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s
THE WORKS
OF
HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT
THE WORKS
OF
HUBERT HOWE BANCKOFT.
VOLUME IX.
HISTORY OF ]\rEXlCO.
Vol. I. IJIG-I02I.
SAX FRAXCISCO :
A. L. BANCROFT & COMP.VXY. PUBLISHERS.
1883.
KiUd.il aiti.nliiiB to Act of Coiigrcns in llii> Your ISXii, l.y
HUHKKT H. BANCROFT,
111 till' Ulllr.' of tlie I.lbriu-ian of C'oiigro»», iit WiiKliiiislo'i.
AH Jihjhls Jieserred.
PREFACE.
As the tliird n^rcatost of the world's ropubllrs,
wherein soeiety and civiUzation are tlisj)layed uikKt
somewhat abnormal aspects, under aspects at least
widely different from those present in other than
Spanish -speaking connnunities, conlln'urations and
climates, races and race intermixtures, civil and re-
ligious polities, and the whole range of mental and
physical environment being in so many res[)ects ex-
ceptional and individual, Mexico i)resents a study
one of the most interesting and prolitable of any
among the nations of to-day.
A brilliant though unjust and merciless conquest
was followed by the enforcement of Spain's institu-
tions upon the survivors, who were themselves so far
advanced in arts, industries, and intellectual cultin-o
as to render such metamorphosis most tlisnstrous.
After the awful success of Cortes, Spain neither ex-
terminated the natives, like the United States, nor left
them in their aboriginal independence, like the fur-
magnates of British America. Aiming at the utmc^t
kintlness, the Spanish government fastened on body
and soul the iron fetters of tyramiy and superstition;
ainnng at liberty and humanity, slavery and wrong
were permitted. With grants of land, grants of men
ivj
Ti PREFACE.
niul women were made. The church fought valiantly
against the evils of the cnconiienda system, and
against the cruelty and injustice imposed by the colo-
nists upon the natives. There was here little of that
wholesome indifference to the welfare of her colonii-s
later manifested by England with regard to her settle-
ments in America. Spain's American possessions be-
longed not to the Spanish people but to the Spanish
sovereign; the lands and the people were the king's,
to bo held or disposed of as he should direct, ilonco
among the people were encouraged dividing castes;
commerce was placed under the severest restrictions,
and in many ways it became clear that provinces wero
held and governed almost exclusively I'or the benefit
of the crown. And so tliey remained, Europeans and
Americans intcrminfilinjj their loves and hates for
three hundred vears, which was indeed Mexico's dark
age, two civilizations being well nigh crushed therein.
Light at last breaking in upon the people, the three
centuries of viceregal rule were brought to a close by
their taking a stand for independence, such as their
Anglo-American neighbor had so recently achieved.
And now during these latter days of swift })rogression
ISIexico is happily aroused from her lethargy, and is
taking her pro[)cr place among the enlightened nations
of the earth, to the heart-felt joy of all.
The first of the five great periods of INfcxioan his-
tory, embracing the aboriginal annals of Anilhuac,, lias
been exhaustively treated in the fifth volume of my
Native Iktccs. The second is that of the conquest by
Cortc^s; the third covers nearly three centuries of vice-
regal rule in New Spain ; the fourth comprises the strug-
gle for independence and the founding of the republic;
PREFACE.
tU
and the fifth oxtonda tlioncc to tlio prosont tlino,
inchuHnij as saUcnt tuaturos a series of internal revo-
hitions, the war witli tlio United States, tlie ini|)erial
experinient of ^EaxiniiUan, and the peaceful develoj)-
ment of national industries and power in recent years.
It is my purj)osc to present on a national scrale, and
in a s[)acc sj'uiuictrically proportioned to the impor-
tance of each, the record of the lour successive |>eriods.
The conquest of Mexico, liilinjj^ the present and
])art of another volume, has been treated by many
writers, and in a masterly manner. In the three
])eriods of Mexican history followini^ the conquest
tliere is no comprehensive work extant in Kni^-
lish; nor is there any su(^h work in Spanish that
if translated would prove entirely satisfactory to
I'^nji^lish roadei-s. Of the few Spanish and ^lexican
writers whose researches ha^e extended over the
whole field, or largo portions of it, none have been
conspicuously successful in freeing themselves from
the quicksands of race prejudice, of religious feeling,
of patriotic impulse, of political partisanship; none
have had a satisfactory command of existing author-
ities; none in the matter of space have made a sym-
metrical division of the periods, or have ai)i)reciated
the relative inq)ortance of dill'ercnt topics as they
appear to any but Spanish eyes. Yet there has been
no lack amonjj: these writers of careful investigation
or brilliant diction. Indeed there is hardly an epodi
that has not been ably treated from various partisan
standpoints.
The list of authorities prefixed to this volume
shows approximately my resources for writing a
lIisTOKY OF Mexico. I may add that no part of my
YtU
rnEFAcr.
coll('<'tl»)n U iMoro sfitisfactorily coiujiletc tluui tliafc
pcrtjiininjjf to Mexico. I have all tho staiulaid iiis-
torlcs and priiitod clironirlcs of the earliest times,
to'jretluT with all the works of writers who have ex-
tended their iiivostiijations to the events and develo))-
mcnts of later j^cars. On the shelves of my Library
are fonnd the various Co/ccciuncs de Documentor, filled
with pieeious historical papers from the Spanish and
Mexican archives, all that were consulted in manu-
script hy llobertson, Prescott, and other able writers,
with thousan«ls equally important that were unknown
to them. !My store of manuscript material is rich
both in oriijinals and copies, including the treasui-es
secured during a long experience by such collectois
as Jose ^Farui Andrade and Josd Fernando Kamirez;
a copy of the famous Archivo General de Mexico, in
tliirty-two volumes; the autograph originals of Carlos
]\[aria Bu.stamante's historical writings, in about fifty
vt)lumes, containing much not found in his printed
works; the orijjfinal records of the earliest Mexican
councils of the chur \\, with many ecclesiastical and
missionary chronicles not extant in print; and finally
a large anK)unt of copied material on special topics
drawn from different archives expressly for my work.
Documents printed by the Mexican government,
including the regular memorias and other reports of
different departments and officials, constitute a most
valuable source of information. Partisan writings
and political pam})hlets are a noticeable feature of
Mexican historical literature, indispensable to the his-
torian who would study both sides of every question.
Prominent Mexicans have formed collections of such
works, a dozen of which I have united in one, making
two hundred and eighteen volumes oi' I\q>clai Varios,
rRKFA(M':. Is
poiTio fivn iljousand paniiililct^<, bes'uh^s nearly ns many
inoru folK'ctc'U l)y my (»\vn cH'orts. Tlu; ne\vs|)a|Ki»
ot'a country cannot bo «lisri\nar«lt'(l, and my collection
ia not (Icti '.'ni/ in this class of data, bcin;^ pailicuiarly
rich in olliciai ^v»'lodicals.
Tho conquest of !^^exico, wliich lu'i^iiis this jiistorv,
lias the peculiar attractions of forming the {^landiist
I'pisode in early Anu'rican annals iVom n military
j)oint of view, and in oi)eniii^, to the world the
richest, most populous, and most civilized country
on the northern continent, and of j^^radually in-
corporatin_i:f it in tho siste.-iood of niiions as tlu?
fori'most representative of Latin Vmerican states.
On the other hand, an episode which presents hut a
continuation of tho bloody path v.liich marked the
advance of tho conquerors in Ainerica, and which
involved the destruction not <>nly of thousands of
imoilending peoi)les but of a most fair and hopeful
culture, is not in its results tho most }>leasing of pic-
tures. But neither in this pit of Acheron noi' in that
garden of Ilesperides may wo exi)ect to discover the
full significance of omni[)otent intention. Fiom the
])v;rpctual snow-cap si)rings the imperceptihiy moving
glacier. A grain of sand gives no conceptit)n of the
earth, nor a drop of water of the sea, nor the soft
breathing of an infant of a huriicane; yet worlds are
madeof atoms, and seas of drojis of water, and storms
of auLTry air-breaths. ThoULjIi modern Mexico can
boast a century more of histoiy than the nortluM-n
nations of America, as compared with the illimitable
future her past is but a point of time.
'
COIS-TEXTS OF THIS YOLUME.
CHAPTER I.
VOTAGE OF DEUNANDEZ DE cdRDOHA TO VCCATAN.
1u1G-1j17.
A Glance ..t tl.c State of European Discovery an.l Govem.nont in America
at the Opening of this A'oh.mc-Diego Velazquez in Cuba-Character
ot tlie .Man-A Hand of Adventurers Arrives from Darien-Thc Gov
ernor C^^unsels them to l.:mbark in Skve-eatching- Under irernan-
dez de Conloba thay SailWestward and Discover Yucatan-And arc
Filled with Astonishment at the Large Towns and Stone Towers thev
See thero-They Fight the Natives at Cape Catoche-Skirt the
loninsula to Cluunpoton-Sanguinary Battle -Return to Cuba-
Death of Cordoba
PAGE.
CHAPTER II.
JI-A.V DE GRIJALVA EXPLORES TUE WESTERN SIDE OF THE MEXICAN" GHLF.
1513.
Vclazqne;^ Plans a 'Tew Expedition-Gives the Command to his Nephew
Juan de (Jrijalva-Wlio I'hnbarks at Santiago and Strikes the Conti-
nent at Cozumel Island-Coasts Southward to Ascension Bay-Then
luni. and l)oul,les Cape Catochc-Xaming of Xcw Spain-Fight at
Champoton-An-ival at Laguna de Tvnninos-Alaminos, the I'i'ot
1^ Satisl,e.l that Yucatan is an Island-They Coast ^Vest^^ard and
Discover the Pavers San Pedro y San Pablo and Tabasco-Xotable
Interview at this Place between tl,.. J.:ur..],eans an.l the Amei^icans-
The Culhua Country-They Pass La Kand.la, T.i.hi, the Rio ( :oa/a.
coalco, the Mountain of San :\rartin, the Rivers of Alvara.lo and
Banderas, and Come to the Inlands of Sacrilicios and San Juan de
Ulua
Ij
CHAPTER III.
RETURN OF GRIJALVA. A NEW EXl-EDITION OROAMZED.
I0I8.
Refusal of firijalva to Settle-Alv.srado Sent l,ack to Cuba-Grijalva
Coatnmes his Discovery-After Reaching tlie Province of IMnuco he
!
xii
CONTENTS.
PAOB.
Turns back— Touching nt the Rio Goazaroalco, Tonala, the I^i^iina
(Ic Ti'nuiiios, and Ch.injjiotdn, tiic Expcilition IJeturns to Ciil).i —
fJrijalvii Tra(hicptl and Discliarged — A New Expedition I'lannt-d —
Volazqucz iSends to 8anto Domingo and Spain — Cliaractcrs of
VeIaz(|Uoz and (irijalva Contrasted — Candidates for the Captaincy
of the New Expedition — The Aleaklo of Santiago Successful — His
Standing at that Time 23
CHAPTER IV.
THE IIEItO OF THE CONQCEST.
J *hi)lace of Ilernan Cortds — His Coining Compcnsatorj* for the Devil-
sent Luther — Parentage — llernnn a Sickly Child — Saint Peter his
Patron— lie is sent to Salamanca — Returns Home — Thinks of Cor-
doba and Itiily — And of Ovando and the Indies — Chooses the Liit-
ter— Narrow Escape duiing a Txjvc Intrigue — Ovando Sails without
Him — Cortc''s(!oes to Valencia — Is there 111 — Returns Homo — Finally
Sails for the Indies — His llceeption at Santo Domingo — Ho Fights
Inilians undiT Velazquez, and is Given an Encouiicnda — Goes to
Cuba with Velazquez — Makes Love to Catidina Suarez — Rut Declines
to .Marry — Velazquez Insists — Cortes Rebels — Seizures, Imprison-
ments, Escapes, and Reconciliation 41
CIL\PTER V.
■pAILINCi OV TlIK KXrKIJITIOX
l.-.18-l.-)I9.
The Quality of Leader Desired — Instructions Issued to Heman Cortes,
Commander-in-chief — Tlie Character of Cortes Undergoes a Change—
(^ist of the Expedition — ]5y whom Rome — Places I'.stablishcd for En-
listment — The lianner — Cortes Puts on the tJreat M.-m — More of his
Character — The Scene at Santiago Harlxir — The (Jovernor's Jester —
Dark Suspicions of Velazquez — Departure from Santiago — Cortes at
Trinidad— Eresh Recruits — Vcrdugo Receives (Jrders to Di pose (,"or-
tcs — 1'ho Elect Proceeds to San L'ristobal, or the Habana — Review
at Guagunnico — Speech of CortOs — Organization into Companies-
Departure from Cuba oS
CIIAriER VI.
TlIK VOVAC.E.
i:>i!).
Something of the Captains of Cortt^s — Alvarado — Montejo — Avila — Olid —
Sandoval — Leon — Ordaz — Morla — The Pa.ssiigi! — The Elect Struck
by a S<nudl — Arrival at Cozu-.iel — Alvarado Censured — Search for
the Captive Christians— Arrival of Aguilar — His ("haste .Adventures —
They Conic to Tabasco River— Rattles there — CoiKjucst of the Na-
tives — Peace Made — Twenty Female Slaves among the Presents —
The Fleet Proceeds along the Shore — Puertoearrero"» Witticism —
Arrival at Sau Juun do Ulua 73
CONTEXTS.
xiU
CHAPTER Vn.
WHAT MONTEZUMA TlIOroiIT OF IT,
rAOE.
Home of Mexican Civilization — The Border Land of Savngism — Con-
fij,'UKiti()n of tlie Country — The Nalnias and the Mayas— Toltecs,
Cliioliimeca, and Aztecs — The Valley of Mexico — Civil Polity of the
Aztfcs — Kins Ahuitzotl — Montezuma Made Emperor — Character of
the Man — His Career — The First Appearing of the SiKinianls not
Unkninni to Montezuma — The Quctzalcoatl Myth — Departure of the
Fair (Jod — .Signs and Omens concerning his lleturn — The Coming of
the Spaniards Mistal'cn for the Fulfilment of the Pi-opliecy — Tlie
Door Opened to the luvador 94
CHAPTEB VIII.
TUE COMBATANTS SALUTE.
April-May, 1519.
Tiic Embassy from the Shore — The New Interpreter — Marina — Her Ap-
pearance and Quality — Iler Romantic History — She Cleaves to the
Spaniards and to CortC-s — And Becomes One of the most Important
Charactorj of the Conquest — The Spaniards Lanil and Form a!j Ku-
campmrnt — The Governor Comes with Presents — The Spaniards
Astoniisli the Natives — Who Report all to Montezuma — CortOs Sends
the Monarch Presents — Council Callc<l in Mexico — Montezuma Deter-
mines not to Receive the Strangers — Reciprocates in Presents a
llundridluld — Coftt's Persists — ^lontezuma Declines more Firmly —
Olmeilo Attempts Conversion — Teuhtlilo, Ollended, Withdraws his
I'eoplo from the Camp of the Spaniards 110
CHAPTER IX.
THE MIGUTY PUOJECT IS CONCEIVED.
May, 1519.
Senoits Dilemma of Corti^s — Authority without Law — Montejo Sent
Northward — Reconnucads another Anchorage — Dissensions at Vera
Cruz — Prompt and Shrewd Action of Cortes — A Municipality Organ-
ized— Cort<s Resi^;ns— And is Chosen Leader l>y the Municipality —
Velazquez' Caiitains Intimate Rebellion — CortJs promptly Arrests
Sevend of Them— Then ho Conciliates them All — Important Em-
bassy from Cempoala — The Veil Lifted — The March to Cempoala —
A\'liat was Done there — Quiahuiztlan— The Coming of the Tribute
Gatherers — How They were Treated — Grand Alliance IIU
CHAPTER X.
MULTIPLICATION OF PLOTS.
June -.July, 1519.
Cortea, Diplnmatc and General — The Municipality of Villa Rica Located —
Excitement throiu.huut *Vj».ihaac — Montezuma Demoralized — Arrival
XIT
CONTENTS.
PAOI.
of the Released Cf)llcctors at the Mexican Capital— The Order for
Troops Coiiiitcnnandod — Montezuma ScndH an Knilinssy to Cortra —
ChicomacatI Asks Aid against a Mexican G.arriaon — A I'lcce of
Pleasantry — Tlie V'eliiaiucz Men llofuse to Accompany the ICxpedi-
tion — Opportunity OiTcred them to lleturn to Cuba, wiiicli they
iJcclino through Shame — The Totonacs Rebuked — The Ccnipoala
Brides — Destniction of the Idols — Arrival at Villa Rica of Salccilo —
KfForts of Vehizciuez with the Emperor — Cortt^s Sends Messengers
to Spain — Velaz(piez Orders them Pursued — The Letters of Cortes —
AudioDcia of the Euiperor at Tordesillaa lo2
CHAPTER XI.
TUE SINKING OF THE FLEET.
July- August, 1519.
Diego Velazquez once ^lorc — His Supporters in the Camp of Cortes —
Tlicy Attempt I'Iseape — Arc Discovered — Tiic Leaders are Seized anil
Executed — Cortc's' Ride to Cempoala, and what Came of it — He De-
termines on the Destruction of tiie Fleet — Preliminary Stratagems —
Several of tlie Ships Pronounce<l Unseaworthy — The Matter before
the Soldiers — The Fleet Sunk — Indignation of the Velazc]ucz Fac-
tion — One Vessel Remaining — It is OU'ered to any Wi.shing to Desert —
It is finally Sunk — Francisco dc Garay'a Pretcnssious — Seizure of
Some of his Men 174
CHArTER XII.
MAnCII TOWAUD MEXICO.
August-September, 1519.
Enthusiasm of the Army — The Force — Tlic Totonacs Advise the Tlascahan
Route — Arrival at Jalapa — A Look Rackwaiil — The Ansihuac I'la-
teaii— Meeting with Olintetl — Arrival in the Country of the Tlascal-
tees — The Senate Convenes and Receives the Envoys of Cortes— ^Vii
Encounter — A More Serious Battle — Xicotcncatl Resolves to Try tlie
Prowess of tho Invaders, and is Defeated 191
CHAPTER XIII.
ENTUY INTO TLASCALA.
September, 1519.
Native Chiefs Sent as Envoys to the Tlaacalan Capital— Their Favorable
Reception — Xiooteneatl Plans Rcsistiince toCorti'S — Sendsout Spies-
Cortes Sends them back Mutilated — The Spaniards Attack and
Defeat Xicotcncatl — Night Encounters — General Dissatisfaction and
a Desire to Return to\'illa Rica — Envoys Arrive frotn Montezuma —
Cortes Receives Xieotencatl and the Tlascalan Lords— Peace {ahi-
eluded — Tlascala — Festivities and Rejoicings — Mass Celebrated —
Cortes Inclined to IvNtremis Religious Z"al — IJrides Presented to tho
Spaniards — Ajjpropriate Ceremonies — Preparing to Leave Tlascaln
for Chululu — Commuuicatious with the Cholultecs '211.
CONTENTS.
XT
CHAriER XIV.
8rnjr<!ATio\ of ciioLriA.
October, 1519. tkus,
Dcpartnrc from Tlasenla— Description of Cliolul.".— The Welcome — Anny
Quarters in tiio City — Intimations of a Conspir.-icy between the Mexi-
cans anil Cliohiltecs— Cortt's Asks for Provisions and Warriors — Ho
Holils a Council — Preparations for an Attack — Tiio Ijords Enter the
Court witli tlie Re(iuirc<l Supplies — Corti^s Reprimands them in an
Addri'ss^The Slaughter IJegins — Destruction of the City — Butchery
and Pillage— Amnesty finally Proclaimed — Xicotencatl Returns to
Tlascala — lieeoneiliation of the Cliolultecs and Tlascaltecs — Dedica-
tion of a Temple to tho Virgin — RcUectiona on tiio Massacre of
Cholulu 'j;!.')
CHAPTER XV.
mOM CnOLULA TO IZTAPALAPAN.
October-November, 1510.
Montezuma Consults the Gods— lie again Begs the Strangers not to Come
to him — ropocatepetl and Iztaccihuatl — News from Villa Rica —
Death of Kscalantc — Rutuni of the Cempoalan Allies — Again en
route for Moxii'o — Reception at Hucxotzinco — First View of tho
Mexican ^'alley — Exultations and Misgivings — Resting at Quauh-
tcchcatl — The Counterfeit Montezuma — Munificent I'resents — The
Emperor Attempts to Annihilate the Army by Means of Sorceries —
Through (I'uauhtcchcatl, Am.aquemccan, and Tlalmanalco — A Brill-
iant Procession Heralds the Coming of Cacama, King of Tezcuco—
At Cuitlahuac — Met by Ixtlilxocliitl — Tlie Hospitality of IzUi-
palapan '2'>'2
CHAPTER XVI.
MEETING WITH MONTKZnMA.
November, 1510.
Something of the City — The Spanianls Start from Iztapalapan — Reach tho
tireat Causeway — They iirc Met by UuViiy Nobles — And Presently by
Monte/uma — I'.utry into Mexico — Tliey are Quartered in the Axaya-
catl Palace— Interchange of Visits "J75
CHAPTER XVII.
CArTCKE OF THE E.MrEUOK.
November, 1510.
Cortt^s Inspects the City — Visits the Temple with Montezinna— Discov-
ery of I'juried Treasure — Pretended Evidences of Treachery — Cortis
Plans a Dark Deed — Preparations for tho Seizuie of Montezuma —
Witli a Few Men Cortes Enters the Audience-chandler of the King —
Persuasive Discourse — With (.ientle Force Montezuma is Induced to
Enter tho Lion's Den 204
xvi
CONTKXTS.
CH<VPTEll XVIII.
DOUBLY llEFINED DEALINGS.
1519-1520. PAoa
Hollow Ilonincrn to tho Captive King — Montczxima has liia Wives and
NobliiS — He Rules his Kingdom through the Spaniards — Tho Playful
I'age — Liberality of tho Monareh — Tho Sacred Treasures — Corti's
Resents the Insults of tho (Juard — Diversions — Quauhjwpoai, his
Sou an<l Ollicers, liunied Alive — Plantations Formed — Villa IMca
Allairs — Vessels Built — Pleasure Excursions 309
CHAPTER XIX.
POLITICS AND BELIOION.
1520.
CJrowing Discontent among the Mexicans — Cacama's Conspiracy — He
Openly Delics both Montezuma and Cortc's — The Council of Tepet-
zinco — Seizure of Cacama — The Tezcucan Ruler Deposed — Cuicuitz-
catl ICleva ted — Montezuma and his People Swear Fealty to the Sjianish
King — Gathering in the Trilmtc — Division of Spoils — The Spaniards
Quarrel ovit their tfold — ITncontroUable Religious Zeal — Taking of
the Tempk — Wrath of the Mexicans 323
CHAPTER XX.
THE CUBAN GOVERXOU IN PUIiSUIT.
1519-1520.
The Mexicans Tln-catcn Revolt — The Clergy in Amis — They Denounce
tlie Conduct of Montezuma — The Emperor Declares he can no longer
Restrain his Peojile — Tidings of Velazquez' Fleet — Sailing from
Cuba of an ICx]iedition under Xarvacz — Arrival in Mexico — (Jonilict
•with Corti's — Interchange of Threats and Courtesies — Attempted
Union of luirces — Xarvaez Remains Loyal to Velazquez — Desertion
of Some of his ^Icn to Cortt'S 353
CHAPTER XXI.
THE COUP DE maItre of corti&s.
:^Lay, 1520.
Dismal Prospects — Empire to Hold, Invasion to Repel — Tho Army Di-
vides— Alvariido Guards Montezuma, while Cortes Looks after Xar-
vaez — Tiio Marcii Seaward — The Rendezvous — Tho Cliinantecs
and their Pikes — Cortc^s Sows Alluring Words in the Canq) of the
Enemy— Pro[iosals of Peace — Defiance — Night Attack — Cortes Cap-
tures Xarvaez and his Army 374
CHAPTER XXII.
ALVARADO'S SIERCILESS MASSACRE.
May, 1520.
After the Battle— ^'^ctory Made Secure — Conduct of tho Conquered— A
General Amnesty — Disposition of the Forces — Afl'airsat the Capital—
COTTENTS. x^•ii
TAOE.
InsuiTcction Threatened— The Spaniards Hold a Council— Alvarado's
llesolvo— 'I'iic Great Diiy of the Feast — The Spanianla Proceed to the
Temple— The (Jratul Display there Witnessed — The Attack of the
Spauiai'da — Horrors upon Horrors 390
CHAPTER XXIII.
rrnisiNo of the aztecs.
May-June, 1520.
Character of the Aztecs — Spanish Quarters — The City in Anns — Crowing
Hatred toward the Invaders — Perilous I'osition of Alvarado — Monte-
zuma Called to Interfere — Failing Provisions— Miraculous Water —
Corti-s to tlie Rescue — Rendezvous at Tlascala — The City and its
People — Tiiu Army Joins Alvarado — Desperate Encounters 410
CHAPTER XXIV.
FIGHT VVOy THE TEMPLE SUMMIT.
June, 1520.
The Xatives Continue the Assault — Their Fierce Bravery — The Span-
iards r.uilil Turrets — Still the Mexicans Prove too Stron;,' for Them — ■
Mouti'zuma Called to Intercede — He is Insulted and Stoned l>y his
Subjects— Cortes Attempts Egress by the Tlacopan Causeway —
Failure of I'^scobar to Take the Pyramid — Cortes Gains the Slippery
Heiijht — The Gladiatorial Combat There 430
CHAPTER XXV.
DEATH OF MONTEZUMA.
June, 1520.
A Lixing Death — The Old Imperial Party and the Xew Power — Aztec
Di'tiancc — Perilous Position of the Spaniards — Disappointment to
Cortds — Another Kally — The Dying Monarch — He has Xo Desire to
I^ive — His Rejection of a Xew Faith — He will None of the Heaven
of the Spaniards — Conunemls his Cliildren to Cortes — The Character
of iloutczmna and of his Reign 449
CHAPTER XXVI.
LA NOCIIE TUISTE.
June 30, 1520.
The Captive-King Drama Carried too Far — Better had tiie Spaniards
Taken Montezuma's Advice, and have Departeil while Opportunity
Oll'ered — Diplomatic Value of a Dead Body — Xecessity for an Im-
mediate Evacuation of the City — Departure from the Fort — Mid-
night Silence — The City Roused l>y a Woman's tJry — The Fugitives
Fiercely Attacked on All Sides — More Hon-ors 4G3
UiHT. Mks., Vol. I. u
xviil
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXVII.
RETUEAT TO TLASCALA.
July, l")-20.
Fatal Mistake of tlio Mexicans — A Brief Respite Allowed the Spaiiiaids —
The Ileinnant of tlie Army nt Tl.acopan — They Set out for Tlaseala —
An ever increasing Force nt their Heels — Rest at the Tepzolac
Temple — Cortes Reviews his Disasters — The March Coutiuueil aniiilst
Great Tribulation — Encounter of the Grand Army— Iinpoi-taut Ikittlo
iiiul RemarUable Victory — AiTival at Tlascala — Tlio Friendly l!ec<;p-
tion Accorded them There 4S2
CHAPTER XXVIII.
INVALUAnLE FRIENDSHIP.
July-Septcmbcr, 15'20.
Divers Disasters to the Spaniards — Mexico Makes Overtures to Tlascala —
A Council Held — Tlascala Remains True to the Spaniaids — Disaf-
fection in tlie Spanisli Army — CortOs again Wins the Soldiers to his
Views — Renewal of Active Operations against the Aztecs — Success
of the Sjianish Anna — Large Reenfcjrcements of Native Allies — One
Aztec Stronghold after another Succumbs 500
CHAPTER XXIX.
KINO-MAICIXO ANU CONVKKTINO.
October-December, 1520.
CoiKpicst in Detail — Barba Caught — Other Arrivals and Rcenforcemcntf; —
The Small-pox Comes to the Assistance of the Spaniards — Letters to
the Emperor — Establishing of Segura de la Frontera — Certain of the
L)isaireeted Withdraw from the Army and Ri;turn to Cuba — Division
of Spoils — llead-ipuirters Estiiblished at Tlascala '>oQ
CHAPTER XXX.
CONSTRUCTION OF THE FLEET.
December, 1520 — February, 1521.
The Objective Point — Vessels Needed — Martin Lopez Sent to Tlascala
for Timber — Thirteen Brigantines Ordered— CortJ -t Tlascala — Drill
and Discipline — Address of the General — Parade of the Tlaacaltecs —
Mari'h to Tezcuco — New Ruler Appointed — Sacking of Iztapalapan —
Tho Chalcaus — Arrival at Tezcuco of the Ihiganlino Brigade 5GI
CHAPTER XXXI.
PRELIMINARY CAMPAKiNS.
March-May, 1521.
Plan for the Investment of Mexico — Reconnoitring Tour round the
Lake — Cortes in Cummaud — Alvarailo an<l Olid Accompany — They
CONTENTS.
xis
PAKE.
rroori'cl Xoitliwnvd fidin Tozov.cn— f'.-iptiiro of ritio«< nml Stron^-
IiiiMm— Xitlt(ii.aii, (j»uaul.titl;ni, 'rtii;iyi)c;in, A/iapu/.ilco, Tl.u'oiiaii,
mill Imck to Tfzcuoo — Clmlco l)istuil>cil — I'l'aee J'riiposfil.s Sent to
Mcxii'o — Further lIi'i'ouiioisMaiico of tin- I^-ikc ri(';L,'iiiii— Many ISattloa
and ^'ict<)^i^'s — (^iiaulitialiuac Captured — JJurnin;,' of Xorliimilco—
Second Ivoturu to Tczcuoo — Conspiracy 582
CHAPTER XXXII.
INVKST.MKNT OK SiKXlC'O.
May-June, 1.V21.
Pliasos of lli'mi-tm — TIic I'riLrantinos ujion tho Lake — Divinon of Forces
Ixtwicn Alvarado, Sandoval, and Olid — Desertion, (Japtnie, and
Execution of Xicotcncatl — Departure of the Troops from Tezcuco—
Kaval liattle — Possession Taken of the Causeways —At One Point
Cortes Unexpectedly Caina Entrance to the City — ilut is DiiveaOut (ilM
CHAPTER XXXIII.
CONTIXUATIOX OF THE SIKOK.
Juno-July, \3'2\.
Sonicthin.,' aliout Qnaulitemotziu — Infamous Pretensions rif I'.ui-opean
Civili/aliou iuid Ciiristianity — Proin[it Action of the .Mexiean Km-
peroi-— Papetitions of the Entry Assault — Submission of tiie Sur-
rounding Nations — Dire Condition of the Mexicans — Spanish Defi'at
and iJisallcctiun — Kesolution to Puize the City (i.'irt
CHAPTER XXXIV.
TUK CONtJUEST ACHIKVKD.
July- August, l.')i21.
The Destroyers Advance — I'iercc Figlitini,' in the Phiza — I)isnial Situation
of the Mexicans — The AVoik of Demolition — Movements of Aha-
rado — The Emiienn- P.efuses to Parley — Misery of the Aztecs I'n-
bearahle— Horrible Massacre of Women and Children — The Tender-
hearted Cort(^'S Mourns over his o\ra Work — Cajiture of tiie Em-
peror— Tlie ('on([uest Completed — IViniputs and 'l'liaiik>givini.rs —
Dispersion of the Allies to their Homes — Pelketiuns ()(J9
AUTHORITIES QUOTED
in
THE HISTORY OF MEXICO.
[71 i» tny nitlom to prefix to each irork of the »rir» (he mini'' of enri/ nulhnrihi riled in ill pnrfe>.
Iiilhi^ iiiMliiure, hnnerer, it uiiinpriuliedlile, tin immense ii my iihilerinl for the IIi^TiliY of JIi.MiO
th'tt a ,''•'// list tf the nwthitritieit vnuld fill ii third tf n Vfhtme, ntn-inut^lt/ iiiin-e ifpiire fhiin C'tn prt'j'fftij
he ulU'trvtl ce( n fur no imjioiimU a feutiire, J therefire rt'titee the lift hi/ omittinj^ for the iti(}»l p'lft^
IhriO in-'je c/iiwhi; /«/, Ihn'e fi/ir/n/y yiivii for Cl N rn.vi, AmI'.iiIiA ; teeomi, Ihore to be ijireit in the
Nmiril >Ii:xi('.\N' Si'ATi:s; mid (A in/, vinny uorl.n, mnnlli) punqihli'x, irhi h, thoiirh eoimdted and often
iiiiioiioitt, hitie oiilij on iiulireet hetiriu'j on hintori/, or irhielt hoeo tn-ni viled perhoon tint otue^ ond on
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Allen (A. C), Al^'uiias i-ellexionea sobre el privilegio para el cijrte dc maderaa
coiHCilido. Meiida, ISIil.
Al!eiM( 'liMile;4,.'>peeLliinl'.S. Housoof Rep., Jaii.'J;"!.lS.")'2. Washington, 1S.')-J.
Allen I I'red 11.), L'ortis: or the l)i.>icuvery, Con(plc:4, and more lieoent History
of Mexico. Uoston, |NS2.
Allevo dc Cyprey, l>oouniinlii.s rclativns ,'i lo occniTido. [Mexico], ISl.'i.
Allsojip (J. I'. C), Leaves from my Lo^i-liook. MS.
Almara/ ( Icanion), Memoria do los 1 raliajos ejecutados por la conii.sion eielitifica
do rachuc.'i, 1804. Moxico, lN(i.').
Alniod(i;ir (.Marcos (i. de), O so reforman los frailes, 6 csiirgontc mi Kxtincion.
Mexico, 18-_'(i.
Almonte (JuiUi X.), I'roypctos do T.eyos .eobro ('i)lonizncif)n. Mexico, 1S.")'J.
Al I'ueltlo Mexii'alio, Itclacion do l;is causas<|no inlUiyeron eu los desgraciado.4
sucesos did dia •_'!) tlo Agosto do 1.S47. .Slexicc, 1S47.
Altamera (M.de), runtr)sdcl juirerer (pie el Senor Audiior doGucrra e.spu.so al
virey condo do Fonclar.'i, 1774. ^I^.
Altamirano (Ignacio Manuel), .Mgunas I'alabras acerca do Mr Wagner. Mex-
ico, 1802.
XXIV
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
Altamirano (Ignacio ^lanuol), Ilevistas Litcrarias do ^^cxico. ^Icxico, 1803.
Alvaiailu (Francisco), Cartas do Filiisofo liuucio. Mexico, ltwl-"i. '2 vols.
folio.
Alvarado (Francisco), Cartas filosificas. Mexico, 185.3.
Alvarado (I^iiauio), tjatisfaccion quo da al publico. Mexico, 18'2G.
Alvarado (I'udro do), Caitas Varias desdo lo',H hastaf 1j4I. MS. folio.
Alvarez (iiiitouio), Mauifestacion que hacc al piiblico el cx-gcueral. .Saltillo,
1801.
Alvarez (Diego), El ciudadano General & sus conciudadanos. Acapuloo, 18(38.
Alvarez (Fraucisco do I'aulii), Santa-Anua liasta 1S"22. Guadalajara, 1844.
Alvarez (.Jiuumrio), Viudicaciou do. Matamoros. 1844.
Alvarez (Juan), Documeutos i-elativos d la sublcvaciou del General. Mexico,
1835.
Alvarez (Juan), Manifiesto & los pueblos cultos do Europa y Anidrica. Jlex-
ico, IS,")?.
Alvarez (Juan), Manifiesto con motivo do la Rcpresentacion calumniosa qua
unos emigrados do la villa do Chilapa. Mexico, lS4."i.
Alvarez (.J. J.) and 11. Duran, Itiuerarios y Derroteros do la Rcpiiblica Mere-
icana. Alexico, 18r)G.
Alvenslebcu (Max., B;irou von), With ^Maximilian in Mexico. London, 1807.
Alvires (Jos6 Manuel T. ), Reilcxiones sobre los Decretos Kpisoopalcs (|ue jirohi-
ben el Juramento Coustitucional, 1" -" y 3" partes. Moxico, etc., 18o7.
3 vols.
Alzate (J. A.), Mcmoria en quo se trata del insecto grana 6 cochinilla. Mex-
ico, 1831.
Alzate y Ramirez (.JostS Antonio), Di.irio iitorario do Mexico. ^Mexico. 1708.
Al^atc y Ramirez (Josis Antonio), Gacctas do Literatura dc Mexico. ^Itxico,
171)0-1. 3 vols.; and I'uebla, 1831. 4 vols.
Alzato y Ramirez (.Josi5 Antonio), Memoria sobre la naturaleza cultivo y ben«
elicio do la Grana. Mexico, 1777. MS. folio.
Amadei (iSeat.), Apocalypsis nova Scnsvui. MS. [ICIO.] folio.
Ainado (F. M.), ("ompentlio do la liistori.Ti general do lalglesia. Mexico, 18-50.
Amador (.luan), Kl Despcrtador do los Fanaticos. Aguascalientes. 1S07.
Amantc al cumpliiniento do nuestra sabia constitucion. Mexico, IS'JO.
Amarillas, Diario notable do la manpicsa do las Amarillns. Mexico, 1757.
America, I'ictorial History of Rcmavkablo Events. New York, 184!).
American Confederation and. Alliance. Sketch of I'olitics, etc., of ^Vesteni
World. Philadelphia, 1827.
American Inquiry into the Plans, Progress, and Policy of Mining Companies.
London, 1825.
American and ^Mexican Joint Commission. Alfred A. Green vs Mexico.
n.pl., n.d.
Americano ( El. ) !M'/jico, 1820 et sen.
Americano (El), Siuccro en defensa del Seilor Vircy. Mexico, 1820.
Americanos, Manifesto do los quo residen en Madrid A las nacioncs de la
Euroi)a. Mexico, 1820,
Americanos do Buenos- Aires, Coatestacion do los con el ministerio 1' ranees.
Mexico, 1820.
Am(''ricas Vinilicadas. Mi'jico, 1820.
Amigo del Pueblo. Mexico, 1827 et seq.
Amigo do la Religion, 2 do Enero. ^lexico, 1840.
Anini.-ttia, Ifictdmen de la niayoria do las comisiones sobre la iniciativa dc.
Mexico, 1S45.
Ai.'.ortizaeion do la moneda do cobre, Comunicacioues sobre. Mex., 1841;
Proyecto do Ley para la. Mex., 18U.
Amp6ro(.J. J.),PromonadcenAni<;riquc. Paris.1855. 2vols.; Paris, 1800. 2 vols.
Ampudia (Pedro de). El Ciudadano-tJeneral ante el Tribunal Respetablo de
la Opinion Piiblica. San Luis Potosi, 1840.
Ampudia (Pedro dc), Manilieslo fechado 10 de Julio do 1S4G. San Luis
Potosi, 1840.
AUXnORITIES QUOTED.
Ainpiiilia (Pedro ilc), ^lanificsto del General Ampudia. Mexico, 184".
Aiiti do iSan Francisco, Ucvclaciou quo tuvo sobio el tunmlto de Ki de
Kuero de l(j'J4. In Doc. lliat. Mex., scrio ii. toni. iii.
Andluiuc, Contrato do A.sociaciou para la liepiiblica do los Estados Unidos
dfl. Guadalaxara, IS'2'A.
Annies Mcxicanoa do Ciwicias y Litcratura. Mexico, 1800.
AniUisis Critico do 1;. Constitucion do IS'M. [Mexico, 1842. ]
Amilitjis del I'apel Titulado aviso ;l los Sefiores Electores. Mexico, 18'21.
Anaya (Juan Pablo), Alocueion ii sua Conciudadanos. Tabasco, IS40.
Ancillon (Frederic), Melanges do Politi(ino. Paris, ISOl.
Anderson (Adam), Historical and Chronological Deduction of tlio Origin of
Commerce. London, 1801. folio. 4 vols.
Anderson (Alex. D.), The Teliuantepec Intcr-Ocean Railroad. New York,
etc., 1881.
Andradc, Docuraentos sobro la ovacuacion do San Antonio do Bcjar. Mon-
tercy, 1830.
Andrado (Jose), Mcmoria sobro el cultivo del Algodon. Mexico, 1S0.">.
Andrade (Juan J. de), Calilicacion legal do la couducta. Mexico, ls;{8.
Andrado (Juan J. do), Revolucion en iS. Luia Potosi el dia 14 de Abril do 1837.
Documcntos. Mexico, 18.')7.
Andrade (Manuel), Maniticsto de nombramicuto d . Comanc'.mto general de
Cliihuahua. Mexico, 1840.
Andrado (Manuel), Manilicsto quo cl ciudadano. ^Mexico, 1810.
Andres y Alcalde (Joaquin), Manual estadistico Hi.storico-Politieo, etc.
Madrid, 1831.
Anglo-Saxon (The). Cliiluuiliua, 1847 et seq.
Anibal Cartagiuenso (El), n.pl., n.d.
Afio Xuevo de 1837-40. 4to.
Aiisorcna (Josii Ignacio do), Defensa. Mexico, IS.'O.
Antop.ira (Luis), l>efensa legal quo hacc por Don Jose Gregorio Araua,
!Slexico, 1827; Mexico, 1820.
Anteojo del Desengauo (El). Mexico, 1812.
AntoiR'li (Antonio de), Descripeiou do Santiago Papasquiaro, 1703. MS.
folio.
Antonolli (Bautist;i), Memorialcs del ingcniero al Cousejo do Indias loOO.
In Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc, torn. xiii.
An tore ha. ^lexico, 1833 et serj.
Autunano (E. de), Documcntos para la Historia do la Industria en Mexico.
Mexico, lS4r>.
AutufiMno (E. de), Economia politica en Mexico. Puebla, 1830-44. [A series
of essays. ]
AiiLunano (I'l. dc), Insurreccion Industrial. Economia Politica on Mexico.
Puebla, 1840.
Antufiano (E. de), Mnnifiosto sobro el Algoilon. Puebla. 1833.
Antunano (E. de), Menioria brovo de la Industria Maiiufaeturera de Mexieo.
[Puolila. 183.").]
Antufiano (E. de), Mexicanos!! El primer asnuto tie la Patria. 20 do Xo-
vienibie, 184.">. [Puebla, 184.').]
Antufiano (E. de), I'ensaniientos para la regeneracion industrial dc Mexico.
Puebla, 1837.
Antufiano (E. de), Racioeinios para un plan, f Puebla. l^ilO. ]
Antufiano (i'l. de), Reiuq)rosion anotadaeon relaeion a la industriade Mexico.
Puebla, 18.3.').
Antufuuio (E. de), Tcorla fundamental do la industriade algodonesen Mexico.
Puebla. 1840.
Antunano (E. ile), Vontajas politicas eivilos fabriles. Puebla. 1837.
Anzorena (josii Mariano de), Kespuesta de, a la coutestaeion que dio. Mexico,
18.-|0.
Aoust (V. d'). Coup d'a'il sur 1ft topographic, etc., du Mexico. P;iris, [180.3.]
Aoust (V. d'), Sur los salurca, etc., dcs laca du Mexico. i'uri.s, [I8O0.J
XX.l
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
Ajinriciii (Mauui'l Riiuiirez), Los Omvontos sii]iri!niilosoii Mij'co. ^.Tcj-'co, ]HC>\j
A[io\in/\!i, C'iirta (jue en ilcteiiHa da hi, raslorul dfl llliiiu Sr l)ii l'r;iiR-isco
\;i\ iur Li/.ana. MS. I.SO.'J.
Apiiullo Corhulacho y (!ucvai\a (T. Carlos), Acccntos Morales. Mexicd, 1710.
A|iiiiitaiiiiontos pnra la liisitoria de lo nccurrido en ol ejiTcito. Mexico, lN4l.
Apuutaiiiioutos sohro derecho pulilico eclesi:istioo. Mexico, 18.")7.
Apiuitaiiuentos sobro la neccsidad do proinuvor cl cultivo del aziicar. Mexico,
Apuntcs jiara la Historia do la Giiorra Exiroiioa con Mexico. Mexico, 18fi"2.
Acpiiiio (N'ii'olao de), I'roccso contra. MS. \o~o.
Aran.'io y lOscaui 1( m (Alejandro), Acusacion liecha ante la cdmara do Diputailos.
Mexico, 1S.")0.
Ar.'ingo y I'lscandon (Alejp.ndro), Frai Luis do Leon. Mexico, ISfJO.
Ara;i/.el ile los derechod, <pio dubeu percibir los Ebcriljauos Mayures. [Mex-
ico, 1740.]
Araujo y San Ramon (Pedro (Jonzalcs), Inipn.cniacion do algnnos, etc., ar-
ticulos del cudigo do Auanpu'a. Mcgico, ISl,").
Arce (■lose ]Mariano de), Inntructioii soliro alcavalas. Mexico, IS-tS. MS. folio.
Arce (Manuel Josi''), Meinor'a do la conducta pi'ibiica, etc. Mexico, LSoO.
.Arcliicotradia do la jiurisinia concc[)ci()n. ^Icxico, ISH).
Arcliieofradia del Arcdngel San Jiiguel, Coustituoiunes. Mexico, 1704; 4to.
Mexico, I8,'i8.
Areo Iris. \'era Cruz, 1847 et seq. folio.
Arellano (Einuianueic de), lOlo'.'ia selecta. ^Texico, 17.").
Arellano (Loreii/o), Actos Adiaini;jtrativo3 del Oobeniador dc Guanajuato.
:Mexico, 1,S4S.
Arellano (Maniiel Ramirez de), Oracioii civica. Mexico, IS.")!).
Arellano (Manuel Ramirez de), Apmites dc la Compania do Oricnto, 18.">9.
:MrNico, ISJO.
Arel!;ino( Manuel Ivamirezde), La Ley do ]2doOetul)ro»iltimo. ]\Iexieo. ISO").
Arellano (Manuel Ramirez de). Ultimas lioras del lm])erio. Mexi^'o, iMil).
Arenas (I'ailre), Causas quo so han seguido y termin.ido contra loii coniprendi-
dos. Mexico, 1S'2S.
Argaiz (("iregorio de), A'ida y Escritoa. Madrid, 1078.
Argos(El). Mejico, 18:J()et seq.
Argiiellesi (Diego), Anuncio ii, mis ami'^os. Mexico, ]S.")7.
Arguixo (I'resl). Alonso), Cuestion de pessailuiubre. .MS. ]ii.")'2. folio.
Ariaa (J. do Dios), Resena Hi.storiea do la forniacion operaeio.ie.s del Ejorcito
del Xorto. Mexico, 1807.
Arispe (I'edro Jose]i]i Rodriguez de), Colosso Eloqnente (inn en la sol. acla-
maeion del i). Fcrnan<lo VL erigii'i Mexico. .Slexico, i74s.
Arisjii; (I'l-dro Joseph Rodrig'ez do), Relacion de lo acaecido ea la celcbridad
deeljuliileo. .Mexic(3, [','>'.).
Arista (Mariano), Ecsamen de li, Esposicion. ^Mexico, 1841.
Arista (Mariano), Maniliesto quo liaco il sus coiirindad^no-i. !Mogico, ISof).
Ari^sta (Mariano), Observaeioiies soljre la eiiestion snscitada con nioiivo de la
autorizacion concodida. Mexico, 1841.
Arista (Mariano), Olicio y documentos ipio dirigo al (Job. dc Coaliuila,
Mexico, 1841.
Aiista (Mariano), Rroclama. ^Texico, ]8.').1.
Al i^^ta (Mariano), Al I'royecto para el arreglo ilel eji'Tcito. Me-xico, 1848.
Arista (Mariano), Resena Historica dc^ i.,a Rcvolucion.
M(
Aristides, La Demla J']str
injera,.
.M(
Arizaga (Fgnacio Ramon de), Advertei
IS(i|».
Utile
INSJ
:^rc;
1704.
Arizcorreta (Mari
Inf(
ormo (luo dio i'l la eoniision. Mexico, IS.")!!
Arizcorreta (Mariano), Manifestacion (pio haco id ])ril)]ici). [.Mexico], 1810.
Arizcorreta (Mariano), Respuesta do algunos. Mrxiro, 1S-1!(.
iiiia. Saltillo. 1841.
..^rizpe (l',aiacio de), Contestacion del (ioljeinadorde
Arizjie (Sligucl Ramos de), Idea general subro la cuudneta politica do D,
[Mexico, 18122.]
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
XXVll
Arizpe (Miguel Ramos i\v). MiMiiorial n:i tlio natural, political, and civil state
1)1' the i'roviiici; xi ( ualuiila. i'iiilacli.li)ln:i, Isll.
Arleiiiii (•losoiili), ChriJaica do la I'l-oviiicia do 8. i'Vaucisco du Zacateca-s.
.Mi^xico, 17;J7.
Aniiiii ('I'll.), I'as Altc Sli'xiko. Leipzig, 1805,
Anniii (rii.), I 'as ln'uti'.,o ^Icxiko. hoipziu', 1>S(!.'.
Aipido (L'r. Antouio), i'crdicioii do los Indios do Xucva Espafla y sus caiisas.
MS. 1 :.;.:{.
Arran^oiz (Francisco do Paula dv), Apuntc^s para la llistori.i del Sc^tuiido
liii|iori() Mcjieauo. Madrid, IWJ!). 4t().
An-aiiu'oiz (Francisco dc i'uula de), Mcjico dcsdc ISOS, hnsta 1S()7. Madrid,
I,s7l-J. 4v,ils.
ArrcLjlo do Las Univorsidadcs Y C')lo;,'ios. ^Icxico, IS.".").
Arricivita (.J. D. ), Crunica .^^e^Vdica y Apiistolica. !Mailrid, 1702. fulio.
Arrilla;^'a ( liasilii)), Terceras obsorvacioncs s()l)re el Oijusculo. Mc:;'.co, ISI)').
Arrilla^ra (JJasilio), lirovc llesi'nncn do Ids Mcritos y Sorvicios. Mexico, 1S;>7.
Arrillaj^'a (IJasili.i), ( 'artas al \)v Mora. Mexico, IS,']',).
Arril!a^,'a (iJasilio), Dcfcnsa ilo ]:i Mystica (/iudad do Dios. MS. folio.
Arrilla;;.!. (iSasilin), Fxameu critico do la Menioria. !Mejicn, I.s:{.").
Arriila.LM ( liasilio), ]lcco]ulaciou d ! Leycs. etc. Mexico, l.s;iS-.")!). 10 vols.
Arriola (.Juan do), ^"ida Y Virtudn. [.Mexico], I7<>S. ilS. ,'{ vols,
Arniuiz (Marcos), ?i[anual do llioLrrafia Mejicaniv. I'ai-is, IS.~)7.
Arroniz (Marcos', .-iauual dc llistoria Y Cronologia do Mejico. Paris, IS.'O.
Ani'uii/ (Marco- ) Maiiii;d Del Viajcro en Mejico. Paris, l.S.'>S.
Arzo y Miranda (.Vndres do), VA ciclo venido a nucstras nianos por las d*; I^-
nacio, y bu Compafua. Mexico, \~.'\\. 4to.
Arzc y Portoria (Toiiuis dc), Infonno dado al P. Guardian del ('ok';;io do
P'achuca, I'.t do Octubro do 17.S7. M.S.
Ai'zoliispo do ^Mejico, laprcscntacion did Jlnio Sr Ar^obispo do Mcjico eon-
ccrnionto a algunos aucesoa antcriores a la indepeiidcncia. llabana, l.sJJ.
4t().
Arzobispo do Mexico, Rflacion sobrc tributos y las ordenes reli^;iosas, 1,5
]\Iayo, lood. Jn Pachcco an<l Cai'donas, (jol. Doc, torn. iv.
Ateuco ^Icxicano, llcglamcnto. Mexico, bSHS.
Atcnt.ulos Escandalosos Conietidos Por ElJiioz Dc Minaa. llincou do Pomoa,
ISoO.
Atleta (Ki^, :Mcxicn, 18-20 ct soq.
Atoclia(.\.lcx;indcr.r. ), Memorial to tlie Senate and House of Represcntativos.
n.pl., n.d.
Atoclia (.Vlexander J.), Statement of case and claim of against ^Mexico.
n.pl., n.<l.
A\dd (Robert ().), niid .Tolin H. lUicliaii, Silver Klines of Fresuillo in Z.icate-
cas. Londo!!, IH'M.
Aumaila (.luau Autonii>), Reprcsinitacion P(ditico-li'gal quo liaci\ M^.
AutoHciieral J.'o J/v Feo, P.* do \ovic!ul)ro <1(^ Id.V,). Mexico, n.il.
jVilttos.'^eerottos, Cittlicdral ii)ettrii]>o!it.ana do .Mexico. MS. l7.">'i-'». fcilio,
Ar.xiliar l.>o La C'anoa. Mexico. IS-JO et .'iiM|.
Avindano (Pedro dc), Fco do iaratas rcspnesta .VpoloL'i'tica. MS. 1701!. Ito,
Avda (riiscph dc), ( 'oleccion do noticias do nuiciias do las intluli^eucia.s [ilo'
iiari.is, etc. Mexico, 17^7.
Avila y Uril)o (Mariano (!on/alea d"^, P(enia ei'miico bistnrial. MS,
-V\ iso :l los Seucires Diputadws do Xucva I'lspana. iAK'xicn, iS'Jl).
Aviso (.\rtioulod do arndsticio ratilicados el 7 do sclicniUrc do IsJI). ?>Icxico,
KS.M.
jVviso, I Invitation to tlio ^Icxicans to welcome Itnrliiile on his entr.uico to tiio
city; dated Septend)cr •J(!, ls_'l.| Jlexioo, ISlM.
Avi<o I'atridtieo do un Americano hnparcial. Mexico, ISJL folio.
Ay.da (Ivan do Mcadoza), Virtvd jviziosa, 17 dc Noviend>ro, ItiS."). Mexico,
Ayota (Fmncisco do), Reprusentaciou por los Frauciscunoa. n.pl., n.d. folio.
XXVIU
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
Ayuntamicnto, Tnarto rocjlamcnto para el cobro de los Dcrcchos dc Intro-
diK'cion. Mexico, 1S4S.
Ayuntiunitiiito, Mauiliesti) dc la Conducta do loa capitulares. !Mt;xici>, 1849.
Ayuntamicnto, Tcrccra Rcprcseutacion dirigida al Exnio. Mexico, IS!!).
Ayuntaniicuto do Mexico (El), carta del '20 de Abril, 1531. lu Pachcco anil
Ciirdonas, Col. Doc, torn. xiii.
AyuntaniicntodoMogico (El), Manifiest.aal Publico loa motivos. iNlogico, 184').
Ayuntaniionto do Mexico (El), Keiiresentacion quo al Conitrcso Ciencral eleva
en dufeiisa do su fondos. Mexico, 1S,V2. Sou also "^lexico."
Azanza (Jose dc), Ynstrnccion sobre las provinciiis de la Nueva I'^spafia. MS.
Azeiirate (Miguel Maria de), Noticias estadisticas quo sobrc loa efectoa do
cousunio. ilev! ;,, 18;i'j.
Azcaratc (Miguel Alaria), licaefla hecha dc administracion municipal. Mexico,
18:)3.
Azpii-oz (Manuel), Codigo de Extranjei-ia de loa Estados Unidoa Mcxicanos.
Mexico, 1S7U.
B. (G. A.), El Esplritu dc la Dcmocracia. ISIS.
Backer (A. A. de), Bibliotbcquo des ecrivains de la Compagnie dc J(5sus, etc.
Liege, lSo3-01. 7 vols.
Badger ((Tcorgo E.), Speech on The Regimental Bill in U. S. Senate, .Jan-
uary IS, iS4S. AVusliington, 1848.
Bajamar (Martpies de), Diseur.so exhortatorio, 2 dc Enero 1798. ^ladrid, 1 798.
Balbontiii (.Juan M;iria), Apuiites cstadisticos quo cscriljii) I>. .J, Franci.soo
Bubtauiauto relativos il Queretaro. In Soc. Mcx. Geog. Boletin, toin. vii.
Bidbontin (Juan Maria), Esta<listica del Estado do Queretaro. Mexico, 18()7.
]5albuoiia (llernardo), Graude/.a Mejicaua. Madriil, 1829; Mejico, ]<'Mi.
Jiallcsteros (D. S.), Do.s Aousaciones contra el Supremo Tribunal de Justicia.
Mazatlan, 1870.
Ballesteroa (D. S.), Informc quo rindc al Supremo Tribunal dc Justicia.
Mazatlan, 1870. 4to.
Balnies (.lainie), Sunia do civilizacion. Guadalajara, 184.'?.
BaULM) Xacional dc Aiuortizacion, Cantestaciou do la Junta Directiva del.
:Mexico, 1841.
Bancroft (Hubert Howe), Xativo Races of the P.acific States. IScw York,
187">. i) vols,
lianda (Longinos), Estudistica de .Jalisco. Guadalajara, 1873.
Baptista (Ilieron), Treatise on canon law respecting marriage. MS., 17th
century.
B;iquicro (Scrapio), Ensayo IIist6rico sobre las Revolucionca dc Yucatan.
M.'rida, lS71~-2. 3 vols.
Btvrante (M. do), Historia do la convcncion nacional. Mexico, 1854-5. 4 voN.
Barliacliano (Tonia.s A/.uar), Las ^lejoras Matcriales. (,";unpe(;hc, 1S.")9.
Barbachano (Toniaa Azuar) y Juan Carlio, Memoria sobro la Goaveuiencia,
etc. Mexico, 1801. 4to.
Biircena (.Jose' ^biria Itoa), Catocismo Elemental de Geografia Universal.
Mexico, 1870.
Barcena (.J. M. lloti), Catecismo Elemental do la Historia Do Mexico. Mexico,
18(;-2.
Bdrccna (-J. M. Roa), Lcycndaa Mexicanas. Mexico, 18G2.
I'.arcena (Manuel do la), Exhortaeion quo hizo al tienipo do jur.arse la con-
stitueion politica de la monanpiia Esjiauola. Mexico, 1820.
Barcena (Rafael Roa), M;inual razonadodel litigantc ^lexieauo. Mexico, 1802.
Barcia (Andrea (ionzalez de), Historiadores rriuiitivos de laa Inilias Ocei-
dcntales. iNladrid, 1749. folio. 3 vols.
Barea (Juan Bautista), Oraciou fuuebro do Dou Beruardo de Galvez. Havana,
J 787. Small 4to.
Baril (V. L.) Lo :\Iexiqno. Douai, 1802.
Bar<piera (Juan ^laria Wcncoslao), Directorio Politico de Alcaldes Coustitu-
ciouales. Mexico, 1820.
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
XXIX
r.arrcdn (C), Oracion civica, 15 do Scticmliro 18.')3. Mexico, 1S.")3.
]ianviro (Miguel), I'urvcuir ile Yucatan. ^Icriila, 1804.
Ijiirivia (Mruiucl), Esposicion (jue acerca de la coiitrata. Mexico, 1S37.
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AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
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liunmulcz do Castro (Cuilos), I'arcccr lisoul, explosion do I'livilegios, y iiiori-
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I'crual y ^Vlalo (Waldo Indalccio), Alcgato afio dc 179-. 0;ijaca, 1841. 4to.
Lonial y Malo (Ulialdo Yndalocio), Dct'ousia Looha li uoiubio ilo la .Sa;4i:ula
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lioniardiz (J, do It,.) Descripcioii brevo de la ciudad do Zacatocas. ^loxieo,
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Bcnioii, Speech on Bill appropriating §8,000,000, Fob. o, 1S17. Washiugton,
1847.
IkTtoldiiio. reriudico Biscmanal. Mexico, 1805 ct soq.
Lotan»is, (nomingo de). Carta (juc cscriboron varius I'adrcs do la Ordeu do
Santo Domingo. In I'achoco and Cardenas, Col. Duo., toni. vii.
Biart (Leon), Vic au MLxiquo. In liovuo l'"ranoai.-io, Xo. 4S.
liiai t (Lnci(ii), Lc JIoxi(|uo (rilicr et lo Moxiipio ])o Don)ain. Paris, lSfi.1.
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l^icnes Eclosiasticos. A Culloction.
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AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
3cxxi
Ifiancaise ;:U
Borboii (Maria Luisa ilo), Rdacion do las dcinonstracioncs fiineliros. Mexico,
lh20.
liorddiujva (Silvostro), Conducts Del Oltispo Do Pucljla. ruii-i, ]S,'i7.
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Brackctt (Albert G.), General Lane's Brigade iu Central Mexico. Cincinnati,
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BraKseur do Bourboiirg, Quatro Lettres sur 1j Mcxiijuc. I'aris, I.SIiS.
Bra.sseur do Bourbourg, S'il exiote dos sources dc I'histoiro priniitivo du !M"X-
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Brasseur do liourbmu'gjSomniaircdes voyagesseientirKjucs. Saint-Clouil, lS(i-2.
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Brevo Exjiosieion del I'royecto do la ( "ompaiiia Mcxicana )iara laConstriii i ion
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Brevo luipugnaeion A las Observaciones, tratados do I'az celebrailos enii il
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Brevo I'ontilicio iiutorizando a los diocesauoa do La Ripiililiia Mexicino,
^lexico, bsi!(i.
Breve I'ontilicio sobrodiniiimciMn I'o l)ias I'estivastu la ll<'piili!ic:i Mexicana,
Mexico, is;!!).
Brevo reiutacional diotamen do los Seuores Jueces, ranio dr i)iiL|ui s. Mexic >,
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Breves X'oticiaa del tardea quo so delio guardar y obsirvar on las sieiiiliias do
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AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
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!
Brinfrns do Mnnzaneila y Enciuas (Diego), El maml tlo loa Christianos. Mexico,
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lina'kett (L. 1'.) Our ( Jrcnt Captains. Xcw York, llSti.j.
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IJrooks (Xouh), Tlio Career of aii .j>jnericaii Princess, in Overland Moutlily,
vol. V. 1870.
r.ucareli (Antonio), Cordilleras y Ordencs. MS. 177-.
Riicareli y Ursua (Antonio Maria), Breve dcscripcion. Mexico, 1779.
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^layo del corrientc ano. Mexico, 1841.
Bustamante (Anastc'icio), El Presidente al ejereito (Octubro 23, 1840). !Mex-
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Bustaniantc (Anastacio), El Presidente d sus conciudadanos (Octubre 24,
1840). Mexico, 1840.
l<ustamanto (Anastacio). El Presidente d sus Ilabitantes. Mexico, 1S3S.
Bustamanto (Anastacio), Iniciativa (pie hace la Junta Departamcutal Do
Mexico, etc. Mexico, 1S40.
Bustamanto (Anastacio!, Manifiesto que dirigc d sus Compatriotas como gen-
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Bustaniantc (Anastacio), Manifiesto que el Vice Pi csidcnte dirigc. !Moxi(ro,]S30.
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]>ustaiiiaiito (Anastacio), ^Memorial de Justas Qucjas. !Mcxico, 18.'>7.
liustamante ( Anastacio), Rellccsionea sobre el nianilicsto datlo en 14 dc Agosto,
1S32. Mexico, IS;!2.
Bustamanto (Carlos Maria), lia Aparicion Guadalupana. Mexico, 1843.
liiistauiaiito (Carlos Maria), La Aparicion do Nuestra Senora do Guadalupe
do Mexico. Mexico, 1840.
Bustamante (Cdrlos Maria), Apuntes para la Historia del gobienio del Gen-
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AUTIIOniTIES QUOTED.
xxxiii
;)nio sen'
Bustanianto (r:iil':a Mai'ia), Apuntca para la Ilistoria ilul Gobicnio tkl (ivn-
t'lal Saiit.i-Auiia. Mtxicii, lM."i.
BustaiiMuto (('.iil<n Maria), ( 'aiiipai'ia sin (lloria y gucn"a coinu la, tic loa
caciiiiiixtlfs. Mexico, 1SJ7.
Buatiiiiiiiiti! (Cuius Manu), (Auupafias ilcl (ienerul D. Fulix Maria Calluja.
Mi'xii.o, IS'.'S.
Bustanianto ((,'iirlns Maria), Carta .-t im Diputado del houoraMc Congroso do
Zacatt'caM. | Mrxioo, l.S;Ji2. ]
]>ustaMiaiito ((">'irlc).s Maria), Ciuulro ITisturico do la Revoluciou Moxicaiia.
Muxicd, lSj;$-7. ovoIm. ; Mexico, IS.'JJ— id. (J vols,
liustaiiianti! (( 'iirlos Muri;i), I)t'f('iisa d' la pt'ticioii lioclui al .Sdlieraiiij (Am-
grt'sa .^olifitaiido I:i ruatitiuidii do l:i (.'diiipariia do Josus. Mt'xii.i>, 1;:41.
Ikistaiiiaiito (( Vnli'.s Maria), Diario do lu e.spooialinunto occuriiilo lu ^loxico,
Sept. do ISll :i, .(iiaia do ISl^. Moxico, l;ill-15. ^IS. -Iti). -1 vuld.
Bustamaiito (Ciirlu.s Maiia), Efomoridados liisturioo-politico literarias. Mox-
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Bustaiiiaiito (Cirlos JIaria), El Clencral D. Fcli[ic do la Garza Viadioado do
Ian \ot;;-i d-! Traidor. Moxito, l.''J;j.
Bustaniauto (Carina Jlaiia), Elo;;i() liistorico del Dr D. Josi5 Maria tlo ,Sau-
tiari) y Carroro. Mtxioo, );:4').
Bustaiiiaiito (C:irlc).s Maria), Eloyio liistorico dol General J. M. ^lorclos.
Mux i CO, 1SJ_>.
Bustaniaiito (C.irlos JIaria), Exi'imen critico sobre la Muerte del General Mo-
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Buslamaiito (I'.irlo.i Maria), ]'"x])atri.ifioii do los Jcsuitas. n.))l., n.d.
Bustaaiaiite (('arlos Ma!i:i), Gi.biiicto Mcxioano. Moxioo, IS.'i'J— U. M.S. 4
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Biista'.'.iaati! ((.Vnlo) ^I,:iia), Ilistoria del lOiiiporador Mootlioiuonia Xucoj'ot-
zin. Mcraco, ISJ'J.
Biistav.iaiito (C.'irloa Maria), El ILnior y patriotisino del C.eueral Nicolas Bravo.
Jb'xico, ];;28.
Bustaniantu (CJaios !Maria) luforiuc Crilico-Legal do la Inuigeu do liuadaliipo.
Mexico, i;;;;.'5.
Bust.uiiaato (C.irlos r^Iaria), Mafianas de la Alameda do Jlcxico. Mexico,
1S;;5-(J. •Jvo!.-..
Bastaiiiantc (Carlos Maria), Manifesto do la Junta Guadalupana. Mexico,
Ifvll.
Bustanrinte (Carlos Maria), Maniliesto lii.-jtorico a las Naciones y rueblos del
Analniae. ^loxic<i, IS'J;?.
Bustiimantc ((^;irlos Maria), Martirolo.;io do algiinos do los priineros insm--
gcntcs. Jlexico, 1^11.
Bustanianto (Carlos Maria), Materiales p;ira la Contuuiaeiou del Cuailro His-
torico. Mexico, IS;!;! !). MS.
Bustaniante (Chios Maria), !Meditlas para la racificaciun do la America Mex-
icana. ^IS. is-JO.
Bustanianto (Cirlos Maria), Menioi-auilum, I'l sea Apuntcs de lo priiieipalnuuto
occurriilo en Mixico. ilexico, ISll-T. MS.
Bustaiuant^: (Cr.los Maria), Meuiwria llisic'irica do los .servicios (pie liizo a la
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Bn.~;taiiiaiito ((.'.irlos Maria), Mexico en C lutiverio. ^Mexico, 1.S47.
Biistaiiiaute (Carlos .Maria), Mexico en 184S, prineipales sucesos politicos y
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IIisi. 3lLX. Vol. I. 3
XXXIV
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
BustTTiantc (rdrlos Maria), Neofsidud do la union <lo todus los Moxioanos,
.Mi'xiL'o, IS-Jii.
lliiataiiiiiiitc ((Jiirloa Maria), Neeroloj^ia dul Seflor P. Santia','n. Mexico, lH-1.").
MS. folio.
ISustuiiiimtc! (Ciirlos Maria), No Hay poor cufla que la did Misino I'alo. Mox-
ioo, 1,S4-'.
]>ii.staui!into ((^.irloa Maria), Noticias Biopr.lficas. Mexico, ISlf).
IJtistainantc (CVirloa Marial, Kl Nui'Vo IScrnal L)i;iz del C;istillo o sea Ilistoria
th l.i Invasion do Iom An^lo-Anicricanod en MeNJeo. Mexico, ISt;. •_' vols.
]Justain;iiite C.irlos Maria), I'eticion para cl cstablcciniicnto de la Coniiiani:*
do Jesus. [Mexico, 184."].] MS. folio.
]5usta!n:inle (Carlos Maria), Ucprcsentacion que los Vccinos Euiigrado.s do la
Villa de Cliilapa. Mexico, l.S4r).
I'.ustamanto (Carlos Maria), llosistencia dclaCortodc Espafia. Mexico, I'l.'ul.
Jiustaniante (Carlos Maria), Jtespuest;i al I'apel intitulado "Alia'' van es.u
vcrdades. [Mexico, l.s;i7.]
liustjinianto (Carlos Maria), Scsion do la Cdniara do Diputados, discurso (]iio
en cl!a leyo. Mexico, 184.").
l»ustiinianto ((."arlos Maria), Tc/coco en los liliiinos Tionipos. Mexico, IfiiJO.
]>ustaniante (Cirlos ^Iari:i), \'oz do la Patria. Mexico, isjf-;-."!. ■"> vol i.
Bustanianto (Carlos Maria), Voz do la Patria, Continuaeion. Mexico, 18.'>7-0.
MS. «.» vols.
I5u.st;unantc (Carlos Maria), Ynvnsion do Mexico por Anglo-.Vmericaiios. MS.
lUistamanto (Javier Aguilar), Defensa del I'aso Del IJrovc do Monsunor
Clcnienti. ^lexico, 18o3.
liustiiniante (Javier A^;uilar), lleprcsentacion . ..inconveniontes de la ley de 1 1
do Abril. Mexico, 1857.
Ijtistaniante (Miguel), ^lenioria iiistructiva pnra Colcctar Y I'reparar para ku
tranporte los objetos de historia natural, etc. Mexico, 1S;5!).
IJustuni.'into Y (ialootc (Pedro M. ), Itelaciou do los estudios, nieritos, etc.
Ori/ava, 18-10.
]>ustani;iiito Tracts. A Collection.
Butron (I. Moran do), Vida do la B. Mariana do Jesus de Paredcs Y Florea.
Madrid, 18.")4.
Bntterlield (Ci'irlos), United States and Mexican !Mail Steamship Line, etc.
New York, 18(10.
Butteniold (C.aloa), United States and Mexico. Xew York, 18(11.
Buttcriield (Cdrlot;), Value of Spanish America to the U. S. New York, 1SG8.
C. (D. J.), Catecismo Politico. Mejico, 1820.
C. (M. A.), Pastorcla en dos Actos.
Caballero (.liaquin), lionuncia Justiiicada del Gobiernor interino. Morelia,
[I8:]:!.j
Cabczas (Jos.), Historia prodigiosa de la admirable aparicion. Mexico, 1748.
Cabildo lie l.i Cole;,'iata de Nra Sra dc ( luadalupe, lieprescntacion (pie dirigid
al Soberano Congi'cso Constituyiente. ^lexico, 1824.
Cabildo I'lclepifistico de CJuadalajara, Infomie al Licy. In Icazbalccta, Col.
Doc, toni. ii.
Cabildo ]SIetropolitano do Mexico, Observaeiones. ^lexico, 1827.
Cabotranco (Mariano), Compendio Ascetico do la Perfeccion Cristiana.
^li'xico, 183.").
Cabrei'a (Florencio), Bosqucjo sobro la historia antigua de San Luis Potosf.
In Mcx. Soc. Cieog., Boletin, 2'!:' Ep. iv.
Cabrera y (Juiiitcro (Cayctano), Escudo Do Armas Dc ^lexico. Mexico, 1740.
folio.
CiibrcrayQuintcra (Cayctano), Vivaeopiadelmagiulnimosagrado. ^Mexico. 17.12.
Cadena (Felix Maria), Alocucion dada ;l los ^Mcjicanos el 17 do Agosto do
1814. n.pl., n.d.
Cadena (Luis Velaajuez de la), Esposicion que hacen los Interosadoa en las
parcialidades. Mexico, 1840.
AUTITOUITIES QUOTED.
XXXT
Ciulwal.'iclcr (Ocorgo), Tlic riiihulvll'lii.i Orcys' Collei'tioii. Pliiluilcliiliia,
1,S4H.
C.'iici'ilo (.r. M. Torres), I'liidii I.atiiio-.\iiKrii.'iiiia. I'liris, 1S(m.
( 'aiitr.'if Ifiii'ioiOi Menuiriii (jiic iircsoiita Al Suiuiulo C(>iij,'ri'.s«). Oaxiiea. I'^iil.
folii).
Ciilt'iili) I'nidoncial ilo la ])ob!aci()ii ilo las misioncs do Ifi Comjwflia tie .Ii'sus
vi\ X.Vizi-aya. In IVh'. Hist. MfS.. soric iii. toin. iv.
CiiKlonni (Martin), Infornio siibro la pi'nlicion tlo los Iniliim do Mexico. MS.
..f it:!.").
CaliUnin (Mnthiaa do Pcralta), El Ai)ost<)l do las Indian. Mexico, HkJl.
( 'aMi-ron di! la r>iirca. I^ifu in Mi'xion. ]>ost<in, l.S4.'{. 'J vols.
('aldt'ron do la llarca (Migvcl), Oyilor do la lieal Avdiuncia do Muxii'O. Mi'X-
ifo, Um. folio.
Callioim (.Tolm ('.), Speech on his resolutions. War with Mexico, Jan. 4, 1S4S.
Washington, 1N48.
Calhoun (.rolin C), Speech on Thrco Million Bill, Feb. 0, 1847. Washington,
1S47.
Calvillo (.Tuan Bautista Diaz), Discurso .sohrc los males. Mexico, ISIO.
Calvillo (.Juan lijiutistiv Diaz), (.)racion D do Sotiomhre. Mexico, ISOS.
Caniacho (.Sebastian), Tablas diversas para deterniinar los valores do la |)Uvt.t
y del oro. Mexico, 18ll.">.
Caniacho Villaviccncio (I'r. Mieuel), Dictamen do Concicncia. M.S. [171!).]
Ciiinara do Disputados, Maniliesto ea la Logislatura ile ISIll y 1S.'?'J. Moxioo,
18;i2. Small 4to.
Camino Carrotoro, C'amino do Fien'o y Canal por el Istnio do Tehuantopec,
Infonnos Del Ingcnioro. Mexico, lS70.
Camino Do Hierro, Torcor Cuadorno quo publica cl apoderado do l»on
Gabriel Xufioz. Mojico, IK)'.\,
Campaign in .'lexico by "One wiio has seen the elephant." rhihidoliihia,
etc!, 18-t7.
Campaign in Mexico by "One who was thar. " Philadelphia, 1S.")0.
Campafia contra I.os Americanos Del Norte, 1" parte. , .Mexico, 184(i.
C.impafia do Puol^la, Parte general (|Uo dirige General Alvarez. Mexico, 1 ;•")(!.
Canijibell (William W.), Speech in U. S. House of Hep., April 8, 1810. Wash-
ington, 1840.
Campbell, A Concise History of S))anish Amei'ica. London, 1741.
Camjie, llistoria del Descubrimiento y Conquista de America. Madrid, 180I>.
3 Vols. ; Alcxico, l8o4; Mailrid, l.S4,">.
CaTupechc, Constituciou Politiea del I'^stailo. Campeche, 1801.
CampiUo (Manuel Ignacio (ionzaloz), Kdieto. 8 Abril 180!). n.))l., ii.d.;
Edieto. Mcx., 1812; Exhortaeion. Puebla, 1808; Exhortacion Pastoral,
2.") Eiicro, ISO.'i. n.pl.,ii.d.; Manilicsto. Mcx., 1812; Manitiosto. Xoviom-
brc ;?, 1810. [Puebla, 1810]; Past.nal. Sept. ;W, 1810. [Puebla, iSlO];
Pastoral. Mayo 20, 181 1. (Puebla, isl 1.)
Campillo y Cosio (Joseph del), Nuevo sistema do Gobierno Economico para l.k
America. Madrid, 1789.
Canipo (Jos6 Maria Gomez del), Xoticia niinera del Estado do San Luis Potosi.
In Soc. Mcx. Gcog., Bolctin. 2il" Ep., toin. iv.
Campo-Sa':;ra<lo (M. Q.), Dcscripcion Del .Juramento dc la Nucva Constitucion.
Campo y Kivaa (Manuel del), Manilicsto lilaiitnjpico. Mexico, 1810.
Campos (.Vntonii^ do Maria), Economia i)i)!iti(a en Mi''gico. Puolila, 1844.
Campos (Antonio dc Maria), Un tributo a la Verdad. \'era Cniz, 1S47.
Campos (Henigno), Oracion funebre de Luis G. Do Osollo. Puebla, 18.38.
Campos (Domingo), llelacion que haoo de su viage a Yucatan. Mexico, 184!).
Canalcs Intcrocciinicos. Madrid, 1882.
Cancelada (Juan Lopez), Coudueti de Itumganiy. Cadiz, 1812.
Cuucelada (Juan Lo[)cz), Decreto De Napoleon Emperudor sobro los Judios
liesidcntes en Erancia. Mexico, 1807.
Cancelada (Juaii Lopez), Iiidice Razonado de lo quo ha dodo a Luz. Madrid,
1814.
XXX vl
AUTTIOIlITinS QUOTFn.
('iiiiccl.iila f.T\i;m Lopf.r), Miiiii'* cii I'apiiflii, rtc, Mailriil, 18.']I.
('imcrliiilii (.liinii L(i;'t/.|, I'lot'iciii ri>li;it.!i. Mexico, ISOS.
CiiH'clacl.i (.fii.iii |y);L'/.|, lir.iii.i, (!o Ii Niii'va K.^iiiu'ia. Ciiiliz, 1811. 4tO.
('(iiircliiila (.iiiiJii Liipi'/), Tr!c';;riifi> .Mixicaiio. (';iiliz, ISl I ct bcij.
("aiircliidii (Juan J^ojic/i, Jji Wrilu'l Sabiila. Cadiz, l.sll.
('aiulaiu" (( iaf^par (iiin/alc/ ik!, .Scinidli. Mexico, 18(10.
(.'aur.loii; taiiiNlai.), I ii; la Itcvoliition all Mf.\ii|uc. n.pl., l.SOO; I)isfCiir8() quo
«l l(i ilo SiticmlirtMli^ lS(Jl. Montcruy, IWJl ; Lii Itovuluciou cu Mu.\iuo.
Maf.'o, lS(i(). Mont.ny, lS(il».
C^arii'ilii (.Iiiaii il(! l)i(isi, .Acnwacioii contni tl I''x-MiniMtro dc ra'licioiics Don
I.i'ici.f .Mauian, Mcx., I8'_'."i; Maniiic^jtoa la Naci(jul:;.'ii).inijla. Madrid, KSJO,
Caiioa ll.a). Mexico, |.SJi)elKii|.
''.iiioiiistas y 'i'eolo;4os. CoiiMiiitn .'i Iom. Mexico, 18.T3.
( 'a|rill.iiiia, i'lindacioM d(^ ( laiicllania do MissMM. Mexicrj, 171.". folio.
CiijiilulMciiin acoiilada para la cvacilaciou de la (^'iiiij.nl de i'liclila. [Puelilu.,
1S_'I.|
Capitui.K'ioii liecha entre Ttiirl)ide y Rodriguez de (Via. [I'liehl.iJ, 18:21.
(,'a[iitidados en Ciudad Fernandez, ItepieseiiUicion ijuc Ion capituludua en
Ciiidiid Fernandez el '.',:) do Mayo. Sail Liiiif I'oto;-!, 1>S;!7.
CarlKijal (Francisco), Diseur.sus del I)iputado. Mexico, 1S4S; Vindicacion.
ISitxico, ISli.
Carl)aial (Fraiic'.sco LeoiO, Discurso aobro la Icgislucioii do lo.s uutiguoa Mcxi-
lanos. Mexico, l.SIJl.
( 'ail> ija.l FsjpjiioHa ( I''ianei."Cf)), ITistori.'i, de Mexico. Mexico, ISCi'J. 'J vols.
Carilena (I'atricio (t.), I'royecto dedicudo y piesentado .-.olm; la filiidaci.jti de
iin liaiico l'onur''i '.1. Mexico, ISoT.
Carden"H y ( 'ano (( lahi iel de), Fnvayo cronologioo pnni la Idstoria general do
la Floi-ida. ^Madrid, IT-."!. I'olio.
Cardona. I'lsposiciou (juo lia dirigido al Senor Comaudaiitc geiiural. Mexico,
l.^;!4.
Cai-lcton (.J. II.), IJattlc of Bneiia Vi»ta. Xcw York, 1S4S.
C.iili (< lian-liiiialdo), ("artan Americana'. M<xii". 1S_M; Mexico, 1822.
* Vulo.s J I., Itelaciou de la lunerte. .Mexico, 1701.
C/".'u'lod HI., .\niorosa coniieiida de Fraiicia. Mex., IT'H ; Obeli.sco que en la
eir.dad dc l.os An'.,(k's. I'lielila, 17ii.'<; I'cal I'lMclaniacion. Mex.,17(il;
ItealcH I'lxeiiiiias, "Jvi y 27 ile Mayo de 1780. Mex., 17'^'.); Keales lvxe(piias,
i) y 10 dc Julio de 17st). I'uei.la, [I7M.'1; Rcale.s i:.\e(iuiaa, 27 y 2S do
Julio de 178!>. Mex., |178!)|; Soleinno Aceiou dc gracias. Mex., 1800.
Carlo.i 1\"., Descripcioii de las fiestas celebradas en la Imperial C'orte dc Mex-
ico, [Mex., 17!K)J; I'claciou de lasexeqiiias fimerales. Mex., 1820; liela-
einii de las cxcquias en 2;{ y 21 dc; .'^ept. de 181!). Mex., 18l.'0.
(^ai'lota.La ljiipcratri/.(.'arlotaen\'er.'iCriiz, Noviembro 18ii."). Vera Cruz, ISO.").
<'arpeiiter ( W. W.), Travels and Adventures in Mexico. New York, 18."1.
CiirriUK'a (.losepli Maria), Discii-.iL, sobre el c.stablccimieiitu do una esciiela
piiblica. Mexico, 1788.
Cari'aisquedo (Te()liIo), Aleg.'to (''" l>iicna pnieba. Mex., 18")1; iManifcstacion
(]ue liacc al pi'ililico cl Juc'r 2'"aino criiriinal dc Mexico. Mex., 18o0.
(^•inv(.n (Kafael), Vindicaci^ a. .'iazatlan, LSO.'!.
Carreia (Lorenzo), Exjiosicion que dirigc al publico. Mej., lS3o; Vindicacion
documentada. Madrid, 18.)0.
(""arrcta ( I.a). Fuebia, 1820 et seq.
JJan'illo (.J. C), Kstudio historico sobre la rnza indigcna de Yucatan. Vera-
cruz, 18()."). 4to.
C.'irrillo (Josii Ignacio), Hcfiitaeion A la dcfcnsa publicada por el C. JosiS
Antonio Nieto. Mexico, I8;?.j.
CairiUo y Ferez (Ignacio), ho ^Iiixinio en lo niinimo. ^lexico, 1808. 4to.
< aria al Fuebia ]\Iexicaiio sobro la conspii'aeiou del Momento. Jlcxico, 1841,
Carta id Fey, delos Oidores. In Col. Doc. lueil.. toni. i.
Carta dc la .\udicncia de Santo Domingo, •'^. ^T. 30 de Agosto de 1520. In
Fachcco and Cardenas, Col. Doc. , toni. xiii.
Al'TIIORITirS Quoxni).
xxxvil
rnrtii (1(1 tuniiilto (le l."iilrl"iii'rfi(l(! |(',:M. TiiT)ni'. 7^i,st.^^l■x.,sc^il' ii. t.nii. iii.
CaitiMlf uii cmiLiili.'gii il l)(iii .Mi;^iul IIiclal;,'ii. .Mixicu, l,s|(».
(Jiirtii lit! 1111 I".\-ililiut.icl'> ill! NiH'Mi Jv-iiaiia Aliiaiito ilil I'ilnaofo Xc/aliiial-
coyotl. Miidriil, iM'-J.
Carta ill' nil I'adit! ix-.li'siiita. In Nucvn Vi.aaya, l>iii'. MS.
Ciita f.iiiiiliiir ilu III) Maccnlutu rcMpiicnta ;i uii culfgial iiiaiyo si'.jo. Mcxiio,
ITli.'). -Ito.
Carta Tastural ilcl Illnm y Extno Seflor Arzohispo do Mexico. MuxiiM, Is.l.'i,
Cirtas .\iiiiTir;iiias. (^Uirr.'tani, lSl-_». MS. 'J vuls.
CartaH di! liidiis. Madrid, 1^77. fiilio.
Carta!< di; \ ali'iitin ( ioim / (Varias) tii ISl,"), a 1). IV'niardo Gonziik'/. Anguloy
ri'siiui"ita ill' istt'. Mi'xii'ii, \S-ir>. lol. MS.
Cartas ('asturali's. A Cipllcctinii.
Cut ilia ill! IMrriK'os luniinu'sta pur iiii Americano. M(?xicr), ii.d.
CartiUa ]iara liw ;,'i frn y lurt iuuIiIhh cii Aiiii'riia. \r\v ^'llrii, 1S23.
( 'aitilla solirc (jiia lie ( liisaiius di' Si;da. Mixico, IS.'Jl. 4ti).
CartiUa y dui'trina ('s])iritiial. Mexici), 177">.
Carto;,'ia|iliy of till- I'aiilii; States. Sail Franeiseo, 1873. MS. .'< vols.
Ca.s:i (La), I'lrerriiia sular ilu.-itro eii ijuo naiiii la, lleyna do lo.-i A:igele3.
Mexico, l(iS!». 4ti..
Cas.'idelaCoiitratacinii lie Sciiilla, Ordeiiaiiza^i Reales. Valladulid, 1004. -Iti).
( '.isaiiiiva ( lose), Kii'-ayos I'nOlicos. .Mexico, l.S."»l.
Cas;i lVre;,'rili!id;- Li>rct.>(I„i). Mexico, lOsil.
Casas (tiiiillcii de las), Carta al I'ey. In Cartas de Ilidiaa,
Caia.iula (■)().<• Maria), Acusaiii)ii li.cal Mcx., 1S.")I ; .Vciisacion quo en la tci'iera
sala.ctc. Mex.,lS,"j.S; Alcaiiceal t'ollcto tituladi. riM/iilK'Ti>ni<. Mc\., |SJ7.
Cass (Lewis), Speech on proposed occupation of Yucatan, May 1(», LS-kS.
■\Va^lii:iL,'ton. I SIS.
Cas3 (JA'wis), War with Mexico. Speeches Jan. 3, 1S47; Feb. It), 1S47;
March 17, ISJS. WasliinLcton, 1.S47 S.
Castancda (C .Fesnsi, Oracinn civica prominciada. Mazatlan, 1S(!'2.
Castaficda ((Jahriel), ItclaciDn de la JDrnada ipic jiixo l)on Francisco SaiidiAal
Aca.dtli. In Ica/halceta, Col. Doc, toll), ii.
Castancda yX.ijevn, lulornic al en defensa de MM. de A/.carate. !Me\i 'n, ISi'.l.
Cast.'i"ii::a (Juan Francisco), Kelacion del Jiestaliliciuiieuto de la Sa;,'rada
Conipauia de Jesu ;. Mexico, ISIO.
Casta :ii;;a (Maria Teresa), Breve Esposicion sobre la Testamcntaria de Mixi.o.
ls;!0.
Castaiii.'a (Teresa), Piscursoa do loa Srca Senadorca sobro nulidad del tista-
ii;ento. Mexico. IN.HO.
Castclaxo. Maniiiesto de la llirpioza de la Xegociacion do Minas, etc. }kkjico,
IS'JO.
Castcllano (Andi'i's Patino), l^ercchi) A]iiiloji;i''tioo. Mexico, 17l'>.
(.'astcllanos (-luan dc), l']lc;;ias de Vanmes ilustres dc liidi:is. Madrid, l.S."i7.
CastiUaui'S (-Manuel), Dcfcnsa heclia en I'l juici.) verlial. Mexico, l;S(i,").
Castilla y I'cross.) (Francisco Uonicro dc), .\puntea llistoricos sobre el archivo
^'cncral do Simamas. Madrid, l'>7.">.
C.-istillo (Antonio del), Menioria sobre las Miu.'is De A/ogno de Aimrica.
Mexico, 1S7I.
Castillo (Antonio del). La Vida del Venerable P. Fr. Ivan de Castro. MS.
Castillo (I). T. di'l), La Piostituciun o C onsecueneia.s de nn liial i jeniplo.
Mexico, l.S3(i.
Castillo (Dcnietrio del), Provecto de ley sobre arreLjIo de la Conlaihnia in;, vor.
Mexico, 1S4'J.
Castillo (I leri'tiiiiMo), Diccionario llistovico, lliogralico y ^lonr.mciital do
Yucatan. Mi'rida, ISoli.
Castilla (.Mi,'ucl de), I'^spcjo De Kxemplarcs Obispos. Mexico, lOViS. MS.
Castillo (i'cdro I'ernr.iidc/',), Fsposicion. Mc\., l.'>!8; Senteiicias absolutoi'ias
eu b' y :;iMnsiaucia. Mex., lS4;i; Senteiicias lijsolutorias promuicialaa.
Mex.,'l8o0.
XX win
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
I IP
Castillo (PimIim Ttaiiiirc/ del), Litras fclixincntc lavroaila-i. M('\ico, 17"J4.
Castrilloii (Antonio), Oration liinuln'i' [)ano_'\ rico. .Mexico, 1714.
Castro (i'ranci-ic-o dc), l^a Octava Maravilla y sin scyiindt) niila.;ro dc Mtxico.
.Ml
17-J!).
Castro (.l(isc|(li di), ])iri'ctorio jiara intonuacioiR'S do lo-s I'rL'tundientt'S do cl
Santo Jlaijito. Mexico, 17.'i7.
Castro (.losi'jili) I'rinicra llcyla du la IVeunda !Mudro Santa Clara do -V.ssia.
.M
cxico, 17ol>
Ca.'-tro (Josipli ill), Yiai^c ilc Ainorica a Itonia. !Moxico, 174.").
Castro (.losfjih Anj,'iistiii dc), Auto dr Coutricion. I'lii'lila, 17'.M; Ku F.Iogio
del Amor.
.Mix., KSt)'.l: (Jratitiidcs dc un cxircitanti'. I'ucliia ilc 1.. A.
'.i;{ ;
Ml
ScntiniiLMito.s do la Ai
i7>S(i.
Mi.x., 17.S(J: Ti
ifo del ■Silcncio.
Castro (.luan do l)ios)* Dt'fonsa. Mcjico, ls;i'2.
Castro (I'l'dro Muno/, df), jlxaltaiion Ma;.;nilii'a. ^Mexico. I(i07. 4to.
Casti'o (liiif.ul). Carta soliro la ni/ci'sidail do fstabk'ccr nn caniino do liicrro
I'ntrc Wia Cruz y Mijii
\'
•ra Cruz, 1>S,"
Castro Croin/is), rroclania dirigiJa j'l los \'oluntario.s du Fernando Xil., 'Ji) ile
\ov., ISOS. Mexico, IHO's.
Catoiisnio para nso ilc los I'arrocos lioclio por cl IV Concilio Proviiici.il !Mi x-
icano. Moxico, 177-.
Causa Cili'brt: contra lo.s asosinos do I). Flor. I'^gcrton y Doiia laus Edwards.
Ml
(
;nisas mas
IS 14.
("111.
Col,
do las. Moxico, \S,r>4. '2 vols.
Cavanillos (Antonio), iUstoria do Jlspaiia. ^Madrid, l.Sti.l-li. ."» vols.
Cavo (.Xndii's), Jjos Ties Si^'los do ^loxico. Moxico, IboCi-S. itvola.; Moxico,
1S.V_>; ,)alapa, lS(i().
(.'ayol'uto, (laoota Ivxtravagantc. Moxico, IS'JO ot acq.
Coa ((ionaro tins do), Olisorvacionos aooroa do la iutcrvencion Kuropoa oil
M.
J 10,
J'aris, 1S.V.).
I'oliallos (lianion), Voiutu Cuatro capitiiloson viudicacion do Moxico. Mailriil,
ISrid.
(M.allos y Dol Con,lo (Ramon do). Do iI,jico. Mailrid, IS.'iS.
Ctdula Real do S. .M. y sonoros dol Real y Supromo oonsojo do las Indias.
11. pi., ISK).
Cc'ilula Jtial, JCxpodida por S. Mago.stad on '2 do Xov., 177;!. ^Mexico, 1774.
t'olio.
Cedilla Real para la, fuiidacion do la cofradia do Santiago en la ciiidail do
Mi'xioi), 17li8.
Co'hila soliro ooiK
ilios 1
ro\ incia
los -21 do Ai^osto, 17(i:). [Moxico, 17(J'.).j
(•oiliilas Ordoiianzas V l'ro\ isionos Roalos, l.VJS I'l l.'idS. MS. foliu.
«
oiliilario.
A ( 'ol!coti,)ii.
loiiiucino)
1 ?of.
ly ^ISS. folio. ;t ^ols.
Ml
lS.-)2.
< 'rlis (.luan Xi'i
(A'lis (U.), Catalii..;,) do los S .;otos ,lo la (.'omjiania do Jesus el ilia dol arresto
do.li
Ml
1S71. 4t
Coiiionti'iio do Xuo.stra Sonoia do Los ibigeles do Moxico. Mexico, IS.jO.
( 'on.-^or (111). \'eraoiuz, lS4;)etsoi|.
Censor ( iciior.il (I'A). C.iili/, ISl'J ot .so.
Coinor !M,
• (Kl). Moxico, 1S_';; ot soq.
('out iiiolii (I'll). Cliihualma, IS.")."! ot scj.
Ceiitiuela I'cleral (l';i). Tlalpaiii, ISJit et soq.
Copoila (Fernando), Rolaci
ivor.sal Lou'itiina y Vonladcra dol sitio en i\\n!
sta t'vndada la muy noMo, etc., eimlad do .Mexico. Moxico, ltj;>7. lolio.
'2 vols. I .M.S. notes liy .Vlvaroz .Serrano. 1
CcvliMutos ( VL;naeii)( luiiilalupo). Syno|iois,le vaiiosd,'erotos. [Valladolid. ] M.S.
Cc'.ralvo (.Maripio.i do), Acusaoiou por oahiinnia. [Madrid, lUIJd.j folio.
Ccrtilicacioii do las Mercedes. MS.
( 'ol•^antos(•(os^'•M.^'
Ccr\-.iiites (.!u!io M. ), l'.\]
Octubro do 18vi'J. QuereUu'o, ISli'J.
lor^.Fo.itivas.Vclaiiiacionesdo Xalapa. 'Mi'xico, ISOfl.
osicion ,ia,' ,'ii su l.Vleiisa ilirij,' al Congrojo lii <lo
AUTIIOrJTIES QUOTED.
xxxix
litK) I'll l|l'.U
hi;!", lolio.
Ct-rvi'f.n {.Tom- Y.). Ainiiitniidiics .solire la industria pi'cuaria cu Yiaahi
Mi'X. Soo. duoj,'., Pxilctin. '2a I'-l'., tum. iv.
Ccsavia (Jiiaii .Manuel), I!i';>rt'seiita».i()ii jhh- cl clcro ilo Mexico al (lobieruo
iSu[>i
Cliaiiiiin
vino. Mi'xii'o, is 17
o V
1)
1S_'1
iiuinii|i]i, I>uiIo;,'(i Joco-scrio solire la Iiulciicniloi
Ml
Se;:uiflo l)ial)L;o. Mcx., ISlM.
(.'liaiiiiilaiu (SaiiiiRl). Xiinativi^ of a \'(i\ai^i' to the West Inilies and Mexico
ill tlio Yeans l.V,l'»-l(i02. Lomloii. i.s.VJ.
C'liMiiilicr (Zacliaryl, S|ieeeli in the V. S. Senate, July \'2, lS(i7. n.^il., n.il.
( 'iNiniay lUisiiv). Le Mexinue. Paris, IS(i;j.
CliiiiiH line (P. ), Moll \'oyago all Mexi(jue. Paris, IS.'iO. '2 vols.
( 'liiiteanliiialiil I.M. del, \'oya;j;es en Aineri(|Ue. Paii.s, u.d.
L'ha.idoii (L. M.I, and P. A. Delaailine, Nouveau ])ictionnaiio Ilistoriiiiie.
Lyons, ISOl. i;i vols.
Cliavero (.MtVe h>), Algunaa ohscrvaeioiics al Senor AVa;,'ner. Mixieo.
('he\ ;ilter(Mielu ll, l>u Mexi(juc avant et Meiidant hi eon(|uelo. Paris, 1.S4.").
Clicvalicr (Micliell, I,e Mexii|iic .Vneieii et Modeiiie. Paris, ISli.'i; Paris, 1S04.
(Iiev.d'er (MiilieH, L'Jlxpedition du Mexiiiue. Paris, iStiJ.
Chevalier (Mielitl), Mexico Ancient and .Modern. IaiiuIoh, 1804. '2 vula.
('Iii:i;ias, ])ocuinentos Origiiiales para la histoi ia d.' ( 'hiajia
M.S.
("Iii;il)a.s y Yucatnn, M
emorias solire
liiiiites, UtS-2 a I7G7. MS.
Chi!
ipa, Keprescnuiciiin i|Ue los vecinos enii;,'rai
dos de la villa de. Mc:;ico, ISlo.
CliiljiantriiiL,'!!, Solire trilmtos a]dicados a la lirlcsia. MS. IT.'iO-T'l. fulit
C'liiiialp^iiii, Hist. Cmihi. See (ioiiiara (I'lancisi'o Lopez de), Jliat. !Mex.
Cliiiiaea (La). Mexico, ISii'J et seij.
Chiva (I)oiningo Ant.;, (,'oni
ipeni
Hi. St.:
M<
Cliiileru, Preceptos liinirllicos. Mejico, I'-i.'A).
■J'
is;]
Chynoweth (W. H
U'ris),
'J'lie Fall of .Maximilian. London, LjT-.
Ciscar (G.), Cnrso do l^studios I'lcinentahM de .Marina. Mexico, LS'J.'i. 4 vols
Citial]iopoca (X. S.), de S. P. l>irectorio de Conl'es,iores. .Mixico, ITL".
Ciiidad do .Me:
tantes (
le \i
Pn
J
.ICO,
iteva J',.-iiiana
jclaina (lue l.i iioL
la diri;;e ;i los lidelisiinos liabi
l.\K
ISIO.
( 'iiiiladano (i'"l), niilitar .Xnuricano ainantc dc la Pa/. Mexico, l," _'l.
Clailcra (Cliristobal), Iiivestiyacioncs llistoricas. .Mailrid, ]7'.'4.
Clailiirnc (\V. C. C.), I'.xtractof a letter from, to the lion. Sccretaiy of Stilto
if the L'. S, 1):
eceriilier _j
.M.S.
Clav.i del In.lio (La). .Mexico, ]S()-J.
CI.ivc (Felixi, llistoria dc Pio l.\. .Mexico, lS.-,3.
(iavi^ero (l''r.incisco Saverio), History of .Mexico.
Clavi;cro (r'rancesct^ Saverio), Sloria .Vntica dvl Messi-'o. Ceseiia, 17SD. 4ttJ
Ion, 17S7. -iti
il.-^
4 vols.
Cic
Cle
fDi(".;(i), Menioria soh.c las moncdas on
Castilhi. MS. f.
it XllL, Sane i snni in ( liristo i'atris, CoiistitiUio (pia Listiliuum So-
Mexiio. I7(ir).
luvc lie Xnestro .May .Santo Padre. Madrid, 177'!; 1.1 Ll.into
.'tatis.li
Cienuiitr.XiV., )
.M
fu
oxico oil los tiernos lecuerdos.
Me
neioiio:
heclui
IS en el coiiclavo.
Ml
i:
17iJ'.».
Xolii
■ta de las
Clero do la P.dosia Mejii'ana, ()[)iisciilo en defe'.is,i del. Mejico. ]s"7.
Club tJilorrorii, Uoghiinento ilel, llstablei ido cu la \' ilia do ^lier, I'.dh' I'eb. do
1S70. Mi or, LS7t).
Chisorot (0.), Mexico and the solidarity of Xations. Xow York, isiil).
Coiihuila, Liiciativa <lo la .luiit,
l solil'c I'eloi nias.
.Mux., lS4.-i: 1
iiiciati\a sobro
efornia eonstitutioiKi
I Mix., iSt.-.; M
euiolia (jile i
i
xino ."'I'lii
ico
(lobernador "J do Lnoro do lS,"i2. SaltiJo, ]S.V_>: Jiiii.ida Oie
caiiipaiia one )ii/o e
lai;
Coal
i'
ipida < ),joa
111, Xoticia
1 I leiieral .Mnta-.\i
.Mex.,lsl7; S.
|eail,i
e:/anda pai
An. .Mex
.i estadist
., 1S47.
ica.s sobro
lie .Ic
el Partiil 1 do. More'.la, IsilL
d.
Cobli ( ijouell), Speech in U. S. lloiiso of Pep., I'ob. '.?, \MS. ii.pl
Cocke (William M.), Speech in U, S. Hou.h: of lop , .May IS, iM^. \\ ash-
in^jtoii, lrt4S.
AUTHORITIES QUOTED,
III !
Ill I
fmlcx riiinifilpnpopfi. MS.
('(>(li\'l'(ll(ri;iiii) KiMiuiisis, J']x]ilio;R'ii)n. IiiKiiigHboroiigh's Mt'X.Antifi.,V()l,v.
< 'iMli;j:() (1(> J^cycs (Id liidias. MS. I'nlio.
Cudi.!.,'!! I'('ii;il (U'crctjuli) iior 1;ih ( urtcs .saiicionado y prDiiiiilgadcj cii 1!) do
Niarzo <lc ISIS. Mexico, 1S4S.
fiMli'^o I'nictiia < Vimiiial. ii.pl., |l7t"i.l '2 vols.
( 'oliiii ( laiuiH !!.), Wiiidsof tlio Xoitlicni iri'Miisphcrc. Wa.sliington, 1S,"),T. 4to.
Colrccioii do Articiilos .solirc a'/aiiiicr.to do proliiliicioiu ■<. Moxiio, 1S.")|.
Colocoioii do l>oiuiiioiitos Jlii'ditos jiara la lli-^toria do Iv-ipafia. Madrid,
l,Sl_'-7.'{. ;")!» vols,
("o'ofuioii do Notioias do Muelias do las Iiulal;,'oiicia.s. Moxico, IT'^T.
( 'cjlocoiou d(! Vaiios (looiiinontos intoiosaiitos lolativos al Doci'cto .\iiticonsti-
tiK'ioiial. J,ooiia,-Vicano, IS.'tO.
<~"olf'i'oioii Eilosiiistica Moxioaiia. Moxioo, 1S;{4. 4 vols.
Coloooioii (ioiioral do las I'rovidoiuias. Madrid, 17<i7.
Cologio do Alio,;,'ados do Moxioo, Estatiltos y (,'oiistitiuiono>?. Madrid, 17(10;
Li.sta alfaln'tioa y croiiologioa do loa Kcuoroti oniiil'ailos o iudividuos.
Moxico. IS.VJ.
C'ologii) do J'lscrihanos do Moxioo, Estatiitoa, 1!) do .Tiiiiio do I7!l:2. Mni'i,
17!W.
f'ologio do X. S. do (iiiadalnpo ilo /aoatnoas, J']s(;riptin'a do Pi'dtostuoioii. .'il.'.
Cologio do Sail (Irogoiio, Jnvorsioii do las roiitas. Mr"ji<Mv, is;j;t.
Colegio do Sail .liian clo hotraii, Los Sliidioos <lol Coiicurso lorniadoji liionis do
Eraiicisoo Volardo. (iiiadala jara, ISdO.
('ologio ilo San lVdii> V ."-'an I'alilo do Moxioo y sii llaci'iiili. MS. IS-J(. filio.
Colugio do Saliva Maria do Todo.s Santos. A Colloolion of M ->S. and print.
i'olio.
Cologio Militar, I''l (Jonoral do Division Mariano Arista snplio i a V. .'^o -'wvix
asistir u los actos piil)lioos. Moxioo, JS.'iO.
Coliina, laisayo lv-;tadistioo s:iliio el toriilorio. Mox., IS|!1; lN|io':!oi mi iji'.o
al Snproino < lohionio X.-icional liaco la Dipniaoion. Mix., ki'JJ; liii[ior-
tanoiado lanportma dol jhiorio <lo Man/anillo. ii.jd., 1'.!.").; I:iip',ign:'rioii
;l la inii'iativa. Mox., l.S.'iO; La X'ordid t.olnH? los acontociniioiito.s. (Jua-
d ilajara, |S!1| ; llciloxionrs I'l iiotas .-il inforiiio ipao dii'i al ( Joliioi !'i. ( !nad"-.
ISl.'i; i;'^]irosoiitaoion (pio ol prinioiM a ynntaniionto. (!n:nl'>., |S{">.
Colonias Miiitaios, I'royiH'to ])aia ii Ivjtaliiooiniionto v.i las J'lon'.oras do
Orionlo V Ooiidoiito. Mox., ISIS. Jto; lioglainoiilo par.i ol ];...alilooiiiii-
onto do las, on la Siorra-( iorda. Mox., 1S4!(.
Coloniaioioii, 1 'ooiiinontos (|iio I'uMioa l;i |)iro('oiou do. Mox., 1S4S; XncvJi
I'royooto di> Colonos I'roprii'tai ios inodioros .arrondatai ios y asala'.-iados.
Mox., 1S4S; Troyc'ctos do (,'oloiii/:\('ion prosontailos jxir la junta dol ruiio.
Mox., IS4S; lioglainonto di; la Diroooion do (Joloni/acion. Mox., I,S1.").
Coloipiio oiitro Soplirono y ].,ooiiiilo soliro niatorias politio.is. MS.
Coinoi'iianti .s do Moxioo, Esposioion diri ;ida .al ( Joliioiiio. Moxioo, IS.Id.
L'oinoroio do la, ( 'indad do Moxioo, Uoprosontaoion ipic diriji; al Coiigros;) Na*
oional. Moxioo, IS.'IK.
CollK'i'oio Ivxtiiior, Ohsorvaoioncs oontra la r,iliortad dol. I'uoMa, lS.'i"i.
C'oinoroio do (Inailalajara, J'^sposioion (pio dirijo al Supioino (.!ol)ior;io.
(Jiiail.-dajarji, ls;t7,
Coinoioio do Xiiova Es[iana. MS. |l7liS.] folio.
Coniisiiiu Mixta do ];ool;;niaoioiios do Moxico y los Iv-itado^-l'nidos. ^foxioo,
lS7(i.
Conionrort (T';naoi'>K ^r.-nii!ioslo. ^Tarzo 4, IS"" [M(\., lS"i7|; Mani'iosto,
.Ia!v, IS.iS. Xow York, IS."iS; I'uljlioa di.ranto sii goliiiino on Mi xioo.
Xii('v,-i ^■ol■u, is.-is.
C'onioto I I'lorciiiio I 'ore), Disoiirso tiatrii'itioo contra l,a rolh lion ono acan^lilliv
AC
('oni|i:
lira I lidalgo.
M.
.lolC
unino lie riorro i
Id. I
1(! T.ionliavM, Infoni
•1
■io ( ;
L'lltO
;i jo-i ,S( iioros
.\.
•lonistas.
M.
iscit.
C.'oiniianiii J)ol Canal •.]>.■ Moxioo ;i Clialci.
M
0X100,
ISUU.
AUT! lOrJTlKS QUOTED.
xU
Coinii;
( 'oiniMU
,1c Tn
V Liiciyos, Ci)nstiliK'iiiiirs. ^Icxico, IS'Jfi.
l.i |)>^ ('<)lo;ii/;iiiori Asi itica, i;>tituti).i. Mexico, ISdii.
Ciiinii.u'iM K.sjilot;iiliir;i ilc lus I'Liciixs ]h: Oro cii la .Sionii-.M;iilii'. Mi'ji
IS,
>/.
(•.,11
Icl Fc
■,inil (li: <)i'iz;i\";i ;i Vera Oni/, I'^statiitd
Ml
Jii'.il (.'iilul.i lie I'heccioii 10 .Maiv.o 17^."). Madiiil,
l|i:iiii:i <
Coiiij'MrLia iK; Filipi
1 17'i.").J fiili".
( 'i)ni|Mruii. il'i Iiiilustri.i t'li Tl.ilpini, I'soritnra do .\si)ci;:cii)ii. Mr\iei>, IS
Coiiii'iuiia <lc Jcsii.s, Al lley N la Sra iixr la 1'
ISCI.
lie.].
,1.: Cahil.i
I'liviuria ik' la ( .iiii|i.iiii;i. ii.
lis .*^ii,'('ti>s. Mi'X., 1.S7I; < 'oii'ei'ioii (111 Ural I)(i'ni,
do 117 I'olii-or.) Ti'iii'. Madrid, 17ii7. fulio; Coloooiuu goiioiiil il.
dv:
M:
d, 17(17; DolV
• lo Im, So. 1. Mox.. ISH; Iai
n)s;i'iiiii
dol I'liiviiioial do la. Mux., lS,"i,"i; Jiifmiiio i|iio lia/o la Pros iiuia do l.i.
I'lifhla, 17-';'; Nanaoiou do las iiiuotias do jiihilu. I'liebla, IS.il!; Jtila-
ciciii di 1 rcst:i!)Iooiiiiioiili). |Mo\.J, ISld.
Conipaiiia LiiiKastoriaiia, lOxpo.sioiou ijue diiigc. ^Fox., lS."i7; Ivoyl.iiiK iito.
.Mox., IM.
M.
:a Liinitnda dol Forrocarril Moxicano, Coudio
;ioi), im;;».
101103 (
1.: A:
sooiMomii,
Cciiii]i;iiiia do .Miiias Donoiniiiada llostauradora dol ^liiioial do C'atorco, Flan.
Moxioo, 18.")!.
ia do .Miiia.s ro-itaiuadora do Toiiiascaltopoo, Iiifoniiaoioii, prosupuosto.
M<
is;;,s.
( 'oilll
afiiiiilo Mliias Z.icatooMiio-Moxioaiio, Infori
i^ro
ISU.
Ciiiiyii (Timi.'is do), Ivslado do 1;m i.sl.i.s l''ili;ii]wu on ISIO. Madrid, 1820.
Coiioosioa (
hi L
orrooarn
I oiilio Mo\i
'y
\'ora Clii/ into ol C.iu^i oso. Mox-
ioo, ISOS.
Mixioaiio Provincial ITT. y IV., Catooismo y Simia do la I)oitriu;i,
( 'liri^itiana.
IM'
1771. MS. tV
("oiioilio I'rovinci.il Moxicano IV. JIS. folio. "J vols.
Conoilios Provincial s Moxioaiios. 1', 2', .'!', y t ; 1.")")"), ].")i!."'), l.'iS.'i, 1771.
iio oii:;iiial
M-
i.iris, 1/
172.-); .Ml
tOO ird.s. lolio. ,'i vols.; also editions
I7(i2, 177(».
.M.
r/o.);
Coiido y (Jnuoiido (I'raiicisoo X.ivior), Discrtaoion liisti'irioa. Mexico, I
2 \ids.
Coiido y ()niioiid(j (FraiK isoo Xavior), Ohra (Af
larioion i
lo Xnost
(iu:idalii])o). .M.-
; vols.
Toiid'.' V Pinoila. (Fraiicisi:o), Oraciou Moral. Moxioo, ISOt).
C.indi
<lcl It al As.-ionto y tVilnic.i do |ii'il\
M.
nostra .Soiioia do
I7'n. fuli
( 'oiidioioiios y SomMaiizas do los Jlipulado.s a ooi tos iSJDy 21. Madi id, 1S21.
Coadiiut I Ilegal del ininistoiio do Ilacicndi. .Moxioo, ISU.
Co\i''jal'os (F. do P. Alonso llili/, do). La N'irtiiil Veii^'ada. ]\Iex., Isll ; |,;i
Mt
Ml
18.-.;!.
I.' inejo ({'"lorentin), Aciisaeioii. Mexioo, ISi;?.
(,'ongi'oso Constituyent.o a los pueblos dol Jvstailo I'o Moxioo. Tlaliian, is;);),
( 'oiii^l'o.so. Soo " .SK
(.'oiii|ui.stador Aiic'iiiii
(
(Ml), l^ola. ion. In loazlialo-ta. Col. 1),,,'., b
'oiis.i^' (l''orniindo), \'ii!a. y traba jos del P. .Vntoiiio Toinpis. |.Moxii'o, 17t!>.l
^.OIISOJC
v,o''encia i
lo !•:
'V'
Indi.
la All
also .Mexico, ISIO. l',,li.
spauola. Ctdi/, ISl I ;
(
onsojos ill
1 I .\nii..l,id. Me
is;! I.
Coiisorvador (I'"il). Mexico, ls."(!> et
_onMoelai.'lono-< ; ohi'o
.Ml
IS4S.
o la .Siliiaoioa Polilica y social do la IJojii'i
Mo
('oiisliturimi |iolilica. do la Moiiar(|ti(a Ms]i;iriol;i. Cildi/, iSP.
( 'onstilncion Sai'iosancti .V|ios(o!aliis, .Sle\ico, ISIS.
Colistitlioional (ill). .Moxioo, ISlt et i:oi(.
I'oIHI ilaoiolics t\r la ( 'oil'
re .Melon v
i:
deC
iristo.
M.
on •titiiciiiiics do la llial Dideii Aiiioricaua do isaliol la Catnlica. .Madi
hslU.
xlii
AuxnorjTiEs quoted.
J
!i
f'onstitiicioiics E/lcsiasticic ili.sputaniln3 propa^'andiffjuc in aula rcgct antiq,
Mexico, [IT'J'J.J
Conatitiu-iiiiKs, INj^'Iu y Cunstitnciones quo han ilc guardar iuj I^cliqiosaa do
lo.s Coiivi'iitos (le Nuustra Scfiora do la Concejieion. Mexico, 170.'^
CoiiKtiiiccioii du la iiiDiiarquia do Espafia. I'roiiiulyada on Cadiz, I'J do .Marzo,
ISl-i. Mexico, ISJO.
Consiilta del (,'onsojo Lxtraordinario do Castilla al Rey. MS. 1707. folio.
ContoHtacioii a la circular quo romitio u loa Profesoroa do ^Icdicina. Mojico,
IS 10.
Contcstacioii ;i la cxposieion que !ian prescntado al Roy algunos ex-diputado3
do America resideiite.i eii Madrid. Mexico, LSilO.
Coiite.stueiou al Articulo infanuitorio contra la Repiiblica Mexicana. Mexico,
IH-JS.
Coiiteatacioii al 8nplenicnto al Xo. 21 ilcl Cosniopolita. Mexico, IStl.
Contcshu ion del (Jura du la Aldea do uu "ueblo do Jalisco. .San Lui.s Potosf,
i8;',s
Contestit r cncrahleCahildo Mctropolitaiio Alaa dos notasdol Supremo
(Joljier. lia 14 del corriento lOncro. Mexico, 1S47.
Contcstacioii Vicario Capitular do Arzubispado a la Circular do ID do
Mayo. Mexico, 1847.
Conte.stacion quo ha dadoal Supicanoflobierno la AltaCorto do Jubticia. sobro
el Descoiiocimiciito quo D. Lucas Alamau liaco do sus Ministroa. Aloxico,
1S;54.
Contostacioucs, Coutinuacion do loa documcntoa relativosi'i la cesaciou eu sua
funcioiics del Escmo Ayuutanuento. Mexico, 1S4I}.
Contesticionos eutro el Supremo Cobienio y el Escmo Ayuutamiento. ^Mexico,
KS4;{.
Contra loa cncmigos del Rcgimicnto do (irJcnes militares. ^lexico, 18'J1.
Contra las Verdades ■'iiiargas. Mexico, 1.S21.
Contra-Tiiinpo (101). Mexico, ISlGetscq.
Coiitreras (.Jcjs.i Mariano), Las (lar;nitiaa Individualea en el Dcpai'tamento do
Sau Luia Totosl. Mexico, 1S41.
Contreras (Joso I'eon), Kl Seiior do Ecatcpcc, Lcyeuda Ilistorica. Mexico,
1872.
Contreras (Rafael ,S.), Relacion documeutada. Tlalpam, 1820.
Convenciou Es[).u")ola, Conteslaciou a la niemoria quo sobro ella hizo ]). ,M.
I'ayno. Valencia, ISoS.
Convendraquo Ins juocea de los Tribtmales scan i)erpctuo3. [Oajaca, 182(1.]
Conveniencia del Tribunal Mercauli!. ^lexico, 1832.
Convento do la lOnearnacion, Mandatos do los Illiaoa Arzobispos do Mexico
il laa Religiosaa del. M.S.
Convento do Xuestra iSonura del I'ilar, Relacion historica de la fuudacion,
JNlcxico, 17'JI{.
Convento del San Geroiij'nio, Rcgla y Constitucioncs. Puebla, 1773.
(.'unveiito de S. Lorenzo, IJ.egla y Constitvcionos. Mexico, 1707.
Conventos do la Ciudad, Pepresentaci'^'i. Mexico, KiOo. 4to.
Conveision de la Deuda Esterior, Estiacto del es|)ediente. Mexico, 1840.
Convite ii los Catidicos Americanos couformo a lo quo Dioa y las cortcs exigen
do .su fe. ^lexico, ISlt.
C(mvocatoria, Observaciones Imparciales. Mexico. 18(i7. 4to.
Copia del ICspediento forniad(j a pedimento do la S^u Anna ^'^arla do Yracta
y ]SIicr, etc. MS.
Ci)pia de la Kepresentacion al Rey Don Fernando VII. Mexico, 1820.
C.irdoba (Tirso Pafaell, El Sitio ]>e Puebla. Puebla, 18G:1.
( oreal (Francois), Voyages aux Indes Occidentales. Paris, 1722. 2 vols; Am-
sterdam, 1722. 2 vols.
Corona Civica ;i los lli'iius del 2 <lo Abril de 1807, Division do Opcracioncs
.soliro Yucatan. Merida, lS(i8.
Comna ( llamnn). Manifcstacion (pio liaee, d(! su conducta observuda eon el
General Placido ^'ega. ilazatlun, 1803.
AUTHORITIES QUOTED,
xliii
roroiiail'i (Est''vnti), Manifcstacinu suliru sus nci'ioiios. Maziitlnn, IS.'O.
Corral (Juan Josi'^ del). lirovu ii'sufia mAne fl cstutlo de la Ihicii'iida y del
Crcdito riil)lic:(). Mix., lt>-lS; I'ajiuaiciuu du los pcrjuiciob qiicha causado
al Ihario. Mcx., 1H;}4.
Corral ( Luis (jlonzuga Gutierrez del), Sennou hiatorico-apologutieo. Puebla,
i.s:}u.
Correo Atlaiitico (El). ^Mexico, ISIJ.'t et txij.
(,'orreo do J^spaua. Mexioo, IhJ-l et .so((.
CoiTCO dc 111 J'cderacion. Mi.xico, 1 IS'J(i et .soq.
(-'orreo do los ^>i^os (Kl). Mexico, ISIIJ et ^eq.
Correo Xaeional (El). Mexitto, )M7 et sei|.
CoiTOo Si'iiiaiiario do Mexico por el peiisador Mexicano. Mexirn, IS'Jfi.
Cortazar (Luis tie), iJocunientos relativos ti la eonducta del (Joliernador do
Guaiiajiiato. Morelia, 1815!).
Cnrtt'H (Aiisehno), I'royeeto do Pronto Pago de la deuda. Mexico, 18.V2.
Corti'ti (He. lan) Aventuras y ('(UKjuistab de llernau Cortds en !Mejico. Bar-
eclolia, ; 10; Mexico, IS,').'!.
Cortrs (Iferi.aii) Uricfe dcs. lleidellicr;.', 1770.
(jjrtca (Henian) lirieven. Amsterdam, l7iS(J 1.
Cortc.s (llcrii:\u). Carta rl 8. C. C .M. acerca do los repartimientos, \~>42.
Loudres, liS.")-!.
Corti'.s (Ilcrnaii), Carta de Pelacio. Seville, I.'rJ'J.
Co'tcs (Ilernan), Carta tercera do Pclacio. ,">evillc, lij23.
Cortes (H( man). Cartas y Itelacione.-; de Hernan Cortes al Empcrador Carlos
V. Paris, lS(i(J.
Corti s (Henian), He Pcbiis Ce.stis. In Ica/lialreta, Col. Doc, torn. i.
Cortis OIi'Hian), Despatches of llern.inil;' Cortes. \e\v York, 1S43.
Corti's { Ilernan), ICscritos Sueltos. .Mexico, ].s71.
Cortcs( Hernan), l'"ernan<liCort.'sii vondem Newen Hispanien. Augspui'g, 1,").")0.
Cortes (Ilernan), Historia de Mejico. Xneva York, IS'JS.
Corics (ilernani, Historia de Nucva Hspaua. [l^iUteil liy Lorenzana.] Mexico,
1770.
Cortes 'Hernan), Inslruciion dada al Licenciado, lo.li. In Paclieeo and
Cardenas, Col. Doc., tom. xiii.
Cortes (Hernan), La Preclara NiU'rationo. Venice, 1,"'J:2.
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Cortes (Ilernan), LeUirs and lUports by Cortes and other Odicers to the
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Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. iJoc, tonis. v., xii., xiii., xiv. ; Icazbalcetii,
Col. Doc, tom. i.; Hist. Piim., torn, i.; Panmsio, tom. iii.; Pi'oaden-
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^lex. Antii|.; Alaman, l)ioert; Corles, I'l.'^critos Sneltos.
Corti's (Ilernan), Oder die lanberung viju Mexiko. n.pl., n.d.
Corti's (Henum), Ou la Coni|Ui';e du .M<xii|ue. Paris. ISU'I.
Cortes (Hernan), Praeclara de \oua maris (Jceani lly.-^pania Xarratio Xori:n-
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Cortes (Henian), Kesidencia. MS. l.VJS. folio.
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Cortes (Hernan), 'J'res .sacri'e Iinperiale et catli"li(jue mageste liii cstant en l.'i
cite de Palace euCastillc .\nuei-s. [I.">J_'.]
Cortes (Hernan)„ \'ervi>lg der liei.-in, etc. lu Aa, tonis. x., xxviii.
Cortes (Hernan), Von dem Xewcn His]ianien. ^\u;;-i|iuri:, l."),")0.
Cortes, iiartyr, et al.. Do Insvlis nvj.i r in\i litis I'l 'inandi Corte.'^ii ad
(.'arolum V. Xarrationcs cum alio (piodam I'elri Nutrt.\ris. n.pl., 1. >;!_'.
Cortes de llsjiana, Actas de las ( 'cirtcs < )i'ilinari.as. (,'adi/, [ ISLi. | "J mi!.-;.
Cortes do Espana, Actiis Publicas de la Primera Legislatura. Madrid,
lS-JO-1. '2 V(ds.
Cortes de l^sjiana, Coleecion de Deeretos y Ordenes. Mexico, \S2',).
Cortes de Espana, Diario dc las Actas y Diseusioues de las CorteH. }^ladi id,
PS'JtJetseip
Ill
I
In
lllllljl
xliv
AUTITOUITIES QUOTED.
C'l'irtrs do Espnfia, Piaiii) ilc las Disciisiinii's y Actaa do las. Cadiz, 1 SI 1-1.1.
Cortina, I'lMiniuntim IIi.5to''icos, ivinado do Felipe IV. In Doc. Hist. Mcx.,
yvr'u: ii., 1(1111. iii.
Cortina (J. (Joiiiiz do la). Carta. diri;,'ida a todon los Scfiorcs editorcs. M( x.,
LSI."); Caitd!alIis(MiiaI. Mix.,'lMII; Cartilla ninml niilitar. Mox..ls:;;».
JIox., 1S|.'); Cartilla social (iliryvc. instniocioii soliro losdorcchon. Mix.,
].'ili(); Contostai'iou ;l l).\\'onoo--lai) ,M])uclu'. ^Irx., Is,",7; CuiUostaiidU
ii la ci'itica dil Scfmr Cdiiina |.si;;ni'd ^loxicK. 1 do Ji nio do IS4!IJ. npl.,
11. d.; Coiitcstacioii al Sofuu- 1>. J>. Cnnto (dated A,l,'oh,' > 1(1, 1S4!). Mex.,
].S4'.t|; (Viticii solire la Mcdalla, .lunio 1, ISI!) |.Mfx., vl'.l]; Diecidnai io
d(i Sini'iiiiiiMis Castcllaiiiis. ^fex., 1,S."I!; ]'",is:iiiioii Criti.'o do la.s jiir/as
liteiaiias. Mex., Is;i7; | Ml dia 4 del jiri'seiito iiies, etc., i,i;.Mieil 'laenhaya
'J.'i do Xmiemliro do ISI'.t. J ,Mex., IS-ll); Miisayo do una .Sri.-inolo^ia (Ll
Vallo do ^Fexioo. llaliaiia, ls.")l); La callo do J). ,1 nan Manuel. Mex.,
]s;j(); Li Ldteria. Mex., 1SI4; Xocinne.s eleinentalea do lunnisniatica.
!Mex., ISj;); rruntuaiio l)ipioinatiL'oy Consular. Mox.,lt>.')ti; Torieniutoa.
:Mex., 1810.
Coruna (Condo de), Carta al P.ey [Aliril 1, loSl]. In 0;rtas do Indias.
Conviii rrii(«n;is), Speech on Mexican War, in U. S. Seutito, Feb. 11, lS-17.
Wasliiiigtoi), 1847.
Corz()(A. A.), llcsonadu Variossuccsos do Chiapas. Mexico, KS()7.
CosniopoMta (111). Mexico, 1^^41 et seq.
Coiito (1m rnardi \ Coiitestacioa A la entica del Scfior Cortina. |Mex., l"^!!*!;
I)('fon.-a del < leiieral ]). l.idro Uiyes. ]\lex. , ISl,"); l!iido;,'o .soljre la liLs-
toria do la I'lntura en Mexit-o. Mex., 1S7-; Di-scurso sobro la eonstilu-
cion do lal^lesia. Mex., 1S.">7.
v~"<:iv;idon;,'a, ('on;;titiicioiies do )a eongregacion do Xtra Senora con el tituludo
do Covadonga. Mexico, ]~S').
Covarrnbias (.Inaii DiazK Obras Conipletas. ^lexieo, ]S."){). 'J vols.
C(jv;urubia.s (Motor), Causa, eilebro inandada. foniiar. (^Uieretaro, rvl7.
Cox (S. S.), Mexican al!::ir.s. Speeeli in U. S. House of Itep., March U), 18G0.
[Washinutnn, ISdO.]
Coxo (Hichard S.), ' 'laims on :M.'\ico. Xcw Yoil;, lf44.
Coxo (Itichard S.), Letter to Hon. John «. ren.Uoton. Claims of U. S. on
ilexico. 'Washington, 1847.
Coxo (Kicliard S.l, lleviow of the relati(<ns between the L'. S. and Mexico,
Xow York, IStCt.
Crespo (rienito), Memorial ajtistrido. ^Madrid, 17.'>S.
Cietiiieau (Jolv.T.), Clemento Xl\'. y los .Icsuitas. !Mex., 1840; Pefensa do
Clemen to "X IV. Mex.. ls:iO.
Creiixbanr (lloliert), Route from ( Inlf of Mexico to California. XcwYork. 1S4!I.
Croix (Carlos l''ranei.seo de). Ileal Cedula, Aliril T), 17(14. y Julio "27, \~t'iS.
Cro/icr (J. H.), Speech in U. S. House of Itcp., Jan. '21, 1S47. AN'ashingtoii,
1S47.
Cruz (La). Mexico, IS.'Metseq.
< 'uarto Trueiio do la Libortad en Mexico. ^Mexico, 1823.
Cuatio I'alabras al Senor Clcneralisimo. ^Mexico, IS'J'J.
Ciilia, or tlio Policy of England, Mexico, and Spain, with regard to that Island.
].,on<lon, IS.'U).
Cubi
las (.loaiiiiin)
let).
I8.M
Vindioacion quo la Audicncia Territorial do Mexico. Mox-
CncnUu (J. S.), La \\'rite sur ^lirauion et les Etats-Unis. Xouvelle-Orleans,
LSliO.
Cuellar (Jost'' T. de), Las gcntcs que son asi. 'Mex., 1S7-; Meinoria do la,
Secretaria do la eoinpania Lanca.storiana do Mexico, ^lex., 18."i"_'; I'oesiay,
Me
rp.
1S:p{)
M.
-Militar, lloLrlamento.
:\ie
1840
Cuesta ( Inan IUrdeg;d do la), Cartilla rriiotica sobro el laboreo de las minas.
iMa
d, J 808.
i!i
i
AUTIlOltlTIKS orOTED.
xh
stion A' 1 TMa c'l Xac-
fds iiiiilL's V su.s Knnciluis
■iH
^rcNico. rto., 18.11.
Ciif.-iiuii iiii|MirtMiititiiiii;i ii;)f;i
Ciu'stion ruiial (I'll). McxiLO,
C'ut'\iis (.1. (K' .U'siis), ])is(iti
jii-rio. ()]insi.uli) hiil)i
hi N,
LsTl.
IC'ldU
M
iMialKi.
.Ml
i.s;i:».
,l.re ]■
^'l•^l>^•!^■I•lU'^^
>!.
\y--2: y.\ h
a hitiiai. ioii lutiiiil. Mc'X., 1S{)4; La liiiniin'ac
Mix., l.siid. J^iiii CoiiliscaiiuiKH ni Mvxii
M.
l>S(iS.
Cui'vas (.Iiisi' Maria), liiforiiu' drl, .•into 1;' .--ala fl.l 'JVilmiial SupiTiiio hmIh-
coiniictincia. Mcx., 1S()I ; Jiiti)niii' i|uc lii/.o il l.kiiKiailo ' n il luiiiti) il
a.
ito <lu ]ii(iiliR'ttis lie !a Mi
Cufvas (l.iii.s (1.), Jlxpi/sic'ioii ilil ix
la Lti/. Mcx., iJvi.
stni(|iu' la susi'iilio SDlirc las ililVi
cia.i idii I'raiiiia. Jltx., IMJ'J; Jl.siii'^ iiioii cjiii' tliii;,'i" al 'I rilniiial Siiiaiiuo
Bol
su
Ijio la coiK
hut;
I f)ii(Ma
1. .Ml
KstH ; I'oivi'i
.lo M.
cxii'o II luiciii si(liri)
Ksta
olituo til
IS-Jl y l!S.->!. Mix., l.'..-)l. .'{vols
Cuevaa Aj^uiriL' y Iv^iiiiiiJ.sa (•lii:-i'iili l''rani.'isi'o), Extracto ilu los .Viitus dt- dili-
gciK-ia.s y ivconoiMiDiiiitoa do !(i.-i ];io.s, Liiguiias, etc., ilo la capital Mexicj
Cnh
y bu
Vallo. Mexico, ITiS. f
(i:. ]).
M"
V. S. Ill
of R
icp.
-'0, lfi47. n.pl., II. d.
C'uiiiiili<lo (Igiiaoio), Aiiclaciou al publico. Mi'X., I.s40; ( 'outf.'itai ion al pre-
en f.sor.
Mcx., L-ll); Dill
del Ir
hi
I Jin
Mcx., ISIO; iiivitacioii iiui
lacc d nnpresor.
Mcx., Ksl;); -MauiiV.st.iciou al inihlico ikl i
?i!cx., KSIil; I'lcsciito Aiiii.-<tr
Curatos. La.") razoinH o iiicoavciiiciitc.-
.M
ex.
1.
IS.VJ.
le l:i
•de
eaiitcH Sane
to J )(
miiiigo, etc.
■s <jue lo.s rellgiotids ile laH enleiU'S iiicilill-
l;is Troviiieias de la \iu;v;i j;>paiia, -Mex-
ico, ( Guatemala, y Jalisco. .Ms. I'olio
Tiiria I'ihpica Mcjicaiia, ()l)ra( 'oiiiplcta de ri'iietici FoiviL-ic. Paris, etc., IS.'iS.
Cliyado (Xorl)crto Perez), Di.scrtacioii subre l.i Natui'a eza y Jaiiiitcs de la
Autoridad JM'lesiastica. .Mexico, l.SJ.").
Pa-uall (Tolin M.), The Mcxii
New York, 1SG8.
l)'A-iiesseaii (I'hiriipic F.), lii^titucioiies subre el dereclio publico. ^Ii
isi;j.
l>a!e I It.), Xotcs oil an exenrsiou to the Istliimis of Teliuaiiti'pi'c. ].o!
IS.-) I.
Dallas (( ;. >[.), Letter on tlic Mexican Treaty. Pliiladelpjiia. IMD.
])altoii (William), Stories of the ('oiii|iicst.s of Mexico and L'cru. London,
l);aidolo (Coiide), I'ratado sobrc la ciia de unsaiuiti dc t;eda. Mexico, Ls;iO.
Da
Dat
id (1. M.), llistoria lie Maria l^-i'iuardo. Mexico, lS.>lt. 2 vols.
o:i l.io';ra
licii.s. ]ii ( 'arta.s de li
Daurico (.Maron), Cartas ;i, sobrc la variacioii dc niuv^tro .si.steina (liibeniativo.
Ml
l;
l»;ivalot) (l)ibiaiio), Kl (ieiicral ;i las LcLrislaturas. Puerto dc la Paz, lS(i().
Da
Cl
(I'l rii;iiido Antonio), i)xpiioicioa del diputado por la Proviiicia do
iiapa.
Madrid, KSJl
Davila (< lildoiizale;), Teatro I'lclesiiistici
Priiiiitiva I^li
de las Iiidiaa
Occidcntalcs. Ma
il, 1G19-.T). '2 vols, li
Davila (.!...-..■ Ml
iriaiii
i), llefiitacioii do la.H rell
e.MiiUi s iiuilicas.
M.
Jtilvi
•liil
laii (iiilierrez)
Ml
torio <lc la ciudad de Mi
i.S llist.
Mixi
jU'O,
is:!
ericas (Ic l:i eoii;iie;;acion (
le la
17;>il. folio.
Davila (liiliaii ( lutierrez), LI sabiocon i 1 cor.a/oii en la dicstia. Mexico, 17-7.
A'ida, y \'irtude;i de el Siervc
Di
yu
d, 17-Jlt.
Davila (Rafael), Ali^
Carta del llcy cspi
ior;i, sc (iii'iiiali les fuegos u .si'.i defeiisa.
M
ex.,
IS-J
.1 al -( b. Mix. Mix., l.S-JJ; C,in1ra del Senor
Ciierrero. Mex., !^ilIl); ]^1 jato iscondido y l;i cola, de fiiera. Me\.
]S"_'-; ]A Toro. ]>iulo;-;'os criticos-ioceseiio;
Ml
is:;(), is;vj; La
cxco'.nunion. Mex..lSL*_'; ].a vcrdad aliiaivn. Mex., lS-JO-1 ; 1/
:nii la lev. Mex., IS-J'J
ulados ilibiiiii niorir se;
rjiic <|Ui.-<ieran ver (jucniada
al gobienio contr.i el C, Mex., Is-J-J; Kepreseiit!
indieiido la rcfi
ijiit-
aiKs.
Iiesaii lioiuhrc.s
lo.i fraile^
Mix., IS'JO; liepresentacioii de los frailes
S. M. A.
c nil iiriio-
icion iiiie liaci! ;i
M(
ISL'J; J!
^ta d
rantc. Mcx., 1S"J-'; Kcspnestas y cuentus para el C. Diivila. Mex., ISJ
xlvi
AUTIIOniTIES QUOTED.
"i i
h Pll
Si> van ;i ruiitnr los frail<':* por danosos nl K.stailo. Mcx., 1>>'2'2; Sovcr;*
ri'iuviisiuii ilc'l iiapol. Mix., IS'J'J. tSolicitiul <lo iiii ciinladaiio \<nv l:v
lihortail dv. Mi'X., IS'JO; \'ai'ias |iri'giiiitas iiii|nirtaiitis >iiA)\v las lu^as
(k'l (lia. >[ex., IS'Jl; Taller de Coheteria, Dialoyos oiiticti-aloLicn-ird.-i.
Mox., 1S-J7.
Pavis (( larn-tt), Spoocli on Bill making provision for appointment of additional
oliioiTs, I'Vl). •_'(), 1.S47. Wasliinuton, 1S47.
I'avis ((iarrott), Spi'ccli on Mexican War, Ih'c. 184(5. Washini^tnn, ISKl.
l)ayton, Spcciiion tin; A\'ar with Mcxii'o, April 1 1, 1S4S. \\'asliin,L;ton. T'^l'^.
l)o lU'i-cy (l)roiiin)> I/l''uvopo vt r.\nii'i'i(]uo <'(Miiparri's. I'aris, ISIS. "J vul-*.
Docri'to de las ('ui't<.'S solnv arrcglo do Tribnnalus. Mexico, ISI.'J,
l)eereto(Ul Key, Uniendo a las eineoSeeretanaslosne^'ocioslvspectivos a eada
])epartjiniento on las Iiidiaa. Mexico, 171H). folio.
Decreto Ileal sobre la re.s|!onsil)ilidad do los.Iuoces, etc. Mexico, IS'JO.
Decretos do Parte. Mexico, lSOl-1 1. MS. folio.
l)ofensa Canonicapor laa provinciaa dc la Compauia do Jesus. In Dieznios do
Indias.
r>efen.-ia de la aousacion liocha on la Glniara dc Diputados contra el Mini.^-tro
de la (Jucrra. Mexico, IS.'Jl.
Defensa de la verdad eonsaj,'rada a la luz <lo la jiusticia. [Madrid, 17">0. ] folio.
])efensa do los Americanos contra cl (Hio im])UL;n('>. I'uelda, IS'JO.
Dofensa do los liienes do la Ij^lcsia ( 'atulica A]io.stolica Itomana. Mexico, 1 S-J7.
Deleiisa do los iMiipleados ()axa((Uenos. Oaxaca, IS.S.'J.
Pefeusa d( 1 ratrimonio de .Tesncristo. Mi>xico, IS'JO.
Defensa Juridica y Meritos de Jiisticia. Mexico, 17-0. folio.
Defensor do la Inteicridad Nat'ional. Mexico, 1S44 et sc(p
Defensor <lo las ].,eyes. Mexico, ]S;{7.
Dc;,'ucvara (.liian), I'roceso eonira. MS. 1000.
Delano (Colmnlms), Speech in U. S. House of Uep., May IS, 1S4('5. n.pl.. n.d.
Di'lniotte (.Tosi^ Mariano), Vanios ;i i(!volverlo todo. ^Icxico, IS:.':;.
Demostracion del Juliilo de los (lefes on Zaiiotlan. (inadali jara, IS'JO. fiili,>.
Deniostracion de los Tcnninos on (pie lia Ohtcnido la reuta del Tahaco una
jilant.a general, 4 tlo l)iciend>re do ISKi. Mexico, 1S4(!.
])eius (I'erdinand), Arte I'lumaria. I'aris, 1S7.">.
])(• PaLtes, Travels rtmnd the world in 17(17-71. London, ]~[)^. .T vols.
Derecho (I'^l). IVi'ltWlico dedurisprudencia y he^islacion. Mexico, 1S7I. f<dio,
Dercclio do ( 'onsunio, Iteiilaniento. Mexico, IS4"J.
Derecho del puehlo Mexieano jiar.i eliirir eniperad(n'. Mexico, IS'JI.
Derecho I'ulilico Kclesiastico, A]Mintamientos. Mcx., lSJi7; Varias Oliscrva-
cioiies contra nn 0]ii'isciilo litulado. Mexico. 1S,')7.
Derroteio ])ara la Nave!,'acion de los I'uertos de Mspafiaa los de America. M.S.
Desliordcliers, Moral militar. Matanioros, 1870.
])escalona (IV. Alonso), I'eticioniila Ileal .Vudicucia, Julio, ICi, l,")70. MS. folio.
DcicriiK'ion del iirliol de la ecra. Mexico, ISItl, 4to.
] >escri]icion do las liestas celebradas en la Imperial Corte do Mexico. Mexico,
17'.l(>. 4to.
Dospojo de los Mcncs do las Ii;lesias. Mexico, IS47.
])iali>i,'os criticos sohre diferentes asnntos. MS. [I78"J.]
Diario do Avisos, ^lexico, I8.")(l et seep
Diario esaotisinio de lo ociirrido on ^lexico en los tlia.s de sn invasion por
(ienoral Scot. Mexico, 1847. MS. folio.
Diario Moi'cantil de ^'era t'ruz. ^'era ("ruz, 1807 et scq.
])iario Oticial del (loliierno. Mijico, IS,");} et seq.
Diaz (P.ernardo Antonio (ionzales), Sermon. "J de .Aj^osto de 1810. Mexico, 1810.
Diaz (-liili. 'J'hirso), Pajiel sobre el vcrdadero modo de bencliciar a los 'S'ndios,
Mexico, 1770. MS.
l)ia/. del Castillo (liornal), ITistoria Verdadera dc la Conquista de la Xueva-
RsiJana. Madrid, Ki.'VJ. 4to; I'aris, I8:!7.
Diaz del (.'astillo (Bernal), Memoirs on Conquest of Mexico, London, 1844.
'2 vols.
AUT!U)nn'ii:s oroTKP.
xl
vu
ICt) UlUl
Diaz lid rns*il1o (r.oriia^, Tlic tnn' histmy of tlio rmninoat of Muxioo. I.
on-
(Ion. I SOU; .Salfiii, iMI.t.
.1^
]iia/ ili'l ( '.istillo (I'xruali, \ riiili(iiit' Histoiic ilc la ooiiiiur'to ilo la Noiivi'lle-
Kspa'.'iK'. I'arn, l.sT
.Is
]>iaz Cilvillo (1. !'>.), Si'inioii (|in.' cii v\ AniviTsario Soli'iiiiic ilc (Jracias ;i
Maiia Santisiiiia. Mexico, ISll.
Dickinson (I». S,), Accinisition of TiTiitory. Siu-tch in I'. S. Sonato, Jan. I'J,
IS IS. Wasliiii'.'ton, ISIS.
1 >i^•tilllo^^^n), !mi .Mrxii'oconfuiiilii'iKloii los jiartidos ]ioljti('os. ^Fcxico, IS.');t.
Dii'taniiMi di' la(
(Illusion uc ncL^ocios I
lo nlti
)iro\ iiiiias. Ma<lriil, ls'21.
raniar.sobii.' iiolilat'ioni'sikMiiiiii ihus
lla
tlclinitivo lie 1
]>ictaiin'n i\e la Coinisinn t'clcs<i,istica iMK'arj,'a<la. t'tl aiii'
cliTo do i;s]iai'ia. Madrid, ISJIt.
])ict:iiiii'n seine I'lJnranionto do I'idt'lidadnllluiH-rio Mcxii'ano. Mexico. IS'Jl.
1 )ictaiiu'n«.'S do varioa iiliogados sobro cl fallo, niina do San C'lonionto. Moyioo,
KS4i».
Difz do la ("alio (Juanl See rallo,
]>ii'/ do Sollano (.loso ^tal•ia), Aranifostacion (pio Ii;ii'o do In oomlncta quo Iia
^nijiidailc). ,\iox., ls,')7; Nooionos solii'o 1:1 disoiiiliiui ecles. Mox., ls,")7;
1"iioolocio:i do iinaoulata oouooiKion. Mox., ISt'.t.
Pio/iiios do Indias, A oolU'otion.
l>ii:iiitlad I'-iii-soopal, Al. roy niu'.stni Sonor Satisfaooion al nioniorial, Coniiiania
ilol iioiulpi-o ilo
|)i<
I'uol.la, 1 •;.■>•_>. foli
Dillon (.v.), Iiiantis lie rifistoiro dii Moxi(|iio. Paris, IS'2'J.
Dilwortli, ('oiKini'st of Moxioo l.y lloriian ( 'ortoa. n.jd., n.d.
l<i|>iit:iiion Aiiioiicana, Jvoinosintacion a la.s Cortes, 1 ' do A^osto do ISIl.
M.
IS-J(».
])ipiit,icioii Mijioana, Pajn'l (juo la Diimtaoion Mojioana diriijo. Madrid,
IS'.'.'.. 4 to.
]>i[.nt;id(.s, SoniManzas do los niputad(.a ;i Cortes on la Ivopulilica do Moxioo.
isourso on Ik. nor i
ilo las l.oiiitas. Moxiro, IS'Jl.
isoiir.<(> qno I
k;
iiioriiiiiior
del !\stado dijo al CoiiLfreso. (iiiadalajara, ISIU,
Disoiirsos (.'iontilioos, A oollootioii
Disortai'ion contra la 'I'oloraiicia Koli'_;iosa. Mcjioo, |S,'!,T,
]);sortacion .sol.ro la rostitucioii Ai.- los 1.
oclcsi:istioos. Moirico, IS.TS.
])isiM
I'S IcLTalos V otras docnnicntos, I'roliii.icion d
ls:,o.
o iiinir'sos. Mexico,
Distiirl.iin do Fraik's, A collect i(.n of Docninent.s, MSS., and print. 'J vols.
liix (.1. A.). I'ro]ioscd occni.atioii of Yucatan. Siieocii in l'. S. SiMiato, May
17, KS4S. Wasliinu;ton, IS4S.
Dix (.1. A.), The War with Mexico. Speech in U. S. Senate, .Ian. '_>(!, 1S4S.
\\'asliini;ton, 1S4S.
Dolili.s (.\rt!iur). Account of the countries atljoininij to Hudson "s I'.ay. Lon-
don. 1744.
l)ociinientos rolativoa al ultimatum, Contiuuanios. Me\ii>o, is;i7.
Docuiiieiitos DipK.luaticos )ire.sentados por el (lol.ieilio Jvs|aiiol al Seliado.
Mexico, IS(i;i.
])ocnnii lit OS llisti'iricoa Mexicanc.s, A collection of lifteen MS. Treatises, folii.'
l)ocui)u'litos Import ;:nte.s, l''lecciones en Tohica. Mexico, IS'Jti.
Doeuinentos iiiteice|ilado.s en la liarr.i <le T.impico. Vera (.'rii/, IS.'.S.
Docunientos .liistilicativos (pie so citan. Mexic(., ls;V,(.
llociiinentos MexicaiK.s. Hacienda. A collection.
Docuiiientoa para la llistoria do .Mexico. Mexico, lS,".;>-7. "20 vols, 4 series.
Serie iii. in folio and in four j.arts.
l)ociinieMtos relativos a la sublevaciou del < ioneral Don .luan Alvarez. .Mex-
ico, ls;{,").
Docuniontoa rolativoa al decreto sobrc Provision do laa ^lagistruturaa. Mex-
ico. |S4ti.
Docunientos sobre Mexico, A collcetiou.
xlviii
AUTIIORITIKS QUOTED.
li! nil
ili
T>ciiii(ii('rli (r,!ninn!m'.'l), llistiiri' <lii >r'>\iijn('. ]\iiiH, ISO^^. .f vols.
l)iiiiii!icili ( I!iiiim;imu<.'1), I.c MrNi(iu(! tc'l ipi il rst. I'ati.-t. 1807.
]>iiiiniii'ili |.(. I'.iss iiiijil, J.u Mo.iiiU' ct l:i MdiKircliii'. Mexico, ISGG.
l>iiini'iu'(li ( F. l'iiss;iiii;i), ].'J'Jii|iir(' M(':;it'.iiii. Mexico, lSG(i.
lioiiiiiii;(( ilo los Ninos (i;i). Mcxiio, 1;->.")I.
I)iiiiiiii'_'ii;il ( JiiiiiO, A icjMiit of iiiilitarv operations to ("iciiiTal ,T. M. Calileron,
.liilc.l lUr. 'Jl, lS-_'2fts(Mi. [Mcxic.., l.vJJ.l .MS.
l>iiiiiiii;^'iii'/. Carta ;i J\Ii]i(' II. In Col. hoc. linil., toni. i.
] )i'iniiiLriiiz (iii.-iii), llsposicioii ))ri'Mriitaila ill ri-csiilciiti'. .Mc^xico, 1S,^0.
])oiiiiii;,'ii('Z (.hiaii), I'arto Olicial do Lv (Icl'cii.sa <lc .lalajia, J^ic. 'Jl ilo IS'2'2.
.lalaia, IS'J'J. MS.
l)oiiiiiiL'\u'Z (luaii), Seguiida iinpugnueion al plan do lo.s Republicanos do A'ciu
Cruz, ISj;{.
PoiiiiiiLrnc/ (.liian Francisco), Aitolocfla dc la r)iviiia I'rovidciicia. ^Fcx.,
IS'.'S; ]',iciiV('iituran/as) d'l Saiiti.-^imo I'atriarca. Mcx., KSOJi; Voces do
la Alma. Mcx., 1S0(5.
Doiiiiiiartin ( M. If. dii l'asi|uicr d(<), Lcs Ktat.s-Uiiisct Ic Mcxiijiie. I'ari.s, IS.'il.'.
])oimavaii (('.), Adventures in Mexico. 15oston, 1S18.
])oriM, Carta al lley. In Col l)oc. luiil., toin. ii.
]>ii.4 ] alaliras ssulire la Husiicnsiou f^eneral do ji.'i'.'os. ^Icxioo, 184G.
IVi.i lia/.oncitas ill < iencralisinio Alniirante. Mexico, 1S'J2.
Dou-las (S. A.), Speecli ou Mexican \Var, in U. S. Senate, Feb. 1, 1S4S,
Wasliin,TtoM, ISiS.
I)ovnll(^ ((ionzalo), Iiifirmacion do log servicios do Adelantado Itodrigo do
liastidas. ]u r-.clieco and (^'iirdenas. Col. Doc, toni. ii.
I>rania.s, A collection. Mexico, l;i.'!S. MS.
Dryden (.lolm). The Indian l]niperour. Lomlon, 1(J!)1».
Dul'oi.i (i;.), 1,0 Me\i(|ue. Itouen, ISOt.
1 li'.Iiour:,' (Cleniente), lufornie. Mexico, ITI**. f"!io.
Ducr, Speech in I'. S. H.niso of Ivcp., Fel). 11, IS^S. Wasliin^ton, 1848.
Dui. liar I I'.dward 1].), Tlie Mexican I'apers. Xew York, I'^dO.
])up()it (St Clair), Do la production iles nutaux preeiouxau Moxi(j^uo. I'aris,
184,!.
Dupre.-s;iir (Charles), Causas cele'ires. Mexico, lS."i,'i.
1 UI'iiumIc I'lscalona. Defousu, MS, Itil'J, folio,
I.furaa (|)ie!;o), Ilistoria de las Indian ilc \ueva I'.sp.'ina. Mexico, LIS,"!, MS.
folio, .'{vols.; also edition Mexico, IStiT,
Duvirnois (Clement), Uber die Frani;iisisclic Interv<'ntiou in ^Mexico, Stutt-
gart, 1870.
Ecliensraray, Apuntacioncs para ru defensa, Ouanajnato, ISOl.
Eclic velar (.loachin de). Questioner sobro la lleyla tie \. S. 1*. S, Franci;:co.
MS. /acatcca.s.
Kclieverrfa (.biscjih Mlleg.isde), Colloipiia ticrno y la.stiniosos aj'cs do America.
Mexico, 178(J.
I'k'lieverria. (I'ascasio), I'rospecto para la fabricacion d'; Porcelana y Loza.
^lexico, ISM.
Eclieverrui (!'. l'.), y A. P. Mota, El Senor Diputado al Congreso. Mexico,
18(11.
Echcverria y Veitia (Mariano IVrnandez de), Docunientos relativoa al tunnilto
de l(ii24. Jn Doe. Hist. Mex., scrio ii., tonis. ii. iii.
Eco de Fspana. .Mexico, lS,"'i;>-4.
Eco ilispanio-Ameriiano (l'",l). I'aris, 1S54 et .seq.
Eco Xiicionai. .Mexico, 18,')7-S.
Econotnia politico en Mexico, n.pl., n.d. I'ucbla, 1841.
l^dicio del I'residcnte y Cabildo 5letropolitano (joberuador del Arzobispado,
Mexico. ls:;()aiul Is;!'.'.
Editores del Tiempo, Ea Folitica. Mexico, 1S40.
Eggleston and Scclye, Montezuma and tho Conquest of Mexico. Ifew York,
ISSO.
Al'TIIOniTIES QUOTF.D.
xlix
r.i.'lolT-'ti in 'F. W. Vciil. r'imtriliiitii)iis to the Geology and Plij-sicnl Ocogrnphy
of Mi'xi<t>. Niw VorL, l!S(J4.
]Cg\ii,i (Jusi'' .loiKjuin lie), Mciiioiia H<jl)ri! lii titilidad do lii Miucria. ^foxico,
l.M!).
]''guia y .Muro (.Foa'piin Tio). l'ul'lioa^^ Pcinostnu'ionoa. Mexico, inl.
Jiguiaia y Kgiiicii (.T. J.), I'lilpliotlicca Mexionim. Mex., IT.Vi; Kl inonstnio
dc L'l S;iiiliil,icl. Mix., 17H; ViJa del I'adio Don Pedro do Arellano y
Sossa. Mex., 17.'>'>.
I'l:!!!!:!,-. (Liii^t till, Iv-^i'iidade San Ferniindo. Mexico, lS,"i4.
]v_'iii/;dc (Sevcvino), (",irt;i escrita por iin regiiicola. Mexii-o, 17">0.
J!in iiiis/iii; ettlichii' sciulliricll' ileiii allcr durLlileuchtigistcii gmssuieclitigiate
I'm-ti n. NiiniilMig, ITi'JO.
lljiTiilii liii|icii:d, I»i\i>;is. Mexico, IS'Jl.
Kjidcs lie Mcxio, Autiis. .MS. Mexico. I(i82.
ideiii'in dc f'('iiipr(iiiii>;irioH. ( Mex. |, IS'JO.
I'lKctnri s (|iu' liMii sid.i iKHiilinidcis. .Mexico, IS'JO,
Kliinciitm i\i- ( ieiigiiit'ia ('i\il. ^lexico, l,Sl.">.
]-;i;4ilii'i) |.Iii.;(' liilaiiu). .Mi'Liato. Mejico, hS.'iT.
i;ilii'.\ar (I'austo dc), liul:iyacioiies solire la Anioucducion cn X. E. Madrid,
isis.
Flizji"a ([^oreii/.o). ]]iis:iycis PdliticiKS. Mexico, 1S()7.
Kloniiiia (( '. FraiieiscoJ, Idea Sucinta del proceso por goliicrno cn Purango.
Z;ic:itec;i'<. lS,'il.
Elorza y Uiida {Francisco de), Nobilario do el Vallc do la Valdorba. I'ain-
l.lo'im, 171 1.
Elton (.). .).), With the I'rciieh in Mexico. I'liil.idelplua, 1^(17.
];i r.iii| criiil.ir Niipoleoii lit. y la liiu'la terra. Mexiio. I.s.'jS.
lliiier.s .11 (!;iil|ili). .\iiiiiiiL,' Laws of Spain and Mexico. San Francisco, 1S(!4.
I'lnpcr.idor (1,1) Sostieno lo ipic dice este |ia))cl. Mexico, IS'J,'!.
I'inipresa del Tabaco, C'ontestaeion a la replica dc los Srea Lebrija \ IJarrcra.
Me.'.ico, l.SH.
Ihnprcsarios (los) do l";cbricas nacionales dc Iiilados y tegidoa do algodon.
Mexico, IHK).
I'nriil.ipi dia Poine.stiea. Mejico, IS.",*)--!. 'J vols.
I'lneiMia, (.lu;m dc la), I'aivdiienes do los I'crros. [Mexico, 18i!().]
Eui-inas (( 'oiiceneion), \'indicacion. (Jiiad., 1S4,'!.
Enfcrniedail del dia. Mexieo, IS20.
lai,'' 1. r.>s;d (jiiand it coninient rAnu'rinue a-t-clle iH6 peuplec, Amsterdam,
]!nri I le.'. I.\;ia), i'ro:'i'So y cansa criminal contra. MS. U'A'2.
Fnrii|i;c;; (.M:;rliii), Carta. ;d Key. In Cartas de Indias.
Kusaladilla di.spucsta y sasc):;ada por dos yngcniosdo esta cortc. ^IS. [Mcx-
ico|, II. d.
Erario Xacional, aiuncnlado con bcneruio di' ^Iiidios. Mexico, IS'J'J.
]'h-asmi (Fi-ancisci), (aunei.scliir nnd Aniiiicani.sclK'r I'ilnnien-l'usch. Niini-
beru'. Hi.)!).
Erra/u (jlauion de), Contestation a las Esposicioncs, Estado dc Zac «,icin.-„
Mixi.-o, l,s(i'J.
I'.rndita, contra los iiisui-j,'entes. ^[''xico, ISIO.
FscOadal If:n. ), Maniiicsloijucsobre la caiiilidacion de Tamjiico. Mexico, IS.'l'J.
Escilanfc (Man. ]).), Al l'ublict>. Fci>. 10, l,So7. n.pl., ii.d.
Escalir I ( llvaristojy ManueUl. J^lana, Mejico Jlistorico-J)escriplivo. Madiid,
Is.il'.
I'scaloua y Catayud (.Iiian .Tosepli), Testiniouio relativo. n.pl., n.tl.
Escandon (Manuel), JircM" Ivxposicion sobre eaniinotle I'ierro cntro VoraCruz
y ^li'xico. ,Mcx., ISoS; Segiinda I'lxposicion. Mux., 1801.
Escarmicnto y disengano tlo Insurgeutcs. Uaxaca, 1811.
Fscepcion para los coyotes. Mexico, IS'Jl).
llscesi s ])el (lobierno. [ .Nb'xico, bS'J!. |
Faclavos, Consiitucion tie la Congiogacion. Mijxico, 1842.
Uisr. Mes., Vol. 1. i
AUTIIOniTIES QUOTKD.
Rsrliivrw, rt'i'il rrdtilii fioliro l;i I'Milciicion. ^fiAic'i. ISIO.
Kscl.iVdS ( 'lie lien >.-i, ( 'iPlistitUciciii ilc Ins. .Nroxicii, iNj.'i.
Ksidliiir (Alnnso ill'), Aucmiiit i>f lln' liroviiico of Wtii I'liz. In Loud, ficog,
S(vi'., .Iciimiiil.
KscdIi.M' ( liiscpli Siii'ii/. ill), IJrcvo, tnitiiilo ilo Lis luii-i ]>rtiu ipalcd ordunauzaa
ill' MiiiJis. MS. n.].!., I7()(i.
Kscolijir (Miiiiiicl di'i, \ rnliiil Kidi'xn. ^ri'xirn, 1703.
Ksfoliiii' (I'riiiv) Xtiiiit'Z di'), Cartji ti Fulipo I, Jii I'iu'lioco iUid Cardiiia.^,
( 'ill. 1 'ill'., liiin. \i.
KMriiliiilii ( IViliii), Ciirona rrmi.'lirc del. [Mr\ico, IStt.]
J'l.-iiiiinni/ (liian ill'), .Mixun Cuniniiytadii. .Maiiiid, IT'.'S.
Ksfoiva J' EsL'iilaiili! (I'l'dro di'), ilaziin de la iSuittencia dcfinitivn. Mrxico,
1714.
l!:si'(i.'iiira (I'atrii'ii) dc la), (^uiijiirju'ioii do Mcjico. Mudiid. l.S.")0-|. "i vnls.
lisc'dtu ( .Viiti'iiiii), ( 'imti'staiiiiii ;i la ai'iisaciouijuo foniialii'.n 1>. .Man. Mamiila.
(luailalajara, ISJS.
KsfritiiiiM (111.-) dilnii siijotars(< i'l las Icyrs. ^IOjil.■o, l.S'JO.
Ksiiu'la. do .\liliiaL'iiip, lIc".;laiiKii(n. Mexii'o, l.SVJ.
IvsiMicla r.'itrioliia, N'otioia do I.i di:itrilpiuii)ii do jironiios. Moxion, 1S,")4.
K.'i l.uit I ( I .Miiti ii'.ionio a Ins ( 'l(''ii.i.'o:i y Traik's. Nlixioo, IS'.'A.
Kspiid.i il( la .luaticia. -Moxioo, I.Sl'O.
ll.'il'afi.i y .Ml jifi) cm tl A.siinto do laCouvcncion Espantila. Madrid, 18,"i5.
IlspaiKil, J!l. Mi'xicii, 1 .'%")•_' ot f^oi].
Iv.paiv.i (MaiTii.s do), I'.xixisii. inn del Kx-'Ministro do IlaoioTida. .Mo:;,, KS.rJ;
Inrmnio jn-o.^ontado al (ioliiorni) Suiinino. Zarati'oa.-i, \-<'M.
Kstpodiontc in:'.tniidii jioi'ol lllino SfXioario ra;ii(alar. Moxiru, 1S^7.
Ksjjino.-a, ( 'lu'iinioa ^\lii)stiilioa. n.id., 17!'i. 'J xnls.
lisiiiniisa ( I. ), liases ilol riau do H.uionila l'iil>lioa. Mixioo, ISU.
Kspinosa (Isidio I'oli.s do), Nuovas c'inpre.sas dol iiori'uriiio Ann rioa sop
trional. Moxioo, 1717.
r.spino.^a ll'i'dni), Carta I'astoral. (Jiiadala jam, IS."!); CiioulardoK li>l>. I'.ilis.
do ( ir.adalnjara. ( li'.adalajara, l.T:!!; Ciroular ,i todiM l.is .>^;'oorilot.'f do
la iJiiioo.^id. (liiadalajara, IS."!); liii'iitiio quo ol l>(inoiinii) Individuudu
la C.inii inn dol \'(ii. ( 'abiklo iUh iu;;ilalaiara. Mox., Iv^^;)!.
Espinos.i (Kafai'l), Cartilla Sioial. ]\loxico, 1847.
Kspiiitu I'nlilioo. .Moxici). I S'J.S ot ^oij.
]]sp<)sioiiin i!o la toroora .*^ala do la suinoin.i Corte <]c .Tu^ticia. Mexico, 183'2.
EsiKisioion dol .^-rdohoniai'.or l)i^l.,a Mitia. ( Uiadalajaivi, IS'JO.
Kspoffioiiin (lonoial, Doonniontos. Mo.-iioo, lS"(i.
Esposioiiin ('i jn'();'i;una do lua l)iputad<is portinooiontcs al partido puro.
Quoiotaro, UM7.
Espot^iiinn jHir las Conierciantcs do ^loxioo I'oolaiTiandn la ley do 7 do.) alio IS.'iO
^lo:.ioi). 1' ;i7.
Esposioion Prolindnar, O]nisoulo do la ^'o^dad, Monopolio Conioivial do la
Itcpub. Moxicana. iloxioo, ll-iol).
Esposioion, ]iroson(ada a laa Cortos por los Pipiitados do Ultramar 2."> do
Juniodo IS-JI. Madrid, lSi21.
Esposioinn inio ilirigc^ la ('oni]iariia Lanoastorianado Mexico. ^loxioo, lS."i7.
Expo;<ioi(in quo <liriL;c al Cnngrcsc (imoial lo.s apodorados de los niiiitaros
rotiradotj. Mexico, 1S4().
Esiifi.'^iciiin i|iio lia proseutado al Pros, do la Pepuli. por la Reunion do Coni-
pradiires do Fincas. ^lexico, lS(il.
Espoaieion quo liaocnlos Interesadonenlas Pnrcialidades, en contra de su Ilogal
y JIal Uaniado Administrador 1>. Luiz Velazquez dc la Cadeua. Jloxico,
1841).
Exposiciitn qne lian diri;;ido al Exmo. Sr. Ministro do Oobemacion los Capit-
ularos quo la ."usorihon. Moxioo, l-S.VJ
Esjiosicion <juo los i croodores it los caniinos dc esta capital A Toluca y ;l Vera
Cruz. Mexico, 1S4!).
JEsposiciou que los Couscrvadores de las Provincias. Mexico, 18G3.
AlTIIDIllTirs QroiTP.
rspusiii'in qiK los Tmliviiliins <|iic ('(iiii|Mi-i('ic)n (1 I'loximo PftsaiU) Ayiinta-
inii'iitd Jiiii'cn III I'liblii'o. iNltxii'ii, l.vlil.
K.sjMisiiiiiiic.-*, .hiiriudi' las, { luirta y Si'XtiHsiHjsifiiiiKu di' In AcjuK iiii.i ilr San
C.irliis. Mcxicii, IsrrJ 1.
l!.siniil)i 1 (Au'v-itiii I rami'c ci). III IV'iiix dc cI Aiimr. M(.'\iiii, ITtiJ. 4to.
Ksi|iiivi'l (.Idii'iili Maiiiit'l), Scniiim fiii'ari.-<tii'c) pur la fi'liiidail. Mexico, IT'.'O.
Jvslaclds I'liidiiH (kl Norto, Los Nuliciaa iiiuy iiiipurtuntos y rfcU'iitca do.
t^iiiiTitani, ).S47.
Ivstaiidart': NaiMoiial. Mcxii'ii, l.S.'ili ct Htv].
Ksl.itiito jiriivi.sii)iiiil di'l lm|n'riii Mcxioann. Mcxicd, 1S(!.">.
Jlstatiltiis ()r<kuadii,s jjor el Saiiti) < 'iiiiiiliii JIL, l.")S,"i. Alfxico, lS,"iO.
Ivstt'va (.liisi'' 1^'iiiniiii, A|iiiiitaiiniUfi. Mixiio, 1.VJ7.
Jv-.trada (Alv.iro I'loicM, {•ixaiiiiii liiiparcial do las diHciisioiics do la Anurifa
full la Ivspaiia. Cidi/, LSI'.'.
Kstriida (Alvaii) I'linc.i, Ijiiux'soutaciun A Fernando VII. en dcfcnsa di' l:ia
Curtcs. Mexico, l.s-_'(».
llstrada ( I'laiicisco), Carta iiiipnivial sobre il fiu'ro del Clero. Mexico, ISl'J.
Lstriida (.1. M. < iiilicircz de), A1,:;iiiiaM OlKscrvacioncs ^oliro el Oticio (|iu! con
I'cilia -2 dc J iiho. II. p., IMI.'i ; Alf^iiii.iM JiilU'csioiics Acerc.a do los I Icciir-
ihliM eii Capital. Mix., IMO; Carta diri.uida Jil rre.sideiitc. Mcx., IvIO;
])ocuiiieiitoa rdativos ill iliL'rcno y :'i la .scparacioii. Mcx., ls;!.'i; liiipii^'-
liacioii a las cailas do, soluc el proyii'to du e.stul)loier en Mcjico iiii.'w
iiioiian|nia inodcriida. Mcj., ISK); Mexii'o y el .VrcliidiMpU! I'Vriuindi)
Ma.xiiiiiliaiio du jViustria. Mex., l.S(i."». Mexic " en ISIO y eii 1M7.
Mcx., IS4S.
Fstrella (I'scalanti ), y (laxiola, Iiifonne dado a las Cainiiriis genurules do la
FciU racioii. Cosala, 1;>'_'7.
Ivstiidios Kciiiiijniico-rolitii'os. Mexico, l.S,"7.
Ivstuiniido (Iiito en la Acordada y N'erdadero dotal do sus innmi'cesiWliss
Sucesos. ^Icxicd, IS'.'!).
I'.vaii.s (Allicit. S.), Our Sister Repiililic. Hartford, 1S70.
I'lx^lnicii Aiialitico di 1 prestaino do |;!(».(M)0 lihras eslorliiia.'*. Mexico, 1S40.
J'lxaliicn Criticu do la AdiiiiiiLstiacioii dil Maxiiiiiliaiio. Mexico, 1S(J7.
J'^xiiiiicn do las ordciics e\]ieilidas por el niiiiisterio, A niediadoa do Junto
ultimo. (^>uerctaro, iSlS.
Kxilnien Iniparcial di; la respuesta ([lie la Siipreina .Funt.a provisional, Me.xico,
1 ;;•:().
I'lxcncionca y I'livilc^rio.s liegulares, llrevo defunsa lieclia por los I'relados del
Coiiveiiio ilo S. JJicgo. Mejico, IsH.
Kxlioit:u'ioiialos]iatriolicosdistiii^iiidosdo Fernando Sept iino. Mcxii'o, is 10.
Kxliortai'ioii ipi'! .i los liakituntes liaco uii individtio del Coleyio do Ai>o;Lradoij.
Mexico, ISlO.
Fxtracto do las l'"lotas. In Morfi, Col. Poc.
K/.cta (Luis do), Manual di' AUalcles y ,Iiicce.'< do Paz. Alex., lSir»; rroiiip-
tuario jiara los Alcaldes do Ciiaitcl y (Icfos do Man/ana del ]>istiito
Federal. Mox., \SM; J>ct'en.sa do I'oriiaiido Saulillaii. Mox., l.S.")_'.
V. (A. B.), Ensayo llistorieo-Xatural. Madrid, ISiX
I'aliian y I'uero (l'"rancisco), Cokccion ilo I'l-ovideinias. Puekla, 170!1. folio.
Fabian y Fiiero (Francisco), Coleccioii do rrovidcncias Diocesaiias del ( >l,i.s.
]iado do la Puebla do los An,L;cles. riiokla, I77l>. folio.
FabroL'at (Lino), Fsplicazioiio dello lij,'uro yoroglilico del codico IJorj^ianu. MS.
folio.
Fiibri (.losepli Antonio), Compcndiosa deniostracion. Mexico, 1743.
Fabri (ioseiili Antonio), Sogiinda domostracion, procio do azoguc. [Mexico,
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Falji'ica y Fstainpa dc JCaypos do N;icva Kspafia. Mexico, 1700.
Fabriia y Obias I'ias ilol Arzobispado do .Mexico. MS., lS'21-'2. folio.
Fabriijis do las Iglesias Farroquialus on la Uoboruauion de Nuova Kspafla.
Mti., 17'J3-G. folio.
lii
AUTIIOIUTIES QUOTFD.
i!i:l
Fiicio(T«'^r Aiitnnio), A ln,C;',niar;i dn Pipiitndos del Conprcso ricnoi'nl, [Paii.s,
].s;{.')J; llxjiiisiiiiiii (liri,L.'iila A, las I'liiiiaia:* dil Crmgrosi) giiu ral. Mi'X.,
lS"i'J. Mi'iiKTia. (|i:o S! lire Ins ^uiccsofi drl ticiiipo dc su iiiiiii.st' rin, I'aris,
IS.V); IVdiiiieiito Usual dul. MfX., IS'JT; Kospiiesta A ''js cargnSi dada.
MvK., is;ii.
Fajardi) (|)(iiiiin;;n), Iiiforiiio iiiic <■! i|ue sitscribo da nl Escmo Scfior Miiiistro
do Jiclai'iones. Cainiiecho, IS-JS.
Fak'k (X.), rriilt'jiomcMins del diivuliu n I'nciuldpodia .Tiiridiai. Mi'xioo, ISo'J.
Faiii's (F.imis\ i^tudos lIisti)rii|iKs ot I'hiliisophiiiiU'S. I'aris, ii.d. "J vols.
Falscda;k's <[iu' ("oiitioiu" id Ciiidunio 'i'itulado Despojo a luauu unnada jior el
l'n;i'ct() tie Tla.Ni.ala. I'liilila, 1S44.
I'arias ( \"aloiitiu ( Joniuz), Carta il Don IJeriiando Gonzalez Angulo y respuestas.
MS.
Farias (Valentin, Oonicz), Kl Ministro cs Kesponsablo A la Prision de losS. S.
Dipuladns. Mexieo, l'^'2_».
FainlKini (Tlmnias .).), Mexieo. Xew Y<jrk, ]S4(i; X'ew York, n.d.
I'an.l (MlV I'lielila, lSi>l et .sei(.
Farra'.'iit(I oyall), 'riio Life of l>avid (daseou- FarrafiT, ctn. Xew Ydik. 1S79.
Favio (in.io) and -M. Jjillanlt, l)iscnsi(iii eii el C'icipo legislativo de Franeia
.Sdlnelas eniinciidas. M(,'NiLM, ISii.'t.
Fclijie de Jesus, i')ie\e loRinp.cii du l.i vid.i y niaityiio. Mexico, ISO'J. 4to.
I'clipo d;: .hoiis INIaria, \"ida,, Virtndes. lionie, ITlil.
I'Viiix de la Li))ertad. ^lexicn, IS;!;! et secj.
I'l'iiiaiidc/. (A,i,'!istin I'oniposii), l)i singauos (juc A los insurgentes de Xvieva
Fsjiafia setlucidos. Mexicn, ISI'J.
I'eniandi) \'l., Consnelos I'lnierales, Anto([nera. ^loxito, 17.")0. 4lo.
]'en: :nd<) VJI. IXrretos d( 1 K.y. Mexico, 1S;1().
l'"crrei-(le ( 'onto (.Fosi'),C'onieiitari()s soluc laeiiestiou de Mejien. ^ladrid, ISlJl.
ji'eiTer de Couto (Jose), (."uestioiies de Mi'jieo, Venezuela y AniiTiea en (len-
cral. Madrid, IHIII, 4!)f)p]).; Madiid, iSdl, (idOiiii.'
Fc'n'<'vra (Jose), Con'.ustaeion A los eargus do Lopez y (.landara. Uies, 1850.
Ferri ((ialiriel), Le.? Itevohitioiis u.i Mexipio. I'aris, 1S(>4.
Fcriier (F. L. A.), Jleonc'miiea I'olitica del tJobierno. Mexieo, lS4;"i-4. '2 vol.s.
IV'rri;. (I'hieido de), iixposieion diriglda al supremo (iobieruo. Mex., LS.kS;
Kxpo^■•icion fjii'j liaee a! piiMleo. Mex., ISot),
Forroearril, Esposieiou del Lie. Itafacl Martinez deki Torre sobre lao(jnoesion.
.Mexico, ]>S(kS
Feri<xarril, La <^.)nccsion, cntre Mexico y Vera Cruz. Mexieo, 18(38.
1 eiroearril, I'loyecto do Ver;i Viv.:: ;i >.Ujieo. I'ruselas, IS.'il.
FciToearril, Telmantepec y \'eracru/, rr.)yecto de J>ey. ^K.xico, ISlJO.
]i'erroearril y 'i'idegrafo, I'royecto de un desilc la linea divisoria de Mexico y
los Fslados-Unidos. Mexico, l;-ltS.
Fcvrocarriles, ],a Concesiou lieelia al ( ieneral Ivosocranz, etc. ^Mexico, ls7'J.
!e la coniision de Indwstria de la Itipula-
Ft'nocarriles en Mexico, ] )ietanien
eion rernianente. Mexi'.i; liu-.
l^ri'v (("labrieli, Lscenas 'lo la \id:i. iui!itar. Me.yico, ISO;}.
Ferry (daliriel), l''l(.';izador JCn-anle. .Mexico, l8"i7. 7 vols.
]''er;y (Cabriel), Scenes de la vie .Mexicaine. Paris, ]8.")(!.
Foi'i'\- (( iabrie!), Scenes do la vie nii'itairo an Mexiipie. [Paris. 1S,")S] ; Pari.s,
■|,S'|;).
Ferry (< labrii'l), Sct^nes do la vie sanvage an Mexiipie. Paris, 1SG8.
IVrry ((lal)riel). Vagabond Lii'e in Mexico. X'ew York, l8o(>.
Fcjstividades, A collecti; n.
Fignoroa (I'raneisco Antonio de, la Rosa), Bccerro general Mcnologico y Cro-
noli'igico del Santo Evangelic). MS., 17i)4. folio; l)iscordi,isi.ntre 1 1 lura
d letrinero y los Lidios. MS., 17-">. folio; Tesoro Cate(|uistico Yndiano
Fspejo do Doeti'ina. MS.: Vindieias do la Verdad. MS. folio.
FigueroLi, Extractos. In I'.iclieeo and Canleniis, Col. Doc, toni iii.
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AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
m
Fitili (^rcil. O.), Momoiial (o AiiuriLaii ami Moxuau jniat Commission. San
Francisoo, 1870.
riiut (III I'ly -^f')' ^I'-'>ii<'o tinikr ^Maximilian, riiilaikliiliia, I'ifiT.
I'loiv :icia (I'lT.iuisuo d.), Ilistoiia do la I'mvinoia dc la ('oinpauia do Josiis clo
X lova Jlsiiaaa. Mox., ICt'Ji; La lv-iLrolla<l,; cl Xorto <lo Mexico. Mux.,
ITtl; La iiiila'^rosa invciicioii. Scvillo, 174."); Xai'iaoiou do la Mara-
villosa Apaiioiiui (iiio lii;;o ol Aroliaii.'^ol d(! S. Mi;^nol Sovilla, I(i!)2;
Oii,u;o!i (1( 1 colubro .i.iiituano. Mux., 17iS!{; Zodiaeo Maciuiii). Mox., 17r).">.
Florc.s (Antonio), l''i', lOsporan/.a y Cariilad. Mojioo, IS.'iO. ':2 vols.
Floi'iM (Sal)inol, (Jnicion civioa proniinoiada en I.i capital del ostado. (Iiiaiia-
juaio, 1>S.")1.
Floril('.;ivni Oratoruni advsiim etudio.sa jnventis pcrcongregationom. Moxioi,
17-'7.
Fonaoa (Fal)ianl, and Urrutia (C.irlos), J li.storia General de la Real ilaoienda.
Moxio.., isi,-), i;;i:)-.".;!. o wi^.
I'liii'o ( I'odro Joxf do), Carta I'ii.'stoial fpio ;i eontinuacion do la ol)ni del I'io
\'l [. iliri.;o ;l dioco.sano:) ol Aiy, )l)i.,;p ) dj iNIoxico. Moxico, IsKi.
Fontin 'lie, C jnvors.ieion enti'o Cort ■h y M loto.uuni. Mojioo, IS'J).
Foot { •olonioii), Sp 'ooii on cliavaetoi-, etc., of tlio Mexican War, Feb. 10, lSt7.
^\'a iliington, lol7.
F.ioto (ilc:uy Stiiar;), T'lo \Var with Muxico. Speech in U. S. Senate, Jan.
l.)a:id -J), lilS. Wa.^!iiu::t()n, Ll:U>J.
Fiii'jiu'.iiio (['.10 delje .scrvir do Xoruri d loi Contadorea Realea de Dieznujs do
1 L Xiu;v.v I]s[)aria. ^Madrid, I7'!i.
Fonaulari(j) do la ("atedral do Mexico. ^Icxico, n.d.
Fosscy (M:itliieudo), Le M xi^uc. i'ari-s, 1 >:>7; I'aris, 1SG2.
Fo.v^cy (Mathieii de), \'ia;.;c a Mojico. Mojico, 1814.
Frailcj djctrineroa, Sa reniocioa do 1 )a (.'uratos. MS., 1(!")4. folio.
l'ra;nj)t.ja (John), .loytull n'jwes ontoi' the now found Woild?. L:indon, 1 ''.)'■>.
Franco (La), Le Mexiipie jt les Etats Conrotlercs coatro les Etata-Uuis. i'ari.i,
ISii.J.
FiMiico and Mexico, Examination of the dilHcultics etc. n.jd., IS.fi).
Frauci jcanon, Abandono do Convento.s ])or faUa do fraile.s. MS., foHo; Ca]if-
tu! >i l'io\iiu;ia!cs (,;; M^.xico. MS., fulij; C^'arta ilel Key (Jctnbre I!),
1 "(iS. .MS., folio; (J instituciones do la I'rovincia en .Mexico. MS., folio;
Couticndas con el Arz(.ilji.^[)o do Mexico. MS. of l.")7ii. folio; Infornio al
Key por la Ri'Ii;.;ion. .MS., folio; In-ilruccioacs. MS., folio; I'a'eate.-n do
li;.l'ornia l'J2o-l). MS., fjlio: Rclacio do lo ijiio liiziero y pas^aro loa
Vndios. M.v, f.ilio; ]l'jlaci.)n Sn.uniari.i do l.xpic pa.>.saro. ..MS., fulio.
Franciscauoa y scrvicio.j <lo Indiis. MS., folio.
]'"ni r.Mla (I'adrv), ].)i,ciirs.> Lolijioso l'o'.uii;o sobro el ori','cn, liatiu'alo:<a,
i;i;niinidadesy verdadera inversion de loa bioues oclesiadticua, etc. Mexico,
is;;;}.
Vivv American. Vera Cruz, 18-17 et .scm].
J'ie.-uil!,>, Infonne (^uc dx la .Junta de l.i (J inii)aru'a do Minaa. lMexie(j, l.SH;);
Mexico, 1S:0.
Friai y Sola (Ililarion), Proyecto d^ L^y '_' ) do Feb. do lS(iS. M.'x., I>i70;
Lectilicacionca a ku ..Menioriaa del .Meilico or<linario del I'^hiper.idor .Max-
iniiliano. .Mex., It'i71.
Friich (I'.), Die Staaten von l>'''xico, Milti'1-und Siidanierika. Lnbck, |s."):t.
Fro,-t (lolui), Croat (.'ilica oi the WurM. Aulnirn eic, ls,"i_'.
Fro.t (.Jului), lncid"ntfand Xarrati"ea of Trivt.). Auburn, ot<'., |8,")'_'.
Fnen'.cal (SebasLian Raniire/. de), ( '.irtaiiSu .Ma;,'e.stad oi) de Abrildi' I.. ;'.'_'. In
I'aclleco and Cii'dcuas, Col. l)oc., toni. xiii.
I'ucro Lrleji,i,stico, Coute,-;taci.)n tpl'^ los edito.ii do /ajiotd'o. Oaxaca, T ."i.'l;
Dcfcnsa contra articulos del Z.ipoti'cu. Oaxaca, l;i;>!l.
I'uuiioii Dr.un.ilica en el palucio Imperial de .Mexico, Xov. 4, IS{;."). Mi : o,
istji. 4to.
Fuiid.uion _> l'rogriss<ia do la I'rouincia do Santiago de Mexico del Orden de
I'ledicadores. .MS., 1710.
Uv
AUTirORlTIES QUOTED.
imi
mm
i
Fmlur (Ocorfjo r. ), ITistorv iif Mrxicd. riiiciiiiiiili, IS.'O.
rurliir ((ii'iii;;i' ('.), Tiic Tvclvc Mtiiitlia' VoluutciT [.Mexican War]. Ciii-
ciuiKiii, li<')0.
(i;iln>ta, Trot.siiioc(li;^e Toijt. In Aa, toin. xi.
(iaccta •!(• (loKii'ino <K- .Mexico, IT-N-l.SO"), lSlO-21, 1S23 ct seq.
(; ic<'ta ]iii[i('rial lie Mi'xiro. Mcxici), I s^ I -l!.'l.
llae('ta:3 ilc .Mexico y initicias ilc Xiieva ll.spaiia, 17--, 17-S-O. In Doc. Ili.st.
Mex., seiiu ii., toin. iv.
<!a!.;eni (('arlo.s di), Ajielaeion ile los Mexicanos ;i la lOiiropa. Mi'xico, ISCi'J.
(laine.s, ('oi'iespomlciue eiilru la J.e'.,'alioii du Mexiiiuc. I'aiis, ISJiT; ^lo.xico,
is:!7.
(laleria .\merie:ina. ^Mexico, n.il. folio.
(Jale.5 (.fosepli), .Sketch of rcrsonal Character of Gen. Zacliary Taylor. Wash-
ington, lt!4S.
<iallanlo (i>a^ilio Poi'ca), Cuadro Estadistico do la Division Territorial do la
K.pal). Mexieana. Mexico, 1S7."!.
(uilludo (Pedro I'atifio), lyjecncion do .Ttisticia. Mexico, \f^20.
(lallardo Fernande/. (l'"i'aneiseo\ ()rij,'en, I'rourenos y Iv-tado dv las Keiita.s do
la Corona de Ks[)aua. Madrid, 180.") S. 7 vols.
Callatin (Alhert), Peace with .Mexico. Xew York, 1SI7; n.})!., lS.t7.
(Jallatin (.Vlhert), War ICxiieuses. Ne> ■^'ork, ISll; N'ew ^'ork, IStS.
C;.l:e;^'(i.-i y {^ick'na, Itelacion de la ]iroviiicia. de Vera Paz. M'>. n.pl., \')7l.
(l.dlo (I'^dilardo L.), Homhres Ilhistres Mexieanos. Mexico, KS7J.
(ialvan (Mariano), Ordeiianzas do Tierras y .V','uas. Mexico and Pari-i, 18.".".
Calve;^ ( llern.'irdo de) Proelaniacion ; o! ire el 'J'eairo de Mexico. | Mexico, 17 '>•'!. )
(Jalve;; (.fose dr), ^'ni'ornie de el Visitador dt^ e.ste lleyno. MS. n.pl., I7ti7;
Infornij general qno instru^u el .Marqee:', d.' Sonoia. Me\'., |Mi7; l;e;;la-
niento para la eiudad ile Mexico. [.\iex., 1771J; Keglamento d -l (Ireniio
ilo l';inaderos de esta Cajiital. Mex., 1770.
Halve/ (Mari:!no), Id Dn. jinie la 1" .^ahi de la .Suprenia Corte. ^Mexico, ]S'r2.
Gaui;'.rra y D.'ivalos (.luan P>. Diaz lU), l'",l .Saceidute liel y nc ;ini el ci>r;i;:on do
Dios. Elo;;io fiinehre el dia "JJ do .Vliril de 177'!, :l laii.s I'elipe Xeri do
.Vll'aro. idexico, I77t>.
Candida (Francisco de), Connnentai'ies on the Mining; Ordinances tif Sp.iin.
Jjondon, LSIJO. '2 vols.
Canilioa (Itninon), Inipugnacion al infornic del Santa-.\nna. Mexico, ISlf).
(iandni (Frederico), Xicesitlad do Iteforniar la Le;iislaeion. M( xico, l'-.">0.
Cund (Pierre de), [..cttro dii frere entrement dit do Mura. In Ttrnanx-
Conipai.'s vol. X.
Guiidara (Manuel Mai'ia). Contcstacion (pu' Don .\, Znrd;.;a MM. Cajiola e
Ig. Ziihi:;a. Mex., 18^4; ]'jX[)0!^icion ipie haceal .Snprenia CJoliiem i soliro
sii conducta juilitica. Me\., PM'J: Maiut'c.stacion ipie haee al (Icfo .Sn-
jirenio de la :l;e;.iililica. ^lex., l.S,')7; \ indicacion de las ealannd -.s ipio
el (Jeneral Jo.se Uiiea y sus .Aj.'entes lian lieeho circnlar. Me\., 1841.
C:indara (S.'dsador de l.i), <'arta ipie liulire l.i ^'ida. Mexico, 171.!.
C!an;.;anele, C.irta del Eniin. il vn IJeligioso (pio pasaha a la Aniciica. MS.
u.pl., n.d.
(laid, ( 'arta id Emperador Don C.irlos. Tri Cartas de India-i,
Hiirale ( LJoniardo), Prinicra Carta Pastoral del O'oi-[io de (ihieii'taro. Mexico,
l.H!4.
Ciaray (.To.sii de), -\n acconnt of ilie Isthnuis of TelnKintepr". London. l.'^Ki;
J)i 'tiinien de la .Mayona de 1 i Coinision Especial j>ar.„ 1. .\iiertur;i de una
via ])or el istnio do Tehuante|)oc. Mex., I8."il; .Mi'inoire insiruetif des
droits. Wash., IS.-i'J. Pa\-s, 18.V_\ .Mex., IS.V-'. Xew York. 18,V_': Jie-
conoi'indentodcl Istnio di' Tehuautepec. Lon., 1841; Survey of Isthmus
of Tehuantepee. J.,on., I.S44.
(lar;iy (JiisiHluadaUipo Perdi,:.;on), Defensa. Mi'jieo. 1S40.
(iaray (.lose Maria), Meinoiia, en (pie il poscedor actual dil niayorazgo do los
iMoralcs. .Mejico, 18113.
■9
AUTIIOIIITIES QUOTED.
Ivr
riiirfiyo
(Atili
Iii'zl, Manifc.stai'iiiii (juc d .\i)(iilci'ail() dc l.is Ai'reiiloru.s
I'ciido J).>t.il <lr Miii'.ri.i. Moxic, IS.'K).
Can
(.M
irtiii (Jil), El ('al)ililit h.mIu vacaiiti; de MiclKjacn
M(
is:;i.
(laixe'tiy lv,'iua( Tosi'ph), Xuuva, Tcui'icay Pnictica del JJciicliciodc Ins Mctiiles.
Mc
KSOJ
(iuivia iC), N'lilicias hUtorica, <j;i"o;^r!ificii, y CHt;>distii;a dil distrito do Xixjuil-
Jix Soo. MfX. dull!'., Ilolotiu ."frik, Ep. 1
CaiXM (Carliit.), A Iw liaLitaiitcs do la I'lvv. do I'lulila. fl'uolila, Is-Jl.]
(iaivia (Fi-aiioiyco), Killoxioiioj solirc. cl Acta ('.mstitutiva. Mexico, IS
IS-J.T:
i:
•xaincii ()ii
o jiara conar el curso dc asitis, dii) ;i su dispiito cl dia II d
IKT) UC
(laii
italc
v^'iirio)
Ori'
MS. |.Mo;;ic.., ITi'i
luuicacKiii <
KIC
lijs ludio.s dc cl Xucvo .Miiiidc
liidiaa Occi-
Madiid, 17-J!>.
(larcia (I'aLlo), .Maiiilio^to <[nv liaco ii sus coiiciudadaiios. (':iiii]icolu', 1S.")7
(iarcia (I'aulilio), Manito:itacii)H ilcl ricl'octo do I'ucMa. rucKIa, ISl-J.
Garcia (I'cdru), JJcclai-acinii ilc Ins
(.luaiiava^iiicz
do Xi
itii.siiuc lii.-j ludid.s do la I'r-ivincia do
An I l.'.:!:f. Ill Pacli
ucva I„^[iaria, liaciaii a sii .Scfior i
1 M:
dC
inlclias
( '>il. Due. toiii. xi
il(jlle» (Ic
Vi
(laii ia ( IVdiu Marceliiiii), liiloniic solirc la siihlcvacioii dc lo.s Zeiidales. M.S.
1711'..
(iarei 1. ( riiiiidad), Aimnlesi sobro cl Diseurso. Mcxici), 1S70.
(lari. l:n
(iai'i
Iclk
la II
silla (.luaii),M. iiiiiri::lda
illl
I Iliicrta (hiaiiuiii), LaiiuiriiaMa
even !■').■/(!. MS. [Spaiiil, l.").")().
e Ids iiiiios.
M.
tiarcia y Culxu (Aiit.iiiii)), VA Coiiicnio exterior ilc ^Icxico. In .Si
(I CO-'. L.ilcti
JM I
Gan
p. 11
a y I'liba* (Autuuio), -Vtlas iiictiidieo ]iai'.'i la eiiserianza dc la (
Mt
eo'/rafia
.Ic la i:
:)Uliliea .\iexica:ia.
Mcx., \s','l; Coiiipciidio dc G
'ratia <
Ida
llcpuWica .Mcxieaiia. Me.x., I.'>G1; Ihisayo dc uii I^.itiulii tiitrc Ia.s
rir.aiiiilci Ejijicia-i y ^Icxieaiias. Mcx., 1S71 ; liii]>oitaiieia dc l.i Es-
tadiatica. ,Me.\., 1,S71; ilcmoria paia .scrvii' i'l la (,'aita General dc la
Itjliulilii a Mexicana. Me.x., I'.ol; Xoticia.i Geoj;. y E.itad. di: la Kep.
deoau.se!) u Tajia
cliiila.
Mcx., l:
I'.xpci
Icida auto cl (i
J I
:\:
isno.
.M.
i.sio.
Garcia y Garcia (lose I'cdro), rrusjK'riilade-! do la l'
tlarei!a.;;i dc la Ve,^'a (l^I liiea), rriniera Parte >U; lo.s Coiiientario.s Ucalcs
.Madrid, I7-'n. folio.
Garcilas.j <lc la (\'c;;a(El Inca), La I'loi-ida del Ii
Madrid, 17-'::. l'.
Gaivillas;-') dc la Ve:,'a (el Yiica), La I'lorida dl Y;u-a, Kit).'). I I >.
Garde (LLieliard), letter to Kt. lloa. I'.arl ILussell, o:i the abdolui • right of tl
10
Me
ex. Ijo'.ulaiililcrs
Liiulon, ls;Jl; London, l.S()_\
Gan
>(.Io:ie N'ictoi'iauo), Sale a laWrgaelizacl Teiueiito Don Paiuon 1';
Mexico, 1,S_\S. foli
t!are!!.i, (Xiipoleon), Projet d"i
il do Jouctioii du LOceau I'aeilj
ML
G;r;ija(LVdru), Pri
Garvi.^
Paris, ISJ."
ipio ct
la. [Mexico, 1800.1
M
(\'icente), Ivxposieioii al Augusto (..'ongrcso del Estado dc Zacatecaa.
cjico,
1;
(larza (i.:i;;aro dc la), Disciirso h
il. Me
IS31.
tiar;
(L
do la), Meritos v Servieios. .Mexico, \S',V2.
Gaiva y Piallestcros (L. dc la). Carta ipic el Du diiigo al clero di' sii Dii'iecsis.
Mix., I.Sol; Garta Pastoral del .\r.'.olii.<i
dc M.
yu
l,S.1
< 'on'estaeioucs liabidaM intro Arz. dc .Mcx. y el Ministro dc ,1 list. Mex.
It
Defeii.<a dc l.i Miiiifcstat
Ci.cioii did Santo Jiiliil
CO couce(
Mex. l.S(!(l; IMicto para la puMi-
lido por Pio l.\. Mex., 1 S."rJ ; Inlorn
goner.d do la visita dioeesana. MS, .Mex., 1S.').'>, l.'i.'id. f.i
M
10
iiillcs-
t.ieion I pic liaci'n a I \\\i. ( 'lero y I'ieles. MeX. , I.S."i!l ; Opl'i. eido sohre I
OH
Mex., I.S.".t; Pastoral
line Tole
eraii la Jicimiooa.
M
l.->."i."i; Priincra distriliiicioii di- Pnniios.
Ga.staiieta y Escalad.>,i (-los.'' Maii.i), Pel
dia. Me.x., iS-ll); Oiaeiun ijwe pronuiicio en
ex.
Mex. l.S-tl.
leltaelnn iiiie en <
I'
la Ala
r\ i-eli'j;iosi
da. ^ Ml
y soicMiiiu
Ivi
AUTnORITIES QUOTED.
Gavio (.T(is('' Lonl do). El Rpgocijo Mcxicano ijor cntrada ile Francisco Xavier
ViiTcy. Mexico, 1810.
Cavito (I'raiiciscd), Itimas. Mcjico, lS4n.
(Jciircr (•fdhn L. ), A I'i'i p .it Mexico. J.ondon, 1S7-1:.
(iclvi's (.Miiniiu'.s tie), I'l'otc-sto Jcl V'irrcy ;i la aiidit^ncia. MS.
Ociiius of hiliertv. Vera Cruz, 1S47 et sc(j.
(Iciitry (M. P.), iSpcccli on Mexican War, Dec. IH, 1840. Washington, 1S40.
(Icyer (Otto I'Y'i'iliiiand), I'anoriuna of Mexico. Moliile, 1S;{.").
(Ill (l-'rancisco), Fundacioii de la Obra I'ia, qne para id niaycr culto. Mexico,
177-"i. 4to.
<;i!es (W. F.), Speech in U. S. House of Ecp. AVashington, 1849.
(iiiliam (Alliert M.), Travels in Mexico. Philadelphia, 184().
( ;imcnez (Manuel Maria), El Mcrito Vci-dadero. n.pl., 1S;21.
(liordan (I'rancis), Description do ristlinic de l\;huantepco. Pari.s, 1838;
lieponsc ail lil)el!o sur la (^olonie du (iiiazacoalco. Paris, 1331.
(lirard (.lust). Ivxcursion an -Mexi(juc. Tours, lS(i7.
< j.)l)ei'iiador (El), del Departniento al Publico de Mexico en las qucjas. ^Icxico,
lH;i7.
Gohierno do la Iglesia, Dudas rpio sc proponen. Mexico, 1820.
'!ol)icrno Politico de N. Ef^pafia. MS.
< Jodoy (Diego), Kelacion a Hernando Corti^s Mayo de 1>V24. In Barciu, Hist.
Prim., toni. i.
(iodoy (.f()s6 Maria), Piscurso Pronnnciado. Mexico, 1840.
Ooggin, S]ieech in LI. S. Hoii.sc of liep., I'Vh. 1st, 1S4S. n.pl.,n.d.
• ioldschniidt (AUxu't), see Cartography of the Pacific ('oast.
Oomara. (Fi-ancisco l.npez)), ("n'mica de la Xucua l']spafia c(jn la Conquista do
Mexico y otras (jisas Xotahles. Saragossa. [l."),')4.]
Gomara (Fr;mciseo ]j<ipez), Jlistorias de las (Juiiquistas de Hernando (.'ortes.
[Cliiinaliiain edition.] M.'xico, 1S'2(». '2 vols.
(iomara (Francisco Lopez) Historia di Don Fernando Cortrs. Vein'tia, 1500.
(lomara (Francisco Lo])ez), Historia de Mc ico. Anvers, l.").")4.
(loip.ara (l"rancisco Lopez), La Historia (Icneral de las liulias. Anvers, l.").")4.
(ionicz, Diaiio. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., torn. vii.
Conic/ (Jose), Anales de Mexico 1770-171IS. |Mex., 18.32. MSS.]; Yida de la
iladro Antonia dc San .Tacinto. Mex., l((8!l. 4to.
Gomez (Man.), Vindicaciou del I'rinier Ayudante. Mexico, 1840.
Gomez do Avcllaneda, Guatimozin, ultimo iMiiperador de Mi'jico. ^Tc'jico,
KS."),-!.
Gomez y Anaya (Cirilo), Defensa legal que liizo por Ticn. Xegretc. ^lexico,
IS-is. 41(1.
Gonza'cz, IJelacion dc la ^larcha do la llrigada (ouizale/. Toliica. 1S.'7.
Gonzalez (Ksteban Diaz), L'ontcstaciou en deieelio de hm convenlos. .Mexico,
is.m
Gimzalez (Fernando Alonso), Reglade X. S. P. S. Francisco. Mexico, 172.'). 4to.
(jonzalez (roaqiiiii), Aliotacioiies al Papel Titnlado Infornie. Mexico, I.V22.
Gonzalez ( losii I'Ueuteiio), (Joleccion de Noticias y Docunieiitos para la Hist.
del cstndo de K. Leon, Monterey, i.S(!7.
Gon; alcz dc Aragon (l^'raneisco), Dictamen Prescntado por el Sindico sobre las
C'outratas do Linipia de Ciudad. Mejico, ls;!L
Gonzalez y .Vvendano (Franciscns), Parlielion Marianum, ^lexici Subirliijo.
Mexico, 17">7. 4to.
Gonzalez y /liniga (Anna ^la.), Florido Ranio quo tributa en las f.estas dc
(iiiad.ilnpe, Mexico, 1748, 4to,
Gonzalo (\'ict, Lo])cz), Oliisoo de Pnebla. [Pnebl.i, 1784,]
fJordoa ( bwi' Miguel). I'ellccsiones (pu- se hicieroii por su acior a consuUa ilel
Hon. Cong, do Z.icatecas. ^lexico, 1827.
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2vo'<.
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delphia, 18;U. 2 vols.
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
Ivii
iliirliijo.
[•stilS lie
Odrosito (Frnnci.sco do) C;irtilla en Diiilogos acerca de la ronfcsion. ^Icxico,
ITO.'J.
(Jdrosii;:;! (M. 1']. ilc), A sus conciiuliRlaiios, u lircve rcscua de las operacioncs del
Miiiistii) lie llacitud.i. Mexico, ISIJS. 4to.
Ciovenniu.iit and People of the United Stateaaud to those of Spanish- America,
n.])., 11. d.
(Iraiidiila y Ania'.'a (Antonio'l, Tuniultus dc ^Texico. n.p., n.d. ]MS. folio.
(Ii-iiiiados y (ialw/. (.rosc|ih Joa(|niii), Taides ^Vniericana.s. Mexii'o, 177^.
(Iiandi/a y ICxce'cnLia.s de hjs sietc prineipe.s de los Angeles. ^Mexico, n.il.
M.S.
(irant (l'^. S.), Illustrated Life, Campaigns, and Public Ser\'ices of. Piiila-
delphia. ISCi.").
Cralitud del Ayiiutaniiento Constitueional do la Villa do Coyoacan. Mejico,
] s-_'0.
Oray (.Vlbcrt Zabii.skie), ^lexico as it is. Now York, 1.S7.S.
dray (A. ]>.), Keport and map of Mex. Boundary. W;i.sliin,c;ton, IS.IH.
Green ((Jeorge M.), Statement of liis recollections of life in Mexico, l.So.'?-.").'),
MS.
rireene, Speecji on Ten Pegiment Bill in U. S. Sen., Feb. 18, 1848. Wash-
ington, IS4S.
(!r(gory (Samuel), History of Mexico. Boston, 1847.
(i.Mjue (Call von), Briefo iiber Xord-Ainerika nnd }iIexiko. Braunschweig,
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id dajara, Coinlucto observada por el CJobierno Kelesi/istico. Onadalajara,
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(jua
la. iLilcsia di' ( 1
lajara. liuadal.. 1S47; Protes'^a did Oljispo y Cab
do de la Santa Iglesia dc Cuadalajara. (iiuulal., 1847; Protesta del
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los Canonigos. Mex., IS'J,").
Cuadalujx' (Xuestra Sra de), (_\)lceeion de obras y opusculos pertciiecieiites A
la milagrosa apariei
Madrid, 17S."i.
Guanajuato, Coutiiiuacion <lc las eontestaciones intre cl Oober'lr y Cabildo
M
iclioaean.
Morelia, 1S.")7. 4lo; Cunstitiicion Politiea. Mex., 1S'J();
Cueiita de la Eab; ica ile la Alhoiidi-a de ( lianaditas. MS., ISO!), f,
Es[)osiciou (pie el Sup. (iol)i'. (I
Establ
ecimieil
to d(; nil Presidio en Atar'^ea. G
1844; llxpcdieiite Instruido sobre el
1S4S; Inf.
oriue ciue ilo
su adniiiiistracion. (iuaii., IS'JO; luli
Mex.LlS.I
M.
(iuaii., bS4i); PublicaViud
riadiKiobr. Mex. | iS.1
leido i)or (iobr del I'.stado.
1
rogi'ama
de lasj'un*
ion del Avuutamientode Santa !•'
M.
Isll ; Ptjiresentaeionipieel Ayuiitamiento. (juan., 1840; Seguiidat.'crtii-
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Guardia (.1. M.), Pes Ibpubliipus de 1" AuK'ri'pie Espagnolo. Paris, 18(;i.>.
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AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
!1 I'i
m
m
fliKiTii (.Tiinn Alvarez), ^ilodo Jo oxtinguir la Dciula PuLlica. Jlcxico, 1814.
(;u( ria ilu llspaua con Mi'juo, So;,'uiiil'j AftKuli). Paris, 1S,J7.
(iiicna Etcnia a esto Cuii;^ics<). [.Mi'xico, Ihol^.J
Guena cntn^ Mexico y los Estailos-Uiiidos, Apimtca para la Ilistoria tie.
Mexico, 18-I.S.
Gucrra ii toilo niilitar oficinista. Mexico, 1821.
Guerrero, Coii.stitiieion politica <lel .fun. IS.jl. [GueiTcro, 18r)l.] El Estado
de (liieirero en la ICxposicioii \acioiiul, 1870. Mexico, IbTO; Menioria
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Miierte. Mox., JS'j:!. folio.
Guerrero (Isidoro), Exposicion Corta. Mexico, 1874.
Guerrei'o (.Jose ]\Iiiria), Dictaiucii Teologico contra el ensayo sobre tolerancia
religiot^a. Alexieo, is:il.
Guerreid (.Mariano Soto), I'roclania & favor de todos los bucnos y contra todoa
los niiilos. Mexico, ISl'J.
Gueni'ro (X'icenti), A liis ciudadanos militares. Mexico. [1S'21,] folio. Ex-
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I'lcsidcntc de los Ivstiidos-Unidos Mex., Coiiipatriotas. Mexico. l.Si!!).
El I'residentc de la llepublica. Mex.,lS'JO. folio; rroclaniucion. Mex.,
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Guevaia (15idtliazar Ladron de), Maniliesto, (j^ue cl Real Couvento do Religio-
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Gucvaia (.iuiin), I'roceso contra. MS.
Guevara (Mi.'^'uel 'J'adecj de), Suniario do las Indul^^'cucias. Mexico, 1787.
(iuia <le Hacienda de la Hep. Mex. afio de l.S'27. [Mexico, 1827. J
i Iuia ];ara el couociniieuto d(^ mouedas y niedidas. Mexico, I'^lo.
(iuriili (.lose ^li;^uel). Apologia do la nparicion dc Xuestra Seiiora do Gunda-
lujie. Mexico, 18^1).
Guridi y Alcocer (Josu Miguel), Sermon predicado en accion dc gracias.
IM.'xico, 1808.
Guridi y Alcocer (Jose Mignel), Exliortacion quo pnraelJuraniento de la Con-
slitueion en la rarro(|uia dd SaL,'rario. Mexico, 18'J0.
Guiidi y .Meva (Jose Maria), Ley .luslicia y Verdad. ^Mexico, 1828.
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AUTHOR ITIES QUOTED.
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Haio y Taniariz (Antonio de), A sus eonipatriota''. n.jil., iSolI; I'lsposiciou
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AUTIIORITIKS QUOTKD.
1 'i|ii
I
f
lilli^i^
HcrriTa (Antonio dc), Dcscrijition do las Iiidiaa Occidcntiiles. Madrid, 1730.
folio,
lioncni (Antonio dc), Tlistoiia rjcncl'al dc Ins IIci'Iios do los CastoUaiios in
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ojoroii'io do la prosidoneia. Mox., IS4o; Ley or^'anioa ilo la ^'iiai'diii
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Ifiilal;:o, La iVfon.sa dol Cura. i\.\\., ISl 1.
JlidalLTo (l>. .1.), ,\]iuntos pani Ksoriliir la Ilistoria dc los Proyrctos do Mon-
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Hi.storia do la Milagrosa Iniagon do Niiostra Sonora dol Puolilito, etc.
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Histoiio do rilmpiro Mcxicain roprosonti'o p;ir llgnros. Paris, IGOfl.
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]lolnios (!■;. I!.}, Spoooli on Moxioan War, .Tiino IS, \S-IC>. AVasliington, 1S4(1.
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Hospioios do Filipiiias, Dooumontos Intorcsantos parfi sabor ol origon do los
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Ifowitt (Maryl, llistorj- of the U. S. Now York, ISOO. 2 vols.
Huasteoa, ISotioias P&tadisticas do la Huastooa. Mexico, 180!).
Hudson (Cliarlos), Spoooli in U. S. House of l\ep., December 10, 184C; Fe1>
i;], 1.S47. n.pl., n.d.
Ilucrta (llpitaoioi, Apuiites para servir A la ni.storia do los Defensorcs de
Puoiila. Moxioo, 1808.
Ilucsoa (Manuel (lutiorrez de), Rcspiraoion de gratitud que un Prosbytero
Aniorioano. MS.
ITuniboldt (Alex, do), Essai Politique .sur le Royaumc de laNouvclle Espagne.
Paris, 181 1. folio. 2 vols, and atlas.
HumlMldt (.\lox. do), Exanieu Critique do I'histoire de la Googi-aphie du
Xouvea: Continent. Paris, bS.'U)-!). .") vols.
Humlioldt (Alex.), Potters to Varnliagan von Eiise. New York, ISGO,
Hiiinboldt (Alex.), Life, Travels and ISooks. Xew \'"o''k, IS.")!).
Hund)oliit (.\lox.). Political Essay un Xew Spain. Translated by John
JjlaoU. London, 1814.
HiinilK.Mt (AIpx.), Tal.l
KSO.'t.
AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Ixi
i Estadistieaa iltl Rcvno ile Xucva Eppafla tn d
.1.
IIuiiiIh'IiU (Ak'x. lU'i, W'lsnch iilicr dtn politisclR'n Zustaml dcs Kiinignidia
N
Cll-Spilllllll
'J'iil.
IM!).
lliiiiilx'lilt (Alex.), Vulcaiis ilcs Cuiilillirea ilu Quito ot ilu Mcxi([Uc. I'ari.s,
1N".4.
Iliaficz (Maiinel (\v), Colcocion ilo iioesias cspoLridas. Qiicrc't:ini. ISOiJ. MS,
ll.i
(I'liiiRi.si'd), Miurto jiolitita (If Ic Itrjmliliia Mcxii'aiia ;
.1 i:
iliti.
lai;
il.
Ml
M(
IS-J!) :!(»,
.Is
Ka/liali'tta (.liiai|uiii (iaivia), ( 'oli rtiuii »lt' IVniuiii'iitos jjaia la llisturia dc
M.
Mi'xioi), IS.'S-OCi. folid. '2 vuls.
lilra Mircurial y (li'scriiniiiii lircvi' dc la jilalisililc jura. Mexico, ITdl. 4t(
h
■as nixisjinas ii t(
1"
.^|\n Alllt lie
JMiiladilphia, IvJl.
Ideas iiecesaiias A tixlo jiUeMn -Xiiiericaiio que (|uiere ser 111
I'uelila. IS'.
lylesia de t'luajias, Oliseivaciulies (jue liaee la lylesia Catedial di I. Mexi
lS-_'(i,
Iglesia Catedial de la Putlila do Los Auyeles, Itcglas y Ordeiializas i
1.1 ell-
I-k
I'ue).
i7;;i.
( luadalaxara, Fundii
vd
K'lon V ciescniioKni
Mt
ISC,
Iglesia Metmiiiilitauo de ^Mexieo, Carta iiastoral Sept. 10, ISll. Mexif
ISII.
I;^lesia rarroiiidal de San Jliyuel, I'livikLrios y (^raeias sili^'ulares que gozn
csta. Mexico, 1.S44.
Ij.dosias (.Uilniiiii do San Miguel), Ilelaoion .'iciieilla del fuueial y exe(juias.
1-k
Ml
iWi'
I.SO.I
J. M.). Jiovistas Ilistoiicas solire la Interveiieiun I"
;? vols.
I'desias (Jose M.), Estndio Coustiti
d soliro faeultade"
Justi
Mox., 1n74; ^laniliesto del I'losidonte Intel
iieionos con lliaz. |(jhiel( taio, I,s7(l
I'desias v (,'onventos di' Me;
IM
uKin ilescnptiva
Iguala, Aeta Celekrada en. ^loxico, IS'Jl.
I-ualdiiil, ( iueo artieulos solire. Moxieo, IS.'O.
pti
Mc
■esa. Ml xieo,
e la Corte di
il)le las Xeyo-
, is(;:i.
llusti
Inuiia
Mc
(1.:
M.
lS.-,l-;i. 4 V.
dada COeepeion, Ikyla y ordinacionos do las Iteligiosas. ^lexi
7(M).
Impel io dc Mexico. A collection relating to Maximilian's I'nipirc.
luipoitaiites (ll)ser\aeiones soliie los < havisinios Males en (|iie te v;
1-;
vuelta la Xao
IMC,
um euino rosultaui) i
del decreto do 10 del Actual. l\lexi
Inipui:!
A la.s Cartas do P. J. M, (lutierrez Estrada nobro el rrovecto do
llstalilecer
M(
ejieo una .MonarijUia ii.oili'raila
M.
•J I
MO.
Iiifitativii de nn lls]i;ifiol Anierii alio ;i todos los I'ispauoks Ultian
la linos (iiio
i<e liallan en la I'eniiisula. Mc\ico, IM'O.
Ineitatlva de tin Mejic
toe
los K^
lici'i en la peninsula. Mexico, IM'O,
iiaeion dcl()iii:en dc los Extiaxii
moles en uclensa i
Icfe
dc 111
I (luc se iiu
il.-
Iiid
Indieador (Kl)
la ]•
Iiiduk
I
eilcracioii Mcjiraii
ndiistiia
N
jicrjictuas coiici'didas a los co
il Couirreso Mexieiiiio, Mexico, l.S'J'J.
la, Mejico. \y,\'.] 4. I! \ols
ilitcs. Mexico, 171'.i
iclonal
Itcd;
IS.'ill; lii'pri'sentii
nieiito do una soeicdad ]iara i
•1 fi
mil uto.
^Ic
diriLiida id I'rcsidi iite I'rovisional. Mcu'. 1S4I
Infante (Joaijuin), Sohicion li la cucstion do dorocho sobf la Kniancipacion dt
la A
Iiifon
imrica. Cadiz, IS'.'i.
,1
inacioii solirc aranccles en liis doctrinns. MS. 1740. foi,
Informe de la C'oinisii
Anna. Mexi
on noniliiaila luirala rcconociniicn
1S4:!.
ito del teatro dc Saiit.i-
Infoinic Crlticodc;,al dado al niuy ilustiv y vcneralilc Caliildo. Mexico. IS,"..").
Iiit'onuc en I'lstiados en lUfcnsa do los Kuiplcados do la Aduanu Maiilinia dc
r.ia
M
CXlCO,
1S43.
AUTHORITIES QUOTED,
iilllll
InfonnoSucrcto nl PllcMo Sobcrjnio. Mexico, l,S3n.
lIl''()I•IlU'^ cii ilcrcrlio, ii ( 'ollcf timi.
Iii-i! ("*• \V.). .S|).ci.li in V. S. Hoiist' of Hep., March 22, 1848. n.pl. n.d.
Iiii;^.: (.liMfi), I'liiii'ial Oratitmlcoinjuo la leligiosa coiminidad. Puebla, 1774.
liM|iiisi(iiiii, a Ccilli'ctioii.
liic|nisiiioii, A|Hil(>L,'ia. Mexico, LSI 1.
lri(|uisiri()ii, Inroi'iiio solirc (.1 TrUmnal. Mexico, 181. *}.
liii|iiisi(ioii, Moinorial Santa. Mexico, 1S21.
liiiHiisiiion <li' Msiuina, Am'cdota iuijiortantc. Mojico, 1820.
liHjui>iiiiin Mcxiciina, i;|)itoino Sumario do las I'ersonaa, assi vivas, como
<liliaitas, ((lie mi iian pcnitcuiciiulo. [Mexico], Uiu!).
laqiii^ii'ion y piihlic.i dcclaiacioa testamento y ultima voliiiibid do la Santa
lni|iiisicicin. Mexico, 1,S.")().
]ni|iii.sicl(ii'e.s lisjcides, lle.ijlas y (.'onstituciones. Mexico. ICiO. 4to.
Inijuisi. lores. Xos Ioa Innuisidorcs contra la lieretiea pravedud, y upostasia,
en estiMriiidad. Mexico, 17;{8.
Imtitiita C<jngregationid Oratorii S. Mariao in Vallicella do Urbc. Mexici,
l.s:iO.
Institiito do ricncias, Litcnitura y Artos, Memoi'ias. Mex., IS'JC; Reyla-
nicnto. .Mex., Iy2.">.
liistitiilo X.icioiial do Cieografia y Estadistica, Boletin. See Sociedad .Me:;i-
eana, I'lc, it.s later name.
In.stitnti» ];cIi;;ioso, ])efeii!~a. Jlexieo, 1820.
Instrnivrion do lo.i coniisionados de la dii-cceion t^oncral y jnzgado privative do
Alcaliulas y rid(iue.s del Iteyno. Mexico, 178.'!. 4to.
Instniccion, I'oniiada en viitiid dc; I!e;d Ordea do S. M., f(UO so diri','e id
Scnor Coiiiandanto (Jcneral de Trovincias Inteniaa Don Jacobo Ugarte y
Loyola. -Mexico, 17iS!>.
Iii'^triiccion jiara la lufanteiia li'rera I'jcrcito Mexicano. ^lexico, 1841.
laiirucciou jiistiiral ilc 1 ilustii uino Arzobispo de I'arin, Mexico, 1S22.
Instir.ciiiin I'rovi.jional jiaia Ins Coiuisaiios (Icnerale.s <|Ue ban de Adniinia-
tiar Iks Itainoa do la llacicmla I'liMica, Mexico, 18_'4.
Instniccion (|Uo so rcniite dc orden de Sii Majestad ii bis .Iiiiitas ile Teinporid-
idadcs estahk'cidas en lo.s doniinins de Indias. Miulrid, 1784.
Ia.-itriu;cioii isobre el cnltivo di' iiiircniii y eiiii dc gu.sanos. Jlexieo, ISoO. 4to,
l]i:;;rucciones do \.>s Vii'oyes de Xnev.i, E.s[)aua. Mexico, 1807.
liianiTcccion de ISIO. A Collection.
lasnri'eccion dc Xncva Espaiia, llesiinion Ilistorico. Mexico, 1821.
l-iteudcntcs do I'ixi'i'cito y l'ro\im'i!i, Rcid Ordeniinza. Madrid, 1780.
luiendintc.s de I'rovincias v Excrcitos, Ordeniinza de 111 ile Octubre do
171!l. ^Madrid, 174!). folio.
Intervencion Kuropea en Mejico. I'iiris, 18.59; riiiliidelpbia, 1S.")0.
Interfereneo of the IJritisii ( Jnvernnient in the dispute between Spain and
ber AmericiMi colonies. ^IS.
Iriiirto (Fnuicisco), Contcsliicion il la cxpresion dc agravios. !Mex., 18;>2;
Miinilicsto a los pueblos de la lJepublic:i !Mejic:ina. ^lejico, ISJ!).
Iriiirto ( I 'nuicisco Sniirez), Del'ensa, 21 ile !Mar/o de 1830. ilexico, 18o0.
Iv'n l';s])auol (i;i). Mexico, ISlIi) et fcq.
Isiibil lii ( atolica, In.stiliicion de l.i Itoiil <)rden Anicricnna. Mexico, 1810.
Iitii (.io.-cpli Mariiino (.iregorio), Diii festivii I'ropio piini el Ciilto. Mexico,
17J4.
Iturbido (AgustiiO, Rreve diseno eritico de la eniancipacion y libertad de la
Uiicion ^lexiciina. ^Mexico. 1.S27.
Iturbide (.\giiSLinl, Ih-eve iiiaiiiliesto. Mexico, 1821.
I tiul)ide (A;;ustiM), Carrerii Militar y I'olitica. Mexico, 1827.
lLiMlii<le (Agustiii), I'iirtaiil l'cns;id(ir Mexicano. iMcxico, 1821.
liurliido (Agustiii), Carti'.s de los Scfmres (iciiendes. Mexico, 1821.
Itiuljide (.\giistiii), Ciitilstrofc de el 18 de Mayo dc 1822. Mexico, 1826;
Tiiris, 182.-..
Iturbidc (.Vgustin), Del grande Iturbidc. Mexico, IS.'^S.
1,
AUTironiTiKs Qroxr.D.
Kill
Itnrliiili' f.\','ll^^till), DciikwiiitlitkcitLMi mis tlum on'oiitliolicn Mieii tlt-s kuiscra
vim Mi'xii'i). l.cij>/i;,', \S\H.
Itmliiili' (Agiistiii), Kl yoiii T.ili.siiiio Aliiiiniiiti! ;l los liabitaiitca del linpirii).
.Mt.\i.(.; hs-'i'.
Itmliiiif (.\,'iisiiii (lu), in gcneralisiiiiK Almirimtf ;l s,u.s coiu-'iiuludikiios. Mcx-
i.o. IvJ-J.
Itni'liiilo (A;;ustiii dc), HI I'riincr .ucfo del cxi'n'ito iiiiporial. Mfxii'o, IS'Jl.
ltuil)id(^ (Agiistiii iK), I'jitrada I'lililii'a in Valladulid. Mexico, ii.d.
lliirliidi.' (.\^'u«tiiO, Mtiiioiri'j Aiitiij,'r!i|p|i(H. I'aiis, 18'J4.
Jtuiliiili: (.\.i;ii.stin)i Mcjicaiius. I'lU'lil.i, IS'Jl.
Iturliide (.\L;u--tiii), I'laii imhlicado I'u 1^'iiala el L'l di! IVlirero dc IS'Jl. Mux-
ico, ISJI.
ltiirl)i(li' (Aijiistin), I'oMaiios ilnstivs. I'liehla, n.d.
Jlurliido (A^'iistin), I'riiiicr prcinio j^cucral conccilido ;i los sefiorcH gcfos y
()!'u.iaU<. Mi'xici), 1S_M
Itiirliiue (A!.:ustiii), I'liKdania El i>riincr gefi (Ul ejircito iiiiiHrial dc las ties
pii'Miilias. McxiiM). liS'Jl,
Iturliidc (A^'ustiii), I'rorl.iinacinn. dated July II, IS-JI. Valladoli.l, ISi'l.
Itiini ( l''raiui.si'(ii, Carta ( 'litiea s ilni^ la liisloiia do Aiiieriea del Seiior Juan
i!aiili;ta MuuMZ. Mailrid, 17IIS; I'ueMa, IS-JO.
IxtlilMiiliitI (i'eiii.-.udo do Alva), Cniauti's Honihles iles Comiuerauts du
M(\ii|Uo. iu 'roiiiaux-t'iiuiiiaus, \'iiy., xc'iie i., toni. viii.
I\tlilxiielii,l llelai'iouis. Ju Kin;:sli()n)u,L,'irs Mtx. ^Viitiij., vol. ix.
J/aguhre ( I'edri) dil, IJelaeidU do los sitioH y ealitlade^^ de lus jiuertos dc Ca-
'^ hallos. -MS. l(i04-.">. I'ldio.
.lai'ol) (William), Troduction and Consumption of tlio I'i-i'Mouh Motal.s. Lon-
dnn, ls:il.
Jaillan.lier (I'.), Kxtraite il'nno Lettio dattoo do rondieheru an niois dc
Fevi'icr. I'ondielier'a, 1711. iMS.
Jalisco, Araneel para el col no do dereclios judioialos y curia celesiii-itioa.
Cnad., IS"J."); Ijucu Tnitainieiito do Iiidios. In I'aclieeo and Cardona.s,
Col. l)i)c., toin. xiv.; Conii.sion I'einLiiiuMito. (luad., lS(i7; < 'onstitiioinn
polilica. (iuad., 1Sl!4; Coutestaciimos lialiidas. (luad., ISJ.'i. 4to ; I)is-
eurso del (lol)einador. n.) I. ll.S(i7|; l)iie(nuentos Inipoitante.s. .Mex.,
ISilS; Docunicntos oliciales do la Coinandanoia. (!uad., Is;l4. 4to; hue-
nmenlo.s Oiicialcs do la Jvevohieion. <Juail., ISo'J; Diitiinion pre.sentado
jjor laconiision do llae'la. (!uad., l.S"2!); Ivsposieion a Cou^'feso. Mo\.,
JXIJ'J. 4;o; Menioi'ia histoi'icailo l(w .sueesns mas notaliles do la ooM(|iiista
paitioular do Jali;vo. (!nud., Is;;;i; M<iuiiria inesmtada iior el ( lolnr-
nador. (iuad., ls.")7; Menioria i[\n'. el l^xuio (loli. del il.stado el dia I de
Sept. do lo47. (luad., 1S4S; Moiiicnia hoImo t 1 I'^Ntail) aoUi.-il <!(; la ad-
ininiifration I'ulilica. (iuad., ISlV!; Xoticias l^stadistica.-*. (iuad., 1S4.'>;
I'atrii'itiea Inieialiv.i. (luad., 1-^44; Ke.L'Ianiento ]iai'a el l;ov. iuteiiur d. I
CoiiL,'. Const. |(luad.| I8'.'4; devolution do. (iuad., l.S.rJ. 4to ; Saiito.s
l>e';o]'.;ido. (luad., lS,"i!); \'oto general do los puidilos dc la I'lovinoia.
|. Mexico I, is-j;!.
Jay (( luillemiii), Jievista de hus cau.'fas y consooncncias do la(iu' ria con Mex-
il'O. Mrxioo, 1S,">().
.lay (William), Mexican War. T.oston, lS4!t.
.Jonlvius (.lolin S.), History of Mexican War. Anliui'u, 1S.">1 ; \o\v"S'ork, ]S.")0.
Je.suitas, Cartas escrita.s por el Kiy al pa]ia, externuno do los jesuitas. M.S.
1704 7.
Jesuit.as, Coloi^io do San Francisco Xavier noviciado on Tepot/.otlan. MS.
1770. folio.
.Icsuitas, (,'ijnstituoion s(>creta. Mexico, IS'J.'i.
Jesuitas, Docunieutos y ()l>ras iuiportantcs. Mexico, 1841. 2 vols.
Jesuitas, Instruoeiones Seeretas. MS.
Jesus .Maria (Nicolas de). La Santidad Derraniada. Mexico, 1748.
Jesus do Atoclia Silver Mining Co., Mex. San Francisco, ISO.'].
Ixiv
AUTHOniTIES QUOTED.
I|i^
Jiiuoncz (T.,iz.'ir<(^, Tii(|ui-iiilor (Iscil de cstc Sniito Ofu'in, MS?.
Jiiiifiic/ (.Miiiuul Miirial, Apologia tlo lii Contliicta Militar tit; fit'nerul Santa-
Aiiiiii. Mcx., Is47.
Jimt'iic/, y V'.'vM (.lo.s. Ant.), El lYnix ile los Minuro.s riooa tlu l.i Aniijrica.
Mfxit'o, 177!). 4tt).
.Tinu'iii'/ I'jintnja (Toni.is), llcfonsa jiiriillca. n.i)l,, ii.il. folio.
Jiint'Mo (.I().s('), Jnrornii! tl.nlo iil Sii|pnnio (lol)icriio hoKii! la I'artiila, Mcx.,
|.s;!7; ()|ii'isfiilo solute Ion casus ItcsiTvadus. Mcx., ISKi; 1 >(;clarucion
lii'fVe' ill' la rartilla i|ni' nianiliista las lirn';,'ia8. .Mix., I Si I. -Ito.
Joliiisiiii (Ktvt^Tily), Sju'tili on 'I'Iiito .Million hill, Ffli. (i, 1.S17. Wanli. IS47.
Jonis (( 'liarlis lift), Sii|i|ilfiiiintal Mi'niorial of, in nlatiou to Capt. Lico. W.
llu'jhcs. Wasliinu'ton, ISlS.
Jones (WaltiT), 'i'lit! caMo of tlio llnttalion Htntfil. Wasliinpton, 1S47.
Jortlan Jolm), Si'iions actual l)aii;,'iTf of l''iirci;^ncrs anil foieiyu conuncrce iu
till,' Mtxiian States, riiilailcii.liia. lS'_'(i.
•Toiiv, llistoria I'liiv. tit; la ];^lcsia. Mexico, ]S,")4.
Jouii'.ani't (1>.), l)n .Mcxiiiut! tin point clo vuu tie .son inllucncc sur la vie tlo
riioiiiiuc. r.iris, ISdl.
Jove y A'^iiiar (.Josi'; Alixamlro), Oracion fi'incln'c prouuuciada en las soltiinnes
i'Xci|iiias iior los J'^spHuolt's. Mexico, IbOS,
Juarez (I'xiiito), liioj,iaria. I'uelil.i, 1S()7.
Jiulson (1'^ 'A. ('.), 'J'lii! Volunteer; or the Maiil of Monterey. Ijo.ston, n.il.
Juicio ill' Inqii-enta, l>ocnnientos rclativos al, proniovido por !■]. liarron contra
1). (1. I'Viia.s. Mexico. l.S."i(i.
Juicio de los Locos. I'uehla, IS'JO.
Jiiicio tie nil Tatriot.a .soliic las Difercntes Opinioncs Politicis. Mexico, 1S23.
Juicio I'rivailo solire I'l Dictanicn I'resentadu al Con^'reso (Jcneral. Mexico,
1S_'4.
Julien (Antonio), Trasfonnaziono tlell 'America o sia trionfo dclla .S. Cliiusa.
lloiiia, 17!K>.
Junta I'atriiitiea, Exposicitm. Mexico, ]S,"iO-S; Re^ auiento. Mcx., ISoO.
Junta I'rox inc>;d tic Censura al I'ldiliro. (Mixieo, l.S^l.]
Junta lie Sefioras, I'^spo.sicion i|Ui; liace al publico. Mexico, 1S40-1.
Junt.i Sujirenia tlel Iteyno. ^lexico, ISIO. 4to.
Jurisdiicion Ordinaria. Defensa de Ins Sefiores Ohispos para conocer do los
nei^oriiis ill! los re;,'ulares. Mexico, istl,
Jii/uailos lie llaceduria. In Mexico, Doc. i'^cles. MS. torn. ii.
Kar.stcn (D. L. G.), Tablaa Mineraltjgicas dispucstas scgun Icsilcscuiirimicntos.
Jilexico, 1S()4.
Kend '.11 (dro. AVilkins), The War between the United States and Mexico,
Xew ^'ork, 1S.")1. folio.
ICenly (Jolm i;.), Memoirs of a Maryland Volunteer it. the Mexican War.
i'liiladelphia, 1S7;«.
Kiiatrv (I'Iniil (!.), Kaiser Maximilians Erliebung und Tall. Leipzi.i,', 1SC7.
Kcymoleu (Louis), Manifesto fesant suite i'l I'exposij sur lo procOs dit de Llal-
linas. Mexico, IS.V).
Kirn,' (l)aniel 1'.), Siiecch in U. S. House of Eep. Feb. 4, 1847. Washington,
'1S47.
KingsborouL'h (Lord). Antiipiities of Mexico. London, 1S;}1-4S. folio. Ovols,
Kingsley (\'inc AVright), I'reneh Intervention in Mexico. New York, 1803.
Klemm (t iustiiv), Allgcmeino cultur Ueschichte dcr ^lenscldicit. Leipzig,
1847.
Kollonitz (Countess Paula), The Court of ^Mexico. London, 1807.
Ivottenkauip (Franz), Dcr Unabluingigkeit.skanipf dcr Spanisch - Amerika.
Stuttgart, 183S.
L. (F.), ]'2tuiles Ilistoriques sur le Mexiipic. Paris, IS.IO.
L. P. J., Memoria para los Soldados Mexicanos. Mexico, 1S.?.3.
Labartlie (Charles de), Les Sacrilices liuniains au Mexifpie. Paris, 18G2.
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
Ixv
I.nc()!i,''i' (II. Mcnicr (lo\ Lo Mrxii|uo ct Icm I^tats-Unis. Pnii.s, 18(13.
J.iicui.zii (.ln«L' MiiiKi del, l)isi;iii's(is Jlistoiicos. Mcxito, 184.">.
i,;u'lli/il (IllMIl N.l, ( kill) (li;is li (licis. M( iuo, IS}!. 4t().
Liiti!i;.'iiii (J. M.), .Mc'innriiiiihim (U' Ins N\';,'i)cios I'l'inliciitcs cntro Mcx. yV.^■
jiiiiia. I'oissv. \>^':'; Afgocios reiulii'iito.s tiitiu Mcx. y Kspufiii. J'aiis,
ls,,.S.
l.aiK'astcr-.T<>tn'>! (Alfonsii), Ddciiinnitd^ impdrt ntca dul I'l'oceso do (IdlnT-
uadur (.'(iiistitucidiiiil lie .lali.sid. Mi xIlo, \A{',H.
LalHic'L;(> y ixusuiliiz (.(i)St'|ili ilc), < 'iiitii i'astoriil del Arroliisjio do Mexico.
Mexieii, 17 Hi; Oraciuiiea fuiielires eu los HoKiiiiie!! cxentiiaa del. MeX-
id), 17-8.
Ijinila (Cuilos de), Sohro el Sistoina I'l iliiliitivn. Mexieo, 18-13. 4to.
i.iiiiila (l)ieLrii <le), lielaticjii des eliones do ^'neatan. l'aii,-i, 1S(;4.
J.au^'iista, l»ict:iiiieii solae la, iiieseiitailo ^lurla CiicueliiiiaLiuiial do ngl'icnltiira.
.Mi\iei), l.S.id.
Liuigsilmll' ((i. 11. Von), Vi)yago and travels in various parts of tlio uorld.
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l.aieiiinidiere, Kl I'liiveiso rintoresio, etc. I'ari.H, 1S4(J.
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Lare.-i ('i'eodosio), Lcccioncs do ilcreciio adniinistrativo dadas on el Ateiieo.
Me\i,(), 18r)±
Lari.s (Mariano (r.), Discurso civico pronunciado el IG do Sotiembro, 1S,")4.
Moielia, lS.rl.
Lanaiii/ar (Manuel), Algunas Ideas soljro la histori.a y niancra <lo cscriliir l.i
de Mexico. Mexico, ls(;">. 4tn; l.a Cucstion de Teliiiantepcc. New
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I'.vi
AUTIIOrJTIES QUOTBD.
slilili
Lan Casas y In ^Ii'ta (Lucas du), Memorial rclativo al golncrno du la I;j;lo.sia
Catuclial (Ic (iuadaliijara. .Mexico, IT-"*, lolio.
I.as Crnccw, lionlcrcr. J^as Cinccs, lS7-ctsc(|.
Laso (l''i'ancosci)), J'^l Atlas Alihrcviailo. Aiiihercs, 1711.
Lass:iya (Jiiaii Lucas ilc), y .Joai|uiii \'(lasi|Ucz tic Loon, PiC]iroscntacioii fpic
liaccu a! l!<y ;'i uonibri' do la niinoria do Xuova ICspana, ]\loxioo, 1774. folio,
Lastairia (.1. V.), l^a Ainorioa. (iaiito, ].S(»7.
Lato Moiito (Ludovicu do), Catocisino du la- Indopoudoucia, Mt^xico, 1S21.
Lruroiit (Taul), La j^uonc <lu Moxi(juo. Tari.-f, 18(17.
J..a,:aro, < 'ai'ta I'a.stoial dol Afzolji.spo do ^Icxico. Mexico, IS.").
Lii;:caiio (I'raiicisco Javier), Vida oxonii)lar y vii'tudos lien'iicas ilcl veneralilo
padr(! Juan Antonio dt' Oviodo. }.lixico, 17i)l).
L.i;;eaiio (I'lancisco XavJoi), llonias funei'alos (juu al 11. I'. Doeur. Mexico,
i7<;;».
Lazeano (Francisco Xaviir); f)|)uscnluin Tliooiiliilosoiiliicuin de ]irincipatu .sen
antol.itiono. M<'xioo, 17.")0.
Laxcano (Francisco Xavior), Oiatio funcbris quo I'e^'ia an Pontifica. Mexico,
17(i;{.
Lazcano ({'"rancis Xavior). Sermon funelirt^ Mexico, 17<;'l.
Lazcano (Maniah, .Manit'estacioii ijuo ol (li'al liacc al ]iulilico. Mc^xico, IS.'S.
La;'c;!Uo (M.), ()i)eraci!"ilUH .Militaros del Lj.'i'cito de ( )rieiite. Voi-.-i Cruz. IS(;7.
J^oiiiija y llai'icra, ijn^vos lloilosciono.: sohro el analLsis (|ue iiau foi'inado.
Mexico, isli.
Lelirija y ]>ari'oia, Ivejiliea di; a lo;i Senores de la Compania Ijnpics.aria do la
Ionia naeional del tal)aco.. Mexico, 1S41.
Lelii'on y Cuervo (.losojili), Aiiolii;,'ia .lui'idica do los dereelios fpio tieno ol
Seiior ( 'ondo do Santiau'o del l'uel)lode( 'a!eniay;t, I'tc, Mexico. 177!'. 4to.
Locluiga (.Vntonio ]''ernandez), Dcdicatoria ii Don i'. Arias do Mora (Snzmau
yCalialUro. Mexico. I(i7.">. 4to.
I..eo (Alfred), Tiio Keformation in Mexico. n.]il,, ii.d.
JA'fi'vre {\]. ), 1 >oci!niontos ( )llciales reco.:.;idos en la Si'crotai'ia Frivada de Maxi-
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],oinprioro (Cliarlos), Notes on Mexico in lS()l-'_'. London, ISd-J.
Leon, Acta Munici]ial July l.'l, iSiJ.'). n.jil., n.d; VA Ayinitamiento do. pido
la ei'occion del I'.stailo dol Contro. Mex., 1S7(); La Municipalidad de,
soleuniiza hi uii'nioria de su Lid<'iH'ndeucia. Jjoon, l.S7i.
Loon (Antonio de), Ccjuti'stacion del Ciudadano. Oaxaca, IS-H.
Loon (Antonio do), Tratado do coulirniaciouos Keales do Fai"oniiendaa, Oficios
i casos. Madrid, Ki.'JO.
Lo(jn (Francisco ].,eou do), Ilernaudia. Tviuui))lios do la fe y gloria do las
arnia.s I'lsjianolas. I'oonia lli';i>yco. .Madiid, 17.")."'.
Lion (.loachin A'elasniU'Z d(.'), Ivvplicaeicju do los adnrnos. ^Mexico, 1771. 4to.
Loon (.lo.se U. (!.), l''.l Ciira do Santiago do tjuoretaro d sus lielos liabitantos.
|;^)iU'relaro, KslO. |
Leon Muan l>oinin.;() de). Sermon do la ])nri.--sinia. Mexico, 1710.
Leon (.buKjuin ^'olasl|uez), Comon'arias do las Ordonanzas do .Mineria. ^I.S.
].,i;on (Martin de), Manval brovo y forma do ailuiinisti'ar. .Nb'xico, ](i40.
Leon (Rodriguez do), I'anogyrijo Avgvsto Castollauo Latino al Soronissinio
Lil"ante. ^loxico, Ki.ill.
Leon (.Joseph Antonio I'onco do). La Abeja do Miclioacan. Mexico, 17."-.
Loon (.fosopb Antonio Ponco do), T..a azueena entre Ivspinas sobi'o senta<la on
la vida y virtudos de la ni.'i.dro Luisa de Santa Catarina. Moxieo, 17.">0.
Leon (Xicoliis I'oi, e do), Ilistoria do la .singular vida del venerable lionuano
Cristoval do Molina. I'uobla, lOSG.
Leon y (lama (Antonio de). Carta juo sobre la,, Observaciones critioas, etc,
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striiccion .sobro ol romodio du las Lagartijas. ^lex,, 178-.
AUTHORITIES QUOIKD.
Ixvii
Ins, Otlcios
'rciiissiino
Lordo (rranci^o )), Espo'^icion sohrc ol .Tiiicio. Mexico, 1''40.
J.cnl I (I'-riiiuio Maria), J^spositiiiii ilcl J)()(;t(ir Lcido uijutra las obscrvacioiies
(K'l I'ti^ailor Mc'-ieaiio. Mexico, Is-JO.
Lird.i lie Ti'jiula (liaiicisco), l^s'io^acioii sohrc Adiiiiiiistmcion do l;i Adiiaua
Mai'ltirna do Miizatlan. Mexico, IS-IO.
Lcrd'Mle 'JVjada (.Mi,'iul >[.), Apniitos llistuiico.s do la lloruica Ciudad de
\'(ra Cruz. M(;xii'o, 1,S.">!)-."). 5 parts.
].(■ .'-^aiut (L.), (Juciio (li Mexicpie. J.illc, n.d. ; Tans, 18(57.
Liir.iu (.Sail Jiiau do'., J.,a .Junta t'atodr;itica Dirooliva del Xacional y piitn-
itivo Coloaio do Mexico. Mexico, is.");).
Lcv.'iiito (J..eoiianlo) < 'lisis Americana. Madrid. 17-11. f ih >.
l.cye.s, Varias Allot:. cioiies a innciias Icyes de liidias. ii.]!'., li d. MS.
Lcyc;! y Oi'donan<'as Nuev.'iinriito licciias ])or su ilagcstad, para la gouoniacicj
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Loycs y Ordenan/.a.'!. Madrid. [!.")S1.J
Lexarza(l''. Manuel^ Jlspulsion do los Padres Jesiuta.s y Vida conum di; las
Monjas. ii.pl., '.lUiy. ^IS. folio.
Lezai'.ia (.)osc5 do). Exliortacioii do I'a/; que, descuhierta laiufamcrcvoluciou do
tieira. Mexico, 1811. small 4to.
Lilicialisino _> •^usEi'ectos en la Rejuihlica Moxicana. Mexico, IS^tS.
Liliertad do linprc .:«;a I'elVndida. I'ucbln, l.Sil. folio; Defcnsa. !Mcj., IS'21;
I'loliiljida. :\Icj., IS'J:); Trinnfo do la Mex. IS-Jl. folio.
I.iliro de Cabildo, (,'opia do la mayor [larte. l.'iil-U.
Eilii'o do las ( 'onstitucioiios. Mexico, 17!>(i.
Licia ra (.Joscj Maria dc), -Vdiciones y rectificacioncs A la Historia dc Mexico.
(luana juato, ]S(iS.
Lici") }iIcxicuio. M< xico, 1S41. 2 vols.
Liaiou (lldefoust Gomez), Sermon quo en la exaltacion del Senor Carlos 1\'.,
Mexico, 1701. Mexico, 1701.
Linares (iimpic de, Virey do JNlcx.), Ins'triicci(m ii su Sneesor. n.pl., 17)ti.
-AIS. W.Vm.
Linares (()l)i--po de), AelaMcionos sobre la circular que espiili(j en Tampico .-i
Id de Ui'tuhro del corricnto afio. Mexico, ISIiO. -Ito.
Li;K'.ti(0.), Co.stumes (111 Me\ique. I'm^cllcs. u.d. 4to.
Liiiieres (Ivliiardo Jliiricpio Teodorode Tiirreau), Plan de los Establceimientos
y E.itatutoa (jeneralis do la (Jompafiia Mcxicana ( 'icntiiica. Me'aco, l.SIl,").
Lint< ma M'lunea u .sem;inario fusoiK'iniieo. Mexico, 1S'_'2.
Liot (W. 1>.), L'anama, Xicavai,'naand Tcliuantcpcc. London, 1849.
Li.ipiird ((ieort;o), Leycnd,s of Mexico. P)iilade![iliia, Is47.
]..i^i;a <lo loa Lndividuos matrioulados cii el colegio do aliogados. Mexico,
18:17. _
Lista liitcrina do los inforinantes contr.T, las vietimas de la noelio del li) \- 11
dc Mayo do 1814. [ .Mexico, ISl'O. J
Livernuiro (Ahiel Abbott), Tho war witii Mcxieo reviewed. Loston, 18.")i).
Li;;aiia (Xavier lie), Aniniiino contra .su pastoral. MS. 18!(.'!.
Li.;aiia y JSeanniont (Francisco), Carta (!ratulatoria. Mexico, 181(1; Carta
] astoral (|Uo dirijre ;'i .su elcro .sobre la saiitidad del estado. Mex., 1807;
Klogios Latino yCaslellano -2') y '2\ de.lulio do l8!:.. ^Iex., isKi; Ivx-
liortacioii del Aivobispo do Mex. a .'iiis lielcs. ^I. x., ISIO; Sernion «.'l
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Li/:',iia y ISeaumont (Francisco) Cartas Pastorales, A eolK^ctioii.
Lizardi (.1. .1. I'ernandez de), Adverteneias Nccesarias para la El'^ccion do
J)iimtados del I'lituro (ami'/ivso. Mex., bSl'.'l; Contistaeiou del pens.ador
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18JI; Noehes Tristes. ^lex., iSlS; I'ensador .Mexicano. Mex,, 1>.1;(,
ct seep; < Jbsi'rvacioiicM (pie (d Peiisador Mexieano liaco A Lis eensuras,
iMexico, 18'.'.'); I'd I'eriqiiillo .Sarniento. .Mexico, 184"J. 4 V(ds. ; Mexico,
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Llano (.Manuel), Opi'isculo sobrc tclegrafia-elcctro-magiKitica y apuntes. Mex-
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Ixviii
AUTiiORiTir:;:; quoted.
i
Llaiito (Ic la piicbla en la traslacion de su amabilisinio prclado, Pucbla [ISOO].
.MS.
Lhive do Oro para abrir las piiertas del ciclo. Mexico, 1815.
L!oroiito (•luau Antonio), AtVnismos I'oliticos. ^lexico, 1S22.
l^oayziiga {.Manuel), liistoriado la milagrosissima imiigen de Xra SradcOccot-
liin. Mexico, 17i')().
Lobo (Manuel), llelaeinn do la Vida y Virtudes de Pedro dc San Joseph
Jjetancur, 1724. MS.
Logrono (I'edro de), Carta al Roy Don Felipe II. In Cartas de Indias.
Lombanlo (Francisco M.), Int'onno que en contestaeion al que liizo. Mexico,
ls,-).>.
]iOndi)u (Jeofrrapliicnl Society, .Toumal. London, 18.31-70. 40 vols.
]^oiig (Ivlward), Speech on Mexican War in U. 8. House of Kep., Jan. 0,
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Lopez ((ieri')iiim()), Carta al Fmpcrador Oct. 20, 1j41. In Icazbalccta, Cul.
Doc, torn. ii.
Lopez ((iregorio), Declaraoion <lel Aiipocalipse. Mexico, IfliO. JIS.
Lopez (Ore;,'orio), Tesoro dc Mciiiciiia y do las plautas do la Nueva Espana.
Mexico, 1()7.'J.
Lopez (.lesuM de), Discurso. Aguascalientcs, ISfil.
Lopez (Miguel), Kefutacion al folloto eon niotivo do la ocnpacion do Querc''-
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Lope- ( 'laroH ( I'edro), Defensa legal de D. Lorenzo y D. Mariano Sisa. Madrid,
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Lopez ]\latoso (Antonio Ignaci(j), Extracto cuasi d la letra dc la causa crim-
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Line/, Portillo (Antonio), Alaniliesto legal. IMS. 17(il.
1^ ipez de Salcedo (l)iig(j), Instruccion, deseubriniieiito del Desagnadcro. AfiO
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Li'.pc'/ dc Zubiria (.lose Antonio), l)ocuinentus oliciales relativos al Estrana-
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Lorcnzana (Frnncisco Antonio), Aranzcl jiara curas de la ciudad de Jtlex.
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Loreu'^ana y Buitron (Francisco Antonio), Cartas pastorales y edictos. Mex-
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Losada (Juan Miguel), El Grito de D-^.lores. Mexico, 1850.
Lo.s.sada (P. Domingo), Conipcndio de los Privilegios Kcgulares dc Indias,
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Lowcn.stirn (Isidore), Lo Moxiquo. Paris, 184.'); Journey from the city of
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Luz (La). M<!xico, ISdi) et si'q.
Lnz (Ln), Semanario P.e'igioso. Monter.'y, 1S77.
Lvon (U. F.) Journal of a Ucsidcncc and Tour in Mexico in 1820. London,
1828. 2 vols.
M. (•!.), Mincro Comen-iantc. ^Mexico, ]8*?!>.
MeDougall(.r. A.), Sjieech in the Senat- of tlio U. S.,rob. 3., 18G3, on French
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Macedo (Miguel), Documentos ipie nianiliestan la conducta quo observ<).
Mexico, ISJS.
jrilvaiii'' (AN'iJliani), SI etches of Scenery nnd Notes of Personal Adventure
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McLano (R. M.), npeeeh on Hill to .supi'ly deticient appropriations for Mexi-
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AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
L'lix
l\[cLano (Ti. :M.), SJpcccli on Wiirwith Mexico, Jan. Ill 1818. AVa.sliington, lS4'i.
MoShcny (lUclumll, Kl I'ir'.k ro. riiiladLl[iliia, ]SM.
.M:iilelOnc (Henri do la), Le C'onite ( Jastoii ilo liaoussct Boullion. Paris, 187(5.
MaUli)n->-.Iu (Felipe I'con). Justa ^Icmoria tlcl heroisnio quo eu cl sitio ilo
<ii,Tona manifesto. Mexico, ISU).
MaUliinailo (Fernando X.), Informo elevado .il Vico-Cobornador do Chiapas.
\'cra Cruz, 1S.")0; Proyecto para (£Uo todoa los cniplcados piiblicos. .San
Cristobal Las Ca.sas, IS.ll.
Maldonado (Francisco Scvcru), EI Teli5grafo de Guadalaxara. [Guiul.] ISll-
ISI-J. 4to. 2 vols.
Mallol y Ilerrera (Manuel), Oracion pronuuciada en clogio du llevilla-Gigedo.
Mexico, 1791.
M;ilo (Jose 11.), Apuntes Ilistoricos sobrc D. Aciuatin Iturbidc. Mexico, ISO!),
^lalo y Manrriqiic (Juun Leonardo), L:i Estrella do cl Xurto do Mexico.
.Mexico, 174!.,
^Malte-lirun, Les Etats-Unia et Ic Mexique. Paris, 1802.
^[altc-Urun. Un coup dVeil Hur lo Yticatiin. I'aiis. n.d.
^lancera, Instruecion. In Col. Doc. Ined. toni. xxi.
!Maneer.i ((jabriel), Ferrocarril lutoroccuuico Discursodel 19 do Xov. do 1872.
.Mexico, KS7-'.
Mancilla (Antonio), Iniiiu'cn Ii'is dc hermosnra. Mexico, 172.">.
Maiieiri (Joannia Aloysii), Do vitis Aliquot Moxicauoruni. BouoniiP, 1701-2.
3 Vols.
Manero (Vicente E.), Apuntcs Histcirlcos sobrc Ferrocarrilcs. Mexico, 1S72.
Maiiil'estaciou do la Validez del I)ecrcto du l;> do Mayo 1.S40. Mexico, ISIO.
Maniiiesto contra las instrucciones conuniicadas por t:i Enqi. do lus fraiicoscs.
Mexico, 1811.
Maniiiesto del Aynntamiento A los habituntcs do la Caiiitjil sobro las causas
del nial estado. Mexico, 1848.
Maniiiesto del Cobierno Provisional acercado loa ncgocios do Yucatan. Mex-
ico, 1S4;{.
Maniiiesto del Supremo Tribunal do Gucrra y Marina. Mexico, 1S4S.
Maniiiesto do su Justicia quo producon los duoiios lio Haciendas. Mexico.
\:M. 4to.
Maniiiesto f|uo la Honorable Legislatura dol estado librc do Mexico. Mex-
ico, 18.'{4.
Maniiiesto sobi'fi la nulidnd do las Elcccioncs. Mexico, 1820.
Manjarres (F. C), Defcnsa do la precedcucia do los liernuiuos cx-Guardiancs.
Mexico, 1S41.
Manslield ( Ivhvard D.), Life anil Services of General AV. Scott. Aidiurn, 18.VJ.
^lausion (llyi)olite). Precis Historiquo aur la colonic l'ran(;aise au Goa<:acoal-
cos. Eondres, IS.'il.
Mauso y Zvi'iiL;a (Francisco), Regla y ordcnaciones do las religiosas do la lini-
l)ia o iiniiiacvlada. Mexico, ICM.
^^anual seralico u librodo la vida dc loa Fraylcs nicnores, Mexico, 1779. 4tii.
Maii/i (I'letro), 11 Conquista di jSIessico. Itoina, 1S17.
Maraver, Carta del presliitero do 1 ' dc Junio dc l.'tH. In Paclieco and C;ir-
denaw, Cnl. Doc, toni. viii.
Marld (.Jacinto), Xoticias Instructivas (j^\io por inuortc del Sefior Amarillas,
etc. Mexico, 1700. MS.
Maria Santisinia (.'onqteiidio historieo y noveiia. Valencia, 179.1.
Marian y Tor(|uemada (.lose Xieolus), I'unogirico do San Juan Xeponaui'iio.
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Marin (Manuel Gome/), Def nsa Guadabqana. Mex., 1819; Oracion pane-
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Marin (Miguel An^'el), Vida do San I'aplinueia akid. Mexico, 1810.
.Marquc/. (Leonardo), .\ las trojjas de tiu ilivision luiero ;U do 1804. n.pl.,
n.d.; lljih-cito Inqierial Die. 20 do 1,S08. n.]]l.,n.d.; El Geiieial ;l las
tidpa.s do su division. Mex., 1804; Maniiiesto (pie liaei! a la, Xaeion.
Guadalajara, l8o9; Kefuctacion hccliaporcl tieneral. Xueva York, 180U.
Ixx
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
^l.'irroijui (.Tos('' M:iv;'.i), T)isciirso. Mcx., ISOl.
:\Iiirsli ((i. !•.». S|,fLH!i oil .Me\ic;iiiAVar, 1'lI). 10, IS-tS. Wasliingtnn, 1S4S.
Mm tin (Vh. ), I'niis <lo« ovciii'iiiciitsdc la i'aiiij)a.i,'iio dii .Mcxi(jiio. I'aris, I sG.'i.
Maitiiie/, (AiitDiiii) Feniamlo), J'^stado ilo las luisioiU'S a oarj^'o ilu la I'loviiuia
do San Fianinsco do Zaoatocas ill l.'{ do Octubrc iU- \~SU. MS.
IMartiiii'/ (Antonio .l()ac[iiin IVrozi, Oraoiuii fiinohro. Mexico, l;s{)S.
Martiiio/ (Maiincl SilvcstiH'), Lihrtiria do Jnocos ultilisiiiia. Madrid, 17!H.
!Martiiirz (MiLriul), El ronlilioado y .!;i l!oy do Jloiiia. Moxico, l.'SliU; SoiinoU
]>aiio;4iiioo (juo on la dodi'-aoioii. !Moxioo, IIH').
Maitiiio/ (llafao'l G.), llofntaoioii a las rollocsionos niodica.s ile Don M. Davila
y Arrillaga. Mojioo, \r>',]'). sm. 4to.
Zslartiiio/. (X'iotor Jo.so), Siiioiisis IlistVd'ioa Filosiiiica y rolilioa do las Kovolu-
cioiios ^Loxioiinas. Moxico, 1^74.
Mai'tyr O'i^'1-oi'), .VniiliiiiodiolaiKiisis Opora. Sovillo, loll.
^I.irtyi- (I'otor), Do Nv|i^
J). C;
I'portis insiilis. BasiliiC, l.vJl.
Martyr (IVter), Do Orl)o Docado.s. Alcala, l.")l(J.
^laityr (I'otor), Do Oilio Xovo I'otri Martyris ab Aii',doiia Modiulanonsis
rrotonotarrii Ca'saris si natolis ilocadcs. n.jil., l.");>0.
Martyr (I'otor), Do Rolius O
Talis, l."):iii
Uait\r (I'otor), Lilno I'riiuo dolla llintoria dollo Jiidio (Jocidcntali. Vin<".ria,
IXM.
^[j'.rtyr (Potor), Oinis l']i)isto!annn. (^)plnti, l.j.'lO.
^lasoras (rjartlioloiiio), Inl'ornio t(joaiito a las iiii.sioiics do Xayarit cl 13 do
Ootiiiiic do ITS.'). :m,s.
[Mason (U. IE), rictai-c:^ of Life in Moxico. London, 1S.")1.
lis
]\ias(jnos ])u!a ilo Xucstra Santisiiiio I'adio cl Sofior j,oon XII. i'liobla, IS.'iO.
MasL-ioras (lv)i Eo J'ronraiiiino Av ri']ni;)iro. Mi^xico, l.SiU.
]Ma
(!•:.), Ui
11 ossai (I ompiro an JloxiijU
1';
ISTI).
!Mass(^y ('i'lioinas Iv), ^loxico as it is. Washington, iStil!.
Massoii (I'jiio .to), Olla i'odrida. I'aris, l!3(i4.
Mata (.E ]■]. M.), lli ilocsionos sobro la guorra cntro los I''t>tados E'ni<lo.i y
:\i
OJIC :).
Xuova -Orleans, 184';
!Matoos (liian .\.), ('oin))osicioii loida por la noclio del IS doOctubro tlo IS(i(!,
.M( rida, ISti'i; El Sol do Mayo, Mcx., ESCkS; Eos Insurgoiitos. ilox,,
M;
ISCi); Sacordoto V Candillo. .\lox., ISGil.
ixiiiuian,
Al
lies, cai'ias otiicialos. ^loxico, lS(i'
xiniiliau and tlio Moxi;an Jhiipiro. X'on-intorviiitioii tlio tnio j'oli'v of
tho U. ,S. Xi
M^
Ml
>.b
York, ls(i(;
E
ixiniiliaii, Aus nioiaoui l.olioii lu'isosUi/zon
po
;'!;:, lS(i7.
ixiniiliaii, ( 'olo
ixiniilian,
ixiniiliaii, Mcinoiaiuhun sobiv ol I'
!Maxinii!iaii, Xoiiiia riio':r;ilica.
Aph^
(led
do las (\iii
M.
sicioncs Iditicas.
ichtc
Mexico, 1S(;4.
L
'!'■
• Hi'icreiir dii Alexiuuo
1';
yu
XU'O, 1S(),
}*la\iinilian, 'I'o Moxica'iH
MaNiniiliaii v (.'arlola, J
.1)1. [ISOE]
111 S])aiii.-
A/iec. (vt. 'J, l^(;,■'). [Mexico, l;^;;.-).]
ji'i'vo AoUcia. do
Ciudad 'do Piiobla. I'lioVila, lSt;4.
1 U
•ciliiinU'iito y
I'oni
lanencia on
la
Jilavor, MSS. (A oollocti
>f til
iriy cop:
fr
M
cxican iU'cluves.
Ma_\or (I'rant/), History of tlie Mexican War. Xiw York, etc., 1S4S.
iMayor (liraiit/), ^Mexico as it Mas and as it is. Xow York, 1844; also ]'>alti-
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M;
M
lyorga,
iV'->rua.
D(
reoi'os soori'
tal
(Ma; tin do), i'n
o, 17S().
>aco y pnli|Urs
yw
I7S().
laeion [War •Nvitli Great iJritain] Jiiiiio "JO.
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Mtt/ario;,os (.Mariano Kobles iVmiingucz do), Meiuoria Ilistorica do la {
\ iiicia do
ell
Gadiz, Esi;j.
I
ArTirjiiiTiEs quot::d.
kxl
Mcilma (BalUinssar del, riirnnii'ii ilc l;i Santa l'r(j\'iucia <le San ])ioi,'o do
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Miilina (l^ilt. dv), X'vhi do i'lay I'xi'nardo llodrigiioz. ^Ux., 1(!SS; Vida,
Maitviio y IJoatilicaiiou del iuvicto I'l'oto-Martyr de .Ja[iou San Fulipe
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ITid. 4to.
^Frnioiia rolitioo-Tnstnictiva cnviada desdo Fihidellia eu Agosto de Isi'l.
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Menile/ (Cireu'ii'io), llcsena Ulicial tie lots siucesos del Ivstado de Taha.sco, etc.
^Mexico, l^siJT.
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( t[>o<icion ii l;i " '
I'l:,
tract.idas de los l
M(
1.S7
.xocioilcs lie cronolo'^ia nniversal, <
M
nejorcs nntores de .lalis
Ciia
,i..
endo/;l i.favicr dc), J,;i Cucstioii di^ Mcjico y el coudede K
yin
ISCS.
M.-uliil, IS.-'.).
Meiiilo.'.a (.liiaii de), lielacion di 1 Santnario de Ti
Mexico, ICSl.
Mendo/a I
d Maijuel A. lionio, Xociones clo Cionole
d. M.
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MenonviUe (Tliiery del, llcis
;h C
ivilh; ('riiicry dc), 'I'rait''' di' l.i cultnre dii Xopal. I'aris, 1787
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Meiisa'.'cro (l'".l). Mexico, Is77etseq
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Mes.i (l"raiicisco do I'aiila). lireve Manifestaci
vica in Xen-S]>alucn. I.ei|izig, \~>y'J.
w liacc nl pi'dil
eoiidiictaconio Cobr do (.tiieret.'ii
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1S4',».
llCO, (Ic .su
Mesa y Lcoiiipurt, Coin)H'iiilio ilo la llistoria de Anierici. Talis, lS7n. '2 voh.
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I
ililliiiill
f
Ixxii
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
Mi'toilo q'.ifi sc nbicrvft coiistiiutemcntc cu Mexico, etc., para reciljir y de-
.sjkicIkii' I'l (Jalt'ou do Fiiipiuas. Cadiz, IT'i.'t. MS.
M"xiL-;ii; AllUirs, I'iipors l•l;latill,^' to. Wasliingtim, 180.J.
Mexican Dimdholders, (Jeuural Moutiiigs. JiOiidon, IS.'iOctseq.
Mexican lioiidliolders, Itepnrts of tlio Committee. London, Ib.lO et 9e([."
Mexican ("omiiaiiy, Ueport of Directors, May 1, 1828. London, 1828.
Mexican Constitutional Government, Decrees inviting American emigrants
to settle. New York, 1804; Sun Francisco, 18Go.
^Mexican Dcl)t lleports. A Collection. 3 vols.
Mexican Kinpire (Tlie) and the American Union, n.pl., n.d.
-Mexican Finance KSo^-ti. A Collection.
Ml xican liii[>erial Street Kailroad Conipanj'. Xcw York, 1865.
Mexican Missionary Association, Its Origin and Work. New York, 1871.
Mexican National Debt contracted in London. London, 18(i0.
Mexican Ocean Mail and Inland Com])aiiy, Reports. New York, 18.53 et seq.
^Mexican I'acilio (Joal and Iron Mining and Land Company, I'rospecto.
Niieva-York, ISM; I'^xploriiig expedition to the States of Guerrero and
Miclioacan, 18oO-7. New York, 18r>8.
Mexican I'amphlets. A Collection. "> vols.
Mexican ^\ ar. A Collection of U. S. Government Documents, Scraps,
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]\fi\ican War, Incidents and Siitl'crings in the. Roston, etc., 1S4S.
Mexican War, ^Messages of tho I'resident [liOCong. 1st Sess. House I<]x. CO;
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Mexican War, Ollicial list of oliieers who marched with the army under
Scott, etc. Mexico, 1848.
^Mexican War Pamphlets. A (Collection of .'lO pani]ihlcts.
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Ab'xico, No. 2. Historical and I'iiiancial Items, n.pl., n.<l.
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n.pl., n.d.
^Mexico, .Mutriginal Histoiy. M.S.
:>Kxico, Acta del Cabildo Vclebr.ido en 30 do Mayo do 18.30. :Mexico, 18.30.
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Mexico, Aciienlo (Ida. runtadeguerray Real Hacienda, 30deAbril del 772. MS.
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Ixxiii
, Juarez.
li-2-r,. 10
■•J. MS.
lus ilcs-
"., 18-2-2;
Jdul;. of
ho, 184-2
Mexico, Aiancel Parroqiiial. MS. 170:?. folio.
!Muxic(i, Aianzt'k.s do los Tribiiiuik's, .Juzgatlus y oUcinas de Justioia. Mex-
ico, IT.V.I. 4to.
Mexico, .Aicliivo Mcxicauo, Actas tie las Si'siiiies ile Camaray. Mexico,
KS.")_'. '2 vols.
Mexic(\ Archivo Mexicano, Colccciou do Leycs, Dccretos, etc. ^lexico,
ls.'i(f-(i;!. 7 vols.
Mixico, Aivhivo Mexicano, Docunientoa, Ilistoria dc Mexico. Mexico, 1832.
Mexico, AlToglo del cueiiio do Artilleiia. Mexico, IS.'iS.
Mixico, Auto dc la nudiciicia. In Doc. Hist. Mex., wrio ii., toin. iii.
^Mexico, Autos de la leal audieiicia a la ciudad y su rospuesla do Mariiui5s do
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Mexico, Auto.s .soljrocreccicn donuevos parroquiua de Mexico. In Doc. Hist.
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Mex'co, r.alan/.a general del Coniercio Maritinio. Mexico, 1S29.
Mexico. IJandos pul)licados a cousin [iiencia de Keales Ordenes y cedulas do
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Mexico, I'ases Orcrauk.is do la Eepublica Mexicana. ^lexioo, 1843.
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Mexico, lioletin Olicial. Mexico, I82!) et sc(j.
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Mexico, Circulares y Otras I'ublicaciones lieehas por la I.caacion Mexicana en
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Mexico, (Jodii^'o Civil del Impcrio Mexicano. Mexico, 1800.
Mexico, (VkH^^'o do Comercio. Mi'xico, IS.U.
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AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
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Mm
Mt'xii'o, f'dlc'ceion do constitucioiifs do loa Estoilos Unidos Mi'xiianos.
jMcxico, LS'JS. ;j vols.
Mexiro, ( 'olci'iiiiii do ducrutos sobrc contribucionca directaa y papel Mtllado,
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Mfxicc), Colciu'iou do Lcyua y Dccietoa, ISIi'J-il, IS-tl-S, ISoO. Mexico,
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Mexico, ('oleceioii do Lcycs, Decretos y Cii'cnlares 18(13-07. Mexico, 18(5".
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Mexico, CoIi'Ccinn do Lnyos, Dt'crctos, Cireulures, etc., relativas A lade.samor-
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Mexico, ( 'oleccioii do Icyes, decretos y re^laincntos, aistcma politico dil Im-
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Mexico, Colocciou do los decretos eapedidoa por el supremo gobierno. Mex-
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^Icxico, Coleccioii do los decretos y ordcuca du las Cortes de Espaila. ^lex-
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Mexico, Coleccion do loa Doeumeiitoa relativos al prestamo do medio luillon
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Mexico, (Joleccion de Urdeiiea y decretos do la Sobcrano Junta. Mexico,
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Mexico, ( 'olcccion de ScntoiT i:. < ]ironunciadas por los Tribunulcs de la llcpi'ib-
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Mexico, ( 'dlonias Militares, Troyccto. Mexico, IStS.
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Mexico, Condition of Alliiirs. \\'asliin'_;ton, ].S(!{I. "J vols.
Mexico), Conducto ileyal del Ministeiio do Ilacieiula cu sua providencias.
Mexico, 1841.
Mexico, ( 'on(|nest of. London, n.d.
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Mexico, 1818.
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^Mexico, ( 'onstitncion politica del Eat.ado do Mexico. Mexico, 1827.
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eional. Mex.. 1841; Coiitestacion de la se^'unda eoniisioii do Hacienda.
Mcx., JS.HI; (\>ntestacion en dcreclio do JJon lOstciian Diaz (ion/ale/..
i\icx., 18,'JI); Contcstacion (juc da, el Ayuntaniiento. Mex., 1840; Conteii-
taciiin (jue da la Coniision do Hacienda. Mex., 1825; <^!ontestacionc3
Iiabidna enti'o el jfobierno Mexicano y el eoniniisionado do los I'lstados
l'nid<is. Mex., 1847; I'ontestaciones liabidas entro el Seuor Arzobispo
y el Ministcrio de Justicia. Mex., 18.").").
^Icxico, Contraladel ramo de alund)rado de las calles de la Capital federal.
Mexico, 18;i,"),
Mexico, Corporacioncs civiles y cclcsiiisticas, Noticia dc las fincas. Mexico,
]8,")(i.
Mexico, (,'opiade una carta do un reli'iioso conventual dc la ciudad dc Mexico
dando euenta del tumulto do Junio 8 do 11J'J2. Jn Hoc. Hist. Mex.,
seric ii,, toni. iii.
Mexico, (Jorrespondciii'ia <le la Legacion Mexicnn.a en Washington durante la
Int<'rvencion l']str;ni jcra, l8(!0-(i8. .Mex., I.s7(l; (.'orrcsiioU(i<iii'ia <|ue iia
inctliado, IJano deCaballoa Mayo 2."), 184t"). Mex., 1S4>"); CorrcLipoiulencia
ArTTTorjTir.s QuoTr.y>.
bocv
qiip lin mrdindo rn'-o ]a I.ci'M'ioii Jlxtinoid'' ilc, y el Pep* ' ilo 1' t;i;lo do
Ids ivUs rnidiis. I iiil., l-iiid; I'oi ii'sixiiidiiuia inu' li;i iiK'(li;idii viilru ul
Miiiistro do Ktlacidiu's y l;i Lcv^aciuii lU; I'laiaia. Mox., \Si,'>.
Mt'xiti), ( 'I'S.'is. \'( ra ( 'ill/, IS.'.S.
MtxicK, ( 'iiadcni') dc l''iirniulaiiiis. Mi'xii'a, Is40.
MfxiiM), CiU'iita do la ix'ii'i'iH'iiiii, dist! iliuiimi ('■ inversion ilo loa die/ inillniu'S
(!<■ jiisos (|U(' ]ir()dn ji) il tiatado de Mi .silja. Mixicci. iS,"),"».
MoxiiM), CiU'slidii do Mijiio, .si la iii(iiian|nia i(iii.stitiiciiiiial. Madrid, Isd-';
( 'lli'stii)ii rclativa ;i la, |iri)vi.>ii)ii do (Jliisjiados. Mix., IS,"i(>.
Mi'xicd, l>i rlar.u'idni'.s .sulnv »■! tuiiiiilto. ]ii l)i)i'. Hist. Mox., siiie ii., toiii. ii.
Mexico, l)ecreti) (A very hirj,'o iiuiidu'r ipioited iiy date, sulijoct, ni' aiilliorityl.
Mexieo. Delcusa Jiii'idii.a pill' el veiieralde I)eaii y i.aMldii, etc. Mexiio, 17H.
M.S.
Mexi.i). I)creL'lios Mexieanos eii oideii ii los Agcutes cumcrcialcs. Veia I'm/,
1S.".!».
Moxiiii, l>i'i'0(lios reale.s do la Akaliala. Mexico, ISOo. fnlio.
!Me.\iiii, I >csc;ir.m)S del .Maiipus do ( ielves a Ins i'ar;4iis. MS. folic.
Mexico, 1 >escii]>tioii of till! Ilipiiijlic. l'liiliidiliilii;i, l.S4(i.
Jiloxico, ])rstiorn) del Ar/oliispo. Jii \hn\ Hist. Mex.,.serio ii., toin. ii.
Mexico, 1 •iaiio do la .liiiita .Nacional liistitiiyiiite. Mexii-o, IS'JJ et .sei|.
Mexico, 1 >iaii() del ( lol)ienio do la llepiihliea .MeNieaiia. Mexico, |S4(I et se(|.
Mexico, Diaiio do las S'^siniuH do la.liinta I'lovisioiial (.iubeliialiva del Im-
]iclio Nle\icaiio. M'xico, ISJI I't sei(.
Mexico, 1 Maiio ill 1 Iiiipei'io. Mexicii, 1SI1."» et scij.
Mexiiv, ] 'iaiio Olicial. Mexico, IS7()etMi|.
^iexico, l)ict:uiieu (Several hundred i'e|i(iits of Cuiiuiiittees of State and
Xatimial ( lovcniiiieiits cited by date and topic).
Mexico, I lie Aiis\v;iniierillii,' narji .'\Iexico, etc. Lcipiii;. ii.d.
Mexico, !>il'erenci;is entre I'rancisc.-inos y ( 'uras IVirrncns. MS.
^Mexico, I lireccioii ( leneral dc la iiidiistii.i Xacicinal. MS.
^Mexico, ]»isciiiso jironunciado ante el (oiigieso (ieiieral jior .Tosi'' lirrnia.
Mexiio, IS J.').
Mexico, iJisciuso pronuiiciado pur el I'lesidriito 1' dc laieio do l.S.'i'J. Mexicn,
IS.VJ.
Mexico, lUscur.so pi-oiiuiiciado por el rresideiito l."> de Oct. do 1S.")-J. Mexico,
I.S.VJ.
Mexico, Pi.^posieiones le;_'nlcs y otros documentos lelativos ;'i, proliibiciou do
Jnipi'csos. Mexico, l.S.'iO.
Mexico, Doeiuiicntos Iscle.sijisticos. MS. folio. "> vuLs.
Mexico, ])ociimoatos iiiiportaules tornados del Ivspudieiitc instruido. Mexico,
IS-.M).
Mexico, Documentos iinprcsos ]ior .•tciierdodelSiipiemo Poder. ^lexico, IStM.
Mexico, ' '.icunii^itos jiistilicativossobre la iiiversinii de Kis foiidiM pedidns :i la
Junta directiva do (.'I'edito Publico. Mexico, |S.")|.
Mexico, J >ocuineiitua quo publica la nirocciuii do Coloiii.^acioii e Iiidiistria.
Mexico, 1S4S.
Mexico, l)ociiiiiciitos refeieiites A la euestimi a'iitada en estos ultinios di.ia
.siibre si Ins iiniubraniientos do .liicces .Mllitarcs. Mexici , 1S.')L>.
Mexico, ])ocmiientoa lelativos a la aperturado coiuiinicacioii do 'ri.huaiitepee.
Me;dco, l.s.Vi.
Mexico, I)(icii!iieiitos relativos A las t'lltinias ocuirencias do Xueva Mspafia.
.Madrid, 1S-_'1.
Mexico, Diouiiientos relativos al decrcto sobre provision do las liiagistiatuiaa
v;icaiitcs. Mexico, lS4(i.
Mexico, I).is Auoseii Mexico. ^Mexico, ISIO.
Mexico, Dos Alios en ^lejico 6 nieino>-ias criticas. Valencia, 1838.
Mexico, Draft for !i Conveutiou. Wiisliington, 18(51.
Mexico, Di-.'.inas. MS.
Mexii'o, ];ilieto ilel I'residciito y cabildo Mctropolitano Gobernudor del Arzo-
bispado. ^lexico, 18o0.
Ixxvi
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
Jli'xifo. E.'.ic'.o sobi'c pngo <lc I'rimicias. ^155.
!M(.'.\i('o, El Ali'.'iKlu ]iriiii(.ro del Ayuiitiimiuiito puhlica la nianifcstaclon que
hizti. .Mi'xico, IMt).
M.'xiiT., Kl CoiiHrcscMh; lS4-_'. Mdi'dia, lSJi>.
^!l,'xicl), El JiiiiK'iiu y la Intirvciu ion. Mexico, 1S07.
Jloxiuo, I'll Niivy ile iS'iieva Esiiunii Don Etlix !M. CalKja A, sua Imbituntca.
Mi'xiio, ISU.
Jlcxico fii lS-17. ^fcxico, 1 1".
^'(■\ii'o, EiR'aniaciciii juisoiK is, Loiiis\ illo, 1S4S.
Jlcxici), JOMcalafnii (ii'iK ral tU- Aitillciia. Mcx., ISoO; Esoalafon Ooiicval del
JCjOrcito. Mux., ES4;J; Escalatuii (.Jcncral do todas Armas del EjOrciio.
Ui}s., 1S4,'>.
Mexico, Escudo di' Arm.is. In l'i;,'U('n)a, Vindiciaa. MS.
Mexico, Ivstiido Mayor (Jial. del lljiicito, Ivscalafoii. Mexico, 1S.")4.
ilexiec), Estatuto Orj,':'inieo I'rovisional d la KepiiMica Mcxicano. ^fex.,
IS.'id; Estatuto para el ]te,L,'inieii do I'lana ^layor del Ejt'reito. Mex.,
Es;!!(; J'lstatuto jji'ovisioiial del Jmperio Mcxicano. Mexico, l.S(i,").
Jlcxico, ]'',statutoa do la Comiiania do ('olonizacioii Asiiitica. Mex., ISCili;
Estatutoa do la Conipafiia del Eerro-carril do Orizava a \'cra Cruz. Jlex.,
KSUl.
^Icxico, I'iapcdicntc con dos acucrdos del Sonado sobro convencioncs dipln-
niaticas. Mexico, 18.J2.
Mexico, JOxpedienle inntruido en il Mini.stiu'io de lielaciones Estcriores lUI
CJobierno Con.stitilcionrd. \'eia ( 'ru/, lS(i(). 4to.
Mexico, Exposicion (Several hundred l)y various connnissions and individuals
on dill'erent toi)ics).
Mexico, I'lxpulsion del Arzoliispo. In Doc. Hist. Mex., sevie ii., toni. iii.
Alcxico, I'lxtiactos do (Jedulas I'U los arcluv(,s de la Ciudad. MS. folio.
Mexico liel y valiento <n el crisol que la pusieron los insurgeutes. Mexii'O,
IS 10.
^lexico, Eorcildc aliduction of a citizen of the U. S. Wa.shington, ISol.
Mexico, Eranciscanos y (|uejas do luditis. MS. U>''2. folio.
Mexico, <iaccta del tioMerno Suiircnio. Mexico, IS'JO et 80(1.
Mexico, Hacienda, ES4.">-,")i'. A Collection. (J vols.
Mexico, llistoria de la Itevolucion de Mexico contra la Dictadnra del t Icneral
Santa -Anria. ^lexico, IS.'iO.
Mexico, Hostilities hy ("-"J Cong. 1st, Sess. House Ex. Doc. 100). Washing-
ton, lS4(i.
Mexico, iinjiortant oihcial Documents, n.pl., n.d.
Mexico in 184'_'. IS'ew York, 1S4'_*.
Mexico, Indemnities, Convention of .Jan. 'M, 184."} (28 Cong. 2d Scss. Sen.
Doc. SI). Washington, 1845.
Mexico, Indicacion del origen do los (>stravios del Cong. Mex. ^lexico, 1S22.
Mexico, Jnformacion sohro el tunndto. In Doo. Hist. Mex., scrio ii., toni. ii.
Mexico, Infornio (A very large nnudier of rejiorts by various connnittees,
coiporations, and indivi(hials on dill'erent topics and of dillercnt dates).
Mexico, Iniciativa del Cobioruo para la dcmareaeion do la linea do Coniercio
liljre. Mexico, IS.Vi.
Mexico, Iniciativa quo la Exma Junta Departamental haco al Congreso
CJeneral. Mexico, 1830.
Mexico, Instrucciou do los comisionados do la Dircccion General. Mexico,
17S3.
Mexico, Instruccion del Iley. In Pachcco and Cardenas, Col. Doc, torn. xii.
Mexico, Instruccion para la priictica do los padrones que so ban do forniar.
Mexico, is;').*}.
Mexico, Instruccion para que los administradores do aduanas hagan la legitinia
exaccion. Toluca, IS,"],"),
^lexico, Instruccion Provisional A que ban de arreglarse las Comisarias Cen-
erales. Mexico, 1824.
Mexico, Its present Government and its Political Parties. Washington, 18(J0..
ArTiToniTiEs QroTr.D.
Ixxvii
Jloxicn, .Tiiicio Imparcial sobre los Acontecimientos en 18*28-29. New York,
ftc. is;«).
^Icxii'ii, J.ii liitiTVciiciuii Knr(i]i('a c'li Mexico, rilinlcltia. IS."!).
Mexico, l.a IiitervcDcioii y 1 i .Nloiiarnuiii. Wasiiington, 1S(J"J.
Mexieo, l.a Lev. 'I'olueii, Is, I i-t sei|,
Mexico, LeLrisiaeioii Mejieaiia, L'uleccion coiripleta tic las Lcyca lS4S-,'(i.
:\iejico,' 1S,-).V(!. I'J Vols.
Mexiio, Ley ileerutuila {mv el Coiigrcso geuenil cstaMeciendo un iinpucsio,
.Mexico, 1S44.
Mexico, Ley do 4 do Nov. de 1,S4S sobre nrroglo del ojt'reito. Mexico, 1,S4S.
Mexico, Ley do I'resupuestus (Jeiicralea de la Kepublica Mexicaua Ihlil,
Mexico' ]S()1.
Jlexico, Ley orLT.inica do la f;iiardia do sofjuvidad.
Mexico, Ley orj,'!iniea ib^ la (iuai'dia Xacioiial. Mexico, 18.")7.
Mexico, Ley jiara nl arre.L'lo de la Admin, do Justieia. (liiadalajara, 1K.^7.
Mexico, Ley ]ie!i;il para Ioh liesortoi-cs del Lji rcito. Mexico, l,s;;<).
Me\ico, Ley penal jiara los Knijileailos do JIaeit iida. Mexit'o, IS,').'?.
Mexico. Ley i|"<' arre;,dii la leiita del pa]n'lsellado y los iisos de ostii dcerctnda
on 14 do Feb. de IS.'iO. Mexico, IS.'i(i.
Mexico, Ley que arre;L.'!a las procediniientos .Tudiei.iles. La T'az, lS(i7.
Mexico, Ley sobi'o derochos y observaciones )iaJToi|uialos. Mexico, IS.'iT.
Mexico, Ley .solii'c Libel tad deCultos. Mexico, ISdl.
Mexico, Levos A las r|uo lia dobido aiTt'glar.se la eleocion do log Supremos
I'odercs. Mexico, lS4S.
Mexico, Lcyos, Docieto.s y (.'onvenios Relativos ;l la dcuda estraiigera, Mex-
ico, 1848.
Mexico, Lista pormonoriznda do los dafios, etc. M.*^.
Mexico, Manit'estaciou do las actas do las diseusionos, etc. Tlalpam. 1820.
Mexico, Manifestacion quo linee al publico la coniision nouibiaila poi- 1. s aore-
eilores do Mineiia. Mexico, l8.">().
Mexico. .Manit'estaeion quo el l^xnio Ayuntamieuto Iiacc al publico, contratas,
de linijiia do oindad. Mexii'o, ls.'!4.
Mexico, Mauifostucion quo la Kxnia.luuta Departmental ilc Mexico. Mexico,
ls:i7.
Mexico, Manifiesto do la Camara do Piputados on la logislatura de 1831 y
ls:i2. ]\lojioo, IS.'5-J.
Mexico, Manitiesto del ("ontrreso General on el prescntc Alio. Mexico, \S'M.
-Mexico, Maniliesto del (!oV)iorno Constitutional a la Xaoion. Colinia, iS.'i".*.
Mexico, Manifiesto del Supremo 1'ribunal do Ciuerra. n.pl., ii.d.
Mexico, Maniliesto del iSuprenio Tribunal de (iuorra y Marina. Mexico, 1848.
Mexico, Momoria do I'luniayes. In I'aclu'oo and ( Virdonas, (_'ol. Doc, toni. xii.
Mexico, Moniorias (Kogular Kejiorts of tlio ditl'eront frovernnient dopartuients ;
Agricultura, Fomento, (.iuorra, Ifacieuda, Interioi', Justieia, ilarina,
lielacioncs F.xteriores, etc., from 1822 to latest date; a complete set
eited !>}• dates).
Mexico, Memorandum do los Negocios Pendientes outre ^Mexico y Espafia.
I'oissy, 1S.'57.
Mexico, Memorial do lo succdido en la ciudad ilc .Mexico dosdc ol dia ]>rinu:o
do Nouiembrc de 1(J2;{, liasta quinzo do Enoro do 1024. Mexico, l(iJt.
folio.
Jlexico, Monsngedcl Prosidente. [Cited by dates.]
Mexici^, Merced de S. M. do las cosas arzobispalos al Obispo D. Fr. .Tuan clo
Zumi'irraga y sus succesorca para sienipre januis. In Doe. Hist. Mex.,
serio ii., tom. iii.
IMexico, Notes made in 1822. Pliiladelphia, 1824.
Mexico, Noticia llistiirica do lufantoria. Mexico, 1840.
Mexico, Noticia Histi'irica de los Cucrpos do Caballeria. ^Mexico, 1840.
Mexico, Noticias do la ciudad. Mexico, 18").").
.Mexico, Noticias do Mexico y sus contornos. MS. folio.
Mexico, Observaciones generales sobre Caminos de llierro. Nuova York, 1S33.
I^^l
Ixxviil
AUTIIOniTirS QUOTED.
i
II!
Ill
Muxioo, Oli^iorvncioti'^s ((lU! luico cl cjicutivn al I'niyi'fto dc Araui'il Av Aliri*
litis. Mi'xi >, Into.
Mi'xii'M, ())wci'viK'i'iiu.4 (luo Hfthro cl proycctn dn Risi-s. (riindal'ijara, I vlll.
*Mc'xi 'c>, Olwui'viiLiDiiLS mdIm'c l;i Iiilluonciii tlcl Coiiu'rciv J^ttrair^'io. Mcxi' i,
l>s;i!».
Moxic'i), ()l>sfrva('i(nus kdIm-c las fai'uUailf.s drl CDiigruso Coiistitiiyontc. Tlal.
J) nil. ls"ti».
MoxuM, Obsciviicioiics xiiliru rcl'oriiiaH :i la.s Ityi'S constituciolialcs. Mcxim,
l;iH.
Mcxii'n. Oli.sfrvatioiis mi tlio oiijiiii iind ('oiidiKa .>f t!;o war with. Xtw ^'cll U,
IM7.
Mexico, Occupation Ijy I'ltiuli troops. Mtssaijc! of tln^ Prcsidont, J)oc. "Jl,
l.S'!.-i.
^Ii'xico, Ordctiaiiza dc la division i\v Li iioliilisinia iiiidad dc Mexico en ijiiar-
teles. Mexico, 17S_'. I'oHo.
Mexico, ()i(l,'iiaii/a di^ la relita del Taliaco, '21 do A'.'OMto, lS4(i. Mexico, I SKI,
M' xico, ( )iileiiaii;:a ilel ramo d;i cailies. Mexico, IS."),).
^lexieo, ()rdciiaii/a;.;eiierai dc Adilaiias Mantiiiias y iVoiitoriz.'i.s. Mexico, lS."i(i.
Moxico, Ordenaii.a liiiiilar paia cl ie,:^iiiieii, diseipliiia, etc., ilel J'ljireilo.
.Mexico, i.s;{;{. ;> \dis.
Mexico, Onlciiaiizii inilitar provisional ipu^ debe oliseivar el ciierpode patrio-
t-AH. Mexico, |,s|l).
iMexico, OrdcnanzaM do ost.i nobilissinia eiiidad. Mexico, 177"'. MS. folio.
Mexico, Drdi'iian/as dc la licl execntoriii fonnadus por la ciiidad do .Mexico.
Mexico, 17;{(). folio.
Mexico, Ordenaiizas de f.otcria. Mexico, 1841.
^lexico, Ordenanzas [lara '1 reuinun do lo.s teiidoros y tieiida.s de pulporia.
Mcxi.d, 17oS. fol.
Mexijo, Ordeiianzas <|uc so lian do oi..^ervar y ;;nanlar in la limy iioliiljsiiiia y
leal ciis.l.id do .Mexico. (Mexico, iT'Jit.J folij.
Mexico, I'aJiipldots. A (.'ollecMon.
^I xico, i'apeles N'arios. ,\. ( '. llection.
Mexico, I'.ipei:! ri'latiii;,' to. \V'asliiiit;to!i, 18(5(1.
Mexico, rciiiidico ( ):ii i:d. Mexico, lS(i:! et ^.c^(.
Mi'xico, I'iezas .lustilicativas del Ai're,lo ilo 'a dcnda F.stoni.i do Mexico.
.Mexico, lsi:».
Mexico riausilile con la Ti inini^lial detnoiistraeion. ^ilexico, 1711.
^Mexico, I'l'csiiit (.'onilitioii. Mossmlji's of t!ic rresideiit ot' tiie I'. .S.. April
14, |si;_', .Ian. -J;), lS(i7. \Va.>liiiiv'ton, 1S(;'J, IS ,7. •-'vols.
Mexico, l'iesii|mcsto del Ministeiio dc (liicrra y Maiina 1" .liilio do 1S.")1 :l
iJlJ (It! ihinio d(! IS.VJ. Mexico, IS.V2. loHo.
^lexico, rresupiiesto del Ministeiio do llacionda do T Jul. do 1S.")1 a 111) do
.Tnnio <lo IS.VJ. Mexico. 1S.">'2. folio.
Mo:;ico. J'resnpnesto del Ministerio do .lusticia, etc., del 1^ do .Inliodo IS.'d
d ;>() <lo Jul. do IS,"):.'. Mexico, 1 So I. folio.
Mexico, I'rosnpnt'sto del Ministcrio do Itolaciones, etc., 1S4D, 1" do Jnlio do
KS,')1 a :i() dc .Junio do 1S.")_'. Mexico, ls4'.», IS.")1. folio. •_» voKs.
Mexico, I'l-csupiiosto do los ;^'asto.s (pio en nn nies. Mexico, ISoO.
Mexico, l'roceedin;,'.s of a iiiecliiiLj of citizens of Xc'M' York to express sym-
]iat!iy, (^tc, for the .Mexican repulilican exiles. Xew YorU, ISO,"),
^loxico, I'roceso instrnetivo formailo ])or la soccion del (dan Jiirado de la
e;iinara de dipiitad os. Mexico, ls;{;i.
