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This item is filmed at tha reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de rMuction indiqu* ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X 7 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X ier I « Th« copy filmed h«r« haa lM«n raproductd thanks to tha ganaroaity of: Medical Library McGill Univanity IMontraal Tha Imagaa ap-^aring hara ara ttia baat quality poaalbia eonaldaring tha condition and lagiblllty of tha original copy and In kaaplng with tha filming contract spaclflcationa. Original coplaa In printad papar eovara ara flimad baglnning with tha front covar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or lliuatratad Impraa- slon, or tha back covar whan appropriate. All othar original coplaa arv flimad baginning on tha firat paga with a printad or illiiatratad impiaa- sion. and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or lliuatratad impraaakin. L'axamplaira filmA f ut raproduit grica i la giniroait* da: Medical Library McGiil University Montreal Las imagaa sulvantaa ont 4tA raprodultaa avac la piua grand soln, compta tanu da la conditfon at da la nattatA da I'axampialra fllm4, at an ^onformitA avac laa conditlona du contrat da flimaga. Laa axamplalraa originaux dont la couvartura an paplar aat ImprimAa t^^nt fiimto an comman^nt par la pramlar plat at 9n tarminant soit par la darniAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'Impraaaion ou d'illuatration, soit ^^ar la sacond plat, salon la caa. Toua laa autraa axamplalraa originaux sont fllmte an commandant par la pramiAra paga qui comporta una amprainta dimprasaion ou dllluatration at an tarminant par la damlAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Tha last racordad frama on aach mieroficha shall contain tha symbol «^ (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol y (moaning "END"), whichavar appliaa. Un daa aymbolaa sulvants apparattra sur la damlAra imaga da chaqua mieroficha. salon la cas: la aymbola -^ signlfia "A 8UIVRE", la symboio ▼ signlfia "FIN". ta ure. 3 Mapa. plataa, charta. ate., may be filmed at different reduction rettoe. Thoee too lerge to be entirely included In one expoaura are filmed beginning in the upper left hand comer, left to right and top to bottom, aa many framea aa required. The following diegrama illuatrate the method: 1 2 3 Lea cartee, planchea. tablaeux. etc.. peuvent Atre fllmte A dee taux da reduction diff Arantu. Loraqua la document eat trap grand pour Atre reprodult en un seul cllchA, 11 est fllmA A partir da Tangle supArieur gauche, do gauche A drolte. et do haut en bee. an prenent le nombre d'Imegea nAcaeaaira. Lea diagrammea su!vanta iliuatrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 4 5 6 cM. vy. RB-PBINTBD FRUM TBB "CANADA MEDICAL k SFilGICAL JOUBNAL,'> APRTL 1887. COMPARATIVE MEDICINE IN EUROPE, A paper read h^we the StudmUf Medical Society of McQUl Univernty, February 2m, 1887. By Mr. A. W. Clement, V.S. Now that 80 many students find it necessary to continue their studies in some of the older countries, where from the experience of years and the munificent aid of governments the facilities are unsurpassed, I thought it might be of interes to you to hear something of the manner in which work is carried on, and of the character of the people. My time was chiefly taken up with the veterinary school and in the pathological ayd bacteriological departments of the Uni- versity in Berlin. The pathological institute of the University is at the Charity, the oldest and probably the largest hospital in the city. This hospital is on the opposite side of tho street from the Veterinary School, so that no ti .le need be lost in going from one to the other. Ample ground is given to these institu- tions in Germany, so that the surroundings are really beautiful, and those able to be about can enjoy loitering beneath the shady trees in pleasant weather in summer. The Veterinary School grounds cover about fifteen acres, with entrances from three diflforent streets. The buildings are arranged in two quadrangles, those devoted to theoretical teaching forming the larger, while the clinical buildings form the smaller, quadrangle. The main building, facing on Louisen Strasse, is ojcupied as residences by the teaching stafi^. The physiological institute is in charge of Prof. Mnnk, and he certainly conducts it in a very able manner. *'*!, i ,<^ It is here that some of the first experiments were made in re- moving parts of the brain in dogs, on the theory that all of the functions of the body were under control of certain centres: in the brain ; he is a firm believer in the theory, and our president will remember some demonstrations in support thereof which we were allowed to witness. One dog operated upon was blind in the right eye, another in the left eye, and a third in both eyes. It certainly seems to one who is not thoroughly conver- sant with the matter that