may, here was an incident which should crush all cavillings. As well to examine the country as to inure the troops to whatever experience should be theirs on tliis strange shore, Cortes with about four hundred men uikI two light guns proceeded by land to Cempoala, while the Hect with the heavy camp material and the iv- mainder of the expedition coasted farther northward to Quiahuiztlan. -Burning overhead was the sun: burning underfoot were the sands; while on the one side v/as tlic tan- talizing sea, and on the other the tantalizing wood, both inviting bv their cool refreshing airs. ]3eliind "'■' fxtUlxochi/l, Hist. C/c'i'A., 288. This author is not very careful, howovoi-, and his dcsiro to court the Spaniards has no doulit led him to antedate tlio event. ]>rasseur do JJourbourg accepts liis storj' in full, //^s^ Nnf. Cir., iv. 87-8. A .similar revelation is elaiuied to have been rnado by two Azteo chiefs, Vaniapantzin and Atonaltzin, who came to the camp in the i-etinuc of the lir.-t ines:jcngers from Mexico. Descendants of the early Aztec kings, and discon- tented with tlio ])resent ruler, they promised Cortes to deliver certain native paintings foretelling the coming of whito men, to reveal tho wherealiouts of the imperial treasures, and to plot an uprising among native states in aid nf Spaniards. For these services they received extensive grants after the con- quest, including that of Ajapusco town. The document recording this i.s a fiugment which Zercccro parades in the opening part of his Mem. R< r. Mr. v., 8-14, as a discovery by him in the Archivo General. It pretends to be a title to Ajapusco lands, and contains on tho lirst pages a letter signed by (fortes iit San .Tuan do Ulua, '20 March,' lolO, as 'Captain-general and goveninr uf tiieso New Spaius.' Both the date and titles utamp the letter at least as uio.o than auspivious. EXPEDITION TO CEMPOALA. 143 the (lark-fringed forests rose old Orizaba,*^ laughing at their distress beneath its cap of snow, and wonder- ing why mortals so superior should choose the deadly ticnu caliente country for their promenade, when gentle, genial Anahuac lay so near. But presently tiie senses quickened to the aroma of vegetation; soft swards and cultivated fields spread before them their living green, and the moist, murmuring wood anon threw over them its grateful shade. If beside grave tlioughts on the stupendous matters then under consideration, might find place such trillcs of God's creation as birds of brilliant plumage and of sweet song, they were there in myriads to charm the eye and ear; game to fill the stomach, though not so satisiiying as gold, always commanded attention, and v.as also plentiful.^* Through all, dispensing life and beauty on every side, flowed the Rio de la Antigua, Vvhere a few years later rose old Vera Cruz.'^^ (,'rossing this stream with the aid of rafts and shaky canoes, the army quartered on the opposite bank, in one of the towns there, which was desti- tute alike of food and people, but which displayed the lunvevov, nluto tho <'ii'., iv. tholiv-t :1 di.-'c(;u- liii iiiitive jabouts tt«y, with auiiilion by Dietherr, relating to Africa and ll.'azil. -' '.V tres leguasandadas llego alrio que parte termino con tierraado Mou- teci/uDui.' Gomara, Hist. J/ia;.,4L>; Torqiionada, i. 39o. 144 THE MIGHTY PROJECT IS CONCEIVED. usual ghastly indications of recent human sacrifice. The next morning they followed the river westward, and soon after met a party of twelve Totonacs, wJio had been sent by the Cempoalan ruler with presents of food. By them the Spaniards were guided north- ward to a hamlet where a bountiful supper was pro- vided.'^'' While marching the next day, with scouts deployed as usual to guard against ambuscades, they emerged from a dense tropical forest into the midst of gardens and orchards, and by a sudden turn in the road the bright buildings of Cempoala stood forth to view. Just then twenty nobles appeared and offered wel- come. They were followed by slaves, and instantly the travel -worn army ^Yas revelling in fruits and flowers. What more beautiful reception could have been given? yet the Spaniards w^ould have preferred a showci' of gold. To Cortes were given bouquets; a garland, chiefly of roses, was flung around his neck, and a wreath placed upon his helmet. Species of pineapples and cherries, juicy zapotes, and aromatic anones were distributed to the men without stint. Almost the entire populace of the city, some twenty- five thousand,^^ staring their v/ondermcnt wdth open eyes and mouth, thronged either side of the way along which marched the army in battle array, headed by the cavalry. Never before had the Spaniards seen so beautiful an American city. Cortes called it Seville, ^* Goni.ira, who igiiorca the previous night's camp, states that the iloto\u- r.p the rivLT wiw iiiaJo to avoid marslics. They saw only isolated huts, and liolils, and also alwut twenty natives, who were chused and caught. ]!y tlieni tlioy •were guided to the luunlct. Hint. Mex., 4!l. They met one hundred nuu bringing them food. Ixtlilxochitl, Hint. Chich., '2S9. I'rescott allows tliO Spaniards to cross only a tributary of la Antigua, and yet gain Cenipuala. i/w., i. 339-40. " Las Casas says 20,000 to 30,000. Hint. 1ml., iv. 492. Torquemada vinka in diflerent places from 25, (XK) to 150,000. Tiic inhabitants were moved by Conde do Monterey to a village in Jalapa district, and in Torquemada's time less than half a dozen remained, i. 397. 'Dista do Vera-Cruz qiiatro leguus, y las ruinas dan ii entender la grandeza de la Ciudad ; pero es distinto ^ y. Ihalf from a name which Spaniards frequently applied to any place that pleased them, as we have seen, while the soldiers, channed with its floral wealth and beauty, termed it Mllaviciosa, and declared it a terrestrial paradise. Olio of tlie cavalry scouts, on first beholding the fioslily stuccoed walls gleaming in the sun, came gal- loping back with the intelligence that the houses wcrv silver-plated. It was indeed an important place, liokling a largo daily market. A central plaza was inclosed by imposing temples and palaces, resting on pyramidal foundations, lined with apartments and surmounted by towers, and around clustered neat (Iwollings with whitened adobe walls embowered in foliage. Statelier edifices of masonry, some having several court -yards, rose here and there, while in every direction spread an extensive suburb of mud lints with the never failing palm-leaf roof Yet even the humblest abodes were smothered in flowers.^' The people also, as we might expect by their sur- roundings, were of a superior order, well formed, of intelligent aspect, clothed in neat white and colored cotton robes and mantles, the nobles being adorned with golden necklaces, bracelets, and nose and lip rings, set with pearls and precious stones. When the troops reached the plaza, Chicomacatl,^ lord of the province, stepped from the palace to receive his guests. He was supported by two nobles, and though enormously stout,^ his features denoted liiijfh iiitclliixence, and his manner refinement. I To was more of a gentleman than many of the Spaniards, whose merriment over his corpulence Cortes was ohligod to repress. After saluting and wafting incense hcl'oro the commander of the strange company, Chico- iimcatl embraced Cortes and led him to his quarters "' 'Coiiipoal, que yo intitul6 Sovilla.' Corlfs, Cartas, 52. See Native Iface.i, ii. rMH-tlli; iv. 4'J.'>-(!;?, on Nalma architecture. '•"•' l.rilil.rorliill, Jlii^l. Chich., '294. Brasaeur de Bourbourg, by a luiscon- ptriK'tion of \\\n authorities, calls him Tlacoclicalcatl. Codex Chimaliiujioca, in Bnisiii iirili' Jioiirhoiirii, H'lKt. Nat. Civ., iv. 93. Hvo Sahmjim, /Hit. ('un'/., ll>. "" ' Una jionlnra uionstruosa. . . , Fue ncccsario quo Cort<;8 tletuviesso la risa dc lijs soldiiilos.' SoUk, Hint. Mcx., i. 175. Ui8T. Mex.. Vol. I. 10 i ldier>. Lhen took possession of a large building, where food was brought them. Presently the chief ap- peared; and close at his heels in hot haste came the lord of Cenipoala, who announced that the Aztec col- lectors had entered his city.^ While conferring with (vortds and the chiefs assembled, Chicomacatl was informed that the collectors, five^ in number, had followed him to Quiahuiztlan, and wore even then at the door. All the chiefs present turned pale, and hastened out to humble themselves before the officers, wlio responded with disdainful condescension. The officers were clad in embroidered robes, with a pro- fusion of jewelry, and wore the hair gathered upon the crown. In the right hand they carried their insignia of office, a hooked carved stick, and in the left a bunch of roses, the ever welcome offering of the obsequious Totonac nobles who swelled their train. A suite of servitors followed, some with fans and dusters, for the comfort of their masters. Passing the Spanish quarter without deigning to salute the strangers, tlic emissaries of the mighty Montezuma entered an- other large building, and after refreshing themselves summoned the tributary chiefs, reprimanded them for having received the Spaniards without permission from Montezuma, and demanded twenty young persons for an atoning sacrifice. Well might the demoniacal '" Avila, who had command, was so strict as to lance Hernando Alonso do Villaniieva for not keeping in line. Lamed in the arm, he received the nickname of cl Manquillo. Bi rmd iJiaz, Hint. Vcrdad., 31. The riders wore o)i!ij,'cd to retain their seats, lest the Indians should suppose that the horses could bo deterred by any obstacles. Gomara, If int. Mex., 53. •'' Vclancvrt, Tcatro Me.i:.,])i. iu. 117. Others suppose that he came merely to persuade the cacique to join Cortt^s. Clarlijero, Storia Mens., iii. 27. '■' Four men. Ixtlilxochitl, Hist. Chick., 280. ' Twenty men,' says Gomara, 11 id. M<:x., 54, who does not refer to the arrival of Cempoula'a lord. MONTEZUMA'S TAX-GATHERERS. 149 order cause to tremble every youth througliout the hind; for whoso turn should be next none could till. Even the faces of the chiefs were blanched as they told Cortes, informing him also that it was already determined in Aztec circles to make slaves of the Spaniards, and after being used awhile for purposes of procreation, they were to be sacrificed;*" Cortes lauofhed, and ordered the Totonacs * > seize tlic insolent officials. What! lay violent hands on ;^[ontozuma's messengers? The very thought to them was appalling. Nevertheless they did it, for there was something in the tone of Cortes that made them obey, though they could not distinguish the meaning of his words. They laid hold on those tax-men of ^Montezuma, put collars on their necks, and tied their hands and feet to poles.*" Their timidity thus brokeri, they became audacious, and demanded the sacrifice of the prisoners." "By no means," Cortes said, and he himself assumed their custody. Howsoever the cards fall to him, a skilful gamester plays each severally, nothing cavilling, at its worth. So Cortes now played these messengers, the method assuming form in his mind immediately he saw them. With him this whole IMexican business was one great game, a life game, though it should last but a day; and as the acrencics and iniluences of it fell into his fingers, with the subtlety of the serpent he dealt them out. placing one here and another there, pla^'ing with equal readiness enemy against enemy, and mul- tiplying friends by friends. These so lately pride-puflfcd tribute-men, now low laid in the depths of despondency— how shall they lie jilaycd? Well, let them be like him who f(;ll amongst thieves, while the Spanish commander acts the good ''■' ' Montoi;!uma tenia pcnsamiunto, .... do nos aucr totlos i'l l.ns inaiios, \xivn quo hiziesscmos goneracion, y tambien para tener quo sacrilicar. ' Bfinal iJ'.vz, Jli.-t. W'rdfuL, 28. *" 'Carcerati nolle loro gabble,' is the way Clavigero puta it. Storia Mcm., iii. 28. One was even whipped for re.sisting. *' ' Por([ue no so Ics fuessc algnno tlellos a dar mandado (\ Mexico,' is Ber- nal Diaz' reason for it. Hist. Wrdud., 32. 160 THE MIGHTY PROJECT IS CONCEIVED. Samaritan. In pursuance of wliioh plan, when all had rotirod for tlio night, ho went stealthily to thcni, asked who they were, and why they were in that sad plight, pretending ignorance. And when they told liini, this rare redresser was angry, hot with indig- nution that the nohle representatives of so noblj a monarch .should he so treated. Whereupon he in- stantly released two of them, comforting the otliers with the assurance that their deliverance should quickly follow; for the emperor Montezuma he es- teemed above all emperors, and ho desired to serve him, as commanded by his king. Then he sent the twain down the coast in a boat, beyond the Totonac boundary. Next morning, when told that two of the Aztec capti\es had broken their bonds and escaped, the Totonacs were more urgent than ever for the im- molation of the others. But Cortes again said no, and arranged that they should be sent in chains on board one of his vessels, determined afterward to release them, for they were worth far more to his purpose alive than dead. It is refreshing at this juncture to hear pious people censure Cortes for his duplicity, and to hear other pious people defend him on the ground of ne- cessity, or otherwise. Such men might with equal reason wrangle over the method by which it was right and honorable for the tiger to spring and seize the hind. The one great wrong is lost sight of in the discussion of numerous lesser wrongs. The murderer of an empire should not be too severely criticised for crushing a gnat while on the way obout the business. a At the suijQfestion of Cortes, messeuijers were sent to all the towns of the province, with orders to stop ■■- ' Condotta artifiziosa, e rloppia,' etc., says CLavigero, !^tor!a Jfc.i.f., iii. 28, while Solis laiuls it as 'Grande artifice ile niedir lo 1^110 disponia, con lo arts, eager to behold these beings, and to ascertain lliiir own I'uture course of action. There were those aiiioiig them still timid, who urged an embassy to lilt' king of kings, to beseech pardon before his army should be u\Hm them, slaying, enslaving, and laying waste; but Cortes had already influence, was already strong enough to allay their fears, and bring them (11 into allegiance to the Spanish sovereign, exacting their oath before the notary Godoy to sujjjjort him witli all their forces. Thus, by virtue of this man's mind, many battles were fought and won without the striking of a blow. Already every Spaniard there was a soverei^jjn, and the meanest soldier amonij shrewd Span- iards had to deal; they had neither lorses, nor iron, nor gun})owdor, to aid them in their .vars. Further- nujre, they regarded the strangers fu ly as (huni-gods, ])robably as some of their own want. (.ring deities it- turned. True; but he uiakes a great mistake who rates the Mexicans so far beneath Europeans in natu- lal ability and cunning. jMontezuma lacked some df the murderous engincny that Cortes had, and his LOCATING VILLA RICA. Ib3 Inner life was of different dye; that was about all. If any would place Cortc5s, his genius, and his exploits, below those c" the world's greatest generals, because ho warred op enemies weaker than their enemies, wo have only to consider the means at his command, how much less was his force than theirs. What could the Scipios or tiic Caesars have done with half a tliousand men ; or Washington, or Wellington, with five hundred agai nst five liundred thousand? Nap- I'-'on's tactics wero always to have at hand more tbrces than the enemy. In this the Corsican displayed his astuteness. But a keener astuteness \vas required by Cortes to conquer tluHisands with hundreds and with tens. Perhaps Moltke, who, with a stronger force, could wage suc- cessful war on France, perhaps he, and a handful of Ills A'cterans, could land on the deadly shores of the ^lexican Gulf, and with Montezimia there, and all the interior as dark to them as Erebus, by strategy and force of arms possess themselves of the c juntiy. I doubt it exceedingly. I doubt if one In ten of the greatest generals who cN^er lived would have achieved what the base bastard Pizarro did in Peru. Tlie very qualities which made them great would have deter-reel them from anything which, viewed in the Uglit (jf ex- perience and reason, was so wildly chimerical. Then give these birds of prey their petting, I say; they deserve it. And be fame or infamy immortal ever tlicirsi LasLly, if any still suspect tlic genius of Cortes unable to cope with others thrn Indians, let them observe how he handles his brother Spaniards. It was about time the municipality should find anchorage; too much travelling by a town of sucli immaculate conception, of so much more than ordinary signification, Vvore not soend}-. Velazquez wouhl de- ride it; thc! emperor Charles would wonder at it: therefore half o league below Quiahuiztlan, in the dimpled plain which stretches from its base to the harbor of Bernal at present protecting the shi[»s, I* \ m^.^u 154 MULTirLICATION OF PLOTS. where bright waters coimningliii;^ witli soft round hills arul rugged proinoutories were lifted into ethereal heights by the misted sunshine, the whole seene fulling oil the senses like a vision, and not like tame realit) , there they chose a site for the Villa Ilica,^ and drew a plan of the town, distributed lots, laid the founda- tions for forts and batteries, granary, church, town- hall, and other buildings, which wore constructed chielly of adobe, the whole being inclosed by a strong stockade. To encourage alike nien and officers to push the work, Cortes himself set the example in preparing for the structures, and in carrying earth and stones. The natives also lent their aid, and in ;i few weeks the town stood ready, furnishing a good shipping depot, a fortress for the control of the in- terior, a starting-point for operations, an asylum for the sick and wounded, and a refuge for the army iu case of need. Great was the excitement in Anahuac and the re!i"ions round about over the revolt of the Totonacs and the attitude assumed by the Spaniards; and ' Villa Uicii 13 the name appearing iu the first royal charter of 1523, hut M'ith later foundations Vera Cruz became the title. /^o('.i, Exfcns'ion Vrrn- crir., MS., 1 ct scq. The municipal council, however, distinctly culls it In Rica Villa ilf Id Wiracruz and ouylkt to hu the pro])cr authoiity for the furm of name first applied. Cno as Vera Cruz. In 1.")!)!) the actual or new Vera Cruz found itself finally planted on tho very site of the first nominal foundation. 'J'he chief reiison Inr tiiis eliango was i)i'ol)ably the need for tlio better protection against lllil)usters nllorded by the islan, in Irazhaki la, Cul. J>if., i. 4!!."). The charter for la Nueva Ciudail dc la \'eia-Cruz was g)anted .Inly 10, HilT). Callc, Mem. y Not., 08; ClaiHi/<'ro, Sluria Mr.i.i., iii. 30; JUnra, Jil f. Jalii/ia, i. '27; Ihnnhuhlt, Knsai Pol., i. '270-7. Alcgre, J/isf, Comp. de Jr^iiK, i. 14'.)- .jO, has K()in(> e.veellent remarks hereon. Few authors, however, aw iwv from blnmh r; with regard t!ii!iii. 'ji'ii, ///.. "I '.V i;;:;! picM/as (l(! oro y p!uta liieu lahnulas, y vn oastpictc dv oro iiiciut- ilo. . I L.j.j Loilo Coto JuJ 11. il, y iKiiiL'uUi C ..istullauod. ' Gomara, Jlidt. JIcx. ,oS, TIZAPANTZINCO EXPEDITION". 157 colleotors, safe, sound, and arrayed in their new attire." Nevertheless, he could but express displeasure at the abrupt departure of the Mexicans from the former cauip. This act had forced him to seek liospitality at the hand of the Totonacs, and for their kind riccption of him they deserved to be forgiven. Fur- ther than this, they had rendered the Spaniards great benefits, and shovdd not be expected to serve two masters, or to pay double tribute; for tlie rest, Cortt-'s himself would soon como to Mexico and arrange everything. The envoys replied that their sovereign was too engrossed in serious affairs to bo able as yet to appoint an interview. "Adieu," they concluded, "and beware of the Totonacs, for they arc a treacherous race." Not to create needless alarm, iiiir leave on the minds of the envoys at their depart- ure un[)leasant impressions concerning ]\is piojects, C'orte.s entertained them hospitably, astonished them witli cavalry and other exhibitions, and gratified thom with presents. The effect of this visit was to raise still higher the Spaniards in the estimation not uiily of the Aztecs, but of the Totonacs, who with amaze- inoiit saw come from the dread Montezuma, instead of a scourging army, this high embassy of peace. "It must bo so," they said among themselves, "that the ]\Iexican monarch stands in awe of the strangers." Xot long after, Chicomacatl came to Cortes ask- ing aid against a. Mexican garrison, said to be coni- mlttiiig ravages at Tizapantzinco,'' some eight leagues i'v'iin Cempoala. Cortes was in a merry mood at tlie moment; he could see the important progres,-, he WIS makiuiT toward the consummation of his desires, though the men of V('laz()ue/. ('()uld not —at K;ast they would admit of nothing honoral)le or beneficial to (JorteSs aikI they continued to make much trouble. ° P^'foro t:\o cmlviwsy came, saya Hcrrera, 'Di6 orilen con voliiutail di'l BL'uonlo C'h-^Auhuitsfaui, que loatiii.i Mcxicauos proasos fiu'aaeii sucltoa,' dec. ii. lib. V. cup. xi, ' Jxttllclwtitl, HiM. Chich., 290. Otlier authoritiea differ in the spelling. I h: '. >i f:fu, m 1 i ^■ ? ■I '*' T- i ii !■: J- ■r \i. 108 MULTIPLICATION OF PLOTS. : f' I!;! ,.:\'\ \r tM Hero was an opportunity to test the credulity cf those licathcn, how far they might bo brought to believe in the supernatural power of the Spaniards. ^Vmong the musketeers was an old Biseayan from tlio Italian \vars, lleredia by name, the ugliest man in the army, uglier than Thcrsites, who could not find his fellow among all the Greeks that came to Troy. Lamo in one foot, blind in one eye, bow-logged, with a slaslicd face, bushy-bearded as a lion, this musketeer had also the heart of a lion, and would march straiglit into the mouth of Popocatepetl, without a question, at the order of his general. Calling the man to hiin, Cortes said : " The Greeks worshipped beauty, as thou knowest, good Heredia, but these Americans seem to deify deformity, which in thee reaches its uttermost. Thou art hideous fniough at once to awe and enravish the Aztecs, whose Pantheon cannot produce thine equal. Go to them, Heredia; bend fiercely on them thine only eye, walk bravely before them, flash thy sword, and thunder a little with thy gun, and tliou ahalt at once command a hundred sacrifices." Then to the Totonac chief: ''This brother of mine is all sullicient to aid thee in thy purpose. Go, and behold the Culhuas .,i'l vanish at thy presence." And they wont; an obedie/jce significant of the estimation in which Cortes was then held, both by his own u\on and by tlie natives, Tliey liad not proceeded f;ir when Cortes sent and recalled them, saying that Ik; desifd to exomino the c(^untry, and would accompany them. Tlamanm? would be required to carry the guns and l//i^'^;ige, aiul they would set out the next day. At the Ia.-;t UKonciit sevc 1 of tlie Velazquez faction refuse<| to go, on the ground of ill health. Then otliers of tlieir numl)cr s]K)!;o, condomnmg the rashness of the present pm- cc'ediu-j:, and desiring to return to Cuba. CJortes toltl them they could go, and after chiding tliem for negli^ct of duty he ordered j)rt'pared a vessel, which slionld be phieed at their service. As they were about to DISAFFECTION QUIETED, 150 riubark, a deputation appeared to protest against [icrmitting any to depart, as a proceeding prejudicial to the service of God, and of the king. "Men who at sucli a moment, and under such circumstances, desert their Hac; deserve death." These were the words of Cortes put into the mouth of the speaker. Of course the order concerninij the vessel was re- called, and the men of Velazquez were losers by the utlair.