Mexico, I'rovidi'iiciaH Diocosanas do Mexico. MS. n.pl., n.d.
^Icxico, I'royecto do I'.asis do Ori^anizacioii: de ('oiistitucion ■ do Ley. etc.,
vtt. (\ very lar-o inimher of inijiortant bills introduced before! .Mexican
("0111,'ross. Citt'd by to|iii' and date.)
^Mexico, I'lmtoa del ])arecer ijuo ol Sonor Auditor de guerra, etc., cu 4 do Julio
de 1744. MS. folio.
Mexico, Itazon do los prestamos rpic ha ucgociaJo el Supremo Gobieriio do la
Foderacion. ^Mexico, lii'2i). folio.
III!!
ArTinntiTiis oroTKO.
IXMX
I'Nico, Ki'iilo^ ArnnzfliH dc Ids niiniUios ilc l.i Ileal Aiiilii iiiin. Mixiin,
'. I'dlio.
Ui't.dlli'ctiDii'* (if, mill tlu' liiiltli: iif IJiiriia XiitM, hy iiii l',M.;iiii tr
niliccr. Hiistmi. 1.S71.
Mfxiiii, llt'tlcxiuiu.s iiiiiHirtii tiH .il liicii y !irii<'lli.i(> <li' la Ilaiii mhi, rU'
^^l•
iio, I Mil.
imiioi'tiiiitt ■< Hiiliii' l;i iiiL'iiiivciiiiMci I drl iniiti'.itn. Mcx-
Mixiro, lU'llt'xioilcs Hulii'i' (1 aciu nil) ilfl Sfiiailn, ailiiiicinii ilcl .-.i-ttciuii dc jiar-
tiua I
M<\ii'M, |:V.lt.
Mfxii'o, itilli'xiiiiit'M Hiiliif (1 raino d- Ali'a1>alas. Mcsii'K, 1^1'^.
M(
i:.'ii
(•\1(PIU':< siilirc la
liiil.
lii'iiili'licia. ( liiailala ai','
IVJI.
Mi'xii'ii, Kf.'laliU'iiti) lie AihiaiiaH Mantinias, M.xii'n. iS'Jil. 4ti>.
M('xii'i), lii'nlaMiciitii <li' latMMLilo MoiKila. Tlalpaii, \s2'.
Mcxii'ii, IJi'.'laim'iito lie la I )ii'('i rimi ilo ( "uluni/aiiuii. Mi'xii'ii, 1S4((,
Mixii'ii, JiL'4laiuiiitii (K' la Miluia Aitiva y (Iciicral ili^ la Civii'a. Mcjii'n
ls;;;5.
Mexii'ii, lleglaiiii nto iK 1 Aii liivu ;.;(iii ral v jii'ililito ilf la Xacicm. Mcxicn
is4(;.
Mcxii'ii, lio'^laniriito ili 1 ciuTpo do i'ii><crlicros dc 'raluiro. Mcxiin, ISI'J.
Mi'xii-ii, Ui'^lanuiito dul Ti'a'irci do Mox. Ap. 11. I7>»<i. [Mcxioo, 17.S(i.]
I'lilii).
Mcxii'i), IIo'_'laiiiciito <'• iii-^ti'iicciim jiai'a lin pro-iidiii^. Mixi.ii. Is;!}, fulio.
yw
i;.'..'i
iMii'litii i_'('licral lie
!a lilK'i't.id
llll|'l'rllt;i
M
r\iri>, IN-J,
Mcxiii), llculaiiiiiitu iiitiriiiu y I'riivi.sioiial para la (Jmiii.-iiiria ( 'oiitraldo (liur-
la V .M.ii ma.
M
iXUii, 1N'_'.>.
Mexico, l;e'j;lainelit<> pai'ael col'si) do liaitie
ieo, lN4(i.
ularc-i en la pi'e^cnte ;,'neii-a.
M.
Mexico, l;e;,daiiiento para el cstalileeimieiito ilo las ciloiiias luilitaic^* del
utiir
T.
Iiuailte|iec.
.Ml
I S.I.
Mexico, l;eL;laiihlilo para el goliieriio interior del C'oivjreso (leiieial. Mexico,
ls4S.
Mexico, l!o;.;1ain.'i'to par;i el ( lohii'mo interior ile la Siipi-i ma Corte marcial.
Me
Mexico, ls;,7.
\ico, lleijlaincn
Mexico, ls;;s.
to para el (loliierno interior dc los trihunales
siinerior<'S,
Mexico, Jioglaniciito para el Lioliicrno interior y econi'iuiico de la Secretaria dc
Jvxta
M(
1S.VJ.
Mexico, licLrlamento para el Sniirenio 'I'ribnnal do .Insticia del Il-^t.ido. Mex.
ioo, ]SJ.').
Mexico, j;ci;]ament(i p.ara la adniinistraeiou y eontaliilid.ul. ^fexico, l.S()7.
^lexieo, l!e;;laniento para l.i ( 'oniunicacion por la via Intor-Ooeauica do To-
niantep(
M(
IS.-,
Mexico, KeLrlaniento jiai'a la (uiai'dia Xacional. Mexico, lS4f!.
I scccion .superior do los Ui
strito.i do Hacienda.
Mexico, KcLjlaniento jiara 1;
Jtexico, 1S.V_'.
Mexico, lleudaiiieiito jiara la 'IVsoreiia ^roneral. Mejico, is;{l. 4to.
Mexico, Iteulaiiieiito )iaia los ."^crs icio.< do Honor y cenmoiiial do la C'ortc
Mc
Mc
Mexico, lS(i(!.
cxico, Jle'daiuen
to ]'
rmisumal vara
Ml
ivor.
1," i;e-i
M
ex ICO,
IS-:;!. 4t.
las f
uiiciones v servicio del l'',stadii
aniento <iii(
el eontador do
171)0. folio.
I'
los j
' lia'ii dc observar el jue:', el .■idininistradiir Tesi
n/uados do Acordada y IJeljibas proliibidas. Mi
Mexico, liejilanionto y Arancel do Cuii'dores [lara la jila/a do Mexico.
.Mexico, lsri4.
Mexico, Ue^lanieiitos do los ( labinetes Civil y iuditar del l^niperador, I'uobla,
isi;,".. f,,iio.
Mexico, nelaeion ilc los (^ln(l^istado|•es. In ]1o(\ Tind., toin. i.
Mexico, Kolacioii del ostadu en ipio ol Marques dc G..'luo3 hallo los Reynos do
I
ill'
11'!
If
Ixxx
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
la Xncva Ei^pafia. Madiiil, 1()2S; Hii'acioii <k'l inincipio y en isa del Al-
Voroto. ,MS. folio; llcliicion jiarliculiir y dL'sci'ipi.ioii du toda la |ir(vviiicia
del Santo J^vaiii^olio. iMS. folio; Ktdainoii Sviiiaria y I'uutual did Tu-
imilto en Mexico 1.") I'Jiero 1()J4. n.]d., n.d. 4to.
Muxieii, Keport of the (Jonimitteo on I'uhlic Credit, etc., on the adjustment
of the Iviuli.'sli Deht. London, 1S.">0.
Mexico, KeiKirts and ] lispatclics exliihitin,!:,' operations of the U. S. Naval
forees during tiie ^Var with Mexico. Wa-shinyton. lS-1',1.
Mexico, ]{e)i!escntacion diiiu'ida a la e;imura du l)iputados por el Supremo
Trihunal tie (inerra y Marina. Mexiifi, 1M{.").
Mexico, Ittpresentiiciou diri^^ida al Virey dc Nueva I'iSpafia. Mexico, 1812.
Mi'xico, l!ci>n'sentacion ]»or la- Junta direct iva de la Industria Xacional soliro
liecenidad de sn foniento. ^lexico, 184;{.
Mexico, licprcsentaciou (|uc hace cl xVyuntiiniieuto cu defeusa de la industria
a;,'ricola. ^lexico, ISll.
Mexico, lve]ir('scntacion ui'iililc quo liace la oiudad en favor de sus naturales d
Cirlos 111. en -J de Mayo de 1771. Mexico, 1771. MS. '2 \uh.
Mexico, llcpresentaciou <|ue la Junta de Foniento y Acrniniatrativa de Min-
ena. 5lexico, 1S.")0.
^lexico, rvcprcseutacion .sobro pago dc priniicins en las docti irvis. MS.
^Mexico, ller^eria dc la.s fcstividades que lian tcuido lugar en I'l-ebla de Sara-
f,'o;;a. I'm.bla, l!S70.
Mexico. I'esena histoiica dc las negociaeionea entre Espafia y Mexico. Ma-
drid, ]S.")7.
lilexico, llescna hi.sturica y explicativa de lo3 ultiuios suoesofj do Mexico,
Paris, isr)7. 4to.
Mexico, Kt'sena sobre el cstado dc los principales rainos. Mexico, 1850.
Mexico. Kcvolucion en M.'xioo. Mar/o do 18(iO. M(jntcrey, 1800.
Mexico, Segunda represent'icion que liaee cl coniereio de Mcgico al Supremo
l.'ongre.so. Megijo, 1840.
Mexico (Serviciu). In rachcco and Ciirdeiias, Cid. Doc., toni. vi.
IMcxico, Scsion secreta ordinaria de 11 (h' Mnizo do 18li0. |Tlalpaui, 1830.]
^lexico. Sesione.s tenidas jior cl (Jongreso Constituyentc del Kstado eu los diaa
'28 y 20 del ultimo Mayo. Tlalpam, KSoO.
Mexico, Silver Mines in Mexico, n.pl., n.d.
Mexico, Sindico scguudo del Exnio Ayuntamiento sobre la nueva rcspnesta.
[Mexico, I8:18.J
Mexico, Silio do I'uebla de Zaragoza. Mexico, 1803.
Alexico, Stories of, N'.'W York, n.d.
Mexico. Tarifa para el cobro uo los derechos do Alcabala y ^Municipal.
Mexico, \^oA. 4to.
Mexico. Tarifas do los Ilabercs IfqUidos monsuales quo eorresponden li todas
las olnses pertfnecii'utes al ramo clc gucrra. Mexico, 1S4().
Mexico. Tercora parte Hobre C'onsoliilaciou de la Republica Mexicana. Mexico,
18,-) I.
Mexico, Terrible fill uarion dc la Rcjiublica, Mexico, '8.V2.
Mexico, Ti'stimonio do la averiguacion practicada ' or orden del Supi'tmo
(.iobierno. Mexico, 1801,
Mexico, Testimonio Biniplc do los autos dc la Audieni a en el asunto de la ex-
pulsion del Arzobispo 1()'24, in Itoc. Hist. Mex. scric ii., toni. ii.
Mexico, The complaint of Mexico and conspiracy i aijist idjcrtv. Boston,
184;{.
Mexico, Tlie Country, History nnd People. London, 1803,
Mexico, Tlic .Marino Corps in Mexico—Trial of First Lieutenant J. S. Devlin.
Wiishinuton, 18,V2.
Mexico, The Mexican l']m])irc, its actual situation. Ke\v York, ISOO.
Mexico, The lte|)ulilic of iMexico restored, Mexico, 1807.
Mexico, TiieWest Coast of \\'ashingtou, 18S().
Mexico. Tiiitado de Aunstad, etc., .Vustria. [Mexico. i843.j
Mexico, Tribunal del rrotomcdicuto. MS.
AUTHORITIES OUOTED.
l.wxi
Mexico,
Mi'xioii,
Tiini'illo lie 1()'21. Ill Poc. Iiist. !\K'\-., si'iic ii, tdiii. ii.
L'ltim.-is Nutas I)iiil')m:itifaf< liiiiiliiadiis clitru el .Ministro ilc lUl
lis Iv-ili'i i )r«s y las IcLracitjiiiH csti'aiiLjoias. Mexico, ISdJ.
M.
Mc
ritin
N'ariii
il CoiiLrrcso Cimstitnvcnto del Jvslailo. Mcxicn, ls:!().
rtas lid i.al)ili
tlUllUltll lie
l."> do KlKTl!
iloilc .Mi'Xicu a, los KuiioicH del coii.sejo .solii'i
KJ-M.
1
eXlco iim
Mexi.
M
Ml
Muxic
Mfxie
, enlauelll
Xi.ti
do los 'J'lt'S Dias do Miiiistoi ii
Mc
).s;;!).
1 1;
A ViiVauc to. . .1)V
It
iliaii.
New York, IS4!
•o and . 11- roinsott, Kcply to a ISritisii I'aiiipliL't. riiiladclji'iia, ! >e
M, 1S:2<».
tlic Moiiroo Doctri
• 111., 11. d.
ml tlie I'liiti'd states, An Aiiiuiican vie.v nf tlic Mexican Question
^aii l-iancsco,
iMid
M
exico aiiii 11'
L'ldted States, 'J'reati
i.s;i
■tc, IS.-J-d'J. 11 vols.
Mexico \' (liiateinala, (Juestion de Liinites. Mexi
ilS; 1.S40: ISO:
1S7
Me
M
exico V la tntervenelon.
Me
Mexico vsii.s.vlrcdedoies,(,"oI('
iNiil.
de\'istas,i'tc. ^Mexico, IS.").")- 7
atlas. Mlio
.M
Me
Me
M
exico \ Sll:
]ii-turlii(,s. MS.
•2d
.Ses ;
u. i;
Canada. Mess;i,L;eof the President, Jan. S, Ib'M (J.'itli Ci
1). Wasliiiiu'ton. ls;!S.
Alls einer Discussion, etc. \c"/ Vori<, ISd.").
exii|Ue
1 )c l.i Ja'Volntioi; an Mexioui
^I'/xic|ue, 1 )esci'i]itiou Sitiiat
'I'
mil a Ml ■ lie
M,
la Villi
IV)
Me
Me
M.
isco.
ii.p
d.
ivit.
'oeuincns
ts I'elatil's ;i la jirotectioii de.s sujet.s etraii;.'er.s residaiit, etc.
siir le Coniinereo.
V:
isiy
^Me.xiiiuc ;Le) et riOuropo on eX|
la sitii.'iti
actue.'
IS 17
!Mcxiiiue 'I.e) et ITnti'iveiilioii. Talis, Isdi.
Mexiipio (I.e) efc ses liicliosses. >.'i)iivelle-Orli';ins, ISIi'J
Ml
Me
Me
Me
Me
(|UC
:.i([U(
^;il|u■-
IKs
i:tiic
Lc <;
;, ls(;;i
llisto\ii|iiea an ]ioint de vne iiolitii|no et .social. I'ariM, IS.'O.
d 1
Lo Seiiat, etc
il.iiis la I
•i"
eslioii du Me.v
Xllpl
.inpi'i'eiir (
In ^1
i[ii(
I'ari.s, 1S()4.
t rinterventioii. Lei;
in[iire e
ntci x'eiitioii iVancaise an
Ml
XlqlR
ISOO.
I'aiis. ISCS.
^\!cinonindniii des lU'goliulions lpelldallte^j enlre lo Mcxiipie et
lia.u'lie.
Mexiiine, Kecnei
I'oi.s
1
!S.)7.
M.
];
I'
L'lati
ecneil (seeoii
■Ijdcv
laC
I'aii
"•te de
]•
ls;!s.
IvK;
^I'xiijne, Coiii'iiisiion iScieiitili'ine, Arcidves. I'aris, ISO."-!). .'! vols
,\1..
■C.
■mIa'). Talis. 17")-'.
.Is
JIicliik'na(lese .Mariano), ('ontestaeion (|ne dii'i aiiti
I ■j\:\\\ .liirai
IS!;
K
eacion lie la comlncUi. en al''i.'>i
Mi
All
eiiorario.s y
i.s Jvstadi.iti
dereelios
diciidi.
por.l. J. J.. Ml
])inti
Ml
IS'Jl;
IS::
lino we liaii ile colirar
Ml
U'alicel lie
IS I!);
Ml
•hoac;
lo.S I:
('ollslitlleiou Jiolilica del J^stado. .\lex., lS-_',">; Deeietus del ( 'oil^M'es.j
Con.'titnvi nie l^L't .">. .Mix.. 1S2S; Jd Senor I)i|>tit:idi) al <'on';resi) l!
Don llic'
dil Tstii
•do V:
ir V sn J;i'(raelaei(iii. etc. .Mux., iMil ; ( lolici'ii.'idcr
il todos su.s Iialiitaute.s, Mar:
:o -JS (lc
is;
Morel ia, Is:!")
(Ilistnria, de la i'rov. do San Micohisde Tolentino del oideii de ,San .
tin); 1.
'j;ide()ctid'-,e do i;
del Oliispo acerca do las niissiones i
MS. Inftii'ine.s d;i
leli
iio N'erde sll I'ei 'i I.
d Si:p. liiil). lie la lie-
dilica J. ir lat! antoridade.s. ^. I'elia, IS-I."); ]nicia(i\;i que la .Nsamldea
1' ,
(pie par.i justilieiir :into la ojiiiiion piililica. .Mi
la Adiijon ]iiil)lieii del Jlstiido de. Moi'elia. I
.•partaiiieiiial elevo en 'JS de Fel
de ISI."). Moi'elia, is l,"i; Maniliesto
ISlil; Meinoria de
IS;!i>; Trotesta del Senor
Olii.;!") y veiuiaLle caliildo contra la ley de I I de l^nero de 1SI7. (iiiada-
'ajai-a, |S47; Keprcseiita
Ii
ISo.'). Ite
Jdsr. Mi;x., Vol.. I.
Clou en ileleiisa ik'
SLsteina l''edi r.-d. Mex.
ACTIIOIMTIKS OroTlvD.
im
Micr (ScrvMiiilo 'I'ci'i's.i), I'riil'i'ci.'i jmlitica, iliscinsn I,"! ilc Die Isi!.'!. M(
IS III.
MitT (Scrviiliil'v 'I'rrcsa^, ^'ic!,•|, ;i\i'iitiir;is, t'scr itnn, y via;'t'S. MiAiru. lS(i,
Micr y 'I'cfaii (Mamn 1 dc), Maiiilc.-^lariiiii del citnladalio al |inMii
.M^
IS-J.).
■Mills (XiclKilas), Jlistdiy of Mexico. I.onddU, IS'JI.
Miiia ( Kiaiiii.sci'), IJrmc I^stiaulo ilc l.i viila. Li'inlnn, ISJ"
]\li
M.
ill' la Jai/, l\vi
ISIS.
lie At<lita<l
■n: alLriini'H do Ins (liicuns i
.!,■ \:
iinc'iii's ill' \ ai'iiis :
^liiia ilr Sail (.'Iniiciitr, l>irl.
IS 10.
Miiicli.i, lllfiirinc dado iior el Ivstaliliciiiiiriid) dr. ;i
iL'adus snliri' il f;
v,
la, (
olMIMO'.l I
li' Iiidiistiia
•IC
)ll;/l'i';;i) ((('lliT.-
.M('\., Is;',l) ; liit'iriiH' ill 1 Mstalilcriiiiii'iito al .'-^I'lmr
-Miiiistro dc ]l:
llnl.l [Lisa
M.
ISIIS; M.iiiilcstai-ioii iiiic ■■oil iiiutiMi
11' 1.1
-Ml
IS,")(); 111 |iii'.-t'iil;
ll'lillHS lU
IK. an
nimiiai lU'.
-Ml
I7!tl.
M
jMlIli 11. 1 il
■;i!rs (iiilriian/a < ivira l.'i liiri'iTi'iii, rr;;iiii('ii y yj>-
\)\vvi
M
M:
d, i7s;i. il
i:
lilii; liiiarsiliiarliiia.'S il
[ llv.A 'I'ldaaial di
CMfO,
ll|Ur'prci|
Minimal- X Mexico
17SI. folio.
1 (.\llj,'lislill de), ^'id,■l lie 1 l A'eneralile Madre .M ii.iia'1,1 Jnsejijia do
.1 riirilie.aeii)ii. riielil.i. I'
la.|.
d.
M
Carlota. Ori/alia, ISO I.
iiilH'reiir .MaMinihaiio y i
de la !■:
i[>;'ratii<C
Milallioli, 1 >efeiit-a, do loH lliiliistros. A er)lleelioM.
Miraiiioii (Mieliel), ({eiii'ial de division Clief de TArii
■t I'l'i'siilellt silljsli-
(ilt. dii la j;r'|>lit)!ii|lU' Mesieailie ;i l.i XatiMii. |( iKqiiilti'iiee, |S.')I).
Miranda (Callialilia de), I'loei
so V 1
ansa eriminal e.iiitia
M.'
I CUD.
Mi
d.
foli
da (Iraneiseo .Javier), .\1 iiui.-is Uellexione.s wohre li eiiestioii ile la
.M.
Oil.
ISdf); I'!-,
losuioll. 11.
is.,',): J.
d.; 1'
Miraeda (Fraiieisco Mmitero de), .M
eiiHina .^1
.lire 1,
uieiiincri iiroiiiiiiei.ail
l(>
llerli
.1., ls,-,7. M-
i )irii\iiieia lie \ eraiia/.
.M.^
10
toli
■iiilol, ( '.-iiisa
lie jiiiinlelitio.
M.S., 17',l'_'. loll
I'l dio.
Miseelaiiea, A ( 'I'lleeti
lis
Miseeliiliea ( '
M
isei'lalie.a i
Mi.seelhi
M
lei Ml
1
a, A ( 'ollei'lioll. It Vol.-J
Nsieo, A < 'olk'itii'li.
iiieoii.s I arii{>liu
t.s, A Colleeti
AC
/limi. 1(1 Vol.-;
Mi
i.seen.iny.
issa ( lotliiea sell .Mo/araliiea, eti'. All'.'eloi)oli, 1770 fi
Missa' )in) del'iilied.s. li.|il. li.d. 'Ito.
Mitllieliilll,!j;eii eilies jliiiLjeii ri;iy<'l's iilier (lessen See !M iiiielieil, ISJ
Muderados (Lo.«) y el Kstado de Me\ieo. 'I'ulue.-i, l.siU.
Modern Tiavellel' (The), Mexico and ( iii.aleinala. l.ondii
Jloslon, is;i(t. i> vols,
^loliiia (.\lonso de), ( (iilinaneaz ))ara estas (Isjiitalles. ]MS.
Moliii.i (.Vloiiso de), N'ocalailario en leiiuiia ('a -ti liana y .Mi
l.s-J
I. 'J vols.
^Iv
I. -.7 1. '2\>
toli
Moliiiero del ( 'erro (('aralaiii|iio), Caitas de. Mexico, |S(IS.
^loiiardes (.Nicolas), llistmia liiediciiial de l.is cosii.s (|Uc se ti'aen de Indian
Oocident.des. Sevilla, \~t~\.
Moii;.,'Ia\e (iMii^'eiie de), llesuiiii' do I'liistoire dii Mexii|iie. I'aris, 1S-2(>.
Monitoi' Coiistitiieional ludependicnlo. Mexico, ls.(,1(t. seij.
Monitor ritr;iiiiaiiiio (ill). .Madrid, l.S'_'"J.
Ml
i.y (.\iiti
M.
Villi
171tl
isei'ior), < 'raeioiies |i,'iiiej,'yi'icas
fiinol
iroa oil las ex-
MiMit.ina (.losi'|)li Isidro), l"l corazon ile las llimas. I'lioMa, 17<».").
Ment.ina (liiiis), < 'araeter iiclitico y niai'eial de los illsl^l•^elltes. Mi v., ISIO;
(liianaxuato liivadido "JS de Se^it. de IslU, Mex., ISIO; KeiiexioiieM
AUTIIOKITI 1 :S QUOTi: D.
1.x
s(>l)i'o l(iH iilliorotoH iic.Ti'iilns en ;il;,'iiii()s jmclilos df Tii'rr.iilcntrii. Mcx.,
Mfilllcjo, 'rrslillinili;l. Ill Col. l)(ic. Iliril., tiiin. i.
Mniilciiiiiiiir (.lii.iiiiicM Fr.iiicisi'.is), llMvliatioiu's Suiiiici ntviii ix Ihcisinniliiis
i;iL:i:o (.'li.iiirclliiri.i' S.iiHti. Mi'Nici, KKiT.
Miiiitiiii.iiin" (.)o:iiiii(H Fraiiciricus), I'a.stur liouiis Dnmiiiiis Jc-iiiH. Mrxim,
Mcji, riiiaidi- (.Tiiini l''r.iiiiisci) dc), Disciirsi) )iiiliticc) lii.sti'ji'iro .Iiiiiilii-c) del
<liiiili<) y i( jiartiiiiii iitii <lc jnesas. Mi.xicii, is.'i.s.
Mniilniiayor y ('I'lnldva i\i: Ciicina (.Iiiaii Fi;iiu.is<(» di), S\Mla^in^^ iK; laa
'.."t- Ivias Oiiloui'H |iiJi- HU Ma,'i-.tail li:i:;t.i l(i77. Mfxiio, |(i7S. -Iti).
Mi'i l(iii'i;n>(A. ilo li 1', ), Itiiuiario )iaia ['ainilids dc Jiidins. AiidMiis, 1 7.'! t.
Mmiti iiiii, Jicglaiiii'iilo para (1 ( invu rim di 1 MiiiiLi,' jiio viiidas Ar lllilli^^ll•ll.s i\v.
Aiidi<'iiiiaH. Madrid, 1770.
Miiiiti: I'io dc Ol'iciiia.-i, I'lniitiiaric) ficiicnd in ciiifo Taiifas. Mcxii"), 17'^l.
Miinirid" ( I'cdro M. dc), I'loclaina cjiie cl Ink inlcntL- do la I'niviiicia dc .Mcx-
icM, Mexico, l.sKI.
M.ii!lc~i do Oca y ((lirc'jiiii ([.uiiacio), Ofacioii Tiiichrc qui' cu las Imnr-as do
.luau Itniz ilo AlafcDii. Moxicn, 1S7S.
Munt. -clariis, Cal'la. hi I'aclnciiand ( aidciias, dil. l)iic., <iiiu. vi.
Mulilc-idcoca (l)ciiictiio), Oiacidii civica d dia KidcScpt. dcis,"il. (iiiaiia-
jilatii, ISol.
Miiiilcsi(iiicii, l';s])rit, dc-i Icis. Paris, lS(i7.
Mniitu'iiiiM ry (II.), i..ilc nl' Zacliary 'iaylur. Auliiirn, IS.'d.
!Muiitiiiii!,' (U'illicliii vim), .Viilliciitisclio JMitliiUliin^'cii iilicr die lc(/(cii Mrii;,'-
lii.M!iii .Mexico. Still t;.'art, ISflS.
Miiiili'ii'ar ;Li)rcii/ii), llcspuo.st.i al Si','iiiidi) Opi'isciilo siiliri' JcsuitaM. liCiJii,
ls7:!.
Mciiuiiaclito.S llisti'iriciis di' l;i dniiiiiiacinti INj'ariola en Mc\ic<i. ^IS. folio.
M"iiiiiiiciiti)s ili.-itcriuos y I'olilico.s ilc l.t Adniiiiislracinu < 'dlipijial. A Collcc-
lion. MS. folio.
Moore (N'alliaii Ji.), (ici.Io"ic:il Skctcli. MS. f,,lio.
Mora, Mexico y .siis Kovoliicioncs. In l)oi'. Hist. Mcx., Hcri<' ii., torn. iii.
.Mora(I..M. L.) Mcjico y sii.s Kcvolmioiics. Taixs, ls;i(i. ;j vols.
Mo'-a {.los('' .Ioai|iiin), l\ !:i JJIicrtad del ( 'oiiicrcii
Mora, (.low' .Mari;i
.M.
i.s.-,:{.
ciMoi'i:i (iiio iiar.i iiikiniiar ^<ollll^ d oiilcii
y
st;id(
(|1I0 1
lu.d do 1 1.) Ia;,'iiii;is. Mexico, \H'2'.\.
Mora (.l(jsc Mariii Liii'-), Oijra.s Sucllas. Paris, Iv.'iV
MoiM (.Iiiaii Auloiiio lie), Aliuiito.s li. la\'ordadcra ( 'oiiliaii/a. Mexico, li
lis
Mor.ile.i (liiiu U.uiti-ila), Disortacioii contra la T
ih-raiicia
llcli'di
I :;i; I.Klallo Pita-orici). Mex., isM
Mrji
M.
y r.iilroii (laciiitlio), La .\/\ceii.L dc (,>\ito (luc hroti'i in el lloridi)
( aiiipi
Moxico, I'
Moi.i.i y CrivcHi (Toina.^l,
•ritioo Koliro c\ mi.stcina dc Jfacii^nda en Mox-
Mt
ISli,
Ml
.1, Iiiiciativa, <iiu'. il laiii Iliistrc Ayiintainicin'
'17; iti'pro.'iciiiaciou ijuc fl X'cciiidario de. .Mi
(o do Morclia. Ml
IS.");i; Siiiil
.Ni'iiMcro 1"2 lie la. d
Morcni) (Uiu;.'o), Maniiicslo koI
1.SC11.--10I1 ((lie so lillli.ic:! en.
Morclia, ls.i7. Iti
plcinento
irc la conilii
•ta ol)i
dc M
iciii acaii. Mexico
Is;
ci\aila ai ilcj:i
■I e,,l,
Moreno (llcroiiyiiio), Uc'.^da.-t ciiTtas y prei^isatncnto necc.i.sariii.s jiara .rnc/es y
niini.sl.ro;i lie .In.stiii.i. Mexico, l(i;i7; Mexico, I7;i"_'.
Moreno (.lii.:ii ii
l), Jt
,Mi
Sciicf l)i>ii .Manuel i
Iclacion del I'tiiicral, eiitierio y exeiini.is de i I illn
(.Ml
\ida V M
Morli (I nan .Nj^nstin), ( '
he ad\ icl'tcn en el Ni
iiiuii) V ^alulas
einoriai^
leceioii do
M
eXl o,
17tit).
J.ondrcs, liSl'J.
I )oc
Mexii
litoH. MS. folio; Desiirdi
ptc. MS, 17!i-'. folio.
iMort'i (.luaii Aiij,nistiiO, I.n. iiolile/a y Picdad dv lo.s MoiitaiicscH dcinonstrada
jMir el ( 'rislo do lliilL'o.s. Mexico, I77">. folio,
Moiyii (Antuuio de), Suuesos de lus islas Filipiiiua. Mexico, lliO'J. 4to.
Ixxxiv
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
I
III
I
ii;il
!M()ri;nia v Zaf.illa (Miircos), Snloiniioa excquias el 9 y 10 tk' Mayo do ISIO.
MlNUIl. ISIO.
M(jrilli> (l'al)lol, Mi'innires rclatifs aux canipagncs cu Annjrique do 1S15 d
l.SJl. Paris, ]S2(i.
Mori) (Clcrarilu), liitoiiiic cii ilen'clio sobn^ (|Uo la coiiipailfa ilu el Ifcal asiu.'.ito
do la CJrau lintaua. .Mexico, 17'Jt. folio.
Mor.so (Isaac ]•<.), Spuccli in iIlIculc of the Mexican War, Deo. ISKJ. ^^'ash•
iii'.'toii, l.sKI.
Mosaico Mfxicaiio (l",li. Mexico, ]S40-)'J. 7 vol.s.
Muta Fadilliv (Mafias dc la). Historiado la conijuista do la Nncva-flaliiia.
Mexico, ItSi;;. MS.; ^lexicd, ).S7(».
Mofoliiiia (Toribio), ('arta al Einiierador CVirlos V. In Icazbalceta, Col. Due,
toni. i.
Motolinia (Toribio), llistoriadc los Iiidios de Xiieva Esp;.fia. In Icazbalceta,
( ' il. J toe., toni. i.
Motolinia (Toribio), La VIda y Miierta dc trcs nifio.s dc Tlaxcala. MS,
Motolinia (Toribio), ^'idas y Martirios di' ires Nifio.s 'i'lascaltecas. MS. folio.
Jlotf.'znina, Testaniento. In iV.chcco and (':;rdcnas, Col. ]>oc. toni. vi.
Moya, y Contreias (I'cdro), Carta al I'rcsidcntc do lo3 Kealcs Cousejos de
Inclio-i. Ill Cartas do Indias.
Moya y Contrcras (i'cdro), (Jarta ]lelacion al Rey Don Fcliiic II. In Caitis
do Indias.
Miicliarrcz (■fuse Antonio), Contestaeion del I'aiaayador y .Inez de lialanza.
,Mex., ISKi; J'Isposicion solirc refoniias cons-'titntionales. Mex.. 1S41.
Mivrde (^>ucdito (JOI), I'apcl joeoso, scrio, .'^atirico y inor.il. MS. 1711.
Midler (I'.aron .1. W. ve.-i), lleiscn in den Vcreinigteu staatcii Canada e.nd
^lexico. LcipziLT, 1S(!1. ;{ vols.
Mungnia (Clcnienti'), l.)(d Dereclio Xatiii'al en siis prineipios eoinniies. ^lex.,
|S-1!). 4 vols.; .Maiiiliesto i|iie dirigi^ A la iiacion Mejicana. ^loi-ei'a,
1S.")1; Mex., is,")!'; Uii voto indcpcndicnto cu la eilcstion del jnraniento.
Moreli;i, bS,-)l.
^lunL'uia (Clenicnto do .Tesns), Defcn.?a Eclosiilstica. Mex., IS.'iS. Hn. '2
vols.; Instrncciones I'astorales. Mex., IS,")7; (.)!)ras diversa.i, I'riniera
Scric. Morclia, IS.'i'J-.i.'i. '2 vols. ; Obras divcrsas, 8cgunda Seric. Mex.,
1S,V_>. 2 vols.
Mnimuia, I'.istor.alcs, A Collection.
iMmio;'- (luaii liautist.'i), 1 listori.i di I Xncvo !Mnndo. ^ladrid, nO-*?.
^liuio/. (.(nan J'.inf ista), Menioria sobre las Aiiarieioncs y el cnlto dc Xuestra
Scnora lie <Inadalupo dc .Mexico. [Madrid, I7!I4.]
Muqiliy (Tonia;:), ^lenioriasobro la Deuda esterior dc la Rcpublica Mexicana.
I'aVis. IStS.
Muzzarclli, Opi'iscnio dc la esconiurion. Cnadalajara, lSi.'4; Opuscnlo xi, do
las riipuv.i.^ dcl(''lcro. (inad., 1S'J4; Opiisculoxviii. Inniuuidadeclcta.is-
tica pensonal. lluad., lSu'4.
Nacion (La), ^Mexico, ]^'tC< et scq.
Xai'iiiu Mexicana, I'laii dc la coiistitncion politica. Mexico, 1.Sl!3.
Xahuall MS. l.')7(!.
Xajer.i (liumiugo), l']stracto del luforine qnc ante la tcrccra sala. Mexico,
IS(i.">.
Nardi ( l''ranccsco). Visita dell' Inipeivitore li Impcratrice del Messico ul S.
Tadrc. lionia, I Mil.
Narte (Sejo Amira de), Claniorcs de la America. Mexico, ISll.
XanticaN>escriiition of tlicCnll uf Mexico and 1 lay of llonduraa. London,
l.s.-)(!.
X'ava (.losc])li lL;iiacio Maia'a de), l^'logio funel>rc (]ne en las honras dc. ^lex-
ico, l,S(t2.
Xavarrctc, Hiotfralia, In Hoc. liu'd.. toni. ii.
Navarretc (h'ranci.-co Antonio), Ivelacion l'ei"griua de hi Agua Corricnte.
Ml
17;:!».
ArTiioniTiEs Qr()Ti:n.
lx?:xv
XiivniTfto f.T. C), Es])iisiiiciii que diri'/n iil (" iii^iH's') (Icnoral. M( xiin, In')!,
X-iviiinlu (.M;i!UR'li, J'lutri'tiniiiiifulws 1V» tu'o.s. Mi'xico, ]V>2X "J vmIs,
Xavarrclr (.M;ii tin I'VtikukIi'/), ( (ilroiDii ilc los N'i.'igrs y JV'.sculii iiiiii utn.-i (jiio
liicioinii 1(VH l';>jKiu(ilf.s (.losile linos iK'lSl;.;lo W. Mailriil, hS'_'.>-."!7. 5 voU.
?>'avarii> (.Iils' Aiiluiiiip), Jlstai.lu ilu la.s iiiisionc'.'i <lc Aayaiit, iut'oniic ilailo i.ii
•J() (!<■ Julio dv ]7.S.">. M'i.
XavaiTi) y lliana (.Iiia(iuiiil, ])isciir.so i)r(muiiciail<j il "JT do Sept. do I'l-J.").
Moxicd, ISi.").
Navarro y Xoriogii (Ft-niamlo), Catalogo do lus Curatos y Misionc-' (jiir liiin!
la Niieva lOspafiii. !Moxi(.'(), ]>>\'i.
Xiivarnj y Xurio^'a (Foniaiulo), }.louioiia koIji-c la poblaciou dol lioiii.j do
N. ]■:. Moxioo, IH21).
Xayarit, l"ra',^iiioiito llistinioo. M.'^.
Xayarit, Iiifonnc do la aiidioiioia do (inadalaxara fooliado ;l '2(5 do Ayosto do
* ITS.".. MS.
Nayaiii.is, liclarioii do la Coinniista. Madrid. [17--.]
N'.bol (f'.irlos), Viago piiiturosoo y Ar(j^iiooli.jioo do la R(;p, Mo.;. Paris, oto.,
IS."!).
Xobrija (.\ntiiiiio do), I'^xplioaoimi do los Iil)ros cvarto y qiiiuto. I'li.lila,
k;:)."). Itn.
Xogooios do .Moxioo, Disciisiou iii ol Soiuido I'spafiol a^Aivc lus. Mexico, 1803.
4io.
Xo;,'ooi(i.s l''ondioutos eiitro M^xiooy Kspafia. I'ai is, ISr),S.
No.'Moios J']olosi,istioos, ])iot.iiiioii <lo lal.'oinisioii do. jMox'on, IS.'W.
Nopoimu'oiio (.Mariana J nana), Vida do la, dol .Nfoiiastovio do roligiosas.
Moxioo. ISOS. 4to.
Nowi'imb (Jainos I'.), History of Socossiou Times in Toyas and Travol.s iii
?doxii;o. iSaii Frauoisoo, l.S(i,'!.
Xioolio (l^livd), N'owo vnd warJiall'to relation vou dome was .sioh in V'oodoi'Iv.
.Mimoiion, nil!). 4lo.
Kicolin (.lo.so liiiiniundo), ].,a, ].)ivi.->i()u dol Torritorio eu Yucatan, Moxioo,
isc.l.
Kioroiuljorg (J. ]■'.), I'e la dovooion y patrooinio do Sau Zvligiiol. Moxioo,
|i(ii:}.j
Xioiiw Sjiaaiijc. In .\a.,toin. x.
Niloa (•loliu M.), History of iSoulh .Vniorioa anil >.''"xico. ILirtford, Isll. '1
vols.
Xilos (Jdhn :M.), Speech iu Son. of the U. S.. IMi. fl, ISIS. Washington, 1S-4S.
Xiaos Mxiiositos, J'^xpo-siiion (|Ho haoeal ]nililioo. .Mexico, ls;!S.
Xoamira (f. 1!. Z. ), Momoria Instructiva lohro (.1 ^laguoy <j Agave Moxicano.
Mexico, ls.')7.
X'o IS lo iiias ol Juranionto sino .si salx' Camplir. [^^•jlC0, 182.^.]
No Mo Olvides. ].,on<ires, 1S24 -JS. ,"> v.ils.
Xorioif-a (Joso M. D.), i'unestod iiecuerdo.s dol Liln rtadnrdo Mexico, .Mixico,
ISda.
Xoiman (l>. M.), Ivanihles hy T-ind .ind Water. Xew York, lS-1.').
Norniau (IJ. M.), Jiaiiiblcs iu Yucatan. X'ew Yurie, 1S4U.
Notas, Yoeahulario (ioouralico. In (.'artas dt! ludias.
Xoticia lliogriilica dol A'-chidnqiio I'eiiiaiidip Maxi'.iiiliano <le .Vustria. \\.]>\.
n.d.
Xo'icia do loR Procodiiaioiitos en la lleposieiou do la Sagrada Ini'igo!!, oto.
Mexico, lst(i.
Xolirii J'lstraordinaria, Division ik- ojioracionos on la I'arra do, Taui[iioo.
I.Mcxici, Ivj'j.J f,,lio.
Xoticia i»<Uvi<iunl do los denrhos (pio scgva lo rcglado <'U 1 1 ultimo nal
jiroy. to. litivceli.iiia, 17;i-'.
Xiiti .iasdc las ospodioiones ipie li.in lioclio los I'spafioles paia la Con^uista
Mvv. MS» tolio.
Xoticias lii.st<'i'k'as 'k- la Xnova Ivspafta puhlicadas con la proteccion del Min-
istei'io lt«^ ^"oI1K■nttJ. Madrid, Ks78. folio.
Ill I
mil
II ill mill '!>
Ill ■
'I 111 ill; I
iii '
r
!:
Ixxxvi
ArTITORiTIKS QUOTHD.
N'fitiji.'is intorr=i;nitisiinas cintr.;, l:i iiiik'poudoiicia. ^loxico, IS'Jl. folio.
Kotii-iipso ( It luTiil. Mexici), ISITi I't !^cc|.
Js'oiiL' <U' lu J>()k: .,*c Tcrru fcrma XoiNuju'iitc troiuito in Imlia. S(;villi, l."iL"2.
Nncvii, Ivniiifin, vVoiR'i'dos do la Junta Superior do Jical llai'ifiida. .Mcxiin,
ITilk MS.
Nueva I'-spaiia, T.rcvo Rcsinncu del l)t'SC>il.)rinuL'iito dc la. Madrid. [IT'iT.]
MS. loyal folio. "2 vols.
Nm^vji Iv-^pruKT, Rcspucst.'.s :i las pri';^uutas ln'clias soliro d estado dc los lu-
ll io.s. ;ms.
Xufvas lIi'dcNioncs solivc la cucstion Francij-Mi'xicana. Mexico, 1S()2.
K\u^vo Diocioii.irio do la leii^ua L'astellana.
Kuevo Leon, l»ictauien de la eoinision celesiaslico. [Apr. ,10, ISIit. Monterey,
is;i4.1
Xucvo Leon, L>ii;t:unen preseutado sobi'o introdneeion de Al^'idnn. Mon-
terey, ISI.'i.
Xuevo Leon, 1 )iet;!inen Kolir(^ reforina, de Lis I'lie^es Or'^;inieas. Jlonten'y, LSi.j.
>i'nix (Juan), Kelli'xiones Jiiipareiali's. Madrid. IT^-.
Xunoz (.Monso), ( ':irta I'lisle.ral. Mexico, 1777. Ifo.
Nunez (Alonzo), ('< nsLituiiones. .Mi'xieo. |l77."i. |
Is'une/ (.\ntonio), })i.stribucione.s di; las obr-as onlinariiis y cxtraordinari^iss.
Mexico, 171-. 4to.
Nufie/ (Ildelonzu),Kelaeioi! de la fnncbre cereiuwniay exi'ijuias. Mexico, 1;S;>2.
4to.
Nunez lie llaro y Per.'dta (Alonz')), Carta Pa.storal. Mexico. [177<>.]
>.ufio I'iuto, ]ii JJaniire", I'r oee-^o eonlra -Mvarado.
Kyc (Jiiini'S ^\'.), Spec.'li in Sen. of U. S., Jidy I 'J, lS(i7. ii.pl., n.d.
Ojijaca, Asuntog. in .Mex. Doc. I'lelos. !MS. torn. ii.
Oajaca, ( 'art;', del A 'iiitaniii'ito. in l';u'liceoand( Virden;is, Col. TVic, toni. xiii.
Oajaea, Coiistitueioudel Ivstadoclc, Oax., LS."")7; Copiais cl,^ las ( 'oiitcstacioiios.
Mex., lS2."i; Di4CUr.'o (|no I'rouiincio (d ciudadano J. }il. Artea;ja '2 do
Kliero do IStl]. Oax., ISiri; Ksposioiou por (1 (!i>l)ierno ;d Solieiano ( 'on-
^reso, IS4S et .SJfj.; Inieiativa quo hi Ai^ainlilea eleV() 1!) Jeli. l>il,") ^loliro
ref(.nnas do bases O'Lranien.s. Oax., lS4r); ]^ey de Instinccion I'ubiiea
1807. ii.pl. Vi.d.; Ley Oru:iniua para td (inliienio y Adiiiini.stracion In-
terior. ()ax., '807; ItcLrlainento cspedido )ioi' cl iloii. Asanil)lea 7 do
Fel). 1S44. Oax., H44: 'l;eiiiiraeion de la Catedral do Antivpiera. .MS.
17-;!-4; J.aVietuliii. Oiij., )S7S ct se((.
Obispo do la I'ueblH, ■Nleiuori.n al J{''y. ^18. l(;"i'2.
Obser\aeioncs nccrea del I'areeer I'iseal y Acuerdo d ■ l:i eorto snpreiua do
Jnsticia. Mexico, 1;;48.
Observaeiones al diotiiineu de la sogunila coniision di; Ifaeieiid.-i de la (,'iniar.i
do Diputados. Mexico, 1S4().
Observaeiones do los Fabricantos y .Vi^rienltores d • Mexico. Mexico, 18(51.
t)b.sei'vacioncs liin);iveiales acerca ilo la .■\dinini>.tri.<i"ii FiiiHW//i''i'a. Mesieo,
ISl.-).
Oliser\'acionos sobre las Cucst i ones epic ol abate Test ory,<'te. ('•it;ri\i)\n']nvn, ISIm.
( Miservaeioiies y conieiitarios A la < ,irta (pio Manuel l';iyiio liii liilifiiUi ill rioii-
er.il Forey. [\'era Cruz, ISli;!. j
Ob.-ervailor do la Ju'piiblica MexicMiui (I'd). Mexico, 1SJ7 -i vols.
Observado)' Judicial y di; Levislacion. ^lexieo, 1842 et he'/.
Ocan.i, Ci. fa. In Facheco and (,'ardenas. Col. Doc, tolll. xiiJ.
Oi'iioa (.\liastacio de), Don All'-mso, 'l'ra,i,'edia. .Moxii'o, IMI. M.'^.
Olnio (.Josil del), Ivelaciou lli-itorica del auto ^'Oiu ral <1(! Fe. Mejico, l»«4').
Onate (Zai iiiias), Algo holu'o los Ultiinos acoutfciinientos de Qucretaro. </n«'r«J»
taro, 18(1!).
Ouis (liUis de), Letter of oih of jMiiu.iry, 1818. In .\nii;ds of Congress isjl).
vol. ii.
Ouis (Luis de). Memoir upon the Negotiations between S[iaiii and tiie Unit< d
States. IJaltiniore, 1821.
AUTIIOIIITIES QUOTED.
IXXN
Opii-iiilii iK; la vtrihul y dv' li lazmi ('outra ul inoycfto do un inomiiiolii) co-
iikii'ImI. Mi'xico, Is.ilt.
()r;ii'iiiiii-H ("ivii'MH. A ('(illcccinn.
()i:itc>ria l'NiiaMi)la y .Viiioiicaiia, Disi'iirso Ilisti'irioo-* 'n'tico. M>i. folin.
((rinla;.M I l>iij:'> Aiiilirusii) ili'i, l>a L'.i:', dil I'liai'ii.Mas I'liia. Mi\ii.i), 171!^.
Oiili iiaii/ii d(! la ic'iita d(! TaliiiLM). Mo.ioo, ISKi.
Orik'iiiiiu'.a Mi!it:ir, ti'atadi) i^uartu, J!i'i;Iaiiiuiit.) i)ara il Ejrivicio y Maiiinlira.s
di! la. iiilaiitciia Mexico, JS.Vt. "2 volci.
Oidi'iiaiizas. ii.pl., l.")4S.
Orili'iiaii/as du India.s. A C'dllfctinn. 4to.
OrdiiiaiiAH <lo l:i, .hiiita dt! ( iiuira d(! Iiidias. [Madrid] l(!"-t.
Ordiii du Cirliis It [., Ui;al J)('.'ii)aclio. Madriil, 177"). I'olio.
Onliiics do la Corona. A C'lllcctiini. M.S. folio. 7 vols.
Oirllaiia (Manuel), Manifestation ([iio liaeo al I'ldilioo. ^[exico, IS.'O. Ito.
Ori/ava, i.iin'o curio.-jo (|Uo eonticuo al.,'iino-i a|nuite.s iial'ticulares aeaeeidos en
esta Viila. ^I.>.; ]i(:,danii':ito a ijiio delio snjetar.se. el eueipo do eoso-
eiiems del di.stvito lOdoMayo ISJi". MeX.,IS4:2; Ke'.'l.inielito del eile'.po
do eoseeheU)ti do Taljaoo ilol di.strilo do l.'J do A'_'o.sto do J.S-IJ. Mexieo,
IStJ.
Oriaiva y ('(irduva, Docunioiitos nfeiento;i ;l lo.s suce.so.i ocnrridos. \'er;i
Cniz, l^.'M.
OraiiPi'li' a (.Juan IJ.), Oraeion ftinoljio en las soloniue-; linnra.^, ,lo-i6 Santia;,'().
Mexieo, ISi,').
Orozeo y lierra (Mannel), C\it'>';i-afia M^ xieaua. Mexico, n.d.; (leo'^'ratia
do Ian Len;,'na.s y ( '.u'ta J']luo;.;r:iliea di; .Mexico. Mexieii, IWA; lli.sio-.-ia
do ^Mexico; Meinoria jiara il I'lano lU) la eindad d:^ ^ilex. Mi-x., I.H(',7;
,\Ieinoria ]iaia la (.'arta lIidro'.f|-.;.;ea del \'ai! • do Me\. Mux., If-All. -ii-u.;
Xoticia Uisti'ii'iea del Mai'ipi. .s del Vidlo. ?»U'\., 1S,'.;{.
Oriji'.esta (La). Mexico, l.'i7-> it .seij.
Onio (iVanei.seo X. .V. do), Solui-ion del (Ir.an I'lolilenn.. ^le.'.ico, )7<).^. 4to.
Orta (!'i"anei>eo do 1'.), llcrutacion al nianiiitslo do la (iuaruieio;i do W'l'.'i
Ciu/. Mexico, iS'.i'.).
()rte;.,'a (Ainad il, Voto iuiulado do uno do l>js niinistros do la eorte do jii.sticia.
-Slexico, Im;).'!.
Ortc, L (Ihilaliu Maria), Plaiiloyor sar rincor.i[ietenco du eonseil do (luerru
1 Vaii-;i;is. Mexico, IS.il.
Orte;.':i(Rt, Poesias. Mejico, IS.'IO.
()rte;;a (Feniando do), Ale'^'acion Juridica ]iMr. ^loxiio, 17! 1. folio,
Ofte,:_:a (Jesii3 O.), I'rotesUi del I'roidenlo do la ( 'uj le .Sn[iienia ile .Tustieia.
i-Mexico] 1SU.J. 4t().
Orte. a (L:iea:l Fernandez), Villa <le l.i Macli'o Man.a Ma;,'dalena, leli.i'sa d, 1
.Moii:i:.terio do Saa (leroniino do Mciv. M."^. | Ki.'V!. | Uo.
0^te,^'a (Mamul .kl C), VA 'I'lono do .Me.\ieo |.S(i4. Mexico, l,s(i4.
Orio;.;;i y *-'au Aiiti>liio (•ro.--eiiii Joacliinj, Xiiova Aljaba apo.sti'ilioa con v.ii i.i.s
eaneii««ies. Mexieo, 17o7.
Ortiz (Taii.'u), Mexico cuu.siderado como iiaeion indi poudiento. IJavdeo--,
is:;.'.
Ortiz do .\yala CTadeo), Reminien do la Estadi^t; a del lnil)eiio Mixie.j'ii'.
Mcxie.'i. l'^^.
Oshoriu.' (.loliu), Lfuido to tlie \\\.st Indies, Madiir.i, ^lexieo, etc. London,
1S4.-..
Os.sorio (DSeyo), Americano si-r;ipIiieo ll.nilo do istaprovinoia dil S.inio Ilv in-
gelio. Mk'xico, I7.'i7. 4to.
Onscna i.lViix-liin), I'ereLrrinaeion eliristiana ])or 1 1 c'lniino I'lal. Mexieo, I7"iil.
O.sw.-dd (I'elix 1..K Sinniaerland ski'teiies. i'liilad. Iplii.i, jSHO.
OteiM (M.uianoi, ( 'inuinieacion .sobro las neguciaoioni s lailrc ]vstados-l'nid>iM
y Mexico. Mexico, 1 847.
Otero (.M.iiiano), ihisayo ,soln>' I'l verdadiTo eaUido do la cucstion .social y
IJoiitie.i, Mexico, KS-ii Me.\., lt>42.
T
bcxxviii
AUTIIOrJTIi:;^ QUOTED.
Otovo (>Tiiiiiir,')V Ohrns. MS. ],S,-n-r,0. 7 vols.
Otc'.-i) (M;iri:iii(il.()i':icioii civira cl .li.i ]i\ ilo .S(U.>!nl)ro do \M?>. M ■xico, 1R4I'.
Oviudo (•! 11,111 Aii;ii;iii) dc). \ itia adiiiiialdu, aiKoLolicu.^ iiiiui.sU'iiu.s y hcniiciid
virtiidrs. Mcxifd, 17"'-. 4t{i.
Oviudo y \'iild('s ((idu/.ido iVTiiaiidrz dt), l)o la Xutiiral llystuiia di^ las la-
d as. Toledo, l.")'J().
Oviedo y A'aldcs ((I(Jiizalo I'Vrnaiiilcz dc), Jli-stoiia (Itiioral y Xatuial dc laa
Jiidias. Madrid, IS.'il-."). 4 vols. 4to.
()\ icdo y \'aldit4 ((.ioii/alo i'uniaiulu/ <lu) Sonunario. In Itanui.sio, \*ia;.".,'i.
toni. iii.
()\ici'.o licni'ia y liucda, (l.uis .Xiitoido dv), Pooina sacro dc la pa.<ioiid(! .Jisu
(Visto. Moxieo, I7,S(). 4to.
( )\von (Toiiil, Aiicedotc's and Luttors of Zacliary Taylor. Xcw Yoik, lfS4S.
I'al 1(11(111 Xaoional. Mexico. lS4tctser|.
Tacliceo (•luainiiu F.) and Cardenas ct al., Coloccion do riocuincntos Tiu'ditos
rclaiivo:) al I'c.scuhriiiiieiito, (.'on(jui:;ta y L'ol'jnizacuju de las roscsioind
Kspafiola.s en America. JIadrid, lf;iJ4-81. litvoLs.
Pacheco ( los.'- Kaiiion), C'uestioii d(j }dexieo. Mexico, 1S(J," ; Dcsoripcion de la
bok'Umidad I'l'inebrc etc. do ihirhide. Mex., ISIU; ]'^x[Kj.sici()ii del exniiii-
istro do lelacionos. Qnoi'i taro, 1S47; (iuirra do ll.pana con ^lejico.
Talis, IS.IU; LoUrcs siir Ic Mexi([Ue. ISordeaiix, is;i;i.
racto (social hoIjiv J,eyes, Juccos y Alio;,'ados, contra el inuvo. [Mexico, IS'i'J.]
I'alacio (Mariano Kiva), and I'afatl Marliiuz do la Tone, ]\Ioiiioranduni .sobro
el Troceso del Maxiiuiliaiio. ilcxico, l.'-i)7.
I'alacio (V'iccnto Jliva), .Solu'iaiiia de lob Kstados y la Supienia Coito do .Iiis-
tioia. Mexico, IS74.
Talat'ox y Mi ndo::a (.liiar.). Oliras. Mridrid, 170'-. folio. 1 J vols. [Most of
wliii li works al.so exist in separ/ito )orni.J
I'alane.i (l.a). (luadala jara, IS'JIJ et .'^i (j.
I'aiics (DioLj'o (Jarcia), Extension iiitcresauto dc la I'laza do Vera C'niz. MS.
)Ki;0.
Pi'iics y -Vliollan (Diego), C'ronolorcia do los Vi-reyc3 do Xiiova Kspafi;i. ^IS.
1 apidotla, liistalaciou do .su Ayantaiiiiciitc. MS.
I'apcl do llstrasa on rpic so (iltra el ISaratiUo y so cuela do Xulgo. ]\1S. 17."i;).
I'apc'.cs en Dcrccho. A Collection.
I'apolcs do Jcsuitas. A Collection. ^!S. f(.ilio.
l\r iclcs 1 ranciscanos. A Collection. MS. folio. 2 vols.
I'apelcs Sueltos. A (ollcction.
I'apolcs Varios. A Colleclioii of Spanit;li and Mexican P-nmiddets. 'Jl.'>V(>ls.
I'arada (Vicente (iuliioz), Scguiida esposiciou <pio liaco al .Si^heiano Con^'reso.
Me:;ioo, IS 11.
I'avdo (Dic'^o), ^Ii'trica exposicion do la royla sori^fica, etc. MS. Ki.'iO.
I'arcecr dc los Scuores TliC','>lo,';os de. Salanianea, l."i41.
I'aredcs (Antonio do), Carta edilicantc. Mexico, 17(11; Carta cdificanto. ox-
tin^'iiida (,'oinpania do .Tesvs. Mexico, 17;'4; \'oto Paiticalar, en la .Junta
<le .Mi:i('ria do 10 de Marzo. Mexico, ISOS.
Pavedcs (Mariano), Prove l^spesicioii ipio el (lenoral laicc. Mcx., 1847.
Paredciy .Vri'Jlla^^a (Mariano), Prevo esposii ion ipio liacoji suseoneiuiladnuoa.
JSIox., 1S47; Contestacioncs (|Uo a la circular. S. L. Potosi, lt-'4."(; Iv-jio-
sicioii (]U0 il sus conciud::daiios. Mex., I;i41; Manilicsto do la Kepuh-
liea, -Mexicana. .Mex., IS 10.
l\irescer 6 Dotoriniuacioii do los scuorea tliet'iloLjos do Salamanca. I.ondres
Ps.U. 4 to.
Parian 'Jll), Coloccion do diKnnneiitos ofuiales reliitivis a la e in'-truceiou,
etc., del. Mex., IStli; I'isiiosicioii a la t Viinara jior 1 iei.M,illcio;i de. .Me\.,
1.S44 ; Primerareprisontacion del Coniereio solicitaulo una indcmnizacion.
Mix., 1841).
Parke,' (TlieiKlore)j ASinuoii on the Mexican Vv'ui'. Juiie^o, 1848. P>oston,
1848.
AUTHOR ITHvS QT'OTF.D.
1
xxxix
railcmaii (V.). Tnfovino que dio t'l pciito f.uiiliativo, luiii.'is i
ilrl
,1 .1.1
CaUo. Moxico. ISkS. -Iti
I'lina (Francisco), ('oiii|iii
sta «lc la
Calioia, etc. MS. llS(l.-)j ^to.
jiro
lia do Xulisco, \i
I'ana (li'si'iih Gomez), Jiniiortaiitissiiuas y viTil, ultras I'lsolucioiKjs para,
Vx]
IcsKisticdS.
I'uvl.l
I'arri'S (Luifi
, Manifest;
Mataniuro;
ili'l Cniitailiir
A.h
M
intinia ili
Mat;
is:;i).
]';ii'ioili (A.), Mi'moriji, tn>ljro l;i ]^vacii;iriciu niilil;ir del pnrrtu do 'l';iiiijiii.
'J'
I'artl
ini;iidi|';i
ISK!
). l)io Intervention in Mt
Leipiti.; ami Stutt-art. ISOt.
]';is;itieniiii) (l-H, (Aiieccion do \ovelas, Anoodotas, et.'. Mijioo, IM!!).
l';istoral u» do3 Actus. MS. IS'JS.
r.itino (I'edi-i) r;il)lii), l)isevtacii)ii eritieo tlieo-fdosijlica suljro la coiiKervacioa
do l;i S;!nt;i iniiigen. McNicD, ISO!. 4ti).
ratr(in;ito fin;di/,ad() eiinti';i el l'ation;itu enilirolladi). Mcjieo, ].s;i;).
]';iU'un;;ti), lii;r.<)_L,'o intrc un enr;i y nu .\l)iiL;atlo. ^lexico, Ib-'T.
l';itriinatii, ()iist'i:iculos solire. A (.'(ilection.
l'a:t( r>iiii ((.ieo. ^V.), Across Mexico to ('alifonii;i. MS.
l\:ttron;ilto do r;irtto (17-l> li
ITI'.'). y\'
I'auw (Coi'iieille), llct-jicrohcs pliilusopiiiiiucs siir les iVnici
L'.ndr
etc.. 177.). ;i VI
r;'.vno, ( 'r(>noloL'i;i do ^fexico. In Soc. Mex. Goo;;'., 15olrtin, to'.u. vi.
ruyno (.Manuel', (Jomiiendio dol:i llistori;ido .Mox
sinuinico I
ilo la llisLoria Anl
.Ml
.Mexico. ^lex., 1.^'
•o. I'i7;i; Cuadro,
( 'lu-ntas. (iastojj
Aercedores v otros asunlos. Me\., ISGS ; La Convenciou ]•;
JIcx., 1S.")7 ; La Deuda h
ir do .Mex. Mex., Isd."); Memori;i soliio el
;\r;i<:iiev .Mex. Mex., liitil ; Mcnioria Hohro la Kovohicion do Die. do IS.'i?
y ]•:
<\c 18.">S. Mex., ISGO ; Mc:aco and lier Fin;!nci;d Qaestions
v.iih Lnyland. Mex., ly(j:2; I'roycctos do arreglo do los g;ist(j
iracionili. ]\lex., IS-IS.
r;iz(La). Mexico, IS.'iS ot .'cq.
I'lU (.Iosi5 lynacio), I'lau dc est;ituto<, eon.stitueioncs y ej( rcicios.
do l:i
Mc
XICO,
T
ISIO.
S
[x'odi on
'JVn 1
ic^nnen
rc;irce, Siiecch on Tlnot^ ]*,lilliiin Lill. M;irc]i I, l.S-t7. Wasliinvrti
r.
tBill. ,Tan. 1.^, isll'^. W;'«!iin"t(in. 1S4'^.
1847.
lr;i::a (.M;iiniel Gome;'), Acus;icion ivresent;ida en la e;ini.iv;i, do dipui;ulos, '.J
])ic. \''<>0, Mex. IS.'l:); lniim"n;icion ;i l;i eiinlc.st;icion dvl. .Mex., lSJ7 ;
.'\!;uiiueslo (Inl. .")(), UiJ.'!). (.Mex., l;r_';!); Xotas ;d nianiliesto I'uljlicado.
Mt
l!!;;i ; ]
cllexionos luqiortan
tes;dM.
.re lU; 1 < (Iraya.
M<'x.. is:;;}.
lVclri>/:\ (F. do ,!.), ]')io;;rafi;is do los^irincijiales ( 'amlillos dc la Imlepondencia.
L;i Faz, 1878; Conqiendio ILsturico do l;i L'oncpusl;i
I8i7.
Pcllotan (Fufl^cnio), Profession do f('. del Si.Jo ])irz Y Xi
.Mt
L;i Faz.
Mexicl. IS'il
Fciiii (I;;n;icii) ilc l;i). 'i'rono Me
cainii.'hUKis.
.Madrid, 17-J8. -iU
en el (Amvento do reli
:\na pero M;)din'a. Me;
iihri
r
Fefi:i (Luis dc l;i). La .Muerto 'iV
l'cfi;i V Fena (.Manuel do l;i), Cole^'cion cle. lis tlocunientui ma-; i!n'"irt;uito3
relativos ;'i la inst;d:icion y liceonoeiinieuto.
bcntados ;i hi Ac;ideniia ilo Jurispnidenei;
Fr;ictica 1
orenso Moiio;ui;i
M.
sancion p'r el Lien clo l;i X:
en l;i c;ius:i contr;i Al;ini
M
ex.,
M.
I.'
Mex.
A). 4 v.
1S!7; 1)
IViO; 1
i;
:sciir.--os pre-
icceione.s do
iMMii'sc t'st;i
1811. folio; ^'olo funiliido po
Feua y Fena (.M;inuel do l;i), Coniunic;icion ('ircul;ir solrc
l;i Ci
dc F
6 ( luorra. (.hierct;i
]84f-
Fcnsiiniiento X;ioionii
IVnuclas (Fid)lo). Sermon (pie en iicoiou do gracias por l;i ex;dt
I (VA). .Mexic'o, 18.V)etseq.
;icion ;d trono
M
]7»1.
FcuiK his (Falilo .\iitonio), Drove uotieiii do la prodigioKa ini;igen ilo Xucstra
Sehora do Los Aiiuek:
.M
exico,
1781.
xo
AUTIIOPvlTIES QLOTKD.
h:;ii
Pei'iilla (Antonio ilc), Disertacioncs scholustica) ilo Divinia Dccretis. Mexico,
17:27.
IVnilta (.Juan Suarcz du), Xoticias IIi!jturiu.'is do la Nueva Kspafia. Madrid,
iS7S. iolio.
rcraza (.Juiin), I'roccso contra nct^o csdauo dc Guillen Poraza. ^IS., l.-iilj).
iVivdo (V'li'CMtn ilcl), llistoiia do la Saii'.'sinia ViiHru Marl.i. Mexico, IfS'JIt.
I'orc;;, rr<)(;'iuiia (lol ( 'ajpitan (Iciioial. Mcxii'", ls()!).
IVri'/. (Aiit'iuji) .I(;aiiuiuj, Uraciun fiiiu'lirc, .Salvador 15iuni])iea y .Sotoiiiavor.
^Madrid, 1S(I4.
IVtcz y CaiiKilo (l''lorcii(i<il, Rcprosentucion que A. favor del lihro conicrcin,
etc. Haltaiia, ISlS. 4to.
Perez (Clio.), and (lio. Jlatlista Zappa, sec Relatione Delia Miasionc, etc.
Perieo (Kl). iMexico, LSdlJ et secj.
I'erii dicos Mi.seelaneos. A Culleetion.
I'eriodifos Vario.s. A CoileetiDn.
Pcrrv (•!. A.), Travels, Seene.s, and Suffcringa in Cuba, Mexico, etc. Bo-ston,
■i.s,".;t.
Pesiiino ,i los Mexicnnos ]ior la Tnucrtc do la Patria. O Sea Oposicion ii la lej'
buhi'u euliro, Taljae(j y Tojas. Aiexieo, IS-U.
Pesanio do Pe^iniiiCH y Kespectu do respeetos. MS.
Peterson (C'liarlcs J.), I'lio Mi.itary llei'oes of tlio War of 1812 and of tlicMar
witli .Mexico. I'liiladulpliia, l!~:.")S.
Pcyi'Us (Ficilericl;), l!in ans/ug ettliclicr scndbriefi" dem allcr durchlcucliti-
gisten. ?v mend an;,', l.VJO.
Plieljis, Spcccli in U. S. Senate, .Tan. '.'7, 1S4S. Waslun.c'ton, IS18.
I'hillips (-lolui), Mexico Ilinstiated. London, 184S. folio.
Pierard (A.), Sonvonii'S dii .Mexiiine. Piuxelles, 1S07.
Pierron (ivliiardo), Datos para la (Jcogratia del Iniperio Mexicano. Mexico,
18Ci(j. 4to.
Piescliel (Carl), Die Vulkane der Pepidilik Mcxilco. Ikrlin, ISoO. folio.
Pillow, Pefeiiceof, before court of in(iuiry. n.pl. [1848.]
I'iiiientcl (l'"rancisco), (_'u:;di'o descriplivo y coinparativo do las len,''oui3 indf-
j;ena;3 do Mexico. Mex., 18IJJ. '2 volt). ; Disertacion leida i n la Sociedail
!Mc;;icaiiado lli.st.oria Natural. Mex., IHO'J; La Lcononn'a Politica. Mex.,
ISllG; Menioria soliro las L'ausas ijuo lian oriyinado la situaciun actual dc
la raza indi.','cna dc Mex. Mi'xiio, IsOl.
Piua y Cuevas (Manuel), Lsposcion al Tribunal Superior del Distrito Federal.
Mexico, I8lil.
Pinal (Ii.), Catecicimo do cconouiia po1i!i(,'a. ^Mexico, 18,"iG.
I'inavt (-\l|iIioiise), C'olecciou do docunicntos originalcs para la liistoria do
Mexico. MS.
I'inetla (iJnictcrio), Descripeion Geot^rafica del departmento do Cliia[ias y So-
conusco. Mexico, 1845.
Piquero (Ignaeio), Prove Instruccion sobre las Contribuciones. Mexico, IS4j,
1 lua v., Lulla ( 'onlirniationis. loUo.
Pizarro (Xicol;is), Catecisnio politico constitncional. Mejico, 1807.
I'izarro y Oreliana (Fernando;, Varoncs llvatres del Xvevo Mvndo. Madrid,
](,:]{). folio.
Plan do Hacienda para la Ecpublica Mcxicana. Mexico, 1847.
Plancarto (Joaepli), Sermon do gracias quo en la exaltacion al trono. Mexico,
17!>1.
I'lateria, Ordenanzas dc la nobilissinio arte. Mexico, 1715. folio.
Plausible !.'ozo do la X. Kspaiia pur la prision do crueles insurgentcs. [Mexico]
n.d. 4to.
Plaza do Mexico, P)alanza ^Mcrcantil, 1843-5. Mexico, 1844-G. folio.
I'leitcs. A Collection. vols.
Poblanos (Lo.s), A los habitantrs do Mejico. Puebla, 1821. folio.
Pobre Peregrino (ill). V«a'a Cruz, 1844. folio.
Poesia.-i .Mexicanas 1700-1800. A Collection. 2 vols.
Poinsett (J. P.), Coutestacion del Mini:jtro Americano. Mex., 1829; Esposi-
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
xoi
cion lie la cnnd • •' 1. politiia ill) lo.i l/st!)ilos-Uiiii1<H. 'Mcx., T^JT; 'Mniii-
fiistixlo lo« piiiici^ iurt liolilicos. Mox., l;sJS; Notes on MtxicD. Ldinlan,
IS J.-.,
rnlicliimllc (Pliitoiil, Kl Area dol I'licMo. .McNiw), IS.'iS. 2 vols.
I'liliti. M (lu lu8 I'spuuolua c'li lii coiKjuidta y culonizauiua ilc AiiiLiica. Madriil,
l.ssi.
Pfill; (J. K.), Monsft'.'c del Prosidcntc do I03 Kstados-Uiiidog. Mtwico. IS-IS.
roiiiiiiiicdo (.r. A.), Xouvcaii iiinyuu do provcnir Irs Jiniuilatitiiis do la X'illu
1 1 la Vallo do .Mc.x. Mexico", iSOO.
Pooi'o (i)cu IVtIcv), J-ifo of (nil. /arliiiry Taylor. Ijoston, n.d.
rortoL;tiL'da (Jiiau X'oiitiiia dt), .Soutiiiiioiitod sublimos do ioli.,'ioii. Moxito,
ISIl.
rortcr l( 'liiiili s T.), Ilcvii w of the Mexican AVar. Auburn, IS^U.
INjrtl'olio ('Jlio). riiiladcljihia, IMT.
roitilla (.Viisiliiio do la), 1! [alia 011 Mexico. Mexico, 1871; Mcjico en IS.VJ y
ls,")7. Now York, IS.'iS.
I'ortilla (J. do la), l';i)isodio llisturico del gob. dictatorial on la Kopiilili 11
Mcxiiaiia. Mexico, Isdi.
I'ortil'a (losus Lope/), E iiosicion que diiigc al riiblico el Goboriiador do
Jalisco. Mexico, lS,');j, 4to.
I'ortiUa (iVdro do la), lLei)resi'Mtaeion que el ciudadaiio liacc al solieraiu)
( 'on!.'rc.-;o, ISiII}. Mexico, lS'J(j.
rortu-ai(.liian Cayetano). [fa-^toial letter 22 do lub. ISoO.] MS. [Moielia,
LS')',). I
Po«idaa (Manuel), xVli-.'ato do defeiina. Mexico, 1S.30.
Potestad Poaliticia. Madrid, iS-JO.
Poussiu (CuidauinoTell), Do la I'liis.saneoAinericainc, etc. Pari-;, 1'-''4S. 2 vols.
PowiU ((J. I'rauk), I-i''- "( M:ij.-(ieii. Zaciiary Taylor. Xew York, l,S4(i.
Pradt (Dufoiir do), The Colonies and the Present Ainericaii Jtevolutions,
Loudon. IS 17.
Presas (.losi')) Juieio Iin;iarcial sobre las principales eausas do la rovolucion do
la America Ksjiauoli. IJurdcijs, I SJS.
Presas (Josef do), Menioria sobre el estado y situacion pnlitica en que so luil-
laba el reyno do N'ueva-l^spaua en A;:!osto do iS'JIi. Madrid, ].s2f. -tto.
Prescott (William 11.), Ilistoria do la ( 'onqui.ita do Mexico. Mexico, 18-14-0.
y vols.; also ^Mexico, ).s4.j-tl, .'i \ols.; also Madrid, IS47-.">0, 4 vols.
Pre.-cott (William II.), Ilistoria do la L'oiii[uista del I'erii. Mexico, ISjO. 2
vols.
Prescott (XVilliam II.), Ilistoria del Reinado do los Reyes Cati'dicoa D. Fer^
iianilo y Isaliel. Mexico, 18,')4. 2 vols.
Prcscott (William II.), History of the Contpiest of Mexico. Xew Y'(nk,
1S41. Mvols.; also Pliiladelphia, IsdO. :i vols.
Pi'estanios, Contribuciones y !-]xaccicmes do la lL;lesia dc Guadalajara. fJuada-
lajara. 1847.
Prioto ((.iuiUerino), Aluiinas ideas sobre orcraui;:acion do la Ilaeienda. Mex.,
iNiil ; Iiidicaciones sobrc el origcn, etc., do las Iteiitas (Ic'iiei'ales clc L'l led.
]\ri>N. ^lex., 18.')(); Lei.'oioues l'".lemciitales do lOcoiiMiiiia l'l Jitica. Me\.,
lS71; Viajc u los Estados Unidos 1877. Mex., l877-i'. 3 vols.; Via.,'ej
do C len Supremo. Mex., 18r)7.
Prim (Goiieral), Discurso en el S'Miailo Espauol, Cncstion Mex. Mexico, Iso-J.
4to ; iSpcecli upon the Mexican (piestioii in tlio Soiiato of Spain. San
Francisco, 1803.
Primer gcfc del Ejercito imperial a los habitantes do Mexico. ^Mexico, 1821.
folio.
I'rncesoporel Real AudienciauclaEspauola. In Tcazbaleeta, Col. Doc.,toiii. i.
I'roceso sobre la fuga dc sioto religiosos del Couveuto do la ]Slerced. iLS.
.Mexieo, 18(10.
Proclama dc una Americana .1 fcus compatricias. [Mexico, 1810.]
I'rocbiina del Arzol)is])o \'irey contra los eiiganos perlidos do los ilouapartcs.
[Mexico, I8l0.]
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AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
l'rf)cliiina <[\v: (lirij,'c it loa espafiolc!* Europeos. ^fexico, 1810.
I'miitiiai ic> por iiiatciias y I'n'ilcn airalxHico, ,Me\ioi), IS'J.S.
rio.<|H'(tu ; and Aft Incui'poratiiig tlio Aiiiei icau iiml .Mexican Railroad ftinl
'I'lii'^i-ipli ('()iii])ai!y. New Ycirli, lh(i!).
]'rot('>fla del Uliiiu fScuur ^Vi'ZobisiR) do Cesareii y vicario Capitular. Mexico,
1.S4S.
I'rovicU'iieian utAiro AzogucH, l(i70-7.'l. MH.
rrovincia du .Saii Diego do Mexico, Altcriiativa que so h:i oljscrvado. MS.
177-'.
I'roviiicia. d(! San Xicolaa, (For la)... Do la Ordcn do Sun Augustin on el
I'lcyt") '''III i) Tadrf presentado I'ray. n.jil., n.d.
I'roviiieia del Santo I'lvangeUu do Nueva Espufia. [A collection of MSS. of
tlie Kith ci'Utury. j folio.
I'roviiu ial dil ('anncii, Esposicion que jx>r lus cxcnciones do la Provincia de
Mexico. 1S.">1.
I'roviiicia.s Iiitornas, Copia do una carta del Miniatro de Gucrradc Espafia do
L'-l.lc.lnlin, IcSlL'. .MS.
I'roviiicia.s liitcrnas, licalOrdi^n do 11 do Marzo de Mi's conccdicndo al virey
do X. Kspaiiit, MS.
I'rovincias liitcnias. Real Ordcn do la Kcgencia do 12 de Julio, ISI'J. MS.
I'rovi.siiiu <lc Oliispados, (.'ucstion rclati\a a la. Mexico, IS.'A).
l'roy<'cto de Conmnicacion Oceiinica por el Cciitro de la Itipiililica. Vera
Cruz, |.s.-)l.
I'roycct' 1 'Ic nil Fcrrocarril y Tdcgrafo dcsdc la Linea Division do Mexico y loa
Ivstadi'.s-riiidds. Jlc.\ico, l)S(i.S.
I'royo'to para iialeoncs y I'lotus del I'eru y Nueva-Espaila. ^ladiid, 17-0.
folio.
I'royccto isi)l)rc nn ostiiMccinionto do Pnpel Moncdn. Mexico, IS'J'J.
l'u<lila, Aiaiicil de Ids lionorarios y dereclios judicialcs. I'uclila, IMl ; Mcx.,
ISIO; \'A Ayuiitaiiiiciitodc I'lielila ;'i1<js lialiitantcs de sti coiiiaica. |.Mc\.,
1S'_'I.| I'olio; IJrcve l)c;<crii)cion de los ft.stivos. n.jd. |I7(!7| 4ti); ('I'U-
testM( ion dada por el Sr- Oliispo do I'ueola. Mcx., 1817; C'lntc^tacinn
dii'i,L;ida al cxuio Sr- (iol). I'uclila, l.S."il. 4to; CoJitc.staci(jn al Miiiilicsto
c|iio f-cis iiidividuos del Aj'unt" de I'lMa. l'iul)la,]S40. 4to; Ciihccion
do Acucr<los y Decretos. I'ud
etc., del I ■ Cong. Coiistitucion
tnciou I'olitica del l^stadu l.iiirc
.■_'. 4to ; Colcccion de lis Dccrctns,
(Sl'I'i-.S. I'uclila, IS-.'S. folio; Coiisti-
I'ueMa. I'ud.la, IS-.'."); I'ud.la, I.S4S;
I*\u'l)la, ISdl ; CoroiiaCivica A los heroes del "J dc Aljril do l'i(17. Mc rida,
1S(;S; Dccreto do 128 de Setiendin^ do iMil. n.pl., n.d. ; I'd ('. I'laiui.sco
Itiai ra giihcniador intci-inoii sus liabitantc.:. salnd. [I'uclda, ISO.'i]; liuci-
ativa i|uc para, inipcilir la iuiportai^iou de liila/a estrangcray dciiiasi fcctoa
I'ruhii.i.los. |l'uchl;i, 1S41. | 4to; Do la .Inula de indu.stria iK' Tuchla,
i\.\)\.. ]S4o. 4to; Libcrtail dc I'uehhi. [Mexico, IS"JS|; Mauillisto (|U<' cl
Ratallon. I'ui'lila, KS;!(); Mauilicato del Seuor Oliispo con otros ducu-
nu'utoi para descnuafio do l<i3 incautos. Mi'xico, IM'i; M.iiiiliesto
<pic li.!ci n al jiiililico el Alcalde, Rcgidorcs y Siudico. I'utlila,
184(1; M< luoria preseutada nl Congrcso de I'lU'lila do lis Aiigch'-. jiorel
Sccrctario dil Di.spacho de (loliO .s(djre el eslado de l;i Adniiu. ]i.ili'. ano
do 18:27. Mcx., 18'J7. 4tii; .Mcuioria jirescutada al Cinigrc.xo ilc I'uchla
do Lo.s Angeles jior el Sccrctario did de.siia<'ho dc Goli" .soiire el cstado
de la Adiuin. pub", ano do 1830. Mcx. |1.S.'!UJ 4t(.; Xoticias Sa'rradaa
(pic ;i mayor hoiira y gloria dc Dios. i'uclila, n.d. 4to; Xuevos ^ledioa
para una Coinnnicacion Intcr-Occanica. I'nebla, 1851; Ot'reciuiicnto do
los Sciiadore.s Eclesi;islicos de lii Ciudad dc I'uebla. Mcx., l8Ji; Orde-
nnnzas jiara elnui^vo estab. de .\lcaMe8 de (,>uartel. I'uebla, 17!'(>. folio;
Parte ticn. (pic sobrc la cainpafia de I'uebla. Mex., 18o0. I'l-odauia
Oct. "24, 1840. [I'uebla, 184(1.] folio; Rctlcxiones so'io varios Articulou
del I'royocto dc ('oimtitucion. I'uebla, I8'j;t; Rcfutacion a la Contesta-
cion. I'uebla, 1840; Representacion del Ex'"" Ayuiitainii nto il'' la cap-
ital do Pueblu. I'uebla, 1830. 4to; Reprcsentiicion (j^uo la exni» junta
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
xciii
Dcpnrtmcntftl de Pucbla. [Putljln, ISJl.] 4to; roprcsentacion que l;i
j'liit.v iHscctiva lie imliistria. riulilfi, 1H,'»I. 4to; lto]>rf«('iitn('i()ii ilo la
.lunta do imliistria. ii.]). 1S40. 4t(); Ui'iiri-Hcntacion (iiie la juiUa du iii-
(iustria lie I'lulila c'.ova al lioiiornMc coiigreso. ruclila, IS.VI. 4t().
I'm l)!a do lu8 Aiigelfs, Notiiiati Kiyradas (luc ;l mayor liuiira. ruobla, KiiU.
liic Mil do Zaia^jDza, SItiu do. Mixictt, ISli.'J,
I'liolilii .Moxicai)i>, Itolaoiou tie las oausas citie innuycron cu lo8 degrociadua
siKc-ii.s del dia 'J(J do Agostode 1,S47. Mex., Ks47.
I'ucuto H.-oaia noreo, Li;.'ora do.scrii)eion. [Mexico, 1S4I.1
I'luiito (I'oclio do la), Uetluxioitca sobre el Ijandu <lc 'J.'i do Junio Ultimo.
.Mo\ii-o, ISl-J. 4t.i.
I'liorta (Juan do la), (.'arta nl Emporador. In Cartia do India.s.
I'luite it al., Carta al (,'c)iisoji) do la.s Indias. in Cartas de Indias.
I'm rtiH'.irn TO, TeHtinionio do. In Col. l)oc. Inod., torn. i.
ru;.ii (Vasou do), [Codularioj I'rovisioncs, Cedulas, lustrumentos de su Ma-
• gostad. Mexico, 1.')(>.'I.
l'iii;:lil:iiioh (^Viitunio), La inquisicion sin milHcara, 6 diaortacion. Mexico,
1SJ4.
ridi|iio lil.-inco, Ordcnam^ns do los Sefiorcs VitToyes. [Mexico, ICmS.] folio.
rmoliii.s. His ril^rrinios. London, Ki'J.VO. ."> vols, folio.
I'liidv (.loiin), \\ liittlc and I^urio's complete Mailing Directions. London,
is) a
]'iisd;.';it) (Ignacio), El Xigronidntico Mejicano. Barcelona, 1838. 2 vols.
(,»\i;ii tirly lioviow. London, 1S09 et scq.
<,iuo Miicivv ol ra])ol Monoda ya que Conicnzi') A. Enfennar. [Mexico, 1823.]
(.,'iioipn (M.-inuol Abiid), Carta ])a.stnial del iltistnsinio Sofior Oliispo olooto y
< lol)orn;idor. Mexico, ISKt; Culoocion do los esoritos nuis iiiipi)rt;into3
i|\ic diii;,'ii'ialGobierno. Mex., ISIU; Edictoiiistructivo, [Sept. 30, IhlU.
Mix., IMO.j
("^ncj.is di' lo.s Moxicanos it su Ilustre Presidonte. ^Icxioo. 1S41.
(^Hiori lull). Caida d«'...on lS(i7. Mox., ISO.S; (.'oiiMtituoion I'olitica d' 1
l".>t:ido cl 12 de Acosto dc 1S2.'). Mox., 1S.'J;{; l)ioti'inien qiii' la .Iiinta
ilo)iart;iiiioiital. (^luori' taro, l.S4(); l)iis I'alaliras en Jlonor do. Quor.,
l'A2; V.l (.'ongresD do Qiien'taro ■•I su.s Coniitantos. Mox.. |K4'.I; LI
Cuia do >Santia;.'o Ac, ii sus (iolos lialiitantos. n.pl., n.d.; Kspodionte for-
m.ido sobre la .siisponh^ion que deorotii ol Sii]iromo (iobiorno. (,'"oi'.. Is44;
Kstiidistica del ])opartaniento. ti>uer., liS4(i; Inioiativaqno la ilonoriiblij
LoLii-^latura. Quti'., 1H4S; Quen'tiiro Liliro. Mex., iJS.'iO; Noiiis esta-
dislioas. Mex., 1.S4S; Ucurroncias en los dias 18 y 10 do Enoro de 1.S47.
<iMior., 1S47; Onlonanza que ].ara la l)ivision do la oiiidad do Santia;.'o.
MoN., 17yO; Kelucion Historica que liacc la Exnia Asamblea. tv>uor.,
1S4.-..
Qnijiir (<!er6ninio), Alcgato do Buena Prucba presentado per cl. Durango,
1S71.
(.'uijolit.i (I«n), y su prima. Mexico, LS31-2. 4 vols.
• .•ninot (Kdiirar), La Espodioion de Mexico. Mexico, ISO,*'.
(.Uiiiionoj. (.biso liarcia). Jk'scripoion dc la.s domohtraoionos. Pnobla, IHOO.
IJuiutiiiui l!uo (Andns), Acu.sacion jir' .sontiida on la C;minra do 1 >iiiUiiido.s ( I
2 do Die. do 1830. Mox. LS;J0; Anipliciuion (|ue ol. Mox., l.s;iJ; Cuiiit.i
roprosont.ioion li la (Viui de Diji. Mex., ls;(l; Disourso en la Alamodti
el III dc Sept. do 184."). Mox., 184.'>; Int'ormo del Apodoriido de los
Acroodore.s, etc. Mex., 1834; Observaoionos sobre uii informe que dio.
Mox., 1835.
<>ti.iidL.'ii, Carta. In Paclicco and Ciirdenas, Col. Doc., torn. xiii.
• Juiroga (Uomingo), Conipoulio brcvc de la Vidu, et<!. Moxii'o, 1720.
t^'uirns (.Joso Maria), Monioria do Estatuto. Vera Puz, 1817; V'oz iniperiosa
do la Vordad. Mex., 1810.
Quixano (Dr), Discurso Bobre la InuuiTCcion dc AuiC-iica. Mexico, 1814;
Ciiiudulaxara, 1814.
sdv
AUTIIOniTIKS QUOTED.
Ramirez (Antonio «lc Onada'iipc), Brcvc Con)i)cnilio do todo lo quo dcln; pnlior
y «'nttMi(l(-T. ^I"xic(>, 17f>'>.
Iluniirr/ (.JuNi'- I'crn.'ni'lo), At"i3;i;'io!» proscntadfi nl (iviin .luradi). Mijii-o,
11. '1.; A;m!it<H i .iia < .;iTiti'r la llistiiia del viilor y ori^i'ii <li,' lis Moni ilm
qi:(! coiriaii in ^Icxico en cl «i;,'l(j di; ku tMinrjiiistn. AIS. fulii); AjmnU'S
icir.'i HCTvir il l:i liisloria do las (.'tinvi iicioiu. a l)ij)li>m;Uica3. Mix., is.VJ;
Kjctmifntos nlalivos A la fundacioii dol lio.'^pitui di-1 Aiiioi-do iJins. MS.;
Iiit'(ii-nio (juo lii/.o 111 dcfiiLsa do iJoiiilla. ]Slcx., IHUI; Mcinonas, Xcl'o-
ciafiiinc';* y 1 >iH:nini'i)toii para scTvir ;l la Ilisturia tntre Mi'.xici) y l)S Ivs-
t.i<i<i3-l'iii<Ii>M (<nc"<ti()!i 'l'cluiaiiti;pcc|. Mcx., IS."-;!; Noticias lli.sti'n'icas
y JI.stadi.stica« <lc l)iiran,L;o. Mux., IS.")!; ()i)si'rvaci(>i)c.s hccliaa al d^iuii-
iiKiiti) II" -i do la iiiuimria. Mcj., IS.'rJ; I'rocf.so do lli-HidoiR-ia cmitia
I'cdio do Alvaiado. Mex., 1S17; ^'ida do Mutuliuiu. In Ica/bahxta,
Cil. line., tolll. i.
liamirc/. (.Ji»o Miu'uol), Voto Particular al proycfto do rtfunnas do las leyi'S
cdiiKtitucioiialo^. [Mix., l.'i};(|; Xobt I'liriicular <jue soIjio cl jiuntij«lo
I'atioiinto jircsciilo al Sob. Cell;,'. iKx., IS'JJ.
Iluniirc;'. (.I.)S('pIui8), Via laotea sou vitu candidi.-tsiiaa S. Philippi Xciii. Mcx>
i'O, Ki'JS.
Iianiirt'Z Punco do Leon (Juan Folix\ To.stimonio del Tcstamento Mcmoria y
d.M(')lMlii.'illo3. MS., 1714. foliij.
Raniiicz do l'iad(» (.Marcos) and J. do (). Mont^flcz, Colcccion do las Ordonan-
i'a.^ que 1 ara I'l (johionio d(! ( 1 Oljjsjjado do .MiclKiaoan. Mexico, 177<i.
Rainiicz y Sfsniii (.loaquin), Colcccion do Dccrcto.s para cl Kjcrcito. Mexico,
Puimon (Doniingo), Dcrrotcro para las misioncs do los presidios internos. In
Mayer MSS.
ll«iiu),i (Alonso), Lvz <lo Verdades Catholicns. Mex., 1091; Primcra Parte do
li;s Prodijrio.s de la Ouiliipotciicia. I'uclila, his!(.
];aiir:ey (.Mliert ('.), 'J'lie Otli« r Side. New Veih, IS.'iO.
llaniusio (Ciiovaniii liattista), Xavi;,'ationi et \'iaggi. Venctia. torn, i., 1.554;
loin, ii., l.")S:{: tniii. iii., l.")()."). .'t vol.i. folio.
l{anj,'el (.lo.-niuiii), Defeiisa quo el SeiVir < ieiicrai Tom.'is llc(juona IiIot. Mox.,
\>A'i; Msposicio!! India pop lo.s iinlividuosile la estiii';uida Corte Maicial,
via. Mex., hS4."); Senumla defcma ilcl Sr. <!en. Ii'iijuena. Mex., iS^ri;
'i'ercera I'lrij^ad.-i del Kji reit(J .Mexicauo. .Mex., 1S47.
T{.'Ui!iiii (.Ml Hilda), Tweaty Vea:« auioiiL,' the Mexicans. Cincinnati, ISSl.
Pa:;kiii;,' (.Jolin>, Historical researcliea on tlio CuiKpiost of Pern. Mexico,
( !c. J.,ondon, 1;>27.
liaio. in Soc. Mex. (Icoj;., Polctin. torn. iii.
liatos Ivitrotonidod o ^Mi.sceLinea lUil y euriosa. Mexico, 1810. 2 vols.
iLiit/el (I'liediidil, Aus Mexico lleiseskiz/cii, 1S74 und 1.S7,"). lireslau, 187S.
]!avi;xiiai\ (.\.l, Do los.lesuitas y de sii Institiito. Mexico, lS4"i.
Jta'.vson (Wiliiaiir, 'i'lio present opi'ratioii.s and future jiiospcctd of tlio Mex-
ican .Miiio .\ssoeiatioii8. Loudon, 1S'_'.").
ll.iyinoud, Del Catolicisiuo en la i tueiodades. Mexico, IS.'il.
Jiayou, .\sedio y Def 'iisa do Me\iri) 6 .siicesos del 13 do AgoBto al 15 de
Seiiciuhre do IS47. Mexico, 1847. MS.
lti/on(La). Mexico, l,S."i7 et seq.
]t i/o'iador (F.l). Mexico, |.'-il7 ui seq.
Kcali'.s Ciilida.s, drdeiics y Decretos. In Col. Doc. Tn(''ilitnH; Xavarrete, Col.
d.' \'ia;-es; Ordeiies de la (' HMua; Paclieco and Cii'deims, < 'ol. Doo.
Ileal Meelaracion do 17 Juiiio 1773 Kobro Moiito I'io niiliUir. Madrid, 1773.
f..Ho.
Peal lv\e<'iitoria. In Paclieoo and Cardenas, Col. Doc, torn, xii.
KeavisiL. U.), The Xew 11 ■i>nl)lic. St. Louiii. lS(i7.
liccopilaeion do las Leye.s del Ctobierno Ksjiafiol quo Rigcn en la Rcpiiblica.
Mexico, 1851.
Rocopilaeion <le Loyes do Los Reynos mivndudas Ininrimir y Publicar por Cdr-
lo.s II. Madrid, 171>L folio. 4 vols.
AUTHOHITIKS QUOTi:n.
xcv
Rcflcccionps subro cl Dict:'iinpn dc las Coinisifncs Eclesiiistica y Jo rclticioiica
lu-nri'ii lie t'liviadoa Ikimia. Mexico, |.S'_'(i.
]li.'llfi'.si(nu;s Huln'c ulgunas iviornias ii la Cuii»titucion Fcflonil tic lu lU-piih-
lica ^Irxii"iria. Mexico, I hi!.").
KclK \io:ic3 Conlidcncialcs 6 sea Cartn, d im Ainigo soLre cl Opusculo. Mex-
ico, |S((.'(.
llclicxiijiios siibrc la ley quo di^clnra irrcdiiniblos loa capitiilcs pcpteiiecieiitcs
ii coiporacioncs y obl'an jiias. Mexico, KS17.
Itcl'utaciuii lie un espauol-.Viiiericuiio ii. in'oclainas do Joa(5 IJoimi)artc. Mex-
ico. ISIO.
llcfutacioii cii Irt parte lustijrica del jirticido dc foudo. Mexico, 1849.
l.tljiitroTiiiiuistri'. Mexico, iHSlJ-S. "2 vols.
l;cj,'i-stro Vucatcco. Mi'rida, l.s4."i. 1* vols.
llci^^la dc la riiiis.sima C'onci (icioii, ( Inleii (jue se ha dc /riiardnr. ^I('\ico. n.d.
]ie;,'la y ('olistitliciolies dc las licli'.'iosas Descalwi'i iji' laOiilcii de la gloriosis-
^illla \'n;.'eii Maria del iiiontc Caniiclo. Madrid, IT^llt.
llf.laiiii iito de las Oi'deues luilitarca do l'"cniaiido y .Sail Ilennenegildo.
Mexico, ISIO,
];e;,diiiiu iito dc uuu sooiedad para cl fomento de la industria Nacional. Mex»
k\>, isa'j.
lli'i'laiiHiito en los Ilospitales. In Kealcs Oi'denos. tmn. ii.
i;e;,'Iaiiiento para cl cstablecenucnto de una Cuinisaria dc yuerra. Mex. , 1817.
folio.
iJc'jlas dc la Compafiia dc Jesus. Mexico, 1712.
lieuularcs. A Collection. Mexico, l.SO'.) et scij.
llcji in (Manuel Crccencio), Justilicacion do la con<lucta de^'dt^ Oct. de 1S41,
liasta l.i feclia. Xc\v-(Jrieans, IS-ld; Oliservacionesdel I tijiulado Siiliento
contra loa Tratadoa do i'a/. (iMunvtaro, ISIS,
licl.aiiun Annniiua dc los disturbios ucaecidus. lu raclieco and Cardenas, Col.
Iioc, toni. vii.
Itelaiimi do las ciiusas que influyeron lus Dcs!,'raciailoa .Sucosos. Mexico,
1S4:.
llelacioii dc lasTribtdacionos de los Fielcs. Mexico, |S(*1.
llelacion d(! id Tiiniulto dc 1.") Ihncro lii:2l en Me\ico eo.iel X'invy. etc. M.S.
luhuicinc d'akvnc co.sc della Xuoua S|i;!;;n;i della irran riifa de Tenastitau
Mcasico fatta ]icr un pnliT liuoino ilel Sitjnor rernand) Curte.sc.
Ueli'.'ion IJetldeniitica, Kcjda y ( 'oiistitncioncs. ^Mexico, IT'd.
Jteli.i.iosas do Santa ]}rij;ida, llejila y Constitiicioni s. Mexic,), IS'22.
lMi,L.'ii:sos dc la Ntieva Espaiia, Copia y rclaciou ile las tacultudcs y brevca
a[i(i>tiilicos. MS.
]!<li,'-,'ious Ceremoiiies and Customs. Lnnilon, IT.'H. folio. ,1 vols.
KeuK sal (.Vnionio de), llistoria dc la I'roviucia de S, Vicente dc Cliyapa.
Madrid, Kll'.l. 4to.
llenta di 1 'I'abaco, In.struccion gencnd ymrri los vi.sit:idores. n.pl., n.d.
KepartiniientoM de Jndios, Tarecer del I'adi'e rr(ivin<ial y otros rili;L,'ioso8
tlie(iloL,'os de la Orden dc Sa:i rrancisco. ^IS., loiio. .Mex., ir)lt4.
llepcrtorio dc Literatura y \'aried.iile.-i. Mejico, lS4l-'i. .'1 vols.
lUlocsentacion de loa Caporetus al .Scuor (iitliernailor del l)i.strito I-'cderal.
[Mexico. is;i;i.]
llepi'esiMitacion jior el clero de Alcxico nlfJobierno Suivenio. [Mexico, 1S47.]
llepre entaeion cpie los subditos in;,dese.s liacen al Scii.ir ,Mini-;tro di: S. .M. Ii.
Mexico, 1S.">!».
Kepidilica Mcxicann, Considernciones .sobre la situacicn jioliticjv y social.
Mex., 1S4S; Lijera licsefia dc los I'artidos, etc. .Mr\., ls."i|.
l!c jiiena (Tonias), Defcnsa. ^b'X., 1S4.1; Si ;:unda clefrn"a. Mex., 1S4.").
Kc.si riptos Uvales sobre Asuntos I'iclesi.isticos. M.*^. folio,
llcsi'ua Ilistorica do la forniacion de operacioues del ejircito del Norte durante
l.i iiitcrvoncion francewi, etc. 4to.
Ueseiia Histurica y Explicativa dc lu:i ultimos Suceaos do Mexico. rai'U,
lbJ7.
sovi
AUTIIORlTIi:S QUOTKD.
l-fpspiiosta i\ las D>!<l;i8 8ol)rc Odbienio <lu la I';lisin. Mo>;ioo, IS'JT.
l{t'8i>iR'stii ilu nil Ainciicano li las I'regimUis ijuo liizo Iturbidc ul I'cnuatlor
.Mfjicano,
j.M.
\ici., IS-JI.J
IJ-^'spiK'sla (Hic ila nil Sdldadi) <li' la Aliniranta. li.])l., n.il,
lli'slainailor (1^1-) Mtxiii), lS4(i ct koi.
lluviila (.losi' (Ic la), Ufsi'iiiRii i listuvii-) do la (\in4uitita dc Xucva Espana.
In Solis, Hist. Mcx. Kditioii Mailriil, \>A'A.
Kuvilla Ciiyeilo ((Jundo dc), lOxlractDS do la cartii ile -7 do Dicioinln-o ilu ITI'.'l.
MS.; iii.stiuc<ii)ii quo del)o olisorvarso para li arrcglo, ( to. Mox., ITI'h
Itistnuiioii Kosorvada (pie dio A sti siicosor. Mix., lS,'!l-_'; l!i.strucri()H
soliro id oahivij dc inoniviH y cria do )^'usan().s do soda. |.Mo.\., ls;!Ol;
Ileal ('( dula(si)l))o I'ldipU' Idaiico ID do Mayu 17")lt. Julio!!. IT.i.'t. [Mcx.,
17"i.'l.| 'Ito. '2 vols.; Itcsidoiicia tlo. |17U.">J MS. folio; Yi;»trucciou ipio
el I'.xiiio. Sr. dijo escrita 17>S'.l-tl4. ^IS. 2 vols,
rovi.sta Catdlica. [.Sicxico] l.S.")l et soq.
lleviiit.'i llspauoi.'i. Madrid, 18.'J() et i;fi|.
llevi.sta Miiieia, I'oriodioo Cieutilieo e Industrial. Madrid, l.S.'if) rt .scq.
lievoluoion do Ntiova luspafla, \'erdadero origon, eanioter, causjis, resortes,
etc. Moxioo, ImJO.
lltivolaeion do \'era Cruz, Xucvas ocurrencias. [Mexico, lS2iI.]
lio\u<' Oticiitale I't Anu'rioaine. I'aris, Is.'D ct se(|.
l>eyf,'adaH ( Ferniiii), Disourso contra el fanatisnio y la inipostura de losreljcldea
do Nuexa jlsiiaiia. Moxioo, Ihll.
liihadonoyra y i!;u-iienti).s {\. J. doK rscudo Real en Defciisa. ^IS. 4to;
.M.'inii.'d i 'iimpi'udio do I'l l{eui(j I'ationato Indiaiio. Madii<l, 17."i.">. 'Ito.
liiha.s (Andrc'd Tore/ de), Historia <lo ]"» 'J'rivinplios do Nvestia >auta I'lS
eiitr(> frentoH las )iia.s l);hl>aras y floras del Nuciio Oiho. Mailriil, I(i4.'».
liibeva (Ai'tmiio di;, Kazoii do la hentonoi.i iloiiiiiitiva quo dio. n.pl., n.d.
IMliera (.Mi;,'iul), llitorino (pio jior el doieolio (pio assisto. Moxirn 1771.
l;ihoro(L. -Mi;,'Uol), I'royooto do M(iiiar(|iiia i n Mijioo. Madrid, l.s^O.
llioliards (.\iitiiiiio 1).), Kl (ieneral W. S. lloseeraiis y el I'enooarril dc Tux-
jiaii al i'aoiiieo. Mex., l.S7tl; Jlistoria do la ( oiioosion ilel leiTooarril
I'myootaclo do Tuxpan al i'aoilioo. Mex., 1N7-.
lliolitlioli 11 (Ihnil K. H. F. von), I)ic Ausscivii iind iiineren riditisoheu Zus-
t.-iiido do Kopuldik Mexicana. IJerlin, ls.")4.
liielitliot'eii (Mini! Freili), iJio Moxioaniselie I'rago. Berlin, 1SG2.
Kiesj^fo (l'a^oual), f,a tiranArtista y la (Iran Seaora. Moxioo, IS."). ,1 vols.
Kinooii (MaiiuoU, .liistilioado A los ojos do los Mexioanos iinpareiali-.s. Mox.,
IS,")] ; Maiiitioato que dirigc ;i bus t'onqiatriotati. Mox., U-i^i); Vindica-
eiiin ante el (.'nii.sejo do (iuena. Mex., 1,S4(».
IJios ([■]. .1. do los), ("ompcndio do la llistoria do Mexico. Mexico, l.S,V2.
Riperdii ( llaron de). Carta al Souor liaron de Croix conmiidautu general do lua
proviiuias iiitornns, 'J7 do Aliril do 1777. MS.
l!ipcrd:'i. Carta. In 'I'exits, Doo. Hist. Eoles.
Kipley (K. S.), The War with M-...ioi>. New York, 1849. 2 vols.
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ArilloniTIES QUOTKI).
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del F'Trocarril. Mix., ls7"J; Mexico iii'ix'sita .-.as rcnucairilvs. .Mcx.,
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Rome (M. P.). Conqiii'to (111 Mi'xii|Uo. Tjiris, ISII.
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Kul>i<> (.(iiiiii), Kjcniiilos Miiralis t\ laN('imsi'(ii('ii(i,».siU! la IJiuiia y iIli la Mala
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lviil)i'> (Manuel), ItcniaiKJa pmiMiviiia rii tltiaiiajiiato, Miiia ilc la Ln,'. Mox.,
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Mcx., I.S.")2; I'ciliiiiriitodc! Sr. Fiscal iaijiliutc |suit!il)i>ilt Minadcla Lii/j.
Mcx., IS.">(); I'cdinicntu ill Sr. ti.scal sujilciitc, niina do la Luz. .M' x.,
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Ruliid y Salinas ( Manuel .Ir>sc])IiK Aranzcl <lc dercclio ])arriiclii<il. Mcx., I7.")7;
Carta I'astoral ([uo el ArzDhispo. Mcx., I7,"'!!; Carta ('ircul.ii-. .Mcx.,
17(!-; Carta Circular "JS Sep. I7u4. n.]il., ii.il.; Fxiilicaeion dc cl Arco
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liniz (Ivan), 1 )iscuiso liccliosolirc dos i in press ion c;i meteor, ilogicas. n.pl., n.d.
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liuiz (.Manuel), lufornic ijuo anto la .Supnina Corto d<; Ju.sticia. Mexico,
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Itui/. i\r < "alirci-a (Cliristi'Ual), .\.!;ninoa s'lc^ularcs y cxti-uor<linarios sncesos del
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Ill 'Ifil
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;i i'Mii
AUTHOIIITIKS Ql'DTHD.
xciz
Palosii (Frnnciari), Dc cimfesiionibiis scTupulosoniiii l»revin tractatiiii. Meoici,
171-..
Sal 'UriM (r<''li''i), Villa (If r-:..r DicT'i liiu'li'ii'iin'. Mt-xim, lOCit. 4,o.
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iSaliii Siiliii (FcUx lit). ( '. iiiti'st.uiini li I>iiii MiLjiU'l Ij<\h:/. Mexico, iMiT.
Nihil Saliii (1-Vlix dij, Mis iiu'iiiiiiiait «i)l>i-c (^iicMtarny Maxiiiii.iiiii'>. Mi'xioo,
)s.;;».
Salin Salni (Felix), My Diary in Mexico in isr,7. Lomlon, IMW. '2 vols.
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Sulai Salin (lues ile) (^Miefetam, Aimiites del l»iario tic la rriiieewi Im .s ilo
.Salin Salin. Mexii'o, IStJlt.
Sahiieioii, ( aita .'iO ile Marzn ile l.'t.ll. In I'aehcco and Cdnlenaji, Col. ])oc.,
toni. xiii.
Saliiuron (I'eilrol, Viila <lu la Venerable Madrc Ixaljel ile la Enearnacion.
Mi'xico, l(i7"). 4to.
Snlvati'Tra (.\ii(Irrs A'enial ile), Kl ramiiio VitiLtUto. Mexico, 171S.
Valval iei-ra }• Zaji^a, (.'orresiiondencia eiitre loa \'eneral>les radies. ^ISS.,
l(i7S-!i:{.
Saniiinicgi) (Fmncisco), Reprcaontneion locanto H ru salnrio. Mexico, 1(>47.
S.iinano, Ordunanzas Iteales. In I'aclieeo and (':irli iia.*, • 'ol. Dix'., toin. >:ii.
Sail .\','u.stiii do las 'Juevua, Ivsjiosicion docunientada, (.'ole^jjio y Kncutlas.
Mexico, 1S-J7.
Sin .\iia.-<tasio (.liian ilel, Coloijuios rnni'mico-morales. Mexico, 1810.
S.in ( leniente, l)ict;inieiiis do Vaiios Aixjgados. Megico, 1S40; l-.-^crito d«
Sai.lica Especial. Mix., IS.S'J.
San I'laucisco (hian del, Vindicacion del II. I'. Provincial do Cannolitos.
Mexico, iSKi.
Sa:i riamisco dc .Mexico, Libro dc cntruilas y profesiones d'j los novicios,
MS. ll.-)!)7-l»;s4.1
San IVaiieisco dc Mexico, Libro do rccepciouesducste Santo Xoviciado. M.S.
|I..!»7-1().S().]
Sail i'r.'uici.'-co de Mexico, Libro segundo do rccepciones y Profcsioncs en este
ciiiivcnto. M.S.
San JTiacio (Maria Anna .\;,'iicda de), Varias I>evf.rionr». Pueblji, 17."S.
fiaa Luis I'otosI, ('oiiiposicioiieM leida.-* en el feadro de Al.iro'in. S. h. I'otosf,
r>(i7 ; Diclaiiien do la eoinisioii Net,'iiiida do [inntos i "nMiitiicioiiaU's. Mex.,
li.'O; r.xpo-^iciiiii do la, .Xudioncia. Mex., IS*_'(!; l^Xi'msiiion ij'io la
llonondile F.i",'i>latura del Fst.-ido. ,S. J,. I'oto-i. I's.Vl; L is }.'aianti;i« in-
ilividiiales 111 1 1 dcpartanieiito do Mex., IStl ; Prote.ita di 1 ilniio >eiiiir
Olii.spo do. I Mex. J |.S,")S; Kelai'ion do las deinostnnione.i eon ipie la
ciudadde. n.pl., n.d.; lievoluoion conienzadu el dia 14 dc .Vbiildo I.s;i7.
Mex., is:{7.
.«?an Mi Mill (Kvaristo), Ilistoriii do Felipe I[. M.ulrid, 1S44-7. 4 vols.
San .Mi,,'uel (ruaii KodrignezK La I'einiblica Me\ic;ina iii 1S4'!. Mexico,
ISt): Paiidcctas His|)aiio-Me;;;ieanas. l'.iri<, IV.-J. .'{Mils.; Uectilieacion
il^ (Jr.'ives Ki]uivocacione.s del Fondo Piado^o. Mexico, l,s4"i.
San Miguel (Maria), La, dignidad do una .K.si«i>a do Cri^to. Mexico, 108*2.
MS. 4to.
San .M'lian (Frnnci.«co Lorenzol, .Inez oficial de l;i rasa, n.pl., n.d.
San I*' ill) (.Ioai|iiiii), and F. ilodriguez, Comentarios :i las li'yes de iiiinas, etc
Mcliid, iSdl.
San S.dvador, Carta do un padre A sua liijos. fMixicn. 1^|() |
San Salvadiir (.\^nstin P. FeiMiaink'/l, 1 •iseni.ariiis ijue .'i los Tnsitr'.'entos.
-Mex., ISl'J: .Meinoria Cristinia Polilica. -Mex., 1^10; .'^l•ntllc;iellto ila
la Xiieva F.spana. n.jd., n.d.
San Salv.'idor ( Fernamlo Fernandez), Fkfensa jiiridica de la .Sra. Maria Micacla
K;mioro do Terreros. Mex., 1700; Kellexioucs del I'utriota Aniericuuo.
Mex., ISIO.
Sail Vicente (Juan M.inuel de), Exactu Dcscripcion dc lu maguilica Corte
Moxicana. Cidiz, n.d.
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
SaiR'lifz (rmiicisco), Iiifomu! y r.in-cor nci-rca de la.s rnzonfs. Pnclila. l'^0! ;
I'rimipiuH do JUtmiai y iVtic.i. ikx., 1S"J.'»; K<M*uii() de la N'ligcii
Mariii. Mi'x., KhS-t.
Sant'lH/ ( lunii de Villa), .liistaH y dthiilns lionrasqiic liicicron. Pm-Ma, I7">ii;
I'uclila Sagiada y I'rnfaiia. I'luhla, iSJioj iSuriiiun fiiiieluc el 1 1 de.Iiili j
de 1T4.S. ^loxic), 17 lit.
Saiidi)vnl (IVudnicio), lli.stnria do la vida y heclios del Einpcradur Clrlos A'.
l'aiii]>ioiia, Iti.'U. folio. '2 vols.
Suiita-Aiiiia (Antonio Jjoik-z), Alogato lioclio ante fl Jiicz Priincro ilc lo crini-
inal jMirt'l Apoi'or.ido. M 'x.. 1S4!(; AiM'lacion al Imen ciitorio dc las n:i-
cioiialfsyoHtniiigi'nw. Mi'X.,|.S4S»; Apiuitauiioiitusparalahistoria. Mc\.,
iSil; Hioj;iafia, Mox.,l.S,"i7; I5io,'.;rafiadol(ion. ,M(X.,IH47; CaUHa criminal
iiistruidanl ICxinoSr. Mcx., 1S4(>; Collootion of l'anll"!hlut^<; lVniniiiii'acii>:i
otiiialdolKxnioSr. Uri/ava, l848;(Juadalajaia,184S; Contostacionalolii io.
Oriaiva, 1S47; ('orrcspondoiicia rooogida il lo.s agontes do Santa-Anna.
Zacat-iaH, l.S.">.S; Dofonsa do. Mtx.. ISiJl'; Detail do las oiHiacioues
oenrridaa cu la dofonsa do la CapiUil. Mex., 1847; Diiilogo outre iiii
iihogado y un oajiitan. Mex., ISIJ'J; l)iotainon do la« scsione.s niiidas il I
(Iran Jurndo. Mex., l.S4."»; Kl < loneral A los MexicanoH, .liinio .'i, lS()(i.
I'.lizaliollifort, lS(i(i; Kl • ienoral a sns ('oinpatriutas. San 'i'lioniiis, If'tS;
Kl(ieneral tie diviNion ii Hns eonipatriotaM [dated Die. 1."), IS'2',1.] Mex.
l.S-JO; K.stas h1 son Claridades. Mex., ISH.'t; Ksjwjsieion dirigitla al Kxnio
Sr. (ion. I'rosidente. Mex. IH.").'!; KsiK>sieion (jne dirigo desde la Forta-
leza do S. (Jailos do INroto, Mex., lS4."i; La dosiK-dida del (ieneial.
Mex., 1S47; Mailife«t4ieion que liaec un eiudatlani) Mex., etc. M<'\.
1,S."!4; Maniliesto, C'artajon.i, I.S."»8; Manitiesto i» hus ooiieiudanos. Mc\.,
ISJ.'J; Maniliesto del ICxnio Si'. Mix., 1844; Maniliesto del (loneral dij
1 )i vision IJeiieniento do la I'atria. Mex., 1848; Maniliest<^> del I'rosidente
lie la ]{ei)iil)liea ;'. la naeion. Mex., 1847; Maniliesto do ."Us Oper.aeinn ■(
en la Canipana do Tejas, etc. \'ora Cruz, 18;C; Maniliesto (ruo liai'o -A
jiublieo |()et. 10, IS'Jl |. Mox.,.l8'Jl; Maniliesto (jno Laeo do la eoinhieta
(|Ue Iia ol>serva<lo 7 dc- Julio do Is-Jl. ruel)la, I8JI; Miierto del 1 r.
Toneiia, Maniliesto, Out. ."i, I8'JI. Mex., 18'J1; I'roeeso deKien. M(x.,
184."i; rroclania del inipavido T<'nieiito Coronel. Uot. it, 18'21. Puelili,
[I8'21|; Proelanias a los haltitaiites y tropa de Vera (Jrnz. Mex., ISJJ;
Pnmuneianiiento do Porote. Mex., 18'J',(; lliipida Ojcada solire la C';i!:i-
iiana & Hogunda parte. Mex., 1847; Iiepresentaciou dirigida al CongriHo
Kaeional. Mex., IS;t7; Vindieaeion dolosCrinienes. Mex., ]8.'J7; Wli,.t
SanUi Anna's professions of Uepniilieanisni aro worth. n.i)l., n.d.
Santa Ainia ('astro ( lose Manuel), Diario do snccsos noUildes, eomprendo loa
arios do I7.V2!\ 17"i8. In Doe. Hist. Mex., seric i., toms. iv. v. vi.
Santa Iniiigeu de la Maeana. In Papelos do Jesnitas. MS.
Santa Maria, Carta al Kniperador Don Ciirlos. In Cartas do Indias.
Santa Maria, Poder (juo otorgu el Provincial. Iii Pachecoand Cardenas, Col.
Doe., toni. vii.
fitmtii Maria (Miguel), Exposieion y Protesta. MS., 1834; also Mexico, 1S:!4.
Santa 'I'lierosa (Manuel de), Coninendio dc; Institveiones ( iraniatieales. Mex.,
17-4; Instruettirio Espiritual do los 'I'ereenis, etc. Mex., ISIO.
Santa Tiresji ile Jesus Silver Mining (,'oiniwny, Ueports, etc. San Francisco,
18(i4.
Santander, Carta el Kmpor.ndor. In Doc. Ini''d., torn. xxvi.
Santangelo, ((). do A.), A Circular to the \Vorld. N. Y., 1842; Claims on
Mexico, IWiitiniore, 184(i.
Santiago do los Doniinieos. In Pachceo and CArdenas, Col. Doc, torn. v.
Santiago de Papascjuiero, Deseripcion. MS. l''M.
SantistolMin, Carta. In Pjielieeo and C;\rdonas, Col. Doc, torn. xiv.
Santo ( 'atharina, Panegyrieo ;! la vida y glorioso Martyrio de. n.pl., n.d.
Santo 'riioniiis (Diego de). Ceremonial y ^lanua! .saeado del Missal llomano.
Mexico, KWiO.
Sard (Antonio de), Ensayo eohre las (ilorias rraneiscanas. Mexico, 18(J0.
li-^l '11
AUTHORITIES QroTi:n.
cl
I Fmiicisci),
fSanlo (Toaqiiit))) R«.liicioii liistDiiiii do hi iiorti-iitosa iiiK^gen, »'t<\ Moxir
IslO.
S:i'i;i.iiiii (Si'Vi-ro M.K Tiovaa Mi'xiL'anas. Mi'xii-n, IS.V).
■Siiriiijiiia y (.'lU'iifii ^Vsiilro), .Swli'imio ilcdkiuioii lU'l 'IViiijilo MetrdiMilitaui
Ml
KKW.
Sartiiriiis iC'iirl"»), Iiiii)ortuiicia ilo Mi-xico pivra la cinigraciou AlfiiiiiiKi
S;mssmc (lliiui <k), Coup d'dil Hiir I'llydrologic <lii Mi'xi<|UC. (ic
ICIIUV
t^i'liudikr (' •"■•*'''^''). I'oininii'iitos nlativun li l;i iidiiiisioii jmr la Minta
(11^
di'i, \i>\:
\''V (111 Mcxniiu', vie.
1';
IS.-,
|S(i:
Ml
il do I'ciliiiiiti
Mixifc. ISJ-t.
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l.stl
(Henry L), Speech on Mexican War I'ubruary \',\, 1S47. Wn.sliing-
.'«ea-er {
teaman
ton, 1.>4T
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Select Pamphlets. A Collection.
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iSit'iia y ItoHso (lutnat'io), Aiohkh civii'ii fl II do Nrjit. iS.Vt. MfX., IH.M;
Jiix'tirso ijuo jior iiicarjio ile la .luntii l*ati'i>>tii.'a. .Mtx.. IS4'J; IMmcuimo
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Sisteiiia Mctiico- Decimal, Tulilas fjue estal)lecen la rclacion. Mexico, 1S,">7.
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fSiiiitli and Ilaiclc.i--tlc, .Map of the ^'al'ey of .Mexico. Iteports of tlu" Secre-
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I Includes liintituto Nacional. j
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ArTno!:iTri:s ql*()Ti:d.
eiU
ith Mexico.
SjKi olic'i in ronrTosi, A ('••Ilci'tic n if.
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iliana|Mi||M,
I Still.
Siiaic/'. V .Navarro (Juan), Kl (ieneral Saiitii A.ma Ilurliiinlos
la \i
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IsM); Inforino Hubrc las* causas y cariicter do losj frci.'uen'u.-i canil>io.i poll-
ticin III Y'licaLiin. Mcx., ISOI.
Siili.silio |'.ili«i;i.>itico en Lw Imlias. MS. 17-1-02. fo'' >
."Miiiiaria ciiinilial contra Tie^ Heli'^ioMKS AiTiistiiios. Mi. ISll. f.ilin.
Suiiiai io del Derecho ropular dedicudu li las Nucionca ilo Auieri< .i. Mcjico,
I :ii
.Siniipu r ..vrtlinr), The lives of (ieneral Z. Taylor an. 1 (.tei> .ul \V. Scott, etc.
New Vorli, ISIH.
Sun of .\iialiuac. Ve.u Cruz, 1847 et sofj.
Tal'iH'ii, Ih'iiiKstracion de los tenninosen (|iii! In olit ■nidnl;i Rcitn del. Mc:.,
isjli; Idieiinieiitos one justilicin el ilusistiniieiitii ilr 1 i. Miniiresa ilc. Me\.,
|S4I; Iiifoniii' de l;i iMupresa dc, etc. Mex., ISH; ()lis(i\aiinnes al
diet. 1111(11 de la ■Jseoniisiuii de llaiieiidn. Mi'X., ISK); ():icii) ilni ,id > i
la ciiiiii.Nion de Hacienda. Me\., Isti; ()nliiian/as dc la It'al ll'^uta d> 1
Tatiai o. Mex., 170S; ILestableciniientodel e.stanco de la .sienii)i:i. Mex.,
i.s;;:).
Taliasfii, .Mi;niricsto del Oobeniador del Ivstado. Taliasco, 1,S47; Ueprrscnla-
einii dtl r.atallun ( JnavdacostaH do, .luuio iS. S. .Juan Jiautititi, ISl.").
'I'alieU'i ( ieiitilicon. .\ ( 'ullection.
'layle (I'raiu isco M. S.), Disciirso sobre ereacion de nil I'oder Con.ser\ udi ir.
Mex., ls;r.; (Jbras I'o.'ticaa. Me\., IS.'iJ. •_' voU.
'J"aniau!i|ias, C'or.vei.siones del l;io\'erde, I'i'innco y 'J'anipicn. n.])!., n.d ; I'io
]>ciit.s(lio CoUiiiiu in. IJaltimoie, I.SH; Ue','laiiiento i>ara el ;,'obi( run in-
liiiur dc l.i.s nninicipalidailcs del 1 )e|)art;iiiK'nti) de. Victoria, Is-l."?.
Taniliicii lie 'i^•lIlla^llipa^^, Meinoria subre la evacuacion niilitar del i'uertn.
[San I.iii.s roto!>i, 1S4.S.]
T.ipia i.\iiiln''si de), Keluciuu sobre la conipii.sta do Mexico. In Icazbalce^a,
< 'ot. J)i)c., toni. ii.
T.ipia, (Mu'^cnio de), Febrero Novfsiinamente redactado. Madrid, l.S.l.l-.'i.
fS Viilsl."
Taiavre {{■'.. nnillcinin), Exploration Miner.iloginue de.-i Kiyioiia Mexicaiiii's.
i'aiis. lS(i!>.
'i'a-iti'ra, et al.. Carta nl Einperndor Don C/irlos. In Cartas do Indias.
Taylor (I'ltdi W.), The liroad I'eiinant. New Vuik, l^tS.
Taylor (Fit.li \V.), The Fla;,' Ship. New York, ISlO. '_* vols.
Taylor (Isaac), The Mine. I'hiladelphia, l.s^l.
'J'.iylor (Zacliary), A brief review of the careei , eharncter. .Tiid campaigns of.
AVa.sh. n.d.; A review of the life, character, and ])i>'>itic.'d opinions of.
lioston, 1S4S; A Kketcli of the Life and charaeter of. '"■' the oiie-leL,'ged
Serj^eant. r>oKtoii, l,s47; A Hketcli of the Life ami I'liMic Services of.
\\asli. |1,S4>S]; liiopraphy, A Collection; (Ieneral Ta_\ '.i-rw moral, in
toUoctual, and prufessiuual cliuructer. Wush., u.d.; Letters of, etc.
CIV
AUTHOniTirS QUOTED.
! ' y\
X. v., r-^l"^; Life niul V:\]>]]c SltvIocs of. I!y nn officer of tlie U. S. A.
X. v., l.S4(i; \. Y., I.sr>(); Lifciiiid I'lihlic Scrvires (,f. alsi) lifo iiml si r-
vicc'Sdf Milliiid I'llliiiDii'. Ilartfiiiil, ISJS; Lifu, liiittlLS,!Ui I |)i's])!iUlic^.
Phil., IS47; 'I'liu l.if.! mi<l I'lil.lic Soivk'f.s of. I'liil., 11..I.; Tli<' i.ilV • f.
N. v., IS47 ; 'i'lio Lifo of, mid ;i liistory of tlio War in .Mexico. X. V. 1S47.
T.nyloraiid I'illinoro, Slictcli of the lives of. llostoii, 11. d.
'J'.'iylor .'Hid 1 lis ( 'aiii]i!ii«.'iis, A liiov'raiiiiy. I'liiladelpliiii, 1848.
'I a\lor ami His ( Iinu rals. I'liiladi'lpiiia, IS47.
'I'aylorau.l His Stall'. I'liiladulpiiia, 1S4S.
'ieliuaiiU'iiff, All AiTouiit of tiu" Istiiiiiu.s of. London, 1840; Analisis did
l>ictaiiu'n do la( 'oiiiision soluc (1 iit'i;ociu di'. .Mc.\., I8,"r2; ( 'amino (.'ariv-
ti'i'o, ('amino do l''i<-ii() y Canal ])or il istnio do. ,Mcx., IS70; < 'ilcstioii
do Nuova-^'oiU, 18,")^; Dooroto del Sii[iroino (ioltiorno pani la upoi-tura
dol Istino. Mox., 18.");?; l>iit.imon do lii ("onii.siou Ivsiiooial. con niotiw)
ilol iiri\ iU'irio concotlido a .losi'- ( iaray. Mcx., 18.")l ; l)iot;liiicn <Io la
Jlayoria do la.s Comisionos do Luliistria. Mcx., )S.")_'; Dict;iinon do la
Mayoiia do la Coiiiisioii csjiocial do la (".iinara do l)i|)uladirs. Mox.,
]8.)1 ; l)iscnrso ]ir(Piuiiu'iado]ior cl Scnor l''iU'iito,'J!) ilo Xoviomlirc. Mox.,
IS,"(-_'; Ddciimciitos rolativosTi la ajurturado una via. Mi:x., IS.^'J; Moiiioiia
insti'iictiva do los doroclios y justas cau-sas (|Uo tiono ol (.loliicino. Mox.,
IN.VJ; I'royocto (K- col(>ni/;ir ol istino. f.Mox., 18"_':!|; licj^Iamonto ]iaia cl
llstalilooimionio do las ('nloiiia.s Miiit.'ircs dol Istino. Mox. LS,")! ; Loitliv-
liionto jiara la( 'oinunioaiion por la via Intci-Oco.inioa. Mox., 1;-),'J7; Uii;lit
of way. n.pl. [ISoliJ; N'indicacioii dulaconducta politicade los. Oa.xaca,
1847.
Tchn.'Mitojioc Canal, A Collection.
1'cliuantei)ec Canal, A memoiial .scttiiii; forth the rij;ht3 and just reasons for
not rcoo^nizinj; tho validity of the privilege granted to D. Joso Liaray.
Xow Yoik, Ksh-J.
Tohuantopec Canal, A Review of tho Tchuantepec Controversy. Georgetown,
l8,-i:}.
Tcluiantopec Eailway, Ita location, features, and advantages under tho L:v
Sore (Irant of islj!). X'ow York, 18(J!».
Topic, -Maiiiliosto <[Uo ol Ayuntauiicnto. ( Uiadalajara, 184."); Santa Cruz (| no
so vonora en ol convento dc lieligiosos iVanciscaaos do la ciudad. ( luada-
lajaia, lS.");t.
Toin.inx-( 'omjians (Henri), Kccneil do Documents et Mi'moircs o''i;:ina\ix .snr
rilisioire dos I'ossos.sioiis l']spa^'nolos dans rAm('ii(|Uc. r.ois, 1S4I).
Tornaux-l.'ompans (Henri), \'oya;;os, lielations et Momoires origiiiaiix poi'.r
sorvir a I'liisloire do la DOeouxerte do rAnioriiiue. I'aris, lh;)7-4l. 'J
si.'rio.s, It) and S vols.
Testinionio a la lotia did Kspcdientc niandado formar por el Ar/obispado do
Ce.sarea. ^Icxioo, 1S4S.
Tostimonio do lliilal','uia do Corti's. In Col. Doc. Iiic'd., tom. iv.
Tostory (Aliato), Ml Inipoiio y d Cloro Mojicano. Mexico, 18(jj.
'i'ozozomoc, Ji'ocopilaoion do tradicinncs. MS.
Tezozonicjc (.Vlvaro), Histoiic du Moxii|uo. I'aris, 18">IJ. 'J vols.
'i l.icrs (.v.), llistoiia dol ( 'onsulado y dol linpi lio do Xai)olooii. Mexico, 184.").
ThuniJis (Lewis F.), (Jortoz, thi' Coni|Ui'roi'. \\'a-iliiii^ton, 18,")7.
Tliompson (John l..ewis). History of the wars of the United States, riiila-
dolphia. ISOO. 'J vols.
Thom[)son (Waddy), liocolloction.s of Mexico. X'ew York, etc, 1847.
'ilioilio (T. I!.), Our Army at Monterey. I'hiladoli.hia, 1S47.
I'horpo (T. ]>.), Our Army on the L'io (Irando. I'hiladelphia. 1840.
IlK'.uimol (.\. II.], .Moxiko und die MexikaiK'r. llrlaii,'on, 184S.
'I'hiimn'.ol (.\. 1{. ), Xouesto (iesohiohlo dor Uciiublik Mexiko. Kriangen, 1S4S.
Tieinpo ( Lli. Mexico, ISIiletseij.
'iildcn (Daniel Iv. ), Speeoh in U. S. House of Hep., July 14, 1840. Wash.,
1840.
Tipogrufia Mexicaua. Mexico, 1878 et seii.
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
cv
TIascala, Almsns i\o Ins mauddnoH ili; Ii;ilios. MS. 'Mov., lf1-^0; Ai-usaci in
iiiic !:i llxiiia J)ii)Utacii)ii 'rcnilDrial. Mix.. IS.VJ; i>osiM>i(> ;i iiuiiM ai-
liiada iMir il i'rcficto du. I'liulila, 1M!>; Disiiir.s.i )Mi)iiiiuria(li> cl "Jtl ili-
l)ii'. <lo IS.'il. ruil)!a, lS,"i2; Kstatiit.) (irganico del tcnitniii. Mux.,
1S4!(; rramiscamw 6 Imlioa, MS.; llcprodcntaciuu quo lu, Itiputucioa
Tonitoiial do. Mix., IM!).
T'ld I tifiii! n;lii"dii) .siiiido il a\ iso opiirti'.no. M •xicd, lS-2*2.
TnlLiaiic ia du Cidto.s, Opi'isculo <(iie conticne una CorUi DclVusa do Li lltligitiii
dc .Fi'su ( 'risto. Mi.'xico. 1M!I.
'J'dkiaiicia lvi'liu'i<i».'i, l)i!icrtaci(iii caiitrn la. Mijico, ISIJl; Rcpn'sintaciMn al
Si>l>. Con;,', cuutra fl Art. lo del I'royecto do coustitucioa subio. Mcx.,
]S.")(i.
'I""!uca, Eleccionos do. [Mexico, ISili.]
'Jciiniikiiis (I'atritk \V.), Spccclas in U. S. House of Rep., Jan. 19 and March
It, IMS. u.pl., n.d.
Toiiisiin, Viaire de. In Siic. Mcx. Ooog., lioletin, G'l" Ep., turn. i.
'i'wral ( l'"ianciscii), Carta al .Vdchuiladu de la i'lui-idil. In Cartas ilo Indias.
'r<ir;;l {l'ian<is<(i), Carta id Itey. In Caita.-< de Indias.
TdiihI (Jwse .Maiia), Carta ilel ( len. A 8us anui;iis. Mex., IS.IO; l)isciii-so en
I I .si.sioii did IJ tie Oct. de lltJ. Mex., is4l.': El (iiiieial :i sn.i a'lii ,'ii-i.
Mix., In,'!'.); I'astus niilitarea de Iniipiidail. Mex., lSi;{; Manile^t.ieion
di 1 C. Mix., IM!.">; .Maiiil'estacion iiie<ent;iila ;i la Caniara do Sen. .Mex.,
ISU; Maliiliesto delUri'^'i'n, Causas, l*r(it.'i'e.S(i.s y Estado de la Ivc^volueicin
del iDiperii) Mexie.'uui. ruelil.i, ISlM; I'luyeeto.s do iti"li,^'o eiiniiiial y
I'enal. Mex., IS.")."!-, R('i)liea do Vaiicis i;>i)ariolea. .M(\x., ISU; lUv-^-
jiuesta del (Jen. Mex., ISJO; V;irii)s lv-.pariiili.s al Sr Ti'inil, ultima
respuesta. Mex., KS41; \'otiJ I'artieular, etc., relatives al l.stnio de
'reliuaiite|iec. Mex., 1S."»'J.
Tnrii' 1 y Meiidivil (J. .TiUiaii), La .Vparicion de Xuostra Sefiora do (luadaliipo
di''MeNiei). Oii/ava, 1S4!). '2 \oh.
Turml y ^lendivil (.foso Maria>, Ijrevo Resofui llistiivica de lus Acnnteciniien-
to.s* Mex., IS.VJ; Decretos, Dec. I'i), iSi'S, Ahril -'■.', l,S-2:>, Aug. -Mi,
1S2D. Mcx., iS'JS-It; 1 liscuiiso pronunciado en la .Vlauieda "27 do Sept. do
ISrKl. Mex., IS.'id; Discur.sii (pie en la Solruniiilad 1! do Set. do lvS4:j.
Orixava. lS4:i; iJiscui.so <|uc al .solenndzarsu el t'eliz iialalicii) del Enip.
Maximilian (i do Julio di' istil. Oii/.aba, ls(i4; l>iscursii (pie prnnnneii)
el Exin.. Sr. C.^n. Mcx., ISKt; Elf,'ritodo la patria, Aii.i,'. 4, 1 vJl [ l'u,.|,la,
ISlMJ; l>iis Ilcincs doDiiiorts v'-idicadcs. Mex., l!v')(); rnpclaiuacinnes,
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del tien. eiintra el decreto es|j(.'diilo. Mix., Is;;,); Rivspiiesta del Cell.
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'i'oripu luada (liian de), Mi'iiar(pii:i Iiu'iiana. ^la.lrid, 17-1!. ."! vi.I-:. fulio.
'J'one (Jiiaii de la), llelaciou do li).s Re»idiioH. In I'aelicci) and ( '.inicnas, Cd.
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'i'liliv (Martin de la), Carta sobrc el Conieta de lUSO. In ^Mdrfi, ( '•>!. Doc.
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I'urres (.liisii .1. (1. di'l, DcsciiLraui) ;i Ins Kcb-'des lii^lirc mi nuni.strunna coii.sli-
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'I'nrres (Luis dc\ Secinnn fiiiiebre ipio en las lioiua.s ipie hiricrnn en "il) do
Mayo do I7l>7. Mexico, 17tiS.
Tiirrcs (Miu'uelK ^'ida ejeinplar y innerto preciosa. ii.i'l. 117-^!] lio,
'Jcrns del Talacii) ( i'rancisii) del, I'roceso colli ra. MS., |.)!).i-7.
T(jri'es y Ricedo (Marcos), Testainentarv disptjbiiion, leaving' (iovernnient of
Mexico to Iteal Andicncia. MS. [fuDll.J
Trait D"l'iiion (Le), .Mexico, 1,S(!1 et sci|.
'J ian.--latiiinn>3 liispanisclier sprach zii Fruntziisisch gemucht so durchdoVioo
liey. etc. \o-J.2.
CM
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
Wr.fi
'''IIP
!lr,
Tra-Jtour P. E.), Moinorial-claim against Tclnxantepcc Railroad Company.
:,\'w-()r!f.iii:i, IS.'^.
Trel>ari-a (Xiij) iloon), Ia>a Misterio>i do Chan Santa Cruz. Mc'rida, 1834.
'VivH !)i'n lU; .MinistiM-io, Vordadora Xoticia do \oa. Mfxici>, IS.'JO.
'l'ril)uiKU clrl ('r)iisiilado. In Sue. Mex. (icog., Uolctiu, toni. ii.
'J'rih'.uiD ( I'.n, (liiadalajara. KS27 I't suij.
Trilmt ) X la W'rdad. Mexico, 1847.
'I'rilmtds. MS.
Triljiit Ki, Hcu'lamonto do Ion tributos do esta capital. Mcx., 1702; Rcgla-
nil iito y Ordunan/a.i. Mex., 1771.
Trigacni.-i (lixnacio), Dcfensa romitida al Gran Jurado cl 13 do Jul. do lo4(j.
Mtxic .,' ISK).
'J'l-iiinfu (111), do la justicia on Ins vilcs insurqentcs. Mexico, ISIl.
'JViijill) (liw ■ Sanciii/), I'niyccto .sohro jinidiicton y rceursus. Mexico, 1SG5.
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I'lida ( I'. V. ). So!pre:ia del eauipo do Aliuatepec el ailo do 1828. Mexico, 1831.
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^ alilivielso ( 1','nacio), Ap\iiites biogi'aiicos. I'aris, I8(')l.
A'aldoviiios (Mueio), (^arlilla de los Madivs de l''-.m\lia. ^Mexico, 1855.
N'iileneia ((ialiriei), .Mauiliesto sobre .sii eondticta. ^lejieo, 1841.
N'i'.kiui.i (Olii.-ipi de), ]!e|iresi'n(aeiou a las Cortes. Valencia, 1820.
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AUTiIOPJTirS QUOTED.
evil
,uii.l;il.ij!na,
Vallid-ilil, E\hort.v-ii 1 que <lin';;e Alos h.ahitantcs 'If la Provi:icia. 'Mvk.,
|S|(); K\\t ><\c\ij\\ '.Hi vl Ileal Ayini'ainicnt;! (K' la liiulinl. Miriilii, ISM.
Vallartu ( lL,'iiai'iip L), l.a (,'tu'stioii do .lali.scn. ML'.\ii.''i, ISTO.
\'a!lu (I. N. doll, Kl \'iajcro 111 Mixii'.>. Mcxici), IS.'d).
N'allicill'i Miuiii',' Coiiii>aiiy. Xtw VurU, IS.Vi.
Vallej.) (.ru'-cf l;.'nacio). \'ida do l;v Aladro do Dios. Cosona, 1770; Vida (Kl
.Sii'iiif Sail .l(is('. Mcx., lS4r).
Valli'j" ( Mi"'-'"i" *'•)• <'.il"i'iiuii du Docuinentos para la Historia du Moxito.
MS. and initit. f'lli >. "J vols.
Valoii I Henry do*, L'Kxpcdition du Mexiiino. I'aris. lS(i4.
A'alvmli' (A'atiinic) .S.), Idea ilel valor di- la Isia Ivsjiafiola. Madrid, I7'<'.
\"aiid'-rLiiiden (I'eilro), Meiiioria bobre el Cuerpu do Salud Militar. Mexieo,
I M."..
Van I'yke (.1.1, Speeeli in V. S. House of Hep., Ap. 2, IMS. n.pl., ii.il.
\'ar'.fa-i (.loHcjili ^lariano de), Carta do pOsamu pur ol fallccijuiento, Mexico,
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\'a:ia< I'oisias, A Coll-'ction.
\'aliedade.=i, A Collection. .'{ Vols.
\'ariedades de la Civilizaeion. Mejico, 1.S,")'2. 3 vols.
Vaiieilade.s de Jnris|irudeiieia. Mexico, ISdO-j. 'J vols.
\','!ied.ides del Monitor, A Collection.
\'arins Imjircsos, A Collection, .'{vols.
\ ai- iH I'ap'le.-i, A Collection. '_' vols.
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Vega (Koiimlo Dioz do la), Manifestacion fpic hace & los halutantes do Yu.a-
tan. Merida, 1S,'.4.
Ve;.'a (S. D. do la), Di.si'urso sobro el ol>jeto do las dran^'n. Mexico, 17'^'i.
^'eitia Linage, Ciiatro lniai;cnes niilagrosas do Xuestra .Sonora. MS., 17")4.
\'ejacionos ;l los ln<lios. ^IS.
Velasco (Alonso Allierto de), Ivxaltacinn de la Divina ^!i.«ericordi,•l. Me\.,
l(Hi;»; Mex., 17l'4; Mi:x., 177<i; Mex., l.S()7; Historia do la .Mila-r-i
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Nola. Mex., 17(H).
Vclasco (Andres Miguel Perez de), Kl Pretendiento do Curatos instruido.
I'lielila, nii.K
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do Caliallos. MS., I.mS.
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cvm
AUTIIOniTIES QUOTED.
I
ii
llP
iilr
i ■iiii' '
i
Vcla::f|ncr, i\j IlizaTi (Antonio), ^loniorial del nc.ijocio do, ccrca do la nicvc^l
(J 10 piilo :i !i;i MaricUiiil. I;i rucI-.'-'O .» and C ivk'nxs C.;l. D.k-., ten. x.
^'claz(|U^.; (DiL;:;o), Carta eii la quo relacioi'.a l:i dcJobcdioiRi i do Jlcn;'.;i
Corti.:i(lcOLtul)ro TJ, lolO. In Pacliuco and (Airdcnas, Col. DdC.tDiu. :.ii.
\\la/.L'0 (Krantisci) dc), Ifci'Iio tKl Lili^'i >. .Vcxico, h'tM. ilS.
W'k'z (I'fdni), (Jli.icrvacionL'a shIko el ncuord ) dc la c:'iinara ilo sonadmc ■!.
Mt'x., is:;.'); Vindicaciou do la piinioia hala do suiirunia curtc do Ju-slii ia.
Mox., lS.i4.
Vcnailiio (Cinde), Docnmont lcaviii'» tlio fiovernmcnt to D. Tran. Xovtl'.i,
July."), ISJI. Me\.,l-Jl; Fidcli: inion lialiitant Mileostacapital. Mo...,
18J1; lV(x:lama:(do Marx.xlo I.yJI. Mcx.. ISl'l.
Vtiu':.;a9 {I'ranoiaco Xavi.r), Manillosto do S;i Viroy a la, Xnova Kspafia, Ort.
'J7, ISIO. Mo.x., 1 il); I'roni'i.-itico do la Foliuidad Aniorioaiia. Mo\.,
ISIO; ViniUcaf.'ii)n do lis a;:,'iavi(w. Cadiz, 1^11.
VoncLTas (Mi.iruol), Vida y\'irtndos (kl.Fuan IJautista Zappa. Ijarcclona, 17"1.
\'ora Cruz, Araucil do loji 1 tdiinraiio.s y iKrodios Jnilirialts. Mcx., 1'.4! ;
Dalanza dol (AHiHTcio Maiilinio, afio do ISOO. Mcx., I^IO, Cirtado Li
Ju:;tioia do 10 do .Iidin, 1." lit. In C'irti's, C;:l'tas ; Cai't.a del Aj iMitan:i;'nti>.
In Cid. Doe. Iiu'd., toni. i.; I)((ciiinoiitos rot'orontos ;i lori kuoomks ocnnidod
en Ori/.;iva. \\ ra Cruz, \i<','A; I'A I'lan lloipulilioano di 1 Triunvi'iit ).
Mox., \fy2',]; Exp'isicinn dc los J'.nipi'esario.s do nuovoa Caminos. Mox.,
l''.'U; lispo.'ioiou tliri^ida al Con'.'nsuConoral. Mox., 1' 10; K:itad;: lica
<1(1 esta^o lil):o y sol/riviMo do .lalapa, Is.'il. '2 vols.; IVdjiica do raii.i-
<[uiii <ii l:i Anii^,-u.'i. M.S. lys.*}. folio; Maniiiesto dol CouLjres.o. Jalai"),
1S27; Monioria leida por el (Joljornad(jr del I]stado. \'eia Cruz, 1^71;
Moinoiia prescntnda al Hon. ('(jngreso dol I'stado. Vila Cruz. I.)(;.l;
Jlonifiria rolativit a la adininistraoif)!! iiiunioipal. ^'o!•a (.'ruz, I' ().">; (Ui-
cios d^-l Coiisulado. Vera Cruz. 18:21 ; Itoglainento d" adnuuirfti;;cion <!o
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toriordel Departaniento. Jala[)a, I84I; ]{e]uvsentacionalCoiiL;ro.soi .!,; o
Caniinoa. !Mox., IS3.'i; ]]epr< ■^;entacion dil Woiiulario. \'era Cruz. 1S_'1 ;
Sesiun did lion. Congicso. Vera Cruz, lb3o; SucoboiS do la aotual rovn-
lucion en el I'Istado. Mex., U-.")"J.
Vcrdadora Idea sobro el iniprcsotitulado "donativo do medio niillon dc Pesos."
Mexico, IS-lo.
Verdadei'.T, Xiiticia do los Trcs Dias do Mini torio. Mexico, IS.'iO.
A'erdado) do suni.i importaiuia d 1 1 nacion Mo.^icana. Moxivo, ISifi.
^'el•JJ;ara y Ivstrada (Manuol I'.), Lucas I'Jspa.nd. Mexico, I7."(i.
^'erona (I'acionto lic), raroinolo;,'ia do el l)i[>litlioii;:o do (^Juirc'taro en la ]iro-
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^'et^nlcvrt (Av;;vstin de), flannel ilo adniini.strar los sauto.s sacramcntos C(jn-
I'ornie ;i Ja rcf.irnia do I'aula V. y Crliano VII [. Mmico, \~CA.
\'i'tanovrt i AvL;vstin do), Mouolo.do Franciscano do los Varonos :na.s Souala-
diia. n.pl., 11. d. folio; Mexico, lS71.
Vetancvrt (Av^;vstin dv), Sorinon a la npnrioion do la niila;;rosa ima;;oii do
Xuestra .Sciiora do I'ilar. Mexico, l(i74.
\'otaiicvit (Avgv.stin do), Tcatio ^lexicano. Mexico, lOOS. folio; alsoeditiou
Mexico. 1870-1. 4 vols.
^'etallcvrt (Avgvstin do), Trntado do la eiudad do Mexico, n.pl., n.il. folio.
\'oytia (Mai iano), llistoria. .\iitinua ilo Mojico. ^Mexico, lSI!(i. ;i vols.
\'oytia (Mariano), .Suniaria Kelacioii do todas las cosaa en la Xuova E.spana y
quo los tultecas alcan/aroii.
X'iago j'l los Kstados-l'iiidos del Xorto. Cincinnati, 18.14.
Vicarios Cenerales, rreguntaso »i. . . doban obteuor lionores de Ex-Prcvinciales.
n.pl., n.d. 4to.
Mctoria (tJiiadalujio de), Derrotero de las Islas Antillas. ilox., lS'2o; I'ro-
claina ;l las provincias de Oriento y (.)ccideute. Mox.. 18'JH.
Vidai (Joseph), Fspada Aguda de Dolor. Mox., lODJ; Vida del Migvel do
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nil Ill
AUTriORITIES QUOTED.
cix
Viu'il fT. MJ, .iml Juan B. Ilij.-ir do ILiro, Eiisayo Ilisti'irico del Eji'roito do
Oiiidfiito. -Ml xici>, isTI--.
Vi'.riii! (<!. 'I".). Ti-.ivcls ill .Mrxici, Smith Aincrica, etc. London, ISCi.'!. 2 vols.
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I'aris, lS(i:{.
^'ilall!an I (Hcnnenegildo), Breve Xoticia de la portentosa conversion. Mox.,
I'M; Histcini.'o y Saixrado Noveiiario do la niilairrosu iinau'en, etc. Mux.,
17<m; N'ida jiortoiitosii del An)ei-iiani), etc. .Madii<l, 177<">.
Vi!la-.\iiior (MantU'l), Bio^'i'al'ia del (leiieral Santa ^Viiiia. Mexico, lSr)7.
\'illa_'iitieiT(^ SutiiMnvor (.fiian ile), llistoria de la L'oii<iuit)tu de la l'ru\ ineia
deellt/a. (Ma-hid, I7(»I.J folio.
A"ilIalul)os (( ionif/, de), ItehK'ion del viaje qiut liizo desde la Xueva Esjiaua
1" (le A).'osti> tie l."(S4. hi I'acliceo and ( 'ardi'iias. Col. Doe., toiii. v.
\'ilialovoH (.loacliiii ,\ntoiiio de), Jielox de soinliras. I'uelila, 17-!*.
\ lila .Manniiiue (Manjiuvs de), Carta ul lley Don Feliijo 11., March 2.3, l-jSiJ.
Ill Cartas de liidias.
\ilhirroel, Mexico jior ])eiitro y Fue a. Mex., IS.II.
\'illarroil (Iliiiolito), Eiiferinedadi .s iiolitica.s. MS. 4 vols.
\"i;la Sei'ior y .Sanchez (.Jo.se Antonio), Theatro Americano. Mexico, 1740.
folio. 2 voU.
A'illaviceneio ( J\an .Tosc|)h de), Vida y Virtudes dc el veneraldc P. Juan do
I'uaite. ^lexico, 17.">2.
X'illeiias (.losejili de), Llanto dc las Estrellas. Mexico, \~2o.
Nilhieiida.-i (Francisco), Estado do la niisiun de Laredo en 23 de Noviembro
.le I7.S.-.. MS.
\ iiiiliiiicioii del ( ieneral Presidentc. Mexico, l.S,'^7.
Aindicacion del I'uehlo Mexicaiio eu la Invasion Franccsa de 1SG2. Mexico.
lS(t7.
\'inv Cerralvo, Acnaacion contra el, por los Procuradorcs generalca ilel ('<>-
iiiisario General de la ordeu tie San F'rancisco en Xueva l*]spafia. MS.
folio.
Vireyes do Mexico, Instruccioncs, TleHidenci;!S. M.SS. and print. 2 vols.
^"ivl■s (.luaii J^ui.sl, ])i;dot,'o,s de. Mexico, ls27.
\ iv() ( iiiuiiaviiitura), .Mciiiorias del niinistro de Mejico, en Espafia, IS.")."-"!,
Madrid, lsri(); Tratado Consular por el Consul de los Estados-Unidos
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\'izarroii y E^'uiarreta. Copia de dos cart;is. [Mi'x., 1742.] MS. folio; Kes-
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,i 111
•1 ■ i.
1 li H S"^
^^
^v
\v
\v
\v
\\
\v
w
\v
^v
t AUTIIOUITinS QUOTED.
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4.
la invasion
Traiddi- in-
Nuova Es-
[?xico, ISX).
ion. Mix-
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ico. Mux-
rasteros de
ica. Mcx-
I (irii'iiMlch u;
•r-- .«*■
Lihti\& O V L
•iu
o r
M i: X I c
o
.Afllh.KUli. „ T....llJ,(!.M "'•'"I'
sv
HISTORY OF MEXICO.
CHAPTER I.
VOYAGE OF HERNANDEZ DE c6RD0BA TO YUCATAN.
1510-1517.
A Olance at the State of Epropkan Discovery and Governmest in
America at the Opexivo of this Volitme— Dieoo VELAzgrKZ itt
Ci'UA— Character ok the Man — A Band of Auvexturers AuKivba
FROM Darien— The (Joveunor Counsels them to Kmrark in Slave-
Catching — Under Hernandez de Cordoba they Sail Westward and
Discover Yucatan— And are Killed with Astonishment at the
Large Towns and Stone Towers they See there— They FuniT the
Natives at Cave Catociie— Skirt the Peninsula to Chami'oton —
Sanouinahy Battle— Return to Cuua — Death of Cordoba.
During the first quarter of a century after tlie
landiiii^ of Columbus on San Salvador, three thou-
sand luasjuesof mainland coast were examined, chiefly
in the hope of findinj^ a passage through to the India
of Marco Polo. The Cabots from England and
the Cortereals from Portugal made voyages to New-
foundland and down the east coast of North Amer-
ica; Amerigo Vespucci sailed hither and thithpr in
the service of Spain, and wrove letters confounding
knowledge; Vasco da Gama doubled the Cape of
Good Hope; Columbus, Ojeda, Niiio, Cuerra, Bas-
tidas, and Pinzon and Solis coasted the Tierra Firme
of Central and South America; Ocampo skirted
Cul)a and found it an island; Cabral accidentallv
discovered Brazil; Juan Ponce de Leon hunted for
the Fountain of Youth in Florida; Vasco Nunez de
Vol. I. 1
VOYAGE OF CC^RDOBA TO YUCATAX.
Balboa crossed tho Istlimiis and floated his ships on
tlie South Sea. Prior to lol" ahuost every province
of tlie eastern continental seaboard, from Labrador
to Patagonia, had been uncovered, save those of the
^lexican Gulf, which casketed wonders greater than
them all. This little niche alone remained wrajiped
in aboriginal obscurity, although loss than forty
leagues of strait separated the proximate i)oints of
Cu!)a and Yucatan.
]\reanwhile, in the government of these Western
Indies, Columbus, lirst admiral of the Ocean Sea,
had been succeeded by Bobadilla, Ovando, and the
son and heir of the discoverer, J)iego Colon, each
managing, wherein it was possible, worse than his
predecessor; so that it was found necessary to estab-
lish at Santo Domingo, the capital city of tlie Indies,
a sovereign tribunal, to which ap})eals might bo made
from any viceroy, govciiior, or other representative
of ro3'alty, and which shoiJ.l eventually, as a royal
audiencia, exercise for a time executive as well as ju-
dicial supremacy. But before clothing this tribunal
with full administrative powers. Cardinal Jimenez,
then dominant in New World aft'airs, had deter-
mined to try upon the turbulent colonists tho effect
of ecclesiastical influence in secular matters, and had
scut over three friars of the order of St Jerome,
Luis do Figueroa, Alonso de Santo Domingo, and
Bernardo de ]\Ianzanedo, to whoso direction gov-
ernors and all others were made subject. Just be-
fore the period in our history at which this volume
opens, the Jeronimite Fathers, as the three friars
were called, had practically superseded I^icgo Colon
at lilspanola, and were su[)ei'vising Pedrarias Dilvila
of Castilla del Oro, Fi'ancisco de Garay governor
of Jamaica, and ] )iego Velazquez governor of Cuba.
It will be remembered that Diego Colon had sent
Juan de Esquiv^el in 150!) to Jamaica, where ho was
succeeded by Francisco de Garay; and Diego Velaz-
quez had boon sent in 1511 to Cuba to subdue and
DIEGO VELAZQUEZ. 3
pfovcrn that isle, suhject to the young .idiniral's «lic-
tatioii; and beside these, a small cstablislunent at
I*uerto Rico, and Pedrarias on the Isthmus, there
Avas no European ruler in the regions, islands or firm
land, between the two main continents of America.
The administration of the >r//r/<o.s'o,s showed little
im))rovement on the governments of their predeces-
sors, who, while professing less honesty and piety,
])ractised more worldly wisdom; hence within two
short years the friars were recalled by Fonseca, who,
on the death of Jimenez, had again come into power
in Spain, and the administration of affairs in the
Indies remained wholly with the audiencia of Santo
Domingo, the heirs of Columbus continuing to agi-
tate their claim throughout the century.
It was as the lieutenant of Diego Colon that Ye-
lazquez had been sent to conquer Cuba; l)ut that
easy work accomplished, he repudiated his former
master, and reported directly to the crown.
\'elazquez was an hidalgo, native of Cucllar,
wIjo, after seventeen years of service in the wars
<if Spain, had come over with the old admiral in his
second voyage, in 1493, and was now a man of
age, experience, and wealth. With a connnanding
iigure, s[)acious forehead, fair complexion, large clear
eyes, well-chiselled nose and mouth, and a narrow
I'uU-bearded chin, the whole lighted by a |)leasing
ij) ' L'llectual expression, he presented, when elegantly
attired as was his custom, as imposing a preseiH-e as
any man in all the Indies. In history he also formed
(|uite a figure. And yet there was nothing weighty
i:i his character. He was remarkable rather for the
absence of positive qualities; he could not lay claim
even to conspicuous cruelty. He was not a bad man
as times went; a.ssuredly he was not a good man as
times go. He could justly lay claim to all the cur-
rent vices but none of them were enormous enough
to be interesting. In temper he was naturally mild
4 VOYAGE OF c6RD0BA TO YUCATAN.
and affiil)lc, yet suspicious and jealous, and withal
easily influenced; so that when roused to ancrcr, as
was frequently the case, he was beside liimself.
Chief assistant in his new pacification was Piln-
filo de Narvaez, who brought from Jamaica thirty
archers, and engaged in the customary butchering,
while the governor, with three hundred men, quietly
proceeded to found towns and settlements, such as
Trinidad, Puerto del Principe, Matanzas, Santi Es-
piritu, San Salvador, Habana, and Santiago, making
the seat of his government at the place last named,
and appointing alcaldes in the several settlements.
Other notable characters were likewise in attendance
on this occasion, namely, Bartolome' de las Casas,
Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba, Juan de Grijalva,
and Hernan Cortes.
Discreet in his business, and burdened by no coun-
teracting scruples, Velazquez and those who were
with him prospered. Informed of this, above one
hundred of tlie starvin<x colonists at Darien obtained
permission from Pedrarias in 1516 to pass over to
Cuba, and were affably received by the governor.
Most of them were well-born and possessed of means;
for thougli provisions were scarce at Antigua, the
South Sea expeditions of Vasco Xufiez, Badajoz, an. I
Espinosa, had made gold plentiful there. Among this
company was ]5ernal Diaz del Castillo, a soldier of
fortune, who had come from Spain to Ticrra Firme
in lol4, and wlio now engages in the several exi)e(li-
tions to ^Icxico, and becomes, some years later, one
of the chief historians of the conquest.
Ready for any exploit, and having failed to receive
certain repartimientos promised them, the band from
Tierra Firme east glances toward the unknown west.
The lesser isles had been almost depopulated by tlu;
slave-catchers, and from the shores of the adjoining
mainland the affrighted natives had fled to the inte-
rior. It was still a ])rofitable employment, however,
for the colonists must have laborers, being themselves
SLAVE-CATCHING. 6
tiitiivly opposed to -work. Tlio <^rovcrnor of Cuba,
particularly, was foiul of the traffic, for it was saib
and lucrative. Thougli a representative of royal au-
thority in America, he was as ready as any irrespon-
sil)le adventurer to break the royal command. Durinj^
this same 3'car of 151G, a vessel from Santiago had
loaded with natives and provisions at the Guana ja
Islands, and had returned to port. While the captain
and crew were ashore for a carouse, the captives burst
open the hatches, overpowered the nine men who had
been left on guard, and sailed away midst tlto frantic
gesticulations of the captain on shore. Reaching
tlieir islands in safety, they there encountered a
hrigantine with twenty-five Spaniards lying in wait
for captives. Attacking them boldly, the savages
drove them off toward Darien, and then burned the
ship in which they themselves had made their en-
forced voyage to Cuba.
As a matter of course this atrocious conduct on the
part of the savages demanded excm})lary punishment.
To this end two vessels were immediately despatched
with soldiers who fell upon the inhabitants of Guanaja,
})ut many to the sword, and carried away five hundred
captives, beside securing gold to the value of twenty
thousand pesos de oro.
Happy in the thought of engaging in an occupa-
tion so profitable, the chivalrous one hundred cheer-
fully adventured their Darien gold in a similar
voyage, fitting out two vessels for the purpose, and
choosing for their commander Francisco Ilernandez
de Cordoba, now a wealthy planter of Santi Espiritu.^
' 111 tlie memorial of Antonio Velazquez, successor of the ndelantado, l)ie(,'0
Vchizi|uez, MeiHiirial del ni''ii}<'i>(l<' I >. Antonio I'elirj/in'z di- Boznii, in .\/rnilo~.'i,
Co'. I>'H\ Iiir'L, X. .S()-(t, taken from the areliives of the liiilies, the credit of
tills expedition is claiiiiod wholly for the t:nveiiior. Indeed, \'elaz(|iie/. hiiii-
Bilf leiteatedly asserts, as well as otiiins, that the ev]iedition was niaile at liis
Cist. |{iit knowing tlie man as we ilo, and considering the claims of ntlnis,
it is safe enough to say that the governor did not invest much money in it.
'J"hc Imrdeii <loul)tless fell on Ci')r(lol)a, who was aided, as some tliiiil' liy hid
nssiici.'ites, Cristoljal Murante and Lope Ochoa de Caicedo, in niakinj,' up wliat
the men of Darien lacked, T^'n/iiriiiti'ln, i. ;U!I, notwithstanding tlie claims
for his fraternity of lierual Diaz, Hint. I'erdiuL, i. Ogilby, JJid. Am., 70,
6 VOYAGE OF C0RD6BA TO YUCATAy.
Velazquez added a third vessel, a small bark, in con-
siileratiou of a share in the s})eculation.^ After lav-
ins^ in a supply of cassava, a bread made from the
yucca root, and some salt beef, bacon, and glass beads
for barter, the expedition departed from Santiago de
Cuba, and went round to the north side of the island.
There were in all one hundred and ten^ soldiers, with
A)itonio de Alaminos as chief pilot, Alonso Gonza-
lez priest, and Bernardino Iniguez king's treasurer.
Here the chief pilot said to the commander, " Down
i'roni Cuba Island, in this sea of the west, my heart
tells me there nuist be rich lands; because, when I
says the three associates wore all Cubiiii planters; that they equipped three
ships, Velazcjuez adilin;:^ one. This Hernantlez do dirdoha was not he who
served as lieutenant under I'edrarias, thougii of tiie same name.
- Opinion hiis been divided as to the original imrposo <if the expedition.
As it turned out, it was tliougiit best on all sides to say nothini,' of the in-
human and unlawful intention of capturing Indians for slaves, llence, in tlie
iiublio documents, particularly iu the petitions for recoir^ienst; which invaria-
bly followed discoveries, pains is taken to state that it was a voyage of dis-
covery, and promi>tcd by the governor of Cuba. As in the DccfukiA Ahri rhutriM
(/(- /(w Ih.tfulirinikiilii", Mi'iiduyt, {'"I. Dnr. Jim/., viii. ,")-,">4, we fmd that '101
adelantado Diego Vela/,(|uez de Cuellar es autor del descubriniiento de la
Nueva Kspafia,' so, in etl'cct, it is recorded everywhere. Indee<l, IJernal Diaz
Kolenmly asserts tliat \'elazi|nez at first stipulateil tliat he siiouhl have three
cargoes of slaves from the <iuauaja Islands, ami that the virtuous one linn-
dred indignantly refused so to disobey (iod and the king as to turn fi'i'e ])eo-
))lc int'» slaves. ' Y des(pie vinios los soldados, (pie ai|Uello (jue pediael I )iego
A'llazipiez no era justo, le respondimos, (jue lo riuede/ia, no lo mandaua i>i((s,
ni el Key; (jue hiziessemos a hn libres esclavos.' J/l-'t. I'lTilod., i. On tlie
strengtli of which fiction, Zaniacr>is, Hi-<t. Mrj., ii. 'I'lA, launches into lamla-
tion ot the Spanish charactei'. 1'lie lionest soldier, liowcvei-, finds diiHculty in
making tlie worKl believe his statement. Las Casas, Hist. I nil., iv. H4S, does
nut iiesitiiteto say veiy plainly that the ex])editii>n was sent out to capture In-
dians, ' ir e enviar j'l salteai' indios para traer ii ella.' for whicii jnirpose there
were always men witli money reaily; and that on this occasion ('lirdoba. Mo-
ran te, anil('aieedos\ibscviticd l,.")(l()or'_'.0()()castellanoseach, togoand eatcli In-
dians, ■.itherat the I.ucayas Islands ov elsewhere. Tonniemada, i. 'M\), writes
niiirt! mililly, yet ]>lainly enough ; ' ])aia ir ;"i buscar Indins, a las Islas ( 'on-
vccinas, y hacer Ucscates, como hasta entonces lo acDstnmbraban. ' Cngolludo,
Hi"'. Y>i''iilhiiii, 1 (i, follows tJernal |)iazalm'ist Htcrally. Oomara, Hist. Iml.,
(111. is non-<;ommitt;il, .stating tirst ' jiara desciibrir y rescatar,' and afterward,
' Otros dizeu <|U(! )>ai'a traer esclauos dtlas yslas (luanaxosa sus minas y gran-
jcrias.' Ovieilo ami Herrera pass by the ((uestion. Landa. f'el. (h: Ymiitini,
|(i, 'a rescatar esclavos para las nuiias, ipu; ya en Cuba se yv.a la gente apo-
eando y (|ue otrosdizen ([nesalioa dcscubrir tierra.' Says the unknown author
of />!' J{i liii.t (tcsti.t /■rnliii/iiii/i ( 'Drit'sii, in /nrJitiJi'i ti, Col. Dor., \. ,S;{,s, 'In
has igitur insulas ad grassanilumet [)r:eilaniluni, \it ita dicam, ire hi de (|uibu3
su|ira dictum est, constituerant; mm in lucatanam. ' It is clear to my nun<l
tiiat slaves were the first object, and that discovery was secondary, and an
after-thouglit.
' lUrnal Diaz holda persistently to 1 10. It was 1 lOwhocanie from Tierra
I'irmc, and after divers recruits and additions the number was still 110.
CAPE CATOCHE.
rra
sailed as a boy with the old admiral, I romeniljcr he
iiR'liiUHl this wa}'." Suddenly the vision of Cordoba
cnlari^ed. Here might be something better, nobler,
more juofitable even than kidnapping the poor na-
tives. Despatching a messenger to Velazquez, Cor-
doba asked, in case new discoveries were made while
on tlie way to catch Indians, for })ermission to a(fc
as the governor's lieutenant in such lands. The de-
sired authority was granted, and from the haciendas
near by were brought on board sheep, j)igs, and
mares, so that stock-raising might bejjrin if settle-
ments wer-e formed.
Sailing from the Habana, or San Cristobal, the 8th
of February, 1517, they came to Cape San Antonio,
whence, on the 12th., they struck westward, and after
certain days,^ daring two of which they were severely
tempest-tossed, they discovered land;'' first the jxiint
of an island, where were some fine salt-fields, and cul-
tivated ground. The peo[)le who appeared on the
shore were not naked as on the Islands, but well
dressed in white and colored cotton, some with oi-na-
jnents of gold, silver, and feathers. The men were
* Authorities v.-iry, from four days jrivcn liy I^as Casas, ami six liy Ovieilo,
to 'J! hy I'xrnal |)ia/anil llorroia. 'J'lie date of dciiartnri; is al>i) di^ (Hitiil,
but tlio (lilj't ToncL's aru iiiiiin[)<)rtaiit. (V)nii)arc I'fl' r Marfiir, ilco. iv. eaj).
vi.; l)ni'>;i, Iti.^iunr IliM. Am., i. !).'{; ('Inriiji'm, Storia Mvk.i., ill. IJ; I.h.i ('u.-^m,
Hist. I'luL, iv. .'MS-O;}; Coil'iHiii/n, ni.it. Yili-dthiiii, W-H; (iniiHim, I list. J,,,/.,
GO-l; liirniil JJiaz, Jfi4. Vm-ilad., l-'2; H>:rreni, <k'c. ii. lih. ii. cap. xvii.;
8iAi)i, Hist. Mi'x., i. ■2'J-4 ; Viilaik ('nrlrs, or JJc llclin.t (li>.^ti.-i Ffrfliiididli Cnr-
/«■</(. in lrirji(tlri-ta, ('ill. J)i>i\, i. ;iHl-4l ; Mrirrh >/ Jjufjorfi, Mnrimi Esixiiiuld,
i. 4(i.'{-S; ]'i,l/('rfioii'.i llixt. Am., i. '-'.'JT -tO; r(tiiiiiiirt'.i ///,</. Yin-., .VS.
'Tluiugh niiiarkalily fair and judifious in the main, Mr l'ro.scott'.'< ])arli-
ality fur a tcrtain class of Ids material is evident. 'J"o the cu])ies trom the
Spani.sh archives, most of wiiicli have been since jMililished with Imndrcds of
others ei|ually or more valuable, lie seemed to attach an im|iiirtancc jirnpur-
tionate to tluir cost. Thus, tliroui.'h(>ut his entire wurk, these [ia|iers aie
paraded to the exclusion of the more reliable, but more aci'essilile, st/indanl
authorities. In the attempt, at this ]Miint, to fnUow at once his doi nment
and the ])lainly current facts, he falls into an erim-of wiiirh la'apjieai-s niicun-
Bcious. He states, ('mii/. Mt.i:., i. 'J'.'"-', tiiat ('iircli(ba 'sailed with three vi-;scls
on an expe<litioii to one 'tf the neiuhiiorinir l).iliama Islands, in ijue-t nf Indian
slaves. He enconntered a succession of hejivy gales uhich drove him tar mit
of his course.' The lialiama Islands arc eastwaril from Habana, while <',ipe
San Antonio is toward the west. All the authorities agree that the expedition
sailed directly westward, and that the storm clicl not occur until ;ifter ('a|M;
San Antonio I'.ad l)ecn jiassed, which Icavi's Mr I'rcscott among other ermrs
in tiiat of driving a tleet to the westward, in a storm, when it has already
Bulled thither by the will of its commander, in fair weather.
! :
i3
it'
8 VOYAGE OF CORDOBA TO YUCATAN.
bold and bravo, and the women well-fornied and mod-
est, with head and breast coveJ"ed. Most wonderlid
of all, however, were some great towers, built of
stone and lime, with steps leadini^ to the top; and
chapels covered with wood and straw, within which
were found arranj^ed, in artistic order, many idols
apparently re})resenting women, and that led the
Spaniards to name the })lacc De Las Mugeres." Pro-
ceeding northward, they came to a larger point, of
island or mainland ; and presently they descried, two
leagues from the shore, a large town, which was
called El Gran Cairo.
While looking for an anchorage, on the morning of
the 4th of March, five canoes approached the com-
mander's vessel, and thirty men ste])ped fearlessly on
board. The canoes were largo, soniu of tlitini capable
oi' holding fifty persons; the men wore intelligent, and
woYo a sleeveless cloak and apron of cotton.' The
Si)aniar(ls gave them bacon and bread to cat, and to
each a necklace of green glass beads. After closely
scrutinizing the shij) and its belongings, the natives put
oH' for the shore. Early next day ap[)eared the caci(|Uo
with many men in twelve ca'^oes, making signs of
friendship, and crying, Concx cotoch! that is to say,
Come to our houses; whence the place was called
Punta de Catoche,^ which name it bears to-day.
* Following Goinani and Torquemada, Galvano mentions the name of no
otliLT [)laL'o in tlii.s voyage than that of Punta de las Dnenas, wliioli lie jtlaces in
latitude •_'(). lie furtlier reniaiks, /Jcarohrhwiitiin, l.'-ii, ' He gete uiilhor at-iu-
iada i|ue ha em neuhua outra terra, & eruzes em ((' os Intlios adorauam, & os
imuhaia sohre sens detuntos<iuando faleeiani, donde ]iareeiaiiiie em algiim tejio
se seiitio .ily a fe de Cluisto. ' The anonymous author of /)<■ Jlehiis Ui ftisixwA
all tlie l>est atithoritiet! reoogni/.e this as the first discovery. 'Sieipio non ad
(iuana\os, (juos petehant, aiipulerunt, se<l ad Mulienim promoiitoiium.' Fer-
nando Colon l)laoes on his map, lo'JT, ,'/.' de iniijcrcs; Diego de Uihero, 1,VJ!1,
(/■ iiiinirir't, the next name noi'th being niii(rM)i(i.-<. Vax. Dourado, l."i7l, laya
down three islands which he calls /*;. de mn'jrclf.t; Hood, I.VJ'i, }'. (h iiim rr.<;
Laet, l(i:i;{, >■"••* (/(' 111 Id- hi' /■('<; Ogilliy, 1071, //"■* (/'■■■n-onoriilft; bamjiier, KiilJ),
/. iiiiKirrds: Jctlerys, ITTU, /i' i/c J//y'('rc.-i, or IVoinan'-'i /. It was this name
that led lertain of the chroniclers to speak of islands oil" tlic coast of Vu(..taii
iulialiited liy Ama/ons. ' Sirvio de asilo en miestros dias al celel^rc pirata.
Liilitte.' liolrtin Je In Socictlnd .l/c.r. di' Ocoi/., iii. 'J'J4.
' For a description of these people see JlitiirrqlTK \atirc /iVuvs', i. f)4,"i-747.
•* See l.niida, livl. <lc Yiic, (>. ' l>oiini.ni Cotoche sonat; iudicatiant enini
domus et oppiduni luuul longe abesse.' iJii livbu'< LlvMia Fcrdinandi Vortcnii, iu
ARRIVAL AT CAMrECHE.
Thus invited, Cordoba, with sovoral of his ofliccr-s,
and twent^'-tive soldiers arnu-d with cross-hows and
lircloeks, aot'oni}>anied the natives to the shoiv, where
the caei{]ue with earnest invitations to visit liis town
managed to lead them into ambush. The natives
fought with flint-edged wooden swords, lanees, bows,
and slings, and were protected l)y armors ol" <|uilted
cotton and shields, their faces being painted and their
heads plumed. Thej charged the enemy bravely,
amidst shouts and noise of instruments; several of
the Spaniards were wounded, two fatally. At length
the natives gave way before the sharp and sul|ihnrou8
enginery of their exceedingly strange visitants, leav-
ing til'teen of their number dead upon the ground.
Two youths were taken prisoners, who were after-
ward baptized and named Julian and ^Eelchor, and
})roiitably emjdoyed by the Sj)aniards as interpret-
ers. Near the battle-ground stood three more of
those curious stone temples, one of which was en-
tered by Father Gonzalez during the fight, and the
earthen and wooden idols and ornaments and plates
of inferior gold found there were carried away to the
ship.
Embarking, and proceeding westward, the Span-
iards arrived a fortnight later at Campeche,'' wliere
their amazement was increased on beholding the
number and beauty of the edifices, while the blood
Iriizh(ilc(t,i, Col. Dor., i. XV.). ' Concz ootoclie. (7 (jiiieru dczir, Ainlinl noa n mis
casa.s.' llirrvr<t, ilco. ii. lib. ii. cap. xvii. ' C'Dtolic, totdliu,' that is ti) way,
'a liiinse.' FanvoiirCn lli^t. Yur., (i. ' Cotoclu', ("i (luiLMc ilczir casa.' (I'luiinift,
J/if^t. hill., 01. ' Vun (scv/(ir/i, con curoloc/i, y (|ui(-Tu di'/ir, ainlad acji a mis
casa.4.' JiiriKil />iaz. Hint. I'eiilail., -. 'J'liis, llio iiortli-castcni iiuiiildt \'iua-
taii, is (111 Fcrnanilo CoIoh's map, l.VJT, ijolwhi'; on tiioiiuqiof hicirixlL' iJilicri),
]."i'Jlt, /i: <r rotor hi'; Va/ Douiado, l."i7l, (':. ilr i/iioter/ii; I'ih.'stiiiia, r:, ilr sum-
I'ltl'l. ll()i)d places a little west of the cape a i)ay, Ii. dr roiiil; the next iiamo
Wi^iitXA Atdliiia. (lolihrliiiiiilt'ii (iirtn J. Par. < 'ini.-<t, .MS., i. ,'{.")S. Kohl, linilni
iilti stfii knflrii, Id.'l, brink's tiie expedition here tlie 1st of .Maich. I.as('asan,
y//^^ ///(/., iv. .'J.'JO, coiitonnds Ctpniolia's and < irijalva's voyautes in tiiis respect,
tliat brings the former at once tu Co/iimcl, «lien, as a matter of tact, Conloba
never .xaw that islaml.
"So called by the natives, but by the Spaniards namc(l San l.azaro, l)e-
causc 'it \va.s a l)on»ini;i) de La/aro ' when tliey landed. Net Jiibcro writes
rliil/iit, while Va/. Dourado cnqiloys llnyirn, and }[ood, <'iiiiii>r'li>/: l^aet gives
the name correctly; Ogilby anil .lelt'eiys call the i)lace S. /'/•■" '/'/ Caiiijitc/ie.
' Lod Indios le dezio yuunpecli.' Jlmtra, dec. ii. lib. ii. cap. .wii.
10
VOYAGE OF CORDOBA TO YUCATAN.
,«Jll
1^ .';:
and other evidences of human sacrifice discovered
about the altars of the temples filled their souls with
horror. And as they were viewing these monu-
ments of a sujierior culture, the troops of armed
natives increased, and the priests of the temjiles,
])roducing a bundle of reeds, set fire to it, siijfni ly-
ing to the visitors that unless they took +heir de-
parture before the reeds were consumed every one of
them would be killed. Remembering their wounils
at Catoclie, the Spaniards took the hint and de-
parted.
They were soon caught in a storm and severely
shaken; after which they began to look about for
water, whicli had by this time become as precious to
th(!m as the Tyrian mures tincture, of whicli each
shell-fish gave but a single drop. They accordingly
came to anchor near a village called Potonchan, l)ut
owing to a sanguinary battle in which they were
driven back, Cordoba named the ))lace I^ahi'a do Mala
Pelea.^" In this engagement the natives did not
shrink from fighting hand to hand with the foe.
Fifty-seven Spaniards were killed on the spot, two
were carried off alive, and five died subsequently on
shi])boai'(l. Those whom the natives could not kill
they followed to the shore, in their disajipointed
rage, wading out into the sea after them, like the
bloodthirsty Cyclops who pursued the Trojan yEneas
and his crew. But one man escaped unharmed, and
he of all the rest was selected for slaughter by the
nati\'es of Florida. Cordoba received twelve wounds;
Bernal Diaz three. The survivors underwent mucli
sufierinu: before reachinir Cuba, for the continued
'" X<n\' Cliainpoton, npplieil to river nnd town. Ribcro writes camri);
Hood, ('hmiipoto; Mereator, ChnpOloii, and town next north, il/«c««,'/rt. I'o-
toiicliaii, ill the ahoriginiil tongue, signifies, 'Stinking PUieo.' Mereator lias
als() tlie town of Potoi-han, west of Tabasco River. U'cst-/iidinc/ii^ S/iicii/trl,
J'ttiH-hiun. ]jH't, Ogilby, and Jetlerys follow with ChaiiifxHoa in the UHiial
variatidiiH. 'V Uegaroii fV otra provineia,' says Oviedo, i. 4!).S, '(jne los iniiios
Hainan Ai/iianil, y el prineipal pueblo della se di. e Moncnlm, y el rey 6 eavi'pio
de a(|n('l seudiio se llama Cliiapoton ;' and thus the author of J)<' lli'hus Ui'st.'m
Fcnliiitni'li Ciirfr^ii, 'Neo ibu navigaverant, eiini Mochocobocuui pervuuiuut.'
Jcazbulctht, Col. Doc, i. 340.
RETURN TO CUBA.
It
hostilities of tlio nativos jireventod their ohtaiiiing
the iieedliil suj)iily of water.
There heiiiLi^ no one else to curse except them-
selves, they eui'si'd the pilot, Alaniiiios, for his dis-
covery, and for still persistinjjj in calling the country
an island. Then they left Mala Pelca Bay and w-
turncd alonof the coast, north-eastwardly, for three
days, M'hen they entered an opening in the shore to
Avliieh thev ijave the name of Estero de los Lajjartos,"
from the multitude of caimans found there. Afti'r
hurning one of the ships which had become unsea-
worthy, Cordoha crossed from this point to Florida,
and thence proceeded to Cuba, where he died from
his wounds, ten days after reaching his home at Santi
Kspiritu.
J )iego Velazquez was much interested in the details
of this discovery. He closely questioned the two cap-
tives about their country, its t;old, its ijreat buildiiiirs,
and the plants which grew there. When shown the
vucca root thev assured the i^overnor that they were
familiar with it, and that it was called by them talc,
though in Cuba the ground in which the yucca grew
bore that name. From these two words, according
to Bernal Diaz, comes the name Yucatan; for while
the governor was s|)eaking to the Indians of y\(cca
and tule, some Spaniards standing by exclaimed, "You
see, sir, they call their country Yucatan.""
" rinzon nnd Snlia must have found alli^iators in tlicir nortliwanl cruiso,
otluTwist! IVtor Martyf couM nut lioni'stly lay down on liis map of India I"-,
voiiil thf dfiiKjis, in |,")I0, tilt' /«;///« (/' liiijiirtiiH nortli of ijuana.'ie. Maiincrs
must liavc given tin- coast a Imd name, tor diri'ctly noitli of tiic A', de. Id of
Colon, tlie li:. di- lafi /'■'<)< of llilicro, tin; AV. </'■ /'V/itrt^ of Vaz l^oiirado, and
till' li. </<• l,aij(irtiM of Hood, an' placed Home ivi'f.s by all these chart-makii-s,
and to which they give the name A/'i'-niiif/', Scorpions. The next name west
of L'lgartos on Maj) \o. x., M itn'ich Alius, i^i-ti>'tiini.^(t, and on No. xiii. Oslitmii.
-Again next west, on lioth. is Mcdniinx. On No. x., next to roaln ni.sa, and on
No. xiii., west of PunUnh hi.-< Ariii(i<,\'A\\w\\n.\w' Aiiriiiirs. Ogilhy gives iiere
11. di' I'dii'd, and in the inferior south, a town t'ltiid; I'ast of JL dc L((ijiirl'i.i\n
also the town (,'".'/"> "'"^ '" large lettci-s the name ('hinu-d.
" ' Dezian los Ksjianoles (j'estavan halilailocon el Diego Velazquez, y con los
Indios: Senor estus Indios dizen, (pie sii tierra se llama VuiJita, y assi so, ipiedo
loeste m'lbre, <|ue en propria lengua no. sc dizeassi.' Hi-<l. I'.rilml., ."). (iomaia,
///>/. Iiid., (iO, states that after naming CatiM-Iie, a little fai'ther on the Span-
iaiils met some natives, of whom they asked tlie name of the town near liy.
Tucteta, wad the reply, which mean.s, 'I do not uuderstand. ' The Spanianls,
12
VOYAOE OF c6RD0BA TO YUCATAN.
The |)i(>|ilt' of tliis coast scciiumI tt> ]\i\\v licaivl (»f
the Sj)iuii;ii-tls, for at several places thev sliouli'd '( 'as-
tiliaiisl' and asked the straiiLTers bv sii^iis il' thev did
not come from toward the i-isiniif sun. Yet, neither
the <jflimj)sc caught of Yucatan by l*in/,on and Soils
in I. ■)()(! while in search of a strait north of Guana ja
Island where Cokunbus had been, nor the piratical
expedition of Cordoba, in 1517, can properly be called
the discovery of Mexico.*^ Meanwhile Mexico can
well afford to wait, being in no haste for Eur()i)ea;)
civilization, and the attendant boons which Europe
seems so desirous of conferring.
nc'ccptiiiii tliia as the answer to their question, calh'd the cmintrv Ycetetan,
and soon Yucatan. Wahleek. Toi/. Pillorcsi/iir, '2'>, ilvrivfr* th»! name I'loiii the
native Vionl <iiii/uitrku/fin. 'hstentowhattliey *<">■•' The native nanu' was Maya.
See lliiiHioj't'H Salivf iiiicax, v. (il4 .'{4. 'I'heie are vaiioiis other tlleolies and
renderiiijis, among tiiein the folk)\ving: In answer to Curdoli I's ini|iiii y ;is to
the name of their eountiy, the natives exelaimeil, ' /(// /( /«(//, esto i"< : ('/''■'' <'<"""
/idliliii'' ZiiiiinriiiK, lllsl. Mij., ii. '2'2S. 'Que jireLtuntundo a estos linlios, si
iiuia en sii tierra a(]nella.s rayzes quo se Ihima Yuea. . . . Ues])(iiulian Ilatli, jior
hi tierra en (jue se ]ilantan, y (|Ue de Yuea juntado eon Ihitli, se dixo ^'u^■att;l,
yde alii Yueatiin.' //irrcrn, dee. ii. lib. ii. eaji. xviii. Wlieneesccver tlie nri^'in,
it was elearly a mistake, as there never was an aboriginal designation fur tho
whole country, nor, like the Japanese, have they iianu's for their straits or
bays. Forsonu! time Yucatan was supposed to be an island. (Iri jalv.i called
the country /.•.■/<» dcSniitd Murknh' Rema/ioH, though that term w;is cmjiloyed
by few. In early documents the two names are united ; instance tlie instruc-
tions of Velazquez to Cortes, wiiero the country is called / ( )'.</(( (/<• Ynfntiin
Sid }/iiriii <lc /^emnlinn. On Cortes' chart of thetJulfof Mexico, I.VJO, it is
called Yiiriitdii, and represented as an is;and. ("olon, 1.VJ7, and Ifibcro, l.'i'J!),
who write /iviitaii; Ptolemy, in Miomler, 1,">.S0, liii'ittniiii ; .Orontius, on his
globe, l.'i.'U, Iiii-otmin; Munich Alktit, no. iv., \'uM 40, ciicnliiii: liiiptista
Aguese, I'lW-itO, iiicalaii; Mercator, l.KiO, Irratiui ; Michael Lok, l.")S'_*, //(•
(■(il')ii; llondius, lo'X), Luet, Ogilby, etc., yucat'tii, which now assumes penin-
Bular jiroportions.
' ' The term Mexico lias widely dilTi'rent niciiiuugs under ditFcrent condi-
tions. At first it signified only tho capital of the Nahna nation, and it was
live hundred ye;irs before it overspreail the tei'ritory now known by that name.
Mexico City was founded in lltl'."), and was called Mi .liin '/\'iioi/i/i//,iii. Tho
latter appellation has been connected with Tiiiin/i, the Aztec leader at
this time, and with tho sign of .a no]ial on a stoiu", called in A/.tn', re-
spectively nofhtli and letl, the final syHable representing locality, and tho
tii'st, /(', divinity or suix'riority. The word ^Ie\ico, however, was then
rarely used, 'renochtithm being the ctmnnon term employed; and this was
retained by the Spaniarils for some time after the cotKpiest, even in
imperial decrees, and in the official records of the city, though in tho
eoirupt forms of Tim'iXiitun, Tenusfititn, etc. See l/ihio dc ('(iliilihi, ir)"_*4-!),
:MS. Tonjuemada, i. 293, st^ites distinctly that even in his time the natives
never employed any other designation for the iincieut city than Teiiochtitlan,
which was also the name of the chief and fashionable waril. Soils, Co/c/.
Jlrr., i. ,S!K), is of opinion that ilcxico was the name of the wanl, Tenoch-
titlan being applied to the whole city, in which case Mexico Tenoehlitlan
would signify the ward Mexico of the city Tenoclititlan. Gradually the
TlIK NAMK MKXICO.
13
Spiuiisli rroonls ))pjinn to ndtl Mexii'o to T'MUH'lititlnn, nml in those of the
first |ii(iviiu'iiil ociiiiu'il, helil in I.Vi.'i, wo tiuil written 'J'l ini.rtillni) Miriro.
< 'iiiii-ili'iK /'/•()('., i. ami ii., MS. In tiic lourse of time tlic oUltT luul more in-
triiati' name ili»ai)|n.'ari'(I, th()ii>,'ii tlio I'ity arnist ulwayn rt'tnint-'d tho Hynilxilio
uul>iil und atuuu. t'lariyi ro, Storia Mv»»., i. IGSj iv. iJlw-70; Soc, JJtx. O'eoj/.
Abmm of tub Repudijo or Mexico.
14
VOYAOE OF CORDOBA lO YUCATAX.
^fer!rn in Bmnll letters, inlaml, as if npplied to a town, nltlioii^h no tnwii U
(lesit-'natetl ; I'toleiiiy, in MiiiiKlir, \'u\\\ j,'ivits Ti ini^iititii; Mnnir/i AthtK, no.
vi., ^^\lIlIH)Me(l to liave iKJcn drawn In'tween l.'i.'J'J anil l."(40, TiiU'liittan n I
Minirhii; liaptistA Aifneso, l.'>4(>- 50, 'J'imilin/ilii tri Mixirit; Haniusio, I, ")(!.">,
Jiiriiii; Mcriulor'n All'ix, l,")(il), J/ij'iVo, an a citv, ami Triiiichilldti ; Michael
Lok, l.")S'J, Mfxko, in HondiuH, alwuit 1 ")!(.">. in l)i-<(kr'n iVorltl Kiifntiiiinnxiil,
the city m Mrrico, ami the gulf lia'ia ili Mi'rifn; Hiin<1iuH. in I'lirrhaH, 11 in
J'il'iriiiicn, Ijiot, Ogilhy, Dainpier, Wcnt-fiidinche Sji'wjhil, .Facoh Coloni, anil
otlier Heventeentli-eentury authorities, give uniformly to the city, or to tlio
I'ity ami province, but uut to the couutry ut large, the name (u ut present
writteu.
CHAPTER II.
JUAN DE GRIJALVA EXPLORES THE WESTERN SIDE OF THE
MEXICAN GULF.
1518.
Vela/qvez Plans a New Expekitiox — Gives the Command to ni.^
Nei'HEw, JfAN deGkijalva — Who Emdakks at Santiacd ani> Stuikes
f HE Continent at Cozi'mei. Island— Coasts Soithwaud to AsrENsiox
Bay — Then TruNS and Doi-hles Cape Catoche — Namino ok New
Spain — Fight at Champoton— Arrival at Laoi-na de Tekminos —
Al-vminos, the Pilot, is Satisfied that Yicatan is an Island —
They Coast westward and Discover the Rivers San Pedro y Sav
Pablo and Tabasco — Notaiile Interview at this Place iietween
THE ErR0PE.\NS AND THE AMERICANS— ThE ClLHIA Col NTRV — TlIEY
Pass La Ramrla, Tonala, the Rio Goazacoalco, the Mountain of
San Martin, the Rivers of Alvarado and Banderas, and Come to
THE IsL.\NDS of SaCRIFICIOS AND SaN JlAN DE UlCA.
As Diego Velazquez talked with Cordoba's men,
and with the captives, Melchor and Julian, and ex-
amined the articles obtained from the natives, their
su[)erior kind and workmanship, and the gold and
images taken from the temi)le at Catoche by Father
(ionzalez, all grew significant of yet greater things
beyond. The hardships attending the expeilitiou were
light to him who ditl not share them, and the late
commander being now dead, the governor found him-
self free to act as best suited him.
He determined at once on a new expedition. There
was a young man who seemed admirably fitted for
the purpose, Juan de Grijalva, a gentleman of the
governor's own town of Cuellar, nephew of Velaz-
quez, though some deny the fact; he was twenty-
eight years of age, handsome, chivalrous, courteous,
(15)
4!
:-!li
16
GRIJALVA EXPLORES THE MEXICAN GULF.
and as lionost as lie Avas bravo. He had been with
the governor for some thne, and the wonder was how
so bad a master should have so good a man. There
was no lack of volunteers, two hundred and forty ^
coming forward at once; among them several who
afterward became famous. Two caravels were added
to the two brought back by Cordoba, making in all,
refitted and equipped, four vessels, the San Schastiaii,
the Trinidad, the Santiago, and the Santa Maria de
los Jlctnedios. The pilots and many of the men from
the former expedition were engagetl, and some natives
of Cuba N/ere taken as servants. Grijalva, as com-
mander of the armada, directed one vessel, and Pe-
dro de Alvarado, Alonso Dilvila, and Francisco do
Montejo,^ were appointed captains of the others.
Grijalva's instructions were not to settle, but only to
discover and trade.** License was obtained from the
Jeronimite Fathers, who stipulated that Francisco de
Penalosa should accompany the expedition as veedor.
As priest, attended one Juan Diaz,* and Diego de
Godoy went as notary.
'Solisand FrciTerasay2,")0; (TomaraanflOalvano,200; Fctcr Martyr, 300, etc.
- Torcjueniada, i. 358, asserts that Moutejo furnislicd liis own vessel, fiml
that Aluii.so Hernandez Puertooiirrero, Alouso Diivila, Diego do Ordaz, and
other.-', went at their own cost.
^ As upon this point, that is to say, the orders and their fulfilment, turned
tho in-c.i;.iy, not only of Grijalv:i, but of the conquest, there has been much
controversy over it. 'Si luan do Grijalua supiera -onocer aquella buena ve-
tura, y ]ioblara alii como los tie su (iompania le I'Ogauan, fueraotro Cortes, mas
no era pnra el tanto bien, ni lleuaua coniission do jwblar.' O'omarn, Il\»t. Intl.,
57-8. Partisans of Cortt^s vegard Gnjalva with disdain, while no one seems
greatly to caro for Velazquez. Hernal Diaz w.is of opinion that the matter of
founding a colony was left to Grijalva's discretion; out Las Casas, M'ho had
much better opportunities for knowing, being intimate with the governor, and
at speei^d pains to ascertain tho truth of the matter, states clearly that Gri-
jalva's instrnetions were positive, that he should not settle but only trnde.
' IJartoloiue do liis Casas, autor de mucha fc, y quo con particular eaydado lo
([ui.so saber, y era gran auiigo, y muy intimo de Diego Velazquez, dize que fue
la instniccion que espressaniente no poblasse, sino q solamente reseatasse."
//cm/a, dec. ii. lib. iii. cap. i. So hold Torquemada, Solis, and all careful
writers on the sidijeut.
^ Or lis he calls himself, 'capellano maggior ' of the armada. Long before
the soldier, Beinnl Diaz, published his 'True History,' Juan Diaz had given
to the world an iiccount of the voyage, fthwrarh) t/r la isoln de lurfiatnii, fol-
lowing the /thii rarlo <t<' Liidovlco <h Varthcma /Inlofjniw mlln Kijitfo, etc., in a
volunie printed at Venice in 1.V20. Juan Diaz dis]Mites tl'.e honor with
Bartolonie de Olnicdo of having iir'jt said mass in the city of Mexico.
COZUMEL ISLAND.
17
riieil
imcli
Vl'-
•,/.,
cms
r of
had
ii.l
ri-
le,
lo
fuo
ISO."
■cl'ul
foro
iveii
fol-
in a.
rith
o
Embarking from Santiago do Cuba tbe 8tb of
April, 1 J18, and leaving Cape San Antonio on Satur-
day,'' the first of May, they fell to the south of their
intended course, and on ]\Ionday sighted the i.sland
of Cozumel," which they named Santa Cruz,'' " be-
cause," says Galvano, "they came to it the third of
jMay." After passing round the northern })()int on
the si.Kth^ in search of anchorage, the connnander
^ Here again Prescott fiills into error in attempting to follow a niannscript
copy of Juan Diaz, witliout iluu liecil to the standanl ehroniclers. ^Ir I're.s-
cott writes, Mfx\, i. '2-24, 'The fleet left the port of St .lago <le Ciil>a, May
1, l.")IS,' and refers to the Itlncrarh of Juan l)iaz in proof of his statement,
lint Juan Diaz makes no such statement. ' Sahbato il primo giorno del mese
de Mazo,' he says, Jtimrario, in Iiuzlxilnta, Col. J foe, i. '281, 'de questo
sopradito anno parti il dicto capitaneo de larniata de lisoia Fernandina.'
Saturday, the 1st day of May, the armada left the island of Fernandina, or
Cuba. The writer does not intimate that they left the port of Santiaj^o on
tliat day, which, as a matter of fact, they did not, but tlie extreme western
JH))nt of tlie island, Cape San Antonio. Tliis I'reswtt miglit further have
earned from Herrera, dec. ii. lib. iii. cap. i., 'Despachado pues luan de (irijalua
de todo ])unto, .sidio <lel puerto de Satiai,'o de Cuba, a oeiio de Abril deste auo
de l.")18;' from Bernal Diaz, Ifinf. Vcntwl., (>, who statics tliat all met and at-
tended mass at Matanzas, the 5th of ,-\[)ril, just prior to sailing; ' Y despues
de auer oido Missa con gran <lcuoeion, en einc) dias del nies de Abrit de mil y
(|uiidentos y diez y ochoanos diinos vela ;' from Solis, Comi. Mvx., i. "J"), 'tar-
daron tinalmentc en hacerse ii la mar liasta los oeho de Abril ;' from Itoliertson,
JIlsf.Ain., i. '_'41, 'He sailed from St Jigo de Cul)a on (he Sth of .\[iril,' etc;.
TernauN-Compans perpetrates two gross blunders in the fii-st four lines of
liis tr.inslation of this Jliiicrarlo of .luan Diaz. First hv writes March for .Mi»y,
' eipiivoeando, ' ,;s Icazbalceta says, 'l,i jiiilabra mn-n del original eon tnnr.'i,''
ami, seeomlly, bo brings the fleet to Cozuniel island on the4th, wlien lusn\itIior
writes the .'kl, which is enougli, without the paljiable al)surdity of maUiiig
Monday the 4tli day of a mimtii wheriun the previous S:iturday was the tst.
Oviedo states, i. rtlW, that 'salieron del puerto de la eibdad de Sancliagoi'i Ins
veynte e cinuo dias del mes ile enero; ' that they were at Matanzas the I'Jth of
Feliruary, at Faiiana the 7th of April; tiiat tliey li'ft Matan/as finidly tho
20ih of April, ami San Antonio the 1st of May, in all whieh, except the last
statement, he . somewhat ijonfused.
^ Like Ti. good soldier, liernal Diaz makes the time fit the occasion. '.\ esto
pueblo,' he says, IHkI. I'tiilftil., 7, '|iusini.)s por nondire Santa Cruz; )>nvij
quatro, o eineo diuz antes do Santa Cruz Im viinos.' 'i'he native n;ime ot tin;
island wna Ai'ii^itmil — l^anda, A'r /.(/»'}'(/'. , 2(1, writes it ('ir.ii)il; Cogolliidn. ///>■'.
Vii'dtliiiii, ]{\, ('iiznn)'il — Swallows Islj-nd, \vhi<li was finally eorrii))ttd into
the Cozumel of tiic Spanianls. .Meveator, indeed, writes Ariis/tniil, in I'li;!),
although C(dou, Kibero, and Hood 'aad previously given rnrinin I, rir.inii'l, and
Co'iniiiil. respectively. Vaz Dourailo oomes f)ut, in l,")7l, with i/no'iumill. sineo
which tinu! the name has lieen genefnlly written ns at present.
' Some of the authorities ajiply the name Simtn ( 'in/, to a port; otliers to a
town f<iund there; but it was unqu 'stionably the island to whieli they gave
this name. ' A questa isola de Coi,'niiiel ehe alina se adiinanda Santa Ci'uce.'
7>m:. /tiiurfirio, in Ira-Jiiilrftfi. Cnl. ])o.\. i. '1H"1. 'So le pnso nomlire il csta
Jsla Sfinrla Cruz, A. ia (pial los indios Ihiri'im Cr:ni!ih !.' Dviulo, \. ,")()4.
' This, according to Diaz ; Ovicdc says vhey landed on Wednesdiiy, the .'ith,
nnd agiiin on the (ith ; and Bernal Diaz atl.rms that the landing took place on
the south side of the island.
UisT. Mex., Vol. I. 2
\H
ORI.IALVA EXPLORES THE >rEXICAX GULF.
IuikUhI \vlt,li a liuiulrec'. men, and asccndiiiLif a high
tower took jiosscssion of tlie coiintrv; alter whieh,
mass was said. And Las Casas (|uestions it' it wa.s
<|iiite rii^ht for Juan ])iaz; to hold tliis solenm service
in a place where sacrifices were wont to he made to
Satan; for even between the two ofreat and formal
exercises of the Spaniards, an old Indian ])riest with
his attendants had entered and had blown incense
hel'ore the idols, as if to rouse his gods to vindicate
their might before these opposing worshii)pers. To
'I
CSin Antonio^ --^ .'"i-
Punta di Calc^hu
the point was given the name San Felipe y Santiago,
jmd to a tt)wn standing near, that of San Juan ante
J*<)i-tam r.atinam. Then thev entered the town, and
lound thcri' houses of stout', and ])aved streets, in the
evis of Juan J)iaz not unlike the towns of S|)anish
construction. Meanwhih;, a small party ])eneti-ated
one or two leagues into the interior, and observed
otlu'i- towns and cultivated landr^.
While crossing to the Yucatan coast the following
day, they descried in the distance three towns, and,
as tliey descended toward the south, a city "so lai-ge
that Seville could not show to better ad\!Uitage."
THE NAME NEW SPAIN,
1ft
uite
and
tlic
ush
I ted
ved
[in^
mil,
L'C.
Next thoy caiiio to a jjfreat opeiiiiiL? in the shore, to
which, after Alain inos had examined it in a boat, thcjy
jjrave the name of IJaliia de la Ascension, from the
day of discovery. Unable to find a pass in this di-
rection round the supposed island of Yucatan, they
turned back, passed Cozuiiiel, and, roundiinjf t!ie penin-
sula, arrived at Campeehe the 25th, rescuing on their
way a woman from Jamaica.
l^verywherc they beheld the same evidences of
high culture seen by Cordoba, the tower-temples and
crosses of the Mayas rising from gracefully outlined
promontories, and glistening white from behind le-
gended hills, leading them every moment to antici-
pate the discovery of some magniHcent city, such as
in our day has been revealed to an admiring poster-
ity; for while the East buries her ancient cities in
dust, the West none the less effectually hides hers
ill foliai^e. And of the monuments to the u'reatness
of the past, and of the profitless millions here en-
gendered, who shall speak? And why do men call
nature considerate or kind? ])oes she not create
only to destroy, and bestow blessings and cursings
M'it.h the same merciless indifierence? Surpassingly
lovely, she is at once siren, mirse, and sanguinary
beldam. This barren border of the juniinsula rested
under a caiiojiy of clear or curtained sky, and glared
in iiiingled gloom and brightness beside the fickle
gulf; and from the irregular j»lains of the interior
came the heated, perfumevl air, telling here of ti'ee-
less table-laiuls, of languid vegetation, and there of
foi'ests and evergreen groves. " It is like Sjtain,"
cried one. And so they calltnl the country Nueva
Esp;ina," which name, at first apjilied only to the
"* It wus the crossns, wiiioh the Spiuiiiinls Iieru rt-j^anli'il of iiiiraculotis oriniii,
more than uiiy pliysical feature wliioli after all gave the naiiK! to these Hliores.
Cort.s estahlisheil it for all the region hiuIlt A/.tec Hway, ami under the viiie-
ruy.M it was applied to all the S|)aiiish possessions north of Ciuateniala, inehul-
iii.H tlie undehncd territorieii of Califoi-ida. and New Mexico. J/iiiiihotdl, AWii
/'"/., i. 0-7, and others, have even shown an inclination to enilnaco therenn-
Uor Central Auierica, but for this there is not sullicicut authority, yco M6'
20
GRIJALVA EXPLORES THE MEXICAN aULF.
peninsula of Yucatan, finally spread ccr the whole
of the territory afterward known as Mexico.
At Campeche, or more probably at Champoton,*"
occurred a notable affray. The fleet anchored toward
sunset, half a league from shore. The natives imme-
diately put on a warlike front, l)ent on terrible intimi-
dations, which they continued in the form of shouts
anrl drum-bcatin<? durin<i: the entire nii^ht. So tjrcat
•\vi ,b,^iT- necessity for water that the Spaniards did
not for the morning, but amidst the arrows,
stones, id spears of the natives, they landed the ar-
tillery and one hundred men before daybreak, another
hundred quickly following. But for their cotton
armor the invaders would have suffered severely
during this operation. Having reached the shore,
however, the guns were planted, and the natives
(Una, C/iron. de S n Dietjo di' Mex., 227; Lnpez fnz, in Piirc/ias, IfinPilijrimm,
iv. 14I$2, ami Got'j'rkdt, Nrxci'. Welt, 74; also Ton(Heinada, from Herrcra, aiul
Bi'vural staiularil authors. Nuw Spain M-as for a long time divided iut<J the
tiiree kiiigdunis of New Spain, New (Jaiicia, and New Leon, cacii comi)o.sc(l
of [several provinces. Under tlie atlniinistration of Galvez, this division gave
vay to iiitendencias, among them Mexico and a few provinces, and New Spain
came to be limited in the north by the I'rovincias Internas, though including
for a time at least the ('alifoniias. With the independence the name New
Spain was replaced by Mexico, luss because this term applied to the leading
province and to tiio capital, than because tlic name was hallowed by associa-
tion with the traditions of tlie people, whoso blood as well as sympathies con-
tiiincd far more of tiie aboriginal element tlian of tlie imported. Un Colon's
map tiie name is given in capital letters, Nova S/xtud. Under A'ccivi EKjiuihi
liiliero writes ilixouc a.sl /lor i/Uftii/ (I'/iii/ iinir/ins cos m que <i;/ en inftai'ia <(// ya
■miic/io triiji) qiin llewulo de oca enlnnla cantidad ly lo /niedin ea canjar j''(m
otnis partes ai/ '"/"// iniir/io tiro ilf naviinii'iitii. Robert Thorne, in HaLlmit's
Voii., carries Uis/nuiia Aoiia east and west through Central America, while
Ramusio, Viinjiji, iii. 43."), places La A'ot) < Spdijiui in large letters across tlio
continent.
'"It is i'einarkal)le, a.s I have often observed, how two eye-witnesses can
sometimes tell such di:imetrically ojipo.'^ite stories; not only in reg.ird to time
and minor incidents, but to jjlace ami prominent events. In this instance Diaz
the priest is no lens positive ami minute in placing the r. lair at Camjieclie,
tliaii is Diaz the soldier, at Champoton. The second-rate authorities, follow-
ing these two writers who were present, are divi<led, by far the greater num-
ber, Herrera among the rest, accepting the statement of Hernal 1 )iaz. Oviedo,
who was a resident of tiie Indies at the time, desciibes the battle as occurring
at Campeche. Perhaps one reason wiiy the soldier-scribe has more adlierents
than tiie priest, is beciiuse tlio existence of the narrative of the latter was not
so well known. Las (Jasas allirms, J J int. I ml., iv. 42."), that the pilot unin-
tentionally passed Liizaro's port, or (Janipeche, and landed and fought at
Ciiampoton. ' Llegaron, pues, al dicho pueblo (ipie, como dije, creo que futi
Champoton, y uo el do Luzaro).'
THE CITIES AXD THE TEMPLES.
SI
charr^ocl and driven back with the loss of three Span-
iards slain and sixty wounded, the coniniandei"- in-
chief, ever foremost in the fi<;ht, beinfj three times
struck and losing two teeth. Two hundretl were killed
and wounded among the natives. The town was
found deserted. Presently tliree ancient Americans
appeared, who were kindly entreated, and despatched
with presents to the fugitives, but they never re-
turned. Two nights were spent ashore, the tower
ant! sacred edifices adjacent being used as barracks.
Embarking, soon a large opening in the coast was
discovered, and entered by Grijalva, the chaplain
says, the last day of May. Puerto Deseado" the
commander called his anchorage, being the desired
spot in which might be repaired the leaky shijis.
The Spaniards thought themselves at first at the
mouth of a river, but on further examination, it ap-
peared to them more like a sea. Whereupon the
])il()t Alaminos, who, notwithstanding evidence to
the contrary, notwithstanding three days' cxplorings,
kft this salt-sheet still landlocked, never ceased in-
sisting that Yucatan was an island, and he now
gravely assured his commander that the great o[)(>n-
ing opposite Amatique Bay and Golfo ]3ulce, or if
that were too far, then opposite Chetumal or Ascen-
sion, confirmed his suppositions, and settled tlic
matter in his mind that this was the termination of
tJie islands; hence the names Boca de Terminos, and
Laguna de Terminos,'^ which followed. The temples
" Puerto Escondiilo. Ou tlio initps of Colon and IIooil it is j)liU!C(l ns oiio
of tlio eastern entruiiues of the I^giina tic Terniiuos, tlio former writing,' />.
ili'Ki'iitli), ami the latter /'. drKimln; Goinura jilaren the Laijnnade, 'J'cniiiiion
between Puerto Dest^ailo and Kio (Irijalva. On Kil>ero's inaji, north of Kseon-
(liilo, is III (jcr, Vaz Itoiirado niaikiuL; in the sauio locality ;";. w/" aiwjtutriste,
Danipier gives Bucii Ksck'^mlklo, and Jetlerys, Bora Ksiinnliiii.
'■' VelazijUi.'Z had instructed his captain to sail round tlnMslandof Yucatan.
Cortes, in 1519, ordered Kscobar to survey this (sheet, whicii uas fouml to ho
a iiayand shallow. Still tiio pilotsandchartinakers wrote it d(jwn an island.
It is Worthy of remark that in the earliest drawinj^'s, like(Jolon's, in 1.V27, the
maker ai)|)ears undecided, but Kiljero, two years later, boldly severs tho
peninsula from the continent with a strait. See GohhchmidCs ('urtnij. /'itr.
L'oii.tf, MS., i. 41'J-14. Tho earliest cartoL'raphera all write tcnniiiox, J{iliero
niiirkiug u anmll stream lluwiiig into the lu^jouu, /«;. de x pluiwa. Here also
22
GRIJALVA EXPLORES THE MEXICAN GULF.
here seen were supposed by the Spaniards to be
places wliere :nerchants and hunters made their saeri-
fices. A greyhound, eager in the pursuit of game,
neglected to return in time and was left behind;
when the Spaniards came with Cortes they found the
animal well-fed and happy, but cKcessively glatl to
see them. Before departing, Grijai /a again declared
for Spain, "as if," growls Las Casas, "the thousand
possessions already taken were not enough." Indeed,
this tierce charging on a continent, so often repeated,
hurling upon the inhabitants a new religion and a new
king, was about as effective as Caligula's advance
on Britain, when, preparatory to crossing, he drew
up his troops in battle array, on the seaboard, and
give orders to collect shells, the spoils of conquered
ocean.
Proceeding the 8th of June, and creeping stealth-
ily along the coast," drojjping anchor at night and
weighing it with the dawn, they came to a river which
they called San Pedro y San Pablo, and then to a
larger one, the nati\'e name of which was Tabasco,**
after the co.cicjue of the city, but which the Spaniards
called (:Trijalva, in honor of their commander.
The face of nature here changed. The low, gray
hills of the ])eninsula gave place to elevations of en-
livening green, made lustrous by large and frequent
is the town and point of Jioalango. Ogilby calls the lagoon Lnfjo dc Xir r-
hiiiijo, east of which is the name A''"'* .V'^ df la Vitoria; Dauipicr places south
of Luijuiiii Tenniiia the town I'huknhnl; Jctlerys writes in larito letters, a little
south of L'tijinniif- X'lraJaii'io or 'J'rriniiios, the words (^adii.uhc:i liidiox llrartx.
Kolil thinks I'uerto Ksconiliilo may be the I'uerto Deseado of Grijalva men-
tioned liy (Jomara.
'■'Of 'la isola riccha chiamata Ualor,' as the chaplain calls it, Dinz, flJiw-
i-'tri'^ in Irazhali-etii, CoL Do''., i. 2!).'), 'descoprir una altra terra die so dice
Mulna.' Alaminos believed Now Spain to bo another island distinct from
Yucatan. The natives called it Coluii, says Las Casas, I/Ut. IwL, iv. 428.
" On the cliart of Cortes, bViO, it is called li:. dp Oiizaliia, and placed west
instead of oast of Rio Santa Ana. Ribero writes, li:. df (jrkahia: Vaz IJourai Id,
li'. dc ijriijaliin ; Hood, A*, di' Grixalua; Mirr'jtor'n Allan, 1574, lias a t;)w;i,
Tiiiisri); Ogilby, Dampior, and Jetferys employ the name Tabaarn. Kohl
ascril)es the name of tiio river tiaii /'cilro y Sail- Pablo to Grijalva. Colon iia4
A'.-. (/(■ .'•■. pnblo; Riljoro, A', di'. k:. P(dt>^; Munich Atfrut, No. iv.. Wo dc n. )<.:
Raptista Agn'.'so, rio dc S. puuli); Hood, A*, dc S. I'idilo; Ogilby, 8. P ndn:
Dampior, .S7. /'ctcr, St. Paul, etc. As there are ])lenty of streams in that vicinity
Herrera givei cue to Grijalva and still leaves tiie chieftain, Tabasco, his own.
TABASCO,
.^treaius. BoMlv in the front stood the hciufhts :it
prt'sc'iit known as San (Jabriel; beyond continned the
ihit, monotonous foi'ei^round of a gc^rgeous picture, as
yet hut dimly visible save in the ardent iniaginini^s
of the discoverers.
The two smaller vessels only could enter this
river of Tabasco, which, thouj^h broad, was shalh)w-
mouthed; and this they did very cautiously, advanc-
ing a slioit distance up the stream, and landiiii^ at
a (^rove of palm-trees, half a leafjue i'roni the cliief
town. Upon the six thousand ^^ natives avIio hero
threatened them, they made ready to fire; but by
])eaceful overtures the sylvan multitude were brought
to hear of Spain's great king, of his mighty j»reten-
sions, and of the Spaniards' inordinate love of gold.
The green beads the natives thought to be stono
made of their chalchiulte, which they prized so
highly, and for which they eagerly exchanged food.
Having a lord of their own they knew not why these
rovers should wish to impose upon them a new
master; for the rest they were fully prepared, if
necessary, to defend themselves. ])uring this inter-
view, at which the interpreters, Melchoi- and Julian,
assisted, the word Culhua,'" meaning ]\Iexico, was
often mentioned in answer to demands for •••old, from
''It is Las Casas who testifies to 0,000; l>enial Diaz cmimerate.s .50 canoes;
Ilcrrrr:! K]ic;ikn of tliice Xiquiji'des of 8,000 men each, standing rcaily in tliat
vifiiiity to oppose tlie Spaniards, waiting only for tlio word to ho ;^iviii.
'"^ot 'Ciillia, (.'ullia, Mexico, Mexico,' as I'.ernal Diaz has it. 'J'lio na-
tives pronounced the wcjrdC'nlliu.i only ; but this autlior, tindinj: tiiat ('ulh';:v
referred to .Mexico, puts the word Mexiio into the nioutli of Taiiaseo and his
followers, l.oiig hefore the A/tecs, a 'roltec trilte called the .AcoUmjis, or
rulhuas, had settled in the vjillev of Mi'xico. 'J'he name is more anciei.t
than that of 'i'oltcc, and the Mexican civilization might ])crliaps as apjiro-
jiriately he called (,'ulhua as Nahua. 'J'lie name is interpreted 'erooki'd '
from riildfi, ]>L'ud; also 'grandfather' from coW. ('ollniacan mii^iit therefore
signify Land of our Ancestors. Under Toltec (huninion a trijiartite confed-
eracy had existed in the valley of .\iiahuao, and when the Aztecs hecanic the
luliiig nation, this alliance was reestablished. It was coin)iosed of the Aco!-
liuii, Aztec, and 'I'epanec kingdoms, the Aztec king assuming the title (Julhua
'I'ecuhili, I liicf of the Culhuas. It is evident that the ('nlluias liad becomt!
known tliroughout this region by their coinjuests, und l)y their culture, supe-
rior as it was to that of neighboring tribes. The n|)Ht<u t Aztecs wei(! oiilv
too ))roud to identify themselves with so renouneil a penple. The naiiiO
Culhua was retaiiieil among the suiToundiiig tril)es, and applieil before
Cirijaha to the Mexican country, w here gold was indeed abundant.
24
C.rj.IALVA EXPLORES THE MEXICAN GULF.
I
wliicli the Spaniards inferred tliat toward the west
they would find their liearts' desire. Then th'jy re-
turned to tlieir ships.
In great state, unarmed, and without sign of fear,
Tabasco next day visited Grijalva on board liis vessel.
He had already sent roasted iisli, fowl, maize bread,
and fi-uit, and now he brought gold and feather-work.
( )ut of a chest borne by his attendants was taken a
suit of armor, of wood overlaid with gold, which Ta-
basco placed upon Grijalva, and on his head a golden
hehnet, giving him likewise masks and breast-plates
of gold and mosaic, and targets, collars, bracelets, and
beads, all of beaten gold, three thousand pesos in value.
With the generous grace and courtesy innate in him,
Grijalva took oti' a crimson velvet coat and cap which
he had on when Tabasco entered, also a })air of new
red shoos, and in these brilliant habiliments arrayed
the chieftain, to his iniinite delight.
The Spaniards tlcparted from Tabasco with further
assurances of friendship, and two days later sighted the
town of Ahualulco, which they named La Rambla,
because the natives with tortoise-shell shields were
observed hurrying hither and thither upon the shore.
Afterward they discovered the river Tonala, which
was subsequently examined and named San Antonio;*''
then the Goazacoalco,** which they could not enter
owing to unfavorable winds; and presently the great
snowy mountains of New Spain, and a nearer range,
to which they gave the name San Martin,*" in justice
'' 'Dns grosso Fcst dcs heiligcn Antonius von PiKliia fiillt <iuf den 1.3 Juni,
timl (lies giobt uns also eiiio (Jt'logeiihuit eincs tier Daten der lleise dea Gri-
jalva, doiTii uns die liericliterstiitter, wic immer, nur wenige geben, £onau
iV'stzusctzen.' Kohl, Bciilrn altcDh-ii Kartell, U)"). Cortds, in his cliiirt of tlio
(Jult of Mexieo, 15'20, calls it Santo Anton; Fernando Colon, liVJ?, /»'. tie la
lialsd, with the .'name (/. de ». anion, to the gulf; Ribero, lo'iO, r: <le Sdton;
(ilohc of Orontius, lii'M, C. S. dio; Vaz Dourado, 1571, rio dc S. ana; Hood,
\'>U2, A*. (Ic S. Antonio, etc. Vov Santa Ana Danipier in KiOO lays down .SV.
Ainm, andJelferys in 177<), Ji. St. Ann.
''Tortos calls it Ilia de tctiiqnalquo; Colon, /?. dt: gasncalcos; Ribero, 7?. de
f/niisuralro; Orontius, IL de (/iialtio; Vaz Dourado, It.o de de ijuaqaija; Hood,
li. dc. Oiiara; Mercator, Quacaqualro ; De Laet, Ogilby, It. de O'uazaeoalco;
Jellorys, A'. Onazacalo; Danipier, li. Oiuizaeoaico or iliuxshiijwalp.
'"Colon gives it, Sieiroti de San mrti; Vaz Dourado, strtw de S. viartin;
THE r,ro DE BAXDEIUS.
n
to the soldier who fi^„t ., "
^•■'l '"? ship, and ente*d !r"''.f''"™'-<' '"« 'iter-
«. led by tl.o nativorpLM^" *^ "*'"='•'' » river
soI.I,crs after the dileovToX"' ''''f-"™^'' ^V hh
<''«'i;lme the captain receiv«/fh'"' '''""'' '"•'-■■'* of
mander^ The next strtSim t -, ? T™""" "^ '"•' eo,n-
c.^lc.dRiodeBanderli|«eausrr *^^ '""'« ^^"■'
'" Wso numbers, earr,'i„gXte ^^ ""''T 'Woarod
^V,tl, these wJiite Hanfthi „"?•"•'* <"; «>«'> lances.
«tra„,^.crs to Jand,- wl,c?cun„n T^'T ''"*""«' the
sent ashore under Frane^?? w"""'^ ^"''Jiors were
''We reception bei,* ™ccoXtf^°"'''-'"' •■""' •'' ^vor!
"I'Foached with his S a,fd I '!' \''" «"n">»nder
de erence was paid the ^,e,'^ t""^- f'" "'"»«'
more fully ap y^ & iVT' "-^ «',1I hereafter
zuma, having, in Id.; canit d^f n- '"S^' ^"■■'1 Monte-
v...tors upon his eSn ', " b"'"T"'" ?^ «'« «t™I^
be rc-crontially enterta "ed f^th "'''•'T' *«"> ^
spread on mats an abunXn <?''" "'»' shade was
'»».es of burni„,r in,,",*""" "'^ revisions, whife
l"'"l" ■■odolent the ar 'Thr'"'"**'' «'" '^^t and
meo was present wltt two *'','"'°!'.""'' »'' «' s pro"
'^'«n"-"g >vhat best the Span" "h°" '"''*? '■"'«••« "nd
»i"l gathered them ffoM tW^L ^•\''"''-'^' '"= ««'t out
teoii thousand pesos S^f'^h '° «'« value of fif
I«"ea GrijalvaC:L-mt ette;";^^''"f«» '•-
' c natn-es, subsequently c Ss^en?! r ^'"••'■'°'' °»<^ °f
.interpreter. After a s av n? 'f ""'■'*'^°' =«>«>'»
•^^"Icd, passing a small i.l d\^, f' ''^ .*'">''' the flec"t
of iral...,,' -^"^ "'• ^'^"^'"■^ A,/«, Tins s5;iiS't;; M "'?'^'-' '^- ^^'•'-'*
^ ",il--.era makes the r„,i;..„ ^ ^"■'"'' ^^^'« '^ «''tivo
'"^-^z ji,tl(j^ etc, * |)i(» I",
NoiiiG of the earlv mo., i ' ^'^"'^'^ «/Ce«to»
20
ORIJALVA EXPLORES THE MEXICAN GULF.
'4
a.
\-
Grijiilva called Isla Blanca, and tlion the Isla Yi'rdo,
^leaiiiiiiLf green with t'oliau^o amidst the green waters,
tour leagues from the continent; coming presently to
a third island, a league and a half from the mainland,
which aifordcd good anchorage. This, according to
Oviedo, was on the 18th of June. On landing tho
Spaniards found two stone temples, within which lay
tive human bodies, with bowels opened and limbs cut
off'; and all about were human heads on poles, while
at the top of one of the edifices, ascended by stono
steps, was the likeness of a lion in marble, with a
j^-ii-^^v \iead, showing the tongue cut out, and oppo-
hhe to it a stone itlol and blood-fount. Here was
evidently n sacrifice to some pagan deity; and touch-
ing it 's to witness the horror with which these
men of Spain regarded such shocking spectacles,
while viewing complacently their own atrocious
cruelties.
Crossing from Isla do Sacrificios, as they called this
blood-bespattered place, the Spaniards landed on the
adjoining mainland, and making for themselves shel-
ter with boughs and sails bcLran trading for gold; but
the natives being timid and returns inconsiderable,
Grijalva proceeded to another island, less than a
league from the mainland and provided with water.
Here was a harbor sheltered from the dread yet
grateful north winds, which in winter rush in with
• • •
passionate energy, driving away the dreadful summer
vomito and tumbling huge surges on the strand,
though now they formed but a wanton breeze by day,
which slept on waves burnished by the radiant sun
or silvered by the moon. Here they landed and
erected huts upon the sand.^^ To the Spaniards all
nature along this seaboard seemed dyed with the blood
'■'- The Chaplain Diaz affirms that ten days were passed on the inainlan<l,
where Iinliaiw dressed in mantles Ijroiight them fiH)d, and where they melted
their gold into bars; and that on the San Juan Island they appointed one of
tile natives cacique, christening him Ovando. 'El eapitaneo li disse chc non
volevano se non oro ct loro resposseno eiie lo portariano laltrii giorno portorono
oro fondido in verghe et lo eapitaneo li dissc che portasaeno molto d quelle.'
Iliiiciuriu, in Icazbalcttii, Col. JJoc, i. 'J'J'J.
i !
'■'"H priests, a,„l thoUu'T* *-'*■"•■'' '""'''''■•
P'J b,,vs, they ;,a,l Knn s2| „*"■" •'"'■""t'r "al-ri-
<";",all wiiicl, Jed Oiom% "".'71""'»3 to aiinov
;■""' offering Uoo,ly /is??" '""'S '"""•'." I«<li ..
';;atl.c„ answcToclfboeauso fj, "n S«'«; •■""' tl "
I;>o,„ tl,is circumstance tol ?"'"' ■1,°"''^ '""■'•' 't --■
•'"-' "amo of the commanZ ' ' 'V*'' "'« '^^ts that
«;a.. n»,v about the ti™oftr'''''' ""^ «'"* '
'," •!'^"' 'i'" baptist, the is" n,?""""''^''"->',"*'tl'efest
!.• Lhm - wIn-lL thi co„ no ,t n'M'"!""' '''•■'" J"a„
-'llcci Santa Mana de laaNWos " "'""'^ «"■'
V' ■■' •;'.<-'i). Hw, irhoVj/?//'' 'T''''"''''" (J'l V 'rrcrnl ^'"'"■'"'^ "rites
' '/"J.'Ira; and market I. on l'""^''''"'- '^'. ^o/ </,/, y'"^^' '•^"'' "'//« »vV/,,..
■^I'-TKic.ios and IJh/n \ u- ',■• ^^^■' »• 5.S1. 1 1^ f ',1 f ^"■enjico,. .S..^
CHAPTER III.
RETURN OF GRIJALVA. A NEW EXPEDITION ORGANIZED.
1513.
REtTSAI. OF GrIJALVA TO SETTLE— AlVAUADO SeNT HACK ToCCDA— GuiJALVA
Continues his Discoveuy— Af-teu Reachino the Province of Panuco
HE Turns back — Touching at the Rio Goazacoalco, TonalA, the
Laguna ue Terminos, and Chamtoton, the Expedition Returns to
Cuba — Gkijalva Traduced and Discharged — A New Expedition
Pi^vNNED — Velazquez Sends to Santo Domingo and Si-a' Jharac-
ters of Velazquez and Grijalva Contrasted — Candid <m the
Captaincy of the New Expedition — The Alcalde of t.., .^o Suc-
cessful — His Standing at that Time.
At various places during this expedition, notably
where is now Vera Cruz, and at the River Tabasco,
both in coining and returning, Grijalva's men begged
permission to settle and subdue the country. In
their desire to remain they pictured to themselves all
the })leasures of the abandoned crew of Ulysses, in a
land as happy as that of which Horace sang, where
Ceres decked untilled fields with sheaves and l^acchus
revelled under purple-clustered vines. And they were
angry with their commander for not breaking the in-
structions which forbade his colonizing. Pedro do
Alvarado was particularly chafed by the restraint,
tliough he kept his temper until he obtained permis-
sion to return to Cuba with one of the vessels^ which
liatl become unseaworthy, so as to report to the gov-
ernor the progress of the discovery, and obtain re-
cruits and fresh supplies, with permission to found a
colony. Beside some fifty sick persons, all the gold,
cotton, and other articles obtained from the natives
' Ilerrera says it was the San Sebastian; Oviedo, the Trinidail.
(28)
ALVARADO RKTURNS TO CUBA. H
tlius far wero |i]:ic'o<l in Alvnnido's shij), wliicli .sailed
the '24th of Juno. Tlu." ivniaindor of the c'X|H';'ition
foiitiiiuod its now north-westward cour.'^e past Nauthi,'^
uhich the Spaniard.s called Alnien'a, and with tho
mountains of Tuxpan' in full view, advanced as far
as Cabo llojo, some .say as far .'is the ]lio do Ptl-
mico.* Tho entrance to the largo las^oon now knf)wn
as tho J^ahi'a do Tanguijo, was mi.stakon for a river
and named Rio do Caiioa.s. On anchorinj^ hero tho
ships of tho Spaniards wero fiercely attaekotl by tho
occupants of twelve canoes," which came out from a
larne city compared by the worthy chaplain to
Seville in size and maonitic nee, in comuKm with
other towns aloni,^ this seaboard; and as if this wore
not strange enough, the same authority goes on to
' Ti)wn and river given both ]ty Corti's and Orontius. Colon wi'itea /?.• </«
ahiK'ri I : l\'\])cvt> atmera; Viiz l^ourado, (ilhiii'irn; lloinl, Ahnrrin; ni>a. vi. mid
vii., Mmiirh A/las, rio <le ahm-rlit, und MiTi'iitor, Ah)wrin. Ogiltiy |>liu'<'.s
iiurtli of IJianai ilc Alitirna a liii';,'t> jridf lalielli'd /'. tic S I'" ij S I'liiiln, and
siiiitli of it Tuliiin, and Ton; Jiramo. Panipier lays tlown Almrria I. opposite
7V.<;»'aiid llauiaijo Isle on tlie mainland. Liict gives Naotldan ti Aliiicria, and
Lhmiiii lie. Almcrid.
^ ' Vinioa las sierras de Tusta, y mas adelanto do a Id a otros dos diaa vi-
mos otros sierr.as uiuy altas, ij agora se UaiiiiV las sierras de Tuspa;' so called,
lU'inal IMaz says, J I int. i'crdm/., 10, from tho towns lying at their base. 1'ho
Kio de Tiixpan is supposed to be the San Pedro y San Pablo of early days.
' l>a das I'eter-und rauls-Festauf den 2!) Juni.'
*Kohl thinks Grijalva did not jiass Cabo Rojo, tiie C:. ro.ro of Vaz
Pourado, and Hood, and I am inclined to agree with him. Hernal I)ia/ says,
lliiii. Virdad, 10, ' Y estocs ya en la I'rovineia do I'anuco; e yendo jior nuestni
naiiegaeio llegamoa li vn rio grande, (jue le pnsimos por nobre Kio de Canoas. '
The iionienelature of this stream is quite regular in tho several times and
pluees. Cortes gives Jiio Panuro Irifutoii ; Colon, /?.• jmnwo; Kiboro and V,i/.
l)(mrado, pvuiro; Orontius, li. jianh-n; }food, Pniiiiri); ISaptista Agnese, /mnu-
rhn, and no )iainicho ; no. vi. Miinlvh Atlan the .same ; I'toleniy, I.'j.SO, in Mini-
tJ< r, /'(t)iiico; Mereator, river and town I'mnnn, and next town south < fii'tt.
And so on with Hontlius, Ogilby, ]>aiiipier, and the rest. See (Uildsrlnnhll'H
< 'lU-to'j. I'ar. ( 'onM, M.S. , i. 578. Upon tlie hypothesis that the San I'eilro y San
I'abloand the Tuxpan were two streams, the latter may have been the Kio <lo
Canoas of (Jrijalva and the Piinuco diseov.,.i-e(l by Montejo and Alaminos t!io
year following, as Kold surmises, but not otlierwise. Jlerrera .says the ex])e-
(litioM dill not pass Cabo Kojo; lierual Diaz speaks of a wide ])rojcotini: cape,
wl.icli does not exist beyond the l*:inuco Kiver. Yet b(>tii atliiiu that tho
]>rovinoe of I'anuco was reached, and we well know that little would be .said
to strangers of an aboriginal ])rovince by its inhabitants l)efore its great town,
or its great I'iver, was approached. Hence tho general impression that Ori-
j.dva on this occasion coasted as far as Tampico, and that tho Panuco was bis
liio lie Canoas. It is my opinion tiiat tho entrance to the IJahia de Tanguijo,
mistaken for a river, was the Kio de Canoas of Grijalva, and that Cabo Kojo
\v:is his ultimate ])oint of discovery.
■* Some say sixteen.
80
RETURN OF GRIJALVA— A YEW EXPEDITIOX.
m
III
jj')'
ill'!'
relate a iMiraclo wliioh liappened lierc because Grijalva
refused the soldiers leave to sack the place; how a
star, poised al>ovc the fleet after sunfeot, shot toward
the town and hung over it invitingly, as if J(.liovah
signified his pleasure that the Christians should seize
the citv."
After beating back the canoes the Spaniards
})roceeded, but found their course impeded by the
currents off C-abo Kojo; from which circumstance,
together with the hostility of the natives, tho rapidity
wirh which the season was advancing, and the condi-
tion of the ships, they determirxcd to return. Turn-
ing toward the southward, tlierefore, they were carried
past the Kivur Goazacoalco by boisterous winds, and
entered TonaU to careen and repair a leaky vessel.^
Again the men blasphemed and held the commander
in derision because he would not settle. After sev-
eral failures in starting they continued the voyage,
encountered bad weather, touched at Deseado for
water, engaged in a parting fight with the natives
of Champoton, sailed again, and the fifth reached
San Lazaro, where they were led into ambush AvliiJe
searching for water, and attacked. After helping
themselves to maize they embarked, followed the
shore jtast Rio de Lagartos, the Comi of the native^,
\\licnco tliey sailed f\)r Cuba, and arrl'/etl at ]\Iatanzas
about the first of November.^
"Ill questo giomo sul tardi vedesseino r.iir.acolo ben grande el qunl fii die
ajiparvi' una dtolla iiifima !a nave dapoi e! trainoutar dul sole et partisse simu-
prc huttaiido ra/.i lino clio tvj j>osu sopra qi.el vilagio c'cr popiilo giaiule ct
la'^si) \iiio la/o 111! laiere die diiro piu do tre liore gniiide ct anchoia vidi^ssinu)
iiltii sigiiii! Iii'ii diiaii dove coiiipieiKk'ssenio die ilio vi.lca per suo servitio po-
puiaa-JiMiio la dicta terra. Il'i.,erarin, in Icazhnlce/a, <\il. J>oc., i. H()2.
' Ik'rnal Diaz dai:ns to have jilaiitod here tlie lirst oiaiige-secds sown in
New Spiiin. It was at the liase of a temple, on whose siiiiiniit he had enjoyed
a refreshing sleep, above the douds of inosi|uitoes, and through gralitinle ho
sowed these seed, which he had brought from Cuba. He tells, likewise, of
o))tainiiig here liy barter 4,000 pesos, which, with the 1(1,000 pesos Alvarado
carried home, made 120,000 pesos secured during tjie voyage. Among the
treasures were some copper hatchets, which the Spaniards took to he an infe-
rior kind of gold. La? Cjsas gives a detailed descri])tiou of the treasures
obtained by this exr edition, among wliich was an emerald w orth 'J, 000 ihicats,
from tlio mainland opposite Isla de Sacriticios.
"This, following Oviedo, who in lo"J3 visited Velazquez, and wivs told
ILI
ILL-TREATMENT OF GRIJALVA.
31
III die
1 Sl'lll-
Iclo ft
[.siino
jo i)o-
(11 ill
lovotl
ho
the
toUl
When Grijalva cast anchor in tho hay of Ma-
tanzas his heart heat high with ])runiise. He had
ivtunied successful from a brilhant discovery, in
\\hich had begun that pronounced niastery i)f hfe
which is the dream of every chivah'ous minch Tiiere
had been nothing in the least irrational in his policy,
or fickle or factious in his conduct. He ha<l used
(Hligencc and discretion, had been true to his com-
])aiiions, and faithful to his king and to his cliief.
Sui'cly his uncle would praise him, his governor
woukl reward him, and his king woukl intrust him
with new commissions. So he deserv^ed; so he had
every reason to ex[)ect, and Jience it was with pride
and pleasure that he once more set foot on Isia Fer-
naiidiiui.
lint, unfortunately, this most virtuous cavalier was
iiow destined to reap the too connnon reward of hon-
est service in the cause of a vicious master. Scarcely
had (irijalvu landed, when a letter from the governor
was ])lacetl in his hand, ordering him to repair with
his ships at once to Santiago, and at the same time
to iiotifv his soldiers that opportuiiity woukl be
quickly given all who desired to en\bark in a fresh
adventure to New Spain, and that meanwhile they
minht rest themselves at the governor's farms in that
vicinity. Then, too, he first learned how A\;lazquez,
ever lickle and distrustful as are all timid an<l un-
scrupulous men, becoming nervous concerning the
tk'ft, had sent Crist()bal de Olid in a small vossi'l
Mith seven soldiers to seairh and report; and that on
reaching the coast of Yucatan a storm had ol)li<;.d
the oxplorer to jiart with his anchor aii<l i-eturn to
Cuba." Before the return of Olid, Alvarado hatl
these tliitiL''!. Other autliors give Mi(h'ly (litlV'rent afcnimts of (iriialva's
it'tiirn, most of tiicin takiim liilii at oiu'o from 'J'otiiihi to M:itMii/as, hut
!i',iii\\ iiiL; forty (lays for tiie voya,m'. Ovicch) ihites (Jiijalva's anival at tiie
liivciM ioazacoak'o .hily !t; at 1 K^sciuh), AiiLrust 17; at ('haiii]>otoii, Si'iiti-tiiln'r
I ; Niii J.azaro. St'i)toiiihi'r Ti, ami Mataiizas, Octohcr S, which is too t'urly,
aiconUii'^ to tile date of Cortes' instructions.
'•'Oviedo says that Olid Meiit to ("oziiiiu'i and took possession of tlie ishilid,
thinking lie liad discovered it; then coasting north antl wubtwaid to a port,
32
RETURN OF GRIJALVA-A NEW EXPEDITION.
\H
arrived with the gold and jj^ood tidinij^s from tlio
armada, Mliioh i^avo tlio governor unbounded joy.
(jrrijalva liad yet to learn, however, how Alvarado,
not t'orgetting the censure hestowed on him for dis-
()bt.'dienet\ liad not I'aik'd to color the conduct of his
commander to suit his own ends. (Jrijalva's rej)eate;l
refusals to colonize were jviiaded as tlu gross mis-
takes of a stubborn and s[)iriiJess inan; the coolness
and bravery disj>layed at (^ham|)oton were made to
apjH>ar as reckless imprudence; and as the govi'rnor
thought of the danger to which his adventure had
there been subjected, he became alarmed. "Had I
lost all," he muttered, "it would have been a 'just
jxMiahy for .sending s'lch a fool." And now both
J):ivila and ^[ontejo poured fresh poison into the ear
of the govi'rnt)r resjiecting his ni'phew, in revenge
for simil.ir fancied injuries; so that when CTrijalva
reported himself to V\!laz(juez at Santiago, he was
told to go his way, since the governor luul no further
use for him.
Indeed, tliis line of action had been for some
time determiiied on. Inmiediati'ly upon the arrival
of Alvai'ado, a new expedition had been j)lanned, in
which (Jrijalva was not to particij)ate. The latter
was hurt, almost to deatii. Jle had conferred a
great benefit on this Tiberius of an uncle; but as
affection is heightened by the conferring of beui'fits,
so it is (>!'teii lessened by the acceptance of them.
Not long after, Juan de Salcedo M'as sent to Santo
])omingo for ]n>rmission io colonize New S]>ain, ami
]>enilo Mai'tin, chaplain and man of business, was
despatched to Spain'" with a full account of the dis-
I*agiuiii (!'■ TiTiiiinos, ami liiuling no traces of (rrij.ilva, niul liaviiii; lost lii;<
niuhors, ln> ivtunii'd to Mataiizas oiglit days ho im Cirijalva; Imt in tliis
litattMncnt lu' is susUiiiuHl noitlRT by his ooiiton;]>oraries noi" tiy liis own cuh
latcial stiiti'tiu nts, Volaziimv,' instruotioiis '.o ('ortt^s iiro tlat('(l tho 'JIM of
Oclolior, itt wliii'h time noitiiorOliil noiMirijalva liad wturnod, siiioc Corti's is
tohl to soaivli tor thcin ; )>oth arrived, liowovi-r, lii'foro lie sailed.
'" It was in May, 1.")!!), ai'i-ordiiij,' to «)viedo, that lienito Martin— some
eall him M;i;tine/ saili'd h)r Spain, tlrijalva hiiviiij; arrived at Santiago late
in the Oetoher previous. IJy ret'erenee to a Vela/.(|nez menioriat. in iv. '2X\ I,
Col. l>oc. /iitiL, \vc liud that hcforo this, upon the atreiiglh of Cordoba's dia-
CHAIJACTER OF VEL V/OFT^ A>-r.
3.1
»"' «. lu.i.pilv were .list ut . ^CT'P' <^""<-''i'l"-:
acklantado of Cuba adJcd. ^ '^'' ''''^^' *^^^ ^^^lo of
How different t]
^" u.iiURMir tlio qua It V
qn- ;vna Gnlalva, aril Zl
q'lalltv of tlicso tu
tlio pluunix
<-'Iiaracter of th
wt lout ami Jioll.nv witi
i'o oved glory, tlio hi
<'».tIio ability ami tl
so widely dm
o mou, A\>1,
u-
^v about to rise Iron I • • "7'^""<^ <'•'"»
^- a camllc tiamo, lu,t
i.'-ovornor was lil,
uu.
)rass a
Almost
'IS JlHloh as irold
tiiict
»<l tinsel of it, lH,t"[
ion. A
:i^ Othello, tl
f wiNiIy worked
10 eourao-e to acl
Hie M
', tiiere Avas in hi
"pon by d
K'kod
"ove noble dis-
<^<>i'; and
ni m
osi.i>-ning men
be was very read'y to sus.^'t tr '"^'^^'■'^•^' '"""'■^^•J''.
;;•fe^<>^thootlu.r'h:Ll::'7L'';:•^'-
Xew 'World d
^' n-H(i diseove :. o ; "r ;'"'
t. Oberlionf . ' : '. ''^ '' ""'^Jo-^t fl
•^ the l.ysander ,,f
*>in.s and
uo-1
> nianly
•^PXMt, obedient to oust
}';'^''-'-'^J-noraml<h.t;"^>:i^:;;ri"''"
t
eiK'i
r()ii>
■onerous action, t]
pleasure, nativ
' :^'^7f 'i«^-iion, the verv f.nlf.. i ' ■•— '^s nan
"•^- -Inne brilliant .w I' ;... ''^' ^IV'-^'^ out by ]
as
ny H
^^paniard that
^'l^tues. ] {
Jus
-^•va<^e, as brave and tah-nted
ever drew steel
^- \vas as chivab
''•'^■'^ly. th,. u
as any.
on nalvrd
^'ili'l.iiitn,
fi;< li.'M ill.' f,
Oof \v
'".'-'•oiKl,,. i;Ul,„f X,
J^nt he laekc,!
'i
win
"iiil, jit I
■K lit' liad
(llSOOV.T.',!
Ol till. ,1
•''liii.s of th
lis own COMt. (
,"i'"'r. I.")IS, at S,
' '"■'"ii.'litdi.-ic
fini.troHsn, iiiail(> \\q.
fa of
''■■o'l'iiilaiits of
Spaiiiaid.s, »!
o/lliii,.|
■OV.T. 1
Z<llll'Z
-A
iiistaiioo (I
"< ••' inattcr of
ins Olio
C011,|||,.,-,)iv>,
'"'■'i w.is not tn
■"I'l Viioataii, (
"": '•"•li..Waiii„.,i
;"^''ni(.r of ('„!
yourso, (h.. I
••'K.iiii, whici
aro,
'■"i>. Iii,l..,.,|, tl
'»' S'liifa M
••'^ ••' nil.', «i,l,.iv .1
>il>ii, to t\
'I'-iiorof th.. ili.s
',l;'V''N(>lill.s,.v,,„(
ill
l.'SC IMtli
I'lcnt fn
Ilia il.i
fiirth.
iin/,
'• ■Uiinorial ,/,'f
y itu'u iiis(,.a,l.,f
'Ml t\
111)
;"^'''';y i>< .'laiin..,! m|
''■'"I", Co/. />,
I ni ( ■/■la
'I'swio ,/,■ />■ j
''"'• />"■•. />„,r
'" viMitiin.il
N('Vl.|l.
Iio
lly for tl
'""i<' than Ik
II foil io I'r/ri
'/">■• </r li
'• '18 <». I
'\'>'i'i>/f/a>it,„i„ /)/,•„„ iw„ ' ' '"' xi'vt'iit
iis'iinco
-l^-Ki, th.. littl.
111"!-. .MkX., V
"'.It of oii.i !,„_;
;'J'/"'': -^ //<■/•«„;, (
s'n'l's ami a
I'L. I. u
K'oMii into ii ciiia\ d
'" '''>/• /'.v. /,,,,/
or/t
" ith SO or i»0
iii'i'inii
xii.
iiion.
>(\
34
RETURN OF GRIJALVA— A NEW EXPEDITION.
the unscrupulous positivencss inseparable hero from
permanom: success. He was resolute in overcoming
difficulties, and he was strong and shrewd enough in
the prosecution of any high enterprise, particularly
so lonrr as fortune favored him : but he was no match
for the subtle-minded of his own nation, who over-
Avhelmed him in their show of learning, backed by
imposing forms. All contemporary writers speak
well of him; likewise all the chroniclers, except Go-
mara, who permits chivalry no place save in his pet
and patron, Cortes. The soldier Bernal Diaz pro-
nounces him a most worthy officer. The liistorians
Oviedo and Herrera call him a comely man, thor-
oughly loyal, and never backward at fighting. Yet
we are told that some censured him, while others
cursed him outright for his conscientiousness, be-
cause he did not break orders and seize opportu-
nity. So ready were they to engage in the f:\llacious
argument that it was right to do wrong if good
might come of it. To disobey Velazquez, they said,
was to break no divhie law; forgetting that the gov-
ernor derived his authority from the king, and the
king from the Almighty. Of a truth, when force
alone is the standard of right, then honesty is not
the best policy. For a time he carried himself with
a brave front, conscious of his integrity, yet we may
say he was laid low forever by the blow misfortune
here gave him." Meanwhile patience, good gov-
" Las Casas saw him at Santo Domingo in 1523. He was reclnced to
ponnry. I'r.jceoding thence to Panama, lie was sent l)y Pedrarias to Nicaragua,
where" ho was killed. So perished the best and morally bravest of cavaliers,
while unscrupulons tricksters lloui-ished. Prior to his departui'C from Cuba,
however, and notwithstiinding the vile treatment of the governor, at Vela/.-
(jiiez' request, ftrijalva wrote a narrative of his expedition, which was h)st by
Oviedo in its transmission to the king. It is embodied, however, in sub-
stance, in Omnia, i. .WJ-ST. One of the most original and complete accounts
of (irijalva's expedition extant is that by the priesc J^an Diaz, lltnenirio
(Ic LdniKita iH lie Cn/ho'ico in India ri'ifo hi Ao'n de lurhatloin del, aitno
M. I). XVIII, alia ijual fu Prexidviite <0 ('<./,lfaii (Ifiifralo foan d^ Orifilm:
el r/iial c facto "prr el copellano maijijior de dicia Armafa a fiiia Altizzi,
published in Italian, at Venice, in LVJO, in French by Tcrnaux-Compans. in
IS.'iS, the former being copied and quoted in manuscript by Preseott. Tlie
issue at Venice was as the second part of the Jtincrario df Lvdooiro dc rarlffur'
Motojuoit ndlo Eyitto, wiUa lioria, etc., and was there begun, (jui comincin lo
VALE GPJJALVA.
33
ernor! For soon enough M'ill arise an agent capable
of i)laying shrewd tricks to your ani[)le contentment.
It'iiierarlo dr Lhola de Inchatnn nonnweiite ritrounta per il sujiior Ginan dp.
(.'ri^alur, etc. By far the best edition is tliat given with a Spanish transhi-
tion Ijy Icazbalceta, in his Col. Dor., i. "JS 1-308, piinted in Mexieo in IS.VS.
Next is the account by ]'»ernal Diaz, who, like the chaplain, accompanied the
expedition, thus giving us narratives by eye-witnesses at onc(! from ecclesi-
astical and secular stand-points. The st^itcments of Goniara, J/iif. Ind., M-H,
ami //i4. Mex., 9-11, must bo ttiken with allowance. Worse still are the nie-
iiKirials of the relatives of Velaz(jue2 to sovereign majesty, such as that found
in I'ai-heco and Curdciia>i,('o!. l>o<\, x. <SO-(i, which are little better than tissues
('{ misstatements and exaggerations. Solis, Jlhl. Mcr., i. '24-40, gives a fair,
full, and graphic statement of particulars. Tho Iiinlrucrion (/iie d'ni >'l tidc-
Unilado Diego Vehiz'/uez d llcrmvi t'ortr.s, in Pci'-hcvo and ('(irdcnas, Col. Dor.,
xii. 2'2C)~C)l, also important, &s furnishing original collateral light. Las ("asas,
JH4. Ind., iv. 10, 4'21-4, though full, is specially inaccurate and weak, not
only in his facts, but in his deductions. Nor is Peter Martyr, dec. iv.
cap. iii., any stronger. Chivljiro, Storin Jfe-ix., iii. 4-6, De Itchus Cesl'ni Fi'rdl-
iKuidi Cortcii, in taizhalccta. Col. Doc, i. 34l-(i, and Landu, H<l. de Viir.,
21, arc mediocre; and Iferrera, dec. ii. lib iii. cap. i. and ix., is ([uite full
and very valuable. Cogolludo, IIM. Yuvath'in, 8-lG, gives a fair resumt^,
but a far better one is Torqucmada's, i. ',\o\-~. Prescott's account, Mex.,
i. 224-", is meagre and imperfect, though his deductions are much more
sound than those of Kobertson's /list. Am., i. 240-3. One of the nu)st super-
ficial of the modern narratives of this expedition is given by Zamacois, //iff.
Ml j., ii. 23ti-52. Those by Morelet, Voij. daiin I'Am. Cent., i. 17l)-8.">, an<l Fan-
t( nut's Il'ixt. Yiic., {)-18, arc valuable. A collection of extracts from several
letters to Charles V., referring to Yucatan, and forming 'an account of a
rcicutly discovered island, describing its locality, the customs and habits of its
iiihaliitants, ' was printed at Nureninerg, by Vrctlerick Peypus, in l.'2(», un-
der title beginning Kin luimtaj eltlicher i^endhr'nff dem alter diirclileiuhfii/islen.
C.nliajal Espinosn, ///.s/. .l/c.c, 1. fll-C)."), ii. 21, and Ramirez, in his -Mexican
tilition of Pi'csoott, i. 132 anil IS.'), beside narratives, give portraits of Ve-
lii/i|uez, Cordoba, and Grijalva. Suliaijttii, I/i< Com/. I.'l-O, and ///viss'.'jn- r/f
l'v'Hil)our<j, Uist. Nat. Civ., iv. 27-50, are most valuable from an aboriginal
stand-point. Alaman, in his Dinert., i.4!(-0l, treats of both Ci)rdoba"saml( Jri-
jalv:i's voyages. Among the many allusions to these two expeditions of no
special signiticancc arc those found in VijiUnj'n Am., 70-8; Piirr/ia.t, IIii Pil-
ijriiiies, v. S.')8; Orcido, Sommrrrio, in I'omti-iin, Vhtijiji, iii. 182-0; Sue. Mix.
('■I'll.. liohtin, iii. 242-3; I'ohertson'.'i Vi.iit iVer., i. 143; I'oi/., Cur. and Eiit.,
47I-I); World Disylni/ed, i. 100-79; Vo>/., A Xrw Col., i. 189-98; SammlniKj
iiltcr /'eisdieseh., x'ui. '2'A-M; Lnhnriie, Alir'(/e, ix. 219-31; AVrr'.'* Co//-, ii.
70 1, and iii. 410-.").'!; Klenim, Alli/emeiiiet 'idtnriiisefneli/e, 219; Cord no, Selieepn-
'/'■iijt, 3-18, and .3."»-8!). in A<i, Nooid.i iiriiie I'l rsoi.yeHiiii, Moiitniiii>i, Xiinire.
11" ri/f/, 72-o; Gotlfrieil, I?i i/Ken, iii. ;Fiilsiim, 'u\(,'oi-ten' De.ii)a/rhis,(>-><; I/niriU'.i
//is\ U. S., i. 8-9; Lordiier's I/i-^l. /Jj.sciic., ii. 43-4; S/kiii. Com/, in. Am., ii.
3 (I; Vttanecvt, Tealio Mrr., pt. iii., 100-9; Larennudiire, J/c.c. (t (hint.,
.">:; t: CoUe, M,m. ij Xnf., 81-2; .Voi/er'.s Me.r. /|-.^<-, i. 14-1,-); //<?«./, Me.:
Ci'itl.,C<; l/iilnii ,•<' An. Am., i. 3r)-7; Cidroiio's Dtneor., 130-2; Corrndi, Ihsruh.
ill- lo Am., ii. 7-19; Doltan'K Con/;. Mer. otid I'lru, 47-9; Span. Em/i. in Am.,
27 8; Siion-den\'< Am., 77- 9; /!ai/iial. Hist. Phil., iii. 240-7; ])i-'<eripvio){ de .1 m.,
MS., 112-13: On.-dnn'." //id. Am., 112 13; Malte-Zirun, r»(«^(», 23-4; Wil-
M///'.s- Comj. Me.r., 291; CoslellaiiOK, I'aroiies ilii.^tres de Indian, 71; Peter ]\/itr-
ti/r. <lec. iv., cap. i.-v., l>iii'etf, /i'e>iiim(^, i. 97-103; Miiror'.s ///m"., xxiv. 0,7-0;
(irdjori/'n Hint. Me.r., 19-20; Xorm(in\H Ii(tinlile.i,{Kt; ]Vilson\i Mix. and /leij.,
IS: ('o'Inn'.H Jour. Geo;/., No. vi. 84; Xeire Zeilluwj von Jueafun, 1, etc.; Mon-
'j'lire, /{('.••■unie, 41 0; ^/nreh y Lahore.'^, ^f<triml I-j-ipafiolii, i. 403-4: t'nrte-iii.
von deni Xeueii Iliip., pt. ii.
Mordli, Fagli Noci Orbis, 10; Armin, Atte
RETURN OF GRI.TALVA— A NEW EXPEDITION.
: lill
Before the return of Grijalva, interest in the new
cx])edition had already raised itself into a whirl of
excitement; and as volunteers pressed forward, the
captaincy became an apple of discord among aspirants.
Chief amonjj these were Vasco Porcallo a near rela-
tive of the count of Feria, Antonio Velazquez," and
Bernardino Velazquez, the last two kinsmen of the
governor. Another was Baltasar Bermudez," from
A'elazquez' own town, and his intimate friend. None
of these suited. Then followed for the governor nights
of troubled dreams and days of irritable indecision.
It was a peculiar personage Velazquez wanted. Ho
must be, in Mexico, courageous, wise, and prudent; in
Cuba, obedient, teachable. He must be able to com-
mand men, to brave the proudest barliarian, and so
fired by enthusiasm in the field as cheerfully to endure
hardships and risk life; his work successfully accom-
]>lished, he must return humbly to Santiago, and lay
his trophies at the feet of his master. Grijalva was
most nearly such a man; but he lacked that subtle
second sense which should tell him when it was the
governor's pleasure to have his orders disobeyed. Por-
callo was competent, but Velazquez was afraid of liim.
He was scarcely farther from the throne than himself;
and in reporting any important conquest to the king
M'ould prove the greater of the two. The relatives
present were worse, if anything, than Grijalva; be-
sides, they had no means, and to thk position the suc-
cessful aspirant must bring money as well as courage
and discretion. Bcrmudez miglit be eligible, but for
his services, in braving the dangers, and bringing the
results of the expedition to Velazquez, he had the
^f^'r., 77-8; Tnnron, Ifi.it. Oen. Am., iii. 58-78; liiisstcrre, VEmpire Me.r.,
103-0; SnmlovuU llht. Carlos V., i. l()I-'2; Cort^^, Jlint. Mt.i:, .SO-110; ('amy"'.
1114. jyrsfuh. Aw., ii. 7-10; Cortc.t, Aven. y('on<]., 1'2-l.S; Stephens' lucid, of
Tniirl in Yio:, ii. 3(i(>-0; Drnke'n Voy., lGl-3; llart'x Tahruco, 4-iJ; Jai Cnr.,
V. r)41-4; XourdlcnAii.de.f Voi/., xcvii. 30-1, and clxiv. 101; and Manzi,Coiiq.
(/(• J/',sw.. l-.l
'H'allod Rorrcgo, says Torqucniada, i. 301. Bemal Diaz gives Borrego as
the si'c'diul Hui'iinnio.
'^ Bcnial Diaz says Aiigustin BuTmudez.
I:'
1 1 m
RISE OF IIERNAN COllTl'X
37
temerity to demand throe thousand (hieats. The
]>r()[K)sition was not for a moment to be entertained;
tlie job must be accomphshcd for less money.
Watchful eyes saw the governor's dilemma, and
artful tongues M'agged opportunely. Near to him in
their daily vocations were two men, both small in
stature, but large of head, and broad in experience and
sagacity. One was the governor's secretary, Andres
do Duero, and the other the royal contador, Amador
de Lilrcs. Both possessed rare attainments; they
were skilled in every artifice, and could make their
master see white or black; while Litres could not
write, he had not failed to profit by a twenty -two
years' career in Italy, during which time he rose to
the honorable distinction of chief butler to the Gran
Capitan, and he seldom found it difficult to move the
unstable Velazquez to his purposes, although they
were not always the purest and best." Following the
example of the governor, these two worthies were
not averse to improving their fortunes by securing, at
little risk or expense, an interest in the New Spain
conquest; and so they gave heed when the alcalde of
Santiago softly insinuated that he was the man for
the emergency, and that if they would hel)") him to
the command they should share the profits.
15
The alcalde of Santiago bore a fair reputation, con-
sidering the time and place; for comparatively few
names in the New World were then wholly free from
taint. In the prime of manhood, his age being thirty-
three, of full medium statuj'o, well proportioned and
muscular, with full breast, broad shoulders, square full
forehead, small straight spare compact body and well
" Las Caaas regarded him as a scheincr, and often warned Vela7.(|uez
nj,';unst ' Veintidos ufios do Italia.' IIUI. liuL, iv. 4-17. Ho calls him like-
wise ' Ihirgali's' and ' lioinlire astutisimo.'
'■' ' (^hie partiriaii,' says IJernal Uiaz, lfi.it. I'cnlttd., 13, ' entre todon trea
la jiaiianeia del oro, y plata, y joyaa, de la parte (jue le cupiesse a Citrti's,'
:iiid also, growls Lis Ca.sas, iihl .tityrn — knowledge of the facts as yet heinjj
liiit nimoi — what Cortes eould steal from the king and the governor was sub-
ject to division, beside what ho would rob from tho natives.
88
RKTURX OF GRIJALVA-A NEW EXPEDITION.
II I
turned limbs, tliougli somewhat bow-legijfCfl, ho pre-
sented a ])leasing rather than imposlnijj front. His
portraits show fine antique features, beariniif a somo-
wliat sad expression, which was increased by tlie
^n-ave tenderness of the dark oval eyes. The full
though thin beard, cut short, counteracted to scmio
extent the effect of the small ash-colored face, and
served to cover a deep scar on the lower lip, the
memento of a duel fought in behalf of a certain frail
fair one.
He was an exceedingly popular alcalde; there was
nothing staid or sombre in his method of administer-
ing justice. The law was less to him than expedi-
ency, and his standard of right was easily shifted,
according to circumstances. In wit and vivacity he
was a Mercutio. Astute of intellect, discreet, of a
cheerful, even jovial disposition, with brilliant intui-
tions and effervescent animal spirits, he knew how to
])lease, how to treat every man as best he liked to be
treated. A cavalier of the Ojeda and Balboa type,
he was superior to either. He would not, like the
former, woo danger for the mere pleasure of it, nor,
like the latter, tamely trust his forfeited head to any
governor. Life was of value to liim; yet adventure
was the rhythm of it, and the greater the peril the
greater the harmony secured. An hidalgo of respect-
able antecedents, whatever he might have been, or
might be, he now plaved the part of magistrate to
perfection. As a matter of course, ho was in entire
sympathy with the religious views of the day, as well
as with the leachnjif men amoniTf the cler^jy. Iiuleed
the friars ever praised him, believing him to be a
zealous and conscientious man; he made it a point
that they should. The moral ideal of the Japanese
is politeness. Politeness is virtue. They do not
say that lying and stealing are wrong, but imi)o-
lite. While the alcalde if pressed must confess
himself an optimist, believing that whatever is, is
best, yet in practice that best he would better, and
CORTK.S OBTAINS TIIK APPOINTMENT.
a»
wliatsoevcr liis strongtli permitted, it was right for
hiiii to do. He was a sort of Mephistophelcs, decked
in manners and guided by knowledge. Besides the
workl, he knew books, and how to make somewhat of
them. Earnestly devoted to the service of the church,
many of his acts yet met with its most unqualified
condemnation. Possessed of vehement aspirations, his
ambition was of the aggressive kind; not like that of
A'elazquez, mercenary and timid. Like Tigellinus
Sophonius, it was to his pleasing person and unscru-
pulous character that the alcalde owed his rise from
poverty and obscurity; and now, like Phaethon, if
for one day he might drive the governor's sun-chariot
across the heavens, it would be his own fault if he
were not a made man. This much at this time wo
may say of Hernan'" Cortes, for such was the al-
calde's name; which is more than ho could say for
himself, not knowing himself as we know him, and
more than his associates could say of him. Here-
after as liis character develops we shall become further
acquainted with him. It is as difficult to detect the
I'ull-grcnvn plant in a seed as in a stone, and yet the
seetl will become a great tree, while the stone remains
a stone.
And so, with the aid of his loving friends Duero
and Liires, whose deft advice worked successfully on
the })lastic mind of Velazquez, and because he ])os-
scssed some money and many friends, as well as
courage and wisdom, the alcalde of Santiago was
proclaimed captain-general of the expedition." And
'" Hernan, Hernando, Fernan, Fernando, Ferdinando. Tlie names are one.
Witli no s[)ecial preference, 1 employ tlie tirst, usccl liy tlic! l)(.'st writers.
Anioni,' the early authorities. Soils, the Siianiah 1 Mislator of I)e lM>un d'eai'iH
Ferdinamli Cortexii, and many others, write >i.r,"a'i; Pizarro y Urcllaiia,
Varonen Ilvulres, Fernan; Bernal Diaz and Oviedo, Hei.mndo; Goinara, Fer-
nando. In accordance with the Spanish usaj^e of adiling the mother's siinianie,
ho is sometimes, tliough rarely, called Cort«58 y I'izarro. For portrait aucl
signature i refer the readier to Alavmn, Divert., i. ai)p. i. 15-10 ; portrait as an
olil man; Claviijfro, Storia MesH., iii. 0-8; PrescoU'n Mex., iii. 1; Id., (ed.
Mex., 1840, iii. 210-11); Armin Allc Mex., 82, plate from the painting in tho
Conci'pcion Hospital at Mexico; March y Liihovn, Marina Kspanola, i. 400.
'' In making out the commission Duero stretched every point in favor of
his friend, naming him captain -general of lands discovered and to bo dis-
40
RETURN OF GRIJALVA— A NEW EXPEDITION.
now, wliilo the heathen wail let tlic Spaniards rejoice.
Yes. Noble Castilian! cry aloud! for gold shall fill
the coffers of your king as they were never filled
before, and great shall be the glory of your kingdom;
and if the sight of the blood your captains shall draw
from the hapless savages, even more freely than gold
is drawn, does not spoil your appetite for the game,
then whet your swords for the grand pacification.
covered, as well as of the fleet. ScUa, Hist. 3fex., i. 47; for the greater tho
sliare of Corti'S, the greater Duero's share. Gomara says, JJist. Mex., 12,
• Hablo a Fern.lilo Cortes para Jj armasscan amboa a mcdias, porQ tenia doa mil
Castellanos de ore,' etc. ; but "iOiX) castcllanos alone would not pnrchaae u half
interest in this undertaking. Las Ca.saa, loc. cit, states that Velazquo/, for
reasons that will appear in the next chapter, was very cautious in intercourse
with Cortes until his scruples were overcome by advisers.
CHAPTER IV.
THE HERO OF THE CONQUEST.
Bim iiPLACE OF Herxan CoRTfe — His Comino CoMPENSATon y Fon the Devil-
sent LUTHEK— PaREXTAOR — HeRNAX A SiCKLY ChILD— SaINT PeTER
ins Patron — Hk is Sent to Salamanca — IIetcrns Home — Thinks ok
C6RD0DA and Italy — And of Ovaxdo and the Indies— Chooses the
Latter — Narrow Escape during a Love Intrigue— Ovan do Sails
WITHOUT Him — Cortes Goes to Valencia— Is there III — Keiurns
Home— Finally Sails for the Indies— His Reception at Santo
Domingo — He Fights Indians under Velazquez, and is Given an
Kncomienda — Goes to Cuba with Velazquez — Makes Love to Cata-
lina Suarez — But Declines to Marry — Velazquez Insists — Cortes
Reuels— Seizures, Imprisonments, Esc.u'es, and Reconciliation.
Lf:T US now look into the life of this Cuban maijis-
trate, so suddenly raised to prominence.
Medellin, a small town of Estremadura, Spain, was
the birthplace of Hernan Cortes, and 1485 the year
ill which he was barn — miraculously born, as INIen-
dicta and others believe, and perhaps by way of com-
pensation for the appearing about this time of Martin
Luther.^ The shade of Montezuma, pcradventurc,
' Indeed, to make the miracle perfect in .ill its details, a little warpinf? of
tlie facts is perhaps allowable. So wlicn the zealous chroniclers hring into
the woi Id the same year, the same day, even tlie solf-saine iionr, these two
{;ioat champions for the souls of men, we should not he too critical, though
in truth there wei-e two years ditlerence in their ages. ' V asi, no carecc do
niistcho qtie el mismo aflo que Lutero nacio en lalebio,' tliat is to say Kislel)cn,
' viUa le Sajonia, nacio Hernando Cortes en Medellin, villa do Ksiuula; aqucl
para turijar el mundo y meter debajo do la bandera del demonio a niuchos de
los liclcs que de padres y abueios y muchos tiempos atras eran catolicos, y este
para traer al gronio de la Iglesia intinita multitud de gentos (jue jiorafios sin
cuonto habian esta/lo debajo del poder do Satanus envueltos en viiios y cicgos
con la idolatria.' Mriidieln, Hiit. L'don., 174-5. Pizarro y Orellana will not
he outdone by any one in zeal or mendacity. 'Nacio esto llnstro Varon el
<'ia mismo ([lie aquella besti-i infernal, el Pertido Hcresiarca Lutero, salio
•tI mundo.' I'aroiiex Ilvxlres,(ii). Iternal Diaz is the iirst authority on the (jncs-
tiun of age. 'En el ano que passanios con C'ortca dendc Cuba,' ho writes
(41)
I:
III
II m
4a
THE HERO OF THE CONQUEST.
might (loiiy tluit his was tho advent of a new Messiah,
though tho tleluded monarch, at tho first, sorrowfully
hailed him as such. The father, Martin Cortes y
]\lonroy, was of that poor ^ut prolific class who filled
Spain toward the close of the ^Moorish wars, and
who, although nothing in particular, were neverthe-
less permitted to call themselves hidalgos, sons of
something. Some give him the title of cscudero,
others place him still higher in the scale of fighting
men. The mother, Catallna Pizarro y Altamirano,
likewise, with poverty, claimed nohle blood.''
Hernan was a sickly child, and probably would
have died had not his good nurse, Maria de Estevan,
Hist. Vi'.nhid., 23S, 'a la Niieva Espnil », fne cl dc quinientos y diez y nucuo
alios, y cntonces solia ilozir estnndo en uonvcrsacion tie toiloa iiosotrcd los coni-
pai'ieros (jue con el passanioa, que aula treyiita y quatro aflos, y voynte y oclio
(jue auiau jiiissado liasta (]ue muiio, que )0n sesenta y ilos afios.' Wliile agree-
ing with Iternal Diaz in tiie date of Cort(53' death, December '2, l.")47, (ioniiii-a
says he was then sixty-tlirec. From his false prcniiso Mcndieta elaborates a
eoniparison between Lutiicr and Cortes, dwelling with pious pathos on tiio
holocaust of human victims oti'ercd up at the consecration of the great Aztec
temple at Mexico, which deed, he coolly stiites, was committed on the day
Cortt's was born. For the facts, see Jinvcro/f's Native Ilnccs, v. .''), 4;{!)-4l).
Without taking the trouble to test Mcndicta's statement, Torqncmada, i. .'540-1 ,
carries the nuraculous still further. Following the luaven-descended Cortt's
in his piratical raiil on M.^xico, he sees the hand of (!od in the linding of
Aguihir, who, like Aaron, was to be the mouthpiece of his chief, in the alli-
ances with native states, antl in the great victories antl hair-breadth escapes
of tho coii(|ueror, lighting luitler the banner of the cioss.
'■^ Accoriling to the T<Kti7noiiio de Jlulahjuia de CorUx, in Col, Dnc. Infd.,
iv. 2.'W-'J, the names of the mother's parents were Diego Altamirano antl Leonor
Sanchez Pizarro, wliich woukl reverse her surnames, and make the son a CortCs
y Altamirano. Ihit (Jomara, De Itebux (Ivstit Fe.rdinandi CortCKii, and otlicr
authorities, do not at^cept this form. This imiwrtant document, however, the
'J'rgtimoiiio, establishes the fact that both parents were hidalgos, 'gozando
de lt)3 oticios que gozan los hijosdalgo en . . . Metlellin.' Some historians strain
tliemselves to make Cortt^s the scion of a Roman family, or even of a king of
Lombartly and Tuscany, whose descendants enterctl Spain during Gothic
rule. Those who have tastes in that direction may consult iiiniliix, ]'iris
lllmt., 141; Auaks de Ara(iO)),\\\. -nW.; Pizarro y Ore^hvia, Vnroiies llrstris,
07. Las Cafas, Hist. Iiid., iv. 1 1, who claimetl acquaintance with the family,
slurs their pi'ctensions to high origin. 'Ambos hijosdalgo sin ra(,'a' is tlie
qualification in S(nidornf, Hint. CnrloH V., i. KiO. No doubt the parents of
Cortes were respectable and amiable people, but to attempt to make of them
other than they were is folly. ' Catharinia namque probitiite, piulicitiil et in
conjugem amore, nulli wtatis suae feminae cessit. ' De Bebjix Get^tin F< rdiiiandi
Corti'nii, in /cazhalccta. Col. Doc, i. .SlO-11. This document refers to Martin
Cortes as 'levis armaturae cquitum quinquaginta dux fuerit,* on which evi-
dence Prescott makes the man a captiiin when he is only a lieutenant, whicli
yet more clearly api)cars by Ciomara, who states, JJist, Mex., 4, that he was
a ' teniente dc vna compafiia ile Cinetes.'
EAIILY LIVE OF CORTi;S.
4.1
isociincl in liis !> 'Iialf Suiiit, Pctor, tlu'nccforth liir^
j)atr<»n.'' With his iiiothL-r'.s milk he (h'tiiik couran'c*
and intellii^euco, and ho was schooled in the virtni's
and the vices of the «lay. In his youth he was liead-
stronjjf, hut cliivalrous, and he revelled in liis supe-
liority ()ver other hoys. The hrain-fernient, chronic
throughout his life, set in at an early day. J le was
keenly sensitive to disj^-race. As he developed sonie-
M'hat of archness and du[)licity, he was deemed hest
tit ted for the profession of the law. At the aj^e of
fourteen, accord iui^ly, with such preparation as the
slender means of the father would allow, he was sent
to Salamanca, whose university, though past the
zenith of its fame, was still the leadin<' seat of learn-
'u\\j; for conservative Spain. Two years of restraint
and intellectual drud'''ery, durinix which time he lived
with his father's brother-in-law, Nunex de Valera,
suliiced to send him home surfeited with learning, to
t he i^roat disappointment of his family.' A frolicsome
and somewhat turbulent disposition, more marked
since his college career than pre\'iously, made his I'e-
turn all the more unwelcome. Not tliat his studies,
' The nurse was .a ' vezina ilc Oliun,' and her method of choosing a patron
vas (.■hiinicteristic of the tinie.s. ' La deuucion fue echar en suortca los doze
aiiDstoli's, y darlo por aiiogado I'l postrero ii ssliesse, y salio sau I'edro. Kn
cuyi) iiuhre se dixcron ciertas uiitisas y oraciones, con his (inales phigo a Dioa
■j siiiassi'.' Oomara, IlUt. Mex., 4.
* And Pi/airo y Orellana, I'ttmiirn /I'o'/r.v, 00-09, inchdgcs in a Icngtliy
dissertation upon the elleot of niothms' milk on iierous. 'C'riolc a siis polio.-i
l>')ria Cat;iliua Pizarro su niadre: y a la genorosidad ileste lacticinio atiilmyo
MaiiiuM) e Siculo su gran valor, y vii'tud. '
' I'i/arro y Orellana, Vnroins //(>7;v.v, 07, states that he was supportecl at
fdlleg,; l)y Monroy and Rodrigu<'Z. It is ]i(issil)lo that his proud spirit oliafid
uiiikr this tlependonce, or tliat ho felt too diej)ly lii.s position as a j)! Kir student
aaioiig the wealthy youth there eougregateil; or that tiiis aid was withdraw ii
v.wing to the turhiilent character here developed hy the youns,' man. 'J'luse
views find .support in ilomani, II'iM. Mcx., 4: ']5oluiose a Medillin, haitu o
arrc|)entido de istudiar, o (juiya falto de dineros.' While admitting tiie want
hotli iif money and inclination for study, Tor((ueniada, i. .S4."i, states that a
i]uartau fever came on as lie was pi'eparing for the study of law, and was tlio
chief cause of his leaving the college. Las ( 'a.sas. Hint. IiiiL, iv. 1 1, gives Idm
the lioiiorsof a hachillcr, and as having studied law, both of which H»^atenu'nti
are uidikely, considering his short course. 'Aprendiendo gramiitica' imjilies a
cuur.se of study in Latin and (h'eek, as well a.s rlictoric, which it required
three years to complete. Plan ih- Ka/m/iDs di; In I'liin r-iiddd iff Sdlamniirit,
ipiotcd liy Folsom, ill ''oW'v' y>('N;i'(/'/((<, 10. According to Peralta, 'asento
coil nil Lscribano, . . . .y aprondio d escrebir," etc. in Valladolid. XoL Hint., 50.
m '
44
TU7 HERO OF THE CONQl"E>;T.
'3]' !.
ij'. ''■
despite liis aversion to them, liad l)oeii wholly no-
elected; he could boast a sniatter of Latin, wliich
indeed proved of advantajj^e afterward, <j;'iving him in-
tlucnce over many of those with whom he associated.
lie had also acquired some knowledp-e of rhetoi-ic, as
is manifest in his letters and occasional verses." At
])resent, however, his intellectual talents were em-
ployed only in scribblinij^ rhymes in aid of amorous
intrii^ues, which were now his chief pursuit. ] [ence
when arms possessed his fancy the parents did not
repine, but were only too glail for him to enter ser-
vice, as he seemed inclined, under the Gran Capitan,
who was just then alluring to his standard the chi\-
alry of Spain by brilliant achievements in Italy.
There was, however, the glitter of gold in the Indies,
and the ap})ointment of Nicolas de Ovando,'' as gov-
ernor, turned the youth's vacillating mind in that
direction.
Cortes had concluded to accompany the new g<^)v-
ornor, when one night, just before the sailing of the
fleet, an accident intervened. Wliile engagetl in one
of his intriixucs he had occasion to clind) a courtvard
wall to gain the lady's apartment. The wall crum-
bling beneath his weight threw liim to the ground,
and the noise brouglit to the door of an adjoining
house a blustering Benedick, who, perceiving the sit-
uation of the gallant, antl suspecting his own newly
made wife, drew the sword M'ith bloody intent. At
the ]irayer of the suspected wife's mother, however,
the husband suspended vengeance. Before the scape-
grace recovered i'vo\i\ a fever brought on by tiie
bruises received in this fall, the fleet of Ovando had
sailed.
"Verses whicli wore toLi-ahly good, and even procured him some fame
Aiiiil'''t,'2\H). ' Qiuuido lia!)laua oon Letrados, y lioiiil)re3 Latinos, resiioinlia ;l
lo (|nc le doi an en Latin.' Jkrnal Diaz, Ili.if. I'l'nhnl., '238. Tiiv eomliinti!
<|ualities()f scholar and general have called up a not inai)proin'iate ciim|iaii.s(in
lietween Cortes and C;esar. See Ili/pn' S])'tii. (niiij., and othei' autliurities.
"Some claim him for a relative of Cortex. See /'iiitrro >/ Onl/aii'i, Wn-i'iii^
Jlrstrt's, 70: Solis, Hist. Mrx., i. 4j; Dt lldiuis Uiditi Finlinundi Cviivnii, in
Icazbalccta, Col. Do<\, i. 31-.
CH)RTi:>; SAILS FOR THE NEW WORLT>.
a
After this, Cortc's tliou^'ht aLjaiii of Italy, and wont
lo A'alcMicia to place himself uiuler Cordoba, hut ojicc
more illness overtook him, this time accompanied by
destitution, and he returned to ^ledellin somewhat
soliered." Thus another year was idled away; but
notwithstandinjTf his follies, the youtliful cavalier, who
was now iiineteen, displayed many tine qualities. As
hr ap}>roi,clied manhood his health improved, and form
}iih1 teatures became more pleasing. Though proud in
his bearing, and of quick i)erceptions, and high-spirited
in tempo", he sought to school his tongue, and to
]irnetise discretion in the use of his sword. Native to
jiiiii vere genercjsity and amiability. The qualities of
his jieart were noble; the vices were those of his time
and station. \et he lacked the moral fibre which
^llould bo interwoven with the good impulses of every
lich, sensitive nature, and this want could not bo
made up by repeating prayers and singing psalms,
wherein Gomara describes him as efficient.
The ])inching economy to which Cortes was reduced
iiiiide his present frequent visions of the Indies a])pear
only the brighter; and when, in 1504, a fleet of ti\e
shi|is was announced to sail for Esjjailola, he deter-
mined to delay no longer. With little else than his
lather's Idessing he proceeded to Seville, and took
jiassage with Alonso Quintero, master of one of the
vessels, who fancied himself shrewder than other men,
and shrewder than he was. Thinking to overreach
his brother captains in whose company he sailed, and
to secure at Esjvanola the iirst market for his merchan-
<hse, he stole forth one night from tiie Canary Ish's,
w liere the squadron had touched for supj'lies. A gale
dismasted his vessel on reaching the open sea, and
sent him back to jiort. The others agreed to await
his repairs, which generosity Quintero ivpaid by seek-
ing a second time to take advantao-e of them bv going
*' ' AikIuvo se .1 la flor del borro, ami tj no sin trahajos y nci'i'ssiilivlt'3
(1 rcM lie vn aflo.' (iomnrn, llinf. MfX.,!'t. 'ScuiniKlorcil liis iiiiausat \'aloiicia
Milh bad uoiui^iiiouii,' is the turiu used in liaialocal, llUl. Vuiios, i. lUl,
vMlw
ill
40
THE HERO OF THE CONQUEST.
ill':
m '
before, and his treachery was a second time punished
by the winds, aided, indeed, by the pilot, who was at
enmity with the captain, and who threw the ship from
her course during the night so that the reckoning was
lost. The usual sufferings are related; and, in answer
to prayer, we arc told of a miraculous interposition.
On Good Friday, when all hope had been abandoned,
there was seen poised above the ship a dove, which
presently dropped down and rested on the mast.'' How-
ever this might have been, we are crediljly informed
that the wind subsided and the ship proceeded on her
vovasre. Final! v, on reaching his destination, Quintcro
found the other ships snugly riding at anchor, their
cargoes having been profitably disposed of several
days before.
The governor being absent, his secretary, Medina,
received Cortes kindly, and pointed him the common
highway to fortune. "Register yourself a citizen," he
said. "Promise not to hjave the island for five years,
and you shall have lands and Indians; after the ex-
piration of your time you may go wliere you choose."
Cortes answered: "I want gold, not work; and neither
in this island nor in any other place w411 I promise to
remain so long." He tliought better of it, however,
and on the return of Ovantlo he presented himself,
and was induced to settle. Not long after an Indiaii
revolt called Diego A\'lazquez, lieutenant of Ovandn,
into the field, and Cortes hastened to join the expedi-
tion. The coolness and ability displayed in this short
campaign won for him the admiration and esteem
alike of chief and comrades.'" His reward was an en-
comienda of Indians in tlie JJaiguao country, together
with the notaryship of the new town of Azua. For
the next six years he was occupied in husbandry and
•Ti>ny.icmada, i. 340, sees in the bird a nieascngcr from God to conduct-,
safely his chofnu inatnimcut for converting tlio natives of the Now World.
I'izarro y Orellana, Winiiicn Ilrslira, (i9-70, recognizes the Holy (ilio.-it, avIio
assiinieil tliis form, and conuueuts on similar niipeuranccs clsewhe 'c. How
gotxUy a thing is faith !
'"jio assisted in the pacification of Higne, Baumco, Haignao, lutagna,
Jaruguil, and Amgnayagua. Corks, Memorial, in Vol. Doc, Incd., iv. 2"20.
m.
THE SN.VRES OF WOMAX.
47
in official pursuits, varied by military exploits and lovo
intrigues which kept his sword from rusting and gave
him wounds which he carried through life. An ab-
scess under the right knee, a most lucky affliction,
alone prevented his joining the ill-fated expedition of
Nicuesa to Vcragua."
On assuming the direction of New World affairs as
governor, in place of Ovando, Diego Colon in 1511
fitted out an expedition against Cuba, and gave the
command to Velazquez, who appointed Cortes his
advisor and executive officer,^^ a position which the
latter gladly accepted, deprived as lie was of his patron
(Jvando, and lieartily tired of the monotony of Es-
])aiiola. Still hidden beneatli a careless exterior were
the deeper qualities of his nature, and there were yet
six other years, and more of ordinary business and
pleasure, before the appearance of earnest thought or
great self-reliance." Meanwhile Sjianish womoi were
not numerous in the Indies, and rivalry for their
favors was great. Cortes had escaped with light
" The author of De Uehus OcMU Fcrdinandi Corte-'iii directs tlii-scxpeilitioii
tr. C'il)a, after delayiiij^ it three iiv.mth.s iii the hope of seeunii!^ the .serviced
of (.'oi'tos, iu both of which statements lie is iu error. Icazliakrta, Col. Doc,
i. .Sis- lit.
'- 'Socium ot ministruin cotisilionim omnium adsumit.' Dc Ih'him Orsti.i
Ferd'iniindi (.'orfffiii, in fcaz'ia!cet(i, < 'ol. Doc, i. {i2'd. So higlily did X'ela/.quez
estoeiu the (jnalitiesof his friend, 'din inultunniuo Cortesium ro;,'at, ut Heemii
eat: niaria ae montes pollicetnr, si operam ad id belhim polliceatnr.' J'l.,
|{10. J^as Casas, wlio knew Cortes at a hiter time, makes liiiii one of the two
scerct^irics of Velazfutez, the otiier l)oini; Audrija de Duero; and tliis wouKl
eoincido with tiie alxjve. Las Casas is too inconsistent to be very reliable.
On the same page ho refers to Cortes as a prudent, reticent man, ami iilso as
a prater nf)t to lie trusted with secrets; useful to ^'elazmlez only for his
knowledgoof Latin. JJhL In'L, iv. 10 1 1. Ilrrrcra, dec. i., lib. ix., cxp. viii.,
follows Las Casas. Comara, I/iKt. .l/c.c, (!, calls him 'oticial del tesovero
Mij^iud de lAa.ssamote, para tencr cu<'ta ci> los ((uiiitos y ha/.ienda del rey, y
nun 1 1 me.smo Diego Vcla/,(pie/ se In roito, ])or .ser habil y <lili.L;eute.' ( Souiara
iiiiiy have had his reasons for not conneiting him too dusely with his lati'r
eiii'niy, but he admits on this and on tlie following page tiiat Vtlaz(|uc/ iu-
tru.<ted him with business affairs of his own, which he was afterward ciiargcil
with having divulge I. Among tlie.se duties was superintending the con-
struction of a mint ami hospital. The jiosition of clerk to a treasurer would
of com-sc be inferior to that of sceret;iry to tlie chief of the ex})edition; yet
if tlie treasurer was as illiterate as Contador Lilres, his clerk would rank
rather as deputy.
" ' l>a muy resabido y recatado,' say.s Las Casas, ' puesto que no
inostraba saber tJinto, ui ser dc tantii hubilidad eomo desiiucs lo mostro eu
cosus lirduuH.'
48
THE HERO OF THE CONQUEST.
punishment many gallantries, but he had not been
settled long: in Cuba before he found a more serious
case upon his hands.
Among those who had settled in Cuba was a family
from Granada, Suarez by name, consisting of a widow,
her son Juan, and three daughters, remarkable for their
beauty. They had come with the vireyna Maria de
Toledo, and Gomara is so ungallant as to say that their
object was to secure rich husbands.** Scores of hearts
are laid at their feet, but the marriage obligation is
evaded by the more promising men of the colony, for
the Suarez family has a somewhat clouded reputation.
In one of them Velazquez takes a tender interest;
some say he marries her.*'' Cortes fancies another;
Catalina is her name; ho trifles with her afl:cctions,
obtains her favors, promises her marriage, and then
seeks to evade the issue. The brother petitions the
virtuous governor, who cannot see the sister of his*
love thus wronged. Velazquez orders Cortes to marry
Catalina. The cavalier refuses. Enmity arises be-
tween the two men, and without difficulty Cortds is
persuaded by certain disaffected to join a cabal against
the i^^'overnor. Nocturnal meetings are held at tho
house of Cortds; and when it is determined to lay
their fancied grievances before the authorities at Santo
** Tho deceased head of tho family boro tho name of Diego Suarez Pa-
checo, the mother that of Maria do Marcaida, also wrongly written Mercaida.
Tho son, Juan Suarez, tho partner of Cortes in tho Cuban encomienda, after-
ward settled in Mexico. Bernal Diaz, Hist. I'crdcuL, 12-13. See also Proceso
de Marcayda, in Cortda, Kesidenria, ii. 333. Peralta, the son of Juan, gives
tho family a genealogy of high order. Not. Hist. , 57. ' Suarez gento pobre. '
Ans Casus, J fist. Iiid., iv. 13. ' Doiiii, Catalina Suarez Pacheco (the daughter),
doncella noble y recatada. ' Solia, Hist. Mex., i. 40, and Pizarro y Orellaua,
I'aroiv's llvstrcs, 70, also write Suarez, Herrora and Gomara, Xuarez. Tho lat-
ter says three or four daughters. Hist. Mex., 7, but it seems that there wcro
four children in all. Thoso who write tho more common form of Suarez are
more explicit, and deserve at least equal credit with Gomara.
'■^ Velaz(iuez was man'ied not long ufter his arrival in Cuba to the daughter
of Contador Cu(5llar. Tho brido died within tho same week. Harrera, dec.
i. lib. ix. ccip. ix. 'Velazquez fauorccia Li por amor do otra su hcrmana, rf
tenia ruhi fama, y aun el era deinaaiado mugeril. ' Gomara, Hist. Mn: ,
7. Delaporte, Rcisen, x. 141-2, assumes that Cortes won tho love of her win 'lu
Vciazcjuez wished to possess; while Gordon, Anc. J/ex., ii. 32, supposes tln'.t
the brido had been the object of A'clazquez* gallantry ; hence tlietrouliU.
Folsom, on tlie other hand, marries one of tho Suaicz sistcra to Velazquez,
and calls hun the brother-in-law of CortOs. Cortes, Despatches, 9, 11-12.
impiiison:iiexts axd escapes.
48
Domingo, Cortes is clioson bearer of tlie complaints.'*'
As he is about to embark on liis perilous mission, to
traverse in an open boat eighteen leagues of open
ocean, the governor hears of it, seizes the envoy, and
sends him in chains to the fortress. His partisans
are likewise imprisoned, and active in preferring
char<]fes ajjainst them are Bermudez, the two Yelaz-
quez, A^illegas, and Juan Suarcz. Friends intercede
and prevent immediate hanging." Cortes resolves on
escape. With some difficulty he extricates himself
from his fetters, seizes the sword of the sleeping
guard, forces the window, and dropping to the ground
takes refuge in the church. ^"^ Velazquez, enraged at
the escape, yet not daring to violate the privilege of
sanctuary, resorts to artitice. Introducing some sol-
diers into the chapel through a small door in the
rear, the blushing (^atalina is stationed at a distance
before the sacred edifice as a decoy. The lover sees
her; the dear girl wishes to speak with him, but
her maidenly modesty fo"bids her nearer approach.
Cortes rushes forward to clasp lier in his arms, only
to be seized from behind, and placed under a strong
guard in the hold of a vessel bound for Espanola,
where, in company with the other conspirators, he is
to undergo trial.'®
""' Goinara, /list. Mex., 7, insists that Vola/.qnez had no motive for
nngt'i- except tho refusal of Cortes to marry. The meeting of conspirators
at his house gave plausibility to the charges of his enemies. ]}y others
it is even st-iteil that at these meetings Cortes dofencled the governor
against tho ch.'irges of tho conspirators and oveiruled their plots. Jk llehim
(li-iU F<i-iliiiiniili CorlesU, in Icazhahuta, Col. Doc, \. 3"J.)-0. The prepon-
tlertmce of evidence, however, is against this supposition.
'' ' Kstando para se emharcar en una canoa ile indios con sus papeles, fu6
Diego Velaz<pie/, avi.sado y hozolo prcnder y (nilsul i ahorcar.' Luk (.'(txiu, I list.
lit'/., iv. 1 1. Jle was ciiat in the fort prison, lest tlie army should ])roclaim him
general. ' Timebat ne si qnis.'ctc. J>c Jicbus Oeslis Ferdhmndi Corksil, in
JaKliiilcrin, >'o!. Doc, i. 325 and .3'JG-7.
'" In /V lii'htis Gi'iif/s Finimatidt Curti'xii, in Irazhol'r'a, Col. Dor., i. .SSfi-T,
it is reliited that Cortes broke the ropes holding him by means of a stick, and
lilecl (he paillock of the chains Seizing a bludgeon he advanced on the sleep-
ing jail'T, resolved to break his head if he moved. But Cristobal de Lago3
eitlier slept or pretended not to hear the noise as (Vjrtes seized the swor I
and shield at his head. Swinging open a small wintlow, (,'orti's slid down
and hiuTJed to the sanctuary, giving on the way a word of cheer and advice
'o the cons])irators wlio were held within the ])risou.