he has a good many facts in his favor. In the same building is the department of veterinary anatomy, while directly opposite is a fine new building devoted to human anatomy p;ad histology, under the teaching of Waldeyer, one of the best, if not the best histologist living. This department belongs to the University, but is open to veterinary students on payment of a small fee. A splendid new building at the end of the quadrangle, opposite the main entrance, is the pdthologi- cal institute for the Veterinary School ; it is considerably larger than the Peter Redpath museum, and is most thoroughly equipped. A part of the raised basement is devoted to the preparation of specimens for the museum, and at onf> end a large room for making autopsies extends from the ground to the floor of the second story. This room has every possible convenience, and is even luxuriously fitted up ; the floor is tiled and well drained. There is plenty of water, light and ventilation. The walls are tinted and the ceiling nicely frescoed. Adjoining this room, and connected with it by folding-doors, is the demonstrating room ; the larger animals are mounted on trucks and wheeled into this room for demonstrations in making post-mortems three times a week. Seats are arranged in this room so that all of the students not engaged in making the autopsy can see per- fectly all that is going on. The remainder of the first floor is devoted tn private laboratories for the professor and his assis- tants, a bacteriological laboratory, and a large hall for micros- copical demonstrations. Nearly the whole of the second story is devoted to a pathological museum. Some of the specimens are fifty years old, and many are rare and very interiesting and instructive. Some very good work has been done at this insti- w^ mm ^ 8 tute, and Prof. Schutz, who is in charge at present, is keeping up its good reputation : he has just finished some original work on infectious pneumonia in horses ; he claims to hav) isolated and cultivated a micro-organism which, when inoculated into the tissues of healthy horses, produces a disease corresponding in symptoms and post-mortem lesions with that seen in the clinics. Three horses inoculate i subcutaneously developed the disease after a stage of incubation of from three to four days. Inhala- tions in a fourth horse failed to have any effect. ProfeF^sor Schutz was one of the first to recognize the glanders bacil'us, and in company with Lofler, originated the present method of staining them. There is a large amount of material available at this institute. During the six months that I was there we had one hundred and fifty post-mortems on horses ; and I would not pretend to say how many on the smaller animals. Probably ten or twelve small animals are sent there every day, but they are not all utilized. In addition to this, the organs of many animals dying from contagious diseases are sent for diagnosis. The clinics are very large, and are divided into four sections : the medical, surgical and polyclinic for the larger animals, and the smaller animals clinic. There are on an average about two hundred and fifty horses as resident patients, and from thirty to fifty daily in the polyclinic. All sorts of operations are per- formed, and the material is well utilized for teaching. A feature of the medical clinic is the fine laboratoriet connected with it for microscopical and chemical analysis of urine, etc. In the smaller animals clinic are about seventy-five resident patients, mostly dogs, and from thirty to forty out patients daily. The pathological institute at the Charity, under Prof. Virchow, is so well known that very little need be said of it. The build- ing itself does not compare with the veterinary pathological institute either in appearance externally or in arrangements internally. There is a large amount of material, however, and the teaching is good. Prof. Virchow is a very unpretending gentleman, and is so full of enthusiasm in his work that he at once wins the respect and admiration of his pupils. He never v.. seems to exhaust his subject, and perhaps his demonstrations are so long as to make them a little tiresome, lasting, as they often do, from half-past seven until nearly noon ! They are very interesting, however, and, it is needless to say, instructive. Bacteriology does not form any considerable part of the work done at the Charity. They do not object to it, but, on the other hand, they do not enthuse much over it. Koch's laboratory is sup- posed to be the place of places to study this branch of medicine, and in many respects it is the best p^ace ; if, however, they would look after the interest of their students a little more it would be better. Last August, for example, during Prof. Koch's absence from the city, the assistant in charge admitted twenty* six men to work in a laboratory intended to accommodate four- teen, and in which a larger number could not work with