^ Tlie expedition, composed of four hundred sol- diei-s, with fourteen horses, and the necessary carriers, tlien set off for Cempoala, where they were joined by i'our companies of two thousand warriors. Two days' iiinrch bi'ought them close to Tizapantzinco, and the f )ll()wing morniu!^ they entered the plain at the foot of the fortress, which was stron!]^lv situated on a \uartpro(l a line light • c il .rod horso fur some ]irii|i(>rty in ('i\l>,a w.as iinablo to annul the trade, iind thus lout his animal. It .iul l)iir., I/M. I >/•(/(((/. , ',i\. (i'jiniua, Hist. Mix., 04, refers nieii'ly to iiiiiniuirs ill favor of Vclazij[uez, which Corttia quiets by placing a tow iu chains foi a time. m l\ i:!il 1 IGO MULTirLICATIOX OF PLOTS. i< ! two fowls, was ordered hanged. Alvarado, however, cut him down in time to save his hfe, probably at the secret intimation of Cortes, who, while securing the benefit of example, would not unnecessarily sacriiice a soldier." Charmed by this display of justice on the part of the Spaniards, and impres.sed as well by their ever increasing prestige, the chiefs of the district came in and tendered allegiance. A lasting friendship was established between them and the Cempoalans;^" after whieh the army returned to Ccmpoala by a new route," and was received with demonstrations of joy by the populace. With a view of binding more closely sueli powerful allies, Chicomacatl proposed intermarriages. And as a beginning he presented eight young women," richly (h-essed, witli necklaces and ear-rings of gold, and each attended by servants. "Take them," said * ' ^^ll^i^ cstc solilado en vna gucrra en la Prouincia dc Guatimala sohro VII IV'finl,' III rind Diaz, 1114. Verdtid., 3o. Ho placea the incident on tlic rc'tuin niarcli. '" Ai'cordint; to (Joniara the Aztec garrison does ravage the conntry when the Totoiuio ruvolt occur.?, and their forces meet the Spimiiirds on the liclil, oidy to the at tlic .sight of the horsonion. Corti's and four others dismount, and min.'^ling witli the fleeing, reach the fort gates, which tlioy hold till their troops come up. Surrendering the phicc to the allies, Cortes tells them to re.siK'ct the people ami to let the garrison depart without arms or banner. This vit'tory gained great influence for the Spaniards, and remembering the fcatof Coi'tcs, the Indians declared that one Spaniard was enough to aid tlicm in achieving victory. IHkI. Mcr., 5!). Ixtlilxocldtl, who follows (Jomara, fights the Aztec garrison as far as the eity, ami then captures it. lili^t. Chirh., 2!t0. Solis assumes that a few Spaniards cut oil' the retreat of the townsmen, and rushing forward with some Cenipoalans, are already inside when the leaders come to ])lcad for mercy. ///•-•/. Mcr., i. 107-8. The foremost crcilit is however due to ]5ernal Diaz, I/iM. Vcnlml., ,34-,">, who, being present, deelaris (lomara's account wholly wrong, that no garrison existed here, and that no i-esis'ance was made. The latter sentence is modified by Tapia, also a n)cml)er of the expedition, who states that the town did resist and was punished. J'lliirioii, in laizltalccfd. Col. Doc , ii. .'tOG. Hence it may be assumed that Diaz, as a foot soldier, was no\ present to sec the prol)ably bloodless rout of the Iiulians by the cavalry. The townsmen are not lilicly to have allowed tlie ( 'empoalans to approach witlioi.t ollering resistance, oi', in case they knew of the Spanish advance, without si-iding a deputation bet()ru the pillage began. " I'as.sing through two towns, the soldiers sulTcr'ng greatly from heat and fatigue. \ear Ccmpoala the lord aAxaited them in onie temporaty luit.s with bountiful cheer, though ap])rehensive of Cortes' anger at his deception. Tiie following ilay they entered the city, i'uvas/ Ditiz, iJf^t W'nlad., X>; Jl< rrcnt, dec. ii. lib. v. cap. \iii. '-' 'Veinte Doncellas (auncjue (lomara dice, que fueroii ocho),'8ays .um'huo- mada, :. 3!'!), without giving his reasons. CONCUlilNES AND CONVERSION. 161 3vcr, t the J tlio lice a ,rt of ever QIC in 1 was after ^ute," »y the \f such ■iagcs. linen," gold, ," said lala sobro lit on the try when tho liria, ilisitii'imt, till their them ti) |i' Vi:uiiii'r. ieriii;4 tho aiil tlii'tn ( limiiiMi, I/. Choh; jwnsiiu'U, ,vhou the )St CITllit pV'.'St'Ilt, Ihore, aii'l iinil wart may hi; pvohahly lilicly to 00, or, ill pa bi'toru i-om heat Irary huts Icception. \iad., ■.'■>; ho to Cortds. " They are all daughters of caciques. Seven are for your captains, and this, my nieuo, is for y(jurself, for she is the ruler of towns." IVIatters were becoming interesting. Cortds and some of his captains had wives in Cuba, and nearly all of them had mistresses here. The damsels of Ccmpoala were not fam.ed for their beauty; the one offered Cortds was particularly ill-favored. With re- gard to captives and slaves, of course no marriage vow was necessary, but with princesses the case was different. But even here there M'as little difficulty. The aboriginal form of marriage, while it satisfied tho natives, rested lightly on the Spaniards. Indeed, with them it was no marriage at all; and so it has been throughout the New World; in their marital relations with foreigners the natives have felt them- selves bound, while the Europeans have not. To the ceremony in this instance no objection was offered. At this happy consummation, the ugh the rite is nut yet performed, serious meditation takes posses- sion of the mind of Cortes, who bethinks himself that lie is doinor little of late for his God, who is doinjj so much for him. Success everywhere attends his strategies. And these female slaves and princesses 1 While trying to quiet his conscience for accepting this jnincess, he was exceedingly careful in regard to taking unto himself real wives, as we have seen in Cul)a. But here marriage after the New World iltsliion would surely advance his purposes. And so tlioy arc compelled to submit to the stronger, who by tho right of might proceeds to rob them of their gold and to desolate their h(nnes; and now assumes the higher prerogative of requiring them to relinquish tho faith of their fathers and embrace the reliiT^ion of their enemies. It would please God to have tiiese Cempoala people worship him; Cortds can make them do so. True, they love their gods as much as Cortes L'ves his. Their gods likewise help them to good among others to the Spaniards themselves, tbino's, Uisi. 1IE.\.. Vol. I. U im MULTIPLICATION OF PLOTS. >.' Y <■ \ II urn who in return now detorniinc their overthrow. And shall they consent 1 Alas, they are weak, and their gods are weak I Heatlicnism, with its idolatry, and bloody sacri- fices, and cannibalism, is horrible, I grant you. "For daily they sacrificed three or five Indians," says Bernal Diaz, "oti'ering the heart to idols, smearing the blood upon the walls, and cutting off the limbs to be eaten. I even believe they sold the flesh in the market." '^ But equally horrible, and far more unfair, arc the doings of the superior race, which with the advance of the centuries, and the increase of knowledge and refinement, are often guilty of deeds as bloodtliirsty and cruel as these. With the most powerful of micro- scopic aids to vision, I can see no difference between the innate goodness and badness of men now and two or five thousand years ago; the difference lies merely in a change of morality fashions, and in the apparent refining and draping of what conventionally we choose to call wickedness. What is the serving of dainty dishes to the gods in the form of human sacrifices, of carving before them a few thousand fattened cap- tives, to the extirpation of a continent of helpless human beings ; and that by such extremes of treachery and cruelty as the cannibals never dreamed of, cntra[i- ping by fair words only to cut, and mangle, and kill by steel, saltpetre, and blood-hounds; stealing at the same time their lands and goods, and adding still more to their infamy by doing all this in the name of Christ; when in reality they violate every principle of religion and disregard every injunction of the church; just as men to-day lie and cheat and praise and pray, and out of their swindlings hope to buy favor of the Ahnighty ! And now these poor people must give up their poor gods, for their masters so decree. The chiefs and " ' Tambicn auian de ser limpios do sodomias, porquo tenian muchachos vestidos en habito do niugeres, quo andauaii .1 ganar eu aqucl maldito olitio.' This tlioy promised. Bernal Diaz, Hint. VerdcuL, S.'). Solis assumes tliat C'ort(5s was aroused to this crusade by the heavy sacrifices at a great festival. Jlist. Mcx., i. 204r-5. mm MISSIONARY MOVEMENTS. t« IP ditv! their fs aiul lichachos J1C3 thiit Ifestivul. native priests protest. Tlic Spaniards are benefactors and friends, but the gods arc superior to men. To tlieni they owe health, prosperity, existence; and sac- lilices arc but the necessary sHght returns for so gr(\'it blessings. The sacrificed arc by no means injured, say the Aztecs, but arc sent to heaven and enfolded at once in the bosom of their god. Verily there arc curious articles of faith among tlie heathen wor- shipers as well as among our own, but if we look for all the good in ours we shall be mistaken. In vain the men of Cempoala beg to retain the religion of their forefathers and the sacred emblems of their faith. Carried away by the fierce zeal which more than once in these annals overcomes his prudence and brings him to the brink of ruin, Cortes cries: "Christians and soldiers, shall these things be — these idolatries and sacrifices, and other impious doings? No! First down with the images, then to arguments, and the granting of entreaties. Our lives on work rewarded with eternal glory!" Shouts of earnest approval was the response, and on they marched toward the temple. Priests and people rushed to the defence of their deities. With a scornful gesture the ruler was waived aside, as he interposed with the warning that to lay hands on tlie idols was to bring destruction alike on all. "You are not my friends," exclaimed Cortes, " if you do not as I wish! Choose ye; and I will leave you your gods to save you from the threatened vengeance of Mon- tezuma." This was by far too practical an application of their piety. The fact is, their gods had not done exactly right by them in the matter of the Aztec iin])osition. These white strangers, after all, seemed to be better gods than their idols. "Well, work your will," at length said Chicomacatl, "but do not ask our aid in such detestable doings." So the thinij was ac- eoniplished, as before this had been determined. In a moment fifty soldiers were on the temple summit, and down came the worshipful wooden tilings, shat- I 'it IMAGE EVAIUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) h :/. i/j 1.0 I.I 25 M 1.8 1.25 1.4 <> -4 6" — ► m Va / ^..^J^4 '>/ >^ Photographic Sciences Corporation ^^^\ ^> c^ 33 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. MS80 (716) 872-4503 A^ f/i ;\ \ C^ 1C4 MULTIPLICATION OF PLOTS. tored and clattering along the steps, while witli blooding hearts their makers stood by, their fueus covered to exclude the sacrilegious sight. Ah, how thoy wailed, how they lamented, calling on the mis- shapen blocks to pity their inability to stop the deed !'* Not such dastards were these people, however, that not one among them would strike a blow for tlu.-ir faith. For presently the court-yard was filled with armed men, lieaded by infuriated priests in lonL,^ hooded robes of dark material, with slashed ears and faces clotted with blood, determined, if not to pre- vent, at least to avenge the outrage. What was sworn allegiance, or even life, beside the momentous question of religion? Seeing the danger, Cortes with characteristic promptness seized the lord, together with several leading men, and declared if a single Spaniard was so much as scratched they should im- mediately die. Chicomacatl accordingly spoke to the people and made them retire. Nor was wholly lost on them the mute arjrument of the shattered idols lying powerless at their feet. Hence when the ini- a^os were burned, 'he natives looked on with com- pjuative calmness. " Surely these beings ar< oiior to our gods, whom they have thus vanquisl thev said one to another. Sweetly and screnel}' Cortes now smiled on them, called them brethren, and preached the Euroj)ean doctrines. The pagan temple was cleansed, tlie blood-smeared walls were whitewashed, and in their place was erected a Christian altar, dec- orated with llowers and surmounted with a cross. H'>ii:, 1114. V' nhnL.'Xi. Gomarft assumes tliat Salcedo broui''it a caravel, with sixty S[iiin- iavils and nine horses, tho vessel haviny been (letuined in (,'uba for rejuiirs. //(>'. JAcr. , 50; yet lie includes Salcedo as present at tho final review tlieiv. /'/., 14. Ho is evidently confused. '■ l'"or himself and one heir. Further, after conr|uerin<; ami settlin;^; four i duty would bo cliarged during his life on any clotliiui.', ai-ms, and ; ro- visions imported by him into those lands. A.< an aid toward the expens( , of t'li' conquest, a royal estate nt Ha))ana was granted him, ancl a sidary in t'liwc lands of 300,000 maruvedis. The other clauses of the conniiission ic- lii'ed to mines, clergy, taxes, and settlors. It was dated at Sa' a^jossa, Nu\ cm- I'lr l.'J, ir>18, 'five days previous to tho usur]>ation of tlie fleet by Cort .s,' iiliservcs Las Casus, ll'ml. Ind., v. 3-.">. Dated ot r.arcelnn.i, ^'ays Hernia, iliM'. ii. lib, iii. cap. xi. Several are led to suppose that \'ila/i(ucv. did not re- I'livo the notice of his appointment for o\cr a year after ilo d.ite, 'whii.li is unlikely. J/''x-.,ii. '222-A. ftl M m ii: 166 MULTIPLICATION OF PLOTS. the insignificant see of Cozumel. Those preferments, hascci on an insufficient knowledge of tlie country, were corrected at a later time, when Garces was made bishop of Tlascala, while Martin received other compensation." Before the issue of these grants it appears that Yucatan at least had a narrow escape from slipping entirely out of Spanish hands. At the first news of CfSrdoba's discoveries the admiral of I i mders was induced to ask for the land in grant, in order to settle it with Flemings, and also to petition for the governorship of Cuba as a means to promote the colony. This was supported by Xevres, the chief adviser in such matters, who knew little of the Indies and the vast tracts referred to, and so the promise was given. Las Casas was in Spain at the time, and being consulted by the admiral as to the means lor colonizing, became indignant at the rash concession of Cuba, which he considered as belonging to Columbus. He remonstrated, and warned those interested to do the same. The result was the withdrawal of the grant, greatly to the disappointment of the admiral, for whose account several vessels had already reached San Liicar, laden with Flemish settlers.*" Cortes was fully aware that Velazquez, possessed of a commission, would not long delay in asserting liis claim with all the power at his command upon the islands, and with all his influence at court; thisspurriMl on the captain-general to lose no time in bringing for- ward his own pretensions, and in seeking to ohtaiii royal ai)[)roval of his acts. Therefore at this junctiuo he determined to gain authority for effectually suj^- phinting tlie Cuban governor in the Held wherein he had already openly ignored him, and to despatoh '■* ^Vhicll lie failed to enjoy, since ho tlicil nt sea while en route to 'N'i'\v Spain to take possession. La-i <^inax, /fht. /ml., iv. 4(5.'i-0; llrrnra, dec. ii, lib. iii. cup. xi. ; Coijo'liido, Jfint. Yiicnlhaii, lG-17. '" Many of these died from li.ard.ship, and the rest returned impovi'n>!li'''l to tlii'ir country. Lnn t'nsitu, l/tnt. iwt., iv. 374-0; llrrnra, dec. ii. lili. ii. cup. xix.; Vojjullado, IJinl. Yucalhan, 8. BIDS FOR ROY.VL FAVOR. 107 messengers to the king. The men of Cortes needed no i)ronipting to see how necessary to their interest it was to procure his confirmation as general to the txclusion of Velazquez, and to supjiort Cortes by writing reports in corroboration of his own state- ments. Yet, in view of the flowing in of exagi^crated utoounts concerning new discoveries, little would avail descriptions of conquests and resource;-;, how- ever glowing, and recommendations howevei warm, unless made real by specimens of the treasurer which were the main attraction alike to king and subject. For gifts can move gods, says Hesiod. To the crown was due one fifth of the wealth so far obtainitl, but fearing that this would hardly })roduce the elfect de- sired, Cortes proposed to surrender the one fifth due himself, and prevailed on his friends, and with their aid on all members of the exjiedition, to give up their share in the finer })ieces of wrought gold and silver, and in all clu»ice articles, so that a gift worthy of themselves and the country might be presented to the king.** sscssed llg lllS )U the luri'etl ig for- obtaiii neture y sup- hereiii spateh ■ to New ft, dec. ii. f)Vi'ri-'ti'''l ii. lib. ii. -" It Ims been generally assumed, from a loose acceptance of chroniclers' ti xt, that all the treasures were snrrendercil for the object in view, but this iiiiild nut have Ikcii the case. The pile of gold dust and nuggets, aLOuniulated liy constant barter along tlie coast, ami increa.scd by the contint.s of two litlnicts sent i>y Montc/unia, forineil a reHpectal)le amount, of w hich only u s.'Miill portion was sent to the king, a.s specimens of mining prinlucts. 'J'liree thousand cMstellanos wt'rcscta.sidc for the expenses of tiie mcs->engeis to Spain, iiiid .'III ci|Uiil sum for (.'iirtcs' father, 'Otros .'}(K)0 (pie (.'ortcs eiivialia ])aiu su );ii(hv.' l,(in('fisiin, Hist, ///f/., iv. 4:)S. ' A sii padre .Martin (.'orle:iy a su madro liiitos ('a; tellaiids.' GniKiid, II . Sjiain, as i.plicndi'd to the ' itilii ilil. AjikiiIiiik'h ntn, ami as given liy (iomara, shows that iiiuc li of the wniught metal received from Mcniteziliiia, not cnimiiiig that aii|uired by barter, was reUiiiicd by the cxpeililion. (jomara wiius that the l:ist step of f'lirti'S was to order a divihion of Iriasures by Avila and Mejia, ■aliii!,' respectively for the crown and thearmy. All tlie ell'ects 1" in;,' di.->|ilaye(i i I the pla/a, the gold and silver amounting to J7,(HK) ducats, the cabildo I'liserveil tliat what remained alter deducting tiie rciyal llfth widild beluiig to llie gL'iicral in payment for the ves.sels, arm;, and su|iplies surreinl'TKl iiy him to the coinjiany. (^'oltJs said there was time enough to jiay hiiii ; he would h'lW take only his share as caiitiiin-geneial, and hav ■ otliers wlicn with to wltle their small ) •!. Orda/. and Montcj t were .sent iduikI Viitli a list to be si;.;ned by all who wished to t.iirreiider t!i( ir .shair in the guld. 'V destu, muiieru todos lofirmuroaa vna.' IJcruul Jjici:., Jiitit. I'crdcul., 'M. Tho l.-^l 'C; ■ s i w m yd 168 MULTIPLICATION OF PLOTS. The flag-ship was prepared for the voyai^e, and the navij^ation intrusted to Alaminos and another pilot called Bautista, with fifteen sailors and the neees^^ary outfit. Four Indians, rescued from the sacrificial caj^e at Ccnipoala, where they had been kept to fatten, were also sent on board, together with native curiosi- ties, including specimens of picture-writing. The difiicult task of out-manceuvring Velazquez and se- curing the aims of their party was intrusted to the alcaldes Puertocarrero and Montcjo, the former being selected chiefly because of his high connections, which might serve him at court, the latter for his business talent. Three thousand castellanos were given them from the treasury for expenses, together with the necessary power and instructions, and three letters in duplicate for the king. One of these was the first of the celebrated letters of Cortes on the conquest. He related at Icnyfth all that had occurred since ho left Santiago; the diflTiculties with Velaz(]uez, the hardships of the voyage, and the progress of conquest for (Jod and the king. He dwelt on the vast extent and W(uilth of the country, and expressed the hope of speedily subjecting it to the crown, and of seizing the person of the great Montezuma. And he trusted that in return for his services and loyal devotion he would be remembered in the cedulas to be issued for this new addition to the empire.^* Carta >ld Ai/iivt. refers to four of Vclazqnez' men as objecting to the presents l»eiiig sent elsewhere than to thoir leader. ('o)7, 'Jli-T; Toi'ia, /.''■- Iiiriiiii, in li-a:halrftn, Cnl. Dor., ii. "i(W; Ilrrrcra, «lee. ii. 1;'.j. v. cup. .\iv.; Torifnenrdla, i.4()7; i'rtaiin'it, 'J'catrn Mfr., pt. iii. US. '■" \() (.'enentUM alluMion apjienrx to h:ive heen niailo to the discoverers wh.) opened the w;iy for him. (ioniani alone gives a hrief outline; of the letter, l.iit the original or copy has never lieen fonml, notwitiistaiiding the clo.si; seiirih made. Since ('iiiirles V. received it on tiie eve of his departure for (Jcruiany, it occurred to )-{ot>ertson that the Vienna airliives niiLrht tlu'ow on it sur.u.' liiriit. and the conseepient search led to tlie discovery of an authenticated cnpy of the ccinipiiniiin letter from the nnniicipality "f N'illa Itica, hut nothing re- lating to Cortt's' report. //*'r. Jhnuh). Kiiits. LETTERS TO THE KINO. ICO Tlic second letter was In* the ayuntamiento of Villa Rioa, dated July 10, 1519," covering not only the same ground, 'out giving an account of the voyages of discovery l)y Cordoba and Grijalva, the reasons i'or founding a colony, and for Coi'tt's' appointment. The features of the countr}', its resources and inhabitants, were touched upon, and the belief expressed that of gold, silver, and precious stones "there is in the laiul as much as in that where it is said Solomon took the gold for the temple." Vehizqucz was exposed as a cruel, dishonest, and incompetent governor, and as such most dangerous to be intrusted with the control of these vast and rich territories. They asked for an investigation to prove the charges, as well as the propriety of their own acts; and concluded by recom- mending that Cortes, whose character and conduct stamped him a loyal subject and an able leader, be con- fiiined in his offices, till the concpiest of the country, at least, should have been achieved.'" Tlie third letter, even longer than tl:is, though of similar tenor, was signed by the repVesentadve men ill the army,^* and concluded b}' praying that their services and hardships be rewarded with grants, and that Cortes be confirmed in the government till the king might be pleased to appoint on intante or a grandee of the highest class, for so large and rich a country ought to be ruled by none else. Should the designing bishop of Burgos of his accord "send us a -'-' 'El Ciibildo cscriiii6 juntnmcntc con dicz soldodos. . . .6 iva yo fimwulo ciiilla.' n< mat Dinz, /fist. I'mlrt'l., ^W. -'•' Written liy Cortt-u' most duvotcd friends, and undoubtedly under liis iiitprrvisiou, wo cannot expect to find it other than n laljored eflbrt to pronioto his viowM. Hobertson, wlioso suggestion led to its tliseovery in tin; Vienna Ii]il)eiial Library, offers.i mere synopsis of tlic contents. ///V. Am., pn'faee, ]>. xi. ii. .")