* ' Cortes. . . .tuuo por eierto 4 lo embiarid a santo Domingo o a Espafta.'
Utar. Vkx., Vol. I. i
50
THK HERO OF THE CONQUEST.
Sympathy for Cortc's increases witli his misfortunes,
and aid is furnislied for a soeond escape. The shackles
are removed, and exchanjjinij elotlies with an attend-
ant, he mounts the up|)er deck,*' strolls carelessly about
watching his opportunity until he gains the skiff; then
cutting loose the boat of another vessel near by, to pre-
vent pursuit, he pulls lustily toward Baracoa. The
boat becomes unmanageable, he plunges into the water,
swims ashore, and once more gains the sanctuary.^'
Cortes was sensible enough now to perceive that
ho had involved himself more deeply than a trifling
love affair would justify, and that possibl}^ he might
best rid himself of the charming Catalina by marry-
ing her. Once determined on this course, lie called
to him the brother, Juan Suarez, and informed him of
his doleful resolve. Meanwhile the constant impor-
tunities of powerful friends, and the need of Cortes'
services in an Indian outbreak, induced Velazquez to
make overtures of reconciliation; but Cortes met him
Gomrira, HiM. Mex. , 7. There would have l)ceii no reasons for his fears on
tliis soorc, if he possessed papers iniplicatin'' \'ehiz(jiiez, as Gomara states.
Another versiion is that the alc-.hles imposed a licavy sentence on Corti's,
after his capture, and that Velazquez, on being appealed to by Duero and
others, was noble-minded enough to grant a pardon. He discharged him from
his service, iiowever, and had him placed on board a ship for Espanola.
Torf/iiriiKuIn, i. .S48. Herrcra says that (^atulina lived near the church, and
while Coites wiis making h)ve to her an alguacil named Juan Eseudero, whom
Cortes afterward hanged in Mexico, came up behind him and pinioned )iis
arms, while tiie soldiers rushed to his assistance. Dec. i. lib. ix. cap. ix. ; < 'orOx,
/iCKidoirln, i. OH, etc. Las CantiK, J I id. Itul., iv. II; J)e Iiebitu Of'stin Fvr-
diiiiiwli Corffil, in Irazhalceta, i. .'V27-8, give minutely the mode of capture.
-"Broke the pump and crawled tlirough, ' Organum pneumaticum,' etc.
Ih Jii'liii.s Gc.slis Jerdiitaiidi Oor/ciil, in fcazhalccta. Col. Doc, i. 32!).
■^' The current of the Mac.agnanigua River did not allow him to enter it,
and elsewhere the breakeis woukl upset the boat. Stripping himself, he tied
to his head ccrtiiin documents against Velazcjuez, held by him as notary of the
ayiintamiento and clerk of the treasurer, and thereupon swam ashore. He
entered his house, consulted with Juan Suarez, and reentered the temple,
armed. Oomara, I/i,st. Afex., 7. l>e nt'hu.<i Gcxtis I'Wd'uia)i<li Cortesii, iu
Jc(i~.lialcefa, vi. IViO-.'iO, refers to a friend of Cortes chaincil in the same ship's
hold, iind states that CortOs rowed ashore. On the way to the house oi
Suarez he narrowly escapes a patrol. Having secured arms, he proceeds i"
cheer liis captive partisans, and then enters the sanctuary. At dawn tiie ctiji-
<-!'it> of the vessel from which Cortes escaped comes also to the temple, to sccuvn
himself against Velaznuez' wrath, no doubt, but is refused admission into
the sacristy by his fellow-refugoo, who suspects the man, and fears that the
])rovisions may not outlast the siege. In llcrrera, dec. i. lib. ix. cap. viii.,
Cortes drifts about uu a log and is tinally coat ashore.
LOVING ENEMIES.
«
'tunes,
lackU'S
ittcnd-
^ about
■; then
to pre-
. The
water,
/e that
trifiinjJf
) might
marry-
2 called
him of
, impor-
Cortes'
;quez to
nut him
lis fears on
avii stiitcs.
on (A)l't('3,
Duero ami
;il him from
Espauola.
luircli, ami
lero, whom
iiiioncil Ilia
X.; ('ort'':>f,
f captiire.
liciim,' etc.
lo enter it,
lilf, he ticl
yxry of the
■lore. He
\o temple,
lorti'nii, ill
^me 8hii>"s
house (if
rocec^H to
ti the cai>-
, to secuvi!
^sioii into
that tlie
pap. viii.,
in a haughty spirit, and surrounding tlio church M'ith
;i guard he went his way to the wars. Notwith-
standing the cavalier had made up his mind to drink
the marriage-draught, he would none of the governor
in it; or if he must, the rcconciliaticm should he ac-
c'oni[)lished after his own fashion. No sooner liad the
governor departed than Cortds directed Juan Suarcz,
with lance and cross-bow, to await him at a certain
I lace. Escaping the guard during the night, Cortes
joined Suarez, and proceeded to the plantation where
Velazquez ■ was quartered. The governor, who was
engaged in looking over some books of accounts, was
not a little startled when Cortes knocked at the open
door and entered. "Is it murder the man means with
aims in his hands, and at this hour?" was his thought,
as he uave the visitor a nervous welcome. ''Command
that no one come near me I" exclaimedCort.es, "else I
will put this pike through him. And now, if my ex-
ci'lKnt and brave captain, Senor Velazquez, has aught
against me, let him speak. I am here to answer."
So sweet was the mutual forgiveness that followed,
that in the morning the two gentlemen were found
occupying the same bed.''^ Not long after Cortes
■'-' So tlie story was current at the time, and I doubt not it contains some
degree of truth, notwithstanding Las Casas, Hist. ItuL, iv. 1I-1'2, scouts it as
a pure fabrication. He knew both men; Velazquez as a proud chief, exacting
the deepest reverence from those around liim, and makinst them tremble afc
lii.s frown; while Cortes was in those days so lowly and luimble as to be glad
to curry favor with the meanest serviints of the governor. The good bisliop
is evidently prejudiced. In De Rebiis GeglU Ferdiiiawll t 'nrtfsii, in IrazMceUi,
<'•'!. Doi'., i. 332-4, the facts arc a little elaborated and contra<lictory, as
usual. Cortes escapes the guard round the cliurch, and readies tiie tarm.
' llalloh, .sefiores ! ' he shouts, 'Cortes is at the door, and salutes Seflor
Vclazipicz, his excellent and gallant captain.' Velazquez is a.stouished, yet
I'lcascd, at the arrival of one whom he always 'ad regarded as a friend and
iHlovcd brother. lie orders supper and bed to be prepared; but Cort(5s
ii'sists that none shall approaeii, or he will lance tlicni. He demands to
know what complaints there are .against liiiii. Ho abhors the suspicion of
I'liiig ,a traitor, and will clear himself. ' Receive nic, ' he concludes, ' in your
lavor with the same good faith that I return to it.' 'Now I believe,'
.Tiiswcrs Vel.azquez, 'that you regard as highly my name and fame as your
oun loyalty. ' They shako hands, and Cortes now enters the house to
fully explain the misunderstanding. After supper tliey retire to one bed.
Ill the morning the messenger, Diego Orellana, arrives to announce (^orti's'
lli^'ht. and finds them lying side by .side. C'ort<''3 will not proceed with
tln' expedition just tlien; but after arranging his .affairs he joins, to the
dcli^^ht of tlie general, who follows his advice implicitly, as he had dona
62
THE HERO OF THE CONQUEST.
i| \
24
married Catalina, and jointly with his brother-in-law
received an encomienda of Manicarao Indians. Like
a hrave .avalier he put the best face possible on the
inevitable, and vowed he was as pleased with his bride
as if she had been a duchess.** Velazquez stood
godfather to a child born to them, and thenceforth
addressed Cortda by the intimate term compadre,
investing him afterward with the staff of alcalde at
Santiago de Cuba."* For a time, however, he re-
mained at Baracoa, where the preceding events oc-
curred, and beside mining he was one of the first upon
the island to engage in stock raising. Thus by diligence
and judicious investments he was enabled to rise from
povei'ty, as well as from profligacy, and to stand ready
to embrace the golden opportunity fortune was now
about to oiF(»r him.
The soft white snow gently dropped upon the
mountain top is forged by alternate thawings and
freezings into hard, rasping glaciers.
in former campaigns. After their victorious return Cortds enjoys greater
honors than ever. Peralta, who also gives the story at lengtli, states tliiit
Cort(5s surpriseil Velazquez asleep. At the request of the governor he gave
himself up to the jailer in order to be formally released, ^at. Hist., 58-(i-.
Still Peralta is a little confused.
2'' She was received by Cort(5s in Mexico, after the conquest, with great
distinction ; ))ut died in about three months after her arrival.
■^' Las C-'asas, who, as usual, will have a fling at Cortes, writes: 'Tuvo
Cortes un hijo 6 hija, no stS si en su mujer, y suplic6 A Diego Velazcjuez
que tuviese por bicn de so lo sacar de la pila en el liaptismo y ser su com-
padre, lo que Diego Velazquez acept6, por honralle.' Hint. Ind., iv. Vi.
Among Cortes' children a natural daughter by a Cuban Indian is mentioned,
licnial Diaz, Hist. V'enlwl., 238, but it is not likely that Cortes would nslc
the governor to stand godfather to a natural child. The same writer maki's
Velazcjuez the groomsman or sponsor at the marriage. ' Fue su padrini),
qi.ando Cortt5s .se velo con Dona Catalina; ' ih., l.S; Vetancovrt, TecUro M<x.,
pt. iii. 109. Although compadre is not unfrequently used as a mere tenn of
friendship, it is not likely to have been applied by a marriage padrino;
hence the title of co-father indicates that it originatetl at the font.
^■"' An office granted only to men of note and to leading conquistadorcs.
Solis, Hist. Mex. , i. 46. It conveyed the title of ' muy virtuoso senor, ' the gov-
ernor being called 'muymfignificosenor,' ParhecowaAC'drdenas, Col. Doc, xii.
22.'), and permitted the holder to walk side by side with the governor. Hrrrera,
dec. ii. lib. iii. cap. xii. ' Aula sido dos vezes Alcalde en la Villa de Satlago de
Boroco, adOde era vezino : porque en aqucstas tierras se tiene por mucha honra '
Bfriial Diaz, Hist. Verdwl., 13. He does not refer to him as alcalde at Santi
ago do Cuba, where the fleet is fitting out, as he clearly states, tiomara, l/lnl.
Mfx., 4, mentions merely that he was here before the quarrel with Velazquez.
Some writers assume that Santiagode Cuba is the same as Santiago de Baracoa,
but Herrera, loc. cil., and others, observe the distinction.
CHAPTER V.
SAILING OF THE EXPEDITION.
ot
The Qvauty of Leader Desired Tv
U.SHKD KOR i^^VUSTME^•T-T,L iTN^f; !""" ^OKVE-P^^CKS E.StL
AfAV-MoKE OF HIS Ca^T ^^^'-^-^^«-<^0RTE.S PutS OV THP T.
Tin. r< "character— Thf S!nt.v.„ r. "^ tiREAT
;;;'"W «cem thSt here wlu d belhol f- "'l"'''"*'-''-' '^
<•( tJio governor for tlw „' ""^*rst 'nstant choice
-|.e<Iitio„ now in pre^rS""'!:/ /^ ™P°*""
"e man required d d not n f iu *'''' <l"aiitr of
A. H-o liave seen, Velazol. l"'*''"'", '""i'° °" ™erit
;;;■ -nomalou. creatiof Te ™u4"r'l 'Z '"'^ P*"-!'----
•"•■to command men an^l i^f i , "'" ''"* '"""I'le;
fl'if ; honest to VeLo,^!/"" J'^'':-"* *« obey luVs
to all the world else I? ' "! '^"*«> '<" neeeiar •
tlnn,n:: "Pipe homo" as P / •"""'! ^ "'"n »« «
a."lDuer:p evaiS^i nr^''''' ''^^^'ui of L=lre,
--^er.i„.c,dWofre:X^^^^^^^
(83)
y
54
SAILING OF THE EXPEDITION.
! i
l)cf<)ro the notary, Alonso do Escalantc, in aecor lanoo
witli the permission granted by the autliorities at Santo
Domingo, which hmited the cntcrjirise to exploration;
tlie f)riv lege to colonize depending on royal favor for
which Velazquez must sue in Spain.*
One would think that after these twenty-five years
of experience there could be found no ecclesiastic or
luler so childish as to expect morality or humanity
from the wolves of Spain let loose among the naked
and defenceless of America. And yet we find the
friars of Espahola, in pursuance of the devout and
higli-minded views expressed by Velazquez, subscrib-
ing ho instructions which enjoin Cortes tt) observe
a conduct befitting a Christian soldier, as if there
were any reasonable hope of his doing so. Ho must
prohibit blasphemy, licentiousness, and gamblinn;
among his men, and on no account molest the natives,
but gently inform them of the glory of God, and of
the Catholic king. Possession must be taken in Ve-
lazquez' name and the secrets of the country ascer-
tained. Search must be made for Grijalva and Olid,
and for the Christian captives supposed to be in
Yucatan. We miijht aefain mark the double-dealing
of the governor, who discharges Grijalva for not
having settled contrary to his instructions, while
charging the new commander not to seize the coun-
try, yet expecting him to do so.^ The instructions
' ' Fray Luya dc Figueioa, fray Alonso do santo Domingo, y fray Bemaldino
Macjenedo, <] eran los goueriiadores, dieron La licencia ii<ara Fernando C'orti's
coiiK) caj)itan y annador cit Diego Volazqucz. ' Gomara, Hist. Mex., 12. The
Fatliers no doubt reriuired to know the name of the commander. 'His litteiis
Cortesius confirmatus,' is the statement \\\De Hehns (lest'is FerdhiandiCorlexii,
in Icnzhalcela, Col. Doc, i. 344, in reference to their permit. This authority
intimates that Salcedo, at a later date probably, ol)t;iined license from the
Fathers for warfare in Yucatan and for the settlement of the mainland, Init
this is not confirmed anywhere. Id. , 3.">0.
■' Evidently Velazquez desired his captains to disobey instructions niul
colonize. He could not officially authorize them to do so, not having <is
yet received permission from Spain. Neither Velazquez nor Corte.s had
anj' intention in this instance of confining this enterprise to trade, or ])rot(ct-
ing the natives, or imposing morality upon the men. It was well under.stood
by all that licentiousness and plunder were to be the reward for perils to
be undergone. 'Atque etiani quod Griialvae pra^tentfi causa auxilii fercndi
quod Alvaradus postulabat, ire licebat.'is the pointed observation in Ih' Hdnn
Geaiia Ferdinandi t'ortesii, in Icazbalceta, Col. Doc, i. 343-4. Bernal Diaz,
BVOLUTIOX OF THK GRRat
consist of thirty clauses ami fJ. .
eroclit ou the scrivei or '' ^'*"' '^'''^
AlAX.
63
g'
-U'nont reflects no
ho,,g bcf„,.o the rooeS of l?"^' ''''•^ ''•••'" *"-'' '
•".lult Cortes was a different l^l'V^'" "•-■" t'"-'
l"" appomtment. His iphI '» '^■'"'■>-' '""I after
;>f ncj intuitions. Alwt^r ".^ '*» "^:'' ''"-^'''^-^i'"
t<>.l>ulo„t emotions, hi" amhif , "!° '"''"^•"<^« '-f
eome more aggre.s.sive L puro""i,. " ""'^'-^"'^y '«■
f««l"'ffs, n, noble instincts ie'^^vn! ""P"'™-*. '» i-eHnecl
He harbored no ideal of dutv^ T"*"'"^''''-'''«'--tive.
'".tlio mind of Griialv,^'- •'""'','"* «•« liave seen
"«ti.er broad nor ea^o ic' j ", "'^"/^f -»"^^ was
Sreat respect for re S ;„"^-'''' ""'f'tl'^t^inding J,i,
-T-ion that be ca-re^^v^rfS ,'"t ' '' "^ '^ '=°-'"
s andmg l,is outward piotv -^n 'V ''• ""'"itl-
'liureh, tile li„|,ter i„ ■'iv "' '"'' ^iovotion to (l„.
-e and grace?t,,at ZZ^^Z «"'^'' ''"" «ith a ,
tlio least. Yet for all twi t, ' ,"'°™""'nts not in
»u;Ide,d.v. beean,e a ..reat ml, " /' ™''''^ »'' S^'-tia-
;ictunllv; wllni.,!, r^vo^ft • '■ ""' "' "=""<•• only bnt
'-' '"■".-"• was tt rotc^To'fi"" "T'y °'' ^>'^"^
oomm,ss,on was a niatch appliL I"' "f ' *" """-■'•■^ In's
'-•■Itm.? loo.se the latent force Tl, ?^'\°"''" '"»t«'ial,
Kull-sliore expedition.s, COrXba '. ''f '^ "'' ""■■ '"'^
l"'<«ent themselves before „si ^'i"" ™. ""d Co,te.
1-oportion.s. Cordoba [he first '^"'T'^ "'"■«'-"^'
^, / IJ'e full text of tho ,-„»* X- "'ctions for arguments on
" tl'« preamble, but?L .fff'^- "'• ^•^'*-»' PreseVved" tt J'^' ■ J?'«^'^^"»"z
'appear to be awa're "E It '"''' '''^ abbrevfatcd, thoughVreS f^"'"'"^
= iicscott (iocs not
^
1 ' '
i
I ■ •' i
at SAILING OF THE EXPEDITION.
most j]fentleinanly and kind-licartod pirate. Grijalva,
thouj^h second to Cortes in talents and fame, was far
before him in lionesty. During the ])reparati()ns
whicli quickly followed the appointment of Cortes,
the inherent qualities <jf the man developed to a
deiifree alarmin<^ alike to friends and enemies, and
astonishing to himself He found his nature a strong
oiu!, with magnetic attrac^tions, and an attinity with
danger. He found himself possessed of that higher
courage of the mind which bcij^ets S(df-contidence,
breeds the hero, and ends in the achievement of the
uttermost. And genius was there; he began to feel
it and to know it: the genius of ambition and ego-
tism, whose central figure was himself, an all-
prevailing sentiment, before which right, religion,
humanity, and even life itself, must be subservient.
His rapidly evolving will was becoming ponderous,
overwhelming. Fame was becoming to him what
ambition w.' s to Columbus; only he possessed his
idea instead of being possessed by it. Sufficiently
(educated for the purposes of statecraft, opportunity
alone was needed to enable him to turn every weajxni
to the furtherance of his own designs. Without
attempting to pry into the occult, he now began to
see things with a large and Hberal eye. Life was
assuming tremendous realities, which bridled im])ulso;
yet it M'as an ordeal he believed ho could face. While
in so})histry he found himself equal to Euripides, he
began to put on bombast such as .^Eschylus could not
have scorned, and to disj.lay an energy as sublime as
that of Archilochus; yet all tiiis time his good sense
was supplemented by graceful courtesy. All who wor-
shi]) the bright wit and intellecfoual versatility that
flatter ambition and yield unscrupulous success may
henceforth bow the knee to Hernan Cortes.
No sooner w^as his commission sealed than Cortes set
himself about the task of collecting his many requii'e-
ments. His own few thousand pesos of ready money
PREPARATION. 9$
wore quickly spent; then ho inortjj^aufed his estates,
and horrowed to the uttermost tVoui his tVien<ls.
A clazquez was free with everything excejtt Ids sub-
stance; tree witli his advice and ostentation, free
with the sldps of others, and wilhn*^ to sell to the
expedition the products of his farm at exorhitant
] trices. Nevertheless tho investment to the ,t2,'ov-
crnor, as well as to Cortes, was lar<(e, the former
fiiiMiishini; some ships of his own and some nioiu'V, the
whole cost of vessels and outlit being about twc^nty
thousand ducats.*
* Tl\o ownership of the expedition has lieen a moot question, some autliors
ri'f,'nr(liii(^ it as pertaining cliiefly to Vclaz(|iiez, wliile othfi-s accoiil it wliolly
foCdrlis an<l liis friemlM. Acconling t(j (loniara, after receiving the vei-'sel
lii()iii.'ht liy Alvarado, and anotlier provided by Vela/quez, I'ortes, aided 'ly
ills truiid.s, hongiit two hirge and two sniall vessels l)etore leaving' Santiago;
and at least two more were bought after this with bills forced u[ii(ri tiie owners.
The rest of tho fleet appeal's to have liccii niailo up from the transport spoken
ol and troni (irijalva's vessels. The hitter is to l>o reganled as \ Cla/ijuez" eon-
t.iliition, for in the testimony before the royal council in Spain, Montejo, the
tiiisted friend of the commander, declares that on delivering them over to
tlie g' vernor ho received the order to join Cortt^s, with the vessels, of course.
IHs .statements, and those of the captain I'uertocarrero, contirnud by the let-
ter of tho ayuntannento of Villa Rica to tho emperor, agree th.it, from their
(nvn observations and the accounts given by others, ("ortes nnist have oon-
tiiliuted not only seven vessels, but expenucil over r)(K)0 eastellanos on tho
outlit. Iieside procuring goods and provisions, while Velazque/. furnished only
one thiiil, ehielly in clothes, provisions, wines, and other ell'eets, which he
.siild through an agent to the company, the witnesses included, at exorbitant
piiies. Montejo had heard that Vel.iz((ucz contributed three vessels, but
« liether these were rxclusivo of (irijalva's fleet is not clear. He is also sup-
jiosed to have lent Cortes '2000 eastellanos, and to have given twelve or thir-
teen hundred loads of bread, and 30<)toeinos, beside 1800 east>dlanos ingfKxls,
to be sold to the party at high prices. Evcn'y other supi)ly was tui'nished by
Ciiitcs, who maintained the whole force without touching the shiii's stores,
while remaining in Cuba, no dotd)t. Co/. l)oc. IikiL, i. 4S7-!t<). l'uerloc:arrero
itiiils that Coi'tes' liberality to men in advancing means and outtits was gen-
erally admitted. He himself had received a horse from tlie eominnndei-. Ifo
gives a list of the outrageously high pi'iees ehai'ged by Velazfpiiz tor his sup-
lilies. /(/., 4'Jl-,j. Another member of tho expedition states that Cortes
furnisiiecl seven vessels, and Vela/.cpiez thiee, two nioro belonging to tlie lat-
ter joining the fleet afterward. Cortes )iaid for all the outfit. I'lxtraet ap-
I'lnded to Cai'ta del Ayiiiif. de V. Cniz, in Col. I>o<\ limL, i. ■)!!! "Jll: ' Casi
his dos partes. . . .d su (Cortc's) costa, asi en navios eonio «ii bastinientos do
ni;ir.' 'Todoel conciertode la di'-ha armada se hizo A voluntad dediilio l)iego
N elaz(|uez, aunque ni puso ni giii^to Ol mas de la tercia parte de ella. . . .La
niiiyor parte de la dicha tercia ])arte. . . .fue emplear sus dineios en vinos y
en ropas y en otras cosas de poco vah..- para nos lo vender aea (\'. Cruz) en
iimeha mas cantidad de lo que li id le costo.' Carta de la Jiin/icia de I'era-
erir.. 10 de Julio, 1510, in Cortrs, Carton, a; I'acheco and Cardenas, Cut. J)or.,
xiv. .S7. Claiming to have no ready money of his own, Veh'.zqucz took for tho
expedition lOIX) eastellanos from the estate ol \arvaez in his charge. Cumarn,
llial. Mij.:, 1:2-13. ' Salio de la Isla de Cuba...coii quince navios suyoa,'
i ; fciil
I ti
88
SAILING OF THE EXPEDITIOX.
Estal)lisliiiig places of ciilistniont throughout tl)G
island, Cortun roused to action his many friends, both
in pel-son and by letter. At principal settlements the
expedition was })roclainied ab<nit the streets, in the
king's name, by the beating of drums and the voico
of the crier. One third of the proceeds of the ad-
venture was promised the soldiers and subalterns,
Cor/rs, ^[l'lllOl•'l(ll, 1542, in Cor/i'.i, Esrrlfos Siielf/i^, 310. Peter Martyr .is.suiiips
that t'lihaii iol(jnistn furiiislieil the ileet witli tlie j^oveiiior'a consent, iiinl
elected (Joi'tiseoniniander. iJcc. iv. caj). vi. 'v>lis, J/iff. Mi:.i-., i. (il, considers
that Vehi/iiiiez hehl only a nunor share in ihe exi)edition. Montcjo stated
in a general way that lie spent all liia fortune ( n joinint; the expedition. ( 'in.
Am., l.").")4 .")."), rJ7 'iO, in Sijiiiirs MS. In /Je Itclmx (I'slis Fcrd'naii'/i
Curtcsl'i it i.s asserted that Cortes expended 0000 pesos of his own, and iii);M)
ducats horrowed money, beside what Velazipiez leni luni; his expemlitures
bcduL,' iu all (."i,()00 pesos. Velazcpiez gave not one real, but merely .-^old
goods at ixorbitant figures, or made advances at a high interest, even the
Vessels ji'-ovided b}^ him being transferred to the comuuinil r under an ex-
pensive charter. ' Sunt preterea nndti Hi pani viri boni ijui ct lur.ic vivu!it,
ct (pii euni ea chissis dc qua ai.dmus, a|)i'arabatur, aderant. Ifi in hujus
causae defensione, cujns ajmd (,'onsiliuui IJegium Indicum (ortesius est aecu-
satus, testes juraii asserunt Velazi|uium nihil ouinino ex ])ropria lacultate iu
Cortcsii elai-sem imp^ndis.so. ' This would indicito that Monti'jo and l^U'i-
tocair'-'ro'-' t.stiniony Mas confirmed Ijy many others. The agenf, Jium Diaz,
who attend- d to the sa!e of the goods and tlio collection t)f the advances, fi 11
in til'! retreat from Mcxic), and his money was lost. Icuihulrda, Cal. J Joe,
i. ,'{43 !). This testimony by members of tlic expedition merits the fon'HKJSt
attention in the question, particularly since the fewer stiitements on tlie oilur
side are based wlujlly on supjiosition. It is somewhat qualified, however,
l)y the eonsiileration that both ^lontejo and Puertocarrero were stanch
friends of (Jortis, and tiiat the letter of the ayuntamiento nas prepared iu
lii:i picsonce. It nmst also be borne in mind tliat a goodly ]>roportion of the
sh.iio attributed to him consisted of vessels and eflects obtained upon Ids
credit as e:ipt;ivU general of the fleet, and also in a semi-|)iratical manner. The
Btatenu-nts in (''trti':<, Mniiorial, and in Df, Rihus O'e-sli.t Fi rdi)i(uidi ('(ir/'nii,
indicate, bcsido, ;i hardly warranted attempt to regard Vel,iz(]uez' eonti'iliu-
tion cliielly as a loan to the couunander or to the party, his vessels bciu,'
spoken of as chartered. Another projiortion lulonged to wealthy vohni-
teers. On the whole, however, it may be 'oncluded that Corti's couhl lay
claim to a, larger share in the expedition tli ,i Velazquez; but the hitter ])os-
sessed tlie title of being not only the disco i.'rer, throngli liis captains, of tlie
regions to l)e eoixjiiered, l)ut thc^ projector of tlie expedition. Oviedo, while
belicviiig that the licit lielonged with mo i right to tiie governnr, feels no
pity for the treatment lie received, in view • f his o" n conduct to ])iego Colon.
C'omplaceutly lie cites the proverb: ' Matixru '/ iiiatartc /iiin: ij iiiufnnui i/iiicii it
via/an'.' As you do unto others, so shall be done unto you. ( >viedo a.sserts
that he has seen tiistiiuoiiy showing that Corti'S and his men did not sail at
their own ex]iense, but from his own statement it aiipears that the instnie-
tions of \'elaz(|uez, wherein he speaks of the ex]iedition as scut in his name,
istliecliief feature in this so-calleil testimony : i. olts it. Las Casas naturall}'
sides with Velaz(|uez, and estimates that he expended over "iiKOOO caste-
llmos; he had no need for, nor would ho hive stooped to a ])artnersliip, at
least with a man like (.'orti's. l/i-'t. JikL, iv. 448. Herrera, dee. ii, lib. ill.
cap. xi., eo[)ies this, and 'i'oiqtieniada, i. 359, reverses this figure in favor
of Cortes.
CORTI?:S PUTS ON OSTENTATION,
50
twr tliirds iio'iwj: to tlio outfitters.® A banner of Mar-k
taf ;!:a was embroidered with the royal arms in gold,
an* blue and white Hames surroundiiij^ a red cross,
ai:d I'ound tlic border it bore the inscription, "Amici
se(inannir cruceni, si nos habuerimus hdem in hoc
si^'iio vincemus." Friends, lot us follow the ci'oss,
and if we have faith under this sign we sliall conijuer."
Assuming a dress and bearing more iitting a mili-
tary commander-, Cortes threw open his doors, and by
judiciously combining the frank joviality of a soldier
with the liberal hos[)itality of a man of wealth, he
riii)idly drew to his adventure all the available men
of the island. There were not lacking those to sneer
at this assumption of preeminence, which Haunted it
so bravely with plume and medal, with martial music
and retinue, saying, here was ci lord without lands."
]-jut they little knew the strengiii and firmness of
him who, having once put on the great man, would
lay the livery down but with his life. This soldierly
display, always taking to the Castilian fancy, could
scarcely be called affectation, for the genius whicli
conunands success was present, and the firmness of
resolve was covered with such pleasing affability as
to lender it.- presence scarcely suspected. With his
* Te.t'nioMO de Piicrtocarrero, in Cnl. Doi;. IiifO., i. 4!)1. 'M.'i.lo dar
jirc^'om .■, y tocar susatamhorcs, y trompetas "u iioiiilire tie .svi Ma'^ostail, y
111 sii lU-al iiombre por Dic\;o Velaziiuez ]i-Mr (|\io i]iiaK'.S{iutcr pevsuiias que
(jui-iii'.H.soii ir en su conipafiia jX las tiena.i niuvanu'nto dcseuliiertas !\ los con-
(jiiistar y ilolilar, los darian sus partes del oro ])lata, y JDyas (jio se luiviossu,
y ciiciiiiiii iidas de Indioa dospnes do pacitieada.' Bcrnul l>ia:, JIL', i'mlml.,
I'.'i. Mark here tlio promise nf eueoniieudas to the volunteers, i'lie woicl
'dnhlar ' d(jul)tless meant to explore or to mtW round the new islands, lierual
l)iaz iloes not f.iil to observe that the royal license had not yet arrived to
wamuit these proclamations.
''Se(^ Lamia, Rd. de )'«<•., '2.1; Tapia, ]M., in hazhah-ta, Col. fhir., ii. rCA;
Faneourt, 7/.'.^ Yiic, '27, leaves out tlic middle seiiteuco; (ioniara, /list.
J/(.f.,lor "jorijuemada, i. I{()4, ^ud others t;ive only the Spaiiisli translation.
I'rescot'. says the tlait was of velvet, and attributes the sign to the liifianiiil
01 (Jons iintine, which, to say the least, is sonu'w hat fai-t'etehed. r>(inal I )ia/,
Jli.it. Vird'iil , '■>. places the motto ujion 'estandartes, y vandenis labrada.s do
(iro CO li's armas Reales, y una Cruz de cuda juirte, jnntamente eon las annas
de jiiustro Key.'
' ' Se puso vn petiaelio de plnmas con sn med.illa deoio.' Ij< nial Diaz, I/ix'.
Viriliid., |;{. ' Tomo casa. lli/o Mesa. Y comin(,'oa yr con armas, y niiu'ha
•■'iiiiiiafiia. l)e ijiie muchos murmnrauan,dii',iendo i|Ue tenia estadosiusenoiio.'
(joiiiara, JJisl. Mcx., 13.
i si
60
SAILING OF THE EXPEDITION.
fine soldierly qualities wore financial and e.Kccutive
ability, and fair common sense, a rare combination in
a Spanish cavalier. While loving adventure he did
not altogether hate ideas. His world now spread
itself Ijeibre him, as divided into two unequal classes,
those that use others, and those that are used Ijy
others, and he resolved himself forever into the
former category. ' Like Diogenes, though enslaved at
Crete, Cortes felt that if he could do one thing better
than another it was to command men. Coupled with
this egotism was the sensible intuition that the mas-
tery of others begins with self-mastery. Indeed his
connnand over himself, as well as over others, was
most remarkable. " By my conscience!" was a ia\or-
ite oath, which implies not brutal passion. At times
a swelling vein in the forehead, and another in the
throat, indicated rising anger, manifested also by a
peculiarity of throwing oft' his cloak; but the voice
would remain decorous, and the words seldom passed
beyond a "Mai pese d vos!" May it bear heavily upon
you. To the insolent soldier, whom we shall often
find overstepping the bounds of prudence, he would
merely say, "Be silent!" or "Go, in God's name, and
be more careful if you would escape punishment."
Equally ctmiposed in argument, he wielded his per-
suasive powers to their best advantage. Rio ile Ave-
nida, the Rushing River, was at one time a nickname,
and later he affected long hair and lawsuits. At the
gaming-table, to which he was greatly addicted, lie
won or lost with equal sang-froid, ever ready with a
witticism to smooth the varying course of fortune.
Though he did not hesitate as gay Lothario to invade
the family of another, most unreasonably he was very
jt'alous lest his own family should be invaded. Wliilc
liberal to friend or mistress, and ready to sacrifice
almost anything to gain an object, he was not always
regarded as over-generous by his men, too many of
whom were of that class, however, that nothing would
satisfy. Although a fair eater, he drank but little,
WiAXCISQUrLLO THK fqoL.
a;i(l confined ]iin.«,,lf + • , 61
"■''^ "ot only neat bnt 'ta rf ' ' i ! r" -'V'' ^'''^"tion,
;'!^"-'.t.v. A lovo of , on hm ,"' ' f "^' ""''"' 'i*t'e
';'^ "■<>",?. fortunes, n, ore ;,« " 1 ?■• ' ^■"■'''1>«I «itl,
-'">«v lesidonees ami -,1 '"""'"'■"•ly ,„ the ,vav of
7" »i*h ti,o eo:,;ll .':,J;;;;f;;;;t■"".^;>•hich acoZ,
'*"""".? "oUe Wood. Oe .v'2"" *" "'° '^''••""••"■'i
ariiiy oven the ni.r,rar,llvi-' says fimt in (J,,,
<-'rtes fou„<l thf u"^ ':, T" f'!"'"''S"'-
'■"t only hiu,,olf, but o'Ser i'T""' ''>*° '"'^ eauso
;'■* luniself. His libera ,1" "" '''^'P««'« •'•« aWo
:«-.>c infectious, andtoi" bfj^ '''f ^""'"-asm
■■ .mteers who Curnishod So 1 '«"•""" "''■'■'I*'"-
;'" H'9'i to provide other™ w^Jl'""' """ »^Mi,
*!'«•'■ .lonied over three huml. i *'"" " ^''^^ tiuij
.^.^ernor-uistance, Krandsco /r f?""" "^ '!>«
'"■lyordomo of Velaznne? ',""'' ""^"^'S" '!« Orda/
-*h p.-««odi„..sSl":5retlv r'r*^'' '^ '"■" t"
Jlio Jiarbor of <io .• ■> report.
;■',- -'-- i?-. ^f;;,f ,«-^ .«™e presented a
^''""■'•■>- •■"«! recruits, the cla, .5'"= '» '""«' '''■o '>f
""■'■; "l>on ships under. oim^rS,' "fl"'"''-''-''' I'an.-
P«;!s and the loadin.f FveS r'' '^^ """'■'""'? "''
'• |J'"S was enlivened bv t „ ' ^^^0' dw the
""7'.an..-in-arm wfth i* ' ,", "vT"™ "*' tl'4.ov.i„o
«>l;l.m.-pneral, surrounded 1 i'*^"', ■"""' '^""•I'liant
;•;> ; -ul followed by ha 1 l.?;f '^^t'^-^^'J "«-"l-
>-; w,uiiiu,o;:-:^-:ts^^:-;:
62
SAILING OF THE EXPEDITIOX.
forminsf his antics before liis master, cried out, "Aii,
friend Diecfo!" Then to Cortes, "And how fares our
brave captain, lie of ^Medelhn and Estremadura? 13e
careful, good master, or we shall soon have to beat
the bush for this same Cortes." Velazquez laui^hed
heartily, and turninj^ to his companion exclaimed,
"Conipadre, do you hear this fool?" " What, scnor^"
replied Cortes, pretending preoccupation. "He says
you will run away with our iloot," replied Velazquez.
" Pay no attention to the knave, your worship; I am
very sure these infamous pleasantries never emanated
from his mad brain," rejoined Cortes, deeply chagrined.
And ere the laugh died away on the lips of the
governor his timid breast was chilled by fearful fore-
bodings. What if it were true, thought Velazquez,
and this fellow, whom I have lifted from his low
estate, should declare for himself on reachinsf New
Spain ? Then he called to mind his late quarrel with
Cortes, and the courage, energy, and determination
displayed by the latter throughout. The governor
trembled when he thought of it. About him were
enough of the disappointed oidy too ready to fan these
sus[)ieions into a liame.''
1 regret having to spoil a good story ; l)ut the truth
is, the drama reported by Bartolome Las Casas, and
reiterated by Herrera and Prescott, was never per-
formed. It tells how Cortes put to sea, Prescott
asserts the very night after the jester's warning; and
that in the morning, when the governor, early roused
from his bed, rushed down to the landiiiir with all the
town at his heels, Cortes returned part way in an
armed boat and bandied words with him. Beside
being improbable, almost impossible, this version is
'•* Las Casai, ll'ixt. fiid., iv. 4r>0-l ; Ilrrirra, dec. ii. lib. iii. rap. xi. rioriial
Diaz, HIkI. I'cnlad., \',\, relates the inuiileiit as luiving (iconrrcd on tlie way to
Sunday mass. The fool, wiioiii lie calls Cervantes, Mas walkiiiLC in front of liis
iiiastiT and C'ortis, uttering nonsense in ju'oso and rliynic; tinally he said in a
louili^r voice, ' l>y my faith, master l>ie^'o, a nice captain have yoii ehoscii:
one who will run away with the tlect, 1 warrant, for Ik; has coura;,'e an 1
enterprise.' Diiero, who walked close tiy, sought to check his tonu'uc hy
Btrikiug at hiui and by shuutiiiy, ' Silence, fool I Dou't be kua-vish as well,
THE GOVElixon-s SUSPICIOY.
»ot sustained hy the h f ^
^•S some time elapsed JuTii '''''''^''^''•'' The f-iet
-.;;• had fir.t U t L^ -^--f of the ^^
iu," fleet duruig .Wiieh iutcTv. V T^ the ,saiJi„^; of
. '^-■roinara states ih-^i- -\- i
<'"rtu. a„,l .so„,I o„7Gni2v"'°"Sl.t t„ b.eak will.
v-ce M-as asked l,v the Cvo' f '■"" ^"'-^™' ^'l"'«o I-
^;'y'"^ that Co,.t Js arul ] i 7™,' T';'" r"'°"S of.jocti ,
''■•■- ; (or like f|,o appet ': ' ^ T'''^^'. "Jncl, was vorv
'v^tl. eating, the l,„ re •, „5 ^y'S"-to„ wj.iej, ea^Z
"'" l>u»inoss. i„d ('h '■ '™^';,'^to„,ael, l,e 1,,„, ,^
yovornor gre«-, the greater «, f •'*"«l">-'i<-i« of f '
; -^-ranee. oC dcvotli^) , .JT ^'i<^ '="l"»i..-gene,-al ^
^^term„,ation of Cortes an ,i V n'"""'' ^'^^^'""i^' ti.e
""^ ''^venture, in ^m^X^yuJ^'^Tf l^ ^^o^^^ut^
J iJ-iu staJved their all."
El * m
If" ■-"
04
SAILING OF THE KXPEDITIOX.
Warned l)v Lilres and Ducro of every ])lot, Cortex
hurried })reparati()ns, sending friends to forage, and
shi))ping storoB with the utmost despatch, nieanwliile
giving secret erilers for all to be ready to end)ark at
a moment's notice. Finally, the hour having come,
on the evening of the 17th of November, with a few
trusty adherents, Cortes presented himself ijcfore the
goveinor, and politely took his leave. It fell suddenly
on Vela/(|uez, in wliose eyes all movements relating
to the ex})edition had of late become the manoeuvres
of men conspired to overreach him. But having
neither the excuse nor the ability to stop the expedi-
tion he let the officers depart.
By playing with the devil one soon learns to
play the devil. From the governor's house Cortes
hastened to the public meat depository, seized and
adde(' to his stores the town's next week's supply,
and li'ft the keeper, Fernando Alfonso, a gold chain,
all he had remaining wherewith to make payment.^^
It was a dull, dry, gray Novendjer morning, the
ISth, very early, after mass had been said, when tlie
s([uailrt)»i, consisting of six vessels, sailed out of
Santi'ig(j li.srbor amidst the vivas of the populace
and the inward cursings of the govcnKn'.*^ But of
little avail was Velazipiez' remorse; for Cortes carried
wrote only wliat lie was tuM l)y liia Hi.istor Ih' scouts t)ic idea of tin"
powerful \'olaz(|uez either iieoiling Cortts' peci/jinry uicl or not beiii;.; al)l.
to dispose of ilia llect as lie wished. A liuiti) (c gtiiiirv, iiidccil, to r)i,i«t' li:-i
voioo against the t;reat \'ela/([uez, who could hav(,' lnUi'ti hia bread and lifu
at any uionient ! JIi,^f. Ind.. iv. 44S-9.
'- In his memorial to the emperor in IT)-' J, Cort(5a relat«'« this Miforced
transaction iniito at length. Learning; that 1 is ctDik of the week hac! lietn
oized, Hcrnan Oalonso seeks Cortes ami romplaiii^ with tears in hia eyi'-,
whereupon he receives the i;okl chain, ' do iinos ubrojos. ' ( 'or/cs, Escritos Suff-
tos, ;nu II; r,,/. J>oc. Iiinl., iv. •JJI.
"' ]5crnal Diaz asserts that Diiero and Ljir 's were present at tlie partiiiL'.
and that \"ela/.(inez and ("inti'-s several times e iihraccd each other and vowi I
eternal friendship. ' llahiiit ("ortesiiis ci'im e ."^ancti .lacoln nrl)e et poitu
sol'/it, naves se\: alia, nam septein halaiit, in port i, lit sarciretur rcl'u'i'rctui(ni' ,
I'elicta.' J)i' /'rliiiii (I'lstiM Fi nliiiiiii(/i ('(/r/cnii, in fcazhnla'ta. Col. I><>i\, i. ;U'>
This authority lielieves that one of the reasons l')r Cortes' hurried departun
wan a fear that (irijalva's vessels niii.'lit turn up: hut tin y ha. 1 already arri\ id,
ns we have seen. The seventh vessel, a c.iravel, |Oiiied t^ortes li Trinida I,
witii nine horses .uul ei;.'lity \t)lunteers, undt.'r Franei.sco de Saleeil >. Id., .'<.")4.
' I'artio se dc Santiago liarucoa. . . .en seys nauios. ' Oomaru, Jiiat. JJtix., 13.
/lo
(Ics
IX
tinati
cortjL's at
'^ ^Vl•nc^bno.,s to d
I'lUA-IDAD.
i
'y^;j);tf<-li{nq- one of
the
'^' ^lini I)aoIc fr
vessels to J,
60
•oni Jii,
''' 'Wived uit/i d
'^' steered for i'j
:i(^
;if'a for fiirtJ
■HnaiVa" f,
»r
VcJaxon...'.!^ ,'""^!«^<^ Vord
'•ilcaic
'"idad, Av]
ler 8
'»^' out I
lere jjo av
uj)-
^"•^'lasin I,y tj
IS
^^^'i"">^- and hy otha^ J id I "^'^ ''rotlior-in-I
:'U^ses ;,t ]d« d
J'^po.'^^al. 1
i\r
'o J)Iaeod t]
()]
:'r'T'-*""-^''-i' w^"K^t"''''V*-"|"
len-
/;
'J't'o \va,s a
jalva
".i^
.>■<),
Ay II
K'l-e \\
o'lK.nted by ovol ;^'"\^'''.^"«- «oon jiis
^"^■;;; Hereaisc;j:Wl'^^^r^'-'<>^"0
ri-
a. (
ci'e ti
-'"--^e;:« ,rS-»n<l
'OIIZ,
tijo Ar
^ tire br,.tl,ers AJ
var
*Paiii adv,.,it
(')i i'] , V""" -'leiia aftei-WMvJ ^ "^^^'o, AJoj;
CO
val
'•'Jiso (i(j
xico.
axdi
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•ati.s
'■'■<■' ram
»i tlie ],],
'intat
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\vitl
■^'•;!W''>'^vel4 '' .l.:;'^'^^oI,eIdM•ith
"^'^■"oi-, an, I
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V
artiJJ
es
oiy.
Pfoud
ions
';■■'!*' ^'>tle heed t<,
B
-'<-jLicn
itiy iiof
iittl.
hat ]
''<n ff...- ,.,>. ? "' »~l/; Ml 111 I -. . .-.
^■),^-ht>
^p II eedt-d;
lis .snceess.'
with
:^ti- corsair ^—-ri--nl.4V-l..7y^:i
lli^o.v^isi(«,.s'fbr fh "" '>''^^^ irour.h
ivhitr
"iiaica lad
tl
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il=SiS'5S=-S=::-:;
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!
06
SAILIXC; OF THE EXPEDITION.
iM
i
iiiinlit ;K'(<c|)t jironiissorv notes or notliiiin'.^*"' Another
W'sscl iVoni the sjune j)laee, on the s;>ine' mission,
Cortes sent Ordaz to seize and convey to Capo San
Antonio, or perliaps to San Cristohal Avliero we after-
ward tind liiiii,t]iero to await the Heet. This captain,
it will he renicnihered, was the spy ol' Velaz(juez, and
to him, therefore, rather than to another, was o-ivcn
tliis mission, to prevent his watehinL? proceedings at
Ti'inidad. "J'he connnander of the seized vessel was
Juan Xunez Sedeiio, who was induced to join the
expedition.^'' ^Nfeanwhile in the breast of A'elaz(|Uez
was stirred atVesh the poison of jealousy ])y an astrol-
o<i^er, one Juan Millan, employed by the enemies of
Cortes to work on (he fears of the governor. The
result was the arrival at Trinidad, in hot haste, of
two messengers from the governor, with orders for
A'erdu<j:o to tletain the ileet, the connnaiid of which
liad been transferred to A'asco I'orcallo. ]\[oreover,
all the retainers of A^elazquez were called upon to
aid in dc])osing Cortes. It was no difficult mattei',
howe\er, foi- Cortes to ])ei'suade A'erdugo of two
things; first, that thei'e were no grounds for Vclaz-
(]uez' fears, and secondl}-, if there were, force would
now avail him nothing. So strting was Cortes in his
position that he ccndd easily lay the town in ashes
should its authorities attempt to interfere in his pur-
poses. J'aking one of the messengers, J?e<lro Lasso,
into his service, by the other Cortes wrote Velazquez,
'" Tliis nppcnrs to be tin' same vessel referred to l>v CJoiiiara as Alonso
Guillen's, Ixiuglit at 'I'l-inidail, tliou,<;li iiotliiii;,' is of course siiid about the inoile
of jiayineiit. J/iKf. Mix., \',i. Prescitt mistakes in making Sedefio the nia.stii'
of tliis V'ssel.
'' drdaz jirooeedeil on lii^< mission ni the earavel Kl (hi<rho. and letunuii
to Ti'inidad in the vessel of Sedeno, wh > received two thousand and nioreeas-
tellanos in gold fi'inges, the only treasui'e 'in hand. Curli n. Mi imiridl, l.VJ'-', in
ill., h'^^rri/iis Siiillii--, ;U'J. ' (Jnatro mil a ioua.s de ]'an, nul y (luinirntos
tocinos y nnu:
tiiat Sedei
lias gallinas.
anie into
ra, llixt. ji/'.'.t'., 14. Bernal I viz intiniatis
rt of his own aecorii, an<l was indneed to sc
11
ami eai'go. Hint. Vinlad.. 14. He was reputed tii' richest man in the ]iaity.
/''. . I.ii.t ('<t.ift.i, Jfisf. I ml., ii. 4").") '1; Ji
iri'ira, dee. ii
Mi). 111. eap. xu.
•Ite
una hai'ieiidii de V. M. com)ii(i al ma; ordomo <h3 ella ii-'inientas e tantiis
(pan)'. Cortex, Mi mrinal, \'A'l. loi'. eit. 'J'he Proln
liirJiillrilil, ( 'ill. J)n
vere obtained, and how.
(• Lij(t!ili\ in
411, eont;iiiu; interesting testimony u.s to ^v!lat gou<ls
AT THE IIABAXA.
67
Iftiirniu
ll.Vl'J, ill
liiiii iilcs
litiiiiiiti'S
llsliii>s
> ]i;irtv.
fi. 'lit^
i' t;lllt:is
\(il(l(\ in
lit goiiil;)
ill l;in<:;fuai;\' most respect fill, 1>eLj^nnL( liim fo Ix-lievo
that lie would always he ti'iie t(t his (lod, his kiii^,',
;i!i(l his dear Irieiid and lifovernor. In like notes tho
]()h;ii and the screech-owl nnitilt^ their voices when
(laii^;er is near, so as to conceal the <listance, and make
themselves seem far away. Thus ]mssed twelve days,
accordiui^ to Jiernal JJiaz, at Trinidad, when one of
the vessels was despatched to tho north side of tho
iskuid for supplies, and the tleet departed for San
('rist(')hal, then llahana,"* while Pedro do Alvai'ado,
with tifty soldiers and all the horses, proccetled thither
overland, adding to their number at the })lantations
on the way-
One nijj^ht durino" tho vovaufo to San Cristobal, the
lluL^ship was sejiarated from tho other vessels and
stranded on a reef near Isla de Pinos. With skill and
piomptness Cortes transferred the contents in small
IxKits to the shore, set free the lightened vessel, and,
reloading, joined his captains at San Cristobal. This
iiccident delayed him seven days, diu'ing which tim(i
there was no small stir among his men at San Cri^t*)-
li,il as to who should command the fleet in case its
(•;i[)tain-general failed to appear. Conspicuous among
these (piestioners was Ordaz, who claimed precedence
a.ii AVla/jpiez' representative. But the arrival of tho
eonmuuider put an end to the controversy and spread
unbounded joy throughout the armada. Landing, he
accepted the hospitality of Pedro liJarba, lietitenant of
A'elaz(|uez. Among those who jijined him here were
Francisco ^NTontcjo, the futuiv, contpieror of ^'ucatan,
tmd J)iego de Soto, "who in ^Mexico became the
niayordomo of (*ortes. Again the commander rid
himself of Ordaz by sending him with a vessc^l to the
plantations near Cape San Antonio, there to await
'■ Tho l[;il)aiia was tlicii .situated on tho soiitli sido of the island, not on
till' north sidr, wliore tho appellation now olitaina. I'foscott and otliors fall
iiKu iiinnorous hhindors by supjiosins,' the Jlal)ana of to-day to he idontioal
yitli tho llahaiia of tiiii'o hundred years ago, sending a whole lleet far out of
11^ way fur no other purpose than to collect j)rovisions, which one vessel would
aLX()iM[ilish as well.
M"l
6S
SAILIXC; OF THK EXPKDITIOX.
If
the llt'ct. The artillery was landed and cleaned; tlie
ci'oss-bows wore tested and the firelcjeks jjolished.
Cotton armor was secured, ^fore provisions beiii'j,"
r('(|uired, (^iiesada, the l]})isco[)al titho-coJlector, eoii-
ti'ibuted his stock.
Warranted, as he thouf^ht, l)y his success and j)rus-
jxH'ts, and well aware of the efl'ect on the Spanish
mind of some dei^ree of ostentation and military dis-
play, Cortes put on the ))araphei'nalia of still 'ureal n
l(jadership, and aj^pointed a cluunht'rlain, a chief l)ti<-
lei', and a mayordomo, in the persons of Kodi-in'c
llaiii^el, Guzman, and .fuan do Cilcorcs, which poni))
he ever after maintained.^'-' (jiaspar do (:iarniea now
arrived with letters from Velazquez to Barba, Urdu/,
licon, and others, ordering and entreating them In
stojt the lleet, arrest Cortes, and send him a ])risoii(i'
to Santiago. It was of no avail, however. Soldieis,
otHcers, even Barha himself, were enthusiastic lnr
(Jortes, who once more wrote the governor, in terms
as courteous as they were costless, and shortly after-
ward, on the lOth of February, lol!), the tieet again
set sail.'*" Guaguanico, on tJie north side (^f CajK'
'^ 'Coincn(,'6 Cnrtif'S :i poncr casa, y A, tratarso como sonor: y el jiiiiin r
Macstresala ij tuvo, fiic vn (!uzin;l que liietjo so iiiurio, 6 iiiiitaion Iiidirts. ' A
(lifleiont man from the later mayordomo, Cristobal de Ouzinan, who I'aptiiii il
(^uauliti'iiiotziii diirini; tlie sieL?c of Mexico. ' * 'acorca . . . . f lie despiicb cio
gaiiado ^lexico, hiiml)ie rieo.' licnial JHaz, Ilin/. I'cnliid., l.")-l().
-'" lienial Diaz says tliat Harlia was one of the most devoted to Cort' <.
See, also, llirrcnt, dee. ii. lil). iii., cap. xiii. Solis details at length a puMi.'
gatlu rin_Lr, in whii li the mendu is of the; expedition liecame liigldy exeit •!
over \'elaz(|uez' ed'orts to stoj) (,'ortes, and threatened to destroy the towr.
He adds tliat a riuiior of N'elazijuez' comini,' in person to enforce! his ord. r
ereated another exeiternent. ll'tif. Mc.f., i. (i.'l-fJ; Robei'tsoii, Ilisl. Am., ii. ',
follows liim; also I'rescott. Aeeordint; to Las C'-i.sas,Velazi|nez .semis a lett'-r
to {'ortes, asking him to wait for an impoi'tant eonimiinii:ation, wliich he will
bring in person or send by messenger. At tlio .same time eoine letters f'li
Ordaz and others, re(piesting them to seize the eoininander. Ordaz aeei>iil-
ingly invites him to a baii(|Uet on board his vessel, with thi; intent of eariy
ing him oil' to Santiago; but Cortes ])ereeives the snare; and retires iindir ]iii •
tenee of indisposition. The good bishop observes that he never kii^ "'
Velaz([iiez evinec so little sagacity as on this occasion; nor did ()rd;iz beli:n •
uiiy better. J/isl. IinL, iv. 4.")(i-7. (4omarji has the same account, but ad !<
that the messenger from N'elazqnez came in a caravel, togi'ther with Alva lad. i,
Oliil, Avila, !Montejo, and others of Orijalva's party, who had justarriv cil fmni
an interview with the governor, /fin/. Afe.r., 14. He is eviileiitly mixed.
'J'on|Ucmada, who ((notes both versions from Herreni and (Jomara, ]d;ii'i's tin'
occurrence at Trinidad, .-uid consiilers that Cortes was capable of and ri^^lit
■i:'l . I
EQUirMEXT.
eo
isIumI.
, (Mlll-
pros-
)anisli
-y (lis-
if l)Ut-
pomp
•a now
Ordu/.,
U'lll 1"
r-isoiur
oldiiT^,
;t'K'. i'li'
1 ton 11-^
ai'tci'-
a'j^niii
if Capo
el ])riinri'
It.) Corti •<.
Ih :i piiMii'
ly cxcit'.l
Itlio tiiwr.
his oni' I'
\\iii., ii. ' •
llsali'tt.r
■h lie wi'.l
-tters l'..i
11/ ilCOI'I'il-
(if c:iiiy
,iT kii' "•
1/ lu'liii^ ■
hint ikM-*
Klvanulii.
lucil froiii
]y Illi\<'l-
■ ,.„vs 111.'
Ln.l rig!''
S;in Antonio, was the |)lace a|)])oin(('(l f)!' muster
iind aj)portioninent.'"' ^[i;aii\\"hile Pedro Alvarado
was sent forward with sixty soldiers in the; Sail
Sclxisfiin) to brinjj^ Ordaz to the I'endezvous, hut
(hiven hy a <4';ili! bcjyond his i^oal and near- to Yuca-
laii. he thought, it useless to return, and so ])roeoe(U'd
1.1 ( 'o/.umel Island, where he arrived two days hefoi'o
the others. The ex])editiou consisted of twelve ves-
sels, tlie Ihij^-shij) or ea])itana of one hundred tons,
tlii'ee others of I'rom sixty to eighty tons, and the
i.st small brigantines and open ei-aft, including a
transport connnaiided by Gines Nortes. The soldiers
iiumliered live hundred and eight, and the sailors one
]iun(h'ed anil nine, including olHcers and j)ilots. The
piiests present were ,Juan D'nvA and J^artolonie do
( >lmc(lo, of the Order of Mercy. Under Juan Jieni-
ti/ and I\'dro de (jluznian were thir-ty-two cross-
hnwiiicn; thirtecui men only carried iirelocks, the rest
licing armed with swords and spears. The ai'tillery
cnnsisted of ten bronzed guns and four falconets, and
was ill charge of Francisco de (Jrozco, aided by Mesa
I >agre, Arbenga, and others. About two hundred
(ulian Indians, together with some native women
and negro slaves, were lm)ught for service, despite
tlic ]ti'ohibitor3' clause in the instructions. Sixt(K!n
IhU's.s recei\e the minute description and glowing
t iirt.inium of the soldier Diaz, and ]>lay an important
pari in the comijig campaign. The su|)plies included
sniiie live thousand tocinos, or pieces of salt pork, six
thousand loads of maize and yucca, fowl, vegetables,
ill toiling \'tliiz(nicz. lici-iiiil Diiiz scmts (i.iiii.iia's story, wlii.'li is rojicatcil
iii li' /I'l'ins (,'isliH /•'iriliiiiiiiifi Ciir/iKii, ill li-ii%li(ilrcltt, CdI. J>o<'., i. .■<.">.')--(».
r.iaitu .laiiiiM that liis fathtT. Siiai.z, ]iuisu.'il ami sU'W th.^ Iii.liaii courier
s.iit witli .ii.his tor J,uis .lo M.ilina, th.ii MJtli thi: iK'ct, to a^sl!Illt■ the
.1 iniii.iiiil. M.' thi'r('U|)oii hroiiLiht th.' |ia|icr-s to Coit.H ami warm. I him lo
siil,iua\. A'"'. //;>7.,(i'J -i. l'ci:ilta cvi.h iitly U|ili.ihlsall his fath.r tohl him.
■'So alhniis 'rii|iia, one of the party. Ilil(i<iiiii, in /rii:Jiiilr,'tn, Cal. I><i<\,
Ii. .Vi.i; aiil this is the view of most writers. Iteriial Diaz states that the re-
VI. 'W u;is hi'hl at Co/niiii^l, wili.'li may also hav.' lu^eri tile ease; liiit li<; wan
net ;ir. s.'iit at San Antonio. A r.view must have lieen hel.l Iieforc the fleet set
'III! .ill it.s voya^;.', in "r^'a;' th.it .aptaiiis miijiit he apjiointi'.l ami receive ap-
p'liti.iiiii,. ntii of nil- ■"'^^sii|iplies, Zuniaeois, Hist. Mij., ii. •J!l'2-.'{, assumes
tiiai, iiwinj; tu .Mvua.lo's alj.ieii.e, the muster was reserved for Cozuniel.
1
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33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY. 14580
(716) 872-4503
T
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70
SAILING OF THE EXPEDITION.
grocorios, and other provisions. For barter were
beads, bells, mirrors, needles, ribbons, knives, hatchets,
cotton goods, and other articles.**
The force was divided into eleven companies, each
under a captain having control on sea and land. The
names of the captains were Alonso Hernandez Puer-
tocarrero, Alonso de Avila,, Diego de Ordaz, Fran-
cisco de Montejo, Francisco de Morla, Escobar, Juan
de Escalante, Juan Velazquez de Leon, Cristobal de
Olid, Pedro de Alvarado, and Cortes, with Anton de
Aluminos as chief pilot. '^^
From this list it will be seen that those but lately
regarded as of the Velazquez party received their full
share in the command. This cannot be attributed so
much to the captain-general's sense of fairness, wlii(.'h
forbade him to take advantage of ititerests voluntarily
intrusted to his care, as to a studied policy whereby
he hoped to win for his purposes certain men of in-
'' 'Tonio [Cortes] fiada do Diego Sanz tcndcro, vna tieda de bohoiieria en
Bicteciutes pesos de oro.' Gomurn, /lint. Mex., 1'2, 14-1.5. Tliis w.ts at Sim-
li'igo. Tliia autiiur, who, toi;etlier with Diaz, forms the main antliority (<>r
the alxivc list, nu'iitiuiis only eleven vessels, hut does not include Alvarados.
lie jilaces the S|>anish force at 550 w< '• ' it, hy adding to this tlie sixty and
odd men ahsent with Alvarado froui 'view, the numhcr wo\dd agree witli
]krnul J)iaz' iigures. Thirteen vessi .\o having joined at Ilubanaas trans-
ports; 5,'10 infantry; twenty-four horses; 5()00 loatls of niaizo and eassjiva ;
2(MK) tocinos. Ui- hi'hiis (risfU renlimiiuli dortexii, in Icn-.bah-etn, <'ol. Jjur., i.
350. Twelve vessels and 5(H) men. Carta drl Ai/nnt, de I'. Cruz, in ( '«!. Jjar.
liiM. , i. 4 1 !(-'2(). Fift('eu vessels and 5()0 men, without any Indians or ncLtroes,
nays Cortes, in iiis Memnrinl, 154'J, not venturing to admit that lie hail dis-
olnsyed tlie royal onler and his instructions in taking Cuban Indians. Cortis,
E'»'rit(>»Siiilln!<, ;{)(); ( W. Dm:, /iinl., iv. '2'20. Seven navios, three l)ergantines.
Oc/cr/i, i. 5;{0. Nine vessels, ,5,")() .Spaniards, two to three hundred Indians.
iittJt ('riMifn, Hint, /ml., iv. 44(1, 457. Eleven vessels of thirty to one tiunih'id
t<mH, iHV.\ .Spaniards, including thirty men with firearms. Urat<»eur df Itmir-
Iniiinj, flixl. \fit.(,'ir., iv. 54; CoijoUiiflo, //int. Yuralhaii, 10; VeUinrvrt, Tiiitro
E'-lcK., \>t. ii. I()l>-ll; l'iiifi)iir''H UiM. }'»'■., 2((-7; /ianntcoiM, /li'.st. Mfj., ii.
VM't. Thirteen vessels, .5(i() jiersons, thirteen horses. Tuphi, /teiirioii, in /'".■
ha/cetJi, I'nI. /tw., ii. 5.5.S; I'rescott, Mix., i. '2ii'2, follows Iwth Ikrnal IMa/,
and (ioinara, liut witiiout seeking to account for their diH'ercnces, ami tints
allows himself to exceed every other authentic estimate for the number of
the men.
" TofiiiPmndn, i. .1(54; Oomara, /liM. ^f<'J'., 14, gives the same names,
except that Francisco de Saleedo stands in the place of Alvarado. Soils,
J I int. Mr.r., i. (k(, mentions eleven, including Saleedo and Nortes; Las Casjis,
/{int. /lid., iv. 4.5.S, names eight, as ap|>ointe(l by Vela/(|HeZ. Zamacois, //'■>/.
Mrj., ii. *JS7, leaves out Avila, which is certainly a mistake, bi>sed on Uernal
Diaz, who includes (iini's Xortcs, the captain merely of u transport. Saleedo
joined later, at Villa Uiua.
SPEECH OF CORTIIS.
71
fluencc, whom it would, for that matter, have been
dangerous to remove.
Before the review, Cortds addressed his soldiers in
a speech as shrewd and stirring as that of Marcius at
Corioli. Pointing to the thousands of unbaptizcd, ho
awakened their religious zeal; dwelling on the grandeur
oi' the undertaking, he stimulated their ambition; re-
ferring to the vast wealth these lands contained, ho
excited their cupidity. Greater and richer lands than
all the Spanish kingdoms, he called them, and in-
habited by strange races, only awaiting submission to
their invincible arms. Their whole fortune was in-
vested in the fleet that carried them ; but who would
regret so trifling an expenditure when compared with
the glorious results to follow? They were setting out
ujjon a career of conquest in the name of their God,
who had always befriended the Spanish nation; and
in the name of their emperor, for whom they would
achieve greater deeds than any ever performed. Riches
lay spread before them; but like good and brave men
they must look with him to the higher and nobler
reward of glory. "Nevertheless," he archly adiled,
"be true to me, as am I to you, and ere long I will
load you with wealth such as you have never dreamed
of I will not say it is to be won without hardships;
but who of you are afraid? We are few, but we are
brave. Let us therefore on with the work so well
begun, joyously and confidently to the end!" '^* There
is no passion so artful as avarice in hiding itself under
some virtue. Sometimes it is progress, sometimes
patriotism, but its warmest cloak has ever been religion.
There is a double profit to the devotee whose religion
gratifies his avarice, and whose avarice is made a pait
of his religion.
On the morning of February 1 8th mass was said, the
" Such is in substance the speech prepared by Gomara, J fist. Mex., 15-10,
well Huitwl for the enterprise, yet not exactly in accord with the pretended
mission of peaceful trade and exploration, roniueniada, i. 'M'A-r>, yives it
nearly in the same form, while Uulia, Jlid, J/cu., i. 71-3, elul>urates to suit
hunscif.
72
SAILING OF THE EXPEDITIOX.
campaign standard Ucsscd, and Saint Peter invoked,
whereupon the prows were pointed toward the islands
of the west. All the vessels were to follow the flag-
ship, whose light should be their guide by night; in
case of separation they were to steer for Cape Catoche
and thence proceed to Cozumel.*°
''^ The date of departure is generally admitted to be Febniary 18th, but in
Cortis, Memorial, li>4*2, is written ' tardu en esto [fitting out] desdo diecioclio
diasi del mes de Octubre . . . hasta dicciocho dias del nics dc Enero, del aflo de
(liei! y nucvc que acabu de salir dc la dicha Isla de Cuba, del caljo do CorrientoH. '
CurlcK, Eifcriton Hueltoti, 313. This is wrong, however, for the llet^t could not
have left Santiago before the date of the instructions; yet it confirms the fact
that three months were spent, after leaving Santiago, before the licet finally
left the island. Some of the authors indicate a portion of this time, showing
that right days were spent at Macaco and twelve at Trinidad, leaving seventy-
two days for the brief passages along the south coast of Cuba and for the
stjiy at San Cristobal.
Di' IM)U« Gestis i\'rdtnaitdi Corltm, or, as the Spanish translator entitles it.
Villa de Henian I'ortiH, giving the fullest but also the most partial account
of Cortes up to this time, is an anonymous manuscript in Latin, of eleven
folio leaves, deposited in the Simancas archives, wlience Mufloz obtained a
cojjy, published by Icazbalceta in his Coleccion df Docuinenlon, i. 3(M)-57. It
is in a clear hand, with corrections and marginals, evidently by the author.
Several points indicate that it formed iwrt of De Orl/e A'oro, a history of
America, written api>arcntly in a series of biographies, to judge from the
reference made to a precetling part relating to Columbus, and to later {tarts
on the confinest of \Iexico. Mufioz expresses the opinion that the author
may be Calvet de Estrella, chronicler of the Indies, mentioned by \ic.
.Vntonio as the writer of the manuscripts J)e lifbuB Gcftin Vncr<B Cantri,
in tlu! Colegio del Sacro Monte de (iranada. This title induced hini to name
the present document De liehim Oedk Ferdinandi Cortesii. The suppowition
is warranted by the style rud by the evident date; for references indicate
that it was written during the lifetime of several companions of Cortes.
The fragment begins with the hero's birth and ends at his departure with tlio
fleet from Cuba. Although the facts related conform, as a rule, to Gomara's
version, a number of authorities have been consulted, some of them no longer
extant, chielly with a view to extol the character and career of the hero, and
to elaborate inciduuta into tiresome prolixity.
CHAPTER VI.
THE VOYA(.E.
1510.
SOMETHINO OF THE CaPTAISS OF CoRTES — ALVAUADO — M(»NTE.IO— AviLA —
Olid— Sasdovai,— Leon — Ordaz— Moiila— The rAssAf;E -The Fuekt
StIUCK UY a SqI'ALL — AkUIVAI. at COZI'MEL— AlAAKAlM) < 'ENSUKEI) -
Search for the Caitive Christians — Arrival cii' Aciuilar — lIis
Chaste AnvENTriiEs — Thev C(»me to Taiiasco River -Uattles
there — CoNQlEST OK THE NATIVES— pEACE MaDE— T'.VENTY FeMAI.E
Slaves amonh the Presents — The Fleet Proceeds alonii the
Shore —PrERrocARUEito's Witticism — Arrival at San Jcan de Ulua.
As tlic ovcrlusting waves that bowl his shlj)s along
are discoursing to Cortes of his destiny, let us make
the ac(|uaintance of his captains, some of whom arc
to i)lay |)arts in the Andhuac amphitheatre secondary
only to his own.
First, there was the fiery and impetuous Pedro do
Alvarado, a hero of the Achilles or Sir Lancelot
S(;hool, strong and symmetrical as a goddess-born;
hnughty, choleric, sometimes stanch and generous;
passionate in his loves and hates, with tlu; usual mix-
ture of license, loyalty, and zeal for the church. lie
had not eyes to see, from where he stood in the war-
fare of his day, at once the decline of the fiercer bar-
barism and the dawn of a truer and gt;ntler heroism.
Ah'eady we have discoV(!reil Hashes of temper and
tenilencies to treachery that display his cliaracter l)y
too sulphurous a Hame; but we shall tind in him nmcli
to admire as conquistador and governor.
Alvara<lo was about the age of Cortes, Bajadoz
being his native i)lace. There liis father, Diego do
Alvarado, comendador de Lobon in the order of San-
(73)
74
THE VOYAOE.
tiaj?(», iiiul liis luothor, Sura do Coiitrciras, 8tru^^.i,'l«>(I
with povt'ity U) inaintaiii tlic rcjuitation of a ^'(kkI
family iiamo. At tlio a«(o of twonty-livo Pedro caino
over to Santo JJoininjjfo, and proni|>tod hy vanity
paraded liinif<elf in an old ^own of hi.s father's, whenu>n
wan sewn the red cross of Santiago. At lirst lie \v<»n3
this garment inside out, giving as a reason his rednccd
circumstances which made him ashamed to puhlicly
own the rank of knight. On being reproved hy the
admiral, he holdly attixed the insignia to his otlicr
dresses, and thenceforth called and signed himself the
Comendador Alvarado.* The title was never openly
questioned in the Indies, where men had little time
for incjuiring into the atfairs of others, and Alvarado
failed not with his plausible tongue and crafty nature
to use it for obtaining certain privileges and advance-
ment.
When Grijalva prepared his expedition he was
living as an encomcndero, near Trinidad, in Cuba,
with live biothers.' As captain under this chid' he
gave evidence of an enterprising nature, coinhined
with an impatiency of restraint Avhich ill tltted a
subordinate. The want of principlr» already shown
by his conduct at Santo J3omingo was hei'o made
apj>arent in the attempt to injure his conunander with
Yelaz(jucz, in order to further liis own ends. J lis now
prominent position as a well-to-do gentleman, and
the experience gathered under Grijalva, had made
him a welcome member of the i)resent exj)edition.
lie had also acquired the reputation of a good soldier
and hoiseman, with a bravery bordering on reckless-
ness, and was a great favorite with his men, among
whom he also ranked as an able drill master. With
an agile frame, he presented a most cheerful and
pleasing countenance, fair, some called it, with a ten-
• 'Qustamlo cii la cibdad de Sto Domingo vibiendo con cl Alinirante.
Jiitnilir-., J'roriK,) con/nt Alianulo,riit. xi. 01; Jiuirron, Hunt., i. 2.VJ.
-'1\h1o8 luMiiianoa, ()no fuo ol Capitan Pedro do Aluarotlo, y tJonpalo di
Aliiarado, ., .Forgo do Ahiarado, y(ion(;alo fAlonzo] y (Jonioz, 6 Juuu du^Uvi!,'
ruUo el viojo, i^uo era bustardo.' Uerml DiiK, Hist. Verdcui,, 14.
ALVARADO, MOXTIilO, ANT) AVTLA.
75
(loncy to riuMiii' ss. Ttw .•ittrnction centred cliiiilly in
the oyos, and afterward olitainc^d lor liini anion;^ tli';
Indians of Tlascala tlie appellation of Tomitinli, tin;
Sun.^ His first j^lanee thrown upon a combatant was
the ilasli which was to ho followed hy the tlnuuler-
holt. Vanity prompted a careful attention to «lr«'ss,
hilt witli a result approaching the showy ratiier than
llie elegant. His manner, no loss winning tiian the
i'ate, made him a most agrooahlo companion, the more
so as he was a lihoral fellow, particularly with re-spiM-t
to women, and to |)loasures generally. Bonoath this
smiling exterior, however, lay hidden an insatiahle
longing for power, and a blind worship of gold as
the j)urchasor of pleasure, and under their inlhi-
( nee he became at times 8«) insensible to feelin<js
of humanity as to place him outside the category of
grtjatness.*
Another of Grijalva's captains hero present was
Francisco do Montejo, who camo from Spain with
IN'drarias Djivila in 1514. After enlisting men in
I'^spaiM^la, and aiding in the conquest of Cem'i, he caiiK!
to ( 'uba to wield the sword for Velazquez; but whilti
lanking as a brave officer and a good horseman, he
showed greater aptitude for business.
At the present time he was about thirty-fivo years
of age, of medium stature, and with a bright face,
^ Soo Xntive Race», iii. 109 and 183. * Biondo.' Clavlgero, Sioria Afms., iii.
8. Kl!ilM)r!iting tliia, JinmMCur <lo l{<)url)Ourg says, 'Aux clicvcux hloiwln ct
<'i>l(iri! ill' visii^c, cc qui liii tit doiincr pur lus Tlnxcalt^qufa lo Hiiriioiii >l(>
'ri)iiiitiiili.' //int. Nat. Civ., iv. o.'l. Hut tliu authority fur culling liini IiIdihIi!
in iiiit iiii'ntii>iicd. It may ri;st on mere tradition. A Mcxicun jiicture gi\r-i
liiiii (link heard and a yellow helmet or head-dress, the same eoiors ImIiiit
given to tlie Iteard and heud-dresa of tigurea representing liie Spjiniih triM>|is.
litiinire/. is rather inclined to doulit the authenticity of tiie portrait so Ire-
i|ueiit]y copied from (Jortinu's eopjter-platcs, rcytresenting him as of daik
coiriplexion, M'ith long, inengre, pointed face, very high forehead, stuhlied
hair, mustache, and ini|)crial. /{(nnircz, Procfoo ronira Alvunido, ]>]>. xi. xxii.
'-'77 Hi, with plates. I'Tt-xrotVn Mix: (Mex. 1844), i. 4.18; Id. [tioinlrn uL),
iii. "J'JO; 'i'nrli'ijal EKpinonH, Jli.tt. Mex., ii. ^40, ()8(l, with signattirr. .\
Woodcut in Armiii, AUe Mer., tfti'i, presents a much younger man, with ;i
round, Jiandsomc face, curled hair, and full, curletl lH!ard. This correHiMtnds
more to the descri|ition given in the text, hut the authoritj' is not indicated.
Zamacois, Itixt. Mi[j., ii. 484, givesa full-length portrait corres|iondiMg to tiii.s.
' llel|)s, t'orU'it, ii. 1(>;?, compares him to Murut, Cortes being the Nu^Hjleou.
liu-iad Diaz, JliiC. Verdad., lo, '210, -Ij.
i:
76 THE VOYAGE.
wUlcli indicated love for pleasure and generous lib-
erality."
Alonso de Avila, the third of Grijalva'.s brave lieu-
tenants, had also a pleasant face and liberal disposition,
combined with good reasoning power, but was alto-
gether too loud-spoken and argumentative, and had
an overbearing manner that created many enemies.
He was about thirty-three years of age. Cristobal
de Olid, a year his junior, was a well formed, strong-
limbed man, with wide shoulders and a somewhat
iiiir complexion. Despite the peculiarity of a groove
in the lower lip, which gave it the appearance of being
split, the face was most attractive, and the powerl'ul
voice helped to bear him out as a good talker. While
lacking in sincerity and depth of thought, and being
little iit lor the council, he possessed qualities whit'h,
in connection with great bravery and determination,
made him an admirable executive officer; but an
ambition to command began to assert itself, and di-
rected by evil intiuence it brought about his fall a few
years later. Bernal Diaz calls him a very Hector in
combat, and po.ssessing, among other good qualities,
that of being liberal; on the whole an excellent man,
though unfit to be a leader.* The youngest of the
captains, the most worshipful and the most lovable,
was Gonzalo de Sandoval, an hidalgo of only twenty-
two years, from Cortes' own town, the son of a foitress
commandant, but with merely a rudimentary educa-
^Montijn, Mfmorutl at Emp., 1545, in Cent. Amer., 1545-5r>, MS. 1.10.
'Fu(5 lino do n(|ucllo8 inilitcs que ]>a8saron il estas partes., .mill (5 fjuiniuiitos
y citoi'v*', A a(|uel ineamo aflo . . . fuesse de la Tierra-1; irtna. . . 6 imssosc A la isia
dcCuloi. ' (ffirilo, iii. '217.
"See J/ int. t'l'iit. Am., this series, i., 524-32. 'Era estrematlo varoii, mas
no era jiara ninndar, sino jiara ser niildado y era dc edad do treintii y si-'.-j
afios, natural do cerca do Baezau Linares. . . .Tenia otrasbnciias codioiones,
de ser franco.' Brriud Dinz, ll'mt. \'. (/ad., \77. ' Era vn Hector en el esfu-
er(,'o, para comljatir iiersona jxir i "^rs ma ' Id., 240. 'Natural (jue fue ilo
Vbeda f) doLiuarcs.' /</.,24l. 'I>a Baeza nell' Andaluzia. Era monibruto,
ombroso, e doppio.' Clarigero, Sto -ia J/f«x., iii. 8. 'D'uno laidcur extreme;
sa duplicit<5 et sa fourberic lo rcn<iaient iin homme peu sur,' says Brassenr ilo
IJourbourg, J/ist. Aat. Vie., iv. 53, with his not unusual hasty elaboration.
Portrait in Pretcott'» Mex. (Mex. 1844), i. 421 ; also in Zamucois, Hist. Mej.,
iv, 254.
SANT)OVAL, VELASQUEZ DE LEOX, ORDAZ.
77
tioii. Bravo, intivpi<l, and with a j^owl head, lio was
t'(|iially (Ic'terminod in speecli and in doportmont, yet
with a faultless obedioncc and loyalty that won the
('(Hifidonce aiul esteem of his chief. With a strict eye
to discipline, he possessed also a kind, humane dispo-
sition, whicli gained the love ami respect of his men,
whose comfort he studied far more than his own.
IMain in dress, and modest in manner and aspiration,
III' was free from the greed which tainted so many
around him. A soldier in all qualities of the heart
and mind, he was also physically fitted for one. In
battle he was as wrathful and as beautiful as Apollo
when he slew the Python. The robust frame, with
its high chest and broad shoulders, supported a full
lace adorned with .short, curly, nut-brown hair. The
|>owerful voice, inclining at times to a lisp, was ox-
liibited more in the issue of brief command than in
conversation ; for Don Gonzalo was as energetic to act
as lie was chary of words. The slightly bow-legged
limbs indicated an early training for the saddle.
Indeed, equestrian exercises were his delight, and his
horse Motilla, a chestnut with a white foot and a star
on the forehead, is described by Bernal Diaz as the
finest he ever saw. Sandoval stands before us not
(jnly as an admirable man, but as an ideal officer, in
his combined qualities of juvenile ardor and prudence,
valor and humanity, modesty of disposition and purity
of licart. Cortes spoke of him after his death with
feelings of deepest regret, and represented him to the
em[>eror as one of the finest soldiers in the world, fit
to command armies.''
Ill Velazquez de Leon we find another admiral)lo
officer, who possesses many traits in common with
Sandoval. He is described as about four years older
than that chivalrous youth, with a well formed, i)ower-
ful frame, fine chest and shoulders, full face, set in a
' Bemat Dim, Hist. Vrrdad., 240, 246; Clavigero, StoriaAlnu., iii. S; Por-
trait and signature in Varbajal E^jyiiioxa, Hist. Mex. , ii. 254, 680. Portrait
m Zunmcoio, JJitl. Mvj., ii. 4tiu, tiud la Armin, Alte Mex., 217.
1
il'll!
I
ilii!
liMj
I
IIJ 1!
7t
THE VOYAGE.
somewhat curled nntl carefully tended beard. He
wa.s open with the hand, ready with the Hword, and
an ex|)ert horseman. He bore the reputation of
havinj? killed a prominent and rich man in a duel in
I'lspanola, a deed which had obliged him to seek refuge
in Cuba with his relation Velazquez.
The most devoted adherent of Velazquez, although
not bound to him by ties of relationship, was his
ancient mayordomo mayor, Diego de Ordaz,' a power-
fid man, of large stature, with full lace, thin, dark
beard, and stuttering speech. As a leader of foot-
soldiers, for he did not ride, he gained the reputation
of possessing great daring, as well as a good head;
and among comrades he ranked as a liberal man and
a conversationalist. Of the other captains, Francisco
de Salcedo, reputed chief butler to the admiral of
Castile, bore the sobriquet of 'Dandy' from his spruce
manner;" and Francisco de !Morla is spoken of as a
valiant soldier and good horseman.*"
On the way over the vessels were dispersed by a
squall, but were gathered by the Hag-ship, some at
Catochc, and some at Port San Juan, on the north
end of Cozumel Island, where they all finally congre-
gated." Quite early in the adventure Cortds was
' Also written Onliis. 'Natural de tierra de Campos.' Bernal Diaz, Iliit.
Vfrilatt.,'2Ui. Vortmit in Carhijal EnpiiwHu, JliM. Mex.,\i. 11('2.
" ' Sancedo, natural do Medina do liioseco; y ponjue era muy pulido, le
llama vanios, el galau.' Denial DUiz, Jlinl. VerdcuL, 'J4l). This captain joins
later.
'" liernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 240-7, gives a lonj^ list of notices of members
of tlie cx)>e<lition, many of whom will receive attention during tlio course of
tlio narmtivc.
' ' San .luan, Ante Portam Latinam. See also Carta de Ayunt. de Vera Cruz,
in ' 'ortr.i, Cartan, 9. Several authors, following Goiiiara, it seems, refer to one
vi'ssel as missing, but as this is identified with Eacol)ar's, sent, according to
}i<-rnal Diaz, on a special exploring expedition to I^guna de Ti^rminos, the
view of tiie latter author is probably more correct. It is not likely tliat a
wiptain would have sailed so far beyond the rendezvous, and there waited for
weeks the chance arrival of the lleet. In Ttipia, IMndon, in /ca:.haleeta.
Col. J)oc., ii. 557, are references yet more vague to a missing vessel. During
tlie gale Morla's vessel was struck by a wave, which unshipped her rudder.
11 is .signal of distress caused the flag-ship to heave to till daybreak. The rud-
der was then discovered floating close by, and tying a rope to his body, Morla
leaped into the sea to aid in replacing it. Oomara, Hist, Mex., 16; Laa Caaas,
Hist. Itul., iv. 458.
DIfiCIPLr,'E.
70
by a
was
2, Hint.
called on to spread before his unbridled associates
tlio quality of discipline they nii»^ht expect. It soeniM
that Alvarado arrived at Cozuniel Island two days
i)cloro the fleet, and had begun to carry matters
with rather a high hand for a subordinate. lie had
entered two towns, taketi three persons captive, and
seized some property of the natives. " Is tlils vne way
to win to our purpose barbarous peoples?" exclaimed
the indignant Cortes. For failing to bring tlie vessel
to the rendezvous at Cape San Antonio, Alvarado's
pilot was placed in chains. A little later, seven sailors
were flogged for theft and perjury. The captives
were soothed with presents and liberated, the stolen
articles restored, and with tiic aid of Mclchor, tlic in-
terpreter, the fears of the natives were assuaged.
In answer to his inquiries regarding the captive
Christians, Cortes was informed that two days' journey
in the interior of Yucatan bearded men had been seen
by Cozumel traders, not long since, whereipon two
vessels were despatched to Catoche under Ordaz, who
was there to await, one week, the return of three
Indian messengers, sent with presents to redeem the
captives, and bearing a letter telling them where to
find their countrymen."
While waiting events, Cortes landed the horses to
explore and forage, and employed the otherwise unoc-
1 Cruz,
to one
'-The letter, as given in Bcrnal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 17, and Oomarn,
Hist. Mcr., 19, iliffers somewlint in tenor, and the former assigns eight days,
the latter six, as the time Ordaz was to wait. Goinara writes further tliat
tlie Indians were at first afraid to venture on such an errand into the interior,
l)ut the largo reward overcame their fears, and thoy were carried to tlic cape
ill I'^scalante's vessel, escorted by Ordaz in two otlier craft manned by fifty
men. Cogolludo, Hist. Yucathan, '20, think.s tliero couM be no danger for
messengers. * Escoudieron [the letter] a vno entro los cabellos, que trahian
largos y trenzados, rebueltos, n la cabe^a: y cmbio los dos nauios de nicnos
porto. . . . con veynte ballesteros, y escopeteros . . . . y que el menor boluiessc a
dar cuenta de lo que auian hecho.' Herrera, dec. ii. lib. iv. cap. vi. ; I'fter
Martyr, dec. iv. cap. vi. ' Enviii un bergantin <5 cuatro bateles. . . .que esper-
nrieii ciiico dias, e no mas.' Tapia, Heladoii, in /'■a-Jnilcela, Col. Doc, ii 55().
Las (,^asas, Ilixi.. J ml., iv. 450, states that the cacique of Cozumel, eager to
communicate freely with Cortt^s, sent messengers to the lord owning one of
tlie captives, and asked him to sell or lend the man. Cortes at first proposed
to roacuc the captive with an armed force, but the cacique suggested a ransom
aj more eficctivc. Solis, Hint. Mex. , i. 70; Landu, liet. de i'uc. , 24-0.
80
THE VOYAGE.
oupicd iiu'ii iJi military oxoroisc. The islamlcrs wore
l»i;^'hiy entertained, and tlunij^ht the animals nrijvnt deer
and the sliij>a water-houses. In return they «;ave the
strani^ers cause for woncUfrment not unmixed witli
wrath; for this was a sacred island, in a heathen sense,
and tliither, from distant parts, resorted piljjfrima with
ofKeriuiifs for sanijuinary shrines. And when one feast-
day the priests of l^aal, within their temple, aroso
before the people and called upon the gods of their
fathers, the excited Spaniards could not contain thcuj-
selves; C'ortus stood forth and preached his religion
to the indignant savages, hut failing in the desired
effect, the Spaniards rushed upon the idols, hurled
them from their scats, and planted in their place the
emblem of their faith.''
In due time Ordaz returned without the lost
Christians, greatly to the disappointment of Cortes,
who desired them particularly for interpreters. The
fleet then set sail, but was obliged to return, owing
to the leaky condition of Escalante's vessel. While
engaged upon repairs one day, the Spaniards being
encamj)cd upon the shore, a canoe was seen approach-
ing the harbor from the mainland. Andrds do Tapia
and others hastened to the landing, where presently
the boat arrived, and four iwny undressed figures
stepped upon the shore. Oiie was bearded, and his
form a little bent, and as he advanced before the
others there was eager questioning in the piercing
glance he threw about him. Presently he cried out
in ill-articulated speech, " Senores, sois cristianos?"
On being assured that they were, he dropped upon
" Two carpenters, Alonso Ynflez anil Alvaro Lopez, claim the honor of
having raised the first cn)88 for the church in New Spain. To this the natives
nia<lo no great objection, the cross having already with them a religious
significance; ami surely tlio sanctified effigy of the benign Mary was a more
b^utiful object to look upon than their idols. See Native Eacts, iii. 46S-70. la
one of the temples 'auia vna cruz do cal tan alta como diez palnios.' Oomani,
Hist. Mfx., 24. Las Casas objects to the compulsory mode of conversion used
by Cortds and his holy company, and devotes a long paragrapli to depicting
tlio folly and «>vil thereof. JJiKt. I ml., iv. 4G0-'2, 470. IJemal Diaz, Hist. Vcr-
did., IS, deacrilKJS the idolatrous rite, and l*rcscott, Mcx., i. 2ol)-71, speaks
ol Coitta ua u rclonucr.
Tlin LOST CHRISTIANS.
•1
Ills kneca, and with tears fallin_i( from uplifted eyes
lliaiiked (jod for his deliverance. Tapia saw it at a
j^lance; this was one of the captives. Hastily step-
pin;^' forward, he eauijht the uncouth object in his
ill ins, raised him fro; . riio ground with a tender em-
l)race, and conducted ii!'» to camp." But fur the
luard it would have been difficult, fi'om his outward
a|>pearancc, to believe him a European. Naturally
of a dark complexion, he was now bronzed by ex-
jiosurc, and entirely naked except for a breech-cloth
and sandals. His crown was shorn, and ih-^ remain-
in;^ hair braided and coiled upon the head.'' In his
hand he carried a net containing, among other things,
a greasy prayer-book. On being present d to Cortes
he seemed dazed, scarcely knowing Wxiother to cull
liiiiiself savage or civilized. At l)est he conld not
all at (>iice throw himself out of the former and into
*h*' latter category; for when h's Indiati companions
s(|uattetl themselves before the captain-general, and
with the right hand, moistened by the lips, touchetl
the ground and then the region of the heart in token
of reverence, impelled by habit he found himself doing
the same. Cortes was touched. Lifting him up, he
threw over the naked Spaniard his own yellow mantle,
' ' Tliis is the aubstancc of Tnpia's ovni account. Relation, in frnrtmlcfla,
Ciil. JJuc, ii. 5,">(^-7. Otliers diilcr somewhat in the number of Ii.dians who
iinivc ill the canoe, in tlie mode of addressini; Tapia, and other ]K>inta. Ao-
rmdinji to IScnio! Diaz, J/ixl. i'erdatl., 19, some soldiers out hunting report
till' approacli of th<3 canoe, whcreujM>n Cortes sends Tapia to ascertain its oh-
jct't. Seven Indians of Cozumel land, and, on seeing tlie SiMiniards advonce,
ure a)>out to ilee in alarm, but one of them reassures tho rest, and calls out,
' l>i').s, y Santa Maria, y Sevilla." While he is embraced by Tapia, a soldier
nislu'S to announce tho news to Cortt's. According to (iomara, J/int. Mfr., CO,
it is meal-time and first Sunday in Lent when the news of a canoe with four
lulians is brought. Tho fleet had been prevented by a storm from sailing
oil tlie prcvii.us <lay.
' ' 'i'his was a common form of Maya hair-dress. Kenial Diaz, Ilinf. Vrrdml. ,
1!', and some others descrilxj him as shorn like a slave; but this man appears
td liave risen from tluvt condition, lie gives him an extra pair of sandals,
lianv'ing at the waist, a dilapidated mantle or cloth— called a net by llerreia- -
wherein is tied a thumbed prayer-lHK)k, and upon the shoulder he jtlaces an
oar. This oar is brought into camp by almost »"ery writer, regardless of tlio
fact tliut it did not belong to him and could no longer be of use. ( iomara,
y/'.s'. ^f)'3•., 20, gives him Ijow and arrows. Las Casas, fii-^t. J if., iv. 401,
niuarks that in the prayer-lxtok w.ns kept an account of time, which marked
ihi^ day as a W^cdncsday, while it really was Sunday.
Hist. Msx., Vol. I. C
lin
11
III
mi
n
THE VOYAOE.
lined with crimson. He asked his name, and the man
said he was (xeioninio de Ajj^uilar, ordained in minor
orders, a native of Eeija, and relative of the Licen-
ciado Marcos de Aguilar, known to Cortes in Es-
panola. He and Gonzalo Guerrero, a sailor and a
native of Palos, were the sole survivors of the ex-
pedition which, nearly eii;ht years before, had left
IJarien for Espai'u)la, under Valdivia, whose shij)-
wreck and horrible fate I have elsewhere detailed.^"
If backward at the be<>innin<j in the use of his tonijuo,
Aguilar talked well enough when started, giving his
thrilling experiences in words which filled his lis-
teners with amazement. On escaping from the lord of
Maya, who had eaten Valdivia and the others with the
same relish that the Cyclops ate the companions of
Ulysses, the survivors threw themselves on the mercy
of a neighboring cacique called Ahkin Xooc. He with
his successor, Taxmar, enslaved them, and treated
them so severely that all died but himself and the
sailor, Guerrero. There is a law of relativity which
applies to happiness and misery, no less tlian to mental
and })hysical consciousness. By ways widely dift'erent
these two men had saved themselves; the former by
humility and chastity, the latter by boldness and
sensuality. Securing services under Nachan Kan,
cacique of Chetumal, the sailor adopted the dress and
manners of the people, rapidly rose in favor, became
the chief captain of his master, married a woman of
rank, and began to rear a dusky race; so that when
the messengers of Cortes arrived he declined to be
ransomed." Then blushing beneath his tawny skin
the sanctified Aguilar went on to tell of his own
temptations and triumphs, in which he had been as
lonely as was Ethan Brand in hugging the unpardon-
'"SeeZ/jX Cent. Am., i. S.'JO, this series.
'' Agnilai' intimated another reason why Guerrero remained, that ho hud
taken part in the lights against Cordoba and Grijalva at Potonchan, whicli
is very doubtful. Tlien it is said tliat his face was tattooed and his lips turni'd
down, and when Aguilar besought him to go the children clung to him, and
tlif wife lirst begged, and then threatened, to make Aguilar desist. Cn'jolhnlti,
JIUl. YucalUan, 23; Bvrual JJ'taz, Hint. Vcrdad., 18-10; Ton^uemada, i. 370.
ADVENTURES OF AGUILAR.
88
nl)lo sin. So sublime had boon his pationco and his
jiioty under tlie drudgery at first put upon liim, that ho
too rose in the estimation of his master, wJio was led
to entrust him with more important matters. For in all
tliini^s pertaining to flesh and spirit he acted with so
much conscientiousness thatTaxniar,astrangorto those
wlio loved virtue for its own sake, suspected the motives
that inspired his captives. To test his wonderful in-
tegrity, for he had noticed that Aguilar never rai.sed
Ills eyes to look upon a woman, Taxmar once sent
liini for fish to a distant station, giving him as sole
companion a beautiful girl, who had been instructed
to employ all her arts to cause the Christian to break
his vow of continency. Care had been taken that
tlure should be but one hammock between them, and
at night she bantered him to occupy it with her; but
stopping his ears to the voice of the siren, he threw
Iiiniself upon the cold, chaste sands, an<l passed the
night in peaceful dreams beneath the songs of heaven."
Cortes smiled somewhat sceptically at this and like
recitals, wherein the sentiments expressed would have
done honor to Sci})io Africanus; nevertheless, he was
"^ This is in substance the advcntur'^'of AguUar, as relateil at length in ITrr-
ri nt, (It'o. ii. lib. iv. cai). vii.-viii., followed by 'J'on/iiemada, i. .S70-7-,an<U 'o'jol-
iiiihi, Ilint. Yucathdii, 'J4-'J, aiul prettily, though liastily, elaborated in Irciiii/'ii
Ci'iiimhuK, iii. "JlKi-IWIl, and other inoclcrn writers. On reaching ("atoche and
tiiuling Ordaz gone, ho proceeded to Co/uniel, in the hope of tinding some of
tlic S|p;iniards. 'Era Aguilar estudiante tpiando pisso a las Indias, y hrmibro
tliscreto, y por esto so jxiede creer cjuahiuiera cosa del,' concludes llerrera,
as it .suspecting that the version may bo ipiestioned. Prudence is shown in tho
lavf witli which lu! gradually accustomed himself to the ciiange of food and
li.iliitsunagain joining the Spaniards. I'eter Martyr, dec. iv. caj>. vi., relates that
.\;:uilar's mother bccamo insane on hearing that lu'r son Iiuil fallen among cxn-
nili.ils — who brougiit her tiie news it is hard to j,'uess — and whenever slie beh !d
llisli roasting, loud l''''ame the laments for his sail fate. This is re|)eated in
<i''ijiiim, Hint. Mix., •_'■_•; Murlhii-., IIUl. Xnl. Xiicra /■.'•</<., ii. xxiv. Her-
rciii, w ho cannot avoid mixing in all the romance j)ossil)le, makes liim search
I' ir means to cross the strait. Iletindsat last .a leaky canoe half buried in tlio
wild, and in this frail skill' he and the Indian 'ompanion presented by his lat«
nuister managed to gain tho island. Others give him Cortes' messengers ♦or
eniii]i;iiiii)ns. ]iernal I>ia/, //Ist.l'i'r'hul., IS, very reasonably permits him to
iiiie a canoe with six rowers, for ho has beads to ])ayfor it, and canoes would
nni be wanting, .since the island was a resort for pilgrims, particularly at ihis
ve;y time. Mendieta, /li-'f. Eden., 17j-7('), fails not to recognize, in the (■■>m-
jiulsory re*'irn of the Meet to Cozumel, and in the lindingof Aguihir, the hand
ot (lod; unit Torcpiemaila, i. H70, eagerly elaborates the mirnculous features iu
the appearuuuo of this ..Vuruii, who is to bu the mouth-picco of hia Musca.
it THE VOYAGE.
exceedingly glad to secure this man, even though ho
l^ad been a little less chaste and brave and cunning
than he represented himself to be. He found him
not only useful but willing, for this humble holy man
was a great fighter, as he had said, and was very
ready to lead the Spaniards again.st his late mastei',
tliough pledged to peace and friendliness.
Early in March" the fleet again sailed, and after
talcing shelter from a gale behind Punta do las Mu-
jeres for one or two days, passed round Catoche and
along the Yucatan coast, hugging the shore to note
its features, and sending forth a growl of revengo
on passing Potonchan. Boca de Tdrminos was now
reached, whither Escobar had been sent in advance
to explore, and within the entrance of a little harbor,
to which a boat's crew was guided by blazings, a
letter was found, hidden in a tree, from which cir-
cumstance the harbor was named Puerto Escondido.
Tiie letter reported a good harbor, surrounded by
rich lands abounding in game; and soon after tlm
fleet met the exploring vessel, and learned of the iin-
f)ortant acquisition to the expedition in Grijalva's
ost dog.** Off Rio de Tabasco the fleet came to
anchor, and the pilots knowing the bar to be low,
only the smaller vessels entered the river. Remem-
bering the friendly reception accorded Grijalva, tin;
Spaniards were surprised to find the banks lined with
hostile bands, forbidding them to land. Cortes there-
fore encamped at Punta de los Palmares, on an island
about half a league up the river from the mouth, au' I
'* Bomal Diaz says the 4th, which is rather close reckoning, according to
his own account, for two days arc recjuired to rcacli Coziimcl from Caix! Sun
Antonio, nine days are consumed by Ordaz in waiting for the captives, nii^l
four days for repairing Escalantc's leaky vessel. This alone brings us frun
February 18th, the date of leaViUg CaiKs San Antonio, to March 5th, without
c'lnting a probable day or two for preimring, starting, and returning.
'" A greyhound bitch, really of great service to the hunters. Bemal Diaz,
Hht. I'erdad., 20, starts Escobar from Punta de las Mujeres. Velnvcnt,
Teatvo Met:., Vt. iii. 112. Cogolludo, His' I'uculhan, 29, while adopting I'U
hearsay the more genci-al supposition that a missing vessel is found here, follow ■;
Diaz in the account of tlic exploring vessel. Gomara, Hist. Mex., 25-6, aii'l
Herrera, dec. ii. lib. iv. cap. xi., evidently attributes the name Escondido to
tlie tiuding of the missing vessel.
N!
BATTLE OF TABASCO.
83
tlio
not far from the capital of the Xoiioliualcas, a lav^xQ
town of adobe ami stone buildings on the opposite
mainland, protected by a heavy stockade."
In answer to a demand for water, the natives there-
about pointed to the river; as for food, they would
briiiL^ .some on the morrow. Cortes did not like the
ii]>poarance of things; and when, during the night,
began to remove tlieir women and children from
town, he saw that his work must begin here.
]\[()rc men and arms were landed on the island, and
Avila was ordered to proceed to the mainland with
uiie hundred men, gain the rear of the town, and
attack at a given signal.*" In the morning a few
canoes arrived at the island with scanty provisions,
all that could be obtained, the natives said; and
further than this, the Spaniards must leave: if they
attempted to penetrate the interior, they would be
cut off to a man. Cortes answered that his duty to
the great king he served required him to examine the
country and barter for supplies. Entering the vessels,
he ordered them to advance toward the town; and in
the presence of the royal notary, Diego de Godoy, he
made a final appeal for peace, as required by Spanish
law, casting upon the natives the blame for the
consequences of their refusal. The reply came in
" Mille quingentorum passuum, ait Alaminus nauclerus, et ilomornm
fiuintiue ac viginti inillium .... cgregio lapidibus et calco fabrefectoe. ' Peter
Jlar/i/r, l)e JiwvHs, 14. 'A poco mas tie media Icgiia que aubiaii por el,
(ri'.ir) vicron vn gran pueblo con las casaa ile ailoue.s y los tejados de pajii, el
i|u:ii f.stiiua cercauo de madera, con bien grucssa pared y almenas, y troiieras
liiu;i llecliar. ' Halls and temples are also refcirfd to: ' Mas no tienc vegcnte
y ciiiio mil casas.' Oomara, Hist. Mvx., '20-37. 'Punta de los I'aliimi-es
|u!iLTo (irijalva also camped], que cstava del pueblo de Tabasco otro media
Icu'iiii.' Jlenial Diaz, Hist. I'erilad., '20. Montiinus, Xieuwe Weenlil, 77,
fiillow.s (ioniara and Martyr, in calling the pueblo I'otonchan ; so does IL'lps,
X/"('/. (.'oik/., ii. 200-4, who fro(iui'ntly reveals the aupcrliciality of hi.s re-
Hcii'clies. Hrasseur do Bourbourg calls it (.Jentla. lli.it. Nat. Cir., iv. ."i8.
The stockade defences are described in detail in .S'o'i.i, Hist. Mvx., i. !KV-4.
■'-' ' MantU) poner en cada vn batel tres tiros.' Avila received one humlred
scililiers, including ten cross- lx)\vmcn, and took a route leading across creek i
.•iiid marshes to the rear of the pueblo. Jicriial Diaz, lli.it. Venlad.. "JO.
'SiMialo Cortes dos capitancs con catla cienticinqucnto Espaftoles. Que fncron
Alonso di Auila, y I'edro de Aluarado.' A ford was f' md half a league almvo
the camp. Oomara, Hist. M<x., 27; Peter Martyr, dec. iv. cap. vii., sends
one hmulred and, fifty men by dift'erent routes. The testimony favors tho
tiiijiiiosition that Avila forded the river.
THE VOYAGE.
tlie f(irm of yells, mingled with the noise of conchs,
trumpets, and drums, and a shower of arrows. Tho
Spaniards drove tlieir prows forward into the mud.
The Indians crowded round in canoes to prevent their
landing. A well directed volley at once cleared tho
way, and notified Avila to attack. Panic-stricken at
the strangeness and suddenness of it all, the natives
fell back, but rallied at the call of their leaders, and
poured a shower of arrows on the Spaniards as they
threw themselves into the water to wade ashore,
receiving them at the point of their lances as they
reached the bank. Tabasco's men were powerful and
brave. The charge of cowardice had been tlung at
them by their neighbors for having been friendly with
the Spaniards on former occasions, and they were now
determined to vindicate their character for courage.
Once on solid ground the Spaniards rang their battle-
cry of "Sus, Santiago, it ellos!" Up, Santiago, and
at them! and drove the enemy within the stockade.
A breach was quickly made, and the defenders chased
Some distance up the streets, where they made a stand,
shouting " La, la, calachoni ! " Strike at the chief ! At
this juncture Avila appeared. The natives saw tlie
day was lost to them, and they turned and tied.
The Spaniards did not pursue very far, but halted in
an open space, where three stately temples invited to
pillage, though little was found worth taking, exce}>t
some maize and fowl. During the action eigliteeii
Indians were killed and fourteen Spaniards wounded.-'
In the formal taking of possession which followed, it
was noticctl by those present that mention of the
name of Velazquez was signiticantly omitted.^*
" llernal Diaz, Hist, Vr.rihid., Jf), estimates that twelve thousand wavriDis
defoiuled tlie ti)\vii. He himself received a woniiil in the thigh, (tiiiiiar.i,
Illxt. Jfex., '2!), Univcs only four hundred in ciiarge of the place. I'ctir
Martyr, dec. iv. cjip. vii., allows tlie horses to share in the battle, and ])l:ii-i's
tlie warriors at four thousand. Las Casas, J fist, /ml., iv. 474, exaggeiiites,
of course, the Spanish excesses, but without giving detinite stateineuts.
^' 'Intetaba iiacer locjue de.«pues hizo,' says Vetancvrt, IWifro Mcj'., ))t. iii.
1 1 '2, in reference to the later eft'ected independence of Velazquez. The nindi'
of taking po.s.ses8ion is thus described: Advancing with drawn sword ;iii'l
aliicld to u large ceiba-tree hi the court-yard, Cortes struck it three times, uuU
BRAVERY OF THE XATn'ES.
87
i" conchs,
^^s. Tho
he mud,
ont their
arcd tliu
'ickcii at
3 natives
Icrs, and
as they
I ashore,
as they
Drful and
flung at
dly with
k^ere now
courau'e.
ir battle-
ago, and
itoekadc.
's chased
a stand,
icf! At
saw the
nd fle.l.
Ited in
vitod to
exce})t
^liteen
unded.-'
wed, it
of the
1(1 warriiiis
(riniiani,
.CO. I'l'tfl'
ami j>1:k'('m
Liigi^crutcs,
L'Utrt.
'I'j'., ])t. iii.
Tlie iiuhIi'
^W()^(1 iiu'l
times, uud
Ig-
Next mornincf Alvarado and Francisco do Luffo,
each with one hundred men, were sent by dift'erent
ways to reconnoitre and forage, with orders to return
l^efore dark.'^' Melchor, on being called to accompany
one of them, was missing. Presently his clothes
were discovered hanging on a tree, indicating that ho
had gone over to the enemy. Lugo had advanced
not more than a league when, near a town called
Centla, he encountered a large body of warriors, wlio
attacked him fiercely and drove him back toward the
camp. Alvarado had meanwhile been turned by an
estuary from his course and in the direction of Lugo.
Hearing the noise of battle he hastens to the assist-
ance of Lugo, only to be likewise driven back by the
ever increasing hosts, and not until Cortes came to
the rescue with two guns did the enemy retire.''*
The result, according to Bernal Diaz, was two of
Lugo's men killed and eleven wounded, while fifteen
Lillians fell and three were captured.
Nor did tho matter rest here. The captives told
Cortes that Tabasco, concerned at the ari-ival of so
large a fleet which augured hostile occupation, had
aroused the province, the assembled chiefs being also
urged by ISIelchor to manfully expel the invaders, as
announced that ho took possession for the king, and would defend his riijlit
ajiJiinst all comers. The soldiers thereupon shouted their approval, declariiij}
tliat tliey would sustain their captiiin in his challenge. liernut Diaz, //ist.
y<i-ila<l., 21. Zainacois compares this form with others used elsewhere.
lliM. Mij., X. 9.S8.
•'■' Tho Carta del Ayunt. de Vera Cruz, in Cortf-, Cartas, 1."), refers to a
certain intercourse held w'^h natives; on the third day tlie exploring parties
♦• "■*. Tliis intercourse is spoken of by Gomara, JUkL Mcx., 30, as tiie vi ,it
. ..'cnty loading men to promise food and j)resents, hut really to spy. 'i'lio
Spaniards ••ere encouraged to enter tiie interior to Iwrter food. TorijUi'iiiaild,
i. .'i74; Hcriial Diaz, Hint. Verdad., '1\. Alvarado, Avila, and Sandnval art
sent, each with eighty .Spaniards and ."lome Cuban carriers, to explore by thico
routes, and to get supplies for payment only. Gomara, JUnf. Mc.r., 'M ;
i/irnra, dec. ii. lib. iv. cap. xi. Tliree parties sent out. Tajiin, /'clarion,
in lrazli(dccta. Col. Doc, ii. 5o!). Four captains sent, with over two hundred
men. Carta Ai/uiit., loc. cit.
-" Gomara, Jlint. Mex., 31, states that one of the captains took refuge in
a building in Centla town, and was tiiere joined by the otiier two. All
three mow retreat to camp, whither two fleet Cul)iMis run for aid. Herrera,
'J"ori|Ueniada, and Hra.sseur dc lk>urlx)urg follow him. liefore Corti's set ont,
says Cogolludo, Jlial. Yucathan, 32, he had repelled on attack on his own
camp.
p-
88
THE VOYAGE.
the people of Potonchan had clone. To dcpait now
woukl leave a stain upon the generalship of Cortes in
the eyes of both Spaniards and Indians such as was
not to be thought of. There must be a battle fought
and won. To this end all the horses, cross-bows, iire-
locks, and guns were brought on shore. Thirteen of
the best horsemen'" were selected to form a cavalry
corps under the leadership of Cortt^s. The horses
were provided with poitrels having bells attached, and
the riders were to charge the thick of the enemy and
strike at the face. Ordaz was made chief of infantry
and artillery, the latter being in special charge of
Mesa.^^ In order both to surprise the enemy and
secure good ground for the cavalry, Cortes resolved to
advance at once on Centla. It was annunciation
day, the 25th of March, when the army left camp and
stood before Centla, in the midst of broad maize and
cocoa fields, intersected by irrigation ditches. The
enemy were ready, their dark forms appearing in the
distance under an agitated sea of glistening iztli. The
cavalry now made a detour to gain their rear, while
the infantry marched straight on.'^ Formidable as
was in truth the Spanish army, the unsophisticated
natives made light of it, and came gayly forward to
the combat in five squadrons, of eight thousand
warriors each,** as Bernal Diaz says, *' all in flowing
plumes, with faces painted in red, white, and black,
sounding drums and trumpets, and flourishing lances
■■" ' Si'nalo treze de acauallo,' who are named as Olid, Alvarado, Ptiertocar-
i-crn, Kscalante, Montejo, Avila, Vcla/quez de Leon, Morln, Lares the good
hoiseniau to diatiuj^uisli him from anotlier Litres, Gonzalo Domingucz, Moron
of r>a/.anio, and I'edro Gonzalez of Trujillo, Cortes being the thirteenth.
/.'' riKtl Ditiz, Hint. Virilcul. , 22 ; Solis, Hixt. Mex. , i. 100, says lifteen horses, but
in the Carta del Ayuid. de V. Cruz, in Vorlis, Cartas, 16, the number de-
ercases to ten.
''" (lonuvra says tlie force mustered 500 men, 13 horses and guns; Her-
rera, 4(K) men and 12 horses. The alferez M-as Antonio de Villaroel.
-"This was ii favorite movement of Cortes, and as such Tapia and the Carta
dd Ay lint, de T. Cruz aceept it, while IWrnal Diaz and most writers state
tiuit the swampy ground retjnired a eircuit.
■'" An estimate bftsed probably upon the strength of the regular Aztec
Xiiini/iilli. with which the conquerors were soon to become aeijuainted. See
^'atirc I'acfH, ii. 425. Tapia even raises the number to six squadrons. Jlda-
lion, in fcuzboU'eta, Col. Doc, ii. 500.
THE HEAVENLY HORSEMAN.
89
and shields, two-handed swords, fire-hardened darts,
iiiid shngs, and every man protected by an armor of
<|uilted cotton." They would encircle tliese impu'.lent
interlopers, and did they not fall faintin*^ hcneath their
hrave yells and savage music, they would crush them
liki; fhes. And by way of beginning, they sent forth
a cloud of arrows, stones, and cliarred darts, wounding
many and killing one, a soldier named Saldana. The
Sj)aniards answered with their cross-bows and fire-
locks, and mowed the packed masses with their can-
non. The soft soil and ditches were less to the agile
Indian than to the heavily accoutred Spaniard.
It adds nothing to the honor of Spanish arms to
tlirow in at this juncture a miracle to terrify the
already half-paralyzed Indians, who might otherwise
jirove too strong for their steel-clad assailants; but
the records compel me. While in the dire embrace
of heathen hordes, midst thrust and slash and crash
of steel and stone, the enemy hewn down and driven
back only to give place to thrice the number, behold,
upon a gray-spotted steed, a heavenly horseman
a])[)eared, and from a slight eminence overlooking tlie
bloody field he frowned confusion on the foe. The
heathen warriors were stricken powerless, enabliuix
the Spaniards to form anew ; but when the horseman
vanished, the Indians rallied. Thrice, with the same
etlect, the awful apparition came and wont.^^ Then
" CortiJs, on coming up and being told of this, shouted, 'Onward, com-
]i;iiiionHl <lixl is with u?!' lldacion, in Icitzhulntd, Col. J)oc., ii. r).")!(-(!0.
(liiiiiiira, who fervently adopts the story, states that tlie rider was one of the
ajHistles, in the jHireonof Morla. 'Todos ilixeron, nue vieron ])or tres vezes al
lU'l cauallo rucio pieado . . . . y que era Santiago nuestro patron. I'ernando
( nrti's masciucriacjuefuessesiin I'edro, suespciialauogado. . . .aim taiiiliien los
Jiiilios lo notaron . . . . De los prisioneros (pie se toniiiri) se sujot esto.' Jlint.
.1/1 ,■., ;VJ-;}. Pi/arro y OrcUana, Vuntins Ih-MtrK, 7- ■(, gives arginiicnts to
sliow that it could liave been none otlier tiian Santiago, as the patron of Span-
iiird.s. After a struggle with his pious fears, Bernal J)ia/ ventures to oliserve
tliiit (toniara may be right, but 'I, unworthy sinner, was not graced to see
tiUicr of tliose glorious apostles.' Testimony was taken about tiio battle,
iiiid l);id this occurred it would liave been spoken of. ' 1 say that our vic-
tory was by tlie lian<l of our Lord Jesus (.'hrist, for in that i)attle the Indians
M'Te so numerous that they could huve buried us with handfuls of earth.'
Hini. W'rtlinl., '2'2-'.\. Las Casas scouts the story as ii fai)rication of (Jortes,
written down by ' hia servantC Muara,' in ' his false history. ' Jlisl./uJ.,i\A'i'i,
00
THE VOYAGE,
iiii'i
there were liorsemcn indeed, more real to the Span-
iards, but none the loss spectral to the Indians. Tliey
had been detained by the marshes intervening; anil
now, with swords and hehnets glitterinjj:, tliey rose
in the enemy's rear, and midst clang of arms antl
shouts of Santiago y San Pedro, they threw them-
selves with terrible effect upon him. What could
the Indians do? Those that were not trani}iled or
cut to death turned and fled, and the Spaniards jios-
sessed the field. "And this was the first preaching
of the gospel in New Spain, by Cortds," remarks the
caustic Las Casas.**
The Spaniards drew up at a grove to return thanks
for this great victory. A large number of the enemy
were slain. Sixty of their own number were wounded,
and two lay dead; eight horses had been scratched,
and their wounds were cauterized and anointed with
the fat of dead Indians.^^ On returning to camj) two
*■■' The bishop forgets tlic sermon before the idols cast dovn at Coztnncl.
'^T«o Spaniards fell, and over 800 Indiana lay dead, so said their country-
men, licriml JJiitz, lli.it. Vvrdnd., 'I'l-'A. Over 70 Sjianiards were wounded,
and more thiin 300 Imlians were slain in the pursuit alone. Over 100 men
foil sick from heat and bad water, but all recovered. Ooiiiura, Hint. Mi'x., Xi.
Herreni, dec. ii. lib. iv. cap. xi., allows no killed among the Spaniards, wliile
t)Ver KKtO Inilians are laiil low. Tort/uemmla, i, 375. Three Spaniards are
killed and 00 wounded. I'etancvrt, Teatro Mex., pt. iii. 113. The Ayunla
miento of Vera Cruz, in its letter to the Kmperor, 10 July, lolO, for obvious
reasons lowers the lif.'ures to twenty wounded Spaniards, of whom none dii'd,
and to "JJO dead Indians, out of 40,000 engaged. Corlrs, Vartun, 17. Finally
comes Las Casas witii the other extreme of 30,000 souls, said to have been
cruelly slaughtered in this first great battle of Cort(is. Illft. I ml., iv. 477.
Quite a list of misdeeds arc here raked up, or invented rather, against
the Spaniards in the Wtst-lmlische Spieijhel, Amsterdam, 10"24, a curious little
<lUHrto, designed for Dutch traders in Amenca, and dcdiaited to their West
India Company. The author is called Athanasium Inga. 'J'eniiun, uyt Cuseo
glu'boren, die dit alles, soo door onder vindinghe als door transpositie en(>verset
tinghe sijnder Voor-Ouderen, hier te Ljindo ons overghedraghen heeft,' says
Wachter, in the preface. The volume opens with a lengthy description of the
Antilles, but the remaining text is wholly devoted to the Spanish colonies on the
main, mingled witiiout order, and intei-spersed with special chapters on navi-
gation and coiist routes for tlie benefit of traders. Beside the usual descrip-
tion of physical am! jwilitical geography, with particular reference to natural
resources and aboriginal customs, several voyages are described, mainly to
point out sailing directions and the progress of discoverj', while the coiKiuest
period is told with soitie minuteness, but garbled with the idea of expos'ing
the avarice aiul cruelty of the iiated Spaniards. This is also the ol>jeet of
nearly all the neatlyengraved copper-plates. The map extends Hiidson
Ifciy very close to the I'acilie coast, where a faintly outlined strait is visiblo
some distance abo\ e California Island. The port relating to Mexico, iuclud-
CORTte INSXnUCTS THE NATIVES.
91
zinnel.
[couiitry-
oundctl,
iM) iiiuii
X-., :u.
, wliilo
lis aro
yuiiia
il)Vil)U9
I) dii'il,
Finally
e 1)0011
iv. 477.
ajiainst
lus littlo
ir W'ost
t C.'usco
KVeitiot
t,' Kays
11 of tlie
son tho
)n navi-
losoiip-
natuial
inly to
)ii<HU'st
xp(«:ini,'
)joot of
iidson
visil)lo
iuclud-
of five cai)tivos, loacUni]^ men, were sent with pre.sents
t<» tlie cacique to represent tlie danger of furtlier hos-
tility, and to propose a council of peace. Tabasco was
very ready to hiy down arms, and he sent a jiropitia-
toiy offering of fowl, fried fish, and maize broad by
messengers with blackened faces and dres.sed in rags.
Cortes answered with a rej)rimand, "Tell your master,
if he desires peace he nnist sue for it, and not send
slaves." Tabasco hastened to comjdy, and sent innne-
diately to Cortds an embassy of forty chiefs, richly
clad and walking in stately procession, followed by a
file of slaves bearing presents. Low bowing before
the bearded assembly, and swinging before them the
censer in token of reverence, the ambassador implored
})ardon, and proffered submission. " The blame is all
your own," said Cortds, with severity. Tlie Indians
acquiesced, though it puzzled them to know for what
tliey were to blame. Cortes further informed them
that the great king, his master, had sent him to
scatter blessings, if they were found deserving; if not,
to let loose upon them the caged lightning and the
tlnmder which he carried. Whereat the gun charged
for the occasion was fired, and as tho noise rever-
berated over the hills and the ball went crashing
through the trees, the Indians fell prostrate with
fear, and the noble Europeans were proud of their
superiority.
Kcassured against further punishment, the next
trick played upon them was to tie a mare in the
bushes in sight of a stallion which they paraded be-
fore their visitors; and when he neighed and reared
and plunged to get to his mate, the natives were told
that the great beast was angry because of tho peace
that was being made, and only further gifts woulil
pacify him.
injT some brief references to Central America, occupies about one third of tlm
volunio, and treats chioily of tiio Conquest. The book is remarkable for its
black-letter text, with marginals in the same type, and for itstith.'-page, wilii
th" liguros of ' Montenchuma ' and 'Atiibaliba' surrounded by buttlo-sconos
and Indian industrial uperatiuns.
J'''
02
THE VOYACJE.
Oil the foilowinrf morniii!:,' Tabasco presented liiin-
seir ill person, attuiuled by a lar^^e retinue, and Ijiini,'-
m^ presents, among whicli were some gold ornaments
of little value and twenty female slaves. The terms
dictated by Cortes were that they should return their
women and children to the village within two days, in
token of their good faith, and that the treacherous
Melchor should bo delivered up. But the unfortunate
interpreter had already suflered death in return for his
bad advice. It was useless to demand gold, for there
was little or none here. So they proceeded at once
to expound the doctrines :f their fuith; to lay befoi-e
them the truths of the gospel which they had come
so far to bring. An altar was erected in the cliit>f
temple on which was placed a large cross. From this
altar Father Olmedo preached to the natives, and
here were baptized the first converts to the church
in New Spain, consisting of the twenty female slaves,
who were afterward distributed among the leaders.
Then folh^wed the ceremonial tender of allegiance by
the chiefs of Tabasco's province to the Spanish king,
and the formal naming of the large town, which was
called Santa Maria de la Victoria, in commemoration
of the victory.^
Palm Sunday being at hand, it was resolved to
celebrate it in such a manner as to further impress
the natives. Attired in their most brightlv colored
garments, with palms in their hands and banners aloft,
'• ' Y pnsosc nombre a aquel pueblo, Santa JIaria de la Vitoria, h assi se
llama agoi-a la villa de Tabasco.' Benuil l>ka, Ili.-it. I'erdud., "24. ' I'otan-
cliaiium dieitur ab accolis oppidum . . . . Victoriain nostri appellaniiit.' J'v/er
Martyr, De fnnrlix, 14; copied in Gomara, /HkL M<'x., .30. Referring to the
battle of Centla, Clavigero writes: ' e per nienioria vi fondarono poi una pic-
cola citt.\ col nome delfa Mculoinia tlel/n I'lf/nria, la <|uale sti per lungo tempo
la capitale di quclla Provincia .... Si spopol(> del tutto verso la metA del secolo
passato. ' A later foundation received tlie name of Villahennosa. Sforia, Mcxk. ,
iii. 11. This is based on a statement by IJernal Diaz, /fist. Vcrdnd., 22, anil
to reconcile this with the note above, it must be supposed that the Xonohualoa
capital was removed to the site of the l)attle-field when the Spaniards settled,
other authors either confound the points or avoid them by a vague reference.
Victoria was founded by Cortes in 1510. Ah-edo, Die, v. .305. It is strange
that the chief town is not referred to under its native name, for Potonchan
is evidently a mistake by Peter Martyr.
PUKRTOi AnRRRO'S PI.KASAXTRY.
03
the Spaiiiiirtls inan'licd in soltMun procession, to har-
iiionioiis eluiiits, alunit the tuiuplo; and when tlieso
(ItiULfhty men of war liunibled themselves hoforo the
svmhols of their faith, tlie wondering heathen thoujifht
that jifreat indeed must be the j^od worshipped l)V
sudi l)eings. After eommendinjij the sacred emblenjs
to the care of the cliiefs, with a promise to send holy
men to teach them the true faith, and with assurances
of royal protection, the Spaniards hade the Nonohual-
cas farewell, an«l were shortly on their way again.
Keeping close to the shore for purposes of observa-
tion, the several places observed and named by Grijalva
were pointed out to Cortds and conmiented upon by
those who had accompanied the former expedition.
Certain of the new captains took umbrage at this
assumption of superior knowledge,, accompanied by
lilteral proffers of advice; and one of them, the polished
Puertocarrero, broke out in a strain of pleasant sar-
casm. " It seems to me, senor," he said, taking tlip
incidents of a wed-known romance for his text, "as
if these gentlemen would enlighten you, in the words
of the father of Montesiuos:
Behold France, Montesinos;
Behold Paris, the city;
Behold the waters of Douro,
Where they fall into the sea I
Xow I would humbly suggest that your worship
yourself should seek out rich lands and learn to
govern them wisely." Catching the significance of
the words, Cortes replied: "Let God only grant su*^
cess to our arms, as he did to Paladin Roldan, and
with such gentlemen as yourself to aid me I shall well
know what to do."
Gliding past islas Blanca and Verde, the fleet
anchored behind San Juan de Ulua late on Thursday
in passion week.
if.ik
CHAPTER VII.
WHAT MONTKZUMA THOUCJIIT OF IT,
Home of Mexican Civilization — Tiik T'idudkk Land ok Savaoism— Coy-
FUJrilATION OK TIIK ColNTUV — TlIK XaHIAS AN!> TIIK MaYAS- ToI.TErs,
ClIIOIIIMKCS, AND AZTKCS — TlIE VaM.KY OK MeXIOO — CiVIL PoLITY O^
THE Aztecs — Kino Aimitzotl — Montkzima Made Kmi-kuok— Chauac-
TER OK THE MaN — HlS CaRKER— TlIE FlK.-*T AlTEAUINO OK TDK .Sl'AN-
lARDs NOT Unknown to Montezisia — 'J'iie Quetzau'oatl Myth —
DEi-ARTruE ok the Faih (Jod— Skjns AND Omexs conceunino his I{e-
Ti'RN — The Comino ok the Spaniards Mistaken for the FrLFiLMENx
OK THE Prophecy — Thk Uoor Opened to the Invader.
Before entering upon the crusade which was so
f)ainfully to aft'ect the destinies of this vast interior,
et us cast a brief gflance upon the country and its
inhabitants, and particularly on that idiosyncrasy of
the aboriginal mind which opened the door to the
invaders. The first two subjects are fully treated in
the first, second, and fifth volumes of my Natice Jiaces
of (lie Pacific States to which I would refer the reader,
being able here to give only an outline of what in
detail is an exceedingly interesting phase of indigenous
development.
This developm nt awoke to consciousness in the
forms of the Nalv '. and Maya civilizations, the former
occupying the noi lern portion of that tropical table-
land which rises to i lubrious heights between latitudes
22^ and 11°, and le latter the southern portions.
Round the opaque lowland edges of this heaven-en-
lightened interior the mind of man seemed also dark
antl low, dwarfed by sandy sweeps, or overshadowed
by redundant foliage ; yet it was not altogether free
from the influence of its neighbors, for the people of
EARLY NATION'S OF TIIK TAHLK LAND.
till" tlcrrns cMllt'iifos bonlfriii}^ this i-lrvjition wcro
I'lirtluT ri'inuvotl tVoin savMi^isin than tlu>ir luoro
iiorthi'in ami soutljorn hivthri'n. The valloy of
Mi'xit'o, tlio Aiulhuac of tlio Aztors, was situati'd
httwci'ii the two principal ranj^es, tlie Vacitic l>raii<'h
and tho Atlantic branch of the Siorni Madrc, uiuKt
w hicli name Hio jjjrcat cordillcra hero presents itself,
roininLT in from the north-west, ilatteninuf near tho
centre, and reuniting l)e^''»»'o reaching Tt'huant(»pec.
Kventually An;lhuac overspreads the whole plateau.
Cross the continent on the nineteenth parallel and
you will reach the greatest elevation and see tho
highest mountains in this vicinity. Indeed, from tho
plain of Puebla, whereabout lay the walled town of
Tlascala, you may take in Popocatepetl, I/taccihuatl,
and Orizaba at one view. Within seventy leagues
from Vera Cruz inland, through tho temperate valley
of ( )rizaba, you may pass from a region of palms to a
region of pines. The plains of Tabasco, upon whoso
border we have already landed and fought our battle,
form tho north-eastern part of the broad isthmus
valley of Tehuantcpec. This is bordei-ed on the south
bv the sierra connecting the elevation of Anilhuac
with the table-land of Guatemala, whose western
declivitv breaks into parallel wooded ridges runniuix
due south-west. North of Anilhuac the surface settles
into wide })lains between short sierras, until monot-
onous quietude is attained in the prairies of Texas
and New ^lexico. Crossing the isthmus of Tehuan-
tcpec at a diminished altitude the cordillera rises
again and stretches out into the broad and lofty
ranges of Central America, where the Maya nations
made their home.
Earliest among the Nahua nations to stand forth
upon the mythic record are the Toltecs, whose first
supremacy in Antlhuac is placed in the sixth century.
l*]ii(lowed by tradition with a culture surpassing that
of their successors, the halo surrounding their name
has been kept bright by monuments, such as the
06
WHAT MONTEZUMA THOUGHT OF IT.
II
m I
I:
1 1
'-■■''
pyramids of Teotiliuacan and Cholula. For five cen-
turies this people Hourish, sustained by a coni'cdera-
tion of kings whose capitals become in turn famous
as seats of learning and of imperial splendor. Relig-
ious strife, developing gradually into civil war, with
attendant famine and pestilence, opens the door to
ruder tribes, and the Toltecs pass off the stage.
Throwing off the Toltec veil so long shielding them,
a number of tribes now rise into distinct political
existence, and the stronger, in connection with some-
Avhat ruder yet more energetic incomers, form the
new ruling combination, the Chichimec empire. Of
the leading power, denominated the Chichimec,
nothing is known; but the permanency of Nahua
language and civilization leads to the supposition that
it is of the same race as its predecessors. In later
times the name is also applied lo the wild border
tribes of the north. For several centuries Andhuac
becomes the scene of intrigues and struggles between
the different branches of the combination for the
balance of power, during which a number of towns
figure as dominating centres, and a number of tribes
rise to prominence under the traditional term of
conquerors and immigrants. Among these are the
Aztecs, the representative nation of the Nahua civil-
ization at the coming of the Spaniards.
Upon opposite sides of the largest of a cluster
of lakes which illuminate the oval valley of Mexico
have stood, since the beginning of the fourteenth
century, three cities, Tezcuco, Mexico, and Tlacopan
capitals of three confederate nations, the Acolhuas,
the Aztecs, and the Tepanecs. To the first belonged
the eastern portion of the valley, to the second the
southern and western, and to the third a small
portior of the north-west. Of this confederation,
Tezcuco was for a time the most powerful; Tlacopan
was least. While keeping to their respective limits
w'.thin the valley, beyond its classic precincts tho
three powers made common cause against the barba-
AZTEC SUPREMACT'.
07
rians. About the middle of the fifteenth century,
under the warhke Montezuma I., Mexico attained
the supremacy, and daring the next sixty years ex-
tended her empire to the shores of either ocean.
Within this circuit, howeyer, were severa) nations
which she neyer conquered; instance the Tlascaltccs,
the Tarascos, and the Chiapanecs. Many there wei-e
— for example, the people of Tehuantepec, of north-
ern Guatemala, and Soconusco, and the Miztecs and
Zapotecs rf Oajaca, whose conquest by the Aztecs
was temporary — who either paid tribute for a time
only, or who threw off the yoke the moment the in-
vader's back was turned. The !Matlaltzincas, west of
the lakes, and the Iluastecs and Totonacs (jf Vera
Cruz, were subjugated l>ut a few years prior to the
appearing of the Spaniards. These coast -dwellers
had not yet become reconciled to the ru^J of the in-
terior lords, but hated them as inveterate foes; and
herein lay one of the chief causes of success accom-
panying the Castilian arms. Indeed, Aztec su})rem-
acy was maintained in every quarter onl}^ by conr>tant
war; rebellion, as soon as checked in one quarter,
breaking out in another. Further than this, the
Aztecs, by their overbearing spirit, had become ob-
noxious to tlioir allies; yet their aggressive policy
was continued in full force by the predecessor of
^tontezun. ., II., Ahuitzotl, with whom war was an
absorbing passion.
In the civil polity of the Aztecs were elements
which, if given iVee play, would by elevating the
people raise the nation yet higher in the scale of
domination. This did not escape the observant
neighbors, upon whom the prospect fell with chilling
i'ear, a fear by no means mitigated l)y the ever in-
creasing tendency of the Mexicans for the imraoia-
tion of human btangs. Nor wcn^ the Aztec nobles
pleased to see political power slipping iVom their
f,n'asp and falling into the hands of the peojde, among
v\hom the spirit of republicanism and equality was
Hist. Me:.. Vol. I. 7
98
WniAT MOXTEZUMA THOUGHT OF IT.
!!'■
rcjijardcd .is having already gained too great ascend-
ancy. The result was a struggle, not unlike that at
the same time going on in Europe, between the nobil-
ity and the commonalty, the clergy taking sides witli
the former. And at the death of Ahuitzotl the
higher class succeeded in raising to the throne a
person of extreme aristocratic and religious tastes,
though humble withal, as Coriolanus could not be, to
catch the common herd ; for when tidings of his elec-
tion were brought him he was found sweeping the
temple.
]\Iontezuma, he was called, and surnamed Xocoyo-
tzin, the younger, to distinguish him from the iirst
Montezuma, known as Huehue, the elder. He was
the son of Axayacatl and Xochicueitl, and nephew
of the late king; and had reached only his thirty-
fourth year when selected for the throne, in preference
to an elder brother. The reasons alleged for this
distinction were the possession of high qualities as
a warrior, whose bravery had been tested on more
than one field of battle; as an adviser, \\hose words,
uttered in clear, dignified tones, had been heard in
the council with respect; and as high priest, whoso
gravity and circumspection had won him favor among
all classes. Upon occasions he could observe t'v;
taciturnity which so often attracts a reputation for
wisdom; and, moreover, he possessed a fine figure and
a majestic presence, suci. as admirably suited the
monarch. He was proficient in astronomy, picture-
writing, and in certain esoteric branches, for which
he showed a natural bent; likewise he was well read
in the history of his people, and familiar with all their
traditions.
This second Montezuma was a born prince, and
might have been a pattern for Niccolo Macchiavelli,
with whom he was contemporary. For, like the
Florentine's ideal, he was talented, learned, crafty,
and upscrupulous. Had he studied in his own lan-
guage that immaculate manual of political ethics, The-
CHARACTER OF MONTEZUMA H,
99
Prince, he could not have more faithfully followed its
precepts. No sooner had he assumed the sceptve
than, throwing off the mask by w^iich he had deceived
the jilebeians, he dismissed every person of that class
eni|)l()yed about the palace, and filled all vacancies,
civil and military, from the ranks of the nobles. Ho
applied himself with energy to war and diplomacy,
in both of which he was eminently successful, and
raised himself and his throne to the highest pinnacle
of grandeur; whereupon he did not disdain the title of
Emperor of the World. Notwithstanding his talents
and accomplishments, he was exceedingly superstitious,
surpassing in this respect many of his followers, and
was dependent on diviners and astrologers, appeal-
ing also to the ccansels of Nczahualpilli and other
])r(»inincnt personages. Men, whom he knew, he did
not fear; but the gods, whom he did not know, ho
feared exceedingly. And Ijccause he practised human
sacriiice to propitiate them he has been called cruel,
but the actions of a blind devotee of religion nuist
not be measured by a too critical standard. There was
nothing cruel in the wish of Caligula, however hate-
]'iil and vindictive it might be, that the Roman people
liad but one her.d, so that he might strike it off at a
single blow; l>ut when he tortured men and women
for amusement while at his meals, that was the
quintessence of cruelty. As for honor, integrity, and
all those virtues which go to make a man, we must
not expect them in princes or in politicians; yet we
may safely say that in all the generous qualities of
mind and heart the Aztec monarch was no whit
behind contemporary European rulers.
I'^roni all which it is safe to say that ]\Iontezunia,
though most magnificent and lordly among his lords,
was not popular with the masses, and his position at
this juncture was not of the safest. His extravagance
exceeded all bounds; his continuous wars were expen-
sive ; and to meet the heavy draughts upon the treas-
uiy required excessive taxation. This was made to
1 1
100
WHAT MOXTEZUMA THOUGHT OF IT.
weigh with special heaviness on the subjugated prov-
inces, on which Hkewise was laid with peculiar aggra-
^'ation the horrible burden of furnishing victims for
human sacrifices. The successful resistance to Iiis
{inns of several states enclosed by his conquests, or
bordering on his domain, caused him no small uii-
happiness. There was the little republic of Tlascala,
on the very border of the Mexican valley, which
often he had tried to conquer, and failed. Then
there was the Tarascan kingdom of Michoacan, on
the western side, whose people boasted as high a
culture as any of the lake region, which stood firm
against all efforts of the confederation.
With nations beyond their border little intercourse
existed, yet Aztec traders, likewise playing spies, were
often as far south as Nicaragua, and along the coasts
of Honduras and Yucatan. There is no doubt, there-
fore, that the presence in those parts of the Spaniai'ds
was known to Montezuma from the first. It misj^lit
have been like a voice from behind the clouds, the re-
ports of Columlius and Pinzon, but the appearing of
Cordoba and Grijalva, wlio talked and drew blood,
was something more tangible. The people of Tuito,
on the west coast of Mexico, held that before the con-
quest a vessel was lost there, from which had landed
more than forty persons, dressed like Spaniards, and
whom the natives received kindly, but finally slew
because they insisted on the worship of the cross.^ A
box thrown up by the waves, and containing peculiar
clothing, gold rings, and a sword which no one could
break, was said to have l)een in Montezuma's posses-
sion. Vague as were these appearings, there was
something painfully portentous in them.
* When Francisco Cortds entered tlie town, shortly after the fall nf
Mexico, liewasniet by a body of Indians witli tlicir hair tonsured like priests, and
with crosses in their hands, lieaded by tlio chief in flowing white gown and
scapula-y. Tiiis, they explained, had been the practice of the shipwrecktd
crew, who had liehl up the cross as a i-ecoiirse from all danger. Frrjrn, lli^l
Com/., (1.3-4. This anthoritj' places implicit reliance in the story, and regai-ils
the strangers as a missionary party driven fivni the East Indies or C!hiiKi.
Jalisco, Xlcin. J I int., 'M-'2.
V''
THE FAIR GOD.
101
For the chief divinity of the Xahua nations was
Qiietzalcoatl, the gentle god, ruler of the air, con-
troller of the sun and rain, and source of all prosperity.
In the palmy days of the Toltecs he had been their
king, the creator of their golden age, giving them
metals, improved government, and products of spon-
taneous growth; after which he was their god, with
liis chief shrine at Cholula, where surrounding peoples,
even those inimical to the city, maintained temples for
his worship. From toward tlie rising sun Quetzalcoatl
]i;id come; and he was white, with large eyes, and
long black hair, and copious beard. After a tinal rule
of twenty years at Cholula he set out for the country
whence he came, and on reaching the seaboard of Go-
azacoalco he sailed away on a craft of snakes. His last
words were that one day bearded white men, brethren
of his, perhaps he himself, would come by way of the
sea in which the sun rises, and would enter in and
rule the land;^ and from that day, with a iidelity be-
titting: Hebrews waitinjj the cominsc of their Messiah,
the Mexican people watched for the fulfilment of this
])r()p]iecy, which promised them a gentle rule, free
iVoni bloody sacrifices and oppression; but to their
sovoi'eign the thought gave rise to deep apprehension,
for then his own reign must terminate.
Thus it was that the tidings of strange sails and
1 (carded white men on their eastern border were re-
• 'fived at the gay capital with mingled fear and joy.
And marvel-mon<xers wont ai)out the streets talking
of the good Quetzalcoatl and his j^edigree, of the signs
and wonders that had been seen, the prodigies, oracles,
and occult divinations, as in ancient Athens the old
I'auiiliosof Olympus, with their ape-gods and bull-gods
of Mem})his, and the dog-headed monster Anubis,
were discussed; and as for Rome, Lucan has recorded
-' See yaflit Races, iii. and v. , 25-0, for the mytha relating to Quetzalcoatl,
mill to tlicir interpretation, in which occur the characters of the Messiah and
tho .'iiiostlo Saint Tlionias, with whom some pious chroniclers have identified
liiin. Tlie Saint Thomas idea is advocated in Florencia, Hist. Prov. t'oriip.
dc Jinun, 234.
iii]
!»*'-..
HXI
WHAT MONTEZUMA THOUGHT OF IT.
no omens which the sageL. of Mexico could not now
match. To what extent the Spanish chroniclers liave
assisted the natives in the manufacture of marvels
I leave the reader to judge, simply recommending
to his consideration the accompanying lengthy note;
neither, however, fell into the madness of Canute, who
chose the time the tide was rising, instead of when it
was falling, to order the stay of waters.
It was not alone in Mexico, but in distant parts,
and on the islands, that man and nature were thus
annoyed by the supernatural. There were found pre-
dictions centuries old, by priests widely separated, and
the poems of wise men, all pointing in the one direc-
tion. The destruction of towns was predicted by a phi-
losopher; the famine of 1505 spoke more piamly than
words; Popocatepetl, choked by consternation, failed
t-" emit his smoke for twenty days, which, however,
was a good omen; an eclipse and an earthquake near
together and the drownins: of eiijhteen hundred sol-
diers were decidedly unfavorable. INIost terrible of
all, however, were a three-headed comet in open day, a
pyramidal light at night, and other portentous scenes,
such as the furious uprising of the lake, the awaken-
ing of the dead, and visits to the spirit world.^
' The natives of Eapaftola are said to have received an oracle sliortly be-
fore Columbus' arrival, announcing the coining of beardetl men, with sliar]i,
bright swords. Villaijvtierre, Hint. (Joiiq. ftza. , 33. The Yucatec records abound
in predictions to the same eH'ect, more or less clear. Tlic most widely quotoil
is tliat of Chilam Bahun, high-priest of Mani, and reputed a great propliet,
who foretold that, ere many years, there would come from the direction of
the rising sun a bearded white people, bearing aloft the cross which lie
displayed to his listeners. Tlieir gods would flee before the new-comers, and
leave them to rule the land; Ijut no harm would fall on the peaceful who
admitted the only true God. The priest had a cotton mantle woven, to bo
deposited in the temple at Mani, as a specimen of the tribute required by tlie
new rulers, and he it was who erected the stone crosses found by the S[)iiii-
iards, declaring them to be the true tree <«{ tlic world. CogoUudo, Hist. Vii-
cathan, 99-101 , gives the prophecy at length, which is not quite so clear as tlio
version whicli he afterward quotes from Herrera. The latter calls the priest
Chilam Canibal, and says : ' Esta fue la causa que preguntauan a Francisco Her-
nandez de Cordoua, y a los suyos, si yuan de donde nacia el Sol.' Dec. ii. lib.
iii. cap. i. Alaman enters into a profoimd argument on the above, and inter-
Srets Chilam Cambal to be the Cliincse for Saint Thomas. In seeking to give a
ate he mistakes the meaning of a Yucatec ago and places the prophecy bju'k
at the beginning of the Christian era. The opening lines of the prophecy read,
'at the end of the thirteenth age,' which should be interpreted ' at the end of
SIGNS CONCERNING QUETZALCOATL.
103
To US the most wonderful part of it is, not the
wonders themselves, but that it should so happen, if
indeed it did, that these fearful forebodings, runnin<^
two liundred and sixty years. ' The name is also given as Cliilam Balan and
Chilaa Balain, the latter part savoring of the Canaanite tlivinity. Hemaital,
Jti.it. Chi/apa, '245-G; Gonzalez Duvila, Teatro L'cUit., i. 203-4. A priest of
Itzalan, named Patzin Yaxun Chan, is recorded aa liaving urged his people to
wurship the true god, whose word would soon come to them; and tlie high-
priust of the same place, Na Hau Pech, prophesied tliat within four ages— a
Yucatec age equals twenty of our years — news would be brouglit of tlie su-
premo God, by men who must be received as guests and masters. All Kii
Kil Chel, also a priest, spoke with sorrow of ills to come upon the people from
the north and from tlie east. In the age following the date of his prediction
no priest would be found to explain the will of their idols. Another temple
guardian announced that in the last ago idolatry would cea.se, and the world
Mould be purilied by lire. Happy he M'ho repented ! Coijolludo, /lint. Yum-
tita.i, O'-Hil. Several prophecies therein quoted literally are reproduced iu
ViUn'jrtierre, Hist. Conq. //ssa. , 34-5, which also refers to Itzan predictions.
Among the Mexicans, says Mendieta, predictions were current some four
gcuuralioiis before the conquest of tlie coming of bearded men dressed iu
raimiuits of dilferent color, and with caskets on their heads. Then the idols
\V(jnul pcri.'jli, leaving but one supreme God; war would cease, roads would be
opened, intercourse established, and the husband would cherish but one wife.
llisl. E'lci., 180; Torquemada, i. 23o-0. This smacks of an elaboration of
the Quetzalcoatl promise. Nczahualcoyotl, the wise Tezcucan monarch, wlio
died in 1472, left poems in which chroniclers have discovered vague alhisions
to a coming race. The reader may, jjerhaps, be e([nally fortunate if he exam-
ine the specimens of his poems given in Native liacen, ii. 404-7. His son
\e/.ahualpilli, equally celebrated as a just king and a philosopher, versed i.'i
tlie occnit arts, revealed to Montezuma tliat, acconling to his astrologio
iuvi'stigations, their towns would within a few yeans be destroyed and their
\assals decimated. This, he added, would soon bo verified by celestial sign.s
and other phenomena. Dttran, Hist. I nil., MS., ii. 2.>4-7. The precursor of
these harbingers of evil apiiears to have been the famine of I.jOo, -which
compelled many a parent to sell his children for the means to obtain food,
while others lined the road-side with their famished bodies. The cessation of
smoke from the volcano Popocatepetl, for twenty days, was a feature seized
upon by the diviners as a sign of relief; and triie enough, in the following
year, the suffering people were cheered with an abundant harvest. Soon
again their fears were roused by an eclipse and an earth(juake, in the very
inaugural year of the new cycle, loO?, and by the drowning of 1800 soldiers
during the .Mi/tec campaign. Almost every succeeding year confirmed their
apprehensions l)y one or more signs or occurrences of an ominous nature. One
of the most alarming was the appearance, in Ijroad ilny, of a comet with thnas
lieads, whicli darted across the sky, eastward, with such speed that the tails
seemed to scatter sparks. ' Salieron eometas del cielo de tres en tres .... paro-
eian echando de si l)rasas de fuego . . . . y llevaban grandes y largas colas. '
Mrndi'ta, Hist. Eclis., 170. ' Cay;) una cometa, parecian tres estrellas.' Saha-
ijiDi, Hi.ft. ('onij., i. 4; Native J\'a-(.^, v. 400. After this, in l.j()7 or l.")l(), .'i
pyramidal light, which scatterea sparks on all sides, rose at midnight from
the eastern horizon till its apex reached tlie zenitli, where it faded at dawn.
This continued for forty days, or for a year, according to some .leeounts. ' Diez
afios antes quo viniesen los espanoles. . . .duro por espacio de un afio cada
iioche.' Saha^jitn, Hist. Cmir/., i. 3. ' Oeho auos antes do la venida tie los
espanoles, . . . .y esto sc vio cuatro anos.' Id., Hi/'f. Ocn., ii. 271. It occurred
in l.")09, and lasted over forty days. Colev Tc't. lii'.m., in Kin<js'ioroujlis Mi'x.
An'i'i.,\. 154; vi. 144. The interpreter of the Codex enters into a lengthy
ii^i !
IM
WHAT MONTEZUMA THOUGHT OF IT.
back for i^oncratioiis, should all converge toward the
coming of the brethren of Quetzalcoatl at the very
time the Spaniards appeared, and that the latter should
i
I
argument to prove it a volcanic eruption, one of his points being that the orig-
inal piotnie- writing places the light as appearing l)chinil, or from, the mountains
cast iif tlie city, in lolO, Jxtlilxochitl, llist. Cliich., 27S, or year live, toxtli.
I'dilfx <'/iiiiinlpopo'-(i, Ms.; Camanjn, Hist. Tlax., 1.S9. Torqnemada, who
hud no otliur authority for the preceding comet than Herrcra, consider d
tliat l)y the comet was meant this light, i. "234. Humboldt suggests that
the ticry pyramid m.iy have been a zodiacal light. Astrologers announced
tiiat it jM)rtcn<led wars, famine, pestilence, mortality among the lords, every
imaginable ill, in fact, and causing one general cry of fear and lament.
Montezuma himself Mas so troubled that he applied for advice to Nezahual-
pilli, although they had not Ix-en on speaking terms for some time. This
royal astrologer showed his apprehcn.sions by ordering all campaigns then
upon his hands to Ix; suspended, and announced to his confrere that the
disasters in .store would be brought upon the empire by a strange race.
Montezuma expressed his disbelief, and proposed a game of tlarhlli to de-
cide the interpretation. As if resigned to the fate predicted for himself,
and desirous of showing how little he appreciated wealth and power, Neza,-
hualpilli is sjiid to have staked on the result his kingdom against three turkey-
cocks. The wager was not so hazanlous, however, as it seemed, for the king
of TezcTico was a good player. After allowing Montezuma to win the first two
jM)ints, and raising high his hopes, he stopped his exultation by scoring the re-t
for hiir.self. Still doubtful, Montezuma called on an astrologer famous for
his many true announcements, only to receive confirmation of Xezahualpilli'.s
utterance, whcreuiwn the irate monarch caused the house to be pulled down
over the (liviner, who perished in the mins. IxtlUxochitl, Hist. Chich. , 278-9 ;
I'fi/firt, llist. A lit. Mrj., iii. 34,V7. Clavigero, who connects the game with a
comet, is quite earnest in asserting his belief in traditions and presages of the
coming of Spaniards, .as attested by native paintings and by witnesses of
high standing. ' Sc il Demonio pronosticava le futura calamiti'i per ingannar
que 'miserabili Popoli, il pietosissimo Dio le annunziava per disporre i loro
spiriti al Vangelo.' StoriaMess.,i. 288-9. According to Duran, the summon-
ing of Nezahualpilli was due to a comet with an enormoiis tail, which burst
upon the view of a temple-watcher as it rose in the east and settled above the
city. Montezuma, who had been roused to witness the phenomenon, called
on his sorcerers for an explanation, and on finding that they had seen
nothing, had them punished for their sloth. The wise Tezcucan then came and
presaged dire calamities, which would also afflict himself. He was resigned,
and would retire to await death. This was to be the last interview between
the two kings. Hist. lint. , MS. , ii. 274-85. Torquemada compares the comet to
that which, according to .Josephus, lib. vii. cap. xii. , presaged the entry of Titus
i'lto Judea. When Xezahualpilli returned to his palace, a hare ran into the
halls, pursued by eager domestics, but ho bade thetn to leave it, sfiying that
even po would a strange people enter into Aniihuac without resistance. Torijue-
maiJn. i. 211-12. 214. Rcmal Diaz speaks of a round sign in the eastern sky, of
a reddish green, to which was attached a streak extending eastward. The con-
sequent predictions of war and pestilence he finds fulfdlod in the campaign of
Cortes, and in the smallpox epidemic introduced by Narvaez. Hist. Verdad.
(Paris ed. 1S.'17), iv. 4G0-1. Among the accounts of celestial signs which
may be based on the jireceding is one by Camargo, describing a brightness ob-
served in the cast by the Tlascaltecs, three hours before dawn, accompanied by
a whirlwind of ilust from the summit of Mount Matlalcuejo. Remcsal refers
]irol)ably to the .same whirlwind under the guise of a white cloud, like a jnllar,
v.hicli often appeared in the east before sunrise, and afterward descended ujion
the cross erected in Tlascala by the Spaniards. The natives accepted this
PORTENTS AXD PROPHECIES.
lOS
lie in so many respects as tlic good gods tlieniselves
wore to have been. The prophecies of Isaiali are
iliiii indeed and unfathomable as compared with these.
ns an intimation that the ncw-comcra were heaven's chosen jks ii>le, and
nai'ivt'il the cross, ll'iitt. <'/ij/u]>a, ',i04; Caminyo, Hint. Tlax., 140. (inmara
iijifPLars to connect tliia eastern light with a thick smoke and with the
tiny jiyi'amid, whicli were followed l)y a battle in the sky Wtween hodies
(if iirmed men, attended with great .slaughter. Some of the courtiers sur-
rounding Montezuma while he observed tliis phenomenon, jiointed out that
the arms and dre-ss of the victorious faction resembled tliose in tlie chest
uliich had been washed up on the coast. Ho declared his conviction,
lin\vt.vi'r, that they must be relics of his divine ancestors, not of mortal beings
V liii fell on a battle-field, as these forms appeared to ilo. }Ic proposed, as a
test, that they should break the divine sword. This they tried, but in vain,
mid remained mute with wonder at its tlexibility and strength. 11 iM. Mer., 214;
Jli'iirni, dec. iii. lib. ii. cap. ix. Mendietii places this sign in 151 1. J/M. EcIpk.,
17!). The hist celestial sign, as descrilxjd by Mendicta, is a large, brilliant
I'imiet, which appeared the very year of tiie Spaniards' arrival, and remained
i;nin()vable in tiie air for several days. Hist. Edm., ISO. Before Neaihualpilli
icturncd to his capital, after interpreting the tiery signs, he was feasted by
Mciiitezuma, and the two monarchs thereupon retired to tiie diviners' chanil)er
to searcli into the legends of their forefathers for further light upon the omens.
Froiii this circumstance gre\v the story that the twain had made a journey to
the ancient home of their race. NeziUuialpilli, being a conjurer, took Monte-
zuma through the air to the Seven Caves, where tiiey conversed with the
bntliren of their ancestors. On learning that the first named was a descend-
ant of the great Chichiniecatl Xolotl, he was ottered the government of this
region, but declined, promising, however, to return at a later date. Tonptf-
vniild, i. '21'2-13. Duran ajiplies to the reign of Montezuma I. a similar story,
whicli is more appropriate to the present subject. Eager to acijnaint his
ancestors with the glorious achievements of their progeny, and to learn some-
tiiing of the old home, this monarch sent a force of sixty sorcerers on a mission
to Chicomoztoc, with numerous presents for Coatlicue, the mother of the di-
vine Huitzilopochtli. Transforming themselves into animals, they reachetl
tlie sacred region occupied by some Aztecs whom the god had left behin<l
when he set out on his career of conquest. These veneralile settlers were not
a little surprised to behold in the etl'cminate and ephemeral specimens before
them the descendants of that doughty leader and of his companions. On reach-
ing the abode of the divine mother, the sorcerers found an old woman sorrow-
ing over her lost son. The news of his glorious fate roused her interest, and
she was induced to reveal several prophecies by her son, among them one
concerning the coming of a strange people to wrest the land from the Mexicans.
The messengers were dismissed with presents of food and clothing, and re-
turned to their master with twenty of their number missing. Hist. Iiid. , MS. ,
i. 4(i7-SG. Additional facts may be found in Native llarp.i, v. 4'_'"2-4, etc.
Another visit to the spirit world is attributed to Papantzin, sister of Moiitezunia,
II., wlio, shortly after his accession, liad married the lord of Tlatehilco. Ho
siion died, and after ruling for a few years she, in loOJ), foUowed him to the
grave. She was buried with great pomp in her garden, in a vault closed by
a ilag-stone. The next morning she was discovered sitting on the steps of the
bath adjoining the vault. Her niece, a child of five or six yearn, was the
first to notice lier. Too young to understand what would frighten ohlcr
heads, she fearlessly approached the resurrected woman, and was told to
'•all Tapantzin's mayordoma. This old dame, on receiving thn summons,
tlioUL'lit it a child's prank, and would not stir, but at last siie yielded, and
on seeing the fonn of her late mistress, swooned with fear. Others proved
more courageous, and carried her into the house. I'apantzin now enjoined
i
100
WHAT MONTEZUMA THOUGHT OF IT.
To what end arc signs that cannot be interpreted until
after the occurrence, as is generally the case, when
their interpretation is not needed, sages do not say.
silcncu, atul wislied to call Monteziima, l)ut no one daring to appear before
the cruel imd superstitiuii.s inoiiurch, Ne/iilniul])illi wiis suinniuned, and ho
broujjht the hrothtT with him to her dwelling, together with several attend-
anta. To theni she ndated that, on being released from her earthly bunds,
slie had entered a boundless plain, upon a roud whiclk soon divided into
several branches. On one side was a fiercely running stream, which sho
attempted to cross, but was motioned back by a youth of line stature,
dressed in a loose robe of daxzling whiteness. His face, bright as a star,
was of fair complexion, the eyes grey, and the forehead marked with a crosi.
Taking her by the hand, ho led her up the valley jmst heaps of dead men's
bones, from many of wiiicli rose the sound of lament. Sho also ob-^erved a
number of black pei-sons, with lionis and deer legs, building a house. As the
BUn rose, large vessels could be seen ascending tiie river, bearing white and
bi-arded men in stnmge attire, with shining Ikukl gear, and standard borno
aloft. They were chihlren of the sun. The youth, in pointing them out, said
that (lod did not yet wish her to pass the river, which could never bo recrossed,
but to wait und bear testimony to the faith coming with these men, who were
destined to wage givnt wars with her people and become their masters. Tiio
lamenting bones were hei' forefathers — ' who had not recnved the faith,' is the
uncharitable tcnn iised by Torquemada — suHoring for their evil deeds, and
the house building was to hold the bones of those slain in battle bj- the fair-
faced crews. She must return to earth, await these men, and guide her people
to baptism. On being restored to her senses from the death or trance, what-
ever her listeners chose to term it, she removed the stone from the vault and
returned to her chamber. Many of those present sneered at the story as orig-
inating in the brain of a sick woman, but Montezuma was more deeply moveil
than lie cared to sliow. He never again saw his sister, who lived a retired
life till the arrival of the Spaniards. Sho then came foi'ward, the first woman
in Tlatelidco to receive baptism, and under the name of Maria Papuutziii
rendered good aiil in the missionary cause. This account, says Torqucmada,
has been tiikeu from old native paintings, translated and sent to Spain, and
was regarded as strictly true among the natives, L'.ipantzin being well known
in the town. ' Ksta Senora era del numero do los IVedestinados,' i. •JliS-'.).
Ixtlil.Nochitl, strangely enough, does not refer to the resurrection. Acconling to
him, the mother of Ixtlil.xoehitl, king of Tezcuco, was the first woman bap-
tized, and this under compulsion from her husband. She received the nnino
of Maria. After her came Papantzin, now wife of this king, who was nanu'd
Beatriz. Cortt'-s stood godfather to both. Sahagun refers briefly to the resur-
rection of a wonuvn of Tcnochtitlan, who issued, four days after her death,
from the garden \'ault where sho had been dejrosited. Appearing before Mon-
tezuma, she announced that with him would cease the Mexican empire, for
other people were coming to rule and settle. This woman lived twenty-one
years after this, and l)ore another child. Hist. Ocii., ii. 270-1. At this rate
she nnist have been alive when Sahagun arrived in the country; yet he fails
to speak of her as a princess, l^oturini applies the story to a sister of King
Caltzoutzin, of Miohoacan, who died at the time the Spaniards were besieging
Mexico, anil rose within four days to warn her brother not to listen to tlio
Mexican overtures for an alliiince against the M'hitc invaders. The new-comers,
she said, were destined by heaven to rule the land, and a testimony hereof
would appear on the principal feast-day in the form of a youth, who, rising
in the eastern sky, with a light in one hand and a sword in the other, woidd
elide over the city and disappear in the west. This sign .appearing, the king
aid as she bade him, rejected the Mexican advances, and received the Span-
iards in peace. CaUiloijo, "27-8. Clavigero censures Boturiui's work, in this
THE SPANIARDS THE FAIR GODS.
m
But in this instance tlio tostiinony is jilnindiint and
explicit that many of these i)r<)digies were at the time
received, not only by Montezuma and his people, but
connection, as full of fables, and this after solemnly obscn'ing that tlie Pupnnt-
7111 incident 'fii pubblicu, o strcpitosu, acadiito in presenza ai diiu Ke, e liella
Nobilta Messicana. Trovossi altresi rapprenentatu in alcune dipinturo di
(jiicllc Nazioni, o se no niandi!) alia Cortc di Spagna un attestatu giuiidico. '
tSiuria, Mess., i. 280-0'J. He places the tuiptiaiu uf Tapantzin in I.VJt. Viijiht,
JliM. Ant. M^j., iii. 34S-5'2; I'rlancvrt, Tiatro Me.r., pt. iii. l'Jj-(i. 'l'or(|iieniuila
pivcs tlio story of what occurred in the 8i)irit land in her own words; so clues
( liivigcro, though ho differs slightly. See also his Knglisii translation by
I'liUcn. As if in contirmution of her story, onunous signs l)ecanie more numerous
tliiui ever. The big lake of Mexico began to boil and foam without apparent
cause, tho water rising high within the city and creating great damage. Tlio
ilutc generally accepted for this occurrence is l.W.J, but Slendieta, Hixf K'-I,n.,
ITS, .siiys UIK). Iho lake, liko tho sky, was connected with more tlian ono
mysterious occurrence. A troop of Huatuscan conjurers arrived shortly after
this in the imperial city to exhibit tricks, in one of whicli tliey cut oil' tlieir
liuiids and feet, disclosing bleeding stumps, and tlien replaced tlie members.
Ill order to test whether this was an illusion or not, the emperor ordered tho
scvureil mcmbcra to bo thrown into boiling water before thoy wore retiiriieil to
the pcrfonuers. This unwarranted curiosity stirred tiie magicians to tlie very
core, and before retiring they predicted that tlie lake would bo tinged with
bliiod, and that their avengers would 8(X)n appear in a strange people, tlie con-
queror.^ of the empire. Not long after, Montezuma noticed streaks of bliMxl
in tlie lake, mingled with a number of iiuman heads niid limbs. He called
others to witness tlio siglit, but none save himself could sec it. Sending to
tlie injured conjurers for an explanation, they replied that the vision denoted
gri'at and bloody battles to bo waged in tho city by the strange people.
Jl> iirrii, dec. iii. lib. ii. cap. ix. Aliout the same time .some fishermen caught
a grey bird, like a crane, with a round comb or diadem, resembling a mirror.
On being brought before Montezuma, ho was 8tartle<l by seeing reflected in
this mirror tho heavenly bodies, although none appeared in the sky, for it was
yet dayliglit. Tho next moment tho stars had vanished, and in their place
Mere seen beings, half man and iialf deer, who moveil about in battle arriiy.
])iviiicis were called to give their explanation, but when tliey came the binl
hull disappeared. Torquemada appears to date this as early iw l.')Oi'>, i. '2',i't.
('iimnnjo, Hid. Tlnxc, 13S)-10. Another great bird is referred to, with a iiiiiiian
head, which soared above tho lake uttering the jirediction that speedily would
come the new rulers of tho empire. Other monsters were found in the shaiK)
of double-bodied and double-headed men, wiiich dissolved in the air sliurtly
after liciiig brought to the sorcerers', or black iiall, of Montezuma. \ liiirril)!o
aniiiial was caught near Tecualoia. Torqmmnild, i. "21 I. During all the years
of these signs could bo heard, at frequent intervals, a female voice lamenting,
'Oh, my children, all is lost to us I My chiltlrcn, wiiither will you be taken?'
Jil., 'JI4, '21)3. A similar voice was heard before the fallof .lerusalem. ./ns' ji/in-i,
lib. vii. cap. xii. ; Mendieta, Hist. tJcl'-.i., 180; Wi'i/tin, Hint. An/. Mcj., iii. I5.'>.S ;
iS'ili'Kjitn, Hist. Gen., i. 3. In lolO the imperial city wa.s startled, one dear,
quiet night, by a fir«», which, bursting from the heart of the timbers in the
temple of Huitzilopochtli, burned all the fiercer under the etlbrts made to
((uciich it. A procui-sor of this had been the fall of a stone column close to
the templo, coining no ono knew whence. 'El chaititel de un Cii de
\'itzilopuchtli, quo se llaniaba Tlacoteca, se encemliiS. ' S'lhrninu, Hi'^t. <'i»i'i.,
i. ;i 4. Shortly after, the temple of the tire j^od Xiuhtecutli, at Zocomolco,
was stricken by lightning and burned. This occurred without the usual
accompaniment of thunder, and with but a sprinkle of rain ; many regarded
it as done by a sunbeam, and conseiiuently as particularly ominous. ' Loa
108
WHAT MONTKZUMA THOUGHT OF IT.
by the Ht'i^lihoriiiLf nations, as the distinct annonnco-
mont of the coming' of the jl^ocIs, who did in jjfood
truth appear at the proptir time in the person of the
Spaniards. And what should be tlieir doom, those
stupid and profane men of Potonehan and Tabasco,
who had raised their hands against these heavenly
messeni^ersl
W(! art! fui'ther assured that, prior to the arrival of
any Spaniard, some ot the subjected [)rovinces assumed
an air of inde[)endence, encouraged by the fear which
these o(.'currences produced on the Aztecs, against
wliom tliey were regarded as especially directed.
Cuotlachtlan sorcerers having in their divining-pits
conjured up visions of ^Ie\icans acting as aljject
carriers to armed bearded men astride giant deei-,
this people became in toll so insolent as to refuse
the customary tribute, and even to murder the Aztcvj
officials sent to collect it. And so involved was
Montezuma in divers troubles that he was unable to
resent the outrage.
The thought occurred to the Mexican monarch that
perhaps the threatened evils might lie averted by pro-
pitiating the gods with greater sacrifices. For this the
several campaigns then waged or concluded promised
an abundance of victims; and to make the holocaust
still more imposing, it was resolv<;d to consecrate at
the same time a new sacrificial stone. After diligent
search a suitable stone was (aund at Tonanitlan, near
Coyohuacan. The scul)>t(.r; having finished their
work, and the priests theirs, with loud hosannas it
was rolled along toward the imperial city. While
crossing the Xolco canal the brid<»;e broke, and the
stone sank beneath the water, dragging down the hii^li-
]ii-iest and his attendants, "who went to hell quicker
than the stone," comments the pious Torquemada.
Iiulios (lecian . . . . el Sol ha quemailo esto Templo; porquo ni hemos visto
llel.inipago, ni hemos oido Tniciio. ' Toniuemcuin, i. *214, 'ilU. Believing, or
preteiiding to believe, the eity attiickud by cnetnics. the Tlatelulcfina ruslu'd
to arms, for which excess of ze.al they were punished by a suspension of all
their townsmen who held positions at court. N'.Uicu Races, v. 401-07.
PAINFUL SUSPENSE.
loa
Th(^ stniio, liowcvcr, was rccovored, and consecrated
till tlie summit of the great temple, in 1.^)12, with the
l)l(t()(l of over twelve tliousand captive^.*
And now Montezuma almost wishes the calamities
]\r fears were already upon him, so full of dread and
(lire oppression is he. Priests, chiefs of wards, and
other officials, says Tezozomoc, are conmianded to
nseertain and impart all dreams and strange occur-
rences relating to a coming people or to the throne.
Wise and politic as ho is, ho does not seem to know
lliat this IS only placing himself and his malady at
the mercy of the masses. Who could not conjure
up visions under such a summons? Some old men
iinniodiately come forward with a dream, wherein
lluitzilopochtli's imago is overthrown and his temple
hurned to the ground, leaving no vestige. Certain
* Torquemada assuiiica that tlio r2,'210 victims comprised also those ofTcrod
at tlic consecration of two new tenipk-s, Tlamatzinco and Qtiuuhxieiilli.
Set) yntire llaces, v. 471. Tezozomoc relates that the laliorers, after striviiit;
ill ..ill to movo th<i stone from its original site, heard it utter, in a miitllud
voicn, ' Your eftbrts are in vain ; 1 enter not into Mexico. ' Tho incident finds
a ])arullel in tho vain ell'ort of Tarquin to remove certain statues of the gods,
to nmke room for Jupiter's temple, and in the firm adherence of ApolloH
li'iid to the ground, sliortly before the death of the Roman ruler. But
iccovering from their alarm, they tried again, and now the stone moved
almost of its own accord. Another iialt is made, a second oracle delivered,
uiid finally tho stono reaches tho bridge, where it disappears into the water.
Amiil tho invocation of priests, divers descend in search, only to como bade
with the report that no vestige of it is to be found; but there is a fathomless pit
cxtondiiig toward Chalco. While diviners arc cudgelling their brains for clues,
ill coiiics a messenger to announce that tho stone, like tho Penates of ^-Eneas,
li.'id returniHl to its original site, arrayed in all tho sacrificial ornaments.
Ohsorving in this occurrence tho divino will, Montezuma let tho stone remain,
and recognizing at the same time a menace to himself, perhaps of speedy
death, he ordered liis statue to bo at onco sculptured by tho sitto of his prc-
dcfcssors, on the rocky face of Chapultepec Hill. Tezozomoc describes tho
stiitue. Ilht. Mfx.,i\.2(A-l. Duran, JJint. Iiid.,^lS.,n. Sl'i-2T. Claviijern,
Slorid Mess., i. 292-3. Among tho troubles which after this fell upon tho
(loomed people arc mentioned: An earthquake in 1513. Codex. Tel. lii'in., in
KiiiiiihoroiKjh'a Mex. Aiitii/., y. 134. A locust jdague. 'Vioronse gran cant i-
(lad do mariposas, y langostas, quo passauan »lo buelo hizia el Oocidentc.'
Jlerrera, dec. iii. lib. ii. cap. ix. A deluge in Tuzapan, and a, fall of snow
M-liich ovei ".helmed tho army en route for Amatlan. While crossing tho
mountains, rocks and trees came tumbling down upon them, killing a large
number, Avhile others froze to death. Ixtlilxochitl places this in 1514.
Otiiers say 1510. During the Soconusco campaign, see Amative Hares, v. 472,
the ground opened near Mexico, and threw up water and fish. Tho Indians
interpreted this to signify a victory, but the lord of Culhuacan intimated,
with a shake of the liead, that one force expelled another, whereat Monte-
zuma's delight somewhat abated. 'Quando prendio Cortes a entrambos, so
accordo (.Montezuma) muy bien do aquellas palabras. ' JJerrera, iibi sup.
u ■
ii I
1'^ :i
: %'^^
t wi '
lie
WHAT MONTEZUMA THvjUGHT OF IT.
hags next appear with a dream of a furious stream,
which has swept away the palace and temple, forcing
the lords to flee the city.
This will not do. Away with such trumpery t And
so tlie terrified monarch hurls the evil dreamers into
prison, and leaves them there to die of starvation,
while he orders on new ones in the persons of the
priests and men of circumspection. But softly now.
These wise ones deem it prudent not to dream at all,
which course only adds suspicion to the hot anger of
Montezuma. Next he calls on all astrologers^ sorcer-
ers, and diviners in the empire to dream, to cause
others to dream, and to declare their dreams; to de-
clare the secrets of the starry realms, and all things
pertinent on and in this earth. Neither will these ply
their avocation during such troublous times. Down
with them, then, to the lowest depths I In prison,
however, they do understand that the planets and ter-
restrial phenomena combine to foreshadow extraordi-
nary occurrences, whether for good or evil the emperor
will soon enough know. "Force them to tell; burn
them else," are the next instructions. But the mes-
sengers find the prison, though guarded, empty. The
unhappy monarch sends to their respective towns and
dcmolish^° their houses, but these agents of oftendcd
heaven are never seen again."
^ Meanwhile it came to pass that un eagle swooped down upon a i>easant at
work in afield not far from Mexico, and seizing him by the hair in full view of
his neighbors, bore him out of sight. Landed liigh upon a mountain, the man
found himself led by invisible hands through n dark cave into a hall of daz-
zling splendor, where Montezuma lay as if asleep. Less favored than Gany-
mede, he was permitted to see no other form, but voices around explained to
him that this was a representation of the emperor intoxicated with pride and
blinded by vanity. Tezozomoc writes that the eagle assumed tho form of a
lord and spoke ; but a superior being can hardly bo supposed to have assumed
tho office of carrying a low peasant. A liglited pipe with a rose was placed in
his hand, with orders to bum a mark upon tho monarch's leg, and then pro-
ceed to court and re'ate to him what liad occurred, pointing out the blister
in testimony. Tho gods were annoyed at his conduct and rule, which had
evoked the ills soon to overthrow him. Let him amend and use well tho
short term still allotted to him. The next moment tho peasant found himself
borne through the air by the eagle, which enjoined upon him to obey the com-
mand received. Tho man did so, and Montezuma, recalling a dream to the
same cS'ect, looked and found a wound, which now began to bum painfully.
Throwing the man into prison as an evil sorcerer, he sought his doctors for re-
lief. 'Lo que vio el labrador, pudo ser que ocontecicssc en vision imaginatiua
DIVINERS IN DANGER.
Ill
This, and more of yet wilder strain continued in the
note, shows at least that prior to the coming of the
porquo no es increyble que Dios por medio de vn Angel bueno ordenasse ....
que aquel auiso se dicsse.' Ilerrera, dec. iii. lib. ii. cap. ix. Montezuma now
rusolvcd to seek a refuge where none of the tlircatcned evils might reach
iiiin. The place selected waa Cicalco, 'house of tlio rabbit,' painted by the
myths as an abode of delight, abounding in every product, sown with
flowers, and flowing with crystal waters, a place where death never entered.
Aa a preliminary step four human victims were flayed and their spirits
sent to Huemac, the ruler of that region, to prepare the way for the living
messengers. These consisted of sorcerers, accompanied by dwarfs and hunch-
backs to carry the flayed skins aa presents. Two hunchbacks were sent with
the skins of ten flayed men, savs Duran. Entering the cave leading to Cicalco,
they were guided by its guardian into the bowels of the earth, and presented
themselves before the Aztec Pluto. With humble reverence they protlcred the
skins with the prayer of Montezuma for admission into that abode of delight
and into his service. Unwilling to make an exception to the rule for admis-
sion through death's portals, Huemac sent the messengers back with pres-
ents, giving the evasive reply that their master should confide to him lii3 .sor-
rows and await relief. On receiving this report Montezuma engrily ordered
the men to be cast into prison, and sent other messengers with fresh s'.kiiis.,
repeating his request for admission, yet conforming in so far as to ask for an
explanation of the many signs abroad. Huemac, again avoiding t> direct
answer, told them that Cicalco was quite a difi'erent place from what they uup-
posed it to be. He and his comrades stayed not of their own accord, but
were kept there by a superior power, steeped in abject toil ami misery. This un-
satisfactory report entailed upon the messengers the same punishment as Ix)-
fore. Two Acolhuan chiefs were now entrusted with fresh skins and tlic rc([uest
tliat Huemac should at least explain the si^jus which threatened the emperor,
if lie still refused him admission. Among these signs is mentioned a white
cloud rising at midnight toward the sky. Propitiated by the hifrhcr rank
or qualities of these messengei-s, or by the eanicst perseverance of their mas-
ter, Huemac explained that the sufferings and mcnnccs were the result of his
pride and cruelty. Let him amend, and as a preliminary task begin a fast of
e:;^hty dfi,y.«. This accomplished, Huemac would meet him at Tlaciitonco, on
the summit of Chapultcpec. Montezuma was so delighted with this answer
that he rewarded the chiefs most liberally, and made the necef.sary arrange-
ments for the government of th" empire during his seclusion. Going at the
appointed time to Tlachtonco. a 'rilliant stone ordered him to make certain
preparations and return in foui- uays, when lie would be conducted to Cicalco.
This he did, aitsr enjoining n.icrccy upon all who had a8siste<l ia the matter.
Arrayed i:. a human skin adorned with precious stones, gold, and foathora, ho
seated himself upon a feathered throne, surroun<lcd by l.ia richly dressed
dwarf and hunchlMick pages, and in this guise awaited Hujmac. 8oon a light
iu the distance, brilliant aa the aun, announced the p.pproach of the mys-
terious being, and hope leaped high in Montczumr.'s breast. It stopped,
however, and the emperor was devoured by anxiety. Suddenly a human
voice recalled him from his absorption. It was that of the guardian of
Tzoncoztli temple, who related that Huemac, interdicted by supremo coin-
m.i- • om approaching the emperor, had commissioned him to recall his
masww to duty. His presence is needed in Mexico to direct public afiairs
and to infuse respect among the hostile nations, who would rise the mo-
ment his disappearance liecamo kno',\ai. What will his si'bjccts tiiink? Ho
must obey the divino command, and remember that he is '■n.ptnit of the
world. Montezuma yielded reluctantly and reentered his pidacc, taking to Ids
side the faithful Tzoncoztli guardian, and charging all to keep the secret.
Tczozomoc, Hist. Mex., ii. 213-27; and in Kinfjahorouglia Mi:y. Ant., v. 409,
et scq.; Duran, Hist. Ind., MS., ii. 323-43.
112
WHAT MONTEZUMA THOUGHT OF IT.
Spaniards the people of the Mexican valley, and their
sovereign in particular, were profoundly moved with
fearful forebodings of calamity of some kind. And
whether these forebodings pointed to some strange
arrival by sea or other marvel, certain it is that they
opened the door of this rich realm to the invaders.
Ever intent on means to propitiate the gods, Monte-
zuma in 1517 hit upon the idea of plating the temple
of Huitzilopochtli with gold set with precious stones
and feathers, and gave the order accordingly to Tzom-
pantzin, the minister of finance. Now Tzompanztin
was an old and faithful servant of the government,
blunt withal, and nowise afraid to die. He was of
the ancient chivalry, not wholly in sympathy with
the present regime, and did not hesitate to expos-
tulate with his sovereign, saying that the people
would be ruined by the proposed tax. "Beside," lie
concluded, "Huitzilopochtli will not long be god, for
those even now are coming who will take for them-
selves all these riches and lord it over us forever."
That very night Tzompantzin and his son were politely
escorted across the dark river.*
The following year, 1518, the temple of Coatlan was
dedicated, with the usual sacrifices, the last recorded
holocaust to consecrate a heathen temple. For already
the white-winged vessels of Spain were at hand, having
on board the messengers of a purer religion, even it'
it did not at once prove to be the gospel of peace to
the poor Indian.
Pinotl, calpixque of Cuetlachtlan, was the first of
]\Iontczuma's captains, according to tlie native record,
to make observations for the emperor of the dreaded
visitants. Prompted no less by zeal in his master's
service than by curiosity, Pinotl, with several attend-
ants, armed with provisions and rich mantles for
presents, had mingled with the crowd which boarded
Grljalva's vessel, and had prostrated himself at the
feet of the commander and his officers as before kinsT-s
^ Codex Chimalpopoca, in Braaseur de Bourbourg, Iliat, XcU. Civ, , iv. 3-") -0.
INFORMATION CONCERNING GRIJALVA.
113
or gorlsJ The beads and other trinkets given in re-
turn for their goods they received as priceless marlis
of favor from supernatural personages. When Pinotl
explained as best he was able the majesty and wealth
of his sovereign, Grijalva promised to return some
(lay and visit him in his great city. Bearing with
theui paintings on amafl, or maguey paper, of the
vessels with all their belongings, and of the soldiers
and sailors with their arms, armor, dress, and atti-
tude, down to their very swagger, and leaving orders
that the strangers should be treated wath every con-
sideration, the chief men of the province set out by
fa:;t relays to report the awful tidings to the emperor.*
Entering the imperial presence they prostrated
their bodies to the ground, which they kissed, declar-
ing tliemselvcs worthy of death for having ventured
unbidden before their lord, but their mission permitted
no delay. "For oh! most dread sovereign," they ex-
cluinied, "we have seen gods! All of us here present
liave seen their w^ater-liouses on our shores. We
liave talked with them, and eaten with them, and
have handled them with our hands; we have given
tlieni gifts, and have received in return these price-
less tr.\a:>ures." Then they showed the glass beads, a
sp'- iuicri too often approaching the value of the gifts
I H 5 >.•.,<] by the strong from the weak. Montezuma
Sdt 1 ;i:.r:c, scarcely heeding the messages sent him by
(j!tl;'d-, I,, *" )iicerne.d most of all that vassals should
ii(»t witness his dismay. Here again was his j)hantasy
before him, like the shade of dead Hector before
' 'liosiiroti todos las proas ile las nnos ou scfial de adoracion, pciisaron <\\\o
ei'.'i t'l ] Hon (^i'et:alro(ill qnu Yolviii.' Su/m'jiin, lliit. Vom/., i. 5.
" Acroriling to T''?.ozoinoc, an Indian, witli ears, tluinil)s, and big toes cut
olT, ui civcd frona Mictlancuanhtla with tlie report that he had sei'n a n>;iiid
nionntaiii on the sea moving to and fro witlioiit approaching tin; shore. Tiie
i' ; 'iiiiiuit was phiced under guard, and a cliief wiiii an atten(hint si-nt to
l';i' .1 to v« rify tlie statement, and to chide lam for ne^'leet to report. 1'iiey
aO';i : 'tnrned to say tiiat from a tree they had seen two suth mountains or
tiiwi : j'.oni one of wliich a canoe had set out on a lishing ti'ip. The men on
h-m,: ;,Q.(l wiiitc faces and iiands, long, thick beard, long hair, raiments of
vin ltd ami brilliant colors, and round iiend-eovering. The mutilated Indian
luiii,' now called to answer further questions, his ])risoii cell waa found vuuaut,
JJiil. J/(U'., ii. '->3i»-4; Duriin, Hint. Iml., MS., ii. 330-17.
Hmt. Max., Vol. 1. 8
114
WHAT MONTEZUMA THOUGHT OP IT.
^ncas, warning him against hopeless resistance to
the preordained fall of Troy.
Bidding the men retire and keep secret what they
had seen, Montezuma hastily summoned his privy
council,* King Cacama of Tezcuco, his brother Cuitla-
huatzin, lord of Itzapalapan, and laid before them
the mystery. After sage consultations, attended by
divinings and comparisons of signs, prophecies, and
traditions,, not unlike the means by which we of to-day
likewise •; 'ain the unknowable, it was concluded
that this c lander was none other than the fair-
hued god hu^iSelf, who had returned to resume the
throne, as he had said. Therefore resistance would
bo in vain ; and the only proper course was to tender
worthy reception and conciliate with gifts. The chiefs
were sent back with orders for the governors of tlio
coast districts ''^ to report any arrival or strange occur-
rence. Following them was an embassy of five persons
bearing rich presents, with instructions to bid the god
welcome in the name of the emperor and of his court ;
yet they were to watch him closely. But the embassy
was too late. Grijalva had gone."
® Torquemcula, i. 370, names ten members, while Veytia, Hist. Ant. Mij.,
iii. .378, says there were twelve.
'" Particularly at Naiihtla, Toztia, Mictla, and Qnauhtla. Torqiipma'li,
i. 371); Saliagun, J/ist. t'onq., i. (5, calls the districts Cucxteeatl, Naulitlaiito/t-
laii, and Mictlanquactla. Brasufur de Bourlioiirrj, J list. Nat. Civ., iv. 411,
writes more correctly Nauthtlan, Tochtlan, iindMictlan-Quauhtla.
" Tonjuemada, i. 379-80, expresses his disapproval of diomara and lltr-
rera for following only Spanish versions, and ignoring the Indian records i;c-
•juired by himself and others, including Saliagun. The latter assumes lliat
Moutezuniahasbcenapprisedof Grijalva 's aoparture before the embassy Icin cs,
and this body is therefore not sent till Corti's arrives, Uisf. Com/., i. 7. 'I i.is
is not unlikely, for council had to be first held and the future course lUilc r-
mined, and messengers were always on the way between the subject provhut a
ancl the capital, ready to convey news. But most writers, followed by tiio
Native. Jlturs, take the view presented in the text. Herrera, di o. ii. lib. iii.
caj). ix., who is very brief on Grijalva *8 ^■isit, says, M'hen it was Iciinml
that the Spaniards wanted gold, the governors on the coast were ordered to
barter with it, and to find out what further object they had in coiuini:.
Ixtlilxociiitl states that merchants from the coast fair brought the first luw's
of Grijalva to Mexico. Veytia, Hint. Aiit. Mrj., iii. 377-8, is brief on flu; m\\)-
ject. Tezozomoc describes the necklace, bracelet, and other jewelry prepiiitil
as presents by four of the leading goldsmiths and lapidaries. With they ! tlio
chief who had been to the coast to observe the floating towers is ordcied to
seek the white men. Pinotl must prepare food for them, and if they <'.it,
they are surely Quetzalcoatl and his suite. ' But if they prefer human llesh,'
FURTHER EVIDENCE.
115
ice to
t tlicy
privy
Cuitla-
; theiu
dcd by
es, and
' to-day
Licludcd
Lie fair-
imc the
3 would
) tender
le chiefs
s of the
fQ oceur-
; persons
the god
is court;
embassy
Ant. ^Iij->
iulitlaiilo/t-
Jlv., iv. 4'.),
ra and Hi'i"-
i\ fcconU i.c-
Issmuca that
uassy U'ux ^■'',
, i. 7. 'H-'^
jursc cU'ti r-
let ],)ioviin-' s
well by til"
. ii. Ill), iii-
.as k'liiii'd
ovd'ivd to
in coiiiini-'-
e first lu \V3
ou the Mill-
ry iin'piii'''
,th tlu'iv' till)
is ordciiMl to
if they >':'^',
uuiaii lU'shi
say? Duran, in his version, 'and wish to eat you, let them do so; I promise
to look to the future of your children and relatives.' Hist. Ind., ^I.S., ii. 3GG-
7. 'If you are convinced that it is Quetzalcoatl, ' continued Montezuma,
'adorn his person with these jewels made for the purpose, and say that I bi-.'»
him liumbly to come and take possession of the throne which I hold for him. '
Te'oznmor, Hint. Mex. , ii. 23G-9. This author confounds Grijalva and Cort6s,
but allows the jewels and message to reach the latter. According to Uuran,
Montezuma tells the chief to ask the god for permission to finish his rule;
after his death he is welcome to the throne. 'Que me dege morir, y que de-
Bpiies de yo muerto venga muy de norabuena, y tome su Reyno pues es suyo
y l(j dejo en guarda u mis antepasados, ' ut supra. Acosta, Hist. Ind., 508-14
refers briefly to this subject, and to the various omens and visions, some of
which he regards as dreams imparted by angels. Meanwhile fresh messengers
arrive to report that the white captain had spread the wings of his floating
mountains and faded a/ ay in the east. They bring later drawings and gifts,
inuluding beads, shirts, i , '">t, some biscuits and wine. The monarch crunches
the Ijiscuits and .idmits ;heKi to be good, but the wine, with its peneti-atiug
sweetness, lulling the senses and calling up happy visions, this delights him,
and specimens of both are deposited upon the altar of Quetzalcoatl at Tula.
Finally, on seeing tnc glass necklace, he declares the giver to be indeed the
Acatl Ynacuitl, the travelling god of tlie reed; and deeming himself un-
wortliy of so brilliant an adornment, he consecrates it to the gods. The best
painters are cadeu to give a superior representation of the strange visitors from
the rude drfiwings brought by the messengers, and from their description, while
tlie okl and wise men arc asked for recollections and ideas which may throw
light upon the subject. After much search a tradition is raked up, wherein
a race is to come from the east mounted on serpents or masted mountains,
and witli them a white, bearded people, astride of big deers and eagles, wlio
will land at Tzonapan, and obtain possession of all the land. They are also
described as a one-legged people, with the face in the middle of the body, of
■white complexion ami with long beard. In confirmation thereof is produced
nn old painting, whi'^h agrees with those depicting the late arrivals. Con-
vinced of the identity. Montezuma orders the governors of the coast provinces
to maintain a close watch for the return of the strangers, so that he may re-
ceive speedy notice. Tezozomoc, Hixt. Mex., ii. 241-50; Duran, Hist. Ind.,
MS., ii. .3.>»-92.
Tliis chapter presents but a faint picture of the state of affairs within the
Mexican empire at the time of the arrival of CorttJs. As I said at the outset,
all this I have given in my Xatice Races, and can not of course repeat it here.
Further authorities on omens and on the state of t!ie Aztec empire, most of
them, however, of no value, are Carhajnl Espinosa, Hist. Alex., ii. 5-12; Bel-
trami, Mfxi'iue, ii. 137-9 and 142-3; Zowacoi^, Hist. M^j., iii. 130-2; Vetan-
cvt, Tcnfro Mex., pt. iii. 124-6; Bo.i, Leben der See-Heldeu, 4-5; Iln~.art, Kir-
clicii-de.irliichfe, ii. 505-8; Touron, Hist. Gen. Am., iii. 1*27-34; Viagero Univ.,
xxvi. 192-237; Larenandiire, Mex. et Gnat., 12-5; Lofond, Voy., i. 105-7;
E<,i[ih'stiin's Montfzvvw, 11-17; Sammhinr) aller Hei.iehesch., xiii. 289-91; Rus-
ii'Ts Hist. .Im., i. 7()-9; Laharpe, Ahrrije, ix. 208-73; Du Perrier, Gen. Hist.
I '()//., .'{32-G; Burke's Europ. Si't.,\. 71; SmolHt's Voy., i. 214-19; Chera-
Vir, Mexiipie, 7-22; Mexiqur Etudes, 9-10; Robertson's Ilixt. Am., ii. 17-18;
Jlii.f.vcrre, L'Emp. Mex., 119-30; Manti, Conq. diMess. 14-19; lioure, C'on<juete
da Mex., 211-20.
CHAPTER VIII.
m'
f m
THE COMBATANTS SALUTE.
Apbil-May, 1519.
TuE Embassy from the Shore — The New Interpreter — Marina — Hkr
Appearance and Quality — Her Romantic History — She Cleaves
TO ijfE Spaniards and to Cortes — And Becomes One of the most
Important Char-vcters of the Conquest — The Spaniards Land and
FoPM AN Encampment — The Governor Comes with Phesenis — Tiik
Si'ANiAnDs Astonish the Natives — Who Report all to Month
ZT7MA — Cortes Sends the Monarch Presents — Council Called in
Mexico — Montezuma Determines not to Receive the Stkanceks —
Reciprocates in Presents a Hundredfold — Coutks Persists —
Montezuma Declines more Firmly — Olmedo Attempts Conversion
— Teuhtlile, Offended, Withdraws uis People from the Camp of
the Spaniards.
Under Suii Juan cle Ulua the fleet of Cortes rests
at anelior, lyinof lazily there, its fiery purpose clotlied
in peaeeful white, like a snow-capped volcano basking-
in the sunlight. The ships had been watched from
afar by ex])ectant eyes; and now from the wondeiiny
multitude that lines the Chalchiuheuecan^ shore conic
two large canoes, whose occupants step to the deck dt'
the flag-ship and reverentially ask for the Tlatoaiii,
Their language is new to Aguilar; none of ihv.
conijinny can understand it. What is to bo doiu' ;
Modestly speaks one of the female slaves, " These
are Mexicans, sent by Cuitlalpitoc,'' caci(jue of the
' See Kntive Hares, iv. 434. Duran'a native records call this the 'jioit'
of Chalcliuihiiuoyaean. J/ist. Ivd., MS., ii. .S89. The spelliiii.' l)y ilitlVnnt
authorities iliH'era greatly. Clavigero, ami Veytia, /list. Ai.t. M<J., iii. -"77,
give April '21 as the date of arrival, while Bustamante, in Saluri'iii, His'.
Coil'/, (od. Mcx. 184,")), 13"), makes it the '22d. Year Ce Acatl. iMilxocli'itl,
Iki, 411. Sahagun, Hist. Coik/., i. 7., says 13 conejos.
" Torqtiemada, i. 387. Benial Diaz writes Pitalpitoquc, iiaimMl by the
(110)
MARINA.
117
nearest town, to welcome the white cliief and offer
their devotion. They would likewise know whence
lie conies, and why."
Instantly all eyes are on the speaker, who under
Ihoir continued gaze draws back, abashed at her own
tenierity, while the warm blood mantles beneath its
dear olive confine, and the breath comes inconstant
between parted lips. Cortes regards her as she stands
there unconscious of the important service she has
rendered him; for possessed she the power of Thetis,
to assume any form she pleased, the fair interpreter
could not at this juncture have appeared before the
chief in any other aspect half so fascinating. Who is
she!' The one baptized Marina, at Tabasco; and who,
l)cMng the greatest lady there, was given to Pucrto-
carrero, the greatest gentleman present. Why had
she been given to Puertocarrero? Why had not the
chief chaniberer himself taken her ? Cortes had
wciglitier matters on his mind. He was playing for
(■iiij)ire, and would not now stop to divide the })ettv
winnings with his men. By and b}'' right royally will
ho i-eward the unsanctified within him for its absti-
nence. As for this girl, he seems now for the first
time to see her.' Had Marina, the slave, been born
in other lands, under different auspices, to what exalted
s[)lure might not her personal loveliness and beauty
of character have entitled her!
They say she was fair for an Indian; very beautiful
slie ceitainly is, .and of that order of loveliness that
(•a])tivates the understanding no less than the pas-
sions. The old as well as the young are ravished witii
lier beauty, even as Avith Helen were the elders of
Troy, She is about eijxhteen, and in form and features
perfect; her long hair falling over smooth, round
shoulders, and from large lustrous eyes radiating a
SiianianlsOvandillo. Fn.<it.Verdafl.,2~\ Herrcra, Pitalpitoc. Solis, followed
liy J!ijl)crtson, I'ilpatoc. Bernal Diaz and Gomara name Teiihtlile, tlie chief
^■nwnior of the province, who lived farther in the interior, as tlic sender,
' Acconling to Gomara, /fiat. M«x., 40, and Herrera, dec. ii. lib. v. cap. iv.,
tlii-j new interpreter is not discovered until four days later.
118
THE COMBATANTS SALUTE.
p :'
tender melancholy that overspreads the face and
tones to harmony whatever falls beneath its influence.
Sweet and frank in her disposition, she is never-
theless resolute enough upon occasion; yet in her
ordinary mood there is a rare grace and femininity,
in which she is as liquid and pellucid as a passage in
Herodotus. There is no shame in her blush, nothing
bordering on conscious inferiority in her bearing;
nothing that these or any other beings may do unto
her can lessen her self-respect. She scarcely knows
she is a slave, the plaything of passion ; she finds the
world made so, men the stronger and wickeder, and
she has but to acquiesce.*
Cortc's is deeply interested. As if from heaven
some brijjht being had been sent to his assistanciv
so comes to him Marina now. What is her history ?
Strangely romantic. She is the daughter of a cacique,
born at Painala, eight leagues from Goazacoalco.
While yet a child her father died; and upon a son,
tlie fruit of a second marriage, the mother centred all
her affections. To secure to him the succession and
inheritance which rightlv belonged to the dauijliter,
INIarina was given as a slave to some travelling mer-
chants of Xicalanco, while a slave girl who had just
died was passed off for Marina and buried with the
usual statelv ceremonies.^ Arrived at Tabasco, Marina
^ ' Kiitromi'tiila, 6 ilesembuelta, ' slal)l)er3 that lecherous old soldier Beriial
T>i;ix. To call \voin"U loose comes well from men who spend tludr lives iii
ni;ikin;^ them so. If, as has boon stated, tlic women of lier native district
hjiv..' horno a reputation not altogether enviable, whose fault is it? \ut
theirs, truly. Tliat this fih\ was the mistress of men, under the circMin-
staiK'os, detracts not one iofai from her pood name in the minds of risht-thiiiU-
iii;; persons; nay, it detracts nothing from her purity of mind, her honesty,
or h'r innate morality, 'llepreliensihlo medio de osegurarla en su fidelidinl,'
says Solis, Hint. Vomi. Mex., i. 119, otherwise so ready to cover up the defects
of liis hero.
'•> licriial Dim, Hint. Verdad., '24-0. According to Gomara she was born
in Viliita, in the direction of Jalisco, the daugliter of rich parents, related
to the cacique. From them she was stolen by traders and sold in Xical.nii o.
y/'-'. .l/cr., 40. The town and district may be a corruption of Huilotlan, in
Xi'.latzinco, which Ixtlilxocliitl, lliat. C'/iic/i., 287, gives as her native place, and
this may be identical with the jjresent Oluta or Holuta, near Acayucan, on tin;
istlrmisof Tehuantei>ec. Painala is no longer known. Fosaey, who travelled
through the region, states that tradition makes Xaltipan or Altipan herbirtli-
place, and iu support of this belief a mountain is pointed out, close to the
AN EMBODIED ROMANCE.
U9
ce and
fluencc.
nevcr-
in her
lininity,
5sage ill
nothing
beanng;
do unto
Y knows
inds the
dcr, and
heaven
isistance,
history ?
, cacique,
.zacoalco.
m a son,
ntred all
sion and
aughter,
ling nior-
jhad just
kvith tlio
|), Marina
Lldier Beniiil
Bieir lives in
[tive ilisti'ict
ia it? N'lt
I the oircum-
I ri};l>t-tliii>'^-
Ihcr hoiif.'^ty,
gu fuleliilu'l'
the. detects
Bic was lioin
Biits, ri'latc'l
111 Xiciiliiiu".
luilotlan, in
k'CplilCO, iiii'l
lucan, on the
Iho tvavilli'l
in hcrliii'tli-
close to tlio
was sold to tho cacique, and by him transferred to
the Spaniards. With a mind elastic and quick to
learn, to her native Mexican tongue she added at
Tabasco a knowledge of the Maya, becoming after-
ward proficient in Spanish. And now no longer slave,
save to the passion love, she is to queen it for a while
us consort of the conqueror, becoming in the conquest
second only in power and importance to Cortes
lihnself, whom with her whole soul she loves, and to
whom alone she clings after the departure presently of
Puertocarrero for Spain. Accompanying the invaders
as interpreter and adviser, she shares their hardships
and rejoices in their successes. For is not the daring
commander lord of her heart and person? Moreover,
what claim upon her has a nation which drives her
into solitude beyond its border, and for no crime?
Tlierefore, if her newly found friends sicken, she
nurses them; if they despair, she comforts them.
Nevertheless she cannot forget he people, but freely
exerts her influence in their behalf, saving many a
life and many a town from destruction. Toward the
end both races vie in showing her their admiration,
gratitude, and respect; and although to the Indian
the invaders become more and more objects of execra-
tion, yet he never mentions with aught but loving
ie\erence the name Malintzin, or Malinche, as in his
tonii^ue is called Marina.*
town, liearing the iiatnis of Malinche. Mcihjtte, 20-7; Gomarn, I/wt. Mer.
( I liistanuinte cd. ), i. 41; Berendt, ia Sakizar, Mix. en 1 ^mA, 1 7S ; llrrrcra, dec.
ii. lib. V. cap. vi. ; Sahagun, Hiitt. Coinj. i. 1."), mentions Tetiopac, and Oviedo
n:inio.s Mexico as Marina's native place, iii. 2.">0, while Saiivdia undertakes
to reconcile the diflereut statements hy supjx)sing that lier family canio
oriuinally from Jalisco, west of Aniihnac, to Mexico city, and thence to
< loa/acoalco. Her high iutelligenco indicates that she was educated in the
capit-d. Die. Univ., ix. 774.
^Mexicans being unable to pronounce the 'r,' Marina became Malina, to
wliicli the tzi7i waa added in respect, equivalent to dofta or lady. Malinchi; was
ii Spanish corruption, which was at times applied by the Indians to Cortt^, as
the lord and companion of Marina, and Juan Perez de Arteaga had also tho
appellation added to his name, from being so often with her. licrnal Diaz, flint.
VinhuL, 52. Another conjecture is that her original name was Malinn. or
Maliiudli, signifying 'twisted thing,' the term lor one of the Mexican days,
applied in accordance with a native custom of giving children the name of
their birthday. The iianic indeed is not uncommon, the lord of Tlochquiuuhco,
120
THE COMBATANTS SALUTE.
\^4.
tv '^-f i
To the embassy of Cuitlalpitoc Cortes makes friendly
answer. Ho will explain his purposes to the cacique in
person. Meanwhile the messengers are regaled witli
food; presents are given them, and gold is shown as
for instance, being called Malinal or Malinaltzin. Velanevrt, Teatro ^fex. , ii. .^l ,
40. On tindiug her own nanus so similar to Marina, the Spanisii priest gave' Irt
tliis at the font. The Indians usually acquired a suniamo after they grew up,
and Tenepal is that found for Marina. Shjuenza y Gonf/ora, Paraijm Occiil. , .'W :
Salazur yOlarte, Vonq. Me.f.,'2\~; ArnSiiiz, Orizahu, 171, 182. To Cort<''s .slic
liore a son, who was recognized by his father and raised to the rank of a kiiiglit
of Santiago. While on the way with Cortf's to Honduras, in \'flA, she \vii.s
legally married to Captain Juan .Jaraniillo. This took place at Ostoticpac, near
Orizaba, and excited no little comment. Some believe that the airival of
('ortes' wife was the cause of the marriage; but althougli this may have led tn
his separation froni Marina, it could not have affected the marriage, since tlic
wife was already dead. Cort(?s no doubt found her an incumbrance, and souglit
to be rid of it in a manner honorable to her at least, (iomara accuses hirii of
having made Jaramillo drunk for the purpose. Hint. Mex., 251 ; but this I'er-
iial Diaz corrects. He knew one of tlie witnesses at the ceremony. Hint.
Verdad., 25. Jarc-imillo had .ichieved a certain prominence as comnianclir
of one of the brigantines wl.icli aided in tlie siege of Mexico, and in other
affairs, and is said to ha' e been an hidalgo. Ixtlilxochitl man-ies her to
Aguilar, probably because this seemed a fit union. Hid. Chicli. , 287. Caniarro,
Hist. TIax., 143. Shortly after her man-iagc the army halted at (loiizaco-
alco, whither all the ehit'fs of the neighborhood were sumnioned to tendiT
submission and to receive instruction in the faith. Among them was a
young cacique with his mother, whoso resemblance to Marina at once called
the attention of all acquainted with the story, and led to her recognitioa
as the heartless parent. The old dame feared for her life, but Min-ina
reassured her with tender caresses, excusing her conduct as controlled l)y
the deceased stepfather, and cheered her with a number of presents. Sli<>
presented her husljand, and referred with fond pride to the son she had given
to Cortes. ]k)th mother and half-brother accepted baptism, he receiving the
name of Ltizaro, and she that of Martii, an appropriate name for one who
perhaps lived long enough to lament the ruin of her peojde and country, cu
indirect result of her unnatural treatment of Marina. Bernal Diaz, who wit-
nessed all tliia, and became turther acquainted wjth the family, declares (ui-
niara wrong, and says : 'Conoci A su madre, y A su hennano,' concluding 'todo
ento (jue digo, se lo oi muy certificadamente, y se lo junS, amen.' //int. Verdad.,
2"); Clamijcro, Sloria .)le,'<s., iii. 12-14; C''<jolhido, Hid. Yucalhan, 38. I>'"-
tuvning to Mexico, she received lands there and in her native province, but
took up her residence in the capital, where her husband held a prominent
jiosition tln-ough his wealth and offices, such as regidor and as the first alferr/
of the city. 'Rccibieron pr Alferes de esta Ciudad a Juan Xaramillo. '
' Primer Alferes. ' Lihrode Cahi/do, MS., 210. Reference is made to lots ai;d
other gnints made to him and his wife Dofla Marina, on March 14, l."2S, anil
other <lates. Id. Both held repartimientos, one of which lay in Xilotepee.
Marina appears to ha\e been still living in Mexico city in 1550, iniprcssin .;
her memory upon the I'earts of the grateful people, over whose welfare slu'
even now watclies. Invoked by them, her spirit is frequently encountered in
its twilight flights on errands of mercy and consolation, issiung from the
ancient groves of Chapultepec, where centres the recollection of Aztec glories.
Ball:'ds still perpetuate her virtues, and many a nature's monument bears
jiroudly the beloved name of Malintzin. Tradition also transfomis her into n
naiad who dnily rises from the pool of Chapultepec, singing divinely. Jiodr/iiwr,
Amihiiar, 4()1. She appears to have had .several children by Cortes, reralti
mentions five besides Martin, of whom two died while young. The thren
APPEARANCE OF THE SHORE.
121
somotliiiig Spaniards delight in. Then they return
to tlie shore, which appears not very inviting, with
its broad reach of sand and sandy hillocks whirled up
by the northers. Likewise vegetation hercahouii is
stunted, larger trees appearing only in the distance.
The place had been recommended by Grijalva, how-
ever, as possessing good anchorage, and the people as
being rich and hospitable.^
remaining were (laughters, of wliom two became nuns, and the third, Leonor,
the wife of Martin do Tolosa. A'a?. Hint., 75. This ia not wholly correct,
however, for iu tlie iJljro de Gobienio del Virey Mendoza ia a docnmeut,
dated April, l.">r)0, wherein the viceroy grants a petition from her in favor of
her gmndaon, Don Alonso do Estraila, son of Luis de Saavedra, deceased, and
encomendcro of Tilantongo town. Alanian'a notes, iu I'rencoU's Mcr. (Mex.
1S44), ii. '2(58-9. In Vori/s, liesidenda, i. 1"J.3, ii. 70, 101, witnesses refer also
to a daugliter of the interpreter Marina, wit!i wliom Cortiia is accused of
having tampered, aa ho did with the mother. If so, this can hardly In;
iSaavedra's wife, but a Tabascan child; yet Mai-ina's mastiT would not have
presented a woman incumbered with a child when he sought to do honor to
the Spaniards. Saavediu allows Marina to proceed to Spain with her liusband,
who procured for her a high position at court. Here siic died, leaving several
children, from wliom descended somo of the first families in Spain. J)ic.
I'liii:., ix. 778. But this authority is too full of blunders to be relied upon.
Ideal portraits are given in Carbajal Uspinona, Ilht. Mex. , ii. (Jo, and ZamacoLi,
Hist. Mrj., ii. 350.
' I have snid, as the native record intcrpretetl by Tezozomoc and Ditran re-
lates, that the fleet is sighted anil reported long before it reaches San Juan do
Ulua — from Tabasco, says Vetancvrt, Tealro Sle.v., ii. IM. Montezuma, who
Ii;id already begun to hope that the strangers would never return, becomes sad
with apprehension ; yet he orders special relays to bo stationed on the route to
the coast, in order to bring speedy news, commands his lieutenant to furni^ih
the strangers with all they need, and sends TUllancalqui, the messenger who
nift Grijalva, to ascertain their object. He is instructed to declare tliat Mon-
tezuma holds the throne as mere dejiuty at the disposal of the white god, for
he supposes that it is Quetz.ilcoatl, as before. If the god intends to procceil
to Mexico the roads will bo cleaned, and the towns and stations prepared for
his accommodation. Tlillancahiui delivers his message, together witli a neck-
lace of gold set with precious stones, and in his eagerness to please the strange
licings he offers fowl and tortilla to horses as well aa men. Cortes signiliea liis
wish to go to Mexico, and asks that cliiefs bo sent to guide him. Tlillancahiui
hurries back with the message, leaving orders to supply the Spaniards witi;
all they desire. Duran, Hint. Iiid., MS., ii. 389-90; Trzo:nmo'\ llixt. }fe.r., ii.
-."»0-.3. According to the version by Sahagun and Ton|uenuida, Moutczuiii i
sends tho same messengers whom he despatched the year before to .seeli
< irijalva, but who arrived too late. Their names are Yohualychan, the leadei-,
Tepuztecatl, Tizahua, Huehuetecatl, and Hueycamecatleea. With them a'-"
sent the presents already prepared for Grijalva, and tho sacerdotal vestment i
of Quetzalcoatl. On reaching tho flag-ship they inquire for their king and
god Quetzalcoatl. At first surprised, Cort(''S the next moment catches tho
<hie. Seating himself on an improvised throne, surrounded by a large suite,
he orders the messengers to appear. Being told that he is the personaxo
whom they seek, they prostrate themselves, kissing the deck. The leader
tiicreupon addresses him: 'Welcome, god ami master; long have wo, your
Kervants and vassals, waited for you. Montezuma, your vassal and lieutenant,
122
THE COMBATANTS SALUTE.
Early on Good Friday Cortt^ landed, planted guns
upon the hillock, and began the construction of a
fortitied camp, consisting of houses, huts, and sheds,
hij^li in the centre of wliich was placed a large cross.
Informed of this, the cacique sent men to carry timber,
l)laster the walls, and ])ut up awnings. Food was also
provided, and feather- work and gold were presented
('ortc's, with the information that the governor would
visit him presently. Meanwhile the natives flocked
in to trade, so that on Saturday the jilaco presented
the appearance of a fair, rather than the encampment
of an mvading army.
On Easter Sunday, while preparations were made
for mass, Cuitlalpitoc arrived with his chief, Teuhtlile,
governor of the province, whose residence was at
Cuetlachtlan, eight leagues away." Attending them
was a larsje retinue of nobles, and slaves" beariuLr
presents. Cortes, with an escort, advanced to receive
sends us to salute you, and btgs the acceptance of this small present and
tliesu precious ornaments, once used by you as our king and god. ' Tliey now
army iiini in the vestments of Quetzalcoatl, adding also many ornament.')
pertaining to tlie gods Tezcatlipoca and Tlalocatecuhtli, as if to proclaim him
the greatest of the gods. The most attractive pieces are a bejewelled and pluuiu
head-dress, and a necklace of precious stones. ' Is this nil the gift of welcome
tliat you bring?' asks Cortes. 'Lord and king, it is all that was given us
for your Majesty,' was tlio reply. They are given food and accommodation
for the night. In order to impress upon them the full extent of Spanish
power, they are tied hands and feet while the horses arc exhibited, the arms
displayed, and the guns fired. They are then told tliat the white men have
heard the fame of Mexican warriors, as able to overcome ten or even twenty
times sujierior numbers, and desire a proof thereof by fighting them in equal
force. Swords and shields are given them, but they decline, pleading their
character as mere envoys. They are thereupon insulted as cowards, and told
that the white men will descend uijon their country, kill all who resist, t-.' o
possession of the government, and secure better presents than those sent
them. The messengers now hurry back to Mexico without informing any one
on the way of what V.as occurred. Tor(iiienuiila, i. 3S1-4; Sahaijun, IJint.
Com]., i. 7-11 ; SUjuenza y C!6uijora, El Fenix, MS., STiVS.
"Tcudilli, or Quitaluor, from Cotosta, is Gomara's corrupt form, ffist.
Mex. , 39. Herrera calls Teuthlillo the chief governor, and Pitalpitoe a chief,
dec. ii. lib. v. cap. iv. Teutile, captain-general, and Pilpatoe, governor. So/m',
J I int. Jlev., i. 119. Teotlili arrives on Monday. Ixtlilxochitl, Hixt. Chkh.,
280. 'Tendile, y I'italpitoquc eran Gouemadorcs de vnas Prouincias que se
dizen, Cotaatlan, Tustepeque, Guazpaltepeque, Tlatalteteclo, y de otros pue-
blos que nueuamete teniiV sojuzgnclos. ' Bernal Diaz, /list. Verdad., 20. Ho
means, however, that Tendile is the chief governor. Pinotl had evidently left.
Cuetlachtlan province appears to have extended from Rio Papaloapan, or
Alvarado, to Rio de la Antigua.
* Ixtlilxochitl and Gomara place the number attending at over 4,000.
COXFEREXCE WITH THE GOVERXOR.
123
lUM.
e a chief.
)r. Soli-'',
Chkh.,
3 que so
ro8 pne-
20. Ho
itlyleft.
ipan, or
them, and after interchange of courtesies led the way
to the altar, draped in native cotton fabrics, where
Father Ohnedo celebrated mass,*" aided by Father
Juan Diaz, A^uilar, and a trained choir. The service
over, Cortds invited the chiefs to dinner, and there
informed them that he was a captain of the p^reatest
monarch the sun smiled on, Charles V. of Spain, who,
liearing of Montezuma's fame, had sent him presents
and a message, which must bo delivered in person
immediately.^' How easy the way to him who knows
it I Had Cortes but spoken the simple word, "I am
Quetzalcoatl, come to resume my rule," he might
possibly at one time have ridden midst hosannas to
the capital, and seated himself without resistance on
Montezuma's throne.
But the minion of an earthly monarch is quite a
different being from the fair god in the eyes of the
Aztec officers, who answer somewhat haughtily, " Bo
it known to you that our master is the inferior of
none; and for the present let these gifts suffice." Say-
ing wliich the signal is given; the slaves advance and
deliver their burdens, consisting in part of food, cotton
fabrics more than ten bales, brilliant feather-work,
and a cacaxtli, or basket, filled with wrought gold set
witli rare stones and pearls. Cortes expressed thanks,
and gave for Montezuma in return a carved and in-
laid arm-chair, some engraved marcasite laid in musk-
scented cotton, a bright red cap, a gold medal stamped
M'ith the figures of St George and the dragon, twisted
.strings of beads, and other articles; and would the
emperor deign to wear the cap and occupy the chair
when it became his pleasure to receive him? To
the chiefs were also given some trifles. Teuhtlile
promised to deliver to Montezuma tlio gifts and the
'''Here Solia takes Bemal Diaz to taak for asserting that mass had bcon
already said on Friday. Hist. Mex., i. 121. But the scholar is too severe upon
the soldier, whose head is true enough, however may be his tongue.
'" 'All Gomara's fictions,' sneers LasCosas, Hist. fiid.,iv. 484, who ignores
Marina's ability to interpret, and thinks the interview woa limited to the sim-
plest expressions conveyed by signs.
124
THE COMBATANTS SALUTE.
inossaixo,
^'Jl
Tlicn pointing to the gilt liclmet of a sol-
dier, wliicli resembled in form the head-dress of tho
idol Qiiotzaleoatl, he expressed a desire to show it
to ^[ontezuma. "Take it," said Cortes, "and bring
it back filled with gold-dust, that we may show our
emperor what kind of metal you have.""
Observin<j: the native painters transcribincr to amatl-
paper tho several novelties, and wisliing to impres3
them further, Cortes mounted a horse, and ordered
the troops to fall into line and tlie eannons to be
cliarged. The infantry iirst passed in revicsv to the
sound of musie with arms and banner.-^ displayed.
Then came the cavalry with the best riders, led by
Alvarado, dasliing past in varied and swift evolutions.
The o-raceful movements of the cfreat animals, tlujir
rearing and prancing, and above all their speed; the
flashing swords, the glittering armor, all seemed to
these simple people like a scene from the supernatural.
Their admiration was changed to terror, however,
when the guns belched flames and smoke, and sent
midst niony thunderings the stone balls scudding
along the beach or crashing among the trees. All,
even their ow^n fears, were faithfully depicted by the
painters. On leaving, Teuhtlile gave orders to supply
the Sjianiards v, ith (n'ery neeossiiry, for which pur[)ose
two thousand of his people were detailed to dttend
them, pin'ticularly to bring wt)0(l, water, and food.
For their accommodation another cluster of liuts was
erected, so that within thc^se few diiys two towns arose
on the sands of Chirlcjiiuhcuccan. Cuitlalpitoc, who
remained for a time to superintend tlie serv'ice, received
from his guests the name of Ovandillo."
*'- Carta del Ayunt,., iibl sup , 10. Oom.ara, Hist. Mcx., 39-41, wliilo lio
(Iocs not refer to a .'u;linct, stati's that Coftvs nsked for gold, as a rciiady for
heart (lisoa.se, fi-om whicli ho and his men were .siiU'cring.
'•' 'Dexo alii dos lionibros prineipales, eonio oapitaucs, con hasta dos mil
poraouas entro mugcrea y homhres do seniicio, y f iiesc a Cotosta. ' (lomara,
Jli.it. Mr.v., 41. Ho left over 1(X)0 +■:, wait npou tho S])!iniard.<<, luid over lOOl)
to carry siipplios. La.i Cnnn.i, List. I ml., iv. 4S'2; /.illi/xitrhitl, Hint. Cliirli.,
iiST; IJcrnal Diaz, If int. I'cnlail., '_'((, supposes tiiat Teuhtlile went in person
to Mexico, but not so Uomara and Ixllilxochitl.
ROY^VL COUNCIL.
1'2j
!Moiitczuma was quickly in possession of all tlie.;o
facts; and when ho saw the frills, and read thr ])icturc
writings, and learned how a woman, beaut ifui as the
sun, talked to his people in tlieir own ]an;_^uau;-c; more
])articularly when he compared the hehncit witli tliat
Vvorn by Iluitzilopochtli, and was told that tlie
toiTible strangers insisted on an interview, appi'ohen-
sion lilled his soul." Cuitlahuatzin, his brother, and
Cacama of Tezcuco, were summoned to aid in telling
him wluit to do. Tlie council was divided. 'I'here
was the [)opular belief regarding (.,)uetzalc()atl with
its attendant prognostics; on the other hand these
strangers did not behave like gods. They Jiad hunum
a[)petites, overthrew the idols, claimed allegiance to
auoth(>r power, and had proved themselves vulnerable
at l\)tenc}ian. Yeu could beings wholly terrestrial
so live without women, mount gigantic deer, and
tame the lightning? Cacama thought they should
liave a hearing. The national honor demantled it;
beside, I'efusal implied fear. Cuitlahuatzin saw in
the visitation only (3vil to tli(3 commonwealth, and
urged expulsion. The gods should d!}cide; and very
ibolish gods they would have been to vote admission
to their destrovers. And now behold the fatal follv
of ]^.lontezuniaI Instead of vigorous action toward
" ' Y (Icsquc vio el casco, y cl quo tenia su Iliiichiloltos, tuno p^r oierto, quo
eT'iiliKvi (Ul liiiU'^o do los que les iiuiau ilielio siirs iuitejnissadix, (['.'.o vtndii.-ni
li scfinrejir iKjucstji ticrni. ' Jlcriial /)/(iz, Ili4. \'' rilm'., '2i. 'J'lii/i Kt;;t('intiit
i ■. fiillowed ))y .a cut at (toiiiiiiu for giviiii; unreliable inforinatinii. ( 'utiKirijn,
Jiisf. 7'/r(,sc., Itl. 'J'lie native version of Saliayun jukI Tonjueuiada diHiilies
li )\v tlie niesfiii'^'ers are tspriidcled witii fi'e.iii luinian hlood, an eu^itoniary wiili
iMqiiMtant. i)earers of new.i, I'eiore presentin;.; theniMclves biforo Monti /.niia.
'i'luy arousc! his ndniiratiou l>y s[ieal,in;-; of the wonders beheld, of the pen( -
tialnig KWords, the suliilun\)U3 .smell of tiio thiuider snioki-, anil (;f tin; iu-
t ixiLMting food; but Viiien they relate how outrageously they lia\e bci;i
treated and how tlie strani^'ers threatened to conquer the country, 'hci t!ie
emperor Wept, and with him all i!io city. Sahwiun, Hint. Coni/., i. lJ-1."!;
'J'on/ii' iiiaila, i. .'JStl-ti; Arontd, U'lHt. Ind., r>ir>-1>< ]>rasseur ile 1) niibourg
ineorporates all tliis native version in lii-s narrative, and allown Teulillile to
reach Mexico with liis I'cport a few ilays after the.-ie niessen:,'ers, thus con-
lirinini; tluir account. Hint. I\'al. Cir., iv. 7.'>~t). Duran writes that on hear-
ini^ of Cortes' eagerness to obtain jjtuides for Mexico, Monte/,uni:i bejan t.)
grieve deeply over tlie prosjiect of liaving to resign and die. 'I'he envoy eon-
(<olcd hiui by representing the beni;,'nity of the white gods, but he nevirt!u'-
less set about to arrai.gc for tlio safety of his children, l/i/it. J, id., -MS., ii.
'i'M ~: 'J'czozumoc, J J int. J/ct'., ii. 'J53.
120
THE COMBATANTS SALUTE.
I' ■ ' ■ ' '
tbo end determined on, he adopted a middle course.
lie would decline the interview, yet not rudely drive
the strangers hence, lest, perad venture, they miu^ht
be gixls and successfully oppose him. He would send
them liberal gills, and beseech tliem to de[)art, thus
exposing at once his weakness and his wealth.''
A dii)lomate of the first nobility was accordingly
despatched to the sea-shore. With him went Teuh-
tlile, returning after only a week's absence.*" Numer-
ous natives were in attendance, amonn; them over
a liundred slaves. Bowing low before Ccntes, who
had on this occasion put on greater i)omp than usual,
the envoy touched the earth with his hand, cari-viiig
it to his lij)s, and then he swuii<c the copal censor."
Together with Teuhtlile he thereupon seated himself
beside Cortes; and it was remarked how much alike
they looked, the Spanish conmiander and tJie iV/.teo
envt)y, who, ])erhaps, had been selected lor t]ii:4
reason, with the aid of the portraits niadc! l>v the
native painters, and as a mark of honor to the white
captain. The soldiers not ina})propriately called him
the jMexican Cortes.'*
The slaves were then directed to lay down the
presents; among which were thirty bales of cotton
fabrics, from gauzy curtains to heavy robes, white,
'5 Irnih-O'-hithllid.C'hh-h., "287-8; Cnnuirno, Hist. Tlcu^c, Ml-'.!; Il<rr<.-it,
<lco, ii. lil). V. c;ip. ix. Tonniomiidii refcrn lo tlie Kimihir ini^tiilii'. of Kiiii;
Ilt'zokiah of .liulea, in I'xliiliuing to the Aaayriau ouvoya hia wcallli, ami tluis
attraotiiiL,' iuvailers. i. a! > I, 404.
'" Tliia 8u<-ins an iiu;riHli))Iy short tiino in a country witliout liorsos, for
^^^'xil'o lies over 'JOO luilea by road from this part of tho cnawt; hut vith
nunieroua rchiya of numi'rs ami littor-hi'arcrs tlio diatanco voidd not taico
Ion,!,' to cover. 'Eatas nionsajoriaa fni-ro en vn dia, y vna iioeho (Kd ;eal dc
'.'ortea ii Mexico, «|ue ay setonta Icguas y nuis.' lloinari, ll'isi. Mi. v., II.
'' 'J'oniueniada., i. .'{S!), asamnea tiiia to li^iv e heen in token of divine ndnr.',-
ticn, hut tlio ceremony waa a, (|iiito connnon mark of rea]iLet for diatini^'uishid
persona. Sec Xntirc /'(tris, ii. "Jsl. 'Noa Uamaron 'JVndea . . . .6 diosea.'
' Henei! when 1 aay 'J'eules, or (roda, it may he understood to mean ua,' haya
Ikrnal Diaz witii consc entioua pride. Illxf. Virthul., '.VI. ]>ut tiio hit or
Uo prefix to names nuial, bo accepted in the aamo ligiitas tho incenao Imni-
ing, and in thia caae eipnvalent to 'hei'o.' See als ) Clari irro, Sloria .Mi.^n.,
iii. !!•. 'Demonioa' ia Oviedo'a trauahition of teulea, iii. 501).
''^ Some writera ih)ubt tho ability of nativo paintera to have (.;iven a anl'l-
ciently ai'cnrato portrait; but with the aid of explanatory signa there was
little diliieulty.
MONTEZUMA'S PRESENTS.
127
colored, plain, aiid fii^urod,''' intcrwown with foatliors
or omhroidored with jji'old and silver thread; feathers
and plumes of all colors, enihroidered sandals, an<l
niarcasite mirrors. All these, however, were trit^es
heside the *;old, the beautiful ^litterinj^ rt*^'^*' which
was now disclosed, and likewise the silver. Fii'sl
tliere was a disk of the yellow metal, representinu
the sun with its rays, as largo as a carriaLje wheel,
ten sjKins in diameter, ornamented in denii-relief and
valued at thirty-eight hundred ]k;sos de oi-o.'^ A
c()mi)anion disk of solid silver, of the same siz(!, and
e(|ually ornamented, represented the moon.^^ Then
there were thirty golden ducks, well fashioned; a
nuniher of otiier j)ieces in form of dogs, lions, monkeys,
and other animals; ten collai-s, a necklace with over
one hundred ])c>ndent stones calU'd emeralds and ruhies
by the Spaniards; twelve arrows, a bow with cord
stretched, two staves each iive ]»ahns in length; fans,
bracelets, and other pieces, all of tine gold, Ix-sidi; a
number of silver. What could ha\'e tlelighted the
Spaniards more!* (^ne tiling only, and tliat was not
wanting — the gilt helmet returned full "f \ ii-gin gold,
line dust and coarse, with a plentiiid mixture of
nuggets of various sizes and shaj)es, all fi'esh iVoni
the placers. The value of this was three thousand
''■' St mil! of tliiMU were I'liockcMVil, which tn I'l^ti-r Martyr ia a aullicient pnxjf
that tliu .Mi'xifiiiis phiyud clio.ss, tloc. v. caj). x.
■■"' CffW" 'III Aijiiiil. lie V. i'riiz, ill Coiii'-.i, ('(irtim, '20. ' Pcssnlxi la tin oro
(|tiaii() r.ill y (ni.M»,:i'!it()s ])i'S8us. . . tenia iuu'm' iiahiio.s y medio ih' aiichuia <S
ticyiita de (,'il('Ulii'uron\'ia,' ways Ovicdo, who iiispeeted tlie [iresi'iits at SexiUe,
«\ iiK'iitly witli iiiatheiiiatical i)rixit.iiiii. iii. 'J.")!i. ' I'csaua eieii inarcos, hi'i'lia
t'Kiiio Sol, y con iiiuelios t'ollaje«, y aiiiiiiak's de I'llieue.' (loniard, Hist. Mi'.r.,
•J'2. I'etci' Martyr, dee. iv. eap. ix., deserilies the eentral liLjnre as a Kini,' en-
throned, surroiilideil with foliated oi'iianieiil.s. In the alxivt' Ciirtdild .ii/inif.
a |)eso de oro and a castelLuio are nhowii to he (((nivali'iit, apd a niareo eini-
tains lifty eastellaiios. Writers ditier wiih'ly in their enlcnlation.s to reduee
these coins to niotU'rn values, I'reseott e.stiniatin;,' the (.istellanos at !?! 1.(17 in
I'nited Sta' Mi money, and l{aiiiiri/, in a critical imti' thereii|)on, at Sl'.;i;{.
I'irsriilf'.s Mcv., i. .'{•Ji ; also edition Mex. 1S4."), a])[i. ii. 7!*-!C_'. See note on
iiiins in //is/, fni!. Am., this seriis, i. IK'J-U. Cleiuencin, in .Mem. ItnU Antil.
il' 1 1 inf., vi, illnst. '20, iVJ."»-4.">, enters fully into the suhject.
'■' \\\'ij;hinj,' 48 inarcos. Cartdihl Ajiiint., loc. eit. 'De cineii"iitft y faiitos
mareos, ternia ile gordor oonio un tostou de il 4 reales,' saxs L.is ( asas,
wlio examined the gifts in Spain. Ilisi. Iiiil.,'w. 4S.")-(i. 'Otm mayor nieil.i
de phiti.' liiriml Din., Hint. Vmliul., '2(). Kohertson, Hint. Am., ii. H!, 4i:»,
uiisuiidurstaiiding Diaz, iiliicea tho value of this disk at '-'0,000 pesos or .C..000,
128
THE COMBATANTS SALUTE.
pesos, and a]>preciation was attracted not so inuch by
the amount as by th(^ significance of the gift, as ]^er-
nal Diaz remarks, for it afforded a sure inthcation of
the existence of rich mines in the country. "It was
this gift wliich cost Montezuma his head,"*^ says
Torquemada.
The words which followed fell on closed ears.
These so oreatly admired mfts are but a sliijht token
of the high regard of the emperor, who would bo
])leascd to form a iriendship with his king; but Ih^
could not think of troubling Cortes to come to him
through a hostile country; besides, he was ailing.
JCvrrvthin*,;: the visitors might wish to aid their de-
parture would be instantly su})plied. Tliis and more.
I'oor, foolish monarch! As well might he ask the
ravenous wolf to depart after giving it to lick a little
blood from his scratched hauil. Foi- the gifts, a thou-
sand tlianks; but after so long a voyage, undertaken
solely for the purpose, the Spanish ca})tain dared nt)t
face his master without having scjii the great ^Nlonte-
zuma. As for the road, its ditliculties or dauLTers were
nothing. Would the chiefs present their monarch
these further articles, and bring s[teedy answer f'-'^
^feanwhile discussion was in order among the
Spaniards, and speculation as to what should be
done. Some advised inunediate advance on Monto-
'" Moiinrf[. Intl., i. .T,U). ' Viildria ol oro y la |iliita (|uc filli lialiia "JO i)
2."i,0(K) liistLlliinos, jHTO la lionnosiiia dcllas y la JRoluira, luiulio iii;is.' I.uk
CiiKii^, iilii sup. 'I'oilia valor csto ]msi'iitL' viyiito mil diicados, o jiocos mas.
VA (|Ual pivsiiit toiiiau jiara daiaCirijalua." <!'i,,i(irn. //Is/. Mix., 4'2. ' <>) lo it-
jiarla co los Toulos (juo cosiiio trau,' says IJcnial l)ia/. I/i.it. Wnhtil., 'JT,
iiitiin^'.liiiL; that another present was eonduj,' fur the white enijieiMr; Nut it
was ajiplied to the cx])edition treasury like nearly everythinj,' ohtaine.l hy
tiade or seizure. Ilcmrit. dee. ii. lil>. v. eap. v; Wtam-rrl, '/'•ulro .l/c/-., ))t.
iii. II."). IJrasseur dc IJourliuurg estimati;s the gold disk alone at .'<.">7,->^"
franes. Ilist. Xn/. Cir., iv. S.l. I'eter Maityr, dec. iv. eap. ix., gives a il"-
tiiilud deseiiption of severiil of tli'- presents.
•^ This tin\e the presents for the ehiefs were some cnd)roiderc(l sliirts, .silk
Bashes and other things, while to the cini)eror he sent a Florentine g.>'oiet, gilt
and enamelled with figures, three Holland shirts, and some liead ar'. ieles, notii
veiy eostly return for what he lad received. IJernal I»ia/, //Lit. I'criliv/., -7,
and Hei-rera, <lec. ii. lib. v. cap. vi., enumerate the presents given to tiieni.
'Teudilli. . . .le rogo mnclio, (| ]>nesestauamala])osontado en el capo y arena les,
se fuessc con el a vnos lugares seys o siete leguas de alii." J>ut Cortes ilo-
cliiiud to leavu the camp. Goinani, Hist. Mi'j:., 43.
THE SPANIARDS SPECULATE.
129
liii -.'0 <s
IS.' /.(!•'*
)s ma.s.
I,>ll) vo-
('/., -27,
l.ut it
iu'4 1>V
rr., ,.t.
:?.■.;, :is()
S iV «l"-
•t's, silk
ic-t.,_'ilt
•s, not a
r/.. •-•:,
> tlu'Ill.
•Cllilll'S,
tcs 'lu-
zuma's capital; some, fearful of the nation's strength,
as manifested by its arts and refinements, favored
return to Cuba for reinforcements. Cortes let them
talk, but said little. Traffic at first was freely per-
mitted among the men,^* and as the result was meagre
Cortes did not think it worth while to require of them
a division. To this irregularity certain of the A'elaz-
(juez leaders objected, demanding at least that the
r(\yal fifth should be deducted; the commander there-
lore ordered gold to be received only by Gonzalo
iMcjia, as treasurer.'^^
Ten days elapsed before Teuhtlile returned, without
the envoy ,^ but followed by a file of slaves bearing,
among other things, as a present to the Spanish king,
ten loads of rich feathers and robes, some j]fold figures
vahied at three thousand pesos, and four chalchiuite
stones, each declared to be worth a load of gold, but
of no value to Europeans.
Teuhtlile then stated that further messages to
tlie emperor were useless, since the desired inter-
view could not be granted. He hoped the Spaniards
would content themselves with the promi.-ed supplies
and depart in peace.
Turning to his companions, Cortes said: "Truly
tliis must be a great lord, and rich; and, God willing,
some day we will visit him." Just then the bell
struck for Ave ]\Iaria, and instantly, with uncovered
heads, the soldiers were kneeling round the cross.
The priests, ever ready to preach their faith where
nil (ip[)oi'tunity presented, were soon at work. His
words, however, made a bad inijiression on the go\ -
trnor, as had also the evasive answer of Cortes to liis
■-' 'Y aquel oro q<io rescatau.inios daiuinios ;i los honilnvs que tvaianins ilo
1;> niar, qnv ibaii A. pescar, Ti trueco dt'sii ))oseailo. ' Jtirnal J>i(iz, Hist. Vcrddd.,
■J7. If so it was probably after the Indians deserted.
'-' ( loniara refers to i»n order to sto]) all barter for gold, with a view to let
it ajijicar that the S[ianiard.s eared not for tiie inet-al, and thus to indnee tlio
Indians to make noseeretof the manner in which it was obtained. Hist. Mix.,
"■'.I. As if the natives had not already learned what we wanted, sneei's
I'urnal Diaz.
-'' '()uc so dezia Quintalbor, no bolvio mas, porquo aula adolecido en el
caniino.' liirnnl />inz, Hist. Vcnlad., 'J7.
UiuT. Mbx., Vol. I. U
130
THE COMBATAXTS SAHTTE.
iiicssngc. lie bade a cold farewell, and the next
morning the Spaniards awoke to find the native en-
campment deserted, and even the supjilies carried
away. Precautions were now taken against jirobable
attack, by sending on board the provisions and all
cumbrous articles, leaving embarkation easy at any
niomcnt.^^
*' According to Gomara, ffist. Mrx., 45, Corti^s told the governor that lio
would not k'iivo without seeing Montezunia. Solia eln1>oniti'.s this ns usual
into a long Hpocch, to which Tcuhtlilc replies with threats, and turning liin
back stalks out of the camp. Coiiq. Mcx., i. 153-5; Ilcrrcni, dec. i. lib. v.
cap. vi.
CHAPTER IX.
THE MIGHTY PROJECT IS CONCEIVED.
May, ir>H).
SEUiors Dilemma of CoRxfe— Ai'thouity wiTiiorx Law — Montkio Sent
NDHTUWAun — Recommends anotiieu Anohoii.\(!E — Dissensions at
Vera Curz — Pkompt ani> Siihewd Action ok Cortes — A MiNin-
I'Ai.rrv Okcanizek— (V>KTEs Resicns— And is Chosen Leader r.v the
Ml Nicii'ALiTY — Vela/.ioiez' Cai'Tains Intimate Leiiei.i.ion --('outes
riioMi'TLY Arrests Several of Them — Then he Conciliates them
ALL — iMrORTANT EMBASSY FROM CeMI'OALA — TlIE VeIL LiJTED — ThE
March to Cemi'Oal.^ — What was Done there— (JriAiici/TLAN — The
CoMINO OK THE TrIRI'TE GaTHEREIW — HoW TlIEY WERE TREATED —
Grand Alliance.
At this point in his career Ilernan Cortes iVnuul
liiniself less muster of the situation than suited liiuL
The color of his command was not sutiiciently pro-
nounced. He had no authority to settle; he had no
authority to conquer; ho niii^ht only discover and
trade, lie did not care for Velazquez; anything that
pertained to Velazijuez he was })repared to take. Ihit
Velaz(|uez had no lej^al ])ower to authorize him further.
Cortes cared little for the authorities at Espanola; the
kiiiij;' was his chief dependence; the kinj^ to whose favor
his ri^^dit arm and mother wit should pave the way.
Some signal service, in the eyes of the monarch,
nii'dit atone for slio-ht irrci'ularities; if he failed, the
sever(\st punisliments were uln^ady come. ]^ut wIuto
was the service? Had ^Montezuma granted him an
interview, he might make n oort of that, and iind
listeners. As it was, he could land and slay a few
thousand natives, but his men would waste away and
no benetlts accrue. Nevertheless, if he could plant
(131)
189
THE MIGHTY PROJECT IS COXCEH^ED.
liiinsolf somewhat more firmly on this soil than his
connnission seemed to justify, chance might ofter o])por-
tunity.and the signal service find achievement. Sucli
were tlie thoughts that just now filled his sagacious
brain, but the way was by no means clear before him.
While the events narrated in the preceding chapter
were in progress, Montejo, with two vessels, had been
sent northward to seek a harbor less unwholesome
than the present, where many of those wounded at
Tabasco had died.^ As second in command went
Kodrigo Alvarez Chico, and as pilots, Alaminos, and
Alvarez el Manquillo. On reaching the extreme
pt)int attained by Grijalva, the strong current pi'e-
veuted further advance, as in the former attem[)t.-
Tliey were obliged by a gale to throw overboard
part of their cargo. Water failed, and in the attcni[)t
to land an artilleryman perished. Prayer was now
their only recourse, and this not only changed the
wind, but brought rain. After a fortnight of mis-
adventures'' they returned to San Juan do Ulua, and
hastened bareheaded to the cross to offer thanks.
More wholesome airs were not difficult to find, but
good harbors were not abundant thereabout. The
only favorable spot found by IMontojo lay some ten
leagues north of the camp, close to the native fortress
of Quiahuiztlan.* A high rock affording shelter from
'^ J>t>riial Diaz, Ifi.-il. Verthtd., 27. Herrera, tloc. ii. lib. v. cap. vi., auil
otlu'i-a rcfoi" to a similar number .is being on tho sick-list. Yellow fever, cr
viiiiiito iiegro, now tho scourge of this and adjoining regions, appears t) li.u o
devi'lopetl with the growth of Em-opean Hettlements, and Cla\ngero states that
it was not known there before IT-"). Storla Mess., i. 117.
^ ' Hastii cl parage del rio graiule de I'iiuuco. ' Ilcrrcra, loc. cit. ' Llcgarou
nl i>aragc del rio grande, qiio es cerea <lo Panuco, adondo otra vcz llegauio
quudo lo del Capit;l Juan do Grijalua.' licrnnl J)'iaz, J list. Va-Jad., 27.
" 'Dozo tlias quo gast;iroa ea esto poligroso viage.' Jlcrrcru, ubi sup. '15i>l-
niose al cabo de tres t>enuinas . . . . Ic salian los de la costa, y so eacauil sar.gie, y
se la ofrecii\ en pijueloa por aniistad a dcidad. ' Gomarn, Hist. Met;., 45.
* IxtUlxochitl, Jli.it. C/iich., 2HQ. Quiauitl, rain or shower. Molina, I'ocnliii-
Inrii). Henoo rainy place. Herrera calls it Chianhuitzlan, and this has been
adopted by Clavigcro and most other writers. IVeseott, Mcx., i. 348, in a
note holds up Clavigero as a standard for tlio spelling of Mexican nanic.i, but
he foi'gets that tho Itidiau form, as in the above case, would be misleading to
English people.
SUBTLETIES.
Jvi., nii'l
Ifcvcr, ( r
1 t',1 hnvo
latcj tluit
'IV.l-
iiingiv, y
45.
, Vocnhii-
Ihas litfii
J48, ill n.
linca, l)ut
north winds rravc tlio ]ilaeo some resemblance to
the Spanish harbor of Bernal, whieli name was ae-
(•(inhnu'ly ap|)He(l to it. Exten(Hng inkmd were green
iiehls fringed M'ith fine timber, and .suppUed with
creeks f)f good water."
The fifty men comprising the expedition of ^lontejo
liad been picked from the adherents of Vehizquez, in
order that by weakening this faction Cortes might
be ahowed to deveh)p his phins. For the army was
slowly but surely drifting into division, as we have so
often found in adventures of this kind, and the Velaz-
(|uez party comprised all who desired immediately to
]'eturn. In this clique were many wealthy and in-
fiuential men who cared no more for Yelazipiez than
for Cortes, but who had possessions in Cul)a, and
were becoming impatient to return to them. Nor was
there much difficulty in giving form to discontent.
There were grave suspicions atloat as to the li)yalty
of the commander; but these, which assuredly wimo
more conspicuous in Cuba than here, were of little
moment when they harmonised with the wishes of
the men. What stupidity in forming camp amidst
such malaria, and in so early making enemies of the
l)eo})le. It was evident, so they argued, that the
eonnnander intended to sacrifice the company to Im
ambition.
The action of Cortds here as elsewhere marks the
great man, the man of genius, the born master of
men, and rightfully places him beside the Ciesars and
the Napoleons of the world. The eonnnander wished
to remain. All his fortune, all the fortunes of his
friends w'cre staked on this adventure, and ho would
1 ather die than return unsuccessful. Little hope there
woukl be of his obtaining command again; ..le would
'^ ' Lc llamaro Vernal, por ser, como es, vn Cerro alto. ' Vftann^rt, Tentro
^fix., ])t. iii. 115. Tliia nui^ have been the origin of the name for the Spanish
port, after which Bernal Diaz says it was called. Hist. Venlml., "27. Ho
iipiilie-s the name to a neighboring fort, spelling it in different ways, of wliich
Snli.s, and consequently Robertson, have selected the must lutlikely. Gomara
applies A(|uialmiztlau to the harbor. Hist, Mcx,, 49.
m
THE MIGHTY PROJECT IS COXCEIVED.
ii|jH
' not return, neither would he just at present die. In
desperate cases spirited counsels and spirited actions
are usually safest.
Calling to him his most trusty followers, Pucrto-
carrero, Alvarado and his brotliers, Avila, Olid, Esca-
lante, and Francisco Lugo, he laid the situation fairly
before them. Shortly after these captains were out
among the men, holding forth to them ]irivat(,'ly on
the wealth of the country, the ease and glory of con-
quest, and the prospect of repartimientos. Where was
the benefit of returning to Cuba? Surely they migjit
as well hold the country for themselves as to aban-
don it and let others step into their places. It would
be much easier to increase the present force by add-
ing to it than to raise a new army better appointed
or larixer than this. Nor did they forijet the arijfu-
ment of religion, which, however hollow in practice,
was weighty enough in theory. "Elect therefore to
remain," they said in conclusion; "and choose the
al)le and cfenerous Cortes for your ijeneral and iu.sticia
mayor till the emperor decides in the matter."*^
The opposition was by no means ignorant of
these manrouvres, and Ordaz was conniiissioned to
remonstrate with Cortes. He dwelt on the danocr
of present colonization, denounced any attempt to
ignore Velazquez, and insisted on instant return.
Suppressing the anger natur-ally arising from these
insinuations, true as they were, Cortes disavowed
any intention of exceeding the instructions of his
commission. For himself he preferred to remain, as,
among other reasons, the oidy means of reimbursinn
himself for his heavy expenditures. If, ho\vever, it
'■ Bcmal Diaz relates with great satisfaction how earnestly the speake'-
pleaded for his vote, Jiddrossing him repeatedly as 'your worship.' One rea.sim
for their earnestness, ho implies, was tlie superiority in nuniher of the Vela/.-
qucz party. ' Losdeudos, y aniigos del Diego Velazijucz, que eran muehos iiuis
que nosotros. ' Bernal J)iaz, Hist. VcrdcuL. 28-!). He forms this estimate
most likely on the propoi-tion of leaders wlio from jealousy of CortOs, ami for
other reasons, were addicted to Ve!azc|nez; hut their men were prohahly
more in favor of the general tlian of the captains, to judge from the result,
The sailors for obvious reasons may have added to the Velazquez number, if
not to their at' .-nsth.
CORTES WINS.
135
v.tis tho will of the army to return, lie would ^'ield.
A t'cw hoiu'.s later appeared an order to eud)ark the
lolloNvin^" day for Cuha. This, as was intended,
lii'()U!j;ht puhlic feeling to a crisis. All saw their
i^oideii hopes su'ldenly dashed to the ground, their
\isions of honors and repiirtiniientos dispelled; even
the men so lately clamorous to return were n(»t
])i'ej)ared to tind their re(juest so readily granted.
Would it not be well to think further of the matter,
and perhaps devise a plan to cover the emergency?
After noisy discussion the soldiers appeared in force
before tlic captain-general and demantled the revoca-
tion of the order. Thev had left Cuba with the de-
dared understanding that a colony was to be ]>lantetl,
and now they were informed that Velaz(|uez had
given no authority to settle. And if he had n(jt,
wore not the interests of God and the king par-
amount to the order of any governor? And did not
tliis same Velazquez defame Grijalva for not tlisobey-
inn' instructicms in this very rey'ard? With no small
satisfaction Cortes saw that he was safe; then urging
c.ilm deliberation ho graciously promised delay,^
which was emjiloyed first of all in impressing on their
minds how indispensable he was to their success.
Finally before the assembled army the captain-
general appeared and said: That he had invested his
whole fortune in the tleet, and controlled it; yet he
was willing to subordinate his individual interest to
that of tho whole. He had given the order to n'turn
because ho understood such to be the will of the
niaioritv. As this was not the case, he would oladly
renuiin; for God who had ever been with them was
now disclosing such a field of wealth and glory as had
n(!ver before been offered to Spaniard. Yet, if any
w iy.hed to return, let them freely speak, and a vessel
would be at their disposal. W^hat magic power ruled,
that, when the disaflected majority were thus given
" ' Se hazia niuclio de rogar: y coino tlize cl rcfran: Tu me lo rucgas, li yo
iiic lo 4iiiL'i'o. ' Btriial Diaz, 11 tat. I'erdad., '2'3.
4 m
'^
m
■! I
s
M
ii '&
4
lU:
:
!■
■ %.'■■ 'J'
tv5:
\n(\
TIIR MIOITTY PROJECT IS CONCRIVRn.
their way, every mouth was (hiinh, and the coinmaiidfr
rLiiiiUiKid more potent than ever?
A colony hc'iw^ tlius (lecidod on, tlio foumUiii,'
(•(.•reniony was neri'ornied hy the quasi hiyinjjf out of
a town, tlie })Iantin!j^ a pillory in the plaza, and a
jjfallows at some distance outside," thouj^h strictly
spcakini^, the town was not proj)erly located or lai«l
out till afterward. KeferriiiLC to the treasures here
obtained, and to the ilay of landin;^, the new town
was called Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz." Cortes, as
commander, appointed the nmnicipal otWcers,*" namiiij,'
for alcaldes I'uertocarrero and JVIontejo, a judicious
selection, both for his own interests and as likely
to meet general approval. And here again is dis-
played the subtle policy of Cortes, who to this im-
portant position nominates but one from among his
own faction, Montejo being for Velazquez. Thus of
an opponent he made an adherent, conciliating at
the same time the entire Velazcpiez party." I'lio
resxidores were Alonso de Avila, Pjdro and Alonso
de Alvarado, and Gonzalo de Sandoval; procurador
general, Francisco Alvarez Chico; alguacil mayor, Juan
de Escalante; escribano, Diego de Godoy. Beside
these vv^cre appointed, in the interests of the military
department, as capitan de entradas, Pedro de Alva-
rado; maestro de campo, Cristobal de Olid; alferez,
Corral; alguaciles de real, Ochoa and Romero; teso-
rcro, Gonzalo Mejia; contador, Alonso de Avila.'"
* ' Sc piiso vna picota en la pl.i<;n, y fucra de la Uilla vi.u, horca. ' Rcrnnl Din:,
Il'iff. Vcrdrul., 29; Vetancvrt, Tcatro Mex., pt. iii. 11(5. This signifies tliat
justice was installeil, its otiicers being next appointed.
" See note *2.3, chap. ii. , this volume.
'" ' Xombronos .... por aleuldcs y regidorcs, ' say distinctly the appointed
officers themselves, in their letter to the eiu])eror. Carta del Ayiiiit., in To/Vo,
C'liicvi, 20. Bcrnal Diaz also indicates that C'ortt5s made the apjiointments,
although he at first says, 'hizimos Alcalde, y Itegidores.' Yet it is probable that
the authorities were confirmed fonnally as tlu-y were tacitly by the nK^nibers
of the expedition ; for Cort(5s, aa he acknowleilges, had no real authority to
form a settlement.
" Tcdlmiiniodc Montejo, in Col. Doc. Im'd., i. 489. 'A este Montejo ponjuo
MO estaua may bien con Corti''s, por mctelle en los primcros, y principal, lo
mando nombrar por Alcalde. ' Bcnud. Diaz, llial. VcrdiuL, 29.
'' Hcrrcra, dec. ii. lib. v. cap. vii; Tonjucmadd, i. 587. Bemal Diaz skips
■the regidorea. He thinks Villareal was not reappointed alferez because of
ARDICATIOX.
m
Xearly all tliose men wvro. duvotod to Cortes, niul
Will' 1 1 lore fore Jipowert'ul /utint i/\(jt/)iti for his project.
Thus fur all was well. The men of Velazciuez and
the men of Cortes, S[»aniauis all, for the same (iod
jiiid the saino kinjjf, had of their own volition drtiT-
iiiined here t^ plant a Spanish settlement, and had so
](Iiinted it. By virtue of his olHee, and in the ah-
siiice of any hij^her authority, the captain-i^eneral
Iiad eiiosen tenjporary officers for the new connnon-
wealth. This was all. These men had elected to
transform the army into a civil society, for temporary
or permanent puqjoses as the case niis^ht be; and they
had done .so. But ahout their leader!' What position
did he occupy'^ A j^^eneral without an army, dc facto
at the head o( afi'airs, but by no legal right. Let
hiiu cut his own knot.
The
A^lonso
urad( )r
Juau
Reside
litary
Alva-
fere/.,
teso-
vila.'-
() porf|uo
icipal, lu
!az skips
«au8e of
Hat in hand, before the new municij)ality, Cortes
a])peared and surrendered his connnission. Authority,
chief and absolute, was now vested alone in the ayun-
tamiento. Then with the modesty of Cincinnatus he
retired.
]t was then in order, on the part of the munici-
pality, to choose a chief ruler and representative of
royal authority. This could be done by the council
alone, though in this instance, for obvious reasons, it
would be better to secure the ap])ointment by poi)ular
Vote. Cortes felt safe enough eitlier way. A glowing
eulogy delivered by a fluent speaker was followed by
such noisy demonstrations that the opposition found
no opportunity to express their opinion." The follow-
n ilitliciilty with Cort/'S about a Cuban female. Ilitf. Wrdad., 29; Vitnwvrt,
Tiairo M('j\, pt. iii. ll<5. Promotion and otluT caus< s f,'iivo speedy rise to
eli;iiij,'es among the otheials ; Avila, for instance, becoming ulcaldu mayor of
>i'e\v Spain, and Pedro de Alvarailo alcalde of the town.
'^ ' Los q para esto cstiiua auisados, sin dar lugar a quo nadio tomasse la
itiano. A vozcs respodiero Cortes, Cortes.' Ilirrcra, dec. ii. lib. v. cap. vii.
iSi'iui'l Diaz merely intimates that a 'packed' meeting was held, by st.ating
tliat the m'^n of Velazquez were furious on finding Cortes and the munici-
J):ility elected, declaring, 'q' no era bien heclio sin ser sabidores dello todos los
C;ipitanes, y soldados.' Ilixt. Venlad., "29. This indicates ako that many of
the opponents must have been sent away from camp foi- the occa.8iun, ]>erhapa
on board the vessels. Montejo had besides a number witli him.
138
THE MICHTY TROJECT IS COXCEIVED.
ing day a committee tvus sent to apprise Cortes of
his election," in the name of their Catholic Higrh-
nesses, to the offices of captain-general, and of justicia
mayor of the town. On appearing before the council
to take the oath, the alcalde addressed Cortes, giv-
ing as reason for the appointment his loyalty, his
worth, and his talents. The commission which was
then given granted him one fifth of all treasure ac-
■-|uired by trade or conquest, after deducting the
royal fifth. This was in consideration chiefly for
his services as leader.^' Exitus acta, probat. Las
'* ' El qiuil como si nada snpiera del caso, pregunt6 que era lo que mandau.a. '
Having signiliod his acceptance, 'Quisiero besarle las niuiioa por ello, como
co3a al bien ilc todos.' Hcrrcrn, ubi sup.
'•(loniai'a says frankly, 'Cortes acepto el cargo de capitan general y
justicia mayor, a pocos ruegos, porq no dcsseaua otra cosa mas por entonces.'
Hist. M<\r., 48. 'Y no tuvo vcrgiienza Gomara,' is Las Casas' comment on
the admission. Hint. Iiid., iv. 4!i6. Uernal Diaz states that Cortes had mado
it a condition, when the army pleaded to remain in the country, tliat lio
.should receive these offices: 'Y lo peor de todo que le otorgamos que le
dariamos el (juinto del oro.' Hist. Venlad., 29. The letter of the ayunta-
mieiito to the emperor sets forth that they had represented to Cort(5s thti
injustice of trading gold for the sole benefit of Velazquez and himself, and
the necessity of securing the country and its wealth for the king l)y founding
a colony, wliicli would also benefit them all in the distribution of grants.
They lia<l accordingly urged him to stop barter as hitherto carried on, and
to found a town. It is then related how ho yielded his own interest in favor
of king and community, and appointed them alcaldes and regidores. His
authority having in consequence become null, they appointed him in the
king's name justicia, alcalde mayor, and captain, as the ablest and most loyal
man, and in consideration of his expenses and services so far. Carta JO
Jul., lol'J, in t'ortfs, Cartas, 19-21. Both Puertocarrero and Montejo con-
firm, ill their testimony before the authorities in Spain, that Cortes yieliled
to the general desire in doing what he did. Col. Doc. Ini}il., i. 489, 493-4.
According to Gomara, Cort«53 makes a trip into the neigliboring country, and,
finding how rich it is, he proposes to settle, and to send the vessels to Cuba
for more men wherewitli to undertake the conquest. This was approved :
t"ortt% accordingly apjwinted the municipality, and resigning the authority
conferred by the Jeronimite Fathers and by Velazquez, as now useless, tlicso
officers in turn elected him as their captain -general and justicia mayor. 'I'lio
council j.roposed that, since the only provisions remaining belonged toCorti'.s,
he should take from the vessels what he needed for himself and servants, and
distriVoito the rest among the men a., a just price, their joint credit being
pledgi'd for payment. The fleets and outfit were to bo accepted by the coiu-
l)r,ny in tlic same way, the vessels to be used to carry provisions from the
islands. Scorning the idea of trading his possessions, Cort(^'< surrendered tlie
fleet and eti'ects for free distribution among his companions. AltiiouLsh
lilieral at all times with them, thif act was proniptetl by a desire to gain
g(K>d-will. Hist. Mer. 4G-8; He.rrern, dec. ii. lib. v. cap. vii. ; Tori/ucmndi,
i. .S9.'). ri87. I>as Cast terms the whole transjiction, as related byComnraand
the ayuntamiento, a plot to defraud Vel.izquez of his property and honors.
Co'.tiparinjr the conduct of Cortc''S with that of Velazquez against Colon, ho
lludd the latter trifling and pardonable, while the former was a barefaced
A MUXICIPALITY ESTABLISHED.
if»
Casas insists that, since Cortds had no authority to
form a settlemen^, his appointment of an ayuntamicnto
A\as illegal, and consequently their election of him.
No one supposed for a moment, l(^ast of all Cortds,
that these proceedings were regular. They were
but make-believe legal. But in following Gomara's
version Las Casas failed to understand that the
appointment wa:^ conferred by the popular majority
in the name of the king, which though not strictly
legal threw over all the color of law. Beside, with
consummate skill Cortes made it appear that the
expedition obligol him to act as he did; and if these
manoBuvres did not legalize the transaction, they were
the means of weaving a stronf? bond between the
men and their leader, such as King Charles and all
his ordinance-makers never could have created. Cor-
tes was no longer the chief of Velazquez' expedition,
but the leader of the Vera Cruz militia, as the army
uiiglit now be termed, and removable only by the
})()\ver that placed him there, or by the emperor.*®
Although opposition was now in vain, the ad-
lioreuts of Velazquez loudly denounced the whole
affair, called it a conspiracy and a cheat, and refused
t(i acknowledge Cortes as their leader. So abusive
(lid they become that open rupture was imminent.
The leaders of this faction were Velazquez de Leon,
Oi'daz, Escobar, Pedro Escudero, Morla, and the
iijUbeiy, resulting to Velazquez in loss of fortune, honors, and life. The cap-
tains were accomplices. Hisf. ImL, iv. 4")3, 494-0. Peter Martyr gives tiio
farts in brief without venturing an opinion, dec. v. cap. i. ; Zumdmuja, in
ll'un'n-ez. Doc, MS., 271-2. Cort&s still held ont the ofler to furnish a vessel
for those who preferred to return to Cul)a. As for Velaznu'jz' goo<ls, they
i-eiriained safely in charge of the autliorized agent, who a'so lecuvered tlie
advances made to members. See note 5, cap. v.
'"As for the aj'untainiento, the passive recognition accorded to it, con-
finned as it was by the popularly elected general, may be regarded as snliicient.
Spanish municipal bodies possessed an extensive power conferred upon tiieni
during successive reigns, chiefly with a view to afford the sovereign a support
against the assuming arrogance of tiio nobles. Their deliberations were
respected ; they couhi appoint members, regulate tlieir expenses, and even
raise troops under their own standard. As an instance of tiie consideration
enjoyed by these troops, it is related that Isiibella the Catholic, when re-
viewing the army besieging Moclin, gave a .special salute of respect to tho
banner of Seville. Ataman, Divert., i. 012; Zamacois, Hint. Mtj., ii. 401-2.
_J^
140
THE MIGTiTY PROJECT IS CONCEIVED.
1(1 ■ Si
priest Juan Diaz. Seeing the necessity of prompt
action, Cortds seized the first two, with a few others,
and sent them on shipboard in irons, while Alva-
rado went a-fo raging with a hundred men, chiefly
adherents of the disaffected leaders." They found a
fertile country, and several small towns. The in-
habitants fled at their approach, leaving signs of re-
cent human sacrifices in the temple. In one building,
with pyramidal foundation several feet in height,
were found a number of fine rooms, some filled with
grain, beans, honey, and other provisions; other;:
with cotton fabrics and feathers, adorned in instances
with gold and silver. In obedience to strict orders
nothing was touched save food. The report brought
back of the beauty of the country, together with the
ample supplies obtained, tended toward harmony; and
while the soldiers were thus easily reconciled to the
new order of things, Cortes with his usual tact won
over nearly all his adversaries. Some he bribed,
some he flattered; others were allured with hopes
of preferment. Most remarkable was it that with
such fire in his veins, he could so control it; for how-
ever treacherous Cortes knew them to be, seldom a
sign escaped him that he suspected them. Even the
imprisoned officers yielded to his persuasive power,
aided as it was b}^ irons, and soon were ranked among
his devoted sustaincrs.'"
And now came to pass an event such as the gods
not unfrequently fling their favorites, which was ma-
terially to brighten the prospects of the Spaniards.
While preparing their removal to a new harbor,
and shortly after the Mexican withdrawal from inter-
. ,i;
" According to Gomara, Covtt'a entcra the country with 400 men and all the
horses, before tlie election liad been mootei'.. He describes the towns visited,
J fist. Mex. , 4G-8. Herual IJiaz proiiuuiiccs the number of men and the time
of entry false. He also abttes that M;mtejo was bought over for 2000 pesos
and more. ffisL I'cr in:/., 30.
'" According to Bernal Diaz, fflKf. I'erdad., .10, gold played an importjiiit
role in etieoting this change of allegiance, termed by Velazquez, in his Me-
morials to Spain, a witchery. Solis sees nothing but the dignitiud yet clever
traits of his hero in all this.
CEMPOALAN EMBASSY.
141
cour.se, Bernal Diaz brought in from his outpost five
Indians, different in dress and features from any
hitherto seen. Among other peculiarities were large
oold rings, set with stones, in their perforated ears,
nose, and lower lip. Two of them, who spoke Mexi-
can, explained the purport of their visit. The deeds
of the Spaniards having reached the ears of their
i. lister, the lord of Cempoala, in the Totonac country,
tlioy liad been sent to see these valiant beings, and in-
vite thorn to their city a few leagues distant.^® Ques-
tionings revealed that the Totonacs were a subjected
nution, languishing like others under the oppressive
yoke of the Aztecs, and only too ready to welcome
dcHverance.
It must be remembered that Cortds and his com-
panions were wholly in the dark as to the power
and positions of the interior nations. Now for the
iirst time a little light was shed on tlic subject. It
appeared that the mighty monarch, with whom took
place the late interchange of courtesies, had enemies
v,ho, if not as powerful as himself, were still strong,
and in spirit, at least, unsubdued. Might not this
adverse influence be utilized and joined to otlier ad-
verse influences for the humbling of the great interior
l>o\ver? Possibly Montezuma might grant Cortes
audience under circumstances yet to be. Thus tlie
plan of the conquest was conceived. The messengers
^vcre dismissed with presents and the assurance of a
speedy visit.^
According to Ixtlilxochitl, the first revelation of
Aztec ^v^akness was made by his ancestor and nanio-
f^ake, the king of northern Acolhuacan.-' Fearing the
power and treachery of Montezuma and his allies, and
''■•The soldiers called them Lopelueios, bconnso tlioir first in(|itii'y was
I.npolncii), 'chief,' whom they wished to see. Tliey hud not ventured to ap-
piMK'li while the Mexicans were at the canip. litriial I>i(r., /fist, I'enlml., "JS.
^'' Acconling to (ionmra, folic wd hy Herrera, the Totonacs were about
twenty in nuniljer, and came while Teulitlilc was al>.sent on liisse(ond niissioii
to Mc.cioo, without bringing a direct iiivitatiou to the .jpiuiiards, Uist.
' Site Xative Races, v. 47j-7.
142
THE MIGHTY PROJECT IS CONCEIVED.
hating the Aztecs with a perfect hatred, this prinoo
had hailed Avith joy the arrival of the Spaniards, antl
had gloated over the terror with which their presence
Avould inspire the emperor. The prospect of gaining
an ally who might aid his own ambitious plans for
supremacy, and for Mexican humiliation, impelled him
to send an embassy to Cortes with rich presents, and
with instructions to explain to the strangers tlio
prevailing disaffection, the ease wath which the Aztec 5
might be overthrown, and the rare spoils that wouLl
accrue to the conquerors. The interview with Cortes
is placed at about the same time as the Totonac visit,
and Ixtlilxochitl is said to have received the mo;st
friendly assurances from Cortes.^- Be that as it may,
here was an incident which should crush all cavillings.
As well to examine the country as to inure the
troops to whatever experience should be theirs on tliis
strange shore, Cortes with about four hundred men uikI
two light guns proceeded by land to Cempoala, while
the Hect with the heavy camp material and the iv-
mainder of the expedition coasted farther northward
to Quiahuiztlan.
-Burning overhead was the sun: burning underfoot
were the sands; while on the one side v/as tlic tan-
talizing sea, and on the other the tantalizing wood,
both inviting bv their cool refreshing airs. ]3eliind
"'■' fxtUlxochi/l, Hist. C/c'i'A., 288. This author is not very careful, howovoi-,
and his dcsiro to court the Spaniards has no doulit led him to antedate tlio
event. ]>rasseur do JJourbourg accepts liis storj' in full, //^s^ Nnf. Cir., iv.
87-8. A .similar revelation is elaiuied to have been rnado by two Azteo chiefs,
Vaniapantzin and Atonaltzin, who came to the camp in the i-etinuc of the lir.-t
ines:jcngers from Mexico. Descendants of the early Aztec kings, and discon-
tented with tlio ])resent ruler, they promised Cortes to deliver certain native
paintings foretelling the coming of whito men, to reveal tho wherealiouts of
the imperial treasures, and to plot an uprising among native states in aid nf
Spaniards. For these services they received extensive grants after the con-
quest, including that of Ajapusco town. The document recording this i.s a
fiugment which Zercccro parades in the opening part of his Mem. R< r. Mr. v.,
8-14, as a discovery by him in the Archivo General. It pretends to be a title
to Ajapusco lands, and contains on tho lirst pages a letter signed by (fortes iit
San .Tuan do Ulua, '20 March,' lolO, as 'Captain-general and goveninr uf
tiieso New Spaius.' Both the date and titles utamp the letter at least as uio.o
than auspivious.
EXPEDITION TO CEMPOALA.
143
the (lark-fringed forests rose old Orizaba,*^ laughing
at their distress beneath its cap of snow, and wonder-
ing why mortals so superior should choose the deadly
ticnu caliente country for their promenade, when
gentle, genial Anahuac lay so near. But presently
tiie senses quickened to the aroma of vegetation; soft
swards and cultivated fields spread before them their
living green, and the moist, murmuring wood anon
threw over them its grateful shade. If beside grave
tlioughts on the stupendous matters then under
consideration, might find place such trillcs of God's
creation as birds of brilliant plumage and of sweet
song, they were there in myriads to charm the eye
and ear; game to fill the stomach, though not so
satisiiying as gold, always commanded attention, and
v.as also plentiful.^* Through all, dispensing life and
beauty on every side, flowed the Rio de la Antigua,
Vvhere a few years later rose old Vera Cruz.'^^
(,'rossing this stream with the aid of rafts and
shaky canoes, the army quartered on the opposite
bank, in one of the towns there, which was desti-
tute alike of food and people, but which displayed the
lunvevov,
nluto tho
<'ii'., iv.
tholiv-t
:1 di.-'c(;u-
liii iiiitive
jabouts <if
in aiil "(
the CI 111-
[f this i.i u
Vc. Mrx:,
1)0 iitiUo
Corti's :it
VLTUnr dt'
it ll.S IIIO.'O
^ ' The natives called it Citlaltepetl, starry mountain, witli reference probably
to the f parkd issuing from it. For height, etc. , see llnmholdt, E<sai Pol. , i. "JT.'J.
I'rasscur du IJourbourg gives it the unlikely name of Ahuilizapan. J/iif. Nat.
( ■''•., iv. 90. Tlio ending 'pan' implies a district or town, not a mountain. The
dc'scriiition in Carta del Aijuiit., in Corica, Curl'is, '2'l-\\, expresses doubt
whether the whiteness of the summit is due to snow or to clouds.
'-'Alvarado chased ii deer, and succeeded in wounding it, but the next
moment tiio dense underbrush saved it from pursuit. The Carta (hi Aftunt.,
Inc. cit., gives a list of birds niul quadi'upeds; and a descriptive account,
foiii'.ded greatly on fancy, however, is to be found in the curious Er(i.iini
Fraiirisci. OuhiciKchrr und Amerirani.vhcr Jilumcn-Piisrh, Niirnberg, Kjtil),
wherein the compiler presents under the title of a nosegay the 'perfume of
the wonders of strange animals, of peculiar customs, and of the doings of the
kings of I'eru and Mexico.' The lirstof its two parts is devoted to the animal
kingdoDi, with particular attention to the marvellous, wherein credulity finds
free phiy, as may be seen also in the flying dragon of one of the crude en-
giaving.s. In the second part, the aborigines, tlieir iiistoiy, cundition, and
customs, are treated of, chiefly under Peru and Mexico, chapter v. relating
specially to t!io latter country. The narrotivc is quite superficial and fragmen-
tarj- ; the ' nosegay ' being not only common but faded, even tlie stylo and typo
ap)ieann;T antiquate<l for tlie date. Ajipended is H< miiirr-'iaiii, (riiint'isrfi'' vtiil
III <''-/(/(/l'rtK(«t'AfyiVW;c»c/jn't/>tt«y, with auiiilion by Dietherr, relating to Africa
and ll.'azil.
-' '.V tres leguasandadas llego alrio que parte termino con tierraado Mou-
teci/uDui.' Gomara, Hist. J/ia;.,4L>; Torqiionada, i. 39o.
144
THE MIGHTY PROJECT IS CONCEIVED.
usual ghastly indications of recent human sacrifice.
The next morning they followed the river westward,
and soon after met a party of twelve Totonacs, wJio
had been sent by the Cempoalan ruler with presents
of food. By them the Spaniards were guided north-
ward to a hamlet where a bountiful supper was pro-
vided.'^'' While marching the next day, with scouts
deployed as usual to guard against ambuscades, they
emerged from a dense tropical forest into the midst
of gardens and orchards, and by a sudden turn in the
road the bright buildings of Cempoala stood forth to
view.
Just then twenty nobles appeared and offered wel-
come. They were followed by slaves, and instantly
the travel -worn army ^Yas revelling in fruits and
flowers. What more beautiful reception could have
been given? yet the Spaniards w^ould have preferred
a showci' of gold. To Cortes were given bouquets;
a garland, chiefly of roses, was flung around his neck,
and a wreath placed upon his helmet. Species of
pineapples and cherries, juicy zapotes, and aromatic
anones were distributed to the men without stint.
Almost the entire populace of the city, some twenty-
five thousand,^^ staring their v/ondermcnt wdth open
eyes and mouth, thronged either side of the way
along which marched the army in battle array, headed
by the cavalry. Never before had the Spaniards seen
so beautiful an American city. Cortes called it Seville,
^* Goni.ira, who igiiorca the previous night's camp, states that the iloto\u- r.p
the rivLT wiw iiiaJo to avoid marslics. They saw only isolated huts, and liolils,
and also alwut twenty natives, who were chused and caught. ]!y tlieni tlioy
•were guided to the luunlct. Hint. Mex., 4!l. They met one hundred nuu
bringing them food. Ixtlilxochitl, Hint. Chich., '2S9. I'rescott allows tliO
Spaniards to cross only a tributary of la Antigua, and yet gain Cenipuala.
i/w., i. 339-40.
" Las Casas says 20,000 to 30,000. Hint. 1ml., iv. 492. Torquemada vinka
in diflerent places from 25, (XK) to 150,000. Tiic inhabitants were moved by
Conde do Monterey to a village in Jalapa district, and in Torquemada's time
less than half a dozen remained, i. 397. 'Dista do Vera-Cruz qiiatro leguus,
y las ruinas dan ii entender la grandeza de la Ciudad ; pero es distinto <le otro
Zempoal. . . .que dista de cste doze leguas.' Lormz'iiia, in Corfrn, l/l.^l. A.
EniJUi'iu, 3!i. -Vcc""tada en vn llano entro dos rios.' A league and u half from
tlie sea. Ilernra, dec. ii. lib. v. cap. viii.
I. r
THE CITY AND ITS PEOPLE.
14S
open
tletour I'.p
Ihoin tliey
llred im'ii
llkiws tl-o
Puiuiioiila.
idii varies
liiovod I'.V
lulu's tiinu
JO loguus,
|to lie ctio
//;.>^ y.
Ihalf from
a name which Spaniards frequently applied to any place
that pleased them, as we have seen, while the soldiers,
channed with its floral wealth and beauty, termed
it Mllaviciosa, and declared it a terrestrial paradise.
Olio of tlie cavalry scouts, on first beholding the
fioslily stuccoed walls gleaming in the sun, came gal-
loping back with the intelligence that the houses
wcrv silver-plated. It was indeed an important place,
liokling a largo daily market. A central plaza was
inclosed by imposing temples and palaces, resting
on pyramidal foundations, lined with apartments and
surmounted by towers, and around clustered neat
(Iwollings with whitened adobe walls embowered in
foliage. Statelier edifices of masonry, some having
several court -yards, rose here and there, while in
every direction spread an extensive suburb of mud
lints with the never failing palm-leaf roof Yet even
the humblest abodes were smothered in flowers.^'
The people also, as we might expect by their sur-
roundings, were of a superior order, well formed, of
intelligent aspect, clothed in neat white and colored
cotton robes and mantles, the nobles being adorned
with golden necklaces, bracelets, and nose and lip
rings, set with pearls and precious stones.
When the troops reached the plaza, Chicomacatl,^
lord of the province, stepped from the palace to
receive his guests. He was supported by two nobles,
and though enormously stout,^ his features denoted
liiijfh iiitclliixence, and his manner refinement. I To was
more of a gentleman than many of the Spaniards,
whose merriment over his corpulence Cortes was
ohligod to repress. After saluting and wafting incense
hcl'oro the commander of the strange company, Chico-
iimcatl embraced Cortes and led him to his quarters
"' 'Coiiipoal, que yo intitul6 Sovilla.' Corlfs, Cartas, 52. See Native Iface.i,
ii. rMH-tlli; iv. 4'J.'>-(!;?, on Nalma architecture.
'•"•' l.rilil.rorliill, Jlii^l. Chich., '294. Brasaeur de Bourbourg, by a luiscon-
ptriK'tion of \\\n authorities, calls him Tlacoclicalcatl. Codex Chimaliiujioca, in
Bnisiii iirili' Jioiirhoiirii, H'lKt. Nat. Civ., iv. 93. Hvo Sahmjim, /Hit. ('un'/., ll>.
"" ' Una jionlnra uionstruosa. . . , Fue ncccsario quo Cort<;8 tletuviesso la risa
dc lijs soldiiilos.' SoUk, Hint. Mcx., i. 175.
Ui8T. Mex.. Vol. I. 10
i
<! ^1
.141
THE MIGHTY PROJECT IS CONCEIVED.
ii 'I
''tW
'■' I:-. Jil; i
.v<-B:!!
'Mi ■
in tlio spacious halls adjoining the temple, after which
lie retired for a time. There the men rested and re-
freshed themselves, guards being carefully posted, for
Cortes would not trust his fate to strangers, and
strict orders were jjiven that no one should leave the
building."^
It was not long before Chicomacatl returned in a
litter with a richly attired suite, bringing presents of
tine robes, and jewels worth about two thousand
ducats. Durinj; the conversation that ensued, Cortes
as usual extolled the greatness and power of his king,
and spoke warmly of his mission to replace tlieir
bloody religion with a knowledge of the true God.
Were there wrongs to redress, that is to say, when
opportunity offered for the perpetration of a greater
wrong by himself, no knight of La Mancha or Amadis
of Gaul could be more valiant than he. In return
the chief of Cempoala unbosomed himself, for tlie
manner of Cortes was winning, and his speccli in-
spired confidence whenever he chose to make it so.
Then his fame, already wide-spread over the land, and
the dim uncertainty as to his nature, wlicther more
celestial or terrestrial, added weight to his words. So
Chicomacatl poured forth from an overflowing heart
a torrent of complaints against the tyranny of Monte-
zuma. He drew for the Spaniards a historic outline
of the Aztecs — how a people the youngest in the land
had, at first by cunning and treachery, and finally by
forced allies and preponderance of arms, built their
power upon the ruin of older states. The Totonaes,
whose records as an independent nation in this region
extended over seven centuries, had succumbed only
some twenty-five years before this.^'* And now ^[on-
tezuma's collectors overran the provinces, gatheriiiL;;
heavy tributes, seizing the beautiful maidens, and
" ' iSe hizo el alojamento en el patio del Templo mayor.' Iferrera, tlco. ii.
lib. V. cap. viii.
^^F(ir the reigns of their kings, see Torquemada, i. 278-80. Robertson,
If int. Am., ii. H\. wrongly assumes the Totonaes to be a tierce people, differuut
from Cunipoalans.
TOTONAC PLEDGES.
147
conv^eying the men into slavery or to the sacrificial
stone. Neither Hfe, hberty, nor property could be
enjoyed with any degree of safety.
Whereat Cortes of course was indignant. It was
Ills special business to do all the tyrannizing in that
region himself; his sword would give ample pro-
tection to his new allies, and bring abundant honor
to his king and himself. Let but the people prove
loyal to him, he concluded, and he surely would de-
liver them from the hated yoke; yet he did not
mention the more fatal bondage into which he would
jilace them. Chicomacatl eagerly assured Cortes of
support from the Totonacs, numbering fifty thousand
Avaniors, with numerous towns and fortresses.^ Fur-
thermore, there were many other states ready to join
an insurrection which should prove strong enough to
brave the terrible Montezuma.
Their visit over,''* the Spaniards continued their
march northward to join the fleet. Four hundred
tla mamas, or carriers, attended, in courtesy to hon-
ored guests, to relieve the soldiers of their burdens.
The following day they reached Quiahuiztlan, a for-
tified town about a league from the sea. This town
was picturesquely placed on a rocky promontory
bordering one of the many wild ravines thereabout,
and of difficult access, commanding the plain and
harbor at its base.^ The army advanced cautiously.
'^ 'Tod:- aquclla provincia de Cempoal y toda la sierra comarcana A la
dicha villa, que serdn hasta cinqueiita mil liomhrcs de gucn-a y cincucntA
villas y fortalezas.' Vortia, Cartas, 5.3. 'Cicii mil hobres entre toda la liga.'
(lonvira. Hist. Mex., 57. ' En aqnellas tierraa do la loiigua de Totouaqne, (jiio
oraii mas de trienta pueblos.' Benud Diaz, Hist. VerdaiL, 31. The province
ai)pear3 to have e.xteuded from Rio do la Antigua to Iluaxtf capan, in the
iiortli of Vera Cruz, and from the sea to Zacatlan, in Pucbla. i'atifio assumes
Mixquhuacan to have been the capital, but this must be a mistake.
^' Gomara relates that the army remained at Ccmpoala fifteen days, during
which frequent visits were made by (he lord, Cort<?s paying the first return
visit on the third day, attended by fifty soldiers. He describes briefly tlio
palace, and how Cortt^s, seated by the siik if the lord, on icpalli stools, now
Won his confidence and adhesion. Hist. Mex., 51-3; J'apin, I{el., in Irazlial-
citn, Ciil. Doc, ii. ,561; Ilerrera, dec. ii. lib. v. cap. x. Bemal Diaz declares
(loinara wrong, and insists that they pi'oceeded on their way the following
day. Hint. Verdnd., .31; Claviijero, .Gloria Mess., iii. 2G-7.
^■^ For illustrated description of barranca ruins, see Xative Races, i v. 439 et seq.
148
THE mOHTY PROJECT IS CONCEIVED,
! <!
PW
in battle array,'"' but the place was deserted. On
reaching tlio plaza, however, some fifteen chiefs came
forward with swinging censers, and apologized, saying
that the people had fled, not knowing what the strange
arrival portended, but reassured by the Cempoalans,
they were alrea ly returning to serve them. The
B;>ldier>. Lhen took possession of a large building, where
food was brought them. Presently the chief ap-
peared; and close at his heels in hot haste came the
lord of Cenipoala, who announced that the Aztec col-
lectors had entered his city.^ While conferring with
(vortds and the chiefs assembled, Chicomacatl was
informed that the collectors, five^ in number, had
followed him to Quiahuiztlan, and wore even then at
the door. All the chiefs present turned pale, and
hastened out to humble themselves before the officers,
wlio responded with disdainful condescension. The
officers were clad in embroidered robes, with a pro-
fusion of jewelry, and wore the hair gathered upon the
crown. In the right hand they carried their insignia
of office, a hooked carved stick, and in the left a bunch
of roses, the ever welcome offering of the obsequious
Totonac nobles who swelled their train. A suite of
servitors followed, some with fans and dusters, for
the comfort of their masters. Passing the Spanish
quarter without deigning to salute the strangers,
tlic emissaries of the mighty Montezuma entered an-
other large building, and after refreshing themselves
summoned the tributary chiefs, reprimanded them
for having received the Spaniards without permission
from Montezuma, and demanded twenty young persons
for an atoning sacrifice. Well might the demoniacal
'" Avila, who had command, was so strict as to lance Hernando Alonso do
Villaniieva for not keeping in line. Lamed in the arm, he received the
nickname of cl Manquillo. Bi rmd iJiaz, Hint. Vcrdad., 31. The riders wore
o)i!ij,'cd to retain their seats, lest the Indians should suppose that the horses
could bo deterred by any obstacles. Gomara, If int. Mex., 53.
•'' Vclancvrt, Tcatro Me.i:.,])i. iu. 117. Others suppose that he came merely
to persuade the cacique to join Cortt^s. Clarlijero, Storia Mens., iii. 27.
'■' Four men. Ixtlilxochitl, Hist. Chick., 280. ' Twenty men,' says Gomara,
11 id. M<:x., 54, who does not refer to the arrival of Cempoula'a lord.
MONTEZUMA'S TAX-GATHERERS.
149
order cause to tremble every youth througliout the
hind; for whoso turn should be next none could
till. Even the faces of the chiefs were blanched as
they told Cortes, informing him also that it was
already determined in Aztec circles to make slaves
of the Spaniards, and after being used awhile for
purposes of procreation, they were to be sacrificed;*"
Cortes lauofhed, and ordered the Totonacs * > seize
tlic insolent officials. What! lay violent hands on
;^[ontozuma's messengers? The very thought to them
was appalling. Nevertheless they did it, for there
was something in the tone of Cortes that made them
obey, though they could not distinguish the meaning
of his words. They laid hold on those tax-men of
^Montezuma, put collars on their necks, and tied their
hands and feet to poles.*" Their timidity thus brokeri,
they became audacious, and demanded the sacrifice
of the prisoners." "By no means," Cortes said, and
he himself assumed their custody.
Howsoever the cards fall to him, a skilful gamester
plays each severally, nothing cavilling, at its worth.
So Cortes now played these messengers, the method
assuming form in his mind immediately he saw them.
With him this whole IMexican business was one great
game, a life game, though it should last but a day;
and as the acrencics and iniluences of it fell into his
fingers, with the subtlety of the serpent he dealt
them out. placing one here and another there, pla^'ing
with equal readiness enemy against enemy, and mul-
tiplying friends by friends.
These so lately pride-puflfcd tribute-men, now low
laid in the depths of despondency— how shall they lie
jilaycd? Well, let them be like him who f(;ll amongst
thieves, while the Spanish commander acts the good
''■' ' Montoi;!uma tenia pcnsamiunto, .... do nos aucr totlos i'l l.ns inaiios, \xivn
quo hiziesscmos goneracion, y tambien para tener quo sacrilicar. ' Bfinal iJ'.vz,
Jli.-t. W'rdfuL, 28.
*" 'Carcerati nolle loro gabble,' is the way Clavigero puta it. Storia Mcm.,
iii. 28. One was even whipped for re.sisting.
*' ' Por([ue no so Ics fuessc algnno tlellos a dar mandado (\ Mexico,' is Ber-
nal Diaz' reason for it. Hist. Wrdud., 32.
160
THE MIGHTY PROJECT IS CONCEIVED.
Samaritan. In pursuance of wliioh plan, when all
had rotirod for tlio night, ho went stealthily to thcni,
asked who they were, and why they were in that sad
plight, pretending ignorance. And when they told
liini, this rare redresser was angry, hot with indig-
nution that the nohle representatives of so noblj a
monarch .should he so treated. Whereupon he in-
stantly released two of them, comforting the otliers
with the assurance that their deliverance should
quickly follow; for the emperor Montezuma he es-
teemed above all emperors, and ho desired to serve
him, as commanded by his king. Then he sent the
twain down the coast in a boat, beyond the Totonac
boundary.
Next morning, when told that two of the Aztec
capti\es had broken their bonds and escaped, the
Totonacs were more urgent than ever for the im-
molation of the others. But Cortes again said no,
and arranged that they should be sent in chains on
board one of his vessels, determined afterward to
release them, for they were worth far more to his
purpose alive than dead.
It is refreshing at this juncture to hear pious
people censure Cortes for his duplicity, and to hear
other pious people defend him on the ground of ne-
cessity, or otherwise. Such men might with equal
reason wrangle over the method by which it was
right and honorable for the tiger to spring and seize
the hind. The one great wrong is lost sight of in the
discussion of numerous lesser wrongs. The murderer
of an empire should not be too severely criticised for
crushing a gnat while on the way obout the business.
a
At the suijQfestion of Cortes, messeuijers were sent
to all the towns of the province, with orders to stop
■■- ' Condotta artifiziosa, e rloppia,' etc., says CLavigero, !^tor!a Jfc.i.f., iii.
28, while Solis laiuls it as 'Grande artifice ile niedir lo 1^110 disponia, con lo <iao
rezclaba: y prudentc Capitan. ' J lint. Mex., i. 18(5.
BT.OODLESS DATTLES.
151
tlio jKiynu'iit of trilmto and to seize the collectors,
luit to spafe their lives. Information was likewise to
he <;Iven to the neii'liborin'' nations, that all niiirht
|ii'e|)iire tt) resist the force which Montezuma would
])r()l);il)ly send a^^ainst them. The Totonacs became
w ild with joy, and declared that the little band who
dare so brave Montezuma must be more than men.*^
To Quiahuit;:lan Hocked chiefs and nobles from all
j>arts, eager to behold these beings, and to ascertain
lliiir own I'uture course of action. There were those
aiiioiig them still timid, who urged an embassy to
lilt' king of kings, to beseech pardon before his army
should be u\Hm them, slaying, enslaving, and laying
waste; but Cortes had already influence, was already
strong enough to allay their fears, and bring them
(11 into allegiance to the Spanish sovereign, exacting
their oath before the notary Godoy to sujjjjort him
witli all their forces. Thus, by virtue of this man's
mind, many battles were fought and won without the
striking of a blow. Already every Spaniard there
was a soverei^jjn, and the meanest soldier amon<j them
a ruler of men.
••^ ' Dcsdo nlli nilclante noa llamaron Tculcs,' says Bernal Diaz, with great
BiitisfactiiJii. Ilift Virdnd., ?i'l. ' A los Espafiolcs llamaron <^<c/(/i, que ([uicro
(liiir (liosus, y I03 Kapauoles corronipiemlo cl vocablo decian ti'itle^, t'l cual
iiuiiiliru Itjs diiru luas do trus afius,' till m'c stopped it, declaring that there
Was but one Gud. Muloitnia, Hid. lad.,i. 14'J-3. Soo note IG.
CHAPTER X.
MULTIPLICATION OF PLOTS.
June-July, 1o19.
CoRTts, DiPLOMATE AND GENERAL — TlIE MUNICIPAL (TY OF VlLLA RiCA
Located — Excitement TURouonorT Akauuac — Montezuma Demor-
alized — Arrival of the Released Collectors aT the Mexican
Capital — The Order for Troops Countermanded — Montezuma
Sends an Embassy to Cortes — Ciiicomacatl Asks Aid aoainst a
Mexican Garrison — A Piece of Pleasantry — The VELAZ^r^EZ Mi:n
Refuse to Accr-MPANY the Expedition — Opportunity Offerei' tiikm
to Return to Cuba, which tiiey Decline 'niRotioii Shame — The
Totonacs Rebuked — The Cempoala Brides — Destruction of Tin;
Idols — Arrival at Villa Rica of Salcedo — Efforts of Velazque?
WITH THE EmPERJR — CoRTfiS SENDS MESSENGERS TO SpAIN— VeLAZ-
guEz Orders them Pursued — The Letters of Cortes — Audience
OF jhe Emperor at Tordesillas.
Palamedes invented the game of chess Avliilc watch-
ing before the gates of Troy; a tame business, truly,
beside the acliiovemcnts of the lieavon-born Aclulk'S,
the liero of the war. Yet chess remains, while Achilles
and his heaven have melted with the mists. Who
shall say, then, wlilch was the greater, Cortes the
soldier, or Cortes the diplomate^ But these were
barbarians, <>ij<! says, with whom th > shrewd Span-
iards had to deal; they had neither lorses, nor iron,
nor gun})owdor, to aid them in their .vars. Further-
nujre, they regarded the strangers fu ly as (huni-gods,
])robably as some of their own want. (.ring deities it-
turned. True; but he uiakes a great mistake who
rates the Mexicans so far beneath Europeans in natu-
lal ability and cunning. jMontezuma lacked some df
the murderous engincny that Cortes had, and his
LOCATING VILLA RICA.
Ib3
Inner life was of different dye; that was about all. If
any would place Cortc5s, his genius, and his exploits,
below those c" the world's greatest generals, because
ho warred op enemies weaker than their enemies, wo
have only to consider the means at his command, how
much less was his force than theirs. What could the
Scipios or tiic Caesars have done with half a tliousand
men ; or Washington, or Wellington, with five hundred
agai nst five liundred thousand? Nap- I'-'on's tactics wero
always to have at hand more tbrces than the enemy.
In this the Corsican displayed his astuteness. But a
keener astuteness \vas required by Cortes to conquer
tluHisands with hundreds and with tens. Perhaps
Moltke, who, with a stronger force, could wage suc-
cessful war on France, perhaps he, and a handful of
Ills A'cterans, could land on the deadly shores of the
^lexican Gulf, and with Montezimia there, and all the
interior as dark to them as Erebus, by strategy and
force of arms possess themselves of the c juntiy. I
doubt it exceedingly. I doubt if one In ten of the
greatest generals who cN^er lived would have achieved
what the base bastard Pizarro did in Peru. Tlie very
qualities which made them great would have deter-reel
them from anything which, viewed in the Uglit (jf ex-
perience and reason, was so wildly chimerical. Then
give these birds of prey their petting, I say; they
deserve it. And be fame or infamy immortal ever
tlicirsi LasLly, if any still suspect tlic genius of
Cortes unable to cope with others thrn Indians, let
them observe how he handles his brother Spaniards.
It was about time the municipality should find
anchorage; too much travelling by a town of sucli
immaculate conception, of so much more than ordinary
signification, Vvore not soend}-. Velazquez wouhl de-
ride it; thc! emperor Charles would wonder at it:
therefore half o league below Quiahuiztlan, in the
dimpled plain which stretches from its base to the
harbor of Bernal at present protecting the shi[»s,
I* \
m^.^u
154
MULTirLICATION OF PLOTS.
where bright waters coimningliii;^ witli soft round
hills arul rugged proinoutories were lifted into ethereal
heights by the misted sunshine, the whole seene fulling
oil the senses like a vision, and not like tame realit) ,
there they chose a site for the Villa Ilica,^ and drew
a plan of the town, distributed lots, laid the founda-
tions for forts and batteries, granary, church, town-
hall, and other buildings, which wore constructed
chielly of adobe, the whole being inclosed by a strong
stockade. To encourage alike nien and officers to
push the work, Cortes himself set the example in
preparing for the structures, and in carrying earth
and stones. The natives also lent their aid, and in ;i
few weeks the town stood ready, furnishing a good
shipping depot, a fortress for the control of the in-
terior, a starting-point for operations, an asylum for
the sick and wounded, and a refuge for the army iu
case of need.
