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Les diagrammes suivant<> illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■wii AN A M.S. •I .( ", t 'ti English Gbammae. FOE THE CSK oF SCHOOLS. Ski 1NCLU1>1NG * COPIOUS EXERCISES FOR PARSING WITH rv.uD, „ «PU«AT,ON OETHELEAof;oU'cVE r^^^^^^^^ *" PARAPHRASING, AND PUNCTUATION, ' BT J. A. MacCABE, --X.CX..., o...^, -OKM.X. ,o«oo.. [Late Provincial Norxnal School. Truro. H. s.] . :B^ourtlx -Etlitiori. "~»-^;:i»'-?L---»s™.c..o« FOR HALIFAX, N. S. A. & W. MACKINLAY. 1876. I i Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year iST'i, By J. A. MacCabe, In the ofiice of the Minlnter of Agriculture, at Ottawa. 1874, PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION. FOH the present edition, .he author h.a ™ado « fe„ verbal . erafons, „t .Uh this exception the work . .nUstanI J the same as last edition. ' v«„ c J. A. MacCABE. Normal School, Ottawa, August, 1876. 5*^^10 .^ > p & ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 1. ]Mcu make known tlicir thouglits to ctich other by spoken or written lungujigo. 2* Language when spoken is composed of eh;nien- tary sounds ; and when written, of elementary forms called letters^ which have been invented to represent those sounds. 3. GuAMMAU is the science which teaches us tho correct use of the sounds and forms of language. 4. English Grammar teaches us the correct use of the English language in speaking and writing. 5. It is usually divided into four jjarts : Orthoyraphyy Etymology^ Syntax^ and Prosody. ORTHOGRAPHY. 6. Orthography treats of the forms and sounds of the letters and the correct method of spelling words. 7. With it is connected Orthoepy, or the science of correct pronunciation. 8. The elementary sounds of the English language are about forty. ' 9. The letters, which, all together, are called the Alphabet, are twenty-six. 10. One letter, therefore, must represent two or more sounds. 11. The letters Jirc ; a, 6, c, K' proper. 27. A triphtknn(j ig the union of three vowels into one sound, as iu bean. SYLLABLES. 28. A si/llahh consists of a single sound, or of & ttttnaber of sounds uttered together by a siuojle impulse of tbe voies^ as, (z, an, anL - 10 KTfMOLOOY. WORDS. h] 29. A tvord is the Rpokeii or written sign of an (»a. of 30. Tn written languago, it may consist or one ]viXo.r only, or of Kovcral,— of one syllal)le, or more than onc^ 31. A word of ono syllable is called a monosyllable ; as, noun. 32. A word of two sylhitbles is called a dissyllable ; as, pro-noun. 33. A wonl of ttiree syllables is called t> trisijUable ; as, ad-ject'ive. 34. A word of more than three syllables is called a polysyllable ; as, in-ter-jeC'tion. EXSBCISE C. TcU tJic vmrrh, rovsMKHtts, n, nlfhou;;li to express it, no change takes phicc in the Ibrni of th'i noun. (Stv HO). 39. The I'arts of SjHM'ch nro sometimes divided into (ff'/innhh' and 'nuhrUvnhlc. Tho term ff^rliiinh!)' is applied to those whieh have intiexion ; 'is. Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Verh, and sometitnes, Adverb ; iiidcvlivuhle, to those which have no inllexiou ; as, l*rej)osition, (.'onjimction. Interjection. 40. The tenn drrlitKtlilr, however, is here used in a sense somewhat dtilurent from its origiiml meaning. (See 111). NOUN. 41. A noun is the name of anytlii.ig ; as, Jo/niy London^ house, tree, hope, 42. The thinj^s to whi«h wc pive names may !)e objects of the external senses ; as, Ixxif:, jwh, man, noise, snujot/im^s, par- fume, sweetness, &c.; or they may Ih) objects which can l»o merely thoujLjhtof; as, prudence, virtue, ctninuje, excelleTu:e, &c.; but is both cases such names are nouns. 43. Whenever a word, syllable, letter, or symbol of any kind is made the subject of discourse, it must Ik) rej^arded as a noun ; as, " We is a pronou\i," " Un is a prefix," A is a vowel," •'-[" '•'^ t''*' '^'ri" of luldition," " , is a comma." 44. There are three kinds or sub-classes of nouiis ; Proper, Common, and Verbal. 45. A proper noun .s a name pven to an indi- vidual of a class to distin^ish it from tlui other individuals of the samo class; as, George, Kate, Ilalifux^ the ISL Lawrence. 