•_' 1 -J. It is given nt lengtli in tlic (.'«'■. Iiii'l., i. 4I7-7-, and in Afdiumi, I)i-<^rt., i. '1>\ app., 4l-!(»4, preceded by an introductory sketcli of the expedition liy the collector of tlie jiapers, and luiiUiiniiig tlie list of presents as chcked by Mufio/ iji 1784 from the Manual ikl Tesorero do la Casa do la Contratacion du Sevilla. -'Todos los Capitanes, y so'd.idos j;inta:nentc cftcriuimos otra carta.' Jlimal /Htn, l/isf. I'lfd/vf., ',]">. ' K! c.ibildo, . . .es«Tiuio doa Ictras. Vn.i no lirniaron sino alcaldes y i'ei^;id'>re.-.. Lii otni file a cordiida y linuud.t ilci cabildo y do todoa loa niaa priucipales.' Uuinara, Hut. Mex., G3. 170 MULTIPLICATIOX OF PLOTS. governor or captain, before v/e obey him wc shall inform your royal person." This sentence, which Las Ca.sas characterizes as a "great though swcct- cned piece of impudence," and several others not in harmony with Cortes' own calculated report, were {)robably the cause for the disappearance of the letter >eforc it reached the emperor." The messengers or proeuradores left the port July IC),^ and although ordered not to touch Cuba, lest Velazquez should learn of the mission, Montejo could not resist the temptation of taking a peej) at hi.^ estates at Mariel de Cuba, a port close to Hubiina. Here they entered August 23, and took supi)lies and water. This could not of course be done in .secret, and swelling with rumor the report reached Velaz(iuez that his flag-ship had come ballasted with gold, to the value of two hundred and seventy thousand i)esos. No less alarmed than furious at this proof of the perfidy ho had so long feared, ho despatched a fast sailing vessel with a strong force under Gonzalo do '"'Bemal Diuz, /flsf. Vrnlail., .37, gives a long detail of its contents, jiar* ticularly of the conclusion, wlicrcin the biahop of Burgos is pointed out us fiivoiing his friciula and relations iu the distribution of Indian govcrnniciits. Velazquez enjoyed his special favor iu return for the largo presents iu ^.'nlil and towns he hatl made, to the prejudice of tho crown. Cortes, on readiii.' tlie letter, was higldy pleased with tlio eulogy bi-stowed upon himself, ami promised to remember it when rewards camo to Ikj distriltuted, but lie ob- jeitod to the prominence given to tho discoveries of Cordoba audOrijiIva, 'fiiuo d id Holo so atribuia el descubrimiento, y la honra, 6 honor vidoi i lOmperador, ponjue, .si la viera, no les sucederia ni A Cortt^'? ni a sus cousorU' < 1 1 negocio tan favorjiblc como abajo bc parcceni.' I.ns < 'a>in.t, ll\-t. 'ml., iv. 4 i,s. '"' ' Va\ una nao que. . . .despachd a 10 do julio del aiio <',o l."tK), envij li \ . A. nuiy larg.i y particul.ir rehicion.' Cortex, L'artnn, 51 ; Cmlo, iii. "Jtjl. ' l.ii vciiitey si is dia.'idel mes de.Iulio. . . .jmrticrou do >San J..au lo olua.' 11 r.n./ I>'i(t'., Il'nit. I'tnlad., .'(7. On tho next page he says July (itli. The iiiuiiMK of Uluaas the port of departure shows also a carelessness of facts; yet (luuiaiii siiys; ' I'artierou. . . .do Aqui;diuiztla. . . .a veiutivy 8( IS.' lli^f. ,1/..j:., (J. .'-«ull (^irtv's' letter, written so soon after, ought to be correct. Prescott aocejils tile 'JGUi. MESSENGERS OF CORTfiS IN UTAIS. m Guzman, tlio royal treasurer, to capture her; but ^^hc liad stayed only three days at Mariel, and then passed sal'ely through the Bahamas Channc!, the first to make that passage.*' The arrival of the messengers at Seville, in October, created no small stir, and aided by their treasures and re ports they became the heroes of the hour. But tlieir triumph was of short duration; for Benito Martin, the chaplain of Velazquez, happened to be at the i)ort. This man at once laid claim to tlic vessel for his master, denounced the persona on board as traitors, and i)revailed upon the Casa do Contratacion to seize tlie sliip, together with the private funds of the com- mission, as well as certain money sent by Cortes for his father. A still stronger opponent appeared in the perHfon of Fonseca, bishop of Burgos, whoso inttsrest in Ax'lazqucz, fostered by a long interchange of favors, was strengthened by a projected marriage of the gov- "' ' lilsta f uga f uo ocasion do descubrir cl dcrrotcro do Iti Canal do Bahama, parii la buclta do Espafiu, liaata cutonccs no uaucgada, y desdo aquclla ocusiuu pioinpro si'i-uida.' Coijolludo, Jlist. Yiicathan, 41. ' Alaininos. . . fuo el priiiiero ciiio naiiogo \M)r oqiielja canal.' Denial Diaz, Hist. Vfi-dad., 30-30. Prcjii- (lioeil against Montejo, as shown by previous exprestsions, tliia autlioi' aeuuiica him of tending letters to Velazquez l>y a sailor, who spread tho news of tl.o mission along his route. Sonio of tho letters were from adherents in Cortes' uiiny. ' Tareoio, do otras pcrsonas principales quo estauan en nuestro Ileal, fuel-on aconsejaiirgos, Oelohii* I'J, 151!), Velazquez states that a man at Mariel, Peicz probaldy, was i.t llio last mniuent shown the treasures. Guzman was sent witii a vessel in piirsu't. lu /'n'-fit'i-') and ' 'unli mii*. Col. />oc,, xii. 'J4S-,")0. (jomara also says, ' einbiaudo tras ella vna caruuela do armada.' llht. Mtx., (j4; TurqtumuJu, i. 407. 172 Ml-LTIPLICATION OF PLOTS. ernor with his niocc,^' Dctaininjj the nicssciifjcrs anrl their papers by deferred promises and other meas- ures,''" he filled the royal car with the most damaf^iiif,' chai'g(\s against tlicm and their party in behalf of his proti'g(5. Velazquez had meanwhile been taking testimony against (vOrtes, and had sent treasurer Guzman to Spain with documents and instructions to join Martin in pressing his suit before the bishop.*' Charles V. had been elected emperor, and was busy in Spain raising supplies and makmg preparations on a vast scale for presenting an appearance in Germany befitting so high a dignity. Previous to embarking for Flanders he was to meet the cortes at Compos- tela. The messengers from New Spain could aftbrd to lose no more time, and so with the aid of Puerto- carrero's friends and the men opposed to Fonscca, among tliem the Licenciado Nuiiez, relator of the royal council and related to Cortc^, they slipped away, and in company with Alaminos and Martin Cortes, managed to be presented to the monarch at "'Dolla Mayor de Fonseca. El obispocle Brtrcos... por la muerte del Gran Cliancilkr . . . torii(i u alcar y li ecr principal.* La» Cana-n, Hint, /nil., v. 2; Ifcnrrn, dec. ii. lib. iii. cap. xi. ; Zuniiin, Analrs Kclrs. Scrillii, 414. ■'"•' The liiahop of IJi'irgo'?, then at Valladolid, epoko bo harshly to Pucrtocar- rcro that the latter ventured to remonstrate, and demand tliat their messtigta 1)0 forwarded to the king. A chai'go was now raked up against Puertocar- rero of having three years before carried oflF a woman from Medellin to tho Indies, and for this he was cast into prison. Jitrnat Diaz., Hist. Vtrdad., 38; Vctniicrrt, TVra/ro 3/ea;. , pt. iii. 119. '"Gu/.man appeal's to liavo started in Octolicr from Cuba, when Nnrvaez' expedition against Corti^s had already begun to bo fitted out. Carta df Vein:- (jiifz, Oct. 1"2, 1519, in Col. l)r,c. InM., i. 472-5; Parheco and Cardenas, Cul. Dor., xii. 240-51; Curia al /V'/wroa, in fcazlinlcpfa. Col. Dor., 1. 402; I. as Ciinai, lliM. Tml., V. 2. His appeal to tho Jeronimite Fathers, says Boriiai Diaz, met only with rcbnff. .They considercil that Cortt^'s had done well to send so rich a present to the king. 'Le cmbiaron al Diego VcL'/qucz a Cuba ,1 vn Licenciado que so dczia Znazo para que le tomasso n^sidcnciii .... Uc'lazquoz, se conpoxii muclio mas, y como do antes era nuiy gordo, so juri') tlaci* on a(iuellos dias.' Ili.tt. Verdad., .S8. Martin petitioned tho bisliop l..r t!io repair and return of tho messengers' vessel to Velazquez, togethtr v.ii'i another vessel, both to carry reinforcements to the Indies. This w«s li.'v.kil, I'Mi'tly to prevent the possible conflict between Cortes' party and t'l" t.vpidition fitting out under VeLizquez to support the men he liai>bcvin<; orders, on which score he couUl not com- ])laiii against Grijalva's successor. Yet, as head and li ';irt frosted with time the Cuban governor was not li;i])py: misdeeds never bring true or lasting hapi)i- nes-:. His bitterness, however, was but in the bloom ; thf full fruit of his folly would come only after the (•(Misunmiation of events upon the continent, grand as yet beyond conception. Ordinarily it is much easier It l;ill a man than to create one; in this instance it v.;is extremely difficult to kill the man that he had iiuide. If amoncf the New World cavaliers such a thini; as poltroon or coward could be, Diego Velazquez was that thing, notwithstanding he had participated in so iMUch fighting. Yet I do not call him coward, for my pen refuses to couple such a term with that of sixteenth-century Spaniard. Certain it is, hov, ver, that few men in those days preferred conquering new lands by deputy to winning glory in person, and I !■ r> ',' tj. "= *■ ill 176 THE SINKING OF THE FLEET. if this soldier and governor was not a coward, there was little of the manly or chivalrous in his bravery. He was cautious, yet frequently his cupidity overcame his caution; and when he adventured his gold — for lie seldom risked his life, either for fame which he dearly loved, or for gold which he loved still dearer — it was under restrictions ruinous to almost any entcr- l)rise. In his ordinary mood he played fairly enough the statesman and hero, but in truth his statesmanship was superficial, and his heroism theatrical. Las Casas calls him a terrible fellow for those who served him, and Gt'iuara says he had little stomach for expendi- tures. This much allowance, however, should be made in any statements of historians respecting the governor of Cuba: in their drama of the conquest JDiego Velazquez plays the part of chief villain to the hero Ilernan Cortes, when as a matter of fact Cortes was the greater villain of the two, principally because he was the stronger. Even the priests praise Cortds, though many of his acts were treacherous; and timidity in a leader M'as accounted the most heinous of crimes. On the whole, I agree with Torquemada that the governor should have gone against Montezuma in person, if it was necessary he should go on such dastardly work at all; but we may be sure that Velazquez would not himself venture upon this sea of high exploit, though -^olus with a silver cord had tied up the winds in an ox-hide, as he did for Ulysses. And now from tliis time forth, and indeed from the moment the unre- strainablc Estremaduran embarked defying him, the sulphurous fire of hatred and revenge burned constant in the old man's breast. Never was villainy so great that if united with high station or ability it could not find supporters; for most men are rascals at heart in one direction or another. The pretty pair, Velazquez the governor, and Cortds the adventurer — so well pitted that the CONSPIRACY IN CAMP. 177 difference between tliem consists chiefly In setting off the position of one against the native strength of the other, the manners and pusillanimity of the one against the fate -defying chivalry of the other — had each his active workers not only in Spain, but in America, those of Velazquez being some of them in the very camp of Cortes. Since the royal grant of superior powers to Velazquez, this faction has lifted its head. And now its brain works. The messengers for Spain had scarcely left the port before these malcontents form a plot, this time not with the sole desire to return to a more com- fortable and secure life, but with a view to advise Velazquez of the treasure ship so close at hand. Amongst them are to bo found the priest Juan Diaz; Juan Escudcro, the alguacil of Baracoa, who be- guiled and surrendered Cortds into the hands of the '.luthorities; Diego Cermeno and Gonzalo do Umbri'a, [)il()ts; Bernardino de Coria, and Alonso Pefiate, be- Hido several leading men who merely countenanced the ]jlot,^ They have already secured a small vessel with the necessary supplies, and the night of embark- iiient is at hand, when Coria repents and betrays his companions. Cortes is profoundly moved. It is not so much the hot indignation that stirs his breasl against the traitors as the light from afar that seems to lloat in uj)on his mind like an inspiration, showing him more vividly than he had ever seen it before, his situation. So lately a lax and frivolous youth, apparently of inept nature, wrought to stlffer consistency by some years of New World kneading, by a stroke of the ' Tlic namcg vary somewliatin (lifforeiit nuthoritics, Bcnial Diaz iiu'luding instcail of I'cnatc, .a mimbcr of the (Jilirallar sailors known as I'^flalts, who wcro hashetl at Cozumcl for theft. The plot was liatched ' l)es(lc (i qnatro dias (jue partieron nuestros Procuradores. ' l/i^t. Venhvl. , .'W. Corti's mentions only four 'determinailo tic tomar un hcrgantin . . . . y niatar al maestni (V'l, y irso ii la isla Fernandina.' Cartnn, 53— t. IJomara asaunica tlicni to be the .sjiine who last revolted on setting out for Tizapantzinco. lll^t. Mfi:, (J4. ' I'u.sicron. . . .nor obra do hurtar uii navio pcqucflo, 6 salir A, robar lo nly way was toward Mexico. As well first as last. All the past life of Cortes, all his purposes for the future, concentred in these resolves to make them the pivot of his destiny. Cortes, master of kings, arbiter of men's lives! As for these traitors, they shall die; and if other impediments appear, as presen+ly wo shall sec them appear, be they in the form of eye or right hand, they shall be removed. Tyrant, ho might Ky wo I eve or I miglit EXECUTIONS. 170 he branded; ay, as well that as another name, for so iiio great ends often brought to pass by small means, l^iiplcasant as it may be, the survivors may as well hear in mind that it will be less difficult another time. So the conspirators are promptly seized and sen- tenced, Escudero and Cermeilo to be hanged, Umbn'a to lose his feet, and others to receive each two hun- dred lashes.' Under cover of his cloth Padre Diaz, the ringleader and most guilty of them all, escapes with a reprimand. As for the rest, though among them were some equally guilty, they were treated with such dissembling courtesy and prudence as either to render them harmless or to convert them into friends. "Happy the man who cannot write, if it save him from such business as this I" exclaimed the com- mander, as he affixed his name to the death-warrants. For notwithstanding his inexorable resolve he was troubled, and would not see his comrades die thouijh tlicv would have sacrificed him. On the mornino; of the day of execution he set off at breakneck speed for Cempoala, after ordering two hundred soldiers to follow with the horses and join a similar force which had left three days before under Alvarado.^ Cortes' brain was in a whirl durinif that ride. It was a horrible thing, this hanging of Spaniards, cutting off feet, and flogging. Viewed in one light it was but a common piece of military discipline; from another stand-point it was the act of an outlaw. The greater ])art of the little army was with the commander; to this full extent the men believed in him, that on his ' Tims Cort(5s had his revenge on the nlguacil. ' Y no le vali6 el ser su Cdinpadre,' says Vetane\Tt, witli a liasty iissumption which is not uncommon with liim. Teittro Mvx., pt. iii. 119. Gonuira mentions no mutilation. ' I'arceo diiro ser aquestas obras, . . . .propias ile averiguado tirano,' says Las Casas, /H-. cap. xiv. 'Coria, veziuo quo fue despues do Chiapa.' Uvriial JJiaz, JIUtl. Wrilail., 39. ' ' Kmbiado por los pueblos de la sierra, porque tuuiesscn que comer; porque en nucstra Villa ptissauamos mucha necessidad de iMistinuintos. ' /(/. riiis seems unlikely, since the Totonacs were not only willing, but bound, to provide supplies. 5 ^ 1 '^1 ■^'■J, ISO THE SINKING OF THE FLEET. I I valor and discretion they would adventure their lives. With most men beliefs are but prejudices, and opinions tastes. These Spaniards not only believed in their general, but they held to a most impetuous belief in themselves. They could do not only anything that any one else ever had done or could do, but they could < command the supernatural, and fight with or against phantoms and devils. They were a host in themselves; besides which the hosts of Jehovah were on their side. And Cortds measured his men and their capabilities, not as Xerxes measured his army, by filling suc- cessively a pen capable of holding just ten thousand; he measured them rather by his ambition, which was as bright and as limitless as the firmament. Already they were heroes, whose story presently should vie iu thrilling interest with the most romantic tales of chiv- alry and knight-errantry, and in whom the strongest human passions were so blended as to lift them for a time out of the hand of fate and make their fortunes their own. The thirst for wealth, the enthusiasm of religion, the love oi glory, united with reckless daring and excessive loyalty, formed the most powerful in centives to action. Life to them without the attain- ment of their object was valueless; they would do or die; for to die in doing was life, whereas to live failing- was worse than death. Cortes felt all this, thougli it scarcely lay on his mind in threads of tangible thought. There was enough however that was tancrible in his thinkings, and exceedingly troubling. Unfortunately the mind and heart of all his people were not of the complexion he would have them. And those ships. And the disaffected men lying so near them, looking wistfully at them every morning, and plotting, and plotting all the day long. Like the Palatinate to Turonnc, like anything that seduced from the stern purposes of Cortes, it were better they were not. This thought once flashed into his mind fastened itself there. And it grew. And Cortes grew witii it, until the man and the idea fdled all that country, and A DiVRIXG RESOLVE. m IVCS. ■ouglit. liocamc the wonder and admiration of the world. ] )estroy the ships I Cut off all escape, should such bo needed in case of failure! Burn the bridge that spans time, and bring to his desperate desire the aid of the eternities 1 Thethouijht of it alone was darin^f; more fearfully fascinating it became as Cortes dashed alonjx toward Cempoala, and by the time he had reached his destination the thing was determined, and he might with Caisar at the Rubicon exclaim, Jacta est alca! ])iit what would his soldiers say? They must be made to feel as he feels, to see with his eyes, and to swell with his ambition. The confession of the conspirators opened the eyes of Cortes to a f\ict which surely he liad seen often enough before, though by reason of his generous nature which forgot an injury immediately it was for- f,flven, it had not been much in his mind of late, namely, that too many of his companions were lukewarm, if not openly disaffected. They could not forget that Cortes was a common man like themselves, thea- superior in name only, and placed over them for the accomplishment of this single purpose. They felt they had a right to say whether they would remain and take the desperate chance their leader seemed determined on, and to act on that right with or without his consent. And their position assuredly was sound; whether it was sensible depended greatly on tlieir ability to sustain themselves in it. Cortes was exercising the arbitrary power of a majority to drive the minority jks it appeared to tiieir death. They had a jierfect righ. ..<> rebel; they had not entered the service under any such compact. Cortes himself was a rebel; hence the lebeliion of the Velazquez men, lxMn«:' a rebellincj aj^jainst a rebel, was in truth an ad- lierence to loyalty. Here as everywhere it was niiglit that made right; and, indeed, with the right of these matters the narrator has little to do. Success, shame, fear, bright prospects, had all lont their aid to hold the discontented in check, but in ^ m isa THE SIXKING OF THE FLEET. tlit3.Sc .several rej^urds feeling and opinion wore .subjecjt to daily fluctuations. Let seriou.s danger or rcversc.s come, and they would flee in a moment if they could. And the fleet lying so near was a constant temptation. Cut that off, and the nerves of every man there would be freshly strung. The meanest would suddenly be- come charged with a kind of nobility; they would at onco become inspired with the courage that comes from desperation. Often those least inclined to tiglit when forced to it arc the most indifferent to death. Other dormant elements would be brought out by the disappearance of those shijis; union, fraternity, com- plete community, not only of interest but of life. Their leader with muiti{)lied jiower would become their g(j(l. On him they would be dependent for all things; for food and raiment, for riches, glory, and every suc- cess; for life itself Cortes saw all this, pondered it well, and thought it would be very pretty to play tlio god awliile. Ho would much prefer it to confinement in old Velazquez' plaza-pen, or even in a Seville prison. Cortes was now certain in his own mind that if liis barid remained unbroken either by internal dissension or by white men yet to arrive, he would tread tlio streets of the INIexican capital before he entered the gates of the celestial city. If IMontezuma would not admit him peaceably, he would gather such a forct; of the emperor's enemies as would pull the kingdom down about his ears. It would be necessary on going inland to leave a garrison at Villa Rica; but it woul.l be madness to leave also vessels in which they could sail away to Cuba or elsewhere. And finally, it' the ships were destroyed, the sailors, who otherwi- o would be required to care for them, might be addotl to the army. Such were the arguments which the conunander would use to win the consent of his people to oite of the most desperate and daring acts ever ectnceived bv a strategist of any age or nation. Not that such consent was necessary. He might destroy tlie ships and settle with the soldiers alter- SAD CONDITION OF THE SHIPS. 1S3 gdom goiiio couM lly,_it' |a(l(U'il Ih tlu- |)e(i|)lo ever ^niglit afU'i- Miird. TIr' deed accomjili.slied, with or without tlieir coiisciit, there would be Ijut one course open to them. Nevei'tliele.ss he preferred they should thhik themselves the authors of* it rather than feel that they liad heeu tricked, or in any way unfairly dealt with. And with the n oral he would shift tlie pecuniary responsibility to their shoulders. So he went to work as usual, with instruments apparently inde])endent, hut whose every step and word were of his directing. ( )iie day quickly thereafter it came to pass that the masters of several of the largest ships ai)j)eared be- i'nvc the ca[)tain-gencral with lengthened faces well put on, with the sad intelligence that their respective ciaft were unscaworthy; indeed one of theiu had sunk already. They did not say they had secretly httred holes in them accoi'ding to instructions. Cortes was sui'prised, nay he was painfully aft'ectcd; Tloscius himself could not have performed the part better; '■for well he could dis.senible when it served his pur- ])()se," chimes in Las Casa.s. With Christian i'ortitude he said: "Well, the will of God be done; but look you sharply to the other ships." Barnacles were then iVeely discussed, and teredtjs. And so well obeyed tlie mariners tlieir instructions that soon they were uhlc to swear that all the vessels save three were un- safe;, and even tiiese required costly rej)airs before tluy would be seaworthy.