Great was the excitement in Anahuac and the
re!i"ions round about over the revolt of the Totonacs
and the attitude assumed by the Spaniards; and
' Villa Uicii 13 the name appearing iu the first royal charter of 1523, hut
M'ith later foundations Vera Cruz became the title. /^o('.i, Exfcns'ion Vrrn-
crir., MS., 1 ct scq. The municipal council, however, distinctly culls it In
Rica Villa ilf Id Wiracruz and ouylkt to hu the pro])cr authoiity for the furm
of name first applied. C<irl(i ilelAiiunt.,u.x<'orl(K,<'artiix, 1 et He(j. 'YluiLro
ordcnamoa do hazer, y fundar, 6 poblar vna Villa, que se uomhro la Villa llica
de la Vera-Cruz; porque lleganios Juevcs do la ('cna, y di'send)urciiini).s en
I'icrnes Santo do la Cruz, <5 rica por aquel Cauallcro (|nu . . . . dixo fjuc niirasse
las tierras ricas.' licnial Diaz, J /int. I'enlail., '2'J. ' J Jamola Villa llica a la
niioua pi)blaci(1, y do la Veracruz, por auer dcscmbarcado el Viernes Sato, y
Kica, por la riqneza que so nuia descubicrto.' llcnwra, dec. ii. lib. v. cap.
vii. Although nominally founded adjacent to San Juan do Ulua, there was no
intention to l)uil(l tho town on that unhealthy and dreary spot. The lir.-t
actual foundation took place at tlic harbor of Bernal. Xearly live years later
the town rose anew on the jjresent Kio do laAnti.i^ua, where it became Icnuuii
nl(>no as Vera Cruz. In 1.")!)!) the actual or new Vera Cruz found itself finally
planted on tho very site of the first nominal foundation. 'J'he chief reiison Inr
tiiis eliango was i)i'ol)ably the need for tlio better protection against lllil)usters
nllorded by the islan<l of San Jtian de Ulnn, whoso batteries eonimandeil the
harbor. Seo Alhonioz, Carta al Empfirailo); Dec, 15i!.'>, in Irazhaki la, Cul.
J>if., i. 4!!."). The charter for la Nueva Ciudail dc la \'eia-Cruz was g)anted
.Inly 10, HilT). Callc, Mem. y Not., 08; ClaiHi/<'ro, Sluria Mr.i.i., iii. 30; JUnra,
Jil f. Jalii/ia, i. '27; Ihnnhuhlt, Knsai Pol., i. '270-7. Alcgre, J/isf, Comp. de
Jr^iiK, i. 14'.)- .jO, has K()in(> e.veellent remarks hereon. Few authors, however,
aw iwv from blnmh r; with regard t<i thedilunent sites, even Loron.ama com-
luiltuig more than one. C'oW(\s, JliM. X. Espui'ia, 381.
MONTEZUMA PERPLEXED.
I6S
■while hope swelled the breast of subjected peoples,
the Aztec nobles, seeing revolution in the signs of
the times, began to look to the safety of their fanii-
Hos and estates.^ To JMontezunia the seizure of his
collectors was an outrage on the sacred ness of his
jiiiijof^ty, and a slur on his power, which the council
declared must be punished in the most pronn)t and
ctlcctive manner, lest other provinces should fjllow
the example. And yet the monarch had no stomach
for the business. Ofttimes since these accursed
stran<]:ers touched his shores would he willin<j;ly have
resigned that which he above all feared to lose, his
F'^eptre and his life; tlien again, a^-, appetite returned
and existence was loaded with affluent pleasure, he
sighed to taste the sweets of power a little longer.
He was becoming sadly pusillanimous, an object of
euutempt before his gods, his nobles, and himself It
seemed to him as if the heavens had fallen on him
and held him inexorably to earth. There was no
escape. There were none to pity. lie Avas alone.
His very gods were recreant, cowering before the
approach of other gods. Repressing his misgivings
as best he might, he issued orders for an immediate
descent of the army on the offenders. Let the mettle
of these beings be proven, and let them live or die
with their Totonac allies. To this end let levies be
made of men and money on a long-suft'ering ]:)eople,
Avhose nuu'murs shall be drowned in the groans of
fresh victims on the sacrificial altar of the war god.''
Sec now how powerfully had wagged that little
forked tongue of Cortes! See h(nv those gentle
whisperings that night at Quiahuiztlan, those soft
■' 'Los ITombi'cs inas PoiUtosos cnten<luiii en l)tisciirLu;,'nrcH en lo.s Mdntos,
y piutcs nuis I'eniotiis, iiani conacrvar sua ^Iiigorus, llijos, y llaciondu. ' 'j'ur-
ijiti iiitt(l<i, i. 40,'?.
^luL'oiisoluIjlc at the prospect of the strancjcrs ncquirini:? a font in,' in the
roinitry, Mnntezunin, after vainly searching: tor ailnii.ssinn into tlic Hailc i -it
Ciialco, retired to tiie alxxle oeeupied l)y him ere he l)eeanie enijii ror. >!ii!iii.
'ji'ii, ///.</. Coii'i., i. lil-lO. One reason lor this is said to hav«^ heeii the res.ilt
of the emhassy to the orach; at Aohiuhtla, in Mizteeapan, w Lieh lnnught har);
tlie annoinieenient that the Aztec empire nnist yickl to stranj^'ers. Iturjit,
iicoj. Uetii-rip. Uitjaca, pt. ii. ll"J.
hi
■■*
■I
156
MULTIPLICATION OF PLOTS.
Kim
iiH
<i
ii "^ I
disscmblings brcatlicd into the ears of two poor cap-
tives — see how they shot forth like winged swords tc
stop an army on the point of marcliing to its slaugh-
ters! Here, as in scores of other instances, Cortes'
shrewdness saved him from disaster.
For in the midst of the warhke preparations arrived
the two released collectors, and their presentation of
the magnanimity of the white chief, of his friendly
conduct and warm assurances, materially chantjed
the aspect of affairs. There was no alliance; there
was no rebellion; the Totonacs dared not reljel with-
out foreign support; with them Montezuma would
settle presently. And with no little alacrity did ho
countermand the order for troops, and send an em-
bass}' to Cortes. Thus through the vacillating policy
which now possessed the jMexican monarch was lost
the opportunity to strike the enemy perhaps a fatal
blow; and thus by that far off impalpable breath
was fought and won another battle, this time van-
quishing the king of kings himself, Avitli his hundred
thousand men.
Tlie embass}'- sent comprised two of Montezuma's
nephews,* accompanied by four old and lionorabK;
caciquey. They were to express the monarch's thank-^
to tlic Spaniards, and to remonstrate against the re-
volt encouraged by their presence. He had become
assured that they were of the race predicted by his
forefathers, and consequently of his own lineage; out
of regard for them, as guests of the revolted peoph ,
he would withhold present chastisement. A gift of
robes and feather- work, and gold worth two thousand
castellanos, accompanied the message.'
We cannot blame Cortes if his heart danced to its
own music as he assured tlio envoys that he and all
his people continued devoted to their master; in proof
< f wliiv'h he straightway produced the other three
* ' I "i 'iuoH ixirsodcl RnofratcUoCnitlalnintzin.' Clnv'vjero, Storia Mcf!K.,\\\. .'!!>.
"I '.V i;;:;! picM/as (l(! oro y p!uta liieu lahnulas, y vn oastpictc dv oro iiiciut-
ilo. . I L.j.j Loilo Coto JuJ 11. il, y iKiiiL'uUi C ..istullauod. ' Gomara, Jlidt. JIcx. ,oS,
TIZAPANTZINCO EXPEDITION".
157
colleotors, safe, sound, and arrayed in their new attire."
Nevertheless, he could but express displeasure at the
abrupt departure of the Mexicans from the former
cauip. This act had forced him to seek liospitality
at the hand of the Totonacs, and for their kind
riccption of him they deserved to be forgiven. Fur-
ther than this, they had rendered the Spaniards
great benefits, and shovdd not be expected to serve
two masters, or to pay double tribute; for tlie rest,
Cortt-'s himself would soon como to Mexico and
arrange everything. The envoys replied that their
sovereign was too engrossed in serious affairs to bo
able as yet to appoint an interview. "Adieu," they
concluded, "and beware of the Totonacs, for they arc
a treacherous race." Not to create needless alarm,
iiiir leave on the minds of the envoys at their depart-
ure un[)leasant impressions concerning ]\is piojects,
C'orte.s entertained them hospitably, astonished them
witli cavalry and other exhibitions, and gratified thom
with presents. The effect of this visit was to raise
still higher the Spaniards in the estimation not uiily
of the Aztecs, but of the Totonacs, who with amaze-
inoiit saw come from the dread Montezuma, instead
of a scourging army, this high embassy of peace. "It
must bo so," they said among themselves, "that the
]\Iexican monarch stands in awe of the strangers."
Xot long after, Chicomacatl came to Cortes ask-
ing aid against a. Mexican garrison, said to be coni-
mlttiiig ravages at Tizapantzinco,'' some eight leagues
i'v'iin Cempoala. Cortes was in a merry mood at tlie
moment; he could see the important progres,-, he
WIS makiuiT toward the consummation of his desires,
though the men of V('laz()ue/. ('()uld not —at K;ast
they would admit of nothing honoral)le or beneficial
to (JorteSs aikI they continued to make much trouble.
° P^'foro t:\o cmlviwsy came, saya Hcrrera, 'Di6 orilen con voliiutail di'l
BL'uonlo C'h-^Auhuitsfaui, que loatiii.i Mcxicauos proasos fiu'aaeii sucltoa,' dec. ii.
lib. V. cup. xi,
' Jxttllclwtitl, HiM. Chich., 290. Otlier authoritiea differ in the spelling.
I
h:
'. >i
f:fu, m
1
i
^■
?
■I
'*'
T-
i
ii
!■:
J-
■r
\i.
108
MULTIPLICATION OF PLOTS.
: f'
I!;!
,.:\'\
\r
tM
Hero was an opportunity to test the credulity cf
those licathcn, how far they might bo brought to
believe in the supernatural power of the Spaniards.
^Vmong the musketeers was an old Biseayan from tlio
Italian \vars, lleredia by name, the ugliest man in
the army, uglier than Thcrsites, who could not find
his fellow among all the Greeks that came to Troy.
Lamo in one foot, blind in one eye, bow-logged, with
a slaslicd face, bushy-bearded as a lion, this musketeer
had also the heart of a lion, and would march straiglit
into the mouth of Popocatepetl, without a question,
at the order of his general. Calling the man to hiin,
Cortes said : " The Greeks worshipped beauty, as thou
knowest, good Heredia, but these Americans seem to
deify deformity, which in thee reaches its uttermost.
Thou art hideous fniough at once to awe and enravish
the Aztecs, whose Pantheon cannot produce thine
equal. Go to them, Heredia; bend fiercely on them
thine only eye, walk bravely before them, flash thy
sword, and thunder a little with thy gun, and tliou
ahalt at once command a hundred sacrifices." Then
to the Totonac chief: ''This brother of mine is all
sullicient to aid thee in thy purpose. Go, and behold
the Culhuas .,i'l vanish at thy presence." And they
wont; an obedie/jce significant of the estimation in
which Cortes was then held, both by his own u\on and
by tlie natives,
Tliey liad not proceeded f;ir when Cortes sent
and recalled them, saying that Ik; desifd to exomino
the c(^untry, and would accompany them. Tlamanm?
would be required to carry the guns and l//i^'^;ige, aiul
they would set out the next day. At the Ia.-;t UKonciit
sevc 1 of tlie Velazquez faction refuse<| to go, on the
ground of ill health. Then otliers of tlieir numl)cr
s]K)!;o, condomnmg the rashness of the present pm-
cc'ediu-j:, and desiring to return to Cuba. CJortes toltl
them they could go, and after chiding tliem for negli^ct
of duty he ordered j)rt'pared a vessel, which slionld
be phieed at their service. As they were about to
DISAFFECTION QUIETED,
150
riubark, a deputation appeared to protest against
[icrmitting any to depart, as a proceeding prejudicial
to the service of God, and of the king. "Men who
at sucli a moment, and under such circumstances,
desert their Hac; deserve death." These were the
words of Cortes put into the mouth of the speaker.
Of course the order concerninij the vessel was re-
called, and the men of Velazquez were losers by the
utlair.^
Tlie expedition, composed of four hundred sol-
diei-s, with fourteen horses, and the necessary carriers,
tlien set off for Cempoala, where they were joined by
i'our companies of two thousand warriors. Two days'
iiinrch bi'ought them close to Tizapantzinco, and the
f )ll()wing morniu!^ they entered the plain at the foot
of the fortress, which was stron!]^lv situated on a \u<Ai
rock bordered by a stream. Here stood the people
jii'opared to receive them; but scarcely had the cav-
ali'v come in siglit when they turned to seek refuge
within the fort. The horsemen cutoff their retreat
in that direction, however, and leaving them, began
tile ascent. Eight chiefs and priests thereupon camo
i'lrtli wailing, and informed the Spaniards that the
^ lex I can garrison had left at the first uprising of the
Totonacs, and that the Cempoalans were taking ad-
\ aiitago of this and of the Spanisli alliance to enforce
\\w settlement of a long-standing boundary dispute.
They beggi l that the army would not advance.
Cortes at once gave orders ti) n.-strain the Cempoalafjs,
who Well' already plundering. Their captains W(M-o
severely reprimanded for want of candor as to the
i'e;d oltject of the expedition, and were ordered to
r.'store t\\e. effects and captives taken. This strictness
was by rK) Miwians eonlined to th«;ni, for a soldier named
.dora, (^uglit by the general in the act of stealing
"Oiii' I'f tliom who liiul l>artpro(l a line light • c il .rod horso fur some
]irii|i(>rty in ('i\l>,a w.as iinablo to annul the trade, iind thus lout his animal.
It .iul l)iir., I/M. I >/•(/(((/. , ',i\. (i'jiniua, Hist. Mix., 04, refers nieii'ly to
iiiiiniuirs ill favor of Vclazij[uez, which Corttia quiets by placing a tow iu
chains foi a time.
m
l\
i:!il
1
IGO
MULTirLICATIOX OF PLOTS.
i< !
two fowls, was ordered hanged. Alvarado, however,
cut him down in time to save his hfe, probably at the
secret intimation of Cortes, who, while securing the
benefit of example, would not unnecessarily sacriiice a
soldier."
Charmed by this display of justice on the part of
the Spaniards, and impres.sed as well by their ever
increasing prestige, the chiefs of the district came in
and tendered allegiance. A lasting friendship was
established between them and the Cempoalans;^" after
whieh the army returned to Ccmpoala by a new route,"
and was received with demonstrations of joy by the
populace. With a view of binding more closely sueli
powerful allies, Chicomacatl proposed intermarriages.
And as a beginning he presented eight young women,"
richly (h-essed, witli necklaces and ear-rings of gold,
and each attended by servants. "Take them," said
* ' ^^ll^i^ cstc solilado en vna gucrra en la Prouincia dc Guatimala sohro
VII IV'finl,' III rind Diaz, 1114. Verdtid., 3o. Ho placea the incident on tlic
rc'tuin niarcli.
'" Ai'cordint; to (Joniara the Aztec garrison does ravage the conntry when
the Totoiuio ruvolt occur.?, and their forces meet the Spimiiirds on the liclil,
oidy to the at tlic .sight of the horsonion. Corti's and four others dismount,
and min.'^ling witli the fleeing, reach the fort gates, which tlioy hold till their
troops come up. Surrendering the phicc to the allies, Cortes tells them to
re.siK'ct the people ami to let the garrison depart without arms or banner.
This vit'tory gained great influence for the Spaniards, and remembering the
fcatof Coi'tcs, the Indians declared that one Spaniard was enough to aid tlicm
in achieving victory. IHkI. Mcr., 5!). Ixtlilxocldtl, who follows (Jomara,
fights the Aztec garrison as far as the eity, ami then captures it. lili^t. Chirh.,
2!t0. Solis assumes that a few Spaniards cut oil' the retreat of the townsmen,
and rushing forward with some Cenipoalans, are already inside when the
leaders come to ])lcad for mercy. ///•-•/. Mcr., i. 107-8. The foremost crcilit
is however due to ]5ernal Diaz, I/iM. Vcnlml., ,34-,">, who, being present,
deelaris (lomara's account wholly wrong, that no garrison existed here, and
that no i-esis'ance was made. The latter sentence is modified by Tapia, also
a n)cml)er of the expedition, who states that the town did resist and was
punished. J'lliirioii, in laizltalccfd. Col. Doc , ii. .'tOG. Hence it may be
assumed that Diaz, as a foot soldier, was no\ present to sec the prol)ably
bloodless rout of the Iiulians by the cavalry. The townsmen are not lilicly to
have allowed tlie ( 'empoalans to approach witlioi.t ollering resistance, oi', in
case they knew of the Spanish advance, without si-iding a deputation bet()ru
the pillage began.
" I'as.sing through two towns, the soldiers sulTcr'ng greatly from heat
and fatigue. \ear Ccmpoala the lord aAxaited them in onie temporaty luit.s
with bountiful cheer, though ap])rehensive of Cortes' anger at his deception.
Tiie following ilay they entered the city, i'uvas/ Ditiz, iJf^t W'nlad., X>;
Jl< rrcnt, dec. ii. lib. v. cap. \iii.
'-' 'Veinte Doncellas (auncjue (lomara dice, que fueroii ocho),'8ays .um'huo-
mada, :. 3!'!), without giving his reasons.
CONCUlilNES AND CONVERSION.
161
3vcr,
t the
J tlio
lice a
,rt of
ever
QIC in
1 was
after
^ute,"
»y the
\f such
■iagcs.
linen,"
gold,
," said
lala sobro
lit on the
try when
tho liria,
ilisitii'imt,
till their
them ti)
|i' Vi:uiiii'r.
ieriii;4 tho
aiil tlii'tn
( limiiiMi,
I/. Choh;
jwnsiiu'U,
,vhou the
)St CITllit
pV'.'St'Ilt,
Ihore, aii'l
iinil wart
may hi;
pvohahly
lilicly to
00, or, ill
pa bi'toru
i-om heat
Irary huts
Icception.
\iad., ■.'■>;
ho to Cortds. " They are all daughters of caciques.
Seven are for your captains, and this, my nieuo, is for
y(jurself, for she is the ruler of towns."
IVIatters were becoming interesting. Cortds and
some of his captains had wives in Cuba, and nearly
all of them had mistresses here. The damsels of
Ccmpoala were not fam.ed for their beauty; the one
offered Cortds was particularly ill-favored. With re-
gard to captives and slaves, of course no marriage
vow was necessary, but with princesses the case was
different. But even here there M'as little difficulty.
The aboriginal form of marriage, while it satisfied tho
natives, rested lightly on the Spaniards. Indeed,
with them it was no marriage at all; and so it has
been throughout the New World; in their marital
relations with foreigners the natives have felt them-
selves bound, while the Europeans have not. To the
ceremony in this instance no objection was offered.
At this happy consummation, the ugh the rite is
nut yet performed, serious meditation takes posses-
sion of the mind of Cortes, who bethinks himself that
lie is doinor little of late for his God, who is doinjj
so much for him. Success everywhere attends his
strategies. And these female slaves and princesses 1
While trying to quiet his conscience for accepting
this jnincess, he was exceedingly careful in regard to
taking unto himself real wives, as we have seen in
Cul)a. But here marriage after the New World
iltsliion would surely advance his purposes. And so
tlioy arc compelled to submit to the stronger, who by
tho right of might proceeds to rob them of their gold
and to desolate their h(nnes; and now assumes the
higher prerogative of requiring them to relinquish
tho faith of their fathers and embrace the reliiT^ion of
their enemies. It would please God to have tiiese
Cempoala people worship him; Cortds can make them
do so. True, they love their gods as much as Cortes
L'ves his. Their gods likewise help them to good
among others to the Spaniards themselves,
tbino's,
Uisi. 1IE.\.. Vol. I. U
im
MULTIPLICATION OF PLOTS.
>.'
Y <■ \
II urn
who in return now detorniinc their overthrow. And
shall they consent 1 Alas, they are weak, and their
gods are weak I
Heatlicnism, with its idolatry, and bloody sacri-
fices, and cannibalism, is horrible, I grant you. "For
daily they sacrificed three or five Indians," says Bernal
Diaz, "oti'ering the heart to idols, smearing the blood
upon the walls, and cutting off the limbs to be eaten.
I even believe they sold the flesh in the market." '^
But equally horrible, and far more unfair, arc the
doings of the superior race, which with the advance
of the centuries, and the increase of knowledge and
refinement, are often guilty of deeds as bloodtliirsty
and cruel as these. With the most powerful of micro-
scopic aids to vision, I can see no difference between
the innate goodness and badness of men now and two
or five thousand years ago; the difference lies merely
in a change of morality fashions, and in the apparent
refining and draping of what conventionally we choose
to call wickedness. What is the serving of dainty
dishes to the gods in the form of human sacrifices,
of carving before them a few thousand fattened cap-
tives, to the extirpation of a continent of helpless
human beings ; and that by such extremes of treachery
and cruelty as the cannibals never dreamed of, cntra[i-
ping by fair words only to cut, and mangle, and kill
by steel, saltpetre, and blood-hounds; stealing at the
same time their lands and goods, and adding still more
to their infamy by doing all this in the name of Christ;
when in reality they violate every principle of religion
and disregard every injunction of the church; just as
men to-day lie and cheat and praise and pray, and out
of their swindlings hope to buy favor of the Ahnighty !
And now these poor people must give up their
poor gods, for their masters so decree. The chiefs and
" ' Tambicn auian de ser limpios do sodomias, porquo tenian muchachos
vestidos en habito do niugeres, quo andauaii .1 ganar eu aqucl maldito olitio.'
This tlioy promised. Bernal Diaz, Hint. VerdcuL, S.'). Solis assumes tliat
C'ort(5s was aroused to this crusade by the heavy sacrifices at a great festival.
Jlist. Mcx., i. 204r-5.
mm
MISSIONARY MOVEMENTS.
t«
IP
ditv!
their
fs
aiul
lichachos
J1C3 thiit
Ifestivul.
native priests protest. Tlic Spaniards are benefactors
and friends, but the gods arc superior to men. To
tlieni they owe health, prosperity, existence; and sac-
lilices arc but the necessary sHght returns for so gr(\'it
blessings. The sacrificed arc by no means injured,
say the Aztecs, but arc sent to heaven and enfolded
at once in the bosom of their god. Verily there arc
curious articles of faith among tlie heathen wor-
shipers as well as among our own, but if we look for
all the good in ours we shall be mistaken. In vain
the men of Cempoala beg to retain the religion of
their forefathers and the sacred emblems of their
faith. Carried away by the fierce zeal which more
than once in these annals overcomes his prudence
and brings him to the brink of ruin, Cortes cries:
"Christians and soldiers, shall these things be —
these idolatries and sacrifices, and other impious
doings? No! First down with the images, then to
arguments, and the granting of entreaties. Our
lives on work rewarded with eternal glory!" Shouts
of earnest approval was the response, and on they
marched toward the temple. Priests and people
rushed to the defence of their deities. With a
scornful gesture the ruler was waived aside, as he
interposed with the warning that to lay hands on tlie
idols was to bring destruction alike on all. "You are
not my friends," exclaimed Cortes, " if you do not as
I wish! Choose ye; and I will leave you your gods
to save you from the threatened vengeance of Mon-
tezuma." This was by far too practical an application
of their piety. The fact is, their gods had not done
exactly right by them in the matter of the Aztec
iin])osition. These white strangers, after all, seemed
to be better gods than their idols. "Well, work your
will," at length said Chicomacatl, "but do not ask our
aid in such detestable doings." So the thinij was ac-
eoniplished, as before this had been determined. In
a moment fifty soldiers were on the temple summit,
and down came the worshipful wooden tilings, shat-
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MULTIPLICATION OF PLOTS.
tored and clattering along the steps, while witli
blooding hearts their makers stood by, their fueus
covered to exclude the sacrilegious sight. Ah, how
thoy wailed, how they lamented, calling on the mis-
shapen blocks to pity their inability to stop the deed !'*
Not such dastards were these people, however, that
not one among them would strike a blow for tlu.-ir
faith. For presently the court-yard was filled with
armed men, lieaded by infuriated priests in lonL,^
hooded robes of dark material, with slashed ears and
faces clotted with blood, determined, if not to pre-
vent, at least to avenge the outrage. What was
sworn allegiance, or even life, beside the momentous
question of religion? Seeing the danger, Cortes with
characteristic promptness seized the lord, together
with several leading men, and declared if a single
Spaniard was so much as scratched they should im-
mediately die. Chicomacatl accordingly spoke to the
people and made them retire. Nor was wholly lost
on them the mute arjrument of the shattered idols
lying powerless at their feet. Hence when the ini-
a^os were burned, 'he natives looked on with com-
pjuative calmness. " Surely these beings ar< oiior
to our gods, whom they have thus vanquisl thev
said one to another. Sweetly and screnel}' Cortes now
smiled on them, called them brethren, and preached
the Euroj)ean doctrines. The pagan temple was
cleansed, tlie blood-smeared walls were whitewashed,
and in their place was erected a Christian altar, dec-
orated with llowers and surmounted with a cross.
H<M(', before the assembled natives, Olmedo preaclicd
the Christian faith, and celebrated mass. The con-
trast between the simple beauty of this impressive
(Ceremony and their own bloody worship made a deep
impression on tlie minds of the natives, and at the
conclusion those who desired were baptized. Among
'*(ioninra makes the natives tear down the idols and the Bepulclires uf
i!ftci<HK'8 worsli.iiped as gods. ' Acabo con los du In ciudod ijuo dcrribasseii Im
ido'os y sopulcros do los caciques, (J tuinbicn reuerCciauan conio a Uioscs.'
Ilinl. AJvx., 07.
ARRIVAL OP S.UX:ED0.
103
llclires of
lasseu liis
(licm were the eight brides, the ill-favored ruler of
towns who had been given to Cortds being called
Catalina, probably in honor of his wife in Cuba, whoso
place she was to occupy for a time. Lucky Puerto-
carrero's second pretty prize, the daughter of Cacique
Cucsco, was named Francisca."
Accompanied by the brides and a large escort the
army now returned to Villa Rica. There thov found
just arrived from Cuba a vessel commanded by Fran-
cisco de Salcedo, nicknamed 'the dandy,' wlu) with
Luis Marin, an able officer, and ton soldiers, all well
jirovidcd with arms, and with two horses, had come
in quest of fortune under Cortes.*" Salced(j reported
that Velazquez had received the appointment of ado-
lantado over all lands discovered by him or at his
cost, with one fifteenth of all royal revenues the:\(.e
ansm<]f."
Benito Martin, the chaplain, who had been sent to
ol)tain the commission, was rewarded with the benelice
of tlic new discovery at Ulua, which really comprised
all ^loxico, while tlie lately appointed bishop of Cul)a,
the Dominican Julian Garces, confessor to the bis]io[)
of Burgos, the patron of Velazquez, was i)romoted to
^'' llcnial l)it(z, l/ist. ]'i'nlu(l., ilG; Ihrrcra, dec. ii. lilj. v. oiip. ix. xiv.
rioinarii iilacea tho presentation of tlie women nt tlic (irst visit of tiio Sjian-
iiinls to tho eity, and Iierein he is followed by Herrern, Torijuenmda, and
Ixllilx<.chitl. llUt. Chkh., '280.
'"The.so proved tho more valuable since Cortes' horse had died shortly
Itcfore. Ho obtained, by gift or purchase, tho line Arriero, it dark choMtnut
lu'loiijring to Ortiz, tiio musician, and to (larcia, tho miiu.T. Jlrnidl />'>ii:, 1114.
V' nhnL.'Xi. Gomarft assumes tliat Salcedo broui''it a caravel, with sixty S[iiin-
iavils and nine horses, tho vessel haviny been (letuined in (,'uba for rejuiirs.
//(>'. JAcr. , 50; yet lie includes Salcedo as present at tho final review tlieiv.
/'/., 14. Ho is evidently confused.
'■ l'"or himself and one heir. Further, after conr|uerin<; ami settlin;^; four
i<l:m'l-i, ho might select one from whicli to receive perpetually for himself and
lulls one twentieth part of all the revenue accruing therefrom foi' the l.ing.
Ni> duty would bo cliarged during his life on any clotliiui.', ai-ms, and ; ro-
visions imported by him into those lands. A.< an aid toward the expens( , of
t'li' conquest, a royal estate nt Ha))ana was granted him, ancl a sidary in
t'liwc lands of 300,000 maruvedis. The other clauses of the conniiission ic-
lii'ed to mines, clergy, taxes, and settlors. It was dated at Sa' a^jossa, Nu\ cm-
I'lr l.'J, ir>18, 'five days previous to tho usur]>ation of tlie fleet by Cort .s,'
iiliservcs Las Casus, ll'ml. Ind., v. 3-.">. Dated ot r.arcelnn.i, ^'ays Hernia,
iliM'. ii. lib, iii. cap. xi. Several are led to suppose that \'ila/i(ucv. did not re-
I'livo the notice of his appointment for o\cr a year after ilo d.ite, 'whii.li is
unlikely. J/''x-.,ii. '222-A.
ftl
M
m
ii:
166
MULTIPLICATION OF PLOTS.
the insignificant see of Cozumel. Those preferments,
hascci on an insufficient knowledge of tlie country,
were corrected at a later time, when Garces was
made bishop of Tlascala, while Martin received other
compensation." Before the issue of these grants
it appears that Yucatan at least had a narrow escape
from slipping entirely out of Spanish hands. At the
first news of CfSrdoba's discoveries the admiral of
I i mders was induced to ask for the land in grant, in
order to settle it with Flemings, and also to petition
for the governorship of Cuba as a means to promote
the colony. This was supported by Xevres, the chief
adviser in such matters, who knew little of the Indies
and the vast tracts referred to, and so the promise
was given. Las Casas was in Spain at the time, and
being consulted by the admiral as to the means lor
colonizing, became indignant at the rash concession of
Cuba, which he considered as belonging to Columbus.
He remonstrated, and warned those interested to do
the same. The result was the withdrawal of the
grant, greatly to the disappointment of the admiral,
for whose account several vessels had already reached
San Liicar, laden with Flemish settlers.*"
Cortes was fully aware that Velazquez, possessed
of a commission, would not long delay in asserting liis
claim with all the power at his command upon the
islands, and with all his influence at court; thisspurriMl
on the captain-general to lose no time in bringing for-
ward his own pretensions, and in seeking to ohtaiii
royal ai)[)roval of his acts. Therefore at this junctiuo
he determined to gain authority for effectually suj^-
phinting tlie Cuban governor in the Held wherein
he had already openly ignored him, and to despatoh
'■* ^Vhicll lie failed to enjoy, since ho tlicil nt sea while en route to 'N'i'\v
Spain to take possession. La-i <^inax, /fht. /ml., iv. 4(5.'i-0; llrrnra, dec. ii,
lib. iii. cup. xi. ; Coijo'liido, Jfint. Yiicnlhaii, lG-17.
'" Many of these died from li.ard.ship, and the rest returned impovi'n>!li'''l
to tlii'ir country. Lnn t'nsitu, l/tnt. iwt., iv. 374-0; llrrnra, dec. ii. lili. ii.
cup. xix.; Vojjullado, IJinl. Yucalhan, 8.
BIDS FOR ROY.VL FAVOR.
107
messengers to the king. The men of Cortes needed
no i)ronipting to see how necessary to their interest
it was to procure his confirmation as general to the
txclusion of Velazquez, and to supjiort Cortes by
writing reports in corroboration of his own state-
ments. Yet, in view of the flowing in of exagi^crated
utoounts concerning new discoveries, little would
avail descriptions of conquests and resource;-;, how-
ever glowing, and recommendations howevei warm,
unless made real by specimens of the treasurer which
were the main attraction alike to king and subject.
For gifts can move gods, says Hesiod. To the crown
was due one fifth of the wealth so far obtainitl, but
fearing that this would hardly })roduce the elfect de-
sired, Cortes proposed to surrender the one fifth due
himself, and prevailed on his friends, and with their
aid on all members of the exjiedition, to give up
their share in the finer })ieces of wrought gold and
silver, and in all clu»ice articles, so that a gift worthy
of themselves and the country might be presented
to the king.**
sscssed
llg lllS
)U the
luri'etl
ig for-
obtaiii
neture
y sup-
hereiii
spateh
■ to New
ft, dec. ii.
f)Vi'ri-'ti'''l
ii. lib. ii.
-" It Ims been generally assumed, from a loose acceptance of chroniclers'
ti xt, that all the treasures were snrrendercil for the object in view, but this
iiiiild nut have Ikcii the case. The pile of gold dust and nuggets, aLOuniulated
liy constant barter along tlie coast, ami increa.scd by the contint.s of two
litlnicts sent i>y Montc/unia, forineil a reHpectal)le amount, of w hich only u
s.'Miill portion was sent to the king, a.s specimens of mining prinlucts. 'J'liree
thousand cMstellanos wt'rcscta.sidc for the expenses of tiie mcs->engeis to Spain,
iiiid .'III ci|Uiil sum for (.'iirtcs' father, 'Otros .'}(K)0 (pie (.'ortcs eiivialia ])aiu su
);ii(hv.' l,(in('fisiin, Hist, ///f/., iv. 4:)S. ' A sii padre .Martin (.'orle:iy a su madro
liiitos ('a; tellaiids.' GniKiid, II .</. Mi'.c, (iJ. The di.sposfil of the ciiisi alono
iiidiiates an ap[iortiomiient. Kurther, tlie list of treasure sent t<> Sjiain, as
i.plicndi'd to the ' itilii ilil. AjikiiIiiik'h ntn, ami as given liy (iomara, shows that
iiiuc li of the wniught metal received from Mcniteziliiia, not cnimiiiig that
aii|uired by barter, was reUiiiicd by the cxpeililion. (jomara wiius that the
l:ist step of f'lirti'S was to order a divihion of Iriasures by Avila and Mejia,
■aliii!,' respectively for the crown and thearmy. All tlie ell'ects 1" in;,' di.->|ilaye(i
i I the pla/a, the gold and silver amounting to J7,(HK) ducats, the cabildo
I'liserveil tliat what remained alter deducting tiie rciyal llfth widild beluiig to
llie gL'iicral in payment for the ves.sels, arm;, and su|iplies surreinl'TKl iiy him
to the coinjiany. (^'oltJs said there was time enough to jiay hiiii ; he would
h'lW take only his share as caiitiiin-geneial, and hav ■ otliers wlicn with to
wltle their small <lebts. He also jiioioseil that instead uf seiuling i;h rely the
i.ii' liftli to the king, the linest specimens ;.lioid<l 1m' givili, whiili was agreed
t I. His list is given in //i.il. Mi r., (i>) •!. Orda/. and Montcj t were .sent iduikI
Viitli a list to be si;.;ned by all who wished to t.iirreiider t!i( ir .shair in the guld.
'V destu, muiieru todos lofirmuroaa vna.' IJcruul Jjici:., Jiitit. I'crdcul., 'M. Tho
l.-^l
'C;
■ s
i
w
m
yd
168
MULTIPLICATION OF PLOTS.
The flag-ship was prepared for the voyai^e, and the
navij^ation intrusted to Alaminos and another pilot
called Bautista, with fifteen sailors and the neees^^ary
outfit. Four Indians, rescued from the sacrificial caj^e
at Ccnipoala, where they had been kept to fatten,
were also sent on board, together with native curiosi-
ties, including specimens of picture-writing. The
difiicult task of out-manceuvring Velazquez and se-
curing the aims of their party was intrusted to the
alcaldes Puertocarrero and Montcjo, the former being
selected chiefly because of his high connections, which
might serve him at court, the latter for his business
talent. Three thousand castellanos were given them
from the treasury for expenses, together with the
necessary power and instructions, and three letters
in duplicate for the king. One of these was the first
of the celebrated letters of Cortes on the conquest.
He related at Icnyfth all that had occurred since ho
left Santiago; the diflTiculties with Velaz(]uez, the
hardships of the voyage, and the progress of conquest
for (Jod and the king. He dwelt on the vast extent
and W(uilth of the country, and expressed the hope of
speedily subjecting it to the crown, and of seizing the
person of the great Montezuma. And he trusted that
in return for his services and loyal devotion he would
be remembered in the cedulas to be issued for this
new addition to the empire.^*
Carta >ld Ai/iivt. refers to four of Vclazqnez' men as objecting to the presents
l»eiiig sent elsewhere than to thoir leader. ('o)7<w, <'(irt'ti>, 'Jli-T; Toi'ia, /.''■-
Iiiriiiii, in li-a:halrftn, Cnl. Dor., ii. "i(W; Ilrrrcra, «lee. ii. 1;'.j. v. cup. .\iv.;
Torifnenrdla, i.4()7; i'rtaiin'it, 'J'catrn Mfr., pt. iii. US.
'■" \() (.'enentUM alluMion apjienrx to h:ive heen niailo to the discoverers wh.)
opened the w;iy for him. (ioniani alone gives a hrief outline; of the letter, l.iit
the original or copy has never lieen fonml, notwitiistaiiding the clo.si; seiirih
made. Since ('iiiirles V. received it on tiie eve of his departure for (Jcruiany,
it occurred to )-{ot>ertson that the Vienna airliives niiLrht tlu'ow on it sur.u.'
liiriit. and the conseepient search led to tlie discovery of an authenticated cnpy
of the ccinipiiniiin letter from the nnniicipality "f N'illa Itica, hut nothing re-
lating to Cortt's' report. //*'</.. I »((,,pi'cface, x.-.\i. I'anes insists that the letter
nnist iiave existe(l in the Vienna Court Library at one time. I)<>r. Jhnuh). K</'.,
MS,. .'iD-di). ]?arci:v HUggests several way.s in which it might have been lost;
one being its production before tiie royal council at the instanc«! of I'l'mlilo do
iS'arvaez. /lihl ih-v'ul., tit. iv. ii. .V,t8. V-rtunately the companion letter ami
other narratives cover its esseiiliul ]x>iiits.
LETTERS TO THE KINO.
ICO
Tlic second letter was In* the ayuntamiento of Villa
Rioa, dated July 10, 1519," covering not only the
same ground, 'out giving an account of the voyages of
discovery l)y Cordoba and Grijalva, the reasons i'or
founding a colony, and for Coi'tt's' appointment. The
features of the countr}', its resources and inhabitants,
were touched upon, and the belief expressed that of
gold, silver, and precious stones "there is in the laiul
as much as in that where it is said Solomon took the
gold for the temple." Vehizqucz was exposed as a
cruel, dishonest, and incompetent governor, and as
such most dangerous to be intrusted with the control
of these vast and rich territories. They asked for an
investigation to prove the charges, as well as the
propriety of their own acts; and concluded by recom-
mending that Cortes, whose character and conduct
stamped him a loyal subject and an able leader, be con-
fiiined in his offices, till the concpiest of the country,
at least, should have been achieved.'"
Tlie third letter, even longer than tl:is, though of
similar tenor, was signed by the repVesentadve men
ill the army,^* and concluded b}' praying that their
services and hardships be rewarded with grants, and
that Cortes be confirmed in the government till the
king might be pleased to appoint on intante or a
grandee of the highest class, for so large and rich a
country ought to be ruled by none else. Should the
designing bishop of Burgos of his accord "send us a
-'-' 'El Ciibildo cscriiii6 juntnmcntc con dicz soldodos. . . .6 iva yo fimwulo
ciiilla.' n< mat Dinz, /fist. I'mlrt'l., ^W.
-'•' Written liy Cortt-u' most duvotcd friends, and undoubtedly under liis
iiitprrvisiou, wo cannot expect to find it other than n laljored eflbrt to pronioto
his viowM. Hobertson, wlioso suggestion led to its tliseovery in tin; Vienna
Ii]il)eiial Library, offers.i mere synopsis of tlic contents. ///V. Am., pn'faee, ]>.
xi. ii. .")•_' 1 -J. It is given nt lengtli in tlic (.'<irtr<, CnrfnM, hy (Jayangos, Pari^,
!S(i(l, 1 'M, withnotes, and with the liit of iire-wntsaiiiR-niled ; ami in /V./. />«'■.
Iiii'l., i. 4I7-7-, and in Afdiumi, I)i-<^rt., i. '1>\ app., 4l-!(»4, preceded by an
introductory sketcli of the expedition liy the collector of tlie jiapers, and
luiiUiiniiig tlie list of presents as chcked by Mufio/ iji 1784 from the Manual
ikl Tesorero do la Casa do la Contratacion du Sevilla.
-'Todos los Capitanes, y so'd.idos j;inta:nentc cftcriuimos otra carta.'
Jlimal /Htn, l/isf. I'lfd/vf., ',]">. ' K! c.ibildo, . . .es«Tiuio doa Ictras. Vn.i
no lirniaron sino alcaldes y i'ei^;id'>re.-.. Lii otni file a cordiida y linuud.t
ilci cabildo y do todoa loa niaa priucipales.' Uuinara, Hut. Mex., G3.
170
MULTIPLICATIOX OF PLOTS.
governor or captain, before v/e obey him wc shall
inform your royal person." This sentence, which
Las Ca.sas characterizes as a "great though swcct-
cned piece of impudence," and several others not in
harmony with Cortes' own calculated report, were
{)robably the cause for the disappearance of the letter
>eforc it reached the emperor."
The messengers or proeuradores left the port July
IC),^ and although ordered not to touch Cuba, lest
Velazquez should learn of the mission, Montejo could
not resist the temptation of taking a peej) at hi.^
estates at Mariel de Cuba, a port close to Hubiina.
Here they entered August 23, and took supi)lies and
water. This could not of course be done in .secret,
and swelling with rumor the report reached Velaz(iuez
that his flag-ship had come ballasted with gold, to
the value of two hundred and seventy thousand i)esos.
No less alarmed than furious at this proof of the
perfidy ho had so long feared, ho despatched a fast
sailing vessel with a strong force under Gonzalo do
'"'Bemal Diuz, /flsf. Vrnlail., .37, gives a long detail of its contents, jiar*
ticularly of the conclusion, wlicrcin the biahop of Burgos is pointed out us
fiivoiing his friciula and relations iu the distribution of Indian govcrnniciits.
Velazquez enjoyed his special favor iu return for the largo presents iu ^.'nlil
and towns he hatl made, to the prejudice of tho crown. Cortes, on readiii.'
tlie letter, was higldy pleased with tlio eulogy bi-stowed upon himself, ami
promised to remember it when rewards camo to Ikj distriltuted, but lie ob-
jeitod to the prominence given to tho discoveries of Cordoba audOrijiIva,
'fiiuo d id Holo so atribuia el descubrimiento, y la honra, 6 honor <lo t idu,'
aiul wishecl to suppress tho statement that one fiftli of the profits were t'l bo
given to him. Tho men declined to hide anything from the king, ami s<i
Cort/'S no doubt niado the messengers hide tho letter. Tapia gives a Iciif
synopsis of it, mentioning the objections raised against tho bishop of Ibir^Ms,
and tho resolution not to ob'-y any orders contrary to their rejjort till tlio kin,'
had replied to it — '<3 para (juc otra cosa en contrario dc lo rpio le escrebia:u'-t
no se hiciese, que S. M. sin saber do que hacia mercedes, no las hicicse, esi.i-
banios prcsto.s de moi'ir C' tninv la tierr.a en su real nonibro f;istaver rc./pui-^ta
deesta carta.' IMwlon, iiifrux'xilrrt)!, C"l. Hoc, ii. .lOO. ' Flsta cartan:> vidoi i
lOmperador, ponjue, .si la viera, no les sucederia ni A Cortt^'? ni a sus cousorU' < 1 1
negocio tan favorjiblc como abajo bc parcceni.' I.ns < 'a>in.t, ll\-t. 'ml., iv. 4 i,s.
'"' ' Va\ una nao que. . . .despachd a 10 do julio del aiio <',o l."tK), envij li \ .
A. nuiy larg.i y particul.ir rehicion.' Cortex, L'artnn, 51 ; Cmlo, iii. "Jtjl. ' l.ii
vciiitey si is dia.'idel mes de.Iulio. . . .jmrticrou do >San J..au lo olua.' 11 r.n./
I>'i(t'., Il'nit. I'tnlad., .'(7. On tho next page he says July (itli. The iiiuiiMK
of Uluaas the port of departure shows also a carelessness of facts; yet (luuiaiii
siiys; ' I'artierou. . . .do Aqui;diuiztla. . . .a veiutivy 8( IS.' lli^f. ,1/..j:., (J. .'-«ull
(^irtv's' letter, written so soon after, ought to be correct. Prescott aocejils
tile 'JGUi.
MESSENGERS OF CORTfiS IN UTAIS.
m
Guzman, tlio royal treasurer, to capture her; but ^^hc
liad stayed only three days at Mariel, and then passed
sal'ely through the Bahamas Channc!, the first to
make that passage.*'
The arrival of the messengers at Seville, in October,
created no small stir, and aided by their treasures and
re ports they became the heroes of the hour. But tlieir
triumph was of short duration; for Benito Martin,
the chaplain of Velazquez, happened to be at the i)ort.
This man at once laid claim to tlic vessel for his
master, denounced the persona on board as traitors,
and i)revailed upon the Casa do Contratacion to seize
tlie sliip, together with the private funds of the com-
mission, as well as certain money sent by Cortes for
his father. A still stronger opponent appeared in the
perHfon of Fonseca, bishop of Burgos, whoso inttsrest
in Ax'lazqucz, fostered by a long interchange of favors,
was strengthened by a projected marriage of the gov-
"' ' lilsta f uga f uo ocasion do descubrir cl dcrrotcro do Iti Canal do Bahama,
parii la buclta do Espafiu, liaata cutonccs no uaucgada, y desdo aquclla ocusiuu
pioinpro si'i-uida.' Coijolludo, Jlist. Yiicathan, 41. ' Alaininos. . . fuo el priiiiero
ciiio naiiogo \M)r oqiielja canal.' Denial Diaz, Hist. Vfi-dad., 30-30. Prcjii-
(lioeil against Montejo, as shown by previous exprestsions, tliia autlioi' aeuuiica
him of tending letters to Velazquez l>y a sailor, who spread tho news of tl.o
mission along his route. Sonio of tho letters were from adherents in Cortes'
uiiny. ' Tareoio, do otras pcrsonas principales quo estauan en nuestro Ileal,
fuel-on aconseja<lo8 <iuc f uessen il aquclla cstancia . . . . y aun esoriuierrm para (juo
el ])iego Velazquez tuuiesso ticnqK) do auellos il las ninnos. ' Velazquez ac-
eordin^^'ly sends two snmll vessels under tial)riel de Rojas and Guzman to
pursue the shi]), hut their cruise between Ilabana ancl tlio liahamas Ciiannel
is iu viiin. Montejo's conduct before and after this indicates nothing that can
jiistily the accusations, autl Velazquez, in his letter to Fij,'ueroa, juez de resi
(k-nciii in KsiHiuola, inveighs against ono 'Montejo' and his compiuiion for
taking not only provisions and forty butts of water, but a number of Indians
finni Mariel, and then leaving 'without informing any nuigistrato or other ]ier-
son,' taking a dangerous and hitherto unknown route. In Iiuz'kiIci In, Col.
])iir., i. 401. During the investigation held on tlie subject by the govei'iior,
it appeareil that.Tuan do Rojas of Habana rejwrted the secret visit of Mun-
teju, who, knowing that Rojas had become aware of his presence, wrote iiini
at thi' moment of leaving that he was g'ling to visit N'^hizcjuez. I'loiii IVnz,
a servant of Rojas and in charge at Maiiel, it seems, ho exacted an oath i:'.it
to reveal svlnit ho had learned of the rich cargo and destination of tliu ve.ssd.
Itijas nevertheless obtained the facts from him. 7'''^Hiiion!(i, in rn'h'i-n uud
I'liflfiKU, ('ill. /)or., xii. l."il-'204. In a letter to the bishop of l'>iirgos, Oelohii*
I'J, 151!), Velazquez states that a man at Mariel, Peicz probaldy, was i.t llio
last mniuent shown the treasures. Guzman was sent witii a vessel in piirsu't.
lu /'n'-fit'i-') and ' 'unli mii*. Col. />oc,, xii. 'J4S-,")0. (jomara also says, ' einbiaudo
tras ella vna caruuela do armada.' llht. Mtx., (j4; TurqtumuJu, i. 407.
172
Ml-LTIPLICATION OF PLOTS.
ernor with his niocc,^' Dctaininjj the nicssciifjcrs anrl
their papers by deferred promises and other meas-
ures,''" he filled the royal car with the most damaf^iiif,'
chai'g(\s against tlicm and their party in behalf of his
proti'g(5.
Velazquez had meanwhile been taking testimony
against (vOrtes, and had sent treasurer Guzman to
Spain with documents and instructions to join Martin
in pressing his suit before the bishop.*'
Charles V. had been elected emperor, and was busy
in Spain raising supplies and makmg preparations on
a vast scale for presenting an appearance in Germany
befitting so high a dignity. Previous to embarking
for Flanders he was to meet the cortes at Compos-
tela. The messengers from New Spain could aftbrd
to lose no more time, and so with the aid of Puerto-
carrero's friends and the men opposed to Fonscca,
among tliem the Licenciado Nuiiez, relator of the
royal council and related to Cortc^, they slipped
away, and in company with Alaminos and Martin
Cortes, managed to be presented to the monarch at
"'Dolla Mayor de Fonseca. El obispocle Brtrcos... por la muerte del
Gran Cliancilkr . . . torii(i u alcar y li ecr principal.* La» Cana-n, Hint, /nil., v.
2; Ifcnrrn, dec. ii. lib. iii. cap. xi. ; Zuniiin, Analrs Kclrs. Scrillii, 414.
■'"•' The liiahop of IJi'irgo'?, then at Valladolid, epoko bo harshly to Pucrtocar-
rcro that the latter ventured to remonstrate, and demand tliat their messtigta
1)0 forwarded to the king. A chai'go was now raked up against Puertocar-
rero of having three years before carried oflF a woman from Medellin to tho
Indies, and for this he was cast into prison. Jitrnat Diaz., Hist. Vtrdad., 38;
Vctniicrrt, TVra/ro 3/ea;. , pt. iii. 119.
'"Gu/.man appeal's to liavo started in Octolicr from Cuba, when Nnrvaez'
expedition against Corti^s had already begun to bo fitted out. Carta df Vein:-
(jiifz, Oct. 1"2, 1519, in Col. l)r,c. InM., i. 472-5; Parheco and Cardenas, Cul.
Dor., xii. 240-51; Curia al /V'/wroa, in fcazlinlcpfa. Col. Dor., 1. 402; I. as
Ciinai, lliM. Tml., V. 2. His appeal to tho Jeronimite Fathers, says Boriiai
Diaz, met only with rcbnff. .They considercil that Cortt^'s had done well to
send so rich a present to the king. 'Le cmbiaron al Diego VcL'/qucz a
Cuba ,1 vn Licenciado que so dczia Znazo para que le tomasso n^sidcnciii
.... Uc'lazquoz, se conpoxii muclio mas, y como do antes era nuiy gordo, so
juri') tlaci* on a(iuellos dias.' Ili.tt. Verdad., .S8. Martin petitioned tho bisliop
l..r t!io repair and return of tho messengers' vessel to Velazquez, togethtr
v.ii'i another vessel, both to carry reinforcements to the Indies. This w«s
li.'v.kil, I'Mi'tly to prevent the possible conflict between Cortes' party and
t'l" t.vpidition fitting out under VeLizquez to support the men he lia<l
i'.I.T ('v !:i'nt under Cortes as his lieutenant. Memorial, in Col. Doc. laid.,
i. -J^; '.).
DELAYED .Tl'STICE.
m
iirvacz
. rchtz-
0-2 ; J.ds
Beriial
well to
quo/. ;\
siilciii'ia
orilo, so
} bishop
:ogeth< r
liis wns
rty ami
he liacl
. Incd.,
Tordosillas, in the bcginninj^ of March.'' The klnj^
was not a Httlo pleased with the reports, gilded as
they were with the richest presents that hatl as yet
It ached him from his American possessions,*" but he
was unfortunately too absorbed with the imperial
irown and the preparations for departure to give
more than a passmg attention to the subject, and still
less would he enter into the merits of the claims pre-
sented. Finding, however, that Fonscca had not been
impartial in the matter, he was prevailed on to refer
it to Cardinal Adrian, and the junta of prelates and
ministers governing the kingdom during the royal ab-
sence, before whom the Council of the Indies had also
to lay its reports. The messengers were meanwhile
allowed under bond to receive from the seized funds
wliat was needed for their support.'' The powerful
Fonseca managed, however, by misrepresentation and
other means, to delay the case, and for about two
years it dragged its weary length. And yet, where a
man is strong enough to carve out his own fortune,
j)articularly where the administration of strict justice
iiiiii'ht send his neck to the halter, the law's delay and
its susceptibility to perversion may be most fortunate.
. " Snnrhval, Ifisf. Carlos V., i. 203. ' Vinii^ronse con la corto hosta Ikgar
li la C'ornfia, y en csto camino los cognosci yo.' Lcm Caxas, Hint, hid., iv. 409;
111 nr III, (Ilc. ii. lib. ix. cap. vii.
'- In till! Manual tlo la Casa tie Contratacion tie la Indias is notetl that the
f V'tnponla natives were presenteil to the king, at Tordusillas, in Febrnary, or
MiMoh, l.VJH, anil the presents at VallatloliJ in April. Tlio Indians were si;nt
ti) (,'uba nt tlio close of March, 1521, except one who had died. Cortta, Cartas,
34; Ahunav, Disert., i. 91-104.
^ ' According to Bemal Diaz the bishop of Biirgos rotainctl not only the
original letters of the king, but a portion of the presents, which prodncod a
sliaip letter from Charles. The duplicate h^ttei-s reacheil him, however. UiM.
\'i r./ii'l., .'58-9. This author is not well informcil abont tho movements of the
inociiradorea. Ho lets tho king reach Flanders .before they arrive, and there
.oceive only the reports.
CHAPTER XI.
THE SINKING OP THE FLEET.
JULY-ACOUST, 1519.
DiKoo Velazqcez once More— His Sppporters iv the Camp of ConT^:s—
They Attempt Escape— Ark Discovered— The Leaders are Seized
AND Executed — CoutAs' Ride to Cehpoala, and what Came or it-
He Determines on the Destrcction or the Fleet— Preliminaky
Strategems— Several or the Ships Pronounced Unsea worthy —
The Matter before tub Soldiers— The Fleet Sunk- Indionatiov
or THE Velazquez Faction— One Vessel Remaining— It is Offeukd
to any Wishing to Desert— It is riNALLv Sunk— Francisco de
(Iaray's Pretensions — Seizure or Some or uis Men.
li
To the top of a fir-tree, which he curbed and then
let spring, Theseus fastened the robber Sinis, who
had been accustomed himself to kill travellers in that
way. In a hollow brazen bull, which he had made
for the Sicilian tyrant to roast his victims in, Perillus
the inventor was roasted. A famous det ^tive was
hanged at last for house-breaking. Mattnew Hop-
kins, the witch-finder, who about the middle of tlio
seventeenth century travelled the country over to
discover and bring witches to punishment, was finally,
with pronounced effect, subjected to one of his own
tests. Witches, he had said, would not sink in water.
This was a safe proposition for the prosecution; for
if the}' sank they were drowned, and if they did not
sink they were burned. Being at length himself
(jliarged with witchcraft, the people seized and threw
him into a river; and as he floated, by his own law ho
was declared a witch, and put to death accordingly.
In more ways than one, he who invents a guillotine
(174)
OUILLOTIXK BUILDIXO.
19V
U often the first to suffer hy it. It is not wise to sow
drai^ons' teeth, and expect tlierefrom a happy harvest.
Now Diego Velazquez had all his life been sowin
drajTons' teeth, and huntinj^ witches, and buiMinj^ guil
lotines, and brazen bulls. Starting 'Vcni Spain in the
jjfuise of a noble old soldier, as he advi./**,.-j'.d himself,
tlioucfh some said of him that his sword v as bloodless
and liis bravery bravado, he served the usmal appren-
ticcKliip in the New World, chasinjTf, and mutilatinj^,
aiul murdering, and enslaving natives, working to
(loath on his plantations those saved for this most
cruel fate. For this and similar .service Diego Colon,
then ruling the Indies at Espanola, sent him to Cuba
to play governor there over those inoffensive and
thrice unlucky savages. Fraud being native to his
cluiracter, no sooner wns he fairly seated than ho
repudiated his late muslciand benefactor, and reported
dirvctly to the ^'ing, even as his own captain r'f the
Mt'xican expedition was now doing. Another of his
guillotines was the vile treatment of Grijalva for not
<!i>i>bcvin<; orders, on which score he couUl not com-
])laiii against Grijalva's successor. Yet, as head and
li ';irt frosted with time the Cuban governor was not
li;i])py: misdeeds never bring true or lasting hapi)i-
nes-:. His bitterness, however, was but in the bloom ;
thf full fruit of his folly would come only after the
(•(Misunmiation of events upon the continent, grand as
yet beyond conception. Ordinarily it is much easier
It l;ill a man than to create one; in this instance it
v.;is extremely difficult to kill the man that he had
iiuide.
If amoncf the New World cavaliers such a thini; as
poltroon or coward could be, Diego Velazquez was
that thing, notwithstanding he had participated in so
iMUch fighting. Yet I do not call him coward, for
my pen refuses to couple such a term with that of
sixteenth-century Spaniard. Certain it is, hov, ver,
that few men in those days preferred conquering
new lands by deputy to winning glory in person, and
I
!■
r>
',' tj. "= *■
ill
176
THE SINKING OF THE FLEET.
if this soldier and governor was not a coward, there
was little of the manly or chivalrous in his bravery.
He was cautious, yet frequently his cupidity overcame
his caution; and when he adventured his gold — for lie
seldom risked his life, either for fame which he dearly
loved, or for gold which he loved still dearer — it
was under restrictions ruinous to almost any entcr-
l)rise. In his ordinary mood he played fairly enough
the statesman and hero, but in truth his statesmanship
was superficial, and his heroism theatrical. Las Casas
calls him a terrible fellow for those who served him,
and Gt'iuara says he had little stomach for expendi-
tures. This much allowance, however, should be
made in any statements of historians respecting the
governor of Cuba: in their drama of the conquest
JDiego Velazquez plays the part of chief villain to the
hero Ilernan Cortes, when as a matter of fact Cortes
was the greater villain of the two, principally because
he was the stronger.
Even the priests praise Cortds, though many of
his acts were treacherous; and timidity in a leader
M'as accounted the most heinous of crimes. On the
whole, I agree with Torquemada that the governor
should have gone against Montezuma in person, if it
was necessary he should go on such dastardly work
at all; but we may be sure that Velazquez would not
himself venture upon this sea of high exploit, though
-^olus with a silver cord had tied up the winds in an
ox-hide, as he did for Ulysses. And now from tliis
time forth, and indeed from the moment the unre-
strainablc Estremaduran embarked defying him, the
sulphurous fire of hatred and revenge burned constant
in the old man's breast.
Never was villainy so great that if united with
high station or ability it could not find supporters;
for most men are rascals at heart in one direction or
another. The pretty pair, Velazquez the governor,
and Cortds the adventurer — so well pitted that the
CONSPIRACY IN CAMP.
177
difference between tliem consists chiefly In setting
off the position of one against the native strength of
the other, the manners and pusillanimity of the one
against the fate -defying chivalry of the other — had
each his active workers not only in Spain, but in
America, those of Velazquez being some of them in
the very camp of Cortes. Since the royal grant of
superior powers to Velazquez, this faction has lifted
its head. And now its brain works.
The messengers for Spain had scarcely left the
port before these malcontents form a plot, this time
not with the sole desire to return to a more com-
fortable and secure life, but with a view to advise
Velazquez of the treasure ship so close at hand.
Amongst them are to bo found the priest Juan Diaz;
Juan Escudcro, the alguacil of Baracoa, who be-
guiled and surrendered Cortds into the hands of the
'.luthorities; Diego Cermeno and Gonzalo do Umbri'a,
[)il()ts; Bernardino de Coria, and Alonso Pefiate, be-
Hido several leading men who merely countenanced
the ]jlot,^ They have already secured a small vessel
with the necessary supplies, and the night of embark-
iiient is at hand, when Coria repents and betrays his
companions.
Cortes is profoundly moved. It is not so much
the hot indignation that stirs his breasl against the
traitors as the light from afar that seems to lloat in
uj)on his mind like an inspiration, showing him more
vividly than he had ever seen it before, his situation.
So lately a lax and frivolous youth, apparently of
inept nature, wrought to stlffer consistency by some
years of New World kneading, by a stroke of the
' Tlic namcg vary somewliatin (lifforeiit nuthoritics, Bcnial Diaz iiu'luding
instcail of I'cnatc, .a mimbcr of the (Jilirallar sailors known as I'^flalts, who
wcro hashetl at Cozumcl for theft. The plot was liatched ' l)es(lc (i qnatro
dias (jue partieron nuestros Procuradores. ' l/i^t. Venhvl. , .'W. Corti's mentions
only four 'determinailo tic tomar un hcrgantin . . . . y niatar al maestni (V'l, y
irso ii la isla Fernandina.' Cartnn, 53— t. IJomara asaunica tlicni to be the
.sjiine who last revolted on setting out for Tizapantzinco. lll^t. Mfi:, (J4.
' I'u.sicron. . . .nor obra do hurtar uii navio pcqucflo, 6 salir A, robar lo <juo
Uivaban para el rey.' Ta/iia, Htlacioii, in Lazlalceta, Col. Doc, ii. 503. Peter
Martyr Jumbles the names, dec. v. cap. i.
UisT. Mex., Vol. I. la
178
THE SINKING OF THE FLEET.
rarest fortune he suddenly finds himself a oommandoi
of men, in a virgin field of enterprise fascinatini»
beyond expression, and offering to the soldier possi-
bilities excelled by r'^thing within the century. As
the mind enlarges to take in these possibilities, tlie
whole being seems to enlarge with it, the unstable
adventurer is a thing of the past, and behold a miglity
rock fills the place. Against it heads shall boat
unprofitably. The momentous question of to be or
not to be is forever determined; it is an affair simply
of life now. Life and the power of which he finds
himself possessed shall rise or fall together; and if
his life, then the lives of others. No life shall bo
more precious to him than his own; no life shall he
accounted precious at all that stands in the way oi'
his ])lans. To a lady who complained of the l)urniiiu;-
of the Palatinate by Turenne, Napoleon answered:
" And why not, madame, if it was niK^essary to
his designs?" The Palatinate 1 ay, and a hundred
million souls flunij into the same fire, ere the one
omnipotent soul shall suffer the least abrid(Ttn<.'nt.
It was a small matter, and he would do it; all tli(!
islands of the Western Inde he would uproot and iVnyj;
into the face of the Cuban governor before he would
yield one jot of his stolen advantage. Each for him-
self were Velazquez, Colundjus, and Charles, and the
rest of this world's great and little ones, and Cortes
would bo for himself Henceforth, like Themistocles,
though he would die for his country ho would not
trust her. Return to Cuba he well knew for him was
death, or ignominy worse than death. His v>nly way
was toward Mexico. As well first as last. All the
past life of Cortes, all his purposes for the future,
concentred in these resolves to make them the pivot
of his destiny. Cortes, master of kings, arbiter of
men's lives! As for these traitors, they shall die;
and if other impediments appear, as presen+ly wo
shall sec them appear, be they in the form of eye or
right hand, they shall be removed. Tyrant, ho might
Ky wo
I eve or
I miglit
EXECUTIONS.
170
he branded; ay, as well that as another name, for so
iiio great ends often brought to pass by small means,
l^iiplcasant as it may be, the survivors may as well
hear in mind that it will be less difficult another time.
So the conspirators are promptly seized and sen-
tenced, Escudero and Cermeilo to be hanged, Umbn'a
to lose his feet, and others to receive each two hun-
dred lashes.' Under cover of his cloth Padre Diaz,
the ringleader and most guilty of them all, escapes
with a reprimand. As for the rest, though among
them were some equally guilty, they were treated with
such dissembling courtesy and prudence as either to
render them harmless or to convert them into friends.
"Happy the man who cannot write, if it save him
from such business as this I" exclaimed the com-
mander, as he affixed his name to the death-warrants.
For notwithstanding his inexorable resolve he was
troubled, and would not see his comrades die thouijh
tlicv would have sacrificed him. On the mornino; of
the day of execution he set off at breakneck speed
for Cempoala, after ordering two hundred soldiers to
follow with the horses and join a similar force which
had left three days before under Alvarado.^
Cortes' brain was in a whirl durinif that ride. It
was a horrible thing, this hanging of Spaniards, cutting
off feet, and flogging. Viewed in one light it was but
a common piece of military discipline; from another
stand-point it was the act of an outlaw. The greater
])art of the little army was with the commander; to
this full extent the men believed in him, that on his
' Tims Cort(5s had his revenge on the nlguacil. ' Y no le vali6 el ser su
Cdinpadre,' says Vetane\Tt, witli a liasty iissumption which is not uncommon
with liim. Teittro Mvx., pt. iii. 119. Gonuira mentions no mutilation. ' I'arceo
diiro ser aquestas obras, . . . .propias ile averiguado tirano,' says Las Casas,
/H-<l. hid., iv. 496, which may be regarded as a singularly mild expr'.-ssion for
the bishop. Ilerrera dwells upon CernieAo's extraordinary skill with the
liaping-polc; ho eouhl also smell land tifteen leagues oil' the coast, dec. ii. lib.
>. cap. xiv. 'Coria, veziuo quo fue despues do Chiapa.' Uvriial JJiaz, JIUtl.
Wrilail., 39.
' ' Kmbiado por los pueblos de la sierra, porque tuuiesscn que comer;
porque en nucstra Villa ptissauamos mucha necessidad de iMistinuintos. ' /(/.
riiis seems unlikely, since the Totonacs were not only willing, but bound, to
provide supplies.
5
^ 1
'^1
■^'■J,
ISO
THE SINKING OF THE FLEET.
I I
valor and discretion they would adventure their lives.
With most men beliefs are but prejudices, and opinions
tastes. These Spaniards not only believed in their
general, but they held to a most impetuous belief in
themselves. They could do not only anything that
any one else ever had done or could do, but they could
< command the supernatural, and fight with or against
phantoms and devils. They were a host in themselves;
besides which the hosts of Jehovah were on their side.
And Cortds measured his men and their capabilities,
not as Xerxes measured his army, by filling suc-
cessively a pen capable of holding just ten thousand;
he measured them rather by his ambition, which was
as bright and as limitless as the firmament. Already
they were heroes, whose story presently should vie iu
thrilling interest with the most romantic tales of chiv-
alry and knight-errantry, and in whom the strongest
human passions were so blended as to lift them for a
time out of the hand of fate and make their fortunes
their own. The thirst for wealth, the enthusiasm of
religion, the love oi glory, united with reckless daring
and excessive loyalty, formed the most powerful in
centives to action. Life to them without the attain-
ment of their object was valueless; they would do or
die; for to die in doing was life, whereas to live failing-
was worse than death. Cortes felt all this, thougli it
scarcely lay on his mind in threads of tangible thought.
There was enough however that was tancrible in his
thinkings, and exceedingly troubling. Unfortunately
the mind and heart of all his people were not of the
complexion he would have them. And those ships.
And the disaffected men lying so near them, looking
wistfully at them every morning, and plotting, and
plotting all the day long. Like the Palatinate to
Turonnc, like anything that seduced from the stern
purposes of Cortes, it were better they were not.
This thought once flashed into his mind fastened
itself there. And it grew. And Cortes grew witii it,
until the man and the idea fdled all that country, and
A DiVRIXG RESOLVE.
m
IVCS.
■ouglit.
liocamc the wonder and admiration of the world.
] )estroy the ships I Cut off all escape, should such bo
needed in case of failure! Burn the bridge that spans
time, and bring to his desperate desire the aid of the
eternities 1 Thethouijht of it alone was darin^f; more
fearfully fascinating it became as Cortes dashed alonjx
toward Cempoala, and by the time he had reached his
destination the thing was determined, and he might
with Caisar at the Rubicon exclaim, Jacta est alca!
])iit what would his soldiers say? They must be made
to feel as he feels, to see with his eyes, and to swell
with his ambition.
The confession of the conspirators opened the eyes
of Cortes to a f\ict which surely he liad seen often
enough before, though by reason of his generous
nature which forgot an injury immediately it was for-
f,flven, it had not been much in his mind of late, namely,
that too many of his companions were lukewarm, if
not openly disaffected. They could not forget that
Cortes was a common man like themselves, thea-
superior in name only, and placed over them for
the accomplishment of this single purpose. They
felt they had a right to say whether they would
remain and take the desperate chance their leader
seemed determined on, and to act on that right with
or without his consent. And their position assuredly
was sound; whether it was sensible depended greatly
on tlieir ability to sustain themselves in it. Cortes
was exercising the arbitrary power of a majority to
drive the minority jks it appeared to tiieir death. They
had a jierfect righ. ..<> rebel; they had not entered the
service under any such compact. Cortes himself was
a rebel; hence the lebeliion of the Velazquez men,
lxMn«:' a rebellincj aj^jainst a rebel, was in truth an ad-
lierence to loyalty. Here as everywhere it was niiglit
that made right; and, indeed, with the right of these
matters the narrator has little to do.
Success, shame, fear, bright prospects, had all lont
their aid to hold the discontented in check, but in
^ m
isa
THE SIXKING OF THE FLEET.
tlit3.Sc .several rej^urds feeling and opinion wore .subjecjt
to daily fluctuations. Let seriou.s danger or rcversc.s
come, and they would flee in a moment if they could.
And the fleet lying so near was a constant temptation.
Cut that off, and the nerves of every man there would
be freshly strung. The meanest would suddenly be-
come charged with a kind of nobility; they would at
onco become inspired with the courage that comes
from desperation. Often those least inclined to tiglit
when forced to it arc the most indifferent to death.
Other dormant elements would be brought out by the
disappearance of those shijis; union, fraternity, com-
plete community, not only of interest but of life. Their
leader with muiti{)lied jiower would become their g(j(l.
On him they would be dependent for all things;
for food and raiment, for riches, glory, and every suc-
cess; for life itself Cortes saw all this, pondered it
well, and thought it would be very pretty to play tlio
god awliile. Ho would much prefer it to confinement
in old Velazquez' plaza-pen, or even in a Seville prison.
Cortes was now certain in his own mind that if liis
barid remained unbroken either by internal dissension
or by white men yet to arrive, he would tread tlio
streets of the INIexican capital before he entered the
gates of the celestial city. If IMontezuma would not
admit him peaceably, he would gather such a forct;
of the emperor's enemies as would pull the kingdom
down about his ears. It would be necessary on going
inland to leave a garrison at Villa Rica; but it woul.l
be madness to leave also vessels in which they could
sail away to Cuba or elsewhere. And finally, it'
the ships were destroyed, the sailors, who otherwi- o
would be required to care for them, might be addotl
to the army. Such were the arguments which the
conunander would use to win the consent of his people
to oite of the most desperate and daring acts ever
ectnceived bv a strategist of any age or nation.
Not that such consent was necessary. He might
destroy tlie ships and settle with the soldiers alter-
SAD CONDITION OF THE SHIPS.
1S3
gdom
goiiio
couM
lly,_it'
|a(l(U'il
Ih tlu-
|)e(i|)lo
ever
^niglit
afU'i-
Miird. TIr' deed accomjili.slied, with or without tlieir
coiisciit, there would be Ijut one course open to
them. Nevei'tliele.ss he preferred they should thhik
themselves the authors of* it rather than feel that they
liad heeu tricked, or in any way unfairly dealt with.
And with the n oral he would shift tlie pecuniary
responsibility to their shoulders. So he went to work
as usual, with instruments apparently inde])endent,
hut whose every step and word were of his directing.
( )iie day quickly thereafter it came to pass that the
masters of several of the largest ships ai)j)eared be-
i'nvc the ca[)tain-gencral with lengthened faces well
put on, with the sad intelligence that their respective
ciaft were unscaworthy; indeed one of theiu had
sunk already. They did not say they had secretly
httred holes in them accoi'ding to instructions. Cortes
was sui'prised, nay he was painfully aft'ectcd; Tloscius
himself could not have performed the part better;
'■for well he could dis.senible when it served his pur-
])()se," chimes in Las Casa.s. With Christian i'ortitude
he said: "Well, the will of God be done; but look
you sharply to the other ships." Barnacles were then
iVeely discussed, and teredtjs. And so well obeyed
tlie mariners tlieir instructions that soon they were
uhlc to swear that all the vessels save three were un-
safe;, and even tiiese required costly rej)airs before
tluy would be seaworthy.* Thus as by the hand
of }n'ovi(lence, to the minds of the men as they
Were able to bear it, the deed unfolded. Soon quite
;q)parcnt became the expediency of abandoning such
vessels as were leaking badly; there was trouble and
no jirolit in attempting to maintain them, for they
would surely have to be abandoned in the end. "And
indeed, fellow-soldier.s," continued Cortes, "I am not
* Ttstbnnn'io dc Mnntrjo // Puertornrrrrn, in f'oL Doc. Ined. , i. 489, 404. ' Viiiic-
Ron il Ol, I'uaiulo tstiivii-'so iinn.li.1 gi.'iito con cl jiintii, y lu (kuuiiciiisi n coino iiu
|i«lian vcnc'Tcl agua do Ion niivios.' /,a.< f'.i>Yi., Hist. Iii'/., iv. 4!I7. 'Thuk
i ■ -iiiM j)ai';i ijiK! lo.s sulclados iiias alicif'nailo.s (juo tenia so Id |iiili(t*si:n . . . . J.oa
N 'M:iil(i-! s'- lo pidiorun, y tliUo so ru'lhio aiito ]><>r ante I'sttiuano.' Ilcrnra,
ill', ii. nil. V. cip. xiv. ' l.i-' acon.sijani'H Ins ipic vranios suh aiiiiyos, ^juu nu
iK'Aiissc Nauio vn I'l I'mrto.' IJi nml Dta:, lli-^t. Wrdwl., l\'J.
- Iy3
m
I
I
I
ii
184
THE SINKING OF THE FLEET.
sure but it were best to doom to tlcstruction also tlio
f)thers, and so secure the cooperation of the saihjrs in
the cominij campaign, instead of leaving them in idle-
ness to hatch fresh treachery." This intimation was
successful, as had been foreordained by the ruler of
those events it should be. It was forthwith resolved
to scuttle all the ships but one, the one brought by
Salcedo. Accordingly Escalante, the alguacil mayoi-,
a brave and able officer wholly devoted to Cortes,
was sent down to Villa Rica to carry out the order,
with the aid of the picked soldiers there stationed.
Sails, anchors, cables, and everything that could bo
utilized were removed, and a few hours later some
small boats were all that remained of the Cuban
fleet."
It was then the community first realized its sit-
uation. The followers of Cortes, with unbounded
faith in their leader, did not so much care, but the
partisans of Velazquez, few of whom knew that tlto
affair had been coolly predetermined, were somewhat
agitated. And when on closer inquiry they were
enlightened by certain of the mariners, the cry arose
that they were betrayed; they were lambs led to tiio
slaughter. Cortes promptly faced the now furious
crowd. What did the}'' want? Were their lives more
precious than those of the rest? "For shame! Bo
men!" he cried, in conclusion. "You should know
ere this how vain are the attempts to thwart my
purpose. Look on this magnificent land with its
vast treasures, and narrow not your vision to your
insignificant seb^es. Think of your glorious reward,
present and to come, and trust in G xl, who, if it so
]ilease him, can conquer this empire with a single arm.
Yet if there be one here still so craven as to wish
to turn his back on the glories and advantages thus
' ' Los Pilotos, C Maeatres viojos, y marineros, que no era buenos para ir ^
la gncrru, quo sc (nieilassen en la \'illa, y co tlos chincliorros que tiuiicssen curgo
(U' pi-^scar. . . .y lup^o sc vino (Escalante) i1 Compo.al con viia Capitaiiia do
Iioiiihiva (li- la mar, que fuesscu los que sacaron de lea Xauios, y salicron
al^imos dcllos niuy buonos soldados.' Denial Diaz, Hist. Vtrdad,, 40.
THE DEED IS DONE.
185
iioro
Bo
now
mv
its
rour
ard,
t so
inn.
,vish
luis
ha ir A
lo:irgo
liii <lo
licrou
ofTorcfl; if there be one here so base, so recreant to
heaven, to liis king, to liis comrades, as to slink troni
such lionorable duty, in God's name let him go. There
is one ship left, which T will equip at my own charge
to give that man the immortal infamy he deserves."
Tliis lie said and much more, and to the desired effect.
The speaker knew well how to play upon his men,
as on an instrument, so that they would respond in
any tune he pleased. Cheers rent the air as he con-
cluded, in which the opposition Avere forced to join
through very shame. Seeing which Cortes gently
intimated, "Would it not be well to destroy the
leniaining vessel, and so make a safe, clean thing of
it.'" In the enthusiasm of the moment the act was
consummated with hearty approval."
* It is generally admitted that Cortds suggested the idea of destroying the
fliot, for uvon Ijurnal Diaz, who at first gives the credit to the men hj raying,
' Ic ncoiiscjainos los one cramos sus amigos,' confesses on tlie following i>a'j;o
tliat 'cl niisino Cortes lo tenia ya concertado. ' Hist. Venlml., .31>-40. Tho
prrpoiKkniting testimony also shows that the masters made tlieir rcjiort iu
public, with the evident object, as tho best atithoritics clearly indicate, of
obtaining the consent of tlie responsible majority for the scuttling. During
tin- partition of treasures at Mexico, largo sliares were set aside for Corti-.s
nml Velazquez to cover the cost of tho fleet and tho outfit, 'que dinioa nl
traiies cor. cllos, pucs toilos fuimos en cUos,' Ikrnal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 84,
vliicli is proof, in addition to the reliable assertion that tho deed was agreed
upon by tho majority. Cortes' expression, 'los echiS ,1 la eosta,' (^artai, .'4,
u merely that of a leader of that party or majority, who besides really
gives credit to others. Ilcnce the eonehision of I'rescott and others, tliat tho
scuttling was done on his own resjTOnsibility, is not well founded. Cortes
was clever cnougli always to have those present who were ready to take any
ro.sponsibility for him that lie miglit wish. Tho phra.se, ' his was the greatest
s.acriiicc, for they (the vessels) were his property,' Pn;icott'.iMcx., i. .374, isalso
VT(iiig, fur ho was compensated by the anuy. And it is an exaggeration to say
that the execution of the measure 'in the face of an incensed and tlesperato
soldiery, was an act of resolution that lias few parallels in history,' /(/. , H'Ct,
siiR'i; hio party supported him. According to Oomara tho pilots l>ore lioles in tho
vessels, and bring their report, whereupon five vessels are first sunk ; shortly
iiftcrward the remainder except one arc scuttled. The ofler of thi.s vessel to
those who wished to return was made with a view to learn who were tho
cowards and malcontents. Many indeed did ask for leave, Imt half of them wero
sailors. Others kept quiet out of shame. Jfi/tt. 3fi'x.,(Kt. It was never (Jort.'s'
piilicy to mark tho disafTectcd, however. Tliis author is followed hy Tonpic-
maila, ' porque asi so ha platicado siemprc cntre las Ocntos, que mas supierou
Ul' esta .Jornada,' i. 400, and on the strengtli of this the latter argues tliat
Ilerrnr.a's version, dec. ii. lib. v. cap. xiv., wliich adheres chiefly to r.ernal
Diaz', must be wTong. Tapia, Hclarioii, in [ra:halccta. Vol. Dor., ii. ■'5G.1, con-
firms ehiofly to Oomara. Ilobertson, after following Rernal Diaz, takes tlio
troiilile of having the ships 'drawn ashore and . . . .broke in pieces.' f/'mf Am.,
ii. '.V.V-l; Vlaei'icro. Storii JM'.i., iii. 3.')-rt; Oricdo, ///•-.'. Ooi., iii. 2(>2; Snm/o-
!((', Ili^t. Carlos v., i. 171; IMcr Martyr, dec. v. cap. i. Peralta has them
refill
IM
TIIK SINKING OF THE FLEET.
"To ^Icxifo!" was now the cry, and preparations
for tlie niurcli were at once made. Escalante, whoso
character and services had endeared him to Cortes,
l)unic(l by secret agents of Cort(58. Xot. Hint., 70. Solis, ever ze.-iloiis
for liin hero, objects to IJcruiil Dinz' attempt to pluck any of the {,'loi-y, jind
fcconts the idea tliat fears of peciniiary liability could have influenced Cui't« s
to gal": tlio a[>proval of others for Iii.s act. ' Tuvo A destreza du liiHtoriiiilnr i]
lu.'iietrar lo interior de las ncciones,' is the conii>lacent ti'ibute to hi.s own .skill
in pouctrating the (juestion. IJint. Mcx., i. "Jl-l-l."). The view of the f;)Uncl( r-
iii;^ licet, apj)endcd to sonio editions of his work, has been fxten.sivcly ci.i'i( d.
One is given in the Antwerp edition of 1704, 141. A still liner view, with
tlie men busy on shore, and the sinking vessels in the distance, is to be
foun<l in the Madrid issue <jf 17S3, i. "Jl.'l. The <lfstruetion of the licet 1ms
been lauded in extravagant terms by almost every authority, from (Joniara
and Solis to Robertson and I'reseott, as an unparalleled deed. (Jf previous
examples tliere are enoagh, however, even thong! clic motives and fli(!
means difler. Wc may go back to /Eneas, to whoso fleet the wives of Iho
party applied the torch, tired of roaming; or wc may point to Agathoclc.-*,
who iirst fired his soldiers with a resolution to conqncr or to die, and
then et)mpelled them to keep their word by firing the vessels. Julian otlen d
u tamer instance during his campaign on t!ic Tigris; but the deed of the ter-
rible liarbarossa in the MediteiTanean, only a few years before the Mex'Vim
campaign, was marked by reckless determination. Still examples little alicet
thc^jrreatnessof an act; motives, means, and results aii'ord the criteria. 'INm ns
exeniplos destos ay, y aquellos son do grandes homlires. ' O'uniant, Hint. Mcr.,
()."). ' L'lia du las acciones en (jue mas so reconoee la grandeza de su animo. . . .
Y no sabcr,ios .^i dc sti gcncro se hallani mayor algima en todo el eaiiipo do
las Historias.' Solix, H'mt. Mcx., i. 'JIU. 'An eUbrt of magnanimity, to which
there is nothing parallel in history.' IioU-rtfon, J/ixt.Ain., ii. .34. ' Un' iin-
presa, ehe da ]ier se sola bastcribbe a far conoscere la sua magnnnindta, e iid
iinmortalarc il suo nome. ' V/aviijiro, Sloria Mens., iii. 3o; Prescott, Mix., i.
ST.VO, is e(iually carried away, and ho linds more words for his jidniiratiou.
] 1 e is wrong in supposing that one of the vessels in the harbor was left int;ict ;
the cxenipt ship referred to by a chronicler was the cue cui-ryiiig the messen-
gers to Spain.
Antonio dc Solis y Ribadcncyra is remarkable as the first Spanish historian
of the conquest. It appears to us strange that an eiiisode so glorious tii t!i';
fame of Castilians shouhl have been allowed to lie so long negleeted in t!ie
musty pages of their chroniclers. True, these were worthy, zealous i,i' n, \\\u>
conscientiously nan'atcd every occurrence of any note, but their stai/ "<'. fnr
historic truth and dignity caused them to clothe facts, however strikiu'X in a
pub of dreary gi'avity, dryness of detail, and ambiguous confusion, which dis-
couraged even the student. It reciuired the dramatic eye of the composer iiiid
the imagination of the poet to appreciate the picturesque sketches of a stnui-'c
l)eoi)lo now fading into oblivion, the grandeur of a senu-savage pageantry, tlic
romantic exploits that recalled the achievements of the Cid. This faculty
was innate in Solis, developed besides by a long and successful career in let-
ters, lie had prolited also by the advantages opened to him as the secretary
of (-'onde de Oropesa, Viceroy of Navarre and of Valencia, who JI;?ceiias-
like fostered the talents and aided in the promotion of the promising savant,
fur as such he already ranked. Cradled in the famous college town of Alcali
de Ilenares, he bad given early evidence of talent, and at Salamanca uni-
versity he had signalized himself in his seventeenth year by producing a
c-.>:ucd3' of eonsidirabje merit. While pursuing v.ith energy the study nf law
and moral philosophy, he cultivated witii hariUy le;<s ardor the muses. ti>
which end he was no doubt impelled also by his intimacy with the illustriuus
ANTONIO DE SOLIS.
167
Avas placed in coinniand of Villa Rica. The native
chiefs were directed to regard hiui as the representa-
C'alderon. Several of his dramas were rcccivcil with acclamation, and one was
tiuuslated into Frcucli, whilu his niisccllani:uiis |)(H>ms, ri'printud in uiir ii;iy.s,
jiic marked by a vivid iniii^'inutiuii and iia tlcj^aiicc whicii iiLso jidorns hi< Ut-
ti :s, 'I'alentsso conspicuous did not uuit l(>ii,i< for rcoor'nition, an<l with tlio
aid of his patron he advanced to tho dignities of royal seen taiy and cliirf
(hionii'hir of th'! Indies. AVlicn ">() years old his mind undcrwoiit a cliaii'^e,
and entering tlie churcli hcahanduned forever tlie drama and lij^dit litcraturi'.
'J he pen changed only its sphere, iiowever, for it corvcd tlio h!.<tori()gra[iiu i-
Z' ilmisly, achieving for him the greatest fame; and fame nlone, fur at his
<leatli, in April, lUSO, at tho age of 7<>, deep i)overty was his comjiaiLii)n.
When ho entered on this oliicc tho Indies had laps-^d into t'lu dormant
quietiido imposed hy a strict and secluding coh)nial rrgimo. 'i'hero wero no
stirring incidents to reward tho cflbrts of tlie historian, savj those connected
with free-booter raids, which ofTered little that could llattcr Spanish ]>ride.
To achieve fame ho must take up some old theme, anil present it in a form
likely to rouse attention by its contrast. Thus it was tiiat ho selected tho
thrilling episode of the coni|uest of Mexico, with the determination to rescu;
it fnnn tho unskilful arrangement and repetitions, the want of harmony atid
consistency, the dryness and faulty coloring, to which it had hitherto been
subjected, and to cxjiend upon it the eU'ects of elegant style ami vast eru-
dition. When the work appeared at ]Madrid, in ItJSl, its superior merits wero
instiintly recogniz'id, and although the sale at lirst was not large, editions
have multiplied till our day, tho lincst and costliest being the illustrated issue
of 1783-4, in two volumes, whicli I quote, while consulting also tho notes of
several others. So grand and Unely elaborated a subject, and that from a
Spanish historian who was supposed to have exhausteil all the availalilo re-
sources of tho Iberian archives, could not ' il to rouse general attention
throughout Europe, and translations wero made into ditlerent languag 's.
liiibertson, among others, while not failing to point out certain Idemishe.s,
lias paid the high compliment of accepting Solis for almost sole guiile on
tlie conquest, and this with a blindness which ut times leads him into niout
nnnisiiig errors. Even Prcscott warms to his tliemo in a review of six closely
j)rinted pages, wherein eulogy, thouglk not unmingled with censure, is stron''er
than a clearer comprehension of the theme would seem to warrant. But in this
he is impelled to a great extent by his oft displayed tendency to hero worship.
Solis deserves acknowledgment for bringing order out of chaos, for pre-
Beiitiii;,' in a connected form the narnitivo of the conquest, and for adorning it
with an elegant style, liut ho has fullilled only a part of the promises made
iu his [)refaee, and above all has he negh'cted to obtain information on his
t.ipii" beyond that presented in a few of the generally accessible works, even
tiieir evidence being not very closely examined, lie has also taken great
lilii'rties with tho text, subordinating facts to scylo and fancy, seizing every
iiossilile opportunity to manufacture speeches for both native and Spani.di
heroes, and this with an amusing disregard for the consistency of lan-
guage with the person and the time, llis religious tendencies serioudy
interfere with cium judgment, and impel liim to rave with bigoted ;;>-al
against the natives. Tho hero worship of the dramatist iniroiluces itself to
such an extent as frc(iuently to overjliailow everything else, and to mis-
represent. 'Sembra piii un panegirico, ehe una istoria,' says C'lavigero, very
aptly. Sfnria Jlcis., i. IG. His arguments and deductions are at tiiiie.i mo:jt
cliildisli, while his estimation of himself as a lii.storian and thinker i.i aired i i
iiion: than one place with a ridiculous gravity. With regard to style. Soli.i h;;d
Livy for a model, and bcilonged t ) the elder school of historians ; lie was it 5 hi t
good representative, in fact. His languag,^ is expressive and elegant, ;Teatly
ii:ihaed with a poetic spirit not unsuited to the subject, and sustaiiic d in
eloqiieuce, while its pure idiom aids to maintain the work as classic among
188
TIIR SINKING OF THE FLEET.
tive of tlio frcncral, and to supply liiin with every
requirement'
Some nine days after the siidcing of the fleet a
niessenixer arrived from Esealai'te, announcinsr that
four vessels' had passed hy the harbor, refusinj:^ to
enter, and had anchored three leagues off, at the
nioutli of a river. Fearin^^ the descent upon him of
Velazquez, Cortes hurrie(l off with four horsemen,
alter selecting fifty soldiers to follow. Alvarado and
Sandoval were left jointly in charge of the army,
to the exclusitm of Avila, who manifested no little
jealousy of the latter. Cortes halted at the town
merely to learn particulars, declining Escalante's
hospitality with the proverb, "A lame goat has no
rest." On the way to the vessels they met a notary
with two witnesses," commissioned to arrange a boun-
dary on behalf of Francisco de Garay, who claimed
the coast to the north as first discoverer, and desired
to form a settlement a little beyond Nautla. It ap-
peared that Garay, who had come out with Diego
Colon, and had risen from procurador of Espafiola
Castilians. 'Ingcnio Concepttioso, Floriilisimo, i Eloquente,' ia the obsrrv.a-
tioii in the work of liia liistoriographic predecessor, Pinclo, Ej'itome, ii. (i07.
Kilt it lacUa in lK)l(lnrss and dignity ; the rlinnaodies are often misplaced, and
the viM'bosencsb is tiresome. Some of tho faults aroof fours') duo to the time,
but not the many, .ind it also becomes only too apparent that Solis i.s «o con-
ceitedly infatuated with his afTccted grandiloquence as to sacrifice facts
wheicvcr they interfere with its free scope. It is said that ho intended t >
continue tho history of Mexico after the conquest, and that death alone
prevented tho consummation of the project. But this is mere conjecture,
and it appears just as liUely that the dramatist recognized the cffoet of
closing a gi-eat work ai so appropriate a point as tho fall of Mexico Tho
work was taken up, however, by Sala-'^r y arte, who published in 1/ !.3 tho
second part of the Connues', till tho death ' Cort(5s, abounding in all tho
fai'.its or tho superficial and florid compositic
' ' Luego le zalmmaron [tho chiefs] al Jui ;
Brrnul Dinz, If Lit. Vcrdud., 40. 'Dcj(S en la
ciienta hombrcs con doze de calwllo.' Cortes,
fifty Spaniards, with two horses and two firc-n
do Inio, (.•omara, Illftf. Mfx.tGo-GyhixfCcni
do Ireio no In auian datlo cargo nin^uno, ni
I tllirochUl, Hist. Chicli., 291. Tho lorco sec
Ij^th.-.I Diaz, Hist, Vcrdad., 51, says CO old ari . suffering soldiers were left m
j^;:i:i';soii.
" r.er:i;il Diaz says one vessel ; but Corti^s and other authorities mention four.
'■• r.i'rn;;l Diaz, who appears to have been with tho party, names tlicin as
( !/.;'.!i':i do la Loa, notary; Andres Nuilcz, shipwright; Pedro de la Arpa, a
WUencian, and a fourth man. Jlist. Vcrdad. ,40.
of Solis.
lo Escalante con sus incicnsos. '
la de la Veracruz cicnto y ciii-
rtas, 52-3. One hundred and
;s, were left hereunder Pedro
Diaz corrects him. 'Al Pedro
in de cuadrillcro. ' ubi sup.;
3 to be altogether too large.
PIXEDA UPON' THE COAST.
lao
to Ijccomc governor of Jamaica, liad rosolvod to
dovoto his great wealth to extending his fame as
explorer and colonizer. On learning i'rom Alaminos
and his fellow voyajjers of the coasts discovered in
this direction, ho resolved to revive the famed projects
vi' Ponce do Leon, and with this view desi)at<lied a
small licet in 1518, under Diego de Camargo.*" Driven
hack Ijy the Floridans with great slanghter, .<^ays
(jromara, the expedition sailed d«)wn to IVmuco liiver,
again to bo repulsed, with the loss o^ some men,
who were flayed and eaten. Torralha, steward of
Garay, was then sent to Spain, and there, with the
aid of Garay's friends, obtained for him a commission
as adclantado and governor of the territories that ho
iiii<j;ht discover north of Ivio San Pedro y San Pablo."
^feanwhilc a now expedition was despatched to
P;umeo, under Alonso Alvarez Pineda, to form a
settlement and to barter for gold. After obtaininj;
some three thousand pesos, Pineda sailed soutliward
to take possession and to select a site for the colony.'^
And now while the notary is endeavorinjj: to
arrange matters with Cortes, Pineda waits for him
a little distance from the shore. At that moment
""Armo Francisco dc Garay trcs carauelas en Jamaica, cl aflo de mil
qniiiiuLoa y clczioelio, y fue a tentar la Florida.' (t'omara, lligf. I ml., 5.5.
'Dctcrniintj do enviar A iin liidalgo, Uamado Dicjjo do Caiiiargo, \\ dcscubrir &
cuiitimiar cl dcscubriniicnto que Grijalva liubia licclio, con uno o coa du.s
navios; cl cual descubrio la provincia do I'umico, o, por niujor dccir, oomcnzii
lie alii dondo Grijalva so habia tornado, que fiio dcsilc I'anuco, y r.ndiivo
iiavL'gando por lacosta cicn leguas hacia la Florida.' Lus ( 'hkhs. Hist. lud., iv.
400; /Icrrcra, dec. ii. lib. iii. ca)). xi. ; Cidnuio'H Dinror., i;';j-4.
" Sue IJiM. MfX., i. 29, this scries. 'Kl Hey so las concedio cl afio de 819,
ostando en Barcelona.' Las (ctsai, loc. cit. 'Torraliia. . . truxo i>rouisioiio3
jiiuaciue fucsso Adclantado, y Goucniador dcsdc tl lio do S.Tn I'cilro, y San
I'ablo, y todo lo quo descubricssc : y por aijucllna pruisiones ciiddo hicgo trcs
Nauio:j con hastuuoEicntos y setentasoldados. ' livrnnl J)iaz, Ili-l. I'l n/<i<l., il.
'- llcrnal Uiaz intinnites that Pineda bad reniaiiied nt llio Piinuco to colo-
nize, while one vessel was sent down to take jKiSfSi'ssion where (.'urtcs met
the men. After giving an account of two cxpcditiun.s in 1.") 18 anil 1.")!!), (io-
iiiara says: 'Otros dizen, quo no fue mas de vna voz. Siiio (|ue coiiio cstuuo
nmcho alia cuetan pordos. ' I/i-it. lud., oj. 15utI.asCasa.4 mentions distinctly
that it was on the strength of Caniargo's discoveries, in l.")l.S, tliat the frrant
was made to Garay in the following year. \\\n sup. 'Garainuiaconidomucha
oostii en domada do la Florida, y tocado en vn rio y tierra, cuyo rey so llaniaua
riiiiuco, dondc vieron oro, aun que poco. Y que sin salir de las nauc.s nui;V rcs-
catado hasta trca mil pesos de oro.' doniarn, Hif^t. Mex., tiT; CurtCs, t'uiitim,
M-l; Oviedo, iii. '2U--3; Ihnxra, dec. ii. lib. vi. cap. i.
:"5
i
100
THE SINKING OP THE FLEET.
!
Cort(5s cared little for Garays or boundaries; but he
would by no means object to a few more Spaniards to
take the place of those he had hanged, and of others
whom he might yet be obliged to hang. To this end
he converted jierforce to his cause the notary and his
attendants. Then learning from them that Pineda
could on no account be prevailed on to land for a
(•((iifcrence, Cortes signalled to the vessels with the
hope that more men would come on shore. This
failinsjf, he bethoujjht himself of lettinjj three of his
men exchange clothes with the new-comers and ap-
])roach tlie landing, while he marched back with the
rest in full view of the vessels. As soon as it grew
(hirk, the whole force returned to hide near the spot.
It was not till late the followinfj morning that the
suspicious Pineda responded to the signals from
sliorc, and sent off a boat with armed men. The trio
now withdrew behind some bushes, as if for .sluide.
l^'our Spaniards and one Indian landed, armed with
two fnvlocks and two cross-bows, and on reaching
thi' shrubbery they were pounced upon by the hidden
I'oice, while the boat pushed off to join the vessels all
ready to sail."
'•' ' El lino (of the captured ones) era maestre do la una nao, 6 puso fucj^o a
III escopcta, i^ niatara al capital! do la Veracruz, sino que ■•! la media Ic falti)
ol fiiej^o.' Ovieilo. iii. '2G',l. Bcrnal Diaz, in a lesa intelligent account of tlio
c'.ipture, states tii;it only two men landed. 'Por nianera que se huuienni
<U' aifuel Niuiio seis soliladoa Y rsto es lo quo so liizo, y no lo quo osci'iuc
«'l ('orouista (tomara.' Hixf. \'erd(ul., 41. But Cortt''b' version must surely lio
tlie best, Rinco it was related shortly after the occurrence, and by an iiii-
ntediute participator in the events.
-'*^i
'ft-
m
A !.
CHAPTER XII.
MARCH TOWARD MEXICO.
August-September, 1519.
ES'TIirSIASM OF THE AUMY— TlIE FoUCE — THE ToTONACS AdVISE THE Tl^\S-
OALAN Route — Arkival at Jalafa — A Look Backward — TiieAnahuao
Plateau — Meetinc! witu Olintetl — Arrival in the Country of
THE TlASCALTECS — TlIE SENATE CONVENES AND RECEIVES THE EnVOV;4
oi" CoRTfo — An I*;NcorNTER — A More Serious Battle — Xicotencatl
Resolves to Try the Prowess of the Invaders, and is Defeated.
The G;iray affair havint^ thus been disposed of, it
was announced to the S})aniards that they M'ould
now ^o ill quest of the great IMonte/Aima. For as
the concihating sea smooths the .sand wliich hut
latilv it ground in its determinate purj)ose from tlie
rocks, so liad Cortes quieted the rufiled temper of
the malcontents, till they were committed as one
man to the will of the leader. And he smiled some-
what cfrimlv as ho concluded his haranijuo: " 'J'o
siR'cess or total destruction now we march; for there
is open to us no retreat. In Christ we trust, and on
our arms rely. And thouu^h few in number, our
hearts are strong." The soldiers shouted tl>eir ap-
pioval, and again signhied their desire to press onward
to Mexico.^
The force for the exj^edition consisted of about
i" nr liundred and fifty Spaniards, with fifteen horses,
and six or seven light guns, attended by a considcr-
ahl(> number of Indian warriors and carriers, in-
( hiding Cubans. The Totonac force comprised also
forty chiefs, taken really as hostages, among wliom
' ' Y todos ft vna le respondimos, que liariar os lo (luo ordenassc, que I'cliada
• nUuu la siierte de la buena 6 niala ventura.' Uenial Diaz, Hist, i'mlad., 40.
(101)
^ ,
^i
■ *'
:i 1
I j
n
111
"(!■:
192
MARCH TOWARD MEXICO.
are named Mamcxi, Tamalli, and Tcucli, the latter
proving a most able and trusty guide and counsellor.^
The advice of the Totonacs is to take the route
through Tlascala, as a state friendly to them and bit-
terly opposed to the Mexicans, and on the IGth of
August the army leaves Cempoala for the interior.
Soon begins the gentle ascent which lifts them from
oppressive heat and overpowering vegetation to cooler
oCItlall«ii«
' "IIupyotTlpi
O,.
Jo;'V^lrt«,«lap«. 2ult.pc.c
•"•t>
Nauhcarrpatepetl -^ XjlltapanUlneo
orCofie dePtrotO'ljo,. oJ''l:'l" ^^-0--~,(A iili III.' i
^ncoU.in or - i ^
CuVvV^^*'
CllulOO nCEXuTZLNCO +
Tlidiuanalro
JV>u»^»'-' ° c #P°P°"-^«P«»'- Orizaba*-^
rfUiiaciuuuiitan ciioi.lLA \,.„t,i,..m''^'
QuauliiiutiL-ltullaii o
luucuu?
°Ti-cdlw)
Uueclioluc
CutlbcliUau?
'Bcrnal Diaz states, 65, that on reaching Mexico City 'no llogauamos ;i
450 soldadoa,' intimating that thry must have aiaountetl to fully thin liLrmu
on leaving Villa Rica. This wouhl allow fully V20 men to Kscalante, which
appears a large garrison, even after making allowances for the old anl fiiliiiii.
(tomara plnccs tlu force at 4{X) Spaniards, with 1.") horses, fi guns, and I.'IOO
Indians, including Cubans anil carriers. Coh'/. i1/'.c.,C7; VA'/vv/'o, dec. ii. lili.
vi. cap. i. ; Ton/iicuKula, 1. 411, 517. Ixtlilxochitl incr"i.w3 this to 7 g'iiis,
1300 warriors, and 1000 carriers. 'Con quince docahalloy t"cscicntos penms.'
Cortrn, C'artas, 5'2. Corti^s refers later < to 400 Compoalai.s. Ho mentions
merely 200 carriers. C'lavigero has 41 : ^laniards, a figure resulting finui ;i
misreading of his original. >S(orta ^f('fls., iii. 30. iSolis, Jfeff. Mcr., i. '21(1 17,
followed of course by Robertson, changes the tigures to 500 men, '200 carriui s,
and 400 Indian troops. A page, tM'elve years old, was left with tlio lnid nf
Cempoala to learn tho language. ' Tomaron un indio principal (pie llaniali.m
Thu-ochalcatl para (luo los mostraso el camino,' taken from tlie country by
fJrijulva, and orought back by Cortt''a. ticihn'jiiii, Conq. Afcr., 10. Shortly
before beginning tho march, gays Duran, a messenger arrived from Mexico
in the person of Motdchiuh, scut by Montezuma to Kcrvu as guide, and t>>
provide for the properservicc and hospitality on the way. licing told thiit ni
guide was needed, lie returned, leaving orders with tho eaci(|Ues en route to
tender good reception to the strangers. Duma, Hid. hid., MS., ii. 405-10.
NATURE'S GLORIES.
103
ifniotis, and at the close of the seooiul day is reached
the beautiful Jalapa,^ a halt inc?- place between the
border of the sea and the upper plateau.
There they turn with one accord and look back.
How charminjjf ! how inexpressibly refreshing arc
llior^e approaching highlamls to the Spaniards, so
lately from tlic malarious Isthmus and the jungle-
(•overc<l isles, and whose ancestors not long since had
lield all tropics to be uninhabitable; on the border,
too, of Montezuma's kingdom, wrapped in the soft
Iblds of per})ctual spring. Before the invader.s are
the ardent waters of the gulf, instant in their humane
pilgrimage to otherwise frozen and uninhabitable
lauds; before them the low, infectious tierra calieute
that skirts the lofty interior threateningly, like the
jioisoned garment of Hercules, with vegetation bloated
liy the noxious air and by nourislunent sucked from
tlie putrid remains of nature's opulence, while over all,
tilled with the remembrance of streams stained san-
guine from sacrificial altars, passes with sullen sighs
the low- voiced winds. But a change comes gradually
as the steep ascent is made that walls the healthful
table -land of Andhuac. On the tcmphtda terrace
new foliaofe is observed, though still ujlistening with
sun -painted birds and eidivened by parliaments of
monkeys. Insects and flowers bathe in waves of
burning light until they display a variety of colors
as wo.iderful as they are brilliant, while from cool
canons rise metallic mists overspreading the warm
liills. Blue and jnu'ple are the sunnnits in the dis-
tance, and dim glowing hazy the imperial heights
beyond that daily batHe the tleparting sun. Ami on
the broad plateau, whose rich earth with copious yield
•' McMiiing ' Spring in tlio Sand.' J\'ivir(t.lH<t.Jiihipn, i.app.7. 'Ylaprinn'ra
j'liiiaili) t'liinios a vn piiohlo, ([110 sc di/o Xalapa. ' Jkniid JJinz, //^s^ Virdiul.,
•11. I>ut the roail was too long for one day's luanli. 1 may iirro olts'TVc tliat
il'iiial I)iaz is r('nuirkal)ly faulty in liis account of tliis niarcii and of tlic cani-
jiuinn into Tlascala, and tiiis is aduiitteil l)y several writers, wlio nevertlicless
t"llou- liini pretty closely. The place is known the world over for its fairs and
imidiutions, particularly for the drug bearing its name, and is famous in tho
ii>.'ii,'iiboring ilistricts for its eternal spring and beautiful sun'ouadiiiys.
UWT. JlES... Vol. 1. 13
»!■::
m
^
194
MARCH TOWARD MEXICO.
:h
of gold and grain allures to cultivation, all the realm
are out of doors keeping company with the sun.
From afar comes the music-laden breeze whisperiii"
its secrets to graceful palms, aloft against the sky,
and wliich bend to meet the confidence, while tlie
little shrub.> stand motionless with awe. Each duster
of trees repeats the story, and sings in turn its own
matin to which the rest are listeners. At night, how
glittering bright with stars the heavens, which other-
wise were a shroud of impenetrable blackness. In
this land of wild Arcadian beauty the beasts arc
free, and man keeps constant holiday. And how the
hearts of these marauders burned within them as they
thought, nothing doubting, how soon these gloriJ.^
should be Spain's and theirs.
The boundary of the Totonac territory was crossed,
and on the fourth day the army entered a province
called by Cortes Sienchimalen, wherein the sway of
Montezuma was still maintained. This made no
difference to the Spaniards, however, for the lute
imperial envoys had left orders witji the coast gov-
ernors to treat the strangers with every consider-
ation. Of l!ii3 they had a pleasing experience at
Xicochimalco,* a strong fortress situated on the .slopo
of a steep mountain, to which access could be had
only by a stairway easily defended. It overlo(j];c(l
a sloping plain strewn with villages and farms,
mustering in all nearly six thousand warriors.^ With
replenished stores the expedition began to ascend the
C(jrdillera in reality, and to approach the pine forests
n-hich mark the border of the ticrra fria. March-
ing through a hard pass named Nombre de Dies,*
they entered another province defended by a fortress,
'Idontifieit 'with Naulinco. Lorenr.ann, Mnqc, p. ii.
' Corti's refers to .a friendly chat with the gDvernor, who mentioned tho
orders ho had received to offer the Sjianiards all necessities. Cartas, 'u.
" ' Por ser cl prinicro (juc on estas tierras hobianios pasado. El ciiul es tan
agro y alto, quo no lo hay en Espafia otro.' t'ortct, (Jartnn, 57. ' Hoy se llama
tl Paso lid Obkjio.' fjoreiizana, ubi sup. 'Ay en ella niuchas parras con viuis,
y (irbolcs to micl,' Oijinara, Hist. Mtx., Cb.
OLINTETL OF XOCOTLAX.
19j
!i;imc(l Teoxiliuacan/ in no wise inferior to the first
lor .strength or hospitality. They now finished tlie
accent of the cordillera, passed through Tejotla, and for
three days continued their way througli the alkahne
wastes skirting the ancient volcano of Xauhcampate-
petl,** exposed to chilling winds and hailstorms, M'hich
the Spaniards with their quilted armor managed to
endure, but which caused to succumb many of tlie
loss protected and loss hardy Cubans. The brackish
water also brought sickness. On the fourth day tlie
pass of Puerto de Lena,^ so called from the wood
] tiled near some temples, admitted them to the An;l-
Juiac plateau, over seven thousand feet above the sea.
AVith a less balmy climate and a flora less redundant
than that of the Antillean stamping-ground, it ofi'ered
(lu the other hand the attraction of being not unlike
their native Spain. A smiling valLy opened before
them, doubly alluring to the pinched wanderers, with
its broad fields of corn, dotted with houses, and dis-
1 (laying: not ftir off the gleaming walls and tliirteen
towering temples of Xocotlan, the capital of the dis-
trict. Some Portuguese soldiers declaring it the
ycry picture of their cherished Castilblanco, this
name was applied to it.^"
Cacique Olintetl, nicknamed the tcmblador from
tlio shaking of his fat body, came forth with a suite
mid escorted them through the plaza to the quarters
assigned them, past pryamids of grinning human
slcnlls, estimated by Bernal Diaz at over one hundred
' ' Hoy so noinl)ra fxhwifdn dc los Reyes,' Loronznna, Vi'i'/f.
"'bo Xnu/irampn, (|iiatro piirtios, et fcpcll, moiit.ii,'ne.' Ilainhohlfy Vttc-^,
ii. I!)l . K(|iiivalont to the Spanish name of Col're do IVioto.
'■' I^oi'cnzaiia believes it to be the later Sierra de la Ai;iia. A map with
pviitili' (if the route is given in Carhajal E<jiiiios(i, ll'i-if. Mi.c., ii. "JOI; and a
btill better map by Orozco y IJerra, Itinurario, iii Xnf.iricn Mc'., '2'.l'.i.
'"The name must not be confounded with Zaoatlan, as Ixtlilxdchitl calls it,
fur this lies north of Tlascala. ' Este vallo y iioblacion so llama (.'alt^mmi.'
' Tenia las mayores y nuis bien labradas casas ( pio husta entoiicos .... habiamoa
vi.sto. ' Cnrtrs, Cartas 58. Lorcnzana says, ' tlio pnsont T'latlanqnitepco,' la
tlu' lower lying portion of which stood the palace of (,'altanni, ' house below ;'
nml there stands the big tree to which the natives .say that Cortes tied liis
horse. Viai/i', pp. iii.-iv. 'Llamaso. . . .Zaelotan a'luel Ingar, y el valle Zaca-
t.uiii.' donKtra, JllnL Mex,,(iS; Oviido,iii.2iiO. Cocotlan, JJrrnalJJkiz, JJiol,
Vudad., 41.
It
* is
1^
11
^il
100
MARCH TOWARD MEXICO.
thousand. There were also piles of bones, and slaill^^
suspended from beams, all of which produced far from
pleasant impressions. This horror was agi^ravated
by the evident coldness of their reception, and by the
scanty fare offered." Olintetl occupied what Cortes
describes as the "largest and most finely constructed
houses ho had yet seen in this country," wherein two
thousand servants attended to the wants of himself
and his thirty wives.
Impressed by the magnificence of his surroundings,
Cortes inquired whether he was a subject or ally of
Montezuma. "Who is not his slave?" was the reply.
JIo himself ruled twenty thousand subjects," yet was
but a lowly vassal of the emperor, at whose command
thirty chiefs at least could place each one hundred
thousand warriors in the field. Ho proceeded to extol
the imperial wealth and power, and the grandeur of
the capital, wheivin twenty thousand human victims
were annually given to the idols. This was probably
intended to awe the little band; "But wo," says
Bernal Diaz," "with the qualities of Spanish soldiers,
wished we were there striving for fortunes, despite
the dangers described." Cortes calmly assured the
cacique that great as IMontezuma was, there were
vassals of his own kin2: still misrhtier, with more to tlio
same effect; and he concluded by demanding the sul»-
mission of the cacique, together with a present of gold,
and the abandonment of sacrifices and cannibalism.
Olintetrs only reply was that he could do notliiii;,^
without authority from the capital. "Your Monlc-
' ' Ooiu.ira intimates that the Spaniards were well received, and had ."0 nun
sacrifii'cd in thoir honor. Hist. Mc.i:,C>S. Tiie native reconls state tliiitlmad
B|ii'iulvlrd witli tiu! blood of fresh victims wan ofl'ered to tlicin, as to iilols, Init
tliis l)ciiit,' rejected with abliorrence, pure food was liron!.'Iit. IV'fore t'.iis
Borccrei's liad Iiein sent to use their arts against them, by Kpreadinn disciises,
casting spells to prevent their advance, and otherwise opposing them, lint
everything fiiiled before the magic inlluenco shed perh:i[)s l)y tiie lianncrnf
tlie cros^i. huraii, /list. huL, MS., ii. 401-8; Sahcvjun, Hist. Coiiq., 11 ; Aco.^t'i,
U'"<f. /int., f)lS; Tiirqitcmada, i. 417-8.
'■- 'Tenia Montezuma en este pueblo, y su comarca, cinco mil soldados do
i'ua<'nioi')n.' Ilcrrera, dec. ii. lib. vi. cap. ii.
'" ( '(//('/. Mcv. , 42. 'A muchos valicntes por vcutura dcsmayara,' saya totlio
contrary Gonmra, Ilidt. Hex,, 09.
IZTACMIXTITLAN.
107
[idings,
ally ot'
) rc[)ly.
ret was
nimand
undred
bo extol
Lleiir of
victims
robably
Idicrs,
cspito
cd the
wore
to tlio
10 suli-
1 o-old,
alisni.
lotliiu'.;'
Moiilo-
ail 50 imii
liat hi'fail
iil(.>!s, Imt
•I'liro t'.iis
(lisciifics,
0111. ]'>iit
lianurr nt'
; ActU'i,
dados do
lys to tho
zuma," rc]iliod the audacious Spaniard, with sujiprcssed
ani,^er, "shall speedily send you orders to surrender to
nic n'old or any other desired effects in your })Ossession."
^lorc generous were the caciques of two towns
at the other end of the valley, who broui^ht a few
ooklun trilles and eight female slaves." The revela-
tions of the Conipoalans and of Marina concerning the
wonderful power of the Spaniards, and the iujuors
])aid them by ^[ontezuma's envoys, had the cftect of
making Olintetl also more liberal with provisions at
least. Being asked about the road to ^Mexico he
]-ecommended that through Cholula, but the Cem-
})oalans representing the Cholultecs as highly treach-
erous, and devoted to the Aztecs, the Tlascalan route
was chosen, and four Totonac chiefs were despatched
to ask permission of the republican rulers to pass
through their lands. A letter served as mystic creden-
tials, and a red bushy Flemish hat for a present. '^
After a stay of four days the army proceeded up
the valley, without leaving the customary cross, it
seems, with wliich they had marked their route hith-
erto; the reason for this was the objection of Parire
Olmedo to expose the emblem to desecration in a
l)lace not wholly friendly to theni.^'' The roatl lay
ibr two leagues through a densely settled district to
Iztacmixtitlan, the seat of TenamaxcuicuitI, a town
which Cortes describes as situated upon a lofty height,
with very g(3od houses, a population of from live to six
thousand lamilies, and jjossessing comforts superior
to those of Xocotlan. "It has a better fortress," he
'To/V/s, f'(tr'a.^, .";». IVmal Diaz ftssumea that Olintftl was iicrHiiadcd ]iy
the C'l'iiipiialans to ouiiciliate Cortcs with four bhux-s, a fow paltry iiicccs oi
jrwtli y, and a luail uf clotli.
' ' ( 'aiiiaru'i) huiids the lotter from Cempoala, to,r:ot!ipr with a .sword, a oi'os-i-
liiiw, and a iid .silk cap. J/i.st. Tl'u., It."), lint it i.s not ]irolial)lc that
CiiitOs wituld dc]irivc hiins(df of .such iiccdl'ul arlich's, not ovcralmiidant witli
liiiii, i:von if lio had no oljjcctioii to let Imliaiis cxaniiiio tliciii. licnial Diaz,
ll'i^t. \'i nlfi/., ■l2-',\, dispatclics two Cciii]M)alan.4 from a later station, and
tlii* on licariiii; that the Tlu.scaltcc.s had risen to ojiposi^ them.
'■'."^till (loiiiaia, in ids sweeping way, declares tiiat ('orti'.s 'jmso nnii'lia.'J
cni/e;! en los tciii))!os, dcrrocado lo^ idolos eonio lo lia;aa en cai',' I:i;,'ar. ' I/is'.
M'.r., 70; Titjiiii, liihiriiiii, in Jia:ha'r< tu, 'nl. Jioc, ii. 507. Twenty leading
Warriors were tuUen fruiii here, says Beriial Diaz.
193
MARCH TOW^UID MEXICO.
writes, "than there is in half Spain, defended by a
wall, barbican, and moats." The cacique who had
invited the visit made amends for the cold reception
of the previous chief, and the Spaniards remained
for three days waitinj^ in vain for the return of tlie
messengers sent to TIascala. They then passed on-
ward, reinforced by about three hundred warriors from
the town." Two leagues' march brought them to the
boundary of TIascala, conspicuous by a wall of stone
and mortar nine feet in height and twenty in breadth,
which stretched for six miles across a valley, from
mountain to mountain, and was provided with breast-
works and ditches.^^
Between latitude 19° and 20° ranges of hills cut
the plain of Aniihuac into four unequal parts. In the
centre of the one eastward stood the capital of TIascala.
The state so carefully protected was about the same
small territory which we now sec on the map," with
twenty-eight towns, and one hundred and fifty thou-
sand i'amilios, according to the rough census taken by
Cortes.^" A branch of the Tco-Chichimec nation, the
Tlascaltecs had, according to tradition, entered upon
the i^lateau shortly before the cognate Aztecs, and,
after occup3'ing for a lime a tract on the western shore
of Tczcuco Lake, they had tired of the constant dis-
putes with neighboring tribes and proceeded eastward,
in three divisions, the largest of which had, late in
the thirteenth century, taken possession of TIascala,
'Place of Bread.' The soil was rich, as implied by the
name, but owing to the continued wars with former
enemies, reinforced by the Aztecs, they found little
opportunity to make available their wealth by means
'"Clavigero calls tlw?m 'xin oompetontc numcro di truppe Mcssicarc del
presidio di Xocotla,' Storia Mi:s-i., iii. 41, wliieli is unlikely.
'^Soo yciHrc L'nris, ij. TiGS, ct scq.
'"Fifteen leagues fioui west to cast, ten from north to south, says Tor-
quemada, i. 'J70. Ilerrera extends it to .30 leagues in \vidtii.
■" 'Hay en cst.a ]iroviuc:a, por visitacion que yo en clla niand6 liacer. cicnto
cincucuta mil vecinos.' Crtcs, Cartas, 09. In the older edition of tlico
letters by Lorenzaiia, it reads, 500,000 families, a figure Mliicli in itself
indicates an exaggeration, but baa nevertheless been widely copiuil. Gomam,
hist. Mcjc,, S7.
SOilEXniNG OF TL\.?CALA.
109
of industries and trade, and of late years a blockade
had been maintained wliich deprived them of many
necessaries, among others salt. But the greater atten-
tion given in consequence to agriculture, had fostered
ti'mnerate habits and a sinewy constitution, combined
with a deep love for the soil as the source of all their
prosperity. Compelled also to devote more time and
practice to warfare for the preservation of tlieir lib-
erty than to the higher branches of culture, they
])rcsented the characteristics of an isolated com-
munity, in being somewhat behind their neighbors in
re'lnemcnt, as well as in the variety of their resources.
In government the state formed an aristocracy,
ruled by a senate of the nobility, presided over by
lour supreme hereditary lords, each independent in
liis own section of the territory. This division ex-
tended also to the capital, which consisted of four
towns, or districts, Tizatlan, Ocotelulco, Quiahuiztlan,
and Tepeticpac, ruled respectively by Xicotencatl,
!Maxixcatzin, Teoliua3%acatzin, and Tlehuexolotl.'-'
It was before this senate that the messengers of
Cortes appeared, informing them in the name of the
Cempoalan lord of the arrival of powerful gods from
tlie east, who having liberated the Totonacs from
^[ontezuma's sway, now desired to visit Tlascala
in passing through to Mexico, and to olfer their
jViendship and alliance. The messengers recommended
an acceptance of the offer, for although few in num-
ber the strangers were more than equal to a host.
Tiiey thereupon depicted their appearance, their swift
steeds, their savage dogs, their caged liglitning, as
^v^Jll as tlieir trentle faith and manners. The messen-
gcrs having retired, the senate proceeded to discussion.
Prudent Maxixcatzin, lord of the larger and richer
industrial district, called attention to tlie omens and
signs which pointed to these visitors, who i'voni all
■-' For further information about Tlascala, see Xatiri' //'cv-t, ii. iiml v.
'rirqiicniadii, gives a det.iiled history of the state in i. "J.V.J-TS. See ;il.so
J'i-isco"'n .\[('.i-., i. 411-10; Sifia, Idoria y Fundacion de la Ciudad dc Tla.c-
C'da, MS. ill jVztec, siu. 4' of 48 leaves.
}ll
U-1
-H
300
MARCH TOWARD MEXICO.
accounts must bo more than mortal, and, if so, it
would 1)0 best to admit tliom, since resistance nnist Im;
vain. Xicotoncatl, the eldest lord, replied to tlii-;
that the interpretation of the si^-ns coulil not be relird
on. To him these beings seemed monsters rejected
by the sea-foam, greedy of gold and luxuries, whose
steeds devoured the very ground. To admit them
would be ruinous. Besides, should the invincible This
caltecs submit to a more handful? The gods forbid!
It was further argued that the amicable relations of
the strangers with Montezuma and his vassals did
not accord with their protestations of friendship. This
might bo one of the many Aztec plots to obtain a
footing in the countr}'-. Nor did the destruction of
idols at Cempoala increase the confidence of a people
so jealous of its institutions. The discussion waxiiin"
warmer, senator Tomilotecatl suggested the middle
i;ourse of letting the Otomi frontier settlers, who
were thoroughly devoted to their Tlascaltec patrons,
make an attack on the invaders, aided by theii-
own general Axayacatzin Xicotoncatl, son of the ol I
lord, and known by the same name. If successiul.
they could claim the glory; if not, they might grant
the victors the permission they had desired, wliilo
casting the blame for the attack on the Otoniis. This
was agreed to.-^
^-' /fcnrra, iloc. ii. lib. vi. cap. iii., confoumls the two Xiootencatls, anl
Torqucinaila, iii seuking to correct liiiii, applies tlio title of general toMaxix-
catzin, i. -iUi, siipi)osiiitf besides, with Clavigero, that Teiuilotceatl may Ipo
another name for Tleluiexolotl. Storia J/V.<>., iii. 4'.); ISrasiciir df ljoiirlioiir;i.
lllit. X<tt. Cti\, iv. 133. .Jealous of the honor of his countrymen, ami ea^'ir
to vintlicato them against the charge of duplicity or enmity toward the
Spaniards, Camargo lets the messengers go back with a friendly invitaticm.
After tliey had started on this niissicm the idols were consulted, but
remained mute; the temples were overthrown by cartli(piakes, and coniiti
appeared, creating a general panic. Jllnt. Tia.c, 14-4-(i. The account nf
the coucjucst by this autlior is particularly interesting since Diego Mtiuu/
Camargo wa.s a native of the valiant little republic of 'I'lascala, a mestizo,
says N'eytia, llisf. Aid. Mrj., ii. 91, wiio calls him Domingo, while Clavi-
gcro gives him nobility. Storia Afirni., 1. 10. liorn shortly after these events,
and in contiict wich the very men who figured tliercin, hi.s stories are repr^i-
duccd from their lips, thougii colored with the spirit of a convert au'l
p.itriot who, like nearly all of his countrj-men, was only too eager to cun y
favor with the dominant race. This is apparent in nearly every lino of iii.i
text, wherein the terms of praise bestowed on the conipierors become not lui.
THROUGH THE WALLS.
201
■i, who
itroii:-,
tlK'ir
he oil
esslul,
grant
whiK;
This
litis, u\A
I Maxix-
|lil;iy lio
lirliiiKr'i,
111 eu^'i.T
Lnl till!
litatiou.
a, but
limit I'f
Mufi'j/.
|llL'sti/l),
Cliivi-
IcVL'UtS
I: rciii-i
Irt iia.l
|) cuiry
llf lii.s
hot nil.
As tho Spaniards halted before the f^rcat wall,
s]K'fiilatiMg on the strength of the ))e()j)le M'ho had
(lifted it, and npon the j)ossihle traps it might hide,
their late hosts again besought them to take tho
( 'holula route, but Cempoalan counsel prevailed.
Waving aloft his banner, Cortes exclaimed: **Beli(»ld
the cross! Senores, follow it I" And with this he led
the way through the semicircular laps of the en-
trance. The wall was not })r(jvided with sentinels, and
the army met with no ob'-tacles.-^ Attended by ten
hor.semen, the general advanced to reconnoitre. After
|ifoceeding about four leagues he caught sight of tifteen
aimed Luhans, who were pursued and overtaken. A
light ensued, in which the natives, nerved by despaii-,
Inught so fiercely that two horses were killed, and
three horses and two riders wounded.-* Meanwhile a
fi('(|iiently absurd from tlio contradictions imjilicd liy otlicr passnaes. Nor
lines he ni-lcct to hold t'orth on hits own jiuoiile for tlicir bravery and i xploits in
t:L.'litiii^L; tlio dctfstfd Aztecs, and their unswerving devotion to the S|iiiniai'ds,
III the jiiirsuit of this |ileasinj,' theme lie scriiiiks not to saerilieu ti'uth \\ lieu
it )in)Ves a .stumblin,L;d)loclv. Ho leaves tlic impression, for instiince, that tho
'I'liiscaltecs never raised sword against C'ortis. Many of tho misstatements
are due to a non-critical acceptance of tales, for C'amargo waa as simple and
su|ierstitioiis as any of his contemporaries. Although acting as interpreter
ill the )irovince, 7'iiri/>iiiJi(i(/a, i. .'(■J3, he exhibits a not very tliorough iiciiiiaiiit-
aiice with Sjianisli, which is the cause of errors and repetitions. Tiie eon-
i(Uest forms but ta jiortiou of his narrative, wliieli treats chielly of aboriginal
history and customs, and touches lightly the events that jiass'd befon' his
I yes. It was written in l.')Sr), and lay for sonic time in the Felipe Xeri convent
archives, where it was consulted by Toniuemada. Taken afterward by I'anea
to Spain, it was dejiositcd by Munoz with the Koyal Academy of History at
Madi id, from which source copies were obtaine<l, among others one by Ternaux-
('uui|iaiis, and a faulty translation was published in the Xouvdks Ainiuks ilea
I'oy •ijt'-', xcviii.-ix.
-■' A short distance further they pnsscd through a pine grove, wlicrein threads
.nnd ])a|iers were iixed and scattered across the ]iath, the work of Tlascalteo
si'ivi reis, who tluis sought to cast a spell upon the invaders. Ihrrera, dec. ii.
lib. vi. ca)i. iv.
^' 'Segiin algunos qtic lo vieron, cortaron cercen dc \~n golpc cada pcscueco
CMU riciid.isy todo.' (ionirtnt, //int. J/<.r., 71. ' lo \ iddi ciie eubatteilosi vn dl,
liiiile vii Indiano vna cortellata a vn cauallo. . . .net petto, eiie glielo apeiso
liu idle iteriora, et cadde icotanete niorto, <fc....clie vn'altro Indiano iliide
^n ultra cortellata a vn'altro cauallo sii il collo die se lo getto morto. ' It'i/d-
ti'iiie i>er vn iiciiiir/iiioino. in /I'aniunio, i'ia'i'ji, in. 30."). According to Diinai
two warriors stepjied forth from a vast Tiasc alan army before the regular
battle, and issued a challenge, which v,as acce])ted by two horsemen. After a
shiiit combat the Lidians, liy deft movements, killed both horses, cutting oil'
t'le neck of one, and wounding the other in the pasterns. J/isl. /ml., MS., ii.
4i !-■_'(); 'J'i:o~oiiiiii\ Hist. Mf.'-., ii. '2.M-li. This attack is the only resistance
iiihuitted by (Jamargo. The as.sailants were ull Otoinis, who killed one
^-liauiard and two horses, l/lst. Tla.c., l-i(j.
'I I
d
M
MARCH TOWARD MKXICO.
M
force of Iiuliiins came up, ostiinated nt from tliroo to
five tliousaiid, and a horseman was at once sent l>ack
to hurry forward the infantry, while the rest holdly
cliarirt'd the enemy, ri(Un<T^ throut^di their raidvs, and
kilhni;' ri^ht and k-ft without heinj,^ injured them-
selves. On the approach of the foot-soldiers, and the
dis(.'harufe of a volley, the natives retired with ahout
sixty of their number slain.** Shortly afterward two
of the Cempoalan messenij^ers returned with some
Tlascaltecs, who expressed their sorrow at the attack
made hy a tribe not belonging to their nation. Tliey
offered to pay for the horses kilh^d, and invited the
Spaniards in the name of the lords to proceed. The
army advanced for a league into moi-e open country,
and camped among some abandoned farms, where dogs
proved to be the only food left. Thus ended the first
day in Tlascalan territory, the first of September,
accor(Un<Tf to Bernal Diaz.
In the morning the Spaniards met the two other
messengers returning from their mission to Tlascala,
who told a harrowing story of their seizure for the
sacrificial stone, and of their escape by night. It
is prol)able that their detention by the Tlascaltecs
for messenger purposes had frightened them into
believing that they were destined to be sacrificed,
for envoys enjoyed the greatest respect among the
Nahuas.-" Shortly after a body of over one tliou-
sand warriors-^ appeared, to wdiom Cortes, in pres-
ence of the notary Godoy, sent three prisoners, with
a formal assurance of his friendly iutjntions. Tlu;
■r. 'Hiiieron A quatro tic loa nncstros, y parccemc <\\\(' dcsdo alii A pocoa diiis
nuiriJ» el viio ile las lioridas. . . .(jueilaroii imieiti>-= ii' -ita dioz y sit'tc duUos.'
lii-rnnl l>iii~., Ilkl. Verdad., 43; Cor/rs, Cnrtiis, 01; Loreiizana calls the sci'iu!
of this Itattlo the plain of Quimichoccan. l'i(t!l<', p. viii.
'■"'Sco Xiilirc llacei>, ii. 413; Solin, Hist. Mc£., i. 230. According to Kcriinl
Diaz the iiicsseiigers are met before the Tlasciilan border is readied, and they
deliver the announcement that the Tlascaltecs will kill the Spaniards and
eat tlieir llesh, in order to test their reputed strength. The Cenipo.dans shall
suffer the .same fate, since they arc assumed to be plotting in belialf of tlie
Aztecs, loc. cit. Saliagun supposes that the Cempoalan guide had treacliei-
ously led the Spanianla against the Otomiij. Coiiq. Alex. (ed. 1S4U), 10;
CLifii/i'ni, Slor'ia McKK., iii. 42-3.
^' liernal Diaz says (jOOO.
los (lias
■llos.'
SCl'IlO
IMPORTANT BATTLES.
SOS
only reply boinjjf showors f)f arrows, darts, and stones,
Cortes gave tlie *' Santiaj^o, and at them!" and
(liarged. The enemy retreated with the face to
their pursuers, enticing thi.ni toward some Jbroken
ground intersected by a creek, where they found
tlieniselves surrounded hy a hirge force, some hearing
tiie red and white devices of Xicotencatl. MissiU-s
were showered, wliile double-pointed spears, swords,
jind clubs pressed closely upon them, wielded by
holder warriors than those whom the Spaniards had
hitherto subdued. Many were the hearts that
(|uaked, and many expected that their last moment
hud come; "for wo certainly were in greater peril
than ever before," says Bernal Diaz. "None of us
will escape!" exclaimed Teuch, the Cempoalan chief,
but ^larina who stood by replied with fearless confi-
dence: "The mighty God of the Christians, who
loves them well, will let no harm befall them."** The
connnander rode back and forth cheering the men,
and giving orders to press onward, and to keep well
together. Tortunatcly the pass was not long, and
soon the Spaniards emerged into an open field, where
the greater ])art of the enemy awaited them, estimated
iu all, by different authorities, at from thirty thousand
to one hundred thousand.*
How long was this to continue, each now armed
host being tenfold greater than the last? Yet once
again the Spaniards whet their swords, and prepare
for instant attack, as determined to fight it out to
the death, as Leonidas and his brave Spartans at
the pass of Thennopyla3. The cavalry charged with
loose reins, and lances fixed on a range with the
heads of the enemy, opening a way through the dense
columns and spreading a confusion which served the
'-" Ifcrrern, dec. ii. lib. vi. cap. v. A pious conquistador wlio ■was present,
s.nys Duran, told n>e that many wept, wishing tliey had never l)eeu i)orn, and
ouisjiiir the marquia for having led thcni into such danger. Jlist. /»</., MS.,
ii. 417.
'^'^ T.ipia gives the higher ai.d Herrcra the lower figure, while Ixtlilxochitl
nialics it 80,000.
:;
■■,j|
i
I
SM
MARCH TOWARD MEXICO.
infantry well. Bcrnal Diaz relates how a body of
nati /OS, determined to obtain possession of a horse,
surrounded an excellent rider named Pedro do Moron,
who was mounted upon Sedefio's fine racing mare,
dragged him from the saddle, and thrust their swords
and spears through the animal in all directions.
Moron would have been carried off but for the in-
fantry coming to his rescue. In the struggle which
ensued ten Spaniards were wounded, while four chiefs
bit the dust. ISIoron was saved only to die on the
second day, but the mare was secured by the natives
and cut into pieces, which were sent all over the
state to afford opportunity for triumphal celebrations.
The loss was greatly regretted, since it would divest
the horses of their terrifying character. Those pre-
viously killed had been secretly buried. The battle
continued until late in the afternoon, without enabling
the Indians to make any further impression on the
Spanish ranks than inflicting a few wounds, v.hilo
their own were rapidly thinning under the charges of
the cavalry and the volleys of artillery and firelocks.
The slaugliter had been particularly heavy among
the chiefs, and this was the main reason for the re-
treat which the enemy now began, in good order.*"
Their actual loss could not be ascertained, for with
humane devotion the wounded and dead were carried
off the moment they ''^'^re stricken; and in this con-
stant self-sacrificing effort the Tlascaltecs lost many
lives and advauta<;es. Ilobertson rejjards with sus-
pieion the accounts of the great battles fought during
the conquest, wherein Indians fell by tlie score whlK.'
'" nurinfr tlio battle one of the late Compoalau envoys rccoLrnizctl the cnp-
taiii who luul liouiul him forsacrilice, and with < 'orti'a' \ erniissioii lie sent liiiii
a ohiilkiij;!,'. The tliiel was held in front of the armies, and after a tini;.'li
8trnf,'j,'Ie tiio Cennioalan, with a feint, tlirew his ojiitoiR'nt otV ijuai'd. ami
Kecnred his liead, which served as a centre-piece durinjj; tiie Cenipoalan vic-
tory celel)ration. Ui ircnt, dec. ii. lib. vi. cap. vi. Thi.s author also relates
that one of the final acts of the battle was the capture by Orda/, with tiOnuii,
of a pass. 'Les niatamos nuielios Indios, y eiitre ellos oclio Capitaiie.s niiiy
]irin('i|iales, hi Joh de los vieios(^aci(|ues. ' Five )\oi«es were wounded and littti ii
soldiers, of whom one died, Thu uthur ohi'uniules udmit uf uo dead. Uericil
Diaz, J I int. I'l /■(/(«(/.. 44,
SUPERIORITY OF EUROPEAN ARMS.
205
lie ro-
clor.*'
with
jarricd
con-
lUiiny
siis-
luriiiL;'
wliilo
the cr.p-
■■iit liiiii
II toii^'h
ii'J, aiiil
lllilll vir-
ivlati's
(il)nu'ii,
iiL's iiiuy
(I lit'tii 11
Uei'iiiil
the Spaniards stood almost unscathed, and Wilson
lidicules the whole campaign, reducing the Tlascalan
jiiipulation, for instance, to about ten thousand, with
;i ri'diting force of less than one thousand men. Such
remarks certainly show a want of familiarity with
the subject.''^ We have often seen, in the New World
wars, a thousand naked Americans put to thght by
ten steel-clad Europeans, and I have clearly given
the reasons. When we look at the Indians, with their
comparatively poor weapons, their unprotected bodies,
their inefficient discipline and tactics, whereby only a
small portion of their force could be made available,
the other portion serving rather as an obstruction,
their custom of carrying oft' the dead, and other weak
points, and when we contrast them with the well
"/?oi(Tfco«, //;*•<. Am., ii. 38-9; Wilson's Conq. M<-x., .300-70; R'-r.zom,
Hist. Moiido Nvovo, r>l. It is seldoir* that I encounter a Ijook whicli I am
torced to regard as beneath censure. He who prints and pay.s the printer
gi'uerally has something to say, and generally believt's soniothing of what lio
i-ays to lie tnie. An idiot may have honest convictions, and a knave may
liave talents, but where a book carries to the mind of the reader that its
uatlior is hotli fool and knave, that is, that he writes only foolishness and does
not hiuisulf l)elievc what he says, I have not the time to waste in condemning
sacli a woik. And yet here is a volume purporting to lie A Ni'w Illgtonj
o>' llic CoiiijHCiit of Mexico, written by Robert Anderson Wilson, and bearing
date Philadelphia, lSo9, which one would think a writer on the same suliject
should at least mention. Tlie miiny and magnillcct monuments which to tlio
present day attest the great iinmber and high ciiture of the \ahua race, and
the testimony to this ctl'eot oft'erod by witnesses on all sides, are ignored by
him with a contempt that becomes amusing as the pages reveal his lack of
iuvestigiition and culture. Indeed, tlie reader need j,'o no furtlier than the
introduction to be convinced on the latter point. Another amusing feature is
that tlie work pretends to vindicate the assertions <it' l.as Casas, wjio, in truth,
I xtols moic thun other Spanish author the vast r.,. uIh r and Mlvanced cultin'e
of the natives. In addition to this mistaken asvm-fption, v.hi(;h takes away
liis main support, he states that Prescott worked lu i^^norancc of ids subject
and his authorities, and to prove the asscrtioii 1 c )i!'u(luccs wrongly applied or
distorted quotations from ilitferent authors, or as.->uiiu's meanings that were
never intended, and draws erroneous conclusions. Thus it is he jiroves to iiis
own satisfaction that Mexico City was but a village oicupied by savages of t!ie
Iniijuois stamp, and that Corti'^s was the boastful vi-tor over little banils of
naked red men. Af for the niins, tiiey were fouiMJcd liy rho'uii'ian colonists
in remote ages. Another tissue of supcrlicial obsci'vatinns, sliapccl l)y 'ligotry
and credulous ignorance, was issued by the same aiitlidi- under tlie title of
Mij-ifo mill tin Rtlhjion, New York, IS,")."), most ent( rprisingly reprint<'d in
the disguise of M)\r' tt Pfa-nnnU and (V.-i l'ri(s,'s, New Ndrk, IS.'di. lu
common with Mr Moi-j.n, and others of that stauiji, Mr \\ ilsnn secus to
have deemed it incumbent on him to tniduco Mr I'rescott and his 'work,
apparently with the view of thereby attracting attention to himself. Su h.
nii'ii are not worthy to touch the lioin of Mr Prt'sc It's garment; they aM
Hot Morthy of mention in the same category with him.
i
'1
206
Mi^r.CH TOWARD MEXICO.
armored Spaniards, with their superior swords and
lances, their well calculated movements, and their con-
certed action carried out under strict an<i practised
officers, and above all their terror-inspiring and rav-
aging fire-arms and horses — how can we doubt that
the latter must have readily been able to overcome
vast numbers of native warriors? It was soon so
understood in Europe. For once when Cortes was
in Spain he scoffed at certain of his countrymen
for having fled before a superior force of Moors,
whereupon one remarked: "This fellow regards our
opponents like his, of whom ten horsemen can put
to flight twenty -five thousand." In the retreat of
the Ten Thousand, who under Cyrus had invaded
Persia, we have an example of the inadequacy of
numbers against discipline. Though for every Greek
the Persians could bring a hundred men, yet the
effeminate Asiatic absolutely refased to meet the
hardy European in open conflict. -<!Eschylus was
inspired by personal experience in his play of the
Persians when he makes the gods intimate to the
Avondering Atossa, the queen-mother, that free Athe-
nians, unwhipped to battle, could cope successfully
with the myriads of despotic Xerxes. The poor
Americans had yet to learn their own weakness, and
to pay dearly for the knowledge.
"It well seems that God was he who fouofht for us
to enable us to get free from such a nmltitude/' says
Cortes. He attempted no pursuit, but hastened to
take possession of Tecohuatzinco, a small town on the
hil' of Tzompachtepetl,*^ where they fortified tliem-
sel es upon the temple pyramid, and proceeded ti>
celebrate the victory with songs and dances, a per-
formance wherein the allies took the leading part.
*' L'>retizana, Viagc, ix., 'wherein the appoarancc of the hill is lU'scribed
as the bishop saw it. r.rtHlxochitl, lli^t. ChiJi., 'JU'2; dinianjo, Jfi/:t. TIa.v.,
14(i. Other authors differ. 'Tcnat'Jiico, cio6 il luogo (loiraC(iua divuia.'
Vlarhjcro, Stona Mesx., iii. 44. Duran assuinea that the battle was for tlio
possession of this plaee, which lie calls Tecoac. Hid. I ml., MS., ii. 4IS, 4"J-;
Tvzrooimic, Hist. Mfx. , ii. '2o0. 'Aklea de pocas casas, quo tcuiu ^^la torruzilla
y tei)lo.' Uomara, Hid. JJtx., 74.
FURTHER HOSTILITIES.
207
The following day^^ Cortes sallied forth with the
jiorses, one hundred infantry, and seven hundred
allies, partly to forage before the enemy apj^eared,
hut also to inflict some damage, and to show that
they were as fresh as ever. "X burned live or six
small villages," he says, "each of about one hundred
families, and returned with four hundred prisoners."^
After being consoled with food and beads, the cap-
tives, including fifteen taken during the late battle,
were despatched to the camp of Xicotencatl, two
leagues off, with a letter to serve as credentials, and
a message assuring him of the friendly intentions of
tl\c S})aniards, although they had been obliged to
)•■>' )' ' to severe measures. By no means impressed
.:it!ii', »vith. his defeat or with the assurances, Xico-
t ii.atl rei)lied that peace would be celebrated at his
I'atlier's town with a feast on the Sj)aniards' Hesh,
while their hearts and blood were delighting the
gods. They would receive a more decisive answer
on the morrow. With this defiant uKJSsage came the
report that the Tlascalan army, largely reinforced,
was preparing to march on and overwhelm them.
"When we learned this," says Bcrnal Diaz, "being
men, we feared death, many of us; and all made con-
fession to ta(^- Merced father, and the clergyman Juan
])iaz, who al! night remained present to listen to
the penitem' ; and we commended ourselves to God,
l>i'ayii>g t[iat ^^ J might not be conquered." Cortes
ap]>lie'A i hi: I !i (Energetically to supervise })reparations
juid give tile ^Jiemy a v, jlcome. A fresh su[)ply of
arrows, and oi iuvlian shields of plaited cane and
cotton, were made, and the arms and accoutrements
inspected. He impressed upon the soldiei-s the neces-
sitv of koepiuLj close toijether, round the banner to
ho carried wi'll aloft bv Alferez Corral, in oi-ch-r that
they might not bo cut oft'. As for the cavaliy they
"SoCc t ■• distinctly sayp. Bernal Diaz writos, liowivcr, tliat this day
was dr'vo'i ! > .'-.jst. Still, a latur ohscrvation iinlioatt's tUat ( (irti's is right.
^'/(/. IJl. >. ')iaz, ///',1^ I'l/v/r/i/., 44, atlniits ij:;!y twoiity laptivcs, anil
bhinies the nil -uv lii 'iig thu villages; butCoitOs id t'nink ciiuugli ubotit it.
•■f
M!!
: s
208
M.UICII TOWARD MEXICO.
were to make repeated charges, without losing time
ill (lehvcriiig thrusts.
Early in the morning of September Sth the Indian
army could bo seen extending far over the liekl;
terrible in war-paint, })luraed helmets, and gaudy
shields, with their double-edged flint swords and
many-pointed lances gleaming in the sun, while the
air resounded with shrill yells, mingling with the
melancholy tones of their drums and the doleful
l)lasts of conclis and trumpets.'*® It was the largest
and finest army yet seen by the Spaniards, numbering,
according to Gomara 'ono hundred and fifty thousand
mon,but according to i ^ Diaz only fifty thousand,'*
in four divisions, ropro; tng Tizatlan, Ocotehilco,
Quiahuiztlan, and Tepeticpac, each distinguished by its
own banner and colors, the latter noticeable also in the
war-paint of the common soldier and in the quilted
armor of the officers. Far in the rear, indicative
of hostile sentiment, rose the standard of the state,
bearintif a bird with wino^s extended."^ Gomara relates
that, confident of success, the Tlascaltecs sent mes-
sengers to the camp witli three hundred turkey-cocks
and two hundred baskets of tamales, each of one
hundred arrobas, so tliat they might not be taunted
with havincT fou<]:ht starved men, or having ofiercd
such to the idols.
But this story, adopted by Ilerrcra, Clavigcro,
llobertson, and nearly every other writer, implies a
generosity altogether too impolitic for an enemy wlut
had already suft'ered two severe defeats. It is probable,
however, that Xicotencatl may have sent small pres-
'^ Preacott, Mcx., 438-42, gives a protty description of the anny, l)ut ia so
carried away that ho dona it with helmets glitteriiir; with gold and ]irociims
stones, etc. ; and this in spite of tlic ett'orts of the chroniclers to exhibit the
Tlusoaltoca aa very poor in anything but rude coniforts.
^^ Under five captains, to whom ho nppliea the naniea of the four lords, ns
lie understanda them, and of the ruler of Hnoxotzinco. I/ist. I'lnhid., 4'>;
(limvirn, JIht. Mcx., 7"). 14{),0(X) men, says Cortc^s, in hia second letter, li-',
l)ut thia oxactnesaia probably due to u printer's mistake.
" For colora and banners, and how cai-ried, see ^'alive Itaccs, ii. 411-1-,
aud Torquanada, i. 43U.
XICOTEXCATL'S QU^UIREL.
200
cuts of food in order to obtain an opportunity for his
spies to exau.iiie the oanip.^
The Indians advancetl in several columns up the
sides of the liill, and, despite the resistance offered,
pressed onward into the very camp, l)ut were soon
oMiijjed to yield before murderous bullets and cuttiniL^
Mades. Cortes allowed the Indians to become tired
and discouraged with repeated charges, and then with
a ringing "Santiago!" the Spaniards, followed by the
allies, sallied ibrth,"*^ driving them in confusion to the
j)lain, wliere the cavalry followed up the advantage,
Ijaving bloody jiatlis in all directions. Checked and
I'cinforced by tlio reserve, +he enemy turned with
iVi'sh courage on their pursuers. The shock was over-
wlielming. The tired Castilians yielded; their ranks
A\ere broken, and all seemed lost. Even Cortes was
seized with a terril^le misgiving, but it was only for
a moment. Leading the cavalry to the rescue, he
raised his voice above the din of battle, and called
on all to rally. Xerved by his words and deeds, the
men plied lustily their swords, and, driving back the
enemy, formed anew. "So ably and valiantly fought
the liorsemen," writes Bernal Diaz, "that next to
(iod who protected us, they proved our strength."
I'ollowing u[) their advantage, the Spaniards liewed
down the enemy in great nundjers.
Victory might yet have turned against them but
i'nr a quarrel betW'Ocn Xicotencatl and another cap-
^Mle was detected in this trick afterward. 'Lo qnal fuc yran refi'iserio
y sornrro ]iara l;i iieccsidnd (]iic teuiaii.' O'nnHira, '/l.if. Mcc, 7l). Oviedo
iiRreasL'H tlio ;,'ift to 7<l(> liaskets. iii. 4!»."). ( Joniara i)nK'eeds to relate that in
(•ijn (if coiiteiiipt for the small nniiiber of the enemy, whom it could he no
li'iiior for Ilia lai-ge army to overcome, Xicotencatl detached "JIIOO warriors—
-iiO .says Oviedo — to .seize and lirin^; him tlie .str;ui,L;ers homid. 'J'hey at-
t;,ike(|. and were ronteil M'ith an almost total destrnction of their mimher.
'No escajK) homhri! dellos, sino lo.« i] acertaron el pa.sso de la hairanca. ' hjc.
tit. 7(1.
^'■' licrnal Diaz states th;;t tliey did not wait for the (>neniv to attack, Imt
liiiirchid forth and met them one eiirhtii of a leau'ue from (■■■imp. //'W. I'l p/rn/.,
4i. I'.nt Cortrs .says distinctly, 'Oti'o dia eri amaneciend', dan .suhre nnesti'o
1' :d nias de ciento y cn.'iicnta y nueve mil homhres.' ( rotas', (J'J. ( iomaira and
Ihrrer.i also allow Indians to attaik the cami) lirst. (.'orti's is too fond of
ii .iioinicin:,' when he takes the initiative to have failed to stiy so had he duno
i; ill this case.
Uisr. Hex., Vol. 1. 11
3
1
!(i ifr.
V lit
210
MARCH TOWARD InIEXICO.
tain,*" one accusing the other of mismanaging the late
battle. The latter not only challenged the other, it
seems, but withdrew his troops, and induced another
division to follow him." Thus left with only half his
army, and that shattered and discouraged, Xicotencatl
retired before the handful on whom his eveiy effort
seemed to have made no impression. He retreated
in good order, carrying off most of the dead, for the
o[>ponents were too exhausted to pursue. Indeed, all
the horses were wounded, and fully sixty men, of
whom it appears several must have died soon after,
though Cortes admits of no dead, and Bernal Diaz,
of only one."
'"' ' Son of riiicliiincclatc.!r>,' says Benial Diaz, a name which should rcail
Chiehinieoa-tocnlitli.
*' That of (inaxolcingo — moaning; Hiicxotzinco. Brnml Diaz, I!!<f. Vcr-
dnd., 4'>. 1 hat of Tlehnoxolot/in. Cloriiirro, Siorhi Mi, is., in. 4V>. Soils cx-
njigoratca this into au actual liattk l)ot\vccu the headers and tlioir followers.
Jli.it. il/cc, i. •.?."),"> S. llorrcia intimates that a secret atiangcniont hail heeii
fonue *\voen Cortes and the Beceding captain, the latter appeanng witli
hia oHiccLS at tiio camp, the evening after the previous liattle, and, declarii.g
himself convinced that the Spaniards were invincible, oU'eicd not only to
remain neutral, hut to aid them in entering Tlascala. Cortes agreed. Wlicii
the captain returned to Xicotencatl's camp ho was so liadly heateii that lio
came hiick to Cortc'S for medical treatment. ( 'ertain signs were to he worn, s^o
that the Siianiards might respect the neutral troops, dec. ii. lib. vi. cap. vi.
lie also relates that one Tlascalteo niainttiined himself so long and bravely
against two Spanish soldiers that L ■■es, the smith, rushed up, cried shanio
upon the twain, and lanced the warrior. IiL, cap. vii.
■••' This soldier iiimself received two wounds, which did not prevent him from
fighting, however. ' Xos matarou vn soldado,' he says, and a few lines further
down, 'y cnterramos los muurtos. . . .jwripie no viessen lo.s Indies (juc eramo)
inortalcs.' J/isl. !'(/•(/(((/., 4,"). Thus even the 'Tr\ie Historian' reveals the com-
mon weakness, llir.art, Kirchen-t Usdiklik, ii. ul'J-14; U'tnt-Iudische Kiph'ij/al,
2-4-35; FraiicL; H'tltbucli, ccxxix.
CHAPTER XIII.
EXTRY INTO TLASCALA.
Septemeek, 1519.
Native Chiefs Sent as Envoys to the Tlvscalan Capital — Tiieiu Favor-
able Keception — Xicotexcatl Plin's Resistance to Cortes — Sends
OCT Spies — Corth Sends tuem back Mctilated — The Spaniards
Attack and Defe.vt Xicotencatl — Niout Encounters — (Jlnekal
Dissatisfaction and a Desire to Return to Villa Rica — Envoys
Arrive from Montezuma — Cortes Receu^es Xicotencatl and the
Tlascal.\n Lords — Peace Concluded — Tl.\scal.\ — Festivities a\d
Rejoicings — ^Iass Celebrated — Cortes Inclined to Extreme I!::-
LiGious Zeal — Brides Presented to the Spaniards — Appropriate
Ceremonies — Preparin<; to Le.vve Tl^vscala for Cuolula — Com-
munications with the Cuolultecs.
In the late battle three chiefs had been captured,
and they ton-ether with two others were sent, tliis
time to the Tlascalan capital direct, to carry an oH'cr
(if peace, and to explain that the Spaniards would
not have harmed their warriors had they not been
(iblio'od to do so. If peace was still declined they
would come and destroy thein all. Meanwhile Cortt's
set out on another foraging and raiding expedition,
and "burned more than ten towns, one exceeding
three tlunisund houses," retiring by the early after-
noon, when the Indians began to gather in aid of the
raided neighbors.*
Tired of the fruitless fiLrhtinof, attended Avitli loss
of life and })ropcrty only to themselves as it ap-
jieared, the peace party in Tlascala had been gaining
the ascendancy, with the efforts of ^laxixcatzin, sup-
^ Cnrtr^, Cartn.i, Ct'2-3. According to Gomara llio Indians imrsned to t!io
Tory camp, wlicio they were defeated with great slaughter, after live houru'
lighting. JJi<it. J/-'.c., 7(>-7.
C-'U)
I i|
«*'i-
)\2
ENTRY INTO TLASCALA.
[loftctl am lie now was l)y tlio powerful factions wlilcli
had ([uarrclled with the general. When the peace
niessi'iio-i'r.s of Cortes arrived they were therefore
received with favor. His previous friendly offers
Were considered, also his kind treatment of captives,
so unusual witli the natives, and the oracles and siijns
ot' a coniinix race of rulers. Whether gods or men,
tluv M'ere evidently invincible, and the friendship
and alliance held out by them must be desirable, and
ou'dit to be secured before the stran<]jers, embittered
by further resistance, should pass on to join their
enemies. An embassy, headed by Costomatl and
Tolinpanecatl,- was accordingly despatched with pro-
visions and some other trilling gifts to open negotia-
tions for peace. Humbly these men ajipeared before
Cortes, expressing the sorrow of the lords for the
hostility shown, and their desire for peace. With a
grave reproval for their obstinacy, Cortes said that
he would admit their apology, and the envoys de-
parted, after leaving beside the other gifts a number
of male and female slaves.^
Smarting under the disgrace of his defeats, Xico-
tencatl liad meanwhile been lavino- iilans to retrieve
himself. Anionic other counsellors he had summoned
diviners to his aid, and they, caUing to mind the
assumption that the Spaniards were children of the
sun, declared that as such the new-comers were in-
vincible only when animated by its beamr,, and at
niglit, wJien deprived of this invigorating power, tliey
Ix'came mortals, who must bow to superior force.
Knowing tlie strength of the party opposed to him
in tlie Tlascalan capital, he does not appear to have
submitted his ])rojects there, but to have ventured
upon detaining the envoys as they were returning
'^ ('(iiiKinio, Ui.it. Tht.r., 14(5. Pnran gives a short speech, delivcreJ in tlio
conncil-iliiiinl'or. Hist. Ind., MS., ii. A•l■l~•^.
■'(.'oiti's jiImocs llu' iU'iiviil of tliis I'luhassy on the (Lay following tho
raiiliiiy; (if tlie ton towns, <'artn^, Oil; but IJcnial Diaz at a later date. He
niakeM the envoys four in ninulier, and allows tliem, in returning, to instrriet
t!ie neig!il)oriiig settlements to fui'nish supplies to the Spaniards, all of which
Xieoteneatl prevents. Ilift. Vcnltul., il-S, oO, oo.
mOPOSED NIGHT ATTACK. 213
from the Spanish camp until the result of his |)lans
shoukl have been ascertained; and this in i'ai'e ot' the
connnand to desist from hostility.* In order to make
everything as sure as possible for the intended l>lo\v,
Xicotencatl sent fifty Indians to the camp, with in-
structions to gather information concerning the ap-
proaches, the condition of the soldiers, and other
points. They appeared before Cortes with the usual
demonstrations of respect, and, placing l)el'()re liim
Hve female slaves, a quantity of food, and other ]tres-
cntSjthcy said : ''Lord, behold these slaves I If you are
fierce gods, cat their ilcsh and blood, and more shall
be brought; If gentle gods, take these feathers and
incense; if men, here arc fowl, bread, and fruit."
Cortes answered that they required no sacrilices of
men. Had they desired such they coukl have taken
by force all the victims needed, lie rebuked their ob-
stinacy and advised submission.® They were then taken
aside to receive the hospitalities of tlie camp, after
which they dispersed to satisfy their curiosity, and to
question the allies. This aroused the su-picions nf
Touch, the Cempoalan chief, who warned the general.
Seizimi; the men he examined them sin<jlv, and soon
ascertained that their object was not (^nly to s[>v,
but to lire the huts, and otherwise to aid the attack
which would be made upon the camp that very night.
Finding that his friendly advances had been scorned,
Cortes resolved to intllct a lesson that would be
*]5orn;il Diaz assumes that the lords consult the divinera, aiidnno'vvn iiiLilit
att.Tck ti> lie mado: Init thuu ho d'^sciibes two night attacks, wiiiK; ('mti s and
othtTs distinctly allow only one, and ho forgets his former admission that,
ill addition to tlio j)tja('e party, half tho army had actually akindoULd Xico-
tencatl. It is after this lirst night attack, ignored iiy otiier \\ I'itcrs, tliat the
senate send in their submission, and order Xicotencatl to desist from hostilities,
lie refuses to obey, and dctiiins tho envoys on their w.-^y to the S|ianiards,
whereiiiHjn his ollicors are ordered tcj desert him. I'inally he i'e|)ciits and is
lorgivcn. ll'iKt. Wnlu'l ., A:)-~i. The detention of tic ■ envoys nuist be placed
0:1 tlieir rotui'ii from the Spanish camp, for fortes distinctly states that the
]ieace proposals from the lords arrived before the night attack.
■'Accordin:^ to (ioinara, Cortes announces that his men an- mortal lil.e
themselves, which is not very likely. Hi"!. ^[>.^•., 77. liernal |)ia:c calls tiio
t-Iaves four old hags, and allows tho Indians to act in rather an insnltinj^
manner, and without tenilering the nstnil courtesies, which is also unlikeiy,
when wo consider that they had un object to gain. Uld. I'crdcul., 49.
214
ENTRY INTO TLASCALA.
understood by a people so deeply intent upon war and
sacrifices. This was to cut oft" the hands of the leading-
spies, and the thumbs of others, and to send them
back with the message that this would be the punish-
ment of spies, and that the Spaniards were pre^jared,
niglit or day, to face their enemies."
Fearing the confusion and danger of a niglit at-
tack, when the artillery and other means would bo
less effective, Cortes resolved to anticipate the enemy
by a counter charge, wherein the cavalry might
I'ender particular service. Learning that Xicotoncatl
was hidden with ten thousand or twenty thousand
men behind a hill not far off*, Cortt^s did not despatch
the mutilated spies till after dusk, in order to let him
approach nearer to camp.'' When his messengers re-
turned to Xicotencatl and displayed their bleeding
stumps, the general was troubled, and throughout his
army there was consternation, and numbers of war-
i-iors declared openly that it \v'as useless to fight men
who not only appeared to be invincible, but who could
read their very intentions. While in this state of
* ' Los mamlo tomar d todos cinciienta y cortarlcs las manos,' says Corti's,
Cartrig. (>;> ; but the phrase may be loose, for IJernal Diaz siiecitk's only sevon-
tten as sent back with hands or thumbs cut off. J/lst. I't-nlm/., 4i). ' Kl
mar([ues les hi/o iUilyuuos deelloscontar(.v(c/'ro eortar) lasinano.s.' 'J'(i/i!(t, I!<l.,
in /idzlialirtd. Col. Doc, ii. .570. ' Manil6 eortar las manos a sieto diUos, y a
.alj^unos los di^los pulgaros muy contra su voluntad.' Ilvrrcra, dec. ii. lib. vi.
cup. viii. (ioniani places this occurrence on the Otli of Septcml)er, but it is
most likely Liter, and makes the spies a dilferent party from those biiujiiui,'
tlio slaves and feathers, who arrive ou the preceding day. 11 tH. Mex., "s,
BiTiial Diaz accounts for tliis difference by stating that tlic party had been in
camp since the previous day. Kobertson reverses the order by assuming that
mutilation of the spies so perplexes tlic Indians that they send tlie men witli
the slaves and feathers to ask whether tliey are fierce or gentle gods, or nun.
Ho does not understand why so many as .50 spies should have been sent, Imt
liad he rcail Cortds' letter more closely, he would have divined the reason,
that they intended to lire the camp, and otherwise aid in the attack, lie
Btigiiiati/.es as l)arbarous the mutilation, I/ixt. Am., ii. 4"2, ^o], but forgets, in
doing so, t'.iat the Sjianidi conquerors belong 'd to an age when such deeds
were little thought of. Spies even now suffer deatli, ancl the above ])uiiish-
ment may tlierefore be regarded as comparatively lenient, particularly by a
peojde wlio daily tore out the heart fi-om living victims. The mutinous ])il(it
of Vill;i Ivica had his life spared, but lost his feet. Cortes, as the eajitain i>f
a small band, was obliged to conform to his age and surroundings in the
measui'es taken for its safety.
" ' En yendo se las espias, vieron de mipstro real como atraucsaaua ]ior vn
cerro grandissima mnchedumbre de geute, y era la que traya Xicotencatl.'
Goinara, Hint. 21cx., 79.
FURTHER VICTORIES.
215
(It'inoralizatlon tlioy wore startled by tli(> jiiiulinn"
dt" lu'lls aiul the train]) of the dreaded horses, iiK>L,nii-
ik'd by their I'eais ami I>y the weird inooidi^ht into a
liost. The next iiionient the Spaniards aimounced
their jiresenec by a riiiginu^ " Sautia<j;o!" and, unde-
terred by tlic few stray and feeble volleys of stones and
iii'rows sent ai^ainst them, they rode into the crowds
of natives already in full tlight, slashing and riding
down in all direetions.^
After this less(ni Xieotencatl apju-ars to have
made no furtlier atteni])ts to molest the S]>aniards,
ahhough small skirmishing parties, chielly Otonn's,
continued to hover round the camp and give the
soldiers opportunities for sallies. Gomara magnifies
these skirmishes into daily attacks on the camp by
the army, whose divisions take turns so as not to
euibai'rass one another. This caused them to tight
better, jiartly from a s})irit of rivalry to surpass the
]»receding record. The ambition of the natives was
to kill one Spaniard at least, but the object was
never attained, so tar as they knew. This continued
for a fortnight, and daily came also messengers with
i'ood to sustain the strauirers."
HWIrs, fnWrtx, G^-4; Gomnra, Hist. JAr., 78-9; Tap!n, 7?<7., in Trn:-
h'l/ci'ta. Col. Doc, ii. iVi'J; //ernrn, dec. ii. lib. vi. cap. viii. Beriial Diaz df-
tciibcs a night attack with 10,()00 wurrior.s, made a few day.s liefore, in which
tiio Sj)anianls dfivu back the Indians and iniisue them, ca]>tuiing four, Mhile
tile nioiiiing revealed twenty coij)ses still upon the plain. Two of the divineis
ii|ipear to have been sacriliced for their bad advice. Ho lujw rcapj)ears with
■Jil,(MH> men, but on meeting the nnitilated spies he becomes disheartened, an<l
luriLS back without attempting a bhjw. J{i.it. Vinbitl., 4i\, 4'J-,")0. He is the
(I'lly authority for two nigiit expeditions. Having already been defeated in
oiii' night attack, Xieotencatl would lie less likely to attempt a second, particu-
lii'ly since nocturnal movements were contrary to Indian modes of warfare.
( iiites distinctly intimate.s that the present occasion was the tirst attempt ut a
night raid. Ixtll/xoi/iitl, lli.^t. C/i!,/,.,-2'.n.
'•* He begins to susi)ect that their object may also have been to spy. Cortes
A\:is .sutlVring from fever at this time, and one night he took pills, a coui'so
V hich among the Spaniards involved the strictest care and seclusion from
iili.iirs. Karly in tlie t lorning three large bodies of Indians apjiearcd, and
ri ganlless of his jiills Cortes headed the troops, lighting all day. The follow-
ing morning, strange to say, the medicine ojierated as if no .second day had
iiitirvened. ' Xo lo cueto por milagn), sino \wv dezir lo (pie passo, y (pie
( ii'.tes era muy sufridor de trabajos y males.' d'o/iiiirti, //Ist. .l/i.c, SO. j'.ut
Sandoval assumes ' (pic sin duda fue milagro.' //iil. Carlo.-) I'., i. \~'X So!ia
uiip'ies this story to the night attack, which seems plausible, and smiles phil-
'k 91
'it
210
ENTRY IXTO TLASCALA.
In order to furtlior impress upon tlie Indians that
fi!L,ditiii,!L,^ hy ni,i,dit was cjiiite eoiiLjenial to the Span-
iards, ("oi'tes set out one miihiiirht to I'aid and i'ora;4o
in tlie di!'ection of a hiri^e town ealled Tzonipant-
zineo, wliicli could l)e distint^uislied heyond a I'an^i^
of hills, toward the ca])ital.'° The sohhers had imt
gone far before one horse after another he^an ti»
tremble and fall, including the general's. This was
regarded a bad omen, and the men urged a i-c-
turn, but Cortes laughed it off, sent l)aclc live horsrs,
and proceeded with the i"est, declaring that (iod, in
whose cause they were engaged, was su|)erior to
nature." Two small villages were surj>rised, with
some slaughter, and shortly before dawn the Span-
iards fell upon the large town, containing twenty
thousand houses, it is said. Frightened out of their
senses by the noise, the people rushed from the
dwellin<ifs to ioin in the crowd wliich souijht to
elude the pursuers. Finding that no resistance v.as
cittem])ted, Cortes speedily sto[)ped the attach, and
collecting his men in the plaza he i'orbade any at-
tempt on life or property. The cjiioi's and ])riests
])rescntly appeared with gifts f)f food and two female
slaves, })leading that the jiroximity of Xicotencatls
army had ])revente(l them from sending in their sub-
mission. They would henceforth })rove their gratitn( le
for his leniency by sending supplies to tlic camp.
Cortes accepted their excuses, and told them to pro-
osophicully at Sandoval's conclusion. Jflxi. ^frJ•., '\. 211 ; I.rllil.forlii/1. J/!'f.
( 'luvli., 'JDI; ( 'htrhji rii, Stor'in M' s<.. iii. 47 S. ' Tinia ciilcnturiis, h tt iviiii;.! <.'
lii rnal l)i(iz. Hint. ]'i nidi/., -17. Sonic jilaco the story with the later capture
of T/oni])iintzinci>, wlicre it is entirely out of place, if indeed woith lecoid-
iuj^ at all, for this expedition ^^•as a voluntai-y project, calling for no .■<ic.li
men to venture out. J)urau relates that, tired of heing besieged. Cortes one
night made a sally in ditl'erent dirclions. One party surprised all the iiati\';
leailcrs together and asleep, and lirouglit tlieni to camp. In the morning they
vcre sent hack to the army, which had awakened to lind tliem missing, hi
recognition of their kind treatment the cliiefs raised the siege. This is tul I
on the authority of an eye-witness, wiio evidently reserved liis choicest stori( •<
for Padre Duran. J/hl. Iiiil., MS., ii. 4i!)--2().
*'' IJernal Diaz places it one U'a;.;ue fi'oni tlie camp, and Tapia four league---.
Ixtlilxochitl calls it TzimpantzincK; otliers vary.
" (ro«(((rff, l/is/. Mi.v., SO. Tajiia allows the horses to overcome their
attack and proceed. It appcuis to hu e bccu due to tlie cold night wiiuls.
HARDSHIPS AND SICKXKSS.
217
jod to Tliisoala to up^-o u])()n the lords flic iiccossity
lor !U'<-('])t!iin' pciiro. Ju'loro i-i'tuniiii'Lr, Coilt-'-s us-
(■(.'lukd ii hill, and thence siuv the capital, with it^■
suiToundinu;' villa«jfes. " Behold," he said to those who
liad ohjected to his leniency with the towns, "what
hoots it to have killed these people, when so many
lueniii's exist over there ?"'^
Althonn'h lel't in comparative peace for some days,
tl\e end of the cam])aign seemed to the S|taniar(ls as
remote as ever. The harass and hardship of their
lite, the vigils, the cold nights, the scanty snpphes,
the ahsence oi' salt, nuidicine, and many other neces-
saries, all this was severely i'elt, ]»articnlaily since
M> large a mnnher were either sick or wounded, in-
cluding Cortes and Padre Olmcdo." The ailments
iind wounds were as a rule slight, yet they hel[>ed
to magnily dangers, and to dim every cheerful aspect.
The very cessation of regular hostile demonstratiniis
I
m
;sts
lale
itVs
-.uli-
tude
nip.
)ro-
u:;n.'
sick
iiitivi;
: thi'V
111
sioM
itiiric^
igui-.
thrir
'- ftctnvivn, ffl.it. ^fl^x., 80-1. According to Hcrrcra, Alcalde M;iyor Grndo
('(Hiiiaillcd ( 'ort('s, on seeing this populoiw ooinitiy, to return to \'illa lUca and
•lid to \'ilaz(|U('Z for aid. l)ee[ily grieved at .such advice, tla; general re-
iiiiiiked that the very stones would rise against th<in it thiy retreated, dec.
ii. lih. vi. cap. viii.; Coflcii, Car/nH, tit-.'), licrnal l>ia/. plares tiiisraid betore
the tinal niglit attack. Jli.-il. Vcrdad., 47; Tallin, llel., in fraJtiticeUi, Co/.
I)(ii\, ii. .")(;.S-!».
'■' • Xos vinios todos lieridos A dos, y a trcs hcridiH, y nmy cansados, y otros
dnlicntes. . . .y falt;iuan ya.sohre cincuenta y cinco soldailostjuesi-aiiiau niuerio
en las liatiilhis, y dolencias, y frios, y estauan dolientcs otros doze.' Jl( null JJiir.,
•11). I'rescott, i. 4.'iS, is careless enough to acceiit this verlially, hut tlie run cit'
tiic text here and elsewhere indicates that the sentence is rather ligurativc.
'J'iic last four words, 'twelve others were on the sick-hed," indicate tiiat only
three jier cent, were laiil low, and that the general In'altli and mndition must
tiicrefore have heen tolerahly good. This also indicates that the o.") niissiu'.;
soMiei's I'lUild not liave died since they left Vera (ru/, as ccit.'iiii writers as-
sume. The only obstacles under which the .soldiers could have succ'unilu'd
in any nuniher were the several battles with the Tlascaltccs, w lu^rein the total
numher of the wounded nowhere foots u|) to more than IOC Of these .")()
]ici- cent, could not hiive died, to jn<lg',' from the AViirfare enuaiied in, and
iroin the very few, a c<ini>le at the most, it is said, who fell c)n tlic licld. .Nor
ciiuld diseases have killed many during a month's niarcii tlirou^h a line and
fertile country, for the passage of the (,'ol rede I'erotedidnut aU'ect the Spaniards
seriously, llence it must be assumed that the .■").') dead iiu lud(! the o.'i w ho
felloiitof the ranksere the army reached \'illa l!ie;i. 'J"lii.s leaves, say, lifteeii
casualtier, for the j)resent expcilition since it lcft\'illa Uica, and that ajipeais
til he a fair ]irop{a'tion. The only one who rightly inteiprets llerii.-.l ])ia/ on
this jMiint a]ipears to be Toniueniiuhi, who says, • desde ipie .sdieroii de C'lllia,
sc avian niuerto ciinpicnta y cinco CasteUanos.' i. -I'JS. 'J'lie old soldier coii-
tiriiis tin' inter[iretation by stating in more than one jdace that the Spaniards
numbered -IJO, or nearly so, on entering Mexico City, ubi sup., li.j, WJ.
^1
' '1.1
m
- • s
ENTRY INTO TLASCALA.
Bcemecl to cover a ploTj for a new Tlascalan «;om1)i-
nation. If this peopla could exhibit such armies
and such valor, what must be expected from the fur
more numerous and equally warlike Aztecs ? These
views owed not a little of their acceptance to the
fears and exaggeration of the Indian allies, and
tlirough their medium the prospect of reaching the
impregnable Mexico began to appear preposterous.
Cortes was aware that this feelinjj existed amonjx a
large number, for in making his customary tour of tlie
camp one evening he had overheard a party of soldieis
express themselves pretty strongly about the madness
of his enterprise. It would happen to him as to Pedri)
Carbonero, who ventured with his force among the
IVIoors and was never heard of again. The pfeneral
should be left to go alone.
The murmurs in camp grew particularly stronijj
during the raid on Tzompantzinco, promoted of course
by Velazquez' men; and when Cortes returned, a
deputation of seven, whom Bernal Diaz forbears to
name, appeared before him to recommend that, in
view of the suffering, the danger, and the dark pros-
pects, they should return to Villa Rica, build a vescel,
and send to Cubx for reinforcements. They were
only tempting providence by their foolhardy course.
Finding that arguments would be lost on these
men, Cortes had caused his adherents to rally, and
turning to them he recalled Lhu determination forme( I
at Villa Rica to advance on Mexico, and extolled their
valorous deeds, \\hich dimmed even the Greek and
Roman records. He was suffering equally with thein,
yet he wavered not. Should they, the bravo Spaniards,
belie their character and country, and desert their
duty to their king, to their God, who iiad protected
them hitherto? To retreat now would be to abandon
the treasures to be found only a few leagues off, the
reward for which they had striven during a wliole
year, and to draw upon themselves the contempt not
only of their countrymen, who at present looked on
MEXICO CONSIDERS FURTHER.
219
til em as the bravest of the brave, but that of the
natives, who regarded them as gods. The Tlascaltecs
liad aheady sued for peace, but let the Spaniards
take one step in retreat, and the enemy would turn
with renewed ardor on them, joined by the Mexi-
cans, so far held in check by their fame and deeds.
Even the allies would for their own safety join to
crush them. To retire was impossible, because it
would be fatal. In any case, death was preferable
to dishonor. The usual marks of approval which
followed the speech silenced the deputation, and noth-
iiifj more was heard about retreat."
Great was the sensation in Mexico at the successive
reports of easy Spanish victories over the stanch
armies of Tlascala — victories by an insignificant
hand over armies which had successfully resisted the
vast forces of the Andhuac allies. Since it was only
too evident that force could not keep the strangers
fi'ora reaching the capital, Montezuma again called
liis council to consider the situation. Cuitlahuatzin
proposed that they should be bought off with pres-
ents, while Cacama represented that their mission
was probal)ly harmless, and that they should be
frankly invited to the city, there to be awed with the
i^iantleur of the monarch. Others favored this course,
but with the idea of laying traps for the strangers.
Tlie fear of their being warned and aided by Ixtlil-
xocliitl, the rebellious brother of Cacama, caused
^loutezuma to incline to the advice of Cuitlahuatzin ;
and six prominent lords, headed by Atcmpanecatl,"
" (idiuara gives a long speech, and intimates tliat it was dclivcreil hefoie
a iviiular mooting. Hid. Mex., 81-3; f.'or/t',s, Cartas (m; Ueneni, dec. ii. lib.
vi. (.up. i.\-.; Torquema'la, i. 4'i8-9; Ta/iia, liiL, in Icur.hnkcta, Cot. Dor., ii.
571. Boriuil l)ia;s addresses the speech to the coninr.cteo, and states tliat
CoitOs, oil tiiidiiig tiiom still nnconvinced, aliandoned tiio gei.tle tone he liad
Ust'd, and cxcluiined with some asperity tiiat it was liotter to die liko brave
Hull tii.in to live dishonored. The men being appealed to upliold him, ami
(lirlarod that they would listen to no contrary talk. J J int. I'erduL, 4S-'J;
.S'"//.s //;,</. Mex., i. 2r)!»-«.3.
'Surnaiiied TlachpaiKiuizqin, it seems. Ixtlilxochitl, Hint. Chich., 292;
I'l'^^a, Hid. Ant. Mcj., iii. 380. Bemal Diaz calls them tivo leading ineu.
»
m
m
I
220
ENTRY INTO TLASCALA.
were accordingly despatched to the Spanish camp
to congratulate the white chieftain on his victories,
and to offer annual tribute in gold, silver, jewels,
cloth — in fact, to do almost anything that his kin^-
might desire, on the condition that he should not
proceed to Mexico. The envoys entered the pres-
ence of Cortds followed by two hundred attendants,
and laying before him a present of twenty bales of
embroidered cloth and feathers, and about one thou-
sand castellanos in gold-dust, they delivered their
message.^" They explained that their monarch woukl
gladly see him in Mexico, but feared to expose the
Spaniards to the hardships of the rough and sterile
country wherein Mexico was situated. Cortes ex-
pressed his thanks, and said that he would consider
the proposal."
While entertaining the Mexican envoys the camp
was stirred by the announcement of the Tlascalaii
plenipotentiaries, consisting of fifty leading men,
headed by Axayacatzin Xicotencatl himself. "* The
soldiers crowded forward to gaze at the dreaded gen-
eral, who appeared to be a man of about thirty-tive
years, tall and broad-shouldered, Avell formed ami
robust, with broad, rough face, grave in manner and
commanding in presence, though he came a suppliant.
He had used every means as a noble patriot to save
'" Nearly every writer states that Montezuma acknowledged himself the
vassal of the Spanish king, but it is doubtful whether he stooped so low lictun.'
a distant enemy. Gomara, Hist. Mcx., 70, calls the present 1000 rojiiLi jiiid
1000 castellanos do oro, and Cortes says pesos do oro, which doubtk«.s iiituiw
dust; but Bcrnal Diaz terms the latter gold jewels worth that iniKniiit.
Prescott confoiuida these presents Avith a later gift, and assumes witlKJiit pxin
authority that they cmuo after Xicotencatl had brought in his suliniissimi.
(ioninra on the other hand places their arrival on September 0, which ]im-t
be altogether too early.
'' 'No Ics ((uiso dar luego la rospuesta, porquc ostaua purgado (hi ilia
antes,' sr.ys Bernal Diaz, in explanation of the debiy. lliftt. Wnlwl., ."il.
Brasscur de Bourbourg, how(!ver, lets Corti's declare that the orders of his
king oblige him to disregard the wishes of the emperor. 15ut the gcnciid Mas
too prudent to give an open rebutl" ere he saw how affairs woultl dcvcli >.
According to (jiomara he wished to detain them to witiiess his prowess ag:iiii>t
the Tliuscaltecs. Hist. Me:c., 7'J; H<rnra, dec. ii. lib. vi. cap. x.
'" Ixtlilxochitl akino differs by stating that they were headed by Toliu-
paneciitl Tlacatecuhtli tlie younger brother of Xicotencatl; but he appiara
coufused.
TLASCALAN PLEXIPOTENTIAIIIES.
221
his country from the enslavement which he seemed
with prophetic spirit to have foreseen; and as a brave
soldier he had struggled to uphold the honor of the
{uiny. With pride subdued he had sought pardon of
tlie lords for disobeying their orders,^^ and offered the
host amends in his power by personally humbling
jiiiiiself before the chief who had torn the wreath
from his brow. He approached Cortes with the cus-
tomary profound salute, while his attendants swung
(he copal censer, and announced that he had come in
I ho name of his father and the other lords to ask his
IViundship, and to ofier their submission to the might-
iest of men, so gentle yet so valiant. Accepting a
seat by CortiSs' side, he entered into explanations,
II nd Irankly took upon himself the blame for the resist-
ance offered, but pleaded the Tlascalan love for liberty,
threatened, as they imagined, by an ally of Monte-
zuma, for were not Mexican allies in the Spanish
train? and had not the Aztec monarch exchanfjed
friendly intercourse with them? While delighted
witli tlie manner of the chief, and particularly with
tlic object of his visit, Cortes thought it necessary to
administer a slight rebuke for the obstinate refusal
of his friendly offers; yet since his people had already
suffered Plough for this, he freely pardoned them in
the name of his king, and received them as vassals.-'*
He hoped the peace would be permanent; if not,
lie would be obliged to destroy the capital and mas-
saci'c the inhabitants. Xicotencatl assured him that
tho Tlascaltees wor.lu hnnceforth be as faithful as
they liad hitherto been unfriendly. In proof of their
biiieerity tlie chiefs would remain with him as host-
ages. }[e begged Cortes to come to the city, where
the hjrds and nobles were awaiting him, and regretted
m
'■'Solis causea liitn to l)e disi ^ascd from the ofncc of cnplaiii-gpiioral. ffisf,
^f■ .'•. , i. '27-- 3. In ( 'urhajnl E- ,'iiiosn, Jiist. Jhx. , ii. 1 .'>4, in a iioitruit of him,
curicspondiu^' fairly to tiie description.
•' ' it in generally accepted that the Tlascaltees siihmitted as vassiils. Yet it
is just as likely tliat they merely otlered their friendsliip and ulliancc, a rela-
titjii w liich uiiur tho cou(j,ucst wus changed iuto vassuhige.
:!|;J
ENTRY INTO TLASCALA.
not being able to oflfer a present worthy of his ac-
ceptance, but they were poor in treasures, even in
cloth and salt, and what they once possessed had been
surrendered to the Mexicans.'^^
Mass was said by Padre Diaz to celebrate the con-
cluded peace, and in honor of the occasion Tecohuat-
zinco received the name of Victoria.^'' Both Spaniard^}
and allies concluded the day with feasting and appro-
priate demonstrations of their delight. At Tlascala,
where it was soon understood that the Spaniards were
in some way to liberate the state from the tyranny
of Montezuma, floral decorations and sacrifices gave
eclat to the festivities, and twenty thousand leading
men are said to have taken part in the mitote danee,
singing to the prospective overthrow of the Mexicans
and to the glory of the Spaniards.
The Mexican envoys felt not a little chagrined at
a peace which could bode no good to their nation.
Before Cortds, however, they sought to ridicule the
whole proceeding as a farce on the part of the Tlas-
caltecs. The latter were too treacherous to be trusted.
When the Spaniards were once in their city they would
fall on them, and avenge the defeats and losses which
till then must rankle in their hearts. Cortes told
them that the Spaniards could not be overcome in
town or field, by day or night. He intended going
to Tlascala, and if the inhabitants proved treacherous
they would be destroyed. Xicotencatl had been no
less abusive of the Mexicans during his late interview,
and Cortes, as he declares, enjoyed tlieir dissension,
sympathizing alternately with either party, in order to
promote his own ends.^'* Finding the general so de-
'• According to Bcrnal Di.az the Tlascaltccs gave but one present, and tli.it
at the capital, Viiit some authors prefer to Imng it in here. Le picseiiti)
cantidad ile alpargataspara el caniino. ' LrflilxorhiilyJIIif. C '/»>/(., 202; //• rn /••',
dec. ii. lib. vi. cap. x.; Goinura, Hist. Mex., 84-5; Cortc.i, t'aruif<, UG-7.
•' I/crirra, loc. cit.
'■'^ 'Ann acordi'nie de una autoridad evang(5lica que dice: Omvc rctjvnm in
xi'i/initm <livkiim ilcnolnhilnr ; y con los unos y con los otros maneaha.' ' Vi/'/i -,
( 'arias, 70. Acconling to Ixtlilxochitl qu'te a quarrel sprang up betwcii tin'
Mexican and Thiscalan representatives in the presence of Cort(5s, attcmlod by
Oil uxchauge of epithets. Hist. L'hich. , 2i)2.
MEXICO AGAIXST TLASCALA.
223
tcrinincd, the envoys begged that he would remain
at the camp for a few days while they communicated
with the emperor. This was granted, partly because
Coi'tds wished to await developments, not being at all
sure of the Tlascaltecs, and partly because lie antl
others needed a respite to recover from their wounds
and fevers.^*
der to
It-
80 (
and tti.it
jiri'si'iiti)
llnrn-ii,
UG-7.
rcijnnm in
tWl'i'll tilt!
UiiJod by
The only result of the message to Mexico appears
to have been an instruction to the envoys to use
every effort to prevent the Spaniards from going
either to Tlascala or to Mexico; and to make their
representations more weighty a present was sent, con-
sisting of ten pieces of wrought gold, worth over three
thousand castcllanos, says Bernal Diaz, and of several
hundred pieces of cotton fabrics, richly embroidered."
It served but as another ma<]rnet to aid in attractiufj
the invaders. Cortes accepted the presents, but held
out no hopes of changing h^s determination.
The Tlascaltecs had meanwhile kept the camp
liberally supplied M'itli provisions, for which they
would acce[)t no recompense, and were daily urging
Cortes to depart for Tlascala. Alarmed at his delay,
the lords thought it best to go in person, accompanied
bv the leadinii: nobles, to entreat liim.^" The last
'" Corti's gives only his suspicions of the TIascaltoca as a reason for the
(k'liiy, witliout riferring to any coimnunication l)c'ing sent to Mexico. ('«(<«.>■,
07. Mi;iii\vliile he wrote to Kscalanto at Villa Kica, informing him of occur-
rences, and asking for a supply of holy wafers and two bottles of wine, which
spi't'dily came. J!( niul JJiaz, Hist. I'lrddd., Til.
-'Aftrran absence <■' six days, six leading men came from Mexico, who
I'muglit, hcside the ccn pieces of j^nvelry, 'J{H) pieces of cloth. Jlcniat />i(r.,
Jli.^'. ]'<r(l(iil., .V2. Th(^ envoys who had heen sent to Mexico eauie hack on
tlie sixth day with ten beatitifully wrouirht jewels of gold and 1500 pieces of
cl<itl\, far richer than tlie former. Vmniim, i/!st. J/cr. , (>")-().
'-'' 'Todos loH sefmres mo vinieron a rogar. ' Cnilr.t, Corlffi, 07. ' Vinieron
nssi misuio todas las caheceras y scnores do Tlaxcallan a rogarle.' Ooinnni,
llisi. Mc.r., 8(i. liernal Diaz, J/'/"/. Vinhi'l., ."i'J, names five lords, but the
iianicsare very eonfust'd, except Xicoti ncatl and Maxixcatzin, w liich approach
nearer to tlie usual form. Ixtlilxochitl statist that Cortes made it a condition
that the lords should come and a.sk him, wln'reupon they each select two higli
ro|ire.seiitatives to proceed to the eami) and escort him to Tlascala. They wro
gilide<l by the envoys Tolinpantcatl and Costomatl, and brought .a few jewels
Hs ]iresents. Ilixf. C/iir/t., 'J!I"_'-.S. Xor does Camar;;o allow the birds to go to
tile L;aiip, but Costomatl and Tolinpauccutl arc sent. Ilist. Tlux., 140.
m\
iid
■J
™!i
ENTRY INTO TLASCALA.
envoy from Montezuma had just delivered his pres-
ents wlien they were announced. Descending from
their htters they advanced toward Cortes with the
customary sahite,^ the lead being taken by Xico-
lencatl, ruler of Tizatlan, so blind and old that ho
had to be supported by attendants, and by Maxix-
catzin, of Ocotelulco, the youngest and wisest of the
lords.2«
Xicotencatl expressed his sorrow for their resist-
ance, but reminded the Spanish chief that, this being
forgiven, they had now come to invite him to their
city, and to offer their possessions and services. He
nmst not believe the slanderous insinuations which
they feared the Mexicans had uttered. Cortes could
not resist the evident sincerity of this appeal from so
prominent a bod}^ and he hastened to assure them
that preparations for the departure and other affairs
had alone detained him.**
The lords accordingly returned to prepare for the
reception, and to send five hundred carriers to assist
in the march, which began the following morning.
The Mexican envoys were invited to accompany the
Spaniards, in order that they might witness the
honors paid to them. The road to Tlascala, some six
leagues in length, passed through a hilly 3'et well
cultivated country, skirted on the east by the snow-
crowned peak which was soon to bear the revered
name of Malinche. In every direction were verdure-
clad slopes spotted with huge oaks, while above and
beyond the vista was closed by a dark green fringe of
■•'' 'Tocarfi Ins manos en cl suolo, y besaron la tierra. ' Bcrval Diaz, II'n'l,
Vc-ihul., .")•_'.
'•'* CniiKinjo, I/'wl. Tliix., loo. Maxixcatzin is put forward by the Spanish
writci-s as the princiiiiil lord, chiclly porlmps becaiiso he was the most devutdl
to the coiii|uerors, but also because his quarter of Ocotelulco was the largest
and richeist. Caiuargo and Ixtlilxoehitl place Xicotencatl lirst, and In!
certiiinly takes the lead in speaking and in receiving tlie Spaniards at his
pahice. His age, wliicli Caniargo raises into the hundred, may have had
something to do with tliis, liowever.
■•''•' liernal Diaz, J list. I'trdad., o'2, states that he pleaded the want of car-
riers, which was not veiy plausible, unless iuteuduu as u hint at Tlascahco
hospitality.
of
r,az, Jlixt.
:o Spuiiisli
st ik'votiil
ho largest
aiitl li«
ids lit hia
havu hill I
\ut of ciir-
Tlascaltoc
TLASCALA. 225
(he liardior fir, whicli seemed to rise like sliielding
liulwarks round tlie settlements in the valK'Vs. The
KacHng towns on the route were Tzompantzineo and
Atlihuetzin, where the population turned out en ma.sse
to receive the Spaniards.
A quarter of a league from the capital they were
mot by the lords and nobles, accompanied b}- a great
ictinue, attired in tlie colors of the different districts.
AN'omen of rank came forward with flowers in gar-
lands and bouquets; and a long line of priests in
iluwing white robes, with cowls, and flowing hair
clottotl with blood from freshly slashed ears, marched
11 long swinging their copal censers, while in the rear
and around surged a crowd estimated at one hun-
ched thousand persons.
Before them rose the capital, prominently located
upon four hills, ** so great and so admirable," quoth
Cortes, "that although I say but little of it, that
little will appear incredible, for it is much larger than
(jranada and nuich stronger, with as good edifices
and with nuich more people than Granada had at the
time it was captured; also much better supplied with
the things of the earth."™ There were four distinct
(juarters, separated by high stone walls and traversed
Ity narrow streets. In each stood a lordly palace
lor the ruler, and here and there rose temples and
masonry buildings ft>r the nobles, but the greater
jiart of the dwellings were one-story adobe and mutl
huts. The highest quarter in situation was Tepet-
i'pac, the first settled, separated from Ocotelulco
hy the river Zahuatl.^^ The latter was not only
the largest and most populous, but the richest, and
lu'ld a daily maiket attended by thirty thousand
iKople, it is claimed.''^ Quiahuiztlan lay below on
»» Cnrfra, Cnrfa/f, 67.
'' Now Atoyac.
^-(^ll't(■s pi-OLH'pda to pivo nn account of articles sold here, which is on a
p.u- with his (iraniula comparisf)u, ami accords little wit' the declared sini-
|)!itity (ir poverty of the people. In the temple over ov»w persons had been
biaiiliocd diuinj,' .some years. Petfr Martyr, dec. v. cap. ii.
UihT. Mex., Vol. I. 15
* 1
ii\\
226
ENTRY INTO TLASCALA.
the rivor, and above it Tizatlan, the residence of the
Uind chlci?'
It was liere that the Spaniards entered on Sep-
tember 23d,^ henceforth a feast-day to its peo]»lo.
ThrouL>"li streets adorned with festoons and arelics,
and past houses covered with cheering multitudes,
they })i'oeee(h'd to the pahice of Xicoteneatl, who eanic
forward to tender the customary banquet. Cortes
sahited liim with the respect due to his ix^rc,^ and was
conducted to tlie banquet-hall, after vrhich quarteis
were pointed out in the courts and buildings sur-
rounding the temple.^ Neat beds of matting and
nequen cloth were spread for the troops. Close by
were the quarters of the allies and the Mexican
envoys.
A round of invitations and festivities was tendered
the guests in the several quarters; yet Cortes allowed
no relaxation in the usual discipline and watches,
greatly to the grief of the lords, who iinally remon-
strated against this apparent want of contidence. The
]Mexicans must have poisoned the mind of Malinche
asfainst them, thev said, Malinche was becomiiiL>- a
recou^nized name for Cortes among the Indians. It
seems strange that they should have fixed upon no
higher sounding title for so gi-eat a leader than 'master
of Marina,' as it implied, while the inferior Alvarado
was dubbed Tonatiuh, 'thi? sun.' The Tlascaltecs
liad, however, another name for the general in Cli;il-
ehiuitl, the term for their favorite precious stones, and
also a title of Quetzalcoatl, 'the white god.'^' Cortes
^^ Oomftra, Hist. J/cr., S7-8; ITcrrora, dec. ii. lil). vi. cnps. v. xii. xiii.;
Carhajal K.<]vnnsti, Hist. Mcx., ii. K»2; L(l,^ (.'(Krtw, Hift. Apolofj., MS., 1.')-I4.
^' Bermd JJiaz, J lift. I'cnlwL, 52. Goiiiara, followeil by Herrcra,, .sivs tiio
18th.
'■"' 'Sc fiiiito la gorra y Ics hizo una Duiy fjrando y lininildo rcvi.'i-i'ini;i, y
Inego al)raz(') ;l Xicotcnciitl,' says Ixtlikochitl, with an exactness whuU ia
doubtless intended to impress the nuh'r Spanish population of liis day. //'■'•
( 'h'lch. , '2!l.'l. Caniargo also describes eeremonius with some detiiil, Ili^t. Tliu. ,
147, and Duran. Hi.-il. /ml., MS., ii. 425-T.
'" (romarii, l/lst. .Mcr , SO. Camargo and Ixtlilxochitl quarter the ."^paii-
iards in the palace. 'A las ca.sas reales.' Sdhaqtiu, His/.. Coiiii., 17,
•'' Camanjo, Jlid, Tlax., loO; lienial Diaz, Hint. VcnlaU., o'2.
EXCHANGE OF GIFTS.
wnsi quite touohed by the fervor of the lords in their
newly formed friendship. Untutored in some i-espec ts,
they appeared to rush like children from one extreme
to another — from obstinate enmity to profound (kvo-
tion, now worshipping the doughty little liand w1h»
had overcome their vast number, and admii-ing their
every trait and act, willing to yield life itself for tlie
luroie leader. He hastened to assure them of his
conlidenee, and declined the hostan^es thev otVerod,
asserting that strict discipline M'as part of the military
svstem which ho was in dutv bound to maintain. This
seemed to convince the lords, and they even sought
to introduce among their own trooj)s some of the
regulations which they learned to admire.
The second day of their sojourn Padre Diaz said mass
in the presence of the two leading lords, M'ho there-
u])()n presented Cortes with half a dozen fishes made
ot" gokl, several curious stones, and some nequen clotli,
altogether worth about twenty pesos, says Bernal
Diaz.'^^ Insignificant as was the gift, they exjiressed
a ho})e that in view of their poverty he would accept
it as a token of friendship. Cortes assured them that
"he received it from their hand with greater j>leasure
than he would a house filled with gold dust from
ethers."^ In return he gave them some of the Yohvs
and other useful articles obtained from ]\Iontezuma,
heside beads and trinkets. They now proposed, as a
i'urther })roof of their good-will, to bestow on the cap-
tains tlieir daughters, in order to have foi' relatives men
so good and brave. Cortes expres;;e(l himself pleased,
hut ex]>lained that this could not be admitted till the
Thisealtecs renounced idolatry and its attendant evils.
40
"~ Camargo calls it a rich present.
^'^ I'xninI Dhiz. Ill^t. I'vrda,!., 53.
•" Afi.'()r<liiitt to tho someMliat mixed account of Bornal Diaz, Xicotencatl
ofVcis liis clawj^'liter at ouec to Cortes, who aeeeiits, and tliercn|H)n ur<,'es I'adre
Oliiuilo to liegiii a raid agninst idolatry. Tlie latter tills liiiii to wait till the
(l.niirht'rs are hrought. They aro introduced on the following day, live iv
imiiilier, and Xicotencatl joins the hands of tho general witii theoni' iiiteiiil.il
I'll- liiin. Ho accepts her, but declares that slic and her companions must
reiiniu with tlicir parents till conversion is cousummuted. Finally the daughter
is triuisferred to Alvarado.
HI
228
ENTRY INTO TLASCALA.
ill
He thereupon proceeded to expound to them the doc-
trines of his faith and contrast them with the impure,
cruel, and bloody rites practised by them. This was
ably interpreted by Marina and Aguilar, who were
by this time expert in preaching, and the cross and
virgin image were produced to illustrate the discourse.
The lords answered that they believed the Christian's
God must be good and powerful, since he was wor-
shipped by such men, and they were willing to accord
him a place by the side of their idols ;" but they could
not renounce their own time-honored and benevolent
deities. To do so would be to create an uprising
among the people, and bring war and pestilence from
the outraged gods. Cortds produced further argu-
ments, only to be told that in time they would better
understand the new doctrines, and might then yield,
but at present their people would choose death rather
than submit to such sacrilege.
Finding that the religious zeal of Cortds threatened
to overcome his prudence, Padre Olmedo hastened to
interpose his counsel, representing the danger of losing
all that their valor and perseverance had gaineil if
they pressed so delicate a subject with a superstiti'Uis
and warlike people as yet only half gained over. He
had never approved of forcible conversion, and could
see no advantage in removing idols from one tcniplo
when they would be sure to rise in another. Indeed,
persecution could only tend to root idolatr}'' more
deeply in the heart. It \vere better to let the true
faith work its way into the appreciation of the people,
as it would be sure to do if the natives were given an
opportunity to contrast their bloody rites with the
religion of Christ, provided the Spaniards would tluni-
bclves follow the precepts of love and gentleness they
were commending to the Indians. The success of tlio
conquest, owes much to Olmedo, whoso heart, like
Las Casas', warmed for the benighted Indians, to
him wayward children who must be won by modm-
*i \ not uncommon practice in Mexico, carried out in the same mauucr as
among tlio liomans. See Native Races, iii., pasaim.
FATHER OLMEDO.
229
jition. Like a guardian angel he rose in dcfonco of
liis Hock, saving at the same time the Spaniards from
thiir own passions." Alvarado, Vehizquez do Ijcon,
and otliers, who Jiad no desire to witness a repetition
of the Cempoalan iconoclasm, supported the liithta- in
liis counsel, and Cortes agreed to content hiniselt' ior
the present with having an appropriate ]>lace set aside
in the temple tor an altar and a cross." And u])on
this cross, say the credulous chroniclers, a wliito radiant
cloud, in form of a whirling pillar, descended at night
from the sky, impressing the natives with the sacred-
iiess of the symbol, and guarding it till the conquest
had established the faith in the land." The S])aniard3
succeeded further in abolishing human sacrifices, and
the fattening-cages being torn down, a large number
of intended victims sought refuge in their cam}), laud-
ing their doctrines and aiding not a little to pave the
way for conversion.*'
The inaugural mass for the new altar was followed
l)y tlie ba])tism of the brides, the daughters and nieces
of the lords bein<2: the first to undery-o the ceremony.
■*'•' Portrait in Carhijal Esp'uiosa, Hist. Mex., ii. 165, and Zamaroin, JIImI.
Mtj., ii. r)l4.
'-' ' \'.\\ ii([uel tcmplo iidondc cstaua apoaentado, se hiziesso vii capillii.' /Ar-
rcni, iV:\:. ii. lib. vi. cap. xv. A new tcmplo near hy %v;i.s set ji.sidc for this.
J!irii"ll>i(r., Hist. Vifilad., 54. ' Hizo la sala principal do Xicoti'ncatl Ora-
tnvii). ' f.rtlih'or/ii/l. Hint. Chicli., 2!)4. 'Hizo nna iglcsia (mi una ca.sa di- iin
iiliili) principal.' Tap'm, IteL, in laiz'ialci'lii. Col. Due, ii. Wi'lW. Tlii.s autlior
iliHs ni)t iutiinatu that Cortes sought to forco conversion, Hcrnal Diiiz iilono
liciiig rcsponsilde for the statement, though Herrera adopts it. Kager to
rciuDxc tlio reproacli of infnlelity from his people, Camargo relates that ( 'ortcs
iiisisi'd on till! renunciation of idolatry, and that the chiefs tinally yielded,
Miiile pliicing upon iiini the rosponsihility of removing the imnges. AVlu'u
the icoudclasm hegaii, the people Imstened to hide their cherished iilols, « liieh
they long worshippcil in secret, although accc])ting baptism. Ilia'. Tl<i-i\. l.">i) S.
1m a iiieroglyphic jiainting still jiossesseil hy the caijihlo, s.iys Ixtlilxochitl. it is
.-linwn tliat the lords were at this time baptized. He gives their new names.
Ui.^1. Chir/,., '.I'M.
^''Duio trea, (') cpiatro aflos. ' Hemcsnf, Hi.tt. diiiapn. .S04 : Diiri/ii, Tudro
i'Viv., i. 7S; i'ltmnrijii, lli^t. T/nx., 140; 7/( /vvra, dec. ii. lib. \i. cap. xv. Soils
il Well-; upon til'! sjiiritual etfoct of the miracle, wliich occurred immediately
ntter the ile|)arturo from Tlaseala. ///.-<. ,l/i'.i'., i. .S"24 -5. 'i'<iii|iu niada <le\otes/i
wliolc cUajiter to it, and iitatesthat the first cross was raiseil by unseen hand.s
tlk' night after the ai'rival of the .Spaniards in the city. Tlie hiu'li priest ]ilared
over it a guard, who was surprised by a celestial light which apjieared at uiid-
iiiglit and drove out the demon from the temple, iii. '2()0-;{.
''■J.,0 priniero (pic mandaua nucstro Capitan era quclirallcs las tales car-
cclcs, y cellar fucra loa prisioncros.' JJernal Diaz, llisl. VcnbuL, 55.
230
ENTRY INTO TLASCALA.
Cortrs ploafling that he was already married, TtK-uil-
liuat/in, the (laughter of Xicotcncatl, destined f'oi* him.
was at liis re(|uest ^iveii to Alvarado, liis brotlier and
captain as lie proclaimed him, and hlessed with the
name of Luisa, while her sister Tol(|ue(]uetzaltziii,
l)aj)tize(l as Lucia, was conferred on the brother,
Jor<re de Alvarado. Maxixcatzin's niece Zicu(.'tzin, a
])retty girl, was named Elvira and given to Velaz(|uez
de Leon, it a])i)ears. Olid, Sandoval, Avila, and others
also received distinguished brides with dowries. Cortes
found it necessary, however, to decline accepting wives
for the whole company, as the lords proposed.*" In-
deed, they urged him to settle among them, offering
to give lands and to build houses for the whole party/'
Finding him determined to proceed to Mexico, tluy
offered their cooperation, and gave an account of the
wealth, power, and condition of the lake states, dwell-
ing in particular on the magnificence of Montezuiua.
They did not omit a tirade against his tyrpiiny, and
stated that whenever ho jiroposed to attack Tlascala
no less than one hundred thousand men wer j)lac(.'d in
the field. It was because they were forewarned that
their resistance was so successful, and because the
Aztec troo})S, gathered as they were to a great extent
from subject provinces, fought with loss spirit.'"^
■"'Ill onler to obtain by thorn a race of heroes. Most v/ritcrs, following
Bernnl Diaz and tlio less explicit chroniclers, allow Xicotencatl to give only
one (langhter, ))ut Ixtlilxochitl names two, Hint. ('/iich.,'2U4, and Juarro.s, in his
biography of tlie Alvarados, enumerates their dillerent wives, ami among tluiii
tlie two sisters, with tlieir fnll names and their descendants. l'c(!''o de Alva-
rado'.s only surviving issue, he says, was a daugjiter Lconor, by Luis;i, whu
married first IVdro I'uertoearrero and afterward Francisco de la Ciieva,
nei)liew of the Duke of Alburquenpie. The other sister also left a daugiit^ i-.
J/inf. ('iKif, , ;U7-8. Bernul Diaz mentions also a .son, I'edro, by Liiisa. ///•'.
Vei'lm/., r)4; VUirnioro, Stmia Mes.-i., iii. ,54. According to Caniargn. .Sdi)
young and jiretty slave girls, destined for the sacrifices, were the first wniu' ii
offered. 1'liey were at first declined, but finally accepted for the suile ci
Mtirina. Finding that they were well treated, the lords ofl'ei'ed their oua
daughters in marriage. J/i-^t. Tlax., RS-.W. A number of women were adilnl
to tlio suite of Marina and of the new wives, from the first families in the statu,
anotlicr authority intimates. Oomara, Jlist. Mex.,SG; Jlcrrcra, dec. ii. lili. vi.
cap. xi.
^' Cawin/o, Hist. TInx., ir>0-l. They opened a road to Ceniponla, r'lid
brought eftects from Villa Rica, including presents for th<! lords. Ixllilxochill,
Ills' . C/iirh., 'J04.
^'^ Tapia writes, ' Yo que csto escribo pregunt^ d Mutcczunia y li otros sua
11 otros SU3
INVITATION FROM MONTEZUMA.
Cortes had now a further motivo for croinfj to
IMuxico, wliii-l: was the alliance proposed to him l)y
Jxthlxoehitl, the rehellioiis hrotlier of Caeania, and
luler of northern Aeolliuaean, wlio IiojxmI witli
Spanish aid to overthrow the hated ^lonteznnia, and
raise liinisclf to the tlirt)ne of Tezeiieo, at least, and
to the liead of the ahied states. To this ])leasin<j^ ])ro-
jiosal Cortes rephed in a manner wliieh could not fail
to jtromote his own interests by kee[)in<j;' alive the
spirit of dissension among his })rey." lluexotzinco,
the ally of Tlascala, sent in her formal adhesion about
the same time.
F !, liui^ that the Spaniards could not be kept away
from Mexico, Montezuma thought it best at any rate
to liasten their departure from Tlascala. An urgent
invitation to visit him in his capital was accordingly
S'lit through four prominent cacifpios, attended by
followers l)earing as usual a costly j)resent, consisting
of ten bales of embroidered robes and a number of
gold articles, worth fully ten thousand pesos.**" A
council \ as held to consider the dei)artui'e and the
loute iu be taken. The lords of Tlascala did not
ivlish the idea of a friendly visit to jMcxico by their
new allies, to be won over perhaps by the arts of
the enemy. They sought to impress upon Cortes that
MpitaiK's,' and vas told that the Mexicans coidd readily have snlxlned little
Tiu-scahi, but tliey prefomid to use lier as .. means, close at haud, tor cxer-
i;i>ini,' tlieir youth and annies in warfare, and for supjilying w.ir cajitives for
tli'saoritires ! Tapin, Hd.^ni loizhnlccfa. Col. Dor.,i\. .'u'2. 'Juntauado/iontoa
y ticzieutos mil hoinl)rfs piu'a vna liatuUa.' O'ljuinni, Jfiit. .l/cc, S!t. 'J'iieTlas-
I'.iltttH spoke of their descent from giants, ami j)roduced gigantic hones in
eviilenco thereof. Some I'f these were sent to Spain by Cortes, together with
tlie report. Jit ninl />iaz, ifisf. I'crdad., Tio.
*'■' Toi'([ueniada places the arrival of this cmha-ssy immediately after CortiJs'
entry into Tlascala, Afonari/. /iid., i.4IW, wiiile ('las igrn) dates it at Tocohuat-
zinco. StorUi Mcm., iii. .'51-2. JJi'asseur do IJourhourg calls it the Hecond
eiiihassy. Hist. Xnf. Civ., iv. Ifi.'), for he accepts the statement of Ixtlilxoehitl,
III"!. C/iir/i., '2S.S, that the lirst envoys saw Cortes at his camp by San Juan
de riua. For Ixtlilxochitl's cari'er, &ee XfUirc J'arf.o, v. 47J -7.
'" Bernal Diaz relates that Cortes detained these men as hostages, while ho
si'iit Alvarado an<l iiernardino Vazipiez de Tapia t(j Mexico to connnunicato
M ith .Montezuma, and to examine the route and approaches to the city, 'i'liey
lincl hardly left before the company began to censure tlie rashness of sendinj^
two vahial)le men on so risky a mission, and Cortes accordingly sent to recall
tlieiii. Tajiia having fallen sick on the road, they gladly returned, but left
the guides to proceed to Mexico.
?
-3)
i
i
'1 •
. > ■■
4 -
■ . ■?■■
1 ■,
: '.|l
!• ■
■ il
a
m
um
232
ENTRY INTO TLASCALA.
Montezuma was the incarnation of treachery} await-
ing only an opportunity to get them into his power
and to crush them. They were ready to join in an
armed descent upon the tyrant, proposing to spare
neither young nor old ; the former, because they niiglit
grow up to be avengers, the latter because of their
danjrerous counsel. Cortes sufj^ested that he miijlit
yet establish friendly relations between them and tlu)
Mexicans, and reopen the trade in salt, cotton, and
other articles; but this aroused only an incredulous
smile. With regard to the route, they favored either
the Col})ulalpan road, proposed by Ixtlilxochitl, or
that leading through Huexotzinco, friendly to them,
declaring tliat it would be preposterous to pass by the
way of Cholula, as urged by the Mexican envoys,
since this was the very hatching -place for Monte-
zuma's plots. The road to it, and every house there,
were full of snares and pitfalls; the great (^uetzalcoatl
teinplc-pyramid, for instance, being known to contain
a mighty stream which could at any moment be let
loose u]i()n invaders, and Montezuma having a large
army hidden near the saintly city.°^
The extraordinary accounts of Cholula served to
arouse Cortes' curiosity, and the representation of
dantjers made him the more resolved to encountor
them, chiefly because he did not wish to appear in-
timidated. This route was beside easier, and passcMJ
through a rich country. He accordingly decided iu
^' ' Mo (li joroii .... que para ello habia cnviado ^lutccziima do sii tiorra ....
cincucntji mil liDnibiT's, y (juc los tenia en guaniiciou a dos K'gufi.s de hi diolia
t'iudad ....('■ (juc touiaii ccrrado el camino ri-al por dondc soliaii ir, y heclu) otni
nucvo do nnu'hos hoyos, y jialos agutlos liinca<lo8 y eiicubiyitoa para i|iie ln^i
caballos eayeseii y se nuincascn, y quo tonian nnichas do la.s calles tapiada.s, y
por las azotoas do las casiis inuchas piedi'as. ' ('orf/s, (.'artns, 70. Tlie stream
within tho teniplo was ,i myth, whioli tho (Jhohdtecs '.ought to maintain in
order to friglitcu their enemies. Oviodo and (romara relate that XieotciH'atl
junior wa?< eoneerned in these plots, and tiiat, warned by his sister, the wifo
of Alvnrado, Cortes had him quietly seized and choked to death, iii. 4!t7; //'•'<'.
Jih:i\ , 1)0. AVhoever may hii ve been throttled, it oertainly was not thi! general,
for he met his fate at a later date. According to Hernal Diaz tho whole army
was consulted ns to whether all were prepared to stiirt for Mexico. Many <if
those owning estates in Cuba raised ob etious, but Cortes lirmly declared tliat
ther? was no other M'ay open tlmn tho ouo to Mexico, and so they yieklid.
Jlial, Verdad., 50.
INTERCOURSE WiTH CHOLULA.
233
favor of it, and when reminded of the suspicious
absence of any deputation from that city, ho sent a
message to the rulers that they might remedy the
omission.^''
The Cholultec council was divided on the answer
to be sent, three of the members being in favor of
compliance, and the other three, supported by tlie
generalissimo, opposing any concession."^ Finally a
compromise was effected by^ sending tliree or four
])orsons of no stan<ling, and without presents, to say
that the governors of the ciwy were sick and could not
come. The Tlascaltecs pointed out the disrespect in
sending such men and such i message, and Cortes at
once despatched four messengers to signify his dis-
pleasure, and to announce that unless the Cholultecs
within three days sent peisons of authority to offer
allegiance to the Spanish king, he would march
forth and destroy them, proceeding against them as
ati'ainst rebels."*
Finding that it would not do to triile with the
])owerful strangers, some of the highest nobles in
the city were despatched to the Spanisli camj), with
a suitable retinue, to tender excuses, pleading that
they had dreaded to enter Tlascala, a state hostile
to them.
They invited Cortes to their city, where amends
''^ ' Y liar la obciliencia (i nuestro Rc;y , y Sefior. siiio quo los tcriiia por do
iii;il;is iiitoii'Moni's.' Jtenuil I)iaz, Jlinl. V' rd<ul., uti. Accortliiii,' to CaiiiiirgTi,
riitliiliuiitzin of Tlascala was sent witli tlio message. Tlu: Clioliiltees seized
jiiul llayed his face and arms, cutting oil' the hands, so that they were left
dangling 1)V the skin from the neck. In this guise tliey sent liim liaek witli
the reply that tlms would they receive the white gods whose ])ro\\ess he had
extolled. The Tlasealttx's demanded that Cortes should avenge the cruelty and
tlu' insult, ai.d he did so in the massacre of Clxdula. 1 Ids. continues the nar-
rator, is eommemorated in Tlascalan song, hut the account is evidently mixed,
ar.d pnjhahly refers chielly to some eailier oceuiiemu-. //^</. Tln.r., Kil '1
I5ra.>s(>ur de JJonrhourg assumes that I'atlahuatzin is mei'rly insulted and ill
treati'(l, 'J'lie two ]>eoples had once heeii friends and allies, Imt during the
last liattle which they fought against their common enemy, the Aztecs, the
Choinltei's had suddenly changed sides and fallen ou the rear of theii' unsus
JK'cting allies, inllicting great slaughter. Jlmrrii, dec. ii. lil>. vi. ca)). xviii.
• Three of tne members ;.re imprisoned for favoring an alliame with the
Spannrds, hut they e.scajie and come to (^)rtes, says llcrrera, ii/.
'' Cortes, Curtail, 71, says that he aeiit this message hy the Cholultec luea-
Bingora.
i
I m
234
ENTRY INTO TLASC 4XA.
would bo made by renderinj^ the obedience and tribute
which was considered due from them as vassals of his
king.*^"
'* ' E asi lo asenlc'i un escribano. ' Id. , 72. ' Otro dia vinieron ninchos sefiorcs
y capitanofl <le Ghololla.' (Jornara, Hist. Mex., 91. According to Bvfisseur do
iiourLourg, Cortes i.s already en route for Cholula wlK-n the friendly council
meinl)f8 appear to bring excuses and invitation.?. Hist. A' at. Civ., iv. 169-70.
IJemal Diaz, indeed, appears to »ay that the Cholultecs sent to excuse them-
selves from appearing before Cortes so long aa he remained in hostile territory.
JJint. Verikid., 57.
I
li
CHAPTER XIV.
SXJBJUGATION OF CHOLULA.
OCTOBEE, 1519.
DErAUTTRE FROM TlASCALA— DESCRIPTION OF CHOLULA— TlIE WELCOME —
AusiY Quarters is the City — Intimations of a Conspiracy between
niE Mexicans and Cholultecs — Cortes Asks for Provisions and
Warriors — He Holds a Cocncil — Preparations for an Attack —
The Lords Enter the Court with the Required Supplies — Cortes
IiEPRIMANDS them IN AN AdDUESS — TnE SLAUGHTER BEGINS — DESTRUC-
TION OF THE City— Butchery and Pillage — Amnesty finally Pro-
claimed — Xicotencatl Returns to Tlascala — Reconciliation of
the Cholultecs and Tlascaltecs — Dedication of a Temple to the
Virgin — Reflections on the ^Lvssacre of Cholula.
The Spaniards had boon tliree weeks beneath the
liospitable roofs of the Tlascaltecs, and now they de-
})arted amid expressions of good-will mingled with
griof.^ A crowd as large as that which had welcomed
tlieir arrival followed them for a considerable distance,
and this included all the available w^arriors of the
districts,'^ who would gladly have joined the handful of
heroes in their quest for wealth and glory amongst
the hated Aztecs. Cortes did not think it well, how-
( \cr, to trammel his movements, or to intrude on his
various hosts with too large a force of undisciplined
and unmanageable men, whom he had not learned to
trust, and only about five thousand were allowed to
attach themselves to his army.^
' ' lliyo sacrificar treynta nmchaclios el dio. que se partieron.' Ovlcdo,
iii. 4'.t7.
' l';t)timatc<l by Cortu3 at a round 100,000. Others say lie was olFercd
10,0011 to 'iO.OOO men.
^ 'Tliis u\ tlio (igure deduced from later rcferehcc.^. ' Quedaron en mi com-
liafii;! hiista ciiici) I'l seis mil.' <'ort(x, (\irfas, 7-. Dismis.-sin;^ tin' 10.),000 with
lucsLUts, lie retained only 3000. ' Por no pouersc en niauoa do genie liarbara.'
... :fl|
2S6
SUBJUGATION OF CHOLULA.
Late in the aftornohn tke army reached the southern
border of Tlascala, and camped by a river two leagues
from Oiolula. The city stood in a vast fertile ])lain,
so thick'y covered with plantations and gardens "that
not a span of land remained uncultivated," A net-
work of ditches irrigated the fields wherein maize
and agave, cochineal and chile, swelled the resources
of the owners. " No city in Spain," exclaims Cortes,
"presents a more beautiful exterior, with its even
surface and mass of towers," interspersed with charm-
ing gardens and fringed with alluring groves. Its
six sections were marked by fine, straight streets,
lined with buildings, the neatness and substantial ap-
pearance of which fully corresponded to the reputed
wealtli of the occupants, Cortus estimates the num-
ber of houses at twenty thousand, with as many more
in the suburbs, which implies a population of two
hundred thousand.*
Cholula was one of the most ancient settlements in
the country, with traditions reaching fir back into the
misty past. It was here that Quetzalcoatl had left
the final impress of his golden age as ruler and prophet,
and here that a grateful people had raised to him t!io
grandest of his many temples, erected upon the ruins
of a tower of Babel which had been stayed in its
growth by divine interference. Notwithstanding the
vicissitudes of war, during wliich the frenzy of the
moment had overcome religious scruples to wreak
destruction, or during which reckless invaders less
imbued with veneration camo to desecrate this western
Home, she had maintained herself, ever risin'jf from
the aslies with renewed vigor and fresh s})lendor,
and she was at this time the connnercial centre for
i
: I
Jfi-nrrn, doc. ii. lil). vii. cap. i. 'Six thonsaivl warrioi's,' say.s Ixtlilxoi'liitl,
J/int. C/iic/i., 'I'M. ][o rrivos tiio names of their chiefs, whioli ilitFcr wiiDlly
from IhoM' montioneil in < 'aiiutrjo, Hist, Tlnx., KiO. ' J''iuii'oi> taliien cou rl
luiichos mcicadeivs a rc'sciitar Hal y maiitiis.' Oamrirn, Hist. Mcv., 01.
Wartis. 7l-">. 'Kii I'l tiompn tic la gucrra saliuii en cumpo oi.'lieiita ci
n-ivciitJi mill lioinhi-es de giiei'ni.' Oricdo, iii. 4!)8. ' UUra trigiiit.i milli i
f'tiiiliurum cajiieliat.' /ais ' V(*(.y, It-ijin. lud. JJcva-itat.., 2(i. 'I'arocio. . . .cii
ci us.'iicnto, y pioispctiua ii Valladolid. ' JJerreni, dec. ii. lib. vii. cap. 1.
THE HOLY CITY.
237
the great Huitzilapan plateau, famous beside for her
])()ttery and delicate fabrics. The warlike Tlascaltecs
loferred to her contemptuously as a city of cunning
and effeminate traders, and there was doubtless a
f^ood deal of truth in this; but then her merchants
rivalled those of Mexico in wealth, while her citizens
v:erc not behind the dweller* on the lake in refine-
ment.
But the chief renown of Cholula consisted in being
the holy city of Andhuac, unequalled for the frequency
and pomp of her festivals and sacred pageantry; in
lieing the religious centre for countless pilgrims who
jounicved from afar to worship at the shrines here
maintained, not only by the citizens, but by princes of
different countries. Her temples were estimated to
e(}ual the number of days in the year, and as some
possessed more than one chapel, fully four hundred
towers rose to bewilder the eve with their jjfleaming
ornamentation. Chief among them was the semi-
splierical temple, with its vestal fire, devoted to
Quetzalcoatl, which stood upon a quadrilateral mound
of nearly two hundred feet in height, ascended by one
hundred and twenty steps, and with a iaiger base
than any old-world [)yramid.^
The government was aristocratic republican, directed
by a council of six nobles, elected in the six wards. At
their head sat two supreme magistrates, the tlachlach
and aquiach, chosen respectively fi'om the priesthood
and nol)ility, and corresponding to pontiff and captain-
gmun-al,'' the latter office hold at this time by Tecuan-
huehuetzin.''
'' See Xfithv. liacfis, iii. iv.
'^ iVuficc I'rirrs, v. '204; Camnrijn, l/i<f. Tkix., IGO. ' Gouprnauasc por ■••n
oaiiituii gciienil, eligiJo por la ropul^lica, con cl consojo de seys nolilcs, om ,ibt-
i.ui "11 (1 Haocrdotus. ' Ilcrrcra, tU'c. ii. lib. vii. cap. ii. Gomara mentions only
a eaptain-tfeiieral or governor, //i"/. ^f(.l•., !>."». Tori]nenia<la gives the city
tour lords, will) divided between them the territory, ii. I$5() I. The goverii-
iiicnt a]ipear.s to have nndergono several eliaii;,'es i<inee the ag(^ of (^»netzal-
eiiiitl, ami at one period four iioi)les a)ipear to have represeiiteil the wards,
but tliese iiieren>^ed in course of time to six, and the council appears also to
have been increased by the attendance of other priests '• iidc the pontiff.
'' ('hinidliiabi, Jt^s/. Com/.. UK), 107-8. For hiatory aud descriptioa of city
and temples, .see Xulive liuccs, ii.-v.
\,',t
238
SUBJUGATION OF CHOLULA.
At tlio ooimnaiid of these chiefs a number of Cho-
hiltcc nobles appeared at the camp to oflcr welcome
and to bring provisions.* In the morning the armv
advanced toward the city and was met by a crowd
of fully ten thousand people, preceded by a stately
procession, at the head of which appeared the lords.
They showed themselves most obsequious, but re-
quested that the Tlascaltecs, as their enemies, should
not be allowed to enter the city, and Cortes ac-
cordingly persuaded these warriors to camp outside.
Some of their carriers alone entered with the
Cempoalans and Spaniards to receive a share in the
proffered hospitality. If the troops found no arclies
and floral festoons, as at Tlascala, to honor them, nor
the same jubilant shouts of welcome, they were at
least heralded by clashing musi-^, and dense croAvds of
spectators lined the streets and roofs, while priests
in white robes went chanting by their side, swinging
the censers \vhence the copal rose to shed a halo on
the heroes. Cortes was struck with the superior
quality and quantity of dresses worn, the higher
classes being noticeable in their embroidered mantles,
not unlike the Moorish cloak. He also observed that
beggars c^bounded, as they did in "Spain and other
parts inhabited by civilized people."
The courts of one of the temples^ were offered as
quarters for the army, and presently servants ap-
peared with provisions, which, if not abundant, wer(3
at least good.^" Cortes did not omit to vaunt the
grandeur of his king and to impress the advantages
of the true faith, but althoufjh the lords boAved ad-
mission to the tirst they held firmly to their idols.
"From a vasruc reference in Camargo, Brasseur ilc Bourbourg assumes tli.it
this party is licadeil l)y the three counsellors least friendly to the SpaniiinN.
A little later the other three come to Cort(5s for protection, after escaping imm
the imprisonment imposed upon them l)y their colleagues. Ilist. Nat. C/i:, iv.
174. ilerrera jjlaees the arrival of the refugees at Tlascala. dec. ii. lib. vi.
cap. xviii. But there iippears to be no ground for these stiitenients.
'•'' Del gran Cii de (,'»('/:a/('o«//.' Hdhaijiui, J/ixt. Comi., IS.
'" 'Lea dierou a([uella noche a cada vno vn gallipauo.' Gomara, JliM,
J/c.-., \)2.
i
O^nNOUS INDICATIONS.
The following day they failed to appear, and the
supply of food dwindled perceptibly, while none was
I'urnished on the third day, the populace even ap-
pearing to avoid the Spanish quarters. Cortes sent
to remind the chiefs of their neglect, but received
only the scantiest provisions, with the excuse that
the stock was nearly exhausted."
The sa'nc day came envoys from Montezuma, un-
provided with the usual presents, Avho, after some
M'ords with the confreres acting as guides to the
Spaniards, represented that to proceed to Mexico
would be useless, since the roads were impassable and
the food supply insufficient." Finding that these and
other statements had no effect on Cortes, they left,
taking with them the leading envoy stationed with
the Spaniards.'^ All this was far from reassuring,
taken in connection with the w^arninij of the Tlas-
cultecs still ringing in their ears, and with the report
brought by Cempoalans of barricades, of stone piles
upon the roofs, and of excavations in the main
street set with pointed sticks and loosely covered
over
14
Now came messengers from the allied camp to
announce that women and children had been leaving
the city with their effijcts, and that unusual prepa-
rations seemed to be going on. Scarcely had this set
Cortes pondering when Marina appeared with the still
more startling information that a native woman of
rank, won by her beauty and evident wealth no doubt,
had just been urging her in a most mysterious man-
ner to transfer herself and her effects to the house
of the woman, where she should be married to her
" 'Lo qnn traian ora agua. y leiia,' says Bemal Diaz, //(V. Vinlail., .58.
'-'1)0 Muteczuinti estiilia liabiu iiuicho m'liiiero de Icmuios ('• ti^'res i^ oti'as
ficras, (5 que cada (juc Muteczuma (juirie las liaeie soltar, (: bastaban jiara
c'oinoriios v <lospe<la/.anios.' Tiijila, lid., in Irazhalata, Vol. Dor., ii. 574; (lo-
tmirit, J fist, ^/(•.v., !("2.
'•• Ciirtt's told tht'iii to wait, for ho would start for Moxii'o on the follow iii;.f
day, and they jiroiuised to do so, says Bernal Diaz, //ixt. Venhnl., r)8.
"On his entry ii;to the city Cortes also observed suspicious features.
'Algunas callcs du \ix cindad tapiudus, y niuchas piudras en tidas las azoteas. '
Vartas, 72.
•i s'li
240
SUBJUGATION OF CHOLULA.
^1:
15
son/" By expressing gratitude and pretending ac-
quiescence, Alarina elicited that envoys liad been
coming and going between Mexico and Chohila for
some time, and that Montezuma liad prevailed on
the chiefs, by means of bribes and promises,^" to
attack the Spaniards that very night or in the
morning. Aztec troops were stationed close to the
city, to the number of twenty or even fifty thousand,
to aid in the work and to carry the Mexican share of
the captives to their capital." Cortdfc at once secured
the connnunicative woman, who was awaiting the re-
turn of Marina with her valuables, and ascertained
further that the covered excavations, the stone piles,
and the bairicades were no fiction.
He also secured two apparently friendly priests,^"
and by bribing them with chalchiuite stones, and
showing that he was aware of the i)lot, obtained
a revelation which agreed substantially with the ac-
count already given. It appeared that jMontczunia
had })r()})()sed to quarter his troops in the city, Ijut
this the lords had objected to, fearing that onci
within the walls the Aztecs would retain possession
The Cholultecs intended to do the deed tliemselves,
and it was only in case the Spaniards left the city,
or escaped, that the confederate Aztecs were to take
an active part.
Only three f)f the wards had consented to share in
the treachery,-" and the priests of the others had that
•'' 'Hcrraano de otro ino(;!o que traia la vieja que la acoinpanaua.' Bcnwl
Dia'., Uixt. VirdtuL, oO. This is probably the young man wiio, according; to
Peter Martyr, reveals the plot to Aguilar. A 'Cempoal maiden' was also
warned by a Cholulteo woman, dec. v. cap. ii.
'" 'Dieron al eapitan-general vii atambor do oro.' Gomara, ffint. Mcx., O'J.
This olHcial was tiie husband of the old woman, lienial Diaz, fflsf. I 'cnlail. , 5!!.
" 'Auian de (|uedar veinto do nosotros para sacriticar a los idolos do Clio-
lula.' Jliriiiil. lUnz, J I int. Verdad., 50. Others say half the captives.
'* Mariiui won them over. Id. 'Dos que andauan mny solicitos.' Ilerrern,
dec. ii. lib. vii. cap. i. Brasseur de Bourbourg supposes that the friendly
chiefs were those who gave tJvP *lrst intimation of the plot, Hist. 2s al. Civ., iv.
174, and it is not unlikely thift they did warn the Spaniards.
'" Oviedo regards tiie Cholultecs as having rebelled against Montezuma,
iii. 498. But they stood rather in the position of allies. See Native Races, v.
Beraal Diaz assumes that half tlie Aztec troops were admitted.
*" 'Los Mexicauos trataron con los Sefiores de los Ties Barrios.' Tor-
19
\\
I;
PLAN OF ATTACK.
241
very clay sacrificed ten children" to the god of war,
jiiitl received assurances of victory. So contident wore
they of securing the encaged guests that ropes and
stakes had been prepared to bind the captives.
Cortes called his counsellors, and placing before
them the state of affairs asked their views. A few of
the more cautious advised retreat to Tlascala, whose
iViondly hospitality seemed alluring. Others suggested
an immediate departure by way of the friendly Huex-
c>tzinco, while the majorit}^ inclined to a prompt and
effective chastisement of the treachery as a warning
to others. This was what Cort<5s had determined upon.
He showed them how well the arrangement of the
courts would answer for the plan he had evolved, and
how strong they were in case of a siege.
Summoning the lords, he expressed his displeasure
at the inconsiderate treatment received, and said that
ho M'ould rid them of his presence on the morrow. He
reminded them of the allegiance they had tendered,
and declared that if loyal they would be rewarded;
if not, punishment would follow. Finally he demanded
])ro visions for the journey, and two thousand warriors,
l)csidc carriers, to accompany the army.'^'* This ap-
])earod to suit their plans, for they exchanged a look
(if intelligence, and at once promised compliance, pro-
testing at the same time their devotion. "What need
have these of food," they muttered with a laugh,
"when they themselves are soon to be eaten cooked
with chile ?"^^ That very night preparations were
qni'vvida, i. 438. Ilerrera h.os been even more explicit, anil Bernal Diaz con-
linns this in several places, without specifying the number. 'Otros barrios,
que no se hallaron en las traiciones.' Hist. Vvnlad., CO.
-' Three years ohl, half males, half females. Jlerrera, dec. ii. lib. vii. cap. ii.
Ovicdo .supposes tlie females to be young virgins, iii. 4U8. Bcmal Diaz says
live childrou and two other persons.
'■'- Mo.st authors, following Gomara and Horrora. assume that only carriers
vore asiied for, but Diaz writes warriors, and correctly, no doubt, since it
could not be Cortt^s' plan or desire to wreak vengeance on lielplcss carriers,
Init rather on the very men who proposed to attack him. According to
Tiipia, followed by (romara, Cortes upbraids the lords for lying and plotting,
hut they assui'e him of tiieir loyalty. Rel., in Icazhalceta, Col. Doc, ii. 575.
It is not likely that he wouhl have roused suspicion by such language.
'^ 'Aguilar que los oya hablar.' Ockdo, iii. 498.
Hist. Mex., Vol. I. 10
^'■i'^^
■ ■■'' 5
■4
242
SUBJUGATION OF CHOLULA.
made, the Spaniards planting guns at the approaches
to the streets and courts, looking to 1,he horses and
accoutrements, and sending a message to the Tlascal-
tecs to enter the city and join them on hearing the
first shot.
In the morning, so early ij deed as to indicate a
decided eagerness, came the lords and leading priests,
with an immense hrong. A force even larger than
had been demanded followed them into the Spanish
quarter, and was allowed to file into the court, which
was commanded at all points by the soldiers and the
cannon, the latter as yet innocent-looking instruments
to the Cholultecs.'^* The lords and leading men, to the
number of thirty or forty, were invited to Cortes'
rooms to receive his farewell. He addressed them in
a severe tone, in the presence of the Aztec envoys,
representing that he had sought to win their friend-
ship for himself and their adhesion for his king, and
to further this he had treated them with every con-
sideration. They had withheld the necessary supplies,
yet he had respected their property and persons, and
for their sake he had left his stanch allies outside
the city. In return for this they had, under the mask
of friendship, plotted against the lives of his party,
the invited guests of themselves and of Montezuma,
with the intention of assassinating them. But tluy
had been caught in their own trap. The amazement
of the chiefs deepened into terror as he concluded.
" Surely it is a god that speaks," they murmured, " since
he reads our very thoughts." On the impulse of the
moment they admitted their guilt, but cast the blame
on Montezuma. This, rejoined Cortes, did not justify
treachery, and the excuse should avail them naught.
The lords who had been opposed to the plot, and a
few others less guilty or less responsible chiefs and
priests, were now taken aside, and from them further
'* Picked warriors were brought, pretending to be slaves and carriers.
Tapia, Hel., in Icazhalceta, Vol. Doc, ii. 575. 'Co hamacas para lleuar lus
Espauoles.' Gomara, Hist. Ilex., 93.
THE MASSACRE.
243
particulars were obtained, which implicated the Mexi-
cans only the more.
Returning to the envoys, who protested that their
emperor was wholly blameless, he reassured them by
saying that he believed not a word of the accusation.
Montezuma was too great a prince, he continued, to
stoop to such baseness, and had beside, by means of
presents and messages, shown himself to be his friend.
The Cholultecs should suffer the penalty not only of
their treason but of their falsehood. Tlie fact was
that it did not suit Cortds to quarrel with Montezuma
for the present, but rather to lull him into fancied
security.^'' A terrible punishment was now in store
for the Chohdtecs.
The signal being given, volleys poured from cannon,
arquebuses, and cross-bows upon the warriors con-
lined in the court, and then the Spaniards rushed in
with sword and lance thrusting and slashing at the
packed masses. The high wajls permitted no escape,
and at the gates gleamed a hue of lances above the
smoking mouths of the guns. Pressing one upon
another, the victims offered only a better mark for the
ruthless slayers, and fell in heaps, dead and dying
intermingled, while many were trampled underfoot.
Xot one of those who had entered the court remained
standing. Among the slain were the captain-general
and the most inimical of the lords and leading men.^*
Meanwhile other guns had belched destruction
along the approaches from the streets, as the crowd
rushed forward in response to the cries and groans
" According to Bnmal Diaz the envoys arc told of this on the preceding
evening, and are thereupon placed under guard. HM. Verdwl., ■'50.
•'^ Tapia states that most of the lords and chiefs whom Cortes addressed
were killed. I'el., in Icazhalceta, Col. Doc, ii. "Co. 'Some of them,' say Ixtlil-
xochitl and Gomara, while Clavigero, Brasseur de Bourbourg, and others
suppose that all these leaders were pardonetl, which is not likely, since so
many less guilty men fell. 'El que solia miliar, fue vno de los que murieron
en el patio.' Bernal D'u<z, Hist. Verdad., GO. He intimates that the real
carriers were allowed to leave the court, the w.arriors alone being detained for
slaughter. The two friendly priests were sent liome to be out of liann's way.
Tliis leads to the supposition that a,ll the rest of the leaduig men fell. ' Los
otros seflores uaturales todoa murieron.' Ockdo, iii. 499.
.: '-1
I'il
M
'f '
244
SUBJUGATION OF CIIOLULA.
of their butoliorcd friends. Terrified l)y the fiery
thunder and its mysterious missiles, they fell hack;
and now the cavalry charged, trampling them under-
foot, and opening a way for the infantry and allies,
who pressed onward to take advantage of the con-
fusion and to repeat the scene enacted within. Panic-
stricken as the natives were by the strange arms
and tactics of the Spaniards, they offered little or
no resistance, though armed with intent to attack.
Being also without leaders, they had none to restrain
their flight, but pressed one on the other, down the
streets and into buildings, anywhere out of the reach of
the cutting blades and fierce-tramping horses. The
Tlascaltecs^^ were at the same time fallinjj on their
flanks, glorying in the opportunity to repa}"^ their
enemies the treachery of years ago. A blot)dy track
they left. LTnprepared for such an onslaught the
people of Cholula found little opportunity to make
use of the barricades and the stone piles, and where
they attempted it the fire-arm and cross-bow aided
the fire-brand. The strongest resistance was met at
the temples, wlicrein the fugitives mo.^tly gathered,
but even tliese did not hold out long, for stones and
arrows availed little against armor.
All who could sought to gain the great temple of
Quetzalcoatl, which offered not only the best defence
from its height, but was held to be impregnable
through the special protection extended over it by
the deity. Within its walls lay confined a mighty
stream, so it was said, which by the removal of a
few stones could be let loose to overwhelm invaders.
Now, if ever, in the name of all the gods, let it be
done! Reverently were removed, one by one, the
stones of the sacred wall, but no flood appeared, not
even a drop of water. In their despair the besieged
hastened to hurl the stones, and arrows, and darts'*
i" Wearing crowns of rushes to be distinguished from their enemies. Ca-
marffo. Hist. Tlax., 164.
^^ Zaiuacois enters into on elaborate argument to disprove the uuimportaut
SIX THOUSAND BUTCHERED.
upon tho enemy as they climbed the sides of the pyra-
mid. But there was Htthj use in this. Quickly they
were driven by the sword from the platform into tlio
chapel tower. Not carinj;^ to lo.sc time in a sie<,'e, the
Spaniards offered them their lives. One alone is said
to have surrendered. The rest, inspired by the ])res-
encc of the idols, spat defiance. It was their last
cfibrt, for the next moment the torch was applietl,
and enfolding the building, the Hamcs drove the
besieged, frenzied with terror and excitement, upon
the lino of pikes inclosing them, or head - foremost
down the dizzy heiglits. To the last could be seen a
priest upon the highest pinnacle, enveloped in smoke
and glare, declaiming against the idols for having
abandoned them, and shouting: " Now, Tlascala, thy
heart lias its revenge! Speedily shall Montezuma
have hisl"^
During the first two hours of the slaughter over
tlirec thousand men perished, if we may believe
Cortes, and for three hours more ho continued the
carnage, raising the number of deaths according to
difl'erent estimates to six thousand or more.*' The
loss of life would have been still greater but for the
strict orders issued to spare tho women and children,
and also the less hostile wards,^^ and for the eagerness
of the Tlascaltecs to secure captives as well as spoils,
and of the Spaniards to hunt for treasures. The
hostile wards had besides been pretty well cleared of
inhabitants by the time Cortes returned to his quarters
st.itement that burning airows wore showered on the besiegers. Ilht. AfrJ. ,
ii. 7<>7. This author lias a decicU'd faculty for singling out trifles, ajijiarcntly
under the impression that iuiportiuit (juestioiis eaii take? care of themselves.
''■' Caiiinrjin, JJint. 'flax., Hi'.i—l; 'J'onjiiei/iada, i. 440. 'Se dejaron alii
queinar.' 'J'ajthi, li<L, in Icnzhnlfita, Cut. l)oc., ii. ruCt.
^"('orlrn, ('rtc^'n, 7.3-4; Ooinnnt, //iM. J/^.i-. ,94; G()()0 and more within two
hours. Liililivchitl, Hint. Chirh., 2!)4. Liis Casas lets him lirst kill (jlKK)
uuiirnied carriers and then proceed to devastate the citj'. licjio. Jiid. iJe-
i'<(.N/rt<., "27.
" 'Echd toda la gente fuera de la ciiulad por mucha" partes della. ' Coiifo,
Cdrfn.i, 74. The fitatemeut of Bernal Diaz that the frienvlly priests were sent
home, to he out of liann'a way, shows also that parts of the city were respected.
See noti!s 17 and 23. 'El manjues niandaba (jue se guarda.-nn do no niatar
inujcres ni ninos.' Tapia, lid., in Ica:^bcdcita, Vol. Doc, ii. o70.
-I;
^M
; V- ? '•■
n\
m
24>1
SUBJUGATIOX OF CHOLULA.
foritiddiiii^ further butcliory. When tlie nmnesty was
])r(i( laimed, liowever, iminber.s a])])eare(l I'roiu lii(hnL>-
jtlaces, even iVoni beneath the heaps of slain, wliilc
many who had pretended death, to escape tlio sword,
arose and tied.
The pillas^e was continued for some time lons]fcr,^^
and as the Tlascaltecs cared chiefly for fabrics, feathers,
and provisions, particularly salt, the S])aniartls wej-e
allowed to secure all the gold and trinkets thev could,
thouL;h these were far less in amount than had been
expected."^ When the real work was over, Xict)ten-
catl a}»peared with twenty thousand men and tendered
his services; but Cortes could ofi'er him only a share
ill the booty for his attention, and with this lie re-
turned to Tlascala to celebrate the downfall of the
hated and boastful neiohbor.^*
The [nayers of the chiefs who had been spared,
su[)ported by the neighborintjf caciques, and even by
the Tlascalan lords, prevailed on Cortes to stop the
pillage after the second day, and to issue a ])ar(lon,
alth()U!>-h not till everythini]!: of value had been
secured. Some of thu chiefs were thereupon sent
forth to recall the fugitive inhabitants, and with sucli
g(.od effect that within a few days the city was again
peopled. The debris and gore being removed, the
street* speedily resumed their accustomed ai)pearance,
and the sho]is and markets were busy as beibre,
though blackened ruins and desolared liomes long
remained a testimony of the fearful blow.^'^ Ini-
'- For two flays, snys Tajiin, id., nm\ Bcmnl Diaz intimntes that it ondcd
with tlie sooond day. J/isf. Wrihul.. »<«>.
•* ' Toiuaroii Uis ('astollanosi el (iro, \ |dnmn, aiicpic sc liallo poco. ' llir ■•!•(!,
dec. ii. lili. vii. Cip. ii. 'Ovo miulit) dcspojo dv uro ( plata," navH Ov rdn,
iii. 4'.l',l, jindialdy ))Ov'ausc? he i^iicw Cliolula tn )>o i-icli; l)ut a ^'icat dial( ini-
vato trcasnii' at least must have lii'oii taUcii out of the eity when the w ■liiiu
W(To sent away. Tlie Tlasealtei's earned (ill 'JO, (KM) eaptives, he add.-*.
^' /li'ircici, ulii sup. Oviedo allows a reintorcemeiit of 4(I.(M)0 Tlase tecs
to join in the niassaere and ]iillai,'e, iii. 4!IS, and J5ernal J)iaz, //>-/. Vcrilml., (iO,
says the late comers joined in the pill.igt^ on the second day. The 'J'l.'i.-<ialtiis
lironnht the Spaniards food, of which they liad fallen short. /.dliUockitl,
Hist. t'hir/i.,'2'X\
'' A very similar massacre and raid was perpetrated by the Chichiinec-
Toltecs at the close of tlic thirteenth century. JS'atirc Jlucm, v. 484-7.
l^'mi
RF.CONCILI ATIOXS .
247
prossod no less by tlio supposed divine penetration of
ilic white eoncjuerors tliau by their irresistible j)rowess
and terrible revenge, the natives were only too reatly
to ki, s with veneration the hand red with the blood
ol" their kindred. To tl;;s they were also iinpelU'd by
finding that the Spanii-rds not oidy allowed no sacri-
fice (>t' ca'ptivcs, but ordered the Tlascaltecs to leiease
the j)risoners they had hoped to carry into slavery.
This was a most trying requirement to the allies, but
at the instance of" AEaxixcatzin and other loil. they
obeyed in so far as to restore the grcsater proportion
of the thousands who had been secured.
The intervention of the Tlascaltec lords and chiefs
it! behalf of the Cholultecs tended to promote a more
friendly feeling betwecui the two peoples, particulai'ly
since the one had been satiated with rev. nge and the
other humbled, and Cortes took advantage of this to
formally reconcile them. Whatever may have been
their sincerity in the matter, they certainly found no
()pj)ortunity to renew' their feud.
The captain-general having fallen, the people, with
Cortes' approval, chose a successor from tJie ranks of
the friendl}'^ chiefs.^" Cortea assured them of Jiis good-
will and protection so long as they remained the loyal
subjecLs they now promised to be, and he hoj)ed that
nothing would occur hereafter to mar their friendly
intercourse. lie explained to them the mysteries of
his faith, and its superiority over the su])erstitious
worship of the idols m hich had played them false
duiing the late contlict, counselling them to cast a ide
such images, and let their place l)e occupied by the
redeeming endjlenr, of Christianity, The terrified
natives could only promise obetli^Mme, and hasten to
aid in erecting crosses, but the idols nevertheless re-
tained their places. Cortes was quite prepared to
take advantage of his power as con(j[ueror to comj)el
•"■ (lonutrn, llixl. JA.r., n."». I'lnding tliat the brother of tlio doceiisod was,
nriMiiiliii.L,' to custom, t'lititlod to t.ie otlioo, Cortes ,i|ipoiiiti'd liiiii. li< rini! Jjiaz,
W'st. \'i rilitil.. (iO. Oviedo iiitiniiitos tuac ono governor was chosen to take
the phiee of all the other ruliui; n.cu. iii. 41)9.
r . 1
mm
d!'^
i 1:
A
II
248
SUBJUGATION OF CHOLULA.
the acceptance of Ms doctrines by the now liumblod
people, hut Padre Ohncdo represent uii^ tlie futihty of
enforced conversion, he contented hiniseh' witli hreak-
}n<x the sacrificial causes and forhiddiniif tlie offerinof of
human victims. As it was, idolatiy had suii'ered a
heavy blow in this terrible chastisement of tlie holy
city, rich as she was in her sanctuaries and pri^found
in her devotion. The gods had proved powerless!
Although a number of temples were speedily restored
to their worship, the great pyransid was never again
to be graced by pagan rites. Twice had this teni|)le
shared in tlie destruction of the city, only to rise
more beautilul than ever in its delusive attractions;
now a simple stone cross stood upon the sunanit,
erected by Cortes to guard the site on behalf of the
church wliicdi was there to rise a few years later.
This was dedicated to the Virgen de los llemedios,
whose image is said to have been left in the city by
her
conquerors
37
\m
U ■ i
;l'' '
The massacre of Cholula forms one of the darkest
pages in tlie annals of the conquest, and has afforded
nmch ground for reproach against Cortes, but it is
to be regarded from different stand-])oints. The dia-
bolical doctrines of the day may be said to have
forced o[i adventurers in America the conquest of
lier nations, and cruel deeds were but tlie natural re-
sult, particularly when the task was undertaken with
insufHcient forces. According to their own admission,
made also before the later investigating committee,
the Cholultecs had plottetl to destroy their invited
guests, whom they sought first to lull into faiifird
security, and in tliis they acted as treacherously and
plotted as cruelly as did their intended victims in le-
'" Tt is also snid 'quo la trajo un roligioso fraiiclscnno il i|nii'n so Ic apan'iii)
on Itoiiia.' I'li/fi'i. //;.•./. All/. Af<J.,\. l.'id ' I)isi,'usti'(l witli tlw iilol wliifli
hail ])layi'(l tlu'iii t'also, tlioy installoil aiuitlun- in its jilacc,' .sayn IJci'iial IM.i/,
y//.-/. W'rd'ii/., (il. 'I'lic clisr<'L;:ii<l slmwii liy Spaiiianls ovuii tof the tinipli'^
and rt'lics (if (j)ut't/alo()atl niiulit have stnak tlii' nativis as |)C('iiliar in nnu
^^lluul runiur pouitud out us his di^scuudaiits, yut no clirouiolu rulers to it.
i 1
EXCUSES FOR TREACHERY AND MURDER.
249
tuliatiiig. True, tliey had been forced by threats, and
by the cxliibition of an apparently superior force, into
ii submission whieli they could ill brook, and were
justitit'd in striking a blow for liberty, especially when
encouraged, or bidden, by the great nionarcli; but
llicy had no right to complain if they suffei'ed the
])eualty every \', here affiled to treachery; and the
Cholultecs did bear an unenviable reputation in this
respect. The native records naturally assert their
innocence; but even if wo ignore the confession of
the Indians, as prom])ted by fear of their judges and
masters, or as colored by Franciscans whose ])atr()u
Cortes was, and if we disregard all official t'lstiniony,
wc must still admit that there was evidence enough
to justify the general in a measure which he regarded
as necessary for the safety of his men.^
s^Sf'inish chroniclers as a rule approve the decil as necessary and ji!-.t,
citlici !ii ;.■ 't or o].cn coininctit, and a few devout missionaries, who have as-
siuneii '; : iik of Indian apostles, are the only ones to take exception, ('hief
aiiionjj; tnese stands Las Casas, as nii;,'ht bo expected from his sympathy with
\"ila/(iuez, and from his character as Indian protector. He condemns it in the
iniist umneasiired terms as a Ijase niurder of innocent ami defenceless pecjph',
connnitt''d merely with a view to spread terror. Si.'i tliousand curriers, lie
writes, were shnt np in a court and put to the sword, whihi the many dis-
covered alive on the foUowini; days were thrust thrDUgii and thronudi. 'J'lio
chiefs of tiie city .iml neighi)orhi)()d, to the numher of over lOl), weiv chaineil
tnuether to a circle of poles and l.urned alive, and the kint,', who tied witii 'M
or 40f.)llowers to a t<Mnple.met the .same fate there. AViiile the soldiers were
liutclierim; and roastin^' the captives, ' eorum C 'pitaiieum summa lietitia per-
fusiuu in liunc eantum iirorupisse:
Monte ex Tarprin Roniana im-einlla sppifans
IpBB Nero pluuotm vidlt, uee corde niovitur.*
I.na Cnfins, I?rii. Iml. Drrn.'if'if., 2()-S. A number of finely executed copper
plates ari' appen<led to illustrate the'^e deeds.
jieinal Ola/ exjiresses himself hwtly a;,'ainst this version, and states that
Bevei'.il of the first {'"raneiseans wlio eanie to Mexicn lield an investisiatioii at
Ciiohda of the massacre. After exaniinini; thi^ leaders, and other ]>( r.sona
w!io had witnessed it, they came tn the eonelnsion that tlie story of ilio
ecini|Uerorp was true, ami that tlie slau^'hter was a well merited punishment
for a (ilot whieli involved the lives of Cortes' soldiers, and would, if .siieee.-.s-
ful. iiave stayed the con(|Uest forOotl anil tlie kini;, Diaz liad heaiil the pious
Miitolinia say that altiiou^^di he grieved ovit tlie deed, yet, being done, it was
best so, since it exposed tile lies and wieki'ilness of tile idols. J/i.tf. I'lrilm/.,
(il. Tiie Kraneiseans did not ])robal)ly care to wi'igh carefully thi? value of
testimony from new converts given before a tribunal composeil of their re-
ligious and jioiitieal masters, nor weri^ they likely to favor a Dominican tiiar
like Las Casas wjien the interest of tlu'ir patron Cortes was at slake. Liawe
lit the fiiars, mtuI in teri'or of the eonipierors whose eneomienda slaves they
Mei'e, the Indians hardly dared to .say aught to implicate the latter. 'I'his is
ii
i
^
III
2S0
SUBJUGATION OF CHOLULA.
It might be claimed that by holding captive the
chiefs their safety would have been assured; but
treason was rife everywhere, and a lesson was needed.
(loiil)tles3 the view Las Casas would have taken. Intent on pleading the
cause of his dusky protti^^t^s, he cared not to sift statement.! tliat niiylit create
sympathy for them. Yet, had he foreseen how widely hi.i accusations would
be used to sully Spanish fame, he might have been more circumspect. ' !•" vent,
che fu troppo rigorosa la vendetta, ed orribile la strage,' says Clavigero; yet
he severely eondemna Las Casas for his distorted account. Sloria Mess. , ii i. G3-4.
According to Sahagun's native record, the Tlascaltees jtersuaded Cortes to
avenge them ou the Cholultees, and an the latter received him coldly, he
l)egan to believe the accusations of his allies. Assembling tlie chiefs and
Boklier.-!, together with citizens, in the temple court, he skiuglitered them, de-
fenceless as they were. JJi.st. <'o)i'i., 18. Bustamante comments on this ver-
sion, and denounces the couipierors as .atrociously cruel. /'/. (ed. 1840), 5G-<i.'!.
Dur.an's version is a little milder. His main object being to give the life
of Montezuma, he has jtassed by many events connected with the Spaniards,
nud has suj>pre.ssed many accounts of their cruelties, lie accordingly refers
iKit brii'tly to the Cholula m.a.ssacre, saying that ' the Indians, in their eagerness
to serve the Spaniards, came in such large numbers to their (juarters witli
provisions, grass, etc. , that Coi-tes suspected treasonable designs, and ])ut them
to the sword.' Ilist. Ind., !MS., ii. 438-!). Ixtlil.'coehitl evidently struggles
between his fear of the Spanish rulers and the desire to tell what ho regards
ns the truth. Ho intimates that the only gromid for suspicion against tli'!
Cholultees w.as the etl'ort to dissuade Cortes from going to Mexico. The chiefs
and the citizens were assembled on the pretence of .selecting carriers, and
over .'ilHK) fell Itene.ath the sword. Hist. Chich., '294. An antagonistic view (jf
the atl'air is offered by Juan Cano, of Narv.aez' expedition, who gave Oviedo
the hearsay statement that Corti's had asked for SlHK) carriers, and wantfudy
killed them. iii. 552. Carbajal Espinosa, a Mexican historiiin, like Busta-
mante, regards the victims as innocent and the deed .as barbarous. Jlkt. J/c.c,
ii. 1S"J. Robertson considers that Cortes had good reasons for it, yet 'the
punishment was certaiidy excessive and atrocious.' Hist. Am., ii. 4o'J. Solis
condemns those who seek to accuse the Spaniards of ornelty and to i>ity the
Indians — 'maligna conipasion, hija del odio y do laenvidia. The comiuerors
gtivo religion to them, and that he regards as sutlicicnt compensation. IHM.
Mcx., i. .'145. 'Cortez felt but doubtful of their fidelity, and feared to leave
his rear to a people •\vlio might ruin his enterpiisc,' says Wilsoiv, Coixj., ^[■.l•.,
oSt'?, iu explanation of the motive ; Init ho forgets tliat ii few hostages, as taken
from other peoples ou tlie route, would hiive seeuri'd Cortes farniore than tlie
murder of a small percentage of this population. Preseott comjiares the dewl
with ]'"uropeau cruelties, and, considering the d.anger threatening the Span-
iards, ho excuses it. He pri'faces his comments by a consideration of tlie
right of con(piest. Mcx., ii. '2!»-3'J. Alas for honesty, humanity, deeeney,
when talented American authors talk of tlie right of one penple to rob and
murder another people ! See also Vri/tia, J list. A lit. Mi'j., iii. ."J^l-'i; I'i-
tnrrn y OreHaiw, I'uroiic.i Ilvntrc.^i, 8(»-!)'; rcnitta, Xot. Hint., ll•2-l.^, .'ii;M4;
Piinenlcl, M<m. tSit., !)0-'2. Although somo of the eaily Dutch writers eagerly
copy and even exaggerate Las Casas' version, the contemporary (iernian
writers are quite mi.nlerate. Cortes' version is given in the Wdthiirli Sjiii 'jd
mill liild/ii'S ih'.i i/itiilz' II EriUbo(l>'ii^ von Silia.'itiano Fnvitii W'iinfi'nsi. Tuhin;.:cn,
1.");14, ecxxxvii leaves, beside preface and register. Tliisljook was much sought
after in its day, and received several editions, iu German and Dutch, as late .is
the seventeenth century. The earliest mentioned by Harrisse is dated l."i.i.'f.
The new continent was gradually receiving a larger space in the cosmographies
at this |)i.'riod,and Fianek actually assigns it a whole section, as one of thefoin-
parts of the world. The historic and geographic description of Africa occupies
ay
uc
lis
lio
SEBASTIANO FRANCO WbRDENSI.
251
Ili.'rc among the greatest plotters, and in the holy
tity, the lesson would be most effective. It might
iilso 1)e claimed that the chiefs were the guilty ones,
and should alone have suffered, not the citizens and
.st)kliers; but they were also in arms, even if sub-
(•rdinate, and such discrimination is not observed in
uur own age.
Outrages equally as cruel arc to-day exculpated
throughout Christendom as exigencies of war. If
v.o, then, overlook such deeds, how much more ex-
cusable are they in the more bloody times of Cortes?
]^ut neither now nor then can war, with any of its
fittcndant atrocities, be regarded by right-thinkirig,
humane men as aught but beastly, horril)lc, diabolical.
t!ie first ami smallest section ; Europe follows anil absorbs alxxit lialf the
jiiu't'^, while Asia receives 100 folios, and Anurica the rcniainih.'r, b'.'ginniiig
at t'lilji) "JIO. Tlie hoadiiiu; reads: Von Ami rica (/iiii vicrdlcii fvi/l tlcrvilf,
Aiiiio }f.CL'C('.XCVII. crfunihn; but after this cha])tcr foHow several pnges
on I'ortiigucse discoveries iu Africa and eastward, till folio '1'1'd, \\heu begins
till! voyage of Colunabua, ' sunst Dauber genant,' the German translation of
tlie ailmirars name. After several chapters on the physical features, natural
risouri'L's, and inhabitants of the new discoveries, conies one rehiting how
Aiiiericns Vespucius found the fourth part of the world. This is foUowed by
tiiieo pages of matter on Asia, as if the author, fearful of forgetting it, there
and tlun gave his story. Several interpolations occur, but the chief portion
(if tlie reniaiiiing folios relates to Cortes' coucjnest of Mexico. The carelesbly
riiiiijiilcd iui<l badiy arranged material of the vohimo claims to be based on over
sixty authorities, among whieli figure Apianus, Munstei , Vespucci, Colundius,,
■•rid ('nrtes. The allix Wiirdcnsi indicates that Franck was a Hollander,
although ho is often referred to as a German, jirobably because his life was
]iiissi(l chielly in (iermnny. Here ho issued, among other works, a. not very
iiitliodox chronicle, which was excommunicated at Strasburg. Franck was
chased from more than one place, but enjoys the honor of standing in the first
class among authors condemncil by the Roman Churcli, and (jf having been
deemed worthy of special refutation by Luther and Melancthon. Even the
liiicral-ininded Bayle, n f tor applying the term Anabaptist, refers to him as " uu
viai fauaticiuc' Diet. Hid., ii. 1'210.
J,. IP
it-: If
il'U:
111
CHAPTER XV.
f: i
■i;i
!i':
FROM CHOLULA TO IZTAPALAPAN.
OcTOBna-NoVEMBER, 1519.
Montezuma Consctlts the Gods — He again Begs the Strangers not to
COML TO IIlM — POPOCATEPUTL AND IZTACCIlirATI, — XeWS FROM VlLL-V
Rica — Diiatii of Escal.\ntj; — Retckn of the Cempoalan Ali.iks —
Again en route for Mexico — Reception at Hcexotzinco — Fiust
Vi.i\v of the Mexican Valley — Exultations and Misgivings— Rkst-
ino at qrauiiteciicatl — tlie counterfeit montezuma — munifkknt
Presknts — The Emperor Attempts to Annihilate the Army uy
Means of Sorcerers — Tiirocgh QcAriiTEciicATL, Amaquemecan, and
Tlalmanalco — A Brilliant Procession Heralds the Coming of
Cacama, King of Tezcuco — At Cuitlauuac — Met by Ixtlilxochitl—
The Hospitality of Iztapa'-apan.
Elated by his succci^s, Cortes again spoke to the
Aztec embassadors, telling them in an aggrieved
tone tliat ])roots existed connecting Mexican troops
with the recent plot, and that it would be only ju.-t
for him to enter and desolrto the country for such
perfidy. The envoys |)rote.sted their ignorance of any
such complicity, and ofi'ei'ed to send one of their num-
ber to ]\Iexico to ascertain what ground there was
for the charge. This Cortes agreed to, expiessing ht
the same time the opinion that Montezuma, aft/T fdl
his friendly demeanor, could hardly have favored tin-
treachery. He regarded him as a friend, botli for the
sake of his kinix and for himself, and it was ouf <«f
deference to him chat he had spared the Choluilec*
from totid extermination.^
When the envoy reached Mexico he found that his
master had retired to grieve over tho fate of the lioly
' Cortes, Cartas, To-G; Gomara, I lid. Mex,, 90-7.
(253)
! ■ V'-'
AXOTHER iHRACLE.
253
citv, or more probal)ly over the defeat of his plans,
and to appeal to the incensed gods by prayers and
f;i-^tin!^s, while the priests supported the invocations
MJth reeking human hearts.'^ But the holocaust was
in vain, for a miraculous incident frightened the idols
into Hilence. Among the victims, says a sacred
chronicle, was a Tlascaltec, who, while stretched on
tiio sacrificial stone, called loudly on the God of the
a<lv'aucing Spaniards to deliver him. The words were
yet on his lips when a dazzling light enveloped the
])la('c, revcalinsr a bright-clad beinij with diadem and
lai'n(! wings. The priests fell awe-stricken to the
gioimd, while the angel advanced to cheer their
\i(tiin with hopeful words of a happy future. He
was told to announce to the priests that soon the
■sliLtlding of human blood would cease, for those
destined to rule the land were at hand. This the
victim did, when the sacrifices were resumed, and
^^•itll the name of God the last upon his lips his spirit
rose to a brighter world.^
Tlie downfall of Cholula resounded throucfhout the
laud, and the Spaniards were now almost universally
confirmed as divine beings, from whom nothing could
1)0 kept secret, and whose anger was fierce and de-
vastating. One cti'cct was the arrival of envoys from
(|uitc a number of surrounding chieftains, bearing pres-
ents, partly with a view of ixaininij the ^ood-will of the
dfradinl strangers, partly to oft'er congratulations.* As
t"«»r Montezuma, his awe deepened into terror as the
nports rame in and the half threatening message of
•' • S.icrilic.issen (.'iiico mill j)crsoiias pura f<-«trjar 6 apla-ar siis (^iosos.
Oriiilii. u\, 4!)!). ' Kstmto encciTa<li> iii sn:s dciiocioncs, y .siRiiiicios <liis diiis
jiiiit;iiiiiiitc con (lie/. I'apas.' JJ'-n,"' Diii~., Jl'ixt. Venlad., it\. ' Kstiiuo en
M:i'ic.ii, y ayniio oclio ilias. ' Onmant. Hint. M'x., 97. 'Si ritiW) al ))ala/.ztj
llill'iiiin/iiit'riitf, (listinati) pel tempo di diiol". ' 'Unfiiicro, Storia Misn., iii. (jO.
' M'ii<lir/a, Hist. Krli'n., lYi; h'f'wi.-^nl, Nisf. ' hi/a/trf, 'M)t. Acconlinj,' to
Ai'i.<s lie Nillaloljos, the idol \«•a^• i>lieady .stricken unit'- "V tint siiad<jw rif
tii'ai)pmaoiiinLC cross; the an;:'el released the eaptive, ont; <if .")()0 destined for
(•laiU'htcr, and lie set forth to join the Spaniards. I'elaiicvr!, Teal ro M'.r., pt.
iii. |-J(>.
' l'r(Jin the lord of Tepeaia came .30 female slave? anii some fjold, a id
fiiiiii Huexdtzineo a wooden box, Iwnlerrd witli gold and .silver, containing
ji.\veU wortii 400 pesos de oro. llerrera, dec. ii. lib. vii. cap. iii.
mm
i
■ -Hi
254
FROM CIIOLULA TO IZTAPALAPAN.
the invader was delivered him. It would be dancjerous
indeed to admit these beings; but how prevent it:'
Thus revolving the matter, Montezuma had recourse
once more to timid entreaties. His envoy retuiiRvl
to Cholula within a week, accompanied by the former
chief of the connnission, and brought ten plates cf
gold,^ fift(;en hundred robes, and a quantity of fowl
and delicacies, together with the assurance that he
not only had had no share in the plot, but desired to
see the Cholultecs further chastised for their treach-
ery. The Mexican troops near Cholula belonged to
the garrisons of Acatzingo and Itzucan province's,
and had marched to the aid of that city without his
knowledge, ])rompted wholly by neighborly friend-
ship. He begged the Spanish leader not to proceed
to Mexico, where want would stare him in the face,
but to present his demands by messengers, so that
they might be complied with. Cortes replied that
he must obey the orders of his king, which were tn
deliver to the emperor in person*^ the friendly com-
munications with which he had been intrusted. With
this object he had crossed vast oceans and fought his
way through liosts of enemies. The privations and
dangers depicted could not deter him, for nauglit
availed ayrainst his forces, in field or in town, bv dav
or by night.
Finding objections futile, Montezuma again con-
sulted the idols. Their ruffled spirit had evidently l)eeu
soothed by this time, for now came the oracle to in-
vite the stranofers to Mexico. Once there, it was
added, retreat should be cut off, and their lives offered
on the altar.'' This utterance was favored by thci
counsellors on the ground that if the Spaniards weii;
* 'Ten thousand pesos ile oro,' says Torquemada, i. 442.
* ro/Vr.f, ('ar/i's, 7")-(>; Toiujiii mada, i. 442. (Joinara is confu.'-ed about
these messagi's Ijotwccn C'l)ohda and Mexico, wliilo liornal Diaz i{,"..^l•es this
attempt to kcrp liac'- tlie Spaniards.
' 'Quitarnos hi con.ida, e atjiia, <:> aXqav qualqulcra do las puentr"!, no/ iiia-
taria, y que en \n dia, si nos daua piorra, no (|\iedai'ia ninguuo do nosntri,^ :i
vida. ' 'i'his oracle caine from lluitzilopoclitli. The bodies sliould Ijc eciitu.
Bcrnal Diaz, Jlint. I'eiUad., 01; Uvieiio, iii. 4y9; (Jomara, Ii;>A. Mi'x., 1)7.
f i!
POPOCATEPETL AND IZTACCIHUATL.
255
opposed tlicy and their allies might ravage the coun-
try. The emperor accordingly sent an invitation,
promising that, although the situation of the capital
made it cHfticult to provide food, he would do his best
to entertain them and give proofs of his friendship.
The towns en route had orders to supply all their
wants. ^
The story is not without a parallel in classic litera-
ture. As Montezuma awaited the approach of Cortes,
so old King ]^atinus awaited the arrival of yEneas
and his Trojan warriors; refusing to give battle, or to
fight the destinies, and curbing his impetuous people
by (juoting the oracle.
Along the western horizon of Cholula, at a distance
of eight leagues, runs the mountain range which
separates the plain of Huitzilapan from the valley of
Mexico. And like sentinels upon it stand, in close
j)ro\imity, the two volcanic peaks of Popocatepetl
and Iztaccihuatl, terms signifying respectively 'the
smoking mountain' ami 'the white woman,' and indeed
most apt, the foi-mer being suggested by the frequent
eru[)tions, the latter by the snowy covering which falls
like a tilmatli mantle from a woman's shoulders. Tra-
dition has it that Iztaccihuatl was the wife of her
neighbor, whose noise and fumes were caused by the
agonies of tyrants who there underwent puriHcation
ere they could enter final rest.'' While the S[)aniards
were at Cholula, Popocatepetl was in eru[)tion, an
evil omen with the Indians, foreshadowing the dis-
turbances soon to overwhelm the country. Interested
by a sight so curious and novel, and desirous of
ascertaining for himself and the king the "secret
of this smoke," Cortes consented to let Ordaz ascend
the volcano. The Indians soui>ht to dissuade him
I
'"11
1 j. ''■ 4
'^Cortvs, Car/n.t, 77. Benial Diaz relates that six cliicfs hrouglit this mcs-
sacre, to;:!cthcr witli a mimbcr of gold jewels, worth upward of "JOOO pesos,
ami some ioails of rohes. If iff. VrnhvL, G2. 2ilost authors are, like Goiiiara,
soniewiiut confused aliout these messages.
^(lomnra, /list. Mcx., {Hi. 'Algunos queriaii decii (jue era boca del in-
ficrno.' Motoliiiia, Jlid. Iiul., 180; Torquemaila, i. 430-7.
2.">0
FROM CHOLCLA TO IZTAPALAPAX.
from an iiiuli'rtakin<jj wliicli lind never Ixcii attempted,
and wliieli would in their (>]>ini(m suirly involve the
lite of him who ventured on it. This made ( ))-(la/onlv
more eager to exhihit his dai'ing, and joined hy nine
men he .set out under the guidance of some eiti/.ens
and carriers who had boon persuaded to go pait of
the wav. They had not climhed I'ar into the cooler
region hefore the (juaking ground and ash-rain caused
the paj'ty to halt. Ordaz and two of his men con-
tinued, however, beyond the limits of vegetation, and
over the stones and bowlders which covered the sandy
expanse I'ringing the region of perpetual snow. At
one time the outburst of ashes and heated stones
obliged them to seek shelter for an hour, after which
they sturdily climbed onward, turning Irom their path
for a while by the projecting rock now known as Pico
del Fi'aile, and almost losing themselves in the ash-
co\ered snow. One more eti'ort they made, despite the
difHculties encountered in the rareiied atmosphere (tf
this altitude, and tinally they reached the summit,
more than seventeen thousand seven hundreil feet
above the level of the sea. A short distance to the
north rose the consort peak, three thousand feet less
in height, and at their feet extended the Held of their
future campaign, in the valley to the east. The crater
was nearly half a league in width, though not deep,
and presented the appearance of a caldron of boiling
glass, as says Gomara. The situation was too op-
pressive to permit of further observations, and after
securing some snow and icicles as troj)hies, the men
hastened to i-etrace their steps by the already trodden
path. On their return they were received with great
demonstration, the natives in particular extolling their
deed as something superhuman.^'^
'" ' Vinierou muchos Iiulios ii bcsaries la ropa, y .a verlos, coino por niilayro,
(') conio a (lio.ses. ' O'liiinn-a, J /int. Mfx , JKi. According to (Jortos tlioy failiil
to reach tlie suminit, although coining very near to it. 15iit this statement i3
open to (loiil)t, for t'ortea is not liberal in according cuuit to others where it
inight tend to call attention from himself, partici'larly to a man like Ordaz,
viio ha<l, until (juite lately, been his most bit'.er opponent, (iomara hail
evidently good authority for his statement, since ho in this case failed to fol-
SKnA.ST[AX MUNSTER. 2,-;
Wliili' ])i'('p;irinLf to Icavo ("liolula, Coi'trs was
slartlcd l)y news iVoiii A'illa Mini of a (v»iitlirt, witli
Mi\ leans, resulting in the death of Ksealantc and
\n\y hin piitron's vcrsicm; imil Ik-nial I~>ijiz, wli
ilwavH I'cailv to coiitiiHlii't
li who was 111) tiiriuluf Orda/, ilms also admit tlial lie ifaclud tlit;
unit.
lit
,'ivc.s liiiii only two coiMiianioiiH, Imwivcr, ami starts tlii'iii iVom
TIasrala. ///V, ('< (•(/'(«/., ,">."(. Lfuiliii'' iiioilci
III autliors an
tlull siiriTSS.
!•
itt, i;
lassi'iif (k' Jlom hom'^', an
<l oth<
iiK'liiii'cl to (liiiilit
■IS, from a iiiisiii-
ti i|ilctatioii of Coiti s' text, allow the asciiit to ln' iiwuU' while tl
llUllp
.1
111 the suiiiiiiit of thf ran;,'!', en rontf for Mexico
ariii\' was
Onla/. no doiiht elaimed to have reaelied the summit, sin
th
•ante
la/.i
lat of anus, wherein tlie aehievriiient is
eomiiieiiiora
empe
ted ).
iil: mountain. Had he not nieriteil it, his many jealous eoni|ianions would
surely lia\ e raise
d a ela
ll(.
leaiiie also a kni'Mit ot Santiai/o, in aeUiiow
du'liicnt of his serviees duriiij,' the eoiKplest. Havin;,' lieside aec|uiri'(l ;;reat
w ealth. lie niii.dit have rested oil his launds; hut ea;,'er to eniiilate his late ehief,
he in lo.'iO petitioned for ami uhtained the ;,'overiiorslii|> of the tract ln'tween
llin Maiahoii and Caho de la \'ela, in South Anieriea, with a right to ex-
tend the eoiic|Uust. After suH'ering great hardslii[) there he si^t out for
-pain, two yours later, to reeruit his health and seek redress against rival eon-
c|iierors. }|o died on the way. (tri'iiln, ii. "Jll-'Jt; //i rnrn, dee. iv
ip. IX.
de
lih,
xi. SiiiKiu has hi
•Itv to liis men, etc. Ordaz
rrait'iied at K
f(,
lih
)la hi
insists on going to Spam for jnsti
d
tearing the result, siiu-e he stood in high favor there, his enemies poi.soiucl liiin
during the voya,L
/. -jnl [■:
l\.
:/„
n, li;.^t. M,
'/. Tlcrni Firiiic, l()4-.'{.'). J lis portrait is given in '
r . ii. Il)-J, and I'lr.^roll's Mrr. ((hmdra ed. of Mex.
'.Sii familia estahleeida en I'uelila, en donde erei
(I.
idii'iit
es suyos.
Ala
(pu
tod;
ivia ipledali
Jji.tirl., i. 101. Miciitaho, anion'' other eon-
iplercirs. made the a
seeiit of the vole
)t 1(1
after
ne is even
il to have deseencled into the erattu'. I'adre Sa
la^'iui also I'eaehed tin; sum
4:!ii
it. //;.>v. <;
Prirr
iii. ;{I7; llimra, dee. ii. lih. vi. cap. xvii
.1/
(irli,
V. cap. u.
Th
riir(iiii niiit/ii, 1
le next sueeessful aseeiit was not imide
till IS'JT, l>y Messrs (;leniiie. .Soniieseliniidt had explored I'ojioeatepetl ])ar-
tially only in 1 77-, hnt had reached the summit of the consort peak. IJeikheck
explored in the same year as the (ileniiies, tli-rolt and (!ros attempteil the
it ill ls:VA and \s:'A,
il sue
ded
111 reaeluiig the siininut on the. secoiii
.1
o easion. 'J'lie record is given in Ih'r'ifta Mir , i. J(il-S"2. ]ii l.S.">7 the .Mexican
goveriimeiit sent up a succr'ssfnl exploring expedition under .Sonntag ami La-
viiriere, whoso rejiort, with drawings, is given in Soc. J/i.f. <i'ii>-/., Jlnli/iii, vi.
'As V
.NU
ile till' ol)sorvatioiis of (Ii'rolt and (iros had led to the
exaiiiination of the crater for sidi)hur, an industry carried on ])retty regularly
since Ks;i(>. The volcano was in fro([ueiit erujition ahout the eoiiijuest period,
ii-i if in syinpatliy with the jiolitical turmoils around it. One of the hea\ii'st
ni-cliari,'os roeon
led took
L'o ill l.");{!t-4(), which covered the iioiglihoriiii'
towns, as far as 'J'lascala, with ashes. Since then it has hoeii eoinparatively
silent, the hist tv
y;.
'/ />ia:. H'l^l. \'in/n(/., .m; //
itlir<'aks Ijeiiig in l<l(i;? 4 and 1()!I7. uKi su]).. '204-
irrrrn, (U'c. ll
i. Iil
). VI. can. xviii
Th
ip
tion of l(i();i-4 created Teat terror in I'uelila. as Vetaiuurt relates. 'J'(((/i
.'/' '■., pt. i. •2t\. Bustama ite extends this activity to Kid."). SuhiKjun, lliM. (.'om/.
('■d. IS40), 7.').
Kudo cuts of the volcanic eruption of l.")10 are to lie seen in the old and
cnrious cosniogi'a])
if Sehastian .Munster, This learned
man, tamou
r, as mathematician and cartographer, was the author of so
llchrew scliola
liTty printed works, and would proliahly have issued as many more had not
tlic iilau'uo cut him oil' at Ba.sle, in lo.j'2, at the age of (JH. His editions of
I'tuh ; _ - - ' '-
t'J LdliUllfir.t ( 'itlilh
lily's (Jeography began in 1540, and in the fcUowing year, accordii
.'/«(>, api)eared the lirst edition of his Cosmoijrai>lda Be-
Hist. Mes., Vol. I. 17
'M
■'• \ ■
^.
*>.
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mis.
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1.6
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r^'^w
on
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Corporation
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a>^
:\
\
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WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
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25S
FROM CHOLULA TO IZTAPALAPAX.
several soMiorn. On the n<irtliern bonier of tlio
Totoiiac territory, bathed by the (jriilf of Mexieo, lay
the town and district of Nautla, which together with
ichreihunij; hut tliis date, accepted liy scvenil l)ililiogmplicr8, na ■well ns tliiit
of l.">43 fur 11 Latin edition, are evidently wronjf. since Mnnster in his <U'ili-
cntion of I.V»0, to King (i<it<t<ivu8 I. of Sweden, reniarkH that 'Inn di«e dritt
cilition' \w liiid lio[)cd to inclinVj a description of Stockholm nml other to\vi;s
nniler the kin>,', but hud not received a reply to his deninndH therefor. A
few lines uIkivc this he wi'ites eipinlly to the ]Miint: ' Als ich al>er vor si-rln
juren noch nnt discr iirlieit vnd>gieng, ist zii niir konimen K. K. M. diener,
der hochjj'elert hen*, hen- Oeorgius NonnunnuH, dem ich vorhin onss etlicluii
hiichern vniler meiiieni nnnien uiissgangen, Ix'kat wz, vnd als er l)e8iehti!.'i t
disc fiirgenonien arheit, sclietzet er sie wid wirdig, das Hie vnd dem kiinii;-
liche Hchirm K. M. an tig kiime.' Nothing could more conclnsivelj' show that
the work had not ajjpcared in print Ixifore l."»44. The second edition appcari'l
in l.'»4.">. Tlie title of tlie lirst reads: <'mmnijra]ihin. Jirnrhnlhiiij alter Lrvil' r
l)urrh Silxinliniiiiiii Minisffnim. OilrurLi zii Jt'ninl (lurch J/ciiriehum J'liri.
Anno Mh.rliiij. The (iothic text is accomjiajded l>y mar^'inals in Itidir^,
and ilhistnited with numerous small wood-cuts, some In'ing of the chanu-
ter which iKTUiita their reprcMluction in ditl'erent chapters and for (Jiirerent
countries. \n the African division Vfe fiml beings of the Anubis and I'oly-
phcnnis tyiK*, and aninnd monsters of ditl'erent form. In the dedication ti>
(lUstaviis, ilun.stcr speaks of having Hp<'nt eighteen yeai-s in collecting nml
arranging his material, on the plan of ' tie hot-hgelcrten men Stnd>oi,' which i-i
not very tluttering to tliat geographer, if the mcthixl In-fore us Ik; accepted .n
a s|)ecinicn. He divides the volume into six books — the lirst devoted to matin •
matical geography, the next three to a general rand)ling <lescrii)tion of Kuro] c,
ciiielly with reference to the natur.d resources and settlemcnt.-s of the ditl'erent
countries. In the third lMM)k, covering two thirds of the text, and relating ti
(iermany, each little jirovince receives a hi.ftorie notice, and every town iiinl
castle of any »;■ te its description, with rude wo(Ml-euts attached. The next
division given at some length is Asia, to which is iii" ■ nded half a do/i ii
pages on America, while Africa closes with the si ik and alxiut thii ■
times that amount of text. The one chapter n g to our continent ;s
headed, Vun ilin jiiiiirrii hiMrhi, and gives u vague nit ■ .nt of the discovery, tli"
physical features and natural products of the land, tlie inhabitants and tlic ir
customs, illustrated with sevond cuts, among them a volcano in eruption iiii'l
two c'innibal scenes. The regular maps are group<'d at tin- l>eginning of tin'
volume, each on the verso and recto of two leaves, iH'aring on the first rei to
the title, inclosed in a border more or less ornamented with portraits, synibn!-,
and and)es(|ue. The ma)ipemonde siiows Tt'rrn l-'lor'ulu ami Frdncisin on eii' h
side of a bay. Above this runs a wide strait marked J'l r /lor J'ri'ti) ilrr I'lr t
(vl MoUira.^, whicii issues l)etween ('nthnij ri<jii> and T< miMtitini. ll'-low thin
hind are placed }lis])aniola and ('u))a, at tlie mouth of another wide striiit,
bounded on the south by the large island of Aim rim sut iiixiiln lirni'dj.
Further down is Frrli'i Mii'jnliniii, with a large island to the south. 'J'he nmp
for America bears the inscription : ' /Hi; iinri' n .'hit ihr iiraxxi ii nml rilrii /iixili >.'
The second edition of l.')4.'i is considerably enlarged, the chapter on Aiiieria
covering nine jMiges. Inthethird edition, of I.Vtit, the wofid-eiitsare inireii;-r.l
by a nundn'r of largo i)lans, views of towns, and other scenes by IteutMJi.
making this ilie most attractive volume for collectors. A jxirtrait of the iiutli'i'
in his sixtieth year is also given. The various editions in ditlereiit languaL" ^.
issued even in the following century, vary considerablv in arrangement .'in'l
extent, and that of 1014, although improved ami eniargeil tt> l.'iT'' iwn:'-.
devotes only ten to America, while previous editions c<Mitiin more mr.tei i.il
thereon. The binding is provided with Ismses, clasps, and vuUum uo\'i,
impressed Muth ti-oocry, iH>rtruits, and emblems.
BATTLE OF XAUTLA.
MexK^o, lay
rother with
of the (.'hanu-
its liver had received from Grijalva the name of
.Vlmoria." This was occupied by an Azteo garrison
under Quauhpopoca,^- wliose Aztec pride and loyalty to
^lontezunia could ill brook the independence achieved
l)y thi> Totonacs, and who probably grieved over the
loss of slaves and other contributions which once
swelled his income. Xo sooner had Cortes disap-
pcjired beyontl the plateau border than my lord grew
auclaci(>us, encouraged no doubt by the express or tacit
coiiseiit c»f his sovereign, and demanded from the neigh-
boring Totonacs the customary tribute, under penalty
of having their lands ravaged. They refused, j)ointing
out that they were now the subjects of the great white
king. Escalante being appealed to for protection, sent
a message explaining that the independence of the
]»eople had tie facto been recognized by Montezuma,
with wh(jm he was on friendly terms. He would
allow no interference with them. Quauhpc^poca re-
plied that his answer would be given on the battle-
lield. Escalante, nothing loath, set out at once with
fifty men, two horses, and two cannon, attended by
several thousand Totonacs," and reached the vicinity
of Xautla, where Quauh[)opoca was already connnit-
ting depredations. The armies met, and a fierce battle
ensued. Awed l>y the remembrance of former defeats
at tlie hands of the Aztecs, the Totonacs comported
themselves so poorly" that the brunt of the tight had
to 1)0 borne by the Spaniards, of whom several were
killed and wounded, while one was captured, and a
liorsc destroyed. The enemy was put to flight, but it
has been said as an excuse for their defeat the ^Icxican
otlicers declared to Montezuma that the virj^in bearing
an infant led the Spaniards in their attack which spread
"Cnp. iii. note 1.
'■' '(j>ii,uilip«i>ocnt7.in, senor (IcCnyohuai'iui, luifuli! lospraiiilcs tld iinix'rio,
(inc asistiii en Niuilitliii), y f-it'ilia li su curgij i-l gobierno ilo lax costas di'l luur
it.l iK.rt.'.' IxtlilxDchitl, il'iHt. <fi!-/,., •_'!)(!.
' ' lii'inal IHaz writes, 4(» wiMifis, '2 c-nnnon, 2 firclcx-kR, .H cross-lwws ami
'JiHK» nativi'H; Curtt-s, .'lO SiwiaiaiilB untl 8000 to 10,000 liulians, 'y doc tiros
tie iinlyora,' (VoVfM, 8S.
" ' A l.v priiULTa rcfricca huycron, y dcxaron al Juan d« Escaluntc jH;le»
aiulu,' auya Ik'iitul Diuz, llUt. WiJad., 74.
260
FROM CHOLULA TO IZTAP.VLAPAX.
terror and fearful slaughter in their ranks.*^ Esca-
lante laid waste the district, and captured Nautlu town,
which was sacked and burned. This lesson finished,
he hastened back to Villa Rica, and there within thret;
days succumbed to his wounds together with several
soldiers, so that the campaign cost the lives of so\eii
or nine men." From prisoners it was understood that
Quauhpopoca had acted wholly under orders from
Montezuma. The captured soldier was Argiiello, of
Leon, a young man of powerful frame, with a lar<;o
head and a curly black beard. He appears to have
died from his wounds on the way to Mexico, and tlic
head was presented to the emperor. Its wild ap-
pearance, however, increased by the black, curly board,
made so bad an impression upon him that he refused
to offer it to his idols, ordering it to be sent to some
other town."
"'And Montcziima believed this to be the great lady whom wc clainutl
for patroness. ' 'Todos loa soldadoa que pafisamos con Cortes, tcncinun inuy
creido.' lienial Dim, Jlint. VcrthuL, 74.
'" '.SeissoMados jnntamenteconol.' Demal Diaz, Ill~t. Vcrdml.,'^. 'Niipue
Espaflok's,' says Goniara, wlio assumes that two were previously assassinated
by Quauhpopoca. Hist. Mex., 12'2, 129.
" According to Bernal iJiaz, whose version is chiefly adhered to, the dtnth
of so many soldiers caused the Spaniards to fall somewhat in the estiiiiatiuii
of the Indians, who had looked upon them as invubierahlo Iwiu^'s. 'Y
que todos los pueblos do la sierra, y Ccmpoal, y su sujeto, estdn altcradosi. y
no les quieren dar eomida, ni servir.' Bernal Dinz, Hist. Verdail., 'W \.
But this is probably an exaggeration, for Cortds would not have ventured to
Bcn<l down a new comandante almost without escort, or to have rt luaiivd
quietly at Mexico for months, had his rear been so threatened. Girtis, w ho
should bo regarded as the best authority, gives a curious motive for the ram-
paign. Qualpopoca, as he calls him, sent a message to Escalantc, ofll'crins,' to
become a vassal of the Spanish king, lie had not submitted before, fcuriiii; to
pass thi-ough the intervening hostile country; but if four soldiers were scut to
escort him, he would come with them. Believing this protestation, Esculaiiti!
sent the four men, two of whom wounded returned shortly after with tliu
etorj' that Quauhpopoca had sought to kill them, and had succeeded in do.spatcli-
ing their comrades. This led to the expedition of Escalante. Carina, 87-.S.
It appears most unlikely that this officer should have so far forgotten the pni-
dence ever enjoined on his captains by Cortds, and trusted oidy four iinn
in an unknown country, in response to so suspicious a request. There wm
laeside no need for Quauhpopoca to go to Villa Rica, since his suhniissiou
through envoys would be just o« binding. If he desired to seo tlie SjMuii.sli
fort, he could have gone safely by water, for large canoes were used on tlio
coast. It is not improbable that the story waa made up to justify tlie ex-
pedition sent against Nautla, since a campaign by a small force, merely on
behalf of a wretched tribe of natives, might iiave been reganleil as iiuwar-
rantcd. This story waa also useful afterward, when Corttia first thought
DEP.VRTURE FROM CHOLULA.
261
'= Esca-
tla town,
finished,
liin three
h several
of seven
x)0(l that
ers from
jiicllo, of
ti a hirgc
to have
, and the
wild ap-
rly l)eard,
c refused
, to some
m wc claimed
tcncinus iiiuv
I . '
73. 'Xiifuc
assassinated
to, the di'atli
Hi estimation
Mjiiign. 'Y
alteradiis. '■
lull., 7;i i.
vcntnrt'cl to
ivo remaiivd
Cortt's, wlio
for tlio rani-
,c, ofVcrinj,' to
c, f(;ariii.s,' to
were siMit to
)n, Kst'alaiitD
tor witli tint
in despatch-
'aiiun. Hi S.
tton tlio pill-
ly four nil n
Tlicrc \\;ii
s suliniissinii
tlie S]iani>li
used on t!io
stify tlio ex-
e, muri'ly on
1 as un\v:n-
irst tliouglit
Fearinjx tliat these tidings niijjht dishearten the
iiuu, Cortes said nothinj^ al>out the affair;"* but it
had nevertheless a bad effeet, for the Cenipoalaii
{lilies, who liad learned a few particulars from the
messengers, recjuostcd at the last moment to be dis-
missed to their homes, pleading not only the long
absenee from their families, but the fear uf being
treated at Mexico as rebels. Cortes sought to reas-
suie them, declaring that no harm could reach any
one under his protection. Furthermore he would
emicli thenft But the larger portion still insisted, and
since they had served him well he did not wish to
compel them. Several packs of the rich robes ob-
tainetl from Mexico were accordingly divided among
the leaders, two packages being destined for Chic(j-
iiiacatl and his nephew Cuexco, and with this j)arting
gift all but a small body returned to Cempoala."