46. A Common noun is a name shared in commou by each individual of a class ; as, man, woman, town, river. _ -^ 47. A verbal noun ia the name of an action; as, walking, reading, writing, to walk, to read, to write. 48. Proper nouns are used as Common nouns, when they have an adjective annexed to them, or when they arc used in the plural ; as, " Some mute, inglorious Milton here may rest "; ** Shakespeares are not of every day growth," " It would require a Demosthenes to stir them up." 49. Proper nouns, however, when appearing under such circumstances, are not always to be considered as common. 50. If the name implies the qiudilies whieh distinguish on indiridual, it is to be regarded a.s commoo. I« ITTMOLOGT. 51. Thus in the exnroples given in 48, Milton, Shalesiifttre and Demosthenes are proper nouns used Jig^fratively cfore terms strictly limited by ether definite words, or ixMorr^ titles used as titles, or names as names; as, "Patience is a virtue," " Falsetvood is odious," '* Tlie eldest son of a duke is called ' Mar<|ais '," " Thames is derived from Ti'.mcfjis," (not The Thanjcs). 56. Sonne cosujuoa nouns are called Collettire ; some. Abstract no.in». 57. A cdleHive noun expresses a collection of mdiTidnal^ jegaxdfed «?s forming a whole ; a*, ariujji, n,ultUHde,jfio€k. 58. An tthitruci noun is the name of some attribnfie con- sidered apart from the object to which it b«>longs ; as, whiteness, kardmsA, sw^,einps». 59. The iiiHeiious of nouns are, NnwhtTy Person^ Gender y Case, EXEBCISil II. Place in one column on slate or paper, the nouns in the fo)- lowing sentences ; opposite to each in aaothci colunm write thi? word nsf^m ; and in a third column o-pposite »o each, the &ub- tlu:^ : thus. Word t/lms Slih- Vlit3S I John : man j i-eadiing noun noun nonn proper eomviion verbal Jf^n gpes to school witk bis shfdx Maiy. Johxi cauita i\tt ETYMOLOGY. 1^ fo)- tlie &ub- t^ books, slates, pens, and pencils. A map is a picture of the world, or of a part of the world. Charles has broken the pitcher with his whip. Halifax is the capital of Nova Scotia. Listen to nature's teachings. Bees live in hives. We hear nothing of causing the blind to see. Among the bushes and high grasa near the water, tn'3 swan builds its nest. We see trees, and fields, and houses, and a great sbcet of dark water. The nobles of England saw the necessity of redressing the wrongs of the ])eo])le. Najfolcon wan now master of Euro])e. Nova beotia is a peninsula. JNly soul may not brook recalling. And the foara of his gas]ung lay white on the tiirl". June brings tulij)s, lilies, roses : Hlls the childreu's hands with posies. Kot a step ca.i wo take in a^y direction without ])crceiving the traces of design. One day George said to his sisters Lucy and P^mny. We heard the bellowing of the Mediterranean. No fantastic carvings show. A grateful mind by owing owes not. Therefore, as far from granting he, as I from begging pesce. And by opposing end ttjcm. Kobert returned to England with William, and joined him in an expedition against Scotland. Waste their sweetness on the desert air. I!e was much happier in giving than in receiving. His was the true goodness of heart. The Atlantic Ocean separates America from Europe and Africa. America was discovered by Cohunbus, a '^ative of Genoa, in 1492. He was under the patronage of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. . NUMBER. 60. Number is an inflexion of the noun derived from its denoting one object, or more objects than one. 61. If the noun denotes one object, it is said to be of the Singular number ; as, book, box, man. 62. If the noun denotes more than one, it is said to be of the Plural number ; as, books, boxes, men, 63. The plural is formed irom the singular, as a general rule by adding s ; as, book^ booksr 64. Ifj howevc.-, the termination of the singular has the sound of .s, or a sound a]>proaching it, as in Avords ending in s, sli, X, eh soft, z ; e.s must be added to form the ])luri»l; as, ^as, gas(s ; brvsh, hruslies : box, boxes ; church, churches ; topaz, topazes. 65. The reason of this is evident. If s only were added, the plural could not be distinguished in conversation from the singular. 66. Nouns onding in a or ?