* Thus as by the hand of }n'ovi(lence, to the minds of the men as they Were able to bear it, the deed unfolded. Soon quite ;q)parcnt became the expediency of abandoning such vessels as were leaking badly; there was trouble and no jirolit in attempting to maintain them, for they would surely have to be abandoned in the end. "And indeed, fellow-soldier.s," continued Cortes, "I am not * Ttstbnnn'io dc Mnntrjo // Puertornrrrrn, in f'oL Doc. Ined. , i. 489, 404. ' Viiiic- Ron il Ol, I'uaiulo tstiivii-'so iinn.li.1 gi.'iito con cl jiintii, y lu (kuuiiciiisi n coino iiu |i«lian vcnc'Tcl agua do Ion niivios.' /,a.< f'.i>Yi., Hist. Iii'/., iv. 4!I7. 'Thuk i ■ -iiiM j)ai';i ijiK! lo.s sulclados iiias alicif'nailo.s (juo tenia so Id |iiili(t*si:n . . . . J.oa N 'M:iil(i-! s'- lo pidiorun, y tliUo so ru'lhio aiito ]><>r ante I'sttiuano.' Ilcrnra, ill', ii. nil. V. cip. xiv. ' l.i-' acon.sijani'H Ins ipic vranios suh aiiiiyos, ^juu nu iK'Aiissc Nauio vn I'l I'mrto.' IJi nml Dta:, lli-^t. Wrdwl., l\'J. - Iy3 m I I I ii 184 THE SINKING OF THE FLEET. sure but it were best to doom to tlcstruction also tlio f)thers, and so secure the cooperation of the saihjrs in the cominij campaign, instead of leaving them in idle- ness to hatch fresh treachery." This intimation was successful, as had been foreordained by the ruler of those events it should be. It was forthwith resolved to scuttle all the ships but one, the one brought by Salcedo. Accordingly Escalante, the alguacil mayoi-, a brave and able officer wholly devoted to Cortes, was sent down to Villa Rica to carry out the order, with the aid of the picked soldiers there stationed. Sails, anchors, cables, and everything that could bo utilized were removed, and a few hours later some small boats were all that remained of the Cuban fleet." It was then the community first realized its sit- uation. The followers of Cortes, with unbounded faith in their leader, did not so much care, but the partisans of Velazquez, few of whom knew that tlto affair had been coolly predetermined, were somewhat agitated. And when on closer inquiry they were enlightened by certain of the mariners, the cry arose that they were betrayed; they were lambs led to tiio slaughter. Cortes promptly faced the now furious crowd. What did the}'' want? Were their lives more precious than those of the rest? "For shame! Bo men!" he cried, in conclusion. "You should know ere this how vain are the attempts to thwart my purpose. Look on this magnificent land with its vast treasures, and narrow not your vision to your insignificant seb^es. Think of your glorious reward, present and to come, and trust in G xl, who, if it so ]ilease him, can conquer this empire with a single arm. Yet if there be one here still so craven as to wish to turn his back on the glories and advantages thus ' ' Los Pilotos, C Maeatres viojos, y marineros, que no era buenos para ir ^ la gncrru, quo sc (nieilassen en la \'illa, y co tlos chincliorros que tiuiicssen curgo (U' pi-^scar. . . .y lup^o sc vino (Escalante) i1 Compo.al con viia Capitaiiia do Iioiiihiva (li- la mar, que fuesscu los que sacaron de lea Xauios, y salicron al^imos dcllos niuy buonos soldados.' Denial Diaz, Hist. Vtrdad,, 40. THE DEED IS DONE. 185 iioro Bo now mv its rour ard, t so inn. ,vish luis ha ir A lo:irgo liii a'j;o tliat 'cl niisino Cortes lo tenia ya concertado. ' Hist. Venlml., .31>-40. Tho prrpoiKkniting testimony also shows that the masters made tlieir rcjiort iu public, with the evident object, as tho best atithoritics clearly indicate, of obtaining the consent of tlie responsible majority for the scuttling. During tin- partition of treasures at Mexico, largo sliares were set aside for Corti-.s nml Velazquez to cover the cost of tho fleet and tho outfit, 'que dinioa nl traiies cor. cllos, pucs toilos fuimos en cUos,' Ikrnal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 84, vliicli is proof, in addition to the reliable assertion that tho deed was agreed upon by tho majority. Cortes' expression, 'los echiS ,1 la eosta,' (^artai, .'4, u merely that of a leader of that party or majority, who besides really gives credit to others. Ilcnce the eonehision of I'rescott and others, tliat tho scuttling was done on his own resjTOnsibility, is not well founded. Cortes was clever cnougli always to have those present who were ready to take any ro.sponsibility for him that lie miglit wish. Tho phra.se, ' his was the greatest s.acriiicc, for they (the vessels) were his property,' Pn;icott'.iMcx., i. .374, isalso VT(iiig, fur ho was compensated by the anuy. And it is an exaggeration to say that the execution of the measure 'in the face of an incensed and tlesperato soldiery, was an act of resolution that lias few parallels in history,' /(/. , H'Ct, siiR'i; hio party supported him. According to Oomara tho pilots l>ore lioles in tho vessels, and bring their report, whereupon five vessels are first sunk ; shortly iiftcrward the remainder except one arc scuttled. The ofler of thi.s vessel to those who wished to return was made with a view to learn who were tho cowards and malcontents. Many indeed did ask for leave, Imt half of them wero sailors. Others kept quiet out of shame. Jfi/tt. 3fi'x.,(Kt. It was never (Jort.'s' piilicy to mark tho disafTectcd, however. Tliis author is followed hy Tonpic- maila, ' porque asi so ha platicado siemprc cntre las Ocntos, que mas supierou Ul' esta .Jornada,' i. 400, and on the strengtli of this the latter argues tliat Ilerrnr.a's version, dec. ii. lib. v. cap. xiv., wliich adheres chiefly to r.ernal Diaz', must be wTong. Tapia, Hclarioii, in [ra:halccta. Vol. Dor., ii. ■'5G.1, con- firms ehiofly to Oomara. Ilobertson, after following Rernal Diaz, takes tlio troiilile of having the ships 'drawn ashore and . . . .broke in pieces.' f/'mf Am., ii. '.V.V-l; Vlaei'icro. Storii JM'.i., iii. 3.')-rt; Oricdo, ///•-.'. Ooi., iii. 2(>2; Snm/o- !((', Ili^t. Carlos v., i. 171; IMcr Martyr, dec. v. cap. i. Peralta has them refill IM TIIK SINKING OF THE FLEET. "To ^Icxifo!" was now the cry, and preparations for tlie niurcli were at once made. Escalante, whoso character and services had endeared him to Cortes, l)unic(l by secret agents of Cort(58. Xot. Hint., 70. Solis, ever ze.-iloiis for liin hero, objects to IJcruiil Dinz' attempt to pluck any of the {,'loi-y, jind fcconts the idea tliat fears of peciniiary liability could have influenced Cui't« s to gal": tlio a[>proval of others for Iii.s act. ' Tuvo A destreza du liiHtoriiiilnr i] lu.'iietrar lo interior de las ncciones,' is the conii>lacent ti'ibute to hi.s own .skill in pouctrating the (juestion. IJint. Mcx., i. "Jl-l-l."). The view of the f;)Uncl( r- iii;^ licet, apj)endcd to sonio editions of his work, has been fxten.sivcly ci.i'i( d. One is given in the Antwerp edition of 1704, 141. A still liner view, with tlie men busy on shore, and the sinking vessels in the distance, is to be foun conscientiously nan'atcd every occurrence of any note, but their stai/ "<'. fnr historic truth and dignity caused them to clothe facts, however strikiu'X in a pub of dreary gi'avity, dryness of detail, and ambiguous confusion, which dis- couraged even the student. It reciuired the dramatic eye of the composer iiiid the imagination of the poet to appreciate the picturesque sketches of a stnui-'c l)eoi)lo now fading into oblivion, the grandeur of a senu-savage pageantry, tlic romantic exploits that recalled the achievements of the Cid. This faculty was innate in Solis, developed besides by a long and successful career in let- ters, lie had prolited also by the advantages opened to him as the secretary of (-'onde de Oropesa, Viceroy of Navarre and of Valencia, who JI;?ceiias- like fostered the talents and aided in the promotion of the promising savant, fur as such he already ranked. Cradled in the famous college town of Alcali de Ilenares, he bad given early evidence of talent, and at Salamanca uni- versity he had signalized himself in his seventeenth year by producing a c-.>:ucd3' of eonsidirabje merit. While pursuing v.ith energy the study nf law and moral philosophy, he cultivated witii hariUy le; which end he was no doubt impelled also by his intimacy with the illustriuus ANTONIO DE SOLIS. 167 Avas placed in coinniand of Villa Rica. The native chiefs were directed to regard hiui as the representa- C'alderon. Several of his dramas were rcccivcil with acclamation, and one was tiuuslated into Frcucli, whilu his niisccllani:uiis |)(H>ms, ri'printud in uiir ii;iy.s, jiic marked by a vivid iniii^'inutiuii and iia tlcj^aiicc whicii iiLso jidorns hi< Ut- ti :s, 'I'alentsso conspicuous did not uuit l(>ii,i< for rcoor'nition, an() years old his mind undcrwoiit a cliaii'^e, and entering tlie churcli hcahanduned forever tlie drama and lij^dit litcraturi'. 'J he pen changed only its sphere, iiowever, for it corvcd tlio h!., deep i)overty was his comjiaiLii)n. When ho entered on this oliicc tho Indies had laps-^d into t'lu dormant quietiido imposed hy a strict and secluding coh)nial rrgimo. 'i'hero wero no stirring incidents to reward tho cflbrts of tlie historian, savj those connected with free-booter raids, which ofTered little that could llattcr Spanish ]>ride. To achieve fame ho must take up some old theme, anil present it in a form likely to rouse attention by its contrast. Thus it was tiiat ho selected tho thrilling episode of the coni|uest of Mexico, with the determination to rescu; it fnnn tho unskilful arrangement and repetitions, the want of harmony atid consistency, the dryness and faulty coloring, to which it had hitherto been subjected, and to cxjiend upon it the eU'ects of elegant style ami vast eru- dition. When the work appeared at ]Madrid, in ItJSl, its superior merits wero instiintly recogniz'id, and although the sale at lirst was not large, editions have multiplied till our day, tho lincst and costliest being the illustrated issue of 1783-4, in two volumes, whicli I quote, while consulting also tho notes of several others. So grand and Unely elaborated a subject, and that from a Spanish historian who was supposed to have exhausteil all the availalilo re- sources of tho Iberian archives, could not ' il to rouse general attention throughout Europe, and translations wero made into ditlerent languag 's. liiibertson, among others, while not failing to point out certain Idemishe.s, lias paid the high compliment of accepting Solis for almost sole guiile on tlie conquest, and this with a blindness which ut times leads him into niout nnnisiiig errors. Even Prcscott warms to his tliemo in a review of six closely j)rinted pages, wherein eulogy, thouglk not unmingled with censure, is stron''er than a clearer comprehension of the theme would seem to warrant. But in this he is impelled to a great extent by his oft displayed tendency to hero worship. Solis deserves acknowledgment for bringing order out of chaos, for pre- Beiitiii;,' in a connected form the narnitivo of the conquest, and for adorning it with an elegant style, liut ho has fullilled only a part of the promises made iu his [)refaee, and above all has he negh'cted to obtain information on his t.ipii" beyond that presented in a few of the generally accessible works, even tiieir evidence being not very closely examined, lie has also taken great lilii'rties with tho text, subordinating facts to scylo and fancy, seizing every iiossilile opportunity to manufacture speeches for both native and Spani.di heroes, and this with an amusing disregard for the consistency of lan- guage with the person and the time, llis religious tendencies serioudy interfere with cium judgment, and impel liim to rave with bigoted ;;>-al against the natives. Tho hero worship of the dramatist iniroiluces itself to such an extent as frc(iuently to overjliailow everything else, and to mis- represent. 'Sembra piii un panegirico, ehe una istoria,' says C'lavigero, very aptly. Sfnria Jlcis., i. IG. His arguments and deductions are at tiiiie.i mo:jt cliildisli, while his estimation of himself as a lii.storian and thinker i.i aired i i iiion: than one place with a ridiculous gravity. With regard to style. Soli.i h;;d Livy for a model, and bcilonged t ) the elder school of historians ; lie was it 5 hi t good representative, in fact. His languag,^ is expressive and elegant, ;Teatly ii:ihaed with a poetic spirit not unsuited to the subject, and sustaiiic d in eloqiieuce, while its pure idiom aids to maintain the work as classic among 188 TIIR SINKING OF THE FLEET. tive of tlio frcncral, and to supply liiin with every requirement' Some nine days after the siidcing of the fleet a niessenixer arrived from Esealai'te, announcinsr that four vessels' had passed hy the harbor, refusinj:^ to enter, and had anchored three leagues off, at the nioutli of a river. Fearin^^ the descent upon him of Velazquez, Cortes hurrie(l off with four horsemen, alter selecting fifty soldiers to follow. Alvarado and Sandoval were left jointly in charge of the army, to the exclusitm of Avila, who manifested no little jealousy of the latter. Cortes halted at the town merely to learn particulars, declining Escalante's hospitality with the proverb, "A lame goat has no rest." On the way to the vessels they met a notary with two witnesses," commissioned to arrange a boun- dary on behalf of Francisco de Garay, who claimed the coast to the north as first discoverer, and desired to form a settlement a little beyond Nautla. It ap- peared that Garay, who had come out with Diego Colon, and had risen from procurador of Espafiola Castilians. 'Ingcnio Concepttioso, Floriilisimo, i Eloquente,' ia the obsrrv.a- tioii in the work of liia liistoriographic predecessor, Pinclo, Ej'itome, ii. (i07. Kilt it lacUa in lK)l(lnrss and dignity ; the rlinnaodies are often misplaced, and the viM'bosencsb is tiresome. Some of tho faults aroof fours') duo to the time, but not the many, .ind it also becomes only too apparent that Solis i.s «o con- ceitedly infatuated with his afTccted grandiloquence as to sacrifice facts wheicvcr they interfere with its free scope. It is said that ho intended t > continue tho history of Mexico after the conquest, and that death alone prevented tho consummation of the project. But this is mere conjecture, and it appears just as liUely that the dramatist recognized the cffoet of closing a gi-eat work ai so appropriate a point as tho fall of Mexico Tho work was taken up, however, by Sala-'^r y arte, who published in 1/ !.3 tho second part of the Connues', till tho death ' Cort(5s, abounding in all tho fai'.its or tho superficial and florid compositic ' ' Luego le zalmmaron [tho chiefs] al Jui ; Brrnul Dinz, If Lit. Vcrdud., 40. 'Dcj(S en la ciienta hombrcs con doze de calwllo.' Cortes, fifty Spaniards, with two horses and two firc-n do Inio, (.•omara, Illftf. Mfx.tGo-GyhixfCcni do Ireio no In auian datlo cargo nin^uno, ni I tllirochUl, Hist. Chicli., 291. Tho lorco sec Ij^th.-.I Diaz, Hist, Vcrdad., 51, says CO old ari . suffering soldiers were left m j^;:i:i';soii. " r.er:i;il Diaz says one vessel ; but Corti^s and other authorities mention four. '■• r.i'rn;;l Diaz, who appears to have been with tho party, names tlicin as ( !/.;'.!i':i do la Loa, notary; Andres Nuilcz, shipwright; Pedro de la Arpa, a WUencian, and a fourth man. Jlist. Vcrdad. ,40. of Solis. lo Escalante con sus incicnsos. ' la de la Veracruz cicnto y ciii- rtas, 52-3. One hundred and ;s, were left hereunder Pedro Diaz corrects him. 'Al Pedro in de cuadrillcro. ' ubi sup.; 3 to be altogether too large. PIXEDA UPON' THE COAST. lao to Ijccomc governor of Jamaica, liad rosolvod to dovoto his great wealth to extending his fame as explorer and colonizer. On learning i'rom Alaminos and his fellow voyajjers of the coasts discovered in this direction, ho resolved to revive the famed projects vi' Ponce do Leon, and with this view desi)atrouisioiio3 jiiuaciue fucsso Adclantado, y Goucniador dcsdc tl lio do S.Tn I'cilro, y San I'ablo, y todo lo quo descubricssc : y por aijucllna pruisiones ciiddo hicgo trcs Nauio:j con hastuuoEicntos y setentasoldados. ' livrnnl J)iaz, Ili-l. I'l n/
  • ort of his expenses a r(iy:il phmUition near Hahana was transferred to iiim, and an annual salary coiiici red of 3()0,'.)00 mai-avedis. A nundn-r of other provisions were made for tlie promotion of economic, politic, and spiritual M-elfaro in the new region. A >yiinpsisof the conimissioi\ is given in LusCu.vi.'t, Hist, [nil., v. '2 Ti. l'ie>(utt iiii-uinlerstands the Cnrta ih. i'l'lny/ittz of ()otoi)er 1'2, l.">l!(, in su]ipositi;,' that tlie L'nvernor had not received notice; of his appointment by that time, and is thiTiliire wrong in taking Gomara to task for saying:; ' Estando pues en aipieste IKMisaiuieto [to thwart Cortes), auino ipie Uejio a Santiaf.'o. . . .cartas del Ein- pirailor, y el titulo do Adelantado, ycedulade la goueinacion. . . .de ^'uc.ita.' //'-'. Mr.,:, 140. ' ' ' 'nrta do Vchvi'iez, Octo1)cr 12, I.TIO, in Pnr/icfo and Ciinlriint, < '"I. J ><■'•. , xii. '_'tl>-,")l. Solis assumes that tlie prepar.itionsof Vilaz<|uez were influenced hy the news of the rect.'ption acoonled in ."'pain to the proeuradoresof Cort. s. //'■' MfX., ii. 42-4. But this supposition, Ifused jMirily on a vague- ex- pn -iui' o' Ilerrera, dec. ii. lib. ix. ciip. xviii., is wiong. for the procura- ilcins reached Spain only in October, una wore detained for some time before tlic_\ >aw the emperor. 3.'>a THK CUnAX OOVKRNOR IN TURSUIT, 11 left tlio iinprosHiori tlisit shii)-l()atls of oold had l)o;ii forwarded fi'om the now region to Spain, and tlie island was conse(in(;ntly in a f(;rnient witli excitc- nicnt. So great i!id<.'ed beeanio the desire to eidisf, that Vehizquez would in any case have heen oi)lig(d to loi'ni an expedition to prevent the people fioiu going on their own account to reinforce Cortes." At iirst it was aiuiounced that the governor wouhl go in person, and so prevent furtlier rebellion, l^ut Wliiz- (|Uez never thought of such a thing: he was tuD cori>ulent, he lacked courage, and he could not ahaii- don his interests and his post in Cuba, leaving the island scantily provided with defenders. Further tluiii this, he had confidence in the lei^al ri<;ht conferred on him over the new country and over any expedition lie might semi. His announced reasons were the duties of his oiHce, which demanded his [)resonce more than ever owing to the prevalent small-pox epidemic.''^ Among the many candidates eager for the connniiiid Were IJaltasar Bermudez, a relative, A^asco Porcailo de Figueroa, and IMnfilo de Narvaez, the first (wo mentioned already in connection with Cortes' apjioint- ment. With ]^ermudez the governor could come to m* arrangement, and with Porcailo he managed 1o (juarrel after sekn'ting him," so tiiat he was left with no other choice than Narvaez. This was the hiilalgo of A'^alladolid," whom we have met before, who had joined Velazquez shortly after his arrival in Cuba, and had taken a leailing part in its conquest. Tlii^ over, he haointirn m, lleiTcra tells tlie story, whicli is not very interesting, dec. ii. lil>. ix. cap. win. ' ' Menial Diaz says also ' UuUaduIid, 6 de Tudela de Uuero.' lllal. I'cd/ '- , 2415, 38. NARVAKZ SKLHCTI'J) AS LEADKR. 3:)9 'I'jiti'il (I, iiii'l ;irv;i« /, Jip. xviu. was al)ont forty-two yoars of ivro, tall and stroiij^ly Itiiilt, with a lonjjf faci', ruddy <'om|)l('xion, and .sandy Itt'ard. To a deiq) voice nii^Iit l)e added a«jfreoal)lo luiinnors, buinj^ (juite fascinatin"^ in conversation. His (|U;ditics W(.'re .sucii as created lavorable impression. Oidinarily lie exhibited j^ood judgment, hut he was careless, headstrong, and arrogant. As Ji soldier he was undouhtedly hrave, hut deficient in discij)line and foresight; as a general he was far from being the ecjual of Cortus.»» Hy virtue of his commission Velazquez appointed this man captain-general and lieutenant-governor of the new country, with orders to send Cortes and an}' nhellious ca])tain in chains to Cuba, to carry on the c()n<[U(!st, and to administer for the best interests of tlie settlement."' But the friends of Cortes were not i(ll(!. They caused rej)resentations to be secretly made to the audiencia" tiiat a fratricidal war was about to i)e opened in the new region, ruinous to the interests of (iod and the king, and legal steps were at once taken by the promotor fiscal.'" The policy of Cortes '■' 'A cstc Narv.icz liizo Dii-go Vc!liiz(|iR'z sii Capitnii principal, tiieinpro li(mr;iii(l()l(), ilo inanoru !> 40;<. Narvaez' ap]>ointnient is mentioned already in the letter of October I'Jth, addressed to a Spanish dignitary, wherein he is spoken of as contador for tiie new countries. I'liilicm and Vurdfiiiui, Vol. /><>,•., xii. •J.")0. '' 'Auisoy rclucion dellos h'S emlfio desde Cubas el licenciado Zua(,'o, ipte iiuia venido. . . .a tomar resiilencia.' liiriml IHnz, JIi.it. Vcidud., 87. But we arc safe in saying that Duero gave the impuls(^ '■'This utUcial, Juan Carrillo, laid tiie ciuse before the audiencia, Decendx^r ■Jltli, representing that Corti'S had witiiout superior permi.ssion made war (111 the natives of the new lands and t'on(piered tiu^tn. He had also appro- Idiated Velazquez' lleet and captured men from (iaray's jvirty, greatly to the ill jury of both. Vela/(}uez was now pre|)aring an ex|M'dition against iiim. Tlie two parties would meet and fight, giving the natives the opiiortunity to rise :ii:(l recover the country. IJoth Cortes and Velazquez being guilty in under- taking such exiMjditions without authority, the fiscal prays that tliey bo piiiii.slied in person and estate. An oidor or his proxy should at onct? be sent til investigate the case and prevent such war. During tiio following weeks ( :iiiill(i iiresented lcttei"s and witnes-^es in siipixirt of his i)etition. /'/ocisu imi" Jiiiil Auiikncia dc la En^ianolii, in JcttzbtUceUi, Col. Doc., i. 404-10. 300 THE CUHAN fJOVKUXOR IX Tl'liSUIT. I :■ ill scndiiiij pnR'uradorcs to Sj»;un, with pri'Sfiiis and iMO-^snL;.'< to tliL' kiii,L,S liad its flU'ot on tlu* aiidii.'iiria, wliicli considciod not oidy that his case liad passed hoyond Uu'Ui, hut that he was lendirin^^ and likely to lender, Ljivater servure to tlio royal inte'ivst than was Ids I'ival. By no means predisposed in favor (if \'elaz(juez, they moreover seiit tt> Ciiha the prudent licentiate Lucas Vazcpiez de Aillon, a mond)er of theirboily, with instructions to i)revunt the threatened dan<;er. Accompanied hy Pedro de Lodesma, socrotarv to tin- audiencia. and the al<4,Miacil mayor, Aillon met Narvae/, at Yanua,''* jirej)aiMng with a portion of the iieet to jitin the rest at ( aianiguanico. I'lacin^ the cajitain under injunction not to leave Cuha, he proceeded to llu- rendezvous and represented t(» VelaztjUez the v\\\ which must result iVom his project, ur^ini^ that his duty as jj;()vern()r and l(»yal suhject demande«l him to i'oi-ci^^) personal vemjeance and interest, auvl iinally i'orhidding the exjjedition without express permission IVom the kint:^. The L'overnor, who ap[)ears to have <»htain»>(l more definite news fnun Spain rei^ardinn" th'' Mcalth and promises vi' New Spain, was nu>re di't( r- mined tiiau ever to carry out his scheme, .lleiyiii^' ui>on the <;rant of the country to himself, he consid ei'od that he had every ri^dit t(j claim his own and to treat Cortes as an interloi»er. At tirst he ivl'used to i'eco';iiize the jurisdiction of the audiencia in tlif matter, but pretended Iinally to fall in with Aillon s views. It was accordin^nrly aj^reod that, in order to jim- mote the interests both of kiiiij: ti'»(l o-overnor, l»v rendcn'iniijf available the costly preparations nuuK". the tleet should jiroceed to its destination, but without Indians, and with a less number of settlers than had volunteered. Narv'aez might present the claims of Ids principal upon Cortes, but only in a j)eact;al)l'' manner, without landin^r any forces. If they wer< '* Fourteen Iwigut's west of Trinulad. A MAfJXIFlCr.XT FORCE. ii(»< cntcrtaiiK'.l, lio must sail <»n\vari oj' nuw discovi'rics,*' III tlio |)ivsoiice of Ailluii insti'Uctioiis w r< Mi\'<'ii 1(1 Xarvaoz in a; 'con lance with tlie aLTrrcuK'nt , hut tlio I'liiiHT nev<'rti)i'lt'-<8 rcsolwd to acconipanv tlic cxjh>- (lition and watcli ovit tiu-ir ohm-rvaiu't', i'nv lie sus- |i('cti'.l i\w sincerity of liotli parties.'