Aftei" a stay at Cholula of nearly Uiree weeks** the
Si)aiiiards set out for Mexico, attended by about six
thousand natives, chiefly Tlascaltecs, with a spriidv-
ling of Cempoalans, Cholultecs, and Hucxotzinras.'^^
proper to reveal it, for rousing his men to action. Gomara follows ( 'orti-s,
vitii the (litl'erenei; that I'edro do Ircio, ns ho wronj;ly calls tho captain at.
Vi'la Kira, iiavin^,' orders from Cortes to anticipate (iarny l>y incor|>orating
Aliiieria. Kent an order to (^nauhpojioca to tender ids suhmission. This ho
;i;.'ne(l to do, provideil tht; four Spaniards wero sent to escort him. <oiniara
appears to favor tlio view that Quauhix>i)oca acted on his own r(.'S]H)nsihility,
for he .says that tills diief sent to wurn Montezuma of Cortes' intention to
usiir|) tht' empire, anil to urge upftn him to sei/o tho white captain. I/lif.
.l/'.i-., \'-2, !•_'!». llernal I)iaz stiuups this account as ful.se. I'eter Martyr,
(lie. V. ea]i. iii., a.ssumes tliat the two S|Viniurds were slain hy i-ohhers, .so
tli:it <j)iiauhpop<Ka was innocent of any misdeed. Tapia's version is incoin-
jil.ti', liiit apji'^ars to favor lJ«!nial Diaz. In Duran's native n^ccird, Coatlpo-
pma ai)[iears as the guido of tho Spaniards. Ho treacherou.sly i.'ad.s them
iil'iin,' a jirecipiec, over which two liorsemen fall with their 8t"ed.s, and aro
killid. I'or this he is trieil and executed. /AV. //»/., MS., ij. 411 i;{.
■ He reveals it only after his arrival at Mexico, .'ind thus lejids lieriiid l)iaz
to .■issuiiie that the news reached him there. In this ho is followed I>y
llrvfera, dec. ii. lil>. viii. cap. i., and con.scfiucntly hy Tonpiemada, i. 4V).
" 111 null />/';,;, ll'dtt. Vinlad., G-; (loiauru. Hint. Mfx\, 'J7; 'J'on/ui nutilu,
i. I I'J.
•' 'riie estimate varies from fourteen days, Ilerrrrn, to over twenty days,
<!iiiiinr(i. By assu'iiing that nineteen ilays were spent at Cholula, the army
\uA a week in which to reach Mexico, ami this is ahout the time consumed.
•' ii'iiiitiirii, /list. Mij\, 07. 'Salie(lo acompjiilarlo loa scfiores dc Cliuhila,
y roll j;;ran marauilla <lo los Kmljaxadon-s Mexicanos. ' llirnm, dec. ii. lih.
vii. eap. iii. ' Audauamos hi liarba sohre- el omhro,' says Bernal Diaz, in allu-
biuii to the iirccautions obse^^•ed. UUt. Vtrdad., 03,
202
FROM CHOLULA TO IZTAPALAPAN.
Tliov passed through Hucxotzinco by a route already
followed by Ordaz, and recommended as the btst
and safest. The first camp was made at the Huexut-
zinca village of Izcalpan, over four leagues from Cho-
lula, where they met with a most friendly reception,
and received abundant provisions, together with sonic
female slaves and a little gold. Leaving behind them
the smiling plain of Huitzilapan, where they had
overcome so many dangers and obtained so many
proofs of good -will, on the following day they ap-
proached the mountains and came upon the regular
lii^jfhwav which leads across the ranije to the vallev
of Mexico. The junction of the roads was at the
south-west border of Hucxotzinco, where the Mexi-
cans liad left a proof of their hostility toward this
rej)ul)li(', allied to Tlascala, by blocking up the way
witli trees and other material.^^ These were removed,
and the army Ucgan the steep ascent of the pass,
'■^ Tlomal Piaz relates in a confused manner that at Izcalpan the Span-
iui'ils were tiilil uf two wide ix)ads beginning iKjyoiul tlic lirst piiss. One, ^asy
and optii, lud to Clialco; the other, to Tlulniunaico, had l>cen ohstructed with
trees to impede the horses, and so induce the anny to t:»ke the Chah'o rmitt',
iiix)uwliich tlie Aztecs lay in anibush, ready to fall uiwn them. 7/ ('.<'. I'l ril<n/.Jt:>.
Thi?4 liiids some 8up)Hirt in Saliugun, whose mythic account rclatc^s that Mnii-
tczuma, in liia fear of t lie advancing forces, had blocked the direct riKul to
Mixico and planted maguey ui>on it. so as to direct tlieni to Tcicuco. Ui.^t.
('iiHi.. '21. CoitCs indicates clearly enough that tlie Mcxii'an envoys h.-ul :it
Cholula reconimendetl a route leading from that city soutli of lIucxot/iiKo
to the usual mounuiin piss, and used lij' their people in order to avi>id tins
inimical territory. Upon it every accommodation hail Ik'cu pirparid for
the Spaniards. Tiiis road was not only circuitous, but had Inien declared tiy
Thista tecs anil others as hard and ixjrilous, with deep ravines. sp;uiuid by
narrow and insecure bridges, and with Aztec armies lying in ambush, t'or'i.i,
C(iria.-i, 7l>-S; Ta/iiii, Jltl., ill Ira'.balcita, Col. Dvc, ii. o~4. I'etcr Martyr, dec.
V. cap. ii., calls tliis route shorter and easier, though more dangerous. Cer-
tain ivniarks by ISemal Diaz indicate that the ambush ha<l bocn ainuigcd in
Connection with tlie plot at Cholula, and abandoned uiwn its faihiic. loc. cit.
Thi -.e coulcl liardly have Wen more than one route across the range, throniih
till' pa.ss « Ip'rein tlie Aztecs had erected their station for ti-.ivellei-s, and this
the Spaniards did follow. Here also accoinniodation was jirepaivil for tlniii.
and lure the tiiiliiis.-iy from Montezuma appeared. IKncc tlie obstructions
8|ii'k»'n of must have Ik'cii at the junction of the Huexotzinca road witli tlm
main road from Cholula to tiie pass, and intended as an intimation t'> the
Hucxot/incas or to the Mexicans not to trespass. They could have been of
no avail against the Spaniards, wiio were beside invited to enter on the
main loail then at hand. Tliesc are facts overlotiked by I'rescott. Clavijcro,
aiiil writers generally who have lost themselves in the vague and confused
uttei'ances of the ciironii'.oi-s, and in seeking to elaborate a most siinph' atlair.
Moilcin travellers follow the cujsieraud less picturesiiue route ncrth of Iztacci-
THE V.VLLEY OF MEXICO.
2C3
prossinof onward against the chilling winds which
.-wept down from its frozen heights, and before long
tht'V were tramping through the snow which covered
the sunmiit.
Here they were cheered by a sight which made
them, for the moment at least, forget their hard-
sliips. A turn in the road disclosed the valley of
Mexico — the object of their toil and suffering — •
stretching from the slope of the forest-clad ranges at
their feet as far as the eye could reach, and i)resenting
(iiio picturesque intermingling of green prairies, golden
lickls, and blooming gardens, clustering round a series
(•f lakes. Towns lay thickly sprinkled, revealed by
towering edifices and gleaming walls, and conspicu-
ous above all, the queen city herself, placidly reposing
upon the mirrored surface of the larger water. Above
licr rose the cypress-crowned hill of Chapultepoc, with
its stately palace consecrated to the glories of Aztec
domination."
The first transport over, there came a revulsion
of feeling. The evidently dense population of the
valley and the man.y fortified towns confirmed the
mysterious warnings of the allies against a pow-
criiil and warlike people, and again the longing for
the snug and secure plantations of Cuba found ex-
jiression among the faint-hearted, as they shivered in
the icy blast and wrapped themselves the closer in
the absence of food and shelter. In this frame of
mind the jjlistenins; farm-houses seemed oalv so manv
troops of savage warriors, lurking amidst the copses
mid arbors for victims to grace the .stone of sacrifice
iwid the festive board; and the stately towns appeared
ini|iregnable fortresses, which promised only to become
their prisons and graves. So loud grew the murmur
Ir.i.itl, which skirts Mount Tolapon. This was the road recommciuled by
1 .tlilx'>chitl, loading through Culpulalpan, where he pruniised to join hin\
V ith his army; but Cortes preferred to trust to his own unns and to liis Thw-
taltoe followers. Tonjuemwla. i. 442.
•■■'Dezian nlgunos Castellanos, (juc afjuella era la ticrra para su buena
diciia prometida, y quo mientnui uuxa Morus, nios gauaucio.' IJcrrera, dec. ii.
liij. vii. cap. iii.
I
2G4
FROM CHOLULA TO IZTAPALAPAN.
as to indicate mutiny; but Cortc^s, with his usual
firm word.s, quieted the soldiers, supported as he was
by the spirited majority.'"
After descending for a short distance they camo
to the travellers' station of Quauhtechcatl,^' whoso
commodious edifices afforded room for the whole army.
The Mexicans had prepared for the arrival by fur-
nishing an abundance of provisions, with fires in all
the rooms, and the tired soldiers eagerly gave them-
selves up to repose.*' No less exhausted than they,
Cortes nevertheless could not think of rest till ho
had seen to the security of the camp. His prudence
on this occasion came near costing him dearly, for
in the darkness a sentinel taking him for a spy
drew his cross-bow. Fortunately lie heard the click
and announced himself" This promptness on the
j)art of the guard was by no means unnecessary;
during the night a dozen or more prowling natives
met the fate which the general so narrowly escape<l.
They were supposed to have been the spies of an army
hidden in the forest, which, on observing the watch-
fulness of the Spaniards, abandoned the premeditated
attack,^
Montezuma's fears appeared to grow with the ap-
proach of Cortes, and so did his anxiety about the
import of the message which must be delivered to him
alone. Could there be a design upon his person? Thi^
must be ascertained before the invaders came to-)
*'/7o»i«m, lliitt. Mex., 07; Orhilo, iii. 500.
^'^ Ixtlihorhitl, /lint. Chic/i.. 2S)o. Toniuemaila, followed by Brasscur ilo
liourl)ourg mill others, calls it Itiiualco, wliich upjiears latlicr to have l)eeii a
general term fur th«!se stations, nince ithualli, acconliiig to Molina, signilies a
court. I'oter Martyr ami (.ioniara refer to it as a suniiner ])alaoe.
'•"•r'oy^r^, ' 'nrlas, 70. ' Aua (juo i>anilos Tameines hi/ieroii lnsile Moteci/uina
choijas (le paja. . . .y aim les tenian niugeres.' HoiiKirn. Jfisl. Mi x\, \>'. • 1. 'S
Inilios hizi'.'rou tic presto niuelias Ijurracas,' says Herrera, wlio places this
'casrt (Ic j)la/er' in the plain helow. tlee. ii. lih. vii. cap. iii. Tapia calls tlie
buildings "casasJu jvija.' Hii'wioii, in fcuz'tnli tt-i CuK Ihir,, ii. ."S.
'" Martin L"1K'z was the watchful sentinel Toi-iuemndi, i. 44.3.
'" Tapia Jill., in Iraz'ialrrtn, Col. Dim-., ii. .')77; ('"»•/'■<. ('mi.iM, 80. Tlorrcva
intimates tiiat an attack on the summit, where tlte Spaniards were iK-nunilM d
with cold, might h.avo succeeded in creating confusion, dec. ii. lib. vii. cup.
iii. Uulusii the uakud ludiaus had Lniuu (\iuully bcuumbud 1
MONTEZUMA'S SUDTERFUOE.
965
iioar. Amon;^ his courtiers was a noble named Tzihu-
iitj)opoca, who ^'catly resonilded him in person and
voice. Him he commanded to proceed to the Spanish
camp, attended by a large retinue, and by representing
himself as the emperor to ascertain from the white
( hief what his intentions were, and to induce him with
liheral oii'ers to turn back. The idea was based on
all incident which had occurred not many years Ixjfore,
vlierein one of the tripartite monarchs saved his life
by appearing in proxy at a treacherous court. Monte-
zuma hoped to derive from a similar trick more than
one advantage.
Tziimac|)o[)oca arrived at the mountain camp the
morning aftei- tlie Spaniards had entered it, and created
no little excitement by the announcement that the
( in|)eror was present in person. Preparations wero
made to give him a brilliant reception. Unfortu-
nately for the envoy, his secret had too many keepers
in the larye suite attending him; there were also
many among the allies who had been at Montezuma's
court, and who looked on this sudd(3n arrival as
suspicious. They made inquiries and soon ascer-
tain«'d the truth. Cortes received the great man
with courtesy, heralded as he was with a present of
tlnve thousand pesos de oro, but he resolved to take
advantage of the discovery to imj)ress him with his
penetration. After a few moments' conversati(jn he
told the noble with a severe tone that he was not
the monarch he represented himself to Ix).^ He also
referred to the attempts made during the night to
surprise the camp, as indicatetl by the dead spies, and
assured him that his men were always jirepared against
I'lots and deception, and any attempts against tlu-m
Would lead only to the discomfiture and grief of the
enemy. Awed by the superior intelligence and power
of the o-eneral, the cnvov thouijht no longer of anv-
thmg else than to keep such a man from entering
•'' He appc.ik'il to the Tlnscaltccs l>y liis side, and they declared that they
knew him to bo TzihuacpojKJca. Tornutinada, i. 44t».
If
T
FROM CnOLULA TO IZTAP.VLAPAN.
Mexico. Ho presented amontj other reasons that tlio
city could ho reached only in canoes, and tliat j)ro-
visions were difficult to ohtain there. He repeated
the offer already made of an annual trihute payable
in treasures on the coast, and ])ronHsed as a bribe for
Cortes himself four loads of gold, and for each of his
officers and men one load.** JJazzling a.s tlie offer
Mas, Cortc^s regarded it as but a faint reflection of
still richer treasures, the attainment of which must
])rocure for him greater glory than he had as yet
dreamed of In his reply lie accordingly pointed out
how strange it must appear to turn back now that he
was within view of the goal. Such conduct would
di.sgrace any envoy. Nol he dared not disobey the
orders of his king, who had sent him upon a mission
of great benefit to MontczunKu He would leave as
soon as this was accomplished, if desired.^^
Nothing abashed by this rebuff, Montezuma again
had recourse to the black art, and sent a number of
sorcerers, tlie native records say, to cast spells on
the Spaniards. They soon returned with the report
that on nearing Tlalmanalco, Tezcatlipoca had ap-
])eared to them in the guise of a drunken peasant,
frightening them greatly, anil saying: "Fools, return I
Your mission is in vain! Montezuma will lose his
empire in punishment for tyranny, and I, I leave
Mexico to lier fate and cast you off I" The sorcerers
recognized the god, and prostrated themselves to
adore him, but he spurned their devotion, rebuking
them, and finally pointed to Mexico, saying: "Be-
hold her doom 1 " Looking round they saw her
enveloped in flames, and the inhabitants in conflict
'" A lo.i(l brins; at least 50 pounds, the bribe swells to over S"),000,000.
" Corf'S and Martyr call tlio envoy a brother of Montezuma. ' 'nrtrin, 70;
dec. V. can. ii.; (loniaraand Horrcra, a relative. //',•'/. Mi\i\, J)S; dee. ii. lib. vii.
cjip, iii. According to IJcmal Diaz, the )>ribe ia ofl'ered by four noltles at Tlal-
manalco. //inf. Vci-ihuL, 04. Sahagun, who is the original authority for tlm
story of ' Tzioacpujiuca's' attempt to pass himself oil" for Montezuma, siiys that
Corti's was highly indignant at the deception, 'y luego eon afrenta euviarnii
A a(|uel principid y A todos los que con tl habian venido.' llUt. Coiu/., 10;
J'urqui intula. i. 445-0.
CAC.LMA'S ADMCE.
267
■\vit1i wliltc mon. On turning again to beseech the
was gone.
^[oritozuma was in consultation with his advisers
wIkii this report was brought. As if pierced by
death's dart, the monarch bowed low his head and
moaned: " We are lost ! "We are lost l"** Less ini-
jiressod with superstitious fear by an incident which
Ik.' regarded as concocted by the sorcerers, Cuitla-
liuatzin vividly presented the danger of admitting
such determined and powerful intruders within the
city, and he boldly urged that they be forbidden to
eiiti.r, by force of arms if need be. Cacama remon-
strated that after inviting them such a course would
savor of fear. The emperor owed it to his exalted
station and power to receive envoys. If they proved
oljjectionable, the city should become their tomb.
Surely his nobles and his armies were able to over-
come so small a number, assisted by the strategic
advantages of the place in its approaches and re-
sources. To the affrighted monarch anything wa?
acceptable that would stay prompt action, and conse-
(jueutly defer the ruin which he feared, lie at once
inclined to Cacama's advice, stipulating, however,
that he, king as he was, should condescend to meet
the Spaniards and sound their intentions. "May the
^' SaJimjnn, 1114. Cnnq., 20-1; Acoita, Iliitt. Ltd., 519-20; Tonpifrnwla,
i. 447. Solis, the 'pcnetnitiiifj historian,' repents and improvos it))<)ii this as
nil ;u count taken from 'autorea fiiledignos. ' Hist. Ma:, i. liXi. Ami with a
hiiniliir belief it liaa been given a prominent place in Wc^t-riiwl ft.si.liulinchir
I.i.ntliirf, 131. Oa8i>nr Kns L., the author, wasonoof the eilit<)i"sof tiie famous
Bitot' Do Hry, from whieli he like so many otliera borroweil text, if not I'n-
gra villus. The narrator of .several iinlividunl Kuropean travels, ho al.so iss'.icil
the liidim Orrldfiita'in HiMnrin, Colouia;, UM'i. The (li'rmaii vi-rsion, pub-
lished at CoUen in l(il8 in a small rjuarto form, under tiio alH)Vc title, has
for its j^'uiiliiig principle the appropriate maxim of Horace, (hnnc lu/il /unirfuni
i/'ii iiih-iiit, idiff ditlci. The first part, relating to America in jrenecal, is
divided into three sections, for jthysieal and natural geo^traphy and Indian
cust'iiiis, followed by discovery, voyages, and eonipiests, and eoiicluding with
n review of political history, and an appendix on missionary proLjress. Tliis
avraugement, however, is nominal rather than real, and the confusicjn, extend-
ing into ehipters as well as sections, is increased by the incoiiiplcte anil
undi.'ested form of the material, enlivened, however, by an admixture of tlio
ijuaiiit and wonderful.
'" ' Va estamos para perdemos .... mcxicanos somos, ponemos hemos A lo
<lJe vinicso por la honra do la genoracion Nacidos somos, vcnga lo ij[UO
V'jiicre.' Saluojuii, IJist. Cunq., 21.
!iii
268
FROM CIIOLULA TO IZTAPALAPAN.
gods not place witliin your house, my loril, one wlio
Hhall cast you foi-th and usurp the empire," was the
8olemn warning of Cuitluhuatzin, a^ he heard this
resolution.^*
» The Spaniards had meanwhile descended the wooded
shTpe from Quauhtechcatl to the cultivated district
round Ania<|uemecan, a city which, together with its
suburban villages for two leagues aroun<l, numbered
over twenty thousand families."* The lord, Cacamatzin
Teotlateuchtli, received them in his own palace, and
entertaineil them most liberallv during their two days'
stay, i)resenting them gifts of forty female slaves and
three thousand castellanos in gold. The chiefs of
Tlalmanalco and other neighboring towns came to
tender their respects, and encouraged by the reports
of Spanish jirowess they hesitated not to lay bare
their grievances again.st the -cVzte(;s, who oppressed
them with heavy taxes, robbed them of wives and
daughters, and carried the men into slavery. Cortes
encouraged the chiefs with fair promises, and was nt»t
a little delighted at finding disaffection in the very
heart of the empire, whose power had been so much
extolled.™
Passing by way of Tlalmanalco through a succession
of tlourishing maize and maguey fields, *he Spaniards
reached Ayotzinco, a town at the south nd of Chalco
lake.^ Here was seen the first specimen of the peculiar
'• ' Kate parecor »lo Cuitluluiac, ubra^arou iiiuuhos do los I'rescntcs. ' Tor-
quemailii, i. •144-.').
^■' Witli si'M'ii towns nnd over 2.>,000 ftuiiilies, say;* Chiin.alpiiin, //(V.
Coil'/., Il.">. Hfi-ivra states tliat ut tlio fcMjt of tlie descent from tlie ran^'o
felled trees ubstrueted tlie road, and appoarancen indicated that an anibiusli
had lieen intended. Ili'rrem, dec. ii. lib. vii. cap. iii.
*ToW('x, i'urldK, SO-l, liernal Diaz places this occurrence at 'nalmanalco,
Miierc tile eliiefs jointly offer eijjlit fenialc slaves, tvn> packs of robes, and 150
jicsos' wortii of j^'iild. They urge Cortes to remain with them ratiier tliaii
trust himself within Mexico. This being tleelineil, twenty chiefs g>> witli
liim to receive justice from the omjH.'ror at his intercession. Il'ixt. I'lnlml., (i.'S.
'.Sedieron por siis coiifederados.' ,Sa/iai/uii, Hist. Coinj. (ed. 1X40), 74.
'■ Tor niai» of route si^e, Iniside those contained in this volume, Curhajal
£*piiio>i(i, /lixf. M<:>:, ii. '201, .VW, and Alninaii, in Pns'olt's Hid. Coii'/.
(ed. Me.\. 1S44), i. ;>;J7, .'^4. The hujt maps in these lKK>ks illustrate the later
siege o|H!ratious round .Mexico, and so docs Orozco y lleira's, in <'iu<lwl M<rii-'>,
J\'o'/(i(W, 'J.'IS. Presoott's loutc map, in ^fl•.l•., i. \\ xxxiii., cluiuia to be based
ou Ilumboidt's, with corrections from the chroniclers.
CACAMA'S VISIT.
260
nrjuatic cities of the lake renfion. Half of the town
stood on piles, and was intersected hv canals, wherein
the trattic, with canoes, was far livelier than in the
streets. The other half lay at the foot of steep hills,
upon one of which the Spt'MDrds were encamped.
]*ron»pted either hy curiosity «.' by ovil purposes, a
nuinher of Indians attempted duinj^ the nij^ht to
inter the Spanish (piarter, only to pay with their lives
for the indiscretion."
In the morninjLf messengers arrived requesting the
S|)aniards to await the coming of Cacama. Shortly
after appeared a procession more brilliant than any
yet seen. In a litter profusely ornamented with gold,
silver, and feather ornaments, and even iidaid with
]>recious stones, sat the king of Tezcuco, a young • an
of about twenty-five, carried by eight powerful cacirjues.
As he stepped uu , attendants proceeded to sweep th •
road, removing even the straws, while nobles held
over his iiead a canopy of green feathers, studded
with gems, to shield him from the sun. With stately
steps the monarch advanced toward Cortes, saluting
him in the customary manner,** He had <'ome, he
said, with these nobles, in the name of Montezuma,
their ma.ster, to serve him, and to provide all that was
needed. He thereupon presented a rich gift, to which
Cortes responded with three fine marcasite stones*"
for himself, and with blue glass diamonds for the
nobles. In order to sound him, Cacama represented
that there existed almost insurmountable obstacles to
his entry itito Mexico, among them the fears of the
])opulace, which had been aroused by terrible accounts
of the cruelty of his followers." Cortes sought to
"* ' Mataron dellos Imst.i vcynte.' Gomarn, /lint, ^f<'r., 08. The cliiefa com-
plained in secret of Moiitezuina. Tap'in, ltd., iil Irrv.litilreln, Col. I)(h\, ii. ."»7'S.
'*By touoliinj' tlie grouml witli the huiul ami then iH-aiing it to the lips.
*"t'ortes ' lu (tiiS tres piedras, (jue se llanian niargaritas, (jiU! tiencn <leiitro
de si niucha.s pintura.s de diuersa-s colores.' lii'mal J'i'iz, IliM. I'lr'trnl.. M.
A certain vagueness in the phrase has led some U> tran.slate it as n. present of
three tine pearls for Corti?8.
*' ' No les (picdaliii sino decir (pie mo defcnderiun el cumino.' Cortf», Cartns,
SI. ' Dieron a cntender (jue les ofenderiA alia, y aun dcfeuderiA cl p-osso 3;
cutroda.' Uvmara, Uiist. Jlex., 1)8.
m
In
270
FROM CHOLULA TO IZTAP.\LAPA^f.
II
roassnri' him, and declared that !io ()l)staclos wore in-
sunnouiitahle to liis men, whereupon Caeama hastened
to state that Montezuma himself would willin^dy
receive tliem, and did tender an invitation. }le now
returned to ATexicoto prepare for the inevitable visit,
leaviiii^ amoni^ the Spaniards the impression that if
lie, tlie inferior king, exhibited such «^randeur, that of
the emperor must indeed be imj)erial."
l^'oeiieding along the lake they entered upon a
causeway in width a spear's length, leading through
till' waters for over a half league to "the prettiest
little town which we had yet seen, both with ri'gard
to its well built houses and towers, and to its situa-
tion," as Cortes remarks, Tlie admiring soldiers
called it AVnezuela, or little Venice, the native name
being Cuitlahuac. It was situated on an islet, con-
nected also with the northern shore by an extension
of the causeway, and contained a population of about
two thousand families, supported chietly by llori-
culture, wliich was carried on to a ijfreat exttiit
by means of c/n'iuimpas, or iloating ganh^ns/'' The
chiefs came forth, headed by Atlj)opocatzin," and
showed themselves most attentive. Here again coni-
j>liants were uttered about Aztec oj)pression, with the
earning that the Spaniards would meet with no true
friendship at Mexico."
Tlie ^[exican envoys suspected the disaffection of
Cuitlahuac, and prevailed on the Si)aniards to |)ass
onward to Iztapalapan, where preparations had been
made to receive them. As they nearcid the densely
j)o})ulated lake district, the crowds became larger and
more curious, wondering at the fair hue and bushv
*'' lirrniiJ Din:, Il'nit. Vrvlnd., 04. Ixtlilxochitl contradicts liiinsrlf nliniit
tlu" i)liioi' (if inci'tim,', and niakost Ciiciinia invite Corti'S to Tr/cnco. Ili^l. < 'hUh.,
'J!(r»; l(l.,ll<Uirhiii,-\\\. Tor(|Uoniada iloos tin- same. i. 41!).
*^ Xdlin- /'iiri'i, ii. ;i4,'>-(», ri7.">. Cortes nieiitii)ns another smaller town in
the lake, Mitlioiit laml eonnnunication. Cnrlis, Citrta", S2.
'' ' Pariente del rey do Mexico.' Cliimuhxiiii, llinl. Conij., 1 10. ' Piince <ui
♦jnartier de 'i'icic' lirnnsi'iir df Jloiiflioitrij, /list. X(U. <'ir., iv. 'JO.*?.
*•' ' Cortes, cayua con deterniinacionde pararulli, y lia/er barcaso fiistas. . . .
cou niicdo no lo ronipicssca las calyaJas (to Mexico).' (Joinara, IIH. jyix.,0'J.
IXTLILXOCl I ITLS MOV EM KXTS.
hoards of tlie stranufors, and adiiiiriiiu^ the comely
liorsos, and the j^litU-riiii; arms and liflnu'ts. "Suivly
tlu'V uuist l)e divine' beings," some .said, ''coming as
they do from wliere the sun rises." "Or demons,"
liintetl others. J^ut the old men, wise in the records (tf
their race, sighed as they rememhered tiie |>roj>hecies,
and muttered that thes(.^ must be the prethcted ones
who were to rule the land and be their masters.*" To
|>revent the natives from mingling with his men, and
creating not only disorder but (hminishing the awe
with which they were regarded, the horsenjen in the
van received orders to kce[) the Indians at a respectful
distance. Iztapalapan was already in sight when a
large force of armetl warriors was seen advancing, so
large that it seemed as if the armies of Mexico had
come to overwhelm them. They were reassured, how-
ever, by the announcement that it was Ixtlilxochitl
with his escort, intent on having an interview with
his j)ropose(l ally. The prince had uiged upon Cortes
to take a more northern route and join him at Cal-
])ulalpan, but tinding that the general preferred the
Anuupiemecan road, he had hastened to meet tlio
Spaniards on the lake. The approach of this jx-rsonage
had made the court (^f Tezcuco more pliable to one
whose designs were well understood. When Ixtlil-
xochitl therefore came near the citv, the elder brother,
Cohuanacotzin, made eil'orts for a closer conciliation
witli himself and Cacama." The opportunity was
favorable, for the indisj)ositi(m oi^ Cortes to enter
actively into the plans of the former, and his advance
on ^[exico, with proclaimed friendship for Monte-
zuma, made Ixtlilxochitl not averse to the advances
of his brothers, particui'uly since he iuten(K'd this in
no wise to interfere with his schemes. Tlu' n-sult of
the negotiation was that he found himself achnitted
with great pom[) into his paternal city, wherein he
*" Torqupmnila, i. 4.">l; Orieilo, iii. .')00.
*' I'^or ill! (iccount of tiie clisimtt; bi'twccn Cacanm and Ixtlilxochitl, sco
l\'(U'ivt: /.'oa,'*, V. 474-7.
I'
I'
199
FROM CHOLULA TO IZTArALAPAX.
hoped some day to displace Cacama. Iinlnu'd more
than ever with his ambition, he hastened to intercept
the Spanish captain, in order personally to promote
liis views and induce him to come northward to
Tezcuco and to his own capital. Cortes was full of
])r(jmises, but it did not just then suit him to disar-
range the plan he had formed, and so Ixtlilxochitl had
to wait.
It is this meeting no doubt which has been wrongly
extended by .several authorities into a visit to Tez-
cuco
48
As the Spaniards approached Iztapalapan,*" Cuitla-
huatzin, the brother of Montezuma and lord of the
city, came forth in company with Tezozomoc, loid
of the adjoining Culhuacan, and a number of other
caciques and noi)les,'" to escort his guests to their
quarters in his palace. The city with its ten thousand
to twelve thousanil houses was constructed partly on
jiiles, and crossed by canals, on either side of which
rose substantial buildings, chiefly of stone, a large
l)roportion being, according to the conqueror, "a.s line
a.s the best in Spain, both in extent and construc-
tion." The Spaniards were awed by the beauty of
the place. The palace was particularly flne and spa-
cious, with courts shaded by awnings of brilliant colors
*' Tezcuco was entirely out of Corti-s' route, ami the narratives of tin'
niarcli slmw that no sucli (k'tour coulil have beoa niaJe. Tornueinaila, wlm
ciiiitradiets himself alxiut the visit, describes with sumo detail the receptinii
at this capital, where the pupulatioii kneel to adore the Spaniards as childnii
of tlie sun. Tliey are entertained at the palace, and discover in one of the
ciiurtiers, named Teccjcultzin, a man of as fair a hue as tiiemselves, wlio Ik'-
came a great favorite, i. 444. Herrera ttikcs the army from Ayotzinco to
1'c/cuco and hack to Cuitlahuac. dec. ii. HI), vii. cap. iv. Impressed per-
Iiaps by the peculiarity of this iletour, Vetancurt, aftei repeatinjj; the story,
expresses a douht wiiether t!»c visit w.os rwiUy niaile. T<ati\> .i/cc, pt. iii.
1"J7 !S. 15ut Clavigeri) brings arguments, Imsed partly ni)on vagut! jioints in
Cortes' later letters, to prove that it took place. Storhi Mi.^n., iii. 74. Soli-,
'the discriminatinj.', ' lets Cacama himself guide Cortes from Ayotziuco to
Tezcuco. Hint. Mix., i. .S(iO-l.
*' ' Y.xtapalapn . 'luc ipiiere decir Pueblos donde se coge Sal, o Yxfcitl ; y a\ui
hoy tieneu este mismo oticio los do Y.xtapalapa. ' Lonnzaiut, in Cuitts, J/<^t.
'"' Including Mutlatzincxtzin, lord of Coyuhiiacan and b'-othr'* of Monte
zuma; Tocltiiiuitzin of Me.xicaltzinco, and Huitzillatl of Huitzilopociico.
('lariiifi-o, Storia J/c-w., iii. 75; Chhnalpain, llUt. t'uiiq., 110, liraaseur Je
liuurbounj, Ifiel. Xat. Vic, iv. '20o,
\'
IZTAPAL^VPAN CITY.
2T3
il more
tfirept
roinote
ard to
lull nf
) disar-
litl had
vronijly
to Tcz-
Cuitla-
l of til.-
00, lord
3f otlur
to their
housainl
lartly «'ii
)f whit.'h
a larue
"as line
)nstrur-
auty t'f
\nd i^pa-
ut colors
res of the
I'lnaila, wli'>
receptinii
, a.s cliiulnii
one of the
fs, who he-
k-ot/inoo t"
ressed pei-
the stuiy,
.<■., pt. i:i.
\e points in
74. Solis,
Lyotzluoo to
xt;Ul ; y auu
.'urt'S, ll'-'-
of Monte
t/.ilopochco.
Urasseur i/e
and bordered by commodious apartments. Adjoining
it, and overlooked by a large pavilion, was a vast
garden, divided into four squares by hedges of plaited
rtxtls, which were entirely overgrown with roses and
other flowers. Shaded walks led out in all directions,
now by beds of rare plants collected from remote
jiarts, now into orchards temptingly laden, and again
past groups of artistically arranged flowers. In ponds
\vA by navigable canals sported innumerable water-
fowl, consorting with fishes of different species. In
the centre of the garden was an inmiense reservoir of
hewn stone, four hundred paces square, surrounded
by a tiled pavement from which steps led at intervals
to tlie water.^^
Cortes was not only hospitably entertained, but
received a present of female slaves, packs of cloth,
and over three thousand castellanos in gold."
The soldiers now prepared under more than usual
excitement for the final march, which was to bring
them to the longed-for goal. The reputed magnifi-
cence of the capital made most of the Spaniards
"' Pftrr Murfi/r, dec. v. cap. ii.; Comarn, Hist. Mcx., 90; Cnrtfx, Cartas,
8'2. \N'liiit with the retreating waters anil tlie removal of native lonl.s in whose
interest it lay to jtreserve the gardens and palaces, her glories are now do-
paiteil. The evajxjration of the lake waters had been ohserved ))efore tlio
eiiiniuest. After this it increased rapidly, owing to the thonghtless destruc-
tion lit forests in the valley, as Hunilwlilt remarks. In IJernal Diaz' time
aheady Izfciiwlapan lay high and dry, with fields of maize growing where he
liinl fA'vn the Im.-y tralHu of canoes. J/isl. Vo-'kuL, Go. The fate of the lake
ri.;iiin was .sealed l)y the construction of the Huehuetoca canal, which drained
the liii,' lake to a mere shatlow of its former self, leaving far inlaml the flourish-
in,' tuwns which once lined its sliore, and shielding the watei"s, as it were,
fiMiii tufther persecution liy an unsitrhtly liarrier of desert sjjlt marshes — aiul
all tu siive the capital from the inimdations to which lilundering locators had
e\]inMd her. Humlwldt has in his niup of the valley traced the o\itline of
thi' liike as it appeared to the coni|Ueroi-s, and although oi)en to criticism it
i> interesting. A><«j /V., i. 107. l7;{-'>.
^' ' r.ci'r.s Cnrtiut, S'J. Kernal Diaz reduces it to 2000 pesos. According to
SaliaL'un, Cortes summons the lords of the district and tells them of his
niis-ion. The comnKjn people keep out of the way, fearing a massacre, ll'txt.
' I"!'/.. "il-'J. Brasseurde Bonrlwinrg, //^-^ Xnt. Civ., iv. •iO.V-iJ, assumes from
tills that manyof tiie chiefs promi>eil to supix)rt Cortesagainst the government,
^> III" Il is hardly likely to have been done in a city ruled by Montezuma's
I'l'ither. w ho was at heart hostile to the Spaniards. Here again, Siiys Herrera,
(lee. ii, lib. vii. cap. v., Montezuma sought to disstiade Cortes froiV' entering
the capital ; 'Jon/iiemaila, i. 44t). His envoy Ijeing Cacama, adds Ixtlilxocliitl.
Jii't. Chkh.. •-It.').
UiBT. Mes., Vol. I. 18
n
i I
m
FROM CHOLULA TO IZTAP.y.APAX.
eager to enter; but there were others who recalled
the rumors of its strength, and of the terrible plots
which their timid allies declared were to encompass
them. " Being men and fearing death, we could not
avoid thinking of this," says Bernal Diaz, frankly,
"and commending ourselves to God." And as he re-
members how warnings failed to deter them, the old
soldier bursts forth in self- admiration, "What men
have existed in the world so daring?"'
»IIM.Verd(ul.,U-5.
>53
n
i
CHAPTER XVI.
MEETDsG WITH MONTEZUMA.
November, 1519.
Something of the City — The Spanhards Start from Iztapalapan —
Reach the Great Cacseway — They are Met by many Nobles —
And presently by Montezuma — Entry into Mexico — They Arb
QCAUTEKED IN THE AXAYACATL PaLACE — InTEUCIUNGE OF VlSITS.
From Iztapalapan the imperial city of tlie jnrroat
])latoau could clearly be seen, rising in unveiled wliite-
iioss fioin the lake. Almost celestial was its beauty
ill the eyes of the spoilers; a dream some called it, or,
if tangible, only Venice was like it, with its imposing
C'diHoes sparkling amid the sparkling waters. Many
otlior places had been so called, but there Avas no
other New World Venice like this.
Sweeping round in sheltering embrace were the
gieiii swards and wood -clad knolls on the shore,
studded with tributary towns and ]ndatial structures.
Clowned with foliage, or peeping forth from groves,
some venturing nearer to the city, and into the very
lake. " We gazed with admiration," exclaims ]^einal
])iaz, as In -mpares with the enchanted .structures
described m the Amadis their grand towers, cues,
and editices, rising in the lake, and all of masonry.
Let us glance at the people and their dwellings;
I'nr tliough we haye spoken of them at length else-
where, we cannot in this connection wholly j»ass
them by.
Two centuries back, the Aztecs, then a small and
(2TS)
Hi
:^^v
it: I
270
MEETING WITH MONTEZUMA.
despised people, surrounded and oppressed by enemies,
liad taken refuge on some islets in the western part
of the saline lake of Mexico, and there by divine
command they had founded the city which, under the
title of ^Foxioo Tenochtitlan, was to become the capi-
tal of Andhuac. The first building was a temple of
rushes, round which the settlement grew up, spreading
rapidly over the islets, and on piles and filled ground.
The city was enlarged and beautified by successive
rulers, an<l when first beheld by the Spaniards it had
attained its greatest extent — one it never again ap-
proached — and was reputed to be about twelve miles
m circumference. This area embraced a large suburb
of several villages and towns with independent names,
containing in all sixty thousand houses, equivalent to
a population of three hundred thousand.*
Four great avenues, paved with hard cement, ran
crosswise from the cardinal points, and divided the
city into as many quarters, which were again subdi-
vided into wards."
Three of the avenues were connected in a straii^lit
line, or nearly so, with the main land by means of
smooth causeways, constructed of piles filled U}) witli
rubble and debris. The shortest of these was the
western, leading to Tlacopan, half a league distant.
and bordered all the way with houses. They wori^
wiih} enough for ten horsemen to ride abreast, and
were provided at intervals with bridges for the free
flow of water^ and of traffic. Near their jun'tiou
with the eitv were drawbridges, and breastworks lor
defence. A fourth causeway, from the Chapultejuc
summer palace, served to support the aqueduct wliieh
' The ruins of the oM city, clearly traced by IlumlwUlt. showed that it
must have iieoii of far greater extent than the capital niisod ujwn its site I'V
the SiMUiiards. Tliis is also indicated by the size of tlie markets and U'lni'ln
courts. Tile rea!»on is to be found partly iii the fonner prevalence of oae-story
houses witli courts inclosed.
' For ancient and modem names of quarters see yatiit! linres, ii. .")i'i.1.
'Cortes believed tiiat the waters ebbed and floweil, Car/a-i, 10--H, aiil
Peter Martyr enlarged ou this phenomeucn with credulous wonder, doc. \ .
uip. iii.
CITY OF MEXICO.
9ff
carried water from the mountain spring in that vi-
cinity.
Round the southern part of the city stretclied a
semicircular levee, three leagues in length and thirty
feet in breadth, which had been constructed in the
middle of the preceding century to protect the place
from the torrents which after heavy rains came rush-
ing I'rom the fresh-water lakes of Xochimilco and
Clialco. This levee was the chief resort of the
people — during the day for bustling merchants and
boat crews, during the evening for promenadors, who
came to breathe the fresh air soft-blown from the
lake, and to watch the setting sun as it gilded the
summits of Popocatepetl and his consort.
Traffic, as may be supposed, was conducted chiefly
by canals guarded by custom-houses, lined with
quays, and provided in some places with docks.
Upon these abutted narrow yet well lighted cross
streets, connected by bridges, and leading to a num-
ber of open squares, the largest of which were the
market-places in Tlatelulco and Mexico jiroper,
wherein as many as one hundred thousand people
arc said to have found room.
Viewed architecturally and singly, the buildings
did not present a very imposing appearatice, the
greater portion being but one story in height. This
monotony, however, was relieved to a great extent
1 y the number of temples sacred to superior and local
deities which were to be seen in every ward, raised
hioh above the dwellings of mo.'tals, on mounds
of varvinof elevations, and surmounted by toweringf
chapels. Their lires, burning in perpetual adoration
of the gods, presented a most impressive spectacle
at night. The grandest and most conspicuous of
them all was the teiiijile of Iluitzilopochtli, which
stood in the centre of the city, at the junction of the
four avenues, so as to be ever before the eyes of
the taithful. It formed a solid stone-faced pyramid
about 375 feet long and 300 feet broad at the base,
II
,i a
273
MEETING WITH MONTEZUMA.
3*2') l)y '2i)0 feet at tlio summit, and rose in five super-
inijiosed, perpendicular terraces to the height of 8(1
feet. Each terrace receded six feet from the ed<re of
tlie one heneath, and the stages were so placed that
a circuit had to be made of each ledge to <^ain the
succeeding flight, an arrangement equally suited for
showy processions and for defence. Surrounding tho
jtyramid was a battlement ed stone wall 4800 feet
in circumference, and through this led four gates,
surmounted by arsenal buildings, facing the four
avenues.*
The pyramid was quite modern, and owed its erec-
tion tt) Ahuitzotl, who for two years employed upon
it an immense force of men, bringing the material
from a distance of three or four leagues. It was
conijileted in 148G, and consecrated with thousands of
vi(.'tims. The rich and devout brought, while it was
building, a mass of treasures, which were buried in
the mound as an offering to the gods, and served sub-
se(|uently as a powerful incentive for the removal of
every vestige of the structure. The present cathedral
occu[)ies a portion of the site.'
The appearance of the city was likewise improved
by terraces of various heights serving as foundation
ibr the dwellings of rich traders, and of the nobles
who were either commanded to reside at the capital
or attracted by the presence of the court. Tlu'ir
houses were to be seen along the main thorougli-
fares, differing from the adobe, nuid, or rush huts of
the poor, in being constructed of porous tet/ontli
stone, finely polished and whitewashed. Every house
stood by itself, separated by narrow lanes or by gar-
dens, and inclosing one or more courts. Broad steps
led up the terrace to two gates, one opening on the
* For a description of tlio interior see Native Races, ii. SS'J-S.
'liaiiiirt'Z and Carbajal Kspinosa define the limits pretty closely with
respect to the modern outline of the city, //(.'•Y. Mrx., ii. ^^^(i-!). ami notes iu
Pn.'icolt'n Me.c. (cd. Mox. 184.')), ii. app. 103; but Alanum, in liis J)i,sir'., ii.
'2()'J, 24(), etc., enters at greater Icngtli into the clianges wliieli the site ha.s
undergone since the conquest, supporting his conclusions with (juotations from
the Libro de Cabildo and other valuable documents.
HOUSES AND BELONG IXGS.
979
iiKiin street, tlie otlior on the hm-k lane or canal.
The terrace |tlatforni was particularly spacious in
front, where occasionally a small oratorio faced the
entrance. The facade was adorned with eleijant
(iirnices and stucco designs of Howers and animals,
ot'ten painted in brilliant colors. Balconies were oc-
casionally to be seen, supported on monolith columns
Avitliout base or capital, though with incised orna-
mentation; but they were not common, owing to the
]irevalence of Hat I'oofs surrounded by battlement ed
and even turreted parapets. Behind them rose llow-
cring j)lants, arranged in pots or growing in garden
])l()ts, and aitling to render the spot attractive for the
ianiily gathering in the evening. Flower-gardens
iiiiglit be seen, also in the courts, with a sparkling
iountain in the centre. Around ran the shady
jiorticos, lined with suites of apartments, the largir
rccejition rooms in front, the stores and kitchen in
the rear, and other rooms and chambers, with the
never failing temazcalli, or bath, arranged between
them, and provided with wicker screens or curtains in
lieu of doors.
Courts as well as rooms were covered with flags of
stones, tessellated marble or cement, polisherl with
ochre or gypsum; and the walls were decorated not
infrefjuently with porphyry, jasper, and alabaster, and
Iiung with cotton tapestry adorned with feather and
otiier ornaments. The furniture on the other hand
was scanty, consisting chiefly of mats of pahn leaves,
cushions, low tables, and stools."
' For furtlicr description of strt-cts, Iniildings, finil people, sec Xnfirr nnrpx,
passim. Also /ianiinz, Xotlci(t.i ih- M>.t\, I'tc, in Moiikiiii iitaH l)ii)ii'ni. K-p.,
>IS. 111). (), ;{01)-.")0; Ihir'iln, ('iiiilhiiKicinn <lr Id ('rdiiirii, etc., MS., '2'M'>; I'lti-
Vro I'lilr., xxvi. 'JO.'M;; Lihro (/<■ <-(il,;i</n, .MS., I, '>, II, (;•_», l().'), L'Ol •_>;
S'liiiinliniij allir IirUilii'sr/i., xiii. 4."i!t-()((, 4(!4-fi7; J-fin Casas, J/i.st. .I/zo/d'/.,
MS., 17-'27: J^Wimrira .SittniirKiiialr, >SS "JOT ; M<.i:, Not. Ciiiiluil, 1-8.
^ iiicciii l;i ){ic!i is the iiaino applied to the city l>y some of the Spouiurds.
C'trtji, in /'(ir/iiro and (.'(irilciin", (\il. />'»(•., xiii. ;{.'!!(.
.V curiims view of Nfexico la jjiveii in tiie edition of CortiVs' lettei-s is.sued ufc
Xiirenilier^' in ir)'J4, which exhibits six ciiiis-'way connections with the ni:iin-
1.111(1. Jidth in situation, with respect to the sunxmndinf; towns, and in tho
giiieral plan, it accords very fairly with the de.scriptions of the coni|iierois.
Tlic teiiinle of UiiitziloiKichtli occupies an iimucuse squaa-'.- in the centix" of
280
MEETINO ^^^TII montezum.\.
It was in tlie niorninj^ of tlio 8tli of Novemhor that
the Spaniards mustered for the entry into Mexiro.
Tcmixtitnn, sin tho city is cnllcd. Rnund tlio Boutli-oast comer cxtonil tlio
|>alaci! niicl jjartleiiH of tho ciiipiTdr, otlior piiliicfs buiiig scattcri'd (m tlic 1 iki',
aiiilciiiiiu'ctt'il witli till! Muh\irl)sliyHlu)rt cause ways. Lesscurrect in its rclativt;
poHJtiuii in the view prcsciitctl in tlio oM and curiotiH Lihnt ili ilinci/'t'o Ita,-
if<iiii', whii;li lias l)ccn reproduced in Jfniit'innit, Xifiiit')- Wet'ti'lil, SI, so fanimis
for its cuts, and, of coui-se. witii considerablo clalmrutions wliichi liy no nuiiiis
^orouiutu tUu curructueiM, liowever uiuuh the Uiauty of os^xjct ia inipruvcd.
^XitVlti Sittiti.
CuuB {nm an (filtXtnjf Aft
itHotn vf (fortr*
Vciy similar to this is tho view fjivon in some of Solis' editions, that of
Antwerp, 1704, for instance, wherein is also found a view of Mexico with its
surrounding towns, as Cuitlahuac, Iztapalapan, and others, all groiipcl
closely together within tho main lake I A native plan of the capital, said tn
have been given by Monte/uma to Cortes, accords little with Spanish disc!i|i-
tions, and is ditficult to understiml from its peculiar outline, illustrated witli
A/.teo hicrogiypiiics. Alaman doubts its origin and correctness. See PfiM'nit'^
Mci: (Mcx. ed. 1S44), ii. 157. A good copy of it is given in Vai-lmj'd
Esi'iiinxa, llixt. Mv.i-., ii. 221.
Tiie view in Lihro <li lirnodetfn Borrlonc, Nel qnnl g'l rnrjiona ih tiii><:
I'/solc. tl<'l nioiiilo, Vinegia, 1.528, 73 leaves, is accompanied by an intcrestiiiL!
description of La uniii cittaili TeniiHfilaii, remarkable from being perhaps thi'
first KKetcli of any value given in a cosmographic work. It occupies tlic
greater part of folios vi. to x., devoted to the terra da Ferdhiawlo Cori""'.
Five more folios describe the West Indies and Venezuela region, the only pw •
^.■c
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
flu
Xot far from Iztapalapan they camo upon the longest
cuu«<.'way, two leagues in extent, wliieli with the ex-
tioiis of America knc-A-n to Bordono when he WTotc )iia lKX)k. It M-as com-
].|i'tL'(l ill I.V21, according to its |)ontiHcal liccimc, nltliougii not issued till
I'l'js. 'J'lic versatile niitlior, who lip'ured Iwtii as artist ami professor, died in
l.'i.'ii, ami tho hiter itisues of the Lihro, henceforth called Jnolario, are hy edi-
tiirs wliosM endeavor to keep apace with tho demands of tho times is instanced
liy the edition of ir>37, wherein appears n letter on tiie eomiuest of IVni. In
tlif maiipi'immde of the first edition heforo me, the Hinidlcr northern part of
till' new continent is called tcini d<l hihonilore, while the southern pai-t bears
tlic ini-irlption jioiiiti moilo voiin. Tho two are separated at tho Isthmus, in
aliiiiit the latitude of tho Meditcmmean, by a long strait, at the eastern
iiiniitli of which, on tho secticnal map of folio vi., is written, ntnt/o jitf iltl
mi'iilo iiiiHii. FartlKT cast lie tho islands Aatiiren, Asmaklf, and liruxil. Tho
niiiiitniuH sectional wood-cut maps and plans bear tho conventional outline of
a sciic.i I if concave segments, and of tho ten referring to dillerent parts of tho
new world, seven apply to tho Antilles.
Tilt; clearest account of Mexico given by any of the conquerors is to
be found in iiflfUionc iValcvne. coat: iliUn Nvinut Spnijna, «0 drl/a f/rnn
ciitii lit Tciiwtilaii Mcixicd, fatta per rn ijeutir/iuomo <lel Signor t'irnamlo
Viirt'nr, wherein the description of the natives, their manners and customs,
their towns, tho resources of tho country, antl above all, the capital
city, is to bo found in concise fonn, arranged in paragraphs with appro-
jiiiiitc headings, and illustrated by a cut of the great temple, which
appears far more correct than those given by most siil)se<iuent writers. A
view of tho capital is also appended, showing the surrounding country,
and according very nearly with those of tho Nuremburg type, except in
the faidty relative position to tho ju;ighl>orho<Ml. Nothing is known of tho
nutiior, wiio is generally referred to as tho Anonymous Conqueror, but tiio
opiiiiou has been hazarded that ho was Francisco do Terrazas, mayordonio
of Cort 'S. His account was evidently , rittcn in Spanish, but did not see
tlie light till Itamusio issued it in Italian under the atwvo title. It fonns
one of the most valuable documents for tho history of Mexico to bo found in
tills |inzcd collection of voyages and travels, the lirst large work of its class.
No brunch of literature oljtained a. gi-cater stimidus from the discf)vcry of
('uluinlpus. Ho it was who broke the bamer which had confined tlie ardor
of voyagers, and who led tho revival of maritime enterprise, creating a
ciu-iosity among tho stayers-at-home that could ))e satiated only with re-
peated editions of ntirrativcs relating to expeditions and conquests. Tlio
iiiiiuljer of these narratives became, within a few years, so large as to require
tlitir grouping into special collections for tho sake of cheapness and conven-
ience. The earliest is probably tho Pcieni Novameutf I'rfronafi, Kt Koun Monilo
tla Alherico vfspiitio; By Fracanzo or Fracanzuno da Montalboddo. Vieenza,
l."i(i7, mentioned by Tirnhoxchi, Storia <lcUa litn-atura Ituliuiia. This was rc-
pioiluced in 1 ")0S by M.idrignani, at Milan. According to Panzer, lluchamer
issued the same year a somewhat fuller collection at Nuremberg, under
tlie title of Nrirc Uiififkcnif/ie Imidtc Uiul etna Xoir mhl/e, with eight pieces,
aiinng them the voyages of Columbus, Ojeda, Pinzon, and Vespucci. A similar
woili was issued by the Italian Andolelo, in I.jIO.
Tile l)est known of these early collections, and by many regarded as the first
issued in German, is tho Xovrs OH/in I'djiniirm etc /iisnlarvm VH<'rihrn [ncoijni-
t'irrm; Jhisilem npi'il /.> ll<rvrvjivm, Meuiff Mart'io, nnnn M.D.xxxii., 4to, 084
pages, beside unnumbered leaves. ' La pins nncienne de ees ( Latin) collections, '
says Boucher, BiU. Univ., i. "w. Although prepared by John Huttich, the
canon of Strasbourg, it is better known under the name of Simon Grynieus, wiio
^yl■utc the introductory and revised it at the request of Ilervagius, tho pub-
lisher, a well known bookman, greatly esteemed by Erasmus. Meusel, liihl.
JJint., iii. pt. i. 221, gives it with punctilious fainicsa the title of ('oUect'io
!!i
282
MEKTINT, WlXn MONTEZUMA.
ct'ptioii of a short angle near tlic shore led in a straiglit
J I uUichio-Onjnirn-lli rvnifntim, wliilo otlitTH npply only tli<' iiii'Mli' iiaiiin or
tlio last tu<i. 'J'lif iittriliutinii to » Jryiiii'iiH \-* ^.'riatly iliic to lii < tiimi- ii.h a ir-
fiiniKT, ax tlic iKTHoiuiI frii'iiilof Liitlirraiiil Calvin, at tluMlisi i.viu rut Ijvy'.s
luxt )H>()ks, and ui tlio lir^t of n long liuu <>t Hcliularii iclrhratril iiinlri' that
iiiiinc. It in an I'Xi'fUontly inintrd voliinif, with ijuuint licail i irrci, anil niu-
taining as it docs ho many iiapi'i'M of uliiili tliu oi'i;;inal iiiitinnM aio now loMt,
the foll<'i'tir)n niuat l)o <'Htoinii'd of great valiii-. 'J'ho ninctcrii iiitcis of oii;,'-
inal oontrilfiitions, joini)al», and lioiTowcd ai'rounts, iiuludc tliu voyagin of
C'lilnndiUH, Alonxo, and rin/oii fioni Mitilriijiimii; Allni-id \'ik]»iI''J uuui'jn-
(iiiiiiim qcVoH/f, and mtHliia/iimi'ii ////.; and /'ilri Mnrtiii'iH i/c iii'X (h. 'V\m
other narratives relato to A»i:i, to tlio J^evant, and to JJnssia. ^\'itll nointi
copies is found a inaii|H.'nionde, Init the only g<;nuini! >>ne, aeiordin;; to llurris.sc,
1.M4, bears the ins('ri|ition Tirrii il<; Culm, in tlie northern ]Kirt of tlio new
worhl, and in tlio Houtli, Pariax, I'nnibidi AiinTini '!'< i rti Sn^ a, /'risilin, with
tlio word Aniii in largo type. Among tliOHoveral editions theC Jci man of l.'i.'il,
liy Herr, is rarer than the above urigiiml, while tliu Diitehof l.'it»;{, by Ablijii,
is the most eomiiletc.
After lluttieli the voyage collections incronscd rapidly in numberand si/e,
till they reached the lino Kiiecinun of ]!amusiii, forming not only the tii^t
largo work of this class, but, for a long time, tlio most ( xtciisivo v\ hicli bears
on America, llarrisse, 4.")7, very justly observes that 'tlio jiiiblication of
Kamusio's JtacfoUa may be said to oiien an era in the literary history of
Voyages and Navigation. Instead of account.i carelessly coiiicd ami traiis-
Litcd from previous collections, perpetuating errors and aniHliroiiisnis, wo
iiiid in this woik original narrations juiliciously selectcil, caicfidly printed,
and enriched with notices which betr.iy the hand of a ticliolar of great criticid
acumen.' Tho first Issue appeared as I'lUmn Voli'iiic. JhlU: ynrii/iifiiuii i/ \'i(ii/<ji.
111. I'lncHa (i/ijrrrs.io t/fi lundi di Lvuntoii'io Vinitt, I'i'.d, folio, 40,"» leaves.
'l^es .Juntos (le) publicront. . . .sous la direction do .lean I'iiptisto liamu.sio.'
Cainiis, Mill). Coll. To//., 7. Neither in this, nor in tlietiiiid volume, is.siud
ill ir),")3, nor in tho eecond edition of the first volume, I.ViJ, d'les tho name
of Ciiumbatista Kamusio, Kunnusio, or Khamusio, appear as (uitlior, and it is
only in tho second volume that the publisher, Tommaso* iiunti, resolves to .set
aside tho modesty of his friend, ami to place his name upon tho title-rngc.
The publication of this volume had been ilclayeil till l.");!), owiii;^ to the ileaili
of tho author and to tho buniing of the printing establi.sliincut.
In the preface (Jiunti refers to the close friendship between them, and
extols Kamusio as a leanied man, who had served in foreign coniitrics,
acijuiring in this way a perfect knowledge of French mil Spanish. Ho liail
long been a devoted student of history and geography, iiisj)ircd to some ex-
tent by the travels of his uncle, tho celeiu-ateil Doctor (lirolamo Itamii.^in.
As secretary to the powerful Venetian Council 'do Signori l)ieci,' he w;is in
a position to maintain correspondence with such men as Ovicdo, Cabot,
Canlinal Bembo, and others, part of Avhich is to bo found i' Ltt'< re ili XI II.
Jliiomiiii illiintri, Venctia, 1,")(!.'). .11 this served him in tho loriiiatlon of the
great work upon which ho laborei .luring the last 34 years of his life. Jlu
died at Padua, July 10, lo.'j", 7- v irs of age.
The first volume relates chicllj ■ Asia and Africa, but contains Lctferc ihie
r papers on Spanish and l'ortu;,'iieso cir-
set have been somewhat changed ami
vtions, but the best editions are those of
econd, and third volume respectively.
Asia, but is of interest to Anieiicim
, doubted voyages of tin! brothers Zeiio.
Its small size indicates the loss it >. iistained by the events above referred to.
' Et no vi marauigliate, so riguardando gli altri duo, nou ucdreto (juesto Sccoilo
volume, si pieno & copioso di scrittori, como il llamusio gii s'haueua ppostu
di fare, chc la morto ui s'iutcrposc. ' ii. 2.
and Sotnmario by Vespucci, and i
eumnavigation. The contents of t.
increased during the several republ
15S8, 15811, and iriG."), for the first.
Vol. ii. of this set relates chiefly
stuilcnts for its narrative of the mu
RAMUSIO, VIAuOI,
liin' iiortliward to the heart of the city.' Thov passed
s(Vei';il towns, some on the shore, otliers touching the
(•iiustway," and supported to a great «;xtent by the
iiiaiiMfacturo of salt from the lake water. The eausc-
\\;\y had Keen reserved for the passage of the troops,
out tif defi-rence to the desire manifested to keep the
natives at a respectful distance," but both sides were
limd with canoes bearing an eager crowd of sight-
M( rs. About half a league from the city the cause-
way formed a junction with the road from Xochimilco
iiiid ( 'oyohuacan, at a spot called Acachinanco,'" where
a stout battlemented wall, fully ten feet in height, and
surmounted by two towers, guarded the two gates for
entry and exit.
Kntering here the Spaniards wore mot l)y a pro-
cession of over one thousand representative people
IVom the cai)ital," richly arrayed in embroidered
lolx'S, and with jewelry of pendent stones and gold.
Tlio tliinl volume is entirely tlcvotcd to America, nn<l contains nil the most
valiiiiMc <li>L'uments known up to tlie time of its first issue, mmAx us tlic rela-
tions ct M.iityi', Ovi<'ilii, < 'ort<'8, and liis contemporaries in Mexico, I'izarro,
\'ti:iz,':ihn, Cartliier, tlio /!' kttioii di Xrniin ill (!i:tiiiitii, in several parts, ami
the valualilo Hiliifinin' /-re rii ijfntU'hiionio li'l Si'jnor Fi nut in it ('orlisv. Tlio
viiluiiie liejiins witii a Icarne'l discourse l>y Itanui.sio on ancient knowledge of
a land t> tlie west, ancl of causes leadin;^ to the discovery. At tlie end of tlio
l.')(;;i eilitiiiii is a map of America, sliowinL; Lower California as a wide penin-
Fula, and T< rrd d I Fiic;/) joined to tlio land of the C'lrrult Aniiiftlcn. The
(uMiparativo crudeness of tho wood-cuts and maps has not made the woik
mm li c.^lecnuMl liy collectors, lint its value even now, foi rcferi;iice, is un(pics-
tiunid. 1'hc set was dedicated to llieronimo Fracastoro, the great poet and
jihy>iii;in, Ixirn mouthlcss, yet so ekxpient. S'-aliijfr, Anv Frivuii/oinr. At
till' end iif the J)i.iroi:sn itii/)fa Perv, iii. .S71, Kannisio says: ' Kt ouestfi nar-
ratiniH' inn hienitii liahhiamo voluto discorrerc per Batisfattione de i lettori,
laipiale i)in distintamentc legerannonel quarto volume. ' Accordini,' to Fonta-
iiiiii, JUi'i/., '2~\, the material for this volume lay ])repared in manuscript, only
ti pi li.^li in the disastrous fire of Xovemher, l.ViT.
'It is still one of tlio main roads, known under Spanish dominion as
Cal/aila de J/.tapalaoan, now as S. Antonio Aliad.
"Cnrtcs name.'- tlio well built Mexicalt/inco, Xiciaca, ami Ilnchilohunhico
(imw ( iiuruhusco), to which he gives r- jpectively HOm, (iOlH), and 4',M)0 to .")(tUO
faniiliis. ('(trtni, S'\—i. (lomara, ///■-^ Mi.r., 0!), names Coi.iacan instead of
Niciaca, and this elian;,'e is generally accepted, for the latter name is proljably
a mistake liy the copyLst or printer. l'i't< r Miirh/r, dec. v. cap. iii.
"'.Maiido fpic vn Indio en lengua Mexicana, luesse pregonando que nadio
PC atraiie.s.sasso por el oainino, sino qucriaser luego muerto.' Jltrnnt, ilec. ii.
lib. vii, cap. v.
'" .\Uo referred to as Fort Xoloc. ' En dondc hoy la garita do San AiUoiiio
AliH'l,' says llaniirez, in Pirxcott (ed. Mex. 1S4.">), ii. 104.
" Ikrrera, who is usually moderate, swells the figure to 4000.
m
■M
2S4
MEETIITO WITH MONTEZLTklA.
I' nH ■■
These passed before the visitors in a file, touching the
ground with their hand and carrying it to the lip in
token of reverence. This ceremony occupied an hour,
after which the march was resumed. At the junc-
tion of the causeway with the main avenue of the
city was a wooden bridge ten paces wide, easily re-
movable, inside of which Cortds halted to await the
emperor, then approaching." On either side of the
street, closely along by the houses, came processions
of nobles, headed hy lords and court dignitaries, all
of whom marched with bare feet and bowed heads.
This humility was owing to the presence of the
emperor, who in almost solitary grandeur kept the
centre of the road, borne in a richly adorned litter
on the shoulders of his favorite courtiers, and fol-
lowed by a few princes and leading officials." Three
dignitaries preceded him, one of whom bore aloft
three wands, signifying the approach of '^^^ imperial
head of the tripartite alliance, so that all persons in
sight might lower their heads in humble reverence
till he had passed.
On nearing the Spaniards Montezuma stepped from
the litter, supported on either side by King Caeania
and Cuitlahuatzin, his nephew and brother, and fol-
lowed by the king of Tlacopan and other princes.
Four prominent caciques held over his head a canojjy
profusely covered with green feathers set with gold
and silver, and precious stones, both fixed and pen-
dent, and before them attendants swept the road ami
spread carpets, so that the imperial feet might not 1 lo
'* Tho avenuo is now called el Roatro. The suburb here bore the iiaine of
Huitzitlan. ^Vltzillan quo ea cabe el hospital do la Concepcion.' Salnvimi,
JlLit.Coiiq., 23. At Tocititlan, says Duran, Jllsf. Ind., MS., ii. -JSO. '.Iiiiito
de la Hennita Jc San Anton.' Torqiiemada, i. 450. ' Segiin una antigiia tnuli-
ciou conscrvada en el hospital de Jesus, el punto en que lo ciicontro nu'' fr< iito
& (5stc. y porrccucrdo dclsuccsosehizolafundiuiioncnaqucl parage.' Alani'i'i,
D'iKcrL, i. 103; anA Rumlrez, note in PrcucoU (ed. Mex. 184")), ii. 10."). Tlio
previous authorities indicate, however, that the meeting took place fartliir
from the centre of tho fity.
'^ Chimulpain mentions among others Tctlepanquezatl, king of Tlacopan,
Yzquauhtzin Tlacochcalcatl, lord or lieutenant of Tlatelnlco, captain-general
Atlixcatzin, son of Ahuitzatl, and Tepehuatzin, son of Titotzin. Jlisf. Coii'i.,
125. Soliagun difi'crs sliglitly in the names. IJiat. Conq., 24-5.
MONTEZUMA APPEAES.
soiled. The monarch and his supporters were simi-
larly dressed, in blue tilmatlis which, bordered with
(Told and richly embroidered and bejewelled, hung in
loose folds from the neck, where they were secured
by a knot. On their heads were mitred crowns of
gold with quetzal plumes, and sandals with golden
soles adorned their feet, fastenings embossed with
gold and precious stones."
]\Iontezuma was about forty years of age, of good
stature, with a thin though well-proportioned body,
somewhat fairer than the average hue of his dusky
race. The rather long face, with its fine eyes, bore
an expression of majestic gravity, tinged with a
certain benignity which at times deepened into ten-
derness. Round it fell the hair in a straight fringe
covering the ears, and met by a slight growth of
black beard."
With a step full of dignity he advanced toward
Cortes, who had dismounted to meet him. As they
saluted,*" Montezuma tendered a bouquet which he
had brought in token of welcome, while the Span-
iard took from his own person and placed round the
iieek of the emperor a showy necklace of glass, in
' ' For dress, see Native li'^ces, ii. 178 et seq. CorWs gives sandals only to
Jloiitezuma, but it appears that persons of royal blood were allowed to retain
tlicni before the emperor, as Ixtlilxocliitl iUso atiirms. Jlint, Chick. , 2'J5 ; Oviedo,
iii. ."iOO; Purc/ias, JJia Pilgrimea, iv, 11'21.
' ' ' Cenzeflo y el rostro algo largo, 6 alegre. ' Bernal Diaz, 1114. Verdnd. ,
C7. 'Motec9uma quiere dezir hObro saftudo y grauo.' Gomarn, Hist. Mex.,
10I>; Acoda, IJist. Jnd., 502-3. It is from this, probably, that so many do-
s(:i'il)C him as serious in expression. A number of portraits iiavo been civea
of tho monarch, ditfering greacly from one another. Tlio best known isl'res- _
lott's, taken from tho i)aiating for a long timo owned by tho Coudoa do Mira-
Viille. tho descendants of Montezuma; but this lacks tlie Indian type, and
paiUkos too much of the ideal. Clavigcro's, Sloria Mesn., iii. 8, appears
Jimro like him, though it is to^i small and too roughly sketched to convey a
ckar outline. Far better is the haif-sizo representation prclixed to Linnti,
< o-i/iiiiifs, which indeed coiTcsponds very well with the text description. Tlio
fiiLO in Armin, AUe. Mex., 104, indicates a cour»e Aztec wairior, nud that in
Moiiliiitus, Nieuwe Wefreld, 244-5, an African prince, wliilo tho native picture,
as given in Varbajal Eapinoaa, Hist. Mex., ii. (i, is purely conventional. Tho
text description, based cliiofly on Bernal Diaz, is not inappropriato to tho
weak, vacillating character of tho monarch. Clavigero makes him nearly 54
yiars old, and Brasseur do Bourbourg 51 : but 40, as Bernal Diaz calls him,
ap[)iars to bo more correct.
"^'Ellos y el ficieron asimismo ceromonia de beaar la tierro.' CorUt,
Curias, 85.
s^
MEETINO WITH MONTEZUMA.
form of pearls, diamonds, and iridescent balls, strung
upon gold cords and scented with musk." With these
baubles, which were as false as the assurances of
friendship accompanying them, the great monarch
deigned to be pleased, for if every piece of glass Lad
been a diamond they would have possessed no greater
value in his eyes. As a further expression of his
good-will, Cortds offered to embrace the monarch,
but was restrained by the two princes, who regarded
this as too great a familiarity with so sacred a person.^*
The highest representative of western power and
grandeur, whose fame had rung in the ears of tho
Spaniards since they landed at Vera Cruz, thus met
the daring adventurer who with his military skill and
artful speech had arrogated to himself the position
of a demi-god.
After an interchange of friendly assurances the
emperor returned to the city, leaving Cuitlahuatzin to
escort the general.^' The procession of nobles now
filed by to tender their respects, whereupon the march
" 'Do margaritas y tliamantes de Tidrio.' Id. 'Que se dizen margagitas.'
Bernal Diaz, llixt. Verdad., Go.
"* Soils assumes that Cortds was repelled when he sought to place tho
necklace on Montezuma. Tho latter chides the jealous princes, and permits
him. Hist. Mex., i. 370. Tarecemo quo cl Cortes. . . .lo daua lamano dcreclia,
y el Montezuma no laquiso, 6 so la di6 ii Cortfcs.' Bernal Diaz, IJiit. VerdmL,
65. Tliia phrase, which applies equally to ofTering tho right hand, has been
so understood by thoso who notice it; but as this would bo confusing, Vctaii-
curt, for instance, assumes improbably that Marina offers her right hnnd to
Montezuma, which he disregards, giving his instead to Cort(5s. Teatro Mei:,
pt. iii. l:;i).
'" Cortrs, Cartwf, 85. Ixtlilxochitl has it that Cacama was left witli him;
and Bernal l)iaz, that tho lord of (.'oyuhuacan also remained. Accordiii? to
Corti's, Montezuma accompanied him all the way to the quarters in tho city,
keeping a fow steps before, (jromai-a and Herrera follow this version, lint
IJerual Diaz states explicitly that he left the Spaniards to follow, allowin.,'
tho people an opportunity to gaze; and Ixtlilxochitl assumes that ho jri" ^
in order to Iw ready to receive liim at tho quarters, llisl. Vhich., 2!)5. Jt is
not probable that ^lontezuma would expose himself to tho inconvenience I't
walking so far back, since this involved troublesome ceremonies, as wo liavo
seen, not only to himself but to the procession, and interfered with the pcoiilo
wiio had coino forth to gaze. The native records state that Montezniiia at
oneo surrendered to Cortes tho throne and city. 'Y so fueron ambos jun-
tos ;l la par para las casas reales. ' Snhaiju)), /list. Conq., 23-4. Leading ( 'ort. s
into tiie Tozi hermitage, at the place of meeting, ho made tho nobles luiiv^
presents and vender allegiance, while he accepted also tho faith. Duraii, Jint,
y<»;., MS., ii. 440-1.
«••
ENTRY IXTO MEXICO.
«7
was resumed to the sound of drums and wind in-
struments. At the liead were scouts on horseback,
followed by the cavalry, under Cortes, who had by his
side two lar<]fc greyhounds; then came the inftintry,
with the artillery and baggage in the centre; and last,
the allies.^" The streets, which had been deserted by
the people out of deference to the emperor and to the
requirements of his procession, were now alive with
lookers-on, particularly in the entrances to the alleys,
in the windows, and on the roofs. ^^
At the plaza, wherein rose the great pyramidal
temple surrounded on all sides by palatial edifices,
the procession turned to the right, and Cortes was led
uj) the steps of an extensive range of buildings, known
as the Axayacatl palace, which faced the eastern side
of the temple inclosure.^' Hero Montezuma appeared,
and through a court-yard shaded by colored awnings
"^ About GOOO in all. 'Xosotros aim no llegauamos & 450 solilailos.' Bemai
Diaz, Hist. VirdwL, Go. Prescott places the number at alwut ;J50.
'•" According to Sahagun not a soul was to be seen, either upon the cause-
■n-nyor aluu;,' the streets, the people having taken this manner to express their
imlipiation at the senii-forciblo entry of tlio Spaniards. Montezuma come to
rc'coivo thorn purely out of a feeling of humanity. Startled at this solituilo,
Cortt's fears dangers, and vows, if all goes well, to build a church. This was
the ofii,'iu, says J!ustainante, of the Hospita'. do Jesus. •Sahuijiin, Ili-t. Coin/.
(ill. Mu.\. IS-iO), 79-84. See note 12, this chapter. Brasseur do liourlwurg
accepts this view. Hist. Xat. Civ., iv. 'JTi-lS. .Still Sahagun describes tlie
int'.'i'viow with Cortes as most cordial. lie is in fact contradictory, and it is
evident that the order issued to the people to keep the narrow causeway
clear, and the cti(|Uettc which required them to give way to tho emperor,
have been h;istily interpreted by the chronicler into 'deserted streets' and
' peindar indignation.' Had the citizens objected to receive the strangers, the
In-idges could have been raised against tliem.
•'- ' Au eciin do la rue del Iiidio trsti' ct de celle do Tacuba,' says Humboldt,
Vurs, i. .W, prudently, without attempting to give it.^ extent. Ramirez a:ul
t'arbajul do so, however, and in allowing it alwut the same length as tho
temjile incldsure, they place it right acnxss tiie eastern avenue of the city,
wliich like tho otlicr three is admitted to have terminated at one of the temple
g;ite.s. Cii,-ii)ij,il E-i/iiiifixd, Hist. Mtx., ii. '2'1'2\ ltamir>-z, notes in J'irn'oli'n
-1/' '■. (ed. Mex. 1S4.")), ii. app. 10.1. 'Dondo hoy las Casas do el Mai(|ues del
^'illle,' says Lorcn/ana, in Cortex, Hist. X. Es/i., S(i, a stiitement di.>spnted by
later writers. Prescott (juotes llumlioldt, but evidentlj' does not understaml
liiiii, for he jilaccs the jialacc facing the western gate,' which is not only ou
th(.' wrong side, but across tiie western avenue. J/e.r. , ii. 79. 'Adonde. . . .
tenia el gran Monteeuma sus grandes adoratorios do idolos. . . .nos beuaion A
nposeiitar ;'i acpiella casa ])or causa, quo como nos Damauil Teulcs, e nor tales
iiiij tenian, que cstnuiesscmos cntrc sus idolos.' Ihrmd Piuz. J/isl. I'lnlad.,
tiii. The idea of being regarded as a god seems to have pleased tlic old soldier
iimiicnsely.
MEETIXG WITH MONTEZUMA.
and cooled by a playing fountain he conducted
him by the hand into a large hall. An attendant
came forward with a basket of flowers, wherein lay
" two necklaces made of the shell of a species of red
crawfish," so they said, and "much esteemed by the
natives, from each of which hung eight crawfish of
gold, wrought with great perfection, and nearly as
large as the span of a hand."'^ These the emperor
placed round the neck of the general, and presented
at the same time wreaths to his officers. Seating him
upon a gilt and bejewelled dais," he announced that
everything there was at his disposal; ever}"^ want
would be attended to. Then with delicate courtesy
he retired, so that the Spaniards might refresh them-
selves and arrange their quarters.
The building contained several courts, surrounded by
apartments, matted and furnished with low tables and
icpalli stools. Everything about the place was neat
and of a dazzling whiteness, relieved by green brandies
and festoons. The finer rooms were provided with
cotton tapestry, and adorned with figures in stucco
and color, and with feather and other ornaments set
with gold and silver fastenings. Here and there were
vases with smouldering incense diffusing sweet ]ier-
fume. So large was the place that even the allies
found room. The halls for the soldiers, accommo-
dating one hundred and fifty men each, were provided
with superior beds of mats, with cotton cushions and
coverlets, and even with canopies. Cortes was glad
to find the building protected by strong walls and
turrets, and after arranging the men according to
their corps, he ordered the guns to be jilanted and
the sentinels posted, issuing also instructions for the
considerate treatment of the natives, and for iiiter-
-' They doubtless fontietl a double necklace, with gold setting nnil pen-
dants. Corti'S writes that on the way to the palace Montezuma haltod to jilaco
then\ round ilia neck. Cartas, S^; Gouiara,IJist, Mcx., lOO-l; ISuhajiin, Jli^l,
Colli]., 23.
■■" 'A throne oigold,' is Peter Martyr's briefer yet grander tcnn. dec. v.
cap. iii.
PROTESTATIONS OF FEALTY.
289
course generally. jSIean while the servants had spread
a dinner, which Bernal Diaz describes as sumptuous."
1m the afternoon Montezuma reappeared with a large
suite. Seating himself beside Cortes,** he expressed
his delight at meeting such valiant men, whose fame
and dectls had already aroused his interest during
tlieir visits in the two preceding years at Potonchai
and Chalchiuhcuecan. If he had sought to prevent
their entry into the capital, it was solely because
his subjects feared them, with their animals and
thunder; for rumors had described them as voracious
lieiiiLjs, who devoured at one meal what sufficed for
ton times the number of natives, who thirsted for
treasures and who came only to tyrannize. He now
saw tliat they were mortals, although braver and
niiglitier than his own race, that the animals were
lai'iio deer, and that the caged lijjhtninjx was an ex-
anneration. He related the Quetzalcoatl myth," and
expressed his belief that they were the predicted race,
and their kinij the ri<Thtful ruler of the land. "Hence
bo assured," said he, "that we shall obey you, and
liold you as lord lieutenant of the great king, and this
without fail or deceit. You may command in all my
empire as you please, and shall be obeyed. All that
we possess is at your disposal."^
Cortes expressed himself as overwhelmed with these
kind oilers and with the many favors already received,
''^ //;V. Verdtul., G.')-G; ITerrera, dec. ii. lib. vii. cap. v.; Sahmjun, Hiat.
Cow/., -Jo-C.
■'' Iifviml Diaz states that the emperor always addressed him as Malinche,
mill, iiiilocd, it was ooniiiion arioiig Moxio^uis to address persons by a name
dwii tliiui in hiterlife in connection witli .some peculiarity, deed, or incident,
llfiic'c ( 'orti's, as ma.ster of the prominent female interpreter, received a name
imiilyin!,' that relationship.
■' For which see yatirf Pacpf.
"^^ < 'nrli-t, ( 'artn.i, 8(i. This is in substance the speech of ^fontczuma, as given
by iiiitive as will as Spanish records; yet it appears improbable that the
emncror should have been so ready, at the first interview, and in presence of
his cinuticrs, to humble himself so completely before a few strumirrs whom
he ro^Mrdcd as mortals. See note 19. 'Myself, my wife and cliildrx-n, my
lii'Uso, and all that I ]iossess, are at your disposal,' says the Spaniard, even in
pnr (l;iy. to the fuest whom he wishes to impress with his hospitality. Per-
l;yps Montezuma was e(|nally profuse witli hollow words, which have boon
recorded as veritable offers.
Hist. Mex., Vol. I. W
290
MEETING WITH MOXTEZUMA.
If
^^»
and hastened to assure the emperor that tliey were not
misplaced. He and his men caae indeed from the
direction of the rising sun, and their king, tlie miglit-
iest in the world, and the ruler of many great princes,
was the one he supposed. Hearing of the grandeur
of the Mexican monarch, their master had sent the
former captains, brethren of theirs, to examine the
route, and to prepare the way for the present com-
mission. He had come to ofter him the friendship ai'
their great king, who wished in no wise to interlVrc^
with his authority, but rather ^hat his envoys should
serve him and teach the true faith.
The reference to Montezuma's grandeur led the
emperor evidently to suppose that the rumors con-
cerning him current in the outlying provinces might
have reached the ears of the Spanish king, for lio
now alluded to the tales which raised him to a divnio
being inhabiting palaces of gold, silver, and precious
stones. ''You see," he added with a sad smile, wheriiii
seemed to linijer reofrets arisinij from his departiii''
glory, " that my houses are merely of stone and earth;
and behold my body," he said, turning aside his vest-
ment, "it is but of flesh and bone, like yours and otlici s.
You see how they have deceived you. True, ^ possess
some gold trinkets left me by my forefathers; hut all
that 1 have is yours whenever you may desire it. -^
Cortes' e3'es sparkled with satisfaction as he ex-
pressed his thanks. He had heard of jMontezunia^
wealth and power, and had not been deceived in tin'
expectation, for a more magnificent prince he had not
met with during his entire journey. Such Hue wort Is
must be rewarded. At a si<xn the attendants cain(>
forward with a rich collection of gold, silver, an 1
feather ornaments, and five thousand to six thousand
pieces of cloth, most fine in texture and embroidery. ^
^* Cortffi, Cartas, 86-7. Bemal Diaz introduces this paragraph during the
next interview.
"'' Jd. 'A cada \i\o de nuestros Capitanes dio cositas de oro, y trcs carLM"?
■do niantu^ de 'abores ricas de plumas, y cntre toiloa los aoUlados tanihifU nm
tij.bucudu vnuildoacargasdeuuuitaa.' Bemal Diaz, Jlist. rcrt/ai/. , 00; Gomant,
iii't
RETURX VISIT.
791
Being aslved what relationship the men bore to
one another, Cortes said that all were brothers,
friends, and companions, with the exception of a few
servants.^
Montezuma afterward elicited from the interpreters
who the officers and gentlemen were, and in conferring
favors he sent them more valuable presents through
the mayordomo, while the rest obtained inferior gifts
1)V the hand of servants.** At his departure from the
Spanish quarter the soldiers with redoubled alacrity
fell into line to salute a prince who had impressed
them both with his gentle breeding and his gener-
osity, and the artillery thundered forth a salvo, partly
to demonstrate that the caged lightning was a fearful
reality.^
The following forenoon Cortes sent to announce
that he would make a return visit, and several officers
came to escort him. Arrayed in his finest attire, with
Alvarado, Velazquez do Leon, Ordaz, Sandoval, and
five soldiers, he proceeded to the residence of Monte-
zuma, in the new palace as it has been called, situated
in the south-east corner of the great temple plaza. ^
If they had admired the palace forming theii* own
Ifist. Mex., 101-2; Peter Martj/r, dec. v. cap. iii. ; Diiran, Ifist. Ind., MS.f
ii. 441 -'2; Ilerrera, dec. ii. lib. vii. cap. vi.; Torque mcula, i. 4o'2-3; IxtlUxochttl,
Ili'l.Chich.,'2dii; PeriiUa, Not. Hint., 107-8. Aoosta implies that Cortes iiovr
n-cdiicilcd the Tlascaltecs with the Aztecs. Ifist. Ind., o'il.
^' ' Erainoa herniaiios en el amor, y amistad, 6 persouas raui priiicipales,' is
the way Bemal Diaz expresses it. Hixt. Verdnd., 06.
'■^ Uonuva, Hist. Mex., 10"2-.3. ' Los ha(,'ia proveer lucgo, assi de mugeres de
servii;io, como de cama, 6 les dal)a & cada uuo una joya que pessaba haata diea
pessos de oro.' Oviedo, iii. 500-1.
^^ I'itnncrrt, Teatro Mex.,pt.iii. 129. Sahagun, followed by Acosta, Brasseur
do IJourbourg, and others, states that the artillery was discharged at night to
surtle the natives. IliM. Conq. (ed. 1840), 85.
•" It is so depicted in the old Nuremberg view of the city, already referred
to. Itamirez, Carbajal Espinosa, and Alainan give the extent, and the latter
enters into quitfe a lengthy account of its situation with respect to present
and fonner outlines of the quarter. Disert., ii. 202, etc.; Carhnjal Knpimuia,
Jli.^l. Mex., ii. 221-2; liamirez, notes in Pnscott's Mex. (cd. Mex. 1845), ii.
api>. 103. Humlx)ldt places it opposite the southern half of the western
timple side, Ensai Pol., i. IT/O, but that site is assigned by all tlie u1k)vh
liistitrians to the old palace of Montezuma, so called— not the Axayacatl
where Cortes was quartered. The mistake is probably owing to his igno-
r;iiue of the fact that tiie residence of the Cortes family stood first on the
bite of the new palace of Montezuma, whence it was moved to that of the old
palace when the government bought the former.
r:i
202
MEETING WITH MONTEZUMA.
(|uartor, how much more charmed were thoy with
this, "which has not its equal in Spain," exchiinis
Cortes.
The exterior presented an irregular pile of low
buildings of tetzontU, raised upon high foundations,
and communicating with the square by twenty doors,
over which were sculptured the coat of arms of the
kings of Mexico. Tl.o bu'ldings were so arranged as
to inclose three public squares, and contained an im-
mense number of rooms and halls, one of them largo
enough to hold three thousand men, it is said. Several
suites were reserved for royal visitors, envoys, and
courtiers, while others were assigned for the emperor V:
private use, for his harem and his attendants. Large
monoliths adorned the halls or supported marble
balconies and porticos, and polished slabs of different
kinds of stone filled the intervening spaces or formed
the floors. Everywhere, on projections and supports,
in niches and corners, were evidences of the artist's
skill in carvings and sculptures, incised and in relief.
After being conducted through a number of courts,
passages, and rooms, partly for effect, the Spaniards
M'ere ushered into the audience-chamber, and removed
their hats as Montezuma advanced to receive them.
Leading Cortes to the throne, he seated him at liis
right hand, the rest being offered seats by the attend-
ants. Around stood with downcast eyes a number
of courtiers, who in accordance with etiquette had
covered their rich attire with a coarse mantle and
left their sandals outside the room.^ The conversa-
tion fell chiefly on religious topics, the favorite theme
with Cortt5s, who aside from his bigotry was not
averse to use the faith as a means to obtain a secure
hold on the people. In any case it afforded a shield
for other objects. He explained at length the mys-
teries of Chri.jtianity, and contrasted its gentle and
^''Thc Spaniards were also 'costretti a scalzarsi, cd a coprirsi gli abiti
sfnrzosi con vesti grossolaue,' says Clavigcro, Storia Mens., iii. 83, but that i^)
iialikcly.
FIRST LESSOX IN CIIRISTI.VNITY.
203
benevolent purposes with those of the idols, whieli
were but demons intent on the destruction of their
Aotaries, and trembling at the approach of the cross.
Aware of the inefficiency of himself and his interpreters
as preachers, indicated indeed by the passive face of
the proposed convert, Cortes concluded by intimating
that his king would soon send holy men, superior to
themselves, to explain the truths which he had sought
to point out. Meanwhile he begged the emperor to
consider them, and to abandon idols, sacrifices, and
other evils. "We have given him the first lesson, afc
any I'ate," said Cortes, turning to his companions.^"
The ruler of a superstitious people, himself a high-
priest and leader of their bloody fancies, was not
to be touched by this appeal of Cortds. The preju-
dices of a lifetime could not be so easily disturbed,
lie had well considered the words, lie replied, trans-
mitted already from the sea-shore b}' his envoys, and
had found many of the points identical with those
held by his people; but ho preferred not to dwell on
the subject at present. The god depicted was doubt-
less good; so were their own, for to them they and
their fcn-efathcrs owed health and prosperity. Suffice
it that he believed his guests to be the men predicted
to come. "As for your great king," he added, "I hold
myself as his lieutenant, and will give him of what I
jjossess." As a tangible proof thereof, he again before
dismissing them distributed presents, consisting of
twenty packs of fine robes and some gold-ware worth
I'lilly one thousand pesos."
'"'Con esto oumplimos, por scr el primer toque' Dvrnal Diaz, TT'iat.
Vcrdad., (i7.
"' '.\ nosotros los soldatlos nos (116 A cada vno dos collares de oro, quo val-
ciria cada collar dicz pesos, 6 dos cargas do luautas.' The rest went to tluir
olliccrs. /(/.
CHAPTER XVII.
CAPTURE OF THE EMPEROR.
November, 1519.
CouT^;s iNsrr.cTS the City — Visits the Tkmple with Moxtezitma — Dis-
covery Ol'linuiEl) TREASHUE — PuETENDEO EvIDEN(;E3 of TnEACHEUY -
Cortes Plans a Dark Deed — Preparations for the Seizure ov
MoNTEZUAiv — With a Few Men Cortics Enters the Auuience-Cuam-
1!i;r of the KiNu — Persitasive Discocrse — With ^^entle Foixe
Montezuma is Induced to Enter the Lion's Den.
Cortes failed not to make diligent inquiries and
examinations into the approaches, strcngtli, and to-
pography of the city, but he longed for a view fvoiii
one of the great temples which, rising high above i\\\
other edifices, would enable him to verify his ob-
servations. He also desired to obtain a closer insi<Tlit
into the resources of the place. With these objects
he sent to Montezuma for permission to make a tour
throufjh the town to the Tlatelulco market and teiii-
pie.* This was granted; and attended by the cavalry
and most of the soldiers, all fully armed, Cortes .set
out for that suburb, guided by a number of caciques.
It was here that the largest market-place in the city
was situated.''
' They liad now Ijcon four daj's in Jlcxico, withont going farther tlinn the
pal.TOc, says liornal Diaz. A page named Orteguilla, who liad ah'cady aojuitcil
a smattering of Aztec, was scat with the interpreters to ask tliis favor. J/i-t.
' Soldiers who had been in Romo and Constantinoplo declared that never
liail they seen so large and orderly a market, witii so large an attendanci'.
lieiiial Di.az indicates the site of the plaza to have been where the chiircli I't
Santiago do Tlatehilco was erected, and this still remains under tlie Siiiiu!
name, over a mile north-west-by-north of tiie central ))laza of Mexico. Jli-t'.
Verdnd., 70-1. Tlic olil maps of Mexico already spoken of give tlie .saruo
Bite, and Alamans investigations point out correctly the street which li'd iiml
loads to it, althougli he has failed to notice the above authorities, which give
the very site. Dkcrt., ii. '282-5.
(•2041
I
TLATELULCO TEMPLE.
295
ZUMA— Die-
lEACIIKUY -
SEIZrUE OK
KNCE-CUAM-
<TLK ruIlCE
rios and
and to-
iew from
xbovc all
liis ol)-
r insiHit
objects
e a tour
nd toni-
cavalry
rtes sot
aciques.
the cit}'
licrtlian the
Illy ai'(iuinMl
Buvur.
n,.-L
From tills centre of trade the Spaniards j)roccodud
(u the lol'ty temple, which occuj)icd one end of tlm
Tlati lulco markct-[)lacc,'' and whither Montezuma had
ii]rca<ly gone to ])re[)are for their reception, and to
pi'ojtitiate the idols for the intrusion by prayers and
saciifices. lie hoped, no doubt, that his i)rcsenco
would })rove a check upon the impulsive hands and
tongues of the guests. Dismounting at the gate, the
jidcrs advanced with most of the soldiers through the
temple court, and climbed the one hundred ami more
slrps which led to the summit. Some priests and
chiefs had l)een sent by ^lontezuma to assist Cortes
toasciuid, but lie preferred to trust to himself This
jiyramid, unlike that in Mexico proper, api)ears to
have had but one continuous stair-way leading up the
Western slo[)e.* The first sight which met the Span-
iards on reaching the summit was the sacrilicial cage
for holding victims, and a large snake -skin <lrum,
whose sonibre tones gave appropriate effect to the
hoi-rible rites enacted around it.
^Montezuma came out of one of the chapels to
welcome them, expressing a fear that they nmst liave
been fatigued l)y the ascent, but Cortes liastene<l to
assure him that Spaniards never tired. Calling their
attention to the view here aftbrded of the city and its
surroundiu'jfs, he stood silent for a while to let the
beauteous vision work its own enchantment. Around
on e\'ery side spread the lake and its connecting waters,
bordered with prairies and lields. Forests and towns
intermingled on the green carpet, and extended far
away till thcv disap[)eared in the shadows of the
hills. The sold" ■ " "
O
icrs recognized the settlements and
that mn-iT
latti-iiilaiicL'.
^o cliurth cl
It i\\v siiiiu:
jixico. //'■<'.
the same
which give
•191 >
* It has been generally accepted that the temple in the centre of tlie city
vas vi.sitfd, but IJcmal Diaz, wIkj is the only narrator of this excursion, states
iliwtiui'tly, in several places, tliat ♦lie pyramid ascended was situated in the
'llatclulco market- place, 'a'Liiide est;i aora seilor Santiago, (juc sr di/e el
'i'altehdco.' Il'ixf, I crdwl., 70-1. Tlie description of the tcmi)!c court and
interior is somewhat confused, and evidently combines points wliich belong
to the central temi)Ie.
' 1 Icnce tlic contradictions between descriptions and views furnished by
dillcrcut chruuiclcrs, which have so greatly puzzled modern writers.
I
\n
206
CAPTURE OF THE EMPEROR.
'. i'.
b -t'
towns wliicli they had passed, an«l saw the cause-
wavs whicli on three sides contiected witli the niani-
land. ]3eneath them lay a vast expanse of terraecd
roofs, intersected by streets and canals teeming witli
passengers and canoes. Here and there rose palatial
edifices and towering temples, interspersed with open
s(juares, and with gardens shaded by trees and relieved
by the silvery jets of the fountain. At their feet lay
the market through which they had just passed, alive
with busy Lilliputians, whose talk and cries reached
their ears in a confused murmur. Cortds could not
fail to be impressed by scenes so varied and so at-
tractive, but the {esthetic aspect was in him speedily
overshadowed by the practical sense of the military
leader. Then rose on high his soul as he thouLjht to
secure for Spain so rich an inheritance as the great
city with its vast population, and turning to FatliiT
Olmedo ho suggested that the site ought to be ol)-
tained for a church; but the prudent friar remon-
strated that the emperor appeared to be in no mood
to listen to such a proposal.
Cortes accordingly contented himself with asking to
see the idols, and after consulting the priests Monte-
zuma led them past the piscina with the vestal iiro
into the chapel. Withdrawing a tasselled curtain he
displayed the images, glittering with ornaments of
gold and precious stones, whicli at first drew the at-
tention of the beholders from the hideous form and
features. Before them stood tlic stone of sacrifice,
still reeking with gore, and aroun : lay the instru-
ments for securing the human victim and for tearing
open the breast. On one alt;ir <.ould be seen throe
hearts, and on the other five, offered to the idols,
and even now warm and palpitating with life. The
interior walls were so smeared with human blood as
to obscure their original color, and to emit a fetid
odor which made the Spaniards glad to reach the
open air again.
Forgetting his prudence, Cortds expressed his won-
AN AI.ADDIX'S CAVE.
297
(1( r to ]\r()ntcziuna that so great and wise a prince
should worship aboniinahlo demons like tliese. "Let
me l)ut phmt a cross on this summit," ho said, "and
within the chapel place an imago of the virgin, and
vou shall behold the fear of the idols," The eves of
till' priests wore at this aflame with anger, and tho
(•iii|ioror could hardly suppress his indignation as ho
loplied, "Malinche, had I suspected that such insults
were to be offered, I would not have shown you my
nods. They arc good; they give us health, suste-
nance, victory, and whatever wo require. We adore
tliem,and to them make our sacrifices. I entreat vou
sav not another word ajxainst them." Observin*; the
effect his remarks had produced, Cortes thought it
best to restrain himself, and to express regrets at
his hastiness. Then vith a forced smile he said
that it was time to depart. Montezuma bade them
farewell. As for himself, he must remain to appease
the ido's for the insult offered.'
Xot at all abashed by his rebuff at tho temple,
Cortes asked Montezuma to let him erect a church
in his own quarters. Glad probably at finding tho
Spanish pretensions in this respect so modified, ho not
only assented, but gave artisans to aid in tho work.
This was concluded within three days, and services
henceforth held therein, at which the Indians were
always welcomed. A cross was also erected before
the entrance, so that the natives might be impressed
by the devotion of their visitors.
This effort in behalf of the faith was not to go un-
ro(juited. While looking for tho best site for the altar,
says Bernal Diaz, Yaiiez, the carpenter, discovered
signs of a door-way recently closed and plastered ove?-.
Cortes was told of this, and ever on tho guard against
I)l<)ts, he ordered the wall to be opened. Aladdin on
entering tho cave could not have boon more surprised
^Ilernal Diaz, Hist. Virdad., 70-1. Sigiienza y dingora, tho wcnknown
Mexican scholar of the seventeenth century, follows Bernal Diaz. Aiiolaciouca
frit., MS., l-'i.
m
298
CAPTURE OF THE EMPEROR.
Pffli
4*'<
tlian the Spaniards were on stepping into the chamber
there revealed. The interior I'airlv blazed with treas-
urcs; bars of gold were there, nuggets large and small,
figures, implements, and jewelry of the same metal;
and then the silver, the rare bejewelled and em-
broidered fabrics, the prized chalchiuite and other
precious stones I Cortes allowed the favored beholders
to revel in the ecstasy created by the sight, but to
their greed he set a check. He had reasons for not
disturbing the treasures at this time, and gave orch-i-.s
to restore the wall, so that no suspicions might be
aroused that the deposit had been discovered.*^
One reason with Cortes for not touching the treas-
ures was to hold out an alluring bait to those who,
more prone to listen to the warnings of timid allies
than to the ambitious promptings of their leader, were
ever ready to take alarm and urge withdrawal from a
position which they regarded as dangerous. Unbend-
ing in his resolution, the general had nevertheless
grasped all the perils of their position. Hitherto
no firm ground existed for alarm. They had been
a week in the capital, and were still receiving from
all hands the kindest treatment and the most gener-
ous hospitality. Cortes was aware, however, that
this depended on the favor of the emperor, whoso
power over the submissive people resembled that ol" a
" ' Xo dcxarian de qacilar aprobcchiulos . . . . y satisfacer a sii neocsiiliiil,'
Bays Vetanciii't, who knew the avarice of his countrymen too well to Ijcliivo
in denials. 7Va^n», pt. iii. 131. liernal Diaz sa; ? that Yancz, as tiio servant
of N'elazqucz de Leon and Lugo, revealed the discovery to thuni, aad they told
Cortes. Tlic soldiers all heard of it, and ''ainc quietly to gaze on the treas-
ures, which rumor had alrca<ly located somewhere in the palace. ' lieing tlun
a young man,' says tlie olil soldier, 'and having never neen such wialtli, I I' It
sure that there was not anything like it in the world.' Hist. VcrdivL, 7'-';
Jfirreni, dee. ii. lib. viii. cap. ii. Tapia and Gomara state that Cortes di.s-
covered tiie door-way as he was walking in his room one evening, pondeiiii:^
on his plans for seizing Montezunui. ' Cerro la puerta. . . .por no e.sean'.a
lizar a Motec(,'uma, no se ostoruasse por e.s.so su prisiii. ' Oomani, //i-<f. Mrr.,
]'2'.i; Tdjvtt, h'cL, in Ica-Jtalrrta, Vol. Doc, ii. 'u9. Duran intimates tliat "ii
hearing of tlie existence of treasures in the palace, the Spaniards, ineliuliii,'
the ' Santo Clerigo,' oecnjiied themselves more in searching for them tliaii in
l)romoting ttie faith. They did not find them, however, till Montezuuia n ■
vealed the hiding-plaoo, under the pressure of questioiiH uud, it seems, vi
Lunger. JJiat. Jiiit., MS., ii. 445-0.
HEVIEWING THE SITUATION".
299
fro in
treiicr-
that
at ol' a
ccsidiul,'
to bflii'vo
LMvaiit
tin; trvas-
iltli.I f.lt
du'L, ;•-•;
!(jrtc.s i\\A-
jioiiiU rill.;
escali'li-
M,x.,
■s that .'11
iiu'liuUn.;
than ill
•/miia ii-
ti'ocl, and whose person appeared to them as sacred as
ills will was absolute. He had also learned that this
monarch was a man affrighted by his superstitions,
{ind often influenced by trifling circumstances; ready
to strike where he had fawned the moment before,
jind little bound by words or pledges, particularly
when they involved his own sovereignty. One mis-
step by the Spanish leader or any of his men, ill-
buluived and importunate as they were, according to
his own statement, might precipitate the change. The
jircsence of the hated Tlascaltecs was itself a burden,
and the drain for supporting the self-invited guests
would soon be felt. The religious topic had already
created a momentary irritation, which might rankle
and grow under the promptings of the priests, who
must naturally object to rival interference.
Empeior and subjects were evidently restrained
only by the military prestige of the S})aniards, and to
some extent by the belief in their divine mission; but
they were also aware that, whatever might be the
prowess of the visitors and the poM'cr of their weapons
and steeds, they were mortals, for this had been
j)roved quite lately by the unfortunate deft^at of
Escalaiite, and in the Nautla camj)aign. The soldiers
of ^lontezuma had but to raise the bridges of the
causeways and cut off" retreat, then stop sup[)lies and
ruduco them by starvation. Tvue, there was the fate
of Cholula before the ]\I( xicMis; but they had gained
experience, and could mass vastly more warriors and
arms, wliile tho Spaniards vrould have no allies in
reserve to operate in the rear. Besides, what mattered
the destruction of a part, or even of the entire city,
when thereupon depended the safety of the throne,
menaced by a horde of cruel, avaricious monsters!
Cortes h*^'^ considered all these points, and knew
the expediency of resolute action. He had undertaken
an euti^rprise wherein one ))old move must be sup-
jiorted by another, and to these all means had to bo
buhordinate. He had not come all this way to place
iill
ii
'
I •!* '
800
CAPTURE OF THE EMPEROR.
liimsclf within the power of a suspicious and vacil-
lating despot, nor to waste his time in wa'^Jng for what
events might bring forth, while his enemies, headed
by Velazquez, were arranging for his overthrow. Ho
had formed his plans long beforehand, as indicated in
his first letter to the king, wherein he promised to
have the great ]\Iontezuma " a prisoner, a corpse, or
a subject to the royal crown of your Majesty."'' Con-
quest, followed by settlement and conversion, was his
aim. It would not pay him to play for a smaller
stake.
Just now rumors began to circulate tending to
stir anew the fears which Montezuma's friendly and
hospitable demeanor had soothed. One was that the
nobles had actually prevailed on the emperor to
bi'eak the bridges, to arm the whole city, and to
fall on the Spaniards with all available strength.'
Soldiers were readily found who fancied that the
mayordomo was less obsequious than formerly, antl
that he gave scantier supplies. It was also under-
stood from Tlascaltecs that the populace appeared less
friendly during the last day or two. These reports
may have sprung wholly from timid minds still agi-
tated by the warnings uttered by Tlascaltecs befoi'o
the departure from Cholula, or they may have been
' He refers to this promise in the accord letter to the king, saying, 'porf|no
ccrti/i(|tit'' il v. A. que lo habria presoo muerto 6 subdito.' t'ortrn, (Jurtns, .")'.',
** 'Kii la venlad era asi o lo tiuieu aconhulo,' affirms Tpnia, Ret., in InrJnil-
crta, Col. Dor., ii. 570. 'Estas niicuas, falsas, o verdaderas,' is the non-coiii-
niittiug phrase of Gomara. Ilisl. Me.r.,Vl'^. Ixtlilxochitl takes firmer gnmnii.
'According to nn otiginal letter in my possession, signed by the three \wmU
if New Spain, and written to his Majesty the emperor, our master, thry excul-
^late Miiteouhzoma and the Mexicans of this and otiier charges, declaring thciii
iiivi'iitions of tlie Tlascaltecs and of some Spaniards who fear:^d that thiy
would never see the hour when they might leave the city and place in security
tlie riciies tlicy iiad obtained.' //int. thic/i., 29C). Chivigero adopts tlie vii'W
tliiit C(>rtc.s called for such testimony from certain chiefs among Ids nllii'-j,
whoso dislike of tiie Mexicans would be sure to prompt it. 'Per ginstiticiir
vit'ppii'i il suo attontato, c muovere i su^i Spagnuoli ad eseguirlo, fece cliiii-
mar parecchie persono principali de'suoi alleatt (la cui informazione lovrcbbe
Bcnipro essergli sospettosa).' Storin xMenn., iii. 90-1, Vetancurt has a stury
that, a drouglit prevailing at tlie time, the Spaniards induced the hcavl■n^^ by
means of nuos-ses and prayers to send rain. This made the priests and idols
ji'ahius, and tlie emperor was prevailed on to rid himself of the Spaniards,
he Tlascaltecs learned of the plot and reported it. Ttatro, pt. iii. 130.
i:
A DARING PROJECT.
301
'-y
'porqno
n'tiis, >V2.
/(■(i-Jiiil-
non-com-
gIMUllll.
y excul-
ing tlu'iu
hat tlicy
security
the view
is nllic-i,
institicar
•CO cliiii-
a stiii-y
avins liy
mil iiloU
jianiarcls.
30.
it
o
promotcfl by Cortes himself in furtherance of his
lilans. He at any rate seized the pretence to hold a
c()uucil, composed of Alvirado, Leon, Ordaz, and
Sandoval, together with twelve soldiers whose advice
\ic most valued, "including myself," says Bernal Diaz.
His chief reason was to persuade them of the neces-
sity for the measure he had resolved on, and to win
tiieir liearty cooperation. Laying before them the
current rumors which confirmed the warnings fjr-
nicrly received, and representing the unreliable and
suspicious character of Montezuma, his great power,
an I the peculiar position and strength of the city, he
.ir hided by proposing the daring venture of seizin
t " nperor and holding him a hostage.®
Here was folly run mad! Four hundred men, after
penetrating formidable barriers and gaining the very
iioart of a great empire, whose vast armies could
t)ppose a thousand warriors to every Spaniard there,
cDully propose to take captive the worshipped monarch
of this vast realm, and then to defy its millions of
sul^jects! The wildest tales of mediaeval knights
hardly equal this p)cject. Reckless as was the con-
ec[(tion,. it w^as the fruit of yet greater audacity.
Cortes reared his structure of folly insensate upon
the j'^.atforni of still greater insensate folly. If it was
true that bo had practically placed himself in the
}iosi*io)i :!:' a «■ iptive, then he would cut the knot by
faptu'^i f>' iln captor. And yet, foolhardy as might
appear the .-theinf' whc?). coolly viewed from the islo
of Cuba, sau^^^ci.i as the Spaniards were, it was doubt-
less the best they could do; it was doubtless all tliey
could do. The efficiency of hostages had been fre-
" According to Bernal Diaz the nieinbers of this council suggosteil not only
till' seizure but tUo reasons for it. C'ortrs ri'sponihnl that he luul not heeii
olilivious of tlic danger, but saw not liow the seizure could be circetcd. Tlio
ca[.taiMS proposed to beguile the j)rince to their (piarter and detain l>im. If
CDrtcs hi - !itcd tlicy were villiiig to undertake the tuisk. Tin; old soldier is
eviilcnt!\ ;'. 'ed, an he wn3 in the scuttlin," airair, to assume too much credit
for iiinio' i; in I l\is fellow-soldiers. Cortes hcil no doubt adopted ]iisc(jiuiiion
tictios, 80 t !■ , tly ftdinittecl by Bernal I )iaz himself, of inspiring his oontiai lea
t" suggest \\ , \, ho h.id resolved on. Thi.s is jiroved liy the promise made to
the emperor in his first letter, four mouths before, to capture Montezuma.
I
302
rATTURE OF THE EMPEROR.
qnontly tried bv the conqueroi*s in the Antilles, and
tiie opportune seizure of the Cempoalan lord had not
JK'en forgotten; but this had been cftected under tlio
impulse of the moment, while the chieftain was sur-
rounded by Spaniards. Here was required not only
a calm resolution, unflinching to the end, but a well
laid stratagem. Cortes stood prepared with both.
Producing the letter from Villa Rica, which had
been kept secret all this time, he gave an account of
the unfortunate successes at Almeria, describing in
exaggerated ten* s the treachery of Quauhpopoca,
and consequently )' ' mtezuma as his master, ami
stirring the feelings the council by an appeal to
avenge their comrades.' Here was a pretence" whith
served also to set aside the suggestion that the em-
peror would be only too glad to let them depart in
peace, for it was argued that a retreat now, since the
S{)aniards stood revealed as mortals, would draw U})ou
them not only the contempt of allies and countrynien,
but a general uprising, with the most fatal results.
Ketreat meant also the surrender of all hopes ot"
wealth, preferment, and honor, to be followed by
punishment and disgrace for their irregular proceed-
ings so far. With ^lontezuma in their power, thoy
possessed a hostage whoso sacredness in the eyes of
his subjects insured their safety, and made the peo})lti
pliable to their will, while disaffected vassals could be
secured by alliances, or by the promise of reforms.
Should the seizure result in the monarch's death,
the succession would doubtless become the cause <»f
division and dissension, in the midst of which tlu^
S})aniards might influence aftairs in their own in-
terest. Thus were answered the various objections
raised.
'"IVriial Diaz, Tfisf. Vcrdnd., 73, followed by a numlwr of other writers,
stati's that the letter was received at Mexico the morning after this moetiiiL.',
liut it lias been shown tliat he must be mtouj;. He mentions as one of thw
statements in tlie letter that the Totonacs were in revolt, and it is proliaMe
that fortes may have said so to show the soldiers that retreat WiW cut oil',
and that sciziire was the only recourse.
" As both I'etcr Martyr and Uomara coll it.
THE MAXXER OF IT.
303
As for tlic manner of seizure, the safest plan would
(liuibtless be to inveigle Monte/Auna to their quarters
and there detain him; but this would cause delay,
and might arouse suspicion," and, since prompt action
was considered necessary, the best way would be to
Si ize him in his own palace. This was agreed upon,
and the same evening the facts and arguments were
t'tfectively presented to the men and preparations
made.
"All night," writes Bcrnal Diaz, "we passed in
earnest prayer, the priests devoutly imploring God
to so direct the underta, mg that it might redound to
his holy service."*^
In tlie morning Cortes sent to announce that ho
\V(>uld visit the emperor. He then despatched a num-
ber of small parties as if for a stroll, with orders to keep
themselves in and near the palace, and on the way to
it. readv fi)r any emergency. Twentv-five soldiers
were told to follow him, by twos and threes, into the
andience-chamber, whither he preceded them with
Alvarado, Sandoval, Velazquez de Leon, Francisco
(Ic Lugo, and Avila." All were armed to the teeth,''
and as the ^[exicans had been accustomed to see
them thus equipped no suspicions were arousetl.
^lontezuma proved on this occasion to be particularly
U'l-acious, and after a brief chat he offered several
])resents of finely wrouglit gold, and to Cortes he
|iiesented one of his daughters, the captains being
Li'iveu women of rank from his own harem, which
'•'Tlio neglect of this less speoily jilan (Iocs indicate that the rumors of
(laiiu'iT wete credited to a great extent at least.
'■■//'>'.'. !''■/•(/■ ((/., 74. Corte.< in his i|uict way writes to the king that, after
I' issiuLTsix days in the great city, and linding tliat for various reasons ' it suited
till' royal interest and our safety to liavo this lord in my jjower. and not wholly
;it lilierty, lest he change in tlie jiroposal and desire manifested to serve Y.
II . .1 resolved to seize and place him iu the quarter where 1 was ' i'artin,
^^ 11.
' ' ' -Manih' quo su gente dos i^ dos tS cnatro A cnatro se fnesen tras el . . . .6
C'M <l eutramoa h.astii treinta espanoles i5 los dcmas (piedalwu li la jiuerta de
la iiisa. (^ cu un patio della,' says 'I'apia, who appears to have been one of
liio^c who entered. AV/.. in IcaJnilceta, Col. Doc, ii. ,')79.
''(.'o annas secretas,' says tJomara, HUt. JIvjc., V23, and probably they
did bear extra weapons beneath thek cloaks.
8M
CAPTURE OF THE EMrEROR.
I
was a mark of great favor." Cortes sought to dec'lino
for liimself the favor, on the ground that he could
not marry. Montezuma nevertheless insisted, and ho
yielded not unwillingly."
Assuming a serious tone, the latter now produced
the letter from Villa Rica, and informed the emperor
that he had received an account of the outragi-eous
conduct of Quauhpopoca, resulting in the dcati of
some of his men, and that he, the sovereign, had bt on
accused of beinij the instigator. Montezuma ffiivu
an indignant deniaV^ and Cort<5s hastened to assure
him that he believed the charge to be false, but as
commander of a party he had to account for the men
to his king, and must ascertain the truth. In thi:?
Montezuma said lie would aid him ; and calling a trusted
officer, he gave him a bracelet from his wrist bearing
the imperial signet— a precious stone graven with liis
15''<mess" — bidding him to bring Quauhpopoca and his
accomplices, by force, if necessary.^ Cortes expressed
himself pleased, but added that, in order to cover his
responsibility as commander, and to convince his men
"■' ' Yotras hijas tic sefiores A algitnos de mi compaiiia.' Cort('s, Carfa,^, SO.
But the oustoiuiii-y mark of fii.or was to give them from his harcni. Soo
JN'(i/(ct' lidccs, ii.
'■ ' Per noil dar disgiisto al Re, e per averc occaaione di farla Cristiana," is
Clavigcro's cxcnse for the acceptance. Storia ^f<'S)>.,ni.{)3. Brasseur do 15oiir-
bourg, and some other writers, assume that Corttis declined; but the original
authorities all say or intimate that he accepted. Even Corti'S himself writes
in his letter to the emperor, 'despues. . . .dc habermo I'l daik) alginias joyas
do oro y una hija suya,' etc. Cartas, 89. ' Lc persuadi6,' says I.xtlilxoohitl,
JliM. CItiih., '2iHi. (Jomara is even more explicit, and Herrera says that
Montezuma insisted, ' porquo queria tener nietos dc hombrc tan valeroso.' doc.
ii. lib. viii. cap. ii. The affair is perhaps less important in itself than as indix
to tlie character of Cortt-s, who could accept so intimate an offer with ono liaiid
while lie prepared a blow with the other. It might also bo made to indicate
that Montezuma could have had no bjvse designs against him when ho iiuuio
the uncallod-for offer of intrusting a daughter (if such she was) to his koepiiiL:.
Still the imperial character would not have suffered had it been sliown that
this was but an artifice to lull his intended victim into ii false security.
'"Some authors, like Ilerrera and Torquemada, say tliat he denied all
knowloilge of the occurrence, calling ij an invention of enemies.
^'Uxllilrochill, Hint. (VkVA., '2!)7. 'Q tenia la iigura de Vitzilopuchtli.'
(7oiiiarti, V2',\; and so says Ikrnal Diaz. Tapia states that Montezuma toM
Cortes to send two Spaniards with the messengers; but ho doubtless deoliiud
to risk two lives on such a trip. lid., in Icazbalceta, Vul. Doc, ii. 583-4.
'■"' ' Iiigrato rey !' exclaims Gallo, in commenting upon this surrender of a
devoted ollicer. JJombres Hunt, Mex,, i. 318.
INFA^klOUS INVITATION.
305
tliat the emperor was indeed as innocent as Cortes
believed liini to be, it would be advisable for him to
come and stay at their quarters till the guilty parties
luid been punished.**
Montezuma was dumfounded at this unhallowed
iiiij)udence. He, the august sovereign, before whom
t'vcn princes prostrated themselves, at whose word
armies sprang into existence, and at whose name
luighty rulers trembled, he to be thus treated by a
score of men whom he had received as guests and
loaded with presents, and this in his own palace I For
a moment he stood mute, but the changing aspect of
his c(.)untenance revealed the asxitation within. At la.st
ho exclaimetl that he was not the person to be thus
treated. He would not go. They could always find
him at his palace.
Corte's pleaded that his presence among the soldiers
was necessary, not merely'" as a declaration f)f his in-
nocence, but to allav the rumors which had readied
them that he and his people were j)lotting for their
destruction. ^lontezuma aijain made an indi^rnant
denial : but addeil that, even if he consented to go, his
)K'o[)le would never allow it. His refusal, insisted the
general, would rouse the worst suspicions of his men,
and he could not answer for their acts. ^Eexico might
meet the fate of Cholida, and he with it."
]\lontezuma now began to implore, and offered to
surrender his len'itimate children as hostaws if ho
wei'e but spared the disgrace of being made a prisoner.
This couhl not be, was the reply. The Spanish
quarter was his own palace, and he could re^idily jK-r-
suade his subjects that he went there for a short time
tit" liis own accord, or at the command of the u^ods.-^
■'lic'iiKil Dia?; makes Corti's aecnso tlio emperor of perfidy, ami of liavint?
iiisti,L'ati'>l tlicCliMliila Kiassaere. ///>'. Vml'iit., 71. IJiit this lie wmiM lianUy
do, siiieo his purpose was clearly to persuade, not to arou.se aii!_'er.
'■ ' Xo ijuerria eoinenear giierra, iii dcstruir nrpiestii I'iudad que pi
alhoroto, o vo/.es daua, (jue luego sercis mucrto de aquestos mis I'apitaues, quo
im Ins t!'ai;;o ]iara otro efeto,' is IJernal Diaz' Muiit version. ///,</ l"( /■'/■''/., 74.
•^'Auia tenido platioa de su idolo Huichilobos. .. .que coiiveuia para su
s&h;d, y guardar su vida, estar con nosotros. ' it/., 7o.
IIlsi. Mex., Vol. 1. 20
•m
30G
CAPTURE OF THE EMPEROR.
Ho would bo treatofl with every consideration, and
should enjoy his usual comfort, surrounded by fav(jritos
and councillors. The plan involved no change beyond
that of residence, to a place where he would be under
S'oret surveillance.
Montezuma still objected, and time was passiujj^.'-'*
The companions of Cortes becoming nervous at this
delay, Velazquez de Leon exclaimed in his sten-
torian voice: "Why so many words, your worship?
Let us either carry him off" or despatch him. "J^ll
him that if he calls out or creates a disturbance
we shall kill him!"^' Turning in alarm to Marina,
Montezuma inquired what was meant. Full of pity
for the troubled monarch, she told him that the men
were becoming impatient at his delay. She besought
him, as he valued his life, to accede to their wishes
and go with them. He would be treated with all the
honor due to his rank. A glance at the frowning
faces of the Spaniards confirmed the mysterious woi-ds
of the interpreter, and chilled him to tlie heart. Ho
had heard too many accounts of the resolution and
cruelty of these men not to believe them capable of
anything. Were he to call for aid they would no
doubt kill him and destroy the city; for few as tin y
were they had proved themselves equal to hosts of
natives.
The unhappy monarch yielded, since it was so
decreed — by the sublime audacity of this score ef
adventurers. The spirit of Axayacatl had evidently
not survived in the son, and the prestige of his early
career as military leader had dwindled to a nieie
shadow in the effeminate lap of court-life."'' Sum-
moning his attendants, he ordered a litter brought.
'•" ' flatiuiieron mas dc niedi.a liora en cstns platicas. ' Id,, 74. Tapia ;iii'l
others say four lionrs, which is unlikely.
'■ 'Forque mas vale que desta vez asscguremoa nuestras ^•^das, (S las jit r-
damos.' Jlvriml J>inz, Hist. Verdad., 75.
^"'Era, 6 muy falto dc iinimo, 6 pusilrtnime, 6 muy pnidente.' Orkdo, iii.
289. 'En (51 sc cumplio lo que de I'l se decia, que todo honibre cnii'l es n)-
barjc, aunque A la verdad, era ya llegada la voluutad de Dios.' IxtUlxochiH,
JieL, 411.
HE GOES WITH HIS EXEMIES.
Wf
Everything had been quietly conducted, and sinco
none ventured to question the emperor, his com-
mand was silently obeyed; but the mysterious in-
terview and his agitation roused their suspicions,
and the rumor spread that something extraordinary
was about to happen. Wondering and murniuriiig
crowds had already collected along the route between
the two palaces when the emperor appeared. On
seeing the sorrowing faces of the favorites who boro
him, and observmg how closely it was surrounded
l»y the Spanish soldiers who acted as guard of honor,
their fears became confirmed. The distance to the
(|uarters w'as too short, however, and the news had
not yet travelled far enough, to allow a serious dem-
unstration.^' But not long after the plaza in front
''■ Bcnial Diaz intimates clearly enough that no demonstration was ma<lo
till after his arrival. Hist. IcrdcuL, 75. And so docs Corti'S. ' Llorando lo
tiiiuiiron en ella [the litter] con mncho silencio, y nsi nos fuimos hasta el
nposonto donde estaba, sin haber alboroto en la ciudad, aunque sc conien/o ix
mover. I'ero sabido por el dicho Muteczuma, enviu a niandar que no lo hubiesc;
y asi, hiibo t«da (|uietnd. ' Cartas, 90. Ixtlilxocliitl, iiowevci, .lUows Mtmte-
ziiiiia to stay long enough in his palace, after ordering the litter, to enable the
IdviLs anil nobles to come and oflei their services. A delay like this, wliii li
the Spaniards certainly never could have jjermittcd, miglit have given time for
till' tumultuous gathering which he describes. J list, t'hich., 21)7. Prescott, in
following this version, makes the emperor so far overstep his usual dignity
as to 'call out' to the people to disperse. 'Tambien detuvieron consigo ii
//'■»f(»/(/si»,gobcrnador (lel Tlatilulco.'says Sahagun, while the leading nobles
'luaiulo fue prcso Mocthccuzoma le desampararou y se escondieron.' JIi.st,
Colli/., 25.
The seizure has, like the equally prominent episodes of the massacre at
<."luilida, and the scuttling of the lleet, aroused no little comment in justifica-
tion or condemnation. 'Now that I am old,' says IJenial Diaz, '1 stop to
consii'or the heroic deeds then performed, and I do say that our achievements
voiv not etlected by ourselves, but were all brought alx)ut by God ; for what
nii'ii have existed in the world who, less than 450 soldiers in number, dared to
oittT into so strong a city as Mexico, larger than Venice, and so remote from
Castile, to seize so great a lord?' J/isl. !'</•(/«(/., 7(5. ' Never Greek or Roman,
nor of other nation, since kings exist, performed .a like deed, only Fernando
Coiti.s, to seize Moteccuma, a king most powerful, in his own house, in a
\'hcv most strong, amid an infinity of people, while possessing but 450 coni-
pauions. ' Gomara, Hist. Hex., 1'_'4. Connnenting on this, Torquemada aiid.i
that 'it was indeed a deed for daring never seen, and must lie attributed
to (lod rather than to human heart.' i. 458. Solis of course fails not to extol
till' L'cniiis and daring of his hero, whose deed 'appears rather in the light of
a talilc' than in consonance with simple history. Illil. Max., i. 448. 'A deed
V. liirli makes one tremble even to conceive, and niuch more to carry out. i'lLit
('Oil had so determined it.' I.ctlilxochitl, Hist. Chich., '2!)(). ' History contains
iiotliiiig parallel to this event, either with respect to the temerity of the
alo lupt.or the success of the execution,' etc. I'ulirrt-^on'n J/ist. A ni . ,n. W. 'An
expcd.cnt, which none but the must daring spirit, in the moat desperate ex-
i
303
CAPTURE OF THE EMPEROR.
i'^lK
of it was Mocked with an excited multitude, and a
number of leading personages and relatives made
their way into the presence of their sovereign, asking
with tearful eyes and knitted brows how they miglit
serve him. They were ready to lay down their lives
to )-escuc him. He assured them with a forced smile
that there was no cause for alarm. Too proud to dis-
close his pusillanimity, he readily echoed the words
of Cortes, that he had come of his own free-will, and
at the intimation of the gods, to stay awhile with liis
guests. He told them to calm the people with this
assurance, and to disperse the gathering.
titiinity, would liave conceived.' PreacotCa Mex.,\\. 159. 'An iinparallckd
tr.'insaotion. There is Jiotliing like it, I believe, in the annals of the wurld.'
//<■/;/<' Cortt's, ii. ,'$51. Clavigero is Icaa carried away by the incident, for he sfos
therein tlic hand of Goil. Nevertheless, he sympathizes with Montezuma.
S/(ir!(i ^fcnn., iii. 0"), etc. Piwirro y Orellana finds the deed eclipsed by the
similar acliievement, with a smaller force, under his namesake Pizarro. Vdrnms
/ivKlrrfi, 81)-!)(). And later Mex'oan writers, like Bustiimante, see, naturally
enough, nothing but what is detestable in the incident, for .according to the
niitive records which form their gospel, Montezuma was guiltless of any bane
intents. Unfortunately for them, these very records paint him a blood-tliirsty
d(^-;]iot who punishes the .slightest offence against himself, even when merely
«usi)ected, with the most atrocious cruelty ; one who is continually seeking
Ills aggrandizement at the cxjicnse of inoffensive, peace-loving tribes, who
oppresses not only conquered peoples, but hia own subjects, with extoi'tionato
taixes and levies to satisfy his inordinate appetite for pomp and for new idii-
fjiic^ts. Tiiese records also admit th.at he had repeatedly sent sorcerers, if nut
.nrniios, to entrap and destroy the Spaniards. He who looked calmly on hcc.i-
t()ml)s of his own subjects, slaughtered before his very eyes, would not hcsi-
t.'ite to condemn strangers for plotting against the throne which was dearer
to him tiian life itself. The Spaniards may have anticipated events consider-
ably, but there is no doubt that numerous personages, from Cuitlahuatzin down-
ward, were bitterly opposed to their euforctid guests, and they would sooner
or later have re;ilized the rumors which the allies began to circulate. Placed
an he was, Cortes' duty to himself, to the men intrusted to him, to his kin^;,
and to the cause of religion, as then regarded, required him to give heed ti)
sueli rumors, and, after weighing their probability, to tfikc the precautiunai y
nie.isure of seizing the monarch, since retreat not only appeared frauglit « ith
disaster and dishonor, but would be regarded as a neglect of opportunity and
of d\ity. With Corti5s, naught but tlie first steps in assuming tiie eoncjucst,
and in usurping certain credit and means, can be regarded iis crimes, and tlu!
foi'nur of these was forced upon him by circum.stanccs of hia age and sin-
nnindings. Every jiroject, then, conceived l)y him for the advancement of Ms
givat undertaking must redo md to his genius as soldier and leader. Of course,
among these projects appear many which did not advance the great obj;'if,
.Tid which must be couucmued. But where do we find greatness wholly Iric
from staiu?
CHAPTER XVIII.
DOUBLY REFINED DEALINGS,
1519-1520.
Hollow TTomaoe to the Captive Kino — Montezhma has nis Wives and
NdiiLES — He Rules his Kingdom throitoh the Spaniauds — Thk
Playful Page — Liberality of the Monarch — The Sacreu Treah-
riiES— Cortes Resents the Lnsults of the Giaru — Diversions —
QrAiHPoPOCA, his Son and Officers, Bcrned Alive — Plantation-s
Formed — Villa Rica Affairs — Vessels Built — Ple-vsure Excur-
sions.
A POMPOUS reception was accorded the imperial
prisoner. With no small ceremony was he conductetl
to ajiartments adjoiuins^ those of Cortes, as selected
by liimself, and tliere surrounded by all accustomed
conii'orts and every show of greatness. At hand were
his favorite wives, his most devoted servants; he held
court daily, received ambassadors, issued orders, and
with the aid of his learned jurists administered justice.
To outward appearance the monarch was as absolute
as ever; yet Montezuma knew that his glory had
(k'parted, that the continued forms of greatness were
lutllow, and that his power was but the power of a
I)Ui>pet. He was wise enough to know that a strong
iiiaii is not to be trusted who is olHciously kind to a
weulc one.
Hinceforth the power of the nation, in the hands
of these insidious strangers, was to be directed against
liimself It was a cunning policy, craftily conceived
and deftlv executed.
Cortes took care that everything round the pris-
oner should move smoothly, and that his })resence in
till' Spanish quarters should appear to the natives a
tr 1
SIO
DOUBLY REFINED DEALINGS.
Voluntary rather thaw an onforeod visit. To liIs nioic
inlinialo lords and siiltjcft.s, however, who knew l)et(t r
Lis condition, and who sometimes ui'ged him to return
to his palact , the poor eai)tive would say, "Ah, no!
it is the will of the ^ods that I remain with these
men and be guided by their counsel." But on no
account nuist the imi)erial inlluence bo allowed for tlic
present to decline before the peo[)lc. The deception
nmst be continued, and the dignity of the sovereign
ii]ili«.'ld by a deferential attention as profound as tluit
which was shown before his imprisonment. ]3aily,
after prayers, the Spanish general came to j)ay his
respects, attended by several of his ca[)tains, more
fre(]uently Alvarado, Velazquez, and Ordaz, and to
receive the imperial commands with ivspect to his
comforts, ])leasures, and duties. On these occasions,
and indeed whenever he aj^peared before the emperor,
{says Bernal Diaz, Cort''s set the example to Jiis
followers by doffing his hat and bowing low, and never
did he presume to sit in the royal presence until
i'e(] nested to do so.
Yet a most unpleasant reminder to the monarcli
of his circumscribed authority was the over present
guard in and around his apartments.^ This was under
tlie connnand of Juan Velazquez do Leon, who en-
forced the strictest vv'atch, particularly when it became
known that Montezuma's courtiers lost no opportunity
to urge escape, and that he lent thorn a not unwilling
ear, despite the professed desii'o to remain with the
Spaniards. Among the several schemes with this
object are mentioned bored walls, tunnels beneath
the palace, and an attempt by the emperor himsilt'
to leap from the summit of the building into a sale
receptacle prepared for liim.^
' 'Lo dio cii guimla A iin capitan, i5 Jc nochc 6 do dia sicmprc cstalnn
csiwfiok's cii su prt'.sencia.' Tupui, Ih'L, in IcazbalccUt, Col. Doc, ii. oSO. This
captain appears to have been Juan ydazqucz, wliose place was taken by 01i<l,
vlion required. Ucrunl Diaz, llht. Vinlad., 77, 80.
'•^ ' So quiso eciiar do vna arntca do dicz cstados en alto, para quo los snyos
Ic reci))ics9cn, sino lu detuuiera \n CastcUauo. . . . Dcnoche y dc dia procuiaii;:ii
do sacarlc, oradaudo a cada passo las parcdes, y cchando fuego per las a/.uicas.'
TUE CAPTIVITY.
311
Espioiiai^o wiXH also establislit'il on tlio emperor
ill liis intercourse witli courtiers, l)y placin;^^ in the
jipartnient the page Ortejjfuilhi, who lia»l actjuirecl a lair
knowledge of Aztec. Of })rei)ossessing a|)[)earance,
iiL'.reeahle anil sprightly hi manner, the youth became
;i t'avorite with the captive king. Among other things,
the little spy gave the monarch an insight into Spanish
customs and pnx-eedings at home and aljroad, into
the i)ower and grandeur of the Castilian king, and
into the mysteries of the faith. Being constantly
together they grew familiar, Montezuma deligliting
til ])lay pranks on the boy, throwing aloft his hat,
jiiiil lauixhin-j; at his efforts to regain it. These tricks
were always folhnved by a liberal reward.^
]\[ontezuma was indeed most liberal with all who
came in contact with him, as became the character of
a great and lich prince. Not only jewels, robe , and
ciuiositics, but male and female slav(\s, were freely
(li^})ensed, partly no doubt with a view to secure good
treatment from the guard. X considerate thought-
fuhiess and gentle manner added to his pojjularity,
and "whenever he ordered," says the old soldier, "we
ilcw to obey." The inconsiderate pride and selfishness
of the independent monarch seems to have disappeared
in the prisoner, yet like the captive hawk he was sub-
missive only to his masters. Orteguilla kept him
informed of the rank and character of the men, and
l)i\'ame the recognized medium for his favors, lie rep-
resented, for instance, that Bernal Diaz longed to be
the master of a pretty maiden, and ^Montezuma,
having noticed the exceeding deference of the soldier,
called him, saying that he would bestow on him a
Tin; result was an increase of the guard, Alvarez Cliici) being placed with
(ill men to watch the rear of the (iuart'jrs, an<l AudrC;) do Monjarraz the front,
witli tlie same number, each watch consistin;^ of twenty men. //*v t'/v(, dec.
ii. lib. viii. cap. iii. Bernal Uiaz intimates that tliu giUU'i.linL; of Montezuma
piiivcd a severe strain on the soldiers; but, situaleil as they vreie, vi^-jilmco
M.n ever recpiircd, and still greater must have been tile danger had lie not
1)1 en in tlieir power.
^llerrera calls him Tcfia, which may have been one of his names, dec. ii.
lili. viii, cap. v. liernal Diaz assumes that .Montezuma asked (Jones to givu
liini tlie page, after tlie execution of Quauhpopoca. J I int. I'trdud., 7o.
312
DOURLY REFINED DEALINGS.
fino yonnsf woman, vliom ho must treat, woll, for she
was tho (lauj^litor of a cliiof. Ho also t^aAO him thnn;
«]aoits ot* jjfold and two loads of rohos.* Tlu> i^ift oatno
from tho omj)oror's harom, from which ho fro(iuontly
(Irow to ])l(\iso those whom hv dolii^htod to honor.
Tho vaoanoios thus created wore filled from nohlc
fatnilios, who like those of more advanced count rii's
rt\ijfardod it an honor for a daiiijfhtei- to occupy tho
position of royal concul)ini\ Aft(>r his imprisonment
Montezuma si>oms to have tlisposed of his wives (piito
rapidly, ;i numher of them fallinuj t«) loadinij; S[)an-
iards." To (\)rtes he otfered for the second tin«o a
dauijjhtiM', pr(>(tior than the one };iven him on tho day
of his* capture, hut in this instance tho <j;if(. was dc-
elined in favor o<' Olid, who acc(>j)ted lu'r, together
with any munher of presents, and was henceforth
treated as a relative hy her imperial father. J>oth
sh(^ and tlu^ sister with Cortes werc^ haj)li/ed.''
Tho soldi(M's ivonorally won* hy no moans for^'ottcn
in the distrihution of women and other ,i;ifts, and in
coui'st' of tlnu» the <piartxn' hoi'atno so ci'owdod with
male and female attendants that C^ortes found it, nci-
*TI>o Initio \v;i»
ll<ll)U'(
1 l'"rmu'i.sivi. ///,<', ?'(n^r7. , 77. As im iiistiiiicc of
Monti
','i;;t'nu'si to ;.;vatify tlio Spaiiianl.i. luul .it. tllt< h:\u\o tinio t.
Iiiliit. his own jiowit, it i< rrliift'il tii'it one d.iy n. Iiiiw U jtui-.tiuMl a pii^iMni to tho
very I'ot. ill (lie p il.n-c, i.iiuil tho p'.iiudit.s of tho mihliois. Anions; thi'in w.i-i
!•
V!ilH'i«'o tho ilimdv,
"iMiior nia.'strosi
.1:U,. (I>
("astilo, wii.i 1
•'xpros.soil tho wi.sli t.> oldjiii'. poissossioii of tli(> hawk ;iiiil to tamo him Iv'f t.i
.Monti
o.'um.'i iioai'tl liim.timl ),;avo
thov (lid. /./.,• ( ,'(11,1(1 i-'i. Hist. .l/i,r,, l'_'.">.
hitti
miitoi.s oidorii to oatoii it, \\l
\
Ouran Htatos thai, tlio Noldi^•l•^^ disoovofod tv honso iiUod willi >vomii'
i]iposod to h' V. ivoii of Monto/uma, and hiddon to ho out of tho ii
aoli ot tlio
whito tnon. Hi
rospoot ttiom ; or
if th
H tliat fjiiitilndo wor.h! havo ma'l.i tl
\ woiiion \V(}io iiniis, tiiiit ivsiM'ot lor \ irtuo mn.H
I h,
i>lit;i
.1.
'Corti'i' iii'oti'iti'o hi>ii|.» n.Minod .\iia. (Jiiitc> a. nunihor of th(> jti't'.-cd' i f !
lowi'is doclaro in thoir tt'slimojiy a'^ainst him. in 1' _■<, tliat ho a.i
d th
intimato pio(ootot"'!'.ip ■<( two of ovni thioo of Monli'.'nm I'.i d iiii;'.iti
tlio Hoooiiil hoiii.^ o.'dh'd llli'.s, or hv othors Isahol, tho wifo of (!i;id.>, ii
nltorwiird ot « i;,llf"o
ros lijiis do Monto/tin
las.l
o.mlrtlas nil pai i.
/.'.
•l.'l;
I ctra n
iiiiio pioivida dol ipiMiido HO |. rdio osta oilidad. ' Tdiuhi. in '
"l^lfll Id.
ii. :tl). -Jll, •Jll; i. r,;|, •»<», -J'JI, -Jiilt. Ini
>th<'t' Indian i)riiir
ii,l;ih's aro monlioncil w i.'i
1-1. N'otaiionrt asmimi's tliat two nohlo iiiaidoiis woio
IMVOIl, Olll- I
if w'
Oli.l
d. /'.
r(^)'. )
.u.
4tiJ. Ilonial 1 >i.i/ !Oipposo:( tli.it thi:< i-< tho iirst
pt. ill.
Kl.t; 7'.
,:;hl.
,.•71/1 ■'('( /.(, i
d l.V Moi!.'
/.nma, and ho lnlir\ii ovidoiitly that Corti^'; docopUs lior, to j.id^o liy a l.ilor
lolo-onoo,
//;
'/.
.S,"..
lO'J
OATIIKIIINO IN OF TRKASURRS.
81S
illstMlll'O of
\\\ \\n l.ilMA'
ossarv t»> issue an order nMliicintj;' ilie lunnlx-r to
oii(> I'eiMMle servant, lor I'aeli man. Intorined of (his,
Montezuma instrueti'd liis mayonlomo to |H"ovide
i;'ood ai'conunodation and sustenaneo lor thorn i'lsi>-
\vh»>re.''
l\neouraL;'ed l)y tliis <jf(Mierosity, Cortt^a aj>proaeli(>d
him one day rei^ardiuLT the seen>ted treasures, which
had heen so hmijf ri's])i»etA>«l, hut whieli he desired to
have in his posst'ssion. lie ret^retted to say that
his graeeless soldiers had eome upon tlio tnnisure-
chandn'r, and i-c^^ardh'ss of his instruetions hud uh-
straeted a nund)t>r ol" jewt'ls. 'i'ln^ iMnperor liasttMUMl
to reassui\> him; |)erhaj>s he understood the hint.
Th»* eiMitents of (he ehamh<>r helonjj^ed to the ij^ods,
lie said; hut thi> j^old and silvrr minht iVetdy he taken
so lon!Uf as the ri'st was U'fl.*' Il(> would i;ive moi'i\
if rcvjuii'ed. (\>rtesdi(l not sernjile to avail himsell'ol"
the permission, i)y appropi'iat iui;' lor himstdf and his
iiitimatc iVientls a larij;'*^ shai'e. So ehartjfed (he dis^
continued soldiers, hut th*^ ntain portion appears to
have heen rt'servetl lor the *jfent>ral distrihution not
leiiLT al'tej-. vMt hough the most vahiahle part of this
(•i)IK'rtion had heen iVeidy sum-iidonMl, the .soldi(>rs
lu'sitati'd not to seize also upon othi'r elViM'ts, sucli as
hi|iiid amher and sevtn'al lumdnMl loads ol' cotton
lalfiics. ( 'ortes wished to n\sloj-e tlu'm, l)ut M»>nt(>-
/unia dcchned, sayiuLT tliat he never rcH'eivi>d anythinLj
l).u'k." On anothiM- oci-asion tlu^ Spaniards discovered
the impei'ial wai'ehouse I'or cacao heans, the most
coimnon eurren(;y of tho country, and for some timo
' lli'rn'm stjitcs (lint Curd's' (H'lli-r \v;\s ))nniipt<Ml liy ii (vitisiilcrMtinn for
tlu' lic.wy i'\|n'ii.si' to Mi>i\lc,'iiiiin. 'Till' liitti'i ri'inoiistratiMl (it tlii>< ri-ciinmiial
I'll, iiuil >'iiimii;iiiili'<I that (liiiiMo laliniiM slioulil 1 i- jirdvitloil lor tin- ixi'i'il.
ili'i". ii. lil). viii'iiiji. iv.
I'lij'id, h'''., in /rirj'irlirlit. Col. Ih'C, ii, ."iSD. ' Pun 'u'l nun f'-.,-i!'iiiii clisso
il lit', li' innn:i\'ini tlcijli |)«'i, no citS olio i^ ilivstiniilo nl luro cultt", iinnliuii)
(inniitii voi;li(iiic>,' in ("liivim'i<i'M fri'n iutiM'protntioii (it OJimIu'h vcrsiim. Slur'U
•'/i-'., iii. <I7; (.'diiiiiiii, tlisl. Mfi:, rj.'i.
" ' l.i> i| vna w/, iliiuii no lo luii.'v do torn.'ir a rooiliii-.' ']jvn oicjns ilomlo l.'i
io|ni cstiiiin, mm tun grantloM (|Uo ilojriiiiiin a las vii;na di- los H|tosou(iii, y
t.iii iinoli.'is, ("J (lospm'w do vaoiiiH, HO nlujaiiik on oada vna dos Cii-UollanoH.
f>;u;niin al p.itio mas do mil omgas do r»i[ia.' llvnrrii, ii. viii. iv.
314
DOUBLY REFINED DEALINGS.
it
made nightly raids on it with their Indian carriers.
Cortes proposed to mete out punishment for this,
but findmg that Alvarado was a leading culprit, he
dropped the matter with a private reprimand/"
Montezuma's good nature was imposed upon in more
ways than one, and with all his kindness he could not
command consideration fiom the rougher soldiers and
sailors. One of the guard, after being requested, with
1 gift, to discontinue certain unseemly acts, repeated
the offence in the hope of receiving another bribe; but
JMontezuma now reported him to his captain, and ho
was removed. Cortds, who was determined to enforce
respect for the captive, inflicted severe punishment
on offenders in this respect. Tired of j^atrol duty,
Pedro Lopez said one day in the hearing of Monte-
zuma, "Confusion on this dog! By guarding him
constantly, I am sick {it stomach unto death!" Told
of this, the general had the man lashed in the s(j1-
diers' hall, and this regardless of his standing as a
good soldier and an archer of great skill. Another
who showed insolence to the emperor was ordered
hanged, but escaped with a lashing at the intercession
of the captains and of Montezuma." This strictness
insured respect not only for the emperor, but lor
Cortes, so that the quarter became most exemplary
for its good order."
The Spaniards united heartily with the native court-
iers to entertain the captive and to remove so far as
possible whatever miglit remind him of his lost lih-
erty. He found great delight in their military exer-
cises, which recalled the faded prowess of his youth
""Cusa de Cacao, <le Motccuh(juiaa, lulonde avia maa de quarcuta mil
Cargns, nii" era Gran lliquev'ii, ponjue solia valor cada Carga quarenta C;:.s-
tfUanos. Alvarado alont- emptied six jars of GOO loads. Tonpiimailit, i. 47J.
" The imu had insisted tliat Montc/.iuna should have a search luatlo lor
two of his niissini; female attendants. Tlio emperor did not wish Spaniard
1)unished for pilferinj:, as lie told Corti^s, only foroU'ering insult and violent',
n such cases ho would have his own courtiers lashed. liemra, dec. i.. lih.
viii. cap. v.
'■^ ' Tinie el marques tan reoogida su gente, que ninguno salio un tiro du
urciJmz del aposento .sin licencia, i'' asimismo la gente tan en paz, <iuo .se a\ (-■•
liguo nunca reilir uuo cou otro.' Tii^Aa, ltd., iu IcazbakeUt, Vol. JJuc, ii. jSO.
THE CAPTIVE'S PASTDIES.
315
and oxliibitod tlio tactics wliicli contributed so power-
i'ully to Spanish supremacy over native arms. lie
also enjoyed sports, and among games the totoloque
^\as his favorite. This consisted in throwing small
golden balls at pieces of the same metal set up as
targets at a certain distance. Five points won the
stakes. Cortes often played it with him, and Alva-
rado, who kept count for the general, usually marked
more points than he was entitled to. Montezuma
j)layfully protested against such marking, althougli
what Cortes won he gave to the Mexican attend-
ants, while Montezuma presented his gains to the
Spanish guard."
^lontezuma was at times allowed to visit his
palaces, and to enjoy the hunting-field, but these trips
were of rare occurrence, owing to the danger of
];()l)ular demonstrations." On such occasions, says
Cortes, the escort of prominent jMexicans numbered
at least three thousand. The first time Montezuma
re(juestcd this privilege it was for the purj)ose of
offering prayer and sacrifice at the great temple, as
iv(juired by his gods, he said; and although Ctntes
did not like the arrangement, his prisoner convinced
him +'.iat this public demonstration was necessary,
in order to show the people that he was not kept
ill compulsory confinement, but remained with the
"/?p)vm/ Dkr., Il'iitt. Verdcul., 77. ' Un giuoco, cho gli Sp.tornuoli chi.ima-
vaiio il lioJoi/tii'.' L'lavKjero, Sioriu Mens., iii. 1)7. IJoilixiiio i<igiiitica luills in
this I'liiiiioclion. Wiien iivani."'- Inst, he with gi-o.it sliow of liljorality |i.iicl in
cliaK'hiuitfS, stonoa wliich were liighly treasiireil hy the natives, but worth
nothing; to the Siianianls. Montezuma paid in ((Uoits. worth at least .")0 (hii'ats.
due (lay he lost 40 or TiO quoits, and with j>Ieasuie, sinee it gave him the
o|i|iortuiiity to be generous. 13. V. <le Tapia testities that Alvarailo used to
ciieutiii playing cards with him and others. I'arfiK, Ji'ikIiIi miii, i.,")l-'J. Aiiotlier
\\»y of ^.'ratifying this bent was to aici'jit trilles from the Spaniards and liber-
ally eiini)i< iisate them. Alonso ile Ujtihi, fur instanee, had u silk-cndiroidered
Katchel M itli many jwckcts, for which Montezuma gave him two pretty slaves,
beside a number of robes ai . jewels. Oji'da wrote a memoir on the concpiest,
of whieli Ilerrera makes gi .d use. dee. ii. lib. viii. eaj). v.
" 'Fue nuiehas veces ii holgar con cincoo seis espanoles A una j dos leL'uas
fiii'in di' In eiudad.' ( 'orti n, ( ailn.s, \M. lloth the times and the nund)er of the
Spaniards are doubtful, hijwevcr. 'Quando sidia a cayar. . . .Lleuaua ocho o
diez Ivspai'ioles en guarda de la persona, y tres mil Me.xicanos entre seiiori's,
ciiualleros. criadoa, y cav'adores.' Gomant, JJiat. .l/tu'., 1-4; Ixtliljcovhitl, JJiat.
Uiu/i., •2'Jl.
816
DOUBLY REFIXED DEALINGS.
stranijcrs at the order of the deitv he was about to
consult. Four captains were appointed to escort him
with a guard of one hundred and fifty soldiers, and
ho was warned that any attack upon them, or any
attempt at rescue, would result in his own death. He
was carried in a rich litter, attended by a brilliant
procession of nobles, and preceded, according to cus-
tom, by a dignitary bearing the triple wand which
indicated that the emperor was approaching and de-
manded loyal veneration.
On reaching the temple the imperial worshipper
stepped forth, leaning on the arms of his relatives,
and was assisted to the summit. Human sacrifices
had been forbidden, and Father Olmedo came to
watch over the observance of the order; but it ap[)ear.s
that four captives had been offered during the nig] it,
and despite the remonstrances of the friar the at-
tendant rites went on.*^ The captains thought it
prudent not to exceed a protest, and congratulated
themselves when the ceremony was ended and the
emperor safely back in their quarters.
A fortniglit after the seizure of Montezuma, Quauli-
popoca arrived in the capital, accompanied by his son
and fifteen of his staff. He made his entry with tlio
pomp befitting a powerful governor and a relative of
the sovereign, and hastened to the palace. As was
customary with subjects who were about to appear in
the imperial presence, the rich robes were covered witli
a coarse cloak, in token of humiliation. His master
received him with a stern countenance, and signified
his displeasure at the proceedings which under pretext
of his authority had caused loss of Spanish life. No
attention was paid to explanations, and he was siii-
rondered with his followers to the Spaniards, to l)o
dealt with as they thought fit.*" Cortes held a trial :
'^Bonial Diaz intimatoa that more sacrifices were made in their p-csemo.
' V 111) potliaiuos eu (u^uclla sozoii hazer otra cosa sino diasiinular con el.' U^.
Wr.lad.. 7S.
"' Uumal Diaz admits that ho knows not what occurred between govcrnoi
QUAUHPOPOCA BURNED.
817
he was a shrewd inquisitor, and his sentence was sure
to accord with his own interests. "Are you a vassal
(if Montezuma?" he asked of Quauhpopoca. "What
else could I be?" was the reply. "Did you attack
Spaniards by his order?" The prisoner was in a most
serious dilemma. At first he refused to implicate the
emperor, but finding that his fate was sealed he con-
Ics.^ed having acted under his orders." This could
not avail him, however, for in obeying his master ho
had injured the subjects and outraged the laws and
majesty of the Spanish king, who was sovereign of
all, and this demanded punishment.
The fact was that Spanish prestige, on which so
much depended, had suffered through the machina-
tions of the governor, and it was considered necessary
to restore it. Therefore it was decreed that Quauh-
popoca, with his son and officers, should be burned
alive in the plaza, befoze the palace. Cortes availed
himself of the opportunity to seize all the arms in the
arsenals,^^ and therewith build a pyre worthy such
noted offenders.
When all was ready Cortes presented himself before
^he emperor, and announced with a severe tone thai: the
evidence of the condemned showed their acts to have
heen authorized by him, and as a life called for a life,
according to Spanish laws, he deserved death. Cortes,
however, loved him — for himself, his generosity, and
services he loved him too dearly to let justice have
ami monarch, but Herrera claims to be lK?ttei' informed. Barcfootoil, and with
I'vis u[)on the floor, Quauhpopoca approached the throne and said : ' Most great
and most powerful lord, thy slave Quauhpopoca )ias come at thy hiilding, and
awaits! thy ordei"s.' lie had done wrong, was the reply, to kill the Spaniards,
ami tlu'ii declare that he had orders so to do. For this he should suilcr as a
tiaitor til his sovereign and to the strangers. He was not allowed to niako
iiuycxiilanations. dee. ii. lib. viii. cap. i.K. It is not unlikely that Montezuma
iMUiiaanded him not to reveal anythuig that might implicate his master,
liiijiing tiiat Cortes would out of regard for his generous host iiitlict a coiu-
Iiuratively light punishment.
'■' 'Exaniinaron los seginula vez, con mas rigor, y amcnazas do tormento, y
fill discrepar todos confessaron,' says Herrera, loc. cit.
'''En vna de las casas reales dicha Tlacochalco.' Herrera, loc. cit. 'E
Ht'iicn mas 4ue quiuieutiis carretados.' Tapia, Hct., iii Icazbi.tU-i'tu, Col. Doc,
ii. J64.
818
DOUBLY REFIXED DEALINGS.
its course, and would take on himself tc appease
its demands by a nominal punishment.'® He then
turned on his heel, while one of the soldiers clasped a
pair of shackles round the prisoner's ankles, and the
mighty emperor of the Aztecs was ironed. I'or a
moment Montezuma stood rooted to the floor. Then
he groaned with anguish at this the greatest indignity
ever offered his sacred person. He trembled with ap-
prehension at what might yet follow. His courtiers
were no less afflicted, and with tears in their eyes they
knelt to lessen the weight at least of the shameful bonds,
and with bandages to relieve the imperial limbs.'^
Meanwhile the troops formed an imposing cordon
in front of the palace to prevent a rescue of the con-
demned as they were led out and tied to the stake.
Writhing with pain, yet mute as became brave war-
riors, with the ascending smoke from Aztec shields
and darts they rendered up their anguished souls. It
was rare strategy thus with the offenders to destroy
the means of offence. Supposing that the execution
was by imperial sanction, the populace tacitly assented,
gazing on the horrid spectacle with pallid faces and
bated breath. Though accustomed to scenes like this
in connection with their religious festivals, it appeared
tenible when perpetrated by foreigners, to the dreary
sound of muffled drums.^'
'^ ' Mo has negado no auer mfldado a CouatlpopocJi q matasse a mis com-
paficros, no lo has hccho conio tan gran seflor quo ores, . . . .porquo no quedi'S
sin algun castigo, y tu y lo3 tuyos sepays quanto vale el tratar vcrtlad, to iii.'i-
daro ochar prisiones.' llerrera implies with this that Cort(?8 laid more weigh*;
on the disregard for truth than on tlio authorization of the outrage, doc. ii. lil>.
viii. cap. i.x. ' Que ya quo uquolla culpa tuuicsse, que antes la pagaria d CortOs
porsu persona, quo verso la passaral Monteyunia. ' licrnal Diaz, Jlist. I '( rdatf. , 7'>.
*'' ' Ksto hizo por ocupar lo ol pensamicnto en sua duclos, y dc.xasso los
ajonos.' Oomora, /Jixt. J/cx., 129. 'Todo.'i tin de espantarle mas. ' I xtllLvochdl ,
J list. Chtch., '298.
'-' Solis seems to say that the bodies were burned after exccntion, Hif^t. M<'x\ ,
i. 4(51 -'2, but CortL^s and others are frank enough about the actual burning,
which was not regarded in that cruel ago with the same aversion as by um.
Instances are to bo found in the Nat'tce Racex, ii.-iii., where this ordeal wiis
iiuilorgono by criminals as well as temple victims among the Aztecs. IJcnial
Diaz gives the names of two of Quauhpopoca's companions in misfortuni',
(Juiabuitlo and Coatl. Hint. VerdwL, 75. Prescott, Mcx., ii. !73, .states that
tlio execution took place iutbe court-yard; but thia is probably a misprint, to
judge by his own text.
'
THE FOX'S DEEP LOVE.
319
mi3 com-
te iiKi-
. ii.lil'.
1 (^31-ti'S
lad. , 7 ■'>.
ISSC 1(H
Lcochdl,
burning,
ileal was
IJcinal
ifortiuu',
itoa tliat
print, to
All being over, Cortes reentered the apartments
of Montezuma with his captains, and kneeling down
he himself took oiF the fetters, declaring that he felt
deepb grieved at the infliction, for he loved him as a
brother. The monarch became almost hysteric with
joy at this deliverance, and with falling tears he ex-
])ressed himself in abject terms of gratitude, like the
dog licking the hand which has chastised it. Every
fresh incident reveals some new trait in the character
of this unhappy man which calls for pity or contempt.
"Yet further," continued Cortes, "to show my deep
regard and confidence, you are now at full liberty to
rt'turn to your own house." But Montezuma under-
stood well enough that these were but words, an
empty offer ; indeed he had been informed by the well
prompted page that, although the general might wish
to release him, the Spanish captains would never permit
it.^" He accordingly expressed his thanks, and said that
lie preferred to remain with him, giving as a reason
that, were he free, the importunities of his relatives
and nobles to attack the Spaniards might prevail over
his friendship for them and their king, and this would
oiitail not only loss of life on both sides, but the ruin
of the city. Thereupon Cortt^s embraced him with
pvcry appearance of deep devotion, and said, " Next
to my king you shall be king; vast as are your pos-
sessions, I will make you ruler of more and greater
})i()vinces.^^
We can imagine the words by which the Spaniards
niiglit justify to themselves the death of Quauhpo-
■'- 'A lo que entendimos, C lo mas cicrto, Cortes auia dicho A Aguilar \a
li'iigua, que Ic tlixesse ilc sccreto, que annqnc Malinulie le nianiluHse salir do
l;i inisiim, <jue los C'apitancs nucstros, I: soldados no querriamos. ' Bental D'mz,
Ili-^i. Vcnlad., 7<5.
■^ ' Fu(5 tanto el buen tratamiento que yo le hice, y el contentamiento quo
lie mi tenia, quo algunas voces y nuichas le aconicti con sii libertad, rogtindoio
'I'll' l'\iese d su casii, y mo dijo todaa las veces (luc so lo decia, que el estabii
birii alii,' etc. Cotiis, Cdi-tuM, 91. ' No osaua, do m 'do que los suyos no lo
luatassen. . . .por auer scdcxadoprender,' isonc c' ^;.- ouppositionsof (iomara,
vlimalls him a man of little heart. JliKt. Mix., l'2!)-30. Peter Martyr appears
to lie moved rather by pity for him. dec. v. cap. iii. ' Non gli convoniva ritor-
iiaiv al suo Dalagio, mentre fossero nella Corte gli Spagnuoli.' Clavijero, IStoria
J/i«i., iii. 102.
320
DOUBLY REFINED DE^VLIXGS.
poca, but we cannot understand the object in degradlnjjj
the emperor in the eyes of his subjects — an act which
tliey had hitherto been so careful to avoid — unless it
was to lift themselves in their own esteem and that
of the natives, far above the highest American princes
and powers, and to impress the sacredness of their
persons on the minds of the Indians. Further than
this, they seemed to think some punishment of tlio
emperor necessary, either because he had authorized
the Nautla outrage, or because he had countenanced
it by neglecting to reprimand the perpetrators. At
all events, the effect was salutary, so much so that
Spaniards were to be seen wandering singly about the
country without fear of molestation.''^*
This effect, which extended also to adjoining indo-
f)endent provinces, enabled Cortes to carry out the
ong-cherished project of gathering information on
the condition of the country, particularly its political
feeling and its mineral resources. Montezuma readily
gave the aid requested by providing maps and ofKcials
to guide the exploring parties. The first investigations
were directed to the upper parts of Rio Zacatula and to
Miztecapan, some eighty leagues south of the capital,
and to the northern branches of the Papaloaj^an,
whence most of the sfold was said to come.'^'' The
" 'Coino cste casti^o se supo en todas las Prouincias do la Xueua-Espana,
tomicroij, y I03 i)ucblo3 do la costa, adonde inataron nucstros soldailos,
bolvicroii 4 servir.' IJcnial Diaz, //ist. Venlad., 75-6, commonts upon tho
daring of the Spaniards in carrying out these and similar high-handed aits.
For a short time after this, says Hcrrera, the soldiers were ordurutl to sleep
on their arms, in case of any demonstration, dec. ii. lib. viii. cap. ix. CIa\ i-
gcro regards the burning as unjustifiable, since the emperor was regarded ;is
having authorized it. If he was not guilty, the Spaniards were ungrateful to
treat him as they did. Storhi Me.'is., in, 101. Robertson finds some excuse
for Quauhpopoca's punishment, but calls the humiliation of Montezuma a
wanton display of power. 1 1 id. Am., ii. G3, 453-4, Prescott, on the other
hand, regards the humiliation as politic, on the ground that by rendering tho
monarch contemptible in tlie eyes of his subjects, ho was obliged to rely
more on tlio Spaniards. Mer., ii. 177. But this would hardly have been
necessary since he was in their power, and considering that the object of
keeping him so was to control tho country, it would have been better not to
degrade him.
''■' 'Dimde mas ore se solia traer, que era do vna Provincia que se dizc,
Zucatula. . . .dc otra Provincia, que se dize Gustepeciue, cerca de donde ties-
embarcamos .... 6 que ccrca de aquella Provincia ay otros bueuas miuas, eu
EXPEDITIONS.
821
indc
Espana,
soldados,
poll tlio
0(1 ac'ts.
to sk't'p
Clavi-
avdi'tl as
utofiil to
•■xouse
eziiina a
10 otliiv
eriii^' tlio
1 to ivly
IVC l)Ol'll
object oi
er uot to
sc ilizc,
lUtlc ties-
liiuas, cu
Zacatula party was headed by Pilot Gonzalo de Um-
hria, in compensation perliaps for the loss of his feet
at A'illa Rica. He returned before the other parties,
\\ ithin the forty days allowed for the trip, and brought
about three hundred pesos' worth of gold dust, washed
out in dishes from three rivers, by order of the ea-
(i(|uc. Two chiefs accompanied him, bearing gold
pri'sents of nearly the same value as the dust, and
otlering allegiance to the Spaniards in the name of
their caciques.^* Small as was the treasure, it afforded
a substantial proof of the glowing report of Umbri'a.
He had passed through three beautiful and fertile
})rovinces, filled with towns containing buildings equal
to any in Spain. He described a fortress finer in
appearance and stronger than the castle of Burgos,
and the people of Tamazulapan as most superior in
divss and intelligence."
Anotlier party, under one Pizarro,'^^procecdcd south-
eastward, through Tochtepec and ]\Ialinaltepec, both
of wiiich yieldetl them gold dust to the value of about
three Iiuudred })esos. ]3escending along the northern
fork of Papaloaj)an, they reached the country of the
Chuiantecs, iiostile to the Aztecs who had taken some
of tIic border towns. Their independence had not
otlicrwise been affected, owing to their mountain
fastnesses, their warlike spirit, and their formidable
weapons, which were pikes about twenty feet in length.
pnrto quo no son sujotos, que se dizen, los Chinatecaa, y Capotocas.' liernnl
JUriz, Hint. I'cnlail., 81. Montezuma detailed two persona for each of four
pi'ovincts wlieie gold was to l>o hud, and CortOs gave two Spaiiiiirds for each
cnuplu. The provinces nnnicil were Cuzula, Taniazulapa, Malinaltepeque,
Ttiiis. Cvrfrn, Cartcl■^, 02-H. Of the eight Indiiuis, four were miners or gohl-
siiiitlis, and tlie others guides. O'oinarn, //inf. ,\/ix., 130. C'liinialpain names
tlie )iniviiices; Taniaz(d:in, in upper Mizteeapan, ]Malinalte])ec and Tenich,
botli uu the same river, and Tututepec, twelve leagues farther, in the Xicayan
country. Jfinf. Coiii;., i. 'J.")4-r>.
■'''Con tal, que los <le Culua no entras.sen en sa ticrra.' They were re-
assured aii<l dismissed with presents, //cm rii, dec. ii. lib. ix. cap. i.
'■ '(.'ortt'S se holgo tiinto con el oro eomo si fueran treinta mil pesos, en
Mbcr cierto que avia buenas minas.' Bernal Diaz intimates beside tiiat Um-
hna and his two companions had provided theiusclvea with plenty of gold.
m.'it. Vii-ihuL, 8l-'2.
-" .V young man of 2.") j'ears, whom Cort(5s treated as a relative. 'With hiin
\* tilt four Spaniards who understood miuiiig, and four chiefs. Id.
Hisi. Mtx., Vol.. I. 21
322
DOUBLY REFINED DEALINGS.
,,■1'^
Thoy iiivi^od the Spaniards to enter, but would not
allow the Mexican escort to cross the boundary. Tlio
guides warned Pizarro not to trust himself to what
they termed a treacherous peo})le, but after a bri( I'
hesitation he advanced and received a hearty re<>(j)-
tion. Aid was given to search for gold, of whirl i
seven hundred pesos' worth was obtained from several
'M'A\
i
rivers, most of it in rough grains.'^ On his return lie
brought two chiefs, who bore presents of gold from
tlioir cliicf cacique Cohuatlicamac, and tendered liis
allegiance on condition that the Aztecs should not
be allowed to enter the country. Finding the inliali-
itar^s so friendly and the province rich in resounrs,
Pizarvo left four of his small party behind to estnblisli
cacao and maize plantations and to search for uioio
gold,
'■'* ' Va\ gi-anos crcspillos, porqnc clixcron log mineros, qxie aqucllo era ilo
mas thinulrras iniiuis como de naciniicnto.' Id., 82.
'" Jioriial Diaz namea tlieni, ' Ikirrictos, y lloredia el viejo, y Eacaloua cl
ORDAZ VISITS THE COAST.
n:a
The project appears to have fourul favor with Cortes,
\\\n) besought ^lontezuma to form plantations for the
king also in his adjoining province of Malinaltei)cc.
This was at once attendeil to, and within two months
four substantial houses and a vast reservoir had been
constructed, and a largo tract of land brought under
cultivation, the improvements being valued at twenty
thousand pesos de oro.^'
Another important object was to find a bettor har-
bor than Villa Rica, and the emperor being consulted,
ho at once ordered a map to bo made, which showed
very accurately not only the rivers and inlets already
known to the Spaniards, between Pilnuco and Tabasco,
hut the yet unknown Rio Goazacoalco, beyond the
Mexican border. This being said to have a large and
deep entrance, Cortes availed himself of Ordaz' offer
to examine it. Ten men, chiefly sailors and pilots,
and some guides, accompanied him, and authority
was given to take escorts from the fro!itier garrisons.
He proceeded to Chalchiuhcuecan or San Juan de
I lua, and thence followed the coast examining the
inlets.
On reaching the frontier complaints became nu-
merous against the native garrisons by reason of raids
and outrages, and supported by the chiefs who attended
liini ho reprimanded the commanders, threatening them
with the fate of Quauhpopoca unless they restrained
the troops. They used to extend their raids into the
Goazacoalco province, but were at present somewhat
moca, y Cervantea cl chocarrcro,' and says that Cort<5s, displeased at soMiora
l)iiiig loft to raise fowl and cacao, sent Aloaso Luis to recall them. Ilist. Vvrdnl. ,
S-.'; Ilcirent, dec. ii. lib. ix. cap. i. He is evidently mistaken, as shown ))y
his iiwn later text, for Cortijs himself sfavtes that ho sought to form plantations
ill tiiat direction. The recall was made later and for a ditfcrent reason.
'" ' lOstaban sembradas sesenta hancgas de maiz y diez de frijoles, y dos
mil pios do cacap [ciicao]. . . .hicieron un estiinque de agua, y en el pusiorm
iiuiiiiontospatos. . .y pusicron hastamil y quinienUis gallinas.' Cort(x,('arl ii^,
!t4 ; t'iid- Marh/r, dec. v. cap. iii. Ovictlo writes that farms were establishoil
fur tlie king in two or three provinces, one in Chinmnta [Chimantla], The
twii Spaniards left in the latter were saved, but elsewhere, subject to the
A/ttos, tliey were killed during the uprising originated by Alvarado. iii. :i~Ct.
T.ipia refc'rs to an expedition at this time against a revolted proviuce, 80
leagues oil". lieL, in laizbalceta, Col. Doc, ii. 584.
;
321
DOUBLY REFINED DE^VLINQS.
j^nurilod, owiu;^ to a repulse wherein a iinmber of
eainnides liacl perished.'"
Ordaz' pioceediiigs served him well, for Tuchiutlei',
the caei(pie of this province, sent a deputation of
leading men to extend a welcome, and furnished
canoes and men to aid in sounding the river. Tiio
har was found to be at least two fathoms and a liaH'
d(fep at low water, and above this, for twelve league.-;,
tlie soundings showed fully five fathoms, with a i)ros-
pec't of an equal depth for some distance, whereuj)()ii
tlie jjilots expressed the opinion that the channel might
bc^ a strait leading to the southern sea.^ Ordaz re-
ceived not only presents of gold and pretty women
for himself, but brought with him messengers bearing
jciwels, tiger-skins, featliers, and })recious stones for
Cortes, toiicther with an offer of allegiance and tribute
similar to tliose already tendered by the neighbors t)f
Tabasco. His report, which extolled the agricultuiul
resources as well as the port, induced the general to
send with the returning messengers anoi xer party to
examine these features more thoroughly and to test
tlie disposition of the inhabitants. They again sounded
tlie river, selected a town site, and reported in favor of
a settlement. The cacique also expressed himself eager
to receive settlers, and oftered to begin at once the con-
struction of houses. This decided Cortes to establish
a colony on the river, and in April Juan Velazque/.
and Rodrigo Rangel set out with one hundred and
fifty men to carry out the project. This, however,
was not destined to be so speedily accomplished.
34
Meanwhile Villa Rica had been a source of no small
anxiety to Cortes. He had appointed Alonso de Grado
•'-' ' Por nqiiclla causa llaman oy en ilia, donde aquclla guciTa passu, Cuilu-
lu'inicjui.' Jicnial Diaz, Jiiat. Vtrdad., 82.
''i/fcrrera, loc. cit. ' Crcyan lo que desscauan,' remarks Gomara, Jli-t.
Mr::, mi.
■'' Cortis, Cartaif, 95, IIG; Gomara, Hist. Mcx., 131-i^. Bemal Diaz throws
linubt on the expedition of \clazquez, but is evidently forgetful. ///.s<. Vi.r-
fffi'f., 81-2. ' El seiior de la provinyia. .. .luego hiyo seys [casiisi] en el assiciitc)
6 parte qtie para el pueblo se seftalo. ' Oiueilo, iii. 2!)3. Peter Martyr wills tin mj
buildings ' Tributou-ies' houses.' dec. v. cap. iii.; Vortca, Jiesideiicia, ii. 0, iJ.
GRADO AT VILLA RICA.
323
fo fill the vrx-ant place of Escalanto, as coniniarulor of
{]\o fctrtrcsa, and as liis lieutenant in tlie district. Orado
\v;is a man of agreeable presence and conversatif)n, :tnd
with some fame among his comrades as a writer itnd
musician, but more of a braggart than a S(»idier, with de-
cidi'd sympathies in favor of Velazquez. Indeed, IV'nuil
Diaz charges him with having been the ringleader of
llic mutinous demonstration at Tlascala. Cortes was
Will acquainted with the character of the man; but his
gUi) tongue had evidently overcome the prudenc(> of
(h(- general, or else he preferred a less bold spirit than
E.si'.ilantc's at this post. "Now, Senor Grado," said
lie in handing him his vommission, "here is the ful-
filment t)f your lon<_j felt desire of sroin<]f to Villa liica.
Take care of the fort, treat the Indians well, and do
iKit undertake any expeditions like that of Escalante,
or you may meet his fate." "In saying this," adds
lieinal Diaz, "he gave us soldiers a wink, which we
nadi^v enjoyed, knowing well enough that (Irado
\\' 'lid lot venture to do so, oven under penalty of
(lis- 'race." The office of al^juacil mayor, held by the
fonner commander, was not included in the present
connnission, but was given to Sandoval, and whon
riradi) remonstrated he was promised conqicnsation
in due time.
Oil reaching Villa Rica the evil nature of the man
caiiic to the front. He assumed ponqwus demeanoi*,
and ex))cctcd the settlers to serve him as a great lord,
wliilo the Totonacs were pressed for gold and female
slaves. The fort and the duties connected with it were
neglected, and the commander spent his time in gor-
inandizinsf and jTfamblinLT, not to mention the secret
efforts to undermine his o'eneral's influence and to <niin
adherents for Velazquez. This soon reached the ears of
Cork's, who felt not a little annoyed at having trusted
such a fellow. He recognized the necessity of intru.f -
ing this district to one thorougldy devoted to hinisi If,
siiire a fleet from Cuba might at any moment arrive
and create raischief. Therefore he sent Sand(nal,
320
DOUBLY REFINED DF VLIXGS.
! 1
Avlio was bravo and priulcut, as well as loyal, and with
him Pedro de Ircio, a fornii;r equerry, of' insinuating-
manners and <rossii)in<'' toii'j^ue, whom Sandoval elevated
to a commanding position.'"
(h'ado M'as innuediately sent up to ^fexico under a
native guard, and wJien \w. arrived, with hands tied
and a noose round his neck, the sol<diers derided him,
wliile Cortes felt half inclined to hang the fellow.
After a few days' ex[)osure in the stocks he was re-
leased, and soon his smooth persuasion paved once
more a way to the favor of his general, with whom
he became so reconciled as to obtain the office of con-
tador not lonff afterward.
Among the instructions to Sandoval was one to
send to Mexico two .shipwrights with ship-building
implements, also chains, iron, sails, I'ojie, compass, and
everything needful to fit out four vessels which had
beeri placed on the stocks shortly after tlie seizun* of
the emperor.^'' The object was to aftbrd a means I'or
the ready movement of troops and for escape in case
of an uprising, when the bridges would doubtless l»o
rai.sed. In asking Montezuma for aid to fell and prc-
\M\YQ, timber, it was pretended that it was for i)leasm\-
boats wherewith to entertain him. Under the al>le
direction of Martin Lopez aided by Alonso Nunez,
the master carpenters, they were completetl witliin a
few weeks, and provided with four guiis and tiers ut'
oars, aflbrding transport for three hundred men.
'■' Ho hail scnetl as eqnorry in the noble houses of the Conile de Urcrui .iiil
Poch'o Oiroii, of whose alliurs ho was alway-s pri ciiig. His proiieiisity I'nr l.ilr-
ti'lliiit,' h).st him iiiaiiy friendH, liut \w. iiiaiitigeil to koop iiitiiuiite witli Sninldv.il,
vho.so favors he afterward repaid witli ingra' itude. Jii'ni'il hiaz, lli4. i 'i nln '. ,
7'-), '_Mfl. Uonuir;i insists on naming iiim as the eomandante, but tiiis ili:^-
iiity lie attained onlyafter Sandoval and liiingel had held it. CorUs, JicHUem-iii,
i. '2M\; Toiqin'iiutda, i. 4.")().
''' ' Lucgo (|U(! entr*? en la d'''ha eiutlad di inuelia priesa il faeer euatro Imv-
gantines .... tales (juc podian i iiar ti-eeientos hombres en la tierra y lleviir l<i«
ealiallos.' Cortin, Car/n.^, lO.'i; Pdi'r M(irti/r, dc;. v. cap. iv. ' Quatro fustii-.'
<-'iiii(im, Hist. Mcx., 14(5. 'Dos vergantincs.' hcnud Dhtz, Ili.'ii. Vndad., Tii.
The eedara of Taculia, numerous enough at this pcrioil, yiehU'd luu'h ut 1 ii'
timbei', and the slo|ieMiif Izlaeeihuatlaud Tehipou tiie iiarder portion for ui.i-. -,
keels, etc. Mora, in Soc, Mcx. Cifoj., BolUiii, i.\. 301.
BOATING AND HUNTING.
327
A ] milting -trip to one of the imperial reserves
ill TDss the lake was at once arraii^'ed."'*^ Tlie largest
\ is.sel had been provided with awnings and other eoni-
i'orts for the reeei)tioii of Montezuma, his suite, and
a strong guard, while other iu)tables were accom-
liiotlated in the other craft. A volley from the guns
announced their arrival, and did more prol)ably to iu-
sjiire respect tlioa even tl.e presence of majesty. The
Aossels were acjompanicd by a fleet of canoes, some
liolding forty or more courtiers, hunters, or attendants.
All were curious to see h« w the winged water-houses
would behave, for their immense size was supposed
to render them slow and clumsy. A fair breeze was
blowing, however, and as the large sails unfurled, the
\essels bounded forward with a speed that in a few
luonients left the occujiants of the canoes far beliind.
!Mt)iitezuiiia was delighted, and the trip was repeated,
lluiiting parti !S were likewise formed; for tiie royal
ca|)li\e enjoyed the chase and used the blow-pipe
A\ith great skill.^
'' ' En la lagiina I'l vn pcfiol, que cstaua acotado, n no ossauan ciitrar cii M
A iiioiite.'ir, jM>r niuy principales quo fuciscn, so pena uc muertc' JJenial Diaz,
Jli<'. VinliiiL, TS.
^'' XuUri' ft'irm, ii. 411. 'Qn.lilo yua a cira do montoria, le llouauan en
oiiilin):*, con las guardas de Castellanos, y trcsmillndiosTlascultecas. . . . Acom-
paiiauaulo los sunoros sua vassallus.' lleirera, dec. ii. lib. viii. cap. iv.
CHAPTER XIX.
POLITICS AND RELIGION.
1520.
GKowniKo Discontent AMONo the Mexicans — Cacama's Conspiracy — He
orENLY Defies both Montezuma and CoKT]fc3 — The CorNciL op
Tepetzinco — Seizure of Cacama — The Tezcucan Ruler Deposed—
CuicuiTzcATL Elevated — Montezuma and his People swear Fe-vltv
TO the Spanish King — Gatiieiuno in the Tribute — Division ok
Spoils — The Spaniards Quarrel over their Gold — Uncontrol-
lable Reliuious Zeal — Taking of the Temple — Wr^vtu of the
Mexicans.
With their hand so securely on the spring that
moved a mighty empire, there is Uttle wonder that
these Spanish adventurers became somewhat insolent
toward the people they so injured. The Mexicans
were not slow to mark this, and there were tlioso
among them, and others beside them, who began to
think of taking matters into their own hands, of
destroying the invaders and releasing the emperor.
Montezuma's occasional appearance in public, and
the assertion that he remained with the Spaniards of
his free-will, and because the gods desired it, had f )r
a time satisiied the nobles; but the hard irons oii
his limbs and the cruel burning of patriotic men
had opened their eyes somewhat to tlio true state of
affairs. No one knew when his turn might ct)inr.
]^ife was insecure enough subject to the caprice of their
own sovereign, but the (Ifirk uncertain ways of these
emissaries of evil were ])ast finding out. Thes(^ things
were thought o+' and talli'jd of in higli ]ilaces. ]{;><■(•
aversions and the political systems of the tripartite
alliance caused more than one party to be fornud.
(028)
in:
MEXICiN RESOLVES.
329
each with aspirations that could not bo entertained by
the others. The most prominent leader at this time
w IS Cacama, wlio had at first favored the strangers
ip. their character as envoys. And now he began the
eiuleavor to direct the movement of the Aztec nobil-
ity, hut jealousy of Acolhua influence rose uppermost,
and lii^ ■ ftorts tended only to create a reaction in
favor of abiding by tjie will of the emperor.^
Although there were enough of sympathizers in
^Icxico for his purpose, Cacama found that he must
rcily almost wholly on the northern provinces, and in
connection with Cuitlahuatzin, Totoquihuatzin II. of
Tlacopan, his own brothers, and others, ho organized a
conspiracy which had for its aim the expulsion of the
Spaniards and the release of his uncle. Beneath this
was harbored a design upon the Aztec throne, which
would probably become vacant; and even if Cacama
was not sure of gaining this for himself, he had at
least the expectation of assuming the leadership of the
Aiulhuac confederacy.^ He presented to the council
in the most dismal aspect the purposes of the Span-
iards, avIio evidently sought to become absolute master-i
and reduce them all to slaverv. It was time to rise
for religion and liberty. Their honor and welfiire dv-
nianded it, and this before the Spaniards rendered
themselves too powerful by reinforcements and al-
liances. With heedless confidence he vaunted that
^\ii'xico should be his within a few hours after sotting
out against her, for there were many of her citizens
ready to aid in such a work. The S[)aniards were
ttverrated, and could efl"ect little, surrouiided as they
were on all sides, and without other supplies than
those provided by the Mexicans.
' 'Vislo por el rcy racjima cl poco Animo v (lotcrniiniioioii do los Mcxi-
I'aiios, so .snlio do l;i ciiidail y so fiio jl la do IV/uioo, piira jniitur sua goiitoi.'
I.rt!il.mrhi(l, Jl'tst. (Viicli., tlOS, and Tonjitrmadn, i. 4.")0. 'liut it \* (l>;il>Uid
wlii'tlior ho roiiiainod niaiiy days iii Mexico attor the seizure of his iiiiolo, if
iiulot d ho WM.s there then.
• lloriial I)i;i7. asstiinos.iinturally enonjili for a Spnnish conqueror, that nr.o
I't' tlio main olijeets of ( 'aoaina was to rescue the imperilled trea;mrea at
Mixieo. //(.■.<. I'cniad., 7l)-!>0.
m
n
330
POLITICS AND RELIGION.
The motives and the ncoessity were recojijiilzed,
tl) jugh the means proposed met with some objections;
but when tlie question of spoils and rewards came
forward there were still greater differences. Among
others, the brave and powerful lord of Matlaltzinco
advanced pretensions, founded in part on his close
relationship to Montezuma, which Cacama above all
could not admit. The result \yas disagreement, fol-
lowed b} the withdrawal of several members.'
No attempt had been made to keep the movement,
or its ostensible motive, a secret from Montezuma, nor
could it have been kept from him who was the still
])owerful ruler of a servile race; but, even if the deei)i;r
lying aim was not revealed him, he could not fail to
foresee the troubles that might arise, particularly under
such a leader. lie still hoped the Spaniards would
soon leave, or that his release might be efl'ected by
other means, for he dreaded a conllict with the power-
ful invaders, involving perhaps the destruction of tliu
city and Jiis own death. He sent to tell the con-
spi)-ators that they need not concern themselves about
his imprisonment. The Spaniards had more than
once proposed that he should return to his own }-alaco,
])ut tlie gods had decreed it otluu'wise. He could not
allow his people to be needlessly ex})osed to war, or
his ca])ital to destruction. Ilemember Cliolula. Their
stay would not be long.
This message was not without its effect even among
the Tezcucans, for, although the fate of the Aztec
capital and king may have concerned them but littK',
there were many who could not forget tliat the im-
petuous and proud Cacama had obtained the throne
by favor of Montezuma, to the prt^udice of an elder
brother, Tetlahuehuetquizitzin. Their father, Xe/a-
hualpilli, had died in 1515^ without naming a sue
cessor, and the choice devolving on the royal council, iu
' 'Aim ileziiin, quo le vcnia do (Icreeho cl Royno, y senorio de ^^exioo.'
Iliiwt'vcr tli.iL iiuiy bo, ho laid a claim to tlio A/.tuo throne, and Caoaiiia rop'.ii d
that to hiniiiclf iilono should that bcloug. JJernal JJhiz, Jlinl. VcnUul., 'tS)^').
( ; •
CACAMA'S REVOLT.
831
roiijunotion with the rulers of ^lexico and Tlacopan,
Cai'inua was elected. Coliuanacocli,the third brotlier,
ar(iuiesced, but the youngest, the fiery Ixtlilxoehitl,
])ix)tested in favor of the (ddest heir, and denounced
the selection as due to Montezuma, who hoped to
mould the new kinij to his own will and so ajrain to
control. lie even resorted to arms in sujiport of his
views, and enlisting the northern provinces in his
favor, after a short campaign lie obliged Cacama to
consent to a division of the kirifjdom with himself*
His ready success proved that Cacama had no very
great hold on the people, and now, when came tlio
warning of Montezuma, more than one chief coun-
selled prudence from other motives than fear. But
the king stamped all these objections as cowardly, and
a]tpears evf^n to have ])laced under restraint several
ot" tliose whose want of sympathy ho had reason to
•suspect.^ His blood was hot, and relying on the
jiromiscs of his su{)])orters, he considered himself
strong enough to bid defiance to his opponents. He
sent word to his uncle that if he had any regard for
the dignity of his station and the honor of his person
and ancestry, he would not (]uietly submit to the
JHindage imposed by a handful of robl)ers, who witli
smooth tonirue sonu'lit to cover their outra<res aijainst
him and the ixods. If he reiused to rise in defence
of liis religion, throne, and liberty, Cacama would not."
This outspok(>n utterance of the iie})he\v whom he
had assisted to rulcr.ship amazed Montezuma as much
as it wounded his ])ride, and he no longer hesi-
tated to take counsel with Corti's, who had already
obtained an inkling that something was stirring.''
* Sco Xdtire Itaci's, v, -174.
'' 'Miiiiili') collar picsos tros di'lloa.' licnKtl Dim, f/i.H. Vcn/ful, SO.
"''Cacama le respoiulio imiy a,t,'iaiiieiiti', (lizit'iido (|Ui' si el tmiii'ra s.ui.'re
I'M tl i)j(i, iii ostiirio prcso, ui eatiuu do nuatio oslnuijoius,' etc. (I'uiH'irn, /li-^\
J/'.r. i:{;$.
' Acodi'diiig .0 Bcriial Diaz fiml (ioinara, t'orti-s was iiifi)riiio(l liy .Mmito-
ziini:; l)otoio 111' and Cacama oxcliaii!,'od the severe mossa;,'o8 rofonod to, and
tiiat the Niiauiard scut tin; lli'ist rciuniislranco, but the emperor, as master, and
as the person whom the revolt immediately conoerued, had uaturally to tako
the initiative.
t»i II
3n2
POLrriCS AND RELIGION.
With chamoteristic promptness the latter suggested
tliat, since Caoanui's real object was evidently to usurp
the throne, a Mexican army should be given to aid
the Spaniards in laying waste the territory of tlic
conspirnt(»rs and in capturing them. Tiie emperor
had probably entertained a hope that the news would
frighten his guest and make it safe to urge a retreat
from ]\texico, thus ending the whole trouble. lie
was therefore somewhat startled by this proposal, tlio
true tenor of which he well understood. He feared
a fratricidal war of doubtful result, wherein he would
ap])ear as arrayed against the defenders of national
rehgion and liberty; and being now weak and cowed
he hesitated to arm at all, preferring peaceful meas-
ures. To this Cortc^s was not averse, for he recognized
on second thought that aggressive steps might become
the signal for a general uprising which would over-
wht^lm him, since Aztec troops could never be re-
lied on.
] [e accordingly sent messages to Cacama, reminding
him of their friendly intercourse, and representing tlu>
danger of offending the Spanish king by proceedings
which could only react on himself and lead to the
destruction of his kingdom. Montezuma supported
this by asking the king to come to Mexico and
arrange the difficulty. Cacama had not gone so far
to be restrained by what he termed an empty threat,
and regardless of the warnings from a timid minoi'ity
he replied that he knew not the king of the Span-
iards, and would never accept the friendship of men
who had oppressed his country and outraged lii^ blood
and religion. He had had enough of their promises,
but would declare his determination when he saw
them.^ To Montezuma he sent word that he wouM
" llriinl Dinz, l/kf. Vertlad., 70. Ho ■\vo\il(l not hold frieiulsliip with him
ulid took away l>is honor and kingdom. Tiio war was for the good of his
suhjfi'ts, and in di'i'iii>,v: -^f their hind and religion. Before laying down anin
he Would avenge Ids uncle and Ins goda. He knew not who was tlie jdng of
the S|iaiMards, nor wonld he listen to him, nuich less know him. O'unutrti,
JlUt. Mcx., 13-2.
If' 1i
CAPTURK OF CACAMA.
333
pome, "not with tlio liaiul on the heart, however,
l)iit on tlic swortl.'"''
Tlicre was eons'ulerahle meaning in tliis throat, for
Cacama had witii great energy set about to mass his
torees at Oztotiopae, and tlioy in conjunction with
those of his aUies would make a formidable host.^°
( 'ortes was aware of this, and seeing that no time was
to be lost he finnly represented to Montezuma the
necessity of securing the person of the king, openly
or by stealth; and when he still hesitated, the signifi-
cant hint was given that the Spaniards would regai-d
a lefusal with suspicion. Tliis decided him, and he
pi'oniised that it should be done, if possible. Cortes
broke forth in expressions of good -will, and again
Dllered him that freedom which Montezuma well knew
he would never grant.
In ])lacing Cacama on the throne, the emperor
had seized the opportunity to introduce into the
Acolhua government ofli'v^s several creatures of his
own, who were paid to maintain Aztec influence in
the council" and to watch operations. To these men
he scut an order, weighted witli ]>resents, to seize the
kin'4' and bring him to Mexico." They accordingly
prevailed on their victim to hold a council at Te-
petzinco for finally arranging the cam])aign. This
l)ahice was situated on the lalce, near Tezcuco, and
approached by canals. Here Cacama was seized and
thi'own into a boat prepared for the occasion, and
cari'icd to the Aztec cai)ital,'^
'•' '('(III liocliizos lo tenianios qiiit.Klo su gran coraroii, y fii(M-(;;i; u i\\\c niics-
tvns nidsi'n, y la gran lunger <k' CaHtilla. . . .nos (l:ia(|iiol ^,'raii poilir. ' In tliiii
h^t 111- dill not err, remarks lU-nial I>iaz, Hi^t. Vinlml., SO.
'"Over IO(t,(K)0 men. LitlUxnchitl, /l!st. ('/,lr/i., 'I'M).
" ''I'liiia t'u ail ticrra del dii-hi) (^aoania/iii nuu'liaa poraonas principaK'3
(HI" viviaii coil I'l y les daha su salario.' Corlv.^, Vartdx, !(7.
'•' Accordinsj; to IJeriial ])iaz, «ix diiofs were sent with tlic iiiipi^rial siijiict,
whicli waa to l)o given to certain relatives and tligiiitaries discontented witli
Ciicinia, and they wore to seize him and liis council. Hint. VinUul., S((.
'■' ''ranibien tnixeron otros cinco preaos.' llmial ./>i(tz, IHxt. \'i nl'iiL, Si).
' i'lciidicron al Caeamii vii dia, est'indo con ellos y olros niiichos en cdnscjo
i>;ir:i Cdsidtar las cosas tie la giierra.' (t'oiiKira, Hist. M(r., I.'tli. Acccvdin^;' to
iNlhlxoi'liitl, when Cacama left Mexico, partly out of fear lest the S|i'iiiiar(ls
should seize him for promoting a revolt tlieie, his lirothcrs Caluiaiiacocli and
Ixllilxocliitl, all now reconcilod, pretciulcd to lull into his views. Ixliil-
334
POLITICS AND RELIGION.
^ i^-'l
Ashamed, perhaps, of his share in the transaction,
and unwiHing to face tlio taunts of the captive, Monte-
zuma refused to see him, and he was surrendered to
Cortes, who, regardless of royalty, applied the fetters
as the surest means against escape." This seizure
.scattered the conspirators and their schemes to the
winds, and the demoralization was completed by the
arrest of several of the more important personages,
such as the king of Tlacopan and the lords of Iztapal-
apan and Co3'uhuacan,who were also shackled." Thus
we see that Montezuma's captivity did not greatly
affect his power, since he could so readily place uuder
restraint the confederate kings, in their own prov-
inces; and it was not wholly unwelcome to him to find
his misfortune shared l)y other prominent men, since
this made his disgrace less conspicuous.
xocliitl rpcommendcd Tcpetzinco as the place bost suited for beginning opera-
tions on Mexico, and while proceeding l^ the place in u canoe he wa3 carried
0:1 to Mexico by his faithless brothers. Without Ixtlilxochitl's aid Montezuma
and Cortea could never have been able to overcome the powerful Cacaina. con-
cludes the .luthor. J Hit. Chicfi., '2!»8-9. In his Uelaciones, .389, 412, the samo
autlior states that Cacama was seized not for plotting, but because Cortes de-
sired to secure so powerful a personam. Brasseur do Bourbourg follows the
former version, and believes that Montezuma favored the conspiracy a.s a
moans to oblige the Spaniards to depart. Hist. Nat. Civ., iv. 2o8. There may
be some truth in this Delief, so far as the beginning of tlie plot is concurneil,
but it must be considered that Montezuma would have preferred not to intrust
such a movement to a probable rival, the ruler of a people jealous of A/teo
supremacy, and the ally of his most h.ated enemy, Ixtlilxochitl. If, again,
Cacama was his tool, tiic emperor would not have had him seized, to be exe-
cuted for all be knew, when he coidd have warned him to ilee or to dclVnd
himself. Had Ixtlilxochitl suircndered the king, Corti''S would not bo likely
to givi! the credit to Montezuma, as he does. Cartas, 1)7-8.
^^dotnara, Hi.if. Mfx., 133. Yet Bernal Diaz assumes that Montezuma
cxamineil liim and the other prisoners, 'y supo Montezuma de los conciertns
en (jue aiidaua, que era alcansc por scfior.' Hist. Vcrilnd., 80. ' Y a cabo <lo
pocos dias Ic (Heron Garroto S(!cretamcnte,' adds Torqucmada, i. 470, eirone-
ously. Had CortOs fallen into his hands, the stone of sacrifice would speedily
have received him, and the captive nuist accordingly have regarded himself
as mercifully treated. The general knew the value of such prominent hostage-;.
The leniency gained him besides great credit, as Solis rightly assumes. //^-^
Mex., ii. 21-2.
'■' ' Kn ocho dias todos estuuieron presos en la cadena gorda.' Derval Diir..
Hint. Vcnlail.., 80. This author incluilcs the lord of !Matlaltzinco, who escaped
iiis pursuers the longest, and when tinally brought before the emperor s]viki!
his mind so freely that he would have been consigned to the exccuti'Mier
had not Cortes interfered. Uuran adds the lord of Xochimilco instead I'f
tlie last two. /list. Jill/., MS., ii. 444. ' Piglif) ancora il lie di Tlacopan. i
Signori dTztapalapan, e di Cojohuacan, fratelli tutti e due del Ke Moteznma,
due ligliuoli di (juesto medesimo lie, Itztpiauhtzin Signor di Tlatelolco, 1111
Suiumo Sacerdotc di Mcssico, c parecchj altri.' Clavhjero, Storia Mc.ts., iii. 107.
11'
TRIBUTK DEMANDED.
335
He now resolved, with the npproval of Cortt-'s, to
depose the Tczcucaii ruler, as a rebel against his
authority, and to place on the throne a more dutiful
suhject, a younger natural brother of Cacama, named
( 'uicuetzcatl,"' whom his ill-troatnicnt had driven to
.Mexico for protection. The nomination was for the
salce of appearance submitted I'or ratification to a
convention of loyal Tezcucan chiefs, many of wliom
lioped no doubt to obtain greater inlluence under tliis
youth. The new king was escorted to the gates of
Mexico by Cortes and Montezuma, and received at
Tezcuco with triumphal arches and processions,"
And now, witli the three confed(^rato rulers and a
number of leading caciques in his power, tlie great
kiiiLT-maker thought tlie time had come to exact a
formal acknowled'jfment of Snani.sh sovereiijntv. He
leiiiinded Montezuma of his promises to pay tribute,
and demamled tliat he and his vassals should tender
allegiance. Instead of the objections expected, Cortes
was sur[)rised to hear a [)rom[)t acquiescence. !Mon-
tczuma had evidently been long prepared for the
demand, and said that he would at once convene his
eliiefs for consultation. Within little more than a
week the summoned dignitaries had arrived, and at a
meeting, attended by no Spaniards save the page, ho
intimated to the leading personages, so far as he dared
lieibre this wit' ^ss, that the concession demanded of
them was to satisfy the importunate jailers. "The
,L!,'ods, alas! are mute," concluded Montezuma; "but
Ity and by they may signify their will more clearly,
"''So llamo Don Carlos.' licrmd Diaz, Ifht. I'mlnil., 80; at n later pi.Tuxl,
most likely. ' Snrnomme Toopaxocliitl . . . .batanl dc Xc/almalpilli. ' Brns-^eur
ill' llonrliOKrij, Hid. Nat. Cii\, iv. "JoS. Cortes calls liini a son of ('aeania,
''//•/(•(>•, !)8, but this ho afterward coirocts. The native records, in Siiliinntn,
Hi I. (ri-iK, ii. "277, and in Ix/lil rurhill, ignore him. Tlie latter, indeed, assunie.i
t'i:it Cacania continued to reign, tiiough captive like Montezuma. //i.s<. (.'/lich.,
■-'!(:) et se(j.
'' llerrcra gives the speeches on the occasion, dec. ii. lib. ix. cap. iii. ' Era
in:is bien fjuisto, que no Cacama .... Y Cortes hazia rcyes, y mundaua con
tiiit.i autoridad, eomo si ya vuiera ganado el imperio. ' Oomnra, llisl. .Ur-r.,
bi.'>. liyasseur do IJourlxjurg iis.sumes that Cohuan.icocli and Ixtlilxocliitl at
once managed to obtain control of the weak youth and of the government.
330
rOLITICS AND REUGION.
Mi S
1A
and I will then say what further is to lie done."
All declared sorrowfully that they would do as ho
bade, and Cortt^s was informed that on the following
day the required ceremon ' would take place.
On this occasion the chiefs mustered in force be-
fore Montezu.iia, who was seated on a throne having
on either side the new king of Tezcuco and he of
Tlacopan." All being prepared, the Spanish general
entered with his captains and a number of soldiers.
Tlie emperor now addressed his vassals, reminding
them of the relation so long and happily maintained
between them — as dutiful subjects on the one side,
and a line of lovinix monarchs on the other. Com-
paring the Quetzalcoatl myth and other indications
with the advent of white men from the rcLjion of
the rising sun, ho showed that they must bo the
long expected race, sent to claim allegiance for their
king, to whom the sovereignty evidently belonged.
The jjods had willed it that their jjoneration should
repair the omission of their ancestors. " Hence I
pray that as you have hitherto held and obeyed mo
as your lord, so you will henceforth h(jld and obey
this great king, for he is your legitimate ruler, and lu
his place accept this captain of his. All the tribute
and service hitherto tendered me give to him, for I
also have to contribute and servo with all that he
may require. In doing this you will fulfd not only
your duty, but give me great pleasure."'^"
His concluding words were almost lost in the sobs
which his humiliated soul could no lonirer stifle. The
chiefs were equally affected, and the sympathies even
of the flint-hearted Spaniards were aroused to a degree
which moistened many an eye. With some of the
lately arrived dignitaries, who had not had time to
" ' El tiempo andando veremos si tenemos otra mejor rcspucsta do mio.strns
r>ioscs, y como vieremos el tiempo assi liaremos presto oa dirt! lo quo mas
uoconucnga.' Beriial Dhiz, Il'iint. Vrrdnd., 81.
'"The latter had probably tendered his submission in order to retain the
throne. Ixtlilxochitl names Cacaina as tlie Tczcuean king present.
'-" Cortfs, Cartat, 98-9. ' Demos gracias a los dioses, <( an vouido en nucatroa
dias lo3 q tato dcsscauamos,' et seq. Goinara, Hid. Mex., I'ii.
ALLEGIANCE SWORN.
337
fiilly iGfrnsp tho situation at the capital, indijjfnation
>t iU!4nU;(l with ^riof at the (Hsinal ])ros]iect. Others
ii'called the prophecy that the enipii-e would teruii-
iiate with Montezuma, whoso very name appeared
Iraunht with evil omen,^' and were quite reconciled
to the inuvitahle. So were most of them, for that
iiuittor, either throui^h belief in the myth or from ;i
sense of duty to their master. (Jne of the eldest
iKihles broke the oppressive silence by dedarini^ his
sorrow at witnessing tho j^rief of their beloved sov-
erci<jrn and hearinjj the aimouncement of cominir
(lianufes. J3ut since the time had come for the ful-
lihnent of divine decrees, they, as devout and dutiful
subjects, could only submit. Ai^ain their grief broke
forth, thou'^h many a bitter glance was called up l)y
the allusion to chaniTfes in store for them. Observinuf
the bad impression, Cort.es hastened to assure them
tliat ]\[(jntezuma would not oidy remain the great
emperor he had always been, and his vassals be eon-
tirmed in their dignities and possessions, but that
tlieir domain and power would bo increased. Tlu^
r]iang(^s proposed were merely intended to stop wars,
to enlighten them on matters with which they were
as yet unacquainted, and to promote general welfare.
One after another, beginning with Montezuma, they
now swore allegiance, and gave promise of service and
tribute, after which they were dismissed with thanks
for their compliance.^'^
■" ' Tenia <lel oraculo de sus dioscs rospucsta muchas vczcs. . . .~\ perrleria
I I silla alos ocho anoa de su royiiado, y Tj por esto niinca ([uiso liazer fjiiorra a
lis l';sp:ifi()k's, . . . . Bien que por otro caljo lo tenia por l)urla, piles ania inuM
ilrzisioto afios n era rev.' Oomara, Hint. M<'X., 134-5; Aconla, Hist. Iiul.,
-'- Oorti's, (Cartas, 91, 98-9 ; Ilerrern, dec. ii. lib. ix. cap. iv. ; Tapia, lid., in
I'-irJialcftii, Col. Dor., ii. 580-1. The allegiance was tendered before Secretary
I'lidri) Fi'rnandez. Bernnl Diaz, //i.t/. Ver<la<t., SI. Solis assumes that Monte-
/Uiiiiii of his own accord offered allegiance and tribute, in the hope tliat tliis
wiiiild till tho measure of the Spaniards' expectations and cause tlieni to depart.
III tliatca.se the general grief must have been well counterfeited. He regards
this act as giving legalitj" to the conquest. Hist. Afex., ii. 23-32. I'res-
c'ltt supposes that tho submission was prompted less by fear tlian l)y con-
science — conscientious obedience to the myth. Mex., ii. 198. Oviedo looks
III! tlio tears as evidence of unwillingness, and thinks that either the eniporor
w;i.-j very pusillanimous, or the will of God clearly manifest, iii. '-■)'. Ac-
UisT. Mkx., Vol.. I. 22
f\
> . I
ans
POLITICS AND RELIGION.
The sulnnission of tlio HovLTciL^ns aj)poars to liavo
Iti'cii (juit-'tly acooptud tliroiiLjlunit the ooimtry, and
the iiiipunity witli which even single Spaniards moved
ahoiit shows tliat no liostility had heen aroused by tlie
act, in the provinces at least. Eviilently the jjcople
hovered between tear of men wlio so few in nunibii-
could yet perform so great achievements, and awe of
(livine will as indicateil by the })ropheeies and tradi-
tions. Cyortes was not slow in making use of his uvw
power by representing to the emperor that, his king
being in need of gold for certain projects, it would be
well for the new vassals to begin tribute payments as
an earnest of their loyalty. Montezuma had exj)ectc(l
this, and it was readily agreed that he should si-nd
olKcers, accompanied by Si)aniards, to the different
provinces and towns of the emi)ire for contributions.'-'
Tliese demands were met with more or less alacrity,
and in poured gold and silvr, in dust, and quoits, and
leaves, and trinkets, which formed to a certain ex-
tent a medium for trade. !Many towns remote from
the mines had nothing to otVer save a few jewels, which
were perhaps heirlooms among the chiefs.
21
cording to Ixtlilxoehitl the kings iiml L'aci<|Ut's wore required to leave liostaLrea
for tlie observance of tlieir oath. 'L'acaina. y con el sus dos hermanos, dilaiana-
cochtziii y Ixtlilxoehitl, segun las relaciones y pinturas de Tezcuco, dierun eii
rehenes il cuatro hermanos 8iiyo8 y otras tantas hennanas.' He names tlie
brothers, and states that Montezuma also had to leave sons and brothers. ///«/.
C'/iiib., 'J',(0 -SOO. lirasseur de IJourbourg supposes, from ii resemblance in tlio
surname of the new king of Tezcuco to tliat of one of his brothers' host^iL'cs,
that he had already been forceil to abdicate in favor of Cohuanacocli and
Ixtlilxoehitl, and surrender himself to tlie Sjianiards. One of his si.stcis,
baptized as Dona Juana, became the mistress of Cortes, as Ixtliixotliitl
ol)serves, and 'peritdans la nuit de la retruite, enceinte du fait de ("ortis. '
jrifit. \iit. ('<!'., iv. 'iG'i. Tlie readiness witii which Spaniards ventured, ottiu
singly, all over the country to exact tribute and to ii.'iuiro into resources .unl
the condition of affairs, would indicate that the prudent general had takcii
the pi'ecaution of obtaining living guarantees.
•^ ' Luego mand(i que Ic diese los espanolcs que queria enviar, y do do.-i cii
dos y de cinco en ciiico los repartio para muchas provincias y ciudadea. ' Corii s
Caria.i, 1()0.
'" According to the Tezcucan records, twenty Spaniards were sent with two
of ..le king's brothers, Nezahualquentzin and Tetlahuehuezquititzin, tocollr.-t
the triliute of that city. As they were leaving Mexico, Montezuma despatch' d
a ni'ssenger to the former prince, enjoining him to treat the SpiMiiaiiU
well and to obtain a large sum. Tiiis whispered advice was assumed by tlio
Spaniards to hide a plot, and laying violent hands on the prince, the IcaJir
carried him to Cortes, who had him hanged at once. The king was of
T\
IXTLILXOCHITL.
3.13
AVlion thoconootorsivturiH'dj^roiitozuiim suihiiioiuhI
tlu' Sj)anisli IciKlccs, nnd sin-iviidci'i'd what tlifV liad
hroujjflit. In addition to fh's, \iv ollbvcd them the tieas-
iciiiixe (li'eply f:''i''V«'il, l>iit ilari'il not niiy aiiytliiii^. (iuiilril l>y niiothiT
liiiitlicr, 'IVpucxiM'liit/in, tlu' Sp.iiiiunls ri'jiolifil Ti'/.c\ic(>, ami Ix-liavfcl mit-
ra:;i'Oiwly. With tlio aid of Ixtlilxiuliitl tin y si'i/i'd tlic I'oiitfiits of tlii' royal
trriiHury, (illiiig witli tlu- gold a iii"st two fatlioiiiH in liiiglit and length, and
one in width. After this tlicv conipcUtMl tlic I'liicfs to I'ontrilnito as luiu-h
II. ore. l.xtlilxochitl asHUiiua tliat Cacania is tho king, and tliat tlie deed
o.rurrcd l>t.'forf alWiano*' was sworn, and si'vcn wci kn after the Spaniards'
iiniv.d at Mexico. T/ixt. Chir/i., 'JllS ; /,!., /,'il., ;t,SS--!t, 411-1-J. I'.nis.senr .U)
llninl'oiirg rejieats this story in siitistance, though ho corrects it Ity stilting
that Monte/\i!na interfered and savrd the jirince. Ill-t. iV(»^ dr., iv. 'J.'i.' ,M.
Ih rrera writes that ' the servant ' sent to guide the Spaniards disappeared on
the way. He was caught and hanged by order of Caeaina, wiio gave them a
iiiuic trusty attendant. They were received at T'-zcuco witii great jvunp, and
jiicsiiiteil with female slaves. A large amount of goM, j)earls, and other
v.diialili's was olitained, and )S() carriers were sent to Mexico laden with
iiiimy, which Cortes ilistrihuted, while he kept tile treasures, dec. ii. lil>. ix.
ca]>. i. According to V'azipiez de Tapia, l."i,(HX) pesos in gold wen? olitained
IrniM Te/.cuco, lieside soiut' jewels and cloth. Not .siitislied with this, (' prt(''H
sent ( 'acama in charge of Alv.'irailo to exact more. Hut little heing olitained,
liMJliiig jiitcli was a|)]ilied to the stomach of Cacania liefore he was sent tiack
til Nlexici). Alvarado denies this outrage. Rnmiriz, I'rucem coii/ruAlriintiln,
X .S.'i-(i. (m.
Fernando dc Alva Cortes Ixtlilxochitl claims our attention n» a native
lii^tiirian who has lahored zealously to vindicate the glorious antecedents of
hii race, jiarticularly the Acolhuas, whose loyal devotion to the Spanish in-
\a.lers he ailvocates with ait .'iithusiasm as unlilushing as it i.s inconsistent,
'ilieehief hero of the tlieine is his ancestor and namesake. King Ixtlilxochitl,
Ills great great grandfatiier, according to Mufloz' genealogio list, iiittle good
was derived from this calculated zeal, for at Alva's birth, in about l.VW, the
f:niiily estate hail dwindled to small proportions, while the tribute exem]itioii
wliieh testiKed to royal descent expired not many years later. After a course
iit the Santa Cruz College .Viva figured as interpreter to the native tribunal of
the viceroy. The death of tho eldest brother brought lawsuits which tiireat-
eiied to impoverish him, but urgent representation procured, in KIO'J, acednia
re(cii.'in/ing him as heir to the family ]>roperty. Fhrcnria, La EMri'lhi, W^ etc. ;
Il'Zrrn Taiicn, lcfirii/ailJfi\r.,4'.); Oiicula/npr, Co/.,.');")! ; I'anen, Tfi/ro Nw rii-
A'-/"i/(((, M.SS. The re(|uirements of the suit called forth more than one
(if his writings, which had in view to establish both his own title and the
I liiims of his family. Tiieir ri'search and style attracted the attention of the
vii-eroy, who encouraged him to continue a task for which lie was so well
titled, not only by his Spanish and Aztec studies, but as a native to whom
1 is einintrymen would readily communicate their views and traditions, and as
the ]iossessor of a vast family archive. The command accorded with his in-
eliiKitioii and improved fortune, ami anumberof pieces were produced, whii'li
iiiter his death, about lt)48, passed to the .Tesuit college, ('hfrii/cro, Sturhi
-1/i.vw,, i. 10, and thence to tho Archivo General, where they form volumes
iv. ami xiii.
The most complete list of his M'orks is given in Dirr. Univ., iv. ; that by
I'ntiirini is nearly as full, Cnln'oijo, '2 etc.; IJeristaln, liihL, 'Alva,' gives it
less so, and Clavigero's is still briefer, while Finelo, Kpifowr, ii. (iOS, niakes
nil rely a general allusion. Kingsborough, on the other iiand, otlersan almost
e"iiipletc reproduction of the writings in volume ix. of hi;: .l/r./'. ,1;///'/. Tho
liii„'est and most imjiortant is the lli.itnrhi C/iicliiniera, d.'dicnted to tho
viceroy, in 95 chapters, of which the fii"st 7l) treat of the ri.se and progress of
tile (.'hichimec empire, represented at the comiuest by the Acolhuas, and of
It I
1;' f
[If
i
iihii
I ^' M
w ■
9i
'340
POLITICS AXD RELIGION.
iiros kept in liis own palace, reiT^retting that lio liad not
more to s^ive; but previous otl'erings had diniinislied
what lie ])os8essefh "Wlien you transmit it to your
Ivitiy," he said, "tell him that it comes from his good
its glories as inherited liy his ancestors, the kin^sof Tezcuco. The reiiiainiiiL;
I!) chapters relate to the couquest hy tlie Spaniards, ami are incomplete. It
is tiie most cai'efnlly written of the s<;ries, elal)orate(l partly from previous
liiaiiuscri|)ts, partly from fresh researches, while the account of the eiiui|ue^t
rests also on the testimony of eyc-witnosscs, reinforced by additions from
(lomara and other sources, as he admits on pji. .'tOO, 3().'{. An allusiun to
'J'orijm^niada shows that it could not have been com[)leted before Kilo, and it
w:i:; probably his last woi-k. More than one copy is extant, from (aie of
wliich 'lernaux-Compans printed a French translation, while tl'.e best issue,
that of Kingsborough, is after a copy from Veytia. The mater.'al has been
largely used, and Veytia's f/inf. Ant. Mi J. may be saitl to rest upon it. The
more important of the other writings are, SioHnrid Jiclaririn di lo'lns /<is rosit.i
I'll la \iiera-l'Js]Mjna, y que. ItM tuk'ras alraiizmrm, in 5 relations, ivhicli
treat of the mythical ]ieriod fnjm the creation of the world, aecordini' to
native tradition, t<i the fall of the Toltecs; Jlistiria d' Ion iSnlorcJi Chic/iliiicn:^,
in 12 relations, which brings the history down to the .Spanish con(|uest;
yotliiwi d'J /<).•( j.ohlndorcK y lUwioiiM dc Xufi'a K-^jkuki, in \'A relationt; ; tiie
first 12 (juite short, and relating to native peoples; tlie histi'f considci-ahle
length, an<l dwelling on the con(|uest. Cdrlos Maria do IJuitamante jiuli
lished the ir>th relation in separate form, to which, undei'an excess of patriotic
zeal, he gave the abnormal title of Horribles Vravliliuks di.' Iim (.'oii'iiiis/i-
dnrc-i, Mexico, KS2!). Notes were appended, and consiilerable lilicrties taken
witii text, so as to incre;i.e the odium against the conquerors. Ternaax
( '. inipans included a l'"rencli translation of it in his collection. Kingsliorough
lias printed eleven shorter pieces by Ixililxochitl, and a few iiwre are at-
triliuted to his pen, as a translation of Xezahualcoyotl's ])ocms, a fragment nf
the same king's biograi)hy, an<l a history of the Virgin of Guaiialupe; but
the last two are doubtful. Several of the pieces are mere repetitions and
huiiimajies under ditierent titles, connected with the author's ph^ading-i,
wliil( the i:?tli relation maybe termed a cleverly prepareil biography of his
gieat namesake, from the exaggerated jn'ominence given to his sei'vices for the
.S))anish cause. I'rcscott's severa' blunden' .;ii this and other points are proli-
ably dno as nnieli to a. want. )f access to snfiicient material as to a liasty study.
Throughout these writings are evidence!-, of the ])atriotic spirit whicli
prom})ted Ixtlilxocliitl in the study and translation of tlu^ painted reconls nt
his peo[)le; and e\ ery now and then gle.ams forth a vei'y natui'al hatred of
the Sjianish oppressor, so marked indeed as once to call forth the comletnna-
tion of an olliiial censor. ( •thi'i'wise the nari-ative of event,-) onnected 'ith
the couiiuerois are closely masked ; for the .'^aki^ of private ain , and thi' com
mon fear of the white masters. As a eonseijuence many tri dilesome facts
are hii'.den and many (piestions smoothed to tht^ detriment o history, lli ■
narratives are also extremely confusing in (kites, ami to a reat extent iu
ai'rangcment, while the interest is diminished by trivial i ^tails rnd ini
jMiiliable stolies. liut these were the faultsof his time rather \an of himself.
lie did wonderfully well in grappling with misty tr,adition.s, enveloped an
th(>y were in tlie intricate mazes of hieroglyphics. And lie is justly entitled
to our admii'atinn, .and to the gratitude of his conntr\?nen, for rescuing fi'oiii
now unattainable sources so large a mass of material to illustrate the Lrloriis
<if his race. His style indicates a schok>r from whom oven his Spani,-li
contemporaries might h.ive taken lessons, for the language is eAci'eilini.:ly
I lear for this period. Jind lull of graceful sentences and striking dcscripfions,
rendering him not unworthy to be called the I, ivy and the (Jiccroof Anahuat,
us I'rescott and iJustamante respectively ci. title him.
TREASURES COLLECTED.
?Al
vassal, ^fontoziuna." Tic requostod that certain fine
( I'alcliiuitc stones, each valued at two loads of jjj'old,
111(1 some fnu'ly cKased and iidaid l)lo\v-[)ij>(^s, slioulii
ill' ''iven to tlie kin<>: al
one
Tliis lil»ui'alitv evoi-ccci
tlic most profound ])rotcstations of gratitude, as may
!)(■ su])posed, for tliey liad not expected so great an
.'iildition to tlie glittei'ing Iiea})s already iu their ])os-
ion. Tapia and another officer W('i\: .k'S[)atch('d
11 haste with the im[)eiia] mayordonio to receive
scss
ill a
wo smalliT
Hi
tlie treasure. It was stored in a hall and t
iliamhers of the aviary buildin!j;',^''and consisted of gold,
silver, and precious stones, in setting and in separate
foi'm, with feathi'rs, robes, and other articles, all of
w liicli were transfcri-ed to tlie Spamsh <]uarte
rs
•j7
Those valuables, toi>-ether with the colk-ctions from
111.
jirovinces and the previously surrendered treasur
es
of .Vxayacatl, were given to Cortes, v,ho |)lace ' them
ill charge of the treasurer, (^onzalo ^Steji'a, and flu'
co'iiador, Alonso de Avila. The faini'd smiths of
A/.capuzalco were called in to separate the gold and
I' settings from the jewels of less delicacy and
tv, wliicli it had been determined to melt. This
■^ih'i
lirau
IH >w
about three days. They were then melted into
l';iis, three fingers in bre-idth, and stamped with the
I'lval arms
J
ron We
iuiii- ' were made of one ai'roba
;iiid downward, not very exact, it seems, yet suital)le
ir th»
pur]
)Ose,
aiK
I with these the vahu' of the
iii(lte<l gold was found to be somewhat over IG2,()00
pi'sois de oro, according to Cortt's' statement; the sihur
I
■i
'4
■'IJcrnal Diaz, //<>/. I'lnlrnl., S,1, j.'ivca a clL'Scri[)tion of these and ntliir
prrsrlitS.
' 'ij>ii" se llaiTiiilia I'lilorali-n.' Sahnijini, Il'inf. Cori'i., '2(i.
J'li/iia, livK, in fca~Jiiilci/ii, C'l. /Jnc,, n, M\ ; dnhinrd, I/istt, Mr.r., \\\'i;
Ihrrirn, di'c, ii. lib. ix. cap. iv Ucinal i)iaz asstmu's that tiic AxayiKjitl
t:i,i>ii Its were tliose now f^i'.'ii ; Imt tlie tiMtiinon" nf the cyi'-witncssi's. 'r.qiii
iiibi Ojcih-i, CDiitiiini'il anil acci-jitccl l)y (iiiiiiara and Herrcra, kIkiws that tlicy
Wire given on a )ii'i'vion> dccaisiiin alicaily ret'iTrcil to. Still, IVrnal l);a/,
il"i -< iiicntion that alter th' nu It"',;.' of the routihei- jcwi'ls nrw jiri'seiits cainn
ti"iii Montezuma. I/i-'l. IV- ilml., H_'-It, Ife i.s very confusinLr, howi'vei', in liis
iiiinniit of the treasnre.s generally; ami (lavigero, I'l-eseott, and others, liavn
Hllip\ve<l themselves to follow liini too eloseiy in this and other instjinees.
-' 'Conio de vn Real, y del tumafio de vn tost(jn de a ijiiatro.' lii-nial J)!('z,
li'-i. r(/(/r(./.,s3.
11 i]';
Hi
III
imiini w-[ .
31-:
POLITICS AND RELIGION.
wciuluMi over 500 marcos, and the unl)r()kon jewels
ami other elteets were e.stiinated at over 500,000 chi-
eats, not counting the worknuinshii).'-' The jewels
were set with feathers, pearls, and precious stones,
fashioned chiefly in animal for'"', "so ])erfect as to
api)ear natural." xV nuniher of triidcets for the royal
share had also boon fashioned by the goldsmiths alter
designs by the Sjianiards, such as saintly images,
crucifixes, bracelets, and chains, all made with won-
derful fidelity to originals. The silver {\)V the same
-"■' /'roldiiiza de LrjitUlc, in Icazhalcctn, Col. Dor., i, 4'21-'2. Corti'-s, t'<triiis'
100- 1, is not so explicit with reixnid to the hitter li;.;uro, saying nierily that
he liail set apai't for the kiniz unbroken jewels ami other oiijeets valued at
over 1(I0,(M)0 ducats; Imt, sinee tills tiguro comes in connection with the
account of one tifth of all the treasures reserved for the sovereign, it may lie
assumed that the 100,0(K) formed also a tifth of the unl)roken hjt. This, eon-
sistuig to a great extent of jirecii/.is stonea, pearls, cotton, and other cllects,
couhl not have all l)een reserved for the king. It seems besides imjU'obal'lt:
that so large a jii'opoitit)U of treasure as 100,000 dneats should a second
time have been taken fiom the soldiers, even if Montezuma had destined
them es])i'cialty for their i-uler. All the treasures and gifts ac([\iired weie
ol)taineil by tiie eti'orts of th'^ expedition, and were always regarded as a part
of its funil. Yet (iomara, ///.^■/. M<j\, KJo-ti, who had the statements of
Cortes and others at his disposal, writes that the 1()0,(KM) lot was selected
from the tri'asures, ])revious to melting, in order to form a j)rescnt for tli''
king in connection with the one lifth. liernal Diaz wiites confusedly thai
tiic heaps of unmeltcd gohi from which feathers and other settings had been
removed wei'e valued at 0(10,000 pesos. 'This did not include the plates,
cpioits, and dust of gohl, nor the silver and otiier treasures.' A few lines
further he says that the royal otlicials declared the gold, melted, and in
(juoits, dust, and jewels, to be worth over (i(H),(KM) jtesos, beside the silver and
many jewels not valued. From these lots the distribution was made for king
niid expedition. .Many soldiers tleclared that the original amount was larger,
one third having been abstracted by the leaders. Ili^f. Vvrdad., K\. 'J iu'
marginal print iu this nuthoi'ity calls the above sums pesos dc oro, which
increases the value three tinus. Confusing as this version is, it eonlii iii-*
at any rate the supposition that the uidiroken jewels were also diviiir.l
among the members of the expedition. I'rescott estimates the wlml.-
treasure in the money vahu^ of his time at $(i,.S(K),lMIO, ^^hich may hi-
accepted as sutliciently apjiroximate. See Mix., ii. 'Jd'J f). Kobertson ac-
cepts liernal J)ia/' hist estimate in pesos, which is equivalent to about
lANo fifths of I'rescott's. 'J'he small propoi'tion of silver intlicates how little
the natives undei'stood and resorted to nnning, and how insignitieant a poi
tion of the nietiiUie wealth of the eountiy was represented by the trcasuns
po far aci|niird, (lold was olitained from loose and shallow alhnial dr
posits in .-md n<'ar the rivers, ami it was only in the extraction of tin anil
copper that the Indians exhibited an advance in the art of mining. liobertMii
is wrong in assunnng that gold was not used as a trade medium; still, it ua.-^
only ])arcly so, ami it was chietly sought for oiiiaments, 'J'he larity of silvn
made this mi'tal far more valuable than in Kurope, and the stones nio>t
esteemed were regariled by the Sjianiards as so many pebbles. I'm an accouiil
of nuues, metals, and Uioney among the A/tees, see A"(/</iv' /.'((((.>'. ii. In
Vol. i. eha]). iii. note S of the Central American division of the iireseiit W'-iu
ii given information on the currency of this period.
DIVirUON OF SPOILS.
343
share was made into plates, spoons, and similar arti-
Tlie feathers presented a brilliant variety of
(ic'S.
colors and forms, and the cotton, some of the most
delicate texture and color, was both j)lain and em-
broidered, md made into robes, tapestry, covers, and
other articles. Turquoises, pearls, toys, and trinkets
were also amouL; tlie treasures. ^°
Cortes prcjposed to defer the distribution till more
L!,iild and better weights were obtained; but the men,
w!io with good reason, perhaps, suspected that a delay
iiiiglit diminish rather than increase the treasures,
clamored i'oran imniediate division. The troo[)s were
accordingly called, and in their [iresenee the [)artit!ou
was made: iirst of the royal iifth;^' tlien of the iii'di
pi'omised to Cortes when appointed captain-general;
jii'ier this a large sum was sot apart to cover e.\])en-
ilitiu-es by Cort/'S and Vela:<((ue/ on the ileet and its
outfit, and the value of the horses killed during the
cauii)aign,^' and another sum ibr the expense's and
shares of the procuradores in Sjiain, while double or
special shares were assigned to the priests, the ca|)-
tains, those owning horsi's, and the men with hre-aians
and cross-bows.'^'' Ai'ter all these deductions but littl '
remained tbi* the rank and tile - a hundred pesos, if
we may credit Bernal JJiaz."* This, many indignantly
'■ For a ilcstription, ace Crlrn, Cartas, lOD-1; Gomorn, Iliit. Mir., 13.'i-0;
Ihnri-ii, (k'c. ii. lib. ix. oiip. iv. ; Pilcr Mui't'/r, div. v. ca[). iii. ; Orinln, iii.
•J',lS-!>.
^'Consisting of .32.4(.)0nnil o( M p(>soi do oro of nu'ltodfioM; KMI.IHM) diicits'
worth ot unbrokon jowcls, fcatluMs, otc; uud lOil and more inarcos of silver.
Carl' ■<, ('ar/ii.-', 100 1. ' Lo <lieron e entre^'aron ;i .Vlonso du Kscohar.' Pro-
Imiiixu'Ii' J.ijiililr. in /razlxili-c/a, <'i>l. l>iir., i. 4Jl'.
•'-'Tlie e.\j>enditures were rej)resented largely l)y a miinber of uiiiiaid notes
of liiind issned liy the cuitain-treneral to tlie owners of vessila, provi.sions.
mid arms, and held for the most part by captains and le:idiiiy nu'inbers >ii the
Jiarty. Many of the n.aines and olaiins are given in J'rol)(iH~.a iln Lrjitldi, in
l"'rj,(ilr,'t,f, <•,,!. /),),■.. i. 411 et seq.
^'lieriial I)iaz appears to say that all these men, from priests to niehers,
received double lates, ///'-y. Viirldit., S'A—l, and llerrera so accepts it, dee. ii.
lib. ix. cap. v.; but this atieins iineipial. In the I'nilinma de Lijiihlf, in
/'•ir.lhilrclit, Cijl. J)or., i. 411 et seip, a number of special payments are men-
tioned, and also wages for sailors.
"''Soldados liiino i| t<imaroii siis partes a eien pesos.' Ihriidl l>iif. Ilht.
I ii-i''it(., 84. But this sum ni.iy nu'an pesos do oro, whicii aceordiiij; to tlio
e.ilciiLilion accepted represents nearly .S|'_*LIO.
344
POLITICO AND RELIGION.
rofiiscfl to accept; otlicrs took it, but joined in tlio
clamors of the di.scoutentecl.
IJ
sli
It is almost too much to ask of vultures not to
quarrel over their prey. The murmur au^ainst tin-
royal fifth was loud enough, but the second iii'th
for Cortes raised quite an outcry. "Arc we to have
a second king^ they asked. Others inquired, " For
whose fleet are we ])ayingl'" They further wished to
know whether the fame and promotion ac(|uired for
the general by his men could not satisfy some of his
claims, for the present, at least. They had once before
surronder(xl hard-earned money to ])lease him and to
])romote his credit with the king, and now, when tiny
Jiad been led to expect reward, it was again snatched
from them. Some said that a large proportion of the
treasures had been secured by Cortes and liis favorites
before the distribution boGran; and the value of the
heavy gold ebnins and other ornaments dis})layed by
them was significantly pointed at as out of proportion
to tlieir shai-e.
The suspicion was confirmed by a quarrel which
occurred shortly after between Velazquez de Leon and
Treasurer Mejia respecting the })ayment of the royal
fifth on certain unbroken jewels found in Velaz(|uez'
possession, and received by him before the apportion-
ment. It was enough, said Meji'a, for Cortes to a|t-
pro[)rlate unassessed treasures. Velazquez refusing to
conq)ly, th(>y came to blows, and if friends luul not
interfered there might have been an ofHcer or two
less in the camp. As it was, both received slight
wounds, and subsequently shackles. Mejia was re-
leased M'ithin a few hours; but his antagonist ix'tained
the fetters for two days, persuaded to submit with
grace thereto by Cortes, it was said, in order to allay
sus[)i(3ions and to slunv that the general could be just,
even when it aflected a friend.^'
^•'''Cortes, so color ilc liazor justicia, pon'| tixlos Ic tciniosscnios, crii i'"!i
grumk'ij iiuifius. ' It iippuars that Mi'jia, on hearing thu men complain, apok.;
DISSATISFIED SOLDIERS.
34J
Fliullii!:;* that tlic imirniurs wore bccoiniiiij^ serious,
Cortes l)r<)UL,^lit his soothing oloqiioiioo to l)eai' u\u)\\
the ti"()uhlo(l spirits. lie represcutod that all his
1 Ik nights, efforts, and possessions were for the liop.or
oC his God, his king, and his companions. With them
lie liad shared every danger and liard^liip, and for
llu'ir wehare he had watched, rendering iustice to all.
The division had been fairly made in accordance with
picvious arrangement. But he was not avaricious;
■ ill he had was theirs, and he would employ it lor them
;ts might a father. He would surrendin- th(; iilth which
Iiad been assigned him, if they wished it, retraning
ii'ily his share as captain-general; and l«e wt)uld also
help any one in need. The treasure thus far secured
was insinfniticant eomiiared to what lay before them.
A\'liat mattered a few liundre<l pesos more < r less
ill \ lew of the rich mines, the large tracts, and the
iiiimense number of towns, which were all theirs,
so long as they held lovally together? "I will make
a lord of every one of you," he concluded, "it you
will but have peace and })atience."'"'' And to gi\e
greater eifect to this harangue li-; l)ribi'd with gilts
and promises the more inthiential to sound his praises;
V. hereupon the murmurs died away, though rancor
still I'emained with many, awaiting opportunity.^'
t'l ("iirtiis about niissiuq; ,t;ol(l, .and thoncefortli llicy were not vovy fiiondly.
N'tiiin;; that Velazciiicz was in f.'ttors, Moutczunia asked tlio gi'ncral for tho
1 liisf, and was told that, not satisliod with his hliaro of gold, he wisiitMl to
i.iakf a tour of the towns to di maud niori', anil iKTh;i|is to cDminit cxicssis.
I 111' cnijjiror askud that ho lie allowed to t:v>, and (oi'tis consented witii ap-
I'ai' lit relu<tanee. A senteiu'i^ s'enis to have lieeii jias.sed for the eul|irit to
1 ::vc eanip, and ho procta-iled wilii a Mexican olUeial to Cliolnla, \\ lienee ho
1' tuiiit'd with more guld a few days later. So runs the stnry of Heinal l)ia/,
Ili'l. Vcidnl., SI-."). J5. V. de 'I'aiiia di'elares tliat «,'ortes k.-jit him ' mueiios
ilias en mia easylla jKHpiena e ii.ii giianhis.' ('orirs, Jtcsidiinlii, i. 40 1.
'"A/., and Ilcinrn, dee. ii. lih. ix. ea]i. v.
' .Vnion.; thos-; who tiH)k most to iieart the disappointinc; distrihutioii was
Juan du Citrdenas, a pilot and sailor of Triaiia, wli.i had a wife and eliildien in
f^'li.iin. Tired nf stru/^'jj-lati^ with pnverly at home ln' had eoine tosi'e'i a liettc r
It with the eonipientM in Anierici. Tho lirst siuht of the treasures to tx;
ili\i'lc'd had inspire-l luni wiUi an ard'iit hope of liein;,' idili! to return to lii.s
t. iiiily, for an o(pial divisKm \xi'idd have u'iven him ipiite a little furtuni'.
li'iilinii; his dream of h.ai>fM«'SH sluittercd ho bei'ame almost ravin;,', (.'ortc's
Kave him .'{(Kl pesos, and pinmiscd that he should lie sent home hy the llrst
tJl'P utunity. Caniunas a^ipeared to be satislied, but on reueiiing Spain hu
1
m
1?
|i|
ff
m I ■ H
340
POLITICS AND RHLiaiON.
A lar'To proportion of the soldiers imitate:! tlie
example of the heavy sharers in the spoils Ly cou-
vertinij their allotment, v/ith the aid of A/A'a])U-
zal{;an goldsniitlis, into chains, crosses, and other
adornineiits for their persons, so that the dis|)lay of
^vcalth became quite daz;din^^ Others yielded to
the infatuation for gambling, then so prevalent, and
lost without a murmur the hard-earned share.**
But one thing now remained to complete the triunipli
of the conqueror. The manacled kings were subservi-
ent, and the people displayed their loyalty by pouring
tribute into his coffers. But his god was not theirs,
aiid this the pious pilferer could not endure, lie and
his priests liad lost no opportunity to preach the faith
to em[)eror and subjects;''" but the hearts of the natives
were obdurately fixed on the idtjls of the pyramid.
He never beheld tiie tem[)le withoiit being tempted to
lay low tlic effigies of Satan, and it was owing only to
Father Olmedo's prudent counsel that the tenq)tatioii
was resisted. ]le[)eatedly had he urged on the weak
emperor to begin the great work by some radi(,-al n-
f<.>rm, l)ut could obtain only tiie })romise that human
sacrilices would bo slopi'cd. Finding that even this
was not ol>se*'ved, lie consulicd with his captains, and
it was agreed to demand the surrender of tlie great
temi)le lor Christian worship, so tli;d the natives
might l)e made to feel the holy influence of its H'/mliol-!
and rites. Montezuma was prt>})ared witli ex/'U.ses, but
the tieputation declared witli fierce vehemerjce (\uil
eamo forwiiril iis ii hitter opponent of the general. Brrii'il Dim, K'mf. Vo'il vl-,
81. Soli.s s^)l'ak3 r ) in )ioli;\lf of his liero, anil conilrnniM the men n<' ovariitKiu
anil unuraUfiil j.r ileuiandinL; more tlian tlu'ir .sliarc. The leail'is (iicl liei^t
men deserved l:u'j,'er gains. As for l>(inal J)iaz, ' IlaMa mas conio pnlire w>\-
tliido, ijiie eonii) liidtoriadtu'.' Ilifil. Mcr., ii. H.l. Tiie sii;in' for Villa Itiea «;n
sent toTlaseala, says liernal Diaz, whitlier rumor had it tiiat large smns wci-'
forwai'ded fur Corti's and (jthers, who elainii i| afterwaid that they liad hei ii
lost dering the nprisiag. 'I,as piedias hajas y phr.nages, tod'i lo tomarun 1"^
Indiosde Tiaxoala.' •Sit/ini/iui, /lisf. Ctui'/., 'JO.
•'" The cards, made hy IVdro Vnh'uciano from di'nni- kins, were as neatly
painted as those of Sjiain. lliriial JJlir., Ilisl. !'< /v/.k/,, 84.
''■' Jlerrcra gives lengthy specimens of the warrior preacher's ell'usiou.,
ocoupying more tlmn one chapter, dec. ii. lib. viii. cap. vi.-vii.
I
CORTES CPvIES TO GOD.
347
if this v/cro refused tliey would forcibly remove the
i,li)ls and kill the priests wlio resisted, " ]\Iiiliiiehe,"
(Xflaimed the niouareh in alai'iu, "do you then seek the
(K'structiou of the city? Our ^-ods are incensed aL^ain.jt
us, and the jieople iuibittered. Even your lives will
not he safe. Wait, 1 entreat you, till I call the priests
for consultation."*"
Cortes saw that nothing more could tlien l)o at-
tained, but with the indiscreet zeal f^r reliufion which
oi'ten blinded liini he determined that there should
b.' no further delay. lie apprehended no uprising
aniong a people which had so ]>ationtly submitted
ti) all exactions, yet he feared that the jn'icsts, if
wai'iied, might prevent an entry into the temple, and
so he resolved to anticipate! them, and to demon -
sti'ate the impotency of their gods. Giving order:j
i'cr a strong force to follow after a short interval, he
wc>nt forward with hardly a dozen men in order
not to arouse suspicion." Entering the saTu-tuary,
and lindinu: that lie could not draw aside the costlv
i-urtain with its golden pellet fringe wliich shielde;!
the bejewelled idols from profane gaze, he had it cut
asunder. Tlie reason for the obstruction now l)ecanie
apparent. The idol showed traces of fresh Iuuikui
bleovl. At this evidence of broken ])romises and (hs-
i\>>4arded ortlers Cortes began to rave. "Oh Cod I"
lie cried, "why d<>-t thou permit t\\o. devil to be thus
h'viiored in tlii^. UukW Let it ap[)ear good that we
sii-ve tlle(>."
Turning to the temple attendants, wlio had I'ollowe 1
willi apprehensive luien, lit; upbraided them for tlie'.i'
blind adlierenrn; to a bl<>o«'h' worship, and comi)ared
the e\il of idola;I»r^' witli thc! saving i-ites of ('iiiis-
ti;i!iity, lie was determined, he sai<l, to i'emo\e
tlie idols and install an image' of tho virgin. They
" Ai'i'ivnlini; to IWrnal Din/. Curti's mndo i\ sign tluit lie ainl O'li (mIo ilosircd
to ^|>f;iU |iriv:itoly tn Mimte/uinii. Hi' now ih'i'Jihs'mI that in nrdcr to ]ii('\(iit
ti'.malt liis laptains iniL'lit \h: ]ivv:in:\i\v\ to i-cst loiiti'iit witli a spact' in tlio
^'i>at tciiiplo for an altar and ci'oms. Ilisf. Wrtlml., N.l.
'' Ta;iia liavcs tlie iniprcs.-iou tliat he called cuj^ually at tho leniplr, and
ulUr^ ard sent foi' more troops.
m
84ft
POLITICS AND KELIGIOX.
must take away all within the sanctuary and cleansi.^
it. Tlu! priests shook their heads at such an insaiio
idea. All the city and country around adored the; e
gods, and thoy would die rather than see them dese-
crated. They further intimated that the deities would
themselves know how to chastise the sacrilegious,
'ihis reply only fired the I'ury of Cortes, and miahle
l"tirther to restrain himself, he seized a bar, dashed ;it
the idol, and striking it a blow which caused the goldea
mask to fall off, he exclaimed, "Shall we not do sonir-
thing for God^'' Captain Andres de Ta{)ia, out; of
the dozen Spaniards present (Mi the occasion, ti'stilic;;
to the rash i)roceeding: "I swear by my faith as ,1,
gentleman and by God that it is true. It seems as if
I now sec tlie manjuis springing with excilenienl and
striking at the idol.""
When the real intentions of Cortes had first be-
come apparent to the priests, they sent to warn
Montezuma, as emperor and high-[)riest, that some
outrage might be perpetrated. Sus})ecting that the
recent threat was about to be carried out, he d ■-
spatched a messenger to the general asking permission
to come to the temple, and imploring him meanuliilc
to respect the idols. The message arrived befoio
much damage was done, and with the advice of liis
followers Cortes was induced to yield. He recognized
that the attitude assumed might lead to more stM'i(jus
results than had been at first su])posed. The ruiner
had s})read of extraordinar}' ]»roceedingson the teuipli;
sunnnit, and armed and threatening crowds wci'e
gathering at the foot, imjjoded only by the Spanish
reserve escort*^ from ascending to defen(> their gods.
Why shouKl not they fight for their relig'on as well
as others; Seeing that the emjjcror's jiresence was
necessary to calm them, Cortes permitted him i ) come.
Ho soon arrived, under a strong guard, and poii.'iii'.;"
to the excited masses he i-easonetl with Cortes inxni
i
'^Iii Ii'l., ill frrr.halrctn, Cnl, Dor,, ii. iJSo.
" Ul 'M or 4U lac'ii, anya 'J'iqjia.
HUMILIATION OF TriK IDOI/-<.
310
i]j' uselofisncrs!^? find danci^er of hin liasty project. Tlio
hitit'i" .stubl)oi'Mly insisted, and after a consultation
Willi tlie priests it was a-j^reed to suiivnder both the
siitiiniit chapels of lluitzilopochtli and Tezcatlipoca
to Christian worship," on condition that the idols
" ' riec limpiaraqucllas capillus. . . .y jnisc cu ollas i iiri genes ilc inicstr.-v
Si'U'iiji y <ltJ otros Santos.' I'm-t .s', Cnytax, lUii. Aiiili-cs do 'J'aiiia is r^till iiinr.;
oxpliiit in relating Iidw ( 'orti's insi.itcil on liaviny ))otliciiapol.s (.Uaivil of idols.
' Kl niimjiie.s liizo liaccr do.s altaroii, nno m nua parte do la tone, qui,' era ]>ar-
tida en do.s liuccos, o oti'o eu otra.' Itit.,m Irnzhah-rta, <''il. iJor., ii. ,"i8.")-(J.
Ill testifying to the pi'oeoedings in the tuniplo previous to the massacre liy
Alv/iiado, J). V. de Tapia utatcs that the Indians intended to restore lluitzilo-
jioehtli to the tower, ' donde solia estar por ijnc lo haliia (piitado de alii I).
jlrniaiulo o ])uesto a nuestra Senora. ' li'niuinz, J't'ocr-^o ron/ra Alrarailo, 'M.
Aharado eontinns tlii.^ in dili'ei'cnt words. /'/.,(Ki-7. The only other eye-
Mitniss who refers with any detail to tiic aljove is IJernal Diaz, and !ie aeeord.i
onlya space on the snniniit to the Christian einhlenis. But his ditleient allusions
to the temple are confused and contradictory; yet he has hccn followed liy
modern writers; lirst, beeau.so the preceding three testimonies liave not been
acLCssiblu till late years; and second, because they have been content to copy
I'rcseott, who adopts ]jcrnal Diaz in only too many instances. 'J'he mistake
ajifiears also to rest on the finding of Ifuitzilopochtli's image; in one of the
f luamit chapels when it was recaptured by the Spanianls during the latei-
siege. It is oidy natural that the .\ztecs, on obtaining possession of their
tinijilo, .should have reinstalled the war god. I'eter ^Martyr does assume that
one image was too large to be removed, dec. v. cap. iv. And tiomara intimates
tJKit idols remained. ' Pusiero cruzes o imagines. . . .entrc sus idolos.' Hist.
Mi\i\, l'J8. The phrase can ajiply to those in the court, although his state-
iri"iit may be founded on Maityr, a:i that of Ixtlilxochitl is on him: 'V diii
[.Moiitrzuma) permiso que en la ca[iilla d'l templo mayor .... so pusieseu
cut re los dos idolos d(; lluitzilopoehtli, un erueilijo, una imagen de Xucstra
^erit)ra y una eruz.' Ili.sf. C/iir/i., 'J!)7. As regai'ds the easting-down of idols,
I'nscott, in common with most modern writers, assumes this to be a mei'i!
Imust on the part of ('orti's; but a careful investigation, supported by the
'sileinn' as.surancc of Tapia, not accessible to them, eonlirnis this statement
ill the main. The gener.il probal)ly exagger:ites somewhat in saying: ' Los nma
prineifialcs destos idolos. . . .dci'roqu6 yo de sus sillas y los lice i char por las
cscaleras abajo.' t'urlax, 100. This probably strikes Ovieilo, who, while re-
jKating the account, expresses a doubt about its truth: 'Bicn pudo Dios dar
lugarAcllo; pero para mi yo teugo por maravilla, e grande, la mucha paei-
iiicia de Monte(;uma e de los indios. ' iii. ',W^. Solis even doubts that altar
and cross were ever creeteil in so unclean a spot, amid idols and idolatrous
priests; it Would have been sacrilege; besides tin; Mexicans would m.ver ha\e
]v iniittt<l the intrusion. IHst. M/.r,, ii. 9-12. The doubt expressed against
C'rtis' boast rests ehietly with Lernal Diaz, whose faulty aee(junt states tiiat
^hiiitezuma by mere persuasion si'Ut for tlu^ priests, and after eonsidting with
tiii'Mi had a space on the tenqilo summit qiuetly assigned to tlu; Spaniards.
Jii.^f. Vtrdnil., 8.j. (lomara de\otes several ]iages to the casting douii of the
id 'is, which he justly regards as a nu'inorable feat: ' Mas honra y prez gaiio
t'urte's con esta hazafia Christiana, (pie si los venciera en l)atalla.' lie applie.s
it, I'owever, to tht; occasion of the imperial prisoner's first visit to the temple.
Miiitezunia stops Cortes in the midst of his destructive work and checks the
fiuy of the crowd, which the general thereuiion appeases with a long jirofounil
i~[ie( ell oi\ theologic mysteries, etirefully jirepared by Comara. llh'. Mc.r.,
1-ii- S. The preeediu;; points assume importaiiee when it is considered that the
y.s'iii.ation of the gre:it pyramid by Christian emblems gave the stron^jest
iiii, ulse to the uprising soon to follow.
■;«i
L' 1 •
if? i!
J I
3:.0
POLITICS AXD RELIGIOX.
within nilj^-ht be removed by the reveiX'nt hands df
jn'iests alone. This was cft'ected while the enipciMr
I'cniained on the summit. The chapels were thrn
whitewashed, a cross was })lanted,and two altars rose,
on which were placed the ima^e of the virgin and of
a saint whom Tapia calls San Cristobal.''''
Preparations were next made to consecrate tlio
sanctuary, now festive with gailands and llowers.
The Spaniards marched in procession through tlie
streets, to the chant of psalms, headed by the two
priests who bore the crucilix and images. Crowds of
wondering natives lined their path, and remained to
watch the cross windin<j: its way round the i)vrauii(l
in a sanctilying orbit. Cortes was the lirst to kis-^
the installed cruciiix, while tears of joy r(,)lle(l down
his cheeks. Mass followed the consecration, and with
a swelliuLT To Deum the soldiers rendered thanks 1m
the su[)reme being for the triumph accorded theia
over paganism.
It was but a partial victory, however, for in tlie
court the priests were even then gathereel in adora-
tion of the chief idol, bewailing their own im})(>-
tency, and imi)lorin!)' it to rise and aVv'Ugo its outrage' 1
majesty and their humiliation. An old soldier was left
as guard to keep the candles burning, and to prevent
intrusion from temple attendants, save to clean the
*'•' ' E puso en una parte la imiigcn ilc Xuestra Sofiora en tin retablico du
tabla, (5 en otro la do Sant Cristobal, ponjiie no luibio cstonues otras imagine.--.'
J^e!., loc. cit. It is generally assumed by the faithful that the virgin's imam)
i.^ identical with the one now known as the Virgcn de los Kcmedios, in it.i
celebrated shrine near Mexico. It had been given to Juan Koilriguc/ <li;
Villafucrtc by his brother, an Augustine friar, when he departed for the Indil•^'.
l)ii)ing the uprising in June, lo'JO, tlio image is believed to have of its ouii
accord taken Uight to the site where a shrine afterward rose in its lionnr.
Medina, Chrdn. de Sail Dici/o dc Mex., .30; Vahrcrn, Es^iido Armrt'i, HK'i-"J.");
Lormzana, in Cortt'K, Hist. X. Exp., l.'JS ct seij.; Buslainuiiti', Mrm. I'irdii t
Jlf.i\ Unfortunately for this belief, Tapia's testimony describes the image as
n picture on a board, while the Remodios image is a little battered doll. 'J'iic
testimony is contradicted by nothing but pious supposition. In preparing tin!
site for altars the Spaniards noticed that tlie walls were of unusual thicknes-;.
lireaking them open they found a number of jewels. Gold was also obtaint .1
from tombs on the sunnnit platform, and the curtain pendants an<l other valu-
ables were of course appropriated. Tapia, licl., in IcazbalceUi, Col. JJo'.,
CSO; Jlcrrcra, dec. ii. lib. viii. cap. vi.
Is .«
EFFECTIVE rnAVFR.
.r.i
yh(^^' for tlio rrcqueiit scrviocrt ^vllidl were liciico-
furth \\v\d hero.'"'
'I'ukiuL^ jidviuitaGfo of the stop tlius fraincd, the
piicsts and tluiir i'ollowcrs S()UL,dit to iiM])rcss ii])()ii tlu;
natives the superiority of their faitli/^ and nuniliei's
Avere convinced, says Tapia, altliouLjh few accepted
liajttisni out of fear oi' their countrymen.*^ There
was a (h'ouu'lit |)revailint^ at the time, and th(} ])riests,
lia\ iiiL;' in vain ap])ealetl ibr a I'eniedy, ast'rih.'d the evil
til th(! ani^er of the jj^ods at the presence of the wor-
Nlii]>pcrs of sti'anL;"e deities and their hateful synihols.
A iiw days after tlie consecration of the altars a dep-
utation of natives a]>peared at the Spanish (piarters,
Ii'';irin,L( withered corn-stalks, and demandiuL;' that,
^ince the ICuropeans had I'emoved the idols to whom
tli»y prayed for rain, they should ask their god for it,
so tliat the peo|)le might not die of luniger. Cortes i-e-
a>surc(l them," and ordei'cd a general prayer for relief.
"The following day," says Tapia, "we marched in pro-
cession to the temple, under a hla/ing sun." ^\'hilc
mass was beinu: said a cloud miirht be seen rather-
iiig on Mount Tc'pcaquilla, and "on our way back
tin; rain I'ell so heavily that we had to wade in water
11]) to our ankles." 'J'he I'ain continued I'or several
tlrivs, and the harvest turned out abiindant.'^'^ Ivich
party claimed the meteorological display as a direct
answer to its prayer, for the Mexicans were hardly
"' .M(into:niiiia received tlic returning jiroeession with a forced welcome,
n'-iil gave orders to destroy a scries (jf lirotliels in Tlatelulco, containing over
400 Women, whose ini(]iiity, lie said, had brought the prusuut evil upon thu
city. /Ii'nrni, dec. ii. lib. viii. cap. vi.
■' lierrcra dc itcs (ivc columns to Cortes' sermon, dec. ii. lib. viii. cap.
vii. ; 'J\)r(/ii''mni/ii, i. ■lO.VT.
■M)r jjcriiaps of the teachers of the faith, who appeared with sword in
liaiiil to enforce their cruel, rapacious, and immoral demands, llerrtia 1h'-
lii V(.s Montezuma would have i)econie a Clivistian had he dircd. dec. ii. lib.
viii. cap. ix. But Uuran states that accordiiiL; to the native records all tlio
tlur. captive rulers were bai)iized, and tiiat Father Olmcdo Jiad told him
lii.' !n licvctl such was the case, althoULrh the rite had not been adndnistered
I'V liiniself. J Hat. Ind., MS., ii. 44>j. Tiiis (picstiou will be discussed iii a later
chapter.
'■' 'Sed ciortos, quo dc aqui a nuinana llouera, y tcndreys el mejor afio (pio
jam;:; aucys tenido.' ]l<rr<r<i, dec. ii. lib. viii. cap, vi.
■'Tii/iiii, 111 I., m Icdzhalci t(i, L'ul. Doc.,i\. 380; llazart, Klrcheu (Jcachkhte,
li. .'/JO; Tof'iutmada, i. 41)4.
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352 POLITICS AND RELIGION.
prepared to yield everything without a struggle. To
this insignificant and hated band of intruders they
had practically abandoned their country, by acknowl
edging serfdom with tribute. Daily they subniittcil
to wrongs and indignities. The sacred person of their
king had been profaned, their nobles brought to the
dust. Now should they .submit to this destruction of
their gods? If .so, the heavens and earth would come
together, grinding them to powder 1
CHAPTER XX.
THE CUBAN GOVERNOR IN PURSUIT.
1519-iry20.
TiiK MKxirAvs TiiKEATEX Rkvolt — The Cleuoy in Arms— Tiiky De-
N(>r\cK TICK CoNiincT (IF Mdntezdma — TiiK Emi'Kkoh Dkclakks he
CAS NO LONiiEU Restrain his Pkoi-lk— Tidinos of V'ELA7,i^ri:z' Klekt—
SaII.IN<! from CCBA of AN Exi'KI>ITION t'NDKR NaRVAKZ -ARRIVAL
IN Mkxico— Conflict with Cortes — iNTERCHANciE of Threats avk
l'ori:TKsii:s— ArrEMiTEi) Union of Forces— Narvaf.z Rkmains Loyal
TO Velazquez — Desertion of iSome of his Men to Cortes.
(»
War now seemed inevitable; for if earthly powers
avnilcd not aji^ainst the invaders, heaven's artillery
slinvild disperse the impious foe. If feehle man hy
tl'iuful eond)inations be brouji^ht low, surely the gods
may yi't defend them.selves from insult.
Hitherto it had been the higher nol)les only who
harbored designs against the Spaniards, but, while n
lunger cemented by the accustomed despotism, tiiey
were hek' in check by their jealousies, their party
politics, and fear for their possessions. A stronger
iiilkience than these was at hand, however. Now for
till' first time the lesser nobles and the common people
\vt IV aioused. The outrage on the idols attected all.
And the clergy, who out of regard for their high-
piiest, the emperor, had remained passive, now felt
themselves struck in a vital j)art. Their influence,
siipiiinacy, and means of sup[)<^rt wctc all involveil,
and the power of the priesthood was as great heri' as
an King other superstitious peoples. How far they
wniked Uj)on the nobles and plebeians is not cleaj",
hilt their interviews with Montezuma, although held
UiHT. Mkx., Vol. I. 33 (u:ia)
1^;
i i
11
■r]'
i;:-i :
»54
Tin: CUBAN GOVEnXOR I\ rUKSUIT,
in secret, nut of the reaeli even of the favorite ]Wfo, lu*-
eatiu' so fre(|Ueiit and earnest as to rouse the susjdcions
of the guard. It was said that, assisted by inihieiitiiil
courtiers, tliey represented how deeply the sacrilegious
act had stirred the peo|)le, already incensed hy tlie
hhanieful captivity of their sovereigns. Further than
tliis, oracles had announced that the gods would ah.in-
don the city and its inhabitants to their fate if {\\o,
obnoxious strangers were not quickly killed or driven
hence. The masses would rise, and if Montezuma,
forgetful of his dignity and duty, still declined to bo
liberated, preferring the fate of Quauhpopoca, wiiirh
nuist surelv overtake him, then they would choose
another monarcli.^ This last threat struck home.
Hoiely had INIonttzuma sighed for liberty, and he had
feared for his throne; now his own subjects threatened
him with what he dreaded most. In this dileunua he
turned to Cortes.*
The apprehensions of the Spaniards had been
aroused not only by the secret interviews of tlie
I)riests, but by the somewhat distant manner of t!ie
emjuTor, and .at this unusual sunmions they became
sei'iously alarmed. Even the general could not sup-
press his misgivings as he hurried to the emperoi s
apartments, attended by Olid, then caf)tain of the
guard. With solemn visage ^[ontezuma bade him I.e
seated. Then he reminded him of the warnings
against his many rash proceedings, ]\articularly tlie
installation of the cross upon tlie pyramid. The in-
ci'iised gods at last had spoken, had ordered him \>>
attack and drive the Spaniards into the sea, and tlie
people were stirred almost beyond control. He li.nl
' n.marn, IliM. Mor., I.'IO-"; /in-nnl Dim, lI'iM. Verdrul., Sfv-O. ' KldinMo
<j iiMii'liiiH vi'/.es Ic Imhlaiia, Ic uiiienii»ina. ' //rnerc, dec. ii. lib. i.x. t'up. m.
' llicii Moi)te(,"iinia apcrvebir yiunt mill lionihri's de pi'lca.' Orialit. iii. ."iiC.
OtlnTs mnke i\\o iiuinlH.'r less. To this Clavigi-ro objects: 'Mi persuailo > \m
vi sia stjitu in fatti iiualclic truppa allestita, iioii per6 per ordiiiu del Ho, W'^
Biiltjiiitn iralcuiii Nobili.' Stnrin MfsK., iii. \V1.
■ Solis sees in this deterniinatioii only a proof of his supposition that tl.i'
oiler of viiHsalagc and tribute was but a iiribe to satiate the tSi>auiurds, siiku
he now bids them go. IJiat. Mex., ii. 35-0.
ACiAIN COKTiiS DISSEMnLES.
US
only to ff'ivc the si<(nal; nay, did Ik; delay to do so,
tluy woulil rise. But he loved Malinche; had he U'>t
proved this by his devotion? lie wished to save the
Spaniards; and now he warned, he implored them to
leave the city hefore it wouUl be too late. They
iii!L,dit take all his treasures; nay, he would <^ive eaeh
iii;m a load of j^old if the/ would oidy go.^
The tone and manner of tho j>rinee convinced them
that his words w^ero sincere. Cortes deemed it i)est
to feign comi»liance. He thanked the emperor for the
interest manifested in their safety, and replied that
since he and his Ljods and people so desired it, they
would comply; but having no vessels, time must be
allowed to build them.* This was perj)lexing, but
^foiitezuma oveilooked evervthini^ on hearinir that
llic S[>aniards were ready to leave. He insist(,'d no
I'urther, knowing well enougli that he and the other
(iptives would have to follow if a withdrawal fi-om
ill.' city was rojuired befc^re the means of transjjort
I Kill been found." He had .seen that it did not take
long to construct ships, and offered the necessary
<;iij)eiiters to fell and prepare timber, as before.
.M< anwhile he would endeavor to a[>poase his vas.sals,
jiointing out that an uprising would be disa.strous
iil-o to himself and them. Martin Lopez was at
once sent down to Villa Rica with Andres Nuiuiz,
^ ' Vo OS daro pai'a vos dos cargas ilo oro, 6 una pura ca<la cliripstiaiio. ' (h'in/d,
iii. ."i()7; OoDKira, Hint. Mcx., \\\S. Hen'<Tn incicast'S this to four loads tor
Ciitis and two loads for each liorst'iuau. tU'c ii. lili. ix, oap. vi. .\nd Diiraii
lii'.iid that a 8liij)-loa<l of triNusuivs was olVi'iii!; Ixit tin; jiioiis ("orti's was too
iiitriit on converting; souls to accept tiic hi'iJK'. I'hnrri) >/ <)r< tlnna, I'lirmiii
//'>'/v.<, !(l; Jiiriiul />iiiz. Hist. Vvrihtil., Hd. Monti'/.uina had hccoinc at-
t:h hi'il to many of the Spaniards, including tlie courteous general, and n-idly
^^i>he(l tliem well.
' ']>ixo a vn KspaHol do los doze, 4 fucasc a aiiisar a los compannros «"j so
a|i;injassen por (luanto se trataua co el du sus vidius.' Gorwirtt, IliM. M>.r.,
I'iT S. This author ami others state that ( 'ortes gives thanks for tho warning,
ainl ntlVrs to go wlienevcr he is bidden. Montezuma, equally polite, ttdls him
t.i Mli'ct his own time. When reaily to leave ho will give a KmkI of gohl to
i:ic h man, and two for himself. Cortes thereupon brings up the (juestion of
\(>^l Is.
■' 'Cortes Ic dixo. . . .4 itor fner(,'ftauia de irel Mi'itecuma con nosotros, nar.i
(|Up le via nuestro gran Knincra<lor.' /iirnnl Diaz, J/int. Venlnil., 8(i. It is
ii'>t |iroi)aiile that this xtas S4iid on the prt.-»ent ocuosiuu, however, and it would
011I3 have irritated the eniiH;ror.
t '
350
THE CUBAN GOVERNOR IN n'RSUIT.
some f'liiefs, antl a uunibor of Indian workmen, to
huikl three vcsHels, but with secret instructions to
delay the work in every manner."
Cort(5s had no intention to surrender his hold on
the country. It was now more than eight months
since the procuradores had left for Spain, and lie
Ix'U^an to look for their return with a royal com-
mission, if not with reinforcements. Once provided
v/ith this worshipful paper he could bravo Velazcpuz
and all the world. He could send to the Islands and
buy vessels, arms, and supplies; and he could easily
enlist all the troops necessary to the achievement of
his great project. INIeanwhile he hoped to maintain
his position, supported by native allies, such as the
Tlascaltecs, Chinantecs, Goazacoalcos,and Cempoalaiis.
It needed not the warning of ^lontezuma to con\ iiuc
the Spaniards that a serious attitude had been as-
sumed against them by the natives, and that t!ic
])recautions for defence must be redoubled. Tlie at-
t.^ndants appeared less obsequious, and the supplies
Jiad materially diminished — owing to the late drought.
they said,"* This was remedied by the commands »it"
the emperor. But even the prospect of a speedy de-
parture of the strangers did not api)ear to conciliate
the people; and less sanguine than their leader, tlie
soldiers of Cortes felt ojipressed by gloomy fore-
bodings. In addition to this they were harassed by
extra guard duty and by being obliged to sleep in
their accoutrements, ready for instant defence.*
• 'Yd con ossos iiidios, ^ cortose la inadera, y entretanto Dioa noa provcii-.i
do fioiito 1^ socornt : j>i>r tjuito, poned U\\ dilai^ion (inu i«vrezca que Imcfvs alu'". '
(trii'ilo, iii. r>(>7-S; Gomura, llUf. Mex., l.'J8. li«!nial Diaz coiit<i(li'rs tliM
wroiiLf. He knows not what Coptics told Lopez, ' mas nniy secretaiiifiitc in.'
(lixo el Martin I^opez. <nio do heclio, y apricssa los labrava. Monteziiina li.i'l
il'Muaiidecl that 'no huviesse mas palabnis, sino obnw.' Hinf. FVcAk/. ,8tl. I'lf
h.ips Lopez did hurry, from jwraonal feur of remaining in the country; t>r lu' may
have l)eon iiistnieted hy Cortes to say so to the soldiers, in order to calm tlnni,
^ ' ( 'onien/6 il faltar todo lo necessario pani comer y l>elH^r.' To rciiniiy
this, strict orders hail to l)e issued to pi)rv(>yors, and the Tlascaltecs wm-'
siiit on f()i'ai,'in',' expeditions, whicii led to much abuse. S'thaijnn, IJint. I'l'iiq.,
-2:> (ed. 1840), m.
'Guinaru, Hist. Mex., 138. lu spuakmg of this, Bernul Diuz says that hu
Ul
A^TOTIIER EXPEDITION I'LAXNED.
3.-,:
Wc must now j^o Iwk to Cal>ii for a in<niiont,wlK'ro
Idii'^ since we Irtt tliu initc jjfovmior C'Ui-sin;^. P»)<»r
A\l;i/.<|iK'z! Curdoha, (IrijalvM, ('ortt's, all the dt-j)-
ulics sent out to eon(|Uer tVn' liiiu new lands, had only
li.cii a drain on liim, l>rin<^in<^ back little compensation
ill slaves and gold. l)ee])ly as he felt these trouMes
tin V had not yet aftected his obesity, nnd it was with
(lilliculty that he waddled about his island stirrinjj^ up
iixHii^ers. With the aid of Fonseca the chaplain,
]!rnito Martin, whom Velazquez had sent to Sjjain
(111 liis behalf, had obtaintnl for him a royal commis-
sion,'' with the title of adelantado (tf the lands lately
discovered under his auspices to the westward; and
( litober, lol'.), saw busy prejtaiations on the island
t'oi- an expedition as well against Cortes as Mt)nte-
zunia
10
There was no trouble in obtaining men. The rumors
created by the visit of Puertocarrero and Moutejo
lKi;iiiie so used to sleeping in liis clotlit's, ami cndurini; lmrilsliii)^< jji'iitTally,
iliat Ik; iilniost tliscanloil tlio lx!d (lin'iiij,' his hitor ciu'imu'iKlfio lifi', aiul
loulil tjilit! only short naps. ' Esto In- ilicho. poripii' si'iii\<lo t|Uo arto antlaiiios
los viidaclems ('oni|uisti(h)ros, y oomo fstavainos tan acostul)r!ulo.s a hi-t
anii.is, y a vchir. ' liitt. Venlm/., S(l.
■' 'I'iiis was (hitotl Saragossa, Novi-nilier 1.1, l.'ilS, within a wci'k of rx)rt('-s'
usu;|iaii()n of the tlci't, as Las Casas ol>stiv<'s, and concodcd to Vt'la/()U»'/. tin-
jMisitinu of adchinUido not only over Yucatan, ('ozuincl, anil 'otiur islands'
(li.«i'uviri'd l)y his oxpoditions, out over any fiiitluT lands that ho might lind.
Ill ciMmei.'tion witii this title was granted, to him and on<! heir, one tifteentli
(if thi' revenue aeerning to the king from these lands; and after their cim-
<|iii>st iiiid settlementono twentieth of the same revenue, in perin'tuity for liim-
^<li .'iiid lieirs, from anyone island that he mi'dit seleet— tin; ili.seoveries were
su|)|i'iscd to be all islands. All supplies of foocl, clothes, and arms, introduced
hy liiiii (luring his life, were to lie free of duty. In supi>ort of his expenses a
r(iy:il phmUition near Hahana was transferred to iiim, and an annual salary
coiiici red of 3()0,'.)00 mai-avedis. A nundn-r of other provisions were made for
tlie promotion of economic, politic, and spiritual M-elfaro in the new region.
A >yiinpsisof the conimissioi\ is given in LusCu.vi.'t, Hist, [nil., v. '2 Ti. l'ie>(utt
iiii-uinlerstands the Cnrta ih. i'l'lny/ittz of ()otoi)er 1'2, l.">l!(, in su]ipositi;,' that
tlie L'nvernor had not received notice; of his appointment by that time, and is
thiTiliire wrong in taking Gomara to task for saying:; ' Estando pues en aipieste
IKMisaiuieto [to thwart Cortes), auino ipie Uejio a Santiaf.'o. . . .cartas del Ein-
pirailor, y el titulo do Adelantado, ycedulade la goueinacion. . . .de ^'uc.ita.'
//'-'. Mr.,:, 140.
' ' ' 'nrta do Vchvi'iez, Octo1)cr 12, I.TIO, in Pnr/icfo and Ciinlriint, < '"I. J ><■'•. ,
xii. '_'tl>-,")l. Solis assumes that tlie prepar.itionsof Vilaz<|uez were influenced
hy the news of the rect.'ption acoonled in ."'pain to the proeuradoresof Cort. s.
//'■' MfX., ii. 42-4. But this supposition, Ifused jMirily on a vague- ex-
pn -iui' o' Ilerrera, dec. ii. lib. ix. ciip. xviii., is wiong. for the procura-
ilcins reached Spain only in October, una wore detained for some time before
tlic_\ >aw the emperor.
3.'>a
THK CUnAX OOVKRNOR IN TURSUIT,
11
left tlio iinprosHiori tlisit shii)-l()atls of oold had l)o;ii
forwarded fi'om the now region to Spain, and tlie
island was conse(in(;ntly in a f(;rnient witli excitc-
nicnt. So great i!id<.'ed beeanio the desire to eidisf,
that Vehizquez would in any case have heen oi)lig(d
to loi'ni an expedition to prevent the people fioiu
going on their own account to reinforce Cortes." At
iirst it was aiuiounced that the governor wouhl go in
person, and so prevent furtlier rebellion, l^ut Wliiz-
(|Uez never thought of such a thing: he was tuD
cori>ulent, he lacked courage, and he could not ahaii-
don his interests and his post in Cuba, leaving the
island scantily provided with defenders. Further tluiii
this, he had confidence in the lei^al ri<;ht conferred on
him over the new country and over any expedition lie
might semi. His announced reasons were the duties
of his oiHce, which demanded his [)resonce more than
ever owing to the prevalent small-pox epidemic.''^
Among the many candidates eager for the connniiiid
Were IJaltasar Bermudez, a relative, A^asco Porcailo
de Figueroa, and IMnfilo de Narvaez, the first (wo
mentioned already in connection with Cortes' apjioint-
ment. With ]^ermudez the governor could come to
m* arrangement, and with Porcailo he managed 1o
(juarrel after sekn'ting him," so tiiat he was left with
no other choice than Narvaez. This was the hiilalgo
of A'^alladolid," whom we have met before, who had
joined Velazquez shortly after his arrival in Cuba,
and had taken a leailing part in its conquest. Tlii^
over, he ha<l married a rich widow, IMaria de Valtii-
zuela, possessing a number of towns, and had acce|itnl
ci\ il positions, such as procurador for the island, ami
conta<lor in the newly discovered region. Narvat/
" 'Coiiofiondo <].H' l;i goto, de vna iimnera o <lc( otra, 8e auia dc jt, nconlo
d<,' ri-cogi'i-la. ' ll(r crii, di'C. ii. lili. ix. cap. xviii.
'-' Litter to F!itiiiToii, Nov. 17, 151!), in /(•azlnttcftn, t'ol. Dor., i. 4()().
'•' It ajipcara tliat Vi'lawini'/.' suspicious nature had led liini t« cjist n'l!<i'-
tions upon I'orcallo, wiio rcsentod them by thr()win;^ np the api>ointirn m,
lleiTcra tells tlie story, whicli is not very interesting, dec. ii. lil>. ix. cap. win.
' ' Menial Diaz says also ' UuUaduIid, 6 de Tudela de Uuero.' lllal. I'cd/ '- ,
2415, 38.
NARVAKZ SKLHCTI'J) AS LEADKR.
3:)9
'I'jiti'il
(I, iiii'l
;irv;i« /,
Jip. xviu.
was al)ont forty-two yoars of ivro, tall and stroiij^ly
Itiiilt, with a lonjjf faci', ruddy <'om|)l('xion, and .sandy
Itt'ard. To a deiq) voice nii^Iit l)e added a«jfreoal)lo
luiinnors, buinj^ (juite fascinatin"^ in conversation. His
(|U;ditics W(.'re .sucii as created lavorable impression.
Oidinarily lie exhibited j^ood judgment, hut he was
careless, headstrong, and arrogant. As Ji soldier he
was undouhtedly hrave, hut deficient in discij)line and
foresight; as a general he was far from being the ecjual
of Cortus.»»
Hy virtue of his commission Velazquez appointed
this man captain-general and lieutenant-governor of
the new country, with orders to send Cortes and an}'
nhellious ca])tain in chains to Cuba, to carry on the
c()n<[U(!st, and to administer for the best interests of
tlie settlement."' But the friends of Cortes were not
i(ll(!. They caused rej)resentations to be secretly made
to the audiencia" tiiat a fratricidal war was about to
i)e opened in the new region, ruinous to the interests
of (iod and the king, and legal steps were at once
taken by the promotor fiscal.'" The policy of Cortes
'■' 'A cstc Narv.icz liizo Dii-go Vc!liiz(|iR'z sii Capitnii principal, tiieinpro
li(mr;iii(l()l(), ilo inanoru <nu; (lespiu's <K''l t;iv<» on ai|iiellu isla *^1 primer lugar. '
l.'H (.'iiiiM, Hist. I nil., iv. 4-<»; Ucieilo, i. 4%. 'Deziau que era inny cscaco.'
Ill i-iKtl hlin, Hitl. I'lnlail., '247.
''■ In a k'tttT to .Iiiilgi! Fignuroa, of the Kspaftola andiencia, dateil Novum-
licr IT, 15l!(, he gives notice of this appointment, and states that the object
(it tilt' expeilition ia to iirevent injui-y to the royal interest and outrages iqion
tiif natives. Tiiat very ilay lie was leaving for Trinidad and otlier parts to
aid N'arvaez in the pi-eparations, /ruzlnil'itn, (Jul. J)in-., i. .'<!>!> 40;<. Narvaez'
ap]>ointnient is mentioned already in the letter of October I'Jth, addressed to a
Spanish dignitary, wherein he is spoken of as contador for tiie new countries.
I'liilicm and Vurdfiiiui, Vol. /><>,•., xii. •J.")0.
'' 'Auisoy rclucion dellos h'S emlfio desde Cubas el licenciado Zua(,'o, ipte
iiuia venido. . . .a tomar resiilencia.' liiriml IHnz, JIi.it. Vcidud., 87. But we
arc safe in saying that Duero gave the impuls(^
'■'This utUcial, Juan Carrillo, laid tiie ciuse before the audiencia, Decendx^r
■Jltli, representing that Corti'S had witiiout superior permi.ssion made war
(111 the natives of the new lands and t'on(piered tiu^tn. He had also appro-
Idiated Velazquez' lleet and captured men from (iaray's jvirty, greatly to the
ill jury of both. Vela/(}uez was now pre|)aring an ex|M'dition against iiim. Tlie
two parties would meet and fight, giving the natives the opiiortunity to rise
:ii:(l recover the country. IJoth Cortes and Velazquez being guilty in under-
taking such exiMjditions without authority, the fiscal prays that tliey bo
piiiii.slied in person and estate. An oidor or his proxy should at onct? be sent
til investigate the case and prevent such war. During tiio following weeks
( :iiiill(i iiresented lcttei"s and witnes-^es in siipixirt of his i)etition. /'/ocisu imi"
Jiiiil Auiikncia dc la En^ianolii, in JcttzbtUceUi, Col. Doc., i. 404-10.
300
THE CUHAN fJOVKUXOR IX Tl'liSUIT.
I :■
ill scndiiiij pnR'uradorcs to Sj»;un, with pri'Sfiiis and
iMO-^snL;.'< to tliL' kiii,L,S liad its flU'ot on tlu* aiidii.'iiria,
wliicli considciod not oidy that his case liad passed
hoyond Uu'Ui, hut that he was lendirin^^ and likely
to lender, Ljivater servure to tlio royal inte'ivst than
was Ids I'ival. By no means predisposed in favor (if
\'elaz(juez, they moreover seiit tt> Ciiha the prudent
licentiate Lucas Vazcpiez de Aillon, a mond)er of
theirboily, with instructions to i)revunt the threatened
dan<;er.
Accompanied hy Pedro de Lodesma, socrotarv to tin-
audiencia. and the al<4,Miacil mayor, Aillon met Narvae/,
at Yanua,''* jirej)aiMng with a portion of the iieet to jitin
the rest at ( aianiguanico. I'lacin^ the cajitain under
injunction not to leave Cuha, he proceeded to llu-
rendezvous and represented t(» VelaztjUez the v\\\
which must result iVom his project, ur^ini^ that his
duty as jj;()vern()r and l(»yal suhject demande«l him to
i'oi-ci^^) personal vemjeance and interest, auvl iinally
i'orhidding the exjjedition without express permission
IVom the kint:^. The L'overnor, who ap[)ears to have
<»htain»>(l more definite news fnun Spain rei^ardinn" th''
Mcalth and promises vi' New Spain, was nu>re di't( r-
mined tiiau ever to carry out his scheme, .lleiyiii^'
ui>on the <;rant of the country to himself, he consid
ei'od that he had every ri^dit t(j claim his own and to
treat Cortes as an interloi»er. At tirst he ivl'used to
i'eco';iiize the jurisdiction of the audiencia in tlif
matter, but pretended Iinally to fall in with Aillon s
views.
It was accordin^nrly aj^reod that, in order to jim-
mote the interests both of kiiiij: ti'»(l o-overnor, l»v
rendcn'iniijf available the costly preparations nuuK". the
tleet should jiroceed to its destination, but without
Indians, and with a less number of settlers than had
volunteered. Narv'aez might present the claims of
Ids principal upon Cortes, but only in a j)eact;al)l''
manner, without landin^r any forces. If they wer<
'* Fourteen Iwigut's west of Trinulad.
A MAfJXIFlCr.XT FORCE.
ii(»< cntcrtaiiK'.l, lio must sail <»n\var<l in (|iU'>i oj' nuw
discovi'rics,*'
III tlio |)ivsoiice of Ailluii insti'Uctioiis w r< Mi\'<'ii
1(1 Xarvaoz in a; 'con lance with tlie aLTrrcuK'nt , hut tlio
I'liiiHT nev<'rti)i'lt'-<8 rcsolwd to acconipanv tlic cxjh>-
(lition and watcli ovit tiu-ir ohm-rvaiu't', i'nv lie sus-
|i('cti'.l i\w sincerity of liotli parties.'^'
'I'lu' expedition was tlu; lanjfost which had a-* yet
hivn littod out in the Now WorM, and consisted of
eleven lar^o and seven small vessels, with j;omewhat
over nine hundred soldiers, includiii'^ ei.jhly men with
ii:v-ar.ns. one hundr.-d auvl twenty with ei-os;-h;)ws,
nrid eiijlity horsemen. There were also si-veral hun-
(Ircd Indians, a larLj^! force of sailors, and a |»ai"k of
artillery, toLjether with auiple stores of all kin<ls.-^
"'TimIo lo quul «" nsuntii dcsta inauera, y 1" 'li'* P^r iiiKtruciiKij oii mi
pr<'soiu':;k 111 (lii'h) I'.inlila «lo Xarv.'icz.' Aijlfon, in i'lirta (/<• .imlrniin, i:i
J'.iiliii-i mill CiirikmiM, i'ul. /> ><•., xiii. ',".17. L'l'i' full'. '• toxt nf tlii* ii';rci'iii"i>t
t.<\i Ai/liiii, I'ltr'iri; ii) <'</. /foe, lii'd., i. 47iJ-'.>. 1>.\ tlie 'liiiio th(! iliscovcry
voy;i,' • \\;ij ecneludod V.w Uiir; woiilil li:ivo <li'ci(li".l tlu: oasi'.
'•' Tlii'i creviw out in liis report, tu \vliio!i lio ft'Uli: ' I'ii'-cciiWni.' i|m', pU'-a
\< iiri!ioi|KiliMo:ito liiiliiiv itl) ii t .slorkir (|Ui3 no Dvicat-n iK'liati'.s y <wu mil J >.<■,
i| u" <l lii.i sf;;tiir mi c.-r.nin i liasUi, luj ilcxiir j acilic (.i.' /'iir/n <• i awl < 'nr li-uit*,
(\if. J)'ii\, xiii. X)7. Till! .ni'o;m:it of lii.4 eilorta in ('iib:i 'm nh > aivvn in i\
i*[)f(i;il Icilcr ti> tUc kin;,', wriltfii l>y him at (.Juiuiijuanii'o .Marili -itii, on tlio
(A • I'i li, iiirtiirj for Now SjKiin. Tlii^i letter \va3<letaine,l ia ('al>;i till Au%'iist.
J'c-hirnvM[( 'linli 11(1.1, ('a/. /)()<■., xi. 4IW-tiJ; Cot.Jhr. I.inl.. i.4S| At. Ikir-'ra.
v.Ii J i.j not aware of tliu a;_;roeiiK'ut \vit!i Aillun. asjiinic.i tliat Vda/iine/ a:iil
'S:\v\-.i:'?, answer his jmjtests by mere a.ssurance.j that they intend n > harm, Imt
V ill take earc of the kin;^'j interest, Narvaez cniliji!,' t!io disini ision hy hayiu',' :
'il • i|ia'i|uieni manera t\' i>ens;iua einharear dentro de iloi !i)i:i;.' il ;e. ii, lili.
i\. ea[i. xviii. ]iernal I >iaz also states tliat VeLi;'.(|Uez relied so inueii <i:i t'lo
f iviir ot the bishop that ho totally i,<^nored tiie protests of Aiilon. ',Soldadin
ilixrron, i|i:e veiiia eon inteiieion de nyudarnos, y ^u ii(» lo inidie.^se lia/.er, tomar
1'. tii'rr.i en si p>r su M:igest;id, com.) Oidor,' ll'nif. \'i nlii/.. S~. Solis sup-
]i <M- ith;it Aiilon hopeil to prevail on Narvaez when once out of \'el.i/;i(iie/' leaeh.
y/-'. .!/(•., ii. 47; r'tirt'.t, ' ViWas 1 17; iloiwird, llisi. Mi .i\. 111). The j,'overn ir
evi. I iitly feared to op|ioso Aillon's dista.steful resolution toeml)ark, ie-il hi
t^lioiild iiiduee the aiulieneia to adopt a more forcilile interference ; and iKihaiu
II-' lllo^l^'ht that his protests could he more safely disregarded the farther lu!
Was re:iioved from tlic centi*o of government.
•-' .\t the review in C.-inpoala, Now .Spain, were found 8;) musketeers, I'J:)
nie'ier-i, (RK) infantry, and 81) horsemen, itininra, llial. .1/r.f. , I |(!. (,'ort.s was
t 'M hy (iuevara that there were 800 infantry, including 80 airhers and Vl'i
i'iii>I;eU'crs. Car'na, 110. Oviedo has only 803 men, but with "JlH) horses,
iii. ,'i()-«, while JJernal Diaz raises the totals to 10 vesscN, with l.'iO!) to
I li''i soldiers, including SO horsemen, 00 archers, and 70 musketeers, hut not
•uniting the sailors. The ai'tillery of guns was in charge of ( 'aptiin Uodrigo
M^nfiii. /ilst. I'mlti'l., S()-7. Clavigero adopts 18 vessels, 80(t infantry, S.l
•■rivalry, over ."KK) sailors, and Ti guns. Storia Mi''<3.,m. 11.'?. Aiilon vaguely
iiieiiUons 'over (lOJ Spaniards in sixteen vessels.' 'Siu nue yo lo supicse,
312
THE craAN oovnnxor. ix rrnsriT.
I ! ■
ii.J
S.iil w.is Hc't o;ivly in Mardi, 1 r>20, an;! iiftt^r t :);i;'^-
ini^iit ( 'o/.MMU'l Island t<> pick up tlu' party wiiifli lial
been ]rSt V.wvr'^' soint! tinio ItutoH', tliov entered Kin
<le 'I'aliasco to obtain water and provisions. 'I'Ik? in-
luii'itaiiJ -. lied tVoni the town on seeini^ so lar','e a
four, l)nt with tlio aiil ot" un interpreter found there
they Wen; reassured, an<l brou;^ht maize and fowl,
toufether with three women, as [>resents for the eaji-
tain. Four days after leavin*' the river the fleet w;>;
disjM'rsed hy a storm, with the loss of six vessiils an!
a numl>er of soldiers and sailors.^* The rest of the
vessels ariived at San Juan de Ulua in the latter }>art
of April.^
Three soldiers, deserters from the exploring expe-
dition'-'" of Cortes, came on board, and after declaring
llovur'iii liiista mil indios. ' Cart'i, in Paehtro and CiirdentM, Col. Ihx-., xiii.
X't~; uuil T')i)iiis;iys l(>t)l>an<l odd men. It'/., in li-nzhalcvta. Col. Dor., U. :,',^~.
Tliolii^mvsfroiiitho roviewiu Xuw Spain must Iw iiicruaiied by tliuiuniiltcr lust
vitli KJx of tlio vesHcli oli' that coast, and this may bo wiiat Itcrnul i'iii/. at-
tcinpt i to di>, althoii^^h ho evidently niakcH tho catimato tou high. A','iisii]i
llormiiikv. was algiiacil mayor, and CortOs'old friend, Duero, managed to jdia
a:i contador. Ifirrera, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. i.
■•' Kighty Spiiniardj had Imjch landed, and a number of Indians, but most
of the latter, together with a largo proportion of tho natives, had d'wd > I
M:null-pox intrtMluced by the Cubans. To judge from Aillon's report lio jip-
]>(>ars to have allowed a, number of Spaniards to remain, with n view to in: k ;
there a cjiUing-placo for ship . and wiiicli might servo as a base for operation i
tending to the eouipiest of .leutuu. Ho refers to tho latter country a.i mi
island adjoining Ulua, whicl., ho believes is a continent, lying near tlio liii'i
tliscovcred by Solis and Yuftcz. Carta de Autliencia, Aug. 30, 1520, in J'ttchrc)
and ('lirileiKt", Cnl. />o:, xiii. 3.18.
'' 'So ahogaron cintiiionti ombres 6 los dcmoa escnpamoscon liarto ries'jo.'
Carti d' Aidlienciii, in /'nc hero and CnrdeiioH, Col. Doc, xiii. 338-1). MotiIi'-
zuiiix iiiformeil C'ortt^s of this shipwreok, '»5 lo mostr6 en una manta piiitiiil i
die/, y oclio navioi, 6 los cinco delios it la coata qucbrados 6 trastoniado.s ci ■ 1
arena.' 'J'fi/tin, Ilcl., in Ir'tzhalota, Col. JJoc., ii. 580. 'Tuuovn vientodi^ Nor'.u
. . . . y do noche so le iK>rdio vn nauio do ivxjo porto, que dio al traucs; ('apitai
. . . . ( 'liristoval do Moranto y so ahog6 cicrta gente.' Bernal Diaz, //'•'.
Vrrdivl., 87.
•'Aillon was among tho first to arrive, Narvacz and tho other ciptiiii:^
c:)niiiig in during tho following two days. Carta de. Aitdicnria,, in I'n'-lirr • jinl
CiirdriKf, Col. Itoc, xiii. 330. Hence I'rescott's date of April '23d isHomowli. t
t >o accurate. Ilrasseur de IJourlwurg assumes that a landing is effcctcil ■ i
April 20tli. Illst. K<it. ',Vi'., iv. 270. Cortes states that tho news reaclicd iiiia
i'l the beginning of May. Cartas, 1 13. Taking four days to travel to Mexi' ■.
Tho licet arrived eight days after the ship-building party ha<l left the ca])it il
(•'oinnra, IH<l. Mrx., 138; Alatnnn, Disert., i. 103. Narvacz' agent in Spin
states that the Hoot numbered eleven vessels on arrival. Demanda de Cvliul'" ,
in InrJiiilref.a, Col. Dor., i. 437.
-' riircc of tho men left in Chinantla, 'quo so dczian Coruantcs el oho(
rero, y Escalana, y Alonso Hernandez Carrctero.' Bernal Diaz, ll-'.
N.UIVAKZ LANDS AT VKRA CRVZ.
but, must
(lieil . t'
ho ill'-
ti) in: 1; !
pcratiiiii t
Irv a.i : a
th.^ I'.-i 1
.IWlf >
to i'ies';i>.'
liiitml' I
1(H ( :i ' 1
('apitii'i
(■«:, //. '.
c:ipt:iir.s
lomowli.it
Tcctivl ■ :i
clu'tl liim
sMcxi' '.
(>ca)>it il.
in Sjiiiu
A clvx'"-
a:, ir.d.
alk',^ianco to Xarvacz, jxmrod into tho curs of tlicir
v.-oudcrinj^ couutrvmou tin; story of tlicir ^cin'iars
I'lilliant achiovoincuts. They told <»t' tin; vast fxtcut
;inil ivsouivc •f ilio roimtry, of tin* wcaltli accumu-
latcil, the uiifairin s.< of CoiiL's in divitliuj^, and tlio
(•MiiscMjuont diseontont. of tin* soldiers and tin; jlan'jfcr
of their position. ^^ This tended to render the eonceite I
Xarvaez over-eoiilident. so that his rival was rather
h. iie'ited than injuri'd hy the story of the desi iters,
lie now told Aillon that he wonld liri«l, sinei? ( 'oi-te>»
► far in the interior and the v. -isels in a had
\v;
CO
is s(
ndition. He was also determined tt» form a srttle-
lacnt, and rei^ardless of the oi 1 r's j/iotes^ a town
was I'oundod for a second time upon the site; of tlu
' esent Vera Cniz.^ Tiio j^'overnoi t f Cnetlaclitlan
liastened to send presents of stipplics, as an act of
(•'•urtesy to a captain wnom lu; suppos(Ml to he th'.5
fiirnd of Corte's. He was undcu'cived, however, an I
t-iid hy the deserters that Narvarz was the i-eal envoy
ami captain sent hy the kinijf, whih.* Cortes and Iii ;
iiu-n Were fu'jfitive adventurers whom Xarvaez w(»nl I
I'niiisji. His kin;4 had heard of the outrage on tho
emperor, and had sent him to procure his relea-e, to
i.store order, and tliereu[)on to return. The l,^ovi rnor
r .[lorted this to Montezuma, who, thiidviny no dou!;t
V r'l'fl,^ ,S7; Ifirrrra, dec. ii. lib. ix. cap. xviii. I'orms gives .several niul <lif-
f I lilt II iinca. C'orliM, I'l'.v Icwiu, ii. .")01(. CJortt'.s ;i|>|K'arn t > nay tli.it lluy wcra
till- iiic:i sent by Iiiiu to bring ncwaof Narvacz aid wli )d'.siTtiMl. ( 'rtr/'i ■, 1 1.').
Ai.liin s|k.m1v3 of «no man who cmwi on bi)ard of liis vcs.scl. FiiidiiiL; i!i:it
r .rts b:id instructed the Imlians to rc^'ard any fl(^^•i^'n jirrivals a^^ ininiic-:!,
tliism^n was sent toreassup) tliein. ( ' iria ile. .1 idfii iifi<i, \n I'icIi'd mul i 'iir-l ■
vn. <'•>'. l>ftc., \\\\.'XV.). ItappfaMnrobdile, however, tliat Cortes' expectaUoa
of imsssen^'crs from hi.s kint; was known to tho Indians.
•■ 'A!i;auan las manos a Dios, que loa iibrh del poder do (^)rtos, y <lo s Hr
de .... Mexico, dondo cada dia csjierauan l.i nuiertc . . . . y uu dezia I'l ( '(Tv iiiles,
... .0 Narvacz, Narvac/, quo bien aveturado ([uc ercs .... (|ue tieno es.-ic traidor
'1- Cortes allegados mas de sctecieto.s mil pesos do oro, y todos ins .sold.dn.s
i-tan mui mal con cl.' Ilrrnni Diiz, I Hit. \ crilad., ST.
•"This was speiMlily aViandoncd f' ' ."v camp at L'cmpo;da. Aillon waiiteil
merely a camp to bo formed near a wcli aupnlied town. Tiio mimicipal otlicer.<
v-re: 'Alcaldes liordinarios A Francisco Verd'igo. cufiado did diclio niego
^ <lazi|Uez, casado con una hennana suya, (5 un Juan Vustc, su cuftado e niayor-
d j!iu), V rcgidorcs ii Diego Vclazijucz 6 I'cro Velazquez, sus sobriuos, e ii (Ion-
ztilo Martin de Salvaticrra e .Juan do Ciamarra.' Carta de AuJicucia, hi Pucluco
and Ciirdeuas, Col. Due, xiii. 342.
304
THE CUBAN GOVERNOR IN PURSUIT.
thai it would bo j))'iKlont to secure the fnentlshii» (if
so [)o\veiliil a coniniander, whether he came a« HberatoV
or oppressor, sent hnu a nuinber of valuable presents,
an<l "fave orders to provide his army with sup[)lies.