comfort ; the consequence was that very many of the cultures were impure, and there was general dissatisfaction. It is a good place to study methods, however, and that is probably what most of us are after if we are to remain in the country but a short time. Another most interesting and instructive place to one who has any taste for p&thological work is the " viehof," or central slaughter-house. Nearly all of the meat eaten in Berlin is slaughtered at this place, and the inspection service is so well organized that nothing escapes detection. There are altogether about 152 persons connected with this department. There are 26 qualified veterinary surgeons and about the same number of assistants. Then there are 100 trained microscopists, mostly women, who examine the tissues brought to them. In addition to these, there is a comparative pathologist, to whom all doubtful points are referred, and the veterinary superintendent, who has charge of the whole department. Any quantity of material is to be found here, and in the pathological laboratory some excellent work is done. Inoculations with tuberculous matter and with animal parasites are carried on here. Acitnonyces in hogs were first found by Dunker, the pathologist to this establishment. Probably there is no place in the world better adapted for studying parasites, and all animals harboifing the larvae of parasites, which in their adult stage may M- M- develop in man, are consigned to the vat. The flesh of all animals suffering from anjr disease communicable or supposed to be communicable to man is confiscated. It is needless to say that the other departments are conducted equally well. Perfect cleanliness is required, and there is no confusion. The butchers have separate stalls of their own, and do their own killing, subject only to the general regulations. I do not know very much abont the hospital advantages for students of human medicine, but from what I could learn from my medical friends who were there at the time, and from the manner in which things are generally done in Berlin, I should say that they were unsurpassed. So far as the cost of living in Berlin is concerned, if we can live as the German students live, it cannot be much. Few of us, however, would be willing to make our breakfast off cold sausage, dry bread and stale coffee ; a dinner of mixed food, supplemented by a quart of beer ; and a supper the same as breakfast. This, however, is the way in which all the students lived with whom I was acquainted, and they did good work on it, too. English-speaking people often try it, but they generally give it up in a short time, and to live as we are in the habit of living costs money there. I should say that from $35 to $40 per nonth was little enough to pay for comfortable lodgings and board in Berlin. Fees are low. London, so far as veterinary education, and as near as I can learn with regard to human medicine, is not to be compared with Berlin, except from the important fact that one's native language is spoken. On arriving in Paris it happened to be my good fortune to meet M. Pasteur in his laboratory. He is a very pleasant gentle- man, of medium stature, and looking older than I believe he really is. This is probably due, to a great extent, to his hemi- plegic condition. His laboratory is a very unpretentious affair, consisting of a long one-story building with numerous small, dark rooms, while in the cellar he keeps his menagerie of wild animals, or if not wild, at least mad. Babbits and guineapig", ioiui the bulk of his stock-in-trade. There are no dogs. His method of n 6 inoculation is very simple, consisting, as you are probably 9 ach, together with the absence of food, the hypersemia of the stomach and of the meninges, taken in connection with the clinical history, is ccnsidered sufficient evidence upon which to form a diagnosis. Of course if the disease can be reproduced, there can be no doubt as to its nature. M. Pasteur's rabbits do not have rabies in its furious form. Progressive paralysis, beginning after a definite stage of incuba- tion and ending fatally, is the only diagnostic symptom ; hence it is that many have denied that these animals had rabies at all. One thing is sure, however. These animals suffer from a disease accompanied by constant symptoms, and inoculable from one animal to another ; and that inoculations from a rabid dog pro- duces a disease the symptoms of which are identical with those presented, by M. Pasteur's experimental animals. Moreover, if statistics can be relied upon, the number of deaths from hydro- phobia in the Paris hospitals have greatly decrecsed in the past three years, or since preventive inoculation has been practised. We are led to believe, therefore, that however far from perfec- tion his methods may be, he is on the right track, and we most ceftainly hope that success may crown his efforts, and that his remedy may be made not only preventive, but curative. I