^' 'I'lu' expedition was tlu; lanjfost which had a-* yet hivn littod out in the Now WorM, and consisted of eleven lar^o and seven small vessels, with j;omewhat over nine hundred soldiers, includiii'^ ei.jhly men with ii:v-ar.ns. one hundr.-d auvl twenty with ei-os;-h;)ws, nrid eiijlity horsemen. There were also si-veral hun- (Ircd Indians, a larLj^! force of sailors, and a |»ai"k of artillery, toLjether with auiple stores of all kin ><•., xiii. ',".17. L'l'i' full'. '• toxt nf tlii* ii';rci'iii"i>t t.<\i Ai/liiii, I'ltr'iri; ii) <'. 1>.\ tlie 'liiiio th(! iliscovcry voy;i,' • \\;ij ecneludod V.w Uiir; woiilil li:ivo .<■, i| u" aivvn in i\ i*[)f(i;il Icilcr ti> tUc kin;,', wriltfii l>y him at (.Juiuiijuanii'o .Marili -itii, on tlio (A • I'i li, iiirtiirj for Now SjKiin. Tlii^i letter \va3;i till Au%'iist. J'c-hirnvM[( 'linli 11(1.1, ('a/. /)()<■., xi. 4IW-tiJ; Cot.Jhr. I.inl.. i.4S| At. Ikir-'ra. v.Ii J i.j not aware of tliu a;_;roeiiK'ut \vit!i Aillun. asjiinic.i tliat Vda/iine/ a:iil 'S:\v\-.i:'?, answer his jmjtests by mere a.ssurance.j that they intend n > harm, Imt V ill take earc of the kin;^'j interest, Narvaez cniliji!,' t!io disini ision hy hayiu',' : 'il • i|ia'i|uieni manera t\' i>ens;iua einharear dentro de iloi !i)i:i;.' il ;e. ii, lili. i\. ea[i. xviii. ]iernal I >iaz also states tliat VeLi;'.(|Uez relied so inueii r su M:igest;id, com.) Oidor,' ll'nif. \'i nlii/.. S~. Solis sup- ]i I;eU'crs. Car'na, 110. Oviedo has only 803 men, but with "JlH) horses, iii. ,'i()-«, while JJernal Diaz raises the totals to 10 vesscN, with l.'iO!) to I li''i soldiers, including SO horsemen, 00 archers, and 70 musketeers, hut not •uniting the sailors. The ai'tillery of guns was in charge of ( 'aptiin Uodrigo M^nfiii. /ilst. I'mlti'l., S()-7. Clavigero adopts 18 vessels, 80(t infantry, S.l •■rivalry, over ."KK) sailors, and Ti guns. Storia Mi''<3.,m. 11.'?. Aiilon vaguely iiieiiUons 'over (lOJ Spaniards in sixteen vessels.' 'Siu nue yo lo supicse, 312 THE craAN oovnnxor. ix rrnsriT. I ! ■ ii.J S.iil w.is Hc't o;ivly in Mardi, 1 r>20, an;! iiftt^r t :);i;'^- ini^iit ( 'o/.MMU'l Island t<> pick up tlu' party wiiifli lial been ]rSt V.wvr'^' soint! tinio ItutoH', tliov entered Kin resents for the eaji- tain. Four days after leavin*' the river the fleet w;>; disjM'rsed hy a storm, with the loss of six vessiils an! a numl>er of soldiers and sailors.^* The rest of the vessels ariived at San Juan de Ulua in the latter }>art of April.^ Three soldiers, deserters from the exploring expe- dition'-'" of Cortes, came on board, and after declaring llovur'iii liiista mil indios. ' Cart'i, in Paehtro and CiirdentM, Col. Ihx-., xiii. X't~; uuil T')i)iiis;iys l(>t)l>an, althoii^^h ho evidently niakcH tho catimato tou high. A','iisii]i llormiiikv. was algiiacil mayor, and CortOs'old friend, Duero, managed to jdia a:i contador. Ifirrera, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. i. ■•' Kighty Spiiniardj had Imjch landed, and a number of Indians, but most of the latter, together with a largo proportion of tho natives, had d'wd > I M:null-pox intrtMluced by the Cubans. To judge from Aillon's report lio jip- ]>(>ars to have allowed a, number of Spaniards to remain, with n view to in: k ; there a cjiUing-placo for ship . and wiiicli might servo as a base for operation i tending to the eouipiest of .leutuu. Ho refers to tho latter country a.i mi island adjoining Ulua, whicl., ho believes is a continent, lying near tlio liii'i tliscovcred by Solis and Yuftcz. Carta de Autliencia, Aug. 30, 1520, in J'ttchrc) and ('lirileiKt", Cnl. />o:, xiii. 3.18. '' 'So ahogaron cintiiionti ombres 6 los dcmoa escnpamoscon liarto ries'jo.' Carti d' Aidlienciii, in /'nc hero and CnrdeiioH, Col. Doc, xiii. 338-1). MotiIi'- zuiiix iiiformeil C'ortt^s of this shipwreok, '»5 lo mostr6 en una manta piiitiiil i die/, y oclio navioi, 6 los cinco delios it la coata qucbrados 6 trastoniado.s ci ■ 1 arena.' 'J'fi/tin, Ilcl., in Ir'tzhalota, Col. JJoc., ii. 580. 'Tuuovn vientodi^ Nor'.u . . . . y do noche so le iK>rdio vn nauio do ivxjo porto, que dio al traucs; ('apitai . . . . ( 'liristoval do Moranto y so ahog6 cicrta gente.' Bernal Diaz, //'•'. Vrrdivl., 87. •'Aillon was among tho first to arrive, Narvacz and tho other ciptiiii:^ c:)niiiig in during tho following two days. Carta de. Aitdicnria,, in I'n'-lirr • jinl CiirdriKf, Col. Itoc, xiii. 330. Hence I'rescott's date of April '23d isHomowli. t t >o accurate. Ilrasseur de IJourlwurg assumes that a landing is effcctcil ■ i April 20tli. Illst. K to i'ies';i>.' liiitml' I 1(H ( :i ' 1 ('apitii'i (■«:, //. '. c:ipt:iir.s lomowli.it Tcctivl ■ :i clu'tl liim sMcxi' '. (>ca)>it il. in Sjiiiu A clvx'"- a:, ir.d. alk',^ianco to Xarvacz, jxmrod into tho curs of tlicir v.-oudcrinj^ couutrvmou tin; story of tlicir ^cin'iars I'lilliant achiovoincuts. They told <»t' tin; vast fxtcut ;inil ivsouivc •f ilio roimtry, of tin* wcaltli accumu- latcil, the uiifairin s.< of CoiiL's in divitliuj^, and tlio (•MiiscMjuont diseontont. of tin* soldiers and tin; jlan'jfcr of their position. ^^ This tended to render the eonceite I Xarvaez over-eoiilident. so that his rival was rather h. iie'ited than injuri'd hy the story of the desi iters, lie now told Aillon that he wonld liri«l, sinei? ( 'oi-te>» ► far in the interior and the v. -isels in a had \v; CO is s( ndition. He was also determined tt» form a srttle- lacnt, and rei^ardless of the oi 1 r's j/iotes^ a town was I'oundod for a second time upon the site; of tlu ' esent Vera Cniz.^ Tiio j^'overnoi t f Cnetlaclitlan liastened to send presents of stipplics, as an act of (•'•urtesy to a captain wnom lu; suppos(Ml to he th'.5 fiirnd of Corte's. He was undcu'cived, however, an I t-iid hy the deserters that Narvarz was the i-eal envoy ami captain sent hy the kinijf, whih.* Cortes and Iii ; iiu-n Were fu'jfitive adventurers whom Xarvaez w(»nl I I'niiisji. His kin;4 had heard of the outrage on tho emperor, and had sent him to procure his relea-e, to i.store order, and tliereu[)on to return. The l,^ovi rnor r .[lorted this to Montezuma, who, thiidviny no dou!;t V r'l'fl,^ ,S7; Ifirrrra, dec. ii. lib. ix. cap. xviii. I'orms gives .several niul |K'arn t > nay tli.it lluy wcra till- iiic:i sent by Iiiiu to bring ncwaof Narvacz aid wli )d'.siTtiMl. ( 'rtr/'i ■, 1 1.'). Ai.liin s|k.m1v3 of «no man who cmwi on bi)ard of liis vcs.scl. FiiidiiiL; i!i:it r .rts b:id instructed the Imlians to rc^'ard any fl(^^•i^'n jirrivals a^^ ininiic-:!, tliism^n was sent toreassup) tliein. ( ' iria ile. .1 idfii iifi'. l>ftc., \\\\.'XV.). ItappfaMnrobdile, however, tliat Cortes' expectaUoa of imsssen^'crs from hi.s kint; was known to tho Indians. •■ 'A!i;auan las manos a Dios, que loa iibrh del poder do (^)rtos, y rhaps. I'rescott takes the pjcaliar groimd that for Montezuma to 'iiave entered into a secret comniuiii- cation, hostile to tho general's interests, is too repugnant to the wiiole U'wa- of liis conduct.' M<'x., ii. '23(i. Cortes states that Father Olmedo hail uvidiMne of ci>mmunication and interchange of presents between Monte/.uma and X irvaez. Cartn.t, 120-1. Otiiers conlirm this, as: Ti i, fif., in /r.,ii. AST; Oomnra, ilJst. Mux. 141-2; C'lrta del Hjcrcito tif < 'or/rs, in / ir.hi/rrfa, Col. Doc, i. 42S-31). Tiio position of tho emperor as prisoner, mid t!ic speedy succession of ovonts, did not permit the relationship between the two to develop. ■'*' Francisco de Lugo being actually secured with shackles. Tinulo, inCivh .<, Ji'ciiili'iiriii, ii. ; i'or(VK,Varl(w, 118; ( 'arta di' A uiUeiicia, in Pachero and ' '('trili'- lias. Vol. Doc, xiii. 1142. Ovicdo reviews Velazquez' conduct in tlii.s instance, and concludes that, since CortiVs gave him tho men and appointed him cii)ii:iiii, he was bound to obey this his inuncdiato principal, unless royal ordei's to (lie ct)ntrary had boon exhibited. 'Si aquel uapitan, Johan Velazquez de Jjeon, ii > estoviera n\al con su pariento Diogo Velazcjuez, <5 so passara con los eieiilo (;inqiientii hombros, epic avia Uovado li (jiuat^ucalco, it la parte de, I'limphilo do Nur/acz, su cuilado, acabadu oviera Cortes su oill^iu.' iii. 31U-17. HOW SAXDOVAL ^fANAGES. .Vw fo jlt'iiiaiid tlic surrcn«1er of Villa Kica, which the (Icscitors roprcscntod as held hy loss than tour score ijiiii. This task was intrusted to the clerirvnian -hian Ruiz de Guevara, accompanied by Notary Ver- yara, Amaya a relative of Velazquez, and three wit- nesses,'*^ and letters were given them for distribution iunoniif Cortes' soldiers, with a view to gain their allegiance.*' Sandoval had been advised concerning the tl»>et, and suspecting the object he sent to warn Cortes, despatching at the same time two dark-com[)lexioned s(tl(hers, disguised as Indian fruit venders, to leaia I'lnther particulars. The spies remained in Narvaez' ramp a whole day, and by mingling with the leaders lliey picked up valuable information, escaping during tile night with two horses.^ Sandoval now sent off the old and infirm soldiers to a town calKvl Papalote, ill the hills, and obtained the promise of the re- mainder to hold the fort with him, a gallows being erected in a conspicuous site as a warning to the taiut-hearted. About this time Guevara ap[)eared I); fore the quarters of Sandoval. No one came to receive him, and he had to find his way to the com- iiiander's house. The priest had been led to believe lliat little or no objjction would be made by the ad- herents of Cortes to his demands, and confidently lie began his harangue, speaking of the claims of A «laz(|uez and the treason of Cort«5s. The word treason fired Sandoval. His party were the better servants of the king, he said, and were it nob for "' 'AloiiiO de Vergara, escrihano, 6 con Antonio do Maya.' ^cvmndn .ill,,.t, ill Icaxhalceta, Col. Doe., i. 439; Ikrnal Diaz, Jlint. VvnUuL, ,SS, writ's Aniiiya; Corti's, Jtesldencia, ii. 1(>8, 4I'2. '• '^f(• trajeroii mas n iini'ses belonged to this captain, whoso raving against the spi'js ad'orded 1.11. 'it lunusement to the camp. Hcnial Diaz, Hist. VcrdmL, IHJ; Tupia, IM., 11 Icir.balcita, Col. Doc, ii. 587. 1 THE CUBAN GOVERNOR IN PURSUIT. Guevara's character as a clergyman he would have him chastised for his impudence. As it was, he re- f rred him to Cortes as captain-general and justicia mayor of New Spain. Guevara likewise grew warm," and a war of words followed, which the commander cut short by ordering some Indians to bundle the tliree principals into net hammocks. In these they were carried to Mexico, under a Spanish guard, to bo delivered to the general.^ When ^[ontczuma first received news from the coast governor of the arrival of the great fleet, he supposed that these were the vessels which Cortes had said that he expected, and by which it was hoped he would depart. Montezuma at once sent for Cortes to impart the tidings.** The Spanish general was not a little surprised at this second unusual summons, and still more when tokl that his vessels liad arrived, and that new ones need not be built. While he was yet puzzling over the words, the emperor produced the ])ainted message showing: a fleet at anchor off dial- chiuhcuecan. "You can now leave in safety, and all will be well," continued the monarch, overjoyed at the thought of release.^ "Thanks be to God, who pro- " Ho ordered Vergara to read the provisions. Sandoval declared that none but a royal notary should do so, and threatened liini with 100 lashes unless he desisted. Gucvai-a interfered, and was tolil that he lied, and was a low elergyinan. lirriial Diaz, Hint, i'lrtlad., 88. '' Alguacil Pedro de Solis was in charge. Bemal Diaz, //iV. Verdad., 88, dcscrilwa how they wondered at the succession of great cities, etc. The guard consisted of twenty men. Cort^a, ('(irtaj<, 115. ''* tomai-a describes somewhat minutelj- tlie apprehension created among the sohliers by this summons, in face of tlio threatening aspect of affairs. //'■/. Mi'x., l',iS-9. Bcrnal Diaz states tiiat Montezuma kept the news back for three days, while he communicated with Narvaez. He might have deloycd longer, but feared that Cortes wouhl suspect .something. Hiit. Vfrdad., 87. '■ While still talking, they received another mess;»ge, saying that troops, horses, and guns had been lauded. In his joy Montczur.ja embraced Cortis, exclaiming tiiat he loved him more than ever, and saying that ho would diiic with him. While at table both were in good humor, the emperor thinking of the departure, the general of renewed Ciiouosts. After this Montezuma gavo «laily feasts, in the belief that the task of entertaining would soon be over. Vonuira, Hist. Mex., 139. It is more likely that apprehensions prevailed on both sides. Brasseur do Bourbourg calls attention to the fact that no strangi r liad till then been so far honored as to sit at the same table with the monarch. Hist. Xat. Civ.,i\. 277. (II THE TIDIXGS AT THE CAPITAL. vl;les all <;vnoral, while tliin;:^: , »" Vv'as the fervent utterance of tlio the .soldiers sent up shouts of joy 1 li'.Mjflecl with discharws of fire-arms. "Surelv," tliev sai«l, " Puertocarrero and Montejo have returned in t,ood time." Further consideration of the matter, however, convinced Cortes that these were not the .'-hijrs of his friends, but that they belon-7. Cortes writes that after heiiig informed hy Montczum.a ho received a letter, by a Cuban Indian, fmni ii Sjianiard who had been stationeil on the coast to watch for vessels. Tliis iiiiiiouiiced that a vessel hatl anchored at San .Juan de Ulua, which was supposed t I be tiiatof the returning i)rocuradores. The general now despatched his fo\ir messengers. Fifteen days passed without furtlier news — this is probabjv.i misprint— after which native paintings were received showing tlic nnnit.>er of men landed, and with them the rejwrt that the messengers from Mexico \viie detained by the new arrivals. Cartfui, 114-1."). A man named I'inedo, wlio fled from the capital, was overtaken by ^Vztocs, at Cortes' order, and liiimglit back dca«l. Dtmanda ilf CchnUnn, in Ira'-halcnta, Col. Doc, i. 440. ^'■' Cortes intimates that a friar carried this message, and that one of tho •jMestious was tho nationality of the expedition. Cartiir'i, ll.'t. The friar an- Kais to have earrietl a later nies3a;'c. Gomara a.ssumcs that Cortes alrwuly Maw who the commander was, and oabrcd his fricndohip. IJuit. Mix., 142. 8SS THE CUBAN GOVERNOR IN PURSUIT. V: ill made the subject of jest among tlio officers of Nar- vacz, the veedor Salvaticrra declaring that tliu messaijes of traitors should receive no attention. He urged the expediency of marching upon them v.'ithout loss of time, and swore that he would broil and eat the ears of Cortes. Shortly after the letters had been sent, the ap- proach of Guev^ara and his companions was announced. And now for more of that deep diplomacy in whicli Cortes was so skilled. Perceiving the importance of conciliating men of their standing, he despatched an escort with horses to brinjj them Mith all honor into the city, and he himself went to meet them, expressing regret at the rude treatment they had received. With smooth tongue and promises he wove his web round them, and "oiled their hands with gold," as Bern; J Diaz expresses it. He showed them the greatness and wealth of the country, and explained to them how it was all in his power; and he sought to convince them of the injury dissension must occasion to God, to the hin^,^, and to themselves. Ah, rare talent, the tak'ut of tongue I Guevara, at least, was won over, and went back delighted with his courtesy and liberality, and in full sympathy with his cause.*" On reaching tlio camp he told of what he had seen, the great extent of country, its vast population, and the number of well ))uilt towns on every side. Nor did he fail to sing the praises of Cortes, and speak of his treasures, of which he displayed specimens. Every captain and soldier under him, he said, could boast of heavy gol I ornaments and well filled purses, of numerous ser- vants and beautiful women ; and they lived on the fat of tiic land, having the country and all its inhabitants at their disposal. The general had taken care to ex- hibit only the attractive features of his position, whicli as now detailed by the priest captivated the hearts of *" ' Acabo do tlos dias donde venian muy hravosos leones, bolvinn m inuy niiinsos, y so lo ofrccicron por servidores.' Uiriial Z)in3> Hist. Vcrdad., 8S;"t'o/Y('.y, lifnidencia, ii. 108, 465, 500. COnTIlS- TACTir.^^ 3-3 tlio listeners, who lont^'ed to bo with so fortunate and ]il)c'ral a leader. Even hefore this many wen- al- Iccted, and despised the arro^rant and narrow-mi m led Xarvaez ; others took an inij>artial view, and reco;^- nized the evil of dissension in a country only half siihilued, while yet others wure intent only on seeuriuLj treasures. The priest brought a letter to Xarvacz, whtrcin Cortes ex})ressed delight at finding his old friend com- mander of the expedition, although he regretted that hostile measures had been taken against him, who as a loyal servant held the country for the king. If Xarvacz carried a royal commission, it had only t(j be ])rescnted to 1)0 obeved: otherwise he was willing to come to a iVicndly agreement, since hostilities must be prejudicial not only to them both, but to the crown. ^' (iuevara supported these expressions by reconunending a pcace- i'lil arrangement and withi.-n soIds.' duiiKir'i, ll'isf. }[ii-., \V1. Accord in l; to licriial IMaz a letter > t similar toniir liail boon sent vi\ Itcloiv, l>y a swift nu .ssciitror, to clear the m ay foi'Oiiovara's rocnmiiiendations, nml ( 'ortes therein ititiniatiil that the iiostilc Uttt lances attributed to Xiirvaez must be duii to the inter] iretcr.<, fir lie «;:•« RUVi- that so wiso lunl bravo a captain wouhl not utter anything to the preju- ili^i of king and conirnde-i. ///.•./. !'< /•'/■/(/., 8'.). '■■I'onj (ladivas (jui'brautan pena.s.' II' riud Diaz, Htxt.Verdad., S'J. Illar. Miis., Vol. I. 21 ,S I 1 i I- i \ f }■ n ; If. ft?! . 111 370 THE CUBA" GOVEHNOR IN PURoUIT. Shortly after the (k-parture of the clergyman, Cort-Js took counsel with Father Olniodo, that most admi- rable of friars, whose knowledge of the world, calm judgment, and clear foresight had more than once saved Cortes from himself Olmo.io now undertook the conversion of Xarvaez and his men. Laden with instructions and jewels, he proceeded to their eam[> and endeavored to win Xarvaez to peaceful measures. Special letters and presents were given Duero. Ai- Hon, an arguments found willing ears, and his gold confirun d the arguments. Among his companions from Mexii" was one Usagre, an artillerist, whose brother occupied a similar position under Xarvaez. This man also did Cortes good service. These doings could not escape notice, and, warned by Salvatierra, the commaml r would have arrested the friar had not Duero an I others interfered. They called attention to his di[>L'- matic and rel'gious character, and the courteous treat- ment Cortes had given his own messengers. X^arva*. z NAUVAEZ' PROCEEDINGS, 87l hurried him awav, however, with a letter for liis q-en- vvA, wherein he ehiinied authority to take possession (if the country for Velazquez. If Cortes resisted, it would fiire ill with him." It was an easy escape for Olnedo, for Xarvaez had not scrupled shortly before to deal with the royal oitlor in a most peremptory manner. Aillon had remonstrated with him about his proceed inLj:s, such as formingr a settlement, threatening to enter the ciHuitry, spreading harsh reports among the natives ai,'ainst Cortes, and neglecting to restrain his men from taking property and otherwise abusing the in- habitants. Xo attention being paid to this, he for- mally called upon Xarvaez to make a peaceful demand for the surrender of the country, and, if refused, to uo elsewhere to settle. He intimated puliliely that the measures of Xarvaez were actuated 1)V malice, lather than bv loval wisdom. This the vain and aiTo- ;4;ant commander could not endure. It was to the oidor, he said, that the present growing disaffection amoni' his men was due. He was becominv Cuba, the captains and crews having been sworn to deliver them to Velazquez." During the voyage, hiiwever, Aillon persuaded his jailers to take him to Kspafiola, which he reached in the last days of August, at'ier a long and dangerous trip of three months and " According to Bemal Diaz. Duero persuaded Xan'a^z, at the instigation of thu friar, to invite the latter, and to seek liy friendly efforts to win him over. Pretending to yield to his i>ersiiasions, Olinedo told him that if tlio proper persons were sent to confer with Cortes, he could no doubt he bnjught to tenns. It Wfis then agreed that Ducro and others should arranije a. nri- y;ite interview tx-twecu the two generals. IlUt. Verdad., 93; Jlirrtra, dec, ii. liti. ix. cap. xxi. '' The reason for this separation of oidor and otTicers was to prevent the former from issuing .luthoritativc ordei-s. This seizure had been etl'eeti'il just fis (inuvara returned from Mexico. ''ortf',v, Cartu-^, 118. Hence, CortOs' letter failed to reach him ; yet ISenial Diaz assumes that he received it, and cwper- atcJ accordingly. Ilist. Vcntml., 6i). 878 THE CUBAN GOVERNOR IN PURSUIT. a half. The consort vessel was separated from lilni during a storm shortly after leaving Ulua, and the secretary and algiiacil did not rejoin the oidor till October. A report of the outrage was promptly ibrwarded to the king, signed by the whole audi- tMicia, with a request that severe chastisement be inflicted, in order to maintain respect for that august tribunal.*' Among others falling under the wrath of Narvaez Mas Gonzalo do Oblanco, whose advocacy of Cortes and condemnation of Aillon's arrest brought imj^ris- onment, which so wrought upon him that he ditd within a few days.*" These harsh and foolish meas- ures engendered further discontent, and half a dozru of Aillon's supporters, including Pedro do Villalobos, tleserted to Sandoval, who received them with open arms. Others sent to signify their willingness to join Cortes." After Aillon's arrest Narvaez had been persuaded to move his camp to Cempoala, as a healthier i)la('(', more suitable for head-quarters, and better providiil with supplies. The cacique was intimidated to sur- render some effects belonging to Cortes and to accorl the new-comers a welcome, which seemed to stamp his conduct as desertion. "Oh, well!" said Cortes wlnu ^'This report, embodying Aillon's, ia dated August .30, 1520. A fonn.il Btatenieiit of tlio o.ise. proparcd on the arrival of the secretary, was forwai'diil on November 10th. Carta ilt Autlicnvia, in Pacheco and Ciirdenas, Col. />'"■.. xiii. 33l2-4S; AijUon, ll< lac'i{)roaeh, ahan- (loiied Axilla Rioa and took refuge in the mountains, where ho remained till the general bade him join his forces.*' *" Tlorrcra nssnines that ho was doroivcfl by Xarvacz, dec. ii. lib. ix. cap. xix., Imt iiitiniiilation was no duiibt tho leadiiii; inntive, for ho oould not jxis- hilily ri'lisli tlie jirospect of Moiitv/unia's itIouso by the new-comers, nor tlio hitiitiou.sntss and grued of tlie poldiera. 