Narvaez ke|)t the valuables for himself, a course whi<li
did not tend to increase his poi)ularity, and transmitted
ill retui'n a few trinkets to the monarch, with as-
snran(;e ; of his jjfood-will.^
Hearinuf that Wdazfpiezde Leon was leading a lar^^ ;
force not far off, Xarvaez sent a message, appealing
to him as a relative and old friend to join him with
his men; but A\'laz<jUez, who was still in the region
in and above Chinantla, looking for tribute and gold,
deigned not even to rej)ly, but forwarded the letter to
his general and asked for orders. Meanwhile he and
his lieutenant, Rangel, assembled their men anil mado
them swear allegiance to Cortes, a few suspected of
sympathy with the Cuban governor being placed
under surveillance.*' The next step of Xarvaez was
■■'''Conociivn en cl Narvacz acr la pura miscria, y el oro, y ropa. . . .totlo so
Id yuanlima.' H'rii'tl hinz. Hist. Vinlad., Si), S7. Aceonling to OvicdDs
vorsiou .Moutczuiiia held a council, wlierciu some nieinl)cr.s favored the |il.iii
of att:iickiuj{ and killing; tho Spaniards tlion in Mexico, ao aa to ])i'e\ cnt a
junction of forces. 'J"hi.s might frigiitcn tho rest into departing. Others, who
wcro more uonfident, urged that tho new airivals ahould bo allowed to coiiio
to .Mexico, so as to .hwoII tho list of victims for tho aicnlices, and tliis prii](o-
sition was carried, iii. 5()!). Oviedo's informant evidently ignores tiie decljiicd
object <jf Narvaoz; or, likeSolis, ///•</ Mix., ii. ()-t-(i, lie does not believe tli:it
any communication could have taken place, for want of an interpreter, liut Solis
forgets tlio tlireo desorlera. .and Indian mediums, {K>rhaps. I'rescott takes the
pjcaliar groimd that for Montezuma to 'iiave entered into a secret comniuiii-
cation, hostile to tho general's interests, is too repugnant to the wiiole U'wa-
of liis conduct.' M<'x., ii. '23(i. Cortes states that Father Olmedo hail uvidiMne
of ci>mmunication and interchange of presents between Monte/.uma and
X irvaez. Cartn.t, 120-1. Otiiers conlirm this, as: T<i/>i i, fif., in /<i~Jial'' ''(,
C.il, lJ>r.,ii. AST; Oomnra, ilJst. Mux. 141-2; C'lrta del Hjcrcito tif < 'or/rs, in
/ ir.hi/rrfa, Col. Doc, i. 42S-31). Tiio position of tho emperor as prisoner, mid
t!ic speedy succession of ovonts, did not permit the relationship between the
two to develop.
■'*' Francisco de Lugo being actually secured with shackles. Tinulo, inCivh .<,
Ji'ciiili'iiriii, ii. ; i'or(VK,Varl(w, 118; ( 'arta di' A uiUeiicia, in Pachero and ' '('trili'-
lias. Vol. Doc, xiii. 1142. Ovicdo reviews Velazquez' conduct in tlii.s instance,
and concludes that, since CortiVs gave him tho men and appointed him cii)ii:iiii,
he was bound to obey this his inuncdiato principal, unless royal ordei's to (lie
ct)ntrary had boon exhibited. 'Si aquel uapitan, Johan Velazquez de Jjeon, ii >
estoviera n\al con su pariento Diogo Velazcjuez, <5 so passara con los eieiilo
(;inqiientii hombros, epic avia Uovado li (jiuat^ucalco, it la parte de, I'limphilo do
Nur/acz, su cuilado, acabadu oviera Cortes su oill^iu.' iii. 31U-17.
HOW SAXDOVAL ^fANAGES.
.Vw
fo jlt'iiiaiid tlic surrcn«1er of Villa Kica, which the
(Icscitors roprcscntod as held hy loss than tour score
ijiiii. This task was intrusted to the clerirvnian
-hian Ruiz de Guevara, accompanied by Notary Ver-
yara, Amaya a relative of Velazquez, and three wit-
nesses,'*^ and letters were given them for distribution
iunoniif Cortes' soldiers, with a view to gain their
allegiance.*'
Sandoval had been advised concerning the tl»>et,
and suspecting the object he sent to warn Cortes,
despatching at the same time two dark-com[)lexioned
s(tl(hers, disguised as Indian fruit venders, to leaia
I'lnther particulars. The spies remained in Narvaez'
ramp a whole day, and by mingling with the leaders
lliey picked up valuable information, escaping during
tile night with two horses.^ Sandoval now sent off
the old and infirm soldiers to a town calKvl Papalote,
ill the hills, and obtained the promise of the re-
mainder to hold the fort with him, a gallows being
erected in a conspicuous site as a warning to the
taiut-hearted. About this time Guevara ap[)eared
I); fore the quarters of Sandoval. No one came to
receive him, and he had to find his way to the com-
iiiander's house. The priest had been led to believe
lliat little or no objjction would be made by the ad-
herents of Cortes to his demands, and confidently
lie began his harangue, speaking of the claims of
A «laz(|uez and the treason of Cort«5s. The word
treason fired Sandoval. His party were the better
servants of the king, he said, and were it nob for
"' 'AloiiiO de Vergara, escrihano, 6 con Antonio do Maya.' ^cvmndn </••
'''■'>.ill,,.t, ill Icaxhalceta, Col. Doe., i. 439; Ikrnal Diaz, Jlint. VvnUuL, ,SS,
writ's Aniiiya; Corti's, Jtesldencia, ii. 1(>8, 4I'2.
'• '^f(• trajeroii mas <lo cicn cartiis,' wlii-roin the soldiers were told to givo
'T'llit to til'! statements of (Jiievara and Ids compainons, and to rest assured
tli:it they would ho rewarded on joining;. (^)rl^.t,( 'arhix, 11((.
" While selling chorrins to Captain Salvatierra tiiey heard him refer to
till' treasure!) of Oort(^s as a magnificent prize. The designs of Cortc^s against
M'litezuma and his subjects were painted in dark colors. One of tin; stol(>n
iini'ses belonged to this captain, whoso raving against the spi'js ad'orded
1.11. 'it lunusement to the camp. Hcnial Diaz, Hist. VcrdmL, IHJ; Tupia, IM.,
11 Icir.balcita, Col. Doc, ii. 587.
1
THE CUBAN GOVERNOR IN PURSUIT.
Guevara's character as a clergyman he would have
him chastised for his impudence. As it was, he re-
f rred him to Cortes as captain-general and justicia
mayor of New Spain. Guevara likewise grew warm,"
and a war of words followed, which the commander
cut short by ordering some Indians to bundle the
tliree principals into net hammocks. In these they
were carried to Mexico, under a Spanish guard, to bo
delivered to the general.^
When ^[ontczuma first received news from the
coast governor of the arrival of the great fleet, he
supposed that these were the vessels which Cortes
had said that he expected, and by which it was hoped
he would depart. Montezuma at once sent for Cortes
to impart the tidings.** The Spanish general was not
a little surprised at this second unusual summons, and
still more when tokl that his vessels liad arrived, and
that new ones need not be built. While he was yet
puzzling over the words, the emperor produced the
])ainted message showing: a fleet at anchor off dial-
chiuhcuecan. "You can now leave in safety, and all
will be well," continued the monarch, overjoyed at the
thought of release.^ "Thanks be to God, who pro-
" Ho ordered Vergara to read the provisions. Sandoval declared that
none but a royal notary should do so, and threatened liini with 100 lashes
unless he desisted. Gucvai-a interfered, and was tolil that he lied, and was
a low elergyinan. lirriial Diaz, Hint, i'lrtlad., 88.
'' Alguacil Pedro de Solis was in charge. Bemal Diaz, //iV. Verdad., 88,
dcscrilwa how they wondered at the succession of great cities, etc. The
guard consisted of twenty men. Cort^a, ('(irtaj<, 115.
''* tomai-a describes somewhat minutelj- tlie apprehension created among
the sohliers by this summons, in face of tlio threatening aspect of affairs. //'■/.
Mi'x., l',iS-9. Bcrnal Diaz states tiiat Montezuma kept the news back for
three days, while he communicated with Narvaez. He might have deloycd
longer, but feared that Cortes wouhl suspect .something. Hiit. Vfrdad., 87.
'■ While still talking, they received another mess;»ge, saying that troops,
horses, and guns had been lauded. In his joy Montczur.ja embraced Cortis,
exclaiming tiiat he loved him more than ever, and saying that ho would diiic
with him. While at table both were in good humor, the emperor thinking of
the departure, the general of renewed Ciiouosts. After this Montezuma gavo
«laily feasts, in the belief that the task of entertaining would soon be over.
Vonuira, Hist. Mex., 139. It is more likely that apprehensions prevailed on
both sides. Brasseur do Bourbourg calls attention to the fact that no strangi r
liad till then been so far honored as to sit at the same table with the monarch.
Hist. Xat. Civ.,i\. 277.
(II
THE TIDIXGS AT THE CAPITAL.
vl;les all
<;vnoral, while
tliin;:^:
, »"
Vv'as the fervent utterance of tlio
the .soldiers sent up shouts of joy
1 li'.Mjflecl with discharws of fire-arms. "Surelv," tliev
sai«l, " Puertocarrero and Montejo have returned in
t,ood time." Further consideration of the matter,
however, convinced Cortes that these were not the
.'-hijrs of his friends, but that they belon<jfed to his
;;rrhenemy of Cuba. His captains thought the same,
i'.ii.l talked with calculated effect to the men o\' the
ir;at wrong to them if the hirelings of Velazque::
were to step in and reap the results of their hardshii)s.
Anxious to learn something definite, Cortes sent
two messengers by different routes to bring news
; bout the expedition, a third being instructed to follow
Ac'lazquez de Leon with instructions to await orders
beibre proceeding to Goaxacoalco ; a fourth mes.scnger
was despatched to Villa Rica.^ Learning meanwhile
iiom Sandoval that the expediticjn was inimical to
liim, Cortes sent letters from himself and his re<_jiJores
to the commander, stating the progress of conquest
oil behalf of the Spanish king, and demanding his
ohjoc-t. If he needed no succor, and came not })ro-
viilcd with royal authority, he must at once depart;
otherwise Cortes would march against him, supported
by the vast forces of the empire.'''* The letters were
'" Monjaras gives their names. ' Fucson. . . .tizna<lo3 coino los yndios,' ct
SOI], ('(irtrn, Ittmlencia, i. 442-3; ii. 47-40, 1.14-5. Andnu do Tapia, v.iio lial
just rfctunied frum Cholula, after settling a boundary dispute with Tlascahi,
w.i.< the fourth messenger. Ho followed oy-pnths, walking by day and ])eing
lanii'd l)y Indians at night, so that iie rejiched his destination iu three days
iiiid a half. Finding that Sandoval had already sent messages, he remained
with him. liil., in Icmlmlctii, Cut. Dor., ii. 5S(>-7. Cortes writes that after
heiiig informed hy Montczum.a ho received a letter, by a Cuban Indian, fmni
ii Sjianiard who had been stationeil on the coast to watch for vessels. Tliis
iiiiiiouiiced that a vessel hatl anchored at San .Juan de Ulua, which was supposed
t I be tiiatof the returning i)rocuradores. The general now despatched his fo\ir
messengers. Fifteen days passed without furtlier news — this is probabjv.i
misprint— after which native paintings were received showing tlic nnnit.>er
of men landed, and with them the rejwrt that the messengers from Mexico
\viie detained by the new arrivals. Cartfui, 114-1."). A man named I'inedo,
wlio fled from the capital, was overtaken by ^Vztocs, at Cortes' order, and
liiimglit back dca«l. Dtmanda ilf CchnUnn, in Ira'-halcnta, Col. Doc, i. 440.
^'■' Cortes intimates that a friar carried this message, and that one of tho
•jMestious was tho nationality of the expedition. Cartiir'i, ll.'t. The friar an-
Kais to have earrietl a later nies3a;'c. Gomara a.ssumcs that Cortes alrwuly
Maw who the commander was, and oabrcd his fricndohip. IJuit. Mix., 142.
8SS
THE CUBAN GOVERNOR IN PURSUIT.
V:
ill
made the subject of jest among tlio officers of Nar-
vacz, the veedor Salvaticrra declaring that tliu
messaijes of traitors should receive no attention.
He urged the expediency of marching upon them
v.'ithout loss of time, and swore that he would broil
and eat the ears of Cortes.
Shortly after the letters had been sent, the ap-
proach of Guev^ara and his companions was announced.
And now for more of that deep diplomacy in whicli
Cortes was so skilled. Perceiving the importance of
conciliating men of their standing, he despatched an
escort with horses to brinjj them Mith all honor into
the city, and he himself went to meet them, expressing
regret at the rude treatment they had received. With
smooth tongue and promises he wove his web round
them, and "oiled their hands with gold," as Bern; J
Diaz expresses it. He showed them the greatness and
wealth of the country, and explained to them how it
was all in his power; and he sought to convince them
of the injury dissension must occasion to God, to the
hin^,^, and to themselves. Ah, rare talent, the tak'ut
of tongue I Guevara, at least, was won over, and went
back delighted with his courtesy and liberality, and
in full sympathy with his cause.*" On reaching tlio
camp he told of what he had seen, the great extent
of country, its vast population, and the number of
well ))uilt towns on every side. Nor did he fail to
sing the praises of Cortes, and speak of his treasures,
of which he displayed specimens. Every captain and
soldier under him, he said, could boast of heavy gol I
ornaments and well filled purses, of numerous ser-
vants and beautiful women ; and they lived on the fat
of tiic land, having the country and all its inhabitants
at their disposal. The general had taken care to ex-
hibit only the attractive features of his position, whicli
as now detailed by the priest captivated the hearts of
*" ' Acabo do tlos dias donde venian muy hravosos leones, bolvinn m
inuy niiinsos, y so lo ofrccicron por servidores.' Uiriial Z)in3> Hist. Vcrdad.,
8S;"t'o/Y('.y, lifnidencia, ii. 108, 465, 500.
COnTIlS- TACTir.^^
3-3
tlio listeners, who lont^'ed to bo with so fortunate and
]il)c'ral a leader. Even hefore this many wen- <li.->al-
Iccted, and despised the arro^rant and narrow-mi m led
Xarvaez ; others took an inij>artial view, and reco;^-
nized the evil of dissension in a country only half
siihilued, while yet others wure intent only on seeuriuLj
treasures.
The priest brought a letter to Xarvacz, whtrcin
Cortes ex})ressed delight at finding his old friend com-
mander of the expedition, although he regretted that
hostile measures had been taken against him, who as a
loyal servant held the country for the king. If Xarvacz
carried a royal commission, it had only t(j be ])rescnted
to 1)0 obeved: otherwise he was willing to come to a
iVicndly agreement, since hostilities must be prejudicial
not only to them both, but to the crown. ^' (iuevara
supported these expressions by reconunending a pcace-
i'lil arrangement and with<lrawal to new territoiw, for
Cortes was evidently loyal, and had hosts of Indians
to iiid him in maintaining his position. Xarvaez not
(jiily refused to listen to any overtures, but became
iialignant with the clergyman and his comjianions for
iilvoeating them. He knew tliat the forces of Cortes
Were inferior to his own, and of Indians he had no fear.
Cortes had elicited from Ouevaraa nundx'r of facts
iv'^arding the exiicdition, amonu: them that the arro-
gaiicc and parsimony of Xarvaez had alienated a large
propoi'tion of his followers, and that a little gold
'.vould have a wonderful ellbct.*- Indeed, they had
come for gold, and had no desire to raise the swoi-d
au'ainst their brethren if it could Ix; avoided. Thii
iulormation was not lost on the astute contjueror.
" Cort(?3 said tliat ho couM not loiivo Mi xioo, wlicro liis jiroscnco was
licci ss:ii\v fnr tlio prcRorvation of poace aii'l tuMsiuvs. ('urtn--. \\~-\s. ' V <i m-
vios>i.-n soIds.' duiiKir'i, ll'isf. }[ii-., \V1. Accord in l; to licriial IMaz a letter > t
similar toniir liail boon sent vi\ Itcloiv, l>y a swift nu .ssciitror, to clear the m ay
foi'Oiiovara's rocnmiiiendations, nml ( 'ortes therein ititiniatiil that the iiostilc
Uttt lances attributed to Xiirvaez must be duii to the inter] iretcr.<, fir lie «;:•«
RUVi- that so wiso lunl bravo a captain wouhl not utter anything to the preju-
ili^i of king and conirnde-i. ///.•./. !'< /•'/■/(/., 8'.).
'■■I'onj (ladivas (jui'brautan pena.s.' II' riud Diaz, Htxt.Verdad., S'J.
Illar. Miis., Vol. I. 21
,S I
1 i
I- i
\
f
}■
n
;
If.
ft?! .
111
370
THE CUBA" GOVEHNOR IN PURoUIT.
Shortly after the (k-parture of the clergyman, Cort-Js
took counsel with Father Olniodo, that most admi-
rable of friars, whose knowledge of the world, calm
judgment, and clear foresight had more than once
saved Cortes from himself Olmo.io now undertook
the conversion of Xarvaez and his men. Laden with
instructions and jewels, he proceeded to their eam[>
and endeavored to win Xarvaez to peaceful measures.
Special letters and presents were given Duero. Ai-
Hon, an<l others, wlio were suj»posed to ho friendly,
with a view of obtaining their active coiiperatioii.
Cortes wished especially that Xarvaez should uuiier-
stand that he was friendly to him. Dissension woull
react on both, particularly on Xarvaez; unity o'i action
could nlone [»romote their common aim and preserve
the country to the king. Cortes had fewer soldiers,
but was nevertheless stn^iger, from possessing inter-
preters, knowledge of the country, and control of its
forces and resources. Were not the kings alreadv his
servants \
IJut Xarvaez was stubborn. Olmedo, liowever,
overcame the scruples of a number of his coimsellors.
who advised him to negotiate with a man so stronulv
established. X'arvaez called them all traitors, and
told Olmedo that he ought to be ashamed of himself
for promulgating such base sentiments; whereat tlic
priest became indignant, and devoted himself all the
more assiduously to the subordinates, among whom
he found the way well prepared by Guevara. lli>
arguments found willing ears, and his gold confirun d
the arguments. Among his companions from Mexii"
was one Usagre, an artillerist, whose brother occupied
a similar position under Xarvaez. This man also did
Cortes good service. These doings could not escape
notice, and, warned by Salvatierra, the commaml r
would have arrested the friar had not Duero an I
others interfered. They called attention to his di[>L'-
matic and rel'gious character, and the courteous treat-
ment Cortes had given his own messengers. X^arva*. z
NAUVAEZ' PROCEEDINGS,
87l
hurried him awav, however, with a letter for liis q-en-
vvA, wherein he ehiinied authority to take possession
(if the country for Velazquez. If Cortes resisted, it
would fiire ill with him."
It was an easy escape for Olnedo, for Xarvaez
had not scrupled shortly before to deal with the
royal oitlor in a most peremptory manner. Aillon
had remonstrated with him about his proceed inLj:s,
such as formingr a settlement, threatening to enter the
ciHuitry, spreading harsh reports among the natives
ai,'ainst Cortes, and neglecting to restrain his men
from taking property and otherwise abusing the in-
habitants. Xo attention being paid to this, he for-
mally called upon Xarvaez to make a peaceful demand
for the surrender of the country, and, if refused, to
uo elsewhere to settle. He intimated puliliely that
the measures of Xarvaez were actuated 1)V malice,
lather than bv loval wisdom. This the vain and aiTo-
;4;ant commander could not endure. It was to the
oidor, he said, that the present growing disaffection
amoni' his men was due. He was becomin<j: dano^er-
"US, and the municipal officers were directed to seize
and carrv him on board the same vessel in which lie
had arrived. His secretary and ahjfuacil were placed
I'll board another, and a day or two after sail was set
i\>v Cuba, the captains and crews having been sworn
to deliver them to Velazquez." During the voyage,
hiiwever, Aillon persuaded his jailers to take him to
Kspafiola, which he reached in the last days of August,
at'ier a long and dangerous trip of three months and
" According to Bemal Diaz. Duero persuaded Xan'a^z, at the instigation
of thu friar, to invite the latter, and to seek liy friendly efforts to win him
over. Pretending to yield to his i>ersiiasions, Olinedo told him that if tlio
proper persons were sent to confer with Cortes, he could no doubt he bnjught
to tenns. It Wfis then agreed that Ducro and others should arranije a. nri-
y;ite interview tx-twecu the two generals. IlUt. Verdad., 93; Jlirrtra, dec,
ii. liti. ix. cap. xxi.
'' The reason for this separation of oidor and otTicers was to prevent the
former from issuing .luthoritativc ordei-s. This seizure had been etl'eeti'il just
fis (inuvara returned from Mexico. ''ortf',v, Cartu-^, 118. Hence, CortOs' letter
failed to reach him ; yet ISenial Diaz assumes that he received it, and cwper-
atcJ accordingly. Ilist. Vcntml., 6i).
878
THE CUBAN GOVERNOR IN PURSUIT.
a half. The consort vessel was separated from lilni
during a storm shortly after leaving Ulua, and the
secretary and algiiacil did not rejoin the oidor till
October. A report of the outrage was promptly
ibrwarded to the king, signed by the whole audi-
tMicia, with a request that severe chastisement be
inflicted, in order to maintain respect for that august
tribunal.*'
Among others falling under the wrath of Narvaez
Mas Gonzalo do Oblanco, whose advocacy of Cortes
and condemnation of Aillon's arrest brought imj^ris-
onment, which so wrought upon him that he ditd
within a few days.*" These harsh and foolish meas-
ures engendered further discontent, and half a dozru
of Aillon's supporters, including Pedro do Villalobos,
tleserted to Sandoval, who received them with open
arms. Others sent to signify their willingness to join
Cortes."
After Aillon's arrest Narvaez had been persuaded
to move his camp to Cempoala, as a healthier i)la('(',
more suitable for head-quarters, and better providiil
with supplies. The cacique was intimidated to sur-
render some effects belonging to Cortes and to accorl
the new-comers a welcome, which seemed to stamp his
conduct as desertion. "Oh, well!" said Cortes wlnu
^'This report, embodying Aillon's, ia dated August .30, 1520. A fonn.il
Btatenieiit of tlio o.ise. proparcd on the arrival of the secretary, was forwai'diil
on November 10th. Carta ilt Autlicnvia, in Pacheco and Ciirdenas, Col. />'"■..
xiii. 33l2-4S; AijUon, ll< lac'i<in,\\\ I<l., xii. '2r)l-'2; Carta al Itnj de loi Oiilun <.
mCiil. Doc. Iin\l., i. 41),1-.")11. The report proved a heavy argument agiiiii-t
Velazquez' ease, altlioiigh Bishop Fonseca at first sought to keep it back.
Jkrnal Dinz, Hist. Virdail., 00; Peter Mart'/r, dec. v. cap. v.
*'' Two soldiers were also imprisoned for speaking favorablj' of Cort;s.
One of them was Sancho de Barahona who settled in Guatemala. Hcnmi
Jjiaz, llixt. I'lfdad., 80, 100. To Bernardino do Santa Clara, who lia<l n'uhA
Aillon in tiio formal demands upon Narvaez, nothing was done, owing to lii-*
many friends in the camp. 1/errera, dec. ii. lib. i.\. cap. xx.-xxi. This in.iu
was not actuated by friendship for Cort(5s, however. Ho had been treasunr
of l';spanola, where his prodigality nearly made him a defaulter. Cortes, A'l.v-
'' iicia, ii. 100-8.
*' 'Villalobos, y vn Portugucs, y otros seys o sieto so passaron a Cortc-;.
Y otros lo cscriuieron, a lo quo algunos dizeu ofrecicndo so Ic, si venia pura
ello.s y que Cortes leyo las cartas, callando la iirma y que publicaua teii'i-
en Zempoall;\ dozientos Espaflolcs.' Ooinarn, Hist. Mux., 143. Bernal Diiu
say.-i live deserters, relatives and friends of Aillon. HUt. Vcrdad., 00, 02.
SANDOVAL'S PRUPENTK.
373
told (»r it, " loiiij^ live the last victor."*'^ But lie coukl
li.inlly blame the natives for yieklinsj^, when even
SandDval himsclt', on hearing of this aj>{)roaeh, ahan-
(loiied Axilla Rioa and took refuge in the mountains,
where ho remained till the general bade him join his
forces.*'
*" Tlorrcra nssnines that ho was doroivcfl by Xarvacz, dec. ii. lib. ix. cap.
xix., Imt iiitiniiilation was no duiibt tho leadiiii; inntive, for ho oould not jxis-
hilily ri'lisli tlie jirospect of Moiitv/unia's itIouso by the new-comers, nor tlio
hitiitiou.sntss and grued of tlie poldiera. 'Tliia conduct <if tlie men drovo tlic
iniialiitaiits to tliglit,' says Cortes, Vartnn, 110, l'J,>. Wlieu the jewels and
otlier etlects belonj,'ing to Cortes' l>arty were Heize<l, togetlier with the Indian
wives i>f tlie con(|uerora, tlie caciiiue liecame serionsly alanned, exclaiming
th:it he would surely be killed for permitting the outrage. Tiiia excited only
derision, Salvatierra remarking: 'Aueys visto quo jniedo <jue tienen toilos
estiis Ca<'i(iue8 ilesta nonada do Cortesillo.' li<'rual Dkiz, Hint. Vn-ilul., W.
'" '/'(i/ii(t, J\'el., in Ifozbalceta, Vol.. Due, ii. 6b7. ' EUoa dejubtiu la villa sola
por no peluar con cllos. ' Vortcn, CarCan, 119.
CHAPTER XXI.
THE COUP DE SIAlTRE OF CORTi:S.
May, 1520.
Dismal pRosrEcra- EMriKE to IIold, Invasiox to Repel — The At;my
Divides — Alvarado Gitakds Montezuma, while Cortes Looks akikk
Narvaez — The Marcu Seaward — The Rendezvous — The Ciiixan-
TECS AND THEIR PiKES — CoKTES SoWS Al.LrRINO WoRDS IN THE CaMI'
OF THE Enemy — Proposals of Peace — Defiance — Night Attack-
Cortes Captures Narvaez and his Army,
It now behooved Cortes to look Avell to himself.
He might win a score of Marathons, but one Piiros
would ruin all. When embarking in this enterprise,
he was to all appearance little above the commou
adventurer. But rare talents were constantly ap-
pearing as required by occasion. Though somotinu's
carried away by excess of zeal, he had proved him-
self an adept in diplomacy. And for one hitherto so
•sportive and pleasure-loving, his temper was now
grave, particularly in times of peril, when his calm
self-mastery increased with increasing danger. The
ihythm of battle was the sweetest harmony that could
stir his soul, and yet he never fought but for a pur-
pose. On gaining an advantage he indulged in ii.i
holiday of retrospect or repose; so long as anythiiiu"
remained to be done no time was wasted in soli-
gratulations. He never turned from danger, Itut
hastened to seek it out, perceiving it even in the
darkness, intuitively, and always looking it full in the
face. It was while preparing to strike that the encniv
received the staggering blow, and the advantage thu>
gained was followed up to yet greater advantage
(374)
THE EVOLUTIOX OF A Hr:RO.
,., J
Ai iio time uppearH this liero stroii'jjor, LrraudiT, than
now, when, without authoritv, without the roval
saiu'tioii, ill one sense an outhiw, witli the people of
the i-ountry against him, his own eountryinen eoininLf
to war on him, his force insi^^niticant as compared
with that of any one of his several enemies, he yet
liolds them all at bay, by his iron nerve and ever
ready strategic resources, keeping them asunder,
pitting one against another, playing on the foibles
of them all as easily and serenely as a lady lingers
luT guitar.
Greatly imperilled were now the conqueror's bril-
liant: visions of conquest and conversion, o{' fame
and wealth. If Narvaez were to advance on ^[ixieo,
the Aztecs could not fail to take advantage- of tlie
op])ortunity, either to join the professed liberator of
their emperor and themselves, or to attack the for-
eigners' quarters on their own account. This would
]tla(.'e hill,' between two tires, to which famine would
jirove an etfectivo ally. If Xarvaez remained on the
coast, it would be to cut oft' both retreat and re-
inforcement, leavins; him to Aztec vengeance. To
altandon Mexico for a camiiaign against tlu; eiu'inv
Would be to surrender the most important j>art of
the conquest.
To divide his forces, so as at once to retain his
hold on the capital and meet this new visitation—
sueli a measure would render his already small foice
less able to cope with an enemy not only its e(|ua!
iu eourage and military art, but far sujteric^r to it in
number and resources. Yet this he determined to do.
The revelations of Xarvaez' messengers had slunva
liow jtossible it might be, l)y judicious gifts and
jironiises, to sow discord in the enemy's camp. Tlie
]>riests Guevara and Olmedo, and others of both,
parties, were even then at work, and chiefly on
their efforts depended his prospects. Thus wouL
lie seduce to his purpose the op])onent's trooi)s. '-n
so far at least as to effect a compromise by which
li-
'.■f
I
fn$ THE COUP DH MAtTRK OF CORTIvS.
Xarvaoz nii^Mit Iwivo him in companitive peace/ Win*
shall say that his goo*! lortuiio may nut still I'avttr
him! And thcreiiixm he resolved to move his caiiqi
nearer to the enemv, so as to he ready lor any eimi-
^^eiiev, and further, to give hnnselt" a mori' imposiiit,'
aj>i>earanc(! l)y the addition of native auxiliaries. An-
other reas(jn for this atlvance was hy his presence to
cnunti-ract the defection <tf Indian allies, arising from
the jiarade of n suj)erior ft)rce hy Narvaez, and from
the stani|)ing of Coi'tes as an iin|)ostor.
lie laid the pi-ojeet heloi'e his council, showing tiie
«lang»'r of awaiting the advance of Narvae/, whose
ill-will had already caused their property tc- he tli-
elared confisi'ated and their names hranded with dis-
honor. Deserters to Sandoval had hrought iiev.s (>['
serious discontent in the enemy's camp. Jlundreds,
they said, would be ready to come over or to remain
neutral if Cortes showed a bold front. Indeed, the
protests of Aillon against a fratricidal war Juid been
echoed by most of them, intent as they were on ol)-
taining gold, not on slaughtering countrymen. It
was in any case better to advance and secure a good
l)osition, perhaps to surprise the careless Narvaez.
With (jiod and the king on their side, so they claimed,
they could not fail to conquer. Some objections were
ventured upon, but prom|)tly suppressed by one of
the ca[)tains, who reminrled his comrades of their
gloriou.- achievements untier Cortes, and their proli-
able lilt shoukl Narvaez gain the ascendancy. '11 u'
result w ;an unanimous aj)proval of the plan proposed ;
and Coi .'s thereupon C(jnnnissioned the captains to
re})reseni the matter to the men, and to ascertain
who Wi-rt. ^villing to follow, and who should remain in
Mexico.^
' 'Velazquez. . . .siyii.acn pcrson.anopndiaoacusar dorcspctiii'lo, auiiiiiiopor
su Itiu'iia, y l)l;iila coiulicion, coiiliaua ([ue Ic traoriii a <iiial(niier l)iu'ii partiili;
peniti'iiiiaipioy'.Mulodtnxiualquier Oeneral.' llerrera, dec. ii. lil). ix. lai). xix.
■ (>'uiiHii/i, }/ist. Mf.c., 144; llerrera, dee. ii. lib. ix. cap. xxi.; Ikntal J>i'r..
J/ixl, \'i'ril'nL, !K>. ' Aliriiiaii inuchoa, (pio en es.sa sa(;on cstaha tail Ijieu (|iiist i
(/"ortes, (|ue si ;i todos Ics (|uisiera Uevar, t<jdos se fueraii tids el.' UrluLi, iii.
uO'J. Whicli is exa^j^erated, as we have seen.
CORIKS KX PLAIN'S TO MO\TEZU>rA.
n::
On a('<niaiiitiii,i,f Montezuniii witli liis intention, tiio
lUMiiaic'li ijiiostiont'd him as to the reason of tin; Iios-
lilitv sliown by the other I'oree. Cortes \\\\\ knew
that it was useless wholly to eoneeal the state of
all'airs. Jlo luul l)een silent, he 'vpjird, in order not
to jrivo him pain.
J I.
an(
I his men had heen sent l)V
their kini^ on this mission, and were from tlie royal
province of Castile, whilst the torc(>s on the i-oast
were a rehellious hoi'tle from the outsido province of
IJisoay, and inferior to them, as Otomi's, for instance,
were inferior to the nohler Aztecs. They had come
with the desi^^n of injurint; the natives, and Coi'tes as
th'ir protector; but with the aid of his patron saint
he Would have no trouble in chastisiiiL^ them, and
i:i sri-uriuijf their vessels for his speetly departure.'
AUarado, the tonatiuh, would remain in Mexico, and
him he reconunended to the monarch's consideration,
ii(|UestinL( that supplies be pi'ovided and ])eace main-
taine*
•ii»le c
I. Any
tfect
on
attempt at revolt would react with ti'r-
imself and his people. The i'mper(»r
jiioiniscd that this shoidtl be done, and otfered not
o'llv Ljuides, but an army to aid him. The latter was
lined, chietly because Aztec troops could not be
CiC<
re
lied
on.
' 'Dolii.a stT al'^ina mala gontc, y no vasallos do V. A.,' is Corii's' version
of tlic re]ily, ( '<ir>aj<, 1 1!)-J(), while iii.s iuternrt'ter, AL;nil;ir, f.'ivon it niuro liter-
ally as 'una ri'utc vizcaynos <■ que no los cnliiava el eii[ie!ii(l(ir.' J'l sthninii", 'm
''■irf'.i, /?• -iiil' nria, ii. 4", 184. (Joniara adcU tliat Cort.s said lie \va.s L'uiii.:.; to
I'rotect Miintexunia's sulijccts, and to keep the Ktranj^ers on the eoast till lie
v.as ready to depart. The emperor prol)alily disiiiniuated, 'lii)l.;ando ipie vnos
riiri.--tiano.s a otros sc matassen.' hlaf. J/(.r., 14.">. For^rettin:: tii:it the de-
clap d ]iiirpos<'S of Narva z were well known in Mexico, 1 1< rrera lendeis tiio
aa-wer tl.at liii.s captain was a brother of ("orten, sent with a jinsent fruni
t!i" ir kiiiL,'. ]>oth would come up to the capit;»l and tlieii leave the eountry.
Tilt- rumored enmity was due to an order fri>m Spain to aven;,'e any injury
8u:itred at the hands of tlie natives, dee. ii. lih. x. cap. i. Uras.scur do
l>)mboiirf; follows him.
''Afjuellos os])aiiolc3 lo dcjalia cneomcndados c<in todo ai|uel oro y joyas
qnoi'l mehabiadado vie di nuichas joyasyropasiit'd," et scip Curti .1. ('m-ins,
ll!>-2(>. 'Aun prometio, (jue emhiaria en nuestra ayuda cineo mil iiombres
(le LTueiTa, c Cortes. . . .bien cntondi6 (pie no los auia de emliiar, c lo ilixo, (pio
II" .'Hiia monester.' Dcrnal l>kiz, llUt. Vrrdail., 01; I'lirtiirrr/, Tm'ro Mi.r.,
pt. iii. I.l."). Ixtlilxoehitl assumes in one place that (,'ortes asked for men, anil
Was told that Aztecs dared not fight Spaniards, but would go as carriers. In
another version the confederate kings grant tiu^ auxiliaries. //-V/. ' 7,!r/i., .lOt);
/.'' 't'-ioiiei, Sa'J, 4ri. Soils assumes that Montezuma is devoted to Cortes; so
i-i ri!
m
THE COUP DE MAtTRE OF CORTfiS.
It was decided that all who were not wholly in
sympathv with Cortes, should remain with the garri-
son left in charge of Mexico, since self-preservation
would constrain them to act in the direction of his
interest. This force numbered one hundred and forty
men, and with the loyal Alvarado for captain, jMexico
was regarded as secured. The defences of the Span-
ish quarters were strengthened; all the guns and most
of the fire-locks, cross-bows, and ammunition were
left with the garrison, also seven horses. Suj)])lie.i
being not over abundant, owing to the drought, maize
and other provisions were brought from Tlascala to
serve in case of need. The men were promised weallli
and honors if they I'cmaincd faithful, and their sonu-
what hot-headed connnander was exhorted to ])ru-
dencc. "You arc few in number," said Cortc^s to tlieni
on leaving, "and yet you .-rt^ strong; finally, have a
care of your prisoner.""
About the middle of ]\Iay Cortes set out from
Mexico with scvent}^ Spaniards, sworn to imiilioit
obedience." There were also native carriers, a number
of prominent Mexicans as hostages, and guides who
were to take them by a short southern route throng] i
(loos Ziimacois, Avho sees a proof thereof in the ofTcr of troops. lie could ii'it
coiiiiimiiicatj with Narvaez for want of interpreters, and had ho wished to aid
t'au lattei- ho would have attacked tho Spanish quartei-.s. y/^s^ Mt.r., ii. 70-1.
All of wliicli shows that this author is not profound cither iu investigation or
argument.
■' ijcrnul r>iaz places the force at 83 men, with 10 cross-boM's, 14 firoJoclis,
4 larj,'o K"'"'! falconets, 7 horses, and all the ammunition; 150 men ■were li'I't,
and !,">() talvon, i)v:tih>; a little over oO were left, Tapia; all wished to go, hut
'JIM) wrto left and '2.")0 taken, including the men of Velazquez, with S to ',1
liorso.«. and a force of carriers, Ootinn-n ; !50 left, '2'tO taken, with a inuiilicr
of indiaiis, J.vllUxnchUI ; IjO left, PruJxtnza ilc Lrjnhh'. ]5. V. do Tajiia, w ho
remained with Alvarado, says 130; linminz, J'rorfso rnn/ru Almrmh', 'M.
("orti'.s' own account distributes the tot-d of his force as follows: 140 left at
Mexico, 1. "lO absent under Velazcpiez, 70 taken by him.self, l,")Oat Villa Mica; Imt
tills is more tli.ii\ the original number given on settingout for the plateau, 'the
Villa l;ica force may, however, have been reduced by later drafts, for other
authorities allow only about 70 men for this fortress. In the Raumsio edition
of the ' (o•^^•< 140 men are given as the garrison left under Alvarado, while (10
nio taken by Corti's, Viajiji, iii. 'J44, but later issues place the foinief tignre
at ."illO, which is evidently a misprint. However mucli tlie figures of ditiereiit
writers may vai-y, it seems to be admitted that war and disease had made a
considerabk) inroad U])(m them.
'■ ' L'izo capitan dellos a Alouzo Davila.' Monjaraa and Aguilar, in Corti\<,
lienidi'iiciii, ii. 48, 164.
THE MOVEMENT SEAWARD.
379
Aztco territory t; > tho coast. ]\Iontczuma accompanied
liim to the Iztajjalapaii causeway, and there took his
h'live with friendly demonstration, while a number of
chieftains continued with him for somc! distance on
llic way to the Huitzilapan plateau. He had no in-
t'lition of encumbering!^ himself with heavy war
iMuterial, for the little he possessed could not avail
a;j^aiiist the superior armament of the enemy. ]lis
must be a light corps, capable of quick movements;
stratagem should sui)])ly the place of numbers. And
now what hopes and fears were theirs as they marchtid
oil toward the sea! Surely so brave a little army was
never more beset by pitfalls and snares.
On reaching Cholula they were joined by Velazquez
and Kangel, with one hundred and fifty men, who
wvvc now the mainstay of the expedition. About a
score of these, suspected of favoring too strongly the
C'ul)an governor, were sent back to ^Texico, so that
the enterprise might not bo imperilled by treason.
Among the remainder were distributed the gold
<i)llocted by the expedition in the Tochtepec and ad-
joining region, in order to encourage loyalty.'
Unable himself to visit Tlascala, Cortes sent Fran-
cisco Rodriguez, with instructions to raise a force of
her stanch warriors. Ho succeeded in enlisting sev-
eral thousand; but as it became evident whom they
were to meet, the natives recalled only too viviilly tlie
terribio eflect of Spanish arms and prowess, and began
rapidly to desert, so that only a few presented them-
selves before Cortes, and they were dismissed with
presents.'*
I
' 'Que scria fasta c.itorze mill castcllanos.' Movjarnx, in Corlrn, nesi/hiirin,
ii. 11'. 'Ciiico o Rcya mill.' Tirmht, in hi., 7.
'■'I'orri le parcciit '1 nuia i'iiiisi';j;ni(li> sii intcnto.' llcrrcra, dee. ii. lili. x.
r.i|i. i. rirliai)s in spvoadinj; tiic lumm' tliat iio eaiiic with Indian aiixilia-
riis, Aniont; tiie arxiliaiiis wt'ie 4(;0 men fmni ILucxotzinco, under t'cdro
("'UZ.'dez do 'J'rujillo. Tinnln, and ntliers, in ( 'orti's, /.V mVA iicin. i. "JIT >t si(|. ;
ii 7etsei|. It i.s tld.sexiieditionof JiiidriLcnez, a.s.sisted ))y l>iej.'<)* laivia, .MdUso
do Ojedi, and .hrvi ^lal'iiiicz, n^ captains, tliat lian niisleil Onma-.a, ami jiai-
tieulaily Herrera, in supposinj,' that tiio whole expe<liti()n received a trrand
I'li'eptiim lit Thiseala; Itnt, l)eiside tho ahove reference. Corti'.s intiniate.-i clearly
tiiuiiyh that ho did not go thai way, and ho certainly did take a more soutiierly
n
il
IK
nso
THE COUr DE MAtTRE OF COKTES.
Ui
\m
Dnrinjj^ the ninivli to the coast scouts were sent
out l)v the uKiiu roiul and throuirli l)V-i)aths to o-atlur
iut'orniatiou of the enemy, Xot iar tVoni Cliolula
( )lineilo ivjoinod the army, with a lett-M- i'rom Xarvae>:
demandiuL;' sul)mis.sion. Of this no notice was tal;en,
i'or ahhouu'li the latter liad endeavored to intimidate
the envoy hy holiUni^ a review of his troops, tlie l)rave
friar had sounded the disposition of tlie men too ti'iilv
to be alarmed, lie seemed rather disposed to ur.der-
rate the stivno'tli of Xarvaez, and with u sense ef
the ludicrous he amused the camp with his descriptieu
of the vanity and carelessness of the leader, and the
arrogant assumption of tlie otHcers. When, therefore,
at Quecholac^ they encountered Alonso de !Mata.^"
notary of Narvaez, who hail been sent with four
witnesses to advise Cortes of his commission and
demands, he was told tirst to produce his own ci-edcn-
tials as i-oval notarv, and beinsj: unable to do so he
was refused a lieariuL;'." The olficial mission of the
messem^'crs being tluis disposed of, Cortes sooth;'d
their wounded pride with soft words and liosj)itahle
clieer; he ijfave them presents, and took care before
dismissing' them to feast their eyes on the u'old and
jewels whicii he caused his men to display, and to let
them know that thousands of Tlascaltec and othei-
troo|)s were on the way to join him. Their report 1o
Xarvaez was a confirmation of Guevara's statement,
and (Hd nuich to la-omote the gTowini^ disalfeetion
toward oNarvaez.
iHuito to the const than on the pivvioin jonnu-y. f^arfd.i, I'J'l Iu'vumI l>i:iz
alsoMiys; 'omhio (.'ortos a Tlast'ala .1 roiiar. , . .([Uo iios I'lnliias-^cii ilo presto
i|iiatro mil liomln'cs.' J/i^t. Vinlui!., !)!. Pivscott falls not only into this
;_'('ni'rally ailojiti'il ovror, hut states that tiOl) ti'oops wero asked iov. Mi r.. ii.
•Jlli, whilst the ein-oiiielers all say fronilOdi* to lO.OOO. 'La niaior ]iart«'ileelli.s
se liolvio, ]iori|iie a(|nella Xaeion no esfaha aeostnnihraila a [I'lear Inera ile
sn 'L'ieriM.' Toniui inii(/(t, i. -tS'J. A not very sound excusu, since their ti'ooiii
had alreacly p)ne t<. Mexico.
" About twenty lenLiues east of (^iiohila.
'^' • Ve/ino de la, rnehlo. (|Ue era hallestero.' Il'rimI Diaz.Ifisf. ] rrtlii(f..W.
" ' I'usole ]ireso en su pie de aniii:o. ' !>• itviwht. <h' Crlinllo^. in li-<rJ»il''' '",
('ill. It(«-,. i, 441. Ihit thi.s is not likely. IJernal J)iaz say.s that Xarvaez miii
tohl to send eoinninnieations to Tainimniiiuita. Ili^t. Wnlud., 'M; t'oiit i,
Jt\si(Uiici(t, i. 'J48, ii. ISJ.
!••'
TIIK CIIINAXTEC SPEAR.
3S1
The army iKnv deseoiidod from the plateau to
Aiiuilizapau, aiul i'olloweJ the slope uorthwanl to
lluatusco. This town appears to have been situ-
ali'tl on the head-waters of the present T\io Jamaj)a.
llall-way down this river, about ten leai^ues south of
('( lujioala, lay the town of Tanipani(]uita/'' which was
the rendezvous. A mnnber of Indians who here aj)-
prared with com})laints of outrag'es bv Xarvaez wen-
consoled with })romises of sjK'ody relief Sandoval
liad come by a louLf and difficult mountain route to
avoid the enemy, and had broui^ht with him about
>-i\ty able-bodied soldiers, the old and inlirm remainiuLj
at Tapalote.^^
I'll is addition raised the force to about two hundred
and sixty men, accordinjTj to common statement, in-
cludini;' the deserters from Narvaez. AnioULi^ the
number were tive horsemen, and a few archers and
musketeers." They were })oorly e(|uipj)ed, for they
brought i'roni Mexico little else than well-worn escau-
pilcs, or quilted cotton armor, shields, swords, and
dirks, a miserable outtit in which to meet the well
ainieil troops of Xarvaez.^^ But the ready resoun-e
ot" ( "ortes hail found a remedy, lie had noticed in
the hands of tiie Chinantecs a s[)ear, twenty I'eet
in length, which struck him at once as a Ibrmidabk!
\\ra|)(Mi, either in defence or attack. It would be par-
ticularly serviceable aii'ainst cavalry. Innnediately on
licariim" of Xarvaez' arrival he had sent a niesseuLier
'■ Torquemada ami Claviircro attempt to correct this spoiling, hut r.criiii
lli:i/ is sustainoil hy Ornzoo y Jicna, in Mrj-., Xo>irlii>i ( iui/'id, \l\\--(}. l>tiii.,l
Itiii/iilsDUR'ntions Mitiilaguit.i, wliit'liiiiaybo Mctlan^'iitla,;i t'i'\vlrai,'\u's fartlicr
^:l^t. His'. I'crild'l., ill. lltrivia states tluit tluy jiassoil tliiMin,'h ('■iia.sl uin.
Iiy wliioli ho means pn)l)al>ly tlio pruvini'o, and nut tlio town, uf t'uotlaeln-
la!i. lU'i'. ii. lil). X. cap. i.
" llcrnTa, uV)isnp., leaves Iivio in coniniaml at N'illa Itiea, Mliieii is ini-
pnili:il)le. Sandoval arrived at tlie reiidezvdus tlieday alter iis. //• ihiil llin-,
Jl'i^i. I'trildil., [y2; < 'iirfr.-t, lli s'l^l. nfia, ii. W !l. I'reseott makes liini join Imu'
In:.. re tliis, on tlio liii:li plateau, Imt lie niisiindeistaiids liis autlKprilies. and
i-< ifilte at sea with respect to the route fullowed Ky tli<' Imces.
' liernal l>iaz and Jlcrrera say 'Jill i in all; 'rontiieiuada has L'llti, hcsjil"
captains and live horsi'uien: Curle.s. 'IM in all; 'I'apia. ulMiiit 'IM.
■ "I'lir vn ])cti), II capacete, n casco, n liahera de liicrro, dieiaiuoa mpicUa
iiuclic nuatonos pidicril i>orcllo.' lj<.rnal Diaz, Hut, Wrdad., Uii.
i 1:
3S2
THE COUP DE MAiTHE OF CORTES.
to that province with an ordtT lor throe hunchwl
of the pikes, to he iinished not with the usual i/tli
head, but with double points of copper, a metal
which abounded in that resj^ion. The natives haviii:,^
previously tendered submission to the S>paniards,
Cortes also asked them for two thousand warriors, to
join him on pentecost day at the rendezvous, l^ith
of these requests were promptly granted, and betbro
the Spaniards were on the j;-round the messen^-er had
returned with a force of Indians beariuLT the weapons,'*'
with })oints superior in finish to the models sent. The
messenger was Tobilla, a soldier from the Italian war>,
and an expert at arms, particularly with the lance.
Under his instruction the soldiers soon became expert
})ikemen, and gained no little praise. Add to this
courage, increased by many victories, their admirable
discipline, their inlluence over the natives, and their
knowledge of the country, and the little band assunus
more formidable proportions.
Under the several intluences surrounding him the
oriixinal tierce design of Narvaez in his dealinns willi
Cortes had cooled somewhat. The calm conlidence
and caustic wit of Olmedo tended to inspire respeet
for his commander, which M'as not lessened l)y the
rumor of vast Indian armies massing under his Itanner.
Xor were his men apparently inclined to turn the
sword against their countrymen.
I)efore the return of Mata he despatched a com-
mission to Cortes demanding the surrender of thi'
cDuntrv, but ottering him liberty to depart lor any
other region, accompanied by those who wished to
follow his fortunes. With this object vessels and
stt)res would be provided. The bearers of this \n'n-
posal were his old friend Andres de Duero, (Guevara,
another clergyman named Juan de Leon, and one or
two others."
"' Tliirty-oight palnios long. Ilcrrcra, doe. ii. lil\ x. cap. iii.
'■ Aoconling to liornal Diaz this coniiiii;tsion wu3 niriingt'il by the eoinV)int il
inlluenee of Ohiieilo aiul Uuero, (lining Olinedo's second visit to the c;iiii|i.
The I'riar appears, however, to have been there but once, when he was
DUERO PLAYS TRAITOR.
3S3
Ducro, it will be renier.ibered, had «xroatly assisted
Cortes in fittinjjf out his expeilition tVoiu Cuba; iu
I'aet, without his intervention Cortes would never
have beeii appointed to tlie eomniantl. Ldres was
<lead, and it was quite natural, alter this lajise of time,
that Duero should desire to look in on ]i[exieo, and
i\'V that reason had joined the expedition of Xarvae/.
Yet his sympathies were wholly with his partner, and
alter a warm enibraee he eame at onee to the subject
of liis ducats. Their interview was private and i)ro-
tracted, antl a])pears to have t^een satistactory, Coitcs
leceiving on the one hand valuable information al)out
Xarvaez' plans and position, and iJuero, on the othci-,
coininL!: forth with weisjhted i)ockets, as an instalment
of the larger sum to follow. Aect^rding to J>ernal
J)iaz it was arranged that Duero should receive valu-
alile grants and otHces if he persuadeil the alguacil
mayor and other leaders so to manage affaii-s that
Xarvaez should be captured or killetb and Cortes
a(!;iiowledged captain-general over all the ti'oops.'*
Whatever may have been the agreement, there is no
doubt that Duero promised to promote his friend's
schemes in the other camp.
( ruevara and the other members of the commission
^\^■l•e also loaded with presents, and confirmed as sup-
jKirters of Cortes. As for Xarvaez' proposition, he
charufcd them to replv that he would listen to none
CNpt'l'.od. Knowing Salvatiorni to bi^ a 1>liistorcr, BormiKlcz, the nl^'uacil
in;iy(ii, proposed tliiit he s'uoiiM join tlu' oonirnissioii, l)Ut liis iiitiMnU- 1 vii'tiin,
nut cjuins,' to tru.st himself within the ]iower of CortOs, pleaded .sieUiies.s and n,
di>lil<c' to spe<ik with a traitor. 'Sefim' X'eedor.'ehimed in Olineilo, inmieally,
'lie^t it is to be prudent, and vmi niav have him prisoner before Ion;,'.' Jii-^l,
]\rJ<i,l., 1)3.
'-l>uero wa.s to reeeive the sliare df treasure.^ elaimed, a eommand in tlio
exprdition equal to that of ('ortes, and after the eunijuest a ^'r.int uf towns
similar to his own. As a fiirtlu r iiidneement, .snilieient ^'nld was (.dven to hi.id
his two Cuban servants. On talunir leave 'if the j_'ener.il, mi p' iiteeost mornin.i,',
Ihiei'o asked: 'What ha.syourwoiship tosay. before 1 leave?' "liod lu'wiihynu,'
\v;is the reply, 'and see to it, Sei'ior 1 >uero, t!iat it be done ii.s arra;iu<d, or by
my eonseienee [Cortes' favorite oath] I'll lie in your eanijt within three days,
witli all my companions, and the first to receive the lauce will be your woishi|>,
if I see luiiiht contrary. ' Jii run! Didz, Ui4. Vvi\laii.,\)\. Monjaras states tliat
I'uero and Leon warned Cortes against opposing Xarvaez' army and eonnnis-
siou. L'orUi, Uraidtiicia, ii. 41).
.•?si
TIIK COUr PE MAtTRi: OF CORTES,
l)ut ii royal l^aml;l^.^ and would hold tlio country for
the kiuL"', as was the duty of a loyal suhjcct, and lo
this he antl his followers were })rc>]iai'ed to pled-^v
their lives. Still, he was ivady to meet Xarvat'Z, each
acconij)anied hy ten attendants, in order that their
res)Krtive elain)S mi;^ht perudventure he happily ad-
justed. It was sup])osetl hy the captains of Cortes,
who liad inlluenced the proposal, that the result wouM
he a division of territory, and to this they were williii''
to agree. ^^
I)uero had hecn roquw-tcd l)y Narvaez to persuade
Velazquez de Leon to visit tlieir camp, in the hope that
a ))ersonal meetini,^ might win him to their cause.-'
Velazquez' disregard of the foi'mer sunnnons iVoiii
the enemy had conlirmed the laith of Cortes in his loy-
alty, and since a visit to the camp of Narvaez migli*"
lead to inq)oi'tant information, ho advi.sed him to go,
at the same time intimating that his heavy ornaments
might have a happy effect on that gold-thirsty crew.'-'
With a view to temj)orize he was authorizi'd to
olfer himself as mediator l)etweon tlie tv/o generals,
and with a su|)ply of gold for hrihes he went over lo
the camp of Xarvaez. There lic met a most cordial
ivception. Gently the commander remonstrated at
his atlherence to a traitor who had so deeply injured
his relatives. " lie is no traitor," replied Velaz<piez
'" Corti's to rcin.iiu governor of the part to lio allotted him till tlio kin,'
sliiMiM (li'i:i(le. Tallin, J,'il., iii /orjinloiii. Col. Doc, ii. 5S8. Auconliii;,' t >
( Idinar.'i, who sends Voedor Ah'jire/, Cliieo, Juan X'elazqucz, and .Itian del
l!i(), to i.arry the iiieasa^^'c, I'orlc'.i pvopo.sod a private interview for the ili^-
nission of two points, wiiether Narvaez woidd leave; ^lexieo to Idni and j^o to
i'aniieo or ilnewliere, aideil l)y ('oi'tea witii no\A an<l supplies, or \\iietlu'r
\ai vae/ prefiired to take Me\i<'o and givi; hiui liH) or 4(K) men witerewith to
)ias.s on to new eonquests. I list. Mi.i\, 144. Tlio la.st pniposal could only
have lieen a tnip to seeuro Narvaez' nu'n. I'reseott ciiooses to omit the jim-
jio.sal lor an intervifW, and .sends instead tlio idtiniatnm with ])uero, a
i;larini,' di-^i-evanl of ( "ortes' own text, a.-* conlirmed hyotlier.s. Coiits, t'cirti-:,
■)-_M -J; <>ri,;ln, iii. It 14.
'■'" ' l)i/.e Narvaez, y en todo .sn Real ay fanm,qui h\ U. nierced [Vclaziiue/l
Vii alh'i. (|Ue lue^o yo |(.'ortt's| ."lov desheeho.' Ilr.riwl Did:, Hixt. Wnl'i'l., 'X>.
-'' IJcrnal I )ia/ states tluit CJortes made the request i:i a mannei' that ap
jieared to \'ela/(|Utz an attempt to probe his loyalty, lie therefore nfn ,eil
to take any valuables with liim, but was liuuUy persuaded Juan del liio,
Cortes' eipierry, kept him company.
VKLAZQUKZ DK LKOX.
8S3
jirnilv, "tlioro lias \)cvn no treason eitlirr acfi'd or
w
ill! (.MM led
II.
\V(
Hild not listen to anv overtin
cs.
I'Vi'ii wiu-n (•ou])li'(l with the ]>i'oniis(> of a connnand
SI
■coikI oid\' to that of Xai'vat'Z.
I 1
lavi' swoi'ii lov-
('.
nlty to ( 'ortcs," ho said, "and T will riMnain tru
Nt-voilht'loss, that he niinht not ait]>oai" nni^racioiis,
lit' |»i(>niis('d to use his elfoi'ts toward the re/o^jnit ion
of Xarvae// supremacy. A review of the tro()])s was
held 1() im]»ress him with the superiority of the forces
with which he nuLjht soon have to couleiid.
A courtier in mannei", and with a iin(
Veh
irosence.
iz(|uez (|UicKly won his way anionuf the cajitams
and stalf; noi* did he fail to iin|»rovi> the op])ortunitv
hy jtreseiitiuLC his o-enei'al's cause in the most attract-
ive li^'ht. Xo little wei^dit was o-iven to his words
hv the hea\y Lipoid chain which fell in several coils
upon
hisli
Cortes ailirms that the proposal for an intej-view
ith Xar\aez had heen accepted, and that lu; was
piiparin!^- to attend it whi-n the warniiiLj (.'aiue that
w
.•Klvantaii'e won
Id he taken of the nu>etin'>' to sei;
.o. o;
kill him.-' if treachery was intended, it is more likely
l!cni;i! I'i.i/ aiM.s tliat, thv.se ellbrts l)!'!!!^; ohaerved by Salvaticrra, Nar-
-I iir;,'r 1 to sc'izo \'('lazi|iii'Z, and tlii.s wmilil liavo tx'i-n dt
vaoz WA
ivprcsfiitatliiii.s I
lit for tlid
if iMieroaiid otlu'is. I tiiriii!,' tin' diniuT f,'ivt'ii in lii.s liuiiDr,
Captain l>ir;,'(i X'cla/mu'z, iicplii'W of the ('ulian ^'ovviikii', alludod in ono of
l.i.s ivniai'l;s to ( 'oiti'S as a traitor. Tin' ^iicst a|)]n'al<'d to Narvaiz aL'ainst
s'.k'li i'.\|irL'ssi(ius. Dii'i,'!) repeated tlic ti'iiii, and aildrd tliat.lnan diil not
his MWoi-d till' iattor ri'torlcd,
ilf a licttfi' man than citlirr iim.lo
to I
H'ar till' naint! \ t'la/.i|iR'/.. ( irasiniiij
laliiii'' iiiiii a
III
I' Would iirovc liiniM
if jii'rniission was ^.'ranlfd. Tlu' others had to inti'rfcrr to ]
ii'i'
viiit tlu' (.lasliin' of swords, and N:
rvacz was |ii'i'sii
lldi'd to order tlie tlirliu
lent vi ;itor awav. At h'ave-takiiiL; the LreiH'ial
Ins aiinovanre,
.s:ilcl that It Mill
stood liv I
hi
lave heen lietter ha 1 he not eoni<
Di.
Veil
de, a-hh'd a tl
ll'e
it, to wllioll .ll
d
IZipieZ, wli »
i.'in ra
il his lieiird: ' Bil'ore many ilays I shall see if your jui
silly retoi'ted, \\itli a, twirl
iWess ciiuals yon,
"lasl.
armed at his want ot selt-eontn
l)nero am
1 oti
ler SVllllii
iiirrieil luni away
l>ef
ore lie eon
Id litter anv more indiseretions
llllizer:
1 tlx
am
• '.aierty had liardly left eainj
and ea used liiem to increase
1 lieton
their 1
some liorseiiieii
'I'l"
d.
hi
JJi^l. Vcrilml., !).") (1; !!■
IS it in piirsiiu,
/•/•( /•((, dec. ii.
I. X. eap. 1.
I'lir/im, IJ'J. Bornal l>iaz assumes that tli
>]w)s.d for an iiiti'r\ie\v
came from N'aixaez, thi'oimh I)nero. to whom he also eonlid'd the inteiide I
treaeherv.
Ohih'ilo, who hi
iretemled to he won over, was tilso informei
d.
Jli^l. IV/'./im/,, !i;t. Heriera siippi
ioriliiij{ t() (ioinarii, is still at Nl
'OSes that Sandov.'il warns ( 'orti's, who, jie-
exieo when the proposa
I's. I list. Ml r.
I ll. Solis i.s nmre eorreet in ascrihiiiir the waiiiiii'' to I)ue.io. Hint, ,1/i.c. , ii. ,S3,
JliHV. MtkX., Vol. 1. °jj
886
TIIK COUP DE MAfTRE OF CORTKS.
s-
to have orii^niiated with Cortos, wlio was l)v no moans
.scrupulous, as we liavo seen, while Xarvaez aj)|)ears
to have borne the rejnitation of a man of honor.''* It
is still more ])rol)ahle that (\)ites invented the warn-
iiiL,'' in order to be iVee before his followers, and before
Narvaez, to carry out a more momentous jdoject,
which, with the increase*! knowledge of atfriis in the
enemy's camp, and Avitli the gi-owth there of his party,
]»ad beu^un to unfold in his mind.
It was a ijjrand conception; yet i^randor still the
execution. It was a dilfeivnt matter with a small
force to fall U{)on a well appointed army of country-
men; different I'rom war on naked sava_<j^es, to sur-
pr'ise them by ni^ht, or otherwise to vanquish them.
Yet this was what Cortes now })ro}»osed to do. N<»r.
in ado])tinL|; this bold measure, does he lay himsi'lf
o])en to the chariLje of rashness or recklessness. His
situation was desi)erate: he must conquer or bo coii-
(piered. Cortes was no abstract theorist: he dealt
maiidv in concrete facts; not necessarily demonstrated
facts, but facts reached often by intuition alone.
With facts, intuitively or practically arrived at, lif
kept himself well stored, lie possessed many nobln
qualities, but on the whole, as wo have seen, his
character was not cast in an immaculate mould. JIo
was ex<x'cdingly relii:^ious; and while, as I have said,
lie would not let religion stand in the way of his
ambition, yet he was more bigoted than any of his fol-
lowers. Aside from the chivalrous abandonment of
himself to fate, and the brilliant ac^hievements thence
arising, there was little admirable in him. He knew
nothing of lofty magnanimity, although he did many
magnanimous acts; he knew nothing of pure disin-
terestedness, or a generosity of soul, although he was
oittimes exceedingly generous. He had none of that
sense of unswerving justness and sensitiveness to
wrong which characterized drijalva. His self-possis-
" The fiict that he allowed such tlangoroua men as Velazquez de Leou ainl
Olnicilo to go free indicates that he harbored iio treaeiiery.
LOFTY ASSKVERATIOXS.
387
sion Tiovor loft liiin. IIo was a powor within liimsiH',
;iiul lie knew it. Thus It was in Mi'xico now; and lor
vt'ars afterward when ^[exieo was all America, ho
was Ai^anieninon, king of men, the greatest of Greece
when (iroeco was all the world.
Under the present inspiration, lie sent Rodrigo
Alvaiez Chico and a notary"'^ to withdraw the ))j()j»osal
he had made Narvaez for an interview, and to demand
of him the production of a royal conunission, author-
izing his presence there, which conunission would ho
icspectcd; otherwise ho uiust cease meddling with
the aft'airs of the country. The followers of Narvaez
were to bo formally forbiddo!! to obey his orders; and
tlicy were to appear before Cortes within a specilied
time, and loarn from him what the interests of tho
king required of them. Failing in this, ho would
have them seized and dealt with as rebels against his
majesty.'^*
The cool impudence of this demand, coming from
tlic ca[)tain of a little band of outlaws henuned in
Iti'iween hostile forces, gave rise to no small amuso-
iiKiit in tho enemy's camj). Xarvaez chose neverthe-
1 'ss to regard the matter seriously, receiving tho
niessaiifo as an insolent detianco. He declared ho
-'(idiiiiini sends them with Velazquuz de Leon. llii*t. }Tc.r., 144. Thico. t^
I'rihi) Uernandc/, t'ScrilKino. ' JJi'iiiaiula ilr ('''hallux, in IccvJndccta, <'ol. JJi>i\,
i. 4H). Vehizijuez liivving gone on a mediatory mission, Chico must have
luiii sent after his departure.
-' ' La rospucsta .... fuo ])render al escribano y d la persona quo con mi pnder
....Ins eualfS estuvieron detenidos hasta (pie Uegi) otro mens:ij(Ti) (pic yo
eiivii'.' ' Ksoribi una carta al diclio Nai'vaez y otra ;l los terceros, dioiendoles
cuiiiii yi) liabia sabido su m.da iatencion.' ( 'or'c.i, Curt'ix, 122-;^. The n-fer-
lUi'o to a messenger indicates ( M>rtes'uieaning to be thatChico preeedi^d Wlaz-
i|uezik' Leon. (Jomara assumes that Coites' pretext for withdrawing tile proposal
t'laii interview was that Narv.icz had declined to entertain tiie puiiits ti> iio
tluie discussed. See note t!). Chico iiad warned him of tile intended treat liery.
Hi/it. Mc.i:, 144. 'Y que sujiiessi; que no aiiian de cantar dos gallos en vii
iiiul.idar, y (pieaparejasse hism.inos. ' //(/•;■(■/•((, dec. ii. lib. ix.caj). xxi. ISernal
I'ia/ sends the message with Olnu'do, 'since no royal notary dare c.iiry it,'
and gives Narvaez tiiree days in which to send in any conimi.ssion lie may
)Kis,scss si;,'ned by the king. Without such conimi.ssion he must leave tlio
iiiuiitry, or Cortes will seize him and intlict punishment for the outr.ige on
AilluM and on the Indians. Thia ultimatum was signed also by the captains
and senile soldiers, i'iciudi:ig IJernal Diaz. J/i.4. Vcrilail., 9'J S. An answer
WIS demanded iliroagh tho 8,imc niessuujjera. Tai>ia, lid., in Icoibidcita, Cul.
l>v'--, ii. 588.
111;
388
TIIK COrp IX: MAlTP.E OF COIlTl'lS.
would no longer show forbearance toward tlio traitcH-;
he set a jn-icc; on the head (»t' Cortes, announced the
estate of his followers to be confiscated, and j)ro-
c'lainied oj)en war against them.-''
Inunecb'atel}' after despatdiing his ultimatum Cortes
broke camp and followed his messengers at a (juick
march.^* At ]lio de Canoas, or La Antigua, Vela/.(nu;',
came up with letters from Duero and others, Thi-y
liad probably been written under a ])reconcertcd ar-
rang(>ment, for they were read to the leaders ami
discussed, the result being a unanimous resolution to
advan(^e. So forward they went, Cortes exclaiming,
•'Death to the ass or to hiui who drives it !"-'•'
Crossing the swollen river with some difficulty.™
he hurried on to Hio Chachalacas, over a league from
Cemjioala, where camp was formed quietly and with-
out tires.^* This sudden movement, coming inunodi-
atoly after Duero's interview with Cortes, confirms the
supposition that a ]ilot had been concocted by thcui.
which was to surprise Narvaez under advantageous
circumstances arranwd by confederates. There wcm
to be no hall- way measures; all must be staked oa
one cast.^^
-' ' Daiia ilos mil pesos, a quien matassc a ITcrnaiulo Cortos, o a floiiciilK
(In Saiidoiial. ' /Irmrii, dvc. ii. lih. x. cap. i. 'Truia maiulado do JKcgi
\'olaz(juc/, <)iio ;i mi y A ciortos do los du mi compafiia que. , . ,iios aiiorca.sc\'
Ciir/rii, Ciirldx, l'2\. ' Jlizo procoso eii forma cout>'a Oortt'S, y pur su .^cii
toiioia, lo c'oiidciiu ;i imicrto.' IxllUxochitl, I list. Chick., 300; Goinarn, Hi-'.
Jh.r., 14:{, 1 Ki.
■^'■^ ' Dciido a dos lioras (pie so jwrtio cl Juan Velazquez,' says ]jcrnal I>i:i/,
JfLif. V,nl<vl., !).■).
■■''•' Implyiiii,' tiiat since Narvacz would imt listen to reason, Corti'-s or W
should (lie. ' Vilazquoz dixo al. .. .Cortes (pie adondc yva quo yva a h
caruesceria.' 'I'lslimmii't, \\\ Covli'n, Jtixulciiria, i. '24!); ii. !), .")(>, IS.V-ii. (ii
t!io way to l\io do Canoas, wlicre tliey a.'rivod the day after loaviu;,' laiiiji,
two lio.u'^, with uavil on tlio l)ack, wore killed, an incident whicii many i ;-
teriirotod as a ^iu;n of viotory. Velazipu'z iiaving arrived with tho mos-icii :( r
who carried tiio ultimatum, the army prooeeded. Ilrnal Dhiz, J/isf. Vrnluil..
D.'i. ' Anduvimos aipiel dia easi diez leguas.' Tapia, in Icazbalcelu, ('"I. />"'■.,
ii. 5SS.
•■''Twomen were drowned in crossing thestream. //(vrrrn.dcc.ii.lil). x.cap.ii.
^' 'Dos leguas do los contrarios.' Tapln, ltd., in laizhalcrtd, dtl. />'"■
'Fuimos a dormir a vn riaohiielo, adoilo estava en aipiella sazon vua piieti-
ohra de vna legua do ("(^loal.' Jji riial DUr., Hint. I'crilai/., 9(). I'lrsi ott her.'
evidently follows the orroneou.s topograjiiiy of Solis, who confuses this itc 1;
with Kio Canoas. /Ii<f. .Mc.r., ii. S.") ; < '(jW( w, Itf-ihloii-in, i. '24!); ii. oi).
•*- *Cumo yo descuha eviUir todo esciindalo, pareciome cpie scria el iuiiiii>.
I tt : ,
isl
MANUFACTlTvIXO ENTHUSIASM.
ssa
Ciillin;^ liis mon round him, ho inatli ono of thoso
siirriiit^ ;ij)])(jals in which he km-w so well how to ani-
iiiato tlu'ir spirit and touch their licart. J Ic rcviewi'd
tlnir ri^ht ti) the ooncjuost, and their promises 1(. hold
the eountrv for the kin<jr. "And now comes iITh
emissary of Sehor Velazque/," Cortes continued, "full
(if envy and treacherous desijjjn, to approjiriate llie
IVuit of your liard-won victories. This [)ompous Xai-
^ae/., while seizinjjj your i-iches and clothinu^ himself
ill your glory, wouhl load you with imjiositions and
hiand you with dishonor. Will you suhmit to this?
Will you, who have overcome mighty hosts, who have
sei/A'd eni])ircs, who even now hold monaivhs in your
hands, will you place your necks in the yoke and
liiiiiihly submit to the unjust demands of this instru-
luent of your ancient enemy? God, who has always
ht'cn with us, will still light on our side, if we will
he true to him and true to our king. We must fi-dit,
and it is for life; ay, and more than life — for honor
and glorious inheritance." Cheer after cheer burst
from the men, while the captains liastened to assure
( 'mf c's that they would follow him to the tUjath."'^
Although it was generally understood that coopera-
liiiii was expected within the enemy's camp, the
ji'.ident general made no mention of the fact, lest it
might render the men less self-ndiant. lie j)ointe(l
I Hit, however, that their opponents, although more
nuiiierous than they, were unused to war, elfeminate,
disheartened from hardships, and discontented with
llicir commander. ITe explained the arrangement of
Narvaez' cam}), and divided the force into three
jMilies, under the command respectively of Sandoval,
yoii-.lc uochi", sin scrsentido. . . . y jircmU'rlo [Xarvaoz]; . . . .ponino losilciiic'.s
i|iH riaii olji'il'x'cr ii la justicia, vn especial ijiic ins iiia.s dcllos vuiiiaii por fm r/a. '
(■(.,■/- V. i:,rt,i^, l'.':}-4.
■''Ho also statoil that offers had been made favorahh" to him ahme, ii'it t>
tlii;ii, hinee he had deeliiied tliein. 'Mm raid asiio I'l ([iiieu Id aiiuija. ' Any
(it!n rcimrso will disL,'raeo us, was tlie coiieliiilinj,' remark, wliereiipoii we lit'ud
liiiii uptiii our shoulders and earried hinj round. Tuyia, Iti !., in /rirJui/fi'/a,
'../. Jini\, ii. .'"•SS-O. 'llizo muchas ofertas, y prometimietos, que Keriamm
t'"l..s iiuiy rieos.' B<rnal I)ia~, IliM. Vvnlml., JIS. It would he his fault,
not theirs, if success failed, llcrixra, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. ii.
jl
11
■ !■ \
aoo
TIIK COLT DE MAITRE 01' CORTl'S.
C)litl, and hiinsolf, the position of tlic fonnor as al^nia-
fil mayor and comandanto on tlio coast, and tlif
second as maestro de campo, enlitlin;^ them to this dis-
tinction, yoimi^ as tliey were, particulai'Iy since Coi-tcs
retained the direction of atfairs. To the former, aidid
by JorLje and (jronzalo Alvarado, Alonso do Avila, and
eighty men, was intrusted the task of attackiiiL,' Xar-
vaez' special fjuarters, with the formally worded
command to seize him, dead or alive.^* As a furtlici'
inducement toward the accom})lishment of this im-
])ortant end, rewards of three thousand, two thousand,
and one thousand pesos res})ectively were promised
to tjic first three soldiers who slujuld secure the
ji^eneral.^'^ Olid received the important order to cajitui'i'
the artillery, from which the _t,n'eatest danL,^er was ti>
be ajiprehended. With him were Andres de Tapia,
]^iego Pizarro, and others. Cortes himself was t'»
follow and render aid where most needed, su])p.)itr.l
by Ordaz, Grado, the brothers C'hico, and o(1m is. "
The password was ' Es})iritu Santo,* suggested by
Ohiicdo with reference to pentecost day, on wiii. Ii
all these events took place.
While occu})ied with their preparations a desci'tci-
arrived, sent by Duero, it seems, to warn Cortes t!iat,
" 'Gimzalodo Sfuloual, Al'^'uazil mayor <lesta Xuciia ]''spafia. pm-su Miiljcs-
tail, yousinaiiilo ij pri'mlays 1 1 iiicipo de ranlilo du Narv.U'/, o si so n.s di iVii-
dinc, iiiatadlf, (|ite assi cDiivii'iie al fiTvicio do l)i()s, y do sil Ma„'cstad, y 1 •
])iiiidii( 11 vii Oidor.' Couiitersigiu'il l>y Socrotary I'odro nernaiidi/. Hii-ifd
J)!(r., Hist. I'inliii/., OS; 'l'')iiii, J,il.,h\ IrirJiu'atu, Col. J>oc., ii. it'.H).
a. HiiTora \vritos.'?(MH) l.'.u'i an I KXM) pesos (looro. Curti'.s' acts aro s^iid Iv
till' null (if \'cIa/()iK/; to hiivo boon jjroniptod by 'un diabolioo ponsaniiiiitn i'
int\rii;d osadia.' Jiiiiutii'l ' ''■ ( 'm'" (//(■•.•, in li-azhiilcdii, C'l. ]>'«•., i. -Ml.
^"Tlioabovo aL.'re«s .hi ily witii Jloirora, who assi^Mis .Sandoval CO nion,
and names a nuniborci tlio loading nieniboi-s of each l)ai'ty. Tlio partios wenj
to koo|) a stone's throw apart. One of {'ort.'-s' sipiads was to look to tlio . a-
eii|ue's jialaoe, and another to Alealdo Yusto's qnarters. doc. ii. lili. x. e.ip. iii.
IK' is evidently confused on many p'lints. and several names are guessed ;it.
llernal Diaz states that Pizarro, with (JO young men, includinj; himself, win
cliai-ged to captnie the artillery ; Sandoval received (10 men ; Velazcpie/ do Leon
nl.o a foi'cc of (JO, wherewith to attack Diejjo Velazcpiez' <piarter.s; t'orti's n-
niained with a reserve of "JO. It i.s more likely that a higher ollicer, like (>!i 1.
received the order to capture the artillery, rather than the compaintivi !y
iinkuowii I'izarro. Velazciuez de Loon does not appear to have lieen dctaiKd
for his charge till afterward. Cortt's names oidy Sandoval as t!io loader ■ 1
one party of SO men, ho himself following with the reiuaiiiiug 170. Car'.'H,
I2\i. Sulib reverses llerrera's older. JJi<>t. Mex., ii. 01-2.
i'i* • :
it'
MA:,'(r/jvni:,'(;s.
.".:)!
advisi'd of his npproacli l»y thr Indians,'" XarvjU'Z
liitd taken alarm, and was forniin^^ the.' hi'st j)art of
liis troops in tlio ticld''^ l)et\veen liini and (V'n»|»oala.
To this he had been j)roini)tc(l also hy the more
wateliful of his captains, who had not failed to ol»-
>i rve the jj^rowing syini)athy foi- the rival j^cnrral.
This most unpleasant elumi^e of tai-tics disconcert rd
( '(jrtes not a little, and for the time he could do nolh-
iiii,' hut remain in cump, protected in front hy the
(leek. Fortune a;^aiu came to the I'escue, howevi-r,
ill the form of a heavy rain, which fell all Stmday.
It was the heginnin*^" of the rainy .season.^'-' ^lost of
Xarvaez' men, unused to military service, and ener-
\ated by the frivolous inactivity of the camp, found
this highly disagreeable, and began to com[»lain at
what they termed an unnecessary pi'ecaution again^;t
an insignilicant foe. The friends of Cortes did not
fail to take advantage of this i'ecling by ridiculing the
iiianteuvre, representing tliat i»o troops, much less a
liandlul of boasters, would think of atta(.'king in such
Weather. They would in any case be far more secun-
within their strong (piarters, and by h'aving an ad-
vance j)ost in the held timely warning (;ould be given.
us aoitearec
'PI
I to b
e reasona
bh
UKl Since
X
irvae/ hv
11' I means relished the exposure, he gave; orders to i-e-
turn to (piarters before dusk, leaving, however, a body
"I" forty horsemen on the }>lain and two spies at a
hrook ibrd, about half a leau'Uc; oif. The remaiiidi r of
the horses were kept saddled at the entrance to (ht
camp, and the men were instructed to .sleej) on ihcii
anus, ])repared at any rate to I'tjoccrpy the field in t
lie
morn 111'.'".
The watchword was 'S;i!ita Maria.
Cortes was occ
upied
i in d
evisini<: new measures wiun
Tlif st<!'.it ciici(|Ui! h:ul romoiistnitcil with tlic i,'tMR'i:il on his o;in li
!i-stinii'j
liiii tliat Maliiiciic with his Tciih-.s was fur (Ulhrriit.
W
nil V'i'.l
Ka-.t ixjii'ct it lie will 1)0 licre and will kill yuu.' Althniiuh tlic wainin,'
Was reuiivt'tl with laughter, yet the hint was not lost. JJi iiiat l>i<r., J/i.i'.
I". .■'/<('/., !t(i.
'■'' Iv^'hty horsemen and 500 infantry. ' Y llcg6 casi una legua ilo ilouUo
y<j tstaiia.' ('oit(\<i, ('aita.<, l'J3.
^'' Latt, Xqc. Orb., i'^l; Ilakliiijl's I'oy., iii. 407.
802 THE COUP DE MAITRE OF CORTIIS.
iiif(jrnicd of this movoincnt. Poiritlrifjf out to liis men
the effeminacy and imsoldierly quahties of the rabble
Vvith which they had to deal, and the carelessness and
inefficiency of their commander, he ordered an imme-
diate advance on Cempoala, where they would now be
scarcely expected. "You know the maxim," he said,
" 'ui)on the enemy at dawn;' but better still, we will
t.urprise them by night.** Let each strive to excel his
connadc in valor." Those words were received with
hearty approval, for anything was preferable to sus-
])ensc in a dreary bivouac without fire or comfort.
Crossing the crock they marched noiselessly over the
plain, through the rain, drenched and hungry. On
reaching the brook, near the town, they came upon
the two scouts of the enemy, Gonzalo Carrasco and
Alonso Hmtado; they captured the former, while
the latter, warned by the cry of his comrade, hurried
into camp to give the alarm. Carrasco was com[)elled
under threats to answer a number of questions on the
])osition and ])lans of his party, and was menaced with
d(3ath if he played false. *^
A cross had been erected at the ford,*^ probably
during the first march to Cempoala, and here the
army knelt in all humility to do reverence. Father
Olmedo then gave the men the general absolution,
and ttppcalcd to heaven to bless the efforts now to be
made in behalf of their faith and the king, closing
Avith the soul-stirring assurance that victory should
be theirs. The men, one and all, felt no doubt that
^"BotoUo, kiidwii as the Astrologer, who liad mado several successful
in'i'ilictions, liail assured (^ortes that a uigiit attack would secure him tlio
vicUu'V. Ilcrrcf:!, dec. ii. lil). x. caji. xi.
' ('ortis rallied him upon his eaptiu-c, and addressed liim as coiiiiiadre.
After ohtainin,!,' certain information, nmi'e was demanded. 'J'lie ])ris<)!ier ilc-
elarcd that lie knew nothing more. ' Well, then, you will swing," said ( 'orti .■=,
half jestingly. The two i)ikenienwho held the rope round his neck took tliis
for a connnand, and hoisted him. Kangel rode up, howevei', and sa\i'<l his
life, hut the compression of the throat trouhled him for .some timl^ dei'. ii.
lil). X. cap. ii.-iii. Carrasco warned him against attacliing the ])owert':l
Karvacz. I'daiirrrt, Vca/n) AV/(■,^■,, pt. iii. \'M ; Ta/iin, I'lL. in Iiuz'kiIc'Iii. Co'.
J)oc., ii. .^iSi). Prescott says tliat he with 'Sp.artau h(!roi.snr remained sikiil.
jl/rjr. , 1J.j7-S; hut I'rescott has evidently not understood his authorities.
" At a cross-road a little farther ou, says llcrrcra.
THE ENEMY'S CAMP.
303
thcywcrc about to fight not only for their own rights,
l)ut for God and their sovereign; and if the robl)er
lould feel encouraged iu liis lawless pursuit after
luieeling at the shrine of St Demas, surely these
Jioroes of a hundred lights were stronger for their
icligious faith. Therefore it was with renewed con-
iidencc that the men buckled tighter tlicir escau-
piles, and pike in hand, their main reliance, they
resumed the march with quickened steps, leaving the
baggage and horses in the care of IMarina and the
cairiers. The horsemen stationed in the field were
not encountered, thanks to Duero who was one of
tlioni.
It was just past midnight, on the morning of
wliit-inonday,*' when they entered Cempoala. Owing
to the darkness and the presence of troops in the
liekl, together with the recent marches and counter-
iiiarclies, the presence of the intruders was not sus-
jiected till they had almost crossed the [)lnza. The
storm was not wholly past, but the moon ])eered forth
at times between the chasing clouds, dimly revealing
the ])uildings occupied by the enemy. These con-
sisted of three conspicuous edifices, rising upon [>yr-
aiuiilal foundations, tlie ascent to which was by a wide
staircase along one of the slopes. The highest was a
temple, known as Xuestra Seilora since the icono-
clastic achieveniout of Cortes therein, and this was
(»ecu[)ied by the iroops of Diego Velazijuez. Next
to it was the building held by the captain-general,
guarded by the whole battery of guns."
llurtado had arrived nearly half an liour b(>foro
and given warning, but instead of innnediately (ailing
to arms, Narvaez lost tune with fjuestious, which
chcited only that his e()nij)anion had been s(>ize(l and
hat he fancied he had hear<l Spanish voices. Some
'•' May '2Sth. Cliimnljiuhi. If'ift. Coii'/., '277. ri;iV!u;i'ir> jimt rtlicis iissiimo
it to 1)L' the liight lii'twoen Siitiinhiy and Sunday, but t!.. aiitlioiilii's aro
pn;ty clear in mentioning the follow in,!,' ni;L,'lit.
'• llstiniated \>\ various nutlioi'ities at frou. tv, elvu to uiuctccn piuccB.
'l\.s'.i:iioiiio, iu Cor.'cti, JhsiUi'Kciti, ii. IJ, 108.
li
394
THE COUP DE MAItRE OF CORTES.
T
45
of the captains, friendly ^o Cortes, ridiculed the storv
as a dream, and entertained the general with spccu
lations about the projects of the audacious rebel
While so occupied the alarm of the sentinels was
heard. Cortes was upon them." Narvaez at onco
became the self-possessed commander, and hastened
to issue the necessary orders. There was a rusli
to arms, and the confusion was increased by the
appearance of innumerable fire-Hies, which the be-
sieged mistook for the fire-arms and spears of a large
army.*^
In order to avoid the range of the guns, Cortes lia 1
kept his men along the sides of the approaches, ami
on finding himself discovered he shouted, "Close vvi It
them ! At them ! " Fife and drum joined in and echocil
the cry.*^ Olid rushed on the battery, ranged along
a terrace on t)io ascent to the commander's house. So
sudden was the attack that those of the artillerymen
who still remained loyal had time to dischariife onlv
one gun, which killed two men.*^ The next instant
Olid, Pizarro, and their followers had practically
secured the pieces, and were pressing the defenders,
who offered little resistance. At the saiae time
*^ Expressing the belief that Cortina would be foolhardy enough to attiu k
in the luorniiig. Tapla, liiL, in fcrJittlceta, Col. Doc, ii. 58'.*.
*" 'IJegainiis jiu.to si Ins oentinelas sin que iioa siutiesen, 6 ilmn huyemli) i-
diciendu: Anna, anna I' /(/.,r)!)0. 'Auisatlo Xarnaez, y se estaua vistiendo vna
cota ; y dixo atiuie le auisi), no teug ys pena, y mandu tocar al arniiv.' Jf mm,
dec. ii. lib. x. cap. iii.
^' ikinal Diaz, Hisf. Vcrilad., 99, calls the flies cocayos.
■'*' rivscott, following llorrcru, makes Cortt'S shout the password 'Espiritn
Santo,' whicli Bernal liiaz says was given as a secret word for nnitual roco,'
iiition.
^'■•So say all the original authorities tluit refer to it, except Rcriinl Di.i/.
who claims that four guns were fired, tliree balls passing overhead and t'l^'
fourth killing throe men. Corti's acknowledges no casualties from it. Ta]ii;i
even intimates tliat no disehargi; took place, owing to tiie fiiot that to proti rt
the toucii-JKiles from rain they had bi'cu covered with wax anil tiles. i'<'\\-
fused l)y the snddiii alarm the artilleri.sts applied the match, forgctt'ul of the
wax, and 'we saw that tile cluirges failed to <;„ otT.' RvL, in larJ/nlrctn, <'"'■
7>()i'., ii. ,")!(0. IVriiaps he would have been more correct in saying tiiat the
men were confused by the glittering bril)es of Usagre. Ikicliiller A. IVii/
teatilies: ' I)ixo al artillero pone<l fucgo iv estos tiros ... .jmso fuego e ii'>
salieron los tiros <^ oyo ile/ir esto testigo cpio avian puesto cera en los dicli"-
tiro.s.' I'urti.-i, /iV.s('i/( )ic/f(, ii. So. This uuplicB that the wax hail Ikjcii smcand
ou by accomplices.
THE ATTACK.
395
eiiod
rusli
' the
3 bc-
attink
II rc'i'ii-'
III Di.i/.
l;in<l t'l''
T;ilii;i
jiroti'i t
(.'on-
ll of tlu'
[tn, ('■''■
Ihat th''
L IVn/-
iio e 11"
, (licli'"<
kineaml
Sandoval ruslio 1 past and hurried up the stair-way
to the summit, where Narvaez stood to receive
liim.*" A volley of arrows and bullets was fired at
liim, but being poorly aimed, out of consideration
for comrades below, he escaped unharmed. Nothing
daunted, Sandoval's followers pressed onward in a
compact column, and in a moment they were on tlie
isununit platform, "Surrender!" shouted their leader
with resolute confidence, to which Narvaez responded
with a jeer, calling on his men to spare no traitors.
But the order was an empty one, for their swords and
short Spanish lances availed nothing against the line
of bristling copper points on the long pikes of the
attacking party, and step by step they were driven
backward into the building. What they did with
their fire-arms or cross-bows is not stated.
Meanwhile Cortes was doin<j brave work below.
One body engaged the cavalry, unhorsing with tlie
all-cfl:ective pike those who had managed to reach the
saddle, and cutting the girths. Another body turned
their attention to the reinforcements which came
lusliing from the adjoining quarters to the scene of
action, and takinij advantage of the confusion and the
darkness, relieved only at fitful intervals by the moon,
their cool opponents readily disarmed the greater num-
l)er, so that but a small proportion made their way
through the besieging lines." While thus occupied
tLuv heard a shout from above, "Victory! Victory
f'>; Cortes! Narvaez is dead!"" Cortes immediately
caused the cry tc be taken up by the rest of his men,
whit'h added to the confusion of the enemy.
It appears that Sandoval, although reinforced by
'"With from 40 to 100 men, are the ilitTorent estimates.
'' 'Vinicii loa contrarios li nm-fitra goiito, creyt-ndo i|\i»' err.n do loa suyos, ft
pro:.;untiir. "jiiuc^ es osto?" (^asi los ])reiulii'n.' Tnjiln, AV7., in /raJxiIri tn. Col.
y'lv., ii. olK). 'l)c las otras dos torros. . . .no le aeiuliero, porq dizi'ii al,u'tiii'>s
<|Ui' .It! hizit'ron sordos, otros que no jiudioroii llej^ar, por el iiiniodinifnto do
lis trojius do Cortes.' Hcrrcra, dec. ii. lib. \. cap. iii, ; Canlona, iu (ortr.-i,
I! ■''(leiiriii, i. 181-"2.
- ' Uito'-ia, vitoria por los del niibre del Espiritn SAto, q niuerto es \arvac;r •
Jl' rnal Did-., Jlist. Verdad., 1)8. Even this authority uow siiouts forth the
password !
390
Tin: COUP DE MAlTRE OF CORTES.
n portion of Olicl's party, could not fflfect an entry
into the building to which his pikes luul driven those
who still adhered to Narvaez, a number having passed
over to his side before this. After M'atching the vain
skirmishing^ for a while, Lopez, the ship-builder, be-
tliouglit himself of setting lire to the dry palm roof
of the otherwise substantial building. The besieged
now had no recourse but to come out, which they did,
L "aled by Narvaez. No sooner had they appeared
oi. )latform than Sandoval's men charged them
witl' J pikes, and the commander was the first to
receive a thrust, in the left eye, which bore him
down as he cried out: ''Santa Maria, save met"
In an instant Pedro Sanchez Farfan was upon him,°^
and he was dragged down the steps and placed in a
chapel. Awed by this mischance the rest speedily
surrendered.
A liere^ Fuentes fought valiantly till overthrown
with two pike thrusts. "Our Lady save me I" he
cried, still clutching the standard. "She shall!" rc-
sjionded Sandoval, averting the pikes of the excited
soldiers.'"'*
The cry of victory and the rumor of Narvaez'
death liad stayed the stream of reinforcements from
the adjoining houses, wherein defence was now
alone thought of. Kecognizin^f that a charo-e on
them might meet with more determined op})osition,
Cortes resolved to bring the enemy's own Ijattery
•''' Solis assumes t'.int Farfan gave also the tlirust. Bernal Diaz' text leads
one to suppose tliat Narvaez received tlie thrust hi^fore his followers wen^
driven into the building, but the other autiiorities sUite elearly : 'al siilir de su
eauiara, le dieron vn pica(;o. . . .Echaron le hie^o niano.' Oomord, Hid Mc.r.,
147; 0(v'i(A), iii. fllO. Monjaraa states that Narva< ; supplicated for liis life:
'HidultroH, por amor de Dios no me niateys!' Ttdiinoiiiu, in Corli'x, lte--'i lenria,
ii. .'>l, iS.'i, 107 ; i. IKiS. ' Alonso Davila le saci') las diehas provisiones re.iles ih'
v. M. del seno, tenii5ndolo preso & ahruzado el diclio I'ero Sanehez Earfiin.'
Jfi'indmln de Ci'lxillon, in Icuzbulcctu, Col. JJoc, i. 44'2. Tliis occurred somc^
time aftiu" tiie capture. Narvaez called upon his fellow-prisoners to witness
tlie deed, l)ut Avila siioutcd that the papers were merely letters. Tliey were
given to CortL^s. 'Las avian quemudo.' Tculiiiwitiu, in Corks, liesklcucui, i.
;i4."), :«)-), -i.lO; ii. f)2, 187.
■'*He died, iiowover, says Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdnd., 99. Hen era calls
him Diego de llojua, whom Bernal chusses as a captain.
. THE CAPTURE COMPLETED.
397
entry
tboso
)asftel
Q vain
3r, be-
ll roof
cy (li*U
ipeaved
I tlieiu
first to
re liii^iL
'e mo I
n lirni;'
2ccl in a
speedily
•rthrown
ho
re-
I"
ino :
.all
t"
es-citcd
iNfarvaez'
uts from
vas no\v
largc on
)position,
battory
to Ills aid.^' By the time the guns wore in position,
most of the forces of Sandoval and Olid were free to
aid Velazquez de Leon in the task of reducing the
quarters in which Salvatierra and Diego Velaz(iuez
still held out.
They were summoned to submit to the king and
to Cortes, under pain of death, but gave a deiiant
answer. The guns were now brought into play, and
lired first over their heads to frighten them. As
the balls came whizzing by, the blustering Salva-
tierra, w; o had sworn to eat the ears of Cortes,
declared himself sick. His fierceness chanGfed to
abject fear, and his men asserted that they never
saw a captain behave so contemptibly. The shots,
siinportcd by promises, soon brought about the sur-
render of this pyramid.
The last to hold out was Diego Velazquez, a bravo
fellow, well liked by his followers; but after a few
more parleys, and the loss of three men from well
directed shots, his party was also prevailed on to
descend and deliver up their arms,'**' the leaders being
.secured and removed in irons to the chapel, the
wounded receiving there the attentions of a surgeon.
Cortes looked in to examine their condition, and as
the whisper reached Narvaez that the hero of the
day was present, ho turned and said: " Sehor Cortes,
you may hold high the good fortune you have had,
and the great achievement of securing my person."
liaz' tf>xt kails
loUoweis well'
l'ivU:iUril«BU
L, Hid .i/<;...,
Id for liw 1"'' ■•
Ias /,V-i /<■'"•'"•
luues replies <1>;
LcUez l-'iu-fan.
Lccuvrca boui.^
lers to witiK'-*^
Is. They were
I Uesid(»CHi, I-
Hen era calla
•'' 'So retrajcron A una torro alta de nn lilolo do aqucl pucMo casi matro-
cipiitos lioni1)rcs, 6 muchos do los de eabidlo. . . .salitTon al canipo. ' T<ijii',
J!'/., ill Icadinkftx, Col. Due, SOO. Ilcrrcra says tliat .'{(X) iiitrenclu'd
tlicnisi'lvcs till the morning, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. iv. Corti'S readied the
liiittm-y just ill time t() prevent a catastroplie, as Tapia relates. A liot-
liliioded young companion of the latter, carried away liy excitement, ruslied
tip powder barrels, eight in nuiid>er, and shouted, 'Let us tire the ))()wdir
and spoil it for the enemy!' Cleaving a barrel, he cast a ln-aiid into it,
and threw himself flat upon the ground, commending his life to (Jod. It
liapjit lied, fortunately, that this barrel contained sandals, which liy some
iiii>take had been mixed up with tlie ammunition. After waiting in vain
II w liile for the explosion, the madcap discovered the reason and be^'aii to opi n
aiiiitlier bai'rel. At this moment Corti'S came up, and learning of his inteii-
timi Ik- rushed forward and snatched away the l)raiiil.
■"' Including aUo Juan Yusto, Juan Bono, and Gomara.
808
THE COUP DE MAItRE OF CORTfiS.
With a twinkle of malicious merriment Cortes re-
garded for a moment his fallen foe, whose insuffer-
able conceit did not desert him even here, and said:
IitapaUpaa
.TUaeal*
^Iztaecihuatl
Popocatepetl|p H«lt.llap« ^^^.^^^^
CaioluW >oafrineo»
QuuihquechoUAn" Teorpeaca „
Scgura de la FVontera
Tecaniarhttlco
Baft'
Ahullizapan
" Senor Narvaez, many deeds have I performed since
coming to Mexico, but the least of them all has been
to capture you.""
*' Oi'^tdo, iii. 510. Bemal Diaz lengthens Cort<5s' reply: He thanked God
for tlio victory and for giving him such valiant gentlemen and companions tc
aid him. One of the smallest things he liad done in New Spain was to sccurf
and defeat liim ; it appeared more daring to seize an oidor of his majesty.
Las Casaa relates that Narvaez had a not dissimilar surprise by night fron-
Cuban Indians, during his campaign for Velazquez, and had a narrow escape,
niit. I lid., iv. 6-8.
CHAPTER XXII.
ALVARADO'S MERCILESS MASSACRE.
May, ir)-20.
After the Battle — Victory Made Seccre — CoxDrcr of toe CoN'grERED —
A General Amnesty — Disposition of the Forces— Affairs at the
Capital — Insurrection Threatened — The Spaniards Hold a CorN-
ciL— ALVAiiADo's Resolve — The Great Day of the Feast— The
Spaniards Proceed to the Temple — The Grand Displ.\y there
Witnessed — The Attack of the Spanl\rds — Horrors upon Horrors.
CoRTi^s was exultant. Durinjr tlic last brief hour
how completely had his fortunes changed I Again
was his star ascendant, filHng the whole heavens
with its brightness. Alas now for jNIontezunia and
^lexico! And Velazquez; this was his fourth at-
tenijit on Mexico, and in some respects his greatest
failure. Instead of annihilating; the outlaw with his
grand army, the outlaw in one fell swoop had sc-
oured the grand army, and was now master of all the
ships, and men, and munitions of war, which he so
niuch needed in consummation of his further designs.
It seemed to be the fate of the fat governor out of
his solid substance to feed his enemy with wealth and
honors.
Before it was fairly light Cortes had seized and
])laced in continement such persons as might question
liis rights as victor; the remainder on surrendering
tlioir arms were permitted to go at large. ^ In orchT
' Carfax, 124; Cortfa, Rtsideiicla, ii. 12. Bernal Diaz confirms tliat this
ttas ellectud long before ilawni, while Hcrrera states that IKK) lield out till
nil iniiiiy ; but he is contrailiotory. CaiTUsco, whom lie assumes to be free, urged
tliLin to fall upon the attacking l)arty, who were scattered to plunder. But
400
ALVARADO'S MERCILESS MASSACRE.
i '.
to make more secure liis nmgnificent prize before
tlie all-searching sun should disclose the paucity
and poverty of the victors, Cortes seated himself
in state, arrayed in a wide orange-colored robe, and
ordered the conquered troops to pass before him,
and swear allegiance to the king, and fealty to him as
cai)tain-general and justicia mayor. This was done
by nearly all, some humbling themselves and kissing
his hand, while the late hostile leaders and old ac-
([uaintances were recognized with friendly greetings
and end)races.'*
Meanwhile Olid and Ordaz, each with a corps, set
out on the captured horses to summon stragglers and
seek the forty troopers in the field. Duero and other
fi'iends of Cortes being among them, little persuasion
was needed to win the party over, and shortly after
dawn the whole cavalcade came in to the sound of file
and drum, shouting vivas for Cortes.^ Hiijh above
this noise were heard from a window the voices of
two women, named Ordaz, filling the air with their
loud philippics. "Villainous DominicanosI" they cried
to the soldiers of their own party, "the distaff would
better suit you than the sword. A good account have
you given of yourselves! Unfortunate women wt;
to have come to the wars with such men I" Trulv
this was not done for want of .a leader. Nor did they favor his advice to
plundiT the baggage of Cortes, which was protected only by Indians, ami to
embark with Diegu Velazquez. Carrasco accordingly proceeded alone tu tin-
baggage eanip, and securing a horse and lance he returned and urged tii'iu
to follow. Ho had evidently supernatural means wherewith to penetrate tlio
besieging force, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. iv. Duran allows Cortes to form anibu---
catles and leap walls, so that the arms are secured ere the men of Narvaez can
form in defence. Hint. linL, MS., ii. 4.'>3. Peter Martyr dispo.ses brietly "t
the matter, and assumes that the chief captains of Narvaez were soduccl.
dec. v. cap. v.; Vastetlauos, Vuroiies ilustrea de Indian, 71-2; (Julvaiio'x J'>i.-<oir.,
144-5.
' 'Cortes se mand6 prcgonar por Capitan general, y justicia mayor, de ami « 's
exercitos.' Carrasco was three days in stocks before he yielded ol>eiliciH(.
Ilcrnra, ubi sup. ' Y todoesto era de noche, que no amanecia.' Uerual Dm-.,
Hist. VcrdiKl., !)9.
^ ' Viua, viua la gala de los Romanes, que siedo tan pocos, haT\ venciiln ,-i
Niirvaez I' to which (Juiddo, the negro jester of Narvaez, added, ' IJeliuld 1 tin:
Romans never performed such a feat.' Jtfnial J)lnz, Hist. \'rril(ut., {)'.). Hern i.i
speakg more at length of the saying.s of this negro, who was rewarded with a
crown of golil worth GOO ducats, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. iv.
HONORS TO THE VICTOR.
401
might Xarvacz exclaim with Xorxo.s, as lie beheld his
tiiir ally, (^ueeii xVrtemisia, outwit her Athenian jmr-
suers, "jVIy men fight like women, and my women
like men." The Ordaz women, liowever, fought only
with their tongues, and that after the issue of battle.
And thus relieved they immediately descended and
did homage to the victor. The general did all he
could to check this excess of zeal, which he feared
might engender ill feeling, and he even seized some of
the noisiest enthusiasts, although they were aftcrv.ard
rewarded.
The caciquo of Ccmpoala, who had been slightly
wounded during the battle, appeared like the rest to
oft'er I'ealty to the victor by crowning him with flowers.
Cortes received his demonstrations as if nothing had
taken j)lace to mar their intercourse, and took uj) his
abode with Catalina, whose hand he had accepted
during his previous occupation of the place. The
chiefs vied with one another to obliterate their un-
fortunate mistake by increased attention and hospi-
tality, while many among Narvaez' men thought it
necessary to excuse their tardy surrender by pleading
that they had been deceived by their principals, who
had assured them that Cortes was a traitor. Great
was their chagrin in the morning on discovering how
\'v\\ the victors were and how poorly they were armed.
And where were the much talked of native auxiliaries?
At the same time they could not but admire a leader
who had achieved such results with such means.
Xarvaez and his supporters declared that the Nictory
was due wholly to treacliery, particularly noticeable
in tlie action of the artillerists.* In this there wa
nni(]t ti'uth, but the consummate tact and soldierly
i|Ualities of Cortes shine no less brightly for all that.
' ' I saw Xiirvnez in Spain in IM."), anil heard him publicly denouiipe Cortoa
11-; :i tiiiitoi-. He asked hut royal pcrniissiou to prove it, faoe to fuee w ith his
cMiiiiy; fiirtli(!rinoro, ho was a liar, a tyrant, and an ingrate. N.-vrvaez hail
liii u l)etrayeil by those in whom he contided.' Uvicilo, iii. 'M(>. Still, tlio
< liiiinicler cannot cxense his ctirelessness nor his entering into parley with
Curtis; and he told iiim so. iii. 31G.
lilsT. Mex., Vol. I. 26
402
ALVARADO'S MERCILESS MASSACRE.
J
And tlic cost of this j^lory and advantage, how in.si<jf-
niiicant it was! Four of Ijis own men and iiftoon
of the enemy, ineh.iding a ca})tain, heside a nmnhcr
wounded on both sides; tliis was all/
In his rejtort to the king Cortes seeks to gloss
over the occurrence hy stating that only two men
were killed, intimating that it was on both sicks.
There was a deeper reason for this and other falst'-
hoods than the wish to hide the bloody result of
fratricidal conilict. lie was still doubtful as to the
view taken in Spain of his conduct, and could not
alford to prejudice his case by laying bare eveiy
misfortune. He was aware that even to the im-
])artial observer ho must appear as a defaulter in
the duty owing by him to a principal, and in i\\c
agreement or partnership which he had formed, and
also as the usurper of an expedition fitted out in the
name and under the auspices, at least, of Velazcpiez.
His j)lea rested on his brave and masterly con<|Uest
of a rich country, and on his election to independent
connnand by a party formed on the pretence that
the superior interests of the sovereign demanded the
immediate subjugation of the country. But his ;ic-
ce[)tancc of that connnand was a breach of duty and of
contract; the right of the party to act as it did was
doubtful, and its pretence hasty, or perhaps usurped
from Velaz(piez, who had first entertained it; while
the connnission to undertake the conquest had already
■'' Bernal Diaz mentions fifteen fa misprint of don for doce »nakc.s it only five]
(loatlis among Narvaez' men, including Captain Kojaa, Alferez ]''uent('H, win)
vas an hitlalgr of Seville, and Carretero, one of the deserters from Corti''s' ex-
plorora. Cortes lost four. //IkI. IV/v/a*/., 99. Cortesprudently mentions to tlio
hintt only two deaths, but leaves it uncertain to what side they lielom.'!'!.
Vui-lax, r24. Goniara claims them for Cortes, and states that Narvae/. lost his
eye, liis honor, and sixteen men. Hixt. Mex., 148. Cortt^s lost two men and
one wounded; Narvaez eleven, lln-rcra, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. iv. Cortes fmir,
Narvae/. eleven, besides many wounded on both sides. Vctancvrt, Tfulm Mi.r.,
pt. iii. 1,'W. Solis supposes that two wounded of Cort<58' army died, makin;,'
four in all, wliile Narvaez lost fifteen. Ui»t. Mex., ii. 101. One version el.iiiiiH
that Xarvaez lost fifteen by arms and six by fire in the burning of the iiuarti'i s,
whieh 's probably an exaggeration. Narvaez lost all his property, inchuliiiL;
notes oi' hand. Dimamla de Ccliaflog, in Icazbalri'tn, Vol. Doc, i. 44'J. 'iln'
testimony in Cortfa, Jtmdencia, i. ii., varies from twelve to sixteen iov
Narvaez.
A MOST LOVABLE VILLAIN.
been oouferrod on tlic latter. Vclrtzquoz held brs'ult's
llic riL?lit of a discoverer to this coast, and ahovi* all
the royal grant to it, vagiU'ly worded though it was so
far as indicating the situation and extent of territoi'v.
He had a right to claim his own; though circum-
stances had so changed, Cortes claimed, as to ren<k'r
this perilous to the interests of God, the king, and
the people, which rose ahove those of individuals; and
ill ignoring the orders of the audiencia to desist from
war on his countrymen he followed only natural law
and justifiable impulse. In this respect Cortes was
equally guilty, since his duty was to yield to the
rightful claimant. He pleads in his letter to the king,
howi'ver, that self-})reservation obliged him to resist,
lur Xarvaez had determined to hang him an<l several of
his followers. Here he again hides the fact that favor-
al)lc teinis were at one time ottered. "Had Narvaez
cai'i'ied off the victory," he continues, "it would have
luH'ii with a great loss, which must have so weakened
him as to surely enable the Indians to succeed in their
iiicditated revolt. This would liave lost the country
to the king and to the faitli, and twenty years would
not have sufficed to regain it."" In brief, howsoever
wi; admire Cortes, however much we would prefer
his banner to that of Velazquez or Narvaez, we must
aihiiit that he had hardly a, shadow of right on his
side, and that no position in whicli he could possibly
]>lace himself was tenal)le. He was a defaulter, pirate.
Usurper, renegade, traitor, outlaw, Jiypocrite; bvt hii
was a most loval)le villain, an admirable f=i'i'"' t, a
laie hero. On the other liand, A'^clazcpiez was right.
]>ut, though diK'ply injured, he was disagreeabk?;
though foully wronged, he was vancjuished. And tiie
S)>anish monan.'h was not tiie first or last to smile
on ini(|uitous success, or turn the cold shoulder to
whining, disappointed virtue.
•^^Ovicdo looks on Corti^s' reasons as insufTicient to justify liis procedure,
sucli as (inlcring Narvaez to l)e seized, and demanding of liini to exhibit a
royal commission, 'as if CortiVi had been appointed by the king.' Vcla/.iiiez,
as the principal who sent him fortii, had every right to remove him. iii. 310.
r
401
ALVAHADO'S MKRCILESS MASSACRR.
!'
h
[
j
!|
U
■ 1'
■n
•if
(.;:
!|:! !'■
In tlio* course of the nioniinuf tlie soldier Bur-
rieiitos, who had hoen stiiyin^ in Chinaiitla, arrived
with the promised Chiiiautee warriors, two thousand
ill nuud)er.' They had reached tlie reride/vou on
]»entccost day, as ordered, but Cortes had found it
convenient to advance on Cempoala sooner tlian Im
had intended. An iniposinj^ sight they presented
as tliey marched by amidst vivas in a file of thiee
abreast, gorgeous with plumes and shields, the centie
man with bow and arrows, while his companions on
either side carried the formidable pike, tipped with
glistening iztli. It was fortunate that they had failed
to arrive in time, since nmch bloodshed was saved
thereby. In fact the soldiers of Narvaez ex|)ressed
a fear that they would have fared badly with such
o|)ponents. Cortes was nevertheless delighted with
their coming, since this proved not only tli' hicerity
of their friendship, but showed the conqut ^hat he
did indeed control native armies. Distribui^..ig sonu'
beads and trinkets, he bade them return peacealjly
under the supervising care of Barrientos.
(Jne of the first measures after the fight was to
secure the fleet; and for this purpose a suitable foicc
was sent down to the port to take the vessels to Villa
liica, and remove the sails and rudders, so as to pre-
vent the escape of any to Cuba.® Shortly after, when
the masters and crews had tendered allegiance, tlio
vessels were i)laced in charge of Pedro (]!aballej'i),
captain of one of the vessels under Xarvaez, in whom
Cortes liad great confidence." The fortress was again
' ]lei-nal Diaz places the number at 1500, whilo Coballoa raises it to 30!I0,
under Hcrcdia, and places the arrival a day or two later. Hi'rrcra assiuuci
that tliey carno in time to march with Cortes on Cempoala. dec. ii. lib. x. cap. i.
" IJernal Diaz, Jiist. Venlail., 100, itumes Francisco de Lugo as tlie captiiiii
of tiiis party, but Tir.ado states that ho had been sent back to Mexico as .1:1
lulhercnt of Velazquez. Cortes, lies'idcncia, ii. (>. ' Di() con los once navies
que el dicho mi parte alii tenia, al travda, 6 les fizo quemar.' JJrmainld ''■'
Ccliid/os, in Irazbdlrfla, Col. Dor., i. 442. ]iernal Diaz also intimates that ail
but two vessels were destroyed when the army proceeded to Mi'xico and <in •
afterward. UM. Verilad., 100. It is not probable, however, that more tlum
a few were destroyed, because unsea worthy. Some were wrecked a kw
months later.
^ 'Por Almirate, y Capitaii do la mar al qual dizen que le dio prlmcrc
ANDRftS DE TAPIA.
40j
ar-
\ it
i lu;
ntcl
hiv*i
3utri'
IS on
with
failed
saved
[•CSSCll
I sut'h
I with
icevity
liat be
r soiue
Jcoa\»ly
was to
lie t'ovc-'.
,o Villa
to pvi -
■r, wlieii
iico, tiio
tballort',
11 wUo\u
^is again
[ it to noivv
i-ra assuiuis
lib. X. Cil\>. '•
1 the ciiptain
llexico a« :i''
loncc navi"A
lates tliiit all
Xico a,n'\ "1"
It move t\iaiv
oarrisoned, witli a laro-or force,'" and thither were
.sent Narvaoz and Salvatierra in chains."
As for the rest, Cortes aj)]>ned hiniscH' witli liis
usual skill to recompense those who had reinaiiH'd
true, and to conciliate the yet unreconciled. Jle re-
minded them that they had come not to risk tluMr
lives for Velazquez, i»ut to tj^ain honor and wealth
luider the banner of the king, and he was |)re|)ared to
aid in this by oflerini,' them e(|ual terms with his
'.ctcrans. As an earnest he restored within two days
their arms to all except a few leaders, and oitlered
liis men to return the horses, weapons, and other
elfects taken by them as spoils of war.'^ What with
lnu'iios tcjufloa (le oro.' Ilia baptisiiinl name vas either Juan or Pedro. Two
vcssi'ls were still exjieeted to arrive. lUrinil I >iiiz, J/i.-t. Vrriltnl.. I(K), ll.'t.
(';iliallero was i)robably an old friend. 'IVdio do Maluenda eriado dc Uiego
\( lii/.i|uez, (|ue venia por niayordonio de Nariiae/, recogio y guanlo los naiiios
y t'ldo la ropa y hacienda.' Gomaru, Jlixl. Mtx., 14S. liy Cortes' order, adds
jl' rrei-a.
'" 'Knvitiotros docicntos hoinbrca A la villa do la Veracniz. ' CortiUfCartan,
I'J."). Clavifjero assumes that I'ortcs at this time already gave orders for re-
ni'ivini; Villa l{ica southward, but events interfered with the projeet. Storia
J/.sv./iii. 1-20.
" "Corti'S lo [Narvacz] tnvo prcso con niuy lisperas prisionos tres anos,
]Hiii) nias 6 nienoa, e con guaitlias que nadio no lo imdiese ver; i^ a<|Uellos
]M>inl(PS, lo (juito las prisiones (\ lo tnvo preso otros dos ufios. ' So .says Narviiez'
a_'fiit. heimnvla dc. CvlinUox, in IcmhaUHn, Col. J>ijr., i. H'2-'A. The testi-
iiiuny in < 'urtrn, Ih'Mdi-iichi, reduces the term to two years, and intimates that
.■^rvc r;d other nieu were kept at Villa Rica, under surveillance at least, i. 'irlW,
:{iiJ :!. et 8e(|.
'^ Narvaoz claims to have been robbed of 1()0,0()0 castellanos' worth of
ell'ects, and it is not likely that his ])ropt:rty was restored. Sec DemainUt ilf
C, '.((//()<, ubi sup. ]{ernal Diaz hail to surrender a horse fully accoutred, two
sunrds, three daggers, and othi'r eti'ects. //ift. Wrtlail., UK). Santji Clara
iiitiiiiates that the horses and arms were not as a ride restored. Corhn, Itisi
tliiirl((, ii. 10!). If so, compen.sation was probably given, acccrding to the
l.'il ii-ii>n licclia i>or d Sitlor Aiiiln.i dc Tiijiid, suhrc Id Coiii/iii.^hi dc Mcriin.
Tills is one of the most valuable documents extant on the earlier period of
till' eou(|uest, but it is unfortunately only a fragment, which takes up tin-
ii:iiiative from tlie evo of leaving Culifi, and carries it to the cajiture ni
N uvaez, relating with rather uneven completeiu's.^ the principal incidents
ct tlie voyage to Vera Cruz, the march to Mexico, the stay there, and
till' iii'crations against the forces of N'ela.'.ijnez. Andres de Tapia a|i)n'ais
from Ids own statement to have been a \^<h,r iicpliew of Covernor \'ela/i|iu/,
t'l \vliiini lie presented himself just in time to ji)in the expedition of Corli's.
At this time, says J5ernal Diaz, he was about '2-i years old, of good Imild,
with a grave face, slight beard, and somewhat ashy complexion. ///V. I'w-
(li'l.. •J4(}. He tookau active part in the leading wars and expeditions during
aii'l aft<.'r the conquest, and Ixjcanie one of the most noted among the cap-
tains, favored by Cortes, with whom ho was frequently associated, accom-
l:i;iying him also on a voyage to Spain. Settling in Mexico, he died there
I'liu'ciuUy, long after lo'M, to judge from his reference to this date. His
«0$
ALVARADO'S MERCILESS MASSACRE.
if:
their admiration of tlio liberality and soldierly quali-
ties of Cortes, and the prospeet of spoedy advance-
ment, there were but few who did not iunncdiately
and cheerfully accept the terms. But this was by
no means to the taste of the aforesaid veterans.
Tliey had seen with envy that rich presents were
niatle to the conquered, while they, whose couraij^e
and devotion had achieved such nuii^niticent resuhs,
I'eceived nothing, and were even told to ruturn what
they regarded as lawful spoils; and. further, to share
with tliese late comers and inteiuled despoilers the
fruits of their years of toil and victories. A geneial
murmur arose find maiiy soldiers refused to surrender
the a})})ropriated elFects. Captain Avila and Father
Olmcdo being requested to remonstrate, did so earn-
e.stly, and told Cortes that he acted like Alexanihn",
who honored more the conquered than those who won
the battle. He and all he possessed belonged to liis
conn-ades, was the reply, but at present it was neces-
sary to conciliate their invaluable acquisition, whose
{lid was needed to overcome the threatening dangei- in
]\Iexico, and who being the more numerous party might
otlierwise rise against them. Their aims etfected, thi;
entire resources of a vast and ricii country were theirs.
Olmedo v»'a3 convinced of the wisdoiU of the course,
althoun-h he considered tliat too i>Teat liberal it v
had been slu)wn. The headstrong Avila presse I
tlie point with his natural hauglitiness, whereupeu
Cortes said: "I am for Mexico; iho.se who plea'^e
may follow; those wiio do nor,, may Ijave it ah»iie.
There are yet wonvjn in Spain to bear soldiers, '
" Yes, and captains and governors," retorted Avila.
narrative, ns maybe supposed, is a panegyric upon his loader and )>;itiMn,
and some .statements have aeoordingly to be weighed, l)iit this detect iin|i:!ir.s
the importance of oidy a few passages, tlic rest being higiily valuable, and
many of them unique in tlieir testimony, (luided liy a reference in /.''/'/. ''>'
Aiildre-i />■/(., xxii., Senor Icazbalcetaof M(!xico obtained, after great tioiiliK',
a copy (if tiie apparent o>-iginiil from tiie Royal Academy of History. Midi Id,
entitled: lii Idcioit (!•' ali/iindn cosits il^ hts i/w (iriurli'roii iil Mil;/ Ihi^li'f Si ii"/'
J)oii Ifiriiaiiil'i Cttrtri, etc. Thi.s he publi.slied in his Ctih rrinii <h' Dn-iim' r.l"'>.
ii. ."i.")4-!)4. The last three pages form an a.ppcndi,\ of brief remarks on tlio
inhabitants and resources of New Spain.
THE FEAST OF TEZCATLIPOCA.
407
quail -
vancc-
liately
ras Ijy
bcrans.
s were
oura;j^e
•esults,
11 Avhat
i> share
3rs the
nfcuoral
iToiuler
Father
io carn-
xandor,
'ho won
J to his
s iioccs-
I, ^vllose
uvu'fi- ill
iniu'lit
AHl,tlu>
theirs,
course,
Derahtv
presse'l
^•eui)ou
pirate
t aloiH'.
Lhliers. '
I Avila.
[ml ii;itn>n,
Lot iniiK'.ivs
Jill ll.l'l. •!•'■
lilt tpmlili'.
Iv. Mi.lri.l,
\i>itir Si i'ioi'
\n<'iiiti' /.''"•••'•
Yka on tho
Cortes (leomed it discreet to l)aiKly no further words
at present. So spirited a tf)ngue nuist be curbed wit] i
{lifts; but Cortes awaited his (jpportunity Ho never
foro'ot anything.
With a view chiefly to divert the troubled spirits
two cx])e(htions were sent out, each of two hundred
men, mostly from the ranks of the late enemy. One
was (Urected to Goazaeoalco, as before, under the com-
mand of Velazquez de Leon, who had already held
this conunission, and two vessels were placed at his
disposal to send to Jamaica for live-stock, seeds, an<l
other re(juirements of the proposed colony. The cither
expedition was intrusted to Ordaz for the occupation
of Panueo, with a view to anticipate Garay. Two
vessels were given him to explore the coast.**
Wliile Cortes was thus risking all on the cast of
fortune at Cenq)oiila the troops at Mexico had been
exposed to even greater perils. At the time of his
departure for the coast, Toxcatl, the fifth month, had
begun, and wit.'i it tho most solenm festival of tlie year.
It was in honor of Tezcatlipoca, the highest of the
(Uvinities, and identified with a supreme god, although
less conspicuous in the daily worshij) of the people, ibr
they appealed rather to the nearer minor deities, whom
they regarded as intercessors, than to their supreme
di'.iuity, whom they greatly feared, and who was \ eiy
I'ar away. The Mexicans had been permitted to
hold tho celebration in the great temple, which had
^^ domrirn, ffisf. X'r.r., 140. 'Do^ di is dospiu's ilo ])roso el (liclii>\arv'" ,
povipic en iii|iiella oiuilail no so poilia SD.'iti'iu.T taiiti /.rente. .(U.pueii'' iln
I'apiUines. ' Cortes, Ccirtai, I'l't. Ci:>rti';< writes that liefoi-e leaving; inr .Mexiun
he sent Mexican env()y,s to ohtian the friemlship aiul allei,'ianeo <if tile lnrd uf
I'aniuo. Thibi wa.s at once otl'ere '. and ii'^seiits weie exrhanged. /'/., ."i(i 7,
I-."). 144-45. Cortes wa.seitiier deceived or lie invente(l the story to cminieraet
(■aiays schemes. IJenial Di.az names Onlaz for (inazacoalco .•iiid \'el,izipiiz
for I'.inneo; hnt it has entirely escaped his tnemory or notes that \ela/-
(|iie/. had ah'eady hcen cliarged to form a colony in (ioa/acoalco, for « liich he
was also lietter litteil, while Ordaz was more siiiteil tor roiiLjh wariare in
I'fnincii. This author gives to each l'2t) men. twenty of tiuin from tli(^ raidis
of Coite", ' poi'i'i tenia nias exiiorieci;i en la guerra.' J/int. Vn-iliid., KM).
The 'JOO allowed hy othc's may inclnde the ahip-orew.'e. JJerrcra places 300
men under Ordaz. dec. ii. lih. x. cap. iv.
408
ALVARADO'S MERCILESS MASSACRE.
been partly dedicated to Christian worshiji, on con-
♦ lition that no liiiman sacritiees should take place."
A festival of this prominence could not fail to recall
with all its force to tlie natives the indiijnities to
M'hich thev and their o()ds liad been subjected. We
have seen how narrowly an uprisin;^ on account of the
<)('cu})ation of the great temple by strange religious em-
hlenis was esca|)ed, and how it was restrained only by
the ])romise of the s])eedy departure of the Spaniards.
Jn-loie Cortes had left the cajiital he saw the smoulder-
ing tire, and it was this that led him to strengthen tlu'
defences of the fort, to obtain extra su])plies from
Tlascala, and to enjoin the strictest watchl'ulness and
moderation.
The hostile feeling was by no means diminished by
the tidings of another laruer host of invaders witli
doubtful motives. At a meetini; of native leaders it
was admitted that the promises and statements of the
newly arrived Spaniards could no more be relied upon
than those of the deceitful Malinche, and the deferred
})ro[)osition to drive out or to kill the Spaniards was re-
newed with ardor, A better opportunity for carrying
out such a measure could never agfain be found. The
great Cortes with his cunninix controllin<if mind v.as
absent. Tlicre remained only a small force in charge < A'
the city, and the troo])s on the seaboard wen- divided
against each other. On the other hand a nndtitudc
of pilgrims were ]>ouring in for the festival: ami wliat
better sui»jects to be worked upon for an upiising than
these, an<l what better incentive than religion f Ht'side
the a|)j)eal for vengeance on the desecrators of tlieir
altars came the patriotic call for the release of an op-
jiressed sovereign, whose iniluencc was still suprt'iiie
with many, and the alluring prospect of securing tlu'
lich spoils in ]iossessi(^n of the 8[)aniar(.ls and tlu'
'J^lascahecs, the latter still more detested as an inferior
race which after years of contest had now assumed the
" l''..r (It'soriiition of the h'liat, so as better to uiulcrstuiul wh;it follows,
Bou .Vi(//n, AV'ts ii. ."{IT-'JI, iii. 42-J-8.
i' II
SUSPICIONS OF OUTBREAK.
400
^•allii\2^ attitude of master. The pn^parations made
(luriii_i^ the late fermentation required only to be jier-
ll'cted. More arms were made, the pe()[ie were stirred
hy passionate appeals, warriors were enrolled, and
other measures taken."
The utmost seerecy had been observed by the eon-
spirators, but with so many eonlidanls, aetuated by
lace jealousy, by ties of friendship, by interest, and by
one above all otlicrs,the love of woman. that the rumor
vas whispered in Alvarado's ear.^*^ \'et to the mis-
tress, who in her devotion to the lover foro-ot her duty
1o homo and kindred, must not be charu^od more than
i-^ her due. Sharpened by the remembranei3 of past
wronLj^s suffered on battle-field anil stone of saei'ifiee,
the wits of the Tlascaltecs diseovereil evidence whieh
their hatred failed not to magnify. Warninn's were
hardly retpiired, however, to indicate that somethinjj^
unusual was stirrinijf, for the demeanor of the Indians
had underi^one a yet more marked ehan^w Su[)})lies
were further diminished; servants sent to market
were abused and ill-treated, and insoli'iiee was shown
eVL'ii to the Spaniards tlu-mseU' s." A still more
alarniinjjf siijjn was the discovery of an undermined
wall.''^ and after obtaininix furthei* particidars from
a devoted Tezeuean ehielV' afterward knt>wn a> Don
Ifernando, Alvarado unsolved to ins[)eet the adjacent
temple where the chief celebration was lu'ld. J [ere
a 'iiv.Miber of suspicious circumstances were noticeil,
which the Castilians readily wroui^'ht into threati'iiiii'.if
realities; amon<^ them several vii-tinis destined for
''(^viedo I'ffors the couiK'il niul its acts only to tho tiiiu' iniiiUMHiitcly
picit'iliiii,' ("ortrs' tU'jiiirture. iii, .'lO',).
'' ■ llsto atiniiiHon nuuliaa iinigins, tk' lasqaulisse saliia sii'ine la v< nl.nl.'
Ill iTi rii, (lie. ii. 111). X, cap. viii.
' Nils (|iiitaniii l.i coini'la o iniliiamlo itcvr t-Ha no nos la i|iiisiiM-ou ilar o
ii'K .vail lie |>a!os a las naliorias <■ ostando lav.-inilo una yiidia dr l;i,s niv'stiVM
la liaiiogaiiin o dc/iaii o puMicavan iiuo a-y avian dr lia/cr a los cspaiioK'.s. '
/.''((/)/'/•(•■., I'rnn-so (•oiitni .Itiiinali, (ili. Tliis testimony is ooniiruiid hy a
luiuilitr iif Id.s fullowoiN.
'■ '(^Mi nuiclius csualas jiarasnliir y niatar a lo3 espanoli's.' /(/.,ii7. Marlin,
ill /•/ , I U.
'" 'Lu prince aooUum Tccocoltzin. ' ItnuiH'urili' Uourhouni^HlM. Sut. Vic,
410
ALVARADO'S MERCILESS MASSACRE.
' ' I ■
sacrifice, regardless of the promises <^iven, while some
bloody hearts which they saw testified to the work
already done by the knit'e.^'' With the victims Alva-
rado seized their atteadants and certain of the em-
peror's courtiers, from some of whom he tortured
a confession. In this manner he learned what lie
already partially knew, namely, that many ai-ms were
prepared; that during the Incensing of Huitzilo-
pochtli, as the festival was called, the Christian
emblems would be cast out of the teni})le, and that
the uprising was to take place at the conclusion of
the feast. -^
A seeming confirmation of the proposed sacrilege
came from ^Montezuma himself, who sent to request
the removal t)f the Christian emblems from the sum-
mit of the great temple, pleading as high-priest that
the presence of strange images must prove irritating
to the worshippers of other gods. Alvarado iiulig-
iianth^ n^fused; lie would rather light. The Mexicans
did not choose to see their festival broken up before
the a|)pointed time, and so the point was waived. It
was then arranged that the Spaniards should attend
the ceremonies, so as to be assured that no indignitic:;
would be oifcred their ima^xes.*'^
-^ 'A miinber of poles -were raised in the court-yard, destined, as I wa^J UM,
to impale the Spaniards, one taller tlian the rest npon the pyramid 'leiiy iv-
Borved for me.' Alvarado, in liaininr., /Voi'cw contra Alviinvto, (id.
-' Alvannlo'.s statements with regard to reports and signs of revolt, and t)
the confes.sion of several natives, is confirmed hy a number of witness. <,
ineludin;,' the clergyman Juan Diaz. /'/. , (10, \l,i, et seij. Tapia, wlio is
arrayed against Alvarado, intimates that torture induced the natives to give
the confirmation of the plot us desired by tlie Spanish captain, and that the
intei'pretcr was nnrelial)le. One witness declares that tlie uprising was ii:i-
dcrstood to be phumed to tidvo place witliin ten days; anotiier says vn tlio
day following the torture, intimating that it was to bo after tlic great dances.
/(/., 1)7, b")0. '.Vlvarado dixo, que luego le auian de venir a dargucrra. . . .ipic
lo supo de vn I'a]),!, y do dos Priucipales, y de otros ^lexicanos.' Bi nial Diuz,
JJi.s/. VenkvL, lU-J.
--Tapia's testimony to this and other criminating points is particularly
valuable, as lie was a bitter opponent of Alvarado. TUl latter states that
Montezuma tleclared himself powerless to prevent ^'he premeditated sacriU '^•
to the Christian imagts. Uamir-z, Prorc.-'ii ri"itra Ah-imrlo. 'M't ~. ('>(l-7. 1'''^
tliis ]dea, if maile, nmst, according to other accounts, l)e interpreted to ;<pr''y
only to jiagan ceremonies, held almost before the images, and which nii-'!it
be regarded :)'! a .'^acri'.cge. 'i'oniucmaila writes that arms had been collect. I
within the temple and everything prepared for the day when the Spani.ad^i
INFAMOUS RESOLVE.
411
And now r->:-^cs another of tlio.so diabolical deeds
which, done in the name of civilization, or religion, or
any other entity or idea, liDs us with horror toward
the gods and men for whom or by whom such acts
are consummated. The lion and the tiger are humane
autl gentle beside the Spaniard, harboring thoughts
born of bigoted zeal or blind apprehension. And
what arc his thoughts? These: He would enter the
sanctuary, the holy temple of his god and their gods,
and while all the })eople, while priests and nobles, the
lli>\ver of the Aztec race, were celebrating the highest
service of the highest festival, he and his men would
i'all upon them and hew them in pieces! And this
because they had tired <>f liarljoring and feeding them.
They desire to be relieved of the self-invited guests,
and since dismissal does not avail they must be driven
out or killed. But the intruders do not wi>h to l)e
exterminated, and if there is striking to be done, they
pii)j)()se to strike hrst.
Pedro de Alvarado was no such man as Ilernan
nttiiiiloJ liy invitation to witness the ilaiice of the nobles. At a given si^nrd
nu evidently .simultaneous jittack was to lie niml^ on the assemhled g\Kst3
and on the fort, thus takinj,' the Spanianls at a disadvantjige. Jars stood
jiveitared, tilled witli cei'tain liquids, wherein to c(X)k their bodies for tlio least,
i. -IMI-'JO. The general inelination of those wlio follow the Spanish version,
ot which Tor((neinada, usually so stanch for the natives, is here tlie lust
expiuent, has been to assume t!iat the attack was arranged forthe dayof thi-
great dances; and this is not unlikely, although the original writers ami tin ir
c'mnieutators appear to bo ignorant of or oblivious to eerUun features (if t!io
festival. Another view has been to jilaco the attack during the installation of
the new inuigo of the war-god. 'i'his ceremony belonged to the preceding
day, a fact not as a rule understfxd, and therefore the Source of much eon-
fusion, lira.sseur ile IJourbourg, who is clearest on these jioints, assumes that
the raising of tlie idol would involve the easting forth of the Christian em-
blems, and be the signal fo?' attack. l>ut evidences are conclusive that tlio
natives were not ready on that day. Tiiey were too oecupieil with the ecie-
bration, and Alvarado, with his small force, was not so negligent as to w.iit
till the last moment, when tlie enemy was fully jirepared. He and several of
liis men indicate clearly onoiiu'h that they attended the tenqile at the installa-
tion. The uprising must tlieri fore have been appointed for the followim.' or
even a later day. See note "J."), ^'etaueurt, Tiatro Mi .v.. iii. l,'!!t, is among tho
autiiorities who follow the version of Toniuemada in general. One of the
fervid-minded witnesses of Alvarado repeats the account of ]iots and jai's tor
cooking the Spanianls. Helps sujiposes tliat Huit/.ilopochtli's festival had
:iot yet been entered upon, and tiiat Te/eatlipoca's imagi" is tlu' one in <[ius-
tion : but the Sjianiai Is, who knew thi' ilifl'erence between these idcjls, all
atlirin that the eelebration of the w.irgod was now held. See L'amir-z, I'ro-
ciso funlni Alraralo, Ut), 113, 130, 137, and loO.
I Mil
it'-'
m
m
I
412
ALVARADO'S MERCILESS MASSACRE.
Cortc's. lie was scarcely fit to bo his servant. Tlicre
were a dozen prominent qualities that combined to
make up the great man in Cortes which were absent
in Alvarado. Both of them were loyal, brave, and
merciless, but there was a method in the excesses
ol' Cortc's which tliose of Alvarado lacked. Cortes
v.'as deep, Alvarado shallow; Cortes was patient under
atfront, Alvarado was violent; Cortds was cool in time
of danu^er, Alvarado was excited— and so on. And
yet Alvarado was a gallant cavalier.
Tlie Spaniards now held a council, before whicli
Alvarado placed tlic information thus far obtained of
the plot, and the necessity of pronn)t measures w^as at
once recognized. They did not believe jMontezuma
to be taking any active part in the conspii-acy, but
that swayed by hopes and fears he was allowing liini-
self, with his usual want of resolution, to yield to the
strcjngor will of his courtiers a passive consent to the
efforts for liis release.^^
Less j)iudent than his chief, and less fertile in i-c^-
sources, Alvarado did not look for preventives to
clieck the conspiracy, but to what he regarded as a
decisive blow to crush it, such as that administered at
Cholula. lie had not the foresight of his general
with regard to the proper adjustment of means to
ends, nor his magic inlluence over those around
him, friend or foe. He remembered only the good
eifect of the massacre on the effeminate Cholultijcs,
and felt convinced that so excellent a measure inu>t
'■'^ Tlim received support from his neglect to interfere v "len supplies wcto
cut flown, liven Ta])iii refers to a chnnge in liis disposition, and to Alva-
lado'ti displeasure tliercui, but his words may apply to tlie stoppa;,'e eitli'T "f
s;i])|dies or of presents. /</.,. SO. Want of jwwer could not bo ])lea(Ii'd hy
Montezuma, l)eeause a few days later, when the natives were far nion.' enibit-
tereil both a^'ainst tiio Spainards aiul against tlieir captive sovereign, tim
hitter was aide iiy a mere njipeal to stiiy tlieir onslaught. Tlie testimony
speaiis not only of an undenuiued wall and sealing laddei's, but of wea|ioii.s,
'porras y otias arn)as,' and of conspirators within the fort. /(/., (>", ll.'i, <'t
se(|. Uomara says that his love for the Spaniards has l)ecn denie<l by soiiii'.
J/ixl. Mtx., l.">4-5 ; but Bernal Diaz will not believe Montt'zuma guilty of cmi
Kj)iracy. //ist. VvnliuL. lO'i. The grief of the Spaniards at his death, and
tlie care taken of his children, indicate that they and the crown regarded liitu
aj loyal.
lia^i
THFA* PROCEKD TO THE TEMPLE.
41»
answer also for tlic appjiroiitly ahjoot Aztecs. It
tlioroughly suited his rash dariniLi; and cruel disposition,
'i'o attack is to win, was his maxim. The ditterenco
ill circumstances hardly entered into consideration,
chief among which was the smaller forc-e, unsup-
])i)rted by the neutrality of half the city, as at C'ho-
lula, and without allies (;losc at hand. The j^atherini^
i)f so many nobles and military leaders in connection
with the war-god celebration provided tlie oppor-
tunity desired, since this would permit the blow to
be (Urected against those who were looke»l on as the
promoters of the revolt; and de[)rived of tlu'ir leader-?
the j)eople would be likely to abandon any furtlier
attem[)t. This plan met with general approval.-'
The hour^^ having arrived for the visit to tho
temple,^" Alvarado selects half the force to accompany
hini,-^ and proceeds thither, armed with more than
usual care. Upon those who I'cmain iti charge of
the fort, says Tapia, devolves the safer, thougli even
more cruel task of slauglitering the greater part of
the courtiers and attendants,-** who have this day pre-
sented themselves in larger numbers than usual.
■" 'Logcspafiolealorequirioronal diclio D. Pedro.' Ramirez, Pracctio contra
Alrnnt'lii, loi). Tupiii prctoiulH that ho objcotiMl. /;/., ,'57.
■'Alvarado and his men in nioro than um: instance indirnto th(! day wluMi
thr dough idol was rai.se<l. ///., (i7, 11.'?, l.')4. Ixtlilxouhitl points to the
f illnwing grcatcrday, wliiuh ho dates May I !tth. Rclarlonct, 'tl'i. Saha^un is not
Miilelinito, hut his editor accepts the eiiief (hiy, calling it whiUsunday, May
■JTtli. Hist, i'oiiq. (ed. 1S40), 0!). In another place lie says M^iy'-otli. 'J'fzrunt
( II his ultiiiioit tiLiupos, "27 -i. One of Alvarado's men states that it was a Thura-
ihiy. /I'diniriz, Proccim contra Alrarddo, I'M.
''''' Tho testimony of the con(iuerors, confirmed by native paintings and
i( .cirds, leaves no douht that the dance of tho nobles anil the massacre took
|il.u'e in tho great temple adjoining the fort. Rntiiircz, I'roccxn, ;{7ot so(|. Acf>sta
^^^ites, however, that they occurred in the ])alace, ll'iKt. /in/., 't'2'2, and he is
p.nlly right, since a massacre was cairied out here also. ('lavi;,'('To follows
.\iosta, and assumes that tho fort is meant. ]to argues that (ho dance was
liild tlu rt^ so that the emperor might, as cnstomary, be jircsint, and that a
iiiiissacre could not have been nndcrtakcn by .^o few Spaniards in tho great
t'liiplc, where the ar.si'uals were .situated, and where the concourse of jieoplo
iiinst have been very largo. Sin'.i J/('.<x., iii. IIS. Tho Spaniards had for-
1 i'l'icn the use of arms duri.ig >,iie festival, and none appear to have been
jii'iihu'ed in tho temple. Among otiier i)recaution8 Alvarado ai)])carsto h;ivo
iii-isteil on a small atten<lance beyond that of nobles, and most authorities
sii accept it.
'•'■ Toniuemada says 50 men; tlic Tlascaltecs are seldom counte<l.
*'' HJue no qucdarou sino el diclio Montezuma y quin/.e o vi'yntc criados,'
' 'r 5
■ '. ■.'. " ' %
8 [If- 1:
414
ALV^UIADO'S MERCILESS MASSACRE.
The Spaniards with tlR'ir TlascaUcc followers arc
weleoined at the sanetuaiy with great deiiioiistrations
1)V tlie unsuspecting nobles, who see nothing to ap-
prehend in the gleaming arms, since the Spaniards
never go forth without weapons. We must remem-
ber it is a gala day, and the court presents a
magnificent scene with its festive decking of gar-
lands, festoons, and drapery, and its gayly attired
audience. A procession of plumed i)riests and pages
march by with swinging censers, chanting weird nuisic
before the hideous idols. Behind comes a file of nuns
and novices, with red feathers and painted faces, sur-
mounted by garlands of toasted maize, and bearing in
their hands llai2rs with black bars. Hidden musicians
strike, and the dance begins. Joining the jiriests, the
consecrated women and the tyros whii-1 round a large
brazier, while two shield-bearers with blackened faces
direct their motions. A conspicuous figure is the
ictaocale, the living representative of the god, for
wliom he is fated to die, like the more prominent proxy
of Tezcatlipoca. Dressed like a warrior ready for the
fray, and prepared to lead in the chief dances as is liis
duty, he seems to impersonate the omen of evil wliicli
hovers over the scene.
Presently the Spaniards are conducted to a sepa-
rate court, wherein are assembled several hundred
nobles and leading men, arrayed in rich costumes
glittering with gold and jirecious stones. The centre
of attraction is the new image of Huitzilopochtli, of
tziutUl dough, its jacket wrought with human bones.
Before this ima<jrc the m'tzchualiztll dance now begins. -^^
liings are formed round the music-stand, where two
leadtjrs direct the movements, the highest nobles and
the most aged composing the inner circles, and the
si.ys t!ie charctc cigainst Alvar.ido. Ramirez, Prorpi^o, 4, 20, 37, 43. Tlii^i
gi'iionilly ignoreil part of the inussacro liiuls also indirect contirniatiou in the
tlitiusc testimony to the fimlinij of concealed weapons ainonj< the attendants
of Montezuma. Alvarado would not have failed to punisli them for this.
-"■' /xttilxochitl, lieloi'ionrH, 4 1 "2. ' Este baylc cseemoel Netoteliztli. ' ' Mazeiia-
liztli: quo quiere dczir Merecimiento con trabajo. ' Goinara, Hist. Mcx., IJO.
THE DANCE OF DEATH.
415
younger men the outer. Wlien all is ready the niusie
strikes up lightly to a well known tune, and the
dancers move ofV, chanting a song bearing on the event
of the day, and on gods and kings.^ Forewarned as
the Spaniards are, they see treason in every act and
Avord, and many who understand somewhat the Aztec
language declare that the songs bear distinct allusions
to the intended uprising.
As the dance progresses a few of the sokliers, to-
gether with a number of Tlascaltecs, take possession
of the different entrances, while the rest distribute
tliemselves in suitable positions and watch for the
signal.^' Instructed by his native allies, Alvarado
Avalts the time when the Indians shall install the war-
god image in the cha])el. And now the sanguinary
moment has come. Falling on the asseuibly with
pike and sword, some strike the idol and some its
worshippers. They hew down the priests and drive
the cruel steel through the bodies of the nobles.
Few of the Indians possess any wea])ons with which
to defend tliemselves from the sharp Toledo blades.
Taken thus by surjirise, panic-stricken, they tread one
ujion another, and then fall hel|)less under the merci-
less thrusts of the enemy. Their first impulse has
been to rush for the gates, but lines of bristl'iig j)ikes
ehlige them to press back against the crowd, thereby
increasing the confusion. Some attempt to climb over
the high walls, some to hide in the temple buildings,
even burrowing beneath the heaps of the slain.
]>cforc an hour has passed there is nothing left in
sight deemed worthy Spanish swords, so suddeidy has
this brilliant assembly been transformed into l<!ath-
3'= See Xctt!re Uncn, ii. CSS-!).
^' 'Fue al patio ilondc estava v\ Occliilohos e vi iiiclia peiito junta pnra lo
Puliii' (lofciulioiHlolo vciiia inuclia gciitc los (|ii.i;^:; 'u 'uousaroii a jxjltar ooti
iiosdti'us.' I'uiiiifiz, Pfoccxocoutni Alv'i rinlo,y'ri . Tliiii is a in«-ie oxciiso cviilciitly,
Miiicli iionu attempt to suppoit, tloiiiiitolj' at least ; l)iit it sounik'il well to say
t!iat tlie af"*^'"il ^-i^ht began on the native side, as had the plotting. One of
llra.-sour de lioiirbourg's unic^ue niaimscripta states that the linst attack by
the S]>auiai'd3 was upon those who were advaneiug witii the idol. IlUt. Xa* ,
' "'■, iv. 'JS7. 'Kste testigo destizo el ydolo (|iie los dichos yndios teniau para
b'Aiiv Joude estava Nuestra Senora,' S'uiio I'intt, in Itaininz, 134.
m
ALVARADO'S MI^RCILESS MASSACRE.
k : I
S(>nio masses of mangled bodies. The pathway of tho
coiiqueiois is everywhere shppery with the blood of
their victims.
In tliis horrililc butchery, as wo have soon, tho
lower classes suflored loss than tho nobles. Desola-
tion was brought homo to nearly every prominent
family in tho city. Their grief, shared by depondauls
and adherents throughf)ut tho provinces, was coiu-
memoratod in })laintivo ballads, l)y wiiich tho poop!;;
k(?pt alive tho hatred of their oppressors long after
the conquest. The estimates of tho killed vary I'rom
four hundred to over three thousand, the most com-
mon number being six hundred; and as this generally
refers to })rominent personages it may be accepted as
not too low.^^
Finding no more to kill, or rather no more worth
the killing, the Spaniards and th(} Tlascaltecs j^ro-
coedod to })lun(ler.. Tho reward was rich, but even
in tho eyes of their national historians odium attaclicd
to every trinket, for b}'' such action, as llerrera o\)-
servos, they gave currency to tho charge that the deed
had been })rompted by avarice. But this interesting
occupation was destined to be interrupted. Shouts
■'-' TluMO uere from 300 to 400 dancers, nearly all cliiofs, and an audiomo
of from 'JODO to liWK), says Tapia; and from tlio wording of tlio aocusatiim
aj^ainst Alvarado it appc.rs tliat all the chiefs were killed, and a number of
tlie rest, besides those slauglitered in the fort. Ilaniircz interprets thi; native'
painting to signify 400, most likely of the nobles only, I''., 4, .'>7, -SO; •)() )
killed, Cortt'-i, J^vskloicia, 1. 41; over (JOO nobles slaughtered in one lionr,
('alio, in (>vh<h), iii. 550; GOO to 1000 nobles and caciques, Oomnra; over 100 I
noble.s, l.ilHl.rachitl, IMnciniws, A\'2, and Jlrassi'iir tic Bourhounj. 'File tiiu
grande el deri'anianiiento de sangre, qu(! corrian arroyos dclla por el pat io conio
agua enando nnielio llu''ve.' Sdlimjuii, ll'iM. Coin/, (ed. 1S40), 100. He givis
Kiokeniiig details of truncated bodies, of dismemberel hands and feet, ami nt
draggling entrails. Father Duran goes to an extreme in his account, aceordiii,'
to wiiich Alvarado prompted the deed, and Cortes executed it. From ,SO.n)
to 10,000 illiLstrious men were summoned through Montezuma to as.'^iMiibli;
in tlie temple, in order to permit Cortes to kill tliem and thus become mastir
in the country. Ho places ten soldiers at each gate, and sends in ten to coin-
niit the Klaughter. Ilist. la<l., MS. ii. 4.")()-9. Laa Ca.sasi3 not so absurd, tiiis
time at hiast, but close behind him in the estimate, for he states tliat thti
slaiigliter was carried on in different parts of the city at the same time, avA
in one ])lace alone about 2000 young nobles fell. Prcscott mi.sinterprcts him.
'Non procul I"! palatio aborant, duo circiter inillia juveuum nobilium \il
hos se contiilit Hispanorum Capitiineus, & alios ad relii[nas urbin jiartes, in
quibus Ikc ehoreie celebraljantur, inisit, . . . .noucessabunt celcbrare&, lamciitari
. . . .calamitatem,' etc, llvjio. liid. Devastat,, 32.
MOTIVIvS AND COXDK^[^'ATIO^^
417
from the niaddciied nuiltitudc witliout wore soon
liL'unl, roai'iiiL? in rfs[)onso to the <U'ath ehiinor ol'tlieir
conntrynien. Wai-ned hv the o-naid at th(> spates, the
jihuidd'ers hastened to rejjfain the I'ort. Yells of exe-
cration greeted them as they issued from the temple,
and showers of stones and darts fell thiek, whih^
the front ranks of the assailants ])ress('d them with
swords and elubs.'^ Short as was the distanee to the
•'■' Tapia, and others, in liarn'm, 38, 07, l.'H. Torqucinada assumes tliiit
tlic jiniis iiscil by tlic assailants were tlio.so wliicli hiul het'ii collootcd for
tliu (lUtliR'ak in the houses iuljoiniuj^ thii tt'inplu. i. 4!M). As I'cganls tlio
motives for tlio massacre, the Spanish autliorities seek as a nik; to justify
tlicin, while tlio native aeeounts aiee(|ually inL-iined to aseiihe tlieiii to greeil
i.r to wanton eruelty. Aecordini; to Salia},'un the eelel)ration was held at the
iiistaneo of Alvarado, who slau^ihtered tin; devotees without known eaiise.
Il'int. Colli/., '27 (ed. 1S40), 100. Duian, wiio is as jirejudiecil as lie is lilundcr-
iii_', dates the massacre after the return of ( 'orti's fima the eoast. Alvarado
]Mi':iuades him t(j secure the suhinission of tlio country hy killin!,' all the
lurd.s and chiefs, and they are accordingly allurt'd to tluMr deatii. J/isf. Iml.,
MS., ii. 4.")(J-7. Las Casas inclines to a similar motive; '(pio m;iL;is eres<'eret,
dt aui;eretur in his provinciis formido illorum crudelitatis.' lu'/io. !ihI. Ih'-
mMtil.,'M). Nearer the truth coines Ixtlilxocliitl, who, while disposed toeredit
his countrymen, dales not accusi; the Spaniards, and so takes the prudent
niidille cour.se of casting; the blame on the Tlascaltecs. I'roiupted by the
liiitrcd bred of former wrongs inllicted by Mexicans, and by greed for s[)oils,
tiicy invent charges of treason anil speedy revolt. Aharado, lieing also
I'.varieions, is readily induced to bcdievc tiiein, an<l considers it besides a good
opportunity to olitain control by dispatching tiio assemliled ciiiefs, nnaiineil
a! t.'ieyare. Hint. ('Jiir/i.,:H)0; Ui'lai-Unn'x. 3S!),Ul>. Ixtlilxociutl is not to blanm
for hii assumption, since hisadniirt'd guide, the biograjiluu' of (Jorti'S, does not
attempt to defend Alvara(h), l)ut merely mentions tiiat lie \\ as inlluenced either
hy reports of • proposed ui)rising or by avaiice. (iniiKirn, Hint. Mfx., lol.
Tlie connnentator CIdmalpuin says bluntly that the latter motive ' cs mas <hi
creer.' Hix'. Cuikj., i. '2H1; JJcirMiii, MoihId Xikho, lit; J'r.iirro y (Jri'lbiiin ,
Vnriinc.t Ilr.-^trrs, !)2. Vetii-.curt ratlier condenms Alvarado f<ir acting on in-
.'■;:liicient evidence. Tra/ro Mcv., pt. iii. i;>'J-40. Cortes' silence respecting the
lar.se maj' be attributed to his usual prudenc(! in suppressing nni)leasant facts.
He states, however, that Montezuma supplicated him not to be annoyed at what
had iiappened, since he regretted it as nnicii as the Spaniaiils. This implies
t!i;it the Indians were regarded as originators of tiie trouble. Tlie severity
wiili which he treated the emperor on his return to Mexico, notwithstanding
the ellorts made by him to save the Spaniards, indicates still more strongly
t'lat (.'ortes was convinced of Mexican treachery, ('urt'n^, Il'I} et seip
l:i the letter of the army to the emperor the uprising is attributed to
Xarvaez' plots. CaiUi <ld KJi'rrto, in /fmlmir/'i, I 'of. I'oc, i. 4"J!t. Jlerrera
notices the native versions, particularly tiiiit which accuses the 'I'hiscaltees
«'!' having trumped up charges against the MexieauH, but he atlirms, 'la verdad
fu •, ipie pensaron matar los Castellanos.' Jle thereupon enumeiates proofs
ol tile j)lot. dec. ii. lib. x. cap. viii. Tori|uemaila, who is more fully ac-
i|uaiuted with native accounts, condemns tlicin as unrelialile, ami states that
Sah.igun accepted them without investigation, i. 4S!)-!)I. Tlie eliargi! that
.Vlvarado was inlluenced by avarice is promptly rejticted by lienial l)iaz. ' .No
In creo, ni nunca tal oi, ni es de crecr (|ue tal hiziesse.' His motive was to
iiisjiire terror and inilict such injury as to prevent the Indians from attacking
IIlST. Mfcx.. Vol. 1. 27
418
ALVARADO'S MERCILESS MASSACRE.
fort, niucli time was occupied in reaching,' It, and
liardly a man csca[)e(l injury. Alvarado was suvordy
wounded, while one soldier and a nund)er of allies
were slain.
liitn. That thoy intendcfl to attack, Bernal Diaz fully Iwlievps. llinf. IV,-
ilniK, KfJ. Solia is fjiiitu imlignniit at tho Huppositioi) that avario(! iitipcIKil
thi! Spunianls. ll'iKt. Mir., ii. 117. According to Oviedcj tht) intcntii»ii of t!ic
natives was to kill also (.'orti'-s on his return. Ho inserts witiiout ';i)innifiit
thi! viTsion of Cano, Miarricd to .Montezuma's dau),'hter, that avarice was tin-
motive, iii. TtlO, .'».■)(). Aco.sta, M-lio generally adheres to native vc^niioiiii, doi s
n it a|)p!irently find them reliahlo in this case, since he merely says thiit .1
•chisti.-icment' was inllicted, but that it was exees.sivc. Il'ist. /nil., ol':,'. 'I'lii-
i i also the opinion of Clavigero, who believes that the Spaniards were d.
ceiviil by Tlasculti'c stories of a plot, and wished to anticipate it, on tin-
li'.'iiiciple tiiat 'chi a.ssalisco vinco. Checehessia, la sua condottii non ]i\ii'>
si'usarsi d'impniden/a, o di cruilcltii.' S/oria Mc'ix., iii. II!). This view lias
been widtdy adojited, even by tiio modern Mexican historian Carbajal Ks|ij
iiosa, ])lagiarist tliongh ho be. Jllst, Mcj\, ii. 330. His confrere HuHtamaiit ■,
lis editor of Saliagun, is inclined to magnify even the exaggerations of tli •
latter. I'rescott wavers between (^lavigero's views anil disljelief in .Mviiiadn'*
apology. ])Ut in tx|)ressing his ojiinion he miscon.strues ISernal Diaz mm I
raises some meaningless questions. Mcx., ii. 284-(J. There is no doubt that
t!ie Indians were l)ent on mischief A largo faction had been hostile to lln'
Spaniards ever sinc'c their arrival, as intruders who menace.^ the existiii,'
politic, economic, and religious order. This feeling had been steadily spread-
ii'g under the tlin'atenini^ attitude vssumed by the unbidden guests in sei/iii,'
the emperor, in extorting tribute, and in assuming mastery. With i..
occupation of the temple by tho Christian end)lem3 the climax was reacheil;
and now the whole ])oi)ulation becamo possessed with a desire to avenge
nut only the outraged idols, but themselves and their sovereign, and ti
upiiold the tottering throne. The ob-ervations of the Spaniards ami tlie
iep;irts of their informers were correct in pointing to an uprising, to taKi'
])Iae(! during the gathering of pilgrims for tho war-god festival, when the re
dueed number of the Spanish garrison favored tho design. The confession "('
several natives, whethe.- extorted by torture or not, conlirmedthe cliarges aiid
justilied belief. Alvarado could not as .1 prudent command^l- ign(>re theai,
ami duty re((uired him to use prompt measures for the protection of his fore ■,
and of the interests of his king and ".ic expedition. It might be urged liy
tliose who seek to defend this kin<l of thing that seizure of the victims t'"i'
iKjstages would have been equally cli'ective and more humane; but from tlio
preeedenco established by the general lumself at Cholula the conduct of the
rash Alvarailo is scarcely to bo wondered at. ('ortes' object had been t >
Kli'ilvo terror as the only etiectivo lesson for a people who seemed to recogni.'"
no other sway, and if this was regarded as necessary with the Choltdtee-,
Alvarado nuut have held it to bo <lonbly so now. His position was far lue'' :
critical than that at the former city, for his resources were smaller, th •
jirospect of aid was hopeless, and escape was cut off. Ho had to strike
jiromptly and strike well. Here were the leaders, and hero tho temple, whenia
a punishment woulil apparently have greater eilc'et. It was natural to suj'
jiose that the installation of tho war -god would bo attended by the leadi i'<
or representative men of the enemy; and to level the blow at this class inu-t
be considered as less cniel at least than to strike the multitude, as at Clmlul 1.
Perhaps the recognition of this w.as a reason for the silence of Cortes. All tii;<
discussion, however, as to the minor motives prompting a dastardly <lee(l I
do not regard as very relevant. I am very sure that the motives of tho
Spaniards in this massacre were not plunder. They were playing for a hi'.'li' i'
stake, for the whole country, and, in ease they won, all in it would be theirs.
The present heavy blow was but ono of the points in the game.
CHAPTER XXIII.
UnilSIXG OF THK AZTKCS,
May-Jink, \r,20.
CnAR.> -^KR OF TIIF, AZTKCS— SPANISH QrAliTKIlS- ThF. Tity IN A KM -(-0 ROW.
IN<; JIaTUKK TOWARD THE InVADKRS- PKRII.OfS I'oSITIoN OF Al.VAKAlMi —
MoNTKZUMA Called to Interfere — Failing 1'rovisions — Miracilofs
Water— CoRTKS to the Uescie— Rendezvois atTlascai.a- 'Iiie ('ity
AND ITS I'Koi'LE — TiiE Ar.my Join.s Alvaradu— Desfeuate EncuINTERb.
TiiK Spaniards liad mistaken sonicwluit tlie charar-
ter of tlic Aztecs. Ground to the dust l>v j)olitical
despotism and blood}' sujierstition, their features liad
assumed a melancholy cast and their form the attitude
(if humility. Yet beneath all slumbered a ferocity
tlie most blood-thirsty amonL>" tlie Xahua nations.
And now, though their nature might be as cold and
iiii})nssive as the stone of the pavement, the iron heel
of the conqueror had struck fire from it.
]}efore the fort the angry throng increased, until
tin- whole city seemed to have gathered there. On
tlic i-oi^fs and in tlio courts fell showers of arrows,
stt'iies, and darts, and charge after charge was made
at tlie entrances. Attem])ts were also made both to
scale and undermine the walls, and some resorted to
lettering, until it seemed to the besieged as if the
v.liolu habitation was coming down upon their heads.
The structure consisted of a vast irregular j)ile
of stone buildings, one story in height, and raised,
like most of the pretentious edifices, on a pyramidal
foundation, which was low and difficult to undermine
< "1 1 )eat down. An occasional tower relieved the monot-
unv of the outline and offered a view over the neigh-
(119)
m
L'I'PJSING OF THE AZTECS.
B '-^^
IjorliooJ. Beside the smaller courts inclosed by the
buildings, a larger yard appears to have been f'jrnied
]»y a stout wall, within which the allies had erected
temporary shelter. This was the weakest point, and
liere the battering parties were chietiy collected. Tlie
Hanks and curtains of modern fortilication were want-
ing, and the protection of tlie wall face depended on
tlie turrets which rose here and there, and on the
parapets, with their few embrasures.
Though attemj)ting no sortie beyond the inunediato
vicinity of the gates, the Spaniards were not sparing
of powder and arrows, and })icked off the more \nv-
sun)[)tuous assailants, while tlieir pikes and swords
did good service at the parapets and openings. Tlie
cannon, however, loaded as they were with small
shot and scraps, which brought down a dozen or more
at a time, were the only weapons that could hold the
enemy in check. On one occasion, v, hen a charging
party had approached in a somewhat wavering column
to carry the main entrance, the cannon charge^ faikd
to ex})lode, owing to dampness. This the assailants
were quick to ol)serve, and with yells of encourage-
ment they rushed forward, and were soon in a hand-
to-hand conllict with a paity wliich had sallied to
break the lirst column. The Spaniards plied tlieir
swords and pikes with desperation, supported by a
desultory lire from tlic musketeers and archers of the
fort, but without effect. The ga[)s made by their
Avoa[)ons M*ere quickly filled with fresh warriors, a in I
the sallying party was obliged to fall back with the
loss of two soldieis, who were captured alive and di-
voted to sacrificj. It was a critical moment, for tli';
enraged horde was about to follow them into the
quarters. Just then, as if touched by Invisible fire, tiie
powdei ignited, sending from the cannon its deatii-
dealing missiles, mowing a path through the crowd n^'
pursuers. The Mexicans were appalled and speedily
thrown into disorder, of which the Spaniards were
not slow to take advantar/c. Nor was this the onlv
iff'
RAVINGS OF THE BROKEN HEARTED.
421
miracle of the day; for it is alleged that the virgin,
and he of the dazzling wliite steed, both appeared
lighting on the side of the Spaniards, and bringing
defeat and confusion upon their assailants, as at Ta-
basco and Tlascala.^
Thus closed the first day of Alvcirado's chivalrous
doings, d iring which a larije number were wounded,
although there were but six killed,'^ not including
alUes, xV portion of the quarters, with a quantity of
auununiti.'U and supplies, had been burned, and a large
breach made in the wall. The brigantines were also
hurn"d, the bridges raised, and barricades erected in
(lilferent parts of the city; while tlie supjily of ]»i'o-
visions was cut otf. Even after darkness had stilK.'d
tlie I'ury of tlie warriors the unhappy ]ieo[)le rcniaiiicd
Ix'fore the Spanish quarters, and witli outstretched
arms and dislievelled hair they lifted up tlieir voices,
trying, "You are doomed, ycni vile things! But ibr
vnur thunder and your fortress walls, curses on them,
you would now be killed and cooked. And you sliall
be, unless you instantly release Montezuma and d.'-
j»art. You shall nuH't with holy death, and be cooked
with cliilnioh.', and be given as food to the eagles ami
tlie beasts, \\)Y your tlesh is bitter, as we have foinid,
and not tit for men to eat. Why does not the earth
swallow vou alive? Oh ve ijodsl ve <>'odsI unmi»\'ed
all. all but the devilish gods of these devilish men.
' Which speaks little ti the credit of either Mary or Santiago. Jli'rnn' />!■'•..
Ifi<l. Virdail., Kl'J. ' Otro iiiiraglo. . . .t5 h\v inny m-coi-i).' ' Va ,se i|ii' hn
iiKii'iluloa. . . .(liriiii (Hie ini ociiiiuciou eii esto ile nii'a;,'lo.-;, piles no lo;i \ i. e.i
suprvllua. ...('• yo liahio ipie (^-^to >.'• uiiis se ])iii'<1e ■■ dehc creer;' for ilil tli ■
liiili:ins have mysteriis ami miracles, siu'i'ly (Jod, the vir'gin. and th" siiiit-s
cdii'.d cH'oct grei.ter deeds. Oria/o, iii. .")11. Ho (juotes from Livy and oth'S'i
ooiieeniinLC the reliable miracles of Itomaii tiiin's. I'rescott .Ind otiiers tra'is-
fi'i' the miracles to the siege under (Jort's for gi'(-ater etleet. lUistani.nit.',
thi' modern champion of tlie sluines of Mexico, who is ready to iiphol.l m:i\
drill ,ittril)\ited to these images, is rather incredulous aliout miracles rccorlii!
ill t:iviir of S[)aiiisli cutthroats. Sc(! ' '/liitinliitu/i. llht. C'iih/., i. 'JS.'$ et seii ' si
11" ii\ i'ssemos miedo do esse del caliallo lil.iiii'o, ya \osotros estirii'dt s eoci
il'is.' died some. Or/V'/o, iii. .Ill, while the more valiant adiU'il that 'con toilo
i'4ii nI no soltays a ^[()tecl;umacill, y os vays luego, presto sereys mucrtos.'
Cinii'irri, /llsf. Mr.,:, l.'cJ.
■ <'i,rt'':i, Cnrt'i'', 1'27. Bernal Diaz, ///-y. Vfrihul., 101-2, says siiven, two
having lieeii taken alive. 'Mat<iron a IVfia, el i|Ueridode Mote/ama, . . . . Val-
ili''i.i, y ■hian Martin Nurizcs.' Jlenxni, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. \ii.
! i
422
UPRISING OF THE AZTECS.
But our mighty ones, wlioni you liavc outrairc;!,
shall yet give ycni your deserts. If they Jo not,
we shall; nor shall they escape, the despicable ones
of Tlascala, your slaves, who serve you as women and
hire out the wives of their lords!" Thus raved the
heart-broken.
So critical had become his condition on the second
day tliat ^Vlvarado appealed to Montezuma to exert
his inHuence to stay the assailants, intimating tliat
if the Spaniards perished so would the Aztec king.
]\[ontezunia's overtures were not received with en-
thusiasm by the peojile; nevertheless aggressive o[)er-
ations were reduced to desultory attacks.^ Water was
greatly needed by the besieged, and again the good
Ibi'tune of the Spaniards, which hardly ever forsook
them, came to their aid. Digging, under inspiration
or desperation, they struck i'resh water within the
fortress,* and offered thanksfjiving.
I 'ht
' ' Tuvicron gncrra con loa yiidios en csta Cibdad dos medios diaa (nic fuc-
ron jiievcs i; vicruos.' '(Jiiena easy dtia dias.' ijaprn and Fkircs, iu l!<iii)iri'~.,
Pmi;:t() ciiiiirii Alram'h), LSI. i;{t. ' Diorou batc;ia liw Moxicaiuis ii los Ks-
pafiok's sieto dias, y loa tuvit'i'on corcailoa .'linte y tri's dias.' S(ilia</ini, Ilhi,
('()«</., 21). '(.'orcadiw liis esiiafiok's uilio dias.' /</. (I'll. 1S40), 10."). ' lV'K':irn
y oombationin la casa dit'Z dias arrro.' Ooniara. Hint. Mn\, l.")l. 'r()i'c|Ui-
nuwla explains this hy assuniiiiLC two days of iiglitiug and eight days nt'
close siege, with attacks upon all who sallied, i. 400. .Sahagun states that
Itzi[iianiitzin, governor tif Tlateluleo, aeeonipanieil Montezuma to tlie runt
and spoke to tiie people, rejuesenting that tiie Spaidards, as the nii;,'htiii'
rael^ would intlict great injury on tln'ui unless they ceased to liglit, and tliiit
tlie emperor wonld lie innrdeied. The Mi xieans responded with insults an!
missiU's, liut as the sohliers inter|)os(Hl their shields no harm w.is done. Thry
appear to have stoi)ped active operations, how(.'ver. Hist, ('(iin/., "JS-O. Tin'
insults ami missile; lielong no doubt to the hiter siege nnder Corti'^s. l>ur;ni
states, however, that Montezuma was henceforth looked on a;, .m accom[)liee
of' the S|)aniards, and discarded as a ruler, it being I'csolved to kill liiiu and
his family, /l/"/. finl., MS., ii. 4(i.3. Aeeotding to Oviedo the news eanie ;it
thi^ time of the victory over Narvaez, 'e Monte(,'uma numdo ;'( los indios i|Hr
dexassiii dc ])elear e dexassen V(!i'.;r los otros chri])stianos. ponpie I'l toijus
juntos iiintassen; i'' aipiesto se e;ce que fui'' su intento.' iii. .">I'J. That he uuiy
liave urged t!;1.9 w'lli intent or as a bait is not nulikely, but it sliould a))|ily
eipiaily to Xarvaez' num. since it appears that their defeat could not yet h.iv'-
been knowa. When known, however, it mn-it have had its etl'ect. ' (,)uaudo
fc'.ipieron iuiest;.l vitoria, ee-isaro de dalle guerr.'i.' ll'-nidl Din-., l/i.tl. Vcrilnil.,
10|. Vet (iomara writes tliat on learning of the large forces coining against
them, the besiegers resumed tile attiuk at one time. Hist. Mcr., l,"il.
' T'lis siiriiig was rediscovered during the reign of Viceroy lievilla (iigede.
Ihi.itiniiaiifc, Mill). I'U'ilad.. Mi.c, 7. A i)ool of sweet watei- was tlic chii'f in-
du'i'uient for foniuling the city ou this site iu 13'J5. Native Raws, ii ,"i.VJ- 01 ;
V. ;)4.') et se(|.
ARMY MOVEMENTS.
J2)
Communication was sliordy afler i-tabliK'u'd lic-
twcrn Alvarado and Cortos. Sevci-al Tlascaltecs and
^ "holultecs were (K'spatched liy ditrii't'nt routes to
the coast, and a ccjuricr arrived iVoni Cempoala and
gained entrance to the fort.^ Ordering" Velazquez
and Ordaz to abandon tlieir mission and direct their
niarcli to Tlascala, Cortes hastened preparations to
Join tlicm t]ier(\ A gari'ison of (»ne luuuh'ed men
was left at Villa Rica, under Rodriu^o Ran<>el, a rel-
ative of the general," and about tliiity men remained
at Cem[)oala to take charge of the sick an<l wounded,
and some baLrii'aixe, with orders to follow as soon as
possible.
The route to the plateau lay partly through a bleak
and desert country, and the inhai)itants being beside
less fi'iendly than before, the army would have ibund
itdirticult to obtain suppli(\s; butC^jrtt's had gathered
exjterience from his previous marc]i,and Tlascala was
entered in the middle of June.'' A hearty reception
•'' Colics, Cartas, 126. The Spanish inossciiL'tT fi'otn ^Fi-xioo rctiinieil
wniuiili<l. I'lhr .M(trl>ii\ (h'l'. v. cap. v. AMth him, fir alxnit tiii' same tiiin',
iinivfd tDiii' thiols si'iit liy Mniitu/iuna to iMnuplain tliat Alvarailo had at-
tacktil tiie iKihk'S without caus<\ While (lefeiuliiiir tin'iiiselves six si)i(Her><
iiml fallen. Covtes tolil the ehicfs witii stern eountcnanee that he was re-
tiiinini; to investigate the matter. A letter was sent to Alvarailo enjoining
liiiii to f^aiat'il the emjjeror elosely. Beriid/ J>ifiz. /list. I'lrilm/., 1(11.
''.\nil the zealous aid of Velazquez de Leon, who di<l so mneh toward
Siii'urin!,' the Goazaeoalco eotnmand for Corti's whi'n Xarvaez sent letters to
Mill it over. (,'«/7('v, Jii-tiilfiicid, i. 4(l!l; ii. (i, ',U. 1(1."> (!. He is accused I'V his
enemies of iinjiicty and licentiousness, an<l as oiu' whom the general favored
aliiive more worthy men. Solis assumes that Sandoval nominally I'ctaiiicd the
iniiimand of the coast iirovince, Kangel lieing merely his lieutenant. //(••-/.
M-.r.. ii. 108.
' ' Llego anuel dia [the fii'st] jX la Kinconada, el seL'undo eaniiiio niite
Leij'Kis . . . . lego a Tlaxcalla I'V diez y seite de .hinio.' '/'nri/ic inddn, i. V.f2.
lleirera tells a long story of suHeriiig from luiiiger .'mkI tliirst diiiiii!,' tlie
march through the desert. Maiiincz luid Ojeda Mere sent ahea<l to 'rias<ala
for supiilies, and came hack \\ith I'JOO carriers laden with fo«l, l)ri',id,
fruit, and other refreshments. Cortis, among others, v as found starviiii.',
»iid a nunilier were discovered on the road almost dead. .\li, it seems,
Mill' rescued, dee. ii. lil>. x. cap. vii. There are si\fral reasons for Im.--
li'viu'.' tiiat Herrera, who is somewhat confused aliont tiiis period, has coii-
foniiiled the jiresent march with the flight from Mexico to 'i'lascala of a
iiioiith later, when the peo|)le were really stai'ving. This seems coiilii iiicd liy
till' eri'oiicous statement that the troops arrived at 'I'lascala .l\dy 17th. the
time, according to llerrera's own later statitnent, when they ii'ached that
place after the flight. The account also intin\ates that the starving army wa.i
iii't among the Otomi settlements, where food could readily he obtained,
. i
?
¥•
■':
III
alio
i
i.
5 ''. '
iH
•
424
UPRISING OF THE AZTECS.
M'as accorded, and more cncourai^iiig news obtained
fnjni Mexico, .sliowinjj: tliat the .sie<;e maintained its
passive character. Reinforcements were nevertheless
ui'Ljent, since a fresh outbreak mi<dit at any time
occur. A messa<xo was aufain sent to <>ladden the
garrison with promises of speedy rehef ^
Including the troops under A'^elazquez and Ordaz
the muster-i'oll sh(jwed about eleven hundred men,
with some eighty horses, one hundred cross-bows, and
eighty fire-arms, besides several camion, and a large
quantity of ammunition.^ The heart of tlie company,
however, was the veterans of Cortes, whose superior
discii)lino and familiarity with native warfare made
them doubly reliable. Eager for a fray with the
detested Aztecs, and desirous of cxcusinsj: their reiusal
of men a month before, the Tlascaltecs offered not
only su}.plies but large reinforcements, of wliich only
two thousand were accei)ted, besides a small number
from Cholula and Huexotzinco.
The more northerly route by way of C'alpuLdpan,
recommended already on the former marcli as tlic
■without the necessity for Marijucz and Ojcda to go ton loajnics farther, to the
capital, t!>o))taiii it. Tliesc juul other discrcpaiicies arc overlooked hy all who
refer to the niairli. rivseott ilwell.s in partieidar on the tmlieriuL; frcnii
thirst, forgetful of the statenii>nt on a previous jiau'c that tlie rainy .■^easmi
liad liegun ahoiit three weeUs before, and that water nnist have been alinndaiit
along the whole route. Solis finds that the etli'niinate followers of Narviuz
endured the .suH'ering remarkahlj- well. ///.■•■,'. M< .c. ii. 100,
" ' Knihii) a fray iiartolonio de Ohnedo....a Mote/,uina.' Ilirwm, dw.
ii. lib. X. cap. vii. It is unlikely that so valuable a man would have been s-eut,
while all'aiis wei'e threatenin;^.
'•' Narvaez lauded with about 000 soldiers, including 80 horsemen, I'JO witii
bows, and 80 with tire-ainis. A luunber had been picked up at Co/'.iniil,
but an ((pial ji;'o])ortion ]ieri.shcd by shipwreck. C'orti'.-t had about 'J."tO mi'ii,
and "200 were ])robably lett on the coast, of gariison, guai'ds, ;ind invalid-:. T"
tl'i' 0.-)0 soldiers thus taken may be added at least l.")0 from the crews of the
dismantled or destroyed ves^cls, rrescott manages to mysterioUhly increa.<ic
t'.ie Innsis and jirojcctilc arms bey<inil what he previously assigns to Narvae/
and C'orti's. One thousand inlantry, 100 hoiscmcn, and many idlies, say
(iomara.'uul Hcrrera. The I'rnlunrM di' l.'Jalili', in lrnzhah-il(i( 'nl. hue, i. 4'J"),
iiidic.ites SO horsis, licrnal Diaz places the figures as high as l.'iOO soldier-*,
including 00 or 07 hoisemen, SO archer'*, 80 nuisketeors, and '_'(>00 'lias-
calti'c warriors; while Corfu's, with .a i)rudcut (kvire to cover the substipieMt
h'sses at Mexico, reilnces them to AOO infantry and 70 cavaliy. Solis gives
the reason of the jtrofound historian for the small nund)er of allies taken t^p
Jlcxico: 'I'orno eseandali/.ar a Motcznina, o poncr en deses[)cracion ii 1'H
ivbeldes.' Hist. Mlx., ii. 111.
'<ykk
TEZCUCO.
425
easiest, wa.i th':.- time selected, partly with a vi(.-\v to
obtain provisions more readily.^" As the lake region
was a})proae]ied evidences were seen of the revolt in
deserted villages and in the sullen demeanor of tlie
few Indians who showed themselves. The contrast
was chillii\Lj indeed as com})ared with the reeeption
accorded on the former occasion, when the jouriuy
i-esend.)led the triumphal march of gods. Oppressed
with misgivings the army entered Tezcuco, the seat of
the Aeolhua kind's, a few leaujues north of ^lexiv-o,
on the border of the same lake.
It was one of the most ancient cities of the coun-
try, ranking since the early half of the eighth century
as the ca[)ital of a dominion founded by Tezcatlipoca,
the later supreme deity of the Xahuas. After the
I'aU of the Toltec empire it took the leading position
in Anahuac, as the centre of Chichiinec power. The
new dynasty fostered the inherited culture in every
way, and made the city not <»nly the political capital,
l)ut the Athens of the country. The rise of tlie
Aztecs gave it a rival in Mexico, which in course of
the lifteenth century assumed tlie political sce{)tre,
l»ut Tezcuco still maintained the [)recedence in culture
and elegance. It was said to contain one hundred and
fortv thousand houses, distributed amoniif diflerent
suburbs, and cxtendin<2f with their smiling Q-;irdens
iVuni the border of the lake to a distance of from
three to four leagues. The six divisions of the city
were crossed l)y a series of line streets lined witli
tasteful and costly buildings. Among the finest struct -
ures wei'e the two palaces, wdiich are claimed to ha\e
iNceJled those of Mexico. The older, the Huetecpan,
wlierein the poet-king Xezahualcoyotl held his court,
i'l inned a magnificent niomiment of his artistic tastt'.
'"Till? ai'iival at Tezcuco is cviilonce oiioiif,'h that a more uortliorii mud
^^':i> tuki'ii than the. one prexious. 'i'liu middle route by Telapon aiipiars
Boiu.'w hat more direct for Mexii'O, liut riMjuires ii detour to reacii the Acolliua
eapital, and it is not liliely that an army in hurried march could all'oid tij go
<.'i!L lit it.-i way. lleiiee the Culpulalpaii road must have been followed.
iiit
;!
11
f".
! :< f
423
urnisixG OF the aztecs.
It lay up'.m a triple terrace bathed by the lake, and
was surrounded by an immense wall, from tit'tA-cn to
twenty-five feet high, inclosing two large squaivs.
Within this precinct were the council-chambei's, the
lialls fc-r various arts and sciences, and the royal
apartments. The pleasure-grounds, almost hedged by
cetJars, were filled with shady groves, traversed by
labyrinthian paths, and interspersed with well stocked
ponds and aviaries, baths, and sparkling fountains.
The new palace, which occupied a smaller space, ex-
celled in imposing architecture and in comforts of the
most varied character.
Beside these there were a mimber of summer re-
sorts in the neighborhood, conspicuous among them
the fine })alace of Tezcocingo, a p)rototvpe of Chaj)ul-
tepec, and like it overlooking the capital from a hill,
two leagues to the cast. An aqueduct of stone sup-
plied two reservoirs on the summit, M'hence the water
was distributed over grounds intersected bv canals
with meandering currents and picturesque cascades.
The palace lay almost hidden within groves of gigan-
tic cedar and C3'press, revealing to the rapt beholder
])avilions of marble, tessellated pavements, and playing
fountains with statuarj' of unique form.^^
The Spaniards found none to welcome them, but
were allowed unmolested to take up their quarters in
the palace. Shortly afterward a canoe arrived iVom
Mexico^'- with an imperial messenger and a Spauiai'd,''
bearing the cheeriuij: news that evervthin<jf had been
(juiet ill the capital for some time, and that su])plies,
which had been scantily furnished only against heavy
payments, had now become more liberal. Montezuma
sent word that the city would return to its normal
^^ f>Qc. Xatlfc Jlaccs, ii. 1C2-3, 1G8-T3, 509; v., passim; MoloHiiin, 111.4.
/;»/., isi-;?.
'- Corte.s writes that lie was on the point of sending a Spaniard to Mi'xiii)
with Te/cucan rowers, a chief being taken as hostage, liut just then canii this
cainjC. ^'iirtdn, \'27.
'■' Two, named Santa Clara and Pedro Hernandez, says Hcrrcra, dee. ii. lil).
X. cap. vii.
RETURN OF CORTES.
427
oonditioii the moment Cortvs cnitoroil it, and lio ex-
jiivssed a liopo tluit no ill-will would b<j entci-talned
tcward him tor what had hai)])ciiod, since tliis had
lic'cn l.)eyond his control, and had j^'ricvi'vl him as nuicli
as the Spaniards. Reassurinj^ messages were for-
warded to Villa Kiea.
After a stay of four days tiic army proceeded
from Tezcuco by the norther-n shore of the lake, and
(■ani|)ed for the night at Tepeyacac, the terminus
(tf the northern causeway from Mexico.'* On enter-
ing this place the horse of Solis, Casquete, 8te])ped
into a hole on the bridge and broke a leg, throwing
its rider into the water. This was looked on as
a bad omen, particularly by an astrologer soldier
named ]>otello, but Cortes made light of it, saying,
"Troubles at St John's festival bring peace for the
Year."'' The followinLT morninuf, St John's dav, tiie
army entered the capital. On all sides an ominous
silence prevailed. The streets were desei-ted, the
houses apparently abandoned, and the solitai'v na-
tive occasionally seen hovered in the distant-e like a
sliadow.*" It was also noticed with apprehension that
many of the (^anal l)ridges were removed. On approach-
ing the Axayacatl palace the arrival was heralded by
trumpet blasts, which called forth responsive shouts
" ' Varh on Topcaqnillii, luj^ar a lo;{U!i do ^loxioo.' /(/. X<>\v the sliriue of
' luadaliijio. I'rosL'ott iissiiliios tluit the Iztapiilapaii road wa.s takon.as Ixlorc,
Init it wart avoidoil i)rol)ably hooaiise (uiti'.s toarod tlio fort Xolnc, wliioli
^.'iiai'doil tlic! ooiiti'c. It was also lougor, and had luoio iiiovabl'' liiid;j;os than
the otiiur oaiiMoways.
'■''Riiias i)or Sau Inan ])a/.os jiara todo ol afio.' Vilaiirvrt, Trd/ro Mrr.,
]it. iii. i;i!>. 'J'hc following day a dros-i was found hanging frotn a hoani. and
in a s(|tiarc a ])il(i of ln'oad, with ovor ■")()l) fowl, without a gna''d. This ( 'orti's
inusidi rod lews favora!)lo, and said 'quo seiiau rihas do por 8ai. inan.' //< rii /•■',
dii'. ii. lib. X. cap. vii.-viii.
'' ' I'ara dar i'l ontondor con osto (pto olios ostaban (\r guoi ra y niuy ofon-
tlidos do los ospanolo.s (pio ol haliia (lojado.' .^(ihn'inii, IIUI. C'lii'/. (<'d. IStD),
lOS. J lis account of doscrtod streets, applied to ( 'ortes' lirst ai'rival in Mexico,
belongs no doubt to this occasion. Ouran argues that had the niassacrt' t;d;cn
lilaro before Cortes' arrival ho would not luivo boon allowed to enter. I/is/.
Iii'l., Ms., ii. 470. K(pially in the dark is Aeosta, who assumes that thu
Jiidians wore <iponly at war, l)ut tlu' iiwtoui being forest every foui'th ilay,
Corus managed to enter during the cessation of hostilities. I/isl. ///r/. , ,V2'J.
Oviiilo looks on the uou-resistauce of the Indians us a wilo to ouLrap all tho
>lia.i;ards. iii. JlO.
Ik
w
428
UPRISING OF THE AZTECS.
I.
from the cfarrison. Throwing open tlio gates, tlio
besieged received their dehvercrs with tlie most
extravagant demonstrations of joy," For greater ac-
commodation a i)art of the tro<)[)S were quartered in
the gi'eat temple adjoining the fort.
The unpleasant aspect of affairs, so apparent during
the last days of the march, had ruffled the tem)>ei'
of Cortes, and his treatment of Alvarado was not
altogiither cordial. Still, as he liad ever been a close
friend, and as he was an invaluable officer, brave and
inlluential, he deemed it prudent to go no further tliau
to ex})ress a curt disap])roval of his rashness.^'^ Indeed,
an in(|uiry into the causes and results of the massacre
could criminate Alvarado no further than the Cho-
lula affair did liimself The ca})tain had acted in full
accord with his party, and whatever blame miglit
attach must l^e shared by all. Dissension would
never answer, and so the matter was dropped. ]>iit
the ill-temper whicli the general dared not wreak on
his own men lound a ready object in Montezuma.
The conduct of Cortes in this respect was most un-
generous. It shows the several sides of humanity:
how odious in some respects are those who appear
to the best advantage in otiier respects. This ]»oor
king had a superstitious sympathy, a maudlin affec-
tion for the captain, who, considering his own in-
famous conduct toward him, might at least have
" Hcrrer.a writes nmusingly tliat CortL'S shouted before the closed g.ites,
' Open 1' ' Wlio is there?' lU'inaudeil Alvarado. ' I,' replied Cortes. 'l>o you
ccimi' \\ith full liberty, and power to eonuuand, as before?' 'Ves, and with
\ictory, iiiid greater forces.' Alvarado thereupon oi^eucd, kissed hi.s hainl,
and siurendered tlie keys ! d''e. ii. lib. x. cap. viii.
''' ' Con (jue aventuro la mayor parte do sus fucrzas.' Soli.<^, /fi-^t. M'.i\,
ii. 120. Or ])erlia])s becau.se lie liad not had recourse to .some safer Tiiea.siiri-,
nuchas arresting the leaders of the pro]iosed plot, for hostages. 'Le di.xo nn:y
enojado, (/ era muy mal liecho, y grande desatino, y ])oca verdad . . . .no Ic
hal)lo mas en ello.' lii'rnul Diaz, Hist. Ven/dd., 102. Cortes would hardly
have told ium that he lied, since his statements were confiiined by so many;
tiiey certainly were years after. A'etancurt suppo.ses tluit Cortes told liini he
sliouKl have allowed the emjieror to attend tlie festival, and should have
awaited the attack rather than opened the war. Tmfro Mix., pt. iii. 140. ' Uis-
liimulo por no eiiojar a los ([ue lo hizieron. ' Uoinara, Uisl. Mcx., lol.
ILL HUMOR OF TIIK OEXKIIAL.
4'2a
■ZUllKl.
;, Uii-
iiuitv:
|»{)(tV
i iu-
luivc
■d g.iti"*,
mil with
is liaiul,
.7. M>.r.,
ixo iHi'.y
.1111 Ic
I hin-aiy
:() uuiiiy;
hiui U<--
ltd li:i\e
lO. 'Uia-
saved the captive nniieeessarv iiiental sufleriiiiif. As
Cortes entered the tort ^roiitezunui stepjud out of
liis a])artmeiit to weleoiiie liiin. The eiivahcr passed
1>V tlie kino; in loftv disdain, iynorini; Ids ])i'esen('e.
Cut to the quick, the monarch slirank back, ap-
parently more stunned Ijv tins treatment tlian l>y the
iate terrilde shiughter of his subjects. ^^ He retired
deeply chagrined to pour his sorrow into Olniedo's
car. "What can I dof" he cried; "he loves j^'old and
lame, and I will give him a life-size equestrian statue
of lumsclf in gold if he will but l)e kind to me."
With the arrival of the main forces supplies were
stopped, as if in protest, and Cortes became oidy the
more irritated. Accordingly, when two chiefs ap-
peared on behalf of the enq)eror to ask for an inter-
view they were repulsed with the insulting ejiithet
of 'dogSi' Velazquez and other otHcers remonstiated
against the policy of this rudeness to one who jiad
interfered to save his troo[)S. " What consideration
can I have for a doix?" was the dastardlv reioindei'.
"Was he not willing to treat with Xarvaez, and does
lie not now seek to starve usf" l*ersuaded ])i'esently
of the necessity for im]»erial interposition, headdi'essed
the chiefs roughly, "Tell your ma.ster, ^Montezuma, to
Older markets to be held at once, or there will be
trouble." His tone and gesture were sufhcient indica-
tions to the chiefs of the insults oft'ei'cd to them and
tlieir august lord, and they failed not to give them
full I'orce in their report. In answer to the demand
Montezuma said that he and his chief officials were
jiiisoners, and that nothing could be eflected without
the release of one among tliem. Corti's saw the neces-
sity, and, without considering the result, released Cuit-
'' Siilia supposes, however, that the two met in friendly intcreoiivse, iind
tiiki's IJernal l)i;t/.and Herrera to task for assei'tiiiu' tlu> contiaiy. ///>'. Mir.,
ii. I l'J-14. He I'efers toCortt''s' fiiendly inessaj,'e from Te/ciuo, wiiicli isdoiilit-
liil, and to (T(jniava, wlio eertainly allows ( 'ortiVs to refer to Montrznnia and his
idiirtiers as 'ilogs.' H'lsl. Mix-., I,"),*}. In the testimony duringCortcs' lesideneiii
tl'.f discourtesy is asserted. Cor/in, J'lxii/i'iir'ni, i. 4'J etc. Clavigero suggests
'ih'era diiopo il far senibianza di credere 11 Kc colpevole dell' incjuietudine.'
islural Mesf., iii. 1"21.
!i
480
UPRISING OF THE AZTECS.
■: . t
■», :: i
laliuatzin, lord of Izt;n>tilapan, tlie einporor's brother,
jind ^ciK'i'alissimo of the army, a inaii whose hostihty
to everythiiiLj Si)anish was well known. According
to A/tee law ho was the most j>rohal)le suc<'essor to
the throne, aiid therefore particularly dano'ei'ous.-"
Cortes was beconnni^ foolhardy. Whether the
brothers were in accord upon the measures to ho
adojited is uncertain; but Cuitlahuatzin, who was not
only bold, but ambitious, had evidently determined
on his course. If tl' j ]\Iexicans had hoped for better
pr(js[)ects with the arrival of Cortes that hope was
now dissijiated, and bitter indignation tilled their
])reasts. Cuitlahuatzin was welcomed as a liberator.
His constant etforts in the imperial council to opjtosi!
the adniissi(jn of the Spaniards, by force if neces-
sary, and his services for the cause of liberty and
religion in connection with the Cacama revolt, were
sutiicient to endear him to his brother patriots.
Strongly urged, he accepted the leadership of the in-
surgents, a position for wdiich his experience and
success as a o-encral had well fitted him. lie becjan 1)V
ordering war material and erecting barricades. The
value (jf the Chinantec pikes introduced by Cortes
had not been lost on him, and a number were \n-o-
vided, barbed with the vitreous iztli. Arrangements
were made with adjoining towns and provinces for a
su])ply of provisions and reinforcements to carry on
the holy war.^
The S})aniards soon learned what was brewing, and
first in this way: Ojeda and Marquez, when out for-
-'" Kfitire Rmrs, ii. I34-C; v. 4(i2-4; 'II y joiguait, commo de coiitume, la
cliargc (hi gram) i)retro do Huitzilopoclitli.' lirn.ismr de Jiourhounj, llht. SuK
Civ., iv. 'M)U, Noinara assumes that Cortus orders a chief to open the uiarktt.
He, oHended at the insults used, goes only to rouse the people. Jlisf. Me.r., I."i;!.
Ixtlilxuchitl supposes that the chief is offended at the reprimand administeri'l
for delaying t(j open the market. Jlift. Cfiich.,SOl. 'Xlando Hernando Cortt-.s
llamar a los mas principales caualleros, hizoles vna larga platica dizicdo, (pic
les perdouaua lo passudo, con (jue para adelate fuessen. . . .amigos; . . . .sin
responder. . . .se fueroa.' llcrrcra, dec. ii. lih. x. cap. viii.
'-' Duran enumerates some of the provinces summoned, as Xilotepec and
Matlalt/.inco. ' Mando llamar ii . . . . Kncantiulores y Hechiceros para i|uc ios
asonibrason y los mostrasen algunas visiones de noclie, .... para nue alii
muricscude espanto.' llisl. lud., MS.,ii. 402-0.
SiaXIFICAXT CIRCUMSTANCRS.
4:u
ji'Ljinj? early in tlie moniitiir of the dav followiii'^ tlu-ir
■ inival, oltsei'ved sfwral suspicious circuuistatifi-s,
.•iiiHiHL'' others hrolceu i)i'i(!L,a's, which in one place
ohhLjed thrni to till up a canal lu'lore crossing' it.
Here and there tliev saw lars^e collections ot" siinns
i\\u\ other weapons, and pi'cscntly they came on a
pi'iest with dishevelle<l hair shoutinLj Avith wild i>es-
liculations to a crowd of arini'd men They huirietl
liack to inform the {general, guided tiirouu,'h intricate
riMss-streets hy a Tlasoaltec. aVntonio del Hio, who
Ii.'id heen des])atclied for Villa ]\ica the same nioininn',
ntui'ned at a gallop in less than half an hour, exciti-d
;nid bleeding. The streets, he said, were full of \v;ir-
liors, who had raised the bridges and were a|ij)arent]y
pi( pared to attack. Had it not been for his trusty
sword and swift horse he would have been slain. At
this moment the sentinels in the towers announced the
iipjt)'oaeh of a vast iiuiltitude from (htferent directions,
with gleaming iztli weapons, and speetlily the neighbor-
liood was alive with warriors, whose veils rose higli
jibove the shrill shell and doleful drum.^- Even if tliey
(lid not inspire the full measure (jf dread intended the\
|ii\'sented a striking picture in their painted bodies,
grotesque with patterns and brilliant ct)lors, with no
( Dvering among the rank and file save the raw cotton
on the head and the universal maxtli round the loins.
They were protected in part by the chunaUi, or shield,
;i slight bamboo frame covered with gaudily ct)lored
skin or reed-grass, chietly oval and round, and often
large enough to cover the whole body. Secured to
the arm it left the hand free to hold the bow or stone,
while the right managed the arrow or the sling. The
-Torti's describes first a brief .itt.ick, then a sally, aucceeilofl b_y a fresh
assjr.ilt on the fort, wliile Bernal Diaz and llcn-era let a force advance aLjainst
till' Indians before they reach the palace. I follow Cortes as tlie chief guide,
liciaiise his account of all this period was written whil's (piite fresh in his
mind, and appears the most sensible and correct, wliile tlie otiier versions de-
li'iid more or less on faint recollection and hearsay. Cortes as a ndi' did not
Wait till the enemy approached, but he may not have been prepared for the
sudden attack. Yet it is pro'iable that he wished in his report to lay the re-
.siion.sibility of the attack upon the enemy. I do not think Cortes inclined to
llli^il■(•prescllt in general or without an object.
il'lll
483
UPRISIXO OF rilK AZTHfS.
];ilt('r wMsjiM implciMcMit of jj^reat cfVcct wltli tlic Azfocs,
mIio could impel till' stoiu! with woiKleri'iil jirccisioii
and force. The iiKna, or cliil), with its knotty head,
and tlu' >iit(C((iin, or swonl, toothed with i/tli. weri^ well
rej)re.seiiled, while hi^h ahovo eleanu'd the ohsidiaii or
copj)er points of the spoar. One of the ni(»st. dreaded
Weapons was the tlacocldli, or javelin, often provided
with three ])oints, and attached to a cord l»y which
it could he recovered lor a i'resh cast. Conspicuous
anionuf the warriors were tin; nobles, thos(> that wei'e
left of then>, in loi'ty (piet/al ])luinaL,'"e on a head-d)'ess
of i^reen feathei's set in tii^er-skin, or in a L,n>ld or silver
l)an<l, which i^ave the appearance of niet;d lu-hnets.
The hody was covere<l in corselets of rvd, gri-en, or
yellow feathei's, worked with <(()ld,and S(» airanecd as
to indicate the coni[iany or district to which the weani'
heloiiiU^ed. Beneath eleanied occasionally cuirasses of
jjfold or silver. The lind)S were covi'red with wood or
leather ai'nioi- set with feathers or u^old plates. A more
common body armor was the cotton tunie, one or two
tiuL^ers in thickness, which extended to the knees and
elbows. It was almost equivalent to the quilted cotton
jirotc'ctor used on the eastern coast, whose ethcieiKV
against native weapons liad caused the Sjianiards t<»
adoj)t it. The tunic was adorned with feathers, which
oorrespondetl to the uniform in color and arrangement,
usually in the form of an animal. !Many were distin-
jLifuished by casques in the form of eagle-heads, and in
armor spotted like a tiger-skin, indicative of the; two
orders of Quauhtin and Ocelomc, eagles and tigers.
At the head of the tlifferent colunms appeared otticers
witli small drums, painted and adorned with feathers,
with which they directed the inarch. Beyond, in the
centre of the masses, could be fcieen banners, with de-
vices in various coh)rs and forms, which the Tlascaltecs
pointed out as belomjiniif to diti'erent wards and to
cit ies on the mainlancl, a sign that an extensive body
of troops had been enlisted for the war.'^^
^ For war customs see Xatice Races, ii. 400-32.
TIIK ATTACK.
.\s tlic fori
('(>>; drew near
■^liii^
:ovs a IK
I 1
43:)
iiwineii
nppi'arrd oil tlir rools of tin; iifiL;lil>i>iMii^- Imildiin^s,
who, togc'tlier with thost; holow, bi'Ljaii (o siinl stones,
arrows, aii<l darts in showers upon the (ort. TIu' Sj)an-
iards I'esjxinded with a si'ries of volleys, <!ie niiniher
of cannon Itein;;" inereasi.'d to twelve or iimre. The
iff'eet was merely to startle them I'oi' a mi»nienl, and
on they i)i\'ssed over dead and dvinLi", ami<l eneoui'-
aL,nni^ sliout.s, till they reached the sides of the
wall, where the dreackid cannon, at least, could not
desti'oy them. All attemj)ts to scale the wall |)rove(l
I'liliK', and soon their etl'orts wei'e conlined to etl'ecliiijr
hicaches. With their rude implements this was slow
work, hut they pi;rsevered with i-eckless ohstinacy,
iciidorced at tVecjUent intervals, while the main hody
ke[»t up a gallini;' discharge of missiles, and oc('Uj)Ie(l.
the attention of the besieged with continual cliarLr^'S
at ditferent ponits.
This passive or defensive policy did not suit the
Spaniards, while it encouraged the A/.tees. There-
tore t\>'o corps were formed, each of twt) hundi'c^d
iiien. I)esides allies, under Cortes and ( )rda/. ( icaiing
a |;ath with a volley of artillery, they sallied in dill'er-
cul directions to drive back the assai
ilant
s, who lunriec
I
tor safety into lanes and houses, and behin I barri-
I ades. This comparative freedom of advance ap])ears
to have been permitted to entice the S])aniards into a
disadvantageous position, for soon the natives ri'aj)-
piared in swarms in the rear and along the llaidis,
shnwei'ing arrows and stones, and coming to close
(jiiarters with spearj: and swords. Tlu' lieax icsi attack
was from the roofs, on which large su])plirsof missiles
had been collected, and from which commanding posi-
tion the enemy was able to direct the dischai'gt's with
tiiiible eti'eet, ])articularly u})on the naktid TlascaJtecs.
Several 8j)aniards also fell, and the greater number
Were woiuided. Ordaz received three cuts, and ( oit'-s
a wound which maimed two fingers of the left hand.'-*
'" 'Sinistra' mantis digitis tluobusi mutilis.' I'tler Martijr, l>c lust lis, o.
Hist. Mex., Vol. 1. 28
pii
liiJii
11 i
:
n*^' V
tdWtl^W.
Wn
3i.„
434
UPRISING OF THE AZTECS.
The assailants were comparatively safe, for those on
the roofs could be picked off only by arcliers and mus-
keteers, and those beh^w took refuge when pressed,
<^niy to return to fresh attack. Efforts were made
to fire the houses, but this was slow work, since they
were constructed almost wholly of adobe or stone,
and were filled with defenders. Nor would the fire
spread, owing to the detached form of the buildings,
separated by alleys or canals, so that the torch had to
be applied to each.
Thus matters continued until Ordaz, who Avas en-
gaged on the strcxjt to the west of the fort, sent word
to Cortes, who was pressing forward in the direction
of the Izta[)alapan causeway, that he was losing
ground. Leaving liis own forces, the general hurried
to the scene with a few horsemen, and heading the
charge, drove back the warriors at the most ex})o.sed
point, so as to relieve the infantry in the retreat
which was now found necessary. Returning to liis
men lie found them also retreating, those who headed
the column, including Andres Duero, the Cuban
secretary, having been cut down. "Shame upon you I"
exclaimed Cortes to the corps, as he led the horsemen
to the rescue of the fallen cavaliers. Ho was just in
time to save them, for a moment more and Duero, at
least, would liave been slain. The elated warriors I'cll
back before tlie charije of the terrible ^[alinche, al-
though they soon recovered. Cortes then conehultd
to retreat, but tliis proved no less dangerous than
the a(l\an<'e, and atnong otlier- Lezcano was (h'ag'4'('<l
fr(»m Ids ]iors(! and killed, aftt ' having distinguisliid
himself for bravery and exe< ution. The fort Iwnl
meanwhile sustained an activ > siege, and when the
retreating corps ap})r(\')c}ied il they found more rnr-
mios in waiting, who, fc^arful of losing tlieir j-riy,
I'ushed forward with greater fury than ever. An
rort/'S also saya 'quodo lunnco,' Ciirffhi, M2, 131, yot Ciino riiliciilcs tlio
staU'iiiiMit, and dochu'ca ' iiunca fue iiiaiicu ilcllos iii k' laltali.' Of'n'o,
iii. ojI 'J.
THE AZTECS GAIN COURAGE.
i35
'uhI
entrance was finally effected, the forces in the teTn[)lo
beinjf at the same time withdrawTi fur the jj^reater
safety of themselves and the fort.'^'
S\\elling with triumph the Aztecs now directed all
their efforts against the Spanish quarter.'^. Burning
arrows and whirlinjx brands betjan to mimxlo with tlu>ir
missiles. xVlthouixh the buildinjj: itself was of stone,
the roof and portions of th./ outwork, and the Tlas-
caltc-- camp in the yards, were of inflammable material,
and more than once the flames burst forth, filling the
wliole place with suflfocating smoke, and calling for
the greatest exertions to subdue them. The little
water at hand could not be spared, and so earth was
cast up, and portions '^f the wall were torn down to
check the fire and to stop the gaps. The assault con-
tinued all day, till darkness sent most of the warriors
to their homes.^^
« Cortf'i^, Carfan. 128-9. Bcviial Diaz speaks of a sally by Onlaz, with 400
men, before the natives reach the fort. Ho is sorely beset, as related, and re-
tiieswith <a loss of '2'.i soldiers. I/isf. Virda'L, lO'J-3. Herrera's iiccoimt, .as
usual, is coiifiisod. After Rio returns wounded to report the uprisiuf; of war-
riors, five horsemen rally to reconnoitre. The following day Ojeda luul Mar-
(ju','/ set out to forage, and come to announce the approach of assailants. Two
hundred men now m:dio a sortie and kill a multitude without losing a man.
dec. ii. lib. x. cap. viii. It ia useless to follow this author here except for
incidents.
"' Hernal Diaz placcn the dead at 35 soldiers, besides a large number of
allies. Eight f( 1! -i.-'ing the iirst discharge upon Ordaz' party and titteen
more before he regaiii>.'d the fort, while of the 4(J wonndcil among the gr.r-
rison twelve diod. jlist. Verdail., 10.3. Cortt^s, with his usual prudent supi-res-
sion of ev'! news, allows four deaths and over 80 woundetl. He uevci icfers
to those whii die of wounds. Goniara follows hi^.i. Hist. Mex., 153.
CHAPTER XXIV.
t ]
m
ik ,
FIGHT UPON THE TEMPLE SUMMIT.
JCNK, 1520.
The Natives CoxTmrE thb Assault — TiiKin Fikiice BnAVEnv— The
Sl'ANIAKDS BriLD TURUETS— SllLL THE MEXICANS PliOVE TOD StR(1N(1
FOK TiiEM — Montezuma Called to Intercede — He is Insultko
AND StONKD by his StTUJECTS — COKTKS AlTKMl'TS EdRESS I!Y THE
Tlacopan Causeway — Failure of Ebcoiiar to Take the Pyramid-
Cortes Gains the Slipi'ERy Height — The Gladiatorial Comdat
THERE.
At dawn the assault was renewed with the same
fierceness as before, and with even less reojard for tlie
sweeping volleys of the cannon, which were fii'ed
Avitliout aim into the packed masses of the nativ(,'s,
hriiiging them down by tlie score. The gaps were
(juickly closed, and the rapidly repeated shots socined
to make no more impression on the surging mass than
pebbles dropped into the boiling surf. It was a criti-
cal time ibr ('ortes, who seemed not yet to recogiii/o
the full extent of the danger. He felt the necessity
of open connuunication with the mainland, for obvious
reasons, and to this end, in the course of the morning,
lie arranged niiotlier sortie like that of the prece(hiig
day, but ill one direction only. The Indians retired,
us before, into lanes and buiklings, and beyond canals,
raising the bridges behind them. I3arri(^ades having
been thrown uj) to impede the advance since the last
sally, some guns were brought to the front, and witli
their aid a few of the obstructions were demohshed
and more than one bridge was gained, together willi
a number of houses, to which the torch was ai)[)lied.
FIERCE EXCOUNTERS.
437
The discharges from the roof's were kej)t up with
galHng pertinacity, althougli the effect was not so fatal
as during the preceding day, owing to the experience
then gained. The forces below, who had retired before
the charges of the advance, rolled back like recurring
billows, and in ever increasing number, upon Hank
and rear, as if to overwhelm them. Such were their
numbers and stubborn recklessness that ten thousand
Hectors and Rolands, says Bernal Diaz, could have
effected nothing against them, and soldiers from the
Italian war swore that ne/er among Christians or
Turks had they witnessed such fierceness. Consider-
able alarm was alsc created by the appearance of long
])ikes, like those of the Cliinantecs, directed particu-
larly against the cavalry. Forfunatcly they were not
numerous, nor were the pikomen sufficiently practised
to be very dangerous. Worn out in the unequal con-
test Cortes turned to gain his camp, which was no
easy task, since the natives were massed in greatest
number in the rear, determined to cut off retreat.
The fort was gained, nevertheless, although hardly a
man escaped uninjured, while about a dozen were
killed; one unfortunate soldier being captured and
sacrificed in full view of the fjarrison.^
It had been found that the greatest danger to tho
sallying parties came from the roofs, whence discharges
could be directed with comparative impunity and
with greater effect than from the ground. In order
to counteract them, three manias, or movable turrets,
were planned, whose occupants were to devote their at-
tention wholly to clearing the roofs of assailants. Tho
' Bcmal Diaz mentions the doatli of ten or twelve, bnt Corti's arkiiowl-
cil,i;es only three score of wounilod. On this oceiision, ajipiirently, llci ri'ra
allows Cortt'S to gain Taciiba, ■whither he might luive rctreiited in safety with
all his forces and wealth; yet lie states that tho return light proved most si^vere,
the fort being regained with difficulty, J.fter the loss of two guns and several
soldiers, one taken alive, dee. ii. lil). x. eap ix. Soils manages to trnnsfoim
the opi-ration into a victory, wherein Cortes stays the slaughter out of nierey.
I'reseott is quite arbitrary in tho use of the chronicles. He combines iUv iii-
eidi'tits of several days into one and transposes them at jjleasure, with the
sole aim apjiareutly of presenting an (ixeitiuL; descri|)tion of what tlie .siej.,'!
iuij,'ht have bccu. A few facU urc cluburated, uud Uie ru^t siuuiiliced to iitylc.
m
438
FIGHT UPON THE TEMPLE SUMMIT.
completing of these machines and other preparations
Ivcpt the garrison busy all the 27th of June, so that
no sally was made. Ascribing this to fear, the Indians
became more pressing in their assault, and more pro-
fuse with their insults. "Dogs I" cried some, "of hunger
and thirst shall you die!" Others shouted, "Here is
u piece of my tortilla!" at the same time flinging
tliem unpalatable fragments of toasted bread. " Eat
it, you perjured villains, who can fight only on the
backs of animals; for soon shall your own bodies bo
cut up for food and cast before the beasts!" The
enemy appeared more numerous than ever, and tlie
roofs and yards were literally covered with their
missiles. The greatest danger to the Spaniards lay
in the operations of the battering and mining parties,
who, regardless of bullets from the wall turrets, sought
steadily to open fresh breaches. Conspicuous in the
hostile camp was a richly dressed Indian, surrounded
by a staff of finely attired warriors, who seemed to
direct operations, and whose orders were received with
the deej)est reverence. This personage the prisoners
(Ic^clared to be Cuitlahuatzin, and the next in rank
(^>uaulitemotzin.^ Charge after charge was made by
his direction, and with a vehemence that threatened
to carry everything before it; and loudly rang the
yells, whether of delight at some advantage gained or
of fury over a repulse.
Thus the besieged were harassed beyond endurance.
Large numbers were wounded, and all were exhausted
from vigils, hard lighting, trying work, and the want
of sufficient water and food; for in view of the stop-
])nge of supplies, rations had been reduced. Those
t)f the Narvaez expedition were particularly disheart-
ened, and bestowed freely their maledictions, first ou
Velazquez, who had sent them to such a country,
and then upon Cortes, whose i)romises of golden
treasures and well stocked encomiendas had lured
'^ Marina askod ^Idutiv.unia if a lunv kiiif; IkkI lireii cliosen, hiit he did not
tliiiik tiay would elect one while ho lived. I'lUiiicvrl, Taiiio Mex., pt. iii. 141.
I'
CORTES SUES TO MONTEZUMA.
480
tliem to tliis plioht, Pcrceivino- however, that unity
of purpose alone could save them, they stiflod
regrets and showed Cortes that somethint^ must
immediately be done to stay the onslaught, lest the
building fall about their ears. It was exceedingly dis-
agreeable, but it must be done; the proud Spanish
general nmst sue to the greatly injured cai)tivc king,
j)leading for his influence in behalf of peace.^ Mtmte-
zuma had all these days been closely coniined to his
rooms brooding over the insults offered him, and
apparently indifferent to the danger from without.
Wiien the message was brought ho sullenly said,
"Why does Malinche address Idmself to me, who
care no longer for life? I will not listen to him, for
he it is who has brought mo into this plio:ht." lie
intimated further that the promises oi tiio general
ciiuld not be relied upon, and that his words carried a
d(juble meaning. Olmedo and Olid, who had come to
urge the recpie.st, had recourse to soothing words and
persuasion, and succeeded in mollifying him some-
what.* He replied, liowever, that it was probably too
late to appease the Mexicans by promises. " They have
now a new leader," he said, "who is resolved to spare
no Spaniard, and I believe that you have all to (He in
this city."° Ncvei'theless he yielded, and as befitted
' ' Fuo acordado do dcmaiidallca pazos para salir do Mexico, ... .acovdo
Cdrtcs, (]Ue ol ^;iau .Mouteriiiiui Ics liablus.su.' Jlrriril i>iii-.. Ilixf. Vcriliul., J04.
' Mutt'c/iiina. . . . dijo 4110 lu sacascu....y (juo ol liii.l)laria a lo.s oapitancs.'
('lu-tix, Curlds, rj!»-;iO. Tho latter statcmi'iit may he llrnera's autlimity for
Kiyiii;,' that Moiiteziiiua was tlio lirst to ]in)poso spi;aking to the Mexicans.
ilee. ii. lib. x. ca[>. x. Observing (juitlalniat/.in'.s regal authority over the be-
sir_'ing forces, Montezuma was seized witli a lit of je.ilous ala"iu for tliroticand
lili'. 'Chiauio Cortes, . . . .pregandolo inscantetnente di non ditl'erir ))iu la sua
I'arlenza.' ' 'luriijfin, Storin Mm-i.. iii. l'J4. This iui])lies that the enipeior was
Hot aware of the vain efi'orts made to open conimuuie.ition with the miiidand,
oi' even to approach it. Cortes had to urge him in any case to speak to
his subjects, an unwelcome tiisk in view of his declining inlluencc and of tue
i]iiTi'.\ partial success of the former appeal.
' Among otiier reasons it wis repn!scnte(l that Cortes was not to blame for
tie .ate massueiv. 'Que si la indignacion de los mexieanos podia tc'mi)lar.so
c.. id cusnigo de los culpados. . . . Ic jpiometia eastigar.' So s.iys the native
\i 'sionof TeiKuiiwc, iiifuj'.lrndkioiie.t, MS., cap. vi.; Chinialjiain, //(«/. t'oiiq.,
2N7-8.
' He felt *K> eagerness to plead in behalf of those who had caused all his
iiiisfortiuics, and lie was only too cousuiuus thut hiit pu^jilluuiniity must huvo
V-l
440
FIGHT UPON THE TEMPLE SUMMIT.
U ; ■
- ', I
the ni'Mnoiitous point at issue, he arrayofl himself in
the richly itcjowi'llod robes of state, and phiced upon
liin head the mitred copilli, beneath wliose precious
featlK-rs olcamed the rjolden plate.® Carefully <;uarded
h(' asct'iided to the roof and stepped to the para])et,
pn^oc'dovl by a courtier who bore the ti"iple wand of the
empire, as was customary on such occasions. Instantly
thu tunuilt was hushed, even before the leaders could
issue orders for a stay of hostilities; instantly a thou-
sand heads wore bent in humble adoration before the
august nuijcsty of their sovereign. This attitude,
however, was assumed but for a moment; soon those
same heads were held higher than ever. Tlion the
chiefs (hvw near to listen to the unhap]iy mon;n'ch.
MoiitL/Aunti had appeared with a fociing of mingled
fear .'(ud doubt as to what his reception migjit be,
ond I',e did not fail to observe that the accustomed
reverence wss shown only for an instant, involuntarily,
as it wei-e, and that silen«?e was promj^ted ratb.er i)y
curiosity than respect. The urgency of the moment
demanded that he should speak, but it was rather as
su])pli<';int than ruler that he turned to his ]XM)])le.
" N'mii , vi> ill arms, my children," he said, "in hot
battle. Why is this? You will be slain, and there will
be heai'd througliout the land for many years tiie wail
of wives and httle ones. You would give me my
liberty, and 1 thank you. You do ii(»< turn from iiu>
in anger, and I thank yon. You have not chosen
anotlier Idng in my stead, and J ♦li.ink you. Such an
act would displease the gods, and fniog destrnclii)U
•IcpiMdcil liim ill tho oycs of liis snlijccts, wliilr Jlic elevation of )u» drotlnT to
tin' leailirsiiip iiiiist liavo (liiiiiiiisheti tho iuiluii)< ' wliiili till tlit'ii may !i i»r
roinaiiu'c! w itli him. Ho oouhl hardly nviiid .a fooliiipt of jijiloiisy iit tlii' t'ioii];!it
of this t!i\a. ion ; ami if he, (luring iin iuiimlso (.)f nngor n^'iiinst <'ort«s, li.nl
counsollcil tho proioi'din^'s of Ciiitlaloiatzin, honou'folt |)io(( ilily holh i,'no\iil
and tori'iliod ,it tho xtorrn ho had niisod. }h' also haihoiod a wliolosomo f '.ir
of Malinrlio, and tin' itiospict of his spiody dopaitnro lul|io<l to utir .inow llio
cniliois iif hope. All nii;,'ht yot ho woil : tho < :ii)ital mii.,'lit be sjiaroil further
desolation, and lio at/iiin ii'sunu' his former gramloiir.
'■ See description of his first iiiootinj,' with Cortes, Nn'irc Iiurrs, ii. 'rhi<
/ip|ioaraiioi; of the I'nipi'ror took plaee on the 'I'th of .hine, as ('orti''s stites,
bat Horii.d l)ia/., Horrrra, ami Ixtlilxochitl place it respectively on the .")th,
(ith, iiud 7th day uf tlie siege.
MONTEZUMA'S SPEECH.
4il
on all. And sec! I am no prisoner. Go your way;
I am free. By divine command I must remain the
guest of the Spaniards yet a little longer, and you
must not molest them, for soon thev will return
whence tluy came. Alas, my people, my country,
my crown!'"'
With a heavy sigh, and midst copious tears, his
hcatl fell on his breast. The monarch's strenufth had
indeed departed. The people knew that he spoko
falsely, that ho was little bettc^ tlian imbecile, unfit
to be their sovereign. Oh, if he but had the good
fortune to die while lielping them to grind to powder
these hated enemies! Only a littk; while ago his
words would have been received as the utterances of a
deity. Now the scales had fallen fi'om their eyes, and
they saw him as he was. Tiiey could bear no more.
Jeers and groans readied him from every direction.
''Coward! chicken! Woman to the Spaniards, lit oidy
for the gown and the spuulle! Murderer of your
noldes!" Such were the cries which now reached
liis ears as he sto(xl stupefied with agony. Presently
cirne a shower of arrows and stones, and before th(^
Sji.inish guard could interpose their shields several
missiles struck him, one on tlie left temple, which
caused him to fall senseless into the arms of the
bv-standers.*
'' lUrrern, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. x. : fli'mal D'iaz, Ifiyf. Vrrdad., 10-t. 'Xo
nwfc'stAscu i\ los ostrani^cros y fiii'sen .siis amigos, piios su jiersona ofuriji
riewio. ' T<:o-Miii'if, Krrop. Iradi'-ionc--, MS., cap. vi. Cortes, foUowcil l)y
^j^»lllaI•a, .!,'ivi\s him m-< tiino to .spi ^k ero tlii' jtcopli! assault.
'^Tlifv woiilil no longer ro('o.;ni/o liiiii as enipcior. etc. Saying tliii, a
chii't' tlnvw a Mtone wliicii struck Montc/,iiin;i on tiic forclica'l. hitrni, lli.->t.
]'"/., .Ms., ii. 4(W. Aoosta attrilmtcM liiis tiist throw to ' C^iiicnxtenioc,' the
!a*iM- king of Mexico. J/i^t. /«/., .VJ.'?. 'Ma io no! credo,' says Clavigero,
•S- •■'•fi Afins., iii. 12(J. 'Aunqii'' vii ( 'astellano tenia cuydailo dc arrodclar a
.VI it>v,uiua . . . .le, acertii vna pie.'ir.v en la-< sienes.' /A'/wrd, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. x.
H.kI not the Spaniards held up a shield liefore Moiite/.uni.i, the people woidd
have known it w.is he and lot thrown the stone which killed hint, says (^ano,
hi-i later .ion-in-law. Ovinln, iii. ,mO. (ionii'r." is inclineil to Iwlieve this,
fur lii.^ people 'no lo ipiisioran ha/.er )uaf< i|je sacar se los ojos.' Jlis/. Mi'.r.,
'■"'4. 'Una sai'ta nlcauAi al eni|>erador en el estoniago (|ue lo atravezo pin' el
li;iso, y nna piedra le dio en la sicn i/ipiierda.' The i)eople would never have
thrown missiles, for they pitictl him, and were jirepnred tool»ey his injunetioiia,
'>it C'uMina, who stoo I l)ehin(! tli. empei-oi, made .si^rns that the}' shouM cim-
tiuuc the attack without regard for him or ior the monarch. Tczozomoc,
m
; (I -i
l-f
:^M
FIGHT UPON THE TEMPLE SUMMIT.
i
1^
Startled by tlie crime they had committed, awe
fell upon the multitude as the stricken sovereign was
led away. Taking advantage of this feeling Cortes
beckoned the chiefs to a parley with a view to explain
what Montezuma had intended to convey. He had
always wished them well, he said, and felt grieved
to wage war for what had occurred during his ab-
sence. He desired peace, yet the desire was not
prompted by fear, but by consideration for their safety
and that of the city. The chiefs replied that the
Spaniards must leave the country to the natives, and
depart at once. That was exactly what they wished
to do, replied Cortes, but they would not be driven
away. If the Mexicans desired them to go, tliey
must al)andon tlie siege, tear down the barricade, and
retire to their homes; they must likewise restore the
bridges and supply provisions. To this the chiefs de-
clined to listen, declaring that they would not lay
down their arms so long as there was a Spaniard left
on whom to use them." The evident desire of tlie
besieged for peace served only to encourage the lu-
J'rrop. trnilirlnnes, MS., cap. vi. According to Bcrnal Diaz, the four chiefs
M ho liiul ajiproaohi'd to confer with liim expressed their sympathy for liis iiiis-
fortuiies. They liad now chosen as leader 'Coadlabacan, scfior do l/tapala]i.i,'
and liad sworn to the gods to continue tlie war till all Spaniards were exter-
jiiinated. Yet they pr.iyed daily to the gods for his safety, and if all h iiit
Well ho would more than over be their lord. They had hardly finished w licii
showers of missiles fell, of which thn^e stones and an arrow hit him, on tlir
head, arm, and leg. Ilht. Vcnlu'I., 104. ' Remorse succeeded to insult,' ami
they tied, says Robertson, Hint. Am., 90, a statement which Prescott iuiprovis
by stating that the scjuare Ijefore the fort was left empty. But remorse niu.-it
lia\'e l)een brief, for the main authorities, CortOs, (lomara, Bernal Diaz, and
Torqnemada, either declare or intimate that the aa.sault never stopped. ' ND
por eso cesti la guerra y miiy mas I'ccia y muy cruda de cada dia." Coiti\<,
Cartas, 130.
^'Ksta Fortalcza casi no ticno exemplar,' exclaims Lorcnzuna, forgetting
that Corti's' firmness was <lnc to the justifiable fear that a trap was intciulnl.
Cortrf, //!sf. N. Expaiia, l.SO-7. Cortc^.^ concludes the sentence about Monte-
zuma's being wounded by saying that he dii 1 within tliree days. He therenp'Hi
resumes the account of parleys and siege operations, leaving the inipressinu
tliat these took place after his death, while sivli wa? not the case. Neverthe-
leris, Goniara, Herrera, and others, Bernal DiUi- nut excluded, arc misled, liy
this vag\ieness evidently, into extending the siege ..nd confounding the events,
Bo that modern historians have iill more or less reii.."^'ned mystified. Soiia
assumes that during Montezuma's illues^; the siege was -onducted only hy
ttraggling ))artie3, the main forces being occupied with crowdng the new
emperor. Hist, Mc.i\, ii. loj-t). Tliis is prubiJjly due to a miscous^nictiou of
Bcrual Diaz.
MAXTAS BUILT.
148
lur chiefs
|r \\h mis-
iipalap:!,'
lol'C i;xt>r-
;ill Wl'Ut
ii'il whi'u
,11, oa tiif
Isiilt; iiii'l
improMS
irso niii.-<t
)ia/., ami
led. ' Nu
lorgotting
Liti'iiiU'd.
it MtMltu-
[luM-cnp-iu
|iH)r(.'ssi"U
sevcrtlii-'-
liislod, by
Lc events,
[tl. Solis
only by
luctiou uf
(lians, and tho assault was renewed with an increased
ardor tliat taxed the defenders to the utmost.
And now, whatever the cost, a way out of this
]>lace must be opened. Cortes knew of three cause-
ways which led to the mainland, the only means
(if exit for his forces. He knew that they were low
and narrow, exposed on both sides to the attacks of
canoe fleets, and intersected by a number of bridges
wliic'li were perhaps by this time raised. Eacli of
these openings was an almost impassable chasm. The
southern causeway to Iztapalapan was two leagues in
length, and provided with seven drawbridges, besides
a strong fortress, which rendered it impassable to an
fiiemy. The northern, leading to Tepeyacac, was one
Icnufue lonsr, while the shortest, conductinsf westward
In I'lacopan, half a league distant, was broken by only
throe bridges.'" Cortes resolved to undertake the pas-
sago by this last named causeway. During the night
had boon completed three mantas, of light framework
and planks, each to hold twenty musketeers and
archers, with which it was hoped to chock the as-
sailants on the roofs. These mantas werj built witli
two chambers, provided with loop-holes; the upper
ranged on a level with the house-tops of ordinary
(MU'-story buildings of the city, and had doors, so as
to allow of sallies upon tho roofs."
The following morning, June 28th, Cortes placed
himself at the head of five hundred Spaniards and
over three thousand allies, and took the direction
of tlio Tlacopan causeway.'^ By a sudden charge tlie
cavalry drove back tlie Indians and allowed the free
passage of the mantas, whicli were drawn and pushed
'" ' En csta aula tres no mas, y t'n la d; Yztapalapii, sicte. ' Ifeirera, dec.
ii. lib. X. cap. xi.; Xativ<> /I'rt'CS, ii. ")(!! et seij.
^^f'ortis, Cartas, l.SO, 133. 'Qiiatro ingoiiins. . . .ca (jue pudiosscn yr
Vuyute y cinco honibres,' says Bernal Diaz, ///'</. V^rlla<l., 103. 'Ticm man-
tas .... c^) siis ruedas ; leuauan ti'i'vnta hoinhres a cada vna, cid)ierta con tahlas
cnicstia.s do tres dedos. ' Jlerreni, loc. cit. Drawn l)y men within, add.'< Peter
Martyr, dec. v. cap. v. ' CaV)ia cada vno veynte liondn'cs, con picas escopetas
y balli'stiis y vn tiro. ' Gomara, J/int. Me.i:., \'A.
'-' llerrera uawLsely assumes that the tliree towers with their foroes were
respectively directed against the three causeway approaches.
I'.- i i
444
FIGHT UPON THE TEMPLE SUMMIT.
i
.yi
by Tlascaltccs, and protected by bodies of infantry.
A cor})S of pioneers accompanied them with pickaxes,
mattocks, crow-bars, and ladders, to destroy barricacks
and walls, and to scale buildings. Four cannon \vero
also brought. The rear was protected by a portion
of the cavalry. The Aztecs were at first amazed at
the curious moving turrets, and feared that they might
contain more terrible destroyers even than the grapo-
chiirgcd guns; but finding them less dangerous, they
continued their efforts, and fast and thick poured
the stones and arrows on the line of advance, particu-
larly on the engines, which were severely damaged.
The march proceeded, however, with more or less inter-
ru[)tion till a raised bridge was reached on the main
road, where the Indians had gathered in vast numbers,
with an evident determination to check the expedi-
tion. The turrets w^ere brought alongside the houses
adjoining the canal in order to clear the crowded
roofs, but regardless of the volleys from the firelocks,
the natives on the roofs plied their missiles only the
faster, letting fly heavy rocks" upon the engine cover-
ings, so as to render them untenable and hinder the
mancBuvring of the cannon. This success enabled the
■warriors beyond the canal and behind the barricades
to maintain their assault with great effect, and to pre-
vent a further advance. They gained a considerable
advantage by a change of tactics in directing the mis-
siles to a great extent against the legs of the S]ian-
iards, to their serious discomfiture." After spentliiig
the greater part of the forenoon in an unsuccessful
attempt to destroy the houses nearest the canal, and
to fill a passage across it, the troops retired to the
ft)rt greatly disheartened. Even the Tlascaltecs, wlio
were usually so glib of tongue in replying to Aztec
taunts, for once held their peace."
Meanwhile the battle raged fiercely round the fort.
'' ' De tres y quatro arrouas, que maltrataron a los que yuan en !os in-
gciiios, y rompicron las tablas.' //enrni, due. ii. lib. x. cap. xi.
" ' Hirioron a luas ile docieuto.s Castellanos.' Id., cap. ix.
'■■ 'Nos iimtarau uu espauol y liirieron muckoa.' CorUa, Cartas, 130-1.
PAILUr.E OF ESCOBAR.
44S
Tlio temple in front of it, since its evacuation l)y tlio
Sjuiiiiai'ds, had been occiij)ie(l by some five hiiiidi-ed
]\[exican.s, chosen men/" who introduced a \ar*j;e (|uaii-
tity of ammunition and supphes, and bei^an t<> batter
the besieged quarter. It was tliis sliower which had
tiist damaged the turrets and liarassed tlie mai-ch.
Perceiving the danger of leaving so connnaiidiiig a
])(»sition in hostile hands, Cortes had sent his chanibcr-
lai]i, Escobar, with one hundred men" and some allies
to dispossess them. This was no easy task, for the
j)yramid was of great extent and over eighty feet in
lieiglit, composed of a series of abrupt stone terraces,
each receding about six feet from the one beneath,
and so arranged that the ascent led along the entire
ciivuit of each ledge befc^re the steps conducting to
the next could be gained.^" Twenty men, says Cortes,
could have held it against a thousand; yet the one
hundred were to attempt it. Step by step they
fnught their way, beneath sliowers of arrows, and
against javelins, and sword and lance thrusts from
the upper ledges. More dangerous even than these
weapons were the cumbrous missiles in the shape of
heavy stones and timber which came crashing tlowii
upon them. Three times'" did Escobar lead his men
to the charge, only to sec them repulsed and sent
rolling down the steps and over the ledges. Finally
he sent word to Cortes that the task was impracti-
cable. The general received this ncjtice wdule vainly
battling at the canal, and he eagerly seized upon it
•1.S excuse for changing his base of operation, lie
uurried to the spot, threw a cordon round the pyr-
"'■' Snhieron alia dos vigas roUizas para iksJe alii echarlas sobro las cisaa
roalis y liuiulirlas.' Sahajiiii, ll'ixt. ('',!(<[., ,'m). P<'ter Martyr sui)])iis('s the
tmiple to have boon long held by tliu ciicuiy, but this is contrary to what
Ciirtcs and Sahagun say.
''Thri'o hundred, says Ciomara.
'^ I'or a full description of tliis pyramid sno N'atice Uan'x, ii. 570 et sc(|.
SuMU' horses had been taken to clear the approaches, but they slipped on l;ho
siiKiiith pavement, and were sent back as unserviceable. Burnal D'cr., Hist.
Vri-ildiL, lOo.
'■' ' Aconietio la tres o quatro vezes, y otros tantos dias.'is Ooniara's inter-
pretation, ill order to fill up the time assumed by him. JJisl. Mex., loG.
t>.
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(716) 873-4503
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446
nOIIT UPON THE TEMPLE SUMMIT.
M •
amifl, and altliou<rh badly wounded in the left hand ho
immediatuly led his men to the charge. The Span-
iards were making fair progress, when two heavy
beams, which had been reserved at the summit for
tiie last extremity, were loosened and sent tumbling
ilowii the side, so directed as to sweep to destruction
the assailants along its entire length. At about the
centre of tlieir terrible passage, full before them, stood
Cortes, Immediate death for himself and his brave
comrades seemed inevitable, when behold! by sonic
unseen finger the beams were turned end foremost
and sliot harndessly through the opening made for
them by the soldiers. "Thanks be to God and the
virgin, whose image was placed in this tower!" cried
Cortes, as without the loss of a moment he sprang
forward and speedily gained the summit. There tlio
fight assianed the form of a gladiatoritd combat, a
hand-to-hand and lino-to-line conflict, poised in mid-
air on this narrow slippery summit, and in full view
of the whole city. As if by common consent the
combatants bcdow paused in t1 doody work and
stood breathless, lost in the re thrilling siglit
above.
At the eastern end of the platform stood the two
three-story chapels, over fifty feet in height, origi-
nally dedicated to Huitzilopochtli and Tezcatlijxxa.
Against this the Indians had massed themselves,
fierce in their desperation. The Castilians had taken
their stand at the other end. It was an awful situa-
tion, dire destruction being inevitable to one side or
the other. With nerves and sinews strained to tluir
utmost tension, they stood between attacks regarding
each other, regarding every motion, anon picking;
from the other's number with javelin, dart, or musket,
as they were able. It was with difficulty the >Spaii-
iards could stand, and there was no railing roiind
the slippery height; but fortune again assisted l>y
unveiling the sun and sending its blinding rays full in
the face of the enemy. Every now and then the sol-
THE LAST DEFENDER SLAIN.
m
(liiTS charged in solid jihalnnx into tlio ccntro of tlio
(tpjiosito mass, only to be ol)li;^'ed to retire under the
jiiessure of its weight, and to receive the counter-
charge, encouraged by wildly gesticulating priests, who
ilitted to and fro in bloody robes and dishevelled
liair. Aware of the inferiority of their weapons, the
natives sought rather to seize hold of the S[)aniards,
singly or in groups, and with the recklessness of
(loomed men to hurl themselves with their victims
fidin the dizzy height. In one instance Cortes him-
self was selected for this terrible fate. Inspired to
martyrdom and revenije, two younjif nobles watched
their opportunity, and a[)proached him on their knees,
us if pleading for mercy. Ere he had time to con-
sider the situation they had .seized him in their
aims and were strufj<rlinij to tjain the edyje. One
moment more and ho would have been dashed to
death, but by putting forth his whole strength,
nerved by desperation, he succeeded in freeing him-
self fiom their grasp. Ojeda was singled out for a
similar attempt, and would have perished had not a
(Genoese come to his aid.**
For three houis the struggle lasted, while one In-
(h:in after another was picked ofl' by the bullet and
the arrow, or pierced by the pik(j and sword, or sent
lieadhjng over the platform, either to be crushed by
the fall or to be transfixed by tlie Spanianis on tlio
Kdgos beh)W. As their number diminished, many a
eiii' sought the higher martyrdom l\y lea[)ing from tlui
saeied spot into paradise. Thus melted away that
lilted band of Aztec warriors. At the ])ortal (»f
1 1 uitzilopochtli's chapel fell the last defender; and two
]'iiests, one of them the high-))rie.st, alone remained
ti> otter themselves as cai>tives. On entering the
(h.ipel consecrated to the virgin no traces appeared
• >t' the holy emblems, only evidences of id<jlatrous
'" Ojciln npponrs to bo tlio sole niithority upon which Tlcrrora rclios for
tliiM' two struus^lcs. iloc. ii. lili. x. cap. ix. (Jhivigero doubts them; yet there
i^ ii'thing uiilikuly in cither utteiiipt.
m
FIGHT UPON THE TEMPLE SUMMIT.
rites, and upon tlio altar stains from the blaekeiu'd
hands of the temple attendants,^' In tlie adjoinint^
chapel the war-god was found reinstalled in all its
j^littering hideousness. Some consolation for this
sacrile;jfious intrusion was offered to the victors in
despoiling it of the rich ornaments, while the cacao
and other provisions stored here by the j^arrisoii
proved a prize to the half-famished {Spaniards. Tin;
Tlascaltecs, so long deprived of meat, j>ounced upon
the bodies of the slain heroes to secure them fur a
feast, which should not only satisfy the cravings of
liunger, but infuse their hearts and minds with sonic
of the qualities of the valiant dead.^^ The ciia|icls
were then fired. The upi)er portion of the structuiv
being of wood, the flames rose in columns heavenwai <l
lieralding the triumph of the Spaniard, and striking
the Indian with awe. It was a great and thrilling
feat, this fight upon the temple top; and so the natives
regarded it, their heart, and mind, and paintings being
all stained san<ruine over its remembrance.'*^
an:
" It was related aftoi-wnrd th.'vt wlicn tlie nativca first sought to roiiiovi>
tlio vii'L'iii imago tlu'ir liamls clove ])o\verle.ssly to it for some tiine. and li tt
tlifir iiiaikH upon it. Or'mlo, ill. .">I0. Moiite/uina, Ix^iug tx>lil of this inirailc.
oi-derc(l the image to l>e left in its ]ilaee. Afterward, 'pareeiit, se^'iin
BUpimos, «|nc el gran Montecuma tenia o deuooion en ella, «i niiedo, y la
inando guardar.' Jlmiul JJi r., Hint. Viriinl., 104, 10*2. Others, as will l'<;
shown, sujijiose it to have hei'U saved by its owner, ViUafuerte, ])i r!i:i|'.-i
wlu-n ('orti'S withdrew the troops from the temple, or to iiavo lied hy its
ow n miraeulons power to the shrine at llenieilios.
''^ 'Coniieru do lo8 caualleroa Muxicauos niuortos.' Ileirera, dec. ii. lib. x.
cap. ix.
''^ ( 'orti's, Cnrtds, I.IO-I . Aceording to ]ien;al I)iaz the sally with the engiiii'S
was directetl against th'" temple, whieh he appears to j)laee at aomo itistaiu •■.
It was held liy ',WM or 4()0(( Indians, 'all chiefs,' and cost tlio Spaniards K!
lives, every man being beside wounded. 'J'liey returned hanl pressed by tiifi
enemy. ' Se mostro (,"ortes mui varo, conio siepro.' ///.</. Vvnlml., 10.'{— 1. ' Mn-
rieron todos (|uinientos Indios, eomo valientes.' Ooinnni, ll'tst. Mfr., \'u. ' Ka
trecientos cauallero.s (juo alii cst^mau no ([uedaron soys viuos.' //ciriiu, l'i>.
(it. This author describes on a later occasion the capture of a tower att'icle d
to Montezuma's own |)alace, from which missiles fell with telling etlect. Cort' *
fjoes with 'J0() men to reduce it, and is hotly received; yet the Indians, n ly-
iii;r ujion the execution to bo made by some loose beams which arc t<i Ih- roll'-l
down u|)on the ivasailants at a favoraiile moment, allow the Spaniards to rii>li
1 >r\\iiiil and gain the tower, putting almost every occu[)aut to the swonl.
'I'his story is proljubly a version of the temple light.
CHAPTER XXV.
DEATH ,0F MONTEZUMA.
JrNK, 1520.
A LtviVH Death— The Old Tmi'kuiai. P.arty and the Xkw PowEn —
Aztec Dkkiante— pKuii-ors Positikx of the Spasiaiiks — F)i.sAri'<>iNT
MENT TO Coktes Anothek Sai.i.v— The Dyis<; MosAiti'H -He hah
NO Desire to Live — His KEJEtTioN op a \ew Faith — He will
None of the Heaven oe the Si'amaki»s — Commevks his Chiluuen
to Coktes — The Chakacteii ok Montezuma and ok his JIeii;n.
tlu
w
LoNO before this the Spaniards liad learned that
><)\ver wliicli
liad
arisen ni
>ront
eziinias s
tead
as of a ditllient, <|UaHty I'ntni that hitely wieldml
I'V the poor eaLfed njoiiareh, whose proml spirit *hey
had so bhLjhted and hrou*,dit h)\v. Xo Qiietzalcoatl
nr other peisiuiaiLje, fair or dark, lieaven-desceiided or
• •t' ini))ort infei-nal, iniLfht now interpose to pi-event
the kiUinji^ and eookiiiij^ of the strangers. C'oi'tes
had thoU!j;ht. tliat tlie late sj>oliation of idols would
nil the peo|)le with awe toward hein^js so sn|)erior
to their ^ods. ]>ut when ho threatened that if they
(lid not lav d
should
own
tl
len* aims n<»
remain anve, m
t a man of them
or one stone Ix; l«'ft on another
tliiouj^lKHit all their <'ity, tlu-y laut^lu'd at him, the
I'liests ahettinj^. "llow -;peak you so foolishly," they
said, "mortal as wo now know you to I
di life wo are pit- pare* I t<
evi'iy h[)ani:
o wo are prtpare«l to sacniice, i
»e, when
•rili(
for
if
ii<i'd be, twenty-tivo thousand of our own li\^
Tiny had out oiF retreat at the causeways, so that
till' lake alone was open to exit, an<l here the'y were
]>i(|>aro(l with Hoots of canoes tilled with resolute
lueii. Even should tho Sj»aniards hold out against
Hist. Mkx., Vul. I. 29
( i*'i )
:
'S
¥
!§
!? i
li]
i|:
fS*
■ t
E* !
Ni-
4.M)
DEATH OF MONTEZUMA.
assault, luinfTor and thirst must ovoroonio them in tlio
ou<l. "Tlic truth of this was too evidt-nt," ohscrvrs
Cortc's, "for hunji^er alone would liave soon killi'd us."
The imperial party, whieh had sunk to insiirniticanci!
sime the elevation of Cuitlahuatzin to the leadership,
and was now sustained only by a few relatives of
Montezuma, had no lonj^er a voice in the direction
of aflairs. Their efforts to make terms with the
S|>aniards mij^ht have gained, puhlie approval, hnt
the and)ition of Cuitlahuatzin stooil in the way of
any compromise. To release the stranwrs would !>«'
to rest«>re JNIontezunia, and he prelV'ried t(^ occujiy
the tlirone himself He was also covetous of mili-
tary fame; and knowing the desperate condition of
the hesii'ged, he hoped l)y their reduction to a<ld to
his record of glorious achievements.*
The soldiers felt the peril of their position moio
than the general. They had been cheeri'd f»»r ;i
moment by victory, only to find how barren it was;
only to realize that many such triumj)hs would jhonc
their ruin. In order to counteract this growing «lr-
spondency, Cortes resolved on a night sally with half
his force. The Indian.s being unprepared for this, the
paity advanced with comparative impunity, destrovi d
several bairicades, antl tired a large number of houst s
along the Tlacopan road, where the roof assault liiid
been so severe. The warriors having finally gathcinl
in sufficient force to render retreat advisable, tlio
Spaniards destroyed a nund)er of buildings in tin-
vicinity of their (piarters before entering, and tliiis
secured additional immunity.^
The present purpose of the Spaniards was to op' ii
an exit from the city. At a council, called to c ii-
' In Mnnuitrrit ih loQS, Auhtti, Col., Cihuacohuatl ami Tzilmncjvipocit, in.
brothers of Monte/uiiiii, iin* imiiieil iu» the Icuil'-rs of i\w opiMwitioii |i,iity.
coiini'cU'il also with tln' followors of Qiu'tailooatl, whoal)horr»Mi tho i-nicl i itr.i
of till' A/ti'i\s. Tlu'v smTi'filotl, it is miiil, in introiliiuin^ jirovisidii^ t"i"
the lK'Nif;it(l. Ihusg, iir df Jioiirlioiinj, Hist. 2^'at. tVc, iv. 317 IS. lint tin- is
doul)tfnl.
' 'I Ills is prolwbly the sally which llorrera iutrusta t*> Suluedo. dec. ii. li'i. x.
cap. viii.
EFFORTS TO LEAVE THE CITY.
4.-.1
moro
lor a
it was;
[\>r (If-
rhair
;, 111""
rovrtl
lOUStS
t ba.l
e, tho
u th'-'
I thus
() oyrw
r,j-Kicnt/ii>.
i-nifl iit''^
isitiii-' ''"■
Hut till- 1*
sidor the situation, it was adiuittod tliat (U'lay would
(•lily reduce their strenj^tli without (•orres])ondiMijf ^aiu,
and with the prospect of ch)sin«^ more ellectually tlie
jL^^ate against theni.^ It was a great disappointment to
Cortes thus to abandon his hard-earned advantage.
There were those who would exult over his mis-
iortunes, and never could he hojie to win favor from
the king excei)t by some brilliant success. Jiut
this ho would yet achieve, God willing, or perish iu
the atteinpt.
The engines were strengthened, and every prepa-
ration was made to meet the rapitlly aecunudating
(lilHoulties. At dawn a large force set out in the
(lii'ectiou of the Tlacopan causeway to secure its ap-
jiroaches.* The advance was n»ade in the order of tiie
(lay previous, with guns and pioneers, and with cav-
ahy in front and rear. The late destruction of houses
jiroved of no considerable advantage, but the canniMi
iK'ing brought to play on the barricades, an o|)eniiig
was soon made. The engines, with their ft)rtili»'d
sides and covers, proved more eflicient than fornunly
in checking assaults from the roofs. The soldiers
accordingly advanced with firmer resolution, and
although the showers from the house-tops were still
troublesome, and resistance on the streets was as
lierce as ever, yet one alter anotiier the first four
canals were captured. The nearest houses weie
ra/.ed, and with the debris roadways were thrown
acidss the chaimels.
These operations were carried on in the face
of ;i bitter onslaught, and occupied the entire day.
Evening being at hand the crossings were left in
(liarge of a strong guard, composed of the freshest
men, while the rest returned to the fort.
' 'Por importiiiudnil do muchos. . . .acordi') <1e snlir della.' Carta ilcl HJi'r-
dl". ill I'-azha!ctt(i, Col. Dor., i. 4'J9. ' Kl, . . .cupituii <lilata)>n <le cailii dia la
ili^ liii salidu,' liiit tlu! orticcTs insiiitc-d that ho sliuuld leave. Seijuiula Pruhunta
(/-- /.' ;-(/-/,■, ill j,f., 4v'3.
' « 'lii\ igeio <liri'Ct.s the operation against tlie Iztnpnlnpan road, wliicli
Wuuld Ituvc been u useless iiiouuiuvro. (Jurtes is explicit euuugh uu the |Hiiiit.
4.-2
DEATH OF MOXTEZUMA.
;I1-
Montezuiiiii tlic wliik' lav a-dvinjT:, prostrato a-dviiiLT.
Hot as W'spasiaii would have an einpcror dm — stand
iii:^; but with manhood, and the a.s[)irationH of man.
;iy, oven the rej^ret.s and rcmor.se incident to foilt d
endeavor, all crushed he was killed when the insults
of his people fell Upon him; he scarcely heeded thrir
dui'ts and stones.
It is not necessary always that breath shall ccast>
bctbre one can be dead. From lanthe's .spirit fll
the shackles of .sen.se, the body bein^jf left witli it<
animal life, l»ut soulless. And thougli corporal IIIV'
was yet present in Montezuma, the .soul was already
IVcc: the accursed aliens had done their worst. Wlim
the mii^'ht of .sacretl sovereii^nty was extini^uished, tlir
rcMuains were less than man, though they walked, and
talked, and wept.
( 'onipared with his present condition, how di<j^nir. il
and ha})}»y death would have been by the hands o\' lii-
bi'other priests, before the j.(ods, in the eyes of t!i.'
nation, on the sacred sacrificial stone! Or, like tli.i;
anionjj^ the Massagetic, told of by Herodotus, \\]i<>
.'.acriHced and ate their ol<l people, holding natuial
(leatli a misfortune — even this or any other ste[)])i!iLr
down and out would have been preferable to tliu-
(lying like a silly hare in a trap!
He refused food and any attention to the wound-.
Mliieh were far from fatal. He tore off the banda'4( -.
tlir(>w from him all medicines, and bared his body t^
<lisease, even as his .soul had been long since baiv^!,
a:i(l .stretched out his hand to hasten the cold stniiy
gras|» of death. What a farce was life, and honor. -Awd
majesty, all to end in poverty <iiid disgrace! Feeling
th<' all-'-hanging momentat hi nd Jie sunmioned CoHi' - :
for despite his long maltreatment he entertained a kind
of affection for the monster, who might even yet pri'\ ■
to be the demi-god of so'ue far away incomprehensililc
world. Moreover, the Spaniard's intellect and mm
were the stronger; he was his son-in-law and prolci''!''
successor; therefore, tliough his jailer, he would siicuk
LAST APPEALS.
453
tin'.-
mud-,
idam".
()(lv t"
Ibaivd,
sti'i'.y
hv, and
foi'lin;^'
(irt<'--
lak'nid
1(1 arm
[oba'i'l''
spt'ak
witli liiin. And when lie canio MoiitczAuna sa'd:
'The end for nie a})jir()aehes, ^lahiuhe; it is even
In re. You eannot harm me further, noi- lielp \\\v if
VdU woul(L I have j>iven you all; you liave taken
;ill — my liberty, niy kin«^dom, my hie, and that Nvhi<h
i> more to me than kingdom, hberty, or lile, tin;
atlection of my jieople, the love of my eounsellor.s and
fiitiids; and respect — resj)eet of self, and tliat sacred
ivsjK'ct \vhieh, living or <lead, is mine hy iidieritance,
all'! hy virtue of my ofliee. ]5ut I would not ujthraid
yon; I pra}* only that my ruin will benefit you; I beg
(if vou earo for mv children, and I conjure vou to
avenge me on my rebel subjects and their leaders.""
Moved by the touching appeal, Cortes promised
;ill tliat was asked of him, while remonstrating with
tlie monarch for rejecting food and medicine. Mon-
tr/,unia then, in like manner, exh()rted his nobles wlio
Were pris()n«'rs with him, and was touched by tluir
SHiTow for the .sad state of the empire, and their
manifestation of affection for himself Father Olmedu,
\vli(» liad never relaxed his efforts for the captives
Kinversion, now pressed to his aid the general. lUit
in vain. All else these beings maledict had taken
tVoia liim; they should not now rob him of his re-
li.;i<>n. His faith was as dear to him, as true, as
jiiire, as efficacious, as was theirs to them. Away
with another's <j:ods! Let each live and die liy liis
own. lie was high-priest, too, and for him to proxt;
recreant to the national faith would oversjiadow all his
I'l'i'iiier crimes condjined. "What is this they would
liave of me?" he groaned within himself Then turning
>UiliK'idy to Olmedo, he asked, "Do S[)aniards go to
•• 111 a /iririlefi'io in favor of the d.-uif^littT I>mi))i'1, Cortis refers to tliis in-
tcivirw, Hoyiinr that tlilee (hui),'lilers wvvti iutrusteil to liini. No iiUus.hh is
inaili' to imy son. The ulVcetioimtc terms in wliieh lie lierein speaks of Mnn-
ttviiuia iiiiisl 1)0 due to jKjlitieal reasons, and peiliaps to a renaid f.ii' tlio
I'lilicsses. /'due", \'irc>i<s, in Miuiiinn iilnit lluiniii. /,>/<,. M.s.,(i7 S. l{iiiiiiie/.
li'lii uli-s tlie idea of an fijipeal l)y the emperor to (.'irtcs, w ho was on iinfiM ndly
t(i;iis with him. .So-. Mi .i-.Hcoj., /^'o/<^■/^^•. .'}.">! (etsei|. lUit the< Hi h tot Niciite-
i'iii:i.i to siive till! Spaniards .shows that interooiir.-^e had Ixcn reest:ili!islnd ;
hii! Was not fortes, as the iiiishand of one or more of liis daiiyliiers, tlie
I'H'pur person to protect tiieir sisters?
4r)4
DEATH OF MOXTEZUMA.
IhiM lioavon of y<nirH?" "Assuredly," was tlic n'uly:
"it was iiia(l(! lor thorn, and is luld l)y ('hristiaii>,
aj^aiust all (tlhors, as tho reward ot* tlu'ir j)Uiv lulit t'
and jjfcntlt' ileeds," "Jt is imiouljIi; I will noMi; ol" it."
said Monte/Auna, who I'roni that nionuMit would not
li-;ti'n to a word of Christian exhoi-tation/' If was
early in the morning of the DOth of June,^ three ilays
SI 1
"Tho quoxtioii of Ilia convoi-sion 1ms bom imu'li ilisotissctl. 'No Ic jnnl.)
atr:i< r ii ijiic sc lidlvifssc Cristiaiio,' say.-* I'MTiiiii l)ia/, llist. Vinlnil., Iit.i;
tiinl llori'pra is cvni iiiorf ''xplicit. iK-o. ii. lil). x. ca|). x. ('i)rti's aiiil lii< I"!
lowers. Martyr ami Oviotlit. uivo no imlicatinnH to tiio contrary. I\tiil\ nhitl
Btiitt's, however, that ho hail learneil si-veral prayei-H, anil iveii l>ej;4cil tor
liaptisni, but tiiat the rito w;i.s deferreil 'por la paseiia siu'ilienti-. ipie <r;i il.' I,i
ro-iiirroccion, y fiio tan tlesdieliailo, (pie nunea alean/i'i tanto bien.' lift i 'li'nl, .
'J:)!(. Yet he adds that it has been Kiid "ipie se b;iuti/ii y .se llanio Itou .lii.iii.'
J!(liirioiics,4'>'i. Aoeordinj; to(i(Mnara heask"d for ba])tisni in tiie bei;innin'4 "f
lent, but it was determined t()iKntiK>no tiie rito till |tenteeost, for j,'i'eater'lle t.
an<l as more apiirojiriate for Hoiiigli a l>er'ii)nage. Owiii;.; to tlio troiilih's aii--.iu
out of Narva''Z arrival nothinj,' was done tlion. 'y despues do herido oluiii.i :e
fon la prissa del jielearl' ///.<'. .1/' c, \7A. Cortt's had persuaded liiiii, .si\-(
\'i't:incnrt, dnrin.i{ the early days of his inii>ris<)nniont. to ai-cept l>ai)ti.siii, Mini
lie was taken to the temple for the pnrpose, but at the last moment lie ••xiiHr.l
liiuiself on the ground tiiat tho Indians would eleet another lord iind at ta.k
tliein all if ho al)andoiied the faith. Tcittro Mcr., iii. 1;{J-U. Fathei- l>iir:iii.
<>n tiio contrary, over zealous for tho natives, anil j>articularly for his hin..
Monti'zuma, as.serts tiiat trustworthy men had vouoh'd for his baptism. I'.iiliv
Olmcdo had also expressed belief therein. aUhoU);li ho had not be 'U ]in'si nt
vlien it was mlministered. ///>/. /;/(/.. MS., ii. 4 ir». The father's meiiiniy
must have failed him with respect toOlniedo. (^imargo has also been as>iiiri|
<>f his baptism, with Cortt^s and Aivarado for s|K>nsors. //^-^ T/n-.. bii!.
Tezoi'omoc, who claims to have investi};ated the ])oint, declares ex]>licit!y tliit
tlio ri'.e was administered on his death-bed, when ho reecivi'd tiie ii:imii' ■■!
Chios, and that ('ort<''s. Olid, and Aivarado weiv tiie sponsors. I'i,;,i,',l,iri,,,i
ill' !•' rulicd'i tnvli'i'iiiiM, firohinulo i/iic d ('iii]Dr<i'li>i' Mo'tithnima ricih'ni il ^nhin
nUfrdDii iiti) ill' Ihiiitisiiio. This author wrote at tiie close of the si\te titli
century, and follows traditions only, nustiunanto, in modern times, lias ;il>'i
reviewed the ijuostimi, and follows Tezozonioo implicitly. In su])])iirt tlicn"!
he (piotes a jiotni, by Captain Angil I'.etancourt. wherein he retVi-s t > M'lit. •
zuina -IS tlio * indio /<f(i(//;a7<),' introduces tlie vaijMO utterance of IxtliK'K lui!,
iind even attempts to misconstriU! a certiiin expression of (\>rtes. Monti /uiu i
tells tlio latter to baptize his daughters, !ind this Itiistamante rei^anlsin piMiif
tiiiit lie liiins-.'lf desired the rite. Ue does not suppose that the rcli,'ioii i<i tin'
vicious Spaiiiard.-i could have had p-eat attractions for him, but when alii'it [»
die hi' accepted it, 'as tlie drowning; nitin does the .miviiii; jilaiik.' .Vrticli' in
('/I'liiii/iiiiiii, Ifisf. t 'o:ii;., i. 'JST-O.l. Still fuller is the review of Itaniirc ', ^^llll
follows Torniiomada in pointin;' out tho fact that neither tJortOs nor .\lv;ir:i li>
ever refciTou totlii'ir supposed sp >nsorship, as they certainly would iiavi' iliii,«
ill coiini!ction with so distinguished u personage had tlioy felt enipowerci!. Sn,-.
Jfir. (I'i'O;!., JMi'fhi.
' Cortes' chronoloiry, na inflioatod in the f'artan, sliows eloarly that In' li!t
Mexico during the night of June .'llHli, as will be demonstrated. lb' nlsK
ininlies what Reriial Diaz ninl llorreru distinctly assert, that eonsidi niMi'
lighting tiKik jilace on the Titvcopan road between the time the corjis.' «.i.<
B freiidered to tlie .\ztocs and the Spaniards returned to their ipiartr;'' l"''
pra-atory to ovuuuation. llenco the death must have occurred early vn lliat
CHARACTKR OF THK MAV.
iiftt'i' tlio trvliii^ sri'iu' in tlie pivsi-uco of his poojuo,
that the luniiaich hrtathod his last. And vwn the
S|taiiiar(ls I'oij^ot tor a nioniont tluir diahohsnis, ami
alloNVi'd their ininds to dwell on tlio virtues of this
luai^nifieent heathen, this niiixhty sovereiijfn, their
.s\v»'i't-teinj)ered urisoner, and kind and j^i-nerous lnjst."
or a truth, despite his pusilhininiity with reijard
to the Spaniards, which was indeed little else than
pardiMiahle sujurstition, this man was in many re-
spects not unworthy the title of (ireat so freely
Itctowed uj)on him. Montezuma was hut I'orty-one'
;it the time of his death, and had wielded the sceptre
for nearly ei<^hteen years with wonderful success.
1 iider him the Aztec empire ac(|uired its widest
«xtcnt and oivatest <jlorv. While his armies hy well
diiccted t)perations spread the terror of his name to
>tant
pr
ov
ions
mces anil increased the national domai.i
iiy fresh coiKjuests, his suhtle intrijjfues scui-ed ail
vaiitai^es at home, and estahlislu'd the suj^i'macy of
Mexico in the tripartite alliance. With a high re<^ard
lor the diufiiity of his throne, he causetl the sovi.'rei<:fn
to l)o worshipj)ed almost like a fjfod, and sustained
till' o'rundeur of his surroundini(s with lavish exj)endi-
tiiie. This severe and ostentatious |)ride kept him
iil)ovi; the reach of his people, and I'ailini; to untler-
stund their wants or to sympathize witii their condi-
tion, he ruled not hy love, hut hy fear. Thus it is
that we lind the native records dwell upon his iitful
(l:iy. n(>rrera oonfinns CortiV tostiinoiiy tlint he oouM not have ilicd Iti'fore
till' Itotli, l>y Hiiyiiiir, 'I'li i|niitro ilias si' muriu.' dn'. ii. lil>. x. i';ii). \. Jt is
iil-i> ;,'fiiorally iiilniiltod that hu was not wimmli'il licforo tlii' tliiiil day of the
»ii'i:i'.
'■ •('ortca lloro jior M, y todos niu'stros rapitaiics, y soldadn.s: i- lioiiil>ri-4
luivii ciitre nosotros. . . .<|tie tan llorado fiif, coiiio .si futia iiiii'stm padn'.'
Urmil /liir., Hist. Verdiiil., 1()4._ C'orti-H Hj>eaks lii<{ldy of liini, 'y siniipn!
tiivii iiiiii Itnona voluntad .1 los Mspafioles, ' l>ut this is in tint (h'('(| pi-rst'iiti'cl
t" his dan^'hter. Sch! /'rii'ili'iilo, MoHiiiiiyii/nit hntniit. Ekj)., MS., (i(J. In tho
C'lrlds ill' is n-forrcd to nieroly as u captive who dies. After sjiyiii^,' that ho
iifvir con.sciitod t<) the death of o. S)Miniai-d nor to injury against C,'i>rtfs,
(liiiiiiiniadtls: 'Tamilian aj'tinion h) cotniriodiffa.' l/ist. Mer,, l.i-l 'i.
' t 'lavij,'iTo says 54, \nit hfrnal Uiaz, who wiw so much in Ins conip.iny,
I'oiiM hardly havo l>c«-n niistaki'ii, and tlie coniparutivc youth of iiis cliildri'U
aUo indicates that 4 1 is more curruct.
I
t
\i\
% '■
m DKATI! OP MONTEZrMA.
(•(>1<1-1)1<)(h1(«1 rruolty and snjxTstition, not us a tyraiif,
Ijowcvt-r, imt as an adniinistrator of tlu-ii* own < rml
yi't ri'vcrt'd rites. }[c was ri'imtcd Just, Imt this
«|uality \va.s to l>o found ratlit'i* in the intention than
in the aet. Witli all Jiis pride lie aj»iH'ar.s to have
heen most afl'ahle and kind to those with whom he
came in contact. The SjKiniards certaiidy found liiin
so. Tn their later inti'rcourse other c«»nsiderations
may have ruled him, however, and with the eunniiii,'
and secrecy of his race ho may have submitted to the
inevitahle demands of circumstances.'"*
Surrounded by fawnini,' mini.sters, wjioso existence
depended on ids favor, he was encourai^cfl in tlu; e\-
travau^ant habits of a maL^nificent court, which )»ro-
moti>d their schenu'S at tlie exj)e!ise of a tax-riddcii
people. The ambition to extend his ianu^ and power
re<|uii'ed the maintenance of immense armies, of nunin-
ous ujarrisons, and of costly canipaii^ns, which pioved
another drain on tlie j»eo])le. Tliis was aULjmeiite(| in
subjected provinces by the extortions of im]>eii;il
officers, who found means to prevent the cry of the
oppressed from reachin;^ the tliro: ^. Perliaps the
most terrible infliction was the levy on the youth of
both sexes for slaves, and for sacrificial victims t^
a|)pease the bloody appetite of Aztec <2^o«ls — an a|)|)t -
tite which had increased in horror with the abject
superstition of this otherwise enli;nrhtened monarch.
Enlin^'htened he undoubtedly was, for as hijjfh-]))'iest
he had become versed in tlie hiu^her learniiiL? (»f the
priesthood. The study of mythology came naturally to
him, while astronomy and natural history were favorite
subjects with the loi'ds of the lake j)eoples, the I'oi-iih r
ctmnected with myths and divinations, the lattei- illiH-
trated by specimens from ditlerent n^gions, and vo\-
'"' ' Antes ni despues Inivo en este niiuulo qiiion Ic ipuilaso cii in.i,i.'osta'l V
profaniilad. . . .fueinuy jiisticiero lecuinlioiun imiy.s<'vci'(i,;uiiiiniei'n(ii|'i y
y:ai'ii>s'>. ' Ixtlilxiii'h'itl, Hist. <'h!rh., 301. 'l>i/.eii los Imlios <jut' fiio <■! mcjur
(k' sii liiiajc, y I'l mayor rt'y lU- MoxicD,' Odiwini, Hi<t. Mc.v,, 1>V). ' Fu c/ii'''-
8;>i'ttii, inaLCiiirK'ct, lil)i'ial<' . . . .sii-i ;,,'iii.stiziii ili'i;oiu'rava in cnidcltfi.' ('lie-' frn,
I'^'luiia .1/( ,•)>., iii. i;{2; Jhrrtni, dec. ii. lib. x. cu|t. x.; 'J'or</ui'iiuula, i. 4'J'J OUO.
TIIK MAX AND TIIK XATION'.
4.-.7
lo('tc;l in tlic botanic aiiil zooV)<i(' tjardfus of ^Icxico
and otluT cities. Tlu! studies ni 'lis yontli had gained
tnr liini a well nioritod ivspoct IVoc. his j>riestly con-
I'lviL's, and the prudence aiul saL,''acity which eontrolied
the Well stored uiin<l coninian(h'd attention in tlio
.ouncil." While yet a youn;^' man there soenud t »
(ievelo|) ([ualities which iitte<l him for the position of
liiLch-prit.'st, also as counsellor, to which his jtrined,
rank paxisd an easy way. liesides this he had shown
himsi;ll' possessed of «^reat coura^^e, and had ostiiblished
his fame as a <^(;neral hy many victories.
It was with this re[>utation, as zealous and hiirned
]iriest, prudent 't-' jsman, and hrave soldier, that Jit>
ascended the throne in 150'J, while only twenty-tlueo
yvAV.-i of ;; . \ It is in such terms that his colh-aLjue
Xczahualjtilli in his coronation addivss refers to the
hopes entertained of the youthful ruh-r." ThoUL;h
ever a devout servant of the <^ods, the cfTeminate
pleasures of the court weakened the nerves an<l energy
of the soldier, till his warlike ardor survived oidy in
a taste for military reviews and ibr the chase. The
• aution of the general remained, hut timidity saves
few leaders from disaster. Vanity and desi<jfnintx min-
ist«.'rs overruled too often the dictates of wisdom in
the administration of aifairs." His path had heeii
in'cpared hy able predecessors, and answered well for
the policy of aggrandizement which l)ecame th«; lead-
ing feature of his reign. In this his natural liberality
and talent for intrigue, fostered by priestly training,
St ived him well and procured blindly devoted instru-
iii^nts for his plans. Thus, l)y fair means and foul, the
<nij)ire was raised to the pinnacle of its glory, but
iK't being of a natural or healthy growth 't proved
unstable, and crumbling under the strong commotion
' ' ' Ftio mny siihio, puea passaua por las cosas nsai. o muy necio Tj no las scnti.i . '
Oniiiam, Hist. Mex., 15.J. ' Kl hoitibre mas siildoil-j su siglo.'is IJuHtiiii.-iiit'/t*
iiitii-prctation. Ho also discovers that Muatezuiim objected to sacriiictj !
i'ltin„ili„ii,i, IIIM. VnU'l., '-'O-'-.l
'■' S.e yiitin- ftaci'M, ii. 140-.V).
" ' I'lireva aver caugiato di sestio, siccomo diccvano i suoi sudditi. ' Clavi'jero,
Stor.n jy.w., iii. i;ji>.
458
DEATH OF MONTEZUMA.
I!
created by the approach of Castilians, it revived
only for a moment in the present uprising like the
mental illumination preceding death. Montezuma
could not have failed to recognize the insecurity of
the bonds which held it, and influenced by the pre-
dictions of its downfall he readily fell beneath the
spell of the superior intellects which were to assume
control. It was his misfortune to have lost the san-
guine energy of his youth, which might have enabled
him to rise above the weaknesses of himself and his
age. Duty and honor were overcome by superstition
and absorbing love of power, of life, and he reaped
the natural fruit of puerile and misdirected efforts by
losing both. Resistance might not long have delayed
the inevitable, but it would at least have procured for
him an end worthy of his grandeur.
Of his many wives may be named the princesses
Teitlalco, Acatlan, and Miahuaxochitl, of whom the
first named appears to have been the only legitimate
consort." By her he left a son, Asupacaci, who fell
during the noclie triste, and a daughter, Tecuichpo,
baptized as Isabel, married consecutively to Quaulitu-
motzin, the last Mexican sovereign, to visitador
general Alonso Grade, to Pedro Andrade Gallego,
and to Juan Cano de Saavedra. She had children
by the latter two, from whom descend the illus-
trious families of Andrade-Montezuma and Cano-
Montezuma.
By the Princess Acatlan were left two daughters,
baptiacd as Maria and Mariana. The latter alone
left offspring, from whom descends the Sotelo-Monte-
zuma family. By the third wife came to the emperor
the son Tlacahuepantzin, known after baptism as
Pedro Yohualicahuacatzin Montezuma, whose de-
scendants, the condes de Montezuma y de Tula,
intermarried with the noblest families of Spain, and
'* So Cano, the son-in law, declares, Oviedo, iii. 549, and so Cort(?s inti-
mates in the jrrivilcqio to Isabel, whom he calls 'su legituna hercilcru,'
cijpcciully commended to him.
WIVES AND CONCUBINES.
450
■liters,
lontc-
ipcror
^m as
Tula,
ami
k«5s iuti-
connected the name with the highest offices of ijtate,
and with the title of grandee."
" Of the rest of the imperial wives and concubines nothine iweitivc is
known, save that a number of them and their daughters were libcruUy be-
stowed, as a mark of imperial favor, on prominent personages, inchidiiig
Spaniards. After the conquest they sank into obscurity, althou;4h some of
tlium still managed to maintain a certain consideration among tiic uativos,
despite their poverty. Bcrnal Diaz claims that he received one of the concu-
bines; upon Olid was bestowed a daughter, and upon Cortus two, it is said,
one baptized as Ana, the other as Iniis. Two witnesses decLire that Isal)ci
nko ' cinco meses questava casada con .... Gallego e que ]iario una fija y que liura
del .... Cortes." Cortes, Resulencia, ii. 242, 39, 244; i. (j3, 1)9, 221, 203. Tiie tlireo
daughters confided toCoi"t(5son their father's death-bed were not in the Span-
ish quarters at the time, at least not all of them, but were found after the
conquest and baptized. Tlie eldest and legitimate, the attractive Tccuiclqw,
was then the wife of the last and captive sovereign, Quauhtcmotxin, her
cousin, who had married her chiefly with a view to strengthen his hold on
the throne, for she was i^jo young for tlio married state. iSho was l>uptix.ed
as Isabel, and her Indian husband liaviug been (txccuted, Cortus, on liis return
from Honduras, gave her in marriage to the hidalgo Alonso Urado, of Al-
cantara, who had succeeded Avila as contador, and n )W Iicld the position of
visitador general of New Spain. In consideration partly of Giudo's services
nnd partly of Isabel's rank, the captain-general bestowed as dower, in tlio
ciupeior's name, the town of Tacuba (Tlacopan), with the villages and farms
subject to it, together witli the title of senora thereof. The deed, which
recounts the services of her father and the intrusting of his daughtci-s to
(Ji)rtc3, is signed by him as captain-general and governor of New Sjuiin, and
dated June 27, 1523. It is given, among other lx>oks, in Monumenlos Domin,
Exp., MS., 05-8. Grado dying soon after, without issue, she married I'eilro
Audradc Gallego, by whom she had one son, Juan jVn<lrade, tlie founder of the
Andradc-Montezun'.a family. This branch inherited the Villa Alta villages,
ill Oajaca, and other estates, wliicth in 1745 were bought up by the crown for
a pensionof 3000 pesos, continued by the Mexii;an government in irregular pay-
mcnts. A member of this lirunch was tlie bishop of Cliiapas a few years later.
i'lr.'lllcacloii de ias Mercedes, MS., 14- IS. M. Fossey descriixis a visit, in
1S49, to the poverty-stricken yet proud descendants. Mfxique, 497-500. Tlio
omission of Gallego's middle name has led the critical Alaman, among others,
to .issunic that this family descends from Isabel's iifth marriage with Juan An-
(h'iide. I'rrscof's Mfx. (Me.x. 1844), ii. 31. Nor is Prescott free from error
in connection with Montezuma'si descendants. The Andradc branch bocanio
allied t > the Condes de Miravalle, and a ilaughter of this house was the wife of
(iLiicral IJarragan, who became /«Ys»/e/i<(! iiiterliioi>i the republic, thus raising
a (ksccndant of Montezuma once again to the supreme place in the country.
Tile Princess Isabel w.is marrif 1 a fourth time, to Juan Cano de Suavedra,
by whom she had five children, tlio inheritors of the Taculja estates, also ex-
elian;;ed for a pension which wai) continued by the republic. Of tlio PrLice-ss
Aeatlan's two daughters, Mariaaud Mariana, the former Icftno issue. Mariana
inairicil the conquistador Juan do Paz, bringing a dower of three towns, and
after his death slie took for husband the coniiueror Cristiibal de Valdenaiua.
liy liini she had a daughter, Leonor, who, marrying Diejro Arias Sotelo,
L'ave origin to the Sotclo-Montezuma f miily. FoiiKcra, Hist, llwkiidii, i. 4 14.
riiis work, with its coUaction of nfiicial papers and extracts, gives a mass of
iiifonnatiou about the imperial d<!scendants and estates. Prescott ccinfiuiiuls
tlie ninther and daughter. Mix., ii. 351-2. Viceroy M'indoza, in a de patch
tn til" emperor of Dcv. mber 10, 1537, refers to the death, three weeks liefo;-o,
of N'alderrama, and speaks of children by the former husband, wliieli are not
fiiliiiitted in Fonseea. AtcA.'co and Ciirilnuvi, ('ol. Do',, ii. 208. Cortes i\fers
to tluec sons of Montezuma : tlic heir, wlio fell on the causeway during the
4G0
DEATH OF MONTEZUMA.
noche fristc, and two si. -iving boys, 'one said to be insane, the other para-
lyzed. ' On leaving Mexico he took with him one son and two daughters, his
concubines prol»fibly, all of whom pt^rishcd. Cartas, 13."i, 133. Sahagiin names
two sons, wlio perished on that occasion. Hint. Conq. (ed. 1840), l'2*i, 120.
Ixtlilxocliitl gives them different names. HUt. t'/iich., 3U2. Cano gives the
name Asupacaci to the heir, or only legitimate son, the brother of his wife
Isiihel, and states that he was killed by Qnauhtcmotzin, who feared him as
tiie only rival to the throne. Ovitdo, iii. 541). Brasscur do Bourbourg follows
him. but prefers the name of Cipocatzin for the young prince, while Axayoca
is also applied. Cortes' version is more likely to be correct, however. One
of the surviving sons, 'Signer di Tcnajoccan,' C'lavii/ero, Storia Meax., iii.
133, was baptized with the intervention of his sponsor, Rodrigo de Paz,
and died three years after the conquest, ' y se enterrb en la Capilla de San
.Joseph.' I'ctancvrt, Teatro Mex., pt. iii. 144. This author assumes that
the youth fled with the Spaniards from the capital and hid at Tcpotzotlan.
The othfr prince, son of Aliahuaxochitl, daughter of the lord of Tula, and
niece of Monteznma — baptized as Maria, says Vctanciirt — received the name
of Don Pedro. He accompanied Cort(5s to Spain in 1.52S, it appears, at
the age of eighteen, and made repeated appeals to the em|)cror for a main-
tenance in accordance with his rank. At first some trifling favors were
f ranted, and he, together with a cousin, was educated by the Franciscans in
ladrid. I'wja, t'eduiario, 85. President Fuenleal, of the audiencia, and other
prominent persons having added their I'ecommendation, regular pensions an 1
encomicndas were bestowed, including the town of Tula, the seat of his
maternal grandjiarents, upon which was based the second title of Condcs de
Montezuma y do Tula, conferred on his grandson. The line expired on the
male side with the great great-grandson of the emperor, whose daughter mar-
ried Sarmiento do V'alladares, duke of Atlixco, and viceroy of New Spain, thus
raising the name again to the highest position in the country. Prescott,
following Humboldt, Esmii Pol., i. 191, 203, calls Valladares, by mistake, a
d'.'sccndant of Montezuma. The cousin of the vice-queen married Silva, the
first marquis of Tenebron, whose descendants inherited the title and estates
from the other branch, and became grandees in 1705. Their pension amounted
at this time to 40,000 pesos, says Bemi, Titulondc Costilla, which rcpreseutcil
ill ])art the encomiendas withdrawn bj'tho government. The republic recog-
nized this portion, as it had the pensions to the other branches. Shortly
after the independence of Mexico the holder of the title, Alonso Marcilla do
Teniel Montezuma, came ever with the intention of asserting his claim to tlio
throne of his forefathers, but the prudent possessors of the power thought it
best not to admit him, and he passed on to New Orleans, there to put an end
to his life some years later. Prescott understands that the septuagenarian
ha<l been disappointed in love. Mc.i:, ii. 352. Several members ot the Sp;ini.sli
nobility have intermarried with this line, among them a branch of the Guziiiaii
family, whence the claim made for the consort of Napoleon III. of havini'
Montezuma's blood in her veins. Gondra gives a portrait of a member marriud
nto the Mendoza family. Prcamtt'n Mex. (cd. Mex. 1845), 219. One of tlio
i.nc. Padre Louis de Montezuma, wrote the Hiatoria del Emperador, which
has been consulted by Alaman, Diarrt., i. app. ii. 158. Clavigero gives a,
genealogic table iu Storia Mesa., iii. 235, and Carbajal, while plagiarizing the
statements and blunders of others, adds a few of his own. Hiat. Mex., ii.
378-88. In Foiiaeca, /list. Hacienda, i. 455 et seq., are to be found several
valuable extracts concerning titles and estates; also in Rentes Cddulna, MS.,
i. pt. i. 5, ii. 4 etc.; Certificacion de las Afercedea, MS.; Mex. Mem. Hacicudi,
l''^.'fS, 35-0; Fuenleal, Carta, in Pacheco and Cdrdeiiaa, Col. Doc, xiii. '111.
The family name has been spelled in different ways, also by its possessors, n
Motczuma, Muteczuma, Moctezuma, Mocthecuzoma, Motecuhzuma, Moteuli-
zuina ; but Montezuma is the most common form.
'I'lic ffiaforia de las Indias de Niieva- Eapaila if Talaa de Tierra Firme, liy
Fatli'T l)i'\u;o Duran. is claimed by its author, in the introtluetory to chapti r
Ixxiv., to be devoted essentially to the life and rule of this monarch, 'cuy;i
DURAX AND ACOSTA.
Ml
vida 6 histdria yo eseribo.' Tl»e preparation of the work was more iHrcctly
prompted by a compassion for the maltreated natives, whose champion ho
constituted liimsclf, in common with so many of the friars. This spirit led
him naturally to color the occurrences of the conquest; and a non-critical
acceptance of whimsical legends and statements in favor of his prott^ges
tends furtlier to reduce the value of the work. His deep interest in the abo-
rigines and their history may be explained by the fact that ho was boin at
TcEcuco, of a native mother. Franco wrongly calls him Pedro, and (Jlavigero,
Fernando. He professed as a Dominican at Mexico, in 1550, with missioni^iy
aspirations, no doubt, but a delicate constitution and constant sufTcring con-
tiiicd him rather to the monastery, and directed his efforts to researches and
writing. Castcllanos, Defensn, 28, attributes several works to him, and
E'»uiara, liih. Mex., 324, the compilation of the Dominican history of Diivila
I'udilla, though not the style and form. Du\'ila also, 'scrisso la Storia antioa
de' Mossicani, servendosi <le' matcriali raccolti gi.^ da Fcrdinando Diirau
Domenicano da Tezcuco; ma qnesta opera non si trova.' Claviijero, Sloria
Mess., i. 13. But this may be a mistake. A similar rewriting would
have- greatly improved the His'oria de la-i Indian, which is exceedingly
unpolished and slovenly, full of repetitions and bad spelling, and show-
ing great poverty of expression. On the other hand, it is relieved by an
admirable portrayal of character and knowledge of human nature, and by
a minute study of the eftect of conversion on the natives. The work con-
sists of three tratados, the first in 78 chapters, giving the history of Mexico
from its origin to the conquest, terminating with the expedition to Hon-
duras. This was completed in 1581, while the other two were finished
two years before. The second tratado, in 2.1 chapters, treats of Mex-
ii;an divinities and rites, and the third, in two, or more properly nineteen,
chapters, of calendar and festivals. Patlre Duran dietl in 1588, leaving tho
manuscripts to Juan Tovar, Ddr'dn Pwldln, I/inf. Fmd. Mex., 051, wlio gave
them to Acosta, then occupied in preparing his Natura Novl Orhitt, and
otlier works. The contribution came most opportunely, and was used chielly
f'lr his account of Mexico, as ho frankly admits, tliough giving the credit to
Tovar, who may have claimed the authorship. On the strength of this state-
iiii'iit Clavigero, with others, ooufimia the claim to tho 'nobilissimo Gesuita
Messicano ' Torquemada, i. 170-1, ii. 120, himself not spotless, takes ad-
vantage of tho confession to rail at Acosta for borrowed plumage, mutilated
at tliat. The manuscripts, now in the Bibliotcca Nacional do Madrid, aro
vritt<'n in double columns and illustrated with numerous plates. Pinelo,
L'/iitoine, ii. 711, refers to them as in two parts. A few copies have been taken,
mine forming three volumes. A set obtained by Jos6 Fernando Ramirez, one
of Maximilian's ministers, was prepared by him for publication, but, owing to
till! death of the imperial patron, only the first OS chapters were isaue(l at
Mexico, 1807, in one volume, witli notes and considerable changes of tiic
style. Tiiis mutilation, as some term it, may havo l>een a reason for tho
seizure of tho whole edition, together with tlic separate plates, by tho. repul)-
lican government. Only a few copies escaped this fate, one of which I suc-
ceeded iu obtaining. Although independent issue was long withheld from
l>iiian, he has at least enjoyed the h(mor of being a.ssociatcd with one pos-
sessed of far greater fame than he himself could ever hope to achieve.
The motives which impelled Joseph de Actista to write on America M'ero
quite pretentious. Among the many f 'panisii l«)()ks on tlie New World, he says :
' I have not seene any other author which treatesof the causes and reasons of
these novelties and wonders of nature, or that hath made any sear- 'i tliercof.
Xeitlier have I read any booko which maketh mention of tlie histories
of tile autient Indians, and naturall inhabitants.' With a view to lepaif
these omissions he issued De Kntrra Novi Orhin Uhri dro, ct de I'muivlua-
I'li/iie. F.iidtKjiii't, npvd /inHximn. nire d<' Procrrawla Indorrm Salrte lAhri m x,
tSahnantieu3, 1589. Tho first part, /)c Nntiirn, is a philosoiihic dissertation
on ])liysical features, on the probable knowleflge among tho ancients of a
w estcrn hemisphere, and on the origin of the Indians. The second part, in
462
DEATH OF MONTEZUMA.
six books, bearing a separate imprint under 1588, though published only in
connection with the previous two books, treats entirely of the method and
progress of Indian conversion. The Natura was translated into Spanish, and
incoi'porated, with some amendments, in the Ilisloria Nalvral y moral de la»
Indian, Scvilla, 1500, dedicated to Infanta Isabel, which treats also of Indian
history and customs, and refers briefly to the conquest. The work achieved
threat success, and was reproduced in numerous editions, in nearly every
language, though often without Acosta's name, and in distorted form, as in
Du Bry and some Gennan versions. This may not be considered bad treat-
ment bv those who charge Acosta with plagiarism, although he frankly ml-
mits nllowing a number of authors, among them ' es vno Polo Ondegardo,
aquien communmente sigo en las cosas de el Piru : y en las materins de Mexico
loan do Touar prebendado que fue de la Iglesia de M'>xico, y agora es religioso
do nucstra Compa&ia de lesvs. £1 qual por orden del Virrcy hizo do Martin
Enriqucz diligete, y copiosa auerigaciS de las historias antiguas.' See p. 3!)0.
There is no doubt that the interest and value of the work are owing chiefly
to the circumstance that the original authorities have remained sealed, until
lately at least; for, despite its pretentious aim, the pages are marred by
frequent indications of the then prevalent superstition and credulity. The
Procvrando Indorvm Salvtc is more in consonance with the character of the
Jesuit missionary and scholastic.
Bom at Medina del Campo about 1539, he had in his fourteenth year joined
the Society, to which four brothers already belonged. After studying and
teaching theology at Ocana, he proceeded in 1571 to Peru, where he became
the second provincial of his order. Returning to Spain seventeen years later —
' post annos in Peruano regno exactos quindeciem, in Mexicano & Insularibus
duos,' says the dedication of 1588 to Philip II., in De Natvra of 1589 — he
gained the favor of the king, occupied the oflices of visitador and superior,
and died as recto, at Salamanca, February 15, 1000. Several other works, in
print and manuscript, cliiefly theologic, are attributed to him — see Camm,
104-13 — among them Dc la criatica de Oijro, dedicated to Filipe III. in 159*2,
which was also a borrowed text, irom Xenophon, and remained a manuscript
in the lloyal Library.
CHAPTER XXVI.
LA NOCHE TRISTE.
JnNE 30, 1520.
TuE Captive-Kivo Drama Carried too Fab — Better had the Span-
iards Taken Montezuma's Advice, and have Departed while
Opporttjnity Offered — Diplomatic Valce op a Dead Body — Ne-
cessity FOR AN Immediate Evacuation of the City — Departure from
the Fort — Midnight Silence — Tn« dry Roused by a Woman's
Cry — The Fugitives Fiercely Attacked on All Sides — More
Horrors.
And now what must have been the feelings of the
invaders, who, Hke the ancient mariner, had killed
the bird that made the breeze blow I For assuredly
they were responsible for the emperor's death. Indeed,
the direct charge of murder against Cortds has not
l>cen wanting, even among Spanish chroniclers; but
this was owing greatly to the effort of the general to
extricate the army from its desperate situation while
the enemy was supposed to be distracted by grief and
engaged in solemn obsequies. We may be sure, how-
ever, that the Spaniards did not kill Montezuma; that
they did n '' '^ven desire his death; but regarded it
at this juncrui^e as the greatest misfortune which could
happen to them.' For in the vast evolvings of their
fast, unfathomable destiny, they were now all like
sea-gulls poised in mid-air while following a swiftly
flying ship.
' According to the version of the rabid Duran, based on native paintings
and narratives, the bodies of the prisoners were found in the fort after
its evacuation, that of Mont<izuma witli five stabs in the breast, /list.
J ml., MS., ii. 477-9. Acosta seems ratlier to favor the story, improbable as
soveral of its points arc. Hid. Ind., 5*24. To some extent it rests on the
statement repeated by Ixtlilxochitl, which assumes tliat Cacamr., who hud
(403)
404
LA NOCHE TRISTE.
It is interesting to note the manoeuvring on both
sides over the dead monarch, who having minis-
tered so faithfully to his enemies while living, must
needs continue in the service after death. The hostile
chiefs were called and informed of the sad conse-
ina<lo liimsulf particularly obnoxious to the Spaniards, was killed witli 47
sUiha hetorc the fort was evacuated. J fist. Chich. , 301 . A more severe account is
found in a manuscript fragment in llamirez' collection, written by a Tezcucan,
wlierein it is related that a sword was thrust into the intestines, 'jwr la parte
b;ixa.' The Ixnly was thereupon taken to the roof, as if to address th(!
Jieople. A stone struck the liead, and now the Spaniards proclaimed thiit tliis
lud caused the death. Soc. Mex. O'coi/., Bolctin, x. 302. This is substantially
repeated in Ixtl'ilxochitl, lid., 4.')7. A stronger testimony, however, cuiues
from Saliagun, who states that Cortt^s recommended to liia followers the mur-
der of tlie prisoners in order to terrify the natives and to assume the mastery.
* Y lo primero que hicieron, fue dar Garrote & Motecuhpuma, y ii Itzfiuauht/.in,
S(!nor do Tlatelolco, y ^ otros. ' Version in Tonjuemcuia, i. 498, and in Sn/ia-
yiiii, IIi.it. Conij. [ed. 1840], 113. The issue, modified by tlio cnsor, merely
states that the bodies were found near a stone, Teoaioc, outside tlie fort. /</.
[ed. 1829], 31. This account has received its chief 8upi>ort in the 7»n.«t
admission of Tornuemada; and when lie, the otherwise zealous cliampion of
the conquerors, taKes such a view, others may be iiardonod for accepting it. ' Y
que csto aia sido asi, puede ser posible, pues para tencrso por scgiiros, io
avian prendido; y vicndo agora, que no bastalia la prision, vsarian de oste
vltimo medio, para ver si lo aplacaban, y atemori^aban estos Mexieanos.'
i. 498-9. Brasseur dc Bourbourg accepts the version, and adils that Moiiii'-
zuma was told of his fate and urged to accept baptism. 'On rt'pandit
nnssitot la nouvelle de sa mort commc s'il eflt cxpiriJ naturellenient. ' HeiRe
even the soldiers did not know of tlie murder. Hint. Nat. Civ., iv. .T?() 1.
ISustamante, of course, adopts anything Saliagun may say against the Sjiaii-
iards; and Carbajal takes Torquemada's view. IliM. Mex., ii. 37"). as docs
Btdtrami, eager for any sensation. Mrx., ii. 14.'). Vetancurt seeks to recon-
cile conflicting opinions by assuming that when Montezuma died Itzquauht/ia
and several other prisoners were murdered anil cast out together with the
emperor's body, in order to terrify the Mexicans and occupy their attention
while tho Spaniards huiTicd away. Teatro Mex., nt. iii. 14'2. 'lononpossopcr-
suadenni,' says Clavigero, 'che gli Spagnuoli si risolvessero a toglier .'i vita
ad uii Re, a cui doveano tanti beni, e dalla cui morto non potevano a.«»pett;iisi,
Be non molti mali.' Sloria Mess., iii. 131. Solis cannot believe fortes guilty
of an act so bad and reckless. Jlist. Mex.,n. 150-1. Prescott disposes of tlio
chiirge as an 'absurdity' and a 'monstrons imputation.' JHsf. Mex., ii. \\'1\
It must bo considered, liowcver, that the Spaniards did seek to profit by tlio
death; and scruples about ' killing a dog of an Indian,' as they had so hitcly
termed him, could not have weighed with such men when their inteicst.s
were concenied; how much less when their lives were at stake? The whole
argument, then, may be said to depend on the question whether Montezuiiia
was more valuable as captive or as corpse. If tho people manifested little
respect for tho living ruler, the Spaniards could have had no reason to ex[iiit
more for the dead. His death would only have loosened the bontl which ^till
restrained a vast number, whether of kindred or of mere subjects, ami j;i\< ii
the hostile leaders fresh motives and strength for their operations. Bcsiilcs,
Montezuma must have retained a grea* inlluence outside the city, wliitli a
fugitive army would have found of service. The recognition of tins inilii-
cnce is sliown by the efforts made to "ve the imjierial children, as notii d
even V)y the most rabid accusers of the Spaniards. It may ho meiitiomil
tliat no charge is brought forward in the residencias either against Cortcs or
Alvarado.
THE EMPEROR'S BODY.
465
t:wv 1.
sjian-
uhtziii
tlio
;entioii
i8<) jn-T-
'\ vitii
ttavsi,
guilty
of tlio
liitMy
I little
yXJilH-t
cU^till
I giv.u
losiili'^'
hi-li ;v
iiiilu-
loti' 'I
itioiii'il
rtcs or
qucnces of their outrage on tho emperor. The body
woukl be sent to them, so that they might accord
it the last honors. The leaders replied curtly that
they had now a new chief, and cared no longer for
Montezuma, dead or alive. The corpse was neverthe-
less carefully arrayed in fitting robes and given in
charge of two prisoners, a priest and a chief,' with in-
structions to carry it to the ISIexican camp, and
explain the circumstances of the death and the grief
(if the Spaniards, On appearing outside the fort a
leader motioned them back, and would probably have
used force but for the priestly character of the bearers,
beliind whom the gate had been closed. A few mo-
ments later they disappeared from view. The disre-
spect shown the living was not spared the dead. As
the corpse was borne through the streets jeers and
insults foil from lips which formerly kissed the ground
on which the monarch had stood. Many declared
that a coward like IMontezuma, who had brought so
many misfortunes on the country, was not worthy of
even ordinary burial.^ The imperial party managed,
however, to secure the body, and, assisted by those to
whom the royal blot)d and high priestly character of
the deceased outweighed other feelings, an honorable
though quiet cremation was accorded in the Celpalco,
M here Sahagun intimates that the ashes remained.*
^ Apanecatl, according to Brasaeur do Ikiurbourg, ///><. Xat. fir., iv. 3.32.
JicriKil Diaz sends those men to carry tho nowri of tho ch-ath, and following
tlic'iii were six hi.s^li per'-onages and most of the captive priests, carrying tho
ImmIv. Hint. VenUul., 10.").