'Tliia conduct . Wlieu the jewels and otlier etlects belonj,'ing to Cortes' l>arty were Heizef tlie con(|uerora, tlie caciiiue liecame serionsly alanned, exclaiming th:it he would surely be killed for permitting the outrage. Tiiia excited only derision, Salvatierra remarking: 'Aueys visto quo jniedo gained was followed up to yet greater advantage (374) THE EVOLUTIOX OF A Hr:RO. ,., J Ai iio time uppearH this liero stroii'jjor, LrraudiT, than now, when, without authoritv, without the roval saiu'tioii, ill one sense an outhiw, witli the people of the i-ountry against him, his own eountryinen eoininLf to war on him, his force insi^^niticant as compared with that of any one of his several enemies, he yet liolds them all at bay, by his iron nerve and ever ready strategic resources, keeping them asunder, pitting one against another, playing on the foibles of them all as easily and serenely as a lady lingers luT guitar. Greatly imperilled were now the conqueror's bril- liant: visions of conquest and conversion, o{' fame and wealth. If Narvaez were to advance on ^[ixieo, the Aztecs could not fail to take advantage- of tlie op])ortunity, either to join the professed liberator of their emperor and themselves, or to attack the for- eigners' quarters on their own account. This would ]tla(.'e hill,' between two tires, to which famine would jirove an etfectivo ally. If Xarvaez remained on the coast, it would be to cut oft' both retreat and re- inforcement, leavins; him to Aztec vengeance. To altandon Mexico for a camiiaign against tlu; eiu'inv Would be to surrender the most important j>art of the conquest. To divide his forces, so as at once to retain his hold on the capital and meet this new visitation— sueli a measure would render his already small foice less able to cope with an enemy not only its e(|ua! iu eourage and military art, but far sujteric^r to it in number and resources. Yet this he determined to do. The revelations of Xarvaez' messengers had slunva liow jtossible it might be, l)y judicious gifts and jironiises, to sow discord in the enemy's camp. Tlie ]>riests Guevara and Olmedo, and others of both, parties, were even then at work, and chiefly on their efforts depended his prospects. Thus wouL lie seduce to his purpose the op])onent's trooi)s. '-n so far at least as to effect a compromise by which li- '.■f I fn$ THE COUP DH MAtTRK OF CORTIvS. Xarvaoz nii^Mit Iwivo him in companitive peace/ Win* shall say that his goo*! lortuiio may nut still I'avttr him! And thcreiiixm he resolved to move his caiiqi nearer to the enemv, so as to he ready lor any eimi- ^^eiiev, and further, to give hnnselt" a mori' imposiiit,' aj>i>earanc(! l)y the addition of native auxiliaries. An- other reas(jn for this atlvance was hy his presence to cnunti-ract the defection [' serious discontent in the enemy's camp. Jlundreds, they said, would be ready to come over or to remain neutral if Cortes showed a bold front. Indeed, the protests of Aillon against a fratricidal war Juid been echoed by most of them, intent as they were on ol)- taining gold, not on slaughtering countrymen. It was in any case better to advance and secure a good l)osition, perhaps to surprise the careless Narvaez. With (jiod and the king on their side, so they claimed, they could not fail to conquer. Some objections were ventured upon, but prom|)tly suppressed by one of the ca[)tains, who reminrled his comrades of their gloriou.- achievements untier Cortes, and their proli- able lilt shoukl Narvaez gain the ascendancy. '11 u' result w ;an unanimous aj)proval of the plan proposed ; and Coi .'s thereupon C(jnnnissioned the captains to re})reseni the matter to the men, and to ascertain who Wi-rt. ^villing to follow, and who should remain in Mexico.^ ' 'Velazquez. . . .siyii.acn pcrson.anopndiaoacusar dorcspctiii'lo, auiiiiiiopor su Itiu'iia, y l)l;iila coiulicion, coiiliaua ([ue Ic traoriii a 'uiiHii/i, }/ist. Mf.c., 144; llerrera, dee. ii. lib. ix. cap. xxi.; Ikntal J>i'r.. J/ixl, \'i'ril'nL, !K>. ' Aliriiiaii inuchoa, (pio en es.sa sa(;on cstaha tail Ijieu (|iiist i (/"ortes, (|ue si ;i todos Ics (|uisiera Uevar, trA. n:: On a('s on the i-oast were a rehellious hoi'tle from the outsido province of IJisoay, and inferior to them, as Otomi's, for instance, were inferior to the nohler Aztecs. They had come with the desi^^n of injurint; the natives, and Coi'tes as th'ir protector; but with the aid of his patron saint he Would have no trouble in chastisiiiL^ them, and i:i sri-uriuijf their vessels for his speetly departure.' AUarado, the tonatiuh, would remain in Mexico, and him he reconunended to the monarch's consideration, ii(|UestinL( that supplies be pi'ovided and ])eace main- taine* •ii»le c I. Any tfect on attempt at revolt would react with ti'r- imself and his people. The i'mper(»r jiioiniscd that this shoidtl be done, and otfered not o'llv Ljuides, but an army to aid him. The latter was lined, chietly because Aztec troops could not be CiC< re lied on. ' 'Dolii.a stT al'^ina mala gontc, y no vasallos do V. A.,' is Corii's' version of tlic re]ily, ( 'aj<, 1 1!)-J(), while iii.s iuternrt'ter, AL;nil;ir, f.'ivon it niuro liter- ally as 'una ri'utc vizcaynos <■ que no los cnliiava el eii[ie!ii(l(ir.' J'l sthninii", 'm ''■irf'.i, /?• -iiil' nria, ii. 4", 184. (Joniara adcU tliat Cort.s said lie \va.s L'uiii.:.; to I'rotect Miintexunia's sulijccts, and to keep the Ktranj^ers on the eoast till lie v.as ready to depart. The emperor prol)alily disiiiniuated, 'lii)l.;ando ipie vnos riiri.--tiano.s a otros sc matassen.' hlaf. J/(.r., 14.">. For^rettin:: tii:it the de- clap d ]iiirpos<'S of Narva z were well known in Mexico, 1 1< rrera lendeis tiio aa-wer tl.at liii.s captain was a brother of ("orten, sent with a jinsent fruni t!i" ir kiiiL,'. ]>oth would come up to the capit;»l and tlieii leave the eountry. Tilt- rumored enmity was due to an order fri>m Spain to aven;,'e any injury 8u:itred at the hands of tlie natives, dee. ii. lih. x. cap. i. Uras.scur do l>)mboiirf; follows him. ''Afjuellos os])aiiolc3 lo dcjalia cneomcndados c-2(>. 'Aun prometio, (jue emhiaria en nuestra ayuda cineo mil iiombres (le LTueiTa, c Cortes. . . .bien cntondi6 (pie no los auia de emliiar, c lo ilixo, (pio II" .'Hiia monester.' Dcrnal l>kiz, llUt. Vrrdail., 01; I'lirtiirrr/, Tm'ro Mi.r., pt. iii. I.l."). Ixtlilxoehitl assumes in one place that (,'ortes asked for men, anil Was told that Aztecs dared not fight Spaniards, but would go as carriers. In another version the confederate kings grant tiu^ auxiliaries. //-V/. ' 7,!r/i., .lOt); /.'' 't'-ioiiei, Sa'J, 4ri. Soils assumes that Montezuma is devoted to Cortes; so i-i ri! m THE COUP DE MAtTRE OF CORTfiS. It was decided that all who were not wholly in sympathv with Cortes, should remain with the garri- son left in charge of Mexico, since self-preservation would constrain them to act in the direction of his interest. This force numbered one hundred and forty men, and with the loyal Alvarado for captain, jMexico was regarded as secured. The defences of the Span- ish quarters were strengthened; all the guns and most of the fire-locks, cross-bows, and ammunition were left with the garrison, also seven horses. Suj)])lie.i being not over abundant, owing to the drought, maize and other provisions were brought from Tlascala to serve in case of need. The men were promised weallli and honors if they I'cmaincd faithful, and their sonu- what hot-headed connnander was exhorted to ])ru- dencc. "You arc few in number," said Cortc^s to tlieni on leaving, "and yet you .-rt^ strong; finally, have a care of your prisoner."" About the middle of ]\Iay Cortes set out from Mexico with scvent}^ Spaniards, sworn to imiilioit obedience." There were also native carriers, a number of prominent Mexicans as hostages, and guides who were to take them by a short southern route throng] i (loos Ziimacois, Avho sees a proof thereof in the ofTcr of troops. lie could ii'it coiiiiimiiicatj with Narvaez for want of interpreters, and had ho wished to aid t'au lattei- ho would have attacked tho Spanish quartei-.s. y/^s^ Mt.r., ii. 70-1. All of wliicli shows that this author is not profound cither iu investigation or argument. ■' ijcrnul r>iaz places the force at 83 men, with 10 cross-boM's, 14 firoJoclis, 4 larj,'o K"'"'! falconets, 7 horses, and all the ammunition; 150 men ■were li'I't, and !,">() talvon, i)v:tih>; a little over oO were left, Tapia; all wished to go, hut 'JIM) wrto left and '2.")0 taken, including the men of Velazquez, with S to ',1 liorso.«. and a force of carriers, Ootinn-n ; !50 left, '2'tO taken, with a inuiilicr of indiaiis, J.vllUxnchUI ; IjO left, PruJxtnza ilc Lrjnhh'. ]5. V. do Tajiia, w ho remained with Alvarado, says 130; linminz, J'rorfso rnn/ru Almrmh', 'M. ("orti'.s' own account distributes the tot-d of his force as follows: 140 left at Mexico, 1. "lO absent under Velazcpiez, 70 taken by him.self, l,")Oat Villa Mica; Imt tills is more tli.ii\ the original number given on settingout for the plateau, 'the Villa l;ica force may, however, have been reduced by later drafts, for other authorities allow only about 70 men for this fortress. In the Raumsio edition of the ' (o•^^•< 140 men are given as the garrison left under Alvarado, while (10 nio taken by Corti's, Viajiji, iii. 'J44, but later issues place the foinief tignre at ."illO, which is evidently a misprint. However mucli tlie figures of ditiereiit writers may vai-y, it seems to be admitted that war and disease had made a considerabk) inroad U])(m them. '■ ' L'izo capitan dellos a Alouzo Davila.' Monjaraa and Aguilar, in Corti\<, lienidi'iiciii, ii. 48, 164. THE MOVEMENT SEAWARD. 379 Aztco territory t; > tho coast. ]\Iontczuma accompanied liim to the Iztajjalapaii causeway, and there took his h'live with friendly demonstration, while a number of chieftains continued with him for somc! distance on llic way to the Huitzilapan plateau. He had no in- t'lition of encumbering!^ himself with heavy war iMuterial, for the little he possessed could not avail a;j^aiiist the superior armament of the enemy. ]lis must be a light corps, capable of quick movements; stratagem should sui)])ly the place of numbers. And now what hopes and fears were theirs as they marchtid oil toward the sea! Surely so brave a little army was never more beset by pitfalls and snares. On reaching Cholula they were joined by Velazquez and Kangel, with one hundred and fifty men, who wvvc now the mainstay of the expedition. About a score of these, suspected of favoring too strongly the C'ul)an governor, were sent back to ^Texico, so that the enterprise might not bo imperilled by treason. Among the remainder were distributed the gold sii intcnto.' llcrrcra, dee. ii. lili. x. r.i|i. i. rirliai)s in spvoadinj; tiic lumm' tliat iio eaiiic with Indian aiixilia- riis, Aniont; tiie arxiliaiiis wt'ie 4(;0 men fmni ILucxotzinco, under t'cdro ("'UZ.'dez do 'J'rujillo. Tinnln, and ntliers, in ( 'orti's, /.V mVA iicin. i. "JIT >t si(|. ; ii 7etsei|. It i.s tld.sexiieditionof JiiidriLcnez, a.s.sisted ))y l>iej.'<)* laivia, .MdUso do Ojedi, and .hrvi ^lal'iiiicz, n^ captains, tliat lian niisleil Onma-.a, ami jiai- tieulaily Herrera, in supposinj,' that tiio whole expe: demandiuL;' sul)mis.sion. Of this no notice was tal;en, i'or ahhouu'li the latter liad endeavored to intimidate the envoy hy holiUni^ a review of his troops, tlie l)rave friar had sounded the disposition of tlie men too ti'iilv to be alarmed, lie seemed rather disposed to ur.der- rate the stivno'tli of Xarvaez, and with u sense ef the ludicrous he amused the camp with his descriptieu of the vanity and carelessness of the leader, and the arrogant assumption of tlie otHcers. When, therefore, at Quecholac^ they encountered Alonso de !Mata.^" notary of Narvaez, who hail been sent with four witnesses to advise Cortes of his commission and demands, he was told tirst to produce his own ci-edcn- tials as i-oval notarv, and beinsj: unable to do so he was refused a lieariuL;'." The olficial mission of the messem^'crs being tluis disposed of, Cortes sooth;'d their wounded pride with soft words and liosj)itahle clieer; he ijfave them presents, and took care before dismissing' them to feast their eyes on the u'old and jewels whicii he caused his men to display, and to let them know that thousands of Tlascaltec and othei- troo|)s were on the way to join him. Their report 1o Xarvaez was a confirmation of Guevara's statement, and (Hd nuich to la-omote the gTowini^ disalfeetion toward oNarvaez. iHuito to the const than on the pivvioin jonnu-y. f^arfd.i, I'J'l Iu'vumI l>i:iz alsoMiys; 'omhio (.'ortos a Tlast'ala .1 roiiar. , . .([Uo iios I'lnliias-^cii ilo presto i|iiatro mil liomln'cs.' J/i^t. Vinlui!., !)!. Pivscott falls not only into this ;_'('ni'rally ailojiti'il ovror, hut states that tiOl) ti'oops wero asked iov. Mi r.. ii. •Jlli, whilst the ein-oiiielers all say fronilOdi* to lO.OOO. 'La niaior ]iart«'ileelli.s se liolvio, ]iori|iie a(|nella Xaeion no esfaha aeostnnihraila a [I'lear Inera ile sn 'L'ieriM.' Toniui inii(/(t, i. -tS'J. A not very sound excusu, since their ti'ooiii had alreacly p)ne t<. Mexico. " About twenty lenLiues east of (^iiohila. '^' • Ve/ino de la, rnehlo. (|Ue era hallestero.' Il'rimI Diaz.Ifisf. ] rrtlii(f..W. " ' I'usole ]ireso en su pie de aniii:o. ' !>• itviwht. -i\ty able-bodied soldiers, the old and inlirm remainiuLj at Tapalote.^^ I'll is addition raised the force to about two hundred and sixty men, accordinjTj to common statement, in- cludini;' the deserters from Narvaez. AnioULi^ the number were tive horsemen, and a few archers and musketeers." They were })oorly e(|uipj)ed, for they brought i'roni Mexico little else than well-worn escau- pilcs, or quilted cotton armor, shields, swords, and dirks, a miserable outtit in which to meet the well ainieil troops of Xarvaez.^^ But the ready resoun-e ot" ( "ortes hail found a remedy, lie had noticed in the hands of tiie Chinantecs a s[)ear, twenty I'eet in length, which struck him at once as a Ibrmidabk! \\ra|)(Mi, either in defence or attack. It would be par- ticularly serviceable aii'ainst cavalry. Innnediately on licariim" of Xarvaez' arrival he had sent a niesseuLier '■ Torquemada ami Claviircro attempt to correct this spoiling, hut r.criiii lli:i/ is sustainoil hy Ornzoo y Jicna, in Mrj-., Xo>irlii>i ( iui/'id, \l\\--(}. l>tiii.,l Itiii/iilsDUR'ntions Mitiilaguit.i, wliit'liiiiaybo Mctlan^'iitla,;i t'i'\vlrai,'\u's fartlicr ^:l^t. His'. I'crild'l., ill. lltrivia states tluit tluy jiassoil tliiMin,'h ('■iia.sl uin. Iiy wliioli ho means pn)l)al>ly tlio pruvini'o, and nut tlio town, uf t'uotlaeln- la!i. lU'i'. ii. lil). X. cap. i. " llcrnTa, uV)isnp., leaves Iivio in coniniaml at N'illa Itiea, Mliieii is ini- pnili:il)le. Sandoval arrived at tlie reiidezvdus tlieday alter iis. //• ihiil llin-, Jl'i^i. I'trildil., [y2; < 'iirfr.-t, lli s'l^l. nfia, ii. W !l. I'reseott makes liini join Imu' In:.. re tliis, on tlio liii:li plateau, Imt lie niisiindeistaiids liis autlKprilies. and i-< ifilte at sea with respect to the route fullowed Ky tli<' Imces. ' liernal l>iaz and Jlcrrera say 'Jill i in all; 'rontiieiuada has L'llti, hcsjil" captains and live horsi'uien: Curle.s. 'IM in all; 'I'apia. ulMiiit 'IM. ■ "I'lir vn ])cti), II capacete, n casco, n liahera de liicrro, dieiaiuoa mpicUa iiuclic nuatonos pidicril i>orcllo.' lj<.rnal Diaz, Hut, Wrdad., Uii. i 1: 3S2 THE COUP DE MAiTHE OF CORTES. to that province with an ordtT lor throe hunchwl of the pikes, to he iinished not with the usual i/tli head, but with double points of copper, a metal which abounded in that resj^ion. The natives haviii:,^ previously tendered submission to the S>paniards, Cortes also asked them for two thousand warriors, to join him on pentecost day at the rendezvous, l^ith of these requests were promptly granted, and betbro the Spaniards were on the j;-round the messen^-er had returned with a force of Indians beariuLT the weapons,'*' with })oints superior in finish to the models sent. The messenger was Tobilla, a soldier from the Italian war>, and an expert at arms, particularly with the lance. Under his instruction the soldiers soon became expert })ikemen, and gained no little praise. Add to this courage, increased by many victories, their admirable discipline, their inlluence over the natives, and their knowledge of the country, and the little band assunus more formidable proportions. Under the several intluences surrounding him the oriixinal tierce design of Narvaez in his dealinns willi Cortes had cooled somewhat. The calm conlidence and caustic wit of Olmedo tended to inspire respeet for his commander, which M'as not lessened l)y the rumor of vast Indian armies massing under his Itanner. Xor were his men apparently inclined to turn the sword against their countrymen. I)efore the return of Mata he despatched a com- mission to Cortes demanding the surrender of thi' cDuntrv, but ottering him liberty to depart lor any other region, accompanied by those who wished to follow his fortunes. With this object vessels and stt)res would be provided. The bearers of this \n'n- posal were his old friend Andres de Duero, (Guevara, another clergyman named Juan de Leon, and one or two others." "' Tliirty-oight palnios long. Ilcrrcra, doe. ii. lil\ x. cap. iii. '■ Aoconling to liornal Diaz this coniiiii;tsion wu3 niriingt'il by the eoinV)int il inlluenee of Ohiieilo aiul Uuero, (lining Olinedo's second visit to the c;iiii|i. The I'riar appears, however, to have been there but once, when he was DUERO PLAYS TRAITOR. 3S3 Ducro, it will be renier.ibered, had «xroatly assisted Cortes in fittinjjf out his expeilition tVoiu Cuba; iu I'aet, without his intervention Cortes would never have beeii appointed to tlie eomniantl. Ldres was ernal J)iaz it was arranged that Duero should receive valu- alile grants and otHces if he persuadeil the alguacil mayor and other leaders so to manage affaii-s that Xarvaez should be captured or killetb and Cortes a(!;iiowledged captain-general over all the ti'oops.'* Whatever may have been the agreement, there is no doubt that Duero promised to promote his friend's schemes in the other camp. ( ruevara and the other members of the commission ^\^■l•e also loaded with presents, and confirmed as sup- jKirters of Cortes. As for Xarvaez' proposition, he charufcd them to replv that he would listen to none CNpt'l'.od. Knowing Salvatiorni to bi^ a 1>liistorcr, BormiKlcz, the nl^'uacil in;iy(ii, proposed tliiit he s'uoiiM join tlu' oonirnissioii, l)Ut liis iiitiMnU- 1 vii'tiin, nut cjuins,' to tru.st himself within the ]iower of CortOs, pleaded .sieUiies.s and n, di>liluero wa.s to reeeive the sliare df treasure.^ elaimed, a eommand in tlio exprdition equal to that of ('ortes, and after the eunijuest a ^'r.int uf towns similar to his own. As a fiirtlu r iiidneement, .snilieient ^'nld was (.dven to hi.id his two Cuban servants. On talunir leave 'if the j_'ener.il, mi p' iiteeost mornin.i,', Ihiei'o asked: 'What ha.syourwoiship tosay. before 1 leave?' "liod lu'wiihynu,' \v;is the reply, 'and see to it, Sei'ior 1 >uero, t!iat it be done ii.s arra;iu, if I see luiiiht contrary. ' Jii run! Didz, Ui4. Vvi\laii.,\)\. Monjaras states tliat I'uero and Leon warned Cortes against opposing Xarvaez' army and eonnnis- siou. L'orUi, Uraidtiicia, ii. 41). .•?si TIIK COUr PE MAtTRi: OF CORTES, l)ut ii royal l^aml;l^.^ and would hold tlio country for the kiuL"', as was the duty of a loyal suhjcct, and lo this he antl his followers were })rc>]iai'ed to pled-^v their lives. Still, he was ivady to meet Xarvat'Z, each acconij)anied hy ten attendants, in order that their res)Krtive elain)S mi;^ht perudventure he happily ad- justed. It was sup])osetl hy the captains of Cortes, who liad inlluenced the proposal, that the result wouM he a division of territory, and to this they were williii'' to agree. ^^ I)uero had hecn roquw-tcd l)y Narvaez to persuade Velazquez de Leon to visit tlieir camp, in the hope that a ))ersonal meetini,^ might win him to their cause.-' Velazquez' disregard of the foi'mer sunnnons iVoiii the enemy had conlirmed the laith of Cortes in his loy- alty, and since a visit to the camp of Narvaez migli*" lead to inq)oi'tant information, ho advi.sed him to go, at the same time intimating that his heavy ornaments might have a happy effect on that gold-thirsty crew.'-' With a view to temj)orize he was authorizi'd to olfer himself as mediator l)etweon tlie tv/o generals, and with a su|)ply of gold for hrihes he went over lo the camp of Xarvaez. There lic met a most cordial ivception. Gently the commander remonstrated at his atlherence to a traitor who had so deeply injured his relatives. " lie is no traitor," replied Velaz ( Idinar.'i, who sends Voedor Ah'jire/, Cliieo, Juan X'elazqucz, and .Itian del l!i(), to i.arry the iiieasa^^'c, I'orlc'.i pvopo.sod a private interview for the ili^- nission of two points, wiiether Narvaez woidd leave; ^lexieo to Idni and j^o to i'aniieo or ilnewliere, aideil l)y ('oi'tea witii no\A anri,;ln, iii. It 14. '■'" ' l)i/.e Narvaez, y en todo .sn Real ay fanm,qui h\ U. nierced [Vclaziiue/l Vii alh'i. (|Ue lue^o yo |(.'ortt's| ."lov desheeho.' Ilr.riwl Did:, Hixt. Wnl'i'l., 'X>. -'' IJcrnal I )ia/ states tluit CJortes made the request i:i a mannei' that ap jieared to \'ela/(|Utz an attempt to probe his loyalty, lie therefore nfn ,eil to take any valuables with liim, but was liuuUy persuaded Juan del liio, Cortes' eipierry, kept him company. VKLAZQUKZ DK LKOX. 8S3 jirnilv, "tlioro lias \)cvn no treason eitlirr acfi'd or w ill! (.MM led II. \V( Hild not listen to anv overtin cs. I'Vi'ii wiu-n (•ou])li'(l with the ]>i'oniis(> of a connnand SI ■coikI oid\' to that of Xai'vat'Z. I 1 lavi' swoi'ii lov- ('. nlty to ( 'ortcs," ho said, "and T will riMnain tru Nt-voilht'loss, that he niinht not ait]>oai" nni^racioiis, lit' |»i(>niis('d to use his elfoi'ts toward the re/o^jnit ion of Xarvae// supremacy. A review of the tro()])s was held 1() im]»ress him with the superiority of the forces with which he nuLjht soon have to couleiid. A courtier in mannei", and with a iin( Veh irosence. iz(|uez (|UicKly won his way anionuf the cajitams and stalf; noi* did he fail to iin|»rovi> the op])ortunitv hy jtreseiitiuLC his o-enei'al's cause in the most attract- ive li^'ht. Xo little wei^dit was o-iven to his words hv the hea\y Lipoid chain which fell in several coils upon hisli Cortes ailirms that the proposal for an intej-view ith Xar\aez had heen accepted, and that lu; was piiparin!^- to attend it whi-n the warniiiLj (.'aiue that w .•Klvantaii'e won Id he taken of the nu>etin'>' to sei; .o. o; kill him.-' if treachery was intended, it is more likely l!cni;i! I'i.i/ aiM.s tliat, thv.se ellbrts l)!'!!!^; ohaerved by Salvaticrra, Nar- -I iir;,'r 1 to sc'izo \'('lazi|iii'Z, and tlii.s wmilil liavo tx'i-n dt vaoz WA ivprcsfiitatliiii.s I lit for tlid if iMieroaiid otlu'is. I tiiriii!,' tin' diniuT f,'ivt'ii in lii.s liuiiDr, Captain l>ir;,'(i X'cla/mu'z, iicplii'W of the ('ulian ^'ovviikii', alludod in ono of l.i.s ivniai'l;s to ( 'oiti'S as a traitor. Tin' ^iicst a|)]n'al<'d to Narvaiz aL'ainst s'.k'li i'.\|irL'ssi(ius. Dii'i,'!) repeated tlic ti'iiii, and aildrd tliat.lnan diil not his MWoi-d till' iattor ri'torlcd, ilf a licttfi' man than citlirr iim.lo to I H'ar till' naint! \ t'la/.i|iR'/.. ( irasiniiij laliiii'' iiiiii a III I' Would iirovc liiniM if jii'rniission was ^.'ranlfd. Tlu' others had to inti'rfcrr to ] ii'i' viiit tlu' (.lasliin' of swords, and N: rvacz was |ii'i'sii lldi'd to order tlie tlirliu lent vi ;itor awav. At h'ave-takiiiL; the LreiH'ial Ins aiinovanre, .s:ilcl that It Mill stood liv I hi lave heen lietter ha 1 he not eoni< Di. Veil de, a-hh'd a tl ll'e it, to wllioll .ll d IZipieZ, wli » i.'in ra il his lieiird: ' Bil'ore many ilays I shall see if your jui silly retoi'ted, \\itli a, twirl iWess ciiuals yon, "lasl. armed at his want ot selt-eontn l)nero am 1 oti ler SVllllii iiirrieil luni away l>ef ore lie eon Id litter anv more indiseretions llllizer: 1 tlx am • '.aierty had liardly left eainj and ea used liiem to increase 1 lieton their 1 some liorseiiieii 'I'l" d. hi JJi^l. Vcrilml., !).") (1; !!