'' Stones were thrown upon the eortcgp, and it was driven from quarter to
r|U:!rter. Finally Apanecatl took refuge in tho palace wliero Cuitlahuat/.iu
licl 1 forth, and apjicaled to him, only to ho repulsed hy hia courtii'i-s. Tiio
l""ly was nevertheless secured by a friendly jifirty. Mantincnt NuhiiatI, Io70,
ill JlriixKCur de Uuiubounj, Il'u^t. S'a'. i'iv., iv. 333.
' ' llicieron todus las solemnidades que s^olian hacer. . . .Mocthecuzoina lo
ciitivniron en Mexico. . . .algunos dccian nial de Mocthecuzonia jKiniue hal>iA
i-iil'i iiiuy cruel. ' llixt. ('out/., 31. ' Vinuw (J hizieril nuiy gran llauto, q liiii
(•iiiins las gritaa, y aullidos q por 61 dauan.' Jivrnol Diaz, Iiinl. Vrnhiil., MK").
'lli/ierou muy gi'an llanto, para ontorrar al rey en Cliapultepec. ilomurn,
II'-'. .lAc'.r. , l."4. Ilerrera combines these two authorities in saying ' le
iltuiernn do enteiTar en el nionte de Chapultepe(iue, porquo alii se oyo vn
(.'i-aii llanto.' dec. ii. lib. x. cap, x. IIo forgcits that Chapultepec lay three
iiiilr.-i oil'. Torqneniada corrects Ilerrera, and insists that the ' Copaloo' M'aa
Hist. Mkx., Vol. I. 30
466
LA NOCHE TRISTE.
Shortly after the body had loft the Spanish quarters
Cortes sent a fresh message to the Mexicans, belioviiii;-
that hy this time the presence of the august dead
might have had its eft'ect on them. He pointed out
the rc'spoct due to the remains of a sovereign, and pro-
posed a cessation of hostilities with that view, aiitl
till they had elected a successor, one more worthy than
the present leader, who had driven them to rebel.'
The chiefs rejJied that the Spaniards need trouble
themselves about nothing but their own safety. Tlie\
might come forth, they added tauntingly, to arrange
a truce with their new leader, whose heart was not so
easily moulded as that of Montezuma. Respect i'nv
the emperor, the Spaniards replied, had made them
hitherto lenient toward his people, but if they re-
mained obstinate no further mercy would be shown,
and not one Mexican would be spared. "Two days
hence not one Spaniard will be alive!" was the retort.
Hostilities were thereupon resumed, and Cortes
did not delay the prearranged attempt to complete
the capture of the approach to Tlacopan. The j)i-es-
ence of the imperial corpse had either a retardiii;,'
influence on the movements of the enemy, or else the
Spaniards sallied unexpectedly and fought with greater
energy, for the four remaining bridges were gained
with little difficulty, and twenty horsemen passed on
to the shore, while the infantry and allies took posses-
sion of the route, and began filling in the channels
with debris, so as to form a solid path, or to repair the
the place. Ho gives spocimens of the insults ofTeroil during the citination.
i. 490. 'Kataban iniligiiailos contra dl.' /xt/ilxor/,itl, llixt. Chirh., 301. It
has Itecn asserted by some, says Duran, that the allies were scattered t» tlio
winds, as unworthy of preservation. Hist. Ind., MS., ii. 479. Aoostji attiinpts
a modification by stating that the bo<ly being contemptuously rejected. ;i ser-
vant bunied it, 'ypuso sus cenizas diide pudo en lugar harto desei'liaili>.
JfiKt. I ml., TvlA. The burial-place has certainly not lx;en pointed out tn pn.s-
terity. According to Saliagun, the body of Itzquauhtzin was 'cast tmtir
from the (|uartei-8, together with that of Montezuma, and was taken in rliar;:i;
by his subjects of Tlatelulco, by whom he was greatly beloved and numniivl.
ubi sup. 'i'o 'cast forth' the Ixxlies could have lx>en only a needless insult,
which Cortes was too prudent to inflict on the people.
*'Quc alcasscn a su primo del Montezuma, que cnin nosotros estau.i. por
Rey.' Jknicif Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 105. 'Di.xo Cortes el se qucria lii.UiU'
a aus hunras. ' Ihrrcra, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. x.
HOLLOW PEACE PROPOSALS.
407
tcrs
lead
()\it
pro-
an<l
tliau
The}-
rani^*'
lOt so
L't for
them
oy re-
liown,
) days
retort.
Cortes
inpleto
pros-
ardin','
se til'-'
rroater
gained
sed on
posse;«-
lannels
»air the
itiniition.
, 301. It
i-oii to tii^;
. iitt^'mpts
tol, :> '^^■''•,
ut t" Vf]
:a8t I'oi't"
in rli:ll':^'!
inourui'il.
,C93 in>^"lt>
^stana. V^
Via hulUir
bridges at the deeper places. At this time a messen-
j^^er arrived with the announcement from the chiefs
who were directing the siege of the fort that they
were willing to treat for peace. Leaving the forces
in charge of Velazquez, Cortes hurried with sonic
liorsemen to ansv,'er the welcome summons. The
chiefs proposed that if pardon was granted, them f«»r
past offences they would raise the siege, repair the
bridges and causeways, and return to peaceful inter-
course. In order to arrange the conditions they de-
manded the liberation of the captured high-priest.
This was at once agreed to, and after some discussion
messengers were despatched to different parts of the
city, bearing orders, it was said, to stay hostilities.
It is somewhat singular that the astute Cortes
should have given su(rh ready credence to proposals
so advantageous to himself. Yet this appears to have
been the case. Delighted with the happy adjust-
ment of affairs, he ordered prepared a grand supper ;
but he had hardly seated himself at table before
tidinjjs reached him that the Mexicans had returned
to the attack on the causeway, largely reinforced l)y
laud and water, and were regaining the bridges taken
that day. The conference had been a ruse to throw
the Spaniards off their guard, to obtain the release of
the high-priest, from whom besides much information
was expected about the condition of the besieged,
and to gain time for bringing up reinforcements."
Fearful that his retreat would yet be cut off, Cortds
ji^alloped back to the causeway, threw himself on the
enemy, recovered the bridges, and was soon in hot
jAirsuit of the flying Mexicans. He had not pro-
ceeded far, however, when the Indians, who had
rushed for safety into the lake and the canals, were
' Prcscott, following Clavigcro, assumes that the whole was an artifice to
lilwratc the two captive priests, one of whom was indispensable in the event
of 11 coronation. Mcx., ii. 338. Brasseur do Bourl>ourc; supposes that the par-
ley was conducted by the party favorable to the Spaniards, and duped by the
sti'on;L;ur faction, which never intended to adhere lo the arrangement. JJitit.
Sal. Civ., 321.
'468
LA NOCHE TRISTE.
oncouraGfCfl to return to the attack and cut off tlio
cavalry. With furious charges they drove the guaid
from tlie bridges, and began to destroy them and
remove the filling.'' The causeway swarmed again
with foes, and the water r<»und it was alive with canoes,
whence myriads of missiles were directed against tlic
hoise?nen as they pushed their way back. On reach-
ing the last causeway breach, nearest the city, tiu'
j'iders feared they would be overwhelmed, for hei-c
the enemy was gatliered in m^^'^.scs and had destroyed
th(^ passage. Nothing was left for them but to take
to the water, midst a storm of stones and darts, whilt-
lines of spears and javelins pressed against them from
the land and from canoes. The party was thrown in
disorder, and one rider was pitched from his saddle
<luring the melde, obstructing the passage to the rest.^
(fortes remained the last to cover the retreat, and
single-handed now and then turned on the swarming
warriors, striking with the energy of despair. Eag( i'
to secure the great general, the enemy pressed heavily
upon him, and but for the stout armor protectiii;^"
himself and the horse he would certainly have jxi-
islied. As it was, he received two severe wounds in
the knee, besides many scratches. The last Spaniard
having left the bank, Cortes rang loud his San Pedin
cry, and clearing the way he leaped his heavily ladrii
horse across the chasm, six feet in width, and quickly
left behind him the discomfited crowd. "Had nnt
(vrod helped me," he writes, "that moment would have
been my last." Indeed, it was already rumored in tho
city that he was dead. It being found im[)ossible to
hold tho causeway bridges, a guard was left only at
the others, while the remainder of the troops returned
to the fort, worn-out and demoralized.^
' 'Coino lo8 peones cataban cansados y hcriJos y atemorizados; iiiiij:iino
1110 signiiS. A cuya causa, despu(^s de pasadas yo las piicntcs .... las hallc toiiiu-
tla.t.' CortH, Cartas, 134. Where had ho left his prudence?
" ' H:dl<5 (\, todos los de caballo que conmigo iban, caidos en ella, y un calmllo
BUC'lto.' Id.
'•' With a loss of over twenty men. Benin! Diaz, /fist. Vcrdud., \0'>. 'I'liis
author places all the fightiug on the causeway on one day, u Thursday, tlio
EVACUATION RESOLVED ON.
400
ocs,
tlie
hevf
oyed
take
,vhilo
from
\n in
rest.^
b, and
rniin'4
uavily
jct'uvj;
ids in
uiiavtl
'cdi'"
la(Uu
iicUly
d not
liavt)
111 the
))lc to
idy at
Ul'Ufd
I „in|.'nno
lUe toiiia-
luculwUo
sdiiy, the
Tjonjv since it had l)Con agreed anionj^ the Span-
iards tliat the city must bo evaeuated; time and
method wore the only questions. The former of these
was now resolved on by the council: it should be thi;.*
vwrv nijjfht. It was safer to meet the issue now than
later. The enemy was hourly reinforced. Perilou-;
indeed was the undertaking to pass with luggage;,
war stores, prisoners, and women over the broken
causeway in the darkness; but to remain was death.
])otello, the astrologer, had declared for this time,
and so it was determined. For Botcllo was wise and
prudent, knowing Latin and the stars; he had foretold
the greatness of Cortes, and had recommended his
night attack on Narvaoz, and general and soldiers
believed in him.'" Had he lived a century or two
later his words mi-j^ht have been emploved as the vox
stf'flarum bv the almanac makers. The Mexicans had
said that they would make it a time of sore distress,
any attempted escape of tiiO intruders, a time when
men must struggle, and women would pray and weej);
and if so, it were no worse for the fugitives that black
night should fling her mantle over the bloody scene.
Since the Indians were supposed to have destroyed
the crossing at the causeway channels, a portable
(!;iy of evacuating Mexico, ami the day following the surrender of Montezuina'i
I'i'ily. Jlcrrcra, who is far more confused, has a sally on tliia day iu three
(li -ritioiis, one being the Tlacopan road; but the oiierations on the latter route
are tinly partially told, and the rest referred to the third day of the gjegc.
There are also several contradictions to aid in confusing the many wiio follow
liiiii. Ilei-rira, dee. ii. lib. x. cap. xi. Prescott abandons liiins'.'lf to the guidance
(if Clavigero for the occurrences of these days, but endjellishes the narrative
with Homc incidents belonging to tiie siege of Alvarado.
'" ' Botello. . . .afirnio que. . . .supiessen quo moriria el o su hcnnano, y
al^'iiMos de la eopania, y qui so saluaria el Capital), y otros nuichos, y ninguno
si s;i]ian de dia. Iferrent, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. xi. ' Hora lo creyescn, liora no.'
<!n.„fu-ii, l/int. .l/f,('., 1.")!). ' Anteponenclo le vaue osservazioni di <|uel nuiscliino
^"Mato alia luce della prudeuza militare,' in the indignant connuent of ( l.ix i-
gi'i-fi, tiio'ia ilAcw., iii. 13.">. Ihit there is no doubt that 'militjiry prndcmc'
li:;(l more weight in the matter than Botello's words, and that the result wa.s
not due to his advice. Solis casts the blame of crediting the 'ignorant cl:ar-
l:it:in' Hotello chiefly on the majority of the council, to whom Cortes yieldeil.
y/'-'. .I/c.c, ii. 171-2. In order to lull any suspicions among the Me.\i^;uis,
siiy. r.ernal Diaz, a leading priest and some other captives were sent to Iho
-M xicau oamp with a propo.sal to surrender all the gold if the Spaniards were
all'jwod to leave iu peace eight days later. Uiiit. Vinlcul., 105.
I
(
I
i
€0
LA NOCIIK TRISTE.
hi'ldgo was made with wliicli to offi'ct tlio pnssai^o.
Two inoie would j)r(»l)al)ly have lx»en made had time
and convenience perniittinl, hut tnisCortune willed it
otherwise. It was aijreed tiiat a larjre [)ortion of the
ffK'cts iinist l)e left hcihind in onler not to eneundxi-
tiii; march, hut the gold demanded special care. The
royal olVicials, Meji'a iind Avila, were chari^ed to secure
it, and (or this piu'posc a numher of carriers were as-
siijHed, the <jeneral uivinij also one of his own mares.
Tlieir convov was intrusted to a hodv of infanti'v,
under Alonso de Escobar." The secretary, Hernandez,
and the royal notaries were called to testify that all
had been done that was possible. There still remained
a larj^o quantity of the bulky jewels beloni^ing to tlie
kin<^, besides a masst)f unappropriated treasure, which
could not be intrusted to carriers, or for which no
carriers were found, and rather than leave them to
the 'Indian doffs' Cortes announced that the soldiers
might take all they wished — after permitting his favor-
ites tlie first selection. Ho warned them, howLvei',
that the more they took the more their safety would
l)e endangered. The adherents of Cortes do not a[)-
iK-ar to have been eager to encumber themselves, ai\d
i'ernal Diaz shared this prudence in taking only four
chalchiuite stones. The men of Narvaez practised
less restraint, and many loaded themselves with tlu'
metal. Cortds was ifterward chargea with haviu'
appropriated a consi* jrable share of the wealth thus
thrown open; he ce ainly had funds with which to
.send for horses, war . aterial, and supplies."
" Lfjnldi', Si'fjundn Proh., in a~J>n>refa, Col. Dor., ii. 4'24. For carryincr t!ip
royal trcnanros 'los tlio sictc ca illos hcriilos, y cojos, y vn;i ycgn.i, y iiir.ilins
Iiulios Tlascftltecas, que scguii xeron, fucron mas de ochcnta.' Bemal l>in:,
J/ist. Vfidad., 100.
'■' Bernal Diaz, for instance, states that he had hardly taken the four
chaleliiuitea for liis share, from a collection in a mat, when Cortes gave orilers
to his mayordomo to secure it. loo. cit. His pcncliant for appropriating' hi'%'>-'
Kliares to himself is well known. Greed of gold was not now his motive, lio«'-
ever, but rather a prudential care to secure means for his plans, .and iie eoiiM
hnr<lly neglect tlieni when taking so great care of tlie royjil poi'tion. Martyr,
Goiimra, and HciTcra estimate the treasure at 700,001) ancats, chiolly in
bulky jewels aceordin^ to (Joniara. Bernal Diaz reckons in pesos, w hie! i iiiny
mean pesos do ore. Peter Martyi' assumes it to have been the general fuiiJ,
ASSKJXMENT OF DUTIKS.
«w
Saiuloval was anjio'mtoil to load the van, witli two
liiindreil infaiitiT and twenty horsonicn, assisti-d by
Ordaz, Andres dc Tapia, and otlior.s. With liini went
lil'ty men under Captain Magarino to carry the hi'dgc.
They were pledijed to remain at their post to the i.ist,
and were escorted by a select body of infantry and allies.
l\)r the middle were destined the baggage and treasure,
the prisoners and the sick, under a l"!'ge escort, su[»er-
vised by Cortes himself, who, with Olid, Morla, A\ ila,
and other captains, and a s})ecial force of one hundred
men, were to render aid where needed. Tin; ailillery
was intrusted to tw) hundred and lifty Tlascaltecs and
lifty soldiers, and the rear was i)laced in charge of
Alvarado and Velazquez, with thirty horsemen and
about one hundred adherents of Cortes, with most of
the men of Xarvaez. The allied foj'ces, of whom a
luunber appear to have returned hoUK.' during the
inaction of !Mt)ntezunia's captivity, and who had
sutl'cred greatly during the siege, must still have
uumbored nearly six thousand men, including car-
riers, distributed among the three divisions." AnionLT
the prisoners Cortes enumerates the legitimate son of
^lontezuma, and two of his daughters, probably those
bestowed on the general in marriage. King Cacama
and his younger brother and successor, and several
fi in which the royal fifth had Iwen set apart only at the last moment, but
liiit iipi)«rtiniicil. <lec. v. cap. vi. Solis assumes that 71)0, (KK) pi'Sos luiiiained
iiiitr tho liinj,''8 portion liad 1)0011 deiluetetl. Hist. Mej-., 174-."). OnoN.itncss
iNtiiiiatos tliat over '2,(.KX).()()0 pesos wore lost durin;,' that niulit. Cnrfi'---, /'ini-
(IcKcia. ii. 414. The Cartu >/tl Kjircito reduces the loss to 4(K),(MH) pisos de
oiM. Another witness states th»t .'$<'■;, 000 castoUanos roinaiiied \\\w\\ tlu- sol-
diers were told to help themselves; afterward the jreneral eonii)olled tiiem
t 1 surroiulor what had l)een thus given, only to keep it for himself. CorlrM,
1' '^di iiriii, i. 241-2. ' Lo demits. . . .lo dimos y roiiartimns jmr his osj)iifi(iles
Jiara (|ue lo sao.isen,' saj's Cortos, Cartux, 13.">, wiiieli inny ho int<'r|>ret»'tl
as either giving or intrusting. Whatever may have heen loft after the
Simninrds hatl taken theii' loads was gleaned by the allies. Oumttiii, Hint.
M'l., \-,Q.
" Bernal Diaz gives Sandoval 100 young unmarried soldiurs, with Francisco
tie Acovodo, the dandy, Ordaz, Tapia, and eight or nine of Xarvao/.' nun, cap-
tains on his stair. To Corti^s he gives .W men, and adtls ]i. V. de Tapia to ids
i'tiiil'. //;.</. Venlnd., 10."). This author is contradictory, howevi r. llcrrerfi
l>l;u'e.s Antonio de Quifiones as Sandoval's chief aid, and Olid and Oi-rla/ in
till rear. doc. ii. lib. x. cap. .xi. ; (lomara, Ifi.tt. Mux., 100; (Joitc.i,Carl !./<, lo4;
Ilamim, Proceno contra Alvarado, 30 et acq.
m
LA NOCHE TRISTE.
other high personages." The sick were to be carried
in hammocks and behind riders.
It is tlie evening of the 30th of June." Fiery
copper has been the sky that day; the sun blood-red
and moon-hke, turning day to night, when night is
so soon to be employed as day. As the hour a}>-
proachcs, a fog sets in, which thickens into mist and
denser moisture until, to favor the Spaniards, provi-
dence turns it to a drizzling rain,^'' thus to veil their
movements, and make substantial the silence of the
city, the lake, the distant wood; and thereupon all
join fervently in the prayer of Father Olmedo and
commend their lives to almighty God.
About midnight the order is giver to marcli."
Stealthily they creep down the temple square and
it
"Hervera adds a brother of Montezuma, and Sahagun names two sons.
Jlint. CdiK/., .'J;J. So does V^etaueurt, talthough he assumes that one was saved.
Tcatro .1/('i-.,pt. iii. 14"2-;i. Ixtlilxoohitl gi\'es a longer list, inelnding two .s(jiis
of Montezuma, and two sons and four daughters of Nezahualiiilli, of Tezcucn.
One of tlie daughters cseaped, but it was not the beloved of Cortes, who had
been baptized and named Juana. Caeanui is not included in the list, bceaiisi;
he is nssnuied to liave l)een stabbed to death before the fort was evacuiited.
Hist. (hull. ,?>0'1; liildcioiici, ',i'M. With the prisoners' division went Marina,
t'lc interpreter, tlio Tla.sealtcc princesses Luisa and Elvira, and some ollur
women, protected, says Bernal Diaz, by 30 soldiers and ',i(M Tla.sealtecs.
■' Tliis date is based on Cortes' letter, wherein he places tlie arrival on
Tlascala'.s border on Sunday, July Sth. after giving a clear account of the in-
termediate days. Any doubt alwut this <late is removed by the testimony in
Lcjafi/c, Sr'jiniila Prohaiiza, in Irir.halcita, Col. Due, i. 4'j;i, wheri'in tlic
leading eajitains state that the siege lasted six days. This testimony also
clears \ip iho oidy doul)tfiil point in Cortes' account of the siege operation.-*,
■where he di.^posesof the wounding and death of Montezuma in one isentence,
and then I'esuuies tlie description of the fighting in a manner that h.is as.si.sti'd
to mislead (lomnraand nianv othe 's into extending the stay in Mexico till
July lOtii. I.xtlilxochitl ado'p^.^ this date, yet in the li,ln<-h>nvs .'«).», 41-' I.!,
lie stjites tltat the siege lasted only seven days. 15ernal l>iaz places the eve nf
the departure on a 'rhui'.s<lay, July 10th [with Cortes it is Saturday], yet \w
dates the battle of Otumba just one week later than Cortis. Il^d. I'rrfii'l.,
10.'), lOS. This latter date induces Zamacois to change the date <if llight to
JulySth. ///.sV. .l/';/.,iii. 4!)(i-7. ' L;i nott" (Id I Luglio,'says Clavigcro..s7ti(v''i
^f'S•'., iii. i;{."i, but i.is re.'isons for the date are wrong, and the term he ilsis
may apply also to the nigiit following tiiat adopted in the text
'" Tlie Spaniards recognized this as a favoring shield direct from (loci, .^.iv.^
Duran, //Is', /ml., MS., ii. ■<7:}-4. "
'• Ojeila ■•••IS instruete<l to see that no somnolent or sick person was Ictt.
lie found oiu! man asleep on the roof anil roused iiini. //rrrt ri(, dec. ii. lil> n-
cap. xi. (lom.'Ta takes the ti'oulile to deny tlie statenieiit of Caiio tliaf -7'*
men, ignorant of Cortes' de]iarture, were left behind to perish, ilriido, in.
io\. A latir note will explain the cau.se of thi-j rumor.
THAT FATAL SHRIEK!
473
rival oil
tho iii-
iiiiiiy ill
in Uii:
)ny al.-^'>
•vatioiis,
..llll'llCl',
iiHsi;-itcil
\ii'i> till
.0 OVO "f
. yi't li'>
'Jwl.,
kli-Ut to
[ho UHr.-J
toil, t-.iVS
Iva^ l>'tt.
li. lil>. ^•
)liat -'T't
\ktlo, 111.
roach tlio Tlacopan road.** Tho streets are vvhoUy
deserted. All is quiet, save the dull rumble of tramp-
iiiijf soldiers. The blessed rain, or some supernatural
interposition, seems to keep the whole city within
doors. And if this kind power will but have patienc^e
and not desert them for one brief hour — ah, it is so
easy for Omnipotence to help! Along the road like
a }>hantom the army moves. The van picks up the
i;uard at the canal c ossings. The causeway is almost
ivached. Already they begin to breathe freer; a
feeling of intense relief steals into their breasts,
and — brother of God! what noise is that? It is the
|)ii'rcing outcry of a woman" — niay the foul fiend
seize her! — breaking upon the stillness like a warn-
ing note from the watch-tower of Avcrnus. On the
instant the war-drum of the Tlatelulco temple sends
forth its doleful sound, chilling the fuj^itives to the
voiy heart's core. Quickly its tones are drownetl by
tlie nearer, shrillc trumpet-blasts and :3liouts of war-
riors, echoed and reechoed from every quarter.
Meanwhile the advance column had reached the
sixth bridge crossing,-" the first to connect with tho
causeway, and had obliged the ]Mexican picket to
rot ire, after exchanging a few shots. The portable
bridge was here laid, and the van crossed with
(luickened steps, folk ^ved by the centre with the bag-
gage and artillery. At this juncture the enemy fell
upon the rear, rending the air with their yells, send-
'■^ Tlio ravaging sallies of tho proecdiiig <lays, which liml involvoil the do-
strni'tion of liouscs in the vie inity ami aloiiLT tho approaclu'.s to Tlaoopaii, had
c'vi.lcnMy obliged the onomy to rotire from these streets and sock slieltt'r t'l>e-
wlii TO for the night. Os-ieilo assiunos that (xjrtt^a led the way, but l)ia/ and
llivifra lot him advance oidy when the first troops are guided into Tlacopan.
'■' ' I'asanm euatro acc(|uia.s, y antes i[\\<) pasaseii las deinas salio vivi
laii.'rr i\ tomar agua y vii'ilos.' Sii/i(tiiiiii, Ilitt. ('<iiii/., ',V2. ' A devil, without
iliiiilit," adds Caniargo, who dcscriljos lier as a keeper of an eatingdiouse, and
iiidi.atos exactly the location of her house. Jlist. TIa.v., 1(!7. Cortes states
th.it the nlann was given by the gu.""d at tho lirst broach held by the
Ml xicans, wiiere the |)ortabK' bridge was laid down. Cartas, lltti.
■' Sahagun names tiiia .'^lictlautouco, and tlio next tsvo TUuxtecayoean an I
retlacalco. In another |)laee he names tho first Teepaut/inco, and the second
or third Tolteacali. Hist. Coii" , loo. cit., and [od. 1840] \'2\ '2. Tonnioniad.,,
(,'ivos tlie soconil l>reacli of the causeway tho latter name. The names blK)uld
iHnlidily be written Tecpantzinco, TolfocaAcalulco, and I'etkicalc j.
474
LA NOCHE TRISTE.
injr tlieir missiles fast and furious, while from the
cross-roads issued a swarm, with lance and sword, on
Alvarado's flank. Over the water resounded their
cries, and canoes came crowding round the causeway
to attack the forward ranks. To add to tlie horrors
of the tumult, several men and horses slipped on the
wet bridge and fell into the water; others, midst
heart-rending cries, were crowded over the edge by
those behind. All the rest succeeded in crossing,
however, except about one hundred soldiers. These,
it is said, bewildered by the bottle cries and death
shrieks, turned back to the fort, and there held out for
three days, till hunger forced them to surrender and
meet the fate of sacrificial victims at the coronation
feast of Cuitlahuatzin.'**
The half mile of causeway extending between
the first and second breaches was now completely
filled with Spaniards and allies, whose flanks were
harassed by the forces brought forward in canoes on
cither side. Dark and foggy as the night was, the
outline of the Indian crews could be distinguished
by the white and colored tilmatU in which many of
tliem were clad, owing to the coldness of the air.
Fearlessly they jumped to the banks, and fought the
Spaniards with lance and javelin, retreating into the
water the moment the charge wcs over. Some crept
up the road sides, and seizing the legs of the fugitives
endeavored to drag them into the water. So crowdeJ
were the soldiers that they could scarcely defend
themselves; aggressive movements were out of the
question.
Repeated orders had been transmitted to Magariiiu
to hurry forward the removal of his bridge to the
second channel, and, seeing no more soldiers on the
opposite bank of the first opening, he prepared to
'•' This native rumor, as recorded in the niannscripts used by Duran, //'■•''.
fml., MS., ii. 47<>-7, is probably the foundation for Cano's statenicat, tliat
(Jorti'rt abandonetl 'I'O men in the fort, llerrera reduces thcni to lUO. 'U'nu
Ki! bohiieroii a hi torrc del tenipio, udonde so hizierou fuertes ties diua.' aoc.
ii. lib. X. cap. xii.
HARD FIOnXING.
475
obey, but the structure had been so deeply imbedded
in the banks from the heavy traffic that his men
labored for some time in vain to lift it, exposed all the
rthile to a fierce onslauglit. Finally, after a number
of the devoted band had succumbed, the bridijce V\a3
released, but before it could be drawn over the cause-
way the enemy had borne it down at the other end so
as effectually to wreck it.** The loss of the bridge
was a great calamity, and was so regarded by the
troops, hemmed in as they were between two deep
clianncls, on a causeway which in width woukl hold
only twenty men in a line. On all sides were enemies
thirsting for blood. Presently a rush was made for
the second channel, where the soldiers had already
begun, in face of the foe, to cross on a single beam,
which had been left intact when the bridge was de-
stroyed. As this was an exceedingly slow process,
many took to the water, only to receive their death-
blow at the hands of the watermen. Some were taken
prisoners; some sank beneath their burden of gold;
the horses found a ford on one side where the water
was not above the saddle
The canoes, however, were as numerous here as
elsewhere, and their occupants as determined; and the
horsemen had the greatest trouble to keep their seats
while resisting them. The general, being at the head,
sutlered most. At one time some Indians seized him
bv the legs and tried to drag him off. The footing
of the horse being so insecure, the attenn)t would
probably have succeeded but for the prompt aid of
Antonio de Quiilones, and Texmaxahuitzin, a Tlas-
caltec, known afterward as Antonio. Olid, who also
came to the rescue, was almost overpowered, but
managed to free himself by means of baekluuuled
hlows from his muscular arm. One of the cavalry,
Juan de Salazar, the page of Cortes, then took tho
'■"' I'ernal Diaz, Hist. VcrdaiL, lOG, assuinea that tho enemy bore it ilowu
liil'oix' thi' l)a<,'gay;c train had crossed, and that the channel was tilled in con-
sii|in.inje with ai'tillery, ba^gaye, und dead bodies. CJoniara guts the biiJgo
acrusd the second breach. Both must be mistaken, however.
476
LA NOCHE TRISTE.
lead to clear the way for the rest, only to fall a victim
to his zeal. The next moment his master had gained
the bank, and thereupon directed the troops by the
ford«
Thus in the darkness the wild roar of battle con-
tinued, the commingling shouts and strokes of com-
batants falling on the distant car as one continuous
moan. The canoes now pressed on the fugitives in
greater number at the ford than in the channel.
Sandoval, with his party, had swum the channel
before the Mexicans assembled there in great num-
bers, and was now leading; the van down the cause-
• • •
way, scattering the assailants right and left. Little
regular fighting was attempted, the Spaniards being
intent on escaping and the Mexicans quickly yielding
before the cavalry, taking refuge in and round the
canoes. With greater hardihood and success, how-
ever, they harassed those on foot. On reaching
the next channel, which was the last, the fugitives
found with dismay that it was wider and deeper than
the others, and with bitter regret they saw their
mistake in not bringing three portable bridges. The
enemy was here also gathering in ever increasing
force, to watch the death trap. Every effort to clear
a passage was stubbornly resisted, and, the soldiers
growing more irresolute, a rider was sent to brini,'
Cortes. Before he arrived, however, Sandoval had
already plunged in with a number of the cavalrv,
followed by foot-soldiers, who seized the opportunity
to fiiU into the wake, by either holding on to tlie
trappings of the horses or striking out for them-
selves. The passage was extremely difficult, and ukm e
than one horseman reeled and fell, from the unitcil
pressure of friends and foes. Those who folio wn I
suflered yet more, being pushed down by comrades,
struck by clubs and stones, pierced by spears, or, most
■■'' Caiiiargo relates the incidents of the passage in detail, and says that
("ortos foil into a hole as the enemy pounced upon him. The two dclivcrcis
di.iputed the lionor of havinj; rescued the general. Hist. Tlax:, 109.
THE DREADFUL BRIDGE.
m
liorrible of all, drawn in by dusky boatmen, who care-
fully guarded them for the dread stone of sacrifice.
With five horsemen Cort(?s led a body of one hun-
dred infantry to the mainland. Accompanying this
force was a number of carriers with treasures secured
by the general and his friends. Leaving the gold in
charge of Jaramillo, with orders to hold the entrance of
the causeway against assailants from the shore, Cortes
leturned to the channel where Sandoval had taken a
stand to keep clear the bank and protect the passage.
Tidings coming that Alvarado was in danger, Cortes
proceeded to the rear, beyond the second channel, and
i'ound it hotly contested. His opportune arrival in-
i'used fresh courafje, as with ijallant charires he relieved
the troops from the terrible pressure. He looked in
vain for many comrades who had been placed at this
}i()st, and would have gone in search of them had not
Alvarado assured him that all the livinij were there.
] [e was told that the guns reserved for the rear had
for a while been directed with sweeping effect against
the ever growing masses of warriors around them; but
linally a simultaneous attack from the canoe crews
on either side, and from the land forces to the rear,
impelled by their own volume, had overwhelmed the
narrow columns nearest the city, together with their
cannon, killing and capturing a large number, and
tlirowing the rest into the panic-stricken condition
from which he had just extricated them.
Leavinsf Alvarado to cover the rear as best he
C(nil(l, Cortes hastened to direct the passage of the
iiiiddlo channel. What a sight was there! Of all the
Moody terrors of that dai'k, sorrowful night, this was
th(^ most terrible! A bridjje had been wanting, and
liihold, the bridge was there! With dead and living
fugitives the chasm on either side the slippery beam
had been filled," and now the soldiers and allies
'"El foso 80 hinclui hasta arriba ; y loa de la retrognarilia pasnron sobre
li>s imiertos. Los capafioles que aqul quedaron inuertos fucron trt'scicntos, y
lit liis tlaxcaltccaa y otroa indios ainigos fueroii ma» de doB mil.' Sahn'jiin,
Uift. Coi,q. (cd. 1840), I'J'J.
;
m
LA NOCHE TRISTE.
were rushing, heedless of the groans beneath them,
across this gory support, still narrow and full of gaps,
to be filled by the next tripping fugitive. Scattered
pell-mell on the bank lay the baggage and artillery,
abandoned by the fleeing carriers, which, proving only
an obstruction, Cortds ordered it thrown into the
channel in order to widen the crossing.
But the end was not yet. Great as had been the
woe, it was yet to be increased at the last and wider
channel. Hero was indeed a yawning abyss, having
likewise a single remaining beam, whose narrow slip-
pery surface served rather as a snare than a support.'^
The necessarily slow motion of the train had enabled
the Mexicans to come up in swarms, and like sharks
surround the chasm. Harassed on every side, and
with an avalanche rollin<r ajjainst the rear, the re-
treating thought only of escaping the new danger,
and at once. They threw aside their arms and treas-
ures and plunged in, bearing one another down re-
gardless of any claims of friendship or xiumanity.
And woful to hear were the heart-rending cries from
that pit of Acheron. Some begged help of Mary and
Santiago; some cursed their fate and him who had
brought them to it, while many sank with muto
des|)air into the arms of death; and over all roared the
wild cries and insults of the ]\Iexicans. In stronij
contrast to the panic-stricken men appeared a woman,
]\Iaria de Estrada, who, with shield and sword, faced
the enemy like a lioness, standing forth among the
men as a leader, and astonishing friend and foe with
her prowess.*"
Cortes did all he could, as became an able com-
mander and valiant soldier, to save his men. He was
indefatigable in his efforts, being everywhere present,
encouraging, guiding, and protecting. Yet his posi-
tion was most trying; there were that night so many
"•■ Ramirez, Procexo contra Alrarado, 4, 53, 68.
■■"' ' Casi) csta Sefiora, coii Pedro Sanchez Farfan [who seized Narvacz], J
dieroiilc on ]<Inconiieudtt ol Pueblo de Tetela.' She morriod a sccoud time,
aud died in Pucbla. Tortiuenuula, i. 504.
F^VLL OF VELAZQUEZ DE LEON.
HI
brave soldiers given over to despair, so many cars
deaf to commands and prudent counsel. Unable to
do more at the channels, he hastened to look to
those who had crossed and were proceeding in strag-
gling bands to join Jaramillo. Heedless of companies
or officers, the soldiers had banded in parties of a
score or two, and sword in hand, where this had not
been thrown away, they were hurrying down tho
causeway.^'' The assailants fell off somewhat beyond
the last channel, and finding the advance compara-
tively safe, guided by his soldierly impulses Cortds
aijain returned with a few horsemen^ and foot-soldiers
to cover the remnant of the army. The rear, com-
])osed chiefly of the Narvaez party, were approaching
the last channel, but under the continued onslaught
])anic had seized them. They made hardly an effort
to defend themselves, and like the Indians during tlic
massacre by Alvarado they huddled one against tho
other, offering their backs as a target for unsparing
attack. Among this number was the loyal and noble
A\'lazqucz de Leon, who shared with the Tonatiuh the
command of this section. How he fell is not known,
but he never crossed the last breach.'^'
Alvarado had been wounded and had lost his horse,
ill common with most of his party. Finding it im-
|)0ssible to control the men, he gathered a small band
I'ound him and souijht the channel, leavinjj the rest
to look to themselves.^ On reaching the spot he saw
^' Benial Diaz formed one of a band of 50, who were repeatedly attacked
with arms ami midst insults. lie quotos some of the low expressions used,
Jlmt. Virdiid., 100.
'' One authority states that Cort<53 was nearing Tl.icopan, when Olid and
titlicrs called out to him that the fugitives were accusinj^ tlie captains of ah.iu-
(loniiig them, and urged that they should turn back. ' It is a miracle to have
escaped,' was his reply, 'and fewer will be left if we return.' Haying this ho
liL-.ided a dozen horsemen and a few foot-soldiers and galloped back. ISciuial
J>kr., IIM. I'erdail., lOG. IJut Cortes was not the man to wait in such a
cuao till entreaty came. ' Yo con tres 6 cuatro de caballo, ' he says, ' y hasta
vcinto pcones, que oaaron qucdar conmigo, me fui en la rezaga.' Cartas, I.'}.").
He tal;cs the palm from all American conquerors, exclaims Ovicdo, iii. .'{20.
'"^ Zamacois makes atonement for a lack of research by inventing douglity
deeds for this hero. Hist. Mej., iii. 417-18.
'"Among the soldiers contributed in later times by Garay's expedition
was one Ocampo, who, fond of scandal and pasquinades, libelled many of the
480*
LA NOCHE TRISTE.
a confused mass of struggling humanity in the water,
but the sohtary beam which spanned it was vacant,
and steadying himself with his lance he sprang swiftly
across. Narrow and slippery as was the beam, it was
no insignificant feat for a wounded man to cross upon
it, but time magnified the performance to something
mii'aculous. When Alvarado came to the channel, it
is related, no friendly beam spanned the wide, deep
gap. His life turned on brief resolve and instant ac-
tion. Lithe, strong, and determined, even though
wounded, he was not yet ready to yield all. With a
searching glance into the troubled pool and across
the awful chasm ho stepped back for a preparatory
spring. Then, rushing forward, he planted the long
pike upon the yielding debris and vaulted across,
to the wonder of all witnesses. The Indians, says
Camargo, prostrated themselves in admiration, and
tearing up grass, ate it, with the exclamation, "Truly,
this man is the Tonatiuhl" So runs the story, })rc-
scrvcd by tradition, and by the name yet given to the
spot, ' Eif Salto de Alvarado. '^^
captaina, among theiu Alvarado, declaring that he had left Velazquez with
over '200 men to die. Jii-riial, Diaz., ll'mt. Vvnlad., lOG-7. The charge came
forwai'd in the rcsidencia, but Alvarado brought witnesses to prove thiit lie
h:al lost all control over the men, and could do nothing else than to save
himself, wounded and unhorsed as he was. There were other witnesses v, ho
did all they could to blacken his fame, and to attribute to his neglect of duty
a great portion of the loss sustaineil during that sad night. liamiri'Z, J'roccio,
4, .38, 53, C8, and 288. P-unirez decides against the accused. ]5nt Alvarado
was admittedly brave, recklessly so, and it must bo regard.-^d rather as Iiis
misfortune that a panic seized the men. Perhaps, as conunauder intrusted
witli tliis section, ho sliould have remained longer at his post. This siguiii^il
death, and such men as then comprised hia command he reganled as lianlly
worth dying for. lie chose to save life at the expense of a blemish on liis
lionor. More it never amounted to, for the court absolved him. lie rodeoim'il
the fault afterwai d by brave achievements.
"' Camargo intimates that several Tlascalan chiefs of the expedition testi-
fied to the feat. Jlist. TIax., 1G8; and Gomara adds that several followcis
tried to imitate it, but failed, and were drowned. Hist. Mex., ITiQ. Contia-
dictory as Bemal Diaz is about the incidents of the night, ho strenuously
insists that the channel was examined during the following siege nnd fi"uid
to bo too wide and too deep to allow of such a leap. Ifist. I'crdaa., 10". 'I I'i^
8 )litary denial of a story which has been adopted by almost every writir,
fnun Ovicdo to Prescott, linds support in testimony during the hero's iv-i-
duncia, wherein it is distinctly stated tliat ho crossed the channel on a li\id
beam. His own testimony gives assent to tlio charge so formulated, altlimuli
hitherto he hatl no doubt allowed the other version to be believed, liuiitni ;,
Procvso, 4, 53, 08 et acq.
RETREAT TOWARD TLACOPAN.
461
Cortds and liiy small band of rescuers came up as
Alvarado appeared, pike in hand and bleeding, ac-
companied by a few stragglers.'^ Among these was
Juan Tirade, who, in gratitude for his deliverance,
elected at this bridge after the conquest a hermitage
to San Acacio, known also as Do los Milrtires— -
martyrs to avarice, as Torquemada intimates.'" The
badly wounded wore now mounted behind the horse-
men,^ and repelling the foes who still pressed on them,
Cortes in person covered the remnant of the army in
its retreat toward Tlacopan,** losing in this final
struggle the gallant Captain Morla.^ The route lay
tlirough Popotla village or suburb; and here, accord-
ing to tradition, Cortes seated himself on a stone to
weep over the misfortunes of this Sorrowful Night.'"
IJy a similar process of annealing, gold is made soft
and iron hard ; so by misfortune the wise man is made
wiser while the fool is hardened in his folly.
liity
Lis
itt.l
liiiil
•iiy
lli:4
sti-
■Vfl-S
Itni-
l>ly
|UII<1
llii
'- Seven Spaniards and eight Tlaacalteca, all badly wounded. Bernal Diaz,
nut. rcn/ad., 106.
■" ' Dur(> poco este nombre, pnes tampoco Ics convcnia ii los niucrtos, que
il);in oiirgailca de Ore' Moiian/. IiuL, i. 504. Zamaeois describes the site as
lie fountl it not long ago. Hint. Mrj., iii. 421-3. Bernal Diuz implies tliat
tlio ' martyr ' name was given in honor of those captured and sacritioed during
till' siege, a year later. y/?V. VerdwI., 153.
^'.Vlvarado Wiusi taken on Ctamboa'a horse, Laao on Sandoval's. Ramirez,
J'ro'isn contra Ali'iintdo, G9, 119.
^-•.•Vlvarado said that only the dead remained behind, but Olid insisted
tliat a number were still fighting tlie enemy. Cortea accordingly went back
nu^iiii and rescued several more. (\i,-<t'i)~ie<la, in Id., 44. 13ernal Diaz also states
tiiat ("ortiJa returned as far as the bridges. ///.s<. Verdad., 100.
" ' The same who sprang into the sua, oil Yucatan, to replace the rudder of
Ills vessel, unsliipped during the storm.
^' La Noche Triste, as it has ever since been called. Amid so much tliat
is foinantio the tendency to furtlier romance is often uncontrolhible. Tlio
tnitli of this statement is open to grave doubts. ' Llegii [Alvarado] it Cort(Vs,
<inr cstaba en(,'ima de unas gradas de un qii, sentado di(;iendo muchas lastimas. '
"'■'"''I, iii. 514. Zamaeois descriljes the enormous tree, yet standiui,', vliiuh
sluiikd the stone and beai-s the name of 'Arbolde taNoche Triste.' Jliit. Mij.,
iii. 4_'l. Prescott improves the occasion by allowing the army to file past in
s:iil clilapidation, regardless of the fact that tiu' amiy was already gathered in
TIariipan. Mcx., ii. 371-2. Testimony contirma the statement of Cortes that
'I'lii I'll la rczaga, pelcando con los indios hasta llegar 4 una ciudad que se dice
Tuoiiba' [Tlacopan]. Cartas, 135-6.
Hht. Mkx., Vol. I. 31
CHAPTER XXVII.
RETREAT TO TLASCALA.
July, 1520.
Fatal Mistake of the Mexicans — A Brief Respite Allowed the Span-
lABDS— The Remnant of the Army at Tlacopan — They Set out for
Tlascala— An ever increasing Force at their Heels— Rest at
THE Tepzolac Temple— CoRTi:3 Reviews his Disasters— The March
Continued amidst Great Tribulation — Encounter of the Gkank
Army — Important Battle and Remarkable Victory — Arrival at
Tlascala — The Friendly Reception Accorded them There.
What would Emperor Charles have said to Hcrnan
Cortes had they met on the morning after the Sor-
rowful Night ! It is related of Xerxes that with u
golden crown he rewarded a pilot who had saved his
life, and thereupon ordered him beheaded for having'
sacrificed in the operation the lives of so many of
his Persian subjects. Now Cortes had not saved the
emperor's life, nor yet the emperor's gold; he had
sacrificed many lives, and had little to show for thoiii.
Had Charles been there, and had he valued Spaniaids
as did Xerxes Persians, he might have cut off the
Estremaduran's head; but Cortes was yet worth to
Charles more than all that had been thus far lost in
New Spain.
Prosperity implies ability; adversity, weakness of
mind and character. In the high-souled and clii\al-
rous, prosperity tends to yet loftier heights, while ad-
versity sinks the unfortunate still lower; nevertheless,
the fortitude and dignity which come to the really
great under misfortune are among the grandest sights
in this universe. I have said that Corf^cs might liavc
(482)
IN THE MORNING.
ridden to Mexico over palm branches, midst liosannas,
liad he but known it; but had ho done so, there would
have been no greatness attending the act. The door
of peaceable exit from tlie city of Mexico had long
1 >een open to him ; but to have accepted Montezuma's
invitation hence would not have raised Cortes in the
estimation either of himself or of his soldiers.
After all the terrible disasters of the Nocho Tristc
the Spaniards were not wholly forsaken by fortune,
though they called it the irrepressible Santiago on
his milk-white steed who caused the Mexicans to
neglect their opportunity of vigorously pursuing the
fugitives beyond the last channel, and in their help-
less stlite to exterminate them. Yet we cannot help
asking why Santiago did not come to their assist-
ance sooner, and save them untold woe. The Span-
iards, however, were not captious in their criticisms
of benefactors, and so a small stone was erected on
the Tacuba road in honor of the mounted saint.* If
wo would have the real cause why the Mexicans did
not follow up the Spaniards, we may find it in their
greed for spoils, as Sahagun observes, which detained
the warriors, especially round the channels. A thor-
ough search was soon instituted by them ; the canals
were dragged, and quantities of arms, baggage, and
personal effects were secured, beside the gold and
jewels which had been taken by the Spaniards. Their
own dead they decently buried, while those of the
Spaniards and their allies were more summarily dis-
posed of, and the whole road cleared of obstructions
and whatever might infect the atmosphere.^
According to Gomara the discovery of the bodies
of Montezuma's son and heir and other princes cre-
ated such sorrow tliat pursuit was on this account
suspended. It seems not unreasonable that the na-
' 'Esto despuea lo declararou los mismos Indios.' Vetancvrt, Ton fro Mrx.,
pt. iii. 14,3. Nor do they omit the ever recurring story of tlie virgin imago
casting dust into the eyes of the pursuers.
■' The Tlascaltcc and Cenipoalan bodies were thrown among the reeds, and
till; Spanish into deeper water. Sahajun, JIUl. Com/, (cd. 1840), l'JG-7.
RRTREAT TO TLASCALA.
tivoa sliould liiivo ('liar<x»'(l tlicir rleafli wounds to
the Spaniiinls, wlio, rutlKT than soo men like; KiiiLj
Cacaina free to create niiscliief, should have preferred
to dispateh them, offcrin<^, Medeadike, a hrihe to
reverence and love with a view to retard the Colchian
pursuers.'' Althouj^di this accusation could not he
pioven, their death was nevertheless to he avenged.
At least forty Sjjaniards and a nuinher of allies had
heen captured during the night, and at the ohsequies,
which were of the most imposing order, they added
solemnity to the occasion by yielding their hearts'
Mood; while those who, according to native tradition,
turned back to hold the fort for three days before
they swelled the throng of victims, were reserved for
the coronation soon to follow.
The respite from close pursuit had enabled the
fugitive army to join, in detached groups, the nucleus
already gathered under Jamarillo in one of the scjuaros
of Tlacopan,* the capital of the smallest tripartite
state, half a league from Mexico. A sorry spectacle
was this remainder of the brilliant army which liad
so lately entered Mexico as conquerors. A haggard,
bleeding, ragged crowd, dreggy with mire and smeared
with gore, many without weapons, and without a ves-
tige of their baggage and war stores. When Cortes
arrived with the last remnant flu: -un was rising, jhrI
fearing the danger of an attack in the narrow streets,
such as had made the sallies In Mexico so disastrous,
he hastened to conduct his men into the open iieM.
Tiie movement was made none too soon, for iniuie-
' Diiran and Ixtlilxochitl make the murders take place in the Sji iiiish
quarters, as we have seen. Sahagun permits two of Montezuma's sons to lall
Ijotwoen the last channel and Popotla, while guiding the fugitives. ///^■^ ' '"/"/• ,
o'.i (ed. 1840), 122. Gomara assumes also that the pursuers may have been
content with the injury inflicted, or cared not to renew the fight on more open
ground. Hist. Mcx., lUl. Solis attributes the respite wholly to the discovery
of the bodies. J/ixt. Max., ii. IS.V-G.
* 'Llegado ti la dicha ciudad de Ta^nba, hall(?. toda la gento rcmoliiiaila
en una plaza, que no sabian donde ir. ' i -tc^. Cartas, 13fi. 'Hasta cetr.i 'le
Tlacuiian hasta nn lugar quo so llama lilihnran.' Sahnijitn, 1114. Coikj.. ■'!•'■
' Tacuba. . . .is at the present day chiefly noted for the large and noble c'liur^.li
which was erected there by Curtez.' Lot robe's liambler, I'JS.
TOTOLTEPEC TEMPLE.
48.1
(liatoly after the .scouts gave warning of approacliing
liosts, magnified to a liundred thou.sand or ni(»re,
speedily the war shrieks aguin broke on the cars of
the startled troops. The Mexicans had sent word to
Tlacopan and the neighboring towns to intercept the
fugitives, and assistance coming with the dawn tlicy
joined in the attack."
A Tlascaltec chief had recommended a northward
course, round the lakes, as the least exposed to pursuit,
and offered himself as guide." The march was accord-
ingly directed north-westward through some maize-
tields, with Cortes leading. The enemy were upon
them before the rear left the city, and several soldiers
fell in the onslaught. A short distance before them
rose the hill of Totoltepec, Bird Mountain,^ sur-
mounted by a temple with several strong buildings,*
* Gomara assumes that the Tlacopan pooplc were not aware of the broken
condition of the troops. Now they joined the 40,000 Mexicans who had set
forth prepared for pursuit. JliM. Mex. ,101. ' Yii auian venido de Mexico ....
<lar mandado a Tacuba, y a Escapupiilco, y a Tenayuca, para quo nos saliesscn
111 encuentvo. ' Benial Diaz, Hist. I'erdad., 100. The Mexicans were disgu8t»;<l
with those of Tlacopan for their neglect, /lerrera, dec. ii. Ijb. x. cap. xii.
* ' Un Angel do Guarda, 6 San Pedro, como otroa quiercn, <S Santiago
Apostol,' observes the enthusiastic Loreuzana. CorUn, Hist. N. Esjxiua, 14.').
' 'Totolpec' iHlUxochitl, Hist. Chic.'t., .302; Toltotepec is Vetancurt's mis-
spelling. 'Cerro llamado de Muteczuma.' Loreiizana, ubi sup.
' ' Una torre y aposeuto fuerte.' Cortc-i, t'urtiu*, 1150. ' Vuas caseria.s q en
vn cerro ^stauan, y alii jiito a vn Cu, e adoratorio, y como fortaleza.' Jicnial
Oiitz, llixt. Verdi (cL, 107. 'A este templo llainaron de la Vitoria, y despuca
iiucstra Seftora de los remcdios.' Her rem, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. xii. Saha,^'un
calls the rise Acueco, and places upon it the Otomi village of Otoncapulco.
llUt. Conq. (ed. 1840), l'2-2. Vetancurt follows, Tmlro Mix., pt. iii. 113, while
Ciiinargo calls it Tzacuyocan. The variations in Sahagun's editions lead Tc"--
i|Uomada to say that the Spaniards moved tlie same day from Otonca!|iulco
jnicblo to Acueco. an Otoml village, i. i'>04-5. This, lirasiicur de Bourboui;;'
i'lUows. The Spaniards may have passed through it on dorarting, but would
liiirdly move from a stronghold tt"> n probably open village while surrounded
l>y enemies. If foou was the object, the able-bodied soldiers M'ould have
made a sally for it. It appears that the army camped for the niglit on tlio hill
now occupied by the Remedioa shrine, and in the fortress-liko tcmiilc, to
which a small village was att.ached. Alzate, however, who took pains to in-
quire into the subject, fouu.l that the natives applied the name Otoncapulco,
not to the Remcdios hill, but to the mountain, three fourths of a league o(T.
'•n this mountain he found the ruins of a strong building, and none on the
liill, whence he assumes that the camp was not made on the site of tiie
slirino, but on the mountain. Gacetas de Lit., ii. 4o7-9. Bustamante accepts
this view, but Archliishop Lorenzana, whose testimony in the matter nuist
he reliable, says : ' Se conscrvan aun algunos vestigios de la antigua Fortaleza,
y csta se ha convertido dichosamente en el cc-lebrc Santuario de N. Sra. ile
los liemedios.' Cortes, HUit. N. Espaha, p, xiii. He also intimates that the
\
Sa
48G
RETREAT TO TLASCALA.
and a small village. This appeared an eligible spot
for the rest which they so much needed. Crossing the
Tcpzolac Creek, at its foot, Cortes ordered the advance
guard, under Ordaz, to capture it, while he faced the
pursuers. Little resistance was offered at the temple,
but the general was hotly pressed, as the enemy per-
(icived that their prey was about to escape. At this
juncture it was said that the Virgen de los Remedies
appeared, and by casting dust into the eyes of the foe
enabled the Spaniards to effect their escape with little
loss into the temple. "By this time," writes Cortes,
"we had not a horse that could run, or a horseman
who could lift an arm, or a foot-soldier who could
move
"O
A few additional intrenchments were thrown up,
and the necessary guards posted to watch the baffled
enemy, who perceiving the strength of the place con-
tented themselves with flinsjinij their missiles and
filling the air with shouts. Feeling comparatively se-
cure, the troops abandoned themselves to rest round
blazing fires. The food found in the place, although
insufficient for thu demands of the half-starved men,
afforded some comfort, which was increased by grateful
sleep. ^"^
Thus were refreshed the .ounded and disheart-
ened. And with grateful hearts the remnant of the
brave army returned thanks to God for deliverance.
Some, however, attributed their escape to the presence
among them of the image of the Virgen de los Reniu-
Otoncapulco name is misapplied. Hence it may be assumed tliat the coiniumi
njiplication of Otoncapulco to this hill is due to a misinterpretation of Sali:iguii s
versions, which have been greatly tampered with, for that matter, and tliiit
tlic ruins mentioned by Lorenzana had disappeared by the time Alzato « x-
nmined the place.
'• Cnrtn'<, 136 j Cahrera, Encudo Armnn, 110. 'Aqui se seflalh mucho (.011-
Vnlo Domingucz, honibre diestm y valicnte.' Ilerrera, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. xii.
Prcscott makes several blunders and omissions in connection with tliia d ly.
'" A few stragglers managed to reach the camp, and among theiii "iio
Sopuorta, who l>.a(f escaped death by feigning it. Ilcrrern, ubi sup. S;iliiii;uu
KtJitc!» that Otomis from Teucalhuican, and from the immediate ncighlii'i'
liooi], no doubt, brought food, and invited the Spaniards to the former town,
a few leagues from there. Hist. Conq., .33. Torquemada follows him, but t!i«
story is probably an exaggeration.
VfRGEN DE LOS REMEDIOS.
487
dios, which Rodriguez de Villafuerte is said to have
afterward placed in the great temple of Mexico. It
had been brought here by the owner, although some
supposed it might have come over of its own accord,
as it is said to have miraculously done in later times
when detained in Mexico against its will." Some
years after the Noche Triste it was found on this hill
under a bush, by a converted cacique named Juan de
Tobar, who kept it for a long time, and then by divine
direction built a hermitage for it on the hill, where it
had been found. The many miracles reported of the
shrine induced the City of Mexico in 1574 to adopt
it as a patron, and by the following year the simple
chapel was replaced by a fine temple worthy of the
sanctity of the image which has absorbed so large a
share of holy pilgrimage."
The review held on Remedies Hill revealed the full
extent of the blow suffered, "one which Spaniards
alone could have endured," says Peter Martyr. At
the beginning of the siege the army mustered twelve
hundred and fifty Spaniards and six thousand allies,
with arms and ammunition in abundance, and now
" It haa been shown previously, by tesllr! ony not accessible till later years,
that the iinasc placed in the great tetnplc ".as a piotuve on a tablet, while
that of lleineilios is a doll. Dut, of criiirsc, tue iniaL;e that couhl move through
the air could also tran&fvjrni its shaj,.; 13i>nial Diaz assumes, as wo liavc
seen, that Montezuma iiad ordered the image to be cared for ; yet many believe
that Rodriguez secured it before or after the inassiicro, while the more pious
prefer to suppose that he could inii find it, for want of time, perhaps, and
that it moved miraculously to the camp. AcoKta, lfi.il. Ind., ^fl\; Lctlilxnchitl,
Hist. Chic/i., .302. After the departure of tl'.e troops the image hid itself on
the spot, or llodxigucz, tired of the burden whicii had saved his life, ungrate-
fully left it there. It is also supposed to have been earricil to Tlascala ere it
reappeared on its later site. Calinrn, Escudo AnixiK, 10(! et seq. ; Alamnn,
DisiTt., i. 122. " renzana accepts it as the image from Mexico's temple.
Cviiin, J list. i\ . ../lailn, 138.
'^ It has frequently been brought to Mexico, and is still brought to avert
epidemics and other ills, to brmg rain or other blessings. When deta.ui'd it
would travel back of its own accord to the s'arine, a proof of which was
atlbrded by the travel stains on the dress. One rainy nigiit itanv/cd covered
with mud. Lalrobc'n Jiamhler, 13.3. Thompson describes it as 'alittli' i.lahastcr
doll, with the nose broken, and the eye out about eight inches high, iler
Wiirdrobe and jewels are valued at over $1,000,000. Ik -olU .tioii.i, 103-!l.
H'.' gives an account of the veneration for the imag* and its inii aculons j. iwer.
The ' ..-.ory of its origin and worship is to be found in a multitud . ,il '.«><>;;8,
amDUt, which may he mentioned, Medina, Chrdii. S. JJIei/o Jfrx., .30 'Jt ioi|.;
Cabrera, hJucudo Armas, 100 ct seq.; Uitnlamanle, Atcin, Pkdad., Jicf., l-u2.
488
RETREAT TO TLASCALA.
\
little more than five hundred soldiers and less than
two thousand allies remained." The baggage, artillery
and ammunition, intrusted to the trains of carriers, had
all been lost, and a great portion of the arms carried by
the men, so that only twelve battered cross-bows and
seven firelocks could be counted. What better com-
mentary could we have on the night's disaster 1 The
side arms were fortunately better preserved, and there
were twenty-four horses left, now the only formidable
element of the army." Of the treasure none could
tell what had been saved, the holders keeping the fact
secret. It was whispered, however, that Cortds had
taken good care of tlie portion appropriated by liiiu,
Bernal Diaz, among others, insisting that with the
first party conducted by the general to Tlacopan went
a number of carriers with gold bars and jewels.
Among these is said to have been some of the royal
treasure, but the officers declared that it had all buoii
lost, including the mare with the fifth proper, and the
account books and records. The loss of the papers,
however unfortunate for history, must have been
'^Corte8 prudently limits, and wo must add untruthfully, the loss to liO
soldiers and some 2000 allies. It is with a view to this catiniato that lie rcihicd
the force brought into Mexico to 570 men, to which ..lust be added the 1 10
composing the garrison. Deducting the I.jO lost, .'500 remain, and since lio
would hardly overestimate the number, lor obvious reasons, this figiwo is
probably near the truth. Bernal Diaz nnisters 1,'?00 at Tlascala, and h;is SO
at Mexico. Deducting from this 800 men stated to liave been lost licfoio
entering Tlascala, not counting those who fell in other provinces, leaves aljoiit
580; yet lie acknowledges only 440 alive. y/;«<. re/'f/rw/., lOS ct seq. liunvia
is also contradictory, admitting in one place 500, and in anotlier 'less than'} ")
Boldiers and 000 allies. Oviedo reduces the soldiers to ;{40. iii. r)l.'J. \it:iu-
curt adopts Bernal Diaz' 440 soldiers and Herrera's (iOO allies. Trcscott liasiily
declares (iomara as nearest to the truth, yet he depai'ts from him in the ri'sult.
With regard to the allies, lie reckons the full number of all who wore l)nin,'lit
to Mexico, while it is pretty obvious, from figures ami facts, tL.tt a piiitioii
must have been allowed to return home during the inaction of tlie eiiii" rm'a
captivity. The list of losses, as given by different authorities, standi as fal-
lows : 150 soldiers, over '2000 allies, Corttx; over 200 soldiers, over 2(100 aliis,
Li'jalik, Prohaiiza; nearly 200 soldiers, over 1000 allies, Solin; 'MM woldiii's
over 2000 allies, at one bridge, Saharjiin, 122; 450 soldiers, 4000 allie? d-'ninrt,
followed by Ixtlilxochitl,Clavigero, Camargo, and others; over 500 soldirn in
all New Spain, i^arta del Ejiirito; over 000 soldiers, Jiohertsm; ovt.r 000 sol-
diers, JS. r. de Tiiiiia, in liamirn, Prorem contra Alvmado, 38; NOO sci 'icn
ill all New Spain, CorUs, h'fHidencia, i. 42 ; 870 soldiers in all New Spain, ' • . "'d
Diaz ; 1 170 soldiers, 8000 allies, Cano, in Ooicdo, iii. ,551.
'* The loss in horses varies from 45, in Cortes, to 50, in Lrjiddc, PrJimi'-'i,
.both acknowledging 24 left.
VAIN REGFvETS.
489
rather convenient to Cortds, at least, who had a
fancy for adjusting facts and figures to suit his
schemes."
Deeply stricken was Cortds, and bitterly did he
repent of the mistakes which had contributed to this
sad result: of having left Alvarado in charge to follow
his rash bent; of having treated Montezuma and his
rhiefs so inconsiderately on his arrival; and, above
ii' the faulty arrangements for the flight by night.*''
j I o harl been the greatest conquest yet undertaken
ill the New World, and his the greatest disaster.
The men of Narvaez had suffered most, partly, it is
said, because they were most eager to burden them-
selves with gold, but rather because they were inex-
perienced, and assigned chiefly to the rear. It was
the gaps in the ranks of his veterans that touched
Cortes most. Gone was the dear dandy Francisco do
Salcedo, whom slovenly comrades should no more
trouble! The cavalry, so sadly depleted, missed
'^ ' Perdido fv t<.do el oro y joyas y rona,' etc. Corliss, Cartas, 135. It had
boen -oufided t > 'il.'i:;raltcc3, and wa8 nearly all lost, says thnir chief. Camar<jo,
Jlisl. TIax., ] i'.'J-~0. The ofticers testified afterward before public notary : ' So
]i"'r{li6 to(l(< :■! di"li'. oro <5 joyas de SS. AA., 6 mataron la yegua quo lo traia.'
L'jai Ic, /Vu'ifi ■'-.<', iu fcadxilceta. Vol. Doc, i. 42.>. Two witnesses during the
icsideic;- oi ■' ' pit ■if! .jtated that the general had two marcs, ono given to carry
the royul tron -iHfv, aivi tiio other laden with his own. The latter being lost,
Ik; cliiiincti l''C o vir t< ho his, and in this manner appropriated 45,000 pesos
(ir more which iK.%i,cd to the king. Corids, JieKUUncia, i. 69, 101-2. Not
Iniiir jifter the retreat he called on all to declare, under penalty, what gold they
had saved of that taken from the unappropriated piles. From those wlxo did so
tlu' treasures wore taken, althougli it was understood that tliey had been given
to thini. All this Cort<5s kept. /(/., 101-2, 241-2; ii. 402. Many refused to
Hiin'('ii(U'r, and since the leaders had also secured shares from the conunoii
pill', the order to reveal possession thereof was not enforced, says IJernal
1 >ia/. lie iidds that one third was to be retained by the possessor ua a reward.
('iirti'.ske]itasaforced loan what had been surrendered. Iliat. IVn/m/., 117-18.
The loa^i .' treasture, that thrown away by carriers and pressed soldiers, or
Kiiiikcn ^ .' ' their bodies, has lieen estimated at from several hundred thousand
jicsds ,1 •, :! two millions, in the values of that time; to which Wilson sarcas-
ticiiUy t.lii > '• hat ' nothing M-as really lost but the imaginary Ireasuif, now
ffiiiwn int;!..' ■. iieuily large, and which had to be accounted for to the emperor.
Tlic ('oiiquk'aUor waa too good a soldier to hazard his gold; it was therefore
ill tlic advance, and came safely oflf.' Cowr/. Mcx., 412-13.
''' '8i esta cosa fuera de dia, \x>r ventura no murieran tantos,'add8 Gomai-a,
//A1^ J/cc, lOl. While grieving ho recognized 'el nianifiesto milagro que la
rt Vila de los angeles su al)Ogada, el apostol San Pedro, y el dc los cgcjrcitos
K>|)iirii>li>s Santiago, hubian hecho en habcrse escapado dl.' IxtlilxochUI, IIIhI.
Chirli., !lv')2. Vetancurt moralizes on the flight as a cliastisement by CJod,
^vho saved tlie remnant to spread the faith. Ttatro Mex., pt. iii. 145-0.
490
RETREAT TO TLASCALA.
amonj; its number the dashinof Ldres" and the bravo
Morla. Neither could Botello be injured by tho
curses freely given him for his false reading of the
stars." The death which most deeply moved Cortes,
however, was that of the true-hearted and brave
Velazquez, wh» <. standing and influence, as a relative
of the Cuban gj jr and as a man of high birth,
had so greatly as,, ed the general in carrying out
his schemes. Cortes had in return conferred on him
some of the most important commissions, ever re-
garding him as among the truest of his friends. With
him had died his native wife, Elvira, the daughter of
the Tlascaltec lord Maxixcatzin, and nearly every
prisoner.^'
With so many lasses to deplore, it proved a solace
for Cortds to find present his favorite captains, San-
doval, Alvarado, and Olid. His interpreters were
also here, and foremost the loving Marina, whose life,
together with that of Luisa, Xicotencatl's daughter,
was due to the zealous care of the latter's brothers.
IMartin Lopez, the ship-builder, also survived, and
the sight of him assisted to give the tlioughts of the
general a hopeful bent, rousing in his enterprising
spirit projects for vengeance and recuperation. Rem-
na'its though they were, his forces were still larger
than those with which he had overcome Narvaez,
and which he had till then regarded as sufficient for
the conquest of the empire. The experience gained
and a knowledge of the country were in themselves
an army; and, thank fortune, he had some gold, and
better still, allies. Tlascala was now his hope. Ev-
erything, indeed, depended on the little republic, and
" On a later page Bemal Diaz says he fell at Otumba. Hist. VerdaJ.,
107, 240.
'* Herrera attempts to save somewhat the reputation of the astrologer by
the statement that ho prophesied death for himself or his brother.
'• Every one, say Cortes and Herreraj but Ixtlilxochitl states tliat one
sister of King Cacama was saved, and he intimates tliat one or two nt his
brothers also escaped. He is contradictory, however. IJint. Chich., 30i, .UK).
The one who escaped must have been Cuicuitzcatl, the newly made kiiij,' nf
Tezcuco. Braeaeur de Bourbourg adds two of his brothers, probably from
miaiuterpreting Ixtlilxochitl. JJist. Nat, Civ,, iv. 339.
AT C.VLACOAYAN.
491
^^hethe^ it would afford him shelter and aid. He
knew that the loss of so many of its warriors under
liis banner had brought wide-spread affliction, which
might turn to hatred toward him as the cause.
Thereupon he talked to the Tlascaltec chiefs who
were yet alive, and endeavored to stir in them the
thirst for revenge, anJ *^xcite their desires for rich
spoils and increased domain.*
Besiegers and besieged sat watching each other the
whole day, but the latter made no signs of stirring.
Thinking that they would not venture forth for some
time, many of the former began to file off homeward,
leaving, nevertheless, a strong force round the hill.
Cortt^ feared that the morrow would bring them
back with reinforcements and make escape difficult.
Trusting again therefore to the darkness, now joined
to the more advantageous circumstance of an open
field, he set forth, leaving the fires blazing to lull the
watchfulness of the foe. Eight captains were ap-
pointed for the different sections to maintain the
arranged order of march," Cortes with a portion of
the cavalry taking the rear, as the post of danger.
The rest of the horsemen led the van, while the sound
infantry formed a cordon for the centre, wherein
the wounded were carried in hammocks, or hobbled
along on hastily prepared crutches, a few being taken
up behind the horsemen. The rear had hardly left
the temple before the enemy were upon them with
swords and lances, many of the captured and recov-
ered weapons of the Spaniards being now used against
tlicmselves. But the attack was not severe, partly be-
cause the pursuers had been reduced to irregular bands
from the mainland settlements, whose chief object
\\ us plunder. At dawn the town of Calacoayan was
^^ Ixtlilxochitl names some of the chiefs to whom these offers were made.
ni<t. Chich., 302.
'^' Avila, a veritaHe martinet, maimed a soldier with a blow for stepping
from tlie ranks to pluck some fruit. Hirrera, dec. ii. lib. x. cap, xii. The
Bumc story has been told of Avila in Cempoala.
492
RETREAT TO TLASCALA.
sighted, and on approaching it the mounted scouts
came in a ravine upon an ambuscade formed by its
warriors. BeHeving tliem to be numerous the horse-
men galloped back, and joined by others returned to
charge. It is related that the leader haltinnf for a
moment to arrange for the attack, a soldier ii ecamo
impatient, and hoisting an improvised flag 0,1 his
lance he called out, "Santiago! follow me who dare!"
The rest responded, and the enemy was routed with
slaughter.'** The town was ransacked for food and
CltUUtepeo"
oZarnmolco?
TePoteoti^
%^Zuinpaiigo
Teaculhuacaa°
A
oTeotUiuacun
Cttlacoayan"
TUcopan e j
«.aco *^'""^ "HueyoUlpan
Vezico i
^^^
Znltepeo
4
K
fe
Tlascala Ji
1*
^a.
,
M
^
^^
ft |{
3P Irtaccihuatl
»co £1^^
•
^ ^
p.-
.^,. HuexotEii
Popocatepsll;
if?
'" Cholul*
oHuitzilapon
^Acatzln^
QuaubqueclioIIano
Tepeaca"
Quecholac
ItEucan
Tecomachalco ^
fired as a warninfj to the assailants. The march was
resumed, and the plain of Tizaapan reached, but
owing to the fight at the town and the constant
skirmishing only three leagues were made that day.
Toward sunset they reached the hamlet of Teucul-
huacan, and took peaceable possession of the temple
for the night.'*'
*'^ Cortds allows the five scouts to defeat the enemy, who are frightened l)y
the supposition that a larger force is upon them. Cartan, 137. Herrera is more
explicit with regard to the ambuscade, and makes Ordaz lead up the reinforce-
ments, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. xii.
'■'* ' Mas no cenar.' Oomara, Hid. Mex., 162. Sahagun staten, however, tliat
this was the town to wliich the Otoniis had on the preceding day invited
tliem, chiefly because they were related to the Otomis of the Tlaflcaltec division
umler Cortes. Hist. Com/., 34-5. A risky proceeding, if true, for an isolated
community, on whom might fall the vengeance of the hostile Mexicans. lu
SAHAGUN AND BRASSEUR DE BOURBOURQ.
403
At noon on the 3cl the march was resumed, witli
quickened steps and with less interruption. Though
persistent in harassing, the pursuers fled whenever tlio
tlie account of the route followed to Tlaacala Cort(^s ia still the Ixjst guide, for
he not only kept a record, but wrote his report wliile the occurrences were
\vi fresh. He is wanting in details, however, and fails to give names to
localities. These omissions are remedied hy Sahagun, who now seems more
rehahle. Otlier authors are vague or misleading for the route, hut the oc-
casional incidents told by them are noteworthy. Bemal Diaz indiciites only
(uie stopping place, Quauhtitlan evidently, before Otumba is reached. Camargo
skips to a place adjoining Otumba, and Ixtlilxochitl takes the army to Quaun-
xinialpan, a place which modern maps locate south of Remedios. He rusumes
the northern route, but names some towns that cannot be identified. Gomara
adheres pretty well to Cortes, but his conunentator, Chimalpain, supplies names
for places, which differ from Sahagun and indicate a deviation from the ex-
treme northern course, as will be seen. Torqueniaila follows chiefly Sahagun,
wlioni he recommends. Orozco y Berra has closely studied the journey, and
throws much light on it, more so than any otlier writer; yet his concluiiona
are not always satisfactory. Ilinerano del Ejercito Espat'iol, in 3Ifx. N^ot.
("iiulwl., 240 et seq. I have already spoken at length, in Native Races, iii.
231-fl, on the life and writings of I'athcr Sahagun, and will here refer only
to the twelfth book of his Uiaforia General, inserted by Bustamante, at the
beginning of the set, under the title of llisloria de la ('on(juis( „ de Mexico.
This copy is from one found by Mufloz in the Franciscan convent of Tolosa,
ill Navarre. Another copy of the twelflii book, in possession of Conde de
Cortina, claimed as the true original, was published separately by the same
editor, at Mexico, 1840, with lengtiiy notes from ("lavigero and other writers
to complete the chain of events, and to conunent on the suppression in the
former issue of statements concerning Spanish misdeeds. It has also an a<hli-
tioual chapter. Neither copy, however, corresponds quite to that used l)y
Torquemada, who in more than one instance quotes passages that arc startling
compared with the modified expressions in the others. The severity of the
friar toward Spanish conquerors was no doubt a strong reason for the sup-
pression of his work. The twelfth book begins witli Grijalva's arrival and
the omens preceding it, and carries the narrative of the conquest down to the
fall of Mexico. According to his own statement, on page 132, it is founded
to a great extent on the relations given him by eye-witnesses, soldiers who
had assumed tlie Franciscan robe and associated daily with the friar; but
much is adopted, with little or no eriticpie, from superstitious natives, the
vliole forming a rather eonf using medley, so that it is difficult to extract the
many valuable points which it contains. This difliculty is, of course, not en-
countered by such followers as Bustamante and Brasseur de Bourbourg, and
similar supporters of native records or anti-Spanish versions.
Ill the Native Races I give the traits which characterize the French abbe
and his famous works on Central American culture and antiquities, and it
remains only to refer briefly to his versiim of the conquest, comprised in
the fourth volume of the Ilialoire dcs Nnlloii'f ClriliHi'en. His pleasing style
lends attraction to every page, but his faults become more conspicuous from
tin; comparison presented by a vast array of authorities, revealing the indis-
creet and enthusiastic readiness to accept native tales, or anything that favors
the hypotheses by which he is ruled, and in the disposition to build magiiiticoiit
structures on airy foundation. His version, indeed, strives rather to narrate
tlie cmuiuest from a native standpoint, and to use Spanish chronicles only as
supplementary authority. To this end he relies chiefly on the now well
know n writings of Sahagun, Ixtlilxochitl, Camargo, and Tonjucmada, and it
i-i hut rar.'ly tliat he is idjle to quote the often startling original manuscripts
possessed only Ijy himself.
I I I
494
RETREAT TO TLASCALA.
cavalry charged, and took refuge on the hill-slopes, fling-
ing witli their missiles jeers and insults. "Women I"
they cried; "cowards, who fight only when mounted I
You are going whence none of you shall escape !" The
latter threat was frequently heard, but its meanin;^'
failed as yet to be understood. There was a worse
enemy than the Mexicans, however, and that was
hunger, which made itself severely felt, "althougli
Spaniards can endure its pangs better than any oilier
nation," vaunts Gomara, "and this band of Cortes'
better than all." Eagerly they scanned the road side
for fruit or roots, and many ate grass, while the Tlus-
ealtecs threw themselves upon the ground and begged
their gods to take pity upon them.'** One soldier
opened a dead body and ate the liver, and when
Cortes heard of it he ordered the man hanged, but
the sentence was not executed. The route, at first
craggy, passed through the towns of Quauhtitlan antl
Tepotzotlan, along the lake of Zumpango, to Citlal-
tepec, where camp was formed. The inhabitants had
fled, but food was there to eat, and even to carry on
their journey, and there they remained all the next
day.^*'
" ' Mordiendo la tierra, arrancando yeruas, y alpado los ojos al cielo, dezian,
dioscs no nos deanmpareys en este pcligro, pues teneys poder sobre todos lips
liombres, hazed que con vuestra ayuda salgamoa del.' Ilerrera, dec. ii. lib. x.
cup. xii.
■•'* Hcrrera conforms to Cort<'3 and Gomara in admitting a stay of two
liights at one place, but makes this Ti-copatlan, called ' duck town,' from its
many fowl. This is evidently Tepotzotlan. But it was not near the hiko
like Citlaltepec, and 'duck town applies rather to a lake town, in this
region, at least. Cortes also writes, in Cartas, 137, 'fuimos aquel dia pur
cerca do unas lagunas hasta que llegamos & una poblacion,' and this docs ii<>t
apply well to Tepotzotlan, which lies a goodly distance from the lakes, i\'-
quiring certainly no march along ' some ' lakes to reach it. Hence the CitlaltciK'c
of Sahagun must be meant. This author, however, supposes the Spaniaids to
stay one night at each place. Jiht. Uonq., 36 (cd. 1840), 129. Ixtlilxocliitl
calls the place after Tepotzotlan, Aychqualco. Hist. Chich., 302. At Tepot-
zotlan, says Vetancurt, some of the people remained to receive the Spaniards—
this is in accordance with one of Sahagun's versions — and here remained to
Jiide the son of Montezuma, whom he supposes to have escaped with the tronps.
Tmfrn ^fex.,])t. iii. 144. According to Chinialpain's interpretation the S]i,iii-
iiirds stay the two nights at Quauhtitlan, and tlience proceed by way of Iva-
ti'poc, now San Cristobal, skirting the northern shore of Tezcuco Lake, and mi
t > Otuiuba. I list. Couq. , i. 304-5. This route certainly appears the most dii iit,
but there is no authority for it. The sentence from Cortes might no doiilit I'C
adopted equally well for tliis road ; but Sahagun, Ixtlilxochitl, and llci'iera
A HOST AT HAND.
405
On the morning of the 5th of July they skirted
the lake and turned westward to Tlascala, pursued by
increasing forces;'* owing to which, or to the rough-
ness of the road, or to the guide, less progress was
made than on the previous day, and camp was pitched
at the deserted hamlet of Xoloc. The following day
they proceeded toward the Azaquemecan Mountains,
and halted at the town Zacamolco.'*^ Observing a
mysterious movement among the Indians on the slope,
Cortds get out with five horsemen and a dozen foot-
soldiers to reconnoitre. After skirtingr the mountain
he came in sight of a large army,'"' with a portion
of which he came to close quarters, the fleet natives
liaving gained on the foot-soldiers in making the turn
of the hill. In the m61(5e Cortds was badly wounded in
the head.** He retreated to camp and had the wound
bandaged, and the forces were hurried away from the
town, which appeared too exposed for an attack. The
Indians pursued them uo closely that two men were
killed and a number wounded, beside four or five
horses. One of the animals died, and although the
troops deplored its loss, the meat proved acceptable,
for roasted maize with a little fruit had been their
only food for several days.* Camp appears to have
name towns which lie east and north of the Zumpango Lake, and during the
rainy season now prevailing the passages between the lakes were rather
swampy. Tezcuco was beside too close for tlie fleeing army, Alaman accepts
t.iu route south of Zumpango, Divert., 1. 122, against which nearly lill tlie
aliovc reasons apply.
'"•Nos convenia ir muchaa veces fuera de camino.' CorWs, Carton, 138.
Owing to the guide's inefficiency, adds Gomara, liUt. Mcx., 1G2.
'^' Sahagun also calls the mountain, or the slope, Tona. His confusing
Versions sometimes reverse all the names. Cortes places it two leagues from
the last camp.
■" ' Detr.is did [hill] estabauna gran ciudad de mucha gente.' CorUs, Cnrtns,
138. Zacaniolco is also called a large town. There could hardly be two large
towns so close together in a district like this, so that the other must have been
Tt'otihuiican, ' city of the gods,' with its ancient and lofty pyramids, sacreil to
all Anilhuac, and one of tlie chief centres of pilgrimage. For description of
ruins, see Xative J!ar<s, iv. 529-44.
'"'Con un golpe. de piedra en la cabeza tan violento, que abollanno las
arnias, lo rompici la primera tunica del cerebro.' So Solis defines the wound,
which afterward grew dangerous. J/iat. Mex., ii. 203. He supposes that it
Was received at Otumba.
'"'Le comieron sin dexar [como dizen] pelo ni huesso.' Gomara, Hist.
Mix., 1(J2. 'La cabeza cuijo a siete o ocho. ' The horse was Ganiboa's, on
406
RETREAT TO TLASCALA.
been formed for the ni^ht in a liamlet among the
hills, the enemy being left on the opposite western
slope of the range.
A serious encounter being apprehended the next day,
additional crutches and hammocks were prepared for
those of the wounded who had hitherto been carrier!
on horseback, so as to leave the cavalry free in its
movements.^^ Before dawn on July Tth^'^ the maixli
was resumed, in the hope of eluding the forces in the
rear, little suspecting that this was but a wing of the
main body now preparing to surround them. They had
proceeded about a league, and were on the point of
entering the large plain of Otumba,^ when the scouts
came galloping back nith the information that the
whole field was filled with warriors in battle array.
The hearts of the Spaniards sank within them. They
were hoping to escape an enemy such as this.** Cortes
ordered a halt, and with his captains talked over the
situation. Retreat was out of the question, and to
turn aside would be useless. "We must charge upon
this host," said Cortes; "we must make our path
through its very centre. Remember your dead com-
rades; remember your God; comport yourselves like
Christian soldiers, and this idolatrous horde will melt
before you like the morning mist." He thereupon
issued the necessary instructions for charging and
which Alvarado was saved after his leap. Ilerrera, ii. x. xii. ; Dental Diaz,
J /Int. Verda-I., 107. Ixtlilxoehitl pnys tliat Ziiiacatziii, of Tcotihuacan, kilknl
it — ho whom we shall find leading the enemy on the niorroM'.
'' ' Y pareci(!) quo el Espii-itii Sauto me alumbr6 con esto aviso,' cxoliiima
Cortds, Cartas, 139. Many a soldier carried a comrade on his back. Gomara,
J J ill. Mfix:, 103.
''^ According to Cortes, whose dates I have already shown to be rcliahlo.
Ho makes it a Saturday. Prescott makes it the 8th, a mistake wliicli iius
been copied by several writers, including Brasseur do Bourbourg and Carb^ijal
Espinosa.
"^ 'Llanos de la provincia de Otupam.' The battle taking place mar
Mctepcc. Ixtlilxoehitl, Hid. Chirh., .302-3. Plain of Otiimpan, also omUhI
Atzta<)uemecan. Camanjo, Hist, 'flax., 170. ' Los Llanos deApan.' 'ElValle
do Otumba.' Loretnana, in Cortes, Hist. N. Espaua, xiv. 148. Clavigoro calls
ii the plain of Toiiun, derived from Sahagun, who applies the name to the sh[)ti
of tlio range bordering it.
' ' Following the intimation given by Sahagun, Torquemada states that tin;
enemy came pouring iu from rear and sides to surround the troops, i. 50S.
A BRILLIANT DISPLAY.
497
resisting, and for protecting the disabled. The horse-
men were to ride with loose rein, lancing at the faces,
so as to break the enemy's lines, and open a path for
the infantry, who were to follow and thrust their side-
arms at the bowels of their assailants.^
Commending themselves to the virgin, and invoking
the aid of Santiago, the troops advanced and entered
the plain, skirted on the east by the lower ranges of
the Tlaloc, which inclosed in the distance the town
of Otumba. The sight was as grand as it was terri-
fying. In every direction were seemingly endless
columns, with flowing plumage, brilliant shields of
varied designs, and above and beyond those a forest of
glittering iztli points. "It was the finest army Span-
iards ever encountered in the Indies," exclaims Bernal
]Jiaz. Their number was legion, and the richness of
their attire signified the presence of the strength and
nobility of the empire. The original estimate was
doubled, and that was increased fourfold, until, like
Don Quixote's sheep, two hundred thousand seemed
small. Aware of the route taken and the destination
of the Spaniards, Cuitlahuatzin had sent orders to the
caciques of Otumba, Teotihuacan, Calpulalpan, and
adjoining region, to mass their forces here and exter-
minate the intruders. This order came most oppor-
tune, for at the time a fair was held at Otumba,
which attracted a large concourse, from which volun-
teers were readily obtained for so laudable an object,
represented not only as easy of achievement, but as
j>rofitable from the spoils that were to follow. A
strons? force from the lake region had come to form
the nucleus of the army, the command of whicli was
assumed by Cihuacatzin, lord of Teotihuacan.^"
' ' While they were halting, writes Ojeda, a big Indian with club and shield
advaucud to challenge any Spaniard to single combat. Ojeda resi)onilod, but
in iiilviuieing against the man his negro slave followed him, and either the
fiiglitof two frightened the native or he sought to decoy them, for he retreated
into ii copse. Hcrrera, ii. x. xiii.
^" Camarrjo, Hist. Tlax:, 171-2; Torquemnda, i. 509. Ixtlilxochitl spells
the name Zihuatcatlzin, and Oviedo calls it Xiaquetenga, based prol):ibly on
tliat of the Tlascaltec chief. Duran, llisl. /ml., MS., ii. 480. ' La Qor de Mexico,
y ilf Tezcuco, y Saltocan.' licnial Diaz, Hist. Vvrdad., 108.
Hist. Mkx., Vol. I. 32
<IOS
RETREAT TO TLASCALA.
The sight of the sorry remnant of the Spanish
army was greeted by the native liost with triumphant
shouts, trumpet blasts, and the clashing of weapons.
Nothing should now prevent their escape ; they were
doomed 1 Cautiously the Indians advanced to sur-
round them; for though the wounded and bedraggled
band was small, it still looked viperish. Like tlio
French in Egypt the Mexicans might have said that
the centuries were looking down on them from the
mystic towers of Teotihuacan, consecrated to the
sacred past. It was natural enough for them to i'cv\
glad and proud; surely the invaders had brought
them misery enough to justify any return. But kt
them not forget that there arc still strong men, now-
nerved to desperation. And just beyond the mountain
fringe, toward which pointed their holy banner of tlks
cross, was a promised land, 'the land of bread,' and,
as they hoped, of trusty friends.
Cort(5s did not wait for them to advance too near ho-
With head and arm bandaged
the cavalry, which in parties of five rushed at
the enemy, lancing straight at the face, and opening a
way for the infantry, which followed at a quick pace,
thrusting sword and pike as they had been directed.^
This tactic disconcerted the natives somewhat, ami
discarding their projectile weapons the front ranks
seized on lances, two-handed swords, and heavy clul)s,
encouraging one another by shouting the names of
their towns and districts. After breaking the lines
the horsemen turned to open another path in tlio
direction of the infantry, throwing the Indians in a
disorderly pressure one against the other, and kec^pini,'
them in a state of apprehension as to where tlic
mounted avalanche would next roll over them. Agaiu
the horsemen turned, dashing close along the Hanks
of the troops, scattering the intermediate assailants ni
confusion, and rendering them an easy prey to tlio
•' Solis clears the way with volleys, but only seven muskets remainuil and
BO ammunition.
fore ho made a charge
he led
"fo
Wl iK^es hi
ordiuary ]
DESPERATE FIOHTINO.
40a
foot-soldiers. Swift as the wind the gallant Sandoval
flow past, crying to his comrades: "We win to-day,
senores! We win to-day, God helping us!" Maria
do Estrada was likewise there, cheering onward the
men, and sharing danger with the foremost of the
brave.
It would indeed seem to persons of less confidence
than the Spaniards that some supernatural power
had been necessary on this day to deliver them.
Nor did the Tlascaltecs belie their fame as warriors,
for they fought like lions, as the soldier- chronicler
declares, the chief Calmecahua being particularly con-
spicuous for his bravery.^
For a while the horsemen had it all their own way,
chiefly, as Cortes observes, because the enemy con-
sisted of such disorganized masses as to prevent one
another either from fighting or fleeing; but as they
became more used to the Spanish tactics they offered
firmer resistance. The horse of the general being
so severely struck in the mouth as to become un-
manageable, Cortes dismounted and turned it loose
to seek another. The injured animal, seemingly im-
bued with its master's spirit, dashed at the enemy in
mad career, creating quite a panic in its course. The
cavalry took advantage of the confusion to follow,
partly with a view to secure the animal; after re-
jTjaining the main body they indulged in a brief rest.
The heat no less than the fighting had tired out both
men and horses; but there was for them little respite,
for no sooner had the foes observed their inaction
than they closed in round them with renewed courage.
'* Thrust well and deep," came the order to the soldiers,
" for they are all chiefs !" And so they seemed, fi'om
their rich dress, their elaborate devices, and their
glittering ornaments. Cort(is now mounted a horse
whose viciousness had hitherto consigned him to the
•
" Camargo states that he lived to an age exceeding 1.30 years. Heroes in
all a<j;es have enjoyed the privilege of not being tied down to laws governing
ordinary mortals.
m
it:
500
RETREAT TO TLASCALA.
M
baggage department,*' and again the cavalry formed,
this time in more compact order. But the enemy,
ever relieved by fresh men, maintained the firmness
with which they had begun the charge, and both
horsemen and foot -soldiers found the pressure bo-
coming greater and the fight hotter. Thus the battle
continued during the greater part of the forenoon,
the natives evidently as fresh as ever, and the Spaniards
visibly failing. **Wo thought surely that this was t(j
be our last day," writes Cortes, "in view of the great
strength of the Indians and the little resistance they
could find in us, tired as we were, and nearly all
wounded, and faint with hunger."
A feeling of suffocation and deathly despair comes
over the Spaniards as the dusky host fold them in
closer and yet fiercer embrace. Hot falls the blood-
reeking breath upon their faces, as, flushed with suc-
cess and sure of their victims, the foe lay hold of the
Spaniards to drag them away to the sacrifice. Rare
offerings to the gods, indeed, are these magnificent
menl And such they will surely become if Mary,
Santiago, or the ready genius of Cortes appears not
(]uickly to the rescue! But how shall there be rescue?
What rescue is there to the sinking ship alone in mid-
ocean? Can this Cortds for the release of his com-
rades baffle death like Hercules for the release of
Alcestis?
So it would seem. Behold yonder grand personage,
borne aloft in open litter, high over the others, with
plumed head-dress, and above it the gold-net standiu-d,
the tlahuizmatlaxopiUi, set with precious feathers, nnd
secured to his back by a staff, according to custom/^
'"All '11-natured brute, which attacked the enemy with teeth ami hoofs. Ho
did f^ood service all through the following campaign, till he fell in one of tho
last Itiittles of the great siege. Camari/o, 1 1 ml. Tlax., 172.
*" ' Dur<') CBto terrible eonflicto por mas de cuatro horos .... Llegado cI nio lio
dia, con el intolerable trabajo de la pelea, los espailoles comcnzaron A desniayar.'
Hifili'iiiiiii, IJM. Conq. (cd. 1840), 132.
■' ' En vnas Andas, vn Caballero mand.ardo, ft>n vna Rodela Dorada. y <|iie
la Vaiidera, y Sefial Real, quo Ic sa'ia por las Espalda'i, era vna Red de ( Mn,
"ue los Indios llamaban I'lahuizniatlaxopilli, que le subia diez palmos.' T'lr^jw-
mada, i. 501). ' Su vandera teudida, con ricas annas de oro, y grandcs peuacliod
BRILLIANT ACHIEVEMENT
n foathered armor of rich d; ^°'™'' "^ ""^ ""'/
».alous care the banner an en.^™' .«"»'•<''«*,' with
renewed efforts and brCln r ''^f'"^ «io rest to
""<! h« purpose for weal T woef-fi ^f'?^ ^"^^ '"'".
I"s comrades are aware o? The , ?"''.*■'">«' befo.o
for he comes as canfntr 71 . '''"oftam's approaeh-
'loath of tke.7s^^Xt^: """rt "^ ''" ''-"««■
"f the 'inportance attaehodlv P"'^" '" '»'«" aware
l>o general, and to the ^l L '•'™' ^^ *« !«■•«»'> of
I" Leso centre all the W „ Th"*? "'^ "i" «*^"''"''.
« theirs so long as thevT™" i'^'Tf "»"'*• ^''-''^-'^s
low, and the Indian r^ZI^T'.^f °?,« "^"'W'lt
juncture Cortes does norM t! I °''- ^™" «' tlis
'■m.ness and spirit amonl t i r'"*-"''™ ^^<' """-eased
approaches. If ere, tlien !s f , T' "^ *''« ''""ner
-. all the brave m;nS",'"'^'^"f<''>'"><:«,"iore, which
'"yuounted follow.ers,^oLinT *\f "i"'* "'"t'"" to
•irid as ,f he would tl.^1^ "" "'" "acred insio-nii
i"to his brief words fc "■? '^'''-^ ""SW "f SiS
--ak with them? We'-tToTr 'l^'f^'^^- K
onores, let us close with them f tS^J""^ ^^ P^'ter,
I'lit knew that the nev m„ i ^"^ » "an there
-M determine ^t^^Z^^^li^'y^K
;(}t"r^*^nlT:,eatt?t '-- "^ ™«
i.^wr^d;s:^^p-;^tlfl^^^^^^^^^^^^
l>'^ unruly horse of Cort" tenri.''^'' ff""''- ^>'1'"<'
"""•ard overturns the 1 ter of ° '""' ":"-««i-^tini,dy
'""■'' "l^.toaVers^to'lhe g,,,„„,r- f^^^™'»»i;"<;. '""I
'■7 Lis breath 'rS^^,:,it;;.'!'^
^nlo. u'Ml.. T.,_ ' , ^ victory!
;•"- His lance inU:^b:l;':,^-tSe^i;;;7
602
RETREAT TO TLASCALA.
and seizing the sacred banner, presents it to the general
as his rightful trophy."
The welcome cry of Cortds electrified the whole
Spanish line, while the warriors lately so triumphant
stood stupefied with dismay. With the disappear-
ance of the palladium their courage had fallen, while
the Spanish soldiers, with the confidence and strength
of joy, rushed from wing to wing upon them. The
warriors wavered; then, with one more searching
glance in the direction of the guiding emhlein,
they became convinced that their leader had in-
deed fallen. Consternation followed ; the panic from
the centre overtook the more distant, and valiantly
J
" Tlie accounts of this incident vary greatly. According to Bcnial Diaz
'Cortes di(i vn encuetro cS el cauallo al Capita Mcxicano, qle hizo abatir su
vadora quio siguib al Capitan q traia la vandera que aun no auia caido del
eufuentro que Cortes lo dio, fue vn Juan de Salamanca, natural de Outiuoi-us,
con vna buena yegua ouera, que le acabf) de matar. ' Hint. Verdnd., 108. Tlie
banner could not have fallen without the general, (iomara intimates that
Corti's charged alone against the ' capitan general, y dio le dos lau(,;adiis, du
que cayo y murio.' Hist. Mcx., 1G3. This is also .substantially the vii'w of
l>urau and Coinargo. Herrera leaves the impression that Salamanca aluiie
folhnvs Cort(?8 in the charge, and cuts oiT the head and banner of tlio com-
mander after liis chief had wounded an<l overthrown him. dec. ii. lib. x. cap.
xiii. Torquema<la, Clavigero, Preseott, and others, also assume that CortOs
lances the generalissimo, but they let the cavalry follow. Sahagun, wlio
obtained his information from participants tliat afterward became friars,
merely states that Cortds and one other led the cliarge, which resulted in thu
overthrow of the general and his banner. Hht. Caitii. (ed. 1840), 1.3'2. Cortis
is still more reticent in saying: 'quiso Dios quo murio una persona (Kilos,
que dobia ser tan principal, quo con su muerte ceso to;la aquella gmiiu.'
(.'urtoK, 1.31). Tlio assumption that Cortt^s ovci-threw the commander with
his lanco rests cliiefiy on tlio fact tliat Cort(5s as leader of the cliargo n^cciwM
credit for overytliing that happens. Writei-s also forget tliat tlic coii'-iiamler
Wiis carried aloft in a litter the better to observe the movements of the avmy.
His burdened caii'iers would with greater likeliliood have been overthrown
by the horses or in the disorder created by thuir advance. This supposition
is confirmed by Cortes' reference to the affair, wherein he gives cretlit to
nc.ie for the act, his usual custom when some one else perfonned a noto-
wiirthy deed. He was seldom chary in giving credit to himself for nchiivi'-
nieiits, as may bo gathered alone from his account of the stay in Mcxii'o
City, which announces tliat he it was who tore down tho idols, who captitrt.l
tilt! tcmjiio after another had failed to do so, who single-handed co. c'' "l the
retreat of his comrades on the Tlacopan causeway on the morning prectdiiii;
tho night, and wlio with less than a score that 'dared stay with liini' pro-
tected tho retreat of tho last remnant from the city. The supposition rec'ivi's
furtlior snjiport from the permission given by the emperor to Salauianc.i to
add to his c.icutclieou the trophj' taken from the connnander. Tills iiii|ilirj
tliat although tho victory mvis due to CortOs he could not have inllictcil t!i'J
mortal wound. Salamanca became alcalde mayor of Goazacoalco, Bcrnul J>im,
niit. Ventad., 108, 111.
A DECISIVE BATTLE.
0O»
who
I tl'.o
■Uns,
:v\i.'
with
lOoivtM
iiuick'V
aniiy.
;hrowu
usitiiiu
xlit to
uoto-
L'hiovi!"
Moxioo
ntuii A
"^ 1 the
.t.rdins;
u' I'l'^*-
laiK^i to
jiniplii'i
lU'.l tho
as they had fought before, as cravenly did they
now flee.*'
Forgetful of wounds and hunger, and regardless of
tlie imminent danger attending such a course, the
Spaniards pursued the foolish fugitives, thrusting and
slashing at them until they had killed twenty thou-
sand — a round figure, truly, and one which accords
well with the estimates of the entire force. But after
all, what the natives had hitherto suffered must have
been little compared with the present slaughter, for
their dead lay very thick along the line of retreat.
Hardly one among the Spaniards had come off scatli-
loss, while few of the poor Tlascaltecs were left to
share in the rich spoils."
After recalling the troops from their bloody pursuit,
the first care of Cortds was to see that the wounded
soldiers had rest and refreshment. Then a solcnm
thanksgiving service was held, and right earnestly did
they all join in its oflfering. Cortes ascribed the vic-
tory to St Peter, as with his name on his lips he had
made the miraculous charge. But Santiago was the
soldiers' favorite, as they declared he was proseiii and
fouirht with them; and near the village of Tenexcalco
a chapel was afterward erected to commemorate his
appearance.*^
Obviously this battle was the most important so far
in the New World; and it must ever be regarded as
one of the moPo lurr^nrkable in history. The natives
wore probably much leas numerous than the estimates
of tlie boastful victors; still they were immensely
f^uporior in number and condition to the Spaniards,
enfeebled by recent defeat, by wounds, and want.
'''Los principales, H aaro cO grfi Ilanto, fl cuerpo de su general,' aays
Ilonvra; but this ia iloiujifiil, to judge also from liia subsequent observations.
*' ' Muriei'on. . . .casi todos los aminos do los espafioles, y algunos dc olios
niismos.' Sahaniin, Jlist. Conq. (ed. l!S40), 13"2. Solis aoknowledijes only
woinidctl, of whom two or three died afterward. Uitil. Mex., it. '2().'{. Curie's
did not escape aiUlitioual wounds, from which he was soon to sulFer intcn.scly.
''1'iie natives were purticuhirly rcatly to testify to this supernatur'al aid,
n.i ('aniargo rehites, /fi-t. Tlax., 17'2, perhaps for their own credit, aa good
cuuvurts and brave wan-iors.
l1
504
RETREAT TO TLASCALA.
Further, the latter had no fire-arms wherewith to
terrify the natives, only swords and pikes. Their main
advantage lay in their horses, their discipline, and the
genius of their leader;** all strengthened oy the enthu-
siasm born of a national pride, and a certain knowledge
that failure meant utter destruction.
Fatigued as all were, and weakened from battle,
Cortds resolved nevertheless to push on toward Tlas-
cala the same day, fearing that the enemy might bo
shamed into a rally, or receive such reinforcements
to their already immense numbers as to encourage
them to return. In this he was not mistaken, for
Cuitlahuatzin had ordered Tezcuco, Chalco, and neigh-
boring districts to send larger forces, and so insure an
assumed victory for the Otumban army. The rein-
forcements appear to have been already in motion
when news came of the defeat, accompanied by the
rumor that a Tlascaltec army was on the way to aid
the Spaniards. The hasty march eastward of the
fugitives offered in itself sufficient encouragement lor
straggling: marauders from the surrounding villaijos to
follow in their wake and harass them with occasional
missiles.*''
By night the town of Temalacayocan** was reached,
and here the army obtained some food and camped
in and around the temple. Badly wounded as ho
was, Cortes took charge of the watch, for sleep had
no power over his mind at that moment. Befoi'o him
rose invitingly the ranges of the Tlascaltec border,
♦" ' Never,' WTitcs Ooinara, 'did a man show sncli prowess as he, and iiovcr
were men so well led. He by liia own personal etl'orts saved them,' J lis/.
Mex., 1(5.3. 'So tuno la vitona despues de Dios, por el valor de Covti's.'
Jli'rrera, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. xiii. Wliilo quite prepared toii])hold the gencial
as a hero, IJernal Diaz takes exception to this praise as unjust to his iii:iiiy
followers, wiio not only did wonders in austiuning him, but in saving his litV.
Jlisf. \'inlnil.. 111.
*' Ixtlilxochitl assumes that another ai'my was encountered anii ;-i)utid
with great slaULrhter, a few leagues ahead, at Toyocan. Hint. Clu'-h., IVYX
*'' IxtliLvofhitl. Chimalpain calls it Aimm, which appears to have been situ-
ated farthi'r north. Lorenzana rcf(!rs to all this extent as the i)l:iius of .\\r.\n,
the name whicii it now bears. Cainargo names the jjlains of Anauteiuii. Ta-
eiicatitlau, and Atlmoloyan as traversed by the army to reach Tlascala. IH t.
Tlax., 172.
DISMAL FOREBODINGS.
606
where he hoped to find a haven. It was only hope,
however; for Cortds came not as before, heralded as
the invincible conqueror, to whose braver}' and deeds
the warlike republic was delighted to ofter homage;
nor with the vision of the mighty Montezuma bend-
ing before him; nor with the prospect of entering
to assume control of a great empire. All this was
changed. He had lost his former prestige, and could
present himself only as a fugitive to seek protection
for a remnant of his army. And this at the hands of
those who might yet smart under the stigma of defeat
by a handful, and who might now find it prudent and
convenient to accept the friendship and wealth of the
victorious Aztecs. What if the people of Tlascala
should reject him? "We were not very confident in
finding the natives of the said province faithful and
friends of ours," writes Cortes; "for we feared that
they, on seeing us so dismembered, might seek our
lives, in order to recover the liberty which they
formerly enjoyed. This thought and fear kept us in
as great an affliction as when we marched ilong
harassed by those of Culiia."" Nevertheless he sought
to clieer his men with hopes for the best, and to
remind them how necessary it was, now above all, to
guard their conduct so as to give rise to no jealousies
or unpleasantness, since even a petty quarrel might
raise a whirlwind to overwhelm them. Should God,
however, noc permit them to rest in Tlascala, they
must recall their many glorious victories over greater
forces than could henceforth be brought against them,
and be prepared with stout hearts and vigorous arms
to meet the issue.
The march was resumed in the morning with tlie
usual precautions, although the pursuers fell off as
the border was approached. Soon the Spanianls
reached a fountain on the slope of a hill, close to an
ancient fortress, which marked the boundary of the
*' Cnrtna, 140. ' Puca qviizA subiainos cicrto, que nos auian de ser Iculea, 6
qui' voluutad tcniiau.' BenuU JJiaz, lliat. Verdcul., 108.
f
606
RETREAT TO TLASCALA.
republic."" Resting there for a while, they drank of
the water and were refreshed. Then they passed on
to Hueyotlipan, a town of three or four thousand
families, about four leagues from the capital.'^ Hero
food was obtained in sufficient abundance, yet not
without the stimulus of presents. The women, how-
ever, were most sympathetic in their offers to tend
the wounded, although only too many were deep in
mourning and clamoring for vengeance for brothers,
sons, or husbands, who had fallen during the retreat.
The captains did their best to console them with the
prospect of speedy victories, with bitter retaliation on
the hated Aztecs. Whatever doubt yet remained of
Tlascaltec disposition was dispelled in the afternoon
by the arrival of the lords, including the ruler of
Huexotzinco, with a large suite, bearing provisions
and other presents, and cheering the hearts of the dis-
comfited with the most cordial greeting. They still
showed admiration for the white heroes, and extended
a sympathy for their sufferings which displayed itself
even to tears. This feeling was particularly strong in
Maxixcatzin, the most powerful of the four chiefs,
who gently upbraided Cortes and his captains for not
havinff listened to his warninjjs. Remonstrances wore
now out of place, however, and he and his could only
bid them welcome, and tender their estates and ser-
vices. They were to regard themselves as in their
own house. Their escape from the plots and over-
whelming forces of the Mexicans had raised them and
their prowess in the estimation of the Tlascaltecs, and
they were prepared, as friends and as vassals of the
Spanish king, to shed their last drop of blood in tb .
task of avenging the common injury suffered at the
hands of their ancient enemies. How inexpressibly
dear is the prospect of revenge I The hatred of the
''" Brasseur <le Bourbourg gives to a village here the name of Xaltcloko.
Hint. X(if. Civ. , iv. 352. Ixtlilxochitl refers to it as Huexoyotlipan, and states
tliiit C'itlalquiauhtzin came up with fooil and presents from the lords.
' Curtea calls the town Gualipan ; Berual Diaz, Guoliopar ; Gomoia, Una-
zilipun ; Ilcrrera gives it 2000 houses.
RECEPTION.
607
Tlascaltecs for the Mexicans was too deep to be
smothered by one reverse, and the desire to avenge
their fallen brethren intensified it. When the news
came of the hostile gathering at Otumba they had
endeavored to procure reinforcements for their allies,
but had not been able to collect a sufficient number
in time."''
Cortes was deeply moved by the kind expressions
and offers accorded him, and sought in every way to
strengthen this so vital friendship. He exhibited
profound grief over the death of so many Tlascaltec
allies, and sympathized in particular with Maxixcatzin
over the loss of his daughter Elvira, who had fallen
with her husband Velazquez. He also distributed
presents, chiefly such as had been obtained from the
Otumba battle-field, and induced his men to follow
the example. Maxixcatzin's heart was completely
won by the gift of the banner taken from the Mexican
generalissimo,"' and other chiefs were gladdened with
different trophies. The troops remained at Hueyot-
lipan for three days,"* in order to recruit somewhat,
and then, assisted by a number of carriers, they passed
'' ' Yo queria, ' said Maxixcatzin , ' yr en vuestra busca con trejmta mil guer-
reros.' Bfriutl Diaz, Hist. Virdad., 109. This is coufirmeJ by tlio Aztec version
of Diiran, which saya that the rumor of Tlascaltec preparations helped to in-
iiniidate tho proposed Mexican reinforcements for Otumba. Hist. Ind., MS.,
ii. 483. According to Ovicdo, 50,000 warriors, followed by '20,000 carriers, met
the Spaniards at tlio frontici'. iii. 514. Camargo extends tho number to 200,000,
'who canio too late, but served nevertheless to check pursuit from tho enemy.*
lliM. TIax., 173. Gomara stamps Oviedo's statement as hearsay, but adds
that tho Tlascaltecs declared themselves prepared to rettirn with the Spaniards
at once against Mexico. This Cortes declined to do for tho present, but allowed
ii few soldiers to join a band inpursuitof marauding stragglers. Hist. Mex.,\G\.
Tho delay in collecting tho proposed reinforcements may have been duo to tho
small faction hostile to tho Siwniards, headed by tho captain-general, Xicoten-
catl the younger, who seems never to have forgiven the disgrace of defeat which
they had been the first to inflict upon him. Ho had accompanied the loids to
lluoyotlipan, perhaps to gloat over the misfortune of his victors. According to
Ik'iTora, Captain Juan Pacz — Torquemada writes Perez — was ono of tho in-
valids at Tlascala, and to him 100,000 warriors liad been offered to go to tho
iiid of his general; but he declined, on the ground that his strict ordei-s woi'o
ti) remain with his 80 men at Tlascala. For thisl -^ was naturally upbraide<l
liy (.'ortt's as a coward, fit for hanging. Tlie st ^ ., not very probable, dec.
ii. lib. X. cap. xiv. ; Torquemada, i. 512.
"^ ' Quo estim6 61 mucho, y puso f>or una de sus armas.' Ixtlilxochill, Unit.
Chirh., 303.
^^ t'ortis, Cartas, no, Bernal Diaz intimates one day.
608
RETREAT TO TLASCALA.
on to the capital. Here the whole population came
forth, headed by the lords, to welcome them, with
music, and flowers, and acclamations." Cortds was
taken in charge by Maxixcatzin and lodged in his
palace; Alvarado became the guest of old Xicotcncatl,
and the others received every attention. The recep-
tion concluded with a series of festivities."*
** ' Cfl maa de cinzientos mil hombres en orden : 3nian las mugercs, y niflos,
en la delantera. ' Uerrera, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. xiii. This order may have bten
intended to signify peace and welcome.
** C'amargo differs from Kernal Diaz, in intimating that all were lodged in
Maxixcatzin 's palace, while Ixtlilxochitl assumes that Cortes was the guest of
Xicotencatl. ' Mugiscacin mc trajo una cama de madera cncajada, con alguua
ropa yd todos hi^o reparor de lo que 61 tuvo.' CorUa, Cartas, 141.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
INVALUABLE FRIENDSHIP.
JaLT-SEPTEMBER, 1520.
DrvERs Disasters to the Spaniards — Mexico Makes OvERTrRES to
TLASCA1.A — A Council Held — Tlascala Remains True to the Span-
iards — Disaffection in the Spanish Army — Cortes aoain Wins
the soldif.rs to his views — renewal of active operations against
THE Aztecs — Success of the Spanish Arms — Laroe Reinforcements
OF Native Allies — Onk Aztec Stronghold after another Succujibs.
At Tlascala were certain invalid Spaniards, who
]>raised the natives for their kind treatment, and for
the almost universal sympathy exhibited with regard
to the misfortunes at Mexico. The army now learned
that disaster had also befallen the Spaniards in otlicr
})arts of the country. The news of the flight had
spread with marvellous rapidity, and Cuitlahuatzin's
envoys had not failed to magnify the successes of his
arms while urging throughout the country the ex-
termination of the invaders. This advice had found
ready acceptance in the provinces west and south of
Tlascala, which had additional reasons for hostility in
the assumption of the little republic since she became
the ally of the strangers.
Shortly after the departure of the army from the
coast a party of fifty men with five horses had fol-
lowed with baggage and valuables. At Tlascala a por-
tion of them, with two horses, under Juan de AlcLx^ara
senior, received the portion of treasure set aside during
the late repartition for the coast garrison, estimated
at sixty thousand pesos. With this they set out on
their return to Villa Rica, accompanied by a few in-
(600)
^i
6: i
610
mVALUABLE FRIENDSHIP.
valids. On the way they were surprised and slaugh-
tered, the treasures and effects being distributed an
spoils.*
The larger division of the party, under the hidalgo
Juan Yustc,' which were to join Cortes, also picked
up some convalescents, together with additional treas-
ure and baggage, and proceeded to Mexico by the way
of Calpulalpan. They numbered five horsemen, forty-
five foot-soldiers, and three hundred Tlascaltecs, the
latter under command of one of Maxixcatziii's sons.
Advised of their approach the natives of Zultepec,
among others, were induced, more by cupidity than
patriotic zeal, to form an ambuscade along the steep
declivity of a narrow pass which had to be followed.
Here they fell upon the party on all sides as they de-
scended in single file, encumbered beside by their
burdens. Resistance was ineffective, and those not
slain were carried to Tezcuco to be offered up to the
idols, while their effects were distributed, some of the
trophies being dedicated to temples of the Acolhuau
capital, there to tell the mournful tale to the returning
conquerors.'
' This appears to have taken place on the Xocotlan road, followed by the
Spaniards ou iirst entering the countiy, for in tho temple of this town, sa}-*
Bci-nal Diaz, were found the saddles and other trophies. He estimates the
treasure lost at 40,000 pesos. Hist. Venlad., 108, llG-117; Lcjalde, Probaiiza,
in Icazltalceta, Col. Doc, i. 425.
" HciTera writes, under luste and Morla. If correct there were two Morlas.
' Herrera copies this account, but gives also another in an earlier chapter,
which leads one to suppose that Yuste and a few companions escaped to tho
mountains. They cither perished of hunger or were captured at some set-
tlement while ofl'ering the remnant of their treasures for food. An inscrip-
tion by Yuste on a piece of bark recorded their sufferings. 'Por aqui ]ia.s.-;6
el desdichado luan luste. con sus dcsdichados compaueros, con tata hanihre,
que por pocas tortillas de niayz, di6 vno vna barra do oro, que pesaua oclio-
ci^ntos (lucados. ' dec. ii. lib. x. cap. xiii. ; dec. iii. lib. i. cap. v. Torquo-
mada repeats both versions, i. 53(>-l. Peter Martyr and Gomara are also
confused, allowing the Yuste party in one page to fall at the pass, and ou
another to turn back to Villa Rica from Tlascala. Iliit. Mex., IGT), 181--. -\-
misinterpretation of a vague passage by Cort(''S is tlie cause of the mistake,
into which nearly every writer lias fallen. The party carried, according to
the Cartas, 141, 18.1-4, a number of agreements with the natives, and other
valuable documents, beside Corti's' personal effects and valuables, worth over
30,000 pesos de oro. Bernal Diaz says three loads of gold. The inhabitants
said that people from Tezcuco and Mexico had done the deed to avenge
Cacama. But none except the natives of the district could have had timo
to gather for tbo attack.
EFFECTS OF THE DEFEAT.
011
About this time a vessel arrived at Villa Rica with
three or four score of adventurers, under Captain
Coronado, and being told of the fabulously rich
Mexico they resolved to lose no time in following the
army, in order to secure a share of treasures. It was
just after the flight from Mexico, and the provinces
were in arms, elated at the triumphs at the lake. On
approaching the Tepeaca district the party was sur-
prised, and partly slaughtered, partly captured, the
prisoners being distributed among the towns of the
province for sacrifice.*
These reports created no small alarm for the safety
of Villa Rica, and several Tlascaltec messengers were
sent with letters, by different routes, to bring news.
Orders were also given to the comandante to forward
powder, fire-arms, bows, and other necessaries that lie
could spare, together with some men, sailors, if no
others were available. The reply was reassuring, for
although the natives had fuller particulars of the
disaster at Mexico than Cortes had chosen to impart
to the garrison, yet everything remained quiet. The
* Herrera places the number of the party at 50 or CO. dec. ii. lib. x. cap.
XV. Bemal Diaz speaks of the slaughter in Tochtepec of 72 men and 5 women,
and he leaves the iiupression that they were a part of the Nurvacz force wliicli
had followed the army at their leisure. Jlkt. I'erdacl., 108. This is no doul)t
the party described in the text. Yet Herrera, in cap. xvii., refers to the de-
struction at Tochtepec of a force of 80 men under Captain Salcedo, wlio was
sent to reduce this province a few months later. This incident, mentioned by
no other original authority, may be identical with llie preceding. Had the
party in question belonged to the original force of Xarvaez it would havo
accompanied Yuste and Alcantara. Such not being the case, it must havo
arrived after their departure. This receives confirmation from (iomara'.s atate-
iiieiit that several small parties, wlio liad been attracted to New .Spain l>y
Cortes' conquests, were killed in Tepeaca and Xalacinco. Hist. Mex., IT.'l. Tho
narratives of Bemal Diaz and CortOs specify some of these, numbering from
ten to eighteen men, who fell at Quccliolac, Tepeaca, and other places. It is not
likely tliat so many small parties could have arrived on the coast during tho
tiliort interval of Cortt's' departure from Cempoala and his retreat to 'i'huscala ;
nor that they would have ventured in small numbers intcj a strange ccniiitr)-,
during so unquiet a period ; nor would a mere dozen have l)een allowed to
penetrate so far as Tepeaca ere they met their fate. Hence they must liavo
belonged to tho large party spoken of in the text, whose members, dead or
captive, \vere distributed among tho different towns which had aided in their
defeat. This appears to be tho only way to reconcile the differing statements,
whicli have so confused every writer as to lead them into apparent blunders
or into the omission of facts. See liohertsom Jfist. Am., ii. 99; PrcHCoU'a
Mtx., ii. 409-10; Brcuneur de liourbotirg, Hint. Nat. Civ., iv. 353-5.
* ii
! !
612
INVALUABLE FRIENDSHIP.
remittance of war material was small, and the men
who convoyed it numbered less than a dozen, nicii
stricken by disease, and led by Leneero, who became
the butt of the droles de corps.'
Every attention and comfort was tendered at Tlas-
cala to the Spaniards while caring for their wounds
and awaiting the development of projects. Hardly a
man had arrived scathless, and quite a number had
received injuries which maimed them for life or re-
sulted in death.' Cortds' wounds were most serious.
The indomitable spirit which sustained him so far
now yielded with the failing body. Severe scalp
cuts brought on fever,'' which caused his life to han<r
in the balance for some time. Finally his strong
constitution and the excellent empiric methods of tlie
native herb doctors prevailed, to the joy, not alone of
Spaniards, but of Tlascaltecs, who had shown the
utmost anxiety during the crisis.
During this period of Spanish inaction the Mexi-
cans were energetically striving to foli >vv up their
blow against the invaders. The first act after ridding
the capital of their presence was one of purgation,
in which the victorious party fell ou those whoso
lukewarmness, or whose friendly disposition toward
Montezuma and his guests, had hindered the sicgo
operations and aided the enemy. A tumult was soon
raised, wherein perished four royal princes, brothers
and sons of Montezuma,^ whose death may be at-
' Bemal Diaz intimates that only two vessels remained of Narvaez' fleet,
and one of these 'vaa now destroyed so that the crew might be sent to Tlascala.
The reinforcements numbered four soldiers and three sailors, two of whom
suffered from swollen stomachs, and the rest from venereal diseases. Hint,
VerduL, 109.
•Bemal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 109, mentions only four deaths.
' ' So le pasmo la cabepa, o porque no le curaron bien, sacado le cascos : o
por el dcmasiado trabajo.' O'omaia, Hist. Mex., 162. Solis describes tlio
progress of the cure with a minuteness that would do credit to a medical
journal. llUt Hex., ii. 212-14.
* The Cihuacohuatl, Tzihuacpopocatzin, Cipocatli, and Tencuecuenotzin.
The account of this tumult is given in a memorial on the conquest by an
Indian, possessed by Torquemada. i. 509-10. Brasseurdo Bourbourg assumes
Tzihuacpopocatzin and the Cihuacohuatl to be sous of Tizoc, and the last two
AFPAIRS AT THE CAPITAL.
Iwo hor of Montezuma an. ;"• "' " >■"•"'«<"•
apa,„st the Span.a"™' tero 'r'T'""' ''P^'-''"""^
fovo ovory other cand, Ito » Jwi'"' '" '■'"■^" '"■>»
"iamler-,n-ehief of the armv a„,l "'^.'"'V""''''' "■•* ""»-
^■o..fu party, |,o UM t f I^^'r r^'^'' "^ «'« ™>-
j«^cor,l„,^|y ,,,.,, .,„„„i„, ;V'2„*?, "'." ,''™i«»''. and
.""0 Col.ua.iaeoeh was eKt^rt- ^""""t f'o sa,„o
i«i of the vounc^er brother f .'"^ "* ^«^«"'". in
fortes, a,KrQua^),tcmot;i' Z'f "" 5''^ l'"'!''--' 4
The coronation wa, k.o" ' 'Jn^ • Hmt^ilopoehtli
«Ineh tlio intlisnonsahle "'"^.P^nimont event,"" for
-™-J from thrS:: JZ'^wl'i "'--''/ l>oon
v.ctnns indeed, could have L T*"^* """"^ l"-«io«3
"ugural than the powe ft] sr"-''"?'™' ''°'- «"-^ in-
;™rnor.s of brave KoM T?"*,' "'"' "'« '«t«d
:■■• the eere,„„ny than ti ! l' ''■''"' K™'"'"'- site
''•"". f,e dotestei^ i .trudoi< -.^7' *f' P'"' '■^"-"••od
'">«? In eonn„™*'!'..'T' P'J'-'fiod from foroi,.n
f,
*tiva],s." ''"'''' '^'t'i tins came a series of
■(.'S
•'■'■ "ty and its anproadl'I™"":*'. »"^ "' fortifyi„°
"■>««i?n. The con tS, an^T^^P"^^'"" '""""■S
«>re improved in some ?1 "";'P'""-' of the army
S-on by'the Europ^nT iteie"'^''"' *^ "-^""'P'-
- -- i-fceted ';vith t. ':^Xx°4°.eT^:::f
Hi8T. Mex., Vol. I. 33 '''"*
614
INVALUABLE FRIENDSHIP.
the Chinantec pike being also introduced and tipped
with Toledo blades or other metal points. Envoys
were despatched to near and distant provinces, bidding
for their support by remission of taxes and tributes,
by restoration of conquered territories, by patriotic
ap|)eals, and by roseate views antl promises.*^ Tlie
Spaniards were painted as selfish, perfidious, and cruel,
intent on conquering the whole country, on enslaving
the people, on extorting their substance, and on over-
throwing social and religious institutions. Spoils aiul
heads of Spanish men and horses were sent round to
disabuse the people of their supposed invulnerability;
and as a further encouragement the dreaded Cortes
was declared to have fallen.
The most important missions were those to ]Mic]io-
acan and Tlascala, the former an independent kingdom
of considerable extent, stretching westward beyotul
the lake region to the Pacific, over an undulating,
well watered territory, which abounded in all the re-
sources of a rich soil and a tropic climate. The in-
habitants, the Tarascos, were distinct from the Aztecs
in language, but fully their equals in culture, wliiili
was of the Nahua type, and as a rule successful in
resisting the armed encroachments of the lake allies.
The present ruler was Zwanga, who held court at
Tzintzuntzan, on Lake Patzcuaro, He received the
embassadors of Cuitlahuatzin with due attention, Idit
hesitated about the answer to be given. The Aztecs
had from time immemorial be(;n the enemies of liis
people, and to aid them would surely bring upon liim
the wratb. of the Spaniards, who must still be powerful,
since the Mexicans came to ])lead for his alliance. "In
this dilemma it was resolved, with the advice of the
council, to send plenipotentiaries to Mexico, in ortKr
to learn more fully the condition of affairs, and tlieic
determine what should be done."
" ' El Ics liace gnieia jjor tin afio tie totlos loa tfibutos y servicioa que son
.oblmados il lu liacer. ' VorlcH, Caiiits, l.').'>; Oomara, Hist. Alex., IT.'l.
^JJiaumoiit, Vrtin. Mech., MS., 08 efcj.; Aative Ji'aces, ii. 107-b; v. JOS
iCt acq.
MEXICAN OVERTURES.
More decisive in its results was the mission to
Tlascala. Regarded as the most important of all, it
was intrusted to six prominent men, of acknowl-
edged talent for negotiation. They came fortified with
clioice presents of robes, feathers, salt, and similar de-
sirable commodities, and were received with customary
courtesy by the assembled lords and council. The
eldest was the first to speak. He recalled the inti-
mate relationship bet\/^een Mexico and Tlascala In
blood and language, d oplored the feud which had so
long existed, and urged the establishment of per-
manent peace, for mutual benefit, whereby the Tlascal-
tecs would gain all the advantages of a long prohibited
trade. One obsta'^le alone interposed to prevent a
happy harmony, which was the presence of the Span-
iards, to whom was due the unfortunate condition of
the whole country. Their only aim was to make
themselves masters, to overthrow the gods of the
natives, to enslave the inhabitants, and impoverish
them by exactions.
The Tlascaltecs would after rendering service bo
treated with the same base ingratitude and perfidy
as the over generous Montezuma, and reap not only
universal detestation, but the anger of the gods.
Better, therefore, to seize the present fiivorable oppor-
tunity to deliver themselves from dreadful calamities,
to establish prosperity and independence on a firm
basis, and by a joint alliance recover the alienated
provinces and share the revenues therefrom." Tlio
first step to this desirable end was the destruction
of tbe Spaniards, now at their mercy, whereby they
would gain also the gratitude of neighboring pco'i'ies,
tlio fame of patriots, and the blessing of the god.s.
The speech delivered, together with the presents,
the envoys withdrew to let the council deliberate,
liitter as was the enmity between the two peo[)les,
intensified by the recent defeat, there were not want-
III
" ' Entrorian en parte do (odaa las rentaa dc las provinciaa siigetos por cl
iniporio.' /xililxoc/Utl, Iliat. <Mch., 304.
516
INVALUABLE FRIENDSHIP.
ing persons to whom the argument and offers seemoil
all that the most brilliant fortune could bring. What,
indeed, had they in common with a strange race by
whom they had been conquered, and whose presence
portended many changes in their social and religious
institutions, transmitted by their forefathers, and uj)-
held with the blood of generations? Their indepen-
dence would be endangered. Besides, the invaders had
been shamefully defeated, and might never again hold
up their heads. The whole country was mustering to
drive them out, and, if successful, woo to Tlascala,
as their ally. In any case a struggle was in pros-
pect, wherein their sons and brethren would bo sacri-
ficed I)}'- the thousands. And for what? For the
benefit of strangers, always ready with their yoke of
slavery. On the other hand, they were offered tlio
peace so long desired, with its accompanying blessings;
deliverance from the trade blockade and seclusion
which had so lonij afflicted them, toGfether witli the
attractive adjunct of assured independence, and tli-
triumphant and profitable position of conquering allies
of the Mexicans.^"
The strongest advocate of these views was Xico-
tencatl junior, who had never forgotten the sc\'eral
Spanish victories that checked his triumphal career
as soldier and general, and humiliated him in tlio
eyes of the whole people. Yet this feeling was
tinged with love for the independence and welfare of
the country, threatened, in his eyes, by the invaders.
With the news of disaster at Mexico his party liad
assumed respectable proportions. Some of its meinbt rs
were impelled by motives similar to his own; soni;'
were bribed by Mexican gifts, and promises of wealtli
and preferment; some were tempted by the arms,
baggage, and treasure of the fuixitives, whom it seeiiud
'' ' Taiito siiyierou ilecir tl 'u scfloria cstoa ciubajadorcs, que c.isi t'lli
olla, . . . . lii i-ciluj;eroii X su voluntad y Ui'soo. ' Old Xicotuncatl btMiig uiu' nF the
niOMt dovoted. hi. Ht'iTuni also asiiuinos that this chief favors tlu: Mixi.^ius,
l»ut the mipjK)8ition is due to ooufoiniding the two lueii of this uauu!. dec. ii.
lib. X. ca|j, xiv.
THE COUNCIL-CHAMBER.
517
easy now to overcome. Not a few considered the
burden of maintaining a horde of strangers, with the
prospect of afterward yielding tliem service and blood
for their aggrandizement. When the collectors of
provisions for the Spaniards made their rounds they
could not but observe the bitter feeling which pre-
vailed in some quarters.'" The elder Xicotencatl ap-
pears .'^ have remonstrated with his son for breeding
trouble; but this availed little, as may be supposed.
During the deliberation of the council on the Mexican
proposal the young chieftain stepped beyond the timid
.suggestions of those who inclined toward an Aztec
alliance, and boldly advocated it as the only salvation
for Tlascala.
Next spoke the wise Maxixcatzin, the leading rep-
resentative of the republic. In his chivalrous nature
devotion to the Spaniards exercised an influence,
wliile as ruler of the richest district, in agriculture
and trade, he had also an eye to the benctits which
would accrue from an alliance with them. He re-
called the many instances of treachery and want of
good faith on the part of the ^Mexicans to show how
little their promises could be relied on. It was merely
the presence of the Spaniards that prompted tlieir
offer of alliance, which was to restore Mexico to its
foimer terrorizing strength. This accomplished, the
ancient enemy would not fail to remember that Tlas-
cala, in addition to the old-standing enmity, had been
one of the chief instruments in their late suffering and
Ir.nuiliation, and had figured as conqueror and master
over them. They would lose no time in avenu:ing
tlu'uiselves, and by the destruction of the re[)ul)lic
I'lMuove forever so dangerous an enemy. Far betlt-r,
tluMi, to maintain the friendsliip of the Spaniards,
v.liose good faith had been tried, and whose prowess
was not broken by one defeat. Previous to their
arrival they had been suffering from the want even
""' ' A a vcniatcs, a coinonios nucstra haziemla, anda (juo boluistc-j Jcstro-
pdua do Mexico, echados coiuu viloa mugcro^^.' Id.
- '-^^■v
518
INVALUABLE FRIENDSHIP.
of necessaries, and had been exposed to incessant
ravages and warfare, which threatened their very ex-
istence. With the Spaniards' aid they had been freed
from this want and danger; they had enriched them-
selves with trade and spoils, and had raised the re-
public to the most prominent position it had ever
occupied, all far beyond what the Mexicans Avould
ever permit. What did the gods say? Oracles and
omens had foretold the doom of the empire. It was
in vain to strujjjxlc with fate, which had decreed the
control to the new-comers. The interests of the state
demanded the friendship of these destined victors, who
offered them wealth and glory, while good faith and
honor demanded loyalty to the invited guests, from
whom so many benefits had already sprung.
Observing the effect of the appeal on the wavering
members, young Xicotencatl hastened to defend his
cherished plans, bui with such imprudence as to rouse
^laxixcatzin to strike him. He was thereupon jostled
out of the council-chamber, badly bruised and with
torn clothes." Against this expulsion none of his sup-
" IJemiU Diaz assumes that the young chief had been brought before tho
council a prisoner, to be arraigned for his machinations. His father was so
deeply incensed against him as to decree liis death, but the other chiefs were
lenient out of respect for the father; the conspirators were arrested. //(.sY.
i'enlad., 109-10. A later writer states, on doubtful authority, that thu
chieftain was also removed from tho command of tho army; and Solis asaniues
that the act of jostling him down tho steps in the council-hall was the form
of degradation, wliich took place during a special session, after the delihL'i'a-
tion He appealed to Cortes, who caused him to bo reinstated, /list. Mv.i\,
ii. *J20-I$. According to Caniargo, the elder Xicotencatl liad coded his place
as ruler to tho son, owing to his advanced age. //(.■.■!!. TVa.r., 173-4. In .siu'li
a case no imprisonment or degradation could have been .admitted; perliajis i:i
iiu case, since ho merely advocated what ho considered to be tho best for tho
cMumtry Duran states that he was surrendered to Cortits, who ' le piiso en
prisioncs, y creo <pie al cabo lo mandt't matar,' llisf. Intl., MS., ii. IS.'), a
statement which may have aided to confuse Gomara, who allows C'orti's to
execute him already during his first stay at Tlascala. On the present oecasioii
lie lets Maxixcatzin strike the leader of tho opposite faction. Iliitt. Mr.r., !K),
1(14. His blunder and vagueness helped Herrera to confound the two Xicoten-
catls, and lirasseur de Bourbourg to attribute to father and son the same
opinion. IlM. A'^af. < 'iv., \i. .%.>-7. This is also the view of Ixtlilxochitl. Tlio
discussion was held in the hall or oratory of Xicotencatl, where Corti'S had
]ilanti'd tho crosa. While Maxixcatzin was advocii.tiug the Si>iinish cause a
cloud settlo<l on the cross and darkened tho room. This nuraclo cncoiiniLii'd
the orator, v.ho threw down the younger Xicotencatl and won all to his side.
The Mexican envoys were now dismissed with a refusal, whereupon tlie
THE DECISION.
porters ventured to remonstrate, and the vote being
uuaniiuouslj in fiivor of Maxixeatzin's views, the
Aztec envoys were notified accordingly.^^ How mo-
mentous this discussion! And did tlie council of
Tlascala realize the full import of their acts? For
thereby they determined the present and permanent
fate of many powerful nations besides themselves.
Undoubtedly the country would at some time have
fallen before the dominant power; but, had it been
possible for the nations of the great plateau to combine
and act in unison, very different might have been their
ultimate condition. Cortes and his company owed
their safety to a decision which kept alive discord
between the native tril)es, while the Tlascaltecs were
saved from what probably would have been a treach-
erous alliance, perhaps from annihilation, only to sink
into pcacefid obscurity and merge into the mass of
conquered people." They endeavored to keep the
disagreement in the council -chamber a secret from
Cortes, but ho heard of it, and failed not to confirm
^Maxixcatzin in his devotion by holding fo^th the most
brilliant prospects as the result of this alliance. The
cloud dissipatcil, leaving the room bright and the cross resplendei't. and at-
tnictiiig many believt-rs. IfisL Chh-h., .'$04-5. Sahagun allows Xieotencatl,
c'liict' among the lords, to attack the second lord for urging the murder of the
tipnuiards. His'. L'oiiq. (od. 1840), 138.
'■" ^Vith rcfercucc to the attack on Xieotencatl in the council -chamber,
Ilenci'a says, 'Sin tcner loa Muxieanos otra rospucsta so bolnieron, con relacioii
de li)(pioi)a.ssiuia,'dec. ii.lib. x.cap. xiv., a sentence which Chivigero ehilioratea
iut ) a llight of the envoy on observing tho agitiition of the people. ' 1'" per6
da eredersi, die il Senato niandasse degli Ambasciatori Tlaseallesi ])or portar
la rispo.sta.' Hlorid Mess., iii. 149. I'reseott and otliera also unppD.so that
they lied; but this is unlikely, since jjcrsonages so conspicuonn as envoys
cindd hardly have eseajied from tho ci ntro of tlie republic wilhout the kiiowl-
ed;,'t! of tho senate, %vho had, l)esiile, given them a guard, as ^\^■ll for their
liniior anil protection as for preventing the undue exercise of their <Miriosity.
Kiiviiy.s enjoyed great respect among these i)eoples. Camargoaiid Ixtlilxochitl
uasnine more correctly that tiie envoys wero notified and dismissed.
''•■ Tlascala sealed her enslavement, as some view it, ignoring national in-
terests for the sake of shameful revenge. IJehold now tho punishnK'nt ia lier
dieay, and in the odium east on her descendants by other i)et)[)h's. So says
liustainante, in Sahaijnn, IHhI. Ciuki. (ed. 184(1), !'•'* They have eertainly
(1\\ indled away ever since Cortes began to scattt^r th..:n as eolonisls in iliil'erent
iliii(.:tions; but this was the natural and in(!vitable consci|Uenee of the pi-i's-
iiue (if the stronger element. During Spanish dominion they enjoyed somo
sligiil ])rivileges, and siiiee thiMi no odium has attached to them except ia
ca.su;d references to tho eoncpicst by prejudiced writers.
at
talk
INVALUABLE FRIENDSHIP.
words by which the council decided for Cortes were
to him as drops of perspiration on the lately fevered
brow, which tell that the crisis is passed.
There was another cloud about this time appearin:^
on the horizon of the fortunes of Cortes. During his
stay at Tlascala the men of Narvaez began again
to moot the subject of return. The golden vision
of Mexico's treasures had been rudely dissipated,,
leaving only the remembrance of hardships and dis-
grace. The flowery Antilles appeared more alluring
than ever to these gold-seekers, only too many of
whom were more accustomed to the farm than to the
camp. They could think of nothing but the ease and
security of the fertile plantations, where nature un-
loaded its wealth, and where docile natives ministered
to every want. In furtherance of this idea it was
urged on Cortes, by Duero and other leaders, to retire
to Villa Rica before the Mexicans had succeeded in
their efforts to cut off" his retreat. There they would
intrench themselves while awaiting aid from tlie
islands and arranging a fresh campaign, having the
votTsels to fall back on, if necessary. But to these
intimations Cortc^s would not for a moment listen.
And tliere were many reasons for this — his ambition
to be all or nothing in this enterprise, his erinius
against Velazquez, his irregularities regarding tlio
king's interests, which only brilliant success could
redeem. As well might they talk to the unyielding
hills; he would join his dead comrades in the canals of
Mexico, or voluntarily ascend to the sacrificial stone,
but he would not turn back from this adventure.
When the general revealed his firm intention to
renew the campaign as soon as possible, the outciy
became loud. The Nocho Triste and the narrow
escape at Otumba had left impressions too horrible to
be easily forgotten. They shuddered at the thought
of renewing such risk, and cursed the gold which had
allured tliem to former discomfitures. If the gencial
wished to throw away his life he might do so, but
DISAFFECTION AGAIN.
521
tlioy were not such madmen. INIoreover, it was highly
imprudent to place so much ftiith in the Tlascaltecs,
who might at the iirst encounter with the enemy
ahandon or betray allies differing so greatly in lan-
guage, religion, and customs. A formal demand was
therefore addressed to him, through the notary, to re-
turn to Villa Rica, on the ground of their small num-
ber and dismembered condition, devoid as they were
of clothing, arms, ammunition, and horses, and with
so many maimed and wounded. They were wholly
unfit to undertake any campaign, much less against
an enemy who had just defeated them when they
were far stronsrer in number and armament than now.
Declared, as it was, in the name of the army, thocgli
in truth by the men of Narvaez only,'"' and headed by
such persons as Duero, with invocation of the imperial
name, the proposal placed Cortes in a dilemma. Yet
it roused in him only a firmer determination. He
was more master now than ever he could be under the
new proposal; and Cortes loved to be master. Tlie
same reasons which had moved him before to advance
into Mexico in quest of independent fame and wealtli,
and to evade the prospective disgrace and poverty,
imprisonment and death, were reasons stronger now
than ever.
Here was another of those delicate points on which
the destiny of the Estremaduran seemed ever turning.
Rousing himself to meet the issue, though still weak
with disease, he summoned an audience. "What is
this I hear?" he asked of the assembled soldiers. "Is
it true that you would retire from the fertile fields of
New Spain, you, Spaniards, Castilians, Christians!
leave the ship-loads of gold which in the Aztec capital
we saw and handled; leave still standing the abomi-
. !", ■ -4'
'"' ' En nombre de todos.' Gomnra, ITist. Mex., 166. Whereat Bernal Diaz
is exceedingly wroth. 'We, the old soldiers, stood by Cortds,' he asserts,
' iiiul Goniara's omission to say so is intended to exalt him at our expense. ' 1 1 ml.
I'l rdail., 110. CortiSs himself intimates tliat the request was general. Car/at,
M-. But Herrera more justly attributes it to ' la mayor parte.' dec. ii. lib.
X. cap. xiv.
522
INVALUABLE FRIENDSHIP.
nablc idols with their bloody ministers, and tamely
summon others to enjoy the riches and glories which
you are too craven to achieve ? Alack ! for your
patriotism, for duty to your emperor, to God, for the
honor of Spanish armsl Know you not that one
step further in retreat than necessary is equivalent
to the abandonment of all? Or perhaps the fault is
my own. I have been too careful of mine ease, too
cowardly to expose my person to the dangers into
which I directed you ; I have fled before the foe — help
me to remember, friends — I have left my comrades to
die unaided on the battle-field while I sought safety,
I have fed while you starved, I have slept while you
labored, or my too sluggish brain has refused the duty
due b}'- j^our commander." The speaker paused, but
only for a moment. At this, the very beginning of his
plea, a hundred eyes were affectionately regarding him
through their moisture, a hundred tongues were deny-
ing all insinuations of baseness as applied to him, their
great and brave commander. Already their hearts
were aflame with avarice and ambition; aflame, like
St Augustine's, with Christian zeal and fervency of
devotion, soldier fanatics as they were, stern, fore-
head-wrinkled men — for fighting men, no less than
fighting dogs, display a gravity in their e very-day
demeanor unknown to tamer spirits. "Are not my
interests yours, and yours mine?" continued Cortes.
"Therefore, I pray you, ascribe not my views to dis-
regard of your wishes, but to a desire to promote the
good of all. What people going to war that does not
sometimes suffer defeat; but what brave men ever
abandoned a glorious campaign because of one repulse ?
And do you not see that it is more dangerous to go
than to remain — that to retreat further would only
invite further attack? I will not allude before soldiers
of mine," concluded the speaker, "to the everlasting
infamy of abandoning these brave Tlascaltecs to the
enmity of the combined forces of the plateau for
having stood the Spaniards' friend in time of danger.
RESOLUTION TO REMAIN.
Go, all of you who will ! abandon your sacrocl trusts,
ami with them the riches in mines, and tributes hero
awaiting you, and fair encomicndas, with countless
servants to attend before your new nobility; for my-
self, if left alone, then alone will I here remain and
general Indians, since Spaniards have all turned
cowards I"
Hearts of steel could not withstand such words so
spoken; and loud came the shouts of approval from
Cortes' old comrades, who swore that not a man should
be allowed to endanger the common safety by leaving.
This manifestation was in itself sufficient to shame the
disaffected into resignation, although not into silence,
for mutterings were frequent against the quality of
j)ersuasion employed by tlie general and liis beggarly
followers, who had nothing to lose except their lives.
In order somewhat to allay their discontent Cortes
promised that at the conclusion of the next campaign
their wishes should be consulted, and the first favor-
able opportunity for departure be tendered them — a
cool proposal, affecting only those who would be left
of them, yet made with sober visage by the artless
Cortes.2i
^' ' Si mill nos sucediere la ida fof the next campaign] hare lo quo pedis :
y si bien, hareis lo que os ruego.' Thus Cortds, by his skill and linnncss, saved
not only the conquest but the lives of his men, whieli must have been sacri-
liced in a retreat Had they reached Villa Rica they wouM not have re-
mained there, but would have passed on to the islands, thus abandoning,' the
country. Oomura, Hist. J/ej*., I(i7. Most of tlic points in the above speech aio
to be found in the lengthy harangue prepared by tliis autlior. (Jvicflo's is
Weaker, and loses itself in repetitions ami crude clalwratious, adorned with
learned references ill suiting a soldier addressing rude men, altlunij h not
iiltogcthcr inconsistent with Corti^' love of display. Towjird the con.;hisi(in
is said : ' If any one there is who still insists on leaving, let him go ; for rather
will I remain with a small and brave number tlian with many, if composed iu
])ai-t of cowards and of those who respect not their honor. Even if all fail
in their duty I shall not. We shall now know who, being of us, will drink
Water fi-om the hand, and who will kneel to drink with the face to the ground,
so that they may be bidden to d(!part, aa ( Jod said to Gideon. ' Ovifdo, i ii. S.'f'J-IS.
'I'lie test, if ever intended, was not mp.de, since all ac(iniesced. Solis, the
iiivotcrate sjieech-maker, has unaccountably subsided for this period; pefhii|)s
lio is jinpied at finding himself so fully anticipated. Cortes gives a l)rief
syno;)sis of what he indicates to have been a long speech. On no account
Would he commit so shameful, dangerous, and treasonable an act as to abnn-
iloii tlio country. Carina, 142-3; (Jlav'ujcro, Storia Mess., iii. 151; Jlerrcra,
Ufc. ii. lib. X. cap. xiv.
524
INVALUABLE FRIENDSHIP.
Th > dotorminatlon of Cortes was now what it
always l\ad been, namely to conquer and Lecomc mas-
ter of all New Spain; and the greater the difficulty
the greater the glory. Fearing that further evil
might result from continued inactivity, and from re-
maining a burden on the allies, Cortds resolved to lose
no time in taking tlie field.'^ In the fertile plains to
the south of Tlascala lay the r'ch province of Te]^«'-
yacac,^^ euplionized into Tepeaca, long hostile to the
republic. Intimidated l)y the subjugation of Tlascala
and Cholula, the three brothers who ruled it" had ten-
dered their submission to the conquerors, only to return
to their old masters, the Aztecs, the moment fortune
seemed to favor them. The latter had indeed, in
connection with their other preparations, made par-
ticular efforts to stir the provinces round Tlascala and
toward the coast, sending large garrisons to form
centres for the native armies, the object being partly
to cut off communication whh. the coast, so as to
prevent reinforcements from reaching the Spaniards,
and partly to effect a rear movement when it might bo
decided to attack the republic. Reinforcements had
already been surprised in this region and slaughtered,
as we have seen, and raids had been made on the
allied frontier.
Here was all the cause the Spaniards required for
attack, and as the country was for the most part open,
the horsemen would have great advantage over na-
'' 'Habiendo estado en esta provincia veinte dias, aunque ni yo estaba muy
sano de mis hcridas, v loa de mi compauia todavia bien flacos, sali dclla.'
Cortes, 14;$. Gomara follows, while Bcrnal Diaz, /list. Verdad. , 1 10, writes tliaC
after a stay at Tlascala of 22 days Cort(^s announced the determination to
march on Tepeaca, which provoked murmurs from the men of Narvacz.
Preparations for the campaign appear to have intervened before the march
began, and negotiations with the province to be assailed. Herrera intimate^
tliat fully 50 days had passed before negotiations were opened, dec. ii. lib. .x.
cap. XV.
'^ ' Significa Tepeyacac, rematc, o punta de zerro,' owing to the position uf
the city at the end of a mountain range. Id., cap. xxi.
'■" Their father, Chichtuc, had been sole ruler, but after his death tho soih
divided the province. Id. This author assumes that it was merely an ally uf
Mexico, but there is little doubt about its being tributary. 'Ixcozauhqui. lo
principal de ses trois chefs.' lirasseur de Bourbounj, Hist. Nat. Civ., iv. 306.
THE TROOPS MUSTERED.
ws
tive troops. Its sul)juu^atic)n, tlioroforo, promised to
be easy, and would secure the rear. The Tlascaltees
approved of beginniiiLj the campaign with the out-
lying provinces,'^' where the concentration of forces
was smaller, and where the memory of Aztec misrule
and oppression might readily induce the inhabitants
to transfer their allegiance, so as to strengthen iho
conquerors and allure fresh allies. They were eager
to begin the campaign, and oifered a large force of
warriors. Xicotencatl junior also evinced a prompt-
ness to cooperate, as if to remove any ill feeling that
might have arisen from his machinations.'"' In order
to thoroughly enlist their sympathies Cortes made an
arrangement with the lords whereby a immber of
l)rivileges were assured to their people, together with
a fixed proportion of the spoils-' to be obtained during
the war.
The troops were mustered at Tzompantzinco, near
Tlascala, amidst a large concourse of pco})le. There
were about four hundred and fifty Spanish soldiers,
M'ith nearly twenty horses, a few firelocks and field-
])ieces, and a number of cross-bows, but the arms were
chiefly swords and pikes. The reinforcements consisted
of six thousand Tlascaltees, ineludinj; a few Cholultecs
and Hucxotzincas, a larger force being prepared under
Xicotencatl to follow later.^ A demand had mean-
'■' The suggestion of thus opening the campaign is claimed by native his-
torians for the Tlascaltcc lords, Ixtlilxochitl naming Xicotencatl as the origi-
nator. J/int. Chich,., 308; L'tuiKiri/o, Hint. Tlax., 177.
'"'And out of gratitude for Cortes' intercession in his behalf, as Solis
claims.
-' Half of the lx)oty obtained in all conquered countries, with incorpora-
til '11 of Cholula, Huexotzinco, and Tepcyacac. (^nnwrfjo, Hint. TIax., ITfi.
1'lii.s extent of jurisdiction is doubtful. 'Lcs haria en nt'ibre do su Magestad
tsiriptura de conaervarlos en su.stierras, y govierno,' is the nioihjratc ai-raiigc-
iiii'utgiven in Vetanr.rrt, Teatro M>r. , pt. iii. 14t). Wlicn in 1 (5.')5 an ntteini)t was
iii.ido to encroach on their rights tlioy produced the document and obtained
justice.
''Bemal Diaz, who alone enters into details, enumerates 420 soldiers,
4000 Tlascaltees, 17 horses, and 6 cross-lwws, witliout artillery or ammunition.
Ui^t. VcrdcuL, 111. But this is hardly reliable, for a few lines Insfore he refers
to 440 men, and there is no doubt that some ammunition, field-pieces, and
other war material must have been obtained from Villa Rica. Herrera .speaks
of musketeers and GOOO allies, 50,000 more to follow, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. xv.
520
INVALUABLE FRIENDSHIP.
while been sent to Tepeaca to confirm the oath of
allegiance once tendered the Spanish sovereign and
disniisa the Aztec garrisons, whereupon all past otfentvs
would be forgiven. The reply was a contemptuous
refusal, with the threat that any attempt at coercion
would bring upon the invaders worse punishment
than they had received at Mexico, for they all would
be dished up at the festive board. Every proposal
being rejected, a formal notice was sent condemning
the province to be chastised with sword, and fire, and
slavery, for rebellion and murder of Spaniards.^
The army now advanced on Zacatepec, the first
town on the Tepeaca border, where an ambuscade
had been prepared in some maize fields. This was
discovered in time to prevent a surprise, but a
fierce encounter took place, wherein the horsemen
did good execution, and victory was soon obtained,
with slaughter of the flying. Ojeda, who had led
the Tlascaltecs into tiie thickest of the fight, came
during the pursuit to the residence of the cacique and
planted there the republican flag, in token of capture.
These warriors had suffered severely, owing in part to
the use of large lances by the enemy, but the Span-
iards had only a dozen wounded, beside two horses,
one of which died.** During the three days' stay at
Goinara allows 40,000 allies to set out at once, with provisions and carriers.
IIK Mix., 108. Ixtlil.^ochitl mentions only 4000, and names some of the
loaders. Ji'mt. L'hh-h., 30."). Uerrera states that a question arose as to the
prudence of tnistinj; so »niall a body of soldiers with so large a force of allies —
which soon swelled to over 100,000 — who might in case of disagreement
overwhelm tlicni. A council was held, wliich deciui.J that the loyalty of the
Tlascaltecs had been titfioiently tried, and that a small nuwber of allies would
be of no service, ubi sup., cap. xiv.
*' Cortt-s' first messengers returned with two Mexicans, who brought the
contemptuous reply. Tliey were given presents, and told to summon the
native chiefs to a parley. On their return with a threatening answer ' f iie
icordado, . . por anto Escriuano. . .que se diessen por esclauos A todos los
aliados do Mexico, quo huviessen muerto Espatloles.' Bcrnal Dim, HM. (''/•-
dcul., 112. ' Res2)ondieron que si mataron Esimuoles fue con justa razon, puis
en tiempo dc gucrra (piisieron passar por su tierra por fuer^a, y sin dcinanJar
licencia.' Oomara, Hid. Me.v., 1G8.
'" ' TuuierO los ludios amigos buena cena aquella noche do piemas, y braoos,
porque sin los assadores dc palo, que eran innnitos, huuo cincuenta mil ollas
de came humana.' The Spaniards suffered from want of water and f(n»l.
JJerrera, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. xv. Rather a strong story. The Spaniards could
SUBJUGATION OF TEPEACA.
007
this town the neighborhood was reduced, with pillage
and enslavement.
The next camp was formed at Acatzingo, which had
been aban<Ione(l by the enemy after a short fight.
These successes so discouraged the jMcxican garrisons
that they abandoned the province, and the allit^s, on
marching straight for Tepeaca, five days later, entered
it without opposition. This now became the head-
quarters for the different expeditions sent out to re-
duce the surrounding districts;''^ and rare work they
made of it, plundering, and tearing down idols, and
making captives. Salt, cotton, feather ware, and other
commodities were abundant, and with their share
therein the Tlascaltecs were highly delighted, but the
Spaniards obtained little gold. The rulers of the
country had fled; one of them to Mexico, to re-
monstrato against the retreat of the garrisons, and
to demand additional aid. Finding themselves aban-
doned, the inhabitants sent to beg mercy of the
conquerors, and being assured that no further harm
should be done them, they returned to the city
and again tendered allegiance. Several other towns
were taken, some, like Tecalco, south of Tepeaca,
being evacuated, others tendering submission in ad-
vance, while still others required hard fighting to
subdue.
The reduction of the Tepeaca province, which was
virtually accomplished in about a month j^'^ produced
an immediate and marked effect, not only on the
natives, but on the late refractory Spanish soldiers.
not well suflfer from hunger in the midst of maize fields, in harvest time.
Oviedo takos occasion to dwell on the common practice of dovourinj;,' the slain
on the battle-field, thus saving the trouble of burial, iii. 3.'}4. ' Mi pare una
favola,' is Clavigero's comment. Storia Mexs., iii. 152. See Natiw liwrn.
" ' I'adeciendo siempre de agua, y comida.' Nfrrera, ubi sup. But this
could hardly be the case in so rich a province, at tiiis time.
'^ ' En obra de vcinto dias hobe pacificas muchas ■villas y poblaciones A ella
sujctas. . . .sin que en toda la dicha gnerra mo matabon ni hiriesen ni un
o.-niauol. ' Corlfi, C(irta'<, 143. 'En obra do quarenta dia.:: tavimos aquellos
pueblos pacificos, ' but with great hardship, ' porque de ss.ngre, y polvo c^ue
t'staua quajado en las entranas, no echauamos otra cosa de! cuerpo, y por la
boca,' etc. Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 112-13.
' Mi
528
IN\^ALUABLE FRIENDSHIP.
i:.
The latter were reconciled to the prosecution of tlio
con(|iiest on finding tlie openiniL*' campaign so speedy
and comparatively bloodless, and fresh coniidenco was
infused into the Tlascaltecs, and new allies .canie for
Avard, while the prestige of Spanish arms began again
to spread terror among the enemy and open a way
into other provinces. This was promoted by i>ies.sen-
gers, who carried promises of release from Aztec
tyianny, and pointed out tlie fate of rebellious and
sf ubborn Tepeacan towns. The Mexicans, who during
the inactivity of the allies had grown somewhat la\
in their efforts to conciliate subject provinces, now
Ix'iame more earnest, m<»re free M'ith presents and
oifers to remit tri1)ute. These endeavors were ij^really
counteracted by tlieir troops, however, whose i:i-
solenci! and greed drove the inhabitants to tacitly nr
o])enly favor the Spaniai-ds.
Till' withdrawal of tlie Aztec garrisons from Tepeaca
served to strengtlieu those on its frontier, particularly
at (.^uaulKpieeholiiin/^'' ten or eleven leagues south
west of tlie new Spanish head-quarters, wliich pro-
tected tlie a{)projich to the southern })ass into the
valley of ^lexico.^* Its provint-e bordered on Huc-
\Mtzinco and diolula, and skirting the snow-crowiicd
}'o[)()catcpetl it extended fo)' some distance south
and s(mth-east of it. The lord,""' who had tenderiil
all(\giance to Spain simultaneously with ^[(^ntezuma.
had recently sent in the assui'ance of his loyalty, with
the explanation that fear of the Mexicans had pre-
vented him from doing so before. A fe ,' days later
came his messengers to ask protection against the
Aztec garrisons, reinforced to the v\b iit of some
thirty tliousand men,'"' who, from their ci. up within a
league oi' the city, were ])lundei'ing and committing
''^ Tilt' iianu' of a boaiitifulMrd, niiw Sun Martin do lluaqui'chula. 'Jliin
town was kimwii tci tlio SjiaiiianlH iiinlfr tin; name of ( Jiiacai'liiila.
^' 'A la t'litraila do lui piicr'to i|iu' sc jiasa para, tiitrar li l.i proviiK'ia Ai'
Mi'jii'o imraUi,' Cortrs, ('(nin", 14."). After thr (•(jiiijiu'.st it was muvuJ to a
iiun'c diKii site, tlnve loagues siiutli. Tni-'/iit md.la, i. IU(I.
'■'("iilco/aniotl. />/-a.s>f'/n- f/c /i<)i(rlii)'ir<i, llUt. Sut. Cit'., iv. 37-.
*" lluni'ia ruilucus CortOa' liguro to 'JU.OtX).
I
f tVie
)cecly
u was
c for
again
a way
cssou-
IS .'vnil
lat lax
s, now
ts and
ureal ly
or
•itly
Ccpeaia
icularly
1 south ••
ell l>i^>-
uto tlu'
u llu*'-
rownt'tl
> south
ondort'tl
tczunia.
ty, Nvith
ad l>i"'-
ys latii'
list ih''
)t' soiiu;
,\ithiu a
u)it.tui,L;'
uila. Thi^
liovuK'i;i '1''
FURTHER SUCCESSES.
)'29
outrages. Tliis aj)poal being quite in accord with the
]dans of Cortes, 1) i at once complied by sending Olid
and Ordaz, with t .vo hundred soldiers, thirteen Jiorses,
ni(/st of the fire arms and cross-bows, and thirty
Uiousand allies.^'' It was arranu'ed with the ()uauh-
(luechollans that tliev ;;hould l)e<j:iu the attack as sooi
as the Spaniards came near, and cut off conununica
tiou between the <!ity garrison and the adu aing camp
Olid marched by way of Cholula, and receiveil ci
route larg(3 accessions of volunteers, chielly from the
|»rovince to be aided antl from Huexotzinco, all eager
for a safe blow at the Aztecs, and for a sliare of the
spoils. So lai'ge. indeed, was the enrolment that some
of the ever timid men of Narvacz conjui-ed up from
this a plot for their betrayal in;:o the hands of the
^lexicans, with whom rumor tilled every house at
Quaulupiechollan, making in all a larger numb »• than
at Otundia. The loyalty of the new prov ince being
wholly untried, and tltat of Huexotzinco but little
proven, the alarm appeared not unfounded, and even
the leaders became so infected as to march back to
Cholula, w]ienc(3 the chiefs of the suspected allies were
sent under guard to Cortes, with a ivj)ort of the
(H-currence."*^ The latter <'XMmined the ])risoners, and
readily surmised the caus». of the trouble; but, as it
would not answer to dan.pen native ardor for the war
l>y leaving them iii that suspicion, he apologized for
■'' Bornal Diaz nrunca Olid iilono for tlic command, and (loninra adds Ordiiz
and Aridi'i'M di; Tapia, v.liili' llrri't'ia sul>stitutt's (tr<la/. and Avil.i. Tlic latter
I- |irol)al)ly voii^' in ,i,ivins,' tliciii .'>ii() soMiirs. and VvU:v Martyr trrs, tiirouyli
his printoi', jx'rliaps, in allowing; nidy ;((MI() allies.
'■('orti^s writes that tiiis ueeurr.'d in a town of lluexot/ini'i) prnviiiee,
aiii'i that here the Spaniards were alarniecl hy tin re])ort of Cdllusicin lietweeii
til • lln.xot/ineas, tlie (,>iiaulii|iie(liii!lan^, and the A/tees. 'J'he leaders t]v-
-I'll led the expedition as dillienU. ('(irl-ii<, IU>. (t<iinari fnUows, naniiii,'tho
' iptaiu who hioiiiiht the ehiels captive to Corti'' ' /lixf. M<r., lli'.l. I'leiiial
I'i.i/. points out very plausilily that lluexolzineo lay wholly out iif the way;
iiUil, i;Tnoriui;! the aeee.Nsion of volunteers, he !issiiines that t!ie repent nf a vtist
j;atherin;4 of Mexie.in ti'oops roiMi'l (,*UiinhcpU'eliollan was the can -e fur al.ariii,
a!aoii;^f the Narvai'z party only. Olid appealicl to their honor, and did all Ins
^■nd^\ to fneourajre tlieni, Imt failed. Ilist. Vrril'iil., ll'J-l.'t. ('lavi^^ro
Inljevea, on the other hand, that (Mid e;ini;ht the alarm as ri'addy as the rest
>''n,;,e l\fcMs., iii, ir)t. Tiie jdinin;,' of Huexnt/ineas may luise lod to ihc
'"•Ui'f tliat the iiiareli lay through their territory.
Uut. Miix., Vol. I. Jl
i^'
Hf- !l
», h.
530
nn^ALUABLE FRIENDSHIP.
wliat had happcnod as a mlsuii(lerstandiiii2;', smootlicd
their ruffled feehngs with presents, and encouraged
tlieir zeal. With an additional force of one hundred
soldiers ivnd some horses he >i t out for Cholula to
assume command in person, shaming the men out of
tlieir fears,** and accepting the large reinforcements
which were offered on the way.
As soon as he came in sight, at the end of tlio
valley, tlie QuauliqucchoUans, M'ho had made their
preparations in advance, fell on tlie garrison, securing
at the same time the scouts and stragglei's. The
Aztecs resisted valiantly, encompassed though they
were by assailants who filled the roofs and heights
round tlie temple which formed tlie citadel. An
entry was effected by the Spaniards, and the natiw .s
I'ushed ujion the warriors with such fury that scarcely
one was loft to tell the tale. A number of the be-
sieged, outside the citadel, had already fled toward
the Aztec camji, whose battalions were now de-
scending, brilliant in feathered mail and (^'namcnts.
Ent(n'ing the further side of the city they began
to fire it. Cortes was summoned to the rescue, and
hurrying onward with the cavalry he soon routed
thcMr disorganized masses, leaving pursuit chiefly t.»
the allies. At a certain pass the enemy rallied, to \)o
dislodu'cd within a few moments and cut off from their
camp. Exhausted by battle and flight, under a l)ri)il-
ing sun, they turned in disorderly scramble up the steep
mountain sloj)e, only to find themselves checked on the
summit by iKn^ter bands of QuaulKpieeliollans and oflier
allies, and obliged to make a stand. By this tiiiio
they could liardly raise their hands in self-defence,
and the battle became little more than a buti'hety,
during wliich scattered remnants alone managed to
escape, leaving the rich garments'^and jewels oi'
'"Beniiil l>i;iz stat<\'< tli;it CorWa did not. gn, but sont Olid a sh.'irp Kttcr,
whicii nmsi'd liim to procoi-d with the expcditiijii. I5ut our ohmiiirliT «;n
sick with fcvi'i' all tiiis time, and has eviduntly not hi'i-u well iiit'oiiinil.
(.'orti's' di'se'iiptiou of the route and of dillercnt occun'enoea indicates that Iw
isnust have been jjreseut.
^tm
REDUCTION OF ITZOCAN.
531
hiroil-
othcv
tiuio
[i'oiuv,
•horv,
foil to
■Is »>f
\'V.
Uttov,
thai 111
the dead to stay the pursuers, who now, according
to Cortes, numbered over one liundred thousand.
Several S})aniards were wounded, and one horse
killed.*'^ The field beinj^ reaped, the victors entered
the camp,*^ which was divided into tliree parts, each
larpje enough, it is said, to form a respectable town,
well appointed, witli hosts of servants, sup])lies, and
j)araphernalia. Laden with spoils they returned to
the city to receive a well merited ovation. The citi-
zens were afterward rewarded with several privileges
for their loyal aid;" deservedly rewarded, for with-
out their cooperation the place coukl not have been
captured without difficulty, since it lay between two
rivers*'' coursing through deep ravines, and was shielded
oii one side by a steep mountain range. Beside its
iiMtural strength the city was protected by a breast-
work of masonry, which extended toward the mountain
and down into the ravines, forming here a smooth
facing of some twenty feet, and rising in other places
into a distinct wall of great height and width," witli
a parapet. There were four entrances,*'' wide enough
for one horseman only, with staircase approaches, and
with maze-like lappings of the walls, which rendered
it difhcult to force an entrance. Along the walls lay
piles of stones and rocks ready for the foe. The
j)opulation was estimated at five or six thousand
families, supported in part by a number of gardens
within the city, and subject to it were three towns
in tlie valley, containing an equal number of peoj)le.
Four leagues south of Quaulupiechollan lay Itzo-
can/*' a well built city, with a hundred temples, says
'" ' Caycron muchns (lcllos[i'nomyl muprtos ynhojjndos do l;i cn1or, sin, lioriila
iiini;nn,i, y dosca hallos so estjiinaron, y il u'ln iiuu'io.' ( 'oi 7 ('•>', Ck/Vk.s, Itlt.
'' ' Kii Mexitica.' Ooiiuira, Hist. Ale.v., KJ!).
*- ' Y so les coiisprvan el dia do hoy,' saya Lorcnzanu, in Corti's, Hint. K.
K.yiaiia, HiO.
*' ' l)i)s tiros do liallosta ol uno del <,trn.' Cortfs, Cnr/ax, 150.
" ' Ties estados eii alto, y 14. ))ios on anclio,' says llorrora, dec. ii. lib. x.
ca)>. xvi. ' Alto ounio ciiatro ostadoH jior do fuora do la ciudad, i^ nor do dentro
ostii oasi igual con ol suolo.' t'orh'g, Carttw, IjO. Meaning, in places.
'' llornra says two.
'" Later Izucar ; now MuUimoroa.
s
If.
'fiV I,
, '' ii
i': ' "
I.''
532
INVALU.1ELE FRIENDSHIP.
Cortds, and a population of three or four thou?;aiMl
families, situated in a fertile, iri-igated valley, Avliich
from the climatic protection afforded by the shclterinii;
mountains included cotton as one of its staples, anil
had also some attractive gold mines. The place lay
at the foot of a hill, surmounted by a strong turreted
fort, and offered a striking resemblance to Mdlaga, it
was said. The level sides were protected by tlie
banks of a deep river, which here formed a semicircle,
and all round the city ran a wall five feet -high, well
provided with towers and stone ammunition. The
cacique was an alien, appointed by Montezuma, whose
niece ho had married, and possessed strong sympathies
for the lake government, which maintained a fine gar-
rison. To reduce the place, so as to root out a strong-
hold for the dissemination of Aztec influence, was of
the first importance.
Thither, therefore, Cortes proceeded with his forces,
including allies, who were by this time so numerous
as to cover the plains and mountains, wherever tlio
eye could reach, representing at least one hundred
;uid twenty-five thousand men. On arriving befoic
the city it was found occupied only by warriors, esti-
mated at from five to eight thousand, the women and
children having all withdraw^n. Guided by natives
the army passed to a point affording a comparatively
(^asy entrance. The surprised garrison now thought
loss of resistance than of securing their retreat across
tlie river. It was spanned by a bridge, but this the
Spaniards destroyed as they fell upon them, and many
of the unfortunate Aztecs took to the water in Hit ir
confusion, only to add to the list of victims, 'fiu'
cavalry, swimming across with case, overtook and
arrested a large portion of the fl^'ing till the allies
came up to aiil in the slaughter.*'^ Two ca})tives were
" Brrnnl Piaz assumes that Olid is the sole leader; that he wim !i<>ii!
M'oiindcd, and lost two horses. Returning to Topcaca he was received witli
gie.it honor, and joined in laughing at the alarm wliieh had caused tho
army to turn hack at ("iiohda. He would nevt r after have anytliing to di)
with the opukiit uiul timid soldiers of Narvuez, he said. JJisl. Wrdud., 111.
!*
SOME BLOODLESS VICTORIES.
o.>.l
sent to offer pardon to the inhabitants, on tlie con-
dition of their returning jmd remaining loyal. Soon
after the chiefs came to make arrangements, and
Avithin a few days the city had resumed its wonted
appearance.
Cortes thought it tlic best policy, in this frontier
town of his conquest, to make a favorable imprcssirn
by extending mercy, and with the rapid fliglit oi'
his fame as an irresistible conqueror spread also his
I'cputation as a dispenser of justice, lenient or se-
vere, as the case miglit be. A number of caciques
hastened accordingly to propitiate him, during his
stay in this quarter,*^ by tendering submission and
])ra3ing to be confirmed in authority. Among tliem
came a deputation from the inhabitants of C)oo-
]>etlahuacan,** at tlie foot of Popocatepetl, who cast
the lilamc for delay on their cacique. He had fled
with the retreating Mexicans, and they disowned
him, pravinij that the dii^iiitv mitjht be conferred
on his brother, who had remained, and who sliared
the jiopular desire for Spanish supremacy. Af'tcn- a.
judicious hesitation the request was granted, with the
intimation that future disobedience would be sevei'ely
chastised.^
Still more flattering overtures came from the ca-
cicjues of eight towns in Colinaixtlaluiacan,''' some
forty leagues to the soutli, wlio had alrejidy tt'ndei'ed
allegiance on the occasion when J?ilot l^nd)ria fii'st
OoiiKira supposes that tlic briilgo hail hooii dostroycil Ix'forc tho fli^'lit,
si> that few of tlie garrison escapt<l from tlie swonl ami tlie wtreain. ///'-'.
M(.r., 171.
'" Ixtlilxocliitl extends the stay at Ytxocan alone to twenty ilays. ///■■•'.
C/iic/i., .SO,"). Others make it Icns.
'" Cortes eulls it (Kvipatuyo, MJiieh Lofenzaiia eorrects into Oe-.'itue'i, aiiil
TnrqiU'iiiada into Acu|H't';tiiuae:i, i. .'{I."), uhile Chivigero insists that it .•.'.iniild
he 0( opetla joceun. >••« Vi .l/i -.n., jij. 1,")7.
■'" 'Vinieroli asiniisiiio li se nfi-eeer por v; sajlos tie V. M. el seuor de. . . .
(iuajoeingo, y <.'l si lor de i>tni eiudad ijue est;i a diez leguas de Izzucan." < 'ori' ■■<,
^' This name is badlj^- ini^>iielleil. Chimaljiain identities it witli HiiaA-
ti'cn, which is d< eide<<\ out of th' way, liitt. Coikj., ii. )•_', MJiile Otd.ni y
lleira stamps 'I'li verdad iinnca' the sii;rg"stion of Lorenyaiia that it is
Oajaca; but itwdern maps do pluee it in Oajuca, very slightly niodilieil in
4ielliiig.
I?fi
-M
II: m
f
1 h
»l
634
INVALUABLE FRIENDSHIP.
pnssed tliroug'li that province in search of Zacatula's
gold mines,"
Before leaving; Itzucan, Cortes was called upon to
appoint a successor to the fuiritivc cacique. The
candiJatcs ■\vorc a bastard son of the late native ca-
ci(pio, wliose death was due to ]\[onteznma, and tlic
.son of tlie deceased ruler's leii-itiinate daui^liter, iiiai'-
ricd to tlie lord of Quauhquechollan. The n'eu' ral,
being only too eager to j)lease so loyal an ally, decided
in favor of his son, on the ground of legitimacy; but
since he was not yet ten years old, the regency was
intrusted to the bastard uncle, aided by some chiefs/^
The boy followed the army to imbibe Spanish ideas
and instruction, and received baptism not long after,
witli the name of Alonso,^* the first Christian prince
in New Spain.
Another impoitant yet troublesome expedition was
to secure the roud to Villa Rica, on which so many
Sj)aniards had fallen, and which Avas still dangerous.
It was intrusted to two hundred men, with ten horses,
and a lari>'c force of allies.'^'' The first reduction in
this (juarter had beeij Quecholac, where })illage ami
enslavement formed the retaliation for murders coin-
mi tied, '^'"' and Tecamaclialco, which gavegi'eater trou!>lo
before it fell, and yielded over two tliousand slaves,
^'^ Tlicy had always beoii loyal, they said, although 'iftcrroit hy /< nr of
Mcxii'o from sooner iiroclaiining it; the four reniaiuiiig puebloa of th'' j/ioviiiue
would soon Ktud ill tlieir allojiiniice. Cortrn, Carlax, lo'J ."}.
■'•'The coiisti'uetioii of .sciiteuee.s in Ci'iirx, Cario", lo'J, and the nninilx
relatioiisliip, iiiive niisled marly every one who notices this iiieidiiit lit,
(joiiiarn, J/ift. Mcx., 171; I'ctuncvrt, Tcairo Mcx., yi. iii. 147, /!( mal JJi/n,
J lint. !'( rihuL, . Hi".
•" Alonso Coltziii. Chimal/xiin, //}■•</. Con<i., ii. 12. Ixtlilxochitl ( dis him
Ahueeat/.in. I/iH. Chiili., ',i\>^i. Ahanulo stood sponsor. Terrilied hy .suiin'
idlt^ gossip, or hy the pr()iaratiiii\a for his baptism, the boy asked th<^ iivir
wluii h(! was to be sacrilieed ; but received comfort in a jiious cxliortutioii.
Tuf'/iK iiiuiln, i. o'JO.
■'•' Iferreia gives the command to Olid nnd Judn Rodriguez de VillafiuMte,
tluMiwner of the much (lis[)uted lirst madoniiti imHfjje, aceomjiaiiied IiyJuaii
Nunez, Sedef'.o, Lagos, and Mata. dec. ii. lib. x. caji. xvii. C)li<l may li;iVf
been detiiched from Quauli(|ueeliollan after the first success had iuihIu
tiooi's less necessary; yit lleirera inilicates that ho set out before tliia
expedition.
■'" 'Ell lo de Cnehula fiie adonde auian mucrto cu los apo.'scntos quiiize Es-
l-'auolcs.' JJtnuil Uiciz, 11 kl, Vcnlad,, 112.
It
RETALIATION.
635
besides nuieli sptjil/'' Tlic chastisement of tliese dis-
tricts liad taught the easterly parts a lesson, so that
more hardship than fighting was now encountered,
for the inarch lay to a great extent through unin-
habited tracts. It was in the re<,riou of Las Laijunas
that some captue Spaniards had been denuded and
fattened, and then goaded to death, like l)ulls in a ring,
for the amusement of the natives. Tlie bodies had
then been devoured, a part of the flesh being jerked
and distrilmted over the district as choice morsels,
and pronounced savory. Forty of the most guilty
tormentors were secured in a yard for execution. In-
formed of their fate they began to dance and sing,
commending themselves quite cheerfully to the gods
as they bent tlujir heads to the sword.^* How blessed
the righteous when they die!
lUl
•''' B. V do Tapia, in liis toRtimony against Cortes, states tliat nliout fiOOO
prisoners were sent to liiiu from these districts by Oliil, all (it whom had
?■ irreudered without resistiuue, ami that he ordered the men, •J.'Vn) in number,
to be executed, the women and children being sold or distributed. Cortes,
Jii'iiUhncia, i. ,")!(-tiO.
'•'^ 'Boluierii a Ttpeaea, y aiiiendo cstado trcyuta dias c:i csta Jornada
hallaron a l[enian(U> Cortes, f|ne era Iniclto do Guaeachula.' J/enrrn, dec. ii.
lib. X. cap. xvii. These successes are said to have been dinnned by a severe
defeat at Tocliteiicc, on l!io I'ajaloapan, whither Salecdo IkmI licen sent with
W* Uuii. It was the ciifri'/tof, for trade in this re;;ion. and was held by a
."•inmg Aztec garrison, iiidcd by native warriors willi ( liuiantee pikes. Owing
partly to the etheient use of this weiijion, and p.'irtly to the carelessness of
Saleedo, the troo)is wiie surprised and slaughtered to a man, after selling
Ihi'ir lives as dearly .»- |«)S.-~ible. The disaster being a blow also to Spanish
Jivstigo which it would never do to overlook. Or l.i/ and Avila were sent
not long after with a larger force, some horses, and 20,0Ut) allies, to exact
letaliation in death, cajitivity, and I'ieli spoil. 'I'lie victois nmie liack with
iiinple plunder, llcricrn, ubi sup. Stee noto 4 tlxis chapter for doubts on the
niaiuucre.
CHAPTER XXIX.
KING-MAIvING AND CONVERTING.
October- Decejiber* 1520.
CoNQiTEST IN Detail — Bakba Cauoiit — Other Arrivals and Rein-
forcements — The iSmall rox (Jomes to the Assistance of the Span-
iards—Letters TO the Emperor — Ivstablishino of SEonRA de la
Fronteua -Certain of the Dipaffecti-.I) Withdraw fisom the Aioiv
AND Retcrn to Cuba — Division of Spoils — IIiL\D-yuAXiTERS Estau-
lished at Tlascala.
Thus all was ^omg gayl}' with ilio Estromaduraii
once more. It was easy work ttvercouiiiig the divided
Aztec lorccs, which combined had proved so formi-
dable. And there was little trouble now from factions.
None advocated a station by tlie sea-side, with sliij)s
ready for flight; none thought of abandoning New
Spain for Cuba. The simple pi'esence of the general
was as the shield of Abas, which performed so many
marvels, and the mere sight of which could on the in-
stant stay a revolt or reduce a j)rovince to submission.
The successes of the Spaniards were rapidl}^ en-
larging the fame and influence of their leader, bring-
ing among other fruits, as we have seen, alliances and
reinforcements, not alone from native sources, but
from Spanish. The first accession of tlr> latter was
thirteen soldiers ami two horses, brought in a small
vessel under the hidalgo, I 'edro I>arl)a, formerly com-
mandant at Habana. Connnandant JIano-el ah Villa
Ilica had received instructions to secure any vessi!
that might arrive, both with a vi(nv to ol)tain recruits,
and to |)revcnt news from travelling to Cid)a of tli(3
defeat of Narvaez,or other incidents. As the vessel en-
(03GJ
THE GENTLE B.VRBA.
687
tcrcd tlic roailstoad lie accordingly a[)[)r<)acliod It In a
well juanned boat, with hidden arinn. "How laj-os Nar-
vacz?" was Barba's llr.st iiKjuiry. "Exceedingly well,"
replied Ilangcl, "He is prosperous and i-ich, while
Cortes Is a fugitive, with a score of miserable followers
at the most ; or he even may be dead." "All the better,"
rejoined Barba; " for I bear letters from the most mag-
nificent Velazquez, with Instructions to secure the
traitor, if he be alive, and send him at once to Cuba,
whence ho shall go to Spain, as commanded by our
most illustrious Bishop Fonseca." As a matter of
course, Senor Barba will accept the proffered hospi-
tality; he will go ashore and deliver his message to
Xarvaez in person. And ho will catch tliis sli[)[)ery
f(jx from Estremadura, and carry him hence to be
hanged; he will carry him to his worshi[)l"ul master
Velazquez to be hanged. So entering tiie boat he
is ct)nveyed away, but only, alas I to be (leclar(.;(l a
prisoner; only, alas! to learn that thougli danmed,
Cortes Is not dead, and is by no means likely at once
to meet strangidation at the hand either of Barba,
Narvaez, or Velazquez. Meanwhile other visitors in
other boats proceed to secure the crew. The vessel
is dismantled; and since Cortes is the king, and not
Xarvaez, the so lately fierce and hjyal Barba, nothing
loath, declares for Cortes. Indeed, Barba was by no
means unfriendly to the general, as proven by his
iittitude at Habana two years before. Any such
reinforcement was gladly welcomed at Tepeaca, and
Cortes souglit to insure Barba's loyalty by making
lum captain of archers." A week later arrived another
small vessel, under the hidalgo Bodrigo More j on de
ljobera,wIth eight soldiers, a mare, a (piantity of cross-
how material, and a cargo of provisions. It was se-
<;urc;d in the same manner, and the soldiers and sailors
Jtroceeded to join the army. Thus Cortes draws them
'Ton ostc...vino vn Frnnoisco Lopez, vczino, y Rcgiilin' quo fiic de
Ouiitiiiiala.' Ihriml Dinz, HiM. VcnhiiL, 111?. Vutaiicurt iis.siiiii''s tli.it I'ciiro
ill 1 ("iistillo- -l)i:i/ calls him 'ol Aliiiiantu l'(!<lro (Jaiiallcro' sci'uix'il Jjurbu
and Ilia vessel. Tcatro Me.'-., ])t. iii. 148; Cork's, Renidencia , ii. hjo.
538
KING-M,\ICIXG AND CONVERTING.
in, friend and foe alike bcin^^ liis fiali, if once tlioy
enter his net.
More substantial reinforcements were in store,
however. Governor Garay, of Jamaica, had in no
manner been discouraged by the failure of Jiis last
expedition to Piinuco, and the rumors of his rival's
success in New Spain fired him to renewed efforts,
the more so since he possessed the royal grant, tlie
vessels, and the men, with ample means to sustain
them. In tlie spring of 1520 he had despatched
three vessels, with about one hundred and fifty soldiers
and sailors, a few horses, and some artillery, under the
former commander, Pineda.^ Ascending the Piinueo
the expedition came to a town,^ and met with good
reception, but the natives soon tired of giving tluii-
substance to strangers, who may beside have been
guilty of excesses, and they made hostile demonstra-
tions. Pineda showed a bold front, and ])roceeded to
attack the town, but was surprised and killed, together
with a number of soldiers and the horses.* The rest
escaped as best they could in two of the vessels, pur-
sued by a fleet of canoes. One of the caravels was
Avrecked not far above Villa Pica, whereupon a por-
tion of the men resolved to proceed by land rather
than suffer starvation on board, for in the hurry tif
the flight the lockers had received no attention. Poth
tlie sea and land parties arrived at the Spanish port,
where every care was given them.'' Thence tlicy were
' ' El capita Diogo do Camargo,' says Hcrrera; but Bernal Diaz exi>laiiis
that this man stepped into the captaincy on the murder nf 'fulano Alvarez
rinedo,' at riinuco. 'Dixeron, que el Capitan Ciimargo aula sido I'niile
Doniinico, c quo auia hecho profession.' llisl. Venlud., 114-.
^ Seven lea;;ues up, says llerrera.
* 'Muerto diez y sictc 6 diez y ocho cristianos, y herido otros nuiclins.
Asimisni'). . .luuerto sicto caballos.' Cortc-i, Carlag, 144, Bernal Diaz as-
suuies that the whnlo attacking force was killed and some vessels destroyed.
' Dexaron vna oarauela,' says llerrera.
■" llerrera states tiiat hunger caused the land expedition to abandon tlio
vessels some twenty leagues above Alnieria. The people from the wn i 1;liI
caravil were taken on 1)oard the last vessel, dee. ii. HI), x. cap. xviii. ('oitLS
leaves the impression tliat both vessels arrived at X'illaPiica, perhaps beeau-e
the one was wrt'eked so near it. ' Vn nauio. . . y traia sobre sesenta soldadns.'
I]( ma' J)i(i:, Hint. Vcrilad,. 114. This may include the land party, but not
the sailors. ; ' .
FRESH ARRIVALS.
539
fofwanlod to T(']ioaca, wlioro tlioir cadnvorons roin-
jflexion and swollen bodies procured for tlu^ni the
iiifknanie of ' panzaverdetes,' or green paunches.
Hardship and bad food had carried a nund)er past
relief, and even in Tcpeaca several died, includin^^
Caniargo, as Bernal Diaz Ixdievea,
A month later, after the Quauhquechollan expedi-
tion, another vessel arrived with about fifty soldiei's,"
under ]\[iguel Diaz de Auz, an Aragonian cavalier.
He had been sent to reinforce Pineda, but after re-
niaininji; at Ilio Pdnuco for a month, without seeinix
even a native, he had come down to search for the
fleet. The fame of Cortes and the promise of rich
spoils induced him to follow the preceding party, in
contradistinction to which his stout and lusty re-
cruits were dubbed the * strong-backs.'' Hearing
that two other vessels had been titted out to follow
the Panuco expeditions, and were probably now
cruising along the coast, Cortes ordered a crew to be
sent in pursuit, with the sole desire, as he expressed
it, to save them from the fate which had so nearly
overtaken Camargo. One was never lieard of, and
the other, the largest, entered the port before the
searchiniif vessel had left, it seems, brimming about
one hundred and twenty men and sixteen hors(>s.
Camargo was induced to remonstrate with the captain
against proceeding to Panuco, since the result could
only be d'^^astrous, the native lord having, beside,
tendered udeuiance to Cortes in Montezuma's tlme.^
ll
" 'Con h.istii trointa hoinbrcs dc mar y tiorra. ' Corfrti, Cartas, 154. 'Siis
soMados, (jnc cran mas do cincueiita, y mas siuto cauallos,' sayi^ Ijcnial T'iaz,
y/(V. I'crddd., 114; and, since Cortus would Ijo less apt to indicate largo ac-
cessions, ho may be correct.
' ' Esto fue el mejor socorro. . .Diaz do Auz sirvic) muy bion a su Magcstad
en todo lo ([WO so ofrccio en las guerras, . .traxo plcj'to despucs. .sohro cl
lilcyto de la mitad dc Mestitan, . .c()n(juc le den la parte do lo que rontare d
liiK lilo masdc dos nnl y (|uinientos pesos.' Ucrnal D'luz, Ifiif. I'crddil., 1 1 l-I.").
jlo was excluded from the town itself, owing to cruel treatnicntof Indians.
'^ ' inseuor do aipiel rioy tierra, quo so dice Panuco, se haltiadadojior vasallo
l^■^'. M., encuyo rocfjnocimiento mo hidjia enviado a h\ ciudaddo Teniixtitan,
ton sus mensnjoros, eiertas cosas.' Cor/ffi, <'uvta<, 144-,"). Ihit this is prohalily
ii nierr assertion, .since the Sp.anish expeditions luid never lieen higher than
Alnieria, and the cacique could have had no inducement for submitting.
■>%.
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33 WEST M.'.iN STRKT
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6^
KINO MAKING AND CONVERTING.
But the captain would not listen to liiin. To the joy
of Cortes, liowever, a storm arose, which obliged tliis
captain to slip his anchor and put to sea; oblijjfed him
to take refuge in San Juan dc Ulua harbor, where he
found his vcs&iil so unsafe as to require her to be
stranded, whereupon the forces and armaments were
landed." Cortes at once sent a sympathizing mes.sage,
offering tlic captain every assistance, but never for a
nunnent intending to give him any. lie even ten-
dered other vessels for his voyage — so he tells <lio
emperor.'" But there is no doubt that the tender was
illusive, and that he did all in his power, with bribery,
promises, and even force, to secure the men and arma-
ment, and at the same time to weaken his rivals by
their loss. According to some accounts he caused
their vessels to be sunk to prevent departure," an act
■which Ovicdo declares a fair war measure, particu-
larly on the part of Cortds, who greatly needed
reinforcements. Men destined for so comparatively
unattractive a region as Piinuco must have been
pleased by the prospect of ready spoils and Mexieau
treasures soon to fall into their hands under so aide
and successful a leader as C'^r+'s. They were there-
fore readily induced to join , the captains alone, os
in the last instance, interposing objections for a while.
These several accessions amounted, according to Uw
testimony of Cortes, to abort two hundred men and
some twenty horses," together with a large quantity
• Benial Piaz refers to the last accession from Garay's expeditions ;is HI
Boltliera and 10 horses, under an old man n.imed Ramirez. I'rotected liy heavy
cotton armor they were nicknamed the 'alhardilhis.' I /inf. Vmlwl., 1 1.">.
'" ' Si todos I't nigunos dellos so quisicsen volver en los uuvius tjuu alii
estnimn, riiic lea dieso liccncia.' ('i>i(/n, Citrliin, 1(J3.
" (tr!f(ln, iii. .in,"); nnd so Ilerrera also intimates in reference to CllIn!ll•^l)'^^
only ri'Mmining vessel, 'laqual so auego tahien detrode 10. diua en el iiiititn,'
dec, ii. lilt. X. cap. xviii.
'^ The last two vessels bring l.TO men and 10 horses, probably over 'JO, to
vhi<'li niu«t lie added Camargo'a force, amounting no doubt to .")0 edfi'tivc iiicii,
for IVrnul Diaz admits 00 soldiers, not counting sailors; and Ilerrera iiitiiimtiH
that oviT loo men nmst have reached Villa Kicaof the total force on bomii
("aiiiiii'L'ii's llirec vessels. lUrnal I)iaz' estimates for the five vessels w liii li lie
eniini«ratese:a'eed 1 70 soldiers and ilO horses; on fol. 1 1.'')1k! ewntr:ulietssi\rril
jiiiiiit.-i, int. lulling the total, to which the wiilors may Ik^ addeil, while a mm, ,11
1-cducliou id to be made for deaths umon^ Cunmrgo's men. Vctaucurt follows
THE TERRIBLE SCOURGE.
8it
of small-arms, artillery, and aminunition. Thus ai^ain
and aj^^iin was the shrewd and lucky Cortes aided hy
the very means which his great enemies and rivals
had sent to be used against him; aided to reap tlio
advantages they had planned and plotted to secure.
And all the while ho was pitting the antagonisms of
native foes one against another, employing them also
to assist him in securing the grand prize. Greatness
is hut another name for good fortune. Circumstances
certainly did as much for Cortes in promoting success
as Spanish arms and superior civilization.
Civilization! What fools we arc, pluming ourselves
in its radiance, the radiance of ghastly electrical
lights, adopted instead of the glorious sun of nature.
For is not the unartificial nature, and noAiro (jrod,
while artifice is rather of the devil? And yet we
|)ersist in glorif^ying artifice and calling it deity.
The human sacrifice of the Aztecs was a horrible
rite, but in the hands of the Spaniards is not Chris-
tianity a bloody mistress? And does not European
civilization constantly demand the sacrifice of millions
of lives, if not for the propitiation of gods, then to
avenge an insult, to preserve the integrity of a
nation, or to gratify the spleen of rulers? At hand
even now, coming to the assistance of the magnifi-
cent Cortts, civilization's pride and pet for the
moment, is another ally of civilization, more terrible
than horses, blood-hounds, gunpowder, or steel. At
I lie time of Narvaez' departure for Cuba, small-pox
was raging there so severely that it offered a reason
Dinial Diiiz, mid so does Prcscoti;, who asaunics th.-vt full 150 iiioii and 'JO liorars
must liavo lifcu cililaiued. ^Vcr., ii. 4;J8. llobertsoii raisers this iicnrcr Id tlic
ti'.ilh liy tiayiiij; INO men, ll'tst. Am., ii. 104, us doos lirasscur do l?(HH'l«iin%',
w ln) ntwitliilcss, (lu lui eurlier l>agc, adds .Sahaj;uu"a fanciful n.'iufoii'ciiicnt nf
.'tiHtnun. I list. .\ul. ('it:, iv. li~\, 1187. Wliilo tlio Spaniards wero cuiin.if them-
t-tlvcs, 'lligii A Tluxcala un Francisco Jlcrnaiiduz, espanol, con ,'iOl) Koldadna
laslellanns y con niuchos caballos y arnias.' Suhuijnn, JJinl. ('om/., i. .'iT. 'I'lit!
iiiU'i- I'dilion dues not givo the nundxr. (.Honiara merely states that numerous
biiiall |iarties came over from the iViitillca, attracted by Cortes' fame, through
Anion's reiiorts, he .iienia to say. Many of tliem were nmrdered on tin- way,
but bullieient nuiidH.rs reaehcil him to restore the araiy oud eucouraye tho
I'luaocutiou of the counuest. IIUl. Mcx., 17C.
542
KING-MAKING AND CONVERTING.
lor pnvL'nling the governor from leaving with tlio
expedition. A pioneer vessel of the fleet sowed t!io
ninlady at Cozumel, whence it entered the continent.
IJd'ore it spread far in this direction Cenipoala was
infected by a negro slave of Narvaez." The Spaniards
knew little about its treatment, and that littL tliev
sought to impart, not for their own safety, since tlioso
tliat were left of them were considered almost proof
against the malady, but for the sake of the alliis.
Tlieir advice did not avail much, however, for tluj
natives were too devoted to tlieir panacea, the hot
and cold bath, which only intensified the evil. The
terrible force of the first attacks of epidemics and en-
demics is well known, and it has been advocated with
apjiarent truth that the diseases of a strong peojiK'
fall with particular force on weaker races. Alter
desolating the coast region for some time, the small-
pox crossed the plateau border during the summer,
and in September" it broke out round the lakes, on
its way to the western sea, smiting high and low,
rich and poor. For sixty days, according to native
i-eeords, tlie hueyzahuatl, or great pest, raged hero
with such virulence as to fix itself a central point in
their chronology. In most districts, says Motolinia,
over half the population died, leaving towns almost
descjrted, and in others the mortality was appal^nlL,^
Those who recovered presented an appearance that
nuide their neighbors flee from them, until they be-
came accustomed to the sicrht. Learnins; how con-
tagions was the disease, and terrified by the nuniher
o\' deaths, the inhabitants left the bodies to putrely,
thus aiding to extend the pest. In some cases the
authorities ordered the houses to be pulled down over
" Sniil to have l)ccn named Franciaco Eguia. Sahafpin, l/inf. Conq., i. 30, dli,
ftnd I liiiiHi/jKiiii, 1 1 int. Con<i., i. 278. Ilcrrcra writes that many (vsHunuil tlio
miilaily to li:ivc In-en one of the periodical scourges that used to iall <m tin:
country. ' V el no auer tocodo a los Castclhmos, pareccciuc trae aparcmia ilo
m/on.' dec. ii. lib. x. cap. iv. But it appears to have bceu wholly a new ilis-
eaw! to the natives.
" ' Mil (I mea quo llnmubon Tepeilliuitl quo es al fin de sctiembro,' us
Sahagiin assumes, lliist, Cotiq., i. 30.
KINO TOTOQUIIIUATZIN.
543
the dead, so as to check tlie contajjfioii. Not the least
of tlie evil was a iaiiiine, which resulted from a lack of
harvesters."
Ainon«,' the first victims at the capital were King
Totoquihuatzin, of Tlacopan, and Cuitlahuat/.in, the
successor of Montezuma. The latter had ruled hardy
three months,'" hut sufficiently lonj^ to j)rovo himsilf
a most ahlo leader of his people in their stru<j^<^le for
liherty, for he was brave, full of devices, and ener-
getic, yet prudent; a man who, not content with
securing the expulsion of invaders, had sought to
strengthen his ])osition with alliances and hy attract-
ing the subject provinces through gifts, remissions,
and promises. If he did not succeed so well as he
had hoped, the fault must be ascribed to the ri'puta-
tion of the previous government and to dereliction
of duty among his officers.
As a monarch he would not have fallen far short
of the native ideal, for as a general he iiad dis-
tinguished himself; and, the brother of Monte-
zuma, he had in his court imbibed the dignity and
majestic manner born of constant a<lulati»)n iVom sub-
stivient nobles and [)lebeians. Crafty and unscrujtu-
lous, he appears not to have hesitated at crinui and
breach of faith to secure his aims for personal aiul
state advancement. The fiourishing conchtion of his
own province indicated a not unwise administrator;
and tile beauty of Iztapalapan, its magnilicent pal-
aces, and exquisite gardens filled with choi<'e plants
Irom different regions, pointed to a ruler of cultivated
taste.
There is no doubt that Mexico lost in him on(> (»f
^^ MotoJlnid, Hist, liiil., m Irnzhnlreta, Col. Dor., i. 14-15; Snhmjiin, Hist.
Coiif/., i. :«), (ill; Mimliila, Hist. h'r/,>i.,:,\4; li^riinl JUiiz, Hut. I V/'./rt./., I(H ;
III. ( I'liris oil. IS.S7), iv. 4(»() (a cliaptiT omitted in tlio (iiii;iiml): (ioniinit. Hint.
Mt.i\, I4S; ('/liiHfilpniii, H int. Voikj. , i. iiTD; Torquemailu, i. 4!S'.»; '/liCKCo en
(u» ulliwoH ti('m]m», iJ73.
'" ' Vivii) (li'spuos tie 8U eloc^ion solos BCRScnta »lias. ' Cnrw, in Orlnln, iii.
r>4!). The clc'i'tion havinu tiikcii jilaco twenty days ufttT Monlf/.iinia'rt death,
according to Ixtlilxouliiii, wlio usaiiincs tliut lie ruled only 40 or 47 days.
Jli.4. Chli/i., a04; hi., liilacionen, 413. Others extend the ruli! to HO days,
Loth OS leader uiid king, perhaps, which would a^Teo with L'unu's vemiou.
544
KING-MAKING AND CONVERTING.
the most promising of sovereigns, and perhaps tlic;
only leader capable of giving her a longer least-
of freedom in face of the irresistible onslauglit of
foreigners." Thus bravely worked the small-pox
for Cortes and the superior civilization.
The strongest candidate for the Mexican throne
was now the high-priest Quauhtcmotzin/^ a young
man of about twenty-three'" years, rather handsonjc,
of fairer complexion than the average of hi.^^ race,
grave and dignified, as befitted a prince, and 'quite a
gentleman for an Indian.' He is said to have been
the son of JMontezuma's sister by Itzquauhtzin, lonl
of Tlatelulco, the twin town or suburb of Mexico,
who had been fellow-prisoner of the late emperor,
and sharer in his fate.*" The brothers and descendants
of Montezuma had been pretty well removed by di-atli,
or through the machinations of Cuitlahuatzin ; but if
nearer legitimate claimants existed, Quauhtemotziu
had eclipsed them all in experience, influence, and
fame, as a brave and able leader. As the chief com-
panion of his prcdececsor, and one who even before
the appearance of the latter had led the uprising
against the Spaniards, he had become identified as a
true patriot, keeping himself at the head of the
dominant party which began and continued the
struggle for freedom. In order further to secure his
" Such chiiraetcristics may be seen in Spanisli as well a« native rcconls;
yet Solis writes, 'su tibicza y falta de aplicacion (lex.ise pouo nionos (|iu' luir-
ratla ontro loH siiyos la inomoria de su noinbre. ' Jl'mt. Mex., 372. Suliiiii.'iit
proof of Ilia energy is found in the siege resulting in the expulsion from
Mexico.
'" The native authorities incline to Quauhtemoc, but the Spanish gononilly
add tlie ' t/in,' tlio 'c' l)eing elided, and the 'Q' changed to 'Vx,' niakiiij; the
name (Juateniot/in. 'Quauhtemoc, que significa Aguila que baja.' Viiniicrri,
Tidtro Mcv., |)t. iii. .'■)1.
'" Ik'i'iial Diaz iloscribcs him about a year later as 2.1 or 24 years oM, wliilo
on another occasion he alludes to liim as 25. Hist. Verdiul., 112, l.V). Ixtlil-
xochitl makes him IH. Jlixt.. Cliich., 304.
''" ' I'ur mnoi to do su I'ndro gobernaba el Tlatelnlcc' Dnran, If (4. fi"l.,
MS., ii. 470. 'S.ilnino de Monte(;unia, quo era pipa 6 sacjerdote mayor iiitro
losindioH.' Cnii", in Orla/o, iii. 549; J\'/er Martyr, dec. v. cap. vi. 'Cuauliti-
mntctziu hi jo <li'l riy Ahuitzotzin y de la jieredcra de le Thitolulco. ' /jtlil-
xnchitl, IMivi ,iii!i, 413. This incorrect view ia adopted by lirusscur do
liourbourg aiul many others.
QUAUHTEMOTZIN.
545
influence lie had taken to wife tlie only leijfitiinate
daugliterot' Montezuma, Princess Tecuich|)o,or Isabel ;
and altliough the niarriaj^') was merely nominal,
.she being hut a child, yet tlie alliance served the in-
tended aim.^' The Tepanccs at the same time elected
as successor to their king, his sonTetlcpanfjuetaaltzin,"
whose coronation took place at the same tim-.' as that
of Quauhtemotzin, hallowed by the blood ui' captive
enemies, including no doubt some Spanianls. Coliua-
nacoch had meanwhile been chosen at Tezcuco in lieu
of the disowned j)rotege whom Cortes had foisted
upon them. By this trio were taken uj) the plans of
Cuitlahuatzin for the deliverance of the country from
her invaders, and especially were their efforts <lirec'ted
toward securing the loyalty of provinces and allies
which had been stirred by the alarming progress of
Spanish arms in Tepeaca.
A loss to the Spaniards through the epidemic,
which outweighed many a gain, was the death of
Maxixcatzin, to whose devoted friendship they chiefly
owed their escaj)e from the recent crises;"' for he
it was who took the lead in ofJering the 'J'lascaltec
alliance and in overthrowing the inimical jtlans of the
younger Xicotencatl in i'avor of the Aztecs. V'^heii
the sad news came, Cortes iolt as if ho had lost a
lather, says IJernal Diaz, and mourning robes were
donned by <juite a number of the captains and men.
In this they felt tlie more justified, since the chief,
on finding himself stricken by the dread disease,
had cx})ressed a wish to become a Chiistian, and
with the name of Lorenzo had received ba[)tisni at
the hands of Olmedo, who joyfully ha.stened to Tlas-
cala to perform so welcome a service for the S^ianiards'
'' ' Moglie giii del suo Zio CuitUihuatzin,' ia the supposition of (''!.ivi;,'ero,
Sioria Mc^a., iii. IGO. 'So hizo teincr dc tal manera, que todos lew suyos
tiiiddnuan <l('l.' JJinml Diaz, lli^t. IVn/w/., ll'J. For faiuitul poitiaits of
tlit'so last two emperors, sec /'/o.s/'.s Pk(. Hid. Mex., 104, 1 14.
'" Ij-tlil.iorhiil, loo. cit. ; I'criiiiciiin'/n, i. r)70.
^' ' Al (iiie solo ftie causa ("i los Cliriatianoa se conseruassen en aquclla tierra.'
Ilirrcra, dec. ii. lil). x. caj). xix.
UlBT. M£X., Vol.. I. US
540
KIXO-MAKING AND CON-\'ERTIXO.
diainpioji. He died oxhortint; his family and friends
to olx'V Coitt'S and Iiis brethren, tlie destined rulers
of the land, and to accept their <,^od, who had fjiveii
victoj-y over tlie idols.'^* It was fortunate that he did
not die heforc Spanish prestige had l)een reestah-
lislied l>y the Tepcaca canipaif|rn; for his friendshij)
sufHced to confirm the allies in their adhesion, to gain
for llu; Spaniards further cooperation, and to obtain
for theiu a firm footing in the country.
The idlied forces had become so numerous by tlie
time Jtzucan fell that they were absolutel}^ unmanaLije-
able, and on returning from this place to Tej)e;i<;i
Cortes dismissed them with friendly words to their
homes, )-etaining only the tried Tlascaltecs, who had
beooiiK! cfliclent in the European style of warfare under
the S[)anisli discipline and tactics.
25
Before the Quauhqucchollan expediti(m summoned
him away, Cortes had begun a rei)ort to the emperor
on tlu^ condition of affairs. On returning, he (oiu-
deted tliis his second and perhaps most interesting'
ettei-, dated at Segura do la Frontera, or Tepeaea,
October P>0, 1520, wherein are related the occurrences
since tlie d('S})at,ch of the first letter in the middle of
Julv, a viar before. " I write vour Majestv," it
states, "although poorly told, the truth of all that
has hap[)ened in these parts, and that which your
Majesty has most need of knowing. With the aid ut'
God the coiKjuest is progressing in this new country,
which from its similarity to Spain, in fertility, extent,
temjxi'ature, and many other things, I have called
La Nueva I^spana del Mar Oceano." Then he pro-
ceeds to lunnbly beg hi? majesty to confirm this nauic
In a brief supi)lemeiitai'y letter he asks the empo-or
" llrrntil l>irz, IliH.Veri'ad., 118; Iferrern, uhi sup.
'"' Duiiii'r t;i(( aljsencoof the troops, »iys llorn'ni, a part of the TrpfarMiis
had foi-iiuil ii jildt to surprise them when liiviik'd ; hut sonic women iiitniini A
Marina in tinic t<' jirevnt trouhlo. Cortes iiiilictud on them severe chaali:'f-
ment. ikr. ii. lih. x. cap. xvi. xviii.
to S
prov
nearly
Icngtiij
and Cci
Cortt'a'
compan
Mexico
durchki
Iiifcln.
wJierein
nih.Am
Dcc'ulf.'i.
laf'ionuKs
1522. d
conquerei
within a,[
littc. Inft
I5y th.
1/520, the i
tions Were
highly enl
znma a wo
campaign,
rdacio thu
nnnui upa
(ileman. ^
tie cl Arte
zana, in ft
fiaJ been i
of the Ictt
Mcdinlaiii I
text was is:
tllO COnQUO!
Ill ilia ;ietz n
nljout"l522.
supposes tli
the imprint
coiTcct date
^"I. 10. Dei
'V'ai/iiofz pi
III cestv villi
""ticed by i
t'lo second h
J|> 1.j24 appt
I'inrclara Fi
'"i-'.ia. M.D.
"f Mexico, a
t'lmsliitions
I'linted at \\
[>{ IV'derzani.
!"• 37.'>, nicnti
'" the Por/jhl
ters were, "in
CORTftS' LETTERS.
to send a person of confidence to
prove the truth of his statements.^"
investigate
and
'*Tho reports and other papers by Cort(59, written dnrinff a period of
nearly three deccades in connection witli Sow Spain, are lioth numerous and
lengthy, hut only the five letters relating to the actual coni|Hc.st of Mrxii.-o
and Central America liavo acliieved bibliographic celebrity, undr-r tlie title of
I'orU'a' Lfttrrs or lle'atioim. Although the first letter iius itetii lost, and tiiu
companion letter long missing, yet an allusion to the expedition ajjaiiist
Mexico appeared as early as 15'i;( in A'l'n nus:>Kj ettlichr Kfiidhrifff item allrr
durchleuchtiiihten ijroKMmer/it!;il«t(' Furtten .... von Wfijen elm r in-w iji'/'iiult
liiKcln. Niirmherg durch I'rijdrr'clien /'pi/pus am. 17. t<t<j M<trc'ij MI>\X.,
wherein the voyages of Cordoba and Grijalva arc also tlcscril)ed. Harii.sse,
B'lh. Am. Vet., 1 7!), assumes that tlic information is taken from Peter Martyr's
Dfcndfs. A later brief reference to the city of Mexico itself is given in Tmim-
lationuHS hispanixcher nj>rach zU Frantzus'srh gemarht so durch di I'icc J'l-jfin
Kfopole fi-aw Manjuretpn Ilerlzoijlil iii Durgundi zii {ifschrichin, publiMhecl in
1522. On folio A. iii. is written: Not far from the same island tliey have
conquered a city called Tenustitan, wherein GO.OOO hearths have been counted,
within a good wall. The letter of the ayuntamiento was first published in Col,
Doe. Inhl., i., 1842.
By the time of the receipt in Spain of Cortes' second letter, of October 30,
1520, the general and his conquest iiad become so famous that liis communica-
tions were not likely to be lost sight of. The incidents treated of were l»esides
highly enticing, particularly the victories in Tlascala, the entry into Monte-
zuma s wonderful island city, the disastrous expidsion, and the renewal of the
campaign, and Cromberger had it printed in 1522 under tlio title of ('aria <le
rehiciO i'biada a mi, S. mojextad del rpiidor iilo ari'ior por el capihl ijcnnrd dda
niieud sparia: llamndo j'crnililo cortex, etc. Seiidki: par Jnro'io rrolp'rij/r
aleiiiaii. A viii. dtas de Xouiibre. Alio dc M. d. y xxij. ' Fui^ las Primicios
dc cl Arte de la Imprenta en Sovilla, y acaso de toda Espana,' observes Loren-
zana, in Cortex, Jlixt. N. Kxpai'm, 171, but this is a great mistake, for jirintinf^
had been done already fur several decades in .Spain. An Italian abstract
of the letter appeared immediately after, as Noue de k fxolc d- Terra j\ nna
Nouamcnte trouate In India per el CupHaneo de larmnfa de la Cex'irra Mai xlulf.
Mcdlnlatii decimoxexto cale. Decembrla M.D.XXII. A reprint of tlic Seville
text was issued at Saragossa in January, 152.3. A later abrid;,'ed account of
the conquest is given iu Ein schoiie AViw zeijtuwi so Kayxcrlleh MayextH aiixs
India yctz widicfi zukomtnin sciiid, ascribed to Sigmund Grinmi of Augsburg,
about 1522. Bibliot/ieca GrenrilUaim muX Ilarrixxe. Tcmaux-C(iinp;ins wrongly
supposes the narrative to extend only to 1510. instead of l.'>22, and !ib.-*unie3
the imprint to bo Augsburg, \'>'20. Dibl. Amir., 5. Pcrliaps 1.523 is the moru
coiTcct date, which may also be ascribed to Trexxarree Impvriale el rafholiipie
viayeste. . .euxt nouuellea dex marches yxlea et tvrre J'erme occeanex. Cohijjhon,
fi)l. 10. Dcpnix xont venuex a au marjexte iioiiiicllex de, ccrlairx y.dcx frotiiirz p I x
V'ljmiptoh plainex dexpeccrie et beaiicop de mines dor, lexijUi's nonniVcx il re'iu/it
(II cexte rdle de vailladolid le primier doctobre a-v. cent, u-xij. This is a i>ook
noticed by no bibliographer except Sabui, who Ixjlieves that it contiiins oidy
the second letter, although the holder supposes the tliird letter to l)e also ii.seil.
In 1524 appeared the first Latin version of the second letter, by Savorgnanus,
Prarclara Ferdinildi CortexUde Xotta mnrix Oceani Ilyxpania Xarnilio, .SOrini-
h< r<ia. M.D.XXIIIL, which contains a copy of the now lost map of tlie ( iwlf
of Mexico, and also a plan of Mexico City. In the same year two Itilian
translations of this version, by Liburnius, Ln Preclara Xarraiimi'', were
jirinted at Venice, one by Lcxona, the other by Sabio, yet both at the instance
of Pedcrzani. The jilan and map are often missing. Antonio, liib. Ilixp. \<,rii,
iii. .375, mentions only Lcxona's issue. A translation from Flavigny appeared
ill the Porlj'olio, Philadelphia, 1817. The originals of the sccimd and otiii r let-
ters were, iu the early part of the eighteenth century, ' en lu Librcria dc Don
MS
KING MiVKINO AND CO!^'i:RTIXr,.
Tlio couiK'il also wrote a letter to the einjx'ror,
H|K:ilclng h()i)elully of the conquest, which already
Miiriifl Xnflez <lc Rojas, ilcl Conscjo Renl i\e las Ordcnos.'Bayi Pinelo, Epitumr,
ii. .V,)7. Much of tlio vugufiioss which invulvcH tliu nun'ative of eventK
iufviims to tlie llight fwiii Mexico may Ix; due to the loss of iliary luii
(lociiiiuTits during tliat cpino'lc. The Iohs was convenient to (.'ortt'-s, hIiioa) it
iiHiii'ded .-in excuse fur gloHoiiig over many irrej^ularitieii and niiofortunes.
'J'lic third letter, dated (Joyuhuacan, ftlay 1 3, 1322, and relutinf^ t!ie sie-'c
and full of Mexioo, was firet published at Seville, on t'romljerger's jxtm,
Man'li ;«), I32y, tut Cnrla ttrccru de relacid: eiuhitula jior Fcriid'lo rortis rajii-
tail II iimtlriii m'li/'ir dd yncatan llamailn lit 7iue.U'i rnnina dil mar ornini. It
received a reproduction in Latin liy the same hand and at the name tiiii" us
tln' Bt'cond letter, lioth were reprinted, together with Bonio nutusinnury let-
ti-rs and Peter Martyr's Ih /imulis, in De liivvUf nu/ier InreulU I'lriUhundi
I'lmttnii. Colomir., M.1).XXX1I. The titl'!-page displays a portrait of
Cliarles v., and is Ijordered with hisarma. Martyr's part, which tells rather
l)ri<!ily of Cortijs, found frequent rejirint, while the bccoiuI and third li'Ucrs
Were rt^publiiihcd, with other matter, in tho tSiHinish Thexoro de virlii'ti-H,
13-llt; in the (.iermati /'frdiiianili ('oiimii. \'oii dcm ycurii J/l>i/>aiiii ii. An'j^-
piini, 1530, wherein they are called tirst and second nairatives, and divid.'d
into chapters, with considerable lilierty; in tlic Latin Aoi'im ifiljin of 1333
anil lOUi; nn<l in the HeniiBh Nicmre Wrrnll of \M'.\; while a French
!il)riil;jnient appeared at Paris in 1332. Tho secret epistle uceonimnyiii'X the
third letter was lirst printed in Col. Doc. Inid., i., and afterword by Kings-
iM^i'oii'^h and <layanjros.
'i'lio fourth letter, on tho progress of conquest after the fall of Mijxieo,
dated at Teniixtitan (Mexico), October 13, 1.324, waa issued at Toledo, l.VJ'i,
.vs Ij(1 fjiiarta nlwion, together with Alvarado's and tJodoy's reiMjrt.s to
(/ortes. A seeouti edition followed at Valencia the year alter. 'J'lie secret
letter acconinunying it Mas not published till lt>(i3, when Icizbalceta, the
Avell known Mexican collector, reproduced it in seiMiratc bluckdetter foiui,
and in his (!ol. J)oc., i. 470-83.
Tlio substance of the alxjve three relations has iK'cn eiven inavast nunilMT
of eollections and histories, while in only a limited uuml>er have they Iweu rv-
])ro(luced in a full or abridged form, the lin*t reproduction Iniing in the tiiird
volume of ItaviumoV iaijii'i , of 13.30, I5(i3, and IClHi, which contains several otlier
i)i(H'es on the conquest, all supplied with appropriate headings ond marginals.
iJiircia next published them direct from the maimscript, in the H'mloi-i'tihnu
Primitiros, i. This collection bears the imprint Madrid, 1749, but the kttt is
had already been printed in 1731, as Pinelo atlinns, Epitomf. ii. 507. Jiare.ii
died a few years before his set wjis issued. From this source Archlii.^hup
Lorenzana took the version published by him under the title of Jli-<turi'i ('«'
Suivu-K»itana, Mexico, 1770, which is not fwe from omissions and faults,
1 hough jH'ovided with valuable notes on localities and customs, and bupjili-
niented with illustrated pieces on routes and native institutions, n niai) <>f
New iSjMiln by Alzate, an article on the Gobierno Politico by V'i;t!ineiirt, a
• :i>j)y of a native tribute-roll from picture records, not very accurately ex-
plained, and the first map of Lower California and adjoining coast, liy
CastiHo, in 1341. This version of the letters was reproduced in ISew \"\k,
1821;^, with a not wholly successful attempt by Del Mar to introduce moil< rii
spelling. The work is also marked by a number of omisttions and bluuil<'r-<,
!!iid the introductory biographic sketch by llolxjrt Sands adds little to iis
value. All abridgment fi'om Lorenzana appeared as t'orimpoiiitaiici' dr /•'< '•■
nfiiid Cortes, par Ic ViconUe de Flariijny, Paris, 1778, which obtained tlii'n
ri'prints during tho following year at difl'erent places. A great ni.iny
lii)ertie8 arc taken with facts, as may be imagined; ond the letters are, I"-
side, luisnujned first, second, and third. Fix»m the same source, or ])ei-li:ij).s
from Flaviguy, of whom they suvur, are Uri^'e dea I'erdiuand Cvrtm,
"ox
the
Hnide
reeted
in Fn-
Cortmi,
'Hh
<inte<| ,
Lil»ran
■ till., i".
lislu'd 1
and, ill
I'ore no
and (he
her lit
K'ihadci
bein;,' fa
iiiifiito
'■"lleciie
inost ciii
iieeted V
'•ydayai
nienioria
tiiiio. ,-1
'•otnmitt<
witiiont
absurd.
Iiisolhor
the Kid)st
<Hiedo, i
'I'K'St, (ll(
tlie oCher
IJesid.
orders, ini
''•'l.dcl-k
< ]>/. /),„: ;
histories r
''"'V'w, .M,
I 'resents
tions, men
I'laints III
Corte.!
tarieaof (•;
^vlio SpoIvO
"ii" sup(ri(
feelings, an
* 'ort(Vi Was
of (I hurd
•til ndviM.'atc
tlie.statenu
that CiK-te.-
iitteriiijf a f
'•lit it reijiii
'■nhU',1 mis:
It l,est for
"'•':riiiiV tlid
■"■al and ,si
''^■ing even
OTHKR DOCUMENTS.
MO
"oxtomlcd over one hundred an<l fifty
the coast, from Rio Grande de Tabasco
(>
f
leaj^uos
to 11 io de
iroidollHTS, 1770, with Bpvonil rcprodiictiond. ami witli noto-i; and the pnr-
ivcU'il Jirirrrn van Frrdiuun<l Curttn, AmMtonluin, 17>S(>-1. 'I'lio lintt clitioii
ill Kn.'^lisli, from LorcnMiii.i, was iAsiu'd \>y FuUuin, anl>r^it>itchi'*o/ ll< rnaii<lit
Vurl'f, New York, IH4;i, also with nott-H.
'i'hu liith Ifttor of the cuniiucror, on the famoiiii expedition to Ilomhims,
dated at Tfinixtitnii, Sopteni'ier 3, I.VJCi, lay liidden in tliu Vienna luv <Tial
Lihrary till liol)ort»on'« Hearch for the lirst letter hroiiyiit it to li;,ht. HimI.
Am., i. xi. llo made wso of it, Imt the lirst coniph^tc copy wum not piib-
lisheil till of late, in <W. Itor. lurtl., iv, 8 l()7, reprinted at New York, ISIH,
and, ia tniuslation. in the Ilakluyt Soeiety collection, J^ondon, IK4>S. It
liiire no date, hut the copy found at Madriil has that of Seiiteml>er .'I, l.ViJI,
and the eonimnion letter print<-<l in (.'oL l)i>r. Iniil., i. I i-'J.'t, that of Septem-
ber llth. 'i'hia, ni well as the preceding letters, wua ixsnctl hy Vedia, in
liihadi'neyra'rt IVih'mUrii </r Antorrit IJn/.aii'di^, xxii. ; tlic Jir.it three I'tters
liein,.; taken from Uarcia, and the fifth from it* MS. The letter of the uynntn-
niii'nto i.s ^iven un<l a hihliograpliic notice of little value. A very Hiniilur
O"lli'ction i) to bo fonnil in tho JlJtHnlrra /f!-lnri'-it ifr In fhrrin, i. I'.iit tho
most (' >nii)leto reproduction nf tho ]irinci[>iil writinjfn l>y ('ort<''n, and con-
nected wuh him, is ia tiio i'arUu ;/ Itilncidnr.i i/c /fi rutin ( 'oiIih, I'urin, l.SiKi,
hy ( !!iyan:,'o9, which coiitaiiiH 'JG i)icc(<:», K'side tlie relationo, chiclly lettcr.-i .'uid
niemoriulH t;> the sovcreii'n, a tiiird of which arc hero pnntcd for tlie )ir«t
time. Allhoujjh a few ot LoreniU-uia's Munderd lind correction, others are
lommittfd, and the notes of the archliisliop arc adopted without crctlit, and
witiiout tliu necessary amendment of date, etc., which often mnkes tiiein
ahsurd. T!io earliest comliined proiliictioa of ('irtcs' relations, ami m ;ny of
lii.i other writings, may he cre<litrd to Peter Martyr, wiio in his ]h<-aili-i pivo
tiic kuIksUuico of all tliut they relate, althouj^'h he also min^ded other versions.
Oviedo, in tho third volume of his llUt. ili-n., gives two versions of the <on-
i|iiest, the first, p. 'J."8 et set]., almost a reproduction of Cortes' letters, ami
the oLher, p. SIXJ et seq., from iliilerent sourecs.
l>(«ido tlic relations, tlieroaro a numlK>rof mi.scellaneoub letters, iiotitions,
orders, instnictions, and rcj^ulationa, l)yCort(''s, Liru'cly pnhlishml in ^ni-nrri'tc,
i'lil.i/el'ia'ji'n; C'ul. Dcx'. Inid.; Pnrhceo aml('tirileiia-',<'oh Dor.; JeiizUt/rrla,
('i)l. i)iii\; l\inii>ihorouijh''M Mr.r. AntUj.; Alnnnn, /V/Vr^, and nsapjx'ndicen to
iiistorica of Mexico. A special collection is tho Kicrilox Surltox ile J/minn
Curli'ii, Mcx., 1871, forming vol. xii. of tho Jii/>. IJi't. </•• In Ibi-ria, wliich
prcscnt.s 43 miscellaneous documents from various jtrinled soinres, instruc-
tions, memorials, and hrief letters, nearly all of which arc filled with com-
pluiuls against ruling men in Mexico.
Corte.i' letters have not inajjtly lM>en compared hy Prescott to tho Conimen-
tarioaof Ca-.sar, for lx)th men were military conmiandcrs of the highest onler,
who 8[«>kc and wrote like soldiers; htit tlicir relative jjositions with re<;ai(l to
tho superior authorities of their statei were different, ami so were liicii- 'i>^e
feelings, and their times, and these feat res are stamped niK)n their vfiLin'.,'s.
Cortci was not the powerful consnl, the commander of legions, but tlie liader
of a Iiorde of adventurers, and an nsjiinint for favor, who niiulo his narr.itive
an ailviM.-ate. The simplicity and cmrfry of the style leml an air of tniili t()
tliestiitoments, and Helps, r.niongf)thers, i.i so iinprcsscl thereby as t > <hil.;re
tliiit Corti'.H 'would as soon have thou;;!it of committing a small tlicft ; .s of
uttering a f.ilschood in a despatch addressed to hi.s sovereimi.' ( 'm-li ■^. li. 'J! I.
Hut it riMjuii-c I little study of the reports to discover that they are full "f ral-
< iilateil misstatements, Ixjth direct. -indnegatiw, made whenever he consiileri-d
it be>t for his interest to conceal disagreeable and discreditable fai-ts, or to
iii;i;;nify the dan:;er and the deed. They are also stamiwd with the religious
/eal !ind superstition (^f the age, the naive expressions of n-liance on < !<m1
beiujj even more frequent than the measured dccbratioos of dbvuteduetxi to
MO
KIXCJMAKIXO -VXD COXVERTIXO.
Piiiitjro,"'' while the rotimiiulcr of the Interior was
on the sure way to recUiction, under the able lead-
('rshi[) of Corte.s, whose valor and energy tluy
praised.
They prayed that ho, the beloved of all the troops,
inij^ht be confirmed hi the office of captain-general, as
the oidy man whose genius and experience could Im-
relied on to carry out and maintain the conquest.
Th(» natives being docile and ready to rece'ive conver-
hIoh, fViars should be sent to secure this harvest for
t!ie church, and also to administer to the spiritual
wants of the .Spaniards. Colonists were needed; also
lu)rscs, and other live-stock — the latter to be j)aid fni'
at a future time — in order to secure the country and
devclo[> its wealth.
Wltli these letters went one from the army, which,
recounting but briefly the leading incidents of the
campaigns, had for its main object to decry Xarvaez
and Velazquez as the sole cause of all the disasters
that had occurred in the country, and to })raise Cortes
as a noble, loyal, and able man, by whom alone tin;
till' king ; wliilo in between arc calmly related the most coUl-bkxklcd outrages
onlK'lialf of both. Tliorc in no apparent ell'ort toattnict attention to iiiins'lf;
thcio in evt'ii at times displayed a nK«h>s* ' most refreshing in the nnrrativi!
of his own achievements, by which writers avo as a rule been quite entranced ;
but this savors of calculation, for the general tone is iu support of the <;/<>,
and this often to the exclusion of deserving olBccrs. Indeed, generous allusions
to the character or deeds of others arc not fre(iuent, or they are merged iu
the non-conunitting term of 'one of my captains.' I'edro do Alv;iradj com-
plains of this iu one of his /irfucioinn, in JJurcin, Ilisf. /'rim., i. Ki.VO. In
trutii, the calculating egotism of the diplomatc mingles freely with the frank
n"sa of the soldier. Cort(5s, however, is ever mindful of his character as an
liidal^'o, for he never sttwps to nuanness, and even in speaking of his eaeuiies
lie dx's not lesort to the invectives or sharp insinuations which they so fiicly
Bcattcr. His style bears evidence of training in rhetoric and I^itin, yettlie
parade of tlie latter is not so fre(|uent as might be e.xiKJctcd from the hali-hri d
sUulent and zealot. Equally indic.itivc arc his regulations and iustructi mis ( <{
th" experience gained as notary and alcalde, and the promise once entert;dni<l
of him as a legal light. Th'3 sentences are remarkably concise and clear for
th(^ time, and the expression both fluent and pure. The whole tends to ci in-
firm the opinion already formed of his character, as one who, while not wholly
free from tlefects of his age, indulged iu grand views, and stood forward con-
spicuous as a born leailer of men.
^' Of tiie central provinces actually under control Herrcra cnumor.it' <;
Cempoala, with 50 towns and villages, containing over 120,009 families; Tl:i^
cala, with 00 vassal lords, over 120,000; Iluexotzinco, 50,000; Chohili,
40.0u0; Tepoaca, Acatzingo, and Quecholae, 80,000; QuauhipicchoUan unJ
Itiucau, 20,000; 'beside a number of others.' dec. ii. lib. x. cap. xviii.
Mn:<snxf;nrvS.
CdiKUK'st roiild lie iiiliicvfd.-* Tlicso ainl odi.r 1. tiers
wore iiitnistrd to Alunso do Mnidoza, a t(»u iisiiiiiii of
Corfc's, toirctlicr with thirty thousand |k'so,, in liltlis
and presents, and a nuiaher of eonunissions lioni dill'er-
cnt nienibers of the evj. d'tion. A well appointed
vessel was assi;^ned tor the voyau^i', and tlute other
vessels were despatched f(»r Espanola, tlieie to inlist
recruits and to huy hoi'ses.arnis and ajuniunit ion, cattle,
clothinj^, and other re(|uirenjents,and lour sti-i)n:Lf ves-
sels to maintain tratlic with the Antille,^. Letters
were sent to Lit-enciado Il()dri<fO de Fi;^ueri,i and
other royal ofliceis on the Islaml, inclosin.; duplicates
of those loi-warded to Spain; and a nunil)i"- oi" spoci-
niens of the jtiwels, manufactures, and .uural r<'-
sources of the country, were transmitted as pr<-^ents
and as :;i;ii[)les to allure recruit ;. The Liters and the
ample fimds for the enlistment and purchases were
iniiusted to Contador Avila and anotluT ollicer,'^'
with instructions to use every effort to conlirm tho
audiencia otHcials in their j^ood opinion of CortJs, so
that they mii^ht jilead his cause in Sj)ain. Tlu; ill-
treatment of Aillon hy ^'elaz(|uez and Xarvat'.c had
already imj)elled them to do this, as we have sisen.
Their advice was to bo askod roffardinjjr the enslave-
"' Xiirvacz it w;is, tlioy said, who without right or witlio it i>xlul)itin;i
cviilciici! of such right, hail set liiirnclf up against Corti';«i, iiMil li.";iui to rouan
tho natives a','aiii.st i iiu and his f )ll'>W('r.-i a.i piratical intrii '.(."*, ialciit on
mischief, wliilo liis own aiiiiouiiccd (il)jcct was to right thi: iiii-ivcs, rcieasi!
Mdutf/nnia, and then tn depart I'runi tho country without ta!;i:i;,' oven u''il<l
M ith him. These intri,.;iies eauseil the uprising whicli loMt .M::;ico to the
I iiii)eri)r, together witli so many limich'ed lives and millions of tvatiin.'. To
Vei.iZ([Uez, tlierefore, no contiol sliould 1h- given in a country 1 '-l tlirou'jli thi!
i.iachiiiations of himself and his lieutenant. If any grants liad li.'; n m.ide to
him, they wen; haseil on false n'[iresentations, and would im[)e;il tln^ palely of
these extensive and ricli lands. Tlie sei'ond object of tlie la.L, r v.as to laud
the eharaeterof Corti''S as a man and .soldier, and to pray th:it Ii'' !>..■ e lalifiiied
in the oliieo of captain-general and jnsticia mayor as the only .it. and worthy
jierson. At the foot came t!ie .■;i;,'nature of .");>l Spaniards, the niaj.jrity of
tile troops, headed hy Alvanido, Orda/, and similar warm fiii';id.i of the eoni-
iiiander, ami also liy sneh jiroiuinent i)ersonage3 of the N'arva<;.; party as
Vaseo I'orcallo, and .luan Diax, tile elergyman. 1' mal Dia ; was ;itul d )Wii
witli fever, wliie'i uecouuts for the aliscneo of his naiiiu. Many ollier.s wlio.so
names migiit have been adiled were prolxihly away on c:;;).' liii ).i.i and on
garrison duty. For copy of lettcu- see lm-ha!ri'tii,('iil. Do\,\. \^',\i,).
-'•' WWnn Hernal Dia<4 calls I'ranciioo Alvarez Chico; and Veta.icart, Fran-
cisco Hernandez.
L\
t'f
S52
FTXGMAKixn A^^) cox^'ERTI^'o.
mcnt of robols and other measures, and their authority
and aid souuflii, for ohtaining men and stores.* Anotlicr
vessel was sent under Solis^' to Jamaica to buy horses
and war material. Bcrnal Diaz, does not fail to point
out the evidence in the large remittance for Spain
and the Antilles of treasures secretly taken from
Mexico by Cortds and his clique, and accuses him
of having appropriated also the share for Villa Rica,
claimed to have been captured by the Indians during
its transmission from Tlascala.^^
No sooner were these preparations announced
than Duero and a number of others of the Narvaez
party claimed a fulfilment of the promise regarding
their departure. The success of the Spanish arms
and the allurement of spoils had reconciled most of
the lately disaffected, so that those who now demanded
to return were only a few of the more wealthy. The
services of these could be readily dispensed with, now
that sudi large reinforcements had been received, and
tlu) display of their accumulations at homo might
inspire fresh recruits. Therefore Cortes gave his
consent, with abundant promises that as soon as the
conquest was fully accomplished, gold and other re-
wards would flow on those who supported his cause
either in the Islands or in Spain. Leaders like Duero
and I3cM'nmdez were the chief recipients of such ofl'ers;
and offers alone they remained in most instances, for
'" licrnal Diaz insinuates that there wcro a nuinl)or of ofTicers far more
suitiihlu tliaii (.'iijitain Avila for this inisaion, )>ut Cortes tUisired to hi rid of
so outspoken an observer and cliampion of the men, and at tlie same tini<! to
promote tiui nion; pliable Alonao do (Jrado to th(! vacated oontailuria, and the
•I'votcd And!'(''^< dc Tapia to tlie captaincy. Ho tliinks that Grado, or Alonso
do Ciiceres, the ricli, should have been sent. Ilht. I'l'rJwl., 117. His insimi-
ati>m cannot be wholly correct, however, since ,\vila had already b:'en for
Bomu time alcalde mayor of New Spain, and (Irado, contador. See Lijitldc,
Pro'iriiizi, in /ra-Jialrctn, Cn/. Doc, i. 419 et RC(].
^' 'i)(Mp!i(M do j;anado Mexico, lo llamamos Solia el do la hnerta, yerno
de. ..i'.icliilicrOrtejfa.' Ilixt. Venfmf., US.
^■' Tlii-; uitlior indicates the despatch of only throe vessels for Spain, K-i-
piifiola, and .Jamaica, respectively, one of which, or a fourth, conveyed tlio
retuniin.; ndlicrents of Narvaez. A/., 117. i>ut Cortes writes: 'Kuvioa la
i.ila Ivijiaiiola cuatro navios ])ar.n, (pie luen;o vuelvan car'jjadoi de caballos V
pv.ite.' (>(/•,'((.•), I,")4, IG'i. The Jamaica vc^bcl is probably included in tl'.ii
number.
SEGURA DE LA FRONTERA.
533
Cork's was not the man to rowanl desertion. Duero
and others evidently expected nothing more, since they
were soon after found arrayed on the side of A^elazquez.
When some among the Cortes party raised ohjcNtionjj
to this diminution of the force, they were (juieted \vit!i
the declaration tha* the army was better rid of un-
willing and inefiicient soldiers, whose presence served
only to discourage others.*'
The vessel for Spain and two of those for the Islands
were wrecked on the coast; and one consequence was
that Mendoi-ia's departure was delayed till the oth of
March, lie took with him a supplementary letter
for the emperor, relating the progress so far made for
the recovery of Mexico. By this time Ordaz was,
according to T3ernal Diaz, commissioned to join him
and plead the cause of Cortt5s before the emperor, and
at the same time to receive the reward for his many
achievements, one of which was the ascent of the
volcano. Several of the Narvacz party ai)pear to
have left by the same vessel.^
In course of the late campaign the advantages of tlio
town of Topeaca for permanent occupation had become
apparent, chiefly as a point of observation for watching
over the new conquest. It was well situated for pro-
tecting the road to Villa llica,^' and for couununicating
with (Jholula and Tlascala, each capital eight or nine
leagues distant, and it lay in the midst of a fertile
'' r>criiiil Diiiz n,vr»o3 twelve of those who returned, two goini? merely to
hrinj' tlu'ir cIiiLhvii. Pilot Carileiuis, wliose clamor at the treasure repartition
nt ^lexieo had called the attention of Cortes, was allowed to return to U'\4
family, with a i)resentof ,TJl) pesos from the general, o.ily to juin the raiikt of
his enemies. With one of the Cubans Cortt'S sent some hullionaiid ji'Wils to
Iiis wife ami hi'other-iii-li.,\v. Bcriial Diaz, Hid. IVn/a*/., 1 17 ; Vdinrrrl, 'J'/afro
M<.f., )it. iii. MS.
"C.ieeivs also joined the commissioners. Beriml Dinz, Ili/il. I'rnlnil., 117.
riaviL;ero names Ordaz as the sole commi.ssioner, and ho was prohaMy tho
prineipal. Storl.i Mr^n., iii. KJO.
'•• ' I'ara el eamino dc la costii do la mar no hay ma.<? d(^ dos puertns muy
a;,'ros y Asperos, ijue coulinau con estii dicha pnivincia. ' Ccrl'.i, ('iirfa.'t. Il.'i.
'(^ue Hi'uoreaua los }mertiis, el vuo <pic se dizo do Sicidehima, j) ir d mde Ids
Castellanos enlraron in\ aqnella-i partes, y el otro de (Juoeinda, Icjua y mrdia
di Tepeaia, pur donde va:i loj ca.ninoj Re ilea do la villa Rica.' llirnri, dee.
ii. lib X. cap. .\vi.
654
KING-MAKING AND CON\'ERTINO.
rnalze country, wliicli offered ample subsistence for a
garrison. Althougli the punishment at first inilicted,
by sacking and enslavin<^, had been severe, yet tlie
treatment of the inhabitants became afterward so
considerate tliat tliey tliemsclves prayed for a con-
tinuance of S[)anish protection.** Every circumstance,
therefore, demanding a settlement, it was decided in
council to found a villa in this same town, with tlie
appropriate name of Segura do la Frontera, intended,
as it was, to secure the frontier against the ^lexicans.
Pedro de Ircio was made alcalde, with Francisco de
Orozco and others as rcgidores.^^
The cam^jaign being practically concluded, a division
was ortlered to be made of the spoils not hitherto
distributed, including slaves, which had now become
a prominent feature thereof, and were intended for
personal and [>lantation service, as already pi'actised
in the Antilles. The pretence was to enslave only
the inhabitants of districts concerned in the murdt r
of Spaniards, but the distinction was not very strictly
observed, and rebellious tribes and those addicted t<>
cannibalism ond other vicious practices were included. '"
The Sjianiards, as a rule, kept only the women and
the children, the men being transferred to the alHcs
for their share, "because they were difficult to watch,"
""' ' Le auian pcvlido prosi'lio. ' Id. Cortua giv-oa merely tlio strategic motives.
^' Framisci) (le Soli.s, ('ristuljal Corral, ami Cristobal Martin are iiu'iitioiii'l
as regidores in l'riili<inzn <le Lfjaldt', in Icazhulcdd, t'ul. Doc, i. ■118-111.
JFerrcni ailds to their ranks (leroiiiino de Agiiilar, the interpreter, 'jjoripie
Bahia t'orte.s honrar. . .lo.s henemeritos.' dec. ii. lih. x. eaji. xvi. The vill.i
uas remoV(.'(l after tlie eoii(|ue.st to a new sito in the i)laiu, not far from t!i.
old town. In !.")»,"> it reeeived the dignity of a eity, and has evor siuce rankr.l
as a distriet seat, su])ported to some extent by woollen factories. Of the
strong fortress erected by the conquerors the reiniins arc still to be seen la
the pla/a imder the name of cl Ivollo de Tepeaca. (.'himaJ]Hihi, II, at. ('mi'i.,
ii. S; and in S<ili<ujiiii, Ilisf. Com/, (cd. 1S40), 14.">-(5. In Ilirnra, dec. ii.
lib. X cap. xxi. is given a description of the city and distriet. Clariiji ro,
Stdiia .l/r'w., iii. l.");t; I'illa-Scuur y Sanchez, Thenlro, i. 248; Alado, in !>"■.
Uiii'v., V.
'■^ 'Tambien me movii') ii facer los dichoa csclavoa per poncr algiin cspanto
A los de Culi'ia, y por(iiic tambien hay tanta g .itc, (pic si no ficiese grandi' y
eru^ 1 e;'.stigo en ellos, minca se cmend.irian.' C'or/rn, Carliu, 141; Orir /n. iii.
3;>l. ' Oiros di/en (pie sin partido los tomo a todos, y eastigo a.si a(|nellos 'Ji
vC'gan(;a, y por no aiur obedecido sua rocj[iicrimiotos, por putos, por ydolatra^,'
etc. (Jomura, Jlist.Mcj:., lOiJ.
ESJ^LAVEMENTS.
655
says Bornal T)iaz, "and because their sorvicos wore
not needed while we had the Tlascaltecs witli iis."^'
The soLhers were ordered to brinix in all their
captives, which from the first had been branded for
recognition with a *G,' signifying (jiicrra, war.*** When
the day for distribution came, it was found that tlie
leaders and favored men had already secured their
share by appropriating the prettiest and choicest
slaves. They had probably been priced by the olJi-
cials, and tlie leaders, being entitled to larger shares,
had secured the best articles. At this there was a
considerable uproar, increased by the outcry against
the fifth set apart for Cortes, after detiucting the
royal fifth." How the matter was settled is not
clear, e\cej)t that the general had recourse to the
sootiilng eixjuence he knew so well how to apply,
})romising that for the future he would conform to
the general desire, which appeared to be in favor of
offering the slaves at auction, so as to arrive at their
i di
" f/is'. VfTrfiifl., 11(1. This ■was probably the case, and Tnpia'a tfstimony
appears to coiinnu it in saying that of the 0000 captives takcu from tlio
Tfoainaclialco rcjion t!io males, "JODO in number, were slaiij,'litoreil in eolil
blood. t\trt<'.-t, Hfx'ilf irhi, i. T)',). I'eriiaps it would be more correct to asaumo
that a few Were killed to expiate the murder of Spaniards, while the rest were
given to the Tl.■lsealtec^^.
'" ' Saluo a hw Muv.^erofi y niilos,' says Ilcrrcra, which leads Rrasseur do
liourbourg to assiiiiie that women and children were nfit enslaved. Hint.
Na'. i'h\, iv. .'i70. ' Creyero, fj a cada soldado bolvcria sua piei^as, y (] apre-
ciarian que tantos pesos valian, y que eomo las apreciasstni, pagMsscn el <iuintrt
a 8U Ma'.;estad.' Bi riial Diaz, /list. VerdiuL, 110-17. This could hardly have
been the c.ise.
*' ' Mando Cirtes vender a mnchos que auia prendido. . .aplieando vna
jiarto a su cxereit ). y a otra l;i republiea do Tla.scala, saeando primero el
(piinto que perte'.icci.'i .d R("y.' ffcrirrn, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. xv. ' V ilesi>nes
otro i|uintti par;i Corte?;,' adds Vetaneiirt, Tcatro M<x., pt. iii. MS, and this
iippe;irs eorreet; y-'t (^lavi ;ero and many others dij not refer to th(! seco.id
hfth. This (U'dnetion was dcelarecl t) be an attempt at iiistdlini,' a second
kin'i The deceit practised, as they el iinie(l, at tlio distrilmtioii of treasure
at Mexico was aL,Mi!i called iqi, and declared to bo less outr.i;;c ous tlian tho
jirescnt etlort to defraud poor and woundc<l soldiers of the \m?.o for which
they hail shed tluir- blood. Juan B )uo de Quexo declared that he would
complain to the e;np 'ror, and othei's were no less bitter. Previous to thi-i a
e:ui;e fi)r dissatistaelion had been given by a proclamation of (' ii'ti'^s ovd 'I'ing
the surrender of all i; il I saved from th" common tr<'as\iro at Mexjen, thr mn
open to tlie Holdi"r-i o:i the eve of the flight. Oru; third ...is to be i'et:iiii.' 1 by
the possessor. .Many refused to comply, and since the royal otli'ialsau 1 le i.levs
had sliareil in the t,'i':isin'e. the proclamation wasallowe 1 to lipse. Wliit Icul
boon surrcndereil Cortes kept aa a loan. licnial Dliz, Hid, Vcrdad., liO-117.
KIXOMAKIXO ANT) CONVERTIXO.
proper vnluo, nrul to m\o all niornl)ora of the oxj)0(li-
tioii an 0(jiial cliaMoo m socurini^ the iiioiv (k'siraltlc."
Oiu' of llio last oxpcHlitiouH fitted out at Sc'Ljura was
for llio reduction of the northern route to Villa Kiea,
l»y wliicli ilie Sj)aniards had first ontere<l the plateau,
and lor the punishment of those concerned in the nuu--
der of Alc;intara and other Spaniards," It set out in
the lu'i^inninj^ of Decondx'r, under Sandoval, with tw<>
hundred infantry, twenty horses, and the usual coni-
|)leinent of allies, and entered Xocotlan valley, which
readily suhuiittetl, with the exception of the main
town, named Castilhlanco during the first entry into
the country. The eaeirjue, who had then already
shown himself unfriendly, rejecteil every proj)osirion,
with the threat that he would make a feast on the
oommandi-r and his followers, as he had on the former
]»art V. Thei'e hein^r no alternative, the cavalrv charijcd
the hn<;'e force which had taken up jn>sition near
a ravine, on the outskirts of the city, with a view
to defiud the entrance. Under cover of the nuisket-
oers ami archers, who from one side t)f the ravine did
considt-rahle harm to the enemy, the charge sucoeedetl,
thouLih four riilers and nine horses were wounded, one
of the latter dying. The enemy thrown into disorder
iled to join the remaining garrison, which occu[>ied
the temples on the plaza. With the aid of the ir.-
fantry and allies the stronghold speedily fell, and a
numher t>f prisoners were secured."
Proeeedinij northward alonjj the mountain border
of the plateau Sandoval added a considerable extent
of country to his conquest, meeting serious opposition
** ' Hiicnas, ti iiialas Indias, sacnllns nl ahnoncda. . .quo so vcmlcria.' LL
This \v;'8 to l>o tloiio nt Uio next distribution in Tezcuco. The procoodir.:;
V!!s disiussfd at Unjjth in Spain, and favored also liy a \av<ic body oi tin.'
dirjzv, as jnstiliabK-; but tlic cniporor t»x)k the huniane course of allowia^
captivis to be hi'ld only U8 prisoners, bo long oa this was absolutely acccssars.
>(./.<, l/si. M,.r., ii. -J-l.-l.
••''I Ik- i>arty i-oniuiissioncd to carry the Villa Rican share of tlu^ Aztoo
treasure I'li.ni 'i'laseala to the eou.st. llernal Diaz intimates that another party
of nine Mere killed at Xoeotlan. ///>/. \'<i\l(iil., ll.Vlti,
' Tlie lii.ilu's i<{ live of the Spaniards here murdered had been sent to
Mexico, tlie rest euteu.
RAXDOVALS CAMPAIfJX.
only at Jjilaiifiii'L^f*, wlicre the Aztec jjanisoii, ever
since the hei^niinin^ of the Tejteuca canipaii^n, liaJ
been eTn|tloye(J in I'ortifjing tlie place, an<l either con-
sidered themselves secure or i'eared that a surrender
would ]^rocur*e no better terms, for them, ut least.
They were disconcerted by ho'inrr attacked on diflerent
sides, under native guidance, and after a brief resist-
ance took to flight, dur'ing which a number of them
wer'<; captured, the Spaniards losing three hor'ses, and
havirjg eight men severely injured, Sandoval r'eceivirig
an arr-ow wound. In a temi)le were found relics of
slaughtered Spaniards, in the shape of dresses, arms,
and saddles.*'' A few days later the exjiedition set
out to rejoin the army, with a large amount of spoils
and a train of caj)tivos. The chiefs wer'e pardorud
by Coi-tes, with politic regard for the future, and
enjoined to furnish their quota of sup])lies at Segur-a.**
The head-quarters had meanwhile l)een r'cmoved to
Tlascala, preparatory to a march on ]Mexico, and
Segura was now in charge of the alcalde, I'edro do
Ircio, lately lieutenant of Sandoval at Villa Kica,
assisted by the regidor, Francisco do Orozco,and sixty
men, includin<j: the invalids and the disabled." Cortes
had left it in the middle of December,*'* taking with
the cavalry the route through Cholula,*" to settle the
question of succession to a number of cacique offices
vacated during the epidemic. These ap[)eals were
** Ak'iintara's, it would sec .-.. The treasure carried by him had been
dissi ■' ■'.
■•' . .• dins ante dc Navidad lle-^) cl cajiitan con la gente. . .qup lial)iim
ido A lu8 jirovinciua do Coaitanii y Xulazinj^'),'8ay8 Cortvn, t'cirtaM, l(»;{-ri, who
liad already taki'n up quarters at 'J'lascala. (Iriinaru, /list. Mr.r., \~-l. liiiiial
I»ia/ speaks of a second expedition to Xocotlan, with SO aivalry and I0(>
infantry; but this must be owing to a con fusion of names, in one ease tlm
valley, Caeatanii, being mentioned, in the otlicr the town, Cocotlau. Hint.
WnUid., 11«.
*^ ti'omarn, //int. Me.r., 172; Hcrrern, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. xviii. See note
37. ' I'or Capitan vn Francisco do Orozeo, con obra dc veyntc soldados (luo
estauan heridos, y doiientes,' says Bornal Diaz, Hint. Verdud., IIS; Vetancurt
follows. T 'ttro Mcx.,\>i.\n. 14!).
" ' Tor t^-'ncr la uauidad 4 era de ay a doze diaa en Tlaxcallan.' Gomara,
J list. Mcr., 17-'.
^"Cloniaia calls it Colinian, which Chiinalpaiu iduntiiles with Aiuozoc, still
in exiateucc, Hidt. L'oiiq., ii. 13.
068
KING-MAKING AND CONS'ERTING.
made to him not only as the representative of the
Spanish monarch to whom the people liad sworn
obedience, but as an acknowledgment of his influence
over the native mind. His treatment of the con-
quered and his equitable decisions of disputes had
made him the umpire and king-maker wliom not only
allies, but half-reconciled tribes were willing to heed,
in private and public affairs. Having made the ap-
pointments, antl formed favorable arrangements for
himself, he rejoined the army. The march to Tlascala
was one befitting the return of conquering heroes.
Triumphal arches covered the roads, and processions
came to chant the praises of tlie victors, and recount
the successes achieved by the Tlascaltec allies, as
shown by spoils and banners from different provinces
and cities, and by long files of captives. On neaiiiig
the republican capital the whole population came forth
to join in the ovation and at the plaza an orator
stejiped forward to greet Cortes in a glowing pan-
egyric, wherein he reviewed his progress as conqueror
and avenger. In reply Cortes alluded feelingly to the
brotherhood between the two races, now cemented by
blood and victories, and to the common loss sustaiiu'd
in the death of the wise .and noble Maxixcatzin.
These words, added to the evidence of sorrow in the
mourning array of their dress and arms, left a most
favorable impression on the minds of the l.rave allie<.
He was again called as representative of his king to
appoint as successor to Maxixcatzin his eldest legiti-
mate son, a boy of twelve years, against whom a
claimant had arisen."" This done, Cortes dubbed liini
a knight, accordincj to Castilian usafje, in recoufuitioii
of the services of his father, causing: him also to n<;
baptized, with the name of Juan, Maxixcatzin beconung
the family name." Taking: advantaire of the occasion
and of his own popularity, the general sought to
'" In the person of an illegitimate brotiier, is the assumi)tion of niodom
authorities.
■•' Honora names liim Lorenzo; but Toniuemada insists that this was tlio
father's name.
CHIEFS BAPTIZED.
550
inspire a more general fooling in fixvor of his religion,
but the effort met with little oncourasfonient, and ho
wisely refrained from pressing so dangerous a suhjoct.
According to Bernal Diaz, the elder Xicotoncatl was
aniung the limited number of saved souls, and received
the name of Vicente."^ The native records, as given
by Camargo and Torqucmada, and adopted by most
writers, assume that the four chi(!fs were all baptized
at this time, if not earlier; but they arc neither clear
nor consistent, and are evidently impelled by a desire
to redeem the native leaders from the charge of idol-
atry. C'oi'tes, Herrera, Diaz, and other chroniclers
would not have failed to record so large and promi-
nent a conquest for the church, particularly since
the two latter do mention the excejitionul convert's
S3
''-Tlie olil soMier calla him Lorenzo de Vargas, but is probably mistaken.
JIhf. Vrnliul., 118.
"^ C.inKirj,'o gives at length the speeches of Cortes nml the chiefs on tlio
occasion. The latter invites him to accpt their frii'iiilship and scnices, ;ind
settle among them, whereupon the general explains tliat tlio m liu object
of his coming is to overthrow false idols, and that the condition of ids
staying with them must be the adoption of the true faith. wli"reiii lies tiio
sole reasDU fur the superiority of his race over theirs. Tlu; holy f,'host as^iists
to impress his words, and they yield; but they implore him not to cast «lii\ni
the revered iilols, for such an act may be fraught with tlie most terrible tlis-
asters. Cortes insists, and promises to assume all risks. Thus pressed, tiiey
ask to confer with the representativi'S of the people, lest a revolt occur. The
council objects, oilers to give the most prominent plice to the new gods, and
finally yields, amidst tears and wailing. The people secretly hide the adored
images, an<l while accepting baptism still retain the old wor.shij) in secivt.
The four chiefs first receive the rite, under the sponsorsidp of tin; leading
.S]iauisli cai)tains, Maxixcatzin the elder being named l,oi\n/o: .Xieoteneatl,
Vicente; Tlehuexolotl, Oonzalo; and ( 'i\.lalpopoea, liartoloni'. The general
baptism followed, those baptized on the lirst day being named Juan, and
^laria, and Ana, for men and women resjicctively, eaeli rceeiviuL.' a tiekit
whereon the irime was written. Many forgot their nanus, nevcitheh'-is. and
hnil to appeal to the register; srjine received l)aptism ovi r a,'ain. lucause
they failed to acknowleilge the previous rite, and others attended service for
years without having been to the font. Among the idols and relics saved
from the general destruction were the ashes of ('.imaxtli, the cliief god of the
triije, .said by some to have been the brother of Teze.itHp'ica, by others the
father of Quetzaleoatl. They were jealously guarded by the ihief Teeji.-ine-
catl Tecnhtli, of Tepeticpac, till l.'iTd, wIumi, tired of tlie temporal injaries
which were falling ujion him, owing to their presence in his house, he turned
to the Church and surrendered the relic, and died the same week, on linly
1'luirsda} , while jienitently lashing himself Iv'forc the madonna. On oiieiiiiig
the envelojie ot the relic a mass of blonde hair fell out, showing that ti'a-
dition was true in describing the god .os a white man. (.'(tiiKirijo, Hist. 'J'/<ir,,
1.">1-!), 178-!>. I'rasseur de IJourbourg eagerly .sei/.es on this statement to
support his theory that the Toltecs had come from the north of Eur.ipe tn
iili
II) i
5C0
KIXGMAKING AND CONA'ERTIXG.
Cortds also refers to a conversion in tlie person of
Tccocoltzin, a younj^^er brother of King C'acania, and
the future head of Tezcuco, who is named Fernando;
but he docs so in a manner which indicates that tlie
conversion was exceptional." His baptism took platte
probably on the same day as that of youn^if IMaxix-
catzin and old Xicotencatl, the occasion being cele-
Ijrated with banquets and dances, with illumination,
sports,and exchange of presents, the Spaniards adding
horse-races and otlier interesting proceedings for the
aratificatiou of the natives.
found their empire .in<l era of culture in Mexico. Hitit. Xaf. Civ., iv. SOi
et 86*1. Cumargo i)lacca the general baptism on the occasion of Corti's' first
arrival in the republic, but herein Toniucmada corrects liiin, althougli fol-
lowing the version in other respects. Tlio picture in tlie convent at Tla.scala
indiaitos, he says, that the four chiefs, including the elder Maxi.vcatzin, Mcri!
baptized together, and by the clergyman Juan Diaz. Great festivals followed
the ceremony, i. rrJ3, iii. l(](>-9. l.Ktlilxochitl, who also refers to this jiictinv,
follows ( 'amargo's date, but names Xicotencatl senior Uartolomi^, Zitlajwjpo-
catziii I'lidtasar, TlehncxolotzinGonzalo, and Maxixcatzin, a young man, Juan.
Hid. < Jiirli., 2,)4. Hrasscur de ]$ourbourg corrects this by substituting Xico-
tjucatl Minior for Maxixcatzin and nammg him Vicente. Ho iidds Ncza-
hualpilli's son Tccocoltzin, who receives the name of Fernando, ubi sup. The
assumption that tlie four older chiefs were baptized together, and the .state-
ment that t!ie elder Maxixcatzin had died before Cortes returned to Tlascala,
appear eontradicUirj', but Vct.nncurt reconciles them by dating the general
baptism just before the l>cginning of the Tepeaca campaign, and adojiting tiic
names as given on tiic picture in ' our convent,' and as (juoted by Camargo
and Tonjuemaila. Padre Juan Diaz, who performed the rite, is supjjosed to
have been killed soon after. Several other versions of his fate and burial-
place are given. Vctancvrt, Teafro J/ex., pt. iii. l-Ki. Uut he testified during the
rc'iideneia investigation against Alvarauo, ir>2[). See Ramirez, ProTf-to contra
Alvaritdo, Vl\. Clavigero follows Vetancurt, and maintains, notwithstanding
i\\". failure of the conquest writers to notice that event, that 'e certo, che
tutti i quattro Capi di quclla llcpubblica furono battez/jiti avanti la con-
quista . . . Oltre ad' altrc pruove cio coiiata dalle pitture antiche.' Sturia
Meiis., iii. 1.30. It would be interesting to know what the 'altrc pruove' are.
I'rescott arlmits only the baptism of the two Maxixcatzms and old Xicoten-
catl, but avoids giving the new names, owing to the conflict of authorities.
Mex., ii. 445.
'' 'Como era Muchacho, iinpriini6 mas ea (\ nuestra convcrsacion y tomoso
cristiauo.' Cartas, 177.
CHAPTER XXX.
CONSTRUCTION OF THE FLEET.
Dkcember, 1520 — Februaky, 1o21.
The 0bjecti\ e Point — Vessels Needed — Maktin Lopez Sent to Tlaspala
FOR TiMJiEU — Thirteen Uricaxtines Ordered — Cortes at Tlascala —
Drill and Disi'ii'line — Address of the General — Parade of thk
Tlascaltecs— March to Tez«;uco — New Kiler Ai-i-ointed— Sackino
OF IZTAPAI^VPAN — TUE ClLVLCANS — ArRIV \L AT TeZCUCO OF THE liillGAN-
tine Briciade.
The Tcpcaca campaign luid been only pait of tlio
plan concoivod during the Might to Tlascala for the
recovery of the dominating point of the empire. The
strength of the capital, and the ascendancy accpiired
by the Aztecs during Spanish exclusion from the lake
region, made it im})Ossible to strike directly at the
centre of the uprising. It was necessary first to con-
quer the surrounding provinces on which ^fexico de-
l>endcd for aid, and to do this in detail was easier than
to meet the combined strength of the foe. This would
also leave the conquering troops free to turn their
whole attention against the capital, with fresh allies
and larger resources. A centre for operation was now
needed within the valley, and one from which the
Aztecs miufht be attacked in due time both bv land
and water. For this object Tezcuco presented the
greatest advantages in beiiig situated on the lake,
some six leagues from Mexico, in the midst of a fi'rtihi
country, and near enough to Tlascala, from and t lirough
wliich reinforcements might readily be obtained.^
' iLmy favored Ayotzinco, near Chalco, which offered also a good launch-
ing place for the vessels. Jienial Diaz, Hint. I'erdad., 118.
UiBT. Hex., Vol. I. M ( 5C1 )
fi62
CONSTRUCTION OF THE FLKKT.
With a prudent forcsij^ht to tlicso luovonicnts
Cortes liad shortly after liis first successes in Tepeaca
Bent Martin Lopez, the shi[)\vrii^ht, to Tlascala to pn-
f)aro tiniher for thirteen hrijj^antines, wliich were to
)e transpoitecl to the hike for Ijesieu^ini^ purposes.
The re})uhlic offered to jirovide material and native
carj)enters, an<l aided by Andres Nunez and others,
Lopez soon formed an efficient corps of assistants for
fellinj^ and shaping the pieces, as modelled and nnin-
hered hy himself The site of construction was at
Atempan, on the Rio Lahuatl,'^ which afforded the
necessary water for the trial launch, and had foi-ests
near by from which timber, masts, and })itch could
be obtained.'' Iron, sails, cordage, and other needful
articles taken from the sunken fleet were forwaided
from Villa Kica, together with smiths and other
workmen.
With the arrival of Cortes at Tlascala, prepara-
tions i-eceive a fresh impulse, and weaj)o!is and armor
arc overhauled, [)ikes and arrows made, and stoics
collected. An opportune addition is made by the
arrival of a vessel frf)m Spain and the Canaries, laden
with war material, bows, bowstrings, arquebuses,
powder, and a variety of goods; also over a dozen
soldiers, with three horses. (\)rtes purchases the
whole cargo, and persuades the owner, Juan de
Biirgos, the captain, and the men to join him.*
'Where now ia the chapel of San Buenaventura. Cnmar(fn, Hid. TInr.,
17(i. Yet Lorcnzana wiya : ' I'or constantc tradicioii so tnihiijo en un IJani')
«1o Hueyothlipan, ijiie Uanuin Qiuiusiiu iliiii, ((ue (jniere dcL-ir, domle labiaii Ins
Palos.' ('ortrn, JJisl. N. Ett/t., 1(]7. 15ut it is more likely to have been mi
the river passing through Tlascala city, and near Matlaluueyc Mount.
' Tlie tiniher came probably from the Matlalcueye slopes; the masts fnnu
Hueyotlipan; the pitch from the pine woods near iluexotzinoo, says itiriial
Diaz, where it was prefiared by four sailnrs, for the natives <liil not unileist.iinl
its manufacture. ' Es la Sierra Matlaleuie,' states Tornuemada, Man in/. Iu'l.,
i. r)'J4. ' La brea se saca de ... la sierra <le la Af^ua de Xalapa, ' near San J nan ile
los Llanos, llusliuiiniilc, in ChiiiHtl/xiiii, Hint. ( 'nni{., ii. l.'{. This applies r;illur
to colonial times, llenial Diaz, f/ist. Vvrilad. , 1 IS, 1'24, namesa number of those
who aidetl in building. Sec also Mora, in Sor. Mc.x. (r o;/., Jlolitiu, x. ',{■)- .'t.
* nernnl Diaz names several of the thirteen soldieis. The captain ".is
Francisco .Medel. One of the men. Monjaraz, was saici to have murdered hit
wife. He Ucpt aloof from all cond)at, but once he ascended a to\v(n- to loi'k
on, and was that same day killed by Indians. J/int. Vvnlad., IIS-I'J.
REGULATIONS FOR THE ARMY.
603
Drill roct'ives attention, and ociually necessary is
the maintenance of order, for they are few, reni(»te
fioni succor, and surrounded by a powerful, wai'likc;,
and astute foe. Then tiiey nnist maintain friendly
relations with their allies, whose aid is essential to
the achievement of their [)lans. One hasty utterance,
one unjust act, can raise a storm wherein all may
perish, (iood treatment on every hand is necessary
to win neutral and hostile provinces. It is often easier
to persuade- than to enforce. With this view Cortes,
as ca[»tain-general and justicia mayor for his majesty,
prepares a series of regulations which arc proclaimed
on the LMJth of December l.'i'iO.
]n a lengthy preandjle are .set forth .some reascms
for its pul)lication and the necessity for good conduct,
as recognized not only in human but in divine alfaiis,
and }>ractised since time innnemorial for the regida-
tion of wars.
The first article ^irodaims the primary motive of
this, and indeed of all their campaigns, to be s[)iritual
cotKjuest, in the absence of which material con(piests
must be ngarded as unjust. Blasphemy is forbidden
lest the oifended Almighty sliould refuse his assistance,
(lambling in a modified form is permitted, but rpiar-
relling is prohibited.
liules are laid down for discipline in camp and
field for sentinels, for })r()mi)t and courageous per-
formance of duty. No Spaniard may enter houses
in a hostile city to plunder until the foe has been
driven forth and victory secured; and booty of wliat-
soever nature, however and wherever accpiired, must
be declared before the proper olHcers, under j)enalty
of death. Any captain who attacks an enemy without
orders shall be put to death."
•"'Such are in snbstauco the famous re;^ulntion8 of CorWa. TIio (loeuiin-iit
was witnessed on the '22d of Dccfisiber by the leaclin;,' ollit't-rs, licfoiv .lii.in
(le liiht'ia, ' notai'y public iu all tlio kitr^ilonis of Spain,' ami was publicly
read at the review of the troops, the 'J;»th, by Anton tiareia, iiier. i lie lull
li^xt has been reproduced in IrtrJiah-il'i, Col. iJuc, i. l-t '> .")!, ami < irt s,
L'.icii'o' Sii'llo<, i;!-'J.'{, owin^' to the defects of the copy by 1'rescui.t, and the
briefnosa and blunders of earlier references to it.
H >: ■
S64
CONSTRUCTION OF THE FLEET.
Orders wore also issued to re<;ulate tlie prices of
clothing and accoutrements, wliicli were excessive.
Ill order to enforce the necessary respect for the
ii'L,ailations, Cortes punished tiie earhei- infiinjj^enients
with a severity even in eX(!ess of tlie p«'nalty j»i'n-
claiined. Two of the general's own ne;^i<> shives weii?
lianj^ed for petty theft, and a pilferinj,' soldier was
pardoned only when half strangled."
After a fortnight of rest and preparation Coile's
concluded to resume the cani[)aign, pai'tly lest a longer
delay should cool the ardor of th»; soldiers and allies.
On the day following Christmas the tr(»ops were nuis-
tered lor review in the main s(|uare of Tlascala, where
Cortes in velvet-covered mail stood surrounded hv
the royal officials, the leading chiefs of the repuhlic,
and a hrilliant suite. First marched the cross-hou-
men in double file, who at a signal diseharged their
arms aloft and passed on with a salute. xVl'ter them
came the shield-bearers, saving their swords, which
they sheathed after saluting; then the i)ikemen with
copper- headed })ikes, foll()wed by arcjuebusiei-s, who
saluted with a thundering salvo that reechoed along
the circlinfj hills and sent a tremor throuijh the
crowd of native spectators. Last came the cavalry,
j)rancing and skirmishing in rapid evolutions, to dis-
[>lay their skill as fighters and riders, and to dazzle
the beholders with their glittering arms and adorn-
ment. The total force consisted of five hundred and
fifty infantry, divided into nine companies, and forty
cavalry in four g [uads, with nine saiall pieces of artil-
lery, eighty cros -bows and arquebuses.'^
The main reli • ce of the infantry was in the swords
and pikes, the 1( ^ Chinantec poles being largely in-
troduced, even a -ong the allies, and made effective
"'Quedb tal, quo no ,)luio cu si, ni pudo tragar en vn ines. ' J/cnrrn,
die. ii. lib. X. cap. xx. uc soldier was lashed for imposing on an Indian,
and another degraded.
' Tiiis is Cortes' own account, with the exception that he gives the iicM-
piocea as eight or nine, t'arlax. Km. Gomara says .")40 infantry and nine jiuiis.
JJitif. Mcv., 17-i. Vetancurt writes six guns, whicli may be a misprint.
TcalroJIex., pt. iii. 150.
REVIKW OF THE FORCES.
565
by long (Irillin*;, Tho nucleus of the troopja, wIutooii
rested the Inchest hopes, was of course the horsenu-n,
M'hose safety had been carefully looked to by providini^
the steeds witii poitrels, and side and quarter coverings
of stout bulls'- hide, reaching to the liocks. Tliey
were fringed with small ])ieces of iron which jingle<l
like bells, and were supposed to add to tl'<' terror (Vir
sj>read by tliese animals among the naiives.^ The
riders were equally protected, some with lielmet and
body mail of steel, which covered even the limbs,
leaving the wearer vuln^*"»ble only at the joints."
Others had less complete mail, while many possessed
oidy the twisted cotton armor worn by the foot-sol-
diers, though this was sufficiently effective in native
warfare. Thus was experience rapidly developing the
art of war in America.
The troops having fallen into line, Cortes advanced
on horseback and addressed them. They had mus-
tered for a most important enterprise, to re(,'over tho
rich provinces once acquired but wrested from them
bv treacherous rebels, to elevate the holv faith in-
suited by idolaters, and to avenge the blood of cruelly
murdered friends and comrades. "Just are the reas(»ns
Avhich impel us," cried the speaker, "and necessary to
our security. Spaniards ! God has ever favored you ;
therefore be fearless. Let your conduct be such as to
inspire with respect and confidence our stout and tried
allies, a hundred thousand and more of whom stand
ready and eager to join us. What more can Christian
soldiers desire than the double favors which God bore
giveth us, rich rewards in temporal blessings and that
glory immortal which follows victory?" Tlius the
astute commander stirred the hearts of his men; and
believing his own words, was himself stirred thereby.
And the shout came back to him that they would le-
"Annueras,' as Spaniards call the covering, are still in use by rich horse-
men in \iexico, higlily ornamented.
•Thompson describes the armor of Alvarado at the Mexico nuisciun. It
indicates tliat this renowned cavalier was a smaller man thaii Cortes, whom
he supposes to have been of Napoleon's size. Itecol. Alex., IIJ).
w
5GG
CONSTRUCTION OF THE FLEET.
g<ain tlio lost and avenge themselves on the exultant
Tenochtitlans.'"
Not to be outdone by foreigners, next morning the
Tlascaltecs marched into the plaza to the soundofconchs,
pipes, and drums, the four lords at the head richly attired
and in plumage studded with precious stones, which
rose a yard above their heads in variegated colors, de-
noting their rank and achievements. Following them
were four squires bearing their weapons, and the
standard-bearers of the respective quarters. Then
in files of twenty deep came the regular warriors,
divided into archers, shieldmen, and pikemon, and into
companies, each with its ensigns and musicians. A
striking spectacle they presentetl in their orderly lines,
gay with flowing plumes, glittering arms, ami many-
colorod devices; some of the latter displayed on a
broad plane of sliields extended; others embroidered
on the quilted cotton tunics of leadii r warriors. jW\
together formed a series of gay streaks l)roken by
wider bronze-luied masses of naked rank and filo,w hilo
above all heads rose a profusion of feather-work
banners, speckled with brilliant ornaments." These
were lowered as the companies passed before Cortes,
who doffed his cap in acknowledgment, the warriors
responding by bending the head and discharging their
bows. Their number on this occasion has been es-
timated as higli as one hundred and fifty thousand,
and although this is evid<3ntly exaggerated, there is
no doubt that the large Tlascaltec army was swelled
by companies from the neighboring provinces."
The mai'ch over, Cortes addressed the allies, extol-
ling their deeds which had covered the re}>ublic witli
'"In (^orfi's, Cartas, lft'^~l\, nre given tlio main points of tho speech, too
brief evidently for (Joinara, wlio falnicjites a verbose sjtiritleHS oi'ation accnid-
iiig to liis fancy, Hist. Me.r., lT4-r), while shorter versions nre presenteil liy
Ixtlilxochitl, Oviedo, Torqueinada, and (na.vi{.'cro.
"See \utive Jiacrs, ii. 4()r>-l'2, for description of arms. l)anners, etc.
'■^Herrera, who objects to Ojeda's large tigiu-e, gives ()(),()()() archei's, 40,000
Khieldmen, and 10,000 pikeinen, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. xx., and this VeUmciirt
accepts, Tftitro Mi'.r., pt. iii. l.W, while Soli.s reduces the men at the review
to 10,000, though he allows over 00,000 to join the march tlie following day.
JJi.1t. J/(x,, ii. '2S7b.
MARCH TO TEZMELUCA.
5C7
glory. Soon again would tlioy add to its renown and
its wealth, while avenging ancient wrongs. He would
see to it that their services were recognized by the
emperor. A small proportion would accompany him
on the present march; the remainder could follow
after the completion of the brigantincs." In orthodox
cheers the native warriors testilied approbation. Their
general then spoke, exhorting them ever to remember
that they were Tlascaltecs, a name of terror to all
foes. Only twenty thousand of the eager i-t^publicans,
including some lluexotzincas and the carriers, were
allowed to jo'n the expedition, for more could not bo
conveniently used during the preliminary cam[)aign.
Their general was Chichimecatl.'*
On the following day, the 28th of December,
after the invocation of divine aid, and midst the stir-
ring strains of music, the army tiled out of Tlascala,
the populace lining the route and shouting their
farewell blossinsjfs. "The <>()ds <]crant vou vietorvl"
they cried, "and successful I'eturn." "There go the
strong ones to humble the })roud," said some, while of
the women many sobbed: "Oh I if our ej'os shoidd
never behold you again!" There were three routes
leading into the lake j)r()vinces, two of them ti'ied
already during foi'mer marches; but since the c^nemy
were doubtless on tiio alert with ambuscacU's and
other measures, it was deemed best to select the third
and worst road, north oi' snow-crowned Iztacciluuitl,
by which an approach would be least expected."*
''If any tlierc wore wlio followed not of their free-will tluwHlioulil remain
behind. Uo li.id eiimif^'h iiu-n as it was. Tlu: lords replic^l tliat liny would
rather lie drowned in the lake than letiirii without victory. Th.-'/ik i/hk/h, i.
■V2(i. On tills oeeasioii may iiave lieen jircseiited to the Tlaseallci; hatUiliou
the red diimask liuuier, lieaiin;.,' on one side the crowned iumu'c of the vir;.;iii
with the li:iiids updtted in prayer, and on the other the royal arms of t'astilo
anil l.eon, a banner wiiiiij ruiturini obtained po.sse8aion of villi pmol's of it.s
genr.ineness. ('(itdloijn, ','>. Vet this de.sj .:n appeal's to belong to a slandaiil
l)orne l>y the Spaniards on entcriii,^ tlie coui|ueri'd Mexico.
"'I'lio chief motive for restiictini; t!ie iniuilicr was, aceordiu}^ to Oomara,
the trouide of sustaining them. Hit. .l/r.c. , I7(». licinul Dia/. mentions oidy
10,00() warriors, wherein ho evidently does not ineludi; carriers. //(,s/. Vrrilwl.,
\\\). llerrera increases the nninber to NO,(HH), umler four captains, dirceled
to a certain ex lent by Ojeda ,. id Juan .Marijuez. dee. ii. lib. x. cap. xx.
'••'Acordi? do eiitrar por esta ile Tezuioiuca, por(juo...cl puerto del era
Ijfin
668
CONSTRUCTION OF THE FLEET.
This led through Tezmeluca," a village in Hucxot-
zinco, six leagues from Tlascala, where camp was
formed. Here began a three -league ascent of the
pass, and the Tezcucan border was crossed amidst in-
tense cold, the gradually dwindling vegetation giving
freer scope to the bleak wind which came whistling
from the summits. A league farther a convenient
spot was found for a halt, and the tired and shivering
soldiers were soon huddling round fires. On the
following day a thick pine forest was entered, and
soon after the road was found blocked with felled
trees. This created no little stir among the men,
but Cortes, who had not expected an unobstructed
path, sent forward a body of natives to clear it.'''
With forces massed and arms prepared, Cortds there-
upon led the way, and in half a league open ground
was gained, to the relief of all. The difficulties of the
march were passed, and behind the army now lay the
grim expanse of barren rocks and hoary peaks; wliili;
beneath a pale-blue sky they descended the wooded
slopes to the valley below, rich in variegated hues
of field and garden, and enlivened with the gleaming-
white of human habitation. Beyond spread the glassy
surface of the lakes, bordered on the farther side by the
misty outline of low rancfes, fadinjx in the distance like
the glories of the now fading empire. The queen city
was the theme, however, and while some descanted
to late recruits on its wealth and beauties, others
stood silently gazing on the spot so dimmed M'ith sad
remembrances. Thus pondering on the past they
could almost hear the voices of fallen comrades call-
ing on them for vengeance, and "^we vowed," writes
mas agro y frngoso.' C'orlA<i, Cartoft, 107. Yet Lorenzana atUls a note of ix-
p]aii;ktiui\ wliicli show.s that lie niisuudcrstands the text. Ixtlilxochitl ciUh
the road Tlepehuaciin. Hint, t'hich., 300. Through the Rio Frio Mountains.
Chimiilv'iiii, llisl. ('oin/., ii. 10. The present improved road from Vera C'ni/,
to Mexico. Oro::.ri> y JJcrrn, in A^oticias Max., 2J5.
'•■'Lugar do Knzinas.' J/irrvra, loc. cit. Now San Martin Tezmehua.
BuMamaiitv, in C'/um(i//>nin, ubi sup.
"llerrera leaves the impression that a new road was now opened to csoapu
the entrenchments and traps alreaily formed by the enemy. But he U e\ i-
deutly wrong.
ON THE WAY TO TEZCUCO,
569
Cortds, "there to achieve victory or perish."*^ As if
in response to the challenge, ominous smoke columns
rose from the circling heights, the signal of the Mex-
icans to rouse the inhabitants against the invaders.
No opposition was met during the descent, but
beyond a ravine, on level ground, forces were seen
approaching from different directions." By a quick
movement Cortes managed to leave the broken ground
and gain the bridges ere the foe had united. Having
now a plain before them, fifteen of the horsemen
charged and routed the main body. The rest dis-
persed, with the Tlascaltecs in close pursuit to kill
and ravage. The army did not camp till they reached
the deserted Coatepcc, some tliree leagues i'rom Tez-
cuco.
Shortly before this there had been an accession in
the person of Ixtlilxochitl,'^' the ruler of the northern
part of Acolhuacan, who had offered his friendship to
the Spaniards before tliey ever entered the valley.
His faith in tlicm was unshaken, particularly under
the aspect of their late successes, and he came to re-
new his protestations, assuring Cortes that no opposi-
tion would be offered at Tezcuco. He gave information
about the political feeling, the prospect for humbling
the hated Aztecs, and the fate of certain small bodies
of Spaniards during the uprising. He also stated that
Cuicuetzcatl was no more. While at Tcpcaca, Cortes
had sent to Cohuanacoch, the usurper king at Tezcuco,
an Acolhua noble," witli peaceful proposals. The en-
voy was executed. Not long after, Cuicuetzcatl set
out for Tezcuco, without leave, tired as he was of the
semi-captive restraint at Tlascala, and confident that
with the aid of his adlierents and the prestige of
Spanish success he would be able to overthrow his
"" Prometimos todosdc muica dellassalirsin victoria, o di' jar alii lasvidaa.'
Cartnn, 100. ' Wc vowed, if (Jod gave success, to act better in besieging the
city.' Ikrual Diaz, Hint. ]'erdft(l.,[U).
»» Hcrrera calls them 100.000; Vctancurt, 140,000.
'"At Tlepeluiacan, near the border. IxtUirorhitl, /list. Chic/i., 300-7.
" Ixtlilxochitl calls him in one place the brother of Cohuanacoch. /(/., 200.
^■1
■i!
i 11
570
CONSTRUCTION OF THE FLEET.
usurping brother and resume the sceptre entrusted
him by Montezuma and Cortes. The presence of so
powerful an intriguer in the capital could not long-
escape the spies of Cohuanacoch, who had him seized,
aiid by the advice of Quauhtemotzin summarily re-
moved from his path.**
Although fully a hundred thousand warriors were
rumored to be hovering hereabout, no formidable evi-
dences of hostility were encountered during the march
to Tezcuco. A short distance from Coatepec a pro-
cession of Acolhua nobles appeared, headed by four
prominent personages, and bearing a golden banner as
a peace offering. They came in the name of Cohua-
nacoch to tender his submission and the hospitality of
the city, with the request that no ravages be com-
mitted. After what he had learned Cortes could
hardly look upon their master as other than an inimical
usurper, whose tardy proffers could not be trusted, and
whose opposition need not be feared. He accordingly
received the message coldly, referred to the treacherous
slaughter of the Yuste party of fifty Spaniards and
three hundred Tlascaltecs, and demanded that at least
the treasures seized on that occasion should be restoietl ;
failing in which, a thousand natives should die ft)r
every Spaniard killed. The envoys tremblingly ex-
])laincd that the outrage had been conunittetl by Zol-
tepecs at the instance of the Aztec ruler, whor?e men
had carried off the valuables. Still, they would in-
stitute a search."''
Regardless of their urgent request that the entry
into the capital should be deferred till quarters liad
been prepared, Cortes proceeded through the outlying'
suburbs of Coatlichan and Huexotla, where the chiefs
'^'Aaa spy,' adds CorWs, Carfnn, 176. Ixtlilxodutl states, contrary to
Corti's. tliat this general sent him to Tezcuco on the siuno crranil a.s tiie ]>n ■
vioi'.s envoy. liitt/. Vhlch., 300. But this appears a nec<lless exposure of an
important personage.
-•' Menial Diaz states that Cortes nevertlieloss embraced the envoys, thrc;
of whom were relatives of Montezuma. Hint, Venlad,, 120.
QUARTERS AT TEZCUCO.
611
came forth to render homage, and passed on Monday,
the 31st of December, into Tezcuco, which was for
many a month to be his ' halting-pUice,' as the name
signifies.^* Quarters were taken up in Nezahualcoyotl's
palace, as the largest and strongest place."^
Meanwhile some soldiers who had ascended a tower
came to report that the inhabitants were hurrying
away by land and water. Cortes now understood why
the envoys had sought to detain him on the road, and
gave immediate orders to seize the ruler and as many
leading men as possible. It was too late, however.
Cohuanacoch had escaped. After usurping the throne,
combining with the foes of tlie Spaniards, and mur-
dering the ruler appointed by them, he did not dare to
trust himself within their reach. Hence, as the in-
vaders marched in he embarked for ]\Iexico with his
family, his chief adherents and treasures, attended
l)y a fleet of canoes with fugitives and effects. The
anger of Cortes at this escape encouraged the pursu-
ing troops to commit certain excesses; and in thi.s they
could hardly be blamed, for in one of the tem])les
were found relics of the Yuste party, which very nat-
urally fired tlie soldiers with a desire for vengeance.^
IxtHlxochitl and other friendly chiefs implored pity
for the unoffending inhabitants, and orders were issued
ill accordance, thougli not until the allies had sacked a
number of houses and fired the beautiful Nezahualpilli
palace containing the national archivcs.^'^
Not knowing what might follow this exodus, Cor-
tus hastened to fortify his quarters and to collect
supplies, aided by IxtHlxochitl, who had succeeded
somewhat in reassuring the people. In order to re-
•'^ fx-ailxochifl, ir,Ht. Chick., '214.
^j IVescott says Xezahuiilpilli's, but this was burned at this very time ac-
cnnling to the only authority on thu point, IxtHlxochitl, II<ir. ('rii'liliidiM, 10.
liiiisseur do Bouibourg assumes that the allies stayed at Uuexotla, whicii is
doul)tful. Hist. Nat. t'in., iv. 40-_'.
^"The stutVed skins of the live horses were found, and other things, oflercd
ti) the idol. Cortfn, Cartai*, 183. Str.iniie that the Tezcucans should uot have
removed so palpable evidence against them.
'^''IxUilxochiU, Ilint. Chich., 300.
M
■^1
¥l
m
CONSTRUCTION OF THE FLEET.
■i^;^
m
store confidence, however, and win the inhabitants to
his purposes, he saw that tliere should be a recognized
head, with influence to control them, and one whom
he could trust. The former necessity demanded that
the choice should be made among the brothers of
Cohuanacoch, children of Nezahualpilli, and of these
Ixtlilxochitl and Tecocoltzin were the only professed
friends of the Spaniards. The latter was of less legit-
imate birth, it seems, than some of the brothers, and
a mere youth, who had shared the quasi captivity of
Cuicuetzcatl, and had accepted baptism with the
name of Fernando Cortds de Monroy.^^ He was tall
and well formed, of noble presence, and as fair as
the average Spaniard. Of docile disposition, he had
readily conformed to the teachings of the friars, had
adopted Spanish ideas, and had become t, favorite
among the conquerors. It may be readily understood
'hat this easily ruled boy should be preferred by Cor-
tes to Ixtlilxochitl, whose stay in Tezcuco during the
troublous times had not tended to strengthen Spanish
confidence.
Cortes summoned the chiefs and represented that
since Cohuanacoch had forfeited any claims that ho
might have had to the throne, by murdering the
lawfully elected king and by abandoning his country,
they should therefore choose another ruler. He
took care that his selection should become known to
them, and the electors hastened to conform to the
'^^lifal Cidula, 1551. In this c^dula are named a number of the brothers,
but tlie i^ugan name is not given in every instance. Bernal Diaz and Torqiu'-
mada confirm this Iwiptisnial name for tlie ruler now njipointed ; Cortes writts
merely Fernando ; Ixtlilxochitl adds Tecocoltzin ; Sahagun gives the liittcr
name and calls him legitimate, as he was in a certain sense. ///•>•■<. Couii. (fd.
1840), 143. Clavigero calls him Fi^niando Cortes Ixtlilxochitl; Chimaliiiiiii
interiwlatcs Dc Alvarado in lieu of Cortes, but substitutes Tecocoltzin for
Ixtlilxochitl in one place. Hint. Conq., 21, 55. Vetancurt evidently acctpts
the true n.ame, but applies the baptism ami appointment to Ixtlilxochitl.
Te.atm Mex., pt. iii. 152. The latter, who succeeded to the Tezcucan rulur^hil)
toward the end of 1521, received the name of Fernando I'imentel, and it is
this similarity of the iirst name that ha.s led to the pretty general confusimi
about tlie appointee. Lockhart actually attempts to rectify the correct stjitt-
inentof Bernal Diaz with a blunder, Mi'moirn, ii. 41 1; and Zainacois, in doing
the same with the bluuderuig Soils, gives a long note amusingly erroneous.
JJid. M<'J.,iu. 585.
PEACE PROPOSALS.
673
that
it he
the
iitrv,
He
u t(1
the
[•others,
'orfjiR'-
%vrito3
liittfi'
[i'/. I'll'
Izin fill'
liocliill.
]lci>liil)
11.1 it is
ifusiiiu
stii ti-
ki doili^'
jneous.
conqueror's will, not even Ixtlilxocliitl venturing to
remonstrate.'"'
Fernando was accord ini^ly brought from Tlascala
soon after and installed with great ceremony, receiving
a Spanish dress with arms."* He proved kind and
faithful, particularly to his patrons, yet Cortes never
relaxed his caution, and in order to keep him under
safe surveillance Antonio de Yillareal was appointed
his tutor, and Bachiller Escobar captain of Tezciico,
while Pedro Sanchez Farfim and his brave wife
Maria de Estrada also remained there. This recosfni-
tion of an esteemed descendant of the beloved Neza-
hualpilli, and the just and moderate conduct of the
Spaniards, served to reconcile the people, who speedily
returned to their homes and avocations. The caciques
of Coatlichan, Huexotla, and Atenco tendered alle-
giance within three days of the Spanish entry, pro-
testing that their hostility had been wholly compulsory.
This ready submission was by no means palatable
to Quaulitemotzin, who sent messengers to stir anew
the spirit of revolt, while pre[)aring to strike a blow.
But the emissaries were promptly surrendered to
the SpaJiiards, before whom they pretended to be
merely ])eace mediators. It pleased Cortes to accept
the explanation, and after treating the captives with
great kindness he sent them back to Mexico to carry
peace proposals. Those who had been the chief pro-
moters of the late uprising were now dead, and it was
Ijotter the past should be forgotten, and friendship
established. To this no answer was vouchsafed.
^' Ixtlilxocliitl states not wrongly that Toeocoltzin wns chosen by general
nMjuest, but he adds that Mhilo the imlitital horizon was so eloiuly the
electors preferred tliiit n legitimate heir like Ixtlilxocliitl should not till so
dangerous ajwsition; nor did the latter care to rule while the elder broliier
lived. Jlist. C/iirh., ,'$07; Nor. ('imliliuli s, ll-i;{. Pretty good excuse for a
liriiico who forcibly wrested lialf the domain from (Jaeama. Brasseur do
liourbourg assumes that he fe ired to lie suspected of seeking a Siiaiiish alli-
iiiice merely to obtain tlie crown, ll'ist. yal. ('if., iv. 40!*. 15ut this desi'Mi
ho had long harbored, as even the ablie intimates at times, lie no doulit
stood, with his strong character, as one of tlie powers behind the throne.
< oliuanacoeh does not appear to have had mucii iuduenoe.
'"'Solis takes this opportunity to elaborate a few of his s]ieeimen speeches.
Ili.it. ^f(•.l•., ii. ."n.VlO. ' I'ue el primero (pie en publico en Tczcuco se cas6, y
velo.' I'etaiicvrl, Teufro Mtx., pt. iii. lo"2.
574
CONSTRUCTION OF THE FLEET.
No hostile clenionstratioii havinsf occurred for ciijlit
days after the eiitrj^ into Tezcuco, Cortes resolved to
waste no further time in preparation, but to begin the
campaign. This course was also needed to maintain
the troops in activity, to encourage them with spoils,
and to save the friendlv Tezcucans from the constant
drain of providing supplies. Among the intended
head-quarters during the siege of Mexico to folio .v
was the rich and beautiful garden city of Iztapalapan,
close to the southern entrance of the capital. This
was an advantageous point, through which a blow
mirjht bo dealt the Mexicans while chastising tlic
town itself for the hostility of its inhabitants and
their late ruler, Cuitlahuatzin, the brother and suc-
cessor of Montezuma. The expedition consisted of
eighteen horse and two hundred foot, with a ^v\\
thousand Tlascaltecs and Tozcucans,^^ headed by C(n-
t(5s, Sandoval remaining in charge of the camp.
Warned by the movement, the inhabitants began
to remove their families and valuables, while the
warriors marched along the lake shore for nearly two
leagues to meet and detain the invaders, supported by
Aztec forces and a fleet of canoes. As soon as the
Spaniards came up a lively skirmish ensued, the
warriors being obliged to retreat, though slowlv,
rallying at times, when the nature of the ground per-
mitted.^'" Three hours of fighting brought them neai'
the town, and a final assault by the soldiers eflfected
an entrance and forced the warriors to take refuge in
canoes and houses. The first comers occupied tin-
upper quarters, the others continued their course
toward the lake, where the dwellings stood on piles,
cutting down every person encountered in the streets.
General massacre was follow^ed by pillage, and bcfoio
nightfall six thousand bodies were ready for the funeral
'' Bernal Diaz difFcrs somewhat, and gives the proportion of forces, attomlii!
also l)y Alvavado ami Olid. Jlist. I'enlad., 121. The Tlascaltecs nuinbc ir.l
u'.)Out 4000, .and the Tezcucans, according to Ixtlilxocbl.i, from 4000 t(j (iOiH*.
^-'(!(iniara assumes that they souglit to allure the iSpaniards into th«
town. J/ist. Mex., 170.
CUTTING OF THE DIKE.
m
pyrc.^ Suddenly midst the work of destruction Cor-
tes observed startlinij si<j:ns of increasin<^ waters, and
soon after a Tezcucan broujjlit word that tlie (hko
shieldin<ij the town on the west had been cut. In tlieir
desperation the inhabitants had invoked the Hood,
whose mercy could not be more pitiless than the in-
vaders, while it might assist the work of revenge.^
The opening was widening every moment. Xo
time was to be lost. The recall was sounded, but
with the people so scattered it took some time to
gather them. Staggering under the weight of s])oil
they fell into line, their march being dimly lighted
by the flames behind them. The flood increased so
nmch that few of them could retain thoir burdens,
and near the opening the water came with such force
as to make the passage difficult. Several of the
allies were swept away. It was nine o'clock before
the last of the troops gained the high land beyond
the dike. "A delay of three, hours longer, and none
of us would have escaped," writes Cortes. Failing in
their desperate sacrifice to catch the invaders in the
flooded houses, there to be imprisoned all night ])y the
rushing waters, the enemy were at hand in canoes with
early dawn, showering missiles and sall3-ing against
the flanks of the invaders. The Spaniards could only
reply with sword and lance, for the powder was wet,
and since nothini; more could be done under the cir-
cumstances, they contmued the retreat to Tezcuco.
A number of allies fell, and even the soldiers, \\ho
had suffered no casualties in the capture of Izta-
palapan, now lost one out of their ranks."^
Notwithstaa ling the loss of booty and the humili-
ating retreat, the expedition had succeeded in its
'' So estimated by Cort(53 and otlicra. Ilerrcra reduces it to 5000.
"Cortes stilted tliat he saw men euttinji the dike as he entered th(! town,
Imt did not consider the siyniiieanee until tlie water rose and recalled it to
him. CarloK, 174.