■ IS it in piirsiiu, /•/•( /•((, dec. ii. I. X. eap. 1. I'lir/im, IJ'J. Bornal l>iaz assumes that tli >]w)s.d for an iiiti'r\ie\v came from N'aixaez, thi'oimh I)nero. to whom he also eonlid'd the inteiide I treaeherv. Ohih'ilo, who hi iretemled to he won over, was tilso informei d. Jli^l. IV/'./im/,, !i;t. Heriera siippi ioriliiij{ t() (ioinarii, is still at Nl 'OSes that Sandov.'il warns ( 'orti's, who, jie- exieo when the proposa I's. I list. Ml r. I ll. Solis i.s nmre eorreet in ascrihiiiir the waiiiiii'' to I)ue.io. Hint, ,1/i.c. , ii. ,S3, JliHV. MtkX., Vol. 1. °jj 886 TIIK COUP DE MAfTRE OF CORTKS. s- to have orii^niiated with Cortos, wlio was l)v no moans .scrupulous, as we liavo seen, while Xarvaez aj)|)ears to have borne the rejnitation of a man of honor.''* It is still more ])rol)ahle that (\)ites invented the warn- iiiL,'' in order to be iVee before his followers, and before Narvaez, to carry out a more momentous jdoject, which, with the increase*! knowledge of atfriis in the enemy's camp, and Avitli the gi-owth there of his party, ]»ad beu^un to unfold in his mind. It was a ijjrand conception; yet i^randor still the execution. It was a dilfeivnt matter with a small force to fall U{)on a well appointed army of country- men; different I'rom war on naked sava_i\, i. 4H). Vehizijuez liivving gone on a mediatory mission, Chico must have luiii sent after his departure. -' ' La rospucsta .... fuo ])render al escribano y d la persona quo con mi pnder ....Ins eualfS estuvieron detenidos hasta (pie Uegi) otro mens:ij(Ti) (pic yo eiivii'.' ' Ksoribi una carta al diclio Nai'vaez y otra ;l los terceros, dioiendoles cuiiiii yi) liabia sabido su m.da iatencion.' ( 'or'c.i, Curt'ix, 122-;^. The n-fer- lUi'o to a messenger indicates ( M>rtes'uieaning to be thatChico preeedi^d Wlaz- i|uezik' Leon. (Jomara assumes that Coites' pretext for withdrawing tile proposal t'laii interview was that Narv.icz had declined to entertain tiie puiiits ti> iio tluie discussed. See note t!). Chico iiad warned him of tile intended treat liery. Hi/it. Mc.i:, 144. 'Y que sujiiessi; que no aiiian de cantar dos gallos en vii iiiul.idar, y (pieaparejasse hism.inos. ' //(/•;■(■/•((, dec. ii. lib. ix.caj). xxi. ISernal I'ia/ sends the message with Olnu'do, 'since no royal notary dare c.iiry it,' and gives Narvaez tiiree days in which to send in any conimi.ssion lie may )Kis,scss si;,'ned by the king. Without such conimi.ssion he must leave tlio iiiuiitry, or Cortes will seize him and intlict punishment for the outr.ige on AilluM and on the Indians. Thia ultimatum was signed also by the captains and senile soldiers, i'iciudi:ig IJernal Diaz. J/i.4. Vcrilail., 9'J S. An answer WIS demanded iliroagh tho 8,imc niessuujjera. Tai>ia, lid., in Icoibidcita, Cul. l>v'--, ii. 588. 111; 388 TIIK COrp IX: MAlTP.E OF COIlTl'lS. would no longer show forbearance toward tlio traitcH-; he set a jn-icc; on the head (»t' Cortes, announced the estate of his followers to be confiscated, and j)ro- c'lainied oj)en war against them.-'' Inunecb'atel}' after despatdiing his ultimatum Cortes broke camp and followed his messengers at a (juick march.^* At ]lio de Canoas, or La Antigua, Vela/.(nu;', came up with letters from Duero and others, Thi-y liad probably been written under a ])reconcertcd ar- rang(>ment, for they were read to the leaders ami discussed, the result being a unanimous resolution to advan(^e. So forward they went, Cortes exclaiming, •'Death to the ass or to hiui who drives it !"-'•' Crossing the swollen river with some difficulty.™ he hurried on to Hio Chachalacas, over a league from Cemjioala, where camp was formed quietly and with- out tires.^* This sudden movement, coming inunodi- atoly after Duero's interview with Cortes, confirms the supposition that a ]ilot had been concocted by thcui. which was to surprise Narvaez under advantageous circumstances arranwd by confederates. There wcm to be no hall- way measures; all must be staked oa one cast.^^ -' ' Daiia ilos mil pesos, a quien matassc a ITcrnaiulo Cortos, o a floiiciilK (In Saiidoiial. ' /Irmrii, dvc. ii. lih. x. cap. i. 'Truia maiulado do JKcgi \'olaz(juc/, <)iio ;i mi y A ciortos do los du mi compafiia que. , . ,iios aiiorca.sc\' Ciir/rii, Ciirldx, l'2\. ' Jlizo procoso eii forma cout>'a Oortt'S, y pur su .^cii toiioia, lo c'oiidciiu ;i imicrto.' IxllUxochitl, I list. Chick., 300; Goinarn, Hi-'. Jh.r., 14:{, 1 Ki. ■^'■^ ' Dciido a dos lioras (pie so jwrtio cl Juan Velazquez,' says ]jcrnal I>i:i/, JfLif. V,nl, IS.V-ii. (ii t!io way to l\io do Canoas, wlicre tliey a.'rivod the day after loaviu;,' laiiiji, two lio.u'^, with uavil on tlio l)ack, wore killed, an incident whicii many i ;- teriirotod as a ^iu;n of viotory. Velazipu'z iiaving arrived with tho mos-icii :( r who carried tiio ultimatum, the army prooeeded. Ilrnal Dhiz, J/isf. Vrnluil.. D.'i. ' Anduvimos aipiel dia easi diez leguas.' Tapia, in Icazbalcelu, ('"I. />"'■., ii. 5SS. •■''Twomen were drowned in crossing thestream. //(vrrrn.dcc.ii.lil). x.cap.ii. ^' 'Dos leguas do los contrarios.' Tapln, ltd., in laizhalcrtd, dtl. />'"■ 'Fuimos a dormir a vn riaohiielo, adoilo estava en aipiella sazon vua piieti- ohra de vna legua do ("(^loal.' Jji riial DUr., Hint. I'crilai/., 9(). I'lrsi ott her.' evidently follows the orroneou.s topograjiiiy of Solis, who confuses this itc 1; with Kio Canoas. /Ii. I tt : , isl MANUFACTlTvIXO ENTHUSIASM. ssa Ciillin;^ liis mon round him, ho inatli ono of thoso siirriiit^ ;ij)])(jals in which he km-w so well how to ani- iiiato tlu'ir spirit and touch their licart. J Ic rcviewi'd tlnir ri^ht ti) the ooncjuost, and their promises 1(. hold the eountrv for the kin tlii;ii, hinee he had deeliiied tliein. 'Mm raid asiio I'l ([iiieu Id aiiuija. ' Any (it!n rcimrso will disL,'raeo us, was tlie coiieliiilinj,' remark, wliereiipoii we lit'ud liiiii uptiii our shoulders and earried hinj round. Tuyia, Iti !., in /rirJui/fi'/a, '../. Jini\, ii. .'"•SS-O. 'llizo muchas ofertas, y prometimietos, que Keriamm t'"l..s iiuiy rieos.' B be ajiprehended. With him were Andres de Tapia, ]^iego Pizarro, and others. Cortes himself was t'» follow and render aid where most needed, su])p.)itr.l by Ordaz, Grado, the brothers C'hico, and o(1m is. " The password was ' Es})iritu Santo,* suggested by Ohiicdo with reference to pentecost day, on wiii. Ii all these events took place. While occu})ied with their preparations a desci'tci- arrived, sent by Duero, it seems, to warn Cortes t!iat, " 'Gimzalodo Sfuloual, Al'^'uazil mayor y Socrotary I'odro nernaiidi/. Hii-ifd J)!(r., Hist. I'inliii/., OS; 'l'')iiii, J,il.,h\ IrirJiu'atu, Col. J>oc., ii. it'.H). a. HiiTora \vritos.'?(MH) l.'.u'i an I KXM) pesos (looro. Curti'.s' acts aro s^iid Iv till' null (if \'cIa/()iK/; to hiivo boon jjroniptod by 'un diabolioo ponsaniiiiitn i' int\rii;d osadia.' Jiiiiutii'l ' ''■ ( 'm'" (//(■•.•, in li-azhiilcdii, C'l. ]>'«•., i. -Ml. ^"Tlioabovo aL.'re«s .hi ily witii Jloirora, who assi^Mis .Sandoval CO nion, and names a nuniborci tlio loading nieniboi-s of each l)ai'ty. Tlio partios wenj to koo|) a stone's throw apart. One of {'ort.'-s' sipiads was to look to tlio . a- eii|ue's jialaoe, and another to Alealdo Yusto's qnarters. doc. ii. lili. x. e.ip. iii. IK' is evidently confused on many p'lints. and several names are guessed ;it. llernal Diaz states that Pizarro, with (JO young men, includinj; himself, win cliai-ged to captnie the artillery ; Sandoval received (10 men ; Velazcpie/ do Leon nl.o a foi'cc of (JO, wherewith to attack Diejjo Velazcpiez' !i 1. received the order to capture the artillery, rather than the compaintivi !y iinkuowii I'izarro. Velazciuez de Loon does not appear to have lieen dctaiKd for his charge till afterward. Cortt's names oidy Sandoval as t!io loader ■ 1 one party of SO men, ho himself following with the reiuaiiiiug 170. Car'.'H, I2\i. Sulib reverses llerrera's older. JJi<>t. Mex., ii. 01-2. i'i* • : it' MA:,'(r/jvni:,'(;s. .".:)! advisi'd of his npproacli l»y thr Indians,'" XarvjU'Z liitd taken alarm, and was forniin^^ the.' hi'st j)art of liis troops in tlio ticld''^ l)et\veen liini and (V'n»|»oala. To this he had been j)roini)tc(l also hy the more wateliful of his captains, who had not failed to ol»- >i rve the jj^rowing syini)athy foi- the rival j^cnrral. This most unpleasant elumi^e of tai-tics disconcert rd ( '(jrtes not a little, and for the time he could do nolh- iiii,' hut remain in cump, protected in front hy the (leek. Fortune a;^aiu came to the I'escue, howevi-r, ill the form of a heavy rain, which fell all Stmday. It was the heginnin*^" of the rainy .season.^'-' ^lost of Xarvaez' men, unused to military service, and ener- \ated by the frivolous inactivity of the camp, found this highly disagreeable, and began to com[»lain at what they termed an unnecessary pi'ecaution again^;t an insignilicant foe. The friends of Cortes did not fail to take advantage of this i'ecling by ridiculing the iiianteuvre, representing tliat i»o troops, much less a liandlul of boasters, would think of atta(.'king in such Weather. They would in any case be far more secun- within their strong (piarters, and by h'aving an ad- vance j)ost in the held timely warning (;ould be given. us aoitearec 'PI I to b e reasona bh UKl Since X irvae/ hv 11' I means relished the exposure, he gave; orders to i-e- turn to (piarters before dusk, leaving, however, a body "I" forty horsemen on the }>lain and two spies at a hrook ibrd, about half a leau'Uc; oif. The remaiiidi r of the horses were kept saddled at the entrance to (ht camp, and the men were instructed to .sleej) on ihcii anus, ])repared at any rate to I'tjoccrpy the field in t lie morn 111'.'". The watchword was 'S;i!ita Maria. Cortes was occ upied i in d evisini<: new measures wiun Tlif stiyr- aiuiilal foundations, tlie ascent to which was by a wide staircase along one of the slopes. The highest was a temple, known as Xuestra Seilora since the icono- clastic achieveniout of Cortes therein, and this was (»ecu[)ied by the iroops of Diego Velazijuez. Next to it was the building held by the captain-general, guarded by the whole battery of guns." llurtado had arrived nearly half an liour b(>foro and given warning, but instead of innnediately (ailing to arms, Narvaez lost tune with fjuestious, which chcited only that his e()nij)anion had been s(>ize(l and hat he fancied he had hear jimt rtlicis iissiimo it to 1)L' the liight lii'twoen Siitiinhiy and Sunday, but t!.. aiitlioiilii's aro pn;ty clear in mentioning the follow in,!,' ni;L,'lit. '• llstiniated \>\ various nutlioi'ities at frou. tv, elvu to uiuctccn piuccB. 'l\.s'.i:iioiiio, iu Cor.'cti, JhsiUi'Kciti, ii. IJ, 108. li 394 THE COUP DE MAItRE OF CORTES. T 45 of the captains, friendly ^o Cortes, ridiculed the storv as a dream, and entertained the general with spccu lations about the projects of the audacious rebel While so occupied the alarm of the sentinels was heard. Cortes was upon them." Narvaez at onco became the self-possessed commander, and hastened to issue the necessary orders. There was a rusli to arms, and the confusion was increased by the appearance of innumerable fire-Hies, which the be- sieged mistook for the fire-arms and spears of a large army.*^ In order to avoid the range of the guns, Cortes lia 1 kept his men along the sides of the approaches, ami on finding himself discovered he shouted, "Close vvi It them ! At them ! " Fife and drum joined in and echocil the cry.*^ Olid rushed on the battery, ranged along a terrace on t)io ascent to the commander's house. So sudden was the attack that those of the artillerymen who still remained loyal had time to dischariife onlv one gun, which killed two men.*^ The next instant Olid, Pizarro, and their followers had practically secured the pieces, and were pressing the defenders, who offered little resistance. At the saiae time *^ Expressing the belief that Cortina would be foolhardy enough to attiu k in the luorniiig. Tapla, liiL, in fcrJittlceta, Col. Doc, ii. 58'.*. *" 'IJegainiis jiu.to si Ins oentinelas sin que iioa siutiesen, 6 ilmn huyemli) i- diciendu: Anna, anna I' /(/.,r)!)0. 'Auisatlo Xarnaez, y se estaua vistiendo vna cota ; y dixo atiuie le auisi), no teug ys pena, y mandu tocar al arniiv.' Jf mm, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. iii. ^' ikinal Diaz, Hisf. Vcrilad., 99, calls the flies cocayos. ■'*' rivscott, following llorrcru, makes Cortt'S shout the password 'Espiritn Santo,' whicli Bernal liiaz says was given as a secret word for nnitual roco,' iiition. ^'■•So say all the original authorities tluit refer to it, except Rcriinl Di.i/. who claims that four guns were fired, tliree balls passing overhead and t'l^' fourth killing throe men. Corti's acknowledges no casualties from it. Ta]ii;i even intimates tliat no disehargi; took place, owing to tiie fiiot that to proti rt the toucii-JKiles from rain they had bi'cu covered with wax anil tiles. i'<'\\- fused l)y the snddiii alarm the artilleri.sts applied the match, forgctt'ul of the wax, and 'we saw that tile cluirges failed to <;„ otT.' RvL, in larJ/nlrctn, <'"'■ 7>()i'., ii. ,")!(0. IVriiaps he would have been more correct in saying tiiat the men were confused by the glittering bril)es of Usagre. Ikicliiller A. IVii/ teatilies: ' I)ixo al artillero pone salieron los tiros <^ oyo ile/ir esto testigo cpio avian puesto cera en los dicli"- tiro.s.' I'urti.-i, /iV.s('i/( )ic/f(, ii. So. This uuplicB that the wax hail Ikjcii smcand ou by accomplices. THE ATTACK. 395 eiiod rusli ' the 3 bc- attink II rc'i'ii-' III Di.i/. l;in; Cortes! Narvaez is dead!"" Cortes immediately caused the cry tc be taken up by the rest of his men, whit'h added to the confusion of the enemy. It appears that Sandoval, although reinforced by '"With from 40 to 100 men, are the ilitTorent estimates. '' 'Vinicii loa contrarios li nm-fitra goiito, creyt-ndo i|\i»' err.n do loa suyos, ft pro:.;untiir. "jiiuc^ es osto?" (^asi los ])reiulii'n.' Tnjiln, AV7., in /raJxiIri tn. Col. y'lv., ii. olK). 'l)c las otras dos torros. . . .no le aeiuliero, porq dizi'ii al,u'tiii'>s <|Ui' .It! hizit'ron sordos, otros que no jiudioroii llej^ar, por el iiiniodinifnto do lis trojius do Cortes.' Hcrrcra, dec. ii. lib. \. cap. iii, ; Canlona, iu (ortr.-i, I! ■''(leiiriii, i. 181-"2. - ' Uito'-ia, vitoria por los del niibre del Espiritn SAto, q niuerto es \arvac;r • Jl' rnal Did-., Jlist. Verdad., 1)8. Even this authority uow siiouts forth the password ! 390 Tin: COUP DE MAlTRE OF CORTES. n portion of Olicl's party, could not fflfect an entry into the building to which his pikes luul driven those who still adhered to Narvaez, a number having passed over to his side before this. After M'atching the vain skirmishing^ for a while, Lopez, the ship-builder, be- tliouglit himself of setting lire to the dry palm roof of the otherwise substantial building. The besieged now had no recourse but to come out, which they did, L "aled by Narvaez. No sooner had they appeared oi. )latform than Sandoval's men charged them witl' J pikes, and the commander was the first to receive a thrust, in the left eye, which bore him down as he cried out: ''Santa Maria, save met" In an instant Pedro Sanchez Farfan was upon him,°^ and he was dragged down the steps and placed in a chapel. Awed by this mischance the rest speedily surrendered. A liere^ Fuentes fought valiantly till overthrown with two pike thrusts. "Our Lady save me I" he cried, still clutching the standard. "She shall!" rc- sjionded Sandoval, averting the pikes of the excited soldiers.'"'* The cry of victory and the rumor of Narvaez' death liad stayed the stream of reinforcements from the adjoining houses, wherein defence was now alone thought of. Kecognizin^f that a charo-e on them might meet with more determined op})osition, Cortes resolved to bring the enemy's own Ijattery •''' Solis assumes t'.int Farfan gave also the tlirust. Bernal Diaz' text leads one to suppose tliat Narvaez received tlie thrust hi^fore his followers wen^ driven into the building, but the other autiiorities sUite elearly : 'al siilir de su eauiara, le dieron vn pica(;o. . . .Echaron le hie^o niano.' Oomord, Hid Mc.r., 147; 0(v'i(A), iii. fllO. Monjaraa states that Narva< ; supplicated for liis life: 'HidultroH, por amor de Dios no me niateys!' Ttdiinoiiiu, in Corli'x, lte--'i lenria, ii. .'>l, iS.'i, 107 ; i. IKiS. ' Alonso Davila le saci') las diehas provisiones re.iles ih' v. M. del seno, tenii5ndolo preso & ahruzado el diclio I'ero Sanehez Earfiin.' Jfi'indmln de Ci'lxillon, in Icuzbulcctu, Col. JJoc, i. 44'2. Tliis occurred somc^ time aftiu" tiie capture. Narvaez called upon his fellow-prisoners to witness tlie deed, l)ut Avila siioutcd that the papers were merely letters. Tliey were given to CortL^s. 'Las avian quemudo.' Tculiiiwitiu, in Corks, liesklcucui, i. ;i4."), :«)-), -i.lO; ii. f)2, 187. ■'*He died, iiowover, says Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdnd., 99. Hen era calls him Diego de llojua, whom Bernal chusses as a captain. . THE CAPTURE COMPLETED. 397 entry tboso )asftel Q vain 3r, be- ll roof cy (li*U ipeaved I tlieiu first to re liii^iL 'e mo I n lirni;' 2ccl in a speedily •rthrown ho re- I" ino : .all t" es-citcd iNfarvaez' uts from vas no\v largc on )position, battory to Ills aid.^' By the time the guns wore in position, most of the forces of Sandoval and Olid were free to aid Velazquez de Leon in the task of reducing the quarters in which Salvatierra and Diego Velaz(iuez still held out. They were summoned to submit to the king and to Cortes, under pain of death, but gave a deiiant answer. The guns were now brought into play, and lired first over their heads to frighten them. As the balls came whizzing by, the blustering Salva- tierra, w; o had sworn to eat the ears of Cortes, declared himself sick. His fierceness chanGfed to abject fear, and his men asserted that they never saw a captain behave so contemptibly. The shots, siinportcd by promises, soon brought about the sur- render of this pyramid. The last to hold out was Diego Velazquez, a bravo fellow, well liked by his followers; but after a few more parleys, and the loss of three men from well directed shots, his party was also prevailed on to descend and deliver up their arms,'**' the leaders being .secured and removed in irons to the chapel, the wounded receiving there the attentions of a surgeon. Cortes looked in to examine their condition, and as the whisper reached Narvaez that the hero of the day was present, ho turned and said: " Sehor Cortes, you may hold high the good fortune you have had, and the great achievement of securing my person." liaz' tf>xt kails loUoweis well' l'ivU:iUril«BU L, Hid .i/<;..., Id for liw 1"'' ■• Ias /,V-i /<■'"•'"• luues replies <1>; LcUez l-'iu-fan. Lccuvrca boui.^ lers to witiK'-*^ Is. They were I Uesid(»CHi, I- Hen era calla •'' 'So retrajcron A una torro alta de nn lilolo do aqucl pucMo casi matro- cipiitos lioni1)rcs, 6 muchos do los de eabidlo. . . .salitTon al canipo. ' Ter, and shouted, 'Let us tire the ))()wdir and spoil it for the enemy!' Cleaving a barrel, he cast a ln-aiid into it, and threw himself flat upon the ground, commending his life to (Jod. It liapjit lied, fortunately, that this barrel contained sandals, which liy some iiii>take had been mixed up with tlie ammunition. After waiting in vain II w liile for the explosion, the madcap discovered the reason and be^'aii to opi n aiiiitlier bai'rel. At this moment Corti'S came up, and learning of his inteii- timi Ik- rushed forward and snatched away the l)raiiil. ■"' Including aUo Juan Yusto, Juan Bono, and Gomara. 808 THE COUP DE MAItRE OF CORTfiS. With a twinkle of malicious merriment Cortes re- garded for a moment his fallen foe, whose insuffer- able conceit did not desert him even here, and said: IitapaUpaa .TUaeal* ^Iztaecihuatl Popocatepetl|p H«lt.llap« ^^^.^^^^ CaioluW >oafrineo» QuuihquechoUAn" Teorpeaca „ Scgura de la FVontera Tecaniarhttlco Baft' Ahullizapan " Senor Narvaez, many deeds have I performed since coming to Mexico, but the least of them all has been to capture you."" *' Oi'^tdo, iii. 510. Bemal Diaz lengthens Cort<5s' reply: He thanked God for tlio victory and for giving him such valiant gentlemen and companions tc aid him. One of the smallest things he liad done in New Spain was to sccurf and defeat liim ; it appeared more daring to seize an oidor of his majesty. Las Casaa relates that Narvaez had a not dissimilar surprise by night fron- Cuban Indians, during his campaign for Velazquez, and had a narrow escape, niit. I lid., iv. 6-8. CHAPTER XXII. ALVARADO'S MERCILESS MASSACRE. May, ir)-20. After the Battle — Victory Made Seccre — CoxDrcr of toe CoN'grERED — A General Amnesty — Disposition of the Forces— Affairs at the Capital — Insurrection Threatened — The Spaniards Hold a CorN- ciL— ALVAiiADo's Resolve — The Great Day of the Feast— The Spaniards Proceed to the Temple — The Grand Displ.\y there Witnessed — The Attack of the Spanl\rds — Horrors upon Horrors. CoRTi^s was exultant. Durinjr tlic last brief hour how completely had his fortunes changed I Again was his star ascendant, filHng the whole heavens with its brightness. Alas now for jNIontezunia and ^lexico! And Velazquez; this was his fourth at- tenijit on Mexico, and in some respects his greatest failure. Instead of annihilating; the outlaw with his grand army, the outlaw in one fell swoop had sc- oured the grand army, and was now master of all the ships, and men, and munitions of war, which he so niuch needed in consummation of his further designs. It seemed to be the fate of the fat governor out of his solid substance to feed his enemy with wealth and honors. Before it was fairly light Cortes had seized and ])laced in continement such persons as might question liis rights as victor; the remainder on surrendering tlioir arms were permitted to go at large. ^ In orchT ' Carfax, 124; Cortfa, Rtsideiicla, ii. 12. Bernal Diaz confirms tliat this ttas ellectud long before ilawni, while Hcrrera states that IKK) lield out till nil iniiiiy ; but he is contrailiotory. CaiTUsco, whom lie assumes to be free, urged tliLin to fall upon the attacking l)arty, who were scattered to plunder. But 400 ALVARADO'S MERCILESS MASSACRE. i '. to make more secure liis nmgnificent prize before tlie all-searching sun should disclose the paucity and poverty of the victors, Cortes seated himself in state, arrayed in a wide orange-colored robe, and ordered the conquered troops to pass before him, and swear allegiance to the king, and fealty to him as cai)tain-general and justicia mayor. This was done by nearly all, some humbling themselves and kissing his hand, while the late hostile leaders and old ac- ([uaintances were recognized with friendly greetings and end)races.'* Meanwhile Olid and Ordaz, each with a corps, set out on the captured horses to summon stragglers and seek the forty troopers in the field. Duero and other fi'iends of Cortes being among them, little persuasion was needed to win the party over, and shortly after dawn the whole cavalcade came in to the sound of file and drum, shouting vivas for Cortes.