•'^ So saya Cortt5s, while Bcrnal Diaz assumes that two mt^n and one horso
wore lost, he himself receiving so severe a wound in the throat as to liceonic
an invalid for uome tunc. Hid. I'crilad., I'Jl. Solia refers to the atl'air as a
gloiioua victory.
m
CONSTRUCTION OF TIIK FLIMCT.
main oljjt'ct, to i nil id Ji .si^vorc Icshoii on tl»o foe hy
dosolaiin^ ont; of tlu^ llncst citii'H in (Im vulKiy, ut iUv.
very tliivshold of ilio i-uitilal. Tho oH'oct wuh iiolici'd
in tlu" arrival, tlu> day altt'i- the loturn to Tozcuco, of
nu'sst'iijj^crs from Otmnba and sovoral iidjacuni towns,'"
jHMiitontly to lonew tlieir allrj^iance, wliicii was n('v<r
ai^ain hrokrn. A nnndxT of otiicr towns and domains
followed the t'xam[)li', notaMy Clialco, a lai'^o and
fortilo district i>xtendin<jj I'ound Clialco Jjakt;, and
toward the sontli-oastward. It had fallen from the
raidv of an inilependcnt kingdom to that of a province
trihntary to the Aztecs. The seveiity of its task-
mastei's kt'pt ever smoulder injj;; the llame of revolt,
and deeply the })eople sighed lor deliverance. Owini^'
to tlu> proximity t)f tlu^ iMexicans and the pi'esence
of their lawless jjjarrisons, tlu'y like many others had
not before ventured to cast olf the yoke, but with the
apprt)ach of the Spaniards they jLi^atheretl courage, and
two envoys were sent to imph)re protection."
This accorded with Cortes' plans, an«l Sandoval was
instructed to assist them. His iiist order, howevt r,
wa.s to escort to Tlascala with twenty horsemen and
two hundred infantry the carriers, together with a
number of warriors, who desired to return home with
the booty so far acijuired. Fresh sui)pli(!s weie like-
wise desired, and conununication with Villa Kica nuist
be kept o})en. They had not proceeded far bi-fore
the 'J'lascaltecs, who had hastened in ailvance of tlu;
Sjninish main body, found themselves attacked by a
large force, which slew a number and captured the
carriers' train. Sandoval routed the assailants and
iecai)tured most of the booty. ^
"'Four, says Cortra, ami Lorcnzaiia onuineratoa several which may liavc
omiiraceil them. Jlint. \. £sp., I'M. Brasseur de lJonrl)oiirg confouiuls some
with southcin (^haleo towns.
■'■ l)uran stiites that the (/iialutuis had sent ))re.seut8 with olTers of aUiaiMC
lufore the Spaniards ero.ssed tiic mountain border. Jlist. lild., MS., ii. 4!ll.
lint this is doubtfid. Ixtlilxociiitl assumes tliat they apjiealed first to hi.s
iijime.salie, as their suzerain, and he advised submission to Cortes. Mizcpiic
ivnd Cuithdiuae appear to have joined in tlie submission.
'"Bernal Diaz writes that two archers fell and seven of the foe. Owing
TKNDKKS OK AI-LKtilANCK.
Froin TI.'iHc'ilji Sjindoval tinned to ( 'luih'o.
r.77
Ti
f.'i'tuin niiii/,(ti(;l(|M in front of tin; rapital the Mcxi-
(■aiiH .stood |»f('|>aicd with t\v«lv(! tlionsand warrriors
to dis|)nt(! possession. Il(^ eiiai'<^'ed them at th(! head
of lii.s cavah'V, l)iit, thonj^h yielding,' for a, moment,
they lalhed and with theii' lon^ pikes compelled him
t.o fall hack npon the infantiy and allies. The second
<'liar;^(! was more snccessfnl, and within two honis tin;
ot) wjiH m
Hi'dit,
(Itnintr which lar«re nnmlxMs were
slau<^htei(!d and some captives taken, inclndin^ threo
leadint^ men, while hut lew of the Spaniards were even
Avounded.
Th(! ('hah'ans came; forth to t»!nder an ovation,
and th«! two yomiL? rulers A<azitzin and ( )ma<'at-
/in'" accom|)anied the trctojis to jHTsonally oiler alle-
j^danci! to ( 'oi'tes, toj^n-ther with som<i small pi'esj-nts.
Theii' father had always a<lmired the S|»aniar'ds and
souji'ht to serv(! them,^" and on his deatli-l>ed, <l!!!ii;,:;
tho late small-pox epidemic, ho had iec(»nnnended
th(!m and theii' counsellors lo suhmit- to th(^ white
chief, for to him and his children of the sun did
prophecy |)oint jis rulers of that land. So im-
portant an accession ^a,ve no little; pleasure to ( 'ortcs,
who ti'eated tho younj^ pri.s<»ners with e-very con-
sideration. At their own ro(pu.'st ho conlirmed them
in the lordship, assiiifnini^ to the eldest ( 'halco city,
with more tiian half the towns in tin; province;, whiKj
tiio youni^m' receive<l Tlalmanalco and Chimalhuacan,
with Ayotzinc() Jind other |)laces suhjeet to thein.*^
Tho eight captives were kindly treated, and sent to
to this incident SMndoviil left ordiTS tliiit no rcrnforrrnH'nts frDtii Villa Itii;a
hliould ad, iincc hcyond 'I'lascala till fiiitlicc ordiTs. Hint, i'trihn/., \'-2. I'n.'H-
I'ott wroii^dy iissiinics that this att.'u'k occiiricd on thi' nianli to ( .'lialco.
•'"ixtlilxoiliitl, //(.■</. C/iirli. .'{II. On another pai^c, ;t()7, hi; iiani(\s Oma-
<'.it/.in and fouf other eaoi(|UeM, iinil (.'hinialpain, wvcral otlierH, I/ist. ('imi/.,
lili -7; hilt they appoar noai'ly idl to ho sul>-iiici(|ii('S. JJi-.'i.sMtMir do JJoiirhourg
talLi the first lord It/cahnat/in.
*"Jlo had served tho ^'.panianls during tlie lato uprising. C'oft<:% Cartas,
ITS-!).
*^ lie null Diaz, Iluit. Vvrdwl., I'2.'}; Clnriijero, Storin Mi-.is., jii. 171. After
taking tiieni hack to ( /haleo, Sandoval escorted from Tloscula some Spuniurda
and Don Fernando, tho new ruler of Tezuuco.
UWT. Mex., Vol. I. a7
i
t
i ■
57S
COXSTRUCTIOX OP THE FLEET.
]\rexico with peace proposals similar to Jiosc trans-
iiiitted l)y the toriuer eaittors; but there came no
reply. The .secession of ("iialeo was a blow to tlit.'
^Mexicans even more severe than the capture of Iztu-
palapan, owing to the bad example to submis.sive and
wavering provinces, and (^)uauhtemotzin hastened with
allurements and threats to reimprcss upon them the
necessity for remaining true to the empire. These
messages were also sent to the towns round Tez(au(»:
and the caci(|ues of Coatlichan and Huexotla came to
the S[)anish camp in great distress, to say that all
Mexico was coming u\Hm them. They were doubtful
whether to flee to the mountains or come to Tezcuco.
They were reassured and promised succor when re-
quired; meanwhile they nmst entrench thcmselvts
and prepare the warriors. The Mexicans did little,
however, beyond making raids on farms and stragglers
from two towns," wherein they were entrenched, not
far from Tezcuco. This attack on the lartler of the
army coukl not be endured, and Cortes went forth
on two occasions to secure the threatened crops for
himself, driving ott* a force of marauders who had
come with quite a tleet in the expectation of a tine
harvest, and caj)turing their strongholds on the lake.
All this made conununication with Tlascala in-
secure, and on last leaving that province Sandoval
had strictly forbidden any one to cross to Tezcuco
without a permit. It so happened that a vessel ar-
rived at Villa Rica with over thirty .soldiers, besides
the crew, eight horses, ptI a tjuantity of war stores.
Knowing how pleased COrt ;S would be, a young sol-
dier broke the rules, advcr.lurcd his life, and carried
the titlings to the g'nieial, who freely forgave the
disobedience of orders. This young cavalier also ri -
"Chimalpain names Chiinalhuae;\ii, Chitlahuaca, and Chicoaloapan. Jli-t.
Conq., ii. '24.
" .Some of the raided fields ■were Mexico temple properties. One Sii.iniaiil
was killed and twelve wounded, while the Mexicans lost over a dozen, IjcsuIl^i
a number of prisoners. Leriial JJ'ur., llkt. Verdad., 12'2-3. The caciiiucs nf
the captured strongholds came now to submit. The Aztecs recaptured thiin,
and had again to be driven forth. L'orUs, Carta--i, 180-1; Tonjucinada, i. Ci'J','.
a
por
for
unt
tini(
pro(
trail
leag
can,
tho^
Sfi
dred
upon
unhaj
tants
liad I(
party
tains,
der, ai
arras,
one c
fno-iti>
cliielly
moved
to tlio;
Meal
TJasca
brigant
two ab
this pr<
the sli
loaded
niarkoc
the .spa
os(
BRIXfiINT, POWN THE SHIPS.
n:9
ported that the hrigantincs were comj)lete(l and ready
for transport. Since nlege operations could not he^rin
until the hri<^antines were flouted on Tezcuco liuke, no
time was to be lost, and Sandoval received orders to
proceed at once to Tlascala and convoy the precious
train. In pfoing he must pass through Zoltepec, five
leagues distant, near the eastern border of Acolluia-
can, and there inflict chastisement for the murder of
the Yuste party during the late uprising.
Sandoval set out with fifteen horse and two luui-
dred foot. On the way a house was passed bearing
upon its wall the touching inscription, "Herein the
unhappy Juan Yuste was a prisoner." The inhabi-
tants of Zoltepec, henceforth termed * ])ueblo Morisco,'
had long expected this descent, and no sooner did the
party appear in sight than they hastonod to the moun-
tains. One body of soldiers entered the town to plun-
der, and found among other tilings relics of the dress,
arras, and accoutrements of their slain comrades in
one of the temples." Another body i)ursued the
fugitives, killing a few and capturing a large number,
cliieiiy women, who were enslaved. Their pleading so
moved the heart of Sandoval that he issued a pardon
to those who had escaped.
Meanwhile Martin Lopez, the master shipwriglit in
Tlascala, had arranged for the transportation of the
brigantines. A trial launch had been made of one or
two above a dam thrown across Zahuatl River,*' and
this proving satisfactory they were broken up. Upon
the shoulders of eijjht thousand carriers were now
loaded the separate pieces of timber and planks, duly
marked and numbered for fitting them together; also
the spars, cordage, sails, together with o. quantity of
1 que auian desollado . . . quatro cueros de cauallos ciirtidos . .
3 de lo3 Espauoles (j auia inuerto.' Bcrual Diaz, llUt. IVr
** ' Dos carag i
muchos vestidoa
dad., VIA.
^^Herreca, dec. iii. lib. i. cap. v., intimates that all were launched, as do
Camargo, Prescott, and othei-s, but Tonjueniuda obsovvcs that it woidd have
been needless injuiy to the timbers to put all together, llesidos, all wi.to
nia'le on one or two models, the diflerent pieces being shaped in exact imita-
tion of those for the models.
i a 'I
\.i\
I
I '1:
580
CONSTRUCTION OF THE FLEET,
ammunition, two heavy guns, and other effects.^® Gr^iy^y
they bent to the burden wherein lay enginery so por-
tentous for the destruction of the hated Aztecs. The
caravan set forth, escorted by a large force of warriors,
and halted at Hueyotlipan to await the Spanish con-
voy. After a time the Tlascaltecs became impatient,
and regardless of warnings jiroceeded. While en-
camped near the border an alarm was raised, and
tumultuously the warriors rushed to arms to 2:>rotect
a portion at least of tlie train which had cost such
labor and embodied such hopes. The next moment a
cheer was heard. It was Sandoval and his men.
With this new protection many of the Tlascaltec
escort could be dismissed, and the remaining twenty
thousand were redistributed, the rear being assigned
to the leading chief, Chichimecatl, and the flanks to
Axotecatl and Teotepil.*''
It was a strange sight in those parts, this serpentine
procession as it wound its way across the Tezcucan
border, along the narrow defiles of the mountains,^"
extending two miles from front to rear, it is said. A
*" Ojeda, who appears to have rendered great service as iiitei-pretcr and in
controlling the Tlascaltecs, was soon after rewarded with what he terms a
generalship over all the auxiliaries under Corti:''S. Herrera makes a special
later expedition of .^(KX) Tlascaltecs convey the guns and other effects, caiTJcd
in wooden beds by relays of twenty natives fur each. dec. iii. lib. i. cap. \\,
*'' The names arc written in different ways by different authors. T!io
former is probably identical with the chief of Atlihuetzian, who afterward
killed his two sons ioi becoming Christians, says Clavigero, Storia, /l/ow. , iii.
170. Cliimalpain calls them brothers. Ilht. Coinj., ii. 2G. Canvtrgo, followed
by Heri'era, assumes that the original native force was 180,000. (Unnara and
Ixtlilxochitl allow '20,(KK) to have been retained, besides carriers; others give
each of the chiefs 10,000 men, whi' Bcrnal Diaz, who as a rule seeks to ignuro
the value of native aid, reduces the number to 8000 warriors and '2000 carriers.
Chichimecatl became (juite indignant at finding himself removed from the van.
Ho was a lord of Tlascala, and had ever V)een accustomed to posts of honor .'ind
danger. 'For this very reason,* replied Sandoval, 'have I jilaced you in tiie
rear, for there the foe will bo most likely to attack.' Though mollilied in tlio
main, Chichimecatl still grximbled, and considered his army sullicient to guard
the rear without the aid of the Spanish force attached to his. Sandov-d im
doubt took the van, though Bcrnal Diaz states that ho joined the rear. J /'■</.
Vrnliid., 1'24. Cortes implies that the change was owing to the viAi, in ciise
of attack, to have in the van the cumbersome timber under Chiciiinu't'titrs
care, i'ur/as, 184-5. Cliimalpain supposes that the chief carried his points.
J/int. Colli/., ii. '27.
■** North of Tclapon, as the easiest route, is the supposition of Orozco y
Bcrra, in Xoticiag Mcx. , '25G.
IN THE SHIP- YARDS.
581
fleet impelled by human agencies over mountain and
plain, through forest and dale, it was indeed a "cosa
maravillosa," as Cortes expresses it. The feat of
Vasco Nunez stood repeated, but magnified in some
respects, in the number of the vessels, in the distance
of the journey, the lurking foe being ever present,
and in the audacity of purpose, the subjugation of
the proudest metropolis on all this vast continent.
And great was the rejoicing at Tezcuco as the caravan
came in sight on the fourth day, arrayed in gala attire,
with brightly gleaming devices and ornaments, and
waving plumage, advancing in one long line to in-
spiring music. With a large retinue, also in gala
dress, Cortes went forth to meet them, and as the
procession passed into the city the Tlascaltecs rolled
forth their newly acquired Spanish vivas: "A'^iva el
Emperadorl" "Viva Malinchel" "Castilla!" " Tlas-
cala, Tlascala, Castillal" The march past occupied six
hours, says Cortes. Ship-yards were prepared for the
vessels on the border of a creek or irrigation canal,
which had been deepened and widened for nearly half
a league, fortified in places with timber and masoniy,
and provided with dams and locks. This labor had
occupied eight thousand Tezcucans fifty days.^'
^ m
= SB
^''nizicron la qiiatro cientos mil honibres.' Gomara, Hist. Mcx., 101.
That is, 8000 fresh men ihiily for oO <laya, to judge by the figure. Ixtlil-
xochitl fails not ti) adopt ii iiuuilior whioli speaks so well for tlie size of iiis
liroviiice. lliM. Chich., 307; J!'
's, 4 Hi. 'I^ zanja tenia nuis ile ilos
estados do hondr.ra y otros ti'Uto.-, de naelu;';i, y iba toda chapada y estaeada.'
t'orIcK, ('(irtd-i, 20(5. Bustaraant. eluiuis to have seen truces of it, S'i/khiiiii,
llixt. Coii<i., ()0-7, as did Lvireiizana in liis time. Cortrn, Hist. N. 7>j),, 'I'M.
For the caulking of the ves.s.;s cc tton was uiso used, and for want of ^'rcase,
human fat Mas ol)tained from slain enemies, writes Gomara. OidorZiiazo
was assured fif this pa','an consecration for the fleet, 'i'ids has Ix'cn ilcnied
by others, observes Oviedo, iii. 4'_'.'{-4; l)ut there is nothinj,' imjirolialjle in a
jiartial use thereof, for human fat had been frec[uently used in otiur cases, as
( 'orti'S adu\its. xidiUtioual timber was ubtaiiied ill Toluutziiico, says Ixtlil-
Xochitl.
'l!, !
CHAPTER XXXI.
PRELIMINARY CAMPAIGNS.
March-May, 1521.
Plan for the In-vestment of Mexico — Reconnoitring Tour rocnd the
Lake — Cortes in Command— Alvarado and Olid Accompany — They
Proceed Northward from Tezcpco — CArrtJRE of Cities and Stronu-
HOLDs — Xaltocan, Qcauhtitlan, Tenayocan, Azcapuzalco, Tlvcopa.v,
AND BACK TO TeZCUCO — CUAtCO DISTURBED — PeACE PROPOSALS SeNX
TO Mexico — Further Reconnoissance of the Lake Region — Many
Battles and Victories — Quachnahuac Captured — Bcrnino of Xoch-
iMiLco — Second Return to Tezcuco — Conspiracy.
The arrival at Tezcuco of the briijantines recalled
the necessity for planning the investment of Mexico,
and this involved a reconnoitring tour round the lake,
for which the Tlascaltecs in particular were importu-
nate. Chichimccatl pressed this measure the moment
lie arrived at Tezcuco. He had come to serve thu
emperor, to join the Spaniards in avenging their fallen
countrymen. Cortes expressed appreciation of his
zeal, "but rest now," he said, "for soon you shall
have 3"our hands full." A few days later the general
Bet out from Tezcuco with twenty-five horse, throe
hundred foot-soldiers, twenty-five archers and crijss-
bowmen, and over thirty thousand allies, cliieHy Tlas-
caltecs, with a number of Tezcucans. Among the war
material were six field -pieces.^ Alvarado and 01 it I
accompanied the expedition, and also a number of the
Tezcucan leaders, partly as hostages, while Sandoval
remained in charge. A northward coiuse was taken,
' Tliia is ncconling to CortOa; others (litTer sliglitly, nnd Ixtlilxocliitl in-
creases the Tezcucan force to 00,000. Uor, t'nicUkidvs, 13.
(082)
CAPTURE OF TOWXS.
583
though the aim and destination were divulged to but
a tow, owing to the distrust still entertained of the
Tezcucans.
On the Teeama Plain, four miles from Tczcueo,
a hostile foree approached, probably by accident.
After routing them the army encamped. The fol-
lowing day they proceeded to Xaltocan,^ a prominenti
:-i
\
oca ' Xilolzini'o
->Zuni|>an£p
C*^ yJIZUmpunoo ' f
^ /\Xaltooan , Zwmnol.'o t ^
\s.
^ / ,P>^ — ^Otoncapolco\ %0'
cV
/AjUlliiith
,»""
Azcupuzolec
Lain
yueuc
^^^
"Uucxotla
oCuutliLlian
tvlapon
renixliUtlaij
oAJilzco
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Ayutzlnuuu
-'vi'
Chalco V, V
£ Iztaccihuatlj
'""noloo N^aluiaimlco <-' ^ k
u« auUIarcjuea Tcuaucoj
]i ■' 'i'/'- ■■"■"• 'iilk ■■■■•-
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/ TIayucupuu f
/ ijuaulinalmai; /
T LA ir/'tr I c
}
/ TeiHjxtlaii S ,1 " ^ \YaLaplclitla
y YaiiliU'pi'C
The Vallev df Mexico.
' From ^oc'i^/ ami xal, spider and sainl. ( 'hlmal/iuiii, fHxl. Com/. , ii. 20. Tho
lako iu M liicli it lies is divided ul)()ut tlio ceiitro liy an artiticiiil e.iuseway
nldnit'ine loagno loiif,', runuiiig from east to west, the soutlieni watei' lieinjj
). isv known as San Cristobal J'leatepoe, from tlu; town of that name, iiiid tin
v.; 'lieiii v/ater as Xaltocun or Tonuinitla, Sun Cristobal being also the yeneral
t in fur both waters.
I
I
i
m
PRELIMINARY CAMPAIGNS.
town situated on an island in the noi'tlicrn end of the
lake bcariiif^ that name. Once tlic capital succes-
8ively of a Toltec, Otoini, and Cliichinioc princi'^nJity,
it had succumbed to the vicissitudes of political revo-
lution and wars, and was at present one of the chief
strongholds belonging to tlie tripartite power in the
valley. It was approached by a causeway provided
with breastworks and drawbridges.
The intention of the army had been surmised, so
that ])reparations were made in every direction to re-
sist an ent^^ , and the water swarmed with canoes. In
advancing r the causeway a tempest of stones,
arrows, and o came upon them from both sides,
while hampered on a narrow road, hennned in by
the waters, and able to do little against the float-
ing entimy, who were comparatively safe behind tlie
bulwarks lltted to tlieir canoes. Advance was soon
stopped by the first trench in the causeway, not only
wide and deep, but protected on the farther side l>y
strong breastworks. The situation was embarrassing.
Falling back a little, with the loss of one man, the
guns were brought forward to })i'otect the allies while
iilling the gap; but at this juncture two Tezcucans
informed Cortes that they could guide him across by
a fordable passage.
The offer was eagerly accepted, and while a part of
the forces attracted the foe to the causeway, and the
horses covered the rear, Cortes led another party by
the ford. The water reached only to the waist, and
though the enemy hastened forward, resistance w;is
in vain, and soon the town was reached, and idl who
had not escaped innnediately surrendered. (Jootl
S})oils were secured of fal)rics and other merchandise,
as well as soujc gold. Since the canoe fleet might
attemi)t a night attack, it was not considered safe to
camp on the island, and as the army withdrew to the
plain one league beyond, a j)art of the town was iired,
in further warning. Xaltocan had more than (»nti'
before risen from her ashes, but these were the flames
CORTfiS PONDERS.
585
of !icr funeral pyre. She never assumed importance
again, and is now hut a pretty villagt;.
The next camp was formed in Quauhtitlan, "a larj^o
and heautiful city," as Cortes calls it, which was found
deserted. Tlience they followed the route which liad
been taken after that niglit of ineffaceable liorrors, when
the foe seemed to fill the air and beat their faces in the
blackness like the birds of Avernus, cutting off the
stragglers faint witii wounds and hunger, and sending
terror to the hearts of the bravest. Now they came
in confident strength, yet again the foe liovered rouml,
though only at •>. distance, along the safe liill slopes,
while from the i ui^mits rose pillars of snioke to pro-
claim the coming of the avengers. They passed
through Ten.iyocan, once the capital of the Chiciiimee
emi)ire, and now renowned only for the innnenso
serpent idols in its temple, from which the Spaniards
called it El Pueblo de los Sierpes. Thence to Azca-
puzalco, the former proud seat of the Tepanec kings,^
No resistance being offered at any of these towns,
they were spared the brand, whereat the (hsappointed
Backers felt aggrieved. As the army ncaied Tlaco-
pan a large (»pp()sing Ixxly appeared, which was rein-
forced by warriors from the towns thereabout and
from ^lexico. The ground being level, the cavalry
easily broke through tlieir lines, and the infantry com-
j)leted the rout, pursuing them into the city. ^Vfler
clearing the greater number of streets from foes, cam[)
was formed in the jialace.
There was hardly any evidence of the late ravages
to which j\[(!xico and its apj)roaches had been exposed
during Sj)anish oc('Uj)ation, and (Jortes saw Ihat it
would be no easy niaiter to l)(;si('ge such a stronghold,
or series of strojigholds, as the massive buildings m;iy
be termtul, held as they were by so obstinate a people
as the vVztecs, witii whom any ti'illing or imagitiaiy
success seemed to eiface the effect of continual dcleats.
The prospect was not encouraging, and as he looked
'Sco ^,'ative Jliici'K, ii. v.
i
ti
i
C86
PRELIMINAEY CAMPAIGNS.
at the causeway full of those pitfalls which had de-
feated his high purposes, gloomy thoughts filled his
breast. "Why so sad, your worship?" broke in a
cavalier.* "Yours was not the fault, and never will
you be compared with heartless Nero." "I am not
thinking of that sorrow alone," said Cortes, "but of
the struggles yet required to achieve the mastery.
Still with God's approval we will soon attempt it."''
In the morning hostile forces again a,^peared, only
to be driven back, whereupon the allies dispersed to
sack and fire, with the determination to avenge the
attack made upon them during the flight from
Mexico. "And in this they used such diligence,"
writes Cortes, "that even our quarters were endan-
gered." The general was nothing loath to see the
llames, for it suited his plans not only to chastise the
jieople, but to render the place less strong in view of
later operatini; furthermore, it was no easy matter to
restrain the Tlascaltecs. Next day the enemy camo
again in force, but this time they waited not to bo
routed. They retired steadily to and along the cause-
way to Mexico, drawing the Spaniards after them. It
was the very spot where they had suffered so severely
the year before. Cortes had led the cavalry far along
the causeway ar.d across one bridge, when the Mexi-
cans with inspiring shouts and doubled force came
rolling back on front and flank, from houses and
lanes, thrusting with pikes and striking with swords,
*Biichillcr Alonso Perez, afterward iiscal of Mexico. Benml Diaz, IHst.
Vcrdad., 135.
* This incident was commemorated by some poetic follower in a ballad
'which became a favorite with the conquerors :
Kn Tnciibii osti Cort'.'s,
{.'on 611 t'sqmidron csfon.'ftdo,
Trisfo t'stiiuii, y iiiuy pciiDso,
Tristo, y con gnin cuiiliulo,
La vnii luitnu on la niuxillo,
Y lu otrii vn cl coatado.
Which may be translated literally:
In Taonba stamis Cort's,
WItli hirt troopers strim;; nnd bravo;
ftid liu wiis uiiil doi'ply Rravu;
Sad, and heavily opprewned.
With one hanil \\\:i cheek lie proascd;
Against kia bide, tuu ottiur.
SINGLE COMBATS.
587
the roofs meanwhile swarminjx with slinfjcrs. Cortds
quickly sounded retreat, and the troops retired, but
the onslauf^ht had been tremendous, and it required
no small effort to stay themselves. Almost every ono
was wounded, it is said, and several fatally. In cross-
injj the bridjje Alf(5rez Juan Volante was knocked
into the water. Several canoe-men seized him, but
he was a powerful fellow, and with the strength of
desperation he shook them off and sprang back to his
comrades with his banner. Cortes made repeated
charges with the horses to relieve the pressed foot-
soldiers, till open ground was gained and the danger
past.^
On the following days the Mexicans sought to re-
peat their manoeuvres, but Cortes was more prudent,
and covered his rear carefully as he advanced. Ob-
serving this, the Mexicans tauntingly called out:
"Enter, O brave ones, and fight 1 for to-day you will
be masters of Mexico. Enter to feast, all is pre-
pared!" And again: "You shall find no Montezuma
now to do your bidding. Begone, tnerefore, to your
own!" Others confined themselves to insults directed
against the Tlascaltecs. " Rogues," they cried, "never
would you thus dare to approach us but for the Chris-
tians, whose concubines you are. But wait awhile;
we shall eat you both with cliile, for you are not fit
to be slaves!" The Tlascaltecs were not slow to
answer: "Always have you fled before us like treacli-
crous cowards. We are the men, you the women.
Never have you entered our territory as we yours.
The Castilians are not men but gods, one of whom
suftices to rout a thousand such as you!" This verbal
skirmish led in several cases to challenges, the princi-
pals being accorded a free field wherein to settle their
disputes; and since they were generally men selected
*So runs Bcmal Diaz' ncconnt, which appears a little cx.i.L'.ircratcd, for
recently Cortda had shown the greatest caution, and would hiirdly have allowed
liiniself to be so readily trapped on so nieniorablo a spot. IHkI. Vcnlad., 120.
C'orti^s states that not a Spaniard was lost, though tieverul Mexicans fell.
Cartas, 187.
' ^S'
n;a
PRELIMINARY CAMPAIGNS. " "
from both sides for their bravery, skill, and strength,
the struggles were eagerly watched.
On one occasion a solitary warrior of great stature
stepped from a canoe to the causeway, armed with
sword and shield, and challenged any Spaniard to
combat, for he desired to appease the gods with blood.
The soldiers gaped in astonishment at this rashness.
"What, you hesitate, you cowards!" he cried. The
next instant a soldier named Gonzalo Hernandez
rushed upon him with sword and shield, whereupon
he leaped into the water, pursued by the soldier, who
sought to despatch him. A number of canoes stole
up, however, and Hernandez was seized by the war-
riors. His comrades rushed to the rescue, and so
beset the canoes as to kill a chief and bring their
champion ashore."' During one of the sallies Cortes
reached the breach in the causeway where his men
had suffered so severely during the Sorrowful Night.
The bridge was down, and he appealed to the warriors
on the other side: "Why so foolishly court destruc-
tion? If there is a leader among you, let him appear,
so that I may speak." " Speak," was the response,
"we arc all leaders here; leaders who shall make a
banquet of thee and thine I"
Six days had been spent at Tlacopan, and since
nothing could be achieved, not even an interview with
Quauhtcmotzin, for which Cortes ardently longed, he
turned homeward. This abandonment of what th(3
Mexicans had probably regarded as the beginning of
the siege created no small exultation among them,
and eagerly they pursued the retreating army, though
repelled now and then with some punishment by tlu;
cavalry. The following day the pursuing forces had
swelled to larger proportions, and were more daring
than ever. Cortes accordingly ordered the infantry
to advance, while he, with twenty horses, divided into
several parties and formed an ambuscade. No sooner
''JIvrrera, dec. iii. lib. i. cap. vii.
CHALCO IN DANGER.
C89
had the unsuspecting Mexicans reached the spot than
the cavalry charged into their midst with thundering
war cries. The surprise, no less than the execution,
caused a panic, and the infantry hastened back to join
in the usual chastisement. Molestation ceased.
From Quauhtitlan the army proceeded by way of
Acolman to Tezcucc. The presence of so large a
body of allies being considered for the moment un-
necessary, the greater number, elated with success and
laden with spoil, were dismissed to their homes, there
to prepare for the gathering to follow the completion
of the brigantines."
The withdrawal from Tlacopan encouraged the
Mexicans to attempt the recovery of Chalco and to
inflict chastisement for its secession. The place was
indeed most important to Mexico, since from its fertile
plains came the largest supplies, now more than ever
I'equired. The threat had been held over the Chalcans
ever since their submission to Cortes, and the two
young lords had hardly returned ^'om Tezcuco before
they sent messengers to implore aid. This occurred
while Sandoval was preparing to leave for Tlascala to
convey the brigantines, and no further troops could
therefore be detached without great risk, so that the
Chalcans were told to wait. As the messengers were
leaving with this cold comfort envoys arrived from
Huexotzinco and Quauhquechollan. Tho}"" had seen
the signal pillars of smoke of the hostile allies, and
had come to ask if they could be of service. The pro-
posals came most opportunely.
The Huexotzincas and Quauhquechollans had long
entertained a hatred of the Chalcans, as natives of nn
* They beg'^'cd permission to return homo, says Chim.'ilpaiii. ///>■'. Cnix/.,
i. 31. lIcn-er.T relates thtit the efforts of Ojeda, by CortOs' onlfr, to take from
the Tlascaltecs the gold part of their booty so ofloniled them that they began
to desert. Tlie extortion was accordingly stopped, doe. ill. HI), i. cap. vii.
Clnvigero doubts the story. I'rcscott regards the departure of the allies aa
distasteful to Cortes; but we have seen that he diil not care at present to en-
cumber himself with too many unruly auxiliaries to prey upon the peaceful
provinces. Tiio Tlascaltecs would willingly have remained to share iu raid-
ing expeditious.
600
PRELIMINARY CAMPAIGNS.
Aztec province against whose forces they had often
been arrayed, but Cortes represented the true state
of affairs and convinced the respective envoys of the
important service they could render themselves and
their new sovereign, to whom all owed allegiance, by
forgetting occurrences for which their oppressors wore
to blame, and to combine for mutual aid. His argu-
ments were convincing, and both Huexotzinco and
Quauhquechollan promised immediately to support the
Chalcans with a large force.
The Aztecs do not appear to have gone much be-
yond threats until after the Spanish retirement from
Tlacopan, but two days after their return to Tczcuco
Chalcan messengers appeared with such supplications
that Sandoval was despatched to their aid with twenty
horse, three hundred infantry, and a force of allies,''
largely reinforced at Chalco by Huexotzincas, Quauli-
quechollans, and Chalcans. On arriving before Chimal-
huacan,^" he found the enemy drawn up in battle array
in three large divisions. A rush at the invaders wa;^
made. The cavalry met them, breaking their ranks
and throwing them into confusion. Retiring to more
broken ground, where they were comparatively safe
from the horses, they rallied to face the infantry, but
the well directed volleys of fire-amis and cross-bows
proved another surprise, which prepared the way for
an effective charge from swordsmeu and lancers. Xow
the retreat assumed more the form of a flight, the
Spaniards pursuing eagerly. During this operation
Gonzalo Dominguez was thrown from his horse, which
fell upon him, inflicting such injuries that he died with-
in a few days. In him the army lost one of its most
dashing horsemen, and the equal of any in daring.
The troops then retired to the town for the night.
Next day they marched to Huastcpec, the objective
point of the expedition, where fifteen thousand jMcx-
' Including 8000 Tezcucans under Chichinquatzin. IxtJilxochitl, Ifor. Crud-
dadcs, 15. On March Tith, says Vetancurt, Teatro Mcx., pt. iii. 154.
'"Also known as Ohimalhuacan-Chalco, to distinguish it from Chinialhuacau
on Tezcuco Lake.
CHALCO AGAIN IMPERILLED.
591
icans, composed partly of the defeated forces, attacked
them with such enerf^v that five horses and a number
of sohhers were wounded. The Spaniards soon routed
them, and chased the fleeing through the town, a
number taking refuge in a stronghold. While a
portion of the troops, together with the Tlascaltecs,
dispersed in quest of the rich spoil, and the cavalry
were tending their horses, the fugitive garrison stole
back to the town and fought their way to the strong-
hold near the square, where they took a stand behind
some breastworks. Their position was not h^ng main-
tained, however, after the troops had collected for
the assault. The entire force of ^Mexicans was then
driven for over a league, with considerable slaughter.
The army now took up their quarters for two days in
the palace. A peaceful summons was sent to the lord
of the place, without meeting any response; another
to Yacapichtla brought an insulting answer. The
insolence was due to the confidence of the garrison
in its strength, situated as it was on an almost inac-
cessible height." The Chalcans implored Sandoval to
capture the place and drive forth the occupants, who
would otherwise not fail to descend with lire and
sword on their land. The proposition was by no
means agreeable after so arduous a march and with
so many wounded, including himself; but Sandoval
never shrank from what he regarded duty, and
soon he appeared before the fort to repeat his de-
mands, only to hear taunts and jeers. The ascent was
steep, with few points aflbrding cover, and when the
Chalcans were urged to begin the attack for which
they had pleaded they objected unless the Teules
accompanied them. Sandoval unhesitatingly place i
some horsemen to guard the rear, and dismounting
with Tapia the two took their shields and swords and
led the way, followed l)y a number of scjldiers.
The garrison lustily plied their stones and darts, and
despite the protecting shields several were wounded,
'' Lorenzaua inspected the jiosition in later times. CoHcs, Hist, N. Exp., 21't.
602
preliminahy campaigns.
anion;.^ ihcxn T;ij)ia and Osina, Avliilo otliors wore
t.vertlirown l»y tlio concussiou and canio tunil)lin<^
down. With cliecrinfj Santiagos the soldiers iirn^cd
one another onward until even the Chah-ans joined
the assault. Tiie lirst Spaniard had hardly reached
the suuiniit het'ore the occupants attempted ili,L,dit,
only to l)ring death upon them the quiekei*. Many
were chased over the clifT, to tall into e<jually rehnitless
hands below; otiiers in their fear and despair cast
themselves headlon*^ from the heii^ht. Ho freely
iiowed hlood, the soldiers say, that the creek at the
foot of the fortress was stained sanguine, and so re-
mained for an hour, repelling in horror the victors who
approached it to quench their thirst.'" The Chalcans
being now content, Sandoval returned toTezcuco with
considerable s[)oils and a number of prtitty slaves.
Informed of the victorious advance of the Spaniards,
Emperor (^uauhtemotzin hastened to send reinforce-
ments to his garrisons, and hardly had Sandoval
t'^ndered a report to his general before the alarmed
Chalcans sent messengers stating that a ileet of tw(^
thousand large canoes with numerous warriors were
descending U[>on them. Believing that Sandoval must
have been too hasty or negligent, Cortes without
deiixning to listen to excuses ordered him to return
inunediately. ISIeanwhile the Chalcans, enc(jura<jfed
by the allies, had faced the invaders l)ravely and
routed them in a fierce battle, killing quite a number
and capturing over twoscore warriors, among them
the general and several chiefs." When Sandoval
""Que todos los que alii se hallaron afirman.' Cortds, Car/nn, 190. The
general lauds the achievement with rare fervor for him. Bernal ]>iaz .sneei-s
at the river of lilood story; but then ho was not present to share llie glory.
The Roman Mario v.as less dainty than tiiese Spaniards under a similar cir-
cumstance, conunemoratcd by Plutarch; or as Floro more prosjiically puts it:
'Ut victor Romanua dc cnieiito fluminc non plus aqua) biberit quam sanguinis
barbarorum.' I'/iitnTiie, lib. iii. cap. iii.
" Fifteen, says Bernal Diaz. Chimalpain, the Chaloan narrator, states that
his tribe lost 3.'»0 men, Init killed ITrtJO foes, capturing the captiiin-general,
Chimalpopoeatzin, a relative of the emperor, who now became a captain among
the Tezcucans, and was killed during the siege. JIIM. t'oiifj., ii. 34. Some of
these facts are evidently not very reliable. He also assumes that Soudovui
lost eight soldiers ou Lgaiu rctuniing to Tczcuco.
Tin: TAITIIFUL CIIIXAXTECS.
BOB
camo np tlic fli^lit was over, and tlio jiroud victors
surrt'iKlcri'd xlicir caplivcs, who wiTc sent to Ti-zciico,
tlio Spaniards lollowiiig as soon as the danger a[)|)earc'd
to be over.
Ai^ijfrieved at the brusquoncss of his coni>nander,
8an(l(»val sent in his report without presentinLj liini-
selt'; hut Cortes had hy tliis time recoijjnized the'
injustice of Ids treatment, and actuatcnl l)y policy
no less than hy allection, he 8unnnon(Ml his captain
and frankly avowed his haste, thus strenjjftheninLj tho
fiiendsliip which ever after hound them. '.i'l)e vic-
tories in (,'lialco left secure the entire region between
A'^illa llica and the Sjtanish lines, and communication
was henceforth regularly maintained, permitting fresh
su])plies and war material to be brought from a vessel
which had recently rciiched the coast. A great event
was till! arrival of three vessels with two hundred
Spaniards, eighty horses, and a full complement of
arms, amnumition, and other eftc'cts, partly l)ougl)t and
l)artl3' eidisted by the agents whom Cortes had de-
spatched to the Islands iluring the previous autunm.
Among the new-comers were Julian de Alderete of
Tordesillas, a})p()inted I'oyal treasurer for New Si)ain,
and the Franciscan Pedro Melgarejo de Urrea of
Seville, bearing a supply of papal indulgences for tho
men who had l)een engaged m the crusade. That
the soldiers were conscious of frequent transgressions
may be judged from the suggestive and not wholly
leverential observation of l^ernal Diaz, that "after
] latching their defects the friar returned to S[)ain
within a few months, a rich man."**
C(jrtes was cheered by offers of submission and
alliance, owing partly to the good offices of Tezcucans
and other allies. Some came from i)laces quite dis-
tant, such as Nautla and Tuzapan, on the coast north
•♦Tlie 'comissarlo' or clerk in charge of the l.n.llo T^-as Oeroniino Lopez,
afterward secretary at Mexico. Jkni(dJ)iiiz, UK Ven/wl., I •_'!». Tlii.s author
names several of tho arrivals, some of whom l>ecame ea)(Unn.s of vessels. A
number also arrive.l during' the following week, he adds, notably in Juan do
Burgos' vessel, which Ijrouglit much material.
HiBT. Mex., Vol. I. ^S
:i
594
PRELIMINARY CAMPAIGNS.
of Villa Rica, "iadcn as usual with presents." Another
pleasing cvitbnce of still more devoted loyalty came
not long after from the south, from the country of
the valiant Chinantecs, of the long pikes. During
the great uprising, when Spaniards in small or strag-
gling parties had everywhere been slaughtered, this
people faithfully protected the two soldiers who hap-
pened to be with them, and were in return aided by
their prowess and advice to achieve victories over ad-
joining tribes. One of these men, Captain Hernando
de Barrientos, sent two natives in April with a letter
to his countrymen imparting the assurance that Chi-
nantla and its six sub-towns were loyal.^"
The recent successes and the arrival of the two
hundred men induced Cortes once more to propose
peace to Quauhteniotz"ii. To tliis end, during passion
week, he bade some of the captured nobles proceed to
^Mexico with a letter as a symbol of their commission,
and impress upon their master the superiority in arms
and skill of the Spanish forces, their constant and
large reinforcements, and their unvar3'ing success in
the field. They must j)oint out the generous and hu-
mane treatment of the provinces which had submitted,
and as^aire the x\ztec leaders that equal forgiveness
would be accorded them. Refusal to return to their
alletjiance would lead to the destruction of themselves
and their city. Only two of the captives ventured to
accept the coiiimissiuu, for according to Aztoc articles
of war any noble who returned to his country after
having been captured by an enemy was doomed to
decapitation unless he had performed some extraoidi-
nary deed."
No answer came from Mexico, and .'t was afi^erward
"Gnmora mentions also Maxcaltziuco as a distant placn. flist. Mex., ISd.
'"The chiefs were awaiting orders to appear before Cortes. The general
told tliem to wait till tranquillity wa3 more fully restored. The name of thu
other soldier was Nicolas. ' 'ortrx, Cdrtun, 203-5. Herrera assumes that Bar-
rientos arrived in camp during the late Tcpeaca campaign, dec. ii. lib. x. cap.
xvii.
"Of the rank and lilo none sufTered penalty on returning, for captivity
was regarded as disgraceful only to a noble. Xutivc Jluceti, ii. 410.
SECOND EXPEDITION".
503
learned that the messencjers had suffered death. The
Aztec ruler had not even given a thought to peace.
He was watching his opponents, prepared to take
advantage of any neglect or relaxation in their- effort.
No Rooncr had Sandoval been induced by peaceful
appearances to retire from Chalco than Aztec forces
again prepared to invade the province. The Chalcan^i
had due warning, and close upon the heels of Sando-
val came two messengers lamenting louder than ever,
and exhibiting a painting wherein were named the
many towns whose f(»rces were coming upon them,
fully fifty thousand strong. These constant menaces
and movements weie exasperating, and Cortes resolved
personally to inflict a lesson which might be lasting.
At the same time he proposed to complete liis recon-
noissance of the lake region and encourage his troops
with spoils from hostile localities wherocai the Aztecs
yet relied for support."*
Cortes selected thirty horse, three hundred infantry,
a number of Tlascaltecs, and over twenty thousand
Tezcucans, under Prince Jxtlilxochitl, to which twice
that number of other allies were added on the way.
A large proportion of archers and aijuebusiers were
taken, together with Alvarado, Olid, Alderete, Me)-
garcjo, and others, while Sandoval was left in charge
of Tezcuco, with instructions to watch and promote the
completion of the brigantines against which several
incendiary attempts had been made.
The expedition left Friday, the 5th of April, and
passed tlirough Chalco, Tlalmanalco, rind ChiniAlhua-
can,'** and crossing in a south-westerly direction into
the Totolapan province, they entered the hills which
form the southern border of the Mexican valley.
By this time the foi'ces had assumed proporti;>us
'* Bernal Diaz states that the soldiers verc tired of these repeated calls,
many beiujj; also on the sick-list, but (JurtOs had now a large fresh force only
too eager for a fray attended witii spoliation.
'"According to a native painting the army entered here April 5th, whicii
is a day or two too early, antl received a reeufurcenieut of 20,000. See opy
ill Carbajal Espmosa, l/'ial. Mix., ii. 5'J3.
50G
PRELIMINARY CAMPAIGNS.
liardlj inferior to those of the Iztocan campaign,
when over one hundred thousand moved against the
foe. Highly picturesque was the spectacle of this
army, its nakecl hordes of warriors relieved by plumage
and glittering iztli points which rose above the broad
lineof gaudy shields; its white adventurers in n)ail of
cotton and metal, surmounted by bright helmets, and
armed knights on proudly stepping steeds : picturesque
in particular as it wound in almost endless line along
the rounded slopes of the cliffs, or climbed in clearly
defined file across the hill-tops, only to descend again
into gulches gloomy as their own sinister puri)0se.
Alarmed bv the invasion, the inhabitants had aban-
doned their valley homes, and had sought refuge on
the summits, whence they hurled missiles at the passing
lines. Little attention was paid these irregular bands,
composed as the}'^ were to a great extent of women
and children. On entering the Tlayacapan Valley,
however, and observing on the craggy sides t)f an
almost perpendicular isolated rock, perched there like
an eagle's nest, a place of refuge peopled with more
pretentious opposers, in a fit of insensate folly Cortes
ordered the place to be assailed. He seemed to think
the honor of the army demanded it, and was roiidy to
stake the lives of valuable men on its destruction.
Orders were given to attack from three several
sides, the steepest being assigned to Alferc^z Corral,
a brave and sjjirited leatler. Verdugo and A'illafuerto
were given another side, and Ircio and Monjarari
the third. Each part}^ conusted of about tliroL'-
score men, and included archers and arqiiebusiors.
At a ijiven signal all rushed forward to the ascent.
Soon they were on hands and knees, crawling ovor
projections and pulling themselves uj) by means of
shrubs. All tlve while stones and darts rattled on
helmet and breastplate; and liuge rocks came rolling
down upon them. In vain they sought shelter in
crevices and under crags; they nmst face the storm.
Bernal Diaz followed Corral, and after receiving
A STRONGHOLD TAKEX.
597
many a hard knock tlicy gained what was called two
turns of the rock. There they paused and looked
around, wondering at their success thus far. Sup-
porting himself against a small tree, his face bathed
in blood, his banner rent, Corral said, ''Seilor Diaz,
it is useless to advance farther; not a man will sur-
vive." Then they shouted a warning to Pedro Barba,
at the head of his archers, not to climb farther.
•'The order is to advance!" was the reply. The next
moment Barba was wounded by a stone, and a soldier
at his side was killed. Cortes then sounded the
recall, but not until eight brave men had laid down
their lives, victims of their commander's puerility,
and of the rest most of them returned wounded.-'
The recall was likewise prompted by the approach
of a considerable force in the vallev. This the cavalry
charged and quickly routed, following in dose pursuit,
thouofh the broken trround soon enabled the fugitives
to gain shelter. During this ride some of the horsemen
came, a league beyond, to another hill fortress, strong
in its natural features, and held by a large force. Near
by were some springs. The need of water was press-
ing, which atforded a plausible excuse for abandoning
the scaling of Tlayacapan, and the whole force was
moved to the springs. Early next murning Cortes
examined the approaches to the new strongholil. It
extended over three hills, the central one excectliinjiv
steep and heltl by the largest force; the otiiers easier
of ascent, though higher, and occupied by smaller
numl)ers. In reconnoitring, Cortes advanced toward
the cen!re. This movement led the occupants of the
other hills to infer an attack on tlie central height,
and thev be<jfan to aban(K)n their ix^sitions witli a view
to reenforce the threatened point. Observing this,
Cortes ordered Barba to occujiy the most conunand-
ing elevation with some fifty ar([Uebusicrs and archers,
*''So says Boninl Diaz, 7//V. I'mhi'l., 130, who names four, (^irtrn
allows only two killed unil twenty woiindeil; how many futully so, he care-
fully ontitii to nieutiou. C'uWcu. IIU.
.
1 h
iiii
i: i
508
PRELIMINARY CAMPAIGNS.
while he hhnself continued to scale the centre as a
feint, for there was little hope of capturing a point so
steep and strongly held. The stones and darts rained
here as previously, and man after man was struck
down, some bleeding freely from the wounds sus-
tained.'^*
Meanwhile Barba's sharp-shooters had made so
effective a use of their weapons that within half an
hour the volleys from the fortress ceased, and the
women began to wave their robes in token of truce,
shouting their submission. Cortes graciously met the
advances, and extended full pardon. He also prcvaikid
on the chiefs to induce the Tlayacapans to submit.
On the extensive surface of the rock were collected
all the inhabitants of the neighborhood, with their
effects, which Cortes ordered not to be touched."^
The army remained encamped for two days to re-
fresh themselves after their arduous march, and after
sending the wounded to Tezcuco, Cortes proceeded
to Huastepec. The report of the clemency extended
to preceding settlements had a reassuring effect on this
town, whose cacique came forth to welcome them, and
tender his paloce for their entertainment. This was
situated in a garden, celebrated throughout New Spain
for its beauty and extent, and the immense variety of
its plants, collected partly for scientific ]:)urposes. A
river with tributary canals flowed through its grounds,
which extended over a circuit of nearly two leagues,
murmuring its melody in unison with winged songsters
hidden in arbors or playing between bush antl hedge,
mingling their bright color with the green expansi".
Adjacent were steep rocks, on whose smooth surface
were sculptured tlie })ortraits of noted warrioi-s, states-
men, and orators, with hieroglyj^iic inMcri[)tiuns of
" Twenty fell, says Bernal Diaz. Ho speaks of two futile attempts o» the
previous evening to scale the central hill. It hccius unlikely for .soMierHi, tiriil
liy repulse and march, to unilertiikc so ditlicult a feat, and tliai. at tl;e loiist,
ussailahlo point.
■•'•' Yet Bvnial Diaz relatua a story to show that the order was a mere pi'c-
tenoo.
THE PEOPLE OF QUAUHNAHUAC.
599
their fame. It was a paradise formed equally for
student and idler, and to the weary soldiers no spot
could perhaps have proven so grateful. Cortes cer-
tainly grows ecstatic in describing it, declaring it
"the largest, most beautiful, and freshest garden ever
seen.'"^^ Tempting as was the retreat, Cortes tore
himself from it the following day, and proceeded in a
south-westerly direction to Yauhtepec. Although
many warriors were gathered there, they fled on the
approach of the Spaniards, and were chased, with
some slaughter, for about two leagues, into the town
of Xiuhtepec.-* The women and effects there found
were appropriated as spoils, and rendered agreeable
the two days' stay. The ruler failing to appear, the
place was fired, and terrified by this warning the lord
of Yauhtepec hastened to proffer submission.
After a day's hard march the army came in sight of
Quaulmahuac,^' capital of the Tlahuicas. They were
one of the Nahuatlaca tribes, which according to tra-
dition had entered the Andhuac country to supplant
the Toltecs. Coming rather late, they found their
brethren already in possession of the lake region, and
so they crossed the range to seek a home on the
headwaters of the Zacatula, where soon a number
of settlements rose round Quauhnahuac. They after-
ward fell under the sway of the Chichimecs, and
finally the Aztecs took advantage of ijiternal discord
to establish sovereignty,^" maintaining it by a garrison
in the capital. This was a natural stronghold, situated
on a tongue of land between two steep ravines over
forty feet in depth, and through which ran a little
stream during the rainy season. It was further pro-
tected by strong walls, particularly on the side where
a strongly guarded gate opened to a fine stretch of
country. Two otlier entrances faced the ravines,
"Crtrto-f, 100; Tnrqwmmla, i. 530.
** Somo writo Xilott'iico. Berual Diaz mentions Tcpoxtlan, wliich may
have l)een visited by a (li'tiiclnni'iit.
'■•j Place of the Kayle. Corrupted into the present Cuernavaca, which sin-
gularly enough means eow'a horn.
■•"'Soo Native liaccn, v.
^' ^
600
PRELIMINARY CAMPAIGMS.
sometimes spanned by bridges, which were now re-
moved.
Situated at the gateway to the tropical southern
valleys, between which and the colder lake region
interposed a range of mountains, the spot stood as a
new Eden in its manifold beauties. A sight even of
the pine-fringed mountains that rolled oft' toward the
north, with their green slopes shaded by oak and
birch, and bathed in soft though bracing airs, was re-
freshing to the indolent inhabitants of the burning
plain beyond. On the other hand the sturdy toilers
of the northern plateaux might in this sunny soutli
seek relaxation in the varied charms of a softer air
balmy with the incense of a more lustrous vegeta-
tion.*^^
It was an opulent community that of (^)uauhnahuac,
surrounded as it was by endless resources and advan-
tages, and the people were in no mood tamely to yield
their wealth to invaders. And in this determination
they were sustained by their lord, Yohuatzin,^^ who
was not only a vassal but a relative of Quauhtemotzin.
Confident in the impregnable position of his city, in
which supplies were ample, he replied with volleys to
the demands of the Spanish forces as they appeared
on the other side of the ravines. It seemed almost
impossible to effect a crossing and climb the steep
wall of the ravine to the city; nevertheless Cortes
selected a position and began to open fire so as to
occupy the attention of the garrison and cover the
scaling parties.
While they were thus busied a brave Tlascaltec re-
connoitred and came to a point half a league bCyond,
where the ravine was steepest and narrowed to an
abyss. On the two sides grew two large trees, which
"Cort(?s was so captivated by the alluring clime and scenery that he made
the town his favorite residence in later years. It was included in the domains
granted to him, and descended to his heirs. Madame Calderou speaks of his
ruined palace and church. Life in Mexico, li. 50.
'^^ /xtlilxochiU, Hist, t'hich., 311. Krasseur do Bourbourg calls him Yao-
mahuitl.
YOHUATZIN SURRENDERS.
601
inclined toward each other, with branches intertwined,
forming a sort of natural bridge, though by no means
secure. He called the attention of his party to this
and led the way across, followed by several Spaniards.
The natives, who were more accustomed to this kind
of tactics, found comparatively little difficulty in swing-
ing themselves across; but to the soldiers it was far
from easy, and tliree of them, overcome by dizziness
or weight of armor, slipped and fell,^"
The attention of the inhabitants beini; attracted
elsewhere, a number of the invaders had gained a
secure foothold within the city before they were ob-
served. Even now a few resolute men might have
driven tliem back, but such were wanting, and the
sudden appearance of the dreaded white men, as if
indeed they had dropped into the stronghold from
some cloud made radiant by the sun whose reputed
childien they were, struck terror to the hearts of the
poor natives. All impotent and nerveless, they per-
mitted the daring strangers to lower the drawbridge,
and turned to spread the panic. Meanwhile the re-
ports of a formidable army advancing from the roar
so wrouglit on the fears of the garrison that, when
the handful who had crossed on the bushy bridge fell
on them, they offered no resistance. This also allowed
the scaling forces to pour in, so that within a short
time the siege was turned into a rout, wherein the
cavalry played a prominent part. The zeal of the
allies was already indicated by smoky colunms in dif-
ferent parts of the city, and tlie foot-stldicrs hastened
to share in the rich plunder and intercept the women.
Most of the fu2,"itives had j^athered on an adjacent
height, and though no attempt was made that day
to molest them, yet they began to fear that men
who could so readily capture one of the strongest
'" ' El viio se (]iipl)n') I;i picnia. . .y se iiio dcsvaiiccia la cabei^i, y todavia
pns6 yo, y otnia voiuto, o ti-ientii soldd'os.' Ih nidi ]>ka, Hist. ]'( ri/m/., \o2.
Solis luisiiitorprets tlio i)a.ssaj.'o, ai 1 ^,..os this author credit for loading the
party, l/isf. J/-.c., ii. .S(i'2. Vutaiicurt calls the district toward thid spot
Amaiialco. 'JVuIro JIc.c., pt. iii. loo.
602
PRELIMINARY CAMPAIGNS.
fortresses in the country, would find no difficulty in
reaching them anywhere; therefore, after listening to
the advice of messengers sent by Cortes, Yohuatzin
concluded to surrender, and presented himself on the
following day with a large retinue and ricli presents.
The Mexicans were as usual blamed for the opposition
offered. He would have submitted before, but tliouijht
it best to expiate the fault of resistance by allowing
the Spaniards to pursue, so that after spending their
fury tliey might be more ready to forgive.^'
There was no time at present to extend the recon-
noissance farther in this direction, and after a brief
rest Cortes turned northward to the lakes. The route
over the mountains proved far more difficult than be-
fore, and after issuing from the pine forest the army
entered a desert country terminating in a three-league
pass through the Ajuzco Mountains. Here thirst
became so intense that several natives succumbed.^^
This suffi^ring was relieved in a hamlet not far from
the pass.
On the following day they passed through a fine and
cultivated country toward Xochilmilco, that is to say,
Field of Flowers, aptly named, for round almost every
house, particularly on the outskirts, was a flower-
garden enclosed by canals. Many of them were of
the chinampa class, or floating gardens,"^ the out-
growth of early Aztec weakness, now forming a pictu-
resque border to the lake towns. Altogether the
aspect was most pleasing, while the buildings of the
central parts wf re artistic and striking. Besides the
strength added by canals and moats, pile buildings
were frequent, and intrenchments had been thrown
'"Cortes, Cartax, 19G. IxtlilxochitLossumcs that tho submission is tendered
through his namesake, as prince of Tezcuco, tlie only capital of tho tripartito
empire loyal to the SpaniariiS. llor. Cruchltides, 17-18.
^'Also one old Spaniard, l)elieve8 Berual Diaz, who relates his own suffer-
ings minutely, and how he followed some mounted scouts in search of water,
which ho found, bringing a supply to Cortes. I/ixt. Virdad., Vi'i. Vetan-
curt names this watering-place Topilcjo, now San Miguel. Tcatro Mcr., pt.
iii. 155. Chihialpain mentions (juauhxomolco, just before. Jlint. t'omj., ii. 40l
"•^iSco Natice Races, ii., 345.
CRITICAL SITUATION OF CORTfiS.
603
up and drawbridges raised to defend the approach
against any enemy of the Aztecs, for its loyalty to the
queen city was fully as great as that of Iztapalapan.
It was the most important place on the thickly settled
fresh-water lake. Bishop Garcds relates that angels
were heard to sing praises in the Mexican tongue
when it was converted.** The usual summons was
issued by the Spaniards, and no heed being given,
they attacked in three divisions by different ap-
proaches. The enemy fell back behind the raised
bridges and intrenchments, whence tliey kept up a
steady volley. The archers and arquebusiers replied
briskly, and covered the van as it plunged into not
very deep water and waded across to capture the
fortifications. This effected, the foe was driven from
one retreat to another. Seeing how affairs went, they
sought to parley, but the pursuers paid no heed, re-
garding it as a trick to gain time for the removal of
their families and property. Within half an hour
the greater part of the city was won, and soldiers and
allies were sacking as they advanced. The foe rallied
now and then to cover their retreat, and in one in-
stance managed to despatch two soldiers who had
allowed avarice to overcome prudence.
Not long after, a body of some ten thousand war-
riors, reenforced by fugitives from the city, was seen
advancing from tlio rear as if to cut off retreat. Thoy
were already close at hand when first observed and
without losing a moment Cortes charged them at the
head of a body of cavalry.^*
At first they boldly faced the animals, and fought
so w^ell as to severely wound four, besides several
riders; but the mounted body kept breaking tlirougli
their ranks and then turned to fall on the rear. This
movement proved decisive, and the enemy dispersed
in flight, the horsemen scattering in pursuit. Already
weakened by the severe march across l.;<> mountains,
the horse of Cortes became quite exhausted, and
"^ Lorevzaim, in CcriSi, Hint. N. E»p., 225.
'* Six, saya Cortua.
604
PRELIMIXARY CAMPAIGNS.
while its rider was striking right and left into a
large body of fugitives, it fell. No other horseman
being near, the enemy gathered courage and rushed
upon the general, who had risen to his feet and stood
with sword in hand to defend himself. It was a crit-
ical moment, and had not a brave Tlascaltec warrior
come to his rescue thus opportunely, the career of the
Estremaduran would have ended there; for he had
already received a severe blow on the head and was
about to be dragged away when thus rescued. The
general's body-guard then came up and cut in pieces
his late stupid assailants — stupid because they might
so easily have killed him, and did not.^ The pursuit
was not long maintained, tired as the horses were,
and remounting his steed Cortes led the way back to
camp in the square.
Late as it was he superintended the filling of all the
channels which broke the causeways, and the erection
of defences, and ordered the soldiers to put in order
their arms and prepare arrows. The forces were dis-
tributed at three points, and extra guards were posted
for the night, together with bodies of troops at prob-
able landing-points. These precautions were prompted
chiefly by the evident effort of the last body of the
enemy to shut up the army within the city, a move-
ment which boded other attempts, as Cortes rightly
supposed.
When Quauhtemotzin heard that the Spaniards
had marched ajjainst Xochimilco he called a council to
consider the course to adopt, and the result was the
despatch of reenforcements. Finding that the city had
so easily fallen, he became furious. Tiie gods were
indio:nant at the outrages of the strano;ers. Arms
'■■ Bemal Diaz states that a soldier named Olea was the main instrument in
saving Cortus, llisf. Verdod., 133; but Ixtlilxochitl, Jfi^t. (7i/f/i.,3Il, givos
tlie credit to the Tlascaltec lord Chichimecatl, and Chinialpain to a nolilo
named Ocelotzin. JliM. Cviki., ii. 41. Cortds says: 'Un indio de los de Tlas-
caltccal,' Cartas, 199, who could not be fonnd the next day, and Corttis accord-
ingly attributed the aid, writes Herrera, to St Peter, dec. ill. lib. i. cap. viii.
EXPENSIVE VICTORIES.
60S
must be employed more manfully, and, these failint^,
the loyal ones must let their nails grow, as the last
means of protection. The first step should bo the
recovery of Xochiniilco. That very night two thou-
sand canoes were sent with some twelve tliousand
warriors, and a similar force by land, all approaching
stealthily, without music.^
The rumor of a probable night attack kept the
Spanish camp on the alert, and advised of this, the
enemy made no attack. At dawn their canoes were
already swarming round the city, the inmates rending
the air with loud and repeated shouts, and brandish-
ing their weapons, those of the chiefs being captured
Spanish swords. "With your own arms you shall be
killed, and we will eat you !" they cried. " We fear you
not, for Montezuma is dead I" At the same time the
land forces were seen approaching, evidently to assist
the fleet in besieging the Spaniards within the city,
which would give the Mexicans gi-cater advantage, as
they had well learned during the siege of Mexico.
Cortes understood the manoeuvre, and leaving the
greater part of the infantry and allies to guard the city,
lie sallied with most of the horse, in three parties, a
few of the infantry and several hundred Tlascaltecs,
breaking through the enemy's ranks and gaining the
foot of a hill in their rear, the Tepeclipan.
While the enemy were rallying, Cortes led the
horse round to their denser flank, and gavo orders to
the infantry to allure the Mexicans by climbing the
steepest part of the hill and pretending to escape.
This succeeded, and the next moment they were at-
tacked in several directions with such effect as to cause
a panic and drive them in flight toward a quarter
where one division of horse had taken a stand. Five
hundred Mexicans covered the field and five leaders
were among the captured, while the Spanish loss was
''Followed by other botlies. BemalDiaz, Ilkt.Vcrdad., 134; Torqucmada,
i. 537.
006
PRELIMINARY CAMPAIGNS.
only one soldier and a few allies, including throo
Tlascaltec chiefs, although a number wore wounded.
During tlic pursuit the foremost division of horso
came upon a finthcr Mexican reenforcement, estimated
at ten thousand, which rallied the fugitives and caused
the ])ursuers to halt. Soon, however, the remaining
force came up, the charge was continued, and the
Mexicans routed.^
Too tired for long pursuit, the Spaniards returned
by ten o'clock in the morning to Xochimilco, where
their garrison had repulsed tlie lake force. The fight
had been fierce, and the soldiers had exhausted all
their ammunition, capturing in return two Spanish
swords. These victories brought little satisfaction,
however, for the captives gave information that the
forces so far sent were but detachments of the armies
destined for Xochimilco, which must be recovered,
and the Spaniards driven forth, if it cost the lives of
all the men in Mexico. The Spaniards might defeat
force after force, but even victor • must so weaken
them tliat the Mexicans would finally triumph. TJiis
seemed to be confirmed by the movements of the fieet,
which, though repulsed, was still hovering tliereabout.
Cortes now gave orders to burn the city, as a warning
to the wilful inhabitants and preparatory to its evac-
uation. The soldiers, who had been interrupted in
their plundering the day before, obeyed with alacrity.
Xochiiailco was a wealthy city, and not a Spaniard or
ally but obtained an abundance of robes, feathers, and
other effects, and even some gold, which helped to
cheer those Avhom ordinary merchandise and slaves
did not satisfy. The enemy had been watchful, how-
ever, and in their canoes they fiitted round the city to
cut off stragglers. At one point quite a charge was
made, wherein several Spaniards were wounded and
four carried off alive. This event did more to cast a
^'Cortds loaves the impression that the foremost division of six horse de-
feated tlic foe. Both Gomara and Herrora are confused, and Prescott and
others arc led into several mistakes.
TIIK MARCH CONTINUED.
607
g] ^om ovor the Jiriny than many defeats, for all knew
the fate of iJiisonors.""
After a stay of three (laJ^s, all frauj^ht with hard
fightinuf, the army liled out from Xoehlmileo, pre-
Hentin-,' the ajii)earancc of a dilipidated caravan ratiier
than of a reconnoitring and lighting expedition, so
much so tliat Cortes thought it necessary to remon-
strate, but in vain. The enemy hovered about like
vultures, to harass them in what they regarded as a
retreat. The niarch was made in )'egular liufhting
order, with cavalry distributed in three sections, in
van, i-car, and on Hank. In order to complete the
reconnoissai!''e, a north-westerly route was taken to
Coyuhuacan, the centre of a series of inner towns
which lay clustered within a radius of a league and a
half, along the shores or upon islands in the lake,
all picturesque in their pyramidal temples and their
white walls, which gleamed amidst blooming orchards
and shady groves. Coyuhuacan itself was a beautiful
town, and Cortes felt so captivated with it that ho
afterward made it for some time his favorite residence.*'
It had been evacuated, but toward and beyond Mexico
the lake teemed with canoes, while in every direction
spread one continuous extent of farms and handets,
connected by causeways and roads with busy traffic.
To Alderete and friar Melgareio this was a novel
scone, and tliey could not refrain from expressing their
admiration at the enterprise and prowess of Cortes
and his followers in undertaking so vast a conquest.
God's aid alone could have enabled them to succeed as
they had done.'*''
Tile army remained here over the following day,
cliielly to examine the ])lace as i»"^ended head-cpiarters
of a besieging force. It was found satisfactory; and
while arrows were prepared and the wounded tended,
'* Bcmal Diaz names two of tlicm.
•*lIo even uilled that his bones should there bo cntomljctl, a request which
was not cnrrieil out.
*"' No erau cosaa do hombrcs huinnnos. . .que iiyan liecho ningunos vasallos
tan grandes SL-rvicios a au llcy . . . y dcUo hariau relation ;v su Magcstad. ' licniul
Diaz, Ukt. Wrdad., 135.
ill;
COS
PRELIMINARY CAMPAIGNS.
the general advanced along the causeway leading to
Mexico and expended his remaining anununition in
the useless capture of the temple fortress (tf Xoloc/^
during which a number of soldiers were wounded,
though the enemy suffered considerably. After offer-
ing to heaven the fiery sacrifice of pagan temple, the
army proceeded through Tlacopan without halting,
for they had no anununition, and this place had been
examined on the previous expedition. This unex-
pected haste encouraged the Mexicans to come fortli
in great numbers and attack the baggage train and
rear. Owing to the level nature of the ground the
cavalry found no difficulty in repelling them, yet they
caused more trouble, and succeeded even in carrying
off two of the favorite equerries'*'' of Cortes. Jlo was
deeply grieved at the loss, and partly with a view to
avenge them, partly to inflict a lesson which should
save the army from such annoyance, lie formed an
ambuscade beside the road with twenty horse. Seeing
the otlier ten horses engaged as formerlv in covering!"
the rear, the Mexicans continued their pursuit. At a
favorable moment the hidden horsemen ap[)eared, and
soon over a hundi-ed of the flower of the jMexieans lay
dead upon tlio ground,*^ their rich panoplies, dresses,
and arms offering a pleasing addition to the already
heavy plunder. Freed from further molestation, the
army proceeded through Azcapuzalco and Tenayocau
to Quauhtitlan, all deserted. Here the army clus-
tered round cam}) fires of green wood, wet from a
recent shower and supperless. Next morning tliey
followed the route already pursued during the flight
from Mexico, round Zumpangc Lake through Citlal-
tepec, and thence through Acolman to Tezcuco.**
**At the junctions of the causeways M-hich led from the ilifTcrcnt shores
to the southorn avenue of Mexico. The place is also known as Aoachi-
iianco.
'■' Bernal Diaz states that Corti^s was preparing an anilmscade with ten
horse and four equerries wlien lie fell into one liiniself and lost the two, whom
lie names. Alarmed at his delaj', Alvarado went back to look for him, loo. cit.
This is less likely than he version of Corti's.
** Nobles they are termed, and lUrrera doubles the number.
^'Prcscott aud others iutiuuitu that they passed between the lakes, from
DISAFFECTION AGAIX.
ceo
A mass of booty and slaves being now at band, a
general distribution was ordered, tlio second in Tez-
cuco. Aijfain, says ])ernal Diaz, Cortes disreujarded
bis promises and secured not oidy for biniself tbe t)b-
jectionable fiftli, but allowed bis favorites to carry oif
tbe prettiest women before tliey Avere brougbt ibrward
at auction. Many wbo remembered tbe formei- tricks
bid tlieir woi.ien and said tbey bad escaped, or tbey de-
clared tbem frev servants from allied tribes; wliile a few
manaiT'^dto obtain a private brandin<^, payiuL'" tlie iiftb
required. A large proportion of tbe soldiers were so
beaviiy in debt for stores and iiftbs tbat tbeir booty
left tbem no sur;)lus.^''
Wbile tbe reconnoitring expeditions bad on tbe
wbole been fraugbt witb pecuniary beneiit and glory,
tbey bad nevcrtbeless served to open tbe eyes of
many to tbe ditBculty of tbe great purpose, tbe cap-
tiu'e of ^Mexico. Tbis was pai'ticularly tlie cnse witb
tbe A'elaztjuez ])arty, wbose adbesion belbre tbe Te-
pcaca campaign bad l)een compuls<n"y, nnd after it
mercenary in its motives. Every obstacle to tliem ai)-
peared terrible, magnified tbrougb constant fear of tbe
dreaded stone of sacrifice, on wbicb so many comrades
bad alivadv l)een laid. And tbis tbey were oncoun-
tering for wbat ' tlie achancement of an envied usui'per
and a pecuniary reward far beneatb tbeir expectations.
Tbe failure at Izta[>alapan, tbe repeated inroads of
tbe Mexicans, unabasbed by constant iv])u]ses, and
tbe bar(lsbi[)s of tbe camjiaigns, particulai'ly tbe last,
all tended to sup[)ort tbeir arguments against Cortes'
plans as cbinierical, involving long delays, constant
toil, and waste of life, and witb poor reconn)enso save
for Cortes and bis favorites.
Presently tbe alfair assumed tbe colore.!' conspiracy,
beaded by Antonio do A'illafane, a conmion soldier
Qimulitithm to Aculiiiiiii, but rorti^s inentiona ZilDtoju'c, wliii'li niay lie itlen-
tit-al with Citlaltipct', as iiiciitioiitil l)y lIiMTcia, or Xilot.diirn, about t'vo
Kagucs eastward, as given liy Ixtlilxochitl. Beriiul Diaz also ainnjuis to in-
dicate the iioi'tliiTU roiiU'.
*'''Bvntii/ Dl'iz, l/l.st. Vrnlml., 129.
Ulsi. Mlx.., Wil. I. U9
010
PRELIMIXARY CAMPAIGNS.
from Zamora, who is claimed by Horrera to have liad
the active or passive sympathy of some three liundred
malcontents, nearly one third of the army. The pro-
fessed object was to secure a pliable leader who would
consult the wishes of the soldiers, even those desirous
of returning. Such a man, and withal of i^reat in-
fluence and valor, was Verdugo, the brother-in-law of
the all-powerful patron Velazquez, and him the con-
s[)irators chose as the new captain-general, unknown
to himself, since he might prove too honorable to en-
gage in plots against the commander. As a rewanl
f<»r his own eftbrts Villafaile claimed the position of
alguacil mayor, while otlier friends and influential men
of Narvaez were assured of the remaining offices,
from alcalde mayor and maestro de campo downward,
now held by the retainers of Cortes, as well as a share
in the arms and otlier effects of the doomed number.^"
It was arranged that when Cortes was seated at table
with his intimate friends, as Alvarado, Sandoval, Oid,
and Tapia, a letter was to be handed him, as if coming
from liis fatlier, and while he was reading, the conspir-
ators should fall on and stab him and his supporters,
since all must be removed who might prove trouble-
some. The new officers were thereupon to be pro-
claimed, together with the libend plan agreed on, by
which it was hoped to allure even the friends of Cortes.
There were too many in the secret, however, and
Cortes was a man of magnetic inlluence. At the
eleventh hour, two days after tlie return from
Xochimilco, says Diaz, an accomplice, struck witli
compunction, rushed distractedly to the feet of Cortts
antl im})lored pardon for having even dared to listen lO
the vile machinations. He thereu])on revealed the
plot and stated that Villafane carried the names and
details on a list in his breast-pocket. Cortes quietly
summoned his captains. He re[)resented the need for
**]lurn;il I)i;iz assiiiiu"-' that inoro than ono captiun-gciu'ral was to bu aji-
poiutod. 'Tiira bohicrse a t'ulm, y deslia/cr a Coitos,' is all the cxplauatioii
given by Goniura, Hid. Mex., 178.
CONSPIRACY QUELLED. *
611
a "remedy, since, besides the scandal, it was evident
that all the Spaniards must perish if once they turned
one against the other; and to this end not only de-
clared foes but allies would join."^^
Attended by Sandoval and others, Cortes hastened
to the house of the accused and found several persons
assembled. Some were secured as they sought escape.
Villafane found time to take a paper from his breast
and tear it in pieces, but Cortes gathered and ar-
ranged them,*^ and was grieved to read the names of
quite a number of promising persons whom he had
honored and regarded as friends. Villafane con-
fessed the details of the plot, which had been forming
since the Tepeaca campaign. A court-martial was held,
presided over by Cortes himself, and there being no
doubt of his guilt, the accused was condemned to
death and promptly hanged from the window of his
dwelling.'"*
Cortes had probably no doubt regarding the guilt of
the persons named on the list, but the prosecution
of so many notable men might not be [)rudent, and
would only widen the breach between himself and the
malcontents and gain them sympathy. The day fol-
lowinuj the execution the ufeneral called a meetinij;.
o o o
Many were tlie consciences that pricked their pcjsses-
sors to trembling on that occasion. But the sage
Cortes preferred the traitors should risk their necks
in winning for him Mexico, rather than himself to
break them with a rope.
*'Snch arc iit substance the words used by Cort(?s in hia relation to tlio
emperor. ' ]■; ctinio yo vi que sc nie liabia rcvclado tan ^'ran traicion, ili
gracilis a nucstio Scuor, porcine en aipicUo consistia el reincilio.' Ciirta.i, 'JOK.
**'Si) ('urn'S intimates, while licrrei'a states that Villafauo hastened to de-
vonr tin? paper. His thioat lieiiij,' jiressed, about half of it vas rcscuiil. <lee.
iii. lib. i. I'ai). i. He further says that Sandnval was sent to make the ari'est;
l)nt ISernal i)iaz asserts that t'oitt's went in persim, which is likely under the
eirennistanees, and took from Villafafle's breast the paper. l'"indiii.L( theieun
so many names of (|nality he caused it to bo nnnored that tlie man had eaten
it, or part of it. Jlint. I'd'ilwL, l.'iO 7. C'lavi;:en> assumes that i\w culprit
revealed the names, and that (Jortes pi-eferied not to lielie\e him. sturia
Mc-t"., iii. lUl. Torture failed ''p extort any names from him, wiites 'ror<pie-
niada, i. o'JiS, and those on tlie list he dedarctl to be merely of men whom ho
intended to sound.
"'Un alcalde y yo lo condeuamoa A niuerte.' Cortijn, Curiae, 'JllO.
C12
PRELIMINARY CAMPAIGNS.
Napoleon, who in national warfare could open with
his sword the veins of the people until there poured
forth torrents of blood, shrank in horror from blood
shed in civil broils. It was policy with Cortes, how-
ever. So, after finishing his narration of the con-
spiracy, he coolly informed them that Villafano had
refused to reveal his accomplices, and he could not
therefore name the guilty. There were no doubt
men amongst them with real or fancied grievances
which may have induced them to harbor resentment;
but let them frankly state their wrongs and he would
seek to right them. If he had erred, let the error be
named. The conclusion of the affair created general
satisfaction. Thankful for their escape, the guilty
sought both by words and deeds to prove their de-
votion, and although Cortes kept his eye upon
them, there was no indication that he suspected any.
He rather sought to win them back with fav<jrs.^ So
impressed were his intimate followers by the risk to
which so valuable a life had been exposed that they
insisted on his accepting a body-guard of twelve select
men, under the conunand of Antonio de Quinoues, an
liidalgo of Zamora," who watched over him day and
night.
*" Benial Diaz states that ho frightened many liy having them arrested and
thrcntened with trial; prol)al)ly those seized with Villafaue. Oviedo, iii. ~>l'>,
mentions Kscudero as executed for pUjtting; but this is dcjuhtful. As I'or Vor-
dujio, he lieeame regidor of Mexico, and in l.VJO ak'alde. He afti'rward
joined (luzman's expedition and settled at Tonahi in Jalisco, lliizon, iu Curtia,
Jie.'tiiltiiriii, i. ,3!i3.
^'Tliis was Corti's' own idea, says Bernal Diaz, and he appealed to ns to
guard him. Jiint. Venlad., 137. Quifioues was succeeded by Francisco de
Teueaas [Ten-azaa], Ixlidx.ocliHl, Hist. (Jhkh., 313.
CHAPTER XXXII.
INVESTMENT OF MEXICO.
May-June, 1521.
Phases of Heroism — The Brigaxtixes upon the Lake — Division op
Forces between Alvarado, Sandoval, and Olid — Desertion, Cap-
ture, AND Execution of Xicotencatl — Departure of the Troops
FROM Tezcuco — Naval Battle — Possession Taken of the Cause-
ways — At One Point Cortes unexpectedly Gains Entrance to tub
City — But is Driven out.
The ideal heroic character is to be viewed from two
standpoints: the effect of heroism on the lioi-o, and
on the world. A very bad person may do mankind a
great service. An evil-minded man, while sinking his
soul yet deeper in corruption, may bring benefactions
upon society. But even a fairly good man camiot in-
crease his iimate nobleness of character while doinu'
injury to his fellows.
I do not know that the claim of good man was over
advanced for Hernan Cortes, except, indeed, l)y that
strange fanaticism which, dazzled by one object, fails
to see other objects, or the terrible means for their
attainment. He and his followers formed a sad mix-
ture of good and evil, in which the latter predomi-
nated, if judged l)y the moral standard which they
had formed for themselves as soldiers of the cross.
The grossest injustice, the most liorrible wickedness
constituted part of their moral ideal^ so that while
fighting for the liigliest morality they were the most
immoral of men. Long aft jr the conquest was con-
summated, under the ministrations of men of piety
(613)
Hi
GU
INVESTMENT OF MEXICO.
and abillt}^ It would seem that the weapons used by
these conquerors, who at times justified nmrdcr as
the highest morahty, were still instinct with blood,
even as the cornel-wood spear with which the king of
Thrace transfixed the unhappy Polydorus springs into
life instinct with the blood of Priam's slaughtered son.
Cortes was not an idealist after the manner of
Columbus. Both were full of egoism ; the spiritual-
mindedness of both was essentially selfish. They
would both dictate terms to God and their king, that
for so much service they must have so much reward.
Both were full of the follies of their day ; but Colum-
bus displayed a grave, unconscious folly, while Cortes
consciously indulged in all the follies of lust and
cruelty that prudence admitted or his aim demanded.
Cortes al^andoned himself to ambition ; Columbus to
brooding thought. The insanity of reckless adventure
was not the insanity of Columbus, who nevertheless
was as mad as any lunatic in his own way. Com-
n)anding energy and practical daring wore as con-
s[)icuoas in Cortes as in Columbus; but it happened
tliat the aims of Columbus were of greater import to
the race than those of Cortes.
How alike, and yet how Jifferent, tliese men!
Cortc5s was impetuous and extravagant; Columbus
calm, calculating, and prudent. One was full of joyous
activity, the simple exercise of which was his greatest
pleasure; obligations of every sort sat lightly on him;
the other was but an instrument in the hands of
providence. Both were ambitious, both excessively
religious; but Cortds, in the main, made religion
subservient to advancement, as before noted, while
mundane glories to Columbus were hollow indeed
beside his heavenly aspirations. Both were exceed-
ingly great men; both became eminent by a selfish
adventure of self; but Columbus saw the New Woild
through the glorious haze of immortality, while Cortes
viewed jNTexico under the lightly woven covering of
personal ambition.
LAUNCHING OF THE FLEET.
918
Cortes was an Antony rather than a Ca)sar, nor did
he lack that one great gift of Antony's, suhordination,
as we have seen. He was not so greatly in love with
himself, stood not so greatly in awe of liiniself, as
(.'sesar; he was possessed of finer perceptions and feel-
ings, and with consnnnnatc versatility could drop him-
self out of his plans as occasion required. Nor was
Coiies without imagination and the aesthetic sense,
though of a grosser and sensual kind; but it is not
in great men that we are to look for the swelling har-
monies of nature.
A turning-point was now reached in the campaign.
The brigantines were completed, and the siege coulvl
begin. The day for the entry of the vessels into the
lake was a gala day, inaugurated with the conununion
and festive witli the concourse of gayly attired spec-
tators.^ After prayer and a discoui-se the Hags with
name and roval arms v/ere hoisted on each vessel,''
amid salvos and cheers, and the dams being broken,
the gallant fleet floated down the canal to the placid
lake.
While the mute bunting was thus proclaiming Span-
ish supi'omacy over these inland waters, a To Deum,
in which joined a thousand voices, echoed aloud the
gratitude of every heart. Each vessel was placed in
charge of a captain'' with twenty-four Spaniards, of
' Several leading authors assume this to have occurred on the 2Sth of April,
■when CortOs mustered Ids foroes. He says n(jthing about the f(jnnal launch
on that occasion, and it is hardly likely that two such performances could
have been efVccted in one day.
■' ' Las vandcras Ecalcs, y otras vandcras del nombrc que so dezia ser el
vcrgantin.' Bcnml JJi a, l/ixf. Vcnhtil., l.'JS. Ixtlilxochitl assumes that tlio
flag-ship was named Mnldlin, /li4.(Jhich.,',U',i-]4, but this appeals to lie based
on a juisinterpretation of Herrcra, who places Villafuerte 'of McdcUiu'at tho
head of the list of captains. \'ctancurt believes that the vessels were natned
after the apostles, to whom Curtt^s was so devoted. Tcntro Mix., pt. iii. l.")(i.
If so, file Itag-ship may have lu'en called .S';(/( Pedro, after his patron. When
uU were iioated a storm came m hicli threatenc' to break them one against tlio
other. Tiiniui iniutit, i. .">:!•_'.
^ Tlieir names appear to have been .Tuan Rodriguez di; Villafuerte of
Medellin, Juan Jaramillo of Salvatierra, Francisco Kodriguez Magurifio of
Werida, (,'rist(.>bal Flores of Valencia, Juan (jarcia Ilolgtiin of Ciiceres, ( 'ara-
vajal of Zamora, Pedro liarba of Seville, Ger6niiuo Kuiz de la Mota of Biirgos,
III
ei6
INVESTMENT OF MEXICO.
whom about six were cross-bownicn and arqucbusier.s,
some artillerists to manage the bron/e gun, and twelve
rowers, six to eaeh side. The boats were evidently
half-decked.*
Acti\c preparations were now made to begin the
siege. Tlascaltecs, Hiicxotzincas, Cholultecs, Chal-
cans, and other allies were summoned to send in con-
tingents by Whitsunday, the latter to assemble at
Chalco, and the Tlascaltecs at Tezcuco. Though but
ten days' notice was given, the last named i)resented
themselves in the camp before the appointed time to
the number of over fifty thousand, which was increased
by later reenforcement.®
As they approached Tezcuco under the guidance
of Ojeda, and commanded notably by Chichimecatl
and Xicotencatl junior, they spread out in one long
serpentine file, bristling with iztli points and brill-
iant with shields and armor covered with variegated
devices and liowii.g plumage, while at intervals
Pedro lie Brioncs of Siilanianca, Roilrigo ^lorejon do Lovcra of ^ledina del
('ampo, Antonio «lc Sotclo of Zaniora, Juan de I'ortiUo of Portillo, and Migiul
Diaz da Auz. Martin Lopez, the ship-builder, aLso joined, in the character of
chief pilot. Ilerreia, dec. iii. lib. i. cap. xii. xxi., has Franciisco do Verdnifo,
of ArOvalo, in.stead of Dia:; de Auz, but Benial Diaz names him as one of the
company c.-.ptains under Olid, and he ought to know better in this reapect.
Ho al.so names a second Caravajal, Zamora, a ship-master, afterward .settled
iu Oajaea, Colmeiiero, (iines Xortes, and Lenna. V/'/'.-.Y. Vcrdail., l.'iS.
* The smallest was soon set aside as useless. Tlierc was some trouble in
obtaining rowers, owing in a great measure to the employment iu Spain <jf
criminals in that cajiacity. Hidalgos shrank iiom anything that could be re-
garded as connnon labor, and even ordinary sailoi .i refused to handle a branded
implement. In this dilemma a list was made of all natives of seaports, and
of those known to be able (isliermen, and linally the selected number were
ordered to take the oar, regardless of caste.
" So says Cortes, (Jarkif!, '208. Bernal Diaz as usual implies a smaller num-
ber by sfaiting that Cortes siuit to ask for only 110,000 men from the republic.--.
Jlisf. Vcnlail., 137-8. The Cholultecs, ho says, who had maintained a neu-
tral attitude since the massacre tlierc, sent a small force under their own
captain. Goniara allows (iO,000 allies to come ; Vetancurt 1)0,000, of whom
00,000 are Tlascaltecs ; Clavigcro limits the arrival to .50,000 Tlascaltecs, the
wh<de number of allies sweUing gradually to over 200,000, while Herrera
makes that numl )er arrive within two days ; Ixtlilxochitl names thirteen chiefs,
who commanded the ")0,000 Tlascaltecs (a misprint gives 5000), and some
of those leading the 10,000 Huexotzincas; he also allows 10,000 Cholultecs; of
his own Tczcucans he claims over 200.000 to have come, 50,000 each licing
furnished \iy the provinces of Tezcuco, Otumba. Tziuhcohua, .ind Chalco, with
Tepeaca, Quauhnahuac, etc. ; 8000 chiefs or nobles joined besides from Tezci'.co,
and 50,000 laborers in addition, it seems. Hid. t'l'ikh. , 31o ; lior. (Jruddtuks, 20.
REVIEW OF TROOPS.
617
waved high the banners of the different corps. Cortes
went forth to meet them with grand demonstrations,
and as they marched past loud vivas" rent the air.
On the 28th of April Cortes had mustered his
forces and found that, with the several reiinforcements
lately arrived, there were present over nine hundred
Spaniards, of whom eighty- six were horsemen and
one hundred and eighteen cross-bowmen and arque-
busiers;" the rest being armed with swords and shields
and the more formidable pikes. They were well pro-
tected with cotton armor, many having cuirasses and
corselets, and small weapons were not wanting. The
artillery consisted of three heavy iron guns, fifteen
smaller pieces of bronze, mostly distributed among
the vessels, with ten quintals of powder and a quan-
tity of shot, while some fifty thousand arrows had
been furnished by the Tezcucan towns, all fitted
according to pattern with copper tips.*'
Not only had the Spaniards, particularly the new
recruits, been well exercised in cavalrv movements,
target practice, fencing, and pike drill, but the allies
had been trained to a certain extent in European
tactics. For efiiciency and good conduct this army
rose far above any yet mustered in the Indies. In
the usual speech before the ranks, Cortes pointed out
how God had favored them with constant victories
and with reenforcements which had nearly doubled
their numljcr and resources. They might indeed be
hopeful, for holy was their cause. Full of confidence
tliej could march against the only stronghold yet
opposed to them, avenge their slaughtered comrades,
and win liclies and glory for themselves.
•'ViuaclEniperador nncstroscfior, yCastilla, Castillo, llascaln, Tlascala!'
Bernal DUr., loc. cit. It took three days for the auxiliaries to enter, say.-i
Ojeda, and great as was Tezcueo, there was not room for them. //< ircni, dec.
iii. lib. i. cap. xii. IJernal Diaz reduces the days to houi's.
'' C'ort<s, C'lr'an, '2(K). (iomara agrees, J/ist. Mv.r., 1!)1, but IJernal Diaz
gives thenundieras,S4 horsemen, G5U soldiers with swords, shields, and lances,
and lO-i archers ami arijuel)usiers. loc. cit.
*'Some half a dozen towns furnished 8000 cacli within eiu'ht days. The
feathers were fastened by the archers with glue from tlie racilf i-oot. Tiiey
kept two strings and as many catches, and iiiaintuiued theii- skill by target
practice. Id,
CIS
INVESTMENT OF MEXICO.
On Wliitmonday, the 20tK of May, an aj-nortion-
mcnt of the troops was inadc to Alvarado, Olid, and
Sandoval, who led the cavalry in person, but directed
tl ' movements of the infantry through cai)tains, and
of the allies throuo-h native cliiefs. Each received
from twenty-four to ihirty horsemen, and one hundred
and fifty infantry, divided into two or three battalions,
with a proportionate number of arquebusiers, cross-
bowmen, guns, and annnunition, besides from twenty
to forty thousand allies. To Sandoval was given the
smallest number of horse aril the largest number of
allies, those gathered at Clialco having orders to
await him, while Alvarado received a full half of the
Tlascaltec force, with whom the Tonatiuh was a great
favorite. To this leader Tlacopan was assigned for
head-quarters; to Olid, Coyuhuacan; and Sandoval re-
ceived orders to complete the destruction of Iztapa-
lapan, and then to advance through Coyuhuacan and
along one of the southern causeways, and there to
select his head-quarters, under the protection of the
brigantincs. These appointments and orders under-
went several changes during the siege. For himself
Cortes selected the management of the fleet, whereon
so much depended during the opening of the siege,
and in addition to its ships' companies of three hun-
dred men he was supported by several thousand
allies, chiefly Tezcucans under Ixtlilxochitl, who at-
tended in a large number of canoes. This selection
hardly pleased the army, which considered their oper-
ations the most important and dangerous, and there-
fore m need of Cortes' supervision. But he evidently
never intended to remain with the fleet except at the
beginning."
' The distribution of forces as given by Cortda stands thus : To Alvarado,
30 horse, 18 arquebusiers and archers, 150 sword ami shield men, and over
2."),000 Tlascaltecs ; to Olid, 33 horse, 18 archers and arquebusiers, IGO sword
and sliield men, and over 20,000 allies ; to Sandoval, 24 horse, 4 arquebusiers,
marchers, 150 sword and sliield men, and over .30,000 allies from Iluexotzinco,
Cholula, and Chalco. Carta<i, 207. Othera differ more or less, some giving
details that hardly accord with the totals. Ijcraal Diaz names as Alvarado's
three captains his brother Jorge de Alvarado. Gutierre de Budajoz, and
DESERTIOX OF XICOTENCATL,
tt»
Tlic followino- (lay the allied forces apportioned to
Alvaradoand Olid were ordered to march in advance,
for greater convenience, to the border of Tezcuco
I)rovince and there await the Spaniards. Not many
hours after their departure a messenger appeared with
the announcement that Xicotencatl, the companion
general of Chichimecatl, had disappeared. Inquiries
revealed that shortly before his cousin Piltoculitli had
been severely and wantonly struck by a soldi' i during
a quarrel over some carriers. In order to save the
soldier from the wrath of Cortes, Ojeda, the Spanish
inspecting officer over the allied forces, smoothed the
matter and sent the injured nobleman home. It was
claimed by some that this outrage had so woundetl
Xicotencatl that he followed his cousin. Others as-
sumed that both chiefs were in love with tlie same
woman, and that Xicotencatl could not bear to leave
his rival alone in tlie field. But tlie true reason lay
no doubt in his dislike to fight for the Spaniards,
whom he had never ceased to oppose, openly and in
secret, as invaders bent on the enslavement .>f the
whole country. This idea, if faint at first, liad become
more fixed with every fresh blow against his personal
ambition, such as the first series of defeats which
])lucked from him his just renown; the equal or per-
haps superior position assigned in the native army to
Chichimecatl, of whom he appears to have been deeply
Aiulri^s de Monjaraz, the latter an agreeable, bright-faceil fellow of about
3'i years, always sull'criiig from a Lotliarian disease whiuli jjiwentcil liini
from doing anything. The three captains under Olid were An(lrt''s de lYipia,
a growing favorite of Cortes', Francisco Verdugo, tlic unconscious fellow-con-
spirator of Villafafie, and Francisco do Lugo, the natural sou of a jirominent
estate-holder at Medina del Cnmpo. Sandoval had but two captains, the in-
sinuating Pedro dc Ircio, and Luis Marin of San Li'icar, a muscular ancl
dashing fellow, of Monjaraz' age, with an open blonde face, S(jmcwhat pitted,
and possessed of a voluble tongue. Jllxt. Vtnlad., 130, 'J40, '24(». Ixtlilxochitl
gives a longer list, which is clearly wrong in many respects, and lie adds some
names of native leaders. Alvarado kept the Tlasealtecs of Tizatlan and Te-
peticpac; Olid those of Ocotchilco and Quiahuiztlan. Iii<f. C/dc/i., 313-14.
He furtlier states tluit his namesake joined Cortes' lleet with 1(J,(>'M) canoes,
containing 50,000 Tezcucans, of whom 8000 were nobles. J/or. ('riiddadex, '21.
Brasseur de Bourbourg follows this author in many respects, inipi'oving some-
what on the names. Herrera names five of the sub-captains, among them
Hernando de Lerma of Gulieia. dec. iii. lib. i. cap. xii.
020
INVESTMENT OF MEXICO.
jealous;'" and the prospect of a wearisome and un-
profitable canij)aign, wherein he must be content t(j
ti«,nire as a subordinate, not only of Alvarado, Init
subject ]ierliai)s to the orders of petty Spanish ofK-
ccrs. All this became too gallin<^ to his proud soirit,
and with a few followers he turned toward his
mountain home.
It would never do to countenance desertion, and
by so prominent a man, at the very opening (^f a
campaign; and Cortes immediately sent a number of
troopers in jmrsuit, with instructions to represent to
the chief the gravity of his offence, which cast a heavy
stain on Tlascaltec honor, and to persuade him to re-
turn. They speedily overtook him, only to meet with
insolence. He would not go back; if his people had
listened to him they would not now bo tools and ser-
vants of a horde of fc^reigners. With this reply the
troops were forced to return. "This cacique is incor-
rigible," exclaimed Cortes, "and will ever be a traitor
and counsellor to evil. I have had enough of him!"
The troopers were at once sent back, accompanied by
an alguacil and some trusty Tlascaltec nobles, with
orders to arrest the fugitive and 1)ring him to Tez-
cuco. In a letter to the republican lords, Cortes at
the same time complained of the desertion and its
grave influence, and declared that according to Spanish
law the penalty was death. They replied that the same
punishment obtained in Tlascala; and not only do they
appear to have actively aided in surrendering the cul-
prit, but they declared all his property, including
wives and slaves, confiscated to the crown, against
which he had sinned." Indeed, the arrogance of the
'" 'Iva a tomar por fuer(;a el Cacicazgo, c vassallos, y tierra del mismo
Chichiinceatccle,'Z>V»-Hrt/Z'(a3, HtKt. Vtrdad., 130, wliich must bo an itUc rumor.
"Some time later when Ojeda went to Tlascala for supplies ho brought
back the confiscated property, including a quantity of treasure, and oO
women, the daughters, servants, etc., of Xieotencatl. Tonjiiemculu, i. ooS.
The Tlascaltec laws were severe, 'E I'odio particolore, cho porta vano a (jucl
I'rincipe, il cui orgoglio non potevano piii soUVire. ' VUivhjero, Slorh( JIcxi.,
iii. ly."). Some Thiscaltecs say his father had warned Cortes against his sou,
and urged his death. Bcnial Diaz, loc. cit. Herrera observes tiiat he couM
hardly have been seized without Tlascaltec aid. dec. iii. lib. i. cap. x\ii.
ALVARADO AND OLID QUARREL.
021
youncj chief does not seem to have endeared him to
the otli;'!' luK'is. Instantly on his arrival lie was
sentenced and handed on a very hiixh ifallows, while
the crier and inter) )reter announced his crime.
The execution or' so prominent a chief, heir to ono
of the rulers amont^ his best allies, was an act which
few besides Cortes would have ventured on; l)ut ho
saw the necessity for a firm observance of diseipline,
and was not deceived in the salutary effect which it
had on the allies.*^ There were not many Tlascaltecs
left in Tezcuco, or a serious demonstratit)n mi,L?lit have
occurred; as it was, the mantle and maxtli of the de-
ceased were secured, and an eager contest ensued for
them as relics. Axayacatzin Xicotencatl had achieved
fame before the advent of the Spaniards."
Alvarado and Olid had set out from Tezcuco for
Tlacopan with their Spanish forces on tlie 122(1 of
!May,'' taking the same route by which Cortes had
r turned from tlie Xochimilco campaign, and though
longer than that north of Tezcuco Lake, yet it was
easier and safer. On approaching Acolman, Olid sent
a party in ulvance to secure cjuarters, and when Alva-
rado arrived he found every house bearing the green
bough on the roof, which indicated occupancy. This
raised a tumult between the parties, and even the
captains woukl have come to blows but for the inter-
'-0/cr/r(, in TTcrr< ra, loc. cit,. Solis, Illxt. 3fc.v., ii. 379, thinks that it M-ouhl
have )>ct'n hazardous to liaiig liini at Tezcuco, where many Tlascaltecs were
giitheied ; but lio foigi'ts tliat nearly all this people had already set out for
Riexito, His sui)pf)sition is based on Ikrnal Diaz, wlio intimates that he was
not lianijcd in Tezcuco. Alvarado had pleaded for his life, and Corti's, MJiilo
pretending compliance, secretly ordered the alguacil to despatch him. Hint,
"Cortes divided the lordship of the chieftain aftei-ward between his two
sons, and the name of Xicotencatl has been perpetuated by mori; than ono
line, as Camargo shows in his y//.<<. Tla.c. Two olhccrs of that name ligured
during the American invasion of 1S47 in defence of their country, llnuiscur
lie JJiiiirfioiir',/, 1 1 1st,. Nal. dr., iv. 447.
'* Most writers say tliu lOth, misled by an error in Cortes, Cartas, 208; and
this error causes I're.scott, among others, to fall into more than one mistake,
■which he upholds with vain argumepta. On earlier jiages in the ('nrt'iH aro
given dates in connection with religioi's festivals whicli show tiiat Wliitsun-
day fell on the I'Jth of May, and the departure took ]jlace three days later.
Benial Diaz gives tlie l.'Uh, and says that ti;o Xicotencatl all'air bad detained
them a day. lie afterward vaiics the date.
INVESTMENT OF MEXICO.
ference of friends. Informed of the trouble, Cortes
took steps to reconcile them, although the two leaders
never renewed their former intimacy.
On the evening of the fourth day they reached
Tlacopan, which was deserted, as were all the towns
along the route." Late as was the hour, forages and
reconnoissances were made, involving a skirmish with
the Mexicans. The following day, Sunday, Olid pro-
ceeded to Chapultepec to cut the aqueduct which
supplied the city, a task which involved another en-
counter wherein a score of Mexicans fell. Meanwhile
the canals were filled and other obstacles removed
which might impede a free advance, and foraging
tours were made. The Mexicans continued to harass
the operations with repeated sallies, and finally Alva-
rado, with characteristic rashness, pursued them until
his troops were well advanced between the Jiousts and
bridges. The Mexicans, who had retreated on pur-
pose, now rolled back upon his front and flanks. The
roofs, hitlierto deserted, teemed with slingers and
archers, who (showered their missiles with terrible
efl;ect, while from the lanes and openings between the
houses sprang numbers who assailed the cramped
soldiers with tlieir long lances, swords, and clubs, and
leaped back into their holes and canoes and behind
breastwoi'ks whenever they were pressed. The allies
were ordered bai Iv, and t!;e Spaniards slowly retreated,
with a loss of ciglit killed and fifty wounded, glad to
be relieved from thv'ir strait.
Olid was highly incensed with Alvnrado for his rasli-
ncss, and ivgardless of all remonstra; ce he seized the
pretext to hasten the departure to ] is own camp at
Coyuliuacaii. He established his lead-quarters d.i
Corpus Christi day, the 30th of M y, and from tliis
date, accordingly, Clavigoro and mai;y others date the
beginning of the siege. The causeway leading thmico
to jMexico was broken, and he sought for several days
''■They passed round Zumpango Lake, tliroxifj;h Quaidititlan aud Teiiayo-
can. Cor'u-ii, Curkw, '210; Birmil Diaz, UUt. Wrdud., 130.
n
HOW THE MEXICANS VIEW IT.
623
to cover tbo breaches and gain a footing upon it, but
without success. The Mexican warriors displayed
great spirit, and their loaders are to be blamed for
not cnerget ?ally assuming the oifcnsive and attack-
ing the twj camps.
The Mexicans had not quite understood the drift
of Cortes' delay and preliminary manoeuvres. When
they found two camps establish^, the aqueduct de-
stroyed, and earnest preparations; ai progress for in-
vestment, their eyes were opened; but they were
then too bewildered to act with promptness and
precision. The chronicles relate that Quauhtemotziu
held a grand council to consider the situation, and
to sound the spirit of the people for peace or war,
so that there might be no faltering when necessity
came. A number indeed of the elder and wiser lords,
particularly of the Montezuma faction, spoke of tlio
formidable enginery and strength of .'»e Spaniards,
and their host of allies, and expressed fears of failure.
With the occupation of all the surrounding territory,
and the influx of people from abroad, the food supply
might fall shoit, and famine and sickness ensue. But
the young men and the warriors, as might be ex-
pected, would listen to no counsellor whose words
implied coward u'<;: they were enthusiastic for resist-
ance, and formed t<jo numerous a party to allow the
cntertaini'ig of })eacc proposals. Qua.uhtemotzin cau-
tiously refrained from couunitting Limself/" but ro-
""Jiinias quisicron Paz [tlio Aztecs]; y nunquc ti la postre Li rfc!l>ieion,
T>' Iici no la acipto, jionnio al pvaicipio, contra sii CouHcjo, la rchuwimn.'
Torqiieniadii, i. r)T'J. {J( iiiara says tin; samo, but Diiraii, the liistcuian of liis
dynasty, lU'clarcs that 1 o loviil too niiiuh to niK; anil to disjilay iiis pi i>>onal
valor ever to listen to peace proposals. Jlint. //«/., M.S., ii. 4'.H). On llie fol-
lowing pages lie gives a speech by tiiis ruler, painting the .«iianie ami evil of
Burreniler. ISefore this, accoiiling to the native records of .Sahagnu, Cortes
Iiad invited Qua''.ateiih,t7.in, uucler promise of security, to a conference, in
order to explain lii.s motives for the i mpaign. Xot wishing to appear afraid,
the Aztec nioiarcli came to the rendczvou.s nejir Acaihinanco, in a state
barge, attiaidtd by several nobles. Cortes arrived in a brigantine. Ho re-
viewed the allegiaiRi, tendered to the .Spanish sovereign, the revolt, jirecipi-
tatod by Alvar.iilo's etl'ort to anticipate the murderous plot, and the sub.-;e(|uent
slaughter of Spaniards anil robbery of treasures. These unjr.stilial)le and
3
624
INVESTMENT OF MEXICO.
minded the assembly that the oracles of their gods
and heroic ancestors had above all to bo listened to
in so ini})ortant a matter as the preservation of the
homes and sacred temples intrusted to their care.
He knew well what answer would come from the
priests, whoso possessions, wealth, and honors de-
pended on the exclusion ci invaders, aiming above all
at the overthrow of their religion. "My people shall
not fear the enemy," spake the war- god Huitzilo-
pochtli, "for the allied hosts will not persevere long
in the siege, and I will scatter the Castilians now as
hitherto." This utterance suited many views, and
the declaration for war was solemnized by sacrifices
of human beings, including the four Spaniards lately
captured.^''
Renewed efforts were made to fortify and supply
the city, and canoes were collected to aid in the defence.
With insolent assurance, derived from tlic oracles,
corps of warriors M'ould advance close to the Spanish
camps and vent their feelings with insults and menaces,
*' ]\Ien of evil, you shall pay for your madness I I^ehold,
the gods have already feasted on your bodies!" they
cried, Hinging in among the horritied soldiers pieces
of their saciiticed comrades. " Our snakes shall drink
vour blood, and our tiijers devour vour flesh, though
thev are alreadv satiated therewith. And vou, in-
famous Tlascaltecs, slaves and traitors! vou shall
atone for your misdeeds; you shall die a bad death,
and I'urnish flesh for our banquets! ]3ehold!" And
inhuman outrages ho had conic to avenge; and lie would not stay his haiicl
till the cncmiea of his king and <iod had l)etn driven forth. (,)uivulitomotzin
merely roplied that he accepted war, and thereupon returned to the city.
Sii/iai/iiii, lllst. Cntiq. (ed. 1840), 147-")0. Torqueniada, i. .543, and IJrasseur
do liouiliourg adoi)t this story, the latter stating that the A/tec ruler pro-
posed to consult his council. ]Jut Clavigcro rightly assumes that the interview
never took place. All other records say that Quauhtemot/.iu persistently re-
fused ever to speak with ("ortOs, even from behind his wa'ls.
"Many captives liad lieen secured during recent raids on Chalco and
Tczcuco, and other parts, so that there was no laeh. The native victims
iiunibi'icil 4il(M1, it is said, Jlrrreni, dec. iii. lib. i. caj). xvii. 'AH hoys,'
says Ovicdo, iii, iii'i. 'Vo biea crco que fuero muclias, mas no tautas.'
llmiinrii, loc. cit. The limbs of the Spaniards were sent to dillerent prov.
incca to frighten the inhabitants. Benial Diaz, JJist. \'vnlad., llij.
MOVEMENTS OF THE SPANIARDS.
therewith they threw in disjointed pieces of dusky-
human bodies. " We shall not rest till your land is
desolated, and not a man or woman left to perpetuate
your vile race." Unabashed by this tirade the Tlas-
caltecs told them not to threaten like women, but to
act like men. Still it were better for them to yield
ui>!ess they wished to be destroyed.
Cortes had been delayed till the fleet should be fully
prepared. On the 31st of May, following Corpus
Christi day, ho was able to despatch Sandoval, wlio,
reenforced l)y some forty thousand allies awaiting' liini
on the Chalco border, marched against lzta[)al;ipan.
Although severely crippled by Cortes' expedition, this
town still figured a3 a stronghold of too great im-
portance to be left in the rear. Advised of the
movement, the Mexicans hurried by road and water
to aid in covering the retreat of the inhabitants.
Suddenly smoke colunms were observed in different
parts of the lake, and cries of alarm ran through tlio
town. Yet more and more hurriedly the people fled, and
v.hile one body of warriors retired along the causeway
to Mexico, others departed in canoes. The Spanish
forces pressed onward in clo.se pursuit, and slaughter,
pillage, and torch accompanied them. The chief cause
of the pnnic was the appearance of the brigantines,
which had set sail shortly after Sandoval's departure,
18
attended by a large nund)er of Tezcucan canocis
whose objt3ct was to cooperate against Iztapalapan.
On appmaejiing it the vessels passed close to a steep
rocky isle, tlu' Tepe[)uleo, since known as El I'efiol
del ]\lar(jues,''' occrupied by a large number of fugitives
wlio shouted deliance, and showered stones and arrows.
Finding that Sandoval required no aid, Cortes re-
" Ixtlilxocliitl states in one place that his namesake remained at Tezcuco
to raise trodps iiml to iiii;in;.;i' foi- regular trains of supplies for tlie Sj)anis!i
camps. In anotlier lelation lie allows liiiii to aeconipany C'ortes with 1(],0()0
cunocs. //'■/•. (rill liliti/i ■-■, -\; Jo liidtiii, 'A\4. 'Die canoes which now attended
the fleet apjiear to Iuiac served ihietly as tninsjtorts.
'"Ownid even uiid' r rep«l)lican rule Ity the heira of Cortt'S, as a tetzontli
quarry.
IIIST. Mlx,, Vol. I. 40
i
i
«l
626
INVESTMENT OF MEXICO.
Bolvcd to inflict a lesson on the insolent islanders.
The Mexicans appeared confident in the impregnable
strength of the rock, and gave so warm a reception to
the hundred and fifty men with whom Cortes began
to climb it, that fully a score were wounded at the
onset. The brigantines turned their guns upon them,
however, and under this cover the soldiers speedily
gained the summit, there to wreak bloody vengeance.
Not a man was spared, only the women and children.
"It was a beautiful victory!" exclaims Cortes.
While they were pillaging, a large fleet of canoes,
five hundred at the lowest estimate,'" was seen to ap-
proach from the direction of Mexico, bristling with
iztli points, which found a gleaming reflection in the
smooth waters of the lake. Cortes ordered an im-
mediate return to the brigantines, and rowed them
forward into an extended line. He had longed for an
opportunity like this, to meet a formidable fleet upon
which the brigantines might inflict a lesson severe
enough to open the eyes of the enemy to their invin-
cible power; for " in them lay the key of war," as he
expressed it. Unfortunately the wind was so light as
barely to flap the sails. The hostile fleet had already
drawn up in good order just beyond range, evidently
puzzled at the passive attitude of the monster vessels,
yet shouting defiance.'*' Cortes stood chafing with
impaticinoo, for without \vind his greatest advantage
would be lost, and his position even become precarious.
Just then the waters rippled and a breeze came from
abaft wliicli speedily freshened. "Ah, God favors us !"
he cried, and with a grateful gaze toward heaven ho
gave orders to advance under full sail. As they came
close to the enemy a blinding volley was sent pouring
in upon them from the whole line, from guns, arque-
^"Cortvs, Cartas, 21 1. Bcrn.il Diaz raises the number to 4000, Peter Martyr
to oOOO, wliilo Vctancurt assumes that the 500 were merely the van. Taatro
Mcx., pt. iii. l.")8.
'■" Ovioili) writes that they were sacrificing boys to propitiate the gods. iii.
f)lfi. ' L.i llota ("i loH parccio no dur batalla con tun pocas y cansadas,' obsers'oa
•Uomara, y/.',s/. J/c.r., ID-t.
THE FORMIDABLE FLEET.
627
buses, and cross-bows, and while the natives were trying
to recover from their confusion, from out the smoke
burst the ponderous bows, crashing into the hnes of
canoes, overturning, breaking, and sinking. In the
vessels' wake were wrecks and struggling bodies, while
the few canoes which had escaped by passing between
the ships struggled to escape the Tezcucan boats in
the rear. At the first encounter the canoes in the far-
ther lines turned in hot haste for home, as did a vast
number of others which had ventured forth, partly
with reenforcements, partly with spectators. But the
clumsy -looking vessels sped faster, pursuing their
career of destruction for three leagues, into the very
canals of the city, whence they turned back to pick
up captives. The victory exceeded the wildest hopes
of the Spaniards, as Cortes admits, for not only did
the Aztecs lose a great number of their foremost
warriors and their best canoes, but they surrendered
forever to the formidable craft sovereignty over the
lake waters, and with it the hope of assistance from
trans-lacustrine allies.
Encouraged by this success, Olid advised Alvarado,
and both hastened to take advantage of the panic to
advance along the causeways and effect considerable
execution, impelled as they were with emulation and
fresh courage.'*^ Olid had advanced close to Fort
Xoloc, which with its stout battlemcnted walls and
towers guarded the junction of the southern cause-
ways, when the brigantines approached it from the
eastern side. It was already after vespers; neverthe-
less Cortes landed to cooperate with his lieutenant
and pursue the ailvantage gained. A breach was
made in the wall with one of the heavy guns, and
under cover of the fioet's artillery the j)laco was soon
carried. Cortes had intended to make Coyuhuacan
his head-quarters, but such were the obvious advan-
tages of Xoloc, in strength and in position, for it lay
** Alvanulo aflvanncd as far as the first wide uridgc, bat lost three men.
Bernai Uiai, Hiu. Verdad., 141.
1':
I
G28
im^ESTMENT OF MEXICO.
but lialf a league from Mexico and was connected in
the rear witli the mainland by three causeways, that
he at once decided to establish his camp there, making
it also his naval station.
Enraged rather than discouraged by the several
defeats, Quauhtemotzin ordered a night attack on
Xoloc, contra ry to native custom. They approached
both by sea and land, but owing to their noise they
were observed, and driven back by the artillery.
The fort was not very strong on the northern side,
and the force within was small; but in the morning
half of Olid's troops came to reenforco him, togetlicr
with fifty of Sandoval's infantry. The addition was op-
portune, for the Mexicans were advancing in swarms
along the causeway as well as by water, this time
on the inner side of the road where the vessels could
not reach them. I'hc heavy guns soon cleared a
space on the roadway, but as the soldiers pursued
they sufferetl severely from the canoes, which not
only showered )nissiles but afforded retreat for the
sallying parties. Orders were accordingly given to
(^ut a passage through the embankment, so that tlie
four brigantinos might enter to clear the inner basin.
By this means fjie Spaniards were able to advance to
the very entrance < f the city and inflict some damage,
whiL' the remaining vessels explored the waters be-
yond, and drove back canoes and fired buildings in
the sul)Uibs.
Sandoval at the same time axlvanc*-/! along the
causeway from Iztapalapan to Coyuhua<'an, It was
a league and a half in Icngtii, and a (niiift( r of a
league from shore it passed through an island town,
whicli was captured and burned. Advised of this.
Quauhtemotzin directed a fleet to cut the ^'ausevviiy
and entrap the Spaniards; but before long two of the
vessels were able to relieve Sandoval, who tliereuj>or)
left a portion of his troops, including the allies, ut
Coyuhuacan, and joini;d his cliief witli tlie remuindor.
Netirly a week was occupied in strengthening Fort
A SIMULTANEOUS ATTACK.
629
Xoloc, arranging the camp, and bringing in sup-
plies, during which time desultory skirmishings were
maintained, wherein Sandoval among others received
wounds. The brigantines roamed incessantly and in-
flicted great damage, entering on one occasion for a long
distance a canal which led into the suburbs.'*' Canoes
no loniier ventured abroad when a sail was in sij^ht,
and the Mexicans began to protect the water ap-
proaches and channels with stakes.
In order to complete the investment of the city it
was only necessary to occupy the northern causeway
to Tepeyacac, along which the besieged maintained a
steady intercourse with the mainland. Advised of
this neglect by Alvarado, the general ordered San-
doval to form a camp at that town^* with one hundred
and forty Spaniards, of whom twenty -three were
horsemen, and a full proportion of allies. Alvarado
had half as many more infantry and a few more cav-
alry, while two hundred infantry were quartered at
Xoloc, supported besides by a cavalry force in the
rear, and by Olid's party, with whom remained the
largest proportion of allies, now over eighty thousand,
accordiiiij to Cortes' own statement. The fort could
not bold them, and they accordingly encamped at
Coyuhuacan, which lay more convenient for supplies,
and must be occupied to watch the hostile shore and
lake towns clustered iti this quarter. The brigantines
carried fit least two hundred and fifty men.^'
Everything being prepared, Cortes ordered a simul-
taneous attack from all the camps, so as to divide the
attention of tlu; 3Iexicans and gain all possible advan-
tage. He himself advanced along the IztapalapJin
"Probably boliinil tli»» irrcit southern li^voo. Sec N^afiv Rnfis, ii. .■i(>4.
'■'*«r>>iiii»r,i calls it wruiinly \alti" a, ami Robertson eonlouiuls it, siiigubiily
enough, v\)th Tezouio. J'i.sf. Am., li. 114.
*<'ort/s, Cartas. liKi-IT. The (ijre.ater number of the allies ciiine daily
from their emnji at CciyuhuiKaii to join (Jurti's as warriors and Ma|)|H'is. l)ig-
ginj,' and Hiniilar M'nrk was dont- eliiefly by Tezc n- ,uis. Hi'ri'iTa stati'8 that
the vessels of Flores and Itni/, de la Mota were [..aoed at a broki'U causeway
between the camps of Ahuradj and Sandoval, dec. iii. lib. i. cap. xvii.
630
INVESTMENT OF MEXICO.
causeway with the greater part of his infantry, at-
tended by several cavaliers on foot, and by over
eighty thousand allies, while a vessel skirted the road
on either side. There was more than one breach in
tlio road, behind which were posted large forces of
warriors protected by intrenchments of earth and
masonry.
Without the vessels it would have cost much time
and many lives to cross; but the well-directed fire
from the guns and arquebuses on the flanks and rear
of the enemy soon wrought disorder, which enabled
the sallying parties to obtain a foothold. Meanwhile
a number of infantry had swum across the channel
and aided to drive the Mexicans beyond the next
breach. The same manojuvre was repeated at this
and the other chasms, till the army found itself at
the very entrance of the city, protected by a wider
channel than the preceding, with more extensive forti-
fications, commanded by a temple tower. This with
its swarms of slingers and archers made the capture
difficult, and the Mexicans also showed more deter-
mination; but the guns and fusillade could not be
resisted, and soon the Spaniards stood within the city
for the first time since the memorable Noche Triste.
Ilcvenge seemed already secured, and the lost treas-
ures almost within the invaders' grasp. Cortes, how-
ever, did not permit himself to be carried away by a
momentary success. He saw the main street beyond
thronged with warriors fiercely bent on resistance,
streets as far as the distait temple of the war-god
bordered with buildings, each a fortress in itself, while
many a barricaded channel bloclced the way.
A large force of allies had been left to fill the
chasm and level the ground as ihe army advanced,
using for this purpose the captured intrenchments and
buildings, or even material from the causeway itself.
This work was under the direction of Diego Hernandez,
a man of herculean strength, who could tL''ow a stone
with a force and precision, it was said, approximating
IN THE PLAZA.
m
{hose of cannon.-" This filHug of the chasms enabled
the horses to be brought forward, and thoy now led
the charge against tne dense masses of natives, after
the arquebuses had effected the preliminary clearing.
Cortes had not underestimated the annoyance to be
encountered from the archers and slinjjers coverinu; the
roofs on either side; but the operations of the cavalry
left the many arquebusiers and cross-bowmen at liberty
to cover the points of approach through which the allies
in particular poured in countless numbers with side-
arms and fire-brands. The progress so far had sur-
passed all antici[)ation ; but now the Spaniards came to
a canal from which the retreating IMexicans removed
the few planks remaining of the bridge, leaving a soli-
tarv beam. Here the warriors were massed in yfreater
confidence, free as they were from the attack of vessels
and sheltered by strong intrenchments, while the ad-
joining roofs, equally protected by the canals, teemed
with missile-throwers. The soldiers tried a^jain and
again to cross the chasm, only to be driven back with
injury. The volleys from cross-bows and fire-arms
could effect but little damaj^je a<xainst the well shel-
tered w^arriors, while their arrows and stones came in
rattling showers. Finally two cannon were brought
forward. This changed the issue, for a breach was
speedily made in the intrenchments, and now the small-
arms were able to cooperate with great execution.
After a delay of two hours the soldiers were across ;
and wdiile the allies filled the canal they again pursued
their advance alonjjf the avenue, thouj^h sutferinu" con-
siderably from the roof missiles. They ntnv came to
the last channel in the street, close to the main })laza,
wherein stood the famous temple of Huitzil()[)()chtli.
The advance of the Spaniards had been so unc;x-
pected and rapid that the Mexicans had not tJKJUght
of fortifying this canal, and little difficulty was met
in crossing. But beyond, the plaza was filled with
'^'Asserratlor. . .trabaj6 mas que mil Indioa.' Ilerrcra, tlec. iii. lib. i.
cap. xviii.
I
032
INVESTJkfKNT OF MKXFCO.
files of (lofondors, dc'tormiiicd to save their (l«Mti(>s and
that sacred ground. (Jrcjatly iVighteiuul, the priests
cried out to them: "Boliold! it was lu^re upon this
s[)ot you fouj^ht these l)ein;^s infernal before^, and
(hove them fortli in sliameful iliuflit; tlie gods will
help you again I" Even the Spanish soldii^rs weie im-
pressed by the words and gestun^s of the frantic
devotees, and noted their effect in the glciaming eyes
and pressed lips of the warriors, and they paused. ]hit
presently a gun was brought forwanl and dire(;ted
against the packed throng. This (^fleeted a backwaid
movement. "There is no time for rest or fear I"
shouted Cortes, as with shield in hand he rushed
forward. With a thundering Santiago the soldiers
followed. The charge was irresistible, and already
startled by the mowing cannon-balls the IStexicans
took refuge within the temple enclosure and in the
by-streets.
The Spaniards followed the crowd within the snored
groutids, slashing and thrusting. It seemed a rc>|)eti-
tion of Alvarado's massacre, and the war-god, thirst-
ing for blood, might now have his fill. In a few
moments not a warrior was left round the teiin)le,
only prostrate bodies. Then the soldiers prej)are(l to
ascend the })yramid to hurl down the idol and its <le-
fenders. But the deity was aroused. The son)bie
notes of the sacred drum struck their fearful nj)peal
on every lieart, *' Rouse yo to your imperilled hearths
and temples 1" It was but now the Mexicans observed
that the death-dealing horsemen were not present, for
the last chamiel had not yet been filled to afTord a
crossing. This lent them et)uragc, and on the foe tliey
quickly rushed from lanes and houses, while down
from the temple-top came a doubly inspired avalanche.
The shock was overwhelming. The Spaniards wrvo.
forced to retire, partly in disorder, ('ortes made
franti(^ efFoi'ts to stay the flight, and at tlui gate
a monunitary rally was made by a lew; but what
availed that handful against the torrent sweeping
OBSTIXATK FIGIITIXO,
633
onward, lioadod by the reiiownod bund of Qiiauhtin ?
]\'rf'()r(0 they nuist yield und join tlio trooj)s which
■wiTo in such liasty llij^dit from tho plaza that they
even abandoned the cannon. CortcH was on foot in
the crowd, and his voice was drowned in the tumult.
He could but follow with the wild current, which
threateiuul to lead into another disaster. Just then
cries of alarm bur.st from the crowds on the roofs, and
there was a lull in tho shower of stones an<l darts, and
the pressure of pursuers relaxed. The next moment
the ears of the wandering S[)aniards cau«^ht the clatter
of luwfs.
The cavalry had come up; a revulsion set in. They
were but a few,"'' but enough to bring back to the
minds of the Mexicans their original and ever present
fear of the monsters, for they knew not how many
might be coming down upon them.
The infantry followed the horsemen with insj>iiing
cheers, and l)ore unresisted onward, for the late
bravery of tho foe was now turned to cowardice.
Before long the Spaniards had penetrated through
tho plaza and occupied once more the temple court.
Once more their looks were upward towanl the
summit of the lofty p3n'auiid consecrated during their
former occupation to the holy virgin; and while the
main portion of the trooi)S fought the now rallying
Mexicans, a sturdy handful undertook the capture of
the sanctuary. A dozen chiefs held possession, but
naught could stay the fury of the soldiers, and in a
few moments the last defender had yielded his spirit
in defense of his faith.
The Spaniards looked in vain for any trace of
their own altar and symbols, round which they had
so oft congregated in prayer. In their stead rose a
new idol glittering with ornaments and hideous with
devices, while fresh stains of blood spread horror
over all. The gleam of gold proved all absorbing,
however, and hastily the jewels and the golden mask
*' Only three, says Cortes uud others.
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63i
INVESTMENT OF MEXICO.
were torn away, and then the head of the idol was
struck off and sent clattering below. ^'
There was time for nothing more, for on finding so
few horsemen present, the Quauhtin knights had again
made an effective rally, pressing the troops closely.
Fortunately a larger force of cavalry came up agam
to turn the tide of battle and inflict a severe lesson.
As it was late by this time, tliere remained no choice
but that of returning to camp. This movement gave
fresh confidence to the Mexicans, who followed in
swarms, harassing from roofs and lanes, on front and
flanks, rushing forward with renewed fury after every
charge by the cavalry which covered the rear. But
for the liorscs the soldiers would have suffered severely;
as it was, the retreat proceeded in good order, and as
many houses as possible were fired with a view to
make the next entry safer. On approaching the cause-
way the canoe crews, composed of selected warriors,
fell on the flanks and created no little confusion before
they were driven back. After this no difficulty was
experienced in reaching camp, thanks to the foresight
of Cortes, who had ordered the channels filled.^ The
other captains, Alvarado and Sandovn^ A performed
their share in the day's work, and a. jugh they do
not appear to have reached even the suburb, detained
by the many breaches and other obstacles on the
causeways, yet the diversion created by their attacks
^* Ixtlilxochitl allows liia namesake and Cort<5R to figure in this scene, the
former cutting off the idol's head while the general secured the mask. He
states that the temple was captured during the first entry into the court.
When the Mexicans rallied, Ixtlilxochitl managed to kill their general, which
80 enraged them that they rushed ma<lly on and drove back the Spaniards till
tlie horse arrived. JJor. Vrueldades, 29-30. His version is adopted in the main
by Prcscott and others ; but tiiere are several discrepancies. The death of a
general as a rule discouraged native armies. Corti^-s, who would not have
failed to claim the overthrow of the idol, states that it was effected by four or
five Spaniards, after the second capture of the court. Cartas, '218. His presence
was needed below to direct operations. Gomara's text must have misled Ix-
tlilxochitl and others. Iliat. Mex., 197-8. Herrcra and Torquemoda adhere
better to Cortes.
^'Corti^s speaks of on ambuscade by the horsemen wherein 30 Mexicius
fell. Ciirlag, 218. How mon^ of his own were lost ho prudently idwtains from
mentioning, though admitting miny woumled. 'Dexaron jicrdido los Es-
puQoles esta vez el tiro grueso, says Torquemada, i. 548, but this is unlikely.
THE RETREAT.
635
proved of great service to Cortds. One reason for
their slower advance was the want of cooperation from
the vessels, which had been of such great assistance
on the Iztapalapan road. This was at once remedied
by the detachment of three brigantines each for the
Tlacopan and Tepeyacac camps.*"
'"Cot^a, Cartai, 221. Bornal Diaz states that Alvarado received four and
Sandoval only two. Uiat. Vtrdad., 141.
CHAPTER XXXIII.
CONTINUATION OF THE SIEGE.
JUNE-JCLV, 1521.
SOMETHINO ABOrT QrArHTEMOTZIN— INFAMOUS PRETENSIONS OF EmoPEAW
ClVM.IZATIoy ANO CllKISTIANlTY — PkOMPT A«mON OF THE MEXIfAV
Emperor — Repetitions of the Entry Assahlt — Submission of tub
srrroitndino nations — dire coniiition of the mexicans— spanish
Defeat ani> UiaAFFEcrioK — llEiioLUTiuN to Kaze the City.
In tlicir present position, with the advantages of
superior civilization, there was equal glory accruing
to the Spaniards in winning ^lexico, and to the Mex-
icans in manfully losing their city. Quauhteinotzin
as a patriot and a skilful general was fully alive to the
perils of his j)osition, but he was prepared to use to
hest advantage all the resources at his conunand, and
that is all any one can do. Stern as Saturnius, and
jtassionately patient, from the day of the capture
of Montezuma his nature had been proof against all
Iileasure. Of an imperious temper, haughty and over-
learing as Coriolanus, yet was he as faithful to defend
the city as any Hector or Horatius. I hold that
Spaniards of the sixteenth century were no worse
than their neighbors. It was a bigoted and cruel age;
though for that matter enough of bigotry yet remains,
and there is sufficient cruelty in our latter-day fightings
to keep us humble. And while we sec much to con-
demn in the motives that brought hither these for-
eigners, and nmch in their conduct that was cruel and
in 1 just, yet we are constrained to admit that the work
which they accomplished was in the pathway of destiny.
(030)
REiiNPORCEMENTS.
037
The conquest of tlio country, the destruction of its
barbarous and inhuman rites, and the establishment
of tlie rehgion of Clirist in tlieir ])lace wero tli«; inevi-
table consequences of the discovory of America. ( )iu'v.
brought face to face with the sacrilic'.al stone, and othc r
brutal atrocities of the Aztecs, and Christianity 1i:m!
no alternative but to eradicate these evils or bo its( if
overthrown.
The victorious advance into the heart of the city
had been a pleasant surprise to the Sj)aniards, while
to the Mexicans it was inconiprehensiblu. If su<'h
were the results of the first day's dcjings, what would
the days following bring forth? QLiauhteniotzin im-
mediately issued orders to reoi)en the channels and
construct fresh intrenchments and pitfalls. Such
were the forces enq)loye(l, and such their zeal, that
when the morning dawned the causeways and streets
presented even greater difKculties than before. The
allies of the Mexicans were not so easily reassured,
however, and several began to waver, among them
the Xochimilcans, to the rear of Olid's camp, who
sent in their submission to Cortes, promising not only
active aid but much needed supplies. The same offer
came frtmi the njore numerous Otonu's, occupying the
western mountain bortler of the valley, followed by
the substantial reinforcenient of twenty thousand of
their sturdy warriors, with large supplies.* Still larger
reinforcements arrived just before these from Tezcuco,
where ever since Cortes' departure the young king
and his brothers had been busily engaged in for-
warding supplies"^ and fitting out troops. Fifty thou-
sand were raised an<l placed under the command of
the energetic Ixtlilxochitl, who had great military
reputation and possessed fur more influence; than his
ruling brothel". He joined Cortes with thirty thou-
sand, and distributed the rest among the other cap-
•'Eran esclavos del Bcflor ilc TcnuxtitHii,' is VortC-a' Uffinition of their
vuHsaluge to Mexico. Cnrliix, '2*20.
''A service wiiicii employed 20.(XH) (yirriers, 10()0 canoes, nnd .1'i,(KX) convoy
wurrioni, all at the ex^MiUsc of Tezcuco, Huyii Ixtlilxochitl, lidaciunen, 311.
038
CONTINUATION OF THE SIEGE.
tains. Cortes praises him for liis bravery and goml
traits, a eulogy wliicli serves only to embitter Mcxi-
ean writers aijfainst one who favored aliens ajjainst his
own race, and aided to overthrow their liberty and
religion. During the campaign he was frequently
taunted as a renegade, traitor, and fratricide, but he
never swerved in his allegiance, and found ready re-
torts and excuses, the strongest being that he favored
the Christians for introducing the true faith. Yet
this strange religion he was in no haste, personally,
to adopt. " Curses on his odious memory 1" exclaims
the rabid Bustamante.'
Three days after the last assault a second was made,
supported by more allies than ever. Cortes' Spanish
forces consisted of twenty horses, three hundred in-
fimtry, with three guns. Although he had noticed
the operations of the Mexicans, he was hardly pre-
pared to find his work so completely undone. As
before, each channel with its intrenchments had to be
c'aptured anew, and while the causeway was readily
gained with the aid of brigantines, the advance along
iho street was slower, although the soldiers were some-
what less exi)osed to roof volleys since the burning of
so many of the buildings during the previous entry.
The breaches and channels were filled up as they ad-
vanc^ed. In tiic plaza the houses were yet intact and the
missile shov/ers severe, so much so that CortC's found
• His biographer admits to a certain extent the truth of the invectives, but
eager to piuaMC his Spanish masters he seeks rather to extol the sclf-sacritice
and loynlty of Inn Kinsman. Ho claims tiiat with this rciinforcvmcnt tliu
Tezeucnn auxiliaries readied the improhablo number of 2.">0,000 men, of wlioni
TKHX) wounded were now sent home. ' Next to (jod, Cort«!'8 owed to Tczcucan
aid tlic conipiest and tlic phmtingof the faith.' Ho furtlier assumes that Ixtlil-
xocliitl was already king, and had Ijeen with Cortes since the fleet set sail,
while his brotlier Aiiuaxpiftzoctzin remained at Tezcuco to provide su])plies.
//or. (JntcUlivlfH, '2l-3.'l. He contradicts liimsclf on several (viints in Ids He-
lacionrit, 'AW et seq. Durun also, as may ho expected from a compiler of
native records, extols the hero, '<l (luien di('> una espoda dorutla que L)on Her-
nando Cortes traiay una nvlela.' Ilint. /ml., MS., li. 4(),'>. With Ixtlilx(x;Iiitl
came half a dozen out of his hundred brothers. Gomarc, IIM. Mcj:, 108;
Vhima/itain, Hist. Com]., ii. !i5. Torquemadu, i. 548, sends Cohuanacoch vm
general of the forces, whih- Clavigero allows King F'ernando IxtlilxochitI to
8ond his brother C;irlo8 IxtlilxochitI. Storia AIct»., iii. 202. Ho is evidently
confused with res^)oct to the surname.
SPOILING THE CITY.
639
it necessary to apply the torcli, ainonjf others to the
Axayacatl palace, his former head-quarters, wherein he
liad sustained so fierce a siej^e, an<l to the House
of Birds, which formed so prominent and admired a
feature in the city. It was of vast extent, and de-
voted almost wholly to the maintenance of beasts and
birds of every species, some kei)t in the gardens,
some in courts, others in galleries, rooms, and cages;
altogether a collection which must tend to cast a
favorable light on the culture of the race. ]ioth
palaces were splendid specimens of Nahua archi-
tecture, adorned with marble galleries supj)orted on
monolith pillars, with elaborate cornices and stucc(^
work, and surmounted by turrets and battlements,
while M'ithin and around rose groves of rave trees,
choice shrubbery, and flowers, refreshed by ever
sparkling fountains. Cort(5s had rightly concluded
that the destruction of such monuments, cherished
not alone for their beauty and contents but for their
hallowed a.ssociations, would be a more severe li^sson
than the loss of numerous lives; and as the flames
rose over all that vast area, fed by the r(K)rs, inteiior
wood-work, and other combustible material, lamenta-
tions mingled with tiie maddened cries of burning
animals. Around in the suburbs, also, could be seen
column after colunm of dense smoke started by the
torches of the cruisers, and settling in dense miusses
over the city as if threatening to bury her forever
from sight. Fortunately for the inhabitants, the
houses thereabout were too wide apart to allow the
flames to spread far. Even at this juncture the work
of destruction might have been stopped for the reason
that Cyrus sto|)ped the sack of Sanlis when ( 'la-sus
said to him: "These are not my goods, but thine,
O Cyrus, that thou art spoiling I"
All this time waged the conflict of arms, the Mex-
icans seeking by repeated charges and sallies to check
the advance of the Spaniards and to haiiiss them.
The native chronicles relate that during one of the
640
CONTINUATION OP THE SIEGE.
countercharges by the cavalry a horseman pierced a
warrior with such force that the lance remained fust
in the ground. Regarding it as a disgrace to aban-
don his weapon ho rashly dismounted to unfasten it,
only to be surrounded by the ft)e and cut in pieces.
His comrades hastened to the rescue, but could re-
cover only the mangled remains.*
When evening came and the signal was given for
return to camp, the Mexicans fell upon the rear with
rciiiewed ardor. It seems as if courage came to them
in proportion to their misfortunes. For their fury
broke forth anew, fed by the dire conditions round
them, by the sight of lately enslaved Otomis, Xochi-
niilcans, and Chalcans, now fighting against them
under the sheltering wings of the invaders, an<l ex-
ulting over their misfortunes with bitter taunts. " Be-
hold 1" they cried, displaying dismembered limbs of
Aztecs, "we shall fill our bellies with your braves,
and have enouijh over wherewith to feed the beasts.
])() not starve yourselves, for to-morrow we will return
for more." "And in truth they both supped and
breakfasted on the limbs," says Cortes." Camp was
regained without serious trouble.
The following day the entry was repeated, and early
as it was, the channels had been nearly all reopened
and provided with the usual intrenchments. This in-
volved a repetition of the previous day's manoeuvres,
but the Mexicans fought with greater obstinacy, partly
because they had become accustomed to the Spanish
tactics, and it was one o'clock before the plaza was
readied, by which time the archers and arquebusiers
had exhausted their quivers and ammunition-pouches.
(^ortc5s now advanced beyond the temj>le along the
Tlacopan road, well known to the veterans from the
hard fighting there met durin'^ , he previous siege, and
captured two canal crossings, which were filled up,
*Snhmpin, Hint. Cotiq. (ed. 1840), 17'-S. Torquemacla places tlie incident
earlier, i. 047- Cortt^s udinits iiu luHsei of S])aniard8 this day.
^VartiiH, 2*2*2-3. 'Los uonibiduuau a ^eiia, inostruiido Ics picnias y bi'a90S. '
Oomara, Hist. Mex,, 199.
THE TRKACIlEROU.l CHINAMPANEC^.
641
while to tl»e buildiuijs on cither side tlie torch was
applied. The object of the inoveinent was partly to
open intercourse with Alvnrado's forces, which were
advancinj^ less rapidly, owing to the number of in-
trenched channels. Progress was slowly increased
during the succeeding entries, when Andres de Tapia
and Avila pushed along adjoining streets with detach-
ments.'
One result of the Spanish successes was the sub-
mission oi' all the threateninj; and neutral lake and
island towns to the south and south-west of Mexico,
from Iztapalapan antl Culhuacan to Cuitlahuac. To
this steji they had been partly impelled by the re-
peated raids of the Clialcan confederates, and since
their submission was so tardy they were employed
chicily as laijorers and purveyors. Gomara now esti-
mates the native auxiliaries at two hundred thousand
men, "some engaged intent on fighting, some on (gating,
some on stealing, and many on gazing."' These lake
peoples, known as (^hinampanecs, from their floating
gardiius and aquatic life, [)ossessed canoes in abundan(;e,
and Cortes availed himself of this to reiinforce the
blockading ileet with a boat llotilla, three thousand in
all, which harassed the city on every side, entering
into the canals to burn and pillage, and landing sallying
parties to carry desolation all through the suburbs.
Allured by the prospect of spoils, the (vhinampanec
crews arranged a plan whereby a still richer drauglit
miglit be made. Before their adhesion to the Span-
ish cause, or knowledge of it had yet comc! to
Quauhtemotzin, they sent to offer him their services
agninst the invaders, with whom they proposed to
deal treacjierously. They were assigned a post and
j)laye(l their part well. No sooner were the ^Lfxicans
occupied witli the Spanish forces than they rushed
"lierniil Diiiz spotiki^ of a )>ri<lf;c attack which cost the lives of four
Sittiniiiril.s, l)C8i(h's nuincrous woiinilod. llixt. Vrrdad., 145.
'Ho eniiiiHTiitea also the ('ities of Mexicalciiico uinl Vitzilopuchtli. Ji'ist.
Mex., 20'J. Hen-era atiils Mi/.i|iuc. dec. iii. lib. i. cap. xlx.
Hut. Mex., Vol. I. 11
642
CONTINUATION OF THE SIEGE.
into the dwcllinj;^ of their pretended allies and began
to rob, filay, and carry oft' women and children. An
alarm was given and reenforcementa hurried up which
speedily overwhelmed the traitorous crews, killing a
number, capturing others, and recovering nearly all
the booty. The captives were condemned to the stone
of sacrifice, those of Cuitlahuac by one of their own
caciques, Mayehuatzin, a companion of Quauhtemotzin.
The incident cost many lives on both sides, greatly
to the delight of the Spaniards, to whom this mutual
throat-cutting was the economy of war.^
With so large a hostile fleet upon the lake the
Mexican crews never ventured abroad by day, but
when darkness set in, their canoes sped across, im-
pelled by the demand for food. Informed of this,
Cortes detached two brigantines, under Portillo and
Pedro Barba, to cruise all night. This proved a se-
vere blow to the poor Mexicans, although a number
of canoes stiU ran the blockade successfully, and it was
resolved to entrap the vessels, since open battle could
not avail against them. Thirty of the largest canoes,
or piraguas, were accordingly manned with stout war-
riors and strong boatmen, and hidden amongst the
rushes near a heavily staked channel, into which
some swift canoes were to decoy the brigantines.
This succeeded, and no sooner were they fast on the
stakes than the canoes attacked them with such
spirit that every Spaniard was wounded, while Por-
tillo fell, and Barba died within three days." The
brigantines managed to escape. Encouraged by this
attempt the ISIexicans became more brisk in their
blockade-running, and stationed forty piraguas to re-
* Mazeoatzi, aa Sahagun calls the cacique, sacrificed four chiefs, Qtiauhte-
motziii foiii' more; the rest fell by the haiulsof priests. J/ixt. Conq. (cd. 1840),
187. Ho <locs not speak of a premeditated plan like Torquemada, i. 551-2, and
since the uocotint comes from native sources it may bo merely an exaggerated
version of n flotilla raid.
*This was tiie lieutenant of Velazquez at Habana, who joined Cortes
during the Tepcaca campaign. Portillo was a soldier from the Italian wars.
Bcrnal Diaz adds that one brig was captured, but this is doubtful. Hiat.
VerdcuL, 143; t'taviyero, StoriaMtiiB., iii. 214; Sahagun, Iliat, Coaq., 40.
FAMINE TllRKATEXED.
643
peat the decoy surprise. Atlvised of this by two cap-
tives, Cortes sent six brigantiiies by night to hide
near the spot, leaving one to cruise about for canoes.
Some of these soon appeared, and the sailer pursued
them for a distance toward the hiding-place of tlio
Mexicans. Suddenly she turned about as if afraid of
stakes. Observing this, the forty piraguas ventured
forth and were allured toward the Spanish ambus-
cade. At the proper moment the six vessels came
down upon the pursuers, overturning and sinking a
number, and capturing others, together with many
warriors. The Mexicans attempted no further naval
surprises.*"
By the night cruisers and the Chinampanecs, sup-
plies were nearly all cut off, and gaunt hunger began
to stalk the streety of the fated cajiital. The ravagt!S
of the fleet and the flotilla along the eastern suburbs
had rendered these wholly untenable, and the south-
eastern district had been desolated by Cortds' divis-
ions, compelling the inhabitants to abandon the greater
f>art of Tenochtitlan and concentrate chiefly in Tlate-
ulco. These two main divisions of the city had becjn
rivals ever since its foundation, with freaucnt dis-
putes to sustain the flame of discord. Gradually the
Tenochtitlans had assumed the sway, honored by im-
perial presence, while the other division had assumed
a plebeian stamp, patronized by the former. During
this common misfortune, however, rivalry was for-
gotten, and the more warlike Tlatelulcans unhesi-
tatingly aided the others and now welcomed them
into their quarter."
Every loss of allies to the Mexicans was a corro
spending gain to the Spaniards, less in regard to fresh
auxiliaries than to the relief from hostile attitude and
to supplies. The Chinampanecs, for instance, were
ordered to bring material and construct barracks along
^'^Bemal Diaz, I/int. Verdad., 144-6.
" Cort«?s exultantly claims that three fourths of the city is now captured.
Carta$, 227 ; HaJtaguH, Uut. Conq. (ed. 1840), 181 ; Tortptemada, i. 000.
C44
CONTIXUATIOX OF THE SIEGE.
the causeway on oitlicr side of Fort Xoloc. Thesso
afionlod slioltor for all the Spaniards and two thousand
servants, and proved most welcome, for the rainy season
had already set in. The same natives were ()l>li<^ed to
provide supplies, such as fish and a species of cherry,
M-hich tonrcthcr with maize formed the chief sustenance
of the arm}'. Frijolcs,or l)eans,cacao, quillte herbs, and
vochfli, afforded variety. The maize was ground by
hand and made into tortillas, or pancakes, by the slave
women and mistresses of the soldiers, either for their
individual lords or for the mess to which the}' be-
longed. These duties were also assumed by some cf
tlie few Spanish and mulatto women who had accom-
j)anied their husbands. Although there was little fear
of starvation in the Spanish cam[)S, yet the fare was
at times not of the best." The less fastidious auxili-
aries were content with a range of eatables which the
soldiers would not touch; human meat with them was
a honno-houclic for which they were prepared to risk
t'ven their own flesh." Alvarado's men enjoyed per-
haps the least comfort, for they had moved their camp
to a point on the causeway, leaving the auxiliaries at
Tlacopan, together with the slaves and tortilla-makers.
Nor were their barracks properly constructed, so that
exposure to wind and rain was ac' .ed to poor faro
and miry roads, while the situation of the camp added
to danger and guard duty.
The camp had been formed round a temple square
on the causeway, quite close to IMexico, or rather to
Tlatelulco, for Alvarado had tired of having his day's
work destroyed every night, and he reserved at least
to protect the approacli to the suburb. One deep
channel yet intervened, beyond which the camp could
not well be moved, but a large force was stationed to
guard it at night, so that the crossing should be as-
'"Xo 8CS hartauan dc pcscado, que tunierd pocos dios: y demaa de la
Iiambix' con Tj pelcauaii, cl sol, y el frio no les dio pequefio trubajo.' Jhrrera,
dec. iii. lib. i. cap. xix.
'^ ' Soliti sunt liostt'S in pra^lio cadentos intra sues ventres sepelire,' explains
Peter ^Martyr, dec. v. cap. viii., and with some ti-utli.
IN ALV.VRAD(^S QUARTER.
G45
Hurc'd for tlio inorniii'^'s attack.'* On the otlicr sulc
f,'lL'aiiU'(l tln' watch-liivs of tlio Mexicans, bcliiiitl and
between wliicli niij^ht be seen the flitting liguns of
their warriors, simuilhnjx to one another by wliistlinL'.
This and other <)i)eratior..'^ "ere forced upon tiieni to
a great extent by Spanish tu *i';s, from wliieh tliey
had copied many features with no little effect.
From Alvarado's camp to the Tlatelulco market, the
licart of the enemy's stronghold, the distance was los
than from the camp of Cortes, though the first part
of the way was more diflicult than the IztapuLi rui
road. The innuense stride of the Fort Xoloc pai i_v
had wholly eclipsed the progress of the others, and
Alvarado's men began to fear that, near as tl • / Were
to the enemy's centre, the more distant comrad s
mij'ht reac'' "' '.)efore them. It was therefore resoK id
to make strenuous efforts to penetrate into tlie submb.
The assault being on Tlatelulco itself, the Mexicans-
found no diflicidty in offering so strong a resistance
that hardly any advance could be made. Several ves-
sels were thereupon directed against the suburb to
co6i)erate with a brisk fire, and to divert attention by
landing .sallying parties. This succeeded for a while,
but inspired by the })rowessof two Tlatelulcans nanied
Tzovetzin and Temoctzin, the warriors rallied and
drove back the invaders. Anotliec brave who distin-
guished himself during the repulse was Tzilacatzin.
In the guise of an Otomi warrior, and protected by
cotton armor and shield, he rushed toward the Span-
iards as if bewildered, in advance of his comrades,
and threw his stone, knocking down an oppcjnent at
each throw. This man appeared in dilferent guise
on different days, and did no little to encourage his
companions."
•♦Forty soUlicra watched till midnight, when a similar numljcr reli-'vcd
them, and they again were relieved two liours Iwfore da'vn ; all three divi -ions
eampiufi on the spot. Often every man was kept awu.u by alarms. I'f riml
Diaz, llixl. Vcrdml., 142-3. Tlic old soldier waxes elo<juent over tl:e iiard-
8hii>s, for he served at this camp.
'^Tiie Spanii'.idd tried in vain to despatch him. Sahagxm stales tluit
during thebe utUusks lifteen soldiers were captured, oud shortly after eighteeu
G40
CONTINUATION OF THE SIEGE.
Notwitlistamling those rebuffs Alvarado persevered,
and the Mexicans resolved to take advantajjje of his
zeal to entrap him. Two or tliree wide channels in-
tervened hetwecn the end of the causeway and the
nnat market, and the first of these was now the point
of contention, a chasm of sixty feet in width and over
ten feet in depth. By great effort a crossing had
here been formed with ddbris. This the Mexicans
un lermined one night and covered a part with a false
ground. In the morning they attacked the Si)anish
outpost with great demonstration, but retired as soon
as the horsemen charged. Flushed with success, the
Spaniards followed in divided parties, and one of fifty
with a number of allies pursued across the channel.
No sooner were they over than the boatmen below
tore away the support, while the warriors turned with
overwhelming force upon the band. Resistance was
impossible, and they retreated only to fall into the
opening, where crews were at hand to pounce upon
them. Indescribable confusion ensued. Thick fell
the blows off the despairing men, as they sought to
beat back the triumphant foe. Bernal Diaz, who was
among the number trapped, felt himself seized by
stout arms, but although badly wounded he managed
to cast off the assailant and spring to the bank, where
he fell exhausted. • Fortunately Alvarado came uj) at
this moment, after driving back a division in another
direction, and so startled the assailants that they re-
treated, though with four captive Spaniards, one or
two more being killed, besides a horse and a number
of allies.^"
niorp, who were sacrificed in a tcmplo of Tlacuclicalco ward, 'dondc agom
cs la iglcsia do Santa Ana.' llixt. ('out/., 183, cd. 1840, 188-9. One rcpulso
took place in Coyonaoazco ward. Torijiiownlti, i. 550-2. Spanish versions in-
dicate no such losses, and tiiey may prohjibly belong to the later great defeat.
"'Such is in main the version of Ikrnal Diaz; tiic other accounts dillcr
greatly. This author states that live Spaniards were captured, nearly all the
nien wo\inded, and two rowei-s killed, forthebrigantines in seeking to aid had
become fast on stakes and exposed to attack. Had the Mexicans not been so
frightened by the horsemen the loss would have been very great. J/iM. Vrriinl.,
14;{-4. Cortes allows three or four captured. ( Vir^i,*, '22S ; ( '/;iri;ii-ro, Slaria
Mtss., iii. llHi. Duran places the scene where rose afterward tlio San
IN THE CAMr OF CORTfiS.
M7
When Cortc'.s heard of the affair ho came over to
achninister a rej>riinaiul, l)ut on learning the particu-
lars he couhl not withhold his admiration for the
vahant deeds performed, and merely exhorted his
lieutenant to he more cautious." Great was the ex-
ultation of the Atexicans over their success, and
tauntingly they hovered round the camp, imitating
the cries of the entrapped soldiers. So encouraged did
they feel as to make several determined night attacks
on the different camps or their advance posts. Al-
varailo's being nearest and most exposed had to sus-
tain quite a severe fight, losing several men "
Although Alvarado had made little advance into
the city, the i)lanting of his camp so near it saved
much fighting and enabled him to direct daily oi)era-
tions almost at once against the main points. In
tins he possessed an advantage over Cortes, who was
compelled daily t(^ recapture a numl)er of positions
already gained. He himself remarks on this loss of
time and work. "Your Majesty may blame me for
retreating instead of holding what is gained," he
writes, but guards at the bridges, which nmst be large,
would be so harassed as to u.xfit them for the next
day's work, while to take up a position within the
city w^ould draw the whole of the large })opulation
upon them, and might lead to the cutting off of com-
numication and supplies, and probably to a re})etition
of the great disaster of the previous year. Such a
position would besides render it possiblii for the Mexi-
cans to obtain supjdies from the mainland, I'or the
Spanish allies could not be relied on to watch them.
llipolito liennitiigc. HiM. fiid., MS., ii. 500. But for Qunuhtlizcutziu, tlio
Iniiu'c who led tlieTczciK'aiii aiixiliiirii's, all tlie Spaiiianls wimld liuvc boi'ii
OHt, I'xclaiins Ixtlilxocliitl, //ar. i'rw/ilutlex, 'Mt. Ilcrrcra iissuiiun tliat tlio
fault lay with Alvurado for SAi'^lrotinj' to till the chunncl. due. iii. lii). i. cap. xx.
" 'No solo no le culpo, iinw loolu. (•oiiiiirif, Hist. Mux-., 'KYX
'" The most surioun atticka took placo on June '24th and 'J.'»th, us if oradca
had inipollod the Mexicans tu seek the destruction of the Spaniards on the
anniversary of their reentry into the city after the Alvarado massacre.
The Tlaeopan c up lost ten soldiers an<l had a dozen .severely wuundcil, in-
cluding Alvariulo. JJtnial Diaz, Hint, VerdaxL, 14'J, 140.
048
CONTINUATION OF THE SIEGE.
Cortt's' own officers, however, could not fail to oliscrvo
that Alvaraclo's ».ourso might havi.' boon followed with
some advantage. They began to tire of the slow
j)rogross, attended as it was with so much fighting
i'or Ko little gain; so much exposure to alternate rain
and heat; so much discomfort in rude camps with
jioor diet .and want of proper care for wounded or
sick men. This was represented to Cortt's, with the
request that a general storming be attempted with a
view to abbreviate the siege. He represented the
danger of advancing over so many channels, along
streets lined with houses, against hosts of determined
warriors, with the prospect of being caught in the rear.
Still he was as eager as any one to end the siegc>, and
would call a council to deliberate on the matter. The
result was a decided majority for the proposition to
.attempt the capture of Tlatelulco market and there
establish a permanent camp.'"
Since Sandoval will not be .able to render efficient
service on his route for an attack on Tlatelulco, Ik; is
ordered to join Alvarado with the weightiest ])art of
his forces, ami to take advantage of the movement
to entrap the Mexicans. Ho will jjretend to make a
general evacuation of his camp, and thus allure the
i'oe to an .attack on the baggage-train, during which
the .ambuscaded cavalry can inflict a lesson which
shall also serve to secure the camp against later at-
tack. Sandoval sends another portion of his forces
to Cortes, who has more points to cover, and receives
instructions to attend in particular to the capture of
the ch.annels and their idling, and otherwise to secure
the safety of the more impetuous Alvarado.
On the day appointed, the brigantines with their
ilotillas are sent early to aid in clearing the causeways
.and appro.aches. The troops find little trouble in
'" Bcrnal Dinz seeks to convoy the iiloa that ho or his camp were oppoHod
to tlic nttciiipt, ill., 14(5, but hail it snccceilctl, ho would pnilnibly havo ilo-
cland llio truth, that (Jortt'S was urged on all sidoa to luako the ofl'ort, aa
Btatod in (liimnra. Hist, .l/c.r. , '20,1, Iter rem, dec. iii. lib. i. cap. xx.,«Md Cor-
/(■•■I, <'tirl'i<, 'J2.S-!I. I'erhapH the general niude objections chiclly to cover his
responsibility in cusu of failure.
DRTERMIXnD ASSAULT.
9i»
Tcnvhhv^ tlio Tlacopan avonuo, from which throe loni^
roads givo access to the market. It is a(lvaiitai;(u)us
to push the advance on each of these, and thrt^o
divisions are accordinj^ly fornjed, one to follow the
main street under command of the comptroller and
treasurer, Julian de Alderetc, who has been anidULf
the foremost to ur<;e the assault; another undtr
Andres de Tapia and Jor«^c de Alvarado, hrother of
the Tlacopan leader, Ix^th dashing and ahle nu'u; the
third and somewhat larger body, swelled particularly
by auxiliaries, Cortes himself directs along the most
dangerous approach, a sort of causeway, lined with
houses but bordered with water.** Two cannon are
placed on the Tlacopan road, guarded by eight horse-
men, and (Jortes leaves his horse at the entrance (tf
the road taken by him, and gives strict orders to all
captains for filling every channel behind them.
Cortes at first leads his men on foot, and with tho
aid of a field-piece readily gains the first bridge and
barricade, carrying all before him, while the auxiliaries
swarm into the houses and drive slingers and archers
from the roofs. The determination of the assaulting
party seems to have disheartened tho Mexicans, for
the advance is quite rapid, so much so that the captain
who has taken Cortes' place at the head of his division
soon reports that he is approaching tho market and
can hear tho operations of Alvarado and Sandoval.
May ho advance? This message reaches Cortes on a
section of his causeway to tho rear, where he has
remained to gain a contested point, and to oppose
assaults from tho cross-streets. He replies that the
captain must first secure his rear and Hanks, and look
'"AMcrctc's party consisted of 70 infantry, 7 or 8 horsemen, nn<l l.",00(> to
20,0()0 uUius, busiilos a force ot laborers to tear down and to fill up: Tapiji's of
80 men and over lO.OOOallicH, and Cort<5a' of 8 horsemen, 1(H) iniimtry, inul an
immenso niimlxir of idlies. Cortex, C'nrtoi, '2;10-1. (Jomaranxl Hi!rn;r,i diU'cr
slightly. Ixtlilxochitl sjiya tiiat his namesake followed Corti's wiUi H(K)')
Tczciicans. I/or. I'nicUlinles, IVJ. This insignificant number makes it dillicult
to account for tiie 2.")0,(X)() Tezcucans which ho lately introduced inio tlio
camps. Chimalpnin names the three streets Cunhueuatitlun, Tecoutlana-
inucuya, uud the later Suntu Ana. J J int. C'uiiq., ii. (i2.
CONTINUATION OF THE SIEGE.
particularly to the channels, of which there are three in
that causeway. "They are filled," was the answer,
made without a thought as to its accuracy, for flushed
w ith the success of the advance, soldiers and cavaliers
alike cast prudence to the winds, and disregarding
common ditches bend their eyes alone upon the goal.
Immediately after comes the doleful sound of the
tc'ponastU, and a shrill trumpet blast, the alarm signal
of Paynalton, the mythic page of the war-god. Struck
on the summit of Tlatelulco temple, the sounds float
over the contestants, sending a chill into the heart of
the Spaniards and allies as they rush onward fdled
with visions of success. To the Mexicans, on the
other hand, it comes as a magic appeal from Huitzilo-
j)ochtli, stirring their spirit with fresh energy: a re-
sistless appeal to make a supreme eflfort for imperilled
home, and faith, and liberty."
Cortes pi so hears the warning, only too deeply
impressed since that Sorrowful Night, and with
anxious heart he hastens forward to see how matters
stand. His anxiety is increased as the jubilant cries
of his own men appear to change, while high above
them rise the unmistakably triumphant shouts of the
Aztecs. Just then he comes to one of the cross-
ings formed by his party at a channel ten to twelve
paces wide, and over ten feet deep. It seems inse-
cure, and on looking he finds it constructed of some
loosely thrown pieces of wood and reed, covered with
a little earth. He at once orders the auxiliaries in
his following to rebuild the structure. Scarcely is
the order uttered before he sees his forces coming
down the causeway in disorderly flight, led by
the allies. Cortds makes frantic eflc)rts to stay the
current. None heed him. Fears lend wings and
drown all appeal. On come the pressing throng, on
to the frail Ibridge, which sinks with its living freight
into the deep water. Still onward rush the mass be-
hind, impelled by their mad momentum, tumbling
'■" See Xative Races, ii. 303 ; iii. 293 et acq.
CORTES' DESPERATE STAND.
65t
on the heads of these, serambhng and wading, adding
their cries for help to the shrieks of despair beneath,
while from the rear roll the terrifying shouts of hot
pursuers. Already the house-tojis teem with slingers
and archers; the lanes pour forth their warriors
with swords and long pikes to pierce the flanks, and
the canals are alive with canoes whose crews se-
cure the struggling fugitives for Sacrifice, or deal the
more grateful coup de grace. The Spanish soldiers
are among the last to come up, and a terrible gauntlet
they have had to run. Regardless of the showering
missiles or the pressing foe, Cortes stands on the
brink to strike back the hungry crew and lend a
helping hand to his floundering men. "I was deter-
mined to remain there and die fighting," he writes.
But so many are beyond his reach, and there he must
stand iiclpless to watch the struggle; to behold now
this soldier felled, now the other carried off; and more,
to see the banner torn from the hands of his alferez.
Tlapanecatl is the name given by the records to the
doughty captor of so esteemed a prize.
Standing there conspicuously on the brink, Cortes
becomes the target for hundreds of missiles, though
protected by his mail ; but soon the foe begin to press
round him, and even in his rear, separating him from
the men." The next moment more than one pair of
arms had coiled round his body, and, with triumphant
shou+s of "Malinche! xJalinohe!" they seek to drag
him ...» the water to the canoes. Alarmed by the
outcry, his body- soldier, Cristobal de Olea, hastens
to his side, and with a sabre-blow severs the arm
which was well nigh pulling over the bent form of liis
master. The next instant he himself falls beneath
the furious onslaught roused by the magnitude of the
?rize, "a glorious death in so good a cause!" exclaims
lerrcra. Another soldier, named Lerma, rushes to
the spot and is nearly overpowered; while a stout
''^IIu crossed the channel with fifteen soldiers to sustain the fugitives,
Bays Tun^ueuKula, i. ooA; but this seems iiicurrcet.
C52
COXTIXUATION OF THE SIEGE.
Tlascaltoc, Teiiiacatzin, plants hiinsolf in front of the
leader, half prostrate with exhaustion and wounds,
and wards ott' the blows till Antonio de Quinoncs,
captain of the guard, manages to force his way for-
ward and sustains him, followed by a number of men
Avhom the report of their general's danger has stirred
to fierceness.'^ "Away from here, your worship, and
save your person," cries the captain, "for without you
all will be lostl" Cortes refuses, "for I desired rather
death than life," he writes; but finally by dint of
pleading and main force he is induced slowly to re-
tire, seeking to cover the rear of the fleeing. And
well it was, for a longer stay would have proved
fatal. But for the ea<;erness of the Mexicans to se-
cure as prisoner so magnificent a prize, they could
easily have despatched him. Aztecs made it a point
to obtain as many prisoners as possible, particularly
chiefs and nobles, and white men, who ranked even
above these, in order to do honor to the war-god.
This effort was prompted by a deep religious obliga-
tion as well as by warrior spirit.
Not far from the disastrous channel a horse was
-'Tlio claims to the honor of rescuing the general are conflicting.
Ooniara, followed by Ilerrcra and Torqueniada, names 'Francisco' do Olca,
l!ernid Diaz, who states that this soldier slew four of the captains holding
Cortes, lets Lenna dispose of the rcmain<ler. After this came other sol-
diers and Quinoncs. Cristolud do Olea was <juitc young, '20 years of age, a
native of Medina del Canipo, muscular, and skilled in arms, and a general
favorite. Bemal Diaz adds other particulars. Hist. Vmlml., WQ, 2W. Ix-
tlilxochitl, on the other hand, claims for his namesake the credit of ha%ing
done what Spaniards claim for Olea, aided by his Tczcucans, who kept the
enemy at bay. This, ho adds, is proved by a painting on the gate of tho
monastery of Santiago Tlatelulco. llor. Criieldades, 38-9. Ilerrcra briefly
alludes to Ixtlilxochitl as coming up after Olea, and then relates with some
detail that at tho same timo came the TIascaltcc, Tamaxautzin ho calls iiim,
a native of Hucyotlipan. Ho was afterward l)aptizcd as Antonio or Bautista,
and became a good Christian, tho firet native to receive extreme unction,
dec. iii. lib. i. cap. xx. Torqucmoda, i. 555, copies, but calls the man
Toamacatzin. Both evidently prefer Tloacaltec to Tczcucon records. In
fact, Ixtlilxochitl adds certain incredible particulars about the prowess of his
wounded hero in pursuing the Mexican general Into a temple, although such
p'.irsuit could not liavo taken place under the circumstances. Seo also JJuran,
Hint. IikI., MS., ii. 503, and Vamargn, Hist. Tlax., 130. Cortds writes that
he would have been lost but for Quiilones, and one of his men who lost his
lii'c to .save him. Curtds, '233. A small chapel was erected in tho convent
lie l:i Coiict'pciou to commemorate tho escape. See ^cuivcdra, India Pcreyrino,
canto '20.
TACTICS OF THE BESIEGED.
683
broujjflit, upon which Cortt's was inoiintc<l, tlioiiiLifh
wiHiiukHl in the log. Shortly hoforo, his chaniborlaiii,
Cristobal tie Guzman, a jjfroat iavorite, had riddon up
with a charger to the relief of his master, only to Ik;
surrounded with warriors and cut d(^wn, together witii
the animal/* while anotlier rider was obliged to retreat
with a lance-thrust in the throat. On retiring from
the section of causeway assigned to the horse, anotlier
animal was killed and a third narrowly escapi'd.
Finally the troops reached the broader Tlacopan road,
and now Cortes, with the nine horsemen left in his
division, was able to take a lirm stand aijainst the
enemy. Checked in their pursuit, and made timid in
their charges by the presence of the bold line of horses
and lances, they flung their missiles and insults with
increased energy. Suddenly two or three S[)anish
heads were cast befoi-e the ]i(H"semen, with the cry:
"Tonatiuh!" "Sandoval!" The meaning could not be
misunderstood, and as the Spaniards gazed on the gory
and disfigured faces a sickening fear crept over them.
Could it bo that these beloved leaders hatl fallen!
There was no time for deliberation. Finding his own
party now comparatively secure, Cortes hurriedly sent
messengers to recall the other divisions under Aldereto
1 apia.
There was hardly need for this message. The tri-
umphant shouts of the Mexicans in pursuit of tlu;
troo[)s of Cortes and the increased attack on tlieir
own had already wanunl the^e leaders. Still they
persevered, although their men manifested some dis-
couragement. It was not long, however, before two
or three mutilated, bearded luads were cast before
them with the cry, 'Olalinclie is dead!" "Tonatiuh
and all tlieir men have falKn!" The leaders saw that
farther atlvance was useless, es[)ecially since the Mex-
icans now attacked with great fury. The leaders kept
their men in good order, and were already retiring
**]lorn;il Diaz aasumes that Guzman nxlc n\> after Cortes was mouiitcd,
akd itil oaptivc into Aztuc hands. IJitt. WnUul, 147.
m
CONTINUATION OF THE SIEGE.
when the order of recall reached them. The streets
there being wider and easier, and the channels all
filled, they found no trouble in rejoining their general.
Now jointly they retreated through the plaza and
down the Iztapalapan road, furiously pursued by the
warriors, who showed themselves more reckless than
usual on seeing their prey escape. The central temple
was filling with a vast throng to watch the onslaught,
and on the summit the priests were already burning
incense and chanting in honor of victory, while the
rabble railed at the humiliated children of the sun.
Alvarado had meanwhile advanced along the road
to Tlatelulco from his causeway, leaving Sandoval to
cooperate along the flank .*nd to direct the movements
of the brigantines and the filling of the channels. The
advance was fiercely resisted by the Mexicans from
roofs, cross- lanes, and barricades, and hundreds had
been severely wounded, chiefly Tlascaltecs, only too
many fatally, yet he persevered. He was already
near the market, the aim of all efforts, when the drum
and trumpet came to startle his men and to encourage
the Mexicans to greater resistance. Progress was
now almost checked, and soon came the cry, **Malinche
is dead I" ** Sandoval and the other captains are dead !"
"Behold their faces!" And therewith several heads
with gory beards were cast before them. "This shall
be your fate !"
Alvarado's men were white with dismay, and but
for the intrepid courage of their leader the rout of
Cortds' party might have been repeated. Making a
bold stand with his Spaniards, he ordered the Tlascal-
tecs to fall back and leave the retreat open. They
needed no second instructions to this end, for the
bleeding heads lent wings to their haste. Then grew
the onslaught fiercer than ever, for the retreat of
Cortds' forces enabled a larger number of enemies to
turn against Alvarado and Sandoval. The latter also
received his cast of bloody heads with a new string
of prominent names, all calculated to inspire terror.
THE BATTLE UPON THE WATER.
65S
" By this time thoy had us all killed," adds Bernal
Diaz, "but, in truth, we were all wounded, and filled
with anguish concerning the fate of our chief. With-
out God's aid we could never have escaped from the
swords and clutches of the Mexicans." Some pious
chroniclers, indeed, assert as usual that the virgin
appeared in person, together with perennial Santiago,
to save the Spaniards from their greatest peril.
25
Encouraged by the victories on land, the Mexicans
had ventured forth also in their canoes to harass the
vessels which were occupied in protecting the retreat
of the armies. Unable in some instances to leave
their position, or impeded in their movement by
stakes and other obstacles, many of the brigantines
were severely pressed, and one, commanded by }3riones,
in Alvarado's division, was actually captured, with
the loss of four men, one being taken alive. Jara-
millo came to the relief of the vessel, however, drove
forth the enemy, and kept them at bay.'* 13y this
time both the forces of Alvarado and Sandoval had
reached the causeway, pursued by a great host, reck-
less in their endeavor to inflict all the injury possible
ere the Spaniards escaped. Some delay occurred in
crossing the only partly filled channel to the cause-
way, and a number of soldiers were detained waist-
deep in water, seeking to lift a brigantine over the
stakes, for the auxiliaries were already away from the
front; and all this time the cavalry were compelled to
remain before the causeway to cover the infantry and
bear the brunt of the terrible onslaught. Charge
'■""Como lo hallardn pintado en la Yglesia de Tlatilulco, los cuales Indioa
contiesan haberle visto.' Duran, Hist. Intl., MS., ii. 512. Why these patrona
did not give their aid before is a question to which Bernal Diaz answers
'porque Nuestro Seflor lesu Christo lo permitio.' Ilkt. Verdi id., 140.
'^Herrera relates how two captains, Flores and Mota, advanced with their
vessels up a narrow channel. Flores was severely pressed at one time, and the
latter had to sally on the street to relieve him and enable the brigantines to
cain more open water. Flores died within a week of his wounds, dec. iii.
lib. i. cap. XX. Torqucmoda says that Briones' vessel was lifted through a
breach in tlic causeway, i. 555. Bernal Diaz speaks of several such uurix>w
escapes, loc. cit.
069
CONTINUATION OF THE SIEGE.
after charge they made to l;cep l)ack tlio advaiiciiifj
foe, tliroii<T;li the sliower of hlinding missiles, against
the line of bristling lances, amidst the whirling sword.s
and clubs, until not a rider but felt his arm droop and
his body grow faint with loss of blood. Sandoval
himself had a number of wounds. "For God's sake
make haste and retire," he cried to his foot-soldiers,
"or we shall all be lost!"
Finally the passage was clear, and they fell back
along the causeway, still fighting, and now exposed to
the canoe sallies. On reaching his quarters, Alvarado
turned two cannon against the swarm which sought
to scale the camp, and this with the fusillade procured
a much needed respite.^ It was time, for the in-
creasing darkness would soon have added i'resh dan-
gers to the retreat. Sandoval had already hurried
away with a solitary companion to seek the camp of
C^orti's and calm his fears.'^^ With a similar object
Andres de Tdpia had been sent with three horsemen
irom Fort Xoloe to Alvarado's camp, where ho
arrived with some scars from marauding stragglers.
Not wishing to discourage the soldiers, he reduced tho
losses of his party to quite a small number, and made
light of the matter.
By this time the enemy had retired, but from the
city rose their shouts of triumph, and every temple
was ablaze with fires to celebrate the victory. Tho
summit of the Tlatelulco pyramid, the highest of
them all, was the scene of great commotion, and soon
the sombre notes of the melancholy drum called to it
attention. A number of instruments now added their
discordant notes, in clash and blast, and a procession
^' The artillerists being all disabled or deatl, Pedro Moreno de Medrano,
afterward a settler at Puebla, took their place. Id.
-'* iJernal Diaz writes as if Sandoval gained tho camp at an early hour,
roile over to Fort Xoloc, and came back in time to aid in Alvarado's retreat.
]5ut he would never have ventured to leave his command and his comrade in
their danger; nor does it seem likely that ho could have ridden the long dis-
tance to Xoloc and back in time to join in Alvarado's conflict, even if Cortes'
defeat took place Ijefore ' misa mayor,' as ho assumes. JJint. Venial., 140-8.
'J'hia autlior is here very confused, assuming, for instance, that Sandoval was
lighting from his own camp instead of coiiperating near Alvarado.
THE HonniBLK SCENE OF SACRIFICE.
C57
with tonlios, .swini,niiLf ^'onsers, and rolif^ious parapher-
nalia circled roiuul with iinposinjj ceremony. Then a
space was cleared, aud a long file of naked men stood
revealed. A cry of horror hurst from the gazing
soldiers. There could he no mi.stako. Distant as was
the temple, the glare of fire clearly revealed the white
hue and bearded faces of their comrades, hound for
sacrifice, and plumed. Xow they were made to march
forward, and with blows to dance before the idol to
whom they had been consecrated. Ah, to be a help-
less looker-on at such a timel Again they formed hi
line exhausted, and then one was .seized by several
i)riests aiul borne struggling to the stone of sacrifice.
He was thrown on his back and held down by the
limbs wliile the higli-jiriest with ceremonious flourish
raised the glittering blade. The gazing soldiersclutched
each other's hands in agony, as tiieir eyes followed the
instrument and saw it plunged into the breast of the
victim. They seemed to hear his stifled cry, to feel
the knife in their own neart, and realizing that they
were still safe they thanked heaven for their escape.'**
A'^ictim after victim was carried to the stone, some
with frantic struggles, others resigned, and .still others
weighed down in helpless fear of what they had be-
held. Heart after heart was torn from the gaping
breasts and held before the idol, while the bodies were
cast down the steps. The .skin, particularly of the
head and upper body, was removed and used as a dress
for festive occasion, and the flesh was hacked to pieces,
the limbs for the bau(iuet table, the trunk for the
beasts. After a wliile came darker-hued victims, and
now the Tlascaltecs and other allies shuddered. To
them the sacrifices were not so terrifying as to the
■•"So deeply affected was Bemal Diaz, among othcrH, hy the siy;lit, and by
the fear of himself fallin!^ captive — twice had he narrowly escaped— that ho
ever after had an oppressive fooling hoforc battle. He then had recourse to
prayer, and this invariably fortilied him for tlic light, so tiiat lie always main-
tained liis reputation as a good soldier, lie enumerates several inciilcnts to
prove that he was esteemed a brave man. JJist. I'irUuI., 157. <)viedo, re-
ferring to human sacrifices among the Romans, observ'cs that they could not
have been half so fearful, iii. 515.
Hist. M£s. Vol.. I. 12
ll
Si
w
i
658
CONTINUATION OF THE SIEGE.
Spaniards, but thoy could not unmoved behold the
cruel death of their countrymen. Then came more
processions, music, and idolatrous rites, followed by
iresh companies for the sacrifice, white and dark;
and so passed the night, until the horror palled on
the gazers, and many expressed the opinion that the
I)ricsts were pretending sacrifice by producing the
same bodies upon the stone several times so as to in-
spire greater fear. This belief was strengthened when
they observed similar ceremonies take place on other
minor temples, and by the continuance of the sacrilices
for several days. The offering at the minor tcm[)les
consisted chiefly of the lower class of allies. All the
pyramids, however, received a quota of heads from
Spanish, leading native, and equine victims, where-
with to decorate their summits.''"
Aware tiiat the sight of the sacrifice, purposely
intensified for Spanish edification, must have stirred
deeply the breasts of the survivors, the Mexicans took
advantage of this to attack the camp of Alvarado
during the night. " Behold the fate in store for you
all!" they cried, casting in half-roasted pieces of flesh
from white and dusky bodies. "Eat, for we are sa-
tiated!" The Spaniards were too well prepared to
suffer from the assault, but it added to their sorrows.
The lesson had been costly, for about sixty men were
lost, with six horses, one gun, and a number of small-
arms, while the ranks of the allies ha I been dimin-
ished by from one to wo thousand, and this without
reckoning the vast n aber of wounded.''^
""Sacriflcatloa los Nuestros a el Motnoztli, y Tcmplo de su Maior Dios,'
observes Torqiiemada, i. 55.3, ai ng other points, tliougli all are not exactly
true. Hnitzilopochtli'a im.agc hi l)een brought with the retreating Mexicans
to Tlateliilco. ' Immediataracn aacritlcati,* says Clavigero, StoriaMom., iii.
212, probably on authority of G' ifiara; but Bcrnal Diaz states tliat the sacri-
fices lasted ten days, Hist. Ver iid., 150; others write eight; one victim is
said to have been kept eighteen days. See also Sahagun, Hist. Conq., 102.
Ixtlilxochitl states thi^t three victims were burned. Ilor. Crueldades, 39.
^'A count revealed the loss of G2 men and 6 horses, says Bernal Diaz,
Hist. Verdad., 146, 152, 241, though he in one place leaves the impression
that the men were all captured auve. This could hardly bo the case, for a
'count' would reveal only the missing; none could tell how many fell cap-
tive. Yet Prescott boldly assumes this number to have been token, besides
SANDOVAL'S REBUKE.
C50
When Sandoval reached Carup Xoloc and learned
the news he hurst forth, "Seilor Coi)itan, what is this?
Where are the fine counsels and warlike skill which you
are wont to exhibit ?" With tears springing to his eyes,
Cort<5s replied: "Sandoval, my son, my sins I admit,
but I am not so guilty in this matter as T appear.
The officer whom I charged to fill the channel failed
to obey." He further intnnated that Alvarado might
be led by his daring into difficulties, and bade Sando-
val watch carefully over the safety of the western and
northern camps, particularly for the present, while
Cortes was restrained by his wounds.*" The injunction
those who fell. Vetancurt tlivitlcs the figures into 40 captives and 20 dead,
Teatro Mex., pt. iii. IG2, and Clavisero also includes dead and captive in that
number, while raising the dead liorses to 7. Stvria Mrsn., iii. 212. Solis
writes that over 40 Spaniards were carried off alive, and tliat Alvanulo and
Sandoval lost 20. Hint. Mex., ii. 410. Ik^rnal Diaz acknowh^dges only a
third of such loss between these two captains. CJoinara gives 40 captives,
several killed, .3 or 4 horses lost, and over .30 wounded. J I lit. Mfx., 2().'>-0.
Ixtlilxochitl raises the allied loss to over 2000. Ilor. <'rueldiiden. ,'{7-1).
Fifty-three Spaniards, says Sahagun, Hist. Com/., 192. lu the cOdiila of
March 7, 1525, granting a coat-of-anns to Cort»''S, 50 are mentioned, hut in his
letter to the sovereign the general acknowledges only 35 to 40 and over l(MK)
allies. Herrera and Torqueniada adopt these figures. Oviedo, iii. 510, lowers
the number to .3( . Duran, who confounds the late repulse of Alvarado with
the Sorrowful Night and this defeat, allows 4 banners to b<! captured. JJisl.
Jnd., MS., ii. 501-4. 508.
^' Bemal Diaz gives this conversation with some detail, and namoa
Treasurer Alderete as the guilty officer who neglected to till the channel, in-
timating that Cort<5s had been heedlessly allured onward by the Mexicans,
leaving Alderete to attend to the filling. Ho even allows the treasurer to
retort to the charge, in Sandoval's presence, tliat Cortes' eagerness had l)cen
the cause of the neglect. This is probably an invented account, based fni
Gomara's statement that the 'treasurer,' no name being given, neglected to
fill a channel on his route. Informed of this, Corti^-s hastened thither to
remedy the fault, only to meet the fleeing. Herrera adopts this version, as do
most writers, including Prescott; but it is evidently wrong, for Cort<5s writes
clearly that the misfortune occurred on his own route, sonu distance atjovo
its junction with the Tlacopan road, to which they soon retreated. On reach-
ing this road he sent to recall the 'treasurer and comptroller,' who were
leading their division victoriously at the farther end of it. Owing to thcii
care in filling channels ' they received no injury in retreating.' Carton, 23.3-4.
There can be little doubt about this statement, since Cortt^s would have l>ecu
only too glad to cast the blame on any other division than his own. lie does
not even claim to have been at the front, but in the rear, and near the spot
where the negluct occurred. The only question then is, who was the guilty
officer? The 'treasurer' commanded the centre division, and although there
were several treasurers, the royal, late and new, and he who acted for tho
array, yet the new royal treasurer is undoubtedly meant, and this appeal's
to have been Alderete, according to tho statement of several authorities.
Hence the accusation against Alderete must be wrong ; anything besides thij
must be conjecture.
mt
COXTINUATION OF THE SIEGE.
was needful in view of the reoccupation by the Mex-
icans of the channels from which they had lately been
driven, and their harassing attacks, chiefly by night,
against the camps and fleets. Alvarado's camp, as the
nearest to the city, was the most exposed, and San-
doval with his tried prudence could be best relied on
to counteract the recklessness of its commander in
repelling these attacks. Knowing the signal for the
sallies, usually a shot, the enemy were warned in
time to retire, or to form some trap or combination,
S(3 that the charge of the soldiers carried little ad-
vantage.
On one occasion, it is related, a shield-bearer named
Peinado stepped outside the camp gate and found him-
self surrounded by a horde of marauders. Escape
was cut oflT. In this dilemma he began to rattle his
shield and sword, and shout, looking at tht same time
toward the camp. The enemy assumed at once tliat
he was signalling to some party in ambush, and beat
a hasty retreat.^^ For several days^* the Spaniards
remained inactive. During this time tlie Mexicans
continued their daily sacrifice of captives, with con-
spicuous rites and loud demonstrations.
As usual amidst trying scenes, there were here
examples of the dev^otedness of woman. In one of
the encounters on the causeway to drive back the
prowling Mexicans, Beatriz Bermudez de Velasco,
wife of Francisco de Olmos, accompanied the soldiers,
in cotton armor, and with sword and shield. Such
was the pressure of the enemy that the troops were
thrown into disorder and began to turn in flight.
With raised sword she planted herself in their path
and cried, "Shame upon you, CastiliansI turn at once
against this vile rabble, for I will kill any man who
attempts to pnss this way." So abashed were the
men by this resolute demeanor that they again fell
^' 'Bolvih .'' la grita, Andrds de Tapia [the captain of hia party] matb maa
de Hcsentii Mexicancs, 'adds Torqueinada, i. "i^S-O,
*' 'Esto no fue sine cinoo dias.' JJenial Diaz, I list, Verdad., 149.
THE DIVINE PROCLAMATIOIir.
eer
upon the Mexicans and dofeatocl tlicm.^" Other
•women of less valor did equally good service as sisters
of mercy, to tend and cheer the many disabled. One,
named Isabel de Rodriguez, attained quite a reputa-
tion in curing wounds, a success attributed chiefly to
her holy invocation, for in applying the bandage she
invariably uttered the formula, "In the name of tlic
father, the son, and the holy ghost, one true God;
may he cure and restore theel"^"
Cortds found it absolutely necessary to resume
operations in order to prevent the utter demoraliza-
tion of his men, although they could advance no
farther than the last canal on the Iztapalapan road,
which was strongly fortified to protect the plaza. On
the Tlatelulco side the channel separating the city
from the causeway had been reopened as a barrier.
No serious effort was made to pass these points, and
the movements were effected with the greatest pru-
dence possible.
For this caution several reasons existed, based on
momentous consequences of the late defeat. In their
exultation the Mexicans had imprudently published
the oraculai- utterance that within eight days the
Spaniards would be destroyed, though many Aztecs
wouhl also perish.^'' Care was taken that tiiis divine
proclamation should be known in the Spanish camps,
with the intent of disheartening ihe allies and pro-
curing their desertion. This main object accomplished,
*^ Similar women of cournL;L' were !Maria dc Estrada, tlic heroine of Otumba,
Beatrix de Escobar. Juana ^lartin, and Beatriz dc I'alacios. Ilerrera, dec. iii.
lib. ii. cap. i.
^"Oil was the chief remedy. Tonpiewadu, i. r)r>S-GO. Bcrnal Diaz speaks
of a soldier named Juan Oitalan who performed cures with the Kittn of (lio
cross and psalin-sinying. Tlie Tiascaltecs also besieged tlie man for his
attentions. 'Y verdiiderauR'nte digo, ([uc hallauumos (]iio Nucstro Scuor
lesn Christo era scrvido de darnos esfuer(,'o, . . j de jn'esto sanauan.' Xofc
twenty <jf Alvarado's men wei'c free fiom wounds at this time. //(■-<. I'rrilai/.,
14'2. Solis allows this wonderful healing power to be attributed to no woni.ni.
iJisf. Mc.r., ii. 41'2. But thev he was u strict priest, who saw woman eliiclly
as a feeble ami adoring .supplicant.
" 'Que lie ai a oelio dias no aula <lc quedar ninguno do nosotros a vida,
porque assi le lo auiau prometido la noche antes sus Diosea.' BenuU Uiuz,
llUl. Venlad., 149
CONTINUATION OF THE SIEGE.
it was hoped tliat neighboring districts might bo again
persuaded to join in hostile operations, or at least
assume a neutral attitude against the isolated Spon-
iards. Severely harassed by all the strength of the
capital and its allies, the Spaniards would be unable
to maintain the siejje or even to sustain their own
])()sition, particularly if supplies were cut off, and so
1)0 obliged to retreat. Many indeed looked upon the
Spaniards as doomed, and tired besides of the long
siege, so contrary to native ideas of warfare, corps
after corps of their allies disappeared, in secret retreat
to their homes. Others wore sufficiently shaken in
tlioir belief to lose all ardor, the more so when they
recalled the prophecy of disaster uttered by the
hanged Xicotencatl. Cortes and his officers did all
they could to counteract this influence by referring to
pivvious failures of oracles, to the comparatively
ismall percentage of the late losses, the critical condi-
tion of the besieged, and their efforts to gain advan-
tages by spreading lies. Let the allies but abide till
the end of the term mentioned by the oracle and they
would be convinced of its falsity. The last argument
was perhaps the strongest that could be offered under
the circumstances, and it was decided to take no lisks
that might imperil the proof.^
These precautions were imperative in view of the
effect of Aztec machinations in the lake districts and
outlying i)rovinces. The lake towns last to join the
Spaniards relapsed into a frigid neutrality, and might
have risen but for the imposing proximity of tlio fleet
and army. Remoter districts assumed a more decided
attitude, and from Quauhnahuac came an urgent ap-
j)eal for help against the attacks of the JMalinalcas
and Cohui.Kcas, prompted by Mexico. Immediately
'"Solis, I list. M<'x.,\i. 41.^), states, anil Prescott hastily aflirms, tliat nearly
all till' allies ileserteil, and Hernal Diaz euuineratcs the mere liaiidful that re-
iiiiiiiiud ; but this must be erroneous, as shown by the eourseof the narratives
ill general. Two expeditions were sent forth about this time, and the lari,'0
niiiiilier of allies which joined therein may aeeount in part for the gaps wliieh
ga\ e rise to the above exaggeration. Cortes, indeed, alludes very iiidii-ectly
to any dufectiuu.
tApia's assault.
6C3
after the late victory Quauhtcmotzin had sent envoys
to these and other provinces, in every direction, bear-
ing heads or flayed skins of Spaniards and horses, and
other tokens, wherewith to impress their story that
more than half of the white besiegers were slain, and
that the remainder would soon perish, as declared by
the oracle. It behooved them, therefore, to decide
at once whether they would join for a share in the
spoils, or be forever excluded from all favor at the
hands of victorious Mexico. Thus, while many were
frightened into severing their connection with the in-
vaders, secretly or openly, more aggressive provinces
like Malinalco hastened to profit by the state of affairs.
To detach troops under the circumstances was not
agreeable, and many officers objected, but Cortes con-
sidered that it would be far more dangerous to Spanish
prestige and prospects to encourage such hostile move-
ments by a passive demeanor. "It was now more
necessary than ever," he writes, " to exhibit prowess
and spirit, so as to hide our weakness both from
friends and foes." Andres do Tiipia was accordingly
despatched with ten horse and eighty foot, together
with a considerable force of allies.'*" In order to calm
the many remonstrances against the expedition, he
was instructed to return within ten days. Tilpia
found the enemy awaiting him in large force near a
hamlet not far from IMalinalco, and at once prepared
to attack, assisted l)y the Quauhnahuacs. The ground
being level, the horses })r()ved of great service, and
the hostile army was presently in flight toward Mali-
nalco. This place was strongly situated on a height,
well supplied with water, so that Tdpia considered it
useless to atteni[)t an assault, nmch less a siege when
so short a term had been allowed him, and he accord-
ingly returned.
'"Forty thousand, says Ixtlilxochitl, obtained cliicfly from Quauhnaliuac
and other towns suhjcct to Tozciieo. 1 1 or. < 'nieldadi'i, 40. Ilt'rrt'ni uud uthurs
mention no uuxiliariua from thu cuinp. Uernal Diaz is confubud.
664
CONTINUATION OF THE SIEGE.
The coinj)laint from Quaulmnliuao was followed by
a doopor wail from Tolucaaiid adjoining Otonif sotile-
ments in ilie mountain rejjion west of the lake. Tiie
Matlalzincas, devoted adherents of Quauhtemotzin,
liad been indueed to openly declare for him and to
invade their districts, j)reparatory to advancinj^ a,<;ainst
the Si)aniards. This intention had been ah'oady vaunt-
ingly proclaimed by the A/tecs, and since Ihe JMatlalt-
zincas were both powerful and warlike, the necessity
for })rompt measures became even more aj)parcnt in
this case. The tried Sandoval was intrusted with the
exjvjdition, composed of eightcuin cavalry, one hundriMl
infantry, and a large force of allies chielly Otomis,
which soon grew to about severity th()usan<l. Alter
a quick march he came to the smoking ruins of some
settlements and startled into flight a band of maraud-
ers, who left behind them a (juantity of plunder and
provisions, including some teniKu" childi'en still roast-
ing on the s|)it. Jle pursued the raiders, and after
crossing a river'"* came upon a larger force, which
turned as he aj)proached, to seek safety within tl»e
town of ]\Iatlaltzinco, over two leagues distant, 'f he
<'avah-y made terrible havoc aniong them, and the in-
fantry following in their wake, killed nu)re than two
thousand. Those who escaped madi; a stand at the
town to covt>r the conveyan(;e of I'aniilies and eflects to
a fortified liill close by. This was [>r(!tty well accom-
plished before tlie infantry came u[) to assist in ca[)-
turing the town. The defenders now lied, and the
place was entered ami burned, after binng rilled <»f
what remained to takt>. Since it was late, the assault
on tlu» hill was deferrcid till th«^ moining. There the
natives mainlained a loud ui)roar until some tiin(; after
midnight., when all became (piiet. With eaily dawn
the Spaniards prej)ared to storm the hill only to Ic^arn
that it had Ixhmi abandoned. A nundxir of peo[)l(i
were seen in the ti(dd, howm'(>r, and eagerly the sol-
diers revived the fading e.\pectation for a I ray. In a
*" The Chiculiimulitlii. Ixtlilxochitl cuUa it.
TIIK OMINOUS KIOHTH DAY.
twinkliiii; tlxn' were ain()n«jf the niltl)le, and a nuuil)er
worn .slain before the ex[)lana,ti(m }jjaiiie<l viwh iliat
those peopU; lulon^jfcMl to the fVieiully Oioim's. San-
doval now advaneed on anotlier f'oitilied town, wlioso
('aei(|ue threw oj)i!n the gates on ItelioUluig tlie hosts
before liiin, niid n»»t only offered his own suhndssion,
hut promised to elfeet the submission of (iu! allie<l
taci(iues and those of Mnlinalco and Cohuixco. ]\,e-
gardlcfss of the insinuations of tin; Otonn's that sueli
itromises could not be relied on, Sandoval nturned to
^lexieo, and four days latcn* api)eared there tho
caeiijues of all thi'se provinces to tender allegiance
and aid for the sieije.*'
Meanwhile tlio portentous eightli day had dawned
on the Spanish caniiys. jfardly less conceiiied than'
the nativi's, the soldiers could not control their ticpi-
dation as th(>y thought of the or;icli;, although stiiviiig
to appear indill'erent. Nor wi'rc; they wit hotit taiigibh)
r(;asons for their fears. With a daily growing desei-
tion among the nnich neede<l allies, and fadinjj: entliu-
jsiasm among those who remained; with supplies greatly
reduced owing to tho neutral attitude assumed by sui'-
rounding <listric(s; witJi fi'c^sh wars upon tlieii- hands,
\vhi(h <leniande(l not only untio. haidships but a di-
vision ol' their weakened forces; with constant vigils
and alai'ms amid tlu? harassing at tacks of a t rium[»]iant
1
oe; with a lav'-r. mnn
her of
WOUIK
led
(lennvec
I of
nee(
l-
ful care and comforts, and abovi; all tlu; ghastly s|)ec-
tacle of a daily sacrilic(M>f late comrades, atifiidcd by
Avild and imposing celebi-ations — with all this gloom
and distress it r(>(juired stout hearts indeed to remain
Kteadfast. Yet they wcire firm; thev believed in tli(j
strength and justict; of theii' cause, and in their ulli-
inate trium[)h, though momentarily ilismayed, prayer
*''V olios lo Hirnioniii muy bui vn A ccrco.' Gomnrn, /lis/. Mit., 'J(l7.
Ixtlilxocliitl I'laiinit of coiirHo that lii.s Ti^/cuciiiis foriiii'd tho tliii'f imxiliiii irn
of Sandoval, noma! l)ia/ Mioii;^ly ^^'\\i^n Tapiii this »'X|K'(litioii, which Cortis
intinuiti's to havo liooii sent ubuut tiireu ihiyx uftcr thu roturu of the (Juuiiii-
uuliuuu ^NU'ty. C'urkin, 21(7.
666
CONTINUATION OF THE 3IEGE.
afforded them relief. It dissipated fear and infused
fresli courage.
Thus passed the day, amidst fear and hope, and the
Spaniards still existed. The Mexicans do not appear
to have made any special effort to support the oraclo
by a determined attack. Nor had they been able to
open any effective communication with the mainland;
for although the lake towns had withdrawn their
canoe fleet, they offered no aid to the besieged, while
the brigantines maintained too strict a guard to per-
mit many boats to gain the capital with supplies.
The ninth day came, and now it was the turn of the
Spaniards to exult, for not only did they feel inspired
with the belief that providence was protecting then -
and nobly the friars helped Cortds to impart that
stirring idea — but they were cheered with revived
animation among the allies and the early return of
most of the deserters. From Tezcuco, indeed, came
additional troops under the command of some Span-
iards there stationed." Cortds greeted the returning
cor})s with rather cold forgiveness. He showed them
that besides carrying on the siege without tlieir aid
he had undertaken victorious campaigns, and needed
not tlieir assistance. Nevertheless, since they had
served so zealously before, he would not only over-
look the grave crime of desertion, due partly to igno-
rance of Spanish laws, but let them again share in
the final reduction of the city, and thus gain both
revenge and riches. Cortes could adopt no other
course, for the siege could not be carried on without
tlie allies.
Under Spanish training the latter had besides grown
very efficient, as the following instance will illustrate:
No sooner had the eight portentous days passed by
than Chichi mecatl, the leading Tlascaltec captain
.'irving under Alvarado, disgusted with the idle fears
which had unmanned his people, and eager to retrieve
^M'arfau and Villarcal came, saya Rernal Diaz, and Teeapaneca, cacique
of Tupeyuuco, led tliu returning TiuHcultccs. JJiat. Verdad., 151.
ADVENTURE OF CHICHIMECATL.
607
them in the eyes of the Spaniards, resolved to show
both them and the Aztecs what lie could do. With
the aid of the soldiers the first fortified channel was
ca[)tured, and the chief advanced into the city with
his own people only, the flower of his warriors, after
leaving several hundred archers near the passa<^e to
keep the route clear for retreat. With unwaveriiii^
columns he advanced along the main street and cap-
tured the next canal passage after a fierce struggle.
Then he passed onward to the next, maintaining a
sharp contest all the day. Finally came the hour for
returning, and the Aztecs bore down with doubled
fury on his flank and rear. The retreat was per-
formed in good order, partly owing to the foresight
of leaving a rear body; and Chichimecatl came back
a lauded hero.**
IVTessengers had been sent to the allies far and
wide to encourage them with the news of the non-ful-
filment of the oracle. Ojeda and Marquez went in
person to Tlascala, j)artly also with the object of pro-
curing certain supplies. They left Alvarado's cam})
at midnight with only a few natives, and when about
half-way to Tepeyacac they perceived a train of men
descending from the hills with heavy burdens, which
they deposited in a number of canoes. Information
was at once sent to Alvarado, who placed a guard
along tlie shore to check this smuggling that had
evidently escaped tlie cruisers." Ojeda's party pro-
ceeded to Tlascala and brought a large train of j)rovis-
ions,*" In addition to this the camps were cheered
by the arrival of a ]>arty of recruits with quite a mass
of war material, chiefly powder and cross-bows, relics
"CorWs leaves the impression tlmt tliis incitU-nt took platio during tlio
days wlicu the Simniards were nmliing desultory entries into tii«^ <:ity; Imt
since lie does not speak of tiio oracle or the defection tlie ad'air is iindeeided.
Tor<iuemada, i. 657, intimates that Chichimcuatl served under Sandoval, l»ut
this is wronji;.
*' Ojeda magnifies the train of men to 40(X) and thn canoes to 3000. /firnrn,
dec, iii. lii). i. cap. xxii.
*^ l'"ifteen huiulred loads mnize, 1000 loads fowl, UOO sides venison, Ix'sidcs
other ell'ects, including Xicoteucatl's cuuliscuted property and wumuu. JU,
668
CONTINUATION OF THE SIEGE.
of Poncc do Leon's Florida expedition." The war
stores were particularly valuable; so low had run the
actual stock that Cortus was preparing more Chi-
nantec pikes to cover the deficiency in weapons.
Everythinj^ was again ready for a serious revival of
hostilities. Over six weeks had passed since the siege
began, and the end seemed little nearer than before.
On the day of the defeat throe fourths of the city
might be said to have been reduced; but nearly all
this advantage had been lost, owing chiefly to the
narrow streets, encompassed by houses which served
both for attack and retreat, and the numerous traps in
the form of canals and channels. So long as these
obstacles remained the progress must not only be
slow, ever slower as advance was made, but the troops
would be constantly exposed to fresh disaster. One
more defeat might ruin all, and Cortes resolved to
avoid risks. He would tear down every building as
he advanced on both sides of the streets, and fill up
every channel; "not take one step in advance without
leaving all desolated behind, and convert water into
firm land, regardless of the dela3^" So writes the
general, and yet he expresses regret for this destruc-
tion of the city, "the most beautiful in the world.""
In pursuance of this plan he asked the allied chiefs to
summon additional forces of laborers with the neces-
sary implements. They eagerly consented, and within
a few days the men stood prepared.
*' Herrera intimatca that tho material may have been a consignment to
Loon, for which the disappointed owner sought a market. A vessel of Aillon's
fleet, saya Bemnl Diaz, JJist. Verdad., 153.
*'Some time before ho had expressed the same intention, and the fear that
little or no treasure would bo recovered. Cartas, 22'2, 'i^l. Ixtlilxochitl
claims that his namesake provided 100,000 men for the tiisk, Ilor. Cruildadv*,
42, and ISernal iJia.: states that this prince proposed purely a sti'ict blockade
as a safe and sure plan. U'tst. Verdad., 160. The result proves that tliis
Would have been the best and as speedy as tho one adopted, wliile the city
would have been saved from destruction. That the plan was evci seriously
suggested among this impatient crew is afiBrmed by no other authority.
CHAPTER XXXIV.
THE CONQUEST ACHIEVED.
July-August, 1521.
The Destroi'ers Advance — Fierce Fiohtino in the Plaza— Dismal
SiTrATION OP THE MEXICANS — ThE WoUK OF DEMOLITION — MOVE-
MENTS OF Alvarado — The Emperor REPrsES to 1'arley — Misery
OF THE Aztecs Unbearable — Horrible Massacre of Women and
Children — The Tender-hearted Cortes Mourns over his own
Work— Capture of the Emteror— The Conquest Completed — ]>an-
QUETS AND ThANKSOIVINOS — DISPERSION OF THE ALLIES TO THEIR
Homes — Reflections.
With a force of over one hundrccl and fifty thou-
sand men the Spaniards now advanned on tlio city, a
large proportion destined wliolly to raze buildings, iill
channels, and remove obstacles, while the rest were to
drive back the enemy and kceji tliem at bay. At the
channel near the plaza the JSIexicans detained the
forces for an hour with a peace proposal, in order to
gain time for some operation, and then suddenly tlu^y
began to ply their missiles. Cortes was not slow to
accept the challenge, and led the attack with a reck-
lessness that caused his followers to remonstrate with
him for exposing .so valuable a life. It had the efl'ect,
however, of so encouraging the charging party that
the channel with its intrenchments was quickly caji-
turcd. On reaching the plaza they I'ound it covered
with loose stones, which prevented the horses from
running. Several streets leading to it were blocked
with stone barricades. The main effort for this day
was directed toward opening the approach to the
plaza, which was to serve as the starting-j)oint for
(COO)
m
THE CONQUEST ACHIEVED.
subsequent movements. The work was slow, owing
to the massive character of the buildings along the
leading avenue, and in this imperial centre of the city ;
but myriads swarmed thereat, and structure after
structure was levelled, opening wide access to the
southern causeway.
The Mexicans made repeated efforts to stay such
ruthless destruction. But their onslaught was futile,
for thundering cannon and fiery chargers protected
every point. " Burn and raze, you shaves," they
shouted to the auxiliaries in their impotent fury; "you
will have to rebuild it all, either for us if we win, or
for your present masters if they conquer I" And so it
happened. With dreary tasks did they pay for the
momentary triumph over their enemy. During the
withdrawal of the troops to camp in the evening the
Mexicans were able to make a forcible demonstration,
more so than usual on these occasions, if we may credit
the native records. They pushed in front of their
lines a fine-looking Spanish cross-bowman, reserved
from the late captives, and sought to make him direct
his arrows against his countrymen. This he refused
to do, always shooting too high, and finally the enraged
Aztecs cut him down. His presence naturally inter-
fered with the free operations of the soldiers, as the
enemy had expected.
On the following days Cortds ascended the com-
manding temple pyramid in the plaza, and thence
directed more effectively the operations for razing
buildings and driving back the Mexicans, who fought
with desperation for every foot of ground, so much so
that on one day alone fell twenty thousand it is said.
On one occasion a corps of Tlascaltecs crossed a
canal and were thrown into disorder by the enemy.
The Aztecs began to exult, and one of their num-
ber, a muscular warrior with enormous bejewelled
plumage, armed with a Spanish sword and shield,
shouted a challenge to any Spaniard. Several were
ready, among them Hernando de Osma, who had just
SINGLE COMBATS.
671
swum across the canal to sustain the wavering alHes.
Dripping wet ho rushed upon the warrior, but received
a blow which cleft his shield. Ilccovering himself, ho
dealt the Mexican a thrust from below and stretched
him dead, whereupon he snatched the sword and
plumage and sprang back in time to escape the pursuing
friends of the fallen man. He afterward offered the
trophy to Cort(5s, who accepted, but returned it at
once with the remark that none was so worthy there-
of as he who had won it. Tiie deed served also to
reanimate the Tlascaltecs, and they sustained their
position.
Not long after, another powerful warrior, similarly
plumed, came forth brandishing a Spanish sword and
announcing that he sought the glory of either dying
by the hand of a brave Spaniard or defeating him.
Cortds, who was present, told him that ten more men
like himself were needed to match one soldier. The
warrior insisted. "Very well," said the general, "this
beardless page of mine shall despatch you, and de-
monstrate the mettle of our Castilian boys." Juan
Nunez de Mercado, as the youth was called, thereupon
stepped forward, and bravely as this Goliah fought,
a few passes from the skilled arm of the youngster
soon sufficed to lay him low. This feat served not
alone to discourage duels with Spaniards, but was re-
garded by many Mexicans as a bad omen.*
Whatever may have been the reverses of the enemy,
they usually rallied in the evening to pursue the
troops as they returned to camp, the allies being al-
ways sent back first so as to leave the road dear for
the soldiers, covered by the cavalry. One day the
pursuit was not made for some reason, and a few
horsemen ventured to look into it, but only to be
driven back with two animals badly wounded. Cortes
resolved to be avenged. He ordered Sandoval to re-
enforce him so as to increase the number of horse to
' Hcrrera, dec. iii. lib. ii. cap. ii., lib. i. cap. xx., placea thia incideut oa
the third day of entry into the city.
072
THE CONQUEST ACIIIEVED.
forty. Thirty of tlioso wore posted early in tlic clay
in a hi(liii^-i)lace near the ]»laza, and dose hy a liiiii-
driid select soldii'rs and a corps of Tlascalti>cs. When
the hour came to return to canjp, the AFexIcans, as
expi'cted, fell ui)on the retreatinj; lines in stron<^er
force than ever, encouraged hy the achievement of
the previous evening and hy the pretended timidity
of the ten horsemen who covered the rear. Wiien
thi^ first columns of ])ursuers had well iJassed tlio
hi(nng-|)lace, the signal was given, and with ringing
Santiagos the parties in and)ush rushed upon the
startled warriors. Finding their retreat cut off, the
severed section lost presence of mind, and luirmitted
themselves to he hutcjiered like cattle. When the
iiiassacie was over, fully five hun<lred of the flower of
the Aztec armies covered the <xround.'^ Never a<jrain
wore the Spaniards exposed to pursuit near or heyond
the plaza, or indeed to any such fierce charges, and
the horses hecame again an object of awe."
Tile ca])tives were questioned regarthng tlu^ condi-
tion of the city, and from them a revelation was
obtained showing tliat the majority of the occupants
were in favor of capitulation, but afraid to express
tluir views in face of the firmness of Quauhtemotzin
and his party, who were resolved to defend their city
to the end. And there was still enthusiasm among
the Mexican people. Women and cripj)les could be
seen preparing and bringing war niutcrial for stronger
arms to use; they swept dust from the roofs into the
faces of assailants, while childi\M» threw tiny stomas
and lispixl an echo of the curse tiiat fell from the lips
' 'Toiloa log tnas principales y eaforzados y valicntcs.' Cortfa, Cdrfan, 244.
And itHK) captives. IrUiU-oc/iill, llor, Cruehkule-i, 43. 'Tuiiicroii bion q ccnar
n(|uclla nocho los Iiidios iiucstroa amigoa,' observes Goniara, unctuously. Hixt.
Mi'.i;, 'JOK. ]5ernal Diaz, who claims to liavo been among the 100 select, in-
tiiiiiitcs that Alvarado also fofmcd an ambuscade that day, tiiough less
elicotive. Jli-t. Vrrdwl., l')3-4. In rushing from the l-iding-placc, says
Corti'a, two horses collided, one of them throwing its rider and charging
nlune amid the foe. After receiving several wounds it sought refuge among
the soldiers and was conducted to camp, where it died.
' ' Fui' Viien jirincipal causa para que la eiudad mas presto ae ganase,'
Cortis, Cartas, 24"), but this must be regar'- d as an exaggerated estimato.
IIOIIUOIJS OK rAMIN'H.
fi79
of tlicli* I tan '11 Is. llut Jill iliis iiiaiiifcst, spiril, wnn
>!<>\vly Imt sur«Iy siil)si(Iiii<j^, jiiid dccj) a;i(l dismal
Woe was set! liii!^' down upon (licni.' Alas foe Mtxico,
]»rid(' (»r llic i;iand jtlatcaii! Alas lor tliino ancient
f;ran(k'url lUottcul out, loiwci- immsI Ik- thy cuitiiic,
cnislicd tliv Ixiddin"' |)i<)j''n'ss! 'I'lir days (»r <liv ••lorv
jii'o ended; and s»» are thy Moody ceroinoiiies and sae-
rilieial stonesl
Tionij sien'cH liad never suited tlie uaiive ideas of
varl'are, and experience; coidd t,herel'oi-e teach little
in the preparation j'oi- the <'vent. \'ast supplies had
l»een accuniuhited hy the Mexicans, hut. ii larij^t; inllux
of fun'itiveH from the lake towns had swelled the num-
ber of non-cond)atants and had helped to diminish tho
food supply, which had receix'ed hut scanty additions,
owiuLj to the close; watch of the ci-uisers. No|- h;ul
any i-estiictions heen |)lace(l on consumption, since" tho
]»rovisions were; chietly in pi'ivat(! hands. Now liuuino
was lau'lu'^- with rapidly increasini^ horr'ors, and JciwijIm
^vert! oifered hy the handful for an etpial (plant ity of
food.'' ivxcluded from such competition, the pooler
classes sought in h(»les and canals foi' snails, lizards,
an<l i-ats, skinuned tlu; surlace of the water for its
mucilaginous scum, or tore up the earth for roots and
we-eds, t^dad even to chc^w the bark of trejes, and anx-
iously waitinu: for the scanty allowance of biackish
Avater. JJisease; \vas marcbiu!.,^ hand-in-haml with huii-
fi^er, and weakened by tlieii* sull'eiinL;s hundreds wer>!
left to linj4'er in torment till weleomt; death relieyed
them, "^i'lie fre<pien<;y of these ine.-idenis made; the
people; e;allous, and the suiferinj^s even of near irie;n(i4
*ll<rr<rii, (li.'o. iii. liU. ii. c;ip. ii. T<)i'(|ii('iiiii<la, i. .^(JO, TM, w.ivii.h, inli-
liiiitiii;,' ill (,!!<' jiliico that !i!l were dotcrmiiuil tn *\\t'. Wluii tlii^ ])co|)lc iit la.st
iiicliiicii to pcaci!, says Oimiara, (^uaiilitcniot/iii opjio.stid it on tlii^ L,'riiimii lliat
tlicy liail (iiice tlcciiled for war, '(•oiitra hu voliiutad y coiiscjo, ' llisl. Mr.r.,
'2i:{. .Most (if tlio I'livelatioii was iiiaili- liy a woman of rank, it ajipcars. (,'ar-
ricd away liy lii.-. lovi; for iicro-jiaintin^', I'lv-scutt has oitliir nii.s.sud or i^'norcd
the facts which now reveal his false coloring.
*'^' asi cscondiilas huvualgiinos IVincipalos do las IVovinciaH ecrcanas <pio
aciidiei-on con alj^'un niaiz para sola llcvar joyiis.' 'J'hat is, where the cruisers
allowed such .smuggling. JJitran, IJiat. JiiU., MS., ii. 4U7.
H18T. Mex. Vul. I. la
074
TUE CONQUEST ACHIEVED.
were looked on with indifference by the gaunt and
hollow-eyed, who were themselves marked for death.
Regardless of the consequences, mo.ny crept at
night close to the Spanish camps in search of roots
and refuse which could no longer be found within
tlioir precincts. Advised of such movements, a body
of soldiers and allies was sent out before sunrise one
day and fell on a large number, slaughtering many of
them before discovering them to be starving women
and children." It was necessary to take increased
measures even against these surreptitious attempts to
sustain the defence, and to keep in the useless popula-
tion, though there was little prospect of any important
exodus, since the fear of the savage and cannibal
auxiliaries who surrounded the city made its very
pest-holes appear attractive places of refuge. The
vessels were particularly efficient for this purpose, the
more so since the crews had found a ready means to
render the submerged stakes and palisades of little
hindrance.^ They were thus enabled to ravage the
suburbs, and to cooperate with the other forces by
landing and driving the inhabitants toward the
narrow quarter in which they were now confined.
They had not always an easy task, however, for
the Mexicans were growing more reckless, and
would sometimes venture to meet even the ' winged
houses.
On one occasion a portion of the fleet was closely
beset in a confined place, and the flag-ship happening
to strand on some timbers the crew became panic-
stricken and sought to abandon her. Martin Lopez,
the builder, who was the chief pilot, at once turned
against the deserters, and being a large and powerful
man he pitched two into the water, beat and bruised
half a dozen others, and soon compelled their return
to duty. He thereupon led them against the enemy
"About 1000 were killed, says Ixtlilxochitl, Ilor, Crmldndes, 44 ; but Cortds
puts the killed and captured at more than 800. Cartas. 245.
' ' Usauan nuestrus vcrgantincs romper las estacjidos . . . remauan con gran
iutii\u,y. , ,11 tudas velaa.' JJeniul Diaz, IJist. Verdoil., luO.
THE IMPALED HEADS
075
and drove tlicm off, killing the leader, who was a
prominent officer. For this important service the
brave Lopez was rewarded with a captaincy.*
Cortes made quite rapid advance in the work of
demolition, considering the immensity of it. The
Tlacopan road had been levelled, rendering communi-
cation easy with the camp of Alvarado, and on the eve
of Santiago's day** the greater part of the main street
to the market was gained. This thoroughfare bore
afterward the name of Guatemotzin,^" because this em-
peror's palace was here situated. Strongly fortified,
its capture was not effected without a severe struggle,
wherein many a brave fellow met his fate. During
the fiijht Alderete's horse became unmanageable from
i\. thrust, and rushed amid the enemy in mad fury,
creating more disorder by his pawing and biting than
a squad of soldiers could have done."
Equally severe was the struggle on the following
days in entering and filling a street with a wide
canal, adjoining the main road. At the same time
was taken a tcmple,^^ wherein a number of impaled
bearded heads stared the horrified Spaniards in the
face. Tears filled the eyes of the beholders, and rev-
^ ' Do la Capitana, que b\ havia salvado, ' saya Hcrrcra, while assorting that
the captain Villafucito iihandoneil her; hut this hardly agrees with his own
later statonicuts that Villafunr ? rcmaiiuO. in chargo of the Heet. dec. iii.
lil). i. cap. xxi. ; lib. ii. cap. viii. The slain leader is called the lieutenant-
general of Quauhteinotzin, mid hij d(?atli 'fue causa, quo niaa presto so ganase
lalHudad,' Toi'jiiemudtt, i. •■"H, all of which is doubtful. A similar reward
to that of Liopez was accorded on another occasion to a soldier named Andrus
Nuficz, who after tlie cnptain had abandoned his vessel led her to the rescue
of two consorts. Wiien the coininander ciiino to resume liis post Nunez re-
fused to admit him, saying tliat lie had forfeited it. On being appealed to,
CortOs sustained the brave fellow and gave him the command, in whicli
capacity he rendereil iuiportant service. Ihrn'ra, dec. iii. lib. ii. cap. i.
"July '2i")th, according to Clavigcro, while Torqueniada less correctly niake.i
it August oth.
"" ' • Spanish corruption of Quauhteniotzin. 'La callo (f ba al tiangui.j
do 'i ',. .jiulco qo se llama de (ruatiiuosa.' Lihni de ('nhililo, MS., SH.
"Herrera names Magallanes as o.io of those wlio succumbed under tlie
onslaugiit of a chief, but his death was avenged l)y Diego C^^ttllaiios. a noted
marksman, dec. iii. lib. i. cap. x.x. On this occiwi(ui Ixtliixo. lii^l inliinatcs
that Ids namesake captured his brother, the usurper k.'ig of T"zcuco, ;.nd sur-
renilering him toCortos, he wasat once secured with shac'ul's. //«>/•. f^rnc'Jadit,
42-3. ' De manera (|ue de euatro partes de la ciudad, las ti'.K cataban ya por
no.sotro8.' Cortts, (Jartns, 24(3.
'^At the corner of the street leading to Saudoval's quart, i-. /(/., 247.
670
THE COXQUEST ACHIEVED.
crcntly the ghastly remains were taken clown to re-
ceive Christian rites."
The progress of Cortds' party in the direction of
Tlatelulco market, the ol)jectivc point of all the
niovements, had impelled Alvarado to almost sui)cr-
liuman efforts to gain before them a spot lying inueh
nearer to his camp. Once within, he hoped to keep
his ground, for it was large and level, twice the size
of the market-place in Salamanca, says Cortes, and
capaole of accommodating sixty thousand persons. It
was lined with porticos, wherein more substantial
traders had their shops, while the open square was
«,'overed with booths, between which the Spaniards
Jiad so often wandered to gaze on products of every
variety, from field and forest, from river and mountain,
as well as from the workshop of artisan and artist."
Thus it was formerly; but nov/ were to be displayed
only the worst phases of human scllishness, cunning,
and brutality; blood and corpses in lieu of fabrics and
provisions; lierce war-cries and the clash of arms in
jilace of merry traffickings and tlie clink of coin.
By the day following Santiago's day Alvarado had
levelled a wide approach, and now he resolved to direct
his whole strength against this plaza, leaving merely
a portion of his auxiliaries to attend to further razing
operations. Before dawn the next morning ho ad-
vanced with all his force and took the Aztecs by
sur[)risc. He effected an entrance with little trouble,
and was able to meet in good order the bands which
came to retrieve their neglect by fierce charges. They
were led by the renowned orders of Tigers and Eagles,
conspicuous in their corresponding gear, and eager t')
maintain the reputation which hail gained for them
their insignia. ^layehuatzin, lord of Cuitlalu^ac, was
also among the prominent leaders, but the cavalry
soon obliged him to turn in flight, and enabled the
"I knew three of tlicin, writes Bcmal Diaz. 'Las entcrramos en vna
Iglosia, quo ao (lizc iiora lo8 ALirtires.' Hist. I'crdad., l't'3.
^* Foi- a full deacri[)tiou see Autice Jiaccs, ii. 3t)2 ct acq.
UPON A TEMPLE SUMMIT.
677
infantry to capture a nunibor of the shops w1»i<!i
lined the market, and l)i;gin to pillat^e. Much nioro
determined [)roved the division under tlie Tiger cap-
tain, Coyohuehuetzin, who fell back and maintained
hiinsi!lf on the Momuztli edifice.
While the main portion of tlio Spanish forces thus
foujjfht at different points in the plaza with varvinuf ad-
vantaL,'e, Captain (jrutierre de Badajoz was ordered to
ca[)ture the great temple which overl(X)ked the market.
It was held by Temilotzin and Tlacatecatl, who fiercely
disputed his advance. Time and again were his men
driven back, or sent tumbling down the stei)s, bruised
and bleeding, many a one never to rise. But Badajoz
})ersevered, and step by step he climbed upward,
sustained by reiinforcements, till after two hours of
hard contest the summit was gained, first by Alferez
Montano. Woe now to the defenders remaining! Not
a Spaniard there Init had WH>unds to show, and not
one who did not strive to exact blood fur blood. ] t
was a repetition of the aerial combat of t]].o year befoi-o
on the summit of the central temj)le. Tluj !\[i'xicans
neither expected mercy nor aske<l it; rather longed
they to dedicate their last breath to the gods, and
g.un i.)j glorious death admission into the alxxle «»f
the 1 lessed. By nine o'(.'k)ck in the forenoon the
tv/o V uoden towers holding the altars and idols weie
g;.ined, and th') next moment dense smoke columns
rojc '<• uinounce the victory of the Spaniards.'" J^ouil
rose the Avail of the natives as they witnessed the
l)ortentous result, and with the ivcklessness of des])air
they renewed their onslaught, led by Axtxpieniziu
and the Eagle captain, Quachic. So severely pressed
'*C()rt('.s saw tlio siiKiko from liis oanip, from vliich lu; was ]in'].arim,' to
sttU'w ( '(./Vrf.v, '241. llcrrera leaves the iinpiessiun that Altne/. MoiitanD
'•(\ptniT(l the templn, dee. iii. lib. ii. eap. i., l)iit he was prohalily ""Iv tlu' lirst
i . st('i) oil the summit, lienial l)ia/, wlio fou^^ht mider Ahaiado, states dis-
»i' f'Lly iu.-^t; Hadajoz K'd tlie party, l>iit he is ikj donl)t iiieorrect in adding,' thut
■■.'•• Iig!i! on the top continued till ingiit. HIkI. Vin/m/., \X{. Tonpiemada, i.
f)U'), lefers to the temitle as the Aeatliyacapan. Duraii makes ('ortes appeal
to the ('lia)eans, and they 'tomando lii deliintoi'ii del J'ljereito, y eon elloH
Yxtlilxaehitl. . .j^anaron el Cue gmndc' Jlist. Ind., MS., ii. fllHJ. Thiu mutt
be a Chalcau vursiou.
C78
THE CONQUEST ACHIEVED.
was Alvaratlo that he was obliged to call down Bada-
joz and to concentrate his forces, abandoning the
several temples which surrounded the large pyramid.
Encouraged by this success the Mexicans pushed
tl»eir advantage from all sides, and unable to hold
their position the Spaniards retired with considerable
loss, including three horses."
Nothing daunfod, Alvarado repeated his entry on
the following da .md met with comparatively little
opposition, the enc; jing evidently discouraged by
the fall of the tempic id the resolute bearing of the
S[)aniards. He now passed through and came U}) to
Cortes' party, by whom he was received with ringing
and repeated cheers. The latter had just captured
the last canal and intrencliments near the maiket-
place, after a sharp struggle, and now the general and
his doughty lieutenant entered the market and
ascended the lofty pyramid, on which the royal
banner waved a proud welcome, while beside it the
still impaled heads of white and dusky victims re-
called the bitter vengjance yet to be exacted. Sur-
veying the city beneath him on all sides, Cortes says:
"It seemed undoubted that of eight parts wc had gained
seven." The late magnificent metropolis, the iinest
and largest on all the northern continent, displayed
now a mass of ruins, through which the bi'oad paths
levelled by the invaders led to the one corner which
alone remained to the besieged," wherein, amid famine,
pest, and putrefying bodies, they huddled in pactked
masses, sending forth from their midst the groans of
dying and loud lamentations, in an atmosphere so pes-
tiferous that the soldiers who entered the lately aban-
doned lanes were almost stifled. People were found
^'^Oomnra, Ifht. Me.r., 210. CorWs calls thcin wounded merely. Sahagun'.s
iiativi! vcrnion of tlio plaza fight is very confusing, and mixed with tliat of the
Btniggle against the otlicr divisions, 'y toniaroii los hergantines [two] il los
osiiafiolos, y llovariinlos A nna laguna (pie Ihunan Amaiialco.' Jlist. Coiiq. (cd.
1840), '2U2-3, But thia niimt bo a mistake.
'' 'Quo se llama Atcnaiititi'di, dondo aiiora csth, edificada la Igleaia de la
Conoi'pi'ion, junto do la Ailiarradii.' 'J'on/iieiiiiufn, i. r).").'{. Tetenaniitl ward,
Bays Sahaguu in one edition. Jiid, Coik^. led. 184J), 201).
PEACH PROPOSALS.
679
in fliffcrcnt stages of liungor and disease, meeting tlio
soldiers with passive indifference in the recklessness
of despair. Beyond on the roofs stalked the warriors,
gaunt and yellow, like caged and starving beasts.
Cortes felt painfully oppressed on beholding so
much misery, and at once ordering a stay of hostili-
ties he sent some captive chiefs to Quauhtemotzin with
peace proposals, showing the utter futility of further
resistance, which could involve only a needless inflic-
tion of sufferinj.* and slautjhter, and embitter .against him
and his the besieging forces. He was prepared to forget
all })ast animosit}^ and respect the persons and prop-
erty of the besieged, and his rights as sovereign, and
demanded in return only the renewal of allegiance
already offered in Montezuma's time, Quauhtemotzin
scarcely gave the messengers time to speak, before he
answered solemnly: "Tell Malinche that I and mine
elect to die. We will intrust oui'selves neither to the
men who commit, nor to the God who permits, such
atrocities I"
Struck by the lofty bearing of the doomed, and
desirous of securing the treasure winch the l»esiegc'd
assured him would all l)e cast into the water beftjre
his tinners should touch it, Cortes again sent a
proposal, formally attested by notary and witnesses,
declaring that the responsibility for the terril)le con-
sequences which nmst follow llie rejection of his olfcr
would I'all wholly on the besieg(Hl. But all without
avail. And when the priests came and declared the
oracle, "Appeased l)y sacrifice; the gods have prom-
ised victory after three days," Quauiitemotzin made
answer, his council being i)resent: "It is well. And
since it is so, let us have a care of the provisions, and
if need bo die fighting like men. Let no one hence-
forth speak of peace under pain of death!"
Preparations were accortlingly matle to renew hos-
tilities at the designated time, on which occasion
sacred relics were to be brought into service from the
paraphernalia of Huitzilopociitli, one a twisted snake
680
THE CONQUEST ACHIEVED.
scej)tro r'ct Vvith mosaic, called the Xiuhcoatl, which
was said to become alive when launched aj^ainst the
foe and terrify them to flight; the other a war-dress
of feathers tipped with an owl's head of fearful aspect,
an aegis to scatter the cnemy.^'*
Cortes on his side was not impatient to brea-' tho
truce, for ho knew that hunger and disease were cfli-
ciently fighting his battle, and he was besides busy con-
structing in the market-place a catapult which was to
soon end his labors there whatever might be the fur-
ther decision of the Mexicans. The idea had been
suggested by a soldier named Sotclo, who boasted of
military science acquired during the Italian wars;
and since powder was becoming scarce the necessary
carpenters weru readily furnished to construct tho
machine. "Behold!" cried the Tlascaltecs, pointing
it out to the Mexicans, "behold a monster mecbanism
which will quickly annihilate you!" But on trial it
proved a failure.
Then messengers were again despatched to Quauh-
t'Mnotzin to talk of peace, and were told that they
h.. )uld have an answer soon. Next day the Span-
ish scjitinels observed a groat commotion among the
]\Iexicans and a gathering of armed masses. They
gave due notice of this, but before the troops were
fully prepared the enemy came rushing from their i-e-
treats with a suddenness that threw the first opposing
lines in disorder, a number being wounded and several
killed, at least among the auxiliaries." The troops
quickly rallied, however, under cover of the artillery,
and Cortes resolved to inflict chastisement. Alvarado
'^This or a third relic bore tlic name of MamallnmEili. Saliagnn also
refers to a divine bow and arrow. ll'iKt. ('oin/., r»3-4. IJiit liia editions vary
in text: see that of 1840, 'JlO-Ti. Tiiu Herjient was involved oven iifter the
(Hinijuest, snys the pious friar, and he heard Father Temhleijuc rehite that lie
one day opened his window <huing a storm and ha<l his lel't eye injured by
a ray of lightning, whieh daniaged the house and adjoining ehureli. This
ray, the Mexicans assured him, was tho Xiuheontl, conjured np by the sor^
cerers, for they had seen it issue in tho form of a big snake tin'ough the door.
The editor IJustamanto tells an ecpialiy impressive stiny in connection with
an attempt to account for the snake and li^htidng.
'"Ouo being killed and two horses wounded. liernal Diaz, loo. cit.
illSERY AND DESPAIR.
GSl
was oixlored to attaclc a largo ward oontaiiiinjjf over a
thousand buildings, while the remaining i'orees should
turn against the main (]uarter. Incitetl by the presence
of the mystic owl and the sacred snake -bearer, the
jMcxicans fought with an indil^erencc to fate that
turneil the war into a butchery. Wluni the survivors
were driven back it was ascertained that over twelve
thousand Mexicans had been killed or captured.
The promised victory had proved a disastrous de-
feat, and even the most hopeful Mexican sank into the
deptlis of despair. This feeling was greatly fostered
by a strauLje occurrence about this time, wliicli the
native records describe as a tiery whirlwind, resolving
into llames and sparks. It rose with great noise in
the north, after sunset, revolved over the doomed
quarter and disappeared in the lake, leaving the natives
overwlielmed witii a])[)rehensions.-"
Their eyes were fully opened to the situation. And
in pondering on the dreadful past and present, the
dreadful i'uture became dim, even its terrors growing
every day fainter. They had been passive under the
|)ain of wounds and under hardships indescribable;
but when at last frenzied motliers and fathers seized
upon their own oifspring to still the Jiangs of hunger
over wliich sane minds no longer had control; when
others began furtively to look about for less closely
allied beings whereon to feed, then indeed a stranger
and more terrible fear came over them."^
When Cortes returned with full force on Ihc ("'llow-
ing day to renew the tight, ci-owds of misciable bi'ings
came forth, repulsive in their (Muaciated and haggard
appearance, careless of their lives yet clamoiing for
^"SiilhKjmi, Il'ig'. Coil'/. (o(l. 1S40K 'il.'?. 'I'lu! editor l')ns!.iin.iiiti' s]ii;iliH of
a similar pliunoiiii'iion in Mii'lKiacjiii in iS'J't. /(/. (cd. |S-J!M, (iS.
'•" ' l>o losiiifiDS iiii([Ui'(liiii:ulii.', (jiif las liii.siiiasiuiulros y jiailrcs los ('(iiuiaii,'
is tlio statoiiK'lit (if tlio native iccurdM. /(/., I'Kt. Vet 'J'onjui inaila, i. ."i7'J,
assnnios that t\w Mexicans woidd not cat of tlicir own race. 'I'lioiisandn iuul
already died of Htaivalion without toneiiinj^ tl\e tiesh of countiyincn, tli()U)j;li
priests |iai'toolv <if cliilih'en saciiliced duiinj,' ordinary festivals; lint at last tho
Bei-u|)li^ among the iimasus was ovtTcoiuo by iluspair. Seu .^ alien Uuces, ii,
])us.sini.
632
THE CONQUEST ACHIEVED.
morcy and for bread. Moved by the appeal, no ordered
them not to be injured, and proceeded to answer
certain chiefs who had summoned him to a parley.
*'Son of heaven!" they cried, "within one brief day
and night the tireless orb returns. Why dost not
thou also finish thy task as quickly? Kill us, so that
wo may no longer suffer, but enter paradise and join
the happy throng already sent thither I"^- He told
them that in their hands was the remedy. They had
but to cease their insane opposition, and their suffering
would cease, for he would give them food and respect
their persons and property. No satisfactory answer
was returned. They were evidently afraid to speak of
peace, though eager for it. Cortes felt convinced that
the emperor and a few leading nobles were the only
persons holding back, and willing to spare the people
he again resolved on an appeal.
A distinguished captive was prevailed on to carry
this message in order to give it more weight,"^ and to
use his inllucnce with the emperor. On appearing
before Quauhtemotzin the noble began to speak of
the kind tieatment he had received from the Span-
iards. Praise of this nature hardly accorded with the
mood of the ruler or with the views he wished to
impart, and no sooner did the envoy allude to })eace
than he was ordered away with an imperious sign to the
stone of sacrifice."'' Any fate for ruler and people was
botterthanto fall intothehands of Christian civilization.
At the same time the warriors faintly threw themselves
against the Spaniards with shouts of "Death or liberty!"
Tlie attack cost the besiegers a horse, and several men
were wounded, but the charge was easily repelled, and
was followed up by further slaughter. That night the
allies encamped within the city.
^-Torque no acabas cO el qno noa acabe?. .Desscamos la mucrto por yr a
descanaur cO Quct(;alcouatlh,' adds (ioniara, Hist. Mex., '210-11.
^^ Tlie cliroiiiclers call him an iinuloof the Tczcucan king, but thia appears
to be a misinterpretation of Cortiis' text, >vhereiu ho says that such an undo
had eii4>tured the prisoner.
■^'( 'or/i.i, ('(rriu,i, 'J.')!. This was partly in accordance with the law against
nobles who returned from captivity, nf3 already instanced.
rURTIIER ATTEMPTS AT NEGOTIATION.
683
The following day Cortc.s again approached some
nobles at an intrenclmient and asked, "Why rcniahis
the emperor so stubborn? Why will he not come and
speak with me, and stay the useless slaughter of his
subjects?" Bound by superstitious loyalty to their
ruler, weepingly they replied, "We know not; we will
speak with him; we can but die!" Presently they
returned to say that Quauhtemotzin would i)resent
himself in the market-place on the following noon.
Delighted, Cortes ordered a dais to be preparcid on
the raised masonry platform recently used for tho
catapult, together with choice viands. At the ap-
pointed hour the Spanish general appeared in state,
with the soldiers drawn up in line, ready to do honor
to the distinguished guest. After waiting impatiently
for some time, they saw five personages approach, who
proved to be the bearers of excuses. Quauhtemotzin
could not come, but desired t(» learn the wishes of
Malinche.-^
Concealin<x liis chagrin, Cortds caused tho nobles to
bo entertained, and then he sent them to their master
with assurance of good treatment; they soon returned
with presents, and said the emperor would not ctmie.
Again they were sent, and again their cftbrts were
unavailing. The truth is, Cortes desired with tho
monarch to secure his treasure; else he would not
long have stayed his bloody hand. On the other
hand, though Quauhtemotzin's conduct might be at-
tributed to selfish obstinacy, he well knew that even
for his people death was to be scarcely mo'e feared
than capture; now they might at once enter paradise,
but the foreigners souglit them but to enslave.
Tho following day the five nobles again kept Cortes
waiting with a promise that the emper<.)r would meet
him. The hour having passed without his a[)[)earance,
the allies, who had been kept in the background
^* ' Tenia muclio miedo tic parecer ante ml, y tam1)inn cataba malo.' Cort/n,
Cartas, 2.'>;{. ' Knipaclm,' explains Herrera, doc. iii. lib. ii. cap. vii. Ho
feared to be shot, liunial Diaz, lIUl, VcrdaJ., 104.
CS4
THE CONQUEST ACHIEVED.
durini^ the negotiations, were called forward and tlio
order was given tor assault, Sandoval direeting the
fleet along the shore and up the canals to the rear.
"Since they will not have peace, they shall have
war!" cried Cortes. Then the carnarjc became fearful.
S|)aniards and auxiliaries alike, two hundred thousand
strong and more, so it was said, abandoned themselvt'S
to the butchery, while Satan smiled approval. In
helpless despair, like cooped beasts in the shambles,
they received the death-blow as a deliverance.-" I
will not ]>aint the sickening details so often told of
chasms filled, and narrow streets blockaded high with
the dead bodies of the unoffending, while down upon
the living settled desolation. It must indeed have
been appalling when he who had brought to pass such
horroi-s writes : " Such was the cry and weeping of
children and women that not one amongst us but was
moved to the heart." Then ho attempts to throw
upon the allies the blame of it. " Never," he says,
"was such cruelty seen, beyond all bounds of nature,
as among these natives." Already, before this mas-
sacre of forty thousand"-'' the streets and houses were
filled with human putridity, so that now the Span-
iards were forced to burn that quarter of the city to
save themselves from infection.
Another morrow engenders fresh horrors. The
three heavy guns are brought forward to assist in dis-
lodging the besieged. Fearful lest the emperor escape
him in canoes, Cortes directs Sandoval to place ves-
sels on the watch for fugitives' particularly at the
basin of Tlatelulco,-^ into which it is proposed to drive
^^ 'Ni tcnlan ui hallaban floclias iii varaa ni picilras con que nos ofenilcr. . .
No teuiaii paso por donde andar aiuo por euciiiia do los imiertos y por las azo-
teas.' Cviirn, Cartai, 254.
''' 'Matiii'ou y iirendieron mas do cnarenta mil dnimas.' Id. Ixtlilxochitl,
Ilor. Vnidda'len, 48, raises tlie number to 50,000, wliilo Duran states that
over 40,000 men and women perished while fleeing. Hint. Iiul., MS., ii. 510.
What pained the conquerors most, however, was the sight and knowledge of
what innuenso quantity of booty eluded them to pass into tho hands of those
marauders.
*•* ' Entre la Garita del Peralvillo, la place de Santiago dc Tlatclolco ct lo
pont d'Amaxac' So says Pichardo. IJumbokll, Essui I'oL, i. 11)3. ' Dondo so
MASSACRE UPON MASSACRE.
688
the bosicijfod, tliero to catch the kiiif^ and nobles with
their gold and jewels. Of a truth Cortes doe.s not
wish to kill the miserable remnant of this so lately
proud race — particulai'ly if thereby he loses the en-
caged treasure. So ho again appeals to them, and
the Cihuacoatl,-' chief adviser of the emperor, appears
and is treated with great courtesy. After a time he
takes his departure, then for the first time declaring
that Quauhtemotzin will on no account present him-
self " Return then," exclaims Cortes in ill-suppressed
anger, "and prepare for death, invoked, not l)y high
and holy purpose, but by obstinate timidity!"*'
Five hours are thus gained by the wily monarch
for the escape of the women and chiLh-en, who pour
out in swarms, the fainting supported by the feeble,
all emaciated and haggard, and many marked by
wounds or disease. Seeing which the allies pounce
upon them, all stricken and defenceless as they are,
and murder them, to the number of iifteen thousand.
And the same number perish in the fall of broken
bridges, in the choked canals, and from the tread of
their fellow fugitives. How glorious is war! How
noble the vocation ! How truly great the hero of such
hellish deeds! Blush, oh sun! for making such to-
morrows; for lending thy light to human intelligence
by which to do such diabolical wickedness!
Observing no signs of surrender, Cortds openec. fire
with his cannon and gave the signal of attack.
Another massacre fijllowed, the Mexicans display ing
the same apathy and sullen indifference to death m..;
on other late occasions. At some points, howevei",
large bodies surrendered, and the remaining Mexican
cmbarcaban para Atzlapotzalco,' adds Bustamante. Ixtlilxochitl, Tfor. Criol-
ilculcs, 50.
■•''■' Chimalpain calls him Tlacotzin, afterward baptized as Juan Velasquez,
/list. Com/., ii. 71. 'Ciguacoacin, y era cl Capitan y gobemador de todos elloa,
6 por su consejo se seguian todas las cosas de la guerra, ' says Cortes, Carton, 2.5,"),
''" Porque les queria e(>ml)atir y acabar de matar.' Cartoj^, '2jG. ' Pucs eran
barlmroa, que no queria dexar hombre vivo, q se fuesseu.' fferrein, dec. iii.
lib. ii. cap vii.
cso
THK CONQUEST ACIIIEVEP.
quarters were fast falling into the conqueror's hands
Sandoval on his side was closely guarding the water
IVont and ])rei)aring to cooperate. ]^^ntering tho luir-
hor basin with a portion of the fleet, he hore tlown on
the canoes with a crash, u|)setting the greater num-
ber, tilled chieily with nobles and their faniilics. of
whom a large portion perished. The canoes which
escaped scattered in different directions, into canals and
corners, most of them however turning toward a nook
of the basin with the brigantines in hot pursuit. At
this momenta few boats of larger build emerged from
a rc^treat at the other cntl and paddled ra[)idly toward
the open lake.
Warned by his commander to watch closely for the
emperor, Sandoval had not failed to observ^e the
UKtvement, and he immediately directed (larcia do
Ifolguin, captain of the fastest vessel, to overhaul the
fugitives, who might be persons of note. Aided both
by sails and oars, Holguin speedily gained on them,
and they began to scatter in diiferent directions, evi-
dently with a view to confuse him; but a captive on
board indicated one as most likely to contain the
emj)eror."''' On approaching it the archers levelled
their cross-bows, whereupon a sign of surrender was
made, with the })leading cry that Quauhtemotzin was
there. As the overjoyed Holguin stepped down to
secure his captives, among whom were the young
empress, the king of Tlacopan, and other prominent
personages,"'' the monarch bade liim respect his con-
"TIio distinguished captive siiid : 'Capitan st'fior, dAto bncna miina, que
nqucllos indios. . .son esclavosilo(iuatiniU(,'in, o podrriHer(]U(''l vaalli Iniyendo,
jxinnio su bandera ya no paros!^o. ' (h'/eilo, iii. oKi. A eaiioo of twenty rowers
and bearing a nuinltcr of people. Gotiiom, Hist. (7oii(/., 212. Sec also I'ltiin-
cvrt, Tcntro Mix., pt. iii. lO-i; Clavijcro, Sloria M(ks., iii. 230. A small canoe,
says Duran.
^-Torqueniada, i. r)70-l, followed by Clavigcro, mentions besides Tetle-
pantpietzaltzin, king of Tlacopan, the fugitive king of Tezcuco; but this is
doubtful, as wo have seen. Ho cnumerate.s several dignitaries. Brasseur do
liourbourg names Tlaoahucpan, son of Montezuma, while his authority,
Ixtlilxochitl, stiites that his nainesiike captured him and Tetlepanquetzaltzin
in another canoe, and in a third I'l-.pantzin Oxomoc, widow of Emperor Cuit-
lahiiatzin. Jlor. Cruihlmk.i, 50. 'Quahutimoc se pnso en ))ie en la popa <le su
canoa para pelear. Mas eomo vioballestiis. . .rindiose.' doniarii, llkt. Me.r.,
213. This probably assumed fact has been elaborated by some writei's into au
I
CAPTIVK AND C'OXQUKROR.
e§7
sort and liis ititimie. As for himself, ho was at his
disposal.
C()i)duuto<l hy his captor, ho passed alon^f tho stroots
to the presence of the conqueror, the ohject of ten
thousand eyes, for rumor ha<l i)roceded him. Men
rested from the slauj^hter to gaze at him. In tho dis-
tance was heard tho din of hattlc, but along tho caj)-
tivo's path tliore fell a hush. His was a striking
figure. The grave, carevvorn face hctokoncd sutforing.
He wore a dingy hlood-stained roho, and tho pallor
which overspread a naturally fair lace was yet more
heightened hy the feverish brilliancy of tho (\yos, now
bent dejectedly on tho ground, now looking straight
bel'ore him. Ho walked with a firm step, and young
as ho was, tho majestic dignity of tho prince and
loader impressed every beholder. "]f(! was (juito a
gentleman," graciously alKrms Bernjil J)ia7.. ('ortes
had stationed himself (m tho roof of a high building
in tho Amaxac ward,'" thence to direct operations,
a!»d now ho caused a dais to be [»ropared, and a table
with refreshments. When the om[)eror approached
tho guard drew up in lino, and tho gen(;ral advan(;od
with benign dignity and led him to a seat by his
side. " jMalincho," said tho ca[)tivo, "I have done all
within my power for the defence of my people, but
the gods have not favored mo. My empire is gone,
my city is destroyed, and my vassals are dead. For
what have I to live? Hid mo therefore oi' worthless
existence."'* Saying this, with his hand ho touched
heroic act. The incidnit haa l>cen phiccil by tradition na occnrrint; near tlio
hiter I'ucntc del Cii'rigo. Jlut this c;iii Jiardly i)e. Sec note L'T. Acturding
to IJenial |)iuz, Sandnval came up siioi'tly after, on h'arnin}^ the news, ami
demanded the Hurrcndir of tlie oaptivt s to him a.s the commander i>( tlie, .'k^et,
who had ordered llol^'iiiii to inir.sue tlie canoes. The latter refiiKcd, and ft
delay occurred, during whicii anotJK re rew hui ried to hear tht; tiilinijH to Coi'ti'H
and claim tho rewai'd gianted for first repoits. 'J'wo capt'iiiis were now stiit
to 8unnnon the disputiints and captives. J/i.st. \'r<l"(/.. !.")."). Corti's, while
according in his letter tlie credit of the capture to Holj'uin, ])romised to refer
the- claim to tiie king, llolguia hgurcs some years later as rcgidor and estate
owner in the city.
*' ' J"]sta casa era de un princiiml tlatilulcano que se llaniaba Aztaoatzin.'
Sah'ii'Hii, Hint. CoiK]., 5").
'■** The versions of this remarkable Bpecch vary greatly. ' Hahia hecho
todo lu (jue dc su parte era ubligadu para defeuderse il si yd los mtyos hasta
i
OSS
THE CONQUEST ACHIEVED.
u dnjjfjj^or in the boit of CortoH. Tlio gonornl soui^hfc
to reassure liim, declariinx tlmt none could resist the
Christian's (Jod. lie liad jierfonned liis duty hravely,
like a jn^ood j)rinee, iuid should he treated as such.
Al(lioui»h the j^reat end was thus accomplisluvl,
slaujj^hter and pillage were continued until lontj^ after
vespers. IJctore the troops withdrew to their respec-
tive camps, the prisoners, in<*ludinijf the pretty em-
press. Tecuichpo, were conducted to sate (piarters in
Coyuhuaean. Shortly afterward a rain set in, aidin-^
the efforts of the S[>aniards to check tht; auxiliaries
in tlieir niaraudiiiiijs, and tliis, developing; toward mid-
niujht into a furious st()nn with linj^htnini"' and thunder,
seemed to the homeless Mexicans to he the xitiJicoatl
of lluitzilopochtii and the tumult of departinij; deities.
To the conipUTors this tlashinjjf and thun<KMin_tj; of
heaven's aitillei-v was the salvo attendiuijf victory,
which was celel)iat(>d in ftnistinijf and merrimi>nt till
came late slumber with visions of gold, and lands, and
vassals.
Thus ended Tuesday, the l.^th of Aui^nist l.'"*!!!,
sacred to St llippolytus, and accordingly a(h)[>t(>d by
the compUM'ors as ])atron saint of the city. During
colonial rcij'nnc the day was annually celebrated by a
solemn festival, wheniu the h>ading citizens and eth-
cials rode on horseback in procession round the cit} ,
vciiir CM cinu'l t'stmli), quo nhora Ikmoso ili^l lo quo yo quisiosc' Corl(*s, Curtrtit,
'2^u. ' I)i(,'i(''ii(l()lo que le tliossc do ])uniilaii!i.s <^ lo inatiisso, iHinjuo no <'iu
i;H;on que viviosso on ol niumlo lionihro quo :;via, ponlido !;. (ino'l avin i>oi-
dido.' adds Oviodo, iii. 4'J'J. ' l'roi;untiir'.ido jicv los oliripHtiaiios, i^ dixo:
No mo |iroj,'nntos ohso; <^ hi nio ()noroy;-i nuitar; niataiiuio ya: (juo 1 arto ostoy
do vixii',' nays anuthor vovsion. hi., 517. ' Ji'ia niui oonsolado lulondo sus
dioHOM ostalian, ospooialnu".'.!" liaviondo niuorto fi luf.ios do U\\ ea]iitan.' Ili'i-
rcrni, doo. iii. Ill), ii. om]). vii. ' Why ho Htubboml'' is tlio way Oman .-.jpons
tlio 0(111 vcrsjiti. in on ('orti\s' pfirt, JliKt. /ml., MS., ii. WMK ''ro_u;liotonii oou
quosto |iui,'iialo UMa vita, ol.o non pordoi nolla difosa di'l niio J\ogiio.' ('Itivi-
<l<ri>, S'vriti .l/t.x.i., iii. 'J.'U). Soo also Ix'lilxooliitl uiulothors. Writors ^ou-
orally no into oostaoy ovor this uttoranoo. ' Maijnaniino,' oxolainis I'otor
Martyi', tioo. v, oap. viii. 'lloroio,' ojaoulatos liustanianto in H\i|tport of
( 'hinial|>alu V onooiuinnt. Hixt. ''oik/., ii. 7">. 'Co trait ost dijj;no du plus lioau
tonipa do la <<rooo ot (U> ]{oino.' Iliniiliohll, l\.isiii /'o/., >. MCI. 'A spirit
Mortliv of an anoiont Roman,' oohoos I'ro.'^'-.iit, ,\l<r., iii. 'JtKi. Horniil Oiaz
Bays tlio cinpoi'or wept, ami with him hia chiofa. IHkI. Writttd., 15o.
S
TlIK rivSTIIOLKS KVACUATKD.
luvuk'd l»y (he vicoroy aiul llio allcroz lunyor l)oar-
iuLj a l)aniu>r commomoirttivo of tl»o ooiKjiu^st.'" For
St vonty-livo days coiisccutivt'ly, savH (^ortoH,"'" i\w sioi^o
liad lx>on wivathint; its coils midst almost hourly sorncs
of Moodshod, wherein nearly one thousand Spaniards
and two hundred times that numlu^r of allies liad taken
])ait, one hundred or tlu^reabout of the form >r fallini»',
und many thousands anionj;" the latter."^
As for the Mexicans, most of the early authcuities
assert that I'ully one huiulred thousand ptMished,
l)esidt>s those \vho dicnl from pest an«l famine.'^ At
the order t»f their soveieiij^n, afti>r tlu" proehunation of
pca(!e, the miserable renmant l)e<^an to evaeuati! their
'' Miido n few ycnrs Intor liy unlor of tlio city ciiuiumI. Tf. \v;i» not, an
nmiiy .sii|i]ios4', tl\o uiiuiii.tl nIjuuIjuiI, for tliis was liidiUii iluviiii; two ci-iitii-
lios iiiuoii^' nililusli ill (lu> iiiiivcisity, as Ntjitcil in its rn'onls. It, now «'\ists
ii\ I lii> iiinsfiiin, loniiiM,s; a (licoo a)i<mt a y.iril Hi|uai't', wiiicli shows on .no siilo
tlic \ iijiin of tlii> liinnaiMiIatc Coni'i-ntion witli liaiuls joini'd in piavi'i', anil
lu'aring on Iut licail a I'lowii of golil surroini<li'il liy ii lialo ami a I'ii'i'lr of
Htais; on till" otlici' an> tile royal arms. llolKriiii, lilni, l.")7. In liis ( '((/k/h./o,
To, this author .'iHsmiu's it to Im- th'" stanilani givrii to the 'riasi'alti'is, liut
Cailiaj.il states that at 'I'lasi'a'.i txists lUiotlu'V stiiinlaril of t 'oiti^s', with royal
mills, Jlisf. Mix., ii. (i;iT, \uth a pii'turo of tin- aliovo naiiicil viii,;iii. Sco
nlso /iciiiiiiioii/. CnuK Mil')., ii. Itlo-ll. Hy order of .inly .'U, l.VJS, thi> city
onimil orders linll-tiglitr. ami other cntcrtjiiinm'nts in honor of the day, 'e ij
tiiilose.'ihaljimn los i| tovier' a liestias.' I.iliroilr < 'uliillo, MS., lv'7. -.U. Mex-
ieans ;iri' never seen to Khiir;: ir. the jiroeessinn. 'Tan profiimlo estil en sum
liniinos la heiida.' Coro, Trra. .S(i//i).f, i. .'J; iliinilioltll, /■,'<«)/ Pol., i. I'.I'J. .\
minute aeeoniit of the eeremonies on the oeeasiou is f;iveii in Mohiiiik'/iIiim
Ili-'t. Ailiiiln. ColiUi., MS., ,tii,">, eopied from the .\rr/iirn (I'lin ml.
^"( 'oiintini; from May .'lOth, (Vn/d,*, i',"i7, and .so it is stateil in the |,;r,int to
C<<rtes of Mseudo di> Annas. l)nran and l\tlil\oeliitl extend it to Xil and
nnd llernal IHaz to itHdays. '!)es]ines de ninehos eonilintes, y nia.s de sessenia
jielea-i |ieli^rosisimas.' Arostn, llisl. SnI. li\iL,Wlt^.
^' Over (iO soldiers were lost in tlu> )i;reat di'feat. and small niimlier;!
Mow and then, while the aii\iliaries, less skilled in li^htin^' and iliii liy nn-
nrnioii'd, sni'e\iiiihed in hordes. (Jomara says alioiil .'i(t soldiers,!! horses,
nnd not m.iny Indians; llenera modilies to 'a little over' ,">(t; 'ror<|iieni.id.'i
ndvanci's to 'less than HV>,' and Claviu'ero to 'more tliaii 1(M) .'<|iiiiiiaidH.'
Herminde/, in his F.aldili^t. Mi ;'. , 'Jli'J, eomputes smdi eiirionslv exact liu'ines nii
107 Spaniards, I,S,<»1."> Tl.isci.lti'es, and ;t;t,-'l() .V/t.rs. IxtliKiMhill, ever ea-er
to enl;irL;e n]ton the seivieis of his raei', ('l.iims that ,'1(>,(M**' Te/iiiei'iis fell out
of '_'(H), (KM) employed, /li>r. ('nifrl'uli n, Til; lint this is evidently ex.i.L',.,'- rated.
'" ' l']n tpio mnrieron inlinicos.' Hoiiiiirn, Ili.il. Mr i \, '2\'.\; Hirnni, dee.
lii. nil. ii. eat), viii.; ('/iiriiirrii. Stnrin .l/c.i.i., iii '.'.'VJ ,'l. Unst.'imanti^ I'aisei
the nnmlier killeil to ' li'iO.tMHt at least.' <'hiniiili>iiin. Nisi. t'l^iKi., ii. 71;
Ixtlilxoehitl, loe, eit., to 'JKMHH), ineliidiiiL; most of the nolilcs ; while Tonpie-
inada, i. .'">77, oliserves 'ipie de veinte pjirtes, no cpiedo \ na, avieiulo peneidi),
y niiierto las die/, v ntieve.' ho anil several others allowim; the estimate of
fully .'UH),(HH( inliahitJints. 'J'he survivors are estimateil at from ;U>,tHHt peison*
I)y Toniuemada to "tt.tXH) warriors by Oviodo, iii. 51(1.
IIlHl. Mbx., Vol. I. 4i
690
THE CONQUEST ACHIEVED.
pcst-liolcR, and to seek the fields adjacent, now lustrous
green under refreshing rains. Ah ! it was pitiful, life
to thera now, this world a great charnel-house filled
with the bones of their loved ones, and their hearts
dead though still bleeding. What were their sins
more than those of others, that they should be so
stricken, that they should be so ground to the dust
vs hilc the conquerors flushed with victory were exult-
ing before God because he had so ordered and acccni-
l)lished? They had sacrificed human beings on the
altars of their gods, sixty thousand in one year, some
said. But what were these butcheries of the Span-
iards but human sacrifices, of more than six times
sixty thousand in one year! Behold them as they
file along the causeway, the very sur< striking black
and stilling: on their famine-stricken forms and ai;o-
nized faces. On them, then, ye conquerors! Complete
3'our work ; for in its swift continuance is their earliest
rest !=^''
TJie 14th of August the troops entered the surren-
dered quarters to review their work and its results. " I
swear," writes Bernal Diaz, "that the lake and houses
and abodes were so full of bodies and heads of dead
men that I am unable to convey an idea thereof; for
in the streets and courts of Tlatelulco there were no
other things, and we could walk only amidst (had
bodies."'"* Many became sick from the stench, and
Cortes ordered fires to be lighted to purify the air.
Natives were sent to bring forth the dead, and with
them went Spaniards seeking for gold, silver, precious
''•• ' IIi(;o lierrnr algunos Honihres, y Mnpores por Esclavoa ; h todos los
<U'iii;is ilcxi) eu lil)ert{iil.' Toniiivnnii/a, 'u',\. 'A niuclios iiidios 6 indias, por-
(juo I'ista'oaii dados \wv traydorcs, ' saya Ovicdo, iii. ,'»17. Corti's Btaycd and
iniiii.slii.'d tliuse who took slaves, 'ami(|UO todavia horracoii on lat'uniit nljruuoa
iiiaiici'hos y uiugoros.' So statea tin; native record of Saliaguii, J/i.if. ('oiit[.
(e,d. 1840), "J.'U. IJut if lio punished slave-takers it was for not deelarini* the
eaptiire to the royal olUeial. Diii'au reduces his account of Spanish lil)ei.il'ty
to an alisurdity, hut nu)ro from politic rt.'asous than bucauuo he had not at
hand better evidence, //(-Y, liid., MS., ii. 510.
*" /iint. Virilivl, li)(i. 'lo sospetto, che da' Mcssicnni lascinti fo8.soro a belli*
poski insopolti i eadaveri, ))er iscacciar eoUa puz^a gli Assediatoi'i.' i'lavUicro,
Storia M 1.111., iii. 231. But this is unlikely. A severe siege will produce
such re.'^ults.
DISMISSAL OF THE AUXILIARIES.
601
stones, and plumage, leaving textile fabrics and otiiiT
less valued effects to the allies; but the quantity
known to have been obtained fell far below their
extravagant expectations, and in their disappointment
the soldiers searched the persons of fugitives, looking
into their very mouths for hidden gold, says a native
record. Bernal Diaz complains that the brigantine
creivs had already plundered the wealthiest persons,
who were in the canoes, and had sacked the treasure-
houses while the others were fighting. They in their
turn affirmed that the jNIexicans had cast their treas-
ures into the lake. The mysterious depths harbor
mauA^ secrets, and beneath the waters, round the
famed city of the Aztecs, tradition still places glitter-
ing deposits of untold extent.
Three or four days after the fall, Cortes passed over
to Coyuhuacan with the greater part of his forces,
there more formally to celebrate the end of the siege
in banqueting and thanksgiving. A feature of the
performance was a solemn procession by all the sol-
diers, bareheaded, with banners, raising their voices
in j)raise to God, who had given thcni the victory,
and who was so soon to be worship[)< d from gulf to
southern sea.*^
The services of the allies being at present no longer
needed, Cortes assembled them to sneak farewell.
He dwelt in flattering terms on their brave and
effective deeds. He promised they should l)e duly
represented to his majesty, who woukl reward them
with singular privileges. To the chie'fs were then
given shields, robes, and other articles, with promises
of more lands and vassals. Then they went their
way, happy in tlu'ir slaves and spoils, liapj)y in the
thought of humbled foe, ha[)py in the promises of tlie
*' l?ur il r>iaz rel.atcs that nlllinnj^h witio nml provisions from Cuha wcrn
abuixhintly (Hsp'Misod at tiio l)aiu|iift, yet tiicro wan not room for oik; tliinl
of tlic Holilicrs, ami much (liseontciit grew out of it, jmrtly from tiio ntt<'raiui's
of (Irnukeii men. A dance followed. Fatlicr Olmedo complHinod of ko mucli
revelry before the rendering of due tlianka to God. Corti^H pleaded that hoI-
diei's nmst be allowed some license, but the following ilay wua set apart for
religioua acrvices. Uii>t. Verdcul., 150.
THE CONQUEST ACHIEVED.
Spaniards; they did not know, poor simpletons, that
all along the days and nights of this terrible siege,
with sword and lance on Aztec breast, they had been
forging their own fetters, which they and their children
long must wear.*^
The conquest of Mexico was less a subjugation by
Spanish soldiers than their skilful manoeuvring of New
World forces against one another. Had Andhuac
been united it would have succumbed less readily,
perhaps never. As it was, while the native nations
were slaying each other, fighting out their ancient
feuds, the astute Spaniards laid their all -possessing
hand upon the country.
Nor was any apology on their part needed before
Christendom. Mankind to this day have not become
so humane and just as not to find excuse for any
wrong within the realms of strength and inclination.
What then could be expected of an age and nation
wherein it was not uncommon to cloak crime under
the fair garb of religion. Hitherto came the Span-
iards to murder and to rob: to rob and murder in
the name of charity and sweet heaven. No excuses
were necessary, however convenient to that end
came the appeals of the Cempoalans groaning under
terrible oppression at the hand of a race delighting
in blood and extortion; a race which within two cen-
turies had risen from a degrading servitude largely
by means of intrigue and treachery; a race stamped
with ignoble characteristics born of serfdom, and
eager to retaliate on others for their past humilia-
tion, yet energetic, enterprising, and advancing with
lapid strides along the pathway of indigenous culture.
*^ Bustamante comments on the non-fulfilmcnt of the promises to Tlnscala,
Baying tliat the republic was rightly served for lending herself to tlic invaders,
Su/iuijun, Hist. Cou'i., 144. On their way home, says Ixtlilxochitl, the Tins-
caltecs and their neighbors plundered Tezcuco and other towns. \\'ith tho
slaves carried home by his namesake, he adds consolingly, tl>o destroyed
jialuces of Tezcuco were rebuilt. lior. Vrucldadci, ij'2-',i. The Tlascaltecs
'aun lleuaron hartas cargas do tasajos cecinados do Indios ^lexii^anos, (juo
I'cpurticrou entre sua parieutes. . .por tiestas.' Bernal Diaz, Uist. I'trdad., lo7.
Nox o:\ixr: licitum iioxestum.
Ambitious to rule, tlicy sent their armies to bring
province after province under the yoke. Rapacious
collectors followed to press the substance out of the
people, for the appetite of themselves and their
masters. Confiscation, enslavement, and desolation
marched in the train, and the fairest hopes of the
land were dragged away in bondage, and to bleed on
the stone of sacrifice.
To all these appalling evils the Totonacs, among
others, were exposed, when soldiers appeared on their
shores bearing aloft the symbol of charity, of deliver-
ance. The crushed family appealed to them, also the
"writhing slaves, for from the altars of hideous idols
rose the dying shrieks of youths and maidens. But a
short time before knights of different orders swarmed
over Europe, the professed champions of the oppressed ;
and the spirit of the crusaders still lingered in Spain,
in form if nothing more; and what Christian soldier
could unheedingly view such outrages!
Montezuma and his people were inhuman monsters,
and Grotius, Montesquieu, and others who should
know, say that war in behalf of humanity is a duty;*'*
and this notwithstanding the remed/ be tenfold more
iuliuman than the disease.
x^ot that the Spaniards were insincere in their
proffers of such excuses; duty comes to us in the color
of our desires. Moreover, they were fresh from the
Moorish wars; they were imbued with a religious
oxaltation and chivalric sentiment that ])laced before
them in varied light duty to their God, their king, and
themselves. For centuries they had been trained to
devote life and possessions to advance the interests of
sovereign and church. j\Iany of tlie noblest charac-
teristics were interwoven in the nature of Cortes, and
also with admirable distinctness in such men as Juan
Velazquez, Sandoval, and Puertocarrero. In others
we find the dignity of the hidalgo upheld without
" ' Non dubitamns quin justa sint ljt'lla...in coa qui huiniiuain curuom
cpulautur,' etc. De J art Belli, lib. ii. cap. xx.
004
THE CONQUEST ACHIEVED.
marked stain, and this notwithstanding the tendency
to intrigue, the disregard for truth and justice, and a
yielding to certain vices on the part of leaders, and
the greed and brutality of rank and file. But even
among the common soldiers, in fairness we cannot
disregard the echo of noble sentiment, the aspiration
toward high emprise there present. It is the leader,
however, who with all his selfish cruelties and un-
])rincipled trickeries must ever remain the central
fifTfure of our admiration. If ever there was a hero,
a genius of war worthy the adoration of war wor-
shippers, if ever there were grand conception and
achievement, all were vividly displayed in the mind
and person of Hernan Cortds.
An able French writer, comparing the siege of
Mexico with that of Troy, depicts Cortes as an
Achilles in whom were combined the talents of Aii:a-
momnon and Ulysses.**
In some respects, and as compared with his com-
panions, he indeed approached the deity the j\Iexi-
cans thought him. Behold him out upon this venture,
throwing life to the winds that waft him from Cuba,
sinking his ships behind him, plunging into the heart
of a hostile country, and with a handful of men opposing
powerful armies, quelling insurrections, capturing his
ca})tors, turning enemies into allies, balancing upon
his linger contending powers, and after the grand cata-
cl3'sm opened by him on the central plateau has spent
itself, he quietly pockets the prize. No Alexander,
or Scipio, or Cassar, or Napoleon ever achieved results
so vast with means so insignificant. It was indeed a
rare piracy!
Taken as a whole, the testimony of eye-witnesses and the early chroniclers
on the conquest may be considered as fully up to the average of historical
eviilcucc. While there was no little exaggeration, and some downright
mendacity, such were the number of the witnesses, the time, place, and cir-
cumstances of their several relations, and the clearness of their testimony,
that we find no difficulty with regard to any important matters in determining
**Alva.'ado was Ajax ; Maxixcatzin, Nestor ; Quauhtemotzin, Hector. C7ie-
valki; jHcx. Aiickn, 'Jil'J-41.
TESTIMONY ON THE CONQUEST.
G95
truth nnd falsehood. Wicn in aiUlition to tlic writings of the Spaniards wo
have native records and urcliitcctunil remains as collateral evidence, every
honest searcher after truth may be satisfied.
In regard to the two writers hy the name of Diaz who accompanied
the first expedition to Mexico, I have spoken of the Itine.rario de Orijalva
of the priest, and before closing this volume I will review the I/istoria
Vcrdaulera of the soldier. Following these were the memorials of the rela-
tives of Velazquez, wholly unreliable ; tlio relation of the Anonymous Con-
queror, whose statements were for the most imrt true; many documents, such
as the Carta del Ejircilo, and Probanza de Lrjalde, as well as the Cartax d<;
C'ortiis, in the main tnie, but which may properly be accepted only after close
scrutiny and careful comparison ; the reports of Zurita, and the innumerable
impers and documents lately brought to light by Navarrete, Ramirez, Icazbal-
ceta, Temaux-Compans, and others, and published as Culecclon de Documeiiloi
Incditos, Coleccion de Docnmeutos jiara la IJintoria de Mexico, etc. ; native and
Spanish historians, Tezozomoc, Camargo, and Ixtlilxochitl ; Duran, Veytia,
Sahagun, Mcndieta, and LasCasas; Oviedo, Peter Martyr, and Gomara; ller-
rci-a, Torqucmada, Solis, and Clavigcro; Bustamante, Robertson, I'rescott,
and Brasseur de Bourbourg. These and others of but little inferior importance
oli'er ample foundation on which the modern historian may safely rear his
superstructure.
I say that it is easy enough to determine truth from falsehood in such a.
study as this, where the evidence is so abundant and the witnosses are so widely
separated. When Torqucmada enters into a long ax'gument to show that the
misery wrought by the conquest was the punishment by God for the vices of
the Mexicans, I do not discuss the matter. I willingly admit that the ancient
historian knew, if indeed he knew anything about it, more concerning the
mind of the deity than the modern, though the hitter might ask if the sufl'er-
ings of the Spaniards were not in like manner on account of their vices.
The books treating of Cortijs' achievements, as I have said, form an im-
mense aiTay, as may be expccteil from the importance and interest of what
Eobcrtsou justly terms "the most memorable event in the conquest of
America," involving the subjugation of the richest and most advanced conn
try therein, the fall of its beautiful ami renowned city, and one of the most
daring campaigns ever undertaken. The narrative reads indeed like a ro-
mance rather than history based on stern facts, and it is not strange that
men have arisen who seek to cast <loubt, not alone on certain incidents, but on
the main features of the achievement and the field.
One method of doubt has been to lower the estimate of native culture
and resources; to sneer at the large cities, magnificent palaces, regal state,
certain industrial and fme arts, picture-writing, and other evidences of a higher
culture. Such statements reveal to the experienced student a lamentable dis-
regard or ignorance of evidence extant, of ruins witli their massive form,
their beautifully designed ornamentation, their admirable sculptured and
pla.stic delineation of the huinai figure, both far in advance of the conven-
tional specimens of Egypt, aiHi ine former e(|ual in many respects to the pro-
ductions of the higher Greek art. The picture-writing, again, reveals the
jihonetic element so developed as to endow the Mexicans with that high proof
606
Tin: CONQUEST ACHIEVED.
of culture, written records, applied not only to historic incidents nnd common
facts, but to alistnict subjects of philosophic, scicntiilc, and poetic nature, as
instanced in my Native Itaren.
It needed not tiie oHicial investigation instituted by tlie Spanish govern-
ment to confirm the nmte testimony of relics, and the vivid declaration of
clironiclers. Native records exist in sufTicient abundance to speak for them-
selves ; records written by an<l for the peopU^, and therefore free from any
suspicion of misrepresentation ; rcconls used by a number of writers for ob-
taining that insight into csotcrio features of Naluua institutions wliieli could
not well be accjuired by Spaniards. The translation of tliese records, as re-
produced ill the volumes of Saliagun, IxtlilxochitI, Kingsborough, and others,
with copies of original paintings, have been carefully used both for tlie Natire
JiiKi's and the iiistories of Mexico and (Guatemala, and introduced indeed inoro
thoroughly in this series as evidence than by any modern writer on the subject,
not excepting the learned Abbe IJraaseur de Bourbourg, tliough unlike this
entliusiast I have not allowe<l myself to accept this evidence with tlie samo
non-critical bias. I have merely used it for wiiat it is wortli, after ap[)lying
severe analytic tests. Certiiin points may bo covered by merely one or two
authorities ; but even then the erudite student will readily determine tlie valuo
of the testimony from internal evidence, while in tiie generality of cases lie
will liiid a number of versions by natives and Spaniards, by partisans and
rivals, whose contradictions will aid him in determining tlie trutli.
In a previous bibliographic note I have pointed out the many internal
evidences furnished by the letters of Cortt^'s, of undoubted reliability on most
points, in their minuteness, their frank soldierly tone, and other features.
They are besides confirmed in all tlie more essential points by the contempo-
raneous letters from the municipality of Villa Rica and the army, the sworn
depositions before the royal notary by leading oflicers, the nfi^ratives of Andrt'^s
de Tiipia, and others. Still stronger confirmation is given in the complaints
and memorials issued by enemies and rivals of the great captain, who in their
cfiForts to detract from his character and achievements provide the historian
with material that enables him to avoid the pitfalls abounding even in the
honest narratives of partisans, either from sympathy, from lack of thorough
knowledge, or from hearsay. Such testimony is abundant in the residencia
investigations of CortOs, Alvarado, Guzman, and others, all which contain
voluminous testimony on the most important questions. Prescott's oppor-
tunities for consulting new material were vastly superior to those of his pre-
decessors. If mine have been correspondingly greater, it may perhaps to some
extent be due to the example set by him in his earnest researches, and because
since tlie publication of his volumes, private individuals and learned societies
have striven with increased enthusiasm to bring to light hidden material,
notiibly from the rich archives of Spain and certain Latin- American states.
From this mass of what may be termed documentary evidence we turn to
the regular historians and narrators, beginning with Peter Martyr and Oviedo,
who both adhere chiefly to Cortes, though the latter adds other versions by
different eye-witnesses Sahagun's account contains a strange admixture of
native absurdities and vague recollectionaof converted soldiers. A more com-
THE STANDARD CHRONICLERS.
607
plcto version \a given liy Oomnra, the l)iogmplicr of the great captain, wlio lia<l
access to private and public archives and individual nairativcs now lout ; but
he frequently colors the incidents to the credit of his hero and his profession.
Nevertficless the value of the text is testified to by liis Mexican translator
Chimalpain, who adds some interesting facts from native records and pijrsonal
knowledge. The Tezcucan writer Ixtlilxochitl also follows him pretty closely
for the Spanish side, while the archives left him by his royal ancestors and
different narratives furnish the other side, frequently absuril and higidy
colored. Camargo gives a rather brief Tlascaltcc version. Gomara's coloring,
whicli, in accordance with the method of most historians, leaves the credit for
achievements with the leader, roused the feelings of more than one of the
soldiers who had shared in the glories of that period, ami IJernal Diaz
promptly began to write his celebrated //intoria Vcrdadera, wliicli professes
to tell the true story and rectify in particular the so-c.allod blunders of
Gomara. Although this profession is not always to bo relied on, the story is
most valuable from its exceeding completeness, its many new facts, and its
varied version. Not long after, Herrera, the oflicial historiographer, began
his decades, wherein for the conquest he uses the material already printe<l,
with a leaning toward Gomara, yet with several additional narratives to per-
fect his own revised version, notiibly tliat of Ojeda, a leading officer under
Cort(5s, and also no small mass of material from the archives of Spain. Tor-
quemada copies him for the most part,tliough he adds mucli native testimony
from Saliagun, from a Tezcucan writer, and others, making Ids account of tho
conquest the most complete up to that time. Solis elaborates with little
critique, and witli a verboseness and grandiloquence that tire. Votancurt's
version is comparatively brief, with few additions, and Robertson's is a brill-
iant summary ; but Clavigero, while adding not mucli to Toniucmada's bulky
account, presents it in quite a new form, pruned of verboseness, re-arranged
in a masterly manner, and invested with a philosophic spirit altogether
superior to anything presented till Prescott's time. On tlie above historians
and some of Cortes' letters are founded the immense array of minor accounts
and summaries on the conquest, both in separate and embodied foi-m, some of
them provided with occasional observations, but for tho great part tl.ey con-
tain nothing of any value to the student. Those after Prescott's ti:ne follow
him as a rule. Mexican accounts might naturally be expccteil to present
useful features, but such is hardly the case. Alaman, Ramirez, Icazbalceta,
Orozco y Berra, Bustamante, and certain writers in the ]5olctin of tlie Mexican
Geographical Society, have brought to light several documents and monographs
bearing on particular incidents and features; but no complete account of real
value has been written, Carbajal's pretentious version being almost wholly a
plagiarism from Clavigero, Mora's a hasty compilation, and so on. As fov
the new bulky Spanish version by Zamacois, it is not oidy verbose but super-
ficial and narrow in its researcii, blundering even where Prescott pouits the
way, and representing more a feuilleton issue than a h' ary.
Bemal Diaz del Castillo is, as I have said, the main historian of the con-
quest, from the cxliiustive thoroughness of his material, as compared with
other original writers, and from his participation in all its leading scenes,
G03
THE CONQUEST ACHIEVED.
Iiiclndiii!,' the discovery voyages. For about half a century lie snn'ives, and
f«t>a coiru-nde after conirado disappear from the field till hut five of Carte's'
original c > iipiiny remain, "nil of us very old, suffering from infinnities, and
very poor, hurdencd with sons and dauglitors to marry, and grandchildren,
and with hut a snmll income; an<l thus we pivss our days in toil \tu\ misery."
He is not so hadly ofF, however, as he would have us believe, for a comfortable
I'ucomienda supplies every want, and numerous (lescendants throng round to
minister to Ida comfort and listen to his talcs. But as ho recalls the great
iichievenu'iits wherein ho participated, ho swells with the importance of tiio
events, and dwelling on the nmltiplied treasures ho has assisted to capture, tlio
reward sinks to insignificance. It is hut the chronic grumble, however, of an
old soldier th;it half the continent would not Nvtiafy, Springing from a jioor
and humble family of Medina del Campo, in old Castile, ho had embarked at
an early age with the expedition of Pedrarias in 1514 to seek fortune in
Darien. I''ailing there, ho drifts to Cuba in time to join the discovery parties
of Cordoba and Grijalva. Subsecpicntly ho enlists under Cort«58 as a commnn
soldier, yet somewhat above the mass in the favor of his chief. "Soldado dis-
tinguido," says Juarros, implying higher birth ; but this is doubtful. There is
hardly a prominent incident of the conquest in which ho does not participate,
being present in no less than one hundred and nineteen battles, according to
his enumei'ation, whereof many a scar remains to bear witness, and many a
trophy to attest his valor. In duo time he receives his share of repartimientos
of land and serfs, and settles in Goazacoalco as regidor, with sufliciont means
to feed a taste that procures for him the not ill-esteemed nickname of Dandy.
From his life of contentment, though not equal to his claims, he is torn by
the Ilonilunis exi>edition under Cortus, who gives him at times the command
of a small party, whence comes tho sported title of captain. Afterward for
a time he drifts about, and finally settles in Guatemala city with tho rank of
regidor perpetuo, and with a respectable cncomienda, obtained partly through
tlio representations of Cortes to tho king. Ho marries Teresa, daughter of
liartolonio IJecerra, one of the founders of tho city, and repeatedly its alcalde,
and has several children, whoso descendants survive to witness the overthrow
of the royal banner i^lanted by their forefather. Grandsons figure as deans
of the city church, and an historian of the adopted country rises in Fuentes
y Guzman. Pinelo, Epitome, ii. 604; Gonzalez Ddvila, Teatro Ecles., i. 177;
JlcnwrUd dc Coixjuktadores, in Monnnwntos Admin. Munic, MS.; Juarros,
Guat., i. 33S, 350; Torquemada, i. 351.
The leisure afforded him in Guatemala, broken by little save the inspec-
tion of his estate, gave opportunity for indulging in the reveries of by-gone
days. Histories of achievements were nearly all connected with the great
Cort(^'S, filmed on every lip ; yet that fame had been acquired with the aid
of soldiei-s who like himself had been consigned to an obscure corner of tho
vast domains conquered by them. It did not seem riglit to tho scaired
veteran that the fniits of combined toil should fall to one or two alone;
that he himself should be regarded far less than hundreds of upstarts whose
only deeds hail been to reap tho Held won by him and his conn-ades. Ho
would tt'W his tale at all events; and forthwith he began to arrange the notes
fonncd during his career, and to uplift the curtains of memory for rotrospec-
BERNAL DIAZ AND CLAVIGERO.
coa
tivo vipws. Wliilo thus occupied !io caino upon tl»c history hy Ooinara, nnd
jicrcciviiijj "his great rhctdric, niul my work »o criulc, I stojipcd writiii;;, nnd
L'M'ii felt aMlminod to K-t it appear ninong notable persona." liut liiiding tliat
tht; l)ioi;i'apher of Cortes iiud connnitted many lihmders, and hatl colored the
narrative on behalf of Itit) patron, Ijo again seized the pen, with the duiiblu
jmrpose of correcting 8\ieh errors and of vindicating hia alighted eonirades.
Faithfully he carried out his i)lan, recording name after name of brave fellows
who shed luatre on the flag, who freely risked their lives in gallant encounters,
or who gave their last breath for church and king. While dwelling loviii^'Iy
on liiunl>le companions, whose cause he espoused, he detracts little from the
leaders and cavaliers. He describes their appearance and traits with a graphic
fidelity that seems to bring them before us in jtcrson ; ho freely accords thcni
eveiy credit, and if he spares not their vices they are se'dom brought forward
in a captious or ill-natured spirit. On the contrary, ho frecpu'ntly covers dis-
agreeable facts in deference to the dead. This general fairness of dealing is
l)articularly noticeable in regard to Corti's, whom nevertheless ho Bonietinies
severely criticises; and while Diaz assumes for his sido the credit of many a
pujigestion and deed, yet ho is over the loyal soldier, nnd frequently takes up
tiie cudgel in behalf of the honored leader when others seek to assail him. Ho
admires the great captjiin hardly less than himself. Indeed, to Bay that tiic
cM campaigner was vain is stating it niihlly. Two licentiates who read tlio
manuscript pointed this out to him, hut ho replied, "Whom does it harm?
No one praises an old, broken-down soldier, so I must even praise myself. It
is a iluty I owe not only to my fair name but to my descendants." He r(^-
vives in his narrative and carries us back with him to those stirring days, di'-
picting now tho hardships of the march, now the new countries and races that
ap[)ear; then he enters into the heat of battle with a fidelity that brings the
din and turmoil vividly before us; and anon we sec the a<lventurer3 in camp,
in their social relations, relieved by pleasing eiiisodcs. lie enters thoroughly
into their hopes and feelings, deedd and life; he grows eloquent and pathetic
by turns, and reveals also the undercurrent of piety and zeal which pervailcd
tho rakish crew. Hero is tho gossipy frankness of Herodotus, illumined by
many a (piaint observation and many a blunt sally. Benial Diaz had but tho
rudiments of education, which nevertheless was above the average among hii
follow-soldiei-s ; but he had evidently read u little in later years, to judge by
liis allusions to classic history, though not enough to acquire more than a
mediocre proficiency in grammar. There is a mimiteness of detail at time;)
Wearisome, nnd garrulous digression nnd repetition ; but a simple perspicuity
jiervades tho whole narrative, which makes it easy to follow, wliile tiie frank-
ness and frequent animation are pleasing. Much of it appears to have Ik^cu
dictated, perhaps to some one of his children, "cuyo manuscrito so conserva
en el nrchivo do esta nninicipalitlad." ,/('/, in Guata A'/;;., June '2-1, ISOo. It
was given for perusal to different persons, nnd Bcvcral copies made; but
none cai'cd to assume its publication. Sixty years later, however. Friar
Alonso Remon, chronicler of tho Merced order in Spain, found ono set in the
library of Ramirez del I'rado, of the Council of the Indies, and perceiving tho
importance of tho narrative, he caused it to be printed at Mtulrid in Ui^I
under the title of Ukloria Verdadera de la Cuwiuisla de la Nueva-£apauu.
700
THE CONQUEST ACHIEVED.
Kctnon dying ihiring tlio publication, Friar Gabriel Adarzo, "nnno ITydnm-
tinus priu'Hul," Anloiiio, Jiib. Jlisp, Nova, iii. 2'J4, took it in <harj,'o. Several
•liwrepuncies inilioatu that revisions liuvu been made, and Va/ipiez, Chroii.
O'iKit., 5"J4, wliose jealousy oa a friar was aroused by allusions to Father
Ulmcdo, Cortii*' companion, compared the print with tho original copy and
]ioin!.ed out several diirerences, A Beeond edition, bearing the date Uhi'2,
though pulilislied later ]irobably, contains an additional chapter on onieuH,
which apptars in others of thu many editions and translations issued in diller-
( at countries, even of late years.
Perhaps tho most clear-sighted writer on Mexico during the last century
was l-'mncisco Javier Clavigcro, himself a native of tliat country, and bom at
\'cni Cruz in M'M. llis father was a Ix'onesc, whoso olUcial duties called
him to dillercnt jMirts of the country, and young Francisco profited by this
to ac<iuire a knowledge of its resources and idioms. Alter a novitiate of three
years at the Jesuit college of Tepozotlan, he passed to that at I'uebla, and
there studied pliilosopliy and theology, and showed particular fondness for
languages, both classic and native. IIo taught rhetoric and philosophy in tho
principal schools of the country, though restricted somewliat by the suiieriors
in his too liberal ideas, for which Mexico was not yet considered ripe. Mean-
while his enthusiasm centred on the study of Ay.tcc history and hieroglyphs,
which received a serious check in tho expulsion of J-jsuits from America in
17(i7. JIo sought refuge in Italy, staying chiefly at liologna, where he founded
an academy, and having considerable leisure he began to shape the results of
his lato studies, impelled in no small degree by tho wi tings of De I'auw unil
IJobertson, \vhich grated on his patriotic spirit. They were prepared iu
Spanish, but the authorities giving no encouragement for their publication iu
Spain, an Italian translation was mode and issued in four volumes, as Slona
Antku (Jal McuKico, Cesena, 1780, dedicated to the university at Mexico. Sub-
seipicntly a Spanish version a])pcared, but not bcToro several editions had
been published in England and other countries. The first volume treats of
resources and ancient history, the second of manners and customs, the third
of the conquest, and the fourth consists of a series of dissertations on the
origin of the Americans, on chronology, physique, languages and other points.
They have been widely quoted, and Francisco Carbajal de Espinosa has shown
such appix'ciation of it as to copy almost the whole text in what he calls his
IJitstoila de Mexico, Mcx., 1850, 2 vols. Clavigero's work is based to a great
extent on aboriginal records and personal observation, and the old chronicles
have been largely used ; but their cumbrous and confused material is hero
ari-auged in a manner worthy of tho liberal-minded philosopher and rhetorician.
Indeed, no previous work in this field can at all compare with it for coiu-
prehcnsiveness and correctness, depth of thought and clearness of expression.
In the former respect he greatly surpasses Robertson and in the latter ho
may be classed as his equal. His death, which took place at Bologna in 1787,
found him in tho midst of a number of literary projects, called forth in part
by tlic success of the Storla, and by tho different subjects which ho had therein
touched but lightly. Among these works was the Storia della California,
issued at Venice two years after his death. It will be noticed in due order.
"WILLIAM n. rilESCOTT.
701
There ran lie no more fitting dose to tliia volume on the confjucst of
Mexico timn a trilmtn of esteoni to Williiun Hickliii},' I'lt-scott. I liuvo
notctl in a previous volume hia ainial)lc weukness, incident to the times
ratlu.T tliaii Lo llic man, of intensifying the cliurticter of prominent i>erK()na;^e!»
BO as to present the good better and tlie bad worse tiian tliey tnily were, iu
order to render his iiiirrativo stronger fl'ii more interesting tiiun it wouhl lie
otherwise; but this is nothing as compared with his general fairnesw, united
with a magnificent style and philosophic flow of thought. 1 have noted some in-
accuracies and contradictions in his history, but tliese are notliingas compared
witli his general care and correctness as a writer. I have mentioned material
which ho lacked, but tiiis is nothing as compared with the great mass of fresji
evidence which he brought to enrich his sultject. Words fail to express my
admiration of the man, the scholar, the author. Apart from the din and dust
of ordinary life, he lived as one in the world but not of it, pure of mind, gentlo
of heart, and surpassingly eloquent.
Mr I'lescott ..as born at Salem, Massachusetts, May 4, 179G. His father,
a lawyer of rising reputation, then thirty-four years of age, removed his
family to IJostnn in 1808. At the age of fifteen William entered Harvard
College. While engaged ui a boyish frolic one day during his junior year a
largo hard piece of bread, thrown probably at random, struck full in his left
eye, forever depriving him of its use. Pursuing his studies witli his wonted
cheerfulness, he graduated in 1814, and entered upon the study of law in
his father's oflice. In I81.'5 a rheumatic inflammation settled in his riglit eye,
now his sole deiicndencc, causing him much pain ami anxiety. A change of
climate having been determined upon, ho embarked for the Azores, <jn a,
visit to his grandfather Hickling, then United States consul at Saint Michael.
There he remained about six months, confined the greater part of the tiiiio
to a dark room. In April 1810 ho embarked for London, crossed to I'aris,
made the usual Italian tour, and the following year, his eye becoming worse,
lie returned home. But hope for the restoration of his sight still lingereii,
and the marvellous buoyancy of hia spirits never deserted him. A devoted
sister cheered the long hours of his solitudo by readings from his favorito
authors. A literary venture made at this time in a contribution to tlie North
American lieriew failed; his manuscript was returned, and his sister, alono iu
the secret, was enjoined to silence.
Leaving his darkened chamber and mingling again with society, of which
he was ever a brigiit ornament, he became attached to a daughter of Thomas
C. Amory, a Boston merchant, whom he married on his twenty-fourtli birthday.
Mr Prescott now abandoned the hope of the entire restoration of his eye.
If by restrictions of diet and dieting and by pei-sistent open-air exercise he
might preserve a partial use of the organ he wouhl rest content. And thus
he passed the remainder of his life. At times ho was in almost total darkness,
but ■)rdinarily ho could read and revise his manuscripts ; for tho puqiose of
writing, however, ho was obliged to use a noctograph.
Possessing strong literary tastes, and an aversion to law, Mr Prescott deter-
mined upon literature as a pursuit, and in 1820, with the aid of a secretary, ho
began a systematic course of readuig for a history of Ferdinand and Isabella.
For three years and a half he pursued this preparatory labor; iu 18'29 ho begao
702
THE CONQUEST ACHIEVED.
wi-iting, publishing the work in 1837. Ten of the best years of his life Mr
Prescott claims to luive devoted to this book ; and for the use of the stercotj-pc-
plates, which Mr Prescott supplied at his own cost, and the right to publish
twelve hundred and fifty copies, the American Stationers' Company agreed
to pay tlio sum of one thousand dollars. But money was not tlie author's
object. The publication in London was offered to John Murray and to tiio
Longmans, and was declined by botli. Bentley finally became the London pul)-
lisher. Tlio work was well received on both sides of the Atlantic ; it was trans-
; '.ted into .several languages, and procured for the author at once a world-wide
reputation. The Conquent of Mexico was a worthy outgrowth of so splendid a
creation as the Ferdinand and iKuhella. The year following the publication (if
liis first work, and after having sent to Spain and Mexico for materials for
histories of the conquests of Mexico and Peru, Mr Prescott learned acciden-
tally that Mr Irving was engaged on similar work. He wrote Ir\ing, acquaint-
ing him of the fact, and tlic latter ret 'red gracefully from the field. In I84.j
the Conqued of Mexico appeared, under the auspices of tlie Harpers, who paid
S7500 for the use of the plates and the right to publish 5000 copies. The
Coii'iuc'Kt of Peru was published in I8i~;- Philip the Seccnd in 1853-8; and
Ilobertson'n Charles the Fifth iu 1850. Mr Prescott died of apoplexy in the
sixty-third year of his age.
For his Comiucst of Mexico, besides all printed material extant, Mr Prescott
drew upon a large mass of new information in manuscript, from several sources,
notably from the valuable collection of Mufioz, brought together foi' an in-
tended history of America; that of Vargas Ponce, obtained chioily from
Seville archives ; that of Xavarrete, president of the Royal Academy of History
at ^Madrid; and the archives of Cort(5s' heirs, all of which shed new light on
almost every section of the subject. His deep research, manifest throughout
in copious foot-notes, is especially displayed in the very appropriate introduc-
tion on Mexican civilization, which enables the reader to gain an intimate
knowledge of the people whose subjugation he follows. Good judgment is
also attested iu tlie dissertation on the moot question of the oiigiu of this
culture, wlierein he prudently abstains from any decided coucinsious. The
fact of occasional inaccuracies cannot be severely criticised when we consider
the intirmity under which the author labored. Since his time so great a mass
of material had licen brought to light that the aspect of history is much
changed. This now material- consists partly of native records, and it is duo
to his unacquaintauco with these records that a great lack is implit^d iu his
pages. Tlie fact that Prescott relied t'o much on Spanisli mateiial may ac-
count for the marked bias in favor of the conquerors in many instances where
strict impartiality might be expected, and for tlie condemnatory and reilectivo
assertions which at times appear in direct contradiction to previous lines of
thought. At times, as if aware of this tendency, he assumes a calmness that
ill fitb the theme, givini' it the very bias he seeks to avoid. Yet with all tliis
it is safe to say that fev liistories havo been written in which the qualities of
philosopher and artist are so happily blended.