^ Hiijh above this noise were heard from a window the voices of two women, named Ordaz, filling the air with their loud philippics. "Villainous DominicanosI" they cried to the soldiers of their own party, "the distaff would better suit you than the sword. A good account have you given of yourselves! Unfortunate women wt; to have come to the wars with such men I" Trulv this was not done for want of .a leader. Nor did they favor his advice to plundiT the baggage of Cortes, which was protected only by Indians, ami to embark with Diegu Velazquez. Carrasco accordingly proceeded alone tu tin- baggage eanip, and securing a horse and lance he returned and urged tii'iu to follow. Ho had evidently supernatural means wherewith to penetrate tlio besieging force, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. iv. Duran allows Cortes to form anibu--- catles and leap walls, so that the arms are secured ere the men of Narvaez can form in defence. Hint. linL, MS., ii. 4.'>3. Peter Martyr dispo.ses brietly "t the matter, and assumes that the chief captains of Narvaez were soduccl. dec. v. cap. v.; Vastetlauos, Vuroiies ilustrea de Indian, 71-2; (Julvaiio'x J'>i.-eiliciH(. Ilcrnra, ubi sup. ' Y todoesto era de noche, que no amanecia.' Uerual Dm-., Hist. VcrdiKl., !)9. ^ ' Viua, viua la gala de los Romanes, que siedo tan pocos, haT\ venciiln ,-i Niirvaez I' to which (Juiddo, the negro jester of Narvaez, added, ' IJeliuld 1 tin: Romans never performed such a feat.' Jtfnial J)lnz, Hist. \'rril(ut., {)'.). Hern i.i speakg more at length of the saying.s of this negro, who was rewarded with a crown of golil worth GOO ducats, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. iv. HONORS TO THE VICTOR. 401 might Xarvacz exclaim with Xorxo.s, as lie beheld his tiiir ally, (^ueeii xVrtemisia, outwit her Athenian jmr- suers, "jVIy men fight like women, and my women like men." The Ordaz women, liowever, fought only with their tongues, and that after the issue of battle. And thus relieved they immediately descended and did homage to the victor. The general did all he could to check this excess of zeal, which he feared might engender ill feeling, and he even seized some of the noisiest enthusiasts, although they were aftcrv.ard rewarded. The caciquo of Ccmpoala, who had been slightly wounded during the battle, appeared like the rest to oft'er I'ealty to the victor by crowning him with flowers. Cortes received his demonstrations as if nothing had taken j)lace to mar their intercourse, and took uj) his abode with Catalina, whose hand he had accepted during his previous occupation of the place. The chiefs vied with one another to obliterate their un- fortunate mistake by increased attention and hospi- tality, while many among Narvaez' men thought it necessary to excuse their tardy surrender by pleading that they had been deceived by their principals, who had assured them that Cortes was a traitor. Great was their chagrin in the morning on discovering how \'v\\ the victors were and how poorly they were armed. And where were the much talked of native auxiliaries? At the same time they could not but admire a leader who had achieved such results with such means. Xarvaez and his supporters declared that the Nictory was due wholly to treacliery, particularly noticeable in tlie action of the artillerists.* In this there wa nni(]t ti'uth, but the consummate tact and soldierly i|Ualities of Cortes shine no less brightly for all that. ' ' I saw Xiirvnez in Spain in IM."), anil heard him publicly denouiipe Cortoa 11-; :i tiiiitoi-. He asked hut royal pcrniissiou to prove it, faoe to fuee w ith his cMiiiiy; fiirtli(!rinoro, ho was a liar, a tyrant, and an ingrate. N.-vrvaez hail liii u l)etrayeil by those in whom he contided.' Uvicilo, iii. 'M(>. Still, tlio < liiiinicler cannot cxense his ctirelessness nor his entering into parley with Curtis; and he told iiim so. iii. 31G. lilsT. Mex., Vol. I. 26 402 ALVARADO'S MERCILESS MASSACRE. J And tlic cost of this j^lory and advantage, how in.silace himself was tenal)le. He was a defaulter, pirate. Usurper, renegade, traitor, outlaw, Jiypocrite; bvt hii was a most loval)le villain, an admirable f=i'i'"' t, a laie hero. On the other liand, A'^clazcpiez was right. ]>ut, though diK'ply injured, he was disagreeabk?; though foully wronged, he was vancjuished. And tiie S)>anish monan.'h was not tiie first or last to smile on ini(|uitous success, or turn the cold shoulder to whining, disappointed virtue. •^^Ovicdo looks on Corti^s' reasons as insufTicient to justify liis procedure, sucli as (inlcring Narvaez to l)e seized, and demanding of liini to exhibit a royal commission, 'as if CortiVi had been appointed by the king.' Vcla/.iiiez, as the principal who sent him fortii, had every right to remove him. iii. 310. r 401 ALVAHADO'S MKRCILESS MASSACRR. !' h [ j !| U ■ 1' ■n •if (.;: !|:! !'■ In tlio* course of the nioniinuf tlie soldier Bur- rieiitos, who had hoen stiiyin^ in Chinaiitla, arrived with the promised Chiiiautee warriors, two thousand ill nuud)er.' They had reached tlie reride/vou on ]»entccost day, as ordered, but Cortes had found it convenient to advance on Cempoala sooner tlian Im had intended. An iniposinj^ sight they presented as tliey marched by amidst vivas in a file of thiee abreast, gorgeous with plumes and shields, the centie man with bow and arrows, while his companions on either side carried the formidable pike, tipped with glistening iztli. It was fortunate that they had failed to arrive in time, since nmch bloodshed was saved thereby. In fact the soldiers of Narvaez ex|)ressed a fear that they would have fared badly with such o|)ponents. Cortes was nevertheless delighted with their coming, since this proved not only tli' hicerity of their friendship, but showed the conqut ^hat he did indeed control native armies. Distribui^..ig sonu' beads and trinkets, he bade them return peacealjly under the supervising care of Barrientos. (Jne of the first measures after the fight was to secure the fleet; and for this purpose a suitable foicc was sent down to the port to take the vessels to Villa liica, and remove the sails and rudders, so as to pre- vent the escape of any to Cuba.® Shortly after, when the masters and crews had tendered allegiance, tlio vessels were i)laced in charge of Pedro (]!aballej'i), captain of one of the vessels under Xarvaez, in whom Cortes liad great confidence." The fortress was again ' ]lei-nal Diaz places the number at 1500, whilo Coballoa raises it to 30!I0, under Hcrcdia, and places the arrival a day or two later. Hi'rrcra assiuuci that tliey carno in time to march with Cortes on Cempoala. dec. ii. lib. x. cap. i. " IJernal Diaz, Jiist. Venlail., 100, itumes Francisco de Lugo as tlie captiiiii of tiiis party, but Tir.ado states that ho had been sent back to Mexico as .1:1 lulhercnt of Velazquez. Cortes, lies'idcncia, ii. (>. ' Di() con los once navies que el dicho mi parte alii tenia, al travda, 6 les fizo quemar.' JJrmainld ''■' Ccliid/os, in Irazbdlrfla, Col. Dor., i. 442. ]iernal Diaz also intimates that ail but two vessels were destroyed when the army proceeded to Mi'xico and . '• 1 the ciiptain llexico a« :i'' loncc navi"A lates tliiit all Xico a,n'\ "1" It move t\iaiv oarrisoned, witli a laro-or force,'" and thither were .sent Narvaoz and Salvatierra in chains." As for the rest, Cortes aj)]>ned hiniscH' witli liis usual skill to recompense those who had reinaiiH'd true, and to conciliate the yet unreconciled. Jle re- minded them that they had come not to risk tluMr lives for Velazquez, i»ut to tj^ain honor and wealth luider the banner of the king, and he was |)re|)ared to aid in this by oflerini,' them e(|ual terms with his '.ctcrans. As an earnest he restored within two days their arms to all except a few leaders, and oitlered liis men to return the horses, weapons, and other elfects taken by them as spoils of war.'^ What with lnu'iios tcjufloa (le oro.' Ilia baptisiiinl name vas either Juan or Pedro. Two vcssi'ls were still exjieeted to arrive. lUrinil I >iiiz, J/i.-t. Vrriltnl.. I(K), ll.'t. (';iliallero was i)robably an old friend. 'IVdio do Maluenda eriado dc Uiego \( lii/.i|uez, (|ue venia por niayordonio de Nariiae/, recogio y guanlo los naiiios y t'ldo la ropa y hacienda.' Gomaru, Jlixl. Mtx., 14S. liy Cortes' order, adds jl' rrei-a. '" 'Knvitiotros docicntos hoinbrca A la villa do la Veracniz. ' CortiUfCartan, I'J."). Clavifjero assumes that I'ortcs at this time already gave orders for re- ni'ivini; Villa l{ica southward, but events interfered with the projeet. Storia J/.sv./iii. 1-20. " "Corti'S lo [Narvacz] tnvo prcso con niuy lisperas prisionos tres anos, ]Hiii) nias 6 nienoa, e con guaitlias que nadio no lo imdiese ver; i^ a<|Uellos ]M>inl(PS, lo (juito las prisiones (\ lo tnvo preso otros dos ufios. ' So .says Narviiez' a_'fiit. heimnvla dc. CvlinUox, in IcmhaUHn, Col. J>ijr., i. H'2-'A. The testi- iiiuny in < 'urtrn, Ih'Mdi-iichi, reduces the term to two years, and intimates that .■^rvc r;d other nieu were kept at Villa Rica, under surveillance at least, i. 'irlW, :{iiJ :!. et 8e(|. '^ Narvaoz claims to have been robbed of 1()0,0()0 castellanos' worth of ell'ects, and it is not likely that his ])ropt:rty was restored. Sec DemainUt ilf C, '.((//()<, ubi sup. ]{ernal Diaz hail to surrender a horse fully accoutred, two sunrds, three daggers, and othi'r eti'ects. //ift. Wrtlail., UK). Santji Clara iiitiiiiates that the horses and arms were not as a ride restored. Corhn, Itisi tliiirl((, ii. 10!). If so, compen.sation was probably given, acccrding to the l.'il ii-ii>n licclia i>or d Sitlor Aiiiln.i dc Tiijiid, suhrc Id Coiii/iii.^hi dc Mcriin. Tills is one of the most valuable documents extant on the earlier period of till' eou(|uest, but it is unfortunately only a fragment, which takes up tin- ii:iiiative from tlie evo of leaving Culifi, and carries it to the cajiture ni N uvaez, relating with rather uneven completeiu's.^ the principal incidents ct tlie voyage to Vera Cruz, the march to Mexico, the stay there, and till' iii'crations against the forces of N'ela.'.ijnez. Andres de Tapia a|i)n'ais from Ids own statement to have been a \^Teat liberal it v had been slu)wn. The headstrong Avila presse I tlie point with his natural hauglitiness, whereupeu Cortes said: "I am for Mexico; iho.se who plea'^e may follow; those wiio do nor,, may Ijave it ah»iie. There are yet wonvjn in Spain to bear soldiers, ' " Yes, and captains and governors," retorted Avila. narrative, ns maybe supposed, is a panegyric upon his loader and )>;itiMn, and some .statements have aeoordingly to be weighed, l)iit this detect iin|i:!ir.s the importance of oidy a few passages, tlic rest being higiily valuable, and many of them unique in tlieir testimony, (luided liy a reference in /.''/'/. ''>' Aiildre-i />■/(., xxii., Senor Icazbalcetaof M(!xico obtained, after great tioiiliK', a copy (if tiie apparent o>-iginiil from tiie Royal Academy of History. Midi Id, entitled: lii Idcioit (!•' ali/iindn cosits il^ hts i/w (iriurli'roii iil Mil;/ Ihi^li'f Si ii"/' J)oii Ifiriiaiiil'i Cttrtri, etc. Thi.s he publi.slied in his Ctih rrinii . ii. ."i.")4-!)4. The last three pages form an a.ppcndi,\ of brief remarks on tlio inhabitants and resources of New Spain. THE FEAST OF TEZCATLIPOCA. 407 quail - vancc- liately ras Ijy bcrans. s were oura;j^e •esults, 11 Avhat i> share 3rs the nfcuoral iToiuler Father io carn- xandor, 'ho won J to his s iioccs- I, ^vllose uvu'fi- ill iniu'lit AHl,tlu> theirs, course, Derahtv presse'l ^•eui)ou pirate t aloiH'. Lhliers. ' I Avila. [ml ii;itn>n, Lot iniiK'.ivs Jill ll.l'l. •!•'■ lilt tpmlili'. Iv. Mi.lri.l, \i>itir Si i'ioi' \n<'iiiti' /.''"•••'• Yka on tho Cortes (leomed it discreet to l)aiKly no further words at present. So spirited a tf)ngue nuist be curbed wit] i {lifts; but Cortes awaited his (jpportunity Ho never foro'ot anything. With a view chiefly to divert the troubled spirits two cx])e(htions were sent out, each of two hundred men, mostly from the ranks of the late enemy. One was (Urected to Goazaeoalco, as before, under the com- mand of Velazquez de Leon, who had already held this conunission, and two vessels were placed at his disposal to send to Jamaica for live-stock, seeds, an\arv'" , povipic en iii|iiella oiuilail no so poilia SD.'iti'iu.T taiiti /.rente. .(U.pueii'' iln I'apiUines. ' Cortes, Ccirtai, I'l't. Ci:>rti';< writes that liefoi-e leaving; inr .Mexiun he sent Mexican env()y,s to ohtian the friemlship aiul allei,'ianeo ouring in for the festival: ami wliat better sui»jects to be worked upon for an upiising than these, anwn a> Don Ifernando, Alvarado unsolved to ins[)eet the adjacent temple where the chief celebration was lu'ld. J [ere a 'iiv.Miber of suspicious circumstances were noticeil, which the Castilians readily wroui^'ht into threati'iiiii'.if realities; amon<^ them several vii-tinis destined for ''(^viedo I'ffors the couiK'il niul its acts only to tho tiiiu' iniiiUMHiitcly picit'iliiii,' ("ortrs' tU'jiiirture. iii, .'lO',). '' ■ llsto atiniiiHon nuuliaa iinigins, tk' lasqaulisse saliia sii'ine la v< nl.nl.' Ill iTi rii, (lie. ii. 111). X, cap. viii. ' Nils (|iiitaniii l.i coini'la o iniliiamlo itcvr t-Ha no nos la i|iiisiiM-ou ilar o ii'K .vail lie |>a!os a las naliorias <■ ostando lav.-inilo una yiidia dr l;i,s niv'stiVM la liaiiogaiiin o dc/iaii o puMicavan iiuo a-y avian dr lia/cr a los cspaiioK'.s. ' /.''((/)/'/•(•■., I'rnn-so (•oiitni .Itiiinali, (ili. Tliis testimony is ooniiruiid hy a luiuilitr iif Id.s fullowoiN. '■ '(^Mi nuiclius csualas jiarasnliir y niatar a lo3 espanoli's.' /(/.,ii7. Marlin, ill /•/ , I U. '" 'Lu prince aooUum Tccocoltzin. ' ItnuiH'urili' Uourhouni^HlM. Sut. Vic, 410 ALVARADO'S MERCILESS MASSACRE. ' ' I ■ sacrifice, regardless of the promises <^iven, while some bloody hearts which they saw testified to the work already done by the knit'e.^'' With the victims Alva- rado seized their atteadants and certain of the em- peror's courtiers, from some of whom he tortured a confession. In this manner he learned what lie already partially knew, namely, that many ai-ms were prepared; that during the Incensing of Huitzilo- pochtli, as the festival was called, the Christian emblems would be cast out of the teni})le, and that the uprising was to take place at the conclusion of the feast. -^ A seeming confirmation of the proposed sacrilege came from ^Montezuma himself, who sent to request the removal t)f the Christian emblems from the sum- mit of the great temple, pleading as high-priest that the presence of strange images must prove irritating to the worshippers of other gods. Alvarado iiulig- iianth^ n^fused; lie would rather light. The Mexicans did not choose to see their festival broken up before the a|)pointed time, and so the point was waived. It was then arranged that the Spaniards should attend the ceremonies, so as to be assured that no indignitic:; would be oifcred their ima^xes.*'^ -^ 'A miinber of poles -were raised in the court-yard, destined, as I wa^J UM, to impale the Spaniards, one taller tlian the rest npon the pyramid 'leiiy iv- Borved for me.' Alvarado, in liaininr., /Voi'cw contra Alviinvto, (id. -' Alvannlo'.s statements with regard to reports and signs of revolt, and t) the confes.sion of several natives, is confirmed hy a number of witness. <, ineludin;,' the clergyman Juan Diaz. /'/. , (10, \l,i, et seij. Tapia, wlio is arrayed against Alvarado, intimates that torture induced the natives to give the confirmation of the plot us desired by tlie Spanish captain, and that the intei'pretcr was nnrelial)le. One witness declares that tlie uprising was ii:i- dcrstood to be phumed to tidvo place witliin ten days; anotiier says vn tlio day following the torture, intimating that it was to bo after tlic great dances. /(/., 1)7, b")0. '.Vlvarado dixo, que luego le auian de venir a dargucrra. . . .ipic lo supo de vn I'a]),!, y do dos Priucipales, y de otros ^lexicanos.' Bi nial Diuz, JJi.s/. VenkvL, lU-J. --Tapia's testimony to this and other criminating points is particularly valuable, as lie was a bitter opponent of Alvarado. TUl latter states that Montezuma tleclared himself powerless to prevent ^'he premeditated sacriU '^• to the Christian imagts. Uamir-z, Prorc.-'ii ri"itra Ah-imrlo. 'M't ~. ('>(l-7. 1'''^ tliis ]dea, if maile, nmst, according to other accounts, l)e interpreted to ;:-^cs another of tlio.so diabolical deeds which, done in the name of civilization, or religion, or any other entity or idea, liDs us with horror toward the gods and men for whom or by whom such acts are consummated. The lion and the tiger are humane autl gentle beside the Spaniard, harboring thoughts born of bigoted zeal or blind apprehension. And what arc his thoughts? These: He would enter the sanctuary, the holy temple of his god and their gods, and while all the })eople, while priests and nobles, the lli>\ver of the Aztec race, were celebrating the highest service of the highest festival, he and his men would i'all upon them and hew them in pieces! And this because they had tired <>f liarljoring and feeding them. They desire to be relieved of the self-invited guests, and since dismissal does not avail they must be driven out or killed. But the intruders do not wi>h to l)e exterminated, and if there is striking to be done, they pii)j)()se to strike hrst. Pedro de Alvarado was no such man as Ilernan nttiiiiloJ liy invitation to witness the ilaiice of the nobles. At a given si^nrd nu evidently .simultaneous jittack was to lie niml^ on the assemhled g\Kst3 and on the fort, thus takinj,' the Spanianls at a disadvantjige. Jars stood jiveitared, tilled witli cei'tain liquids, wherein to c(X)k their bodies for tlio least, i. -IMI-'JO. The general inelination of those wlio follow the Spanish version, ot which Tor((neinada, usually so stanch for the natives, is here tlie lust expiuent, has been to assume t!iat the attack was arranged forthe dayof thi- great dances; and this is not unlikely, although the original writers ami tin ir c'mnieutators appear to bo ignorant of or oblivious to eerUun features (if t!io festival. Another view has been to jilaco the attack during the installation of the new inuigo of the war-god. 'i'his ceremony belonged to the preceding day, a fact not as a rule understfxd, and therefore the Source of much eon- fusion, lira.sseur ile IJourbourg, who is clearest on these jioints, assumes that the raising of tlie idol would involve the easting forth of the Christian em- blems, and be the signal fo?' attack. l>ut evidences are conclusive that tlio natives were not ready on that day. Tiiey were too oecupieil with the ecie- bration, and Alvarado, with his small force, was not so negligent as to w.iit till the last moment, when tlie enemy was fully jirepared. He and several of liis men indicate clearly onoiiu'h that they attended the tenqile at the installa- tion. The uprising must tlieri fore have been appointed for the followim.' or even a later day. See note "J."), ^'etaueurt, Tiatro Mi .v.. iii. l,'!!t, is among tho autiiorities who follow the version of Toniuemada in general. One of the fervid-minded witnesses of Alvarado repeats the account of ]iots and jai's tor cooking the Spanianls. Helps sujiposes tliat Huit/.ilopochtli's festival had :iot yet been entered upon, and tiiat Te/eatlipoca's imagi" is tlu' one in <[ius- tion : but the Sjianiai Is, who knew thi' ilifl'erence between these idcjls, all atlirin that the eelebration of the w.irgod was now held. See L'amir-z, I'ro- ciso funlni Alraralo, Ut), 113, 130, 137, and loO. I Mil it'-' m m I 412 ALVARADO'S MERCILESS MASSACRE. Cortc's. lie was scarcely fit to bo his servant. Tlicre were a dozen prominent qualities that combined to make up the great man in Cortes which were absent in Alvarado. Both of them were loyal, brave, and merciless, but there was a method in the excesses ol' Cortc's which tliose of Alvarado lacked. Cortes v.'as deep, Alvarado shallow; Cortes was patient under atfront, Alvarado was violent; Cortds was cool in time of danu^er, Alvarado was excited— and so on. And yet Alvarado was a gallant cavalier. Tlie Spaniards now held a council, before whicli Alvarado placed tlic information thus far obtained of the plot, and the necessity of pronn)t measures w^as at once recognized. They did not believe jMontezuma to be taking any active part in the conspii-acy, but that swayed by hopes and fears he was allowing liini- self, with his usual want of resolution, to yield to the strcjngor will of his courtiers a passive consent to the efforts for liis release.^^ Less j)iudent than his chief, and less fertile in i-c^- sources, Alvarado did not look for preventives to clieck the conspiracy, but to what he regarded as a decisive blow to crush it, such as that administered at Cholula. lie had not the foresight of his general with regard to the proper adjustment of means to ends, nor his magic inlluence over those around him, friend or foe. He remembered only the good eifect of the massacre on the effeminate Cholultijcs, and felt convinced that so excellent a measure inu>t '■'^ Tlim received support from his neglect to interfere v "len supplies wcto cut flown, liven Ta])iii refers to a chnnge in liis disposition, and to Alva- lado'ti displeasure tliercui, but his words may apply to tlie stoppa;,'e eitli'T "f s;i])|dies or of presents. /", ll.'i, <'t se(|. Uomara says that his love for the Spaniards has l)ecn denie4-5 ; but Bernal Diaz will not believe Montt'zuma guilty of cmi Kj)iracy. //ist. VvnliuL. lO'i. The grief of the Spaniards at his death, and tlie care taken of his children, indicate that they and the crown regarded liitu aj loyal. lia^i THFA* PROCEKD TO THE TEMPLE. 41» answer also for tlic appjiroiitly ahjoot Aztecs. It tlioroughly suited his rash dariniLi; and cruel disposition, 'i'o attack is to win, was his maxim. The ditterenco ill circumstances hardly entered into consideration, chief among which was the smaller forc-e, unsup- ])i)rted by the neutrality of half the city, as at C'ho- lula, and without allies (;losc at hand. The j^atherini^ i)f so many nobles and military leaders in connection with the war-god celebration provided tlie oppor- tunity desired, since this would permit the blow to be (Urected against those who were looke»l on as the promoters of the revolt; and de[)rived of tlu'ir leader-? the j)eople would be likely to abandon any furtlier attem[)t. This plan met with general approval.-' The hour^^ having arrived for the visit to tho temple,^" Alvarado selects half the force to accompany hini,-^ and proceeds thither, armed with more than usual care. Upon those who I'cmain iti charge of the fort, says Tapia, devolves the safer, thougli even more cruel task of slauglitering the greater part of the courtiers and attendants,-** who have this day pre- sented themselves in larger numbers than usual. ■" 'Logcspafiolealorequirioronal diclio D. Pedro.' Ramirez, Pracctio contra Alrnnt'lii, loi). Tupiii prctoiulH that ho objcotiMl. /;/., ,'57. ■'Alvarado and his men in nioro than um: instance indirnto th(! day wluMi thr dough idol was rai.sesta ^^^ites, however, that they occurred in the ])alace, ll'iKt. /in/., 't'2'2, and he is p.nlly right, since a massacre was cairied out here also. ('lavi;,'('To follows .\iosta, and assumes that tho fort is meant. ]to argues that (ho dance was liild tlu rt^ so that the emperor might, as cnstomary, be jircsint, and that a iiiiissacre could not have been nndcrtakcn by .^o few Spaniards in tho great t'liiplc, where the ar.si'uals were .situated, and where the concourse of jieoplo iiinst have been very largo. Sin'.i J/('.,iie festival, and none appear to have been jii'iihu'ed in tho temple. Among otiier i)recaution8 Alvarado ai)])carsto h;ivo iii-isteil on a small atten