/ preceded by a consonant, form their plural by aduing cs, the y at the same time being changed intot; as, cargo, cargoes; laag, ladies. The following are ex- ceptious in o, tlllowing the general rule, bamboo, cento, canto, I: 14 ETYMOLOGY. >A duodecimo, grotto, halo, junto, memento, motto, octavo, pmilco, quarto, solo, two, tyro, zero. But when o or ,y is preceded by a vowel, the plural is formed by simply adding s; as, cameo, cameos ; folio, folios ; day, days; hoy, hoys, quy has qnies ; as, soliloquy, soliioquies. 67. Most nouns ending in / or fe make their plural by changing y or fe into ves ; as, calf, calves; knife, knives. But hoof, roof, (jrief mischief, handkerchief, relief mnff, and others follow the general rule. The plural of s^«^ should ha staffs, not staves ; the singular of slaves is stave. 68. One form of the Anglo Saxon plural ended in en. We have still some examples of this in our language (which is deilved chiefly from the Anglo Saxon) ; as, ox, oxen ; man (and its compounds) men. We must, however, say Mussulmans, Turkomans, Talismans, as these are not compounds of the Eng- lish word man. 69. Another plural form in the Anjjlo Saxon ended in ru (afterwards er-re). Four words former' their plural in this way, c/u'Wj lamb, calf, egg. This form is now seen in the word child-r-en, which has two plural te c-ininations ; the r of ru, and the en mentioned before. VO. Some nouns have two distinct plural forms. Die has dies (for coining) and dice (for gaming). Pea has peas (distinct seeds) and pease (the species). Penny has pennies (coins) and pence (value). 71. Some nouns have the same form for both numbers ; as, deer, sheep. 72. Some nouns from the nature of the things which they express have no plural ; as, wheat, tea, swjar, water, gold, sloth, pride. However, some of these are pluralized, to express different kinds or qualities ; as, new teas. 73. Some nouns have no singular; as, bellows, scissors, ashes, &c. 74. The names of sciences ending in ics, are often regarded as singular, although with a i>lural termination ; as, mathematics, optics, &c. Again, such forms as horse and foot, meaning horse soldiers and foot soldiers, though singular in form have a plural sense. So also, such expressi^ons as, 10 stone, r» score, 20 sailf 40 head. 75. Proper nouns are generally made plural by adding s; as, the Henrys, the Johnsons. When the proper name ha'^ a title prefixed, the title only should be pluralized ; as, the Misses Johnson. When tlie word two, three, &c. stands before the title, the latter noun is made plural ; as, " the two Miss Scotts." 76. In some peculiar plural forms, we find an apostrophe preceding the ; as, " Dot your i's and cross your Vs." The 9's, the -{•'&. W! n other parts of speech are used as nouns, their ETYMOIOGY. 15 plurals are formed regularly ; as, " The ijs and huts** " The whys and ivherefores,** "At stxes and sevens *' 77. Some compound words consisting of a noun followed by a descriptive term or phrase, form their plural by adding s to the first word ; as, court-martial, courts-martial; kni(jht-eirant, knifjhfs-errant ; father-in-law, fathers-in-law. But we say spoon- fuls, handfuls, mouse-traps, mantra]>s. 78. Ncuns adopted from foreign languages generally retain their original plural form. The following are some of the singu- lar and plural terminations of these words. Latin — singular, a, us, um, IS, ix or ex, make respectively in the plural, ae, i or era^ a, es, ices. Greek — singular, is, on, make respectively in the plaral cs or /(/es, a. - ■ - - ..• v ^ Thus: nebula, nebulae] calculus, calculi; genus, gevera ; memo- randum, memoranda ; amanuensis, amanuenses ; appendix, appen- dices ; oasis, oases ; apsis, apsides ; phenomenon, pnenomena. OTHER LANGUAGES. j s> A5 Singular, ( Beau, French. < Madame, ( Monsieur, Ti !• \ Bandit, Italian. | virtuoso, „ 1 ( Cherub, Hebrew. | g^^^p^ ' Plural, r Betiux. Mesdames. Messieurs. Banditti. Virtuosi. Cherubim. Seraphim. 79. The pupil will note the following. Alms is derived trom the old French almesse, and is strictly speaking singular, and was so used by ancient authors. Customs, meaning taxes or duties on imported goods, has no singular, and must be dis- tinguished from the plural of custom, habit. Letters, meaning literature, has no singular." Means is used in both numbers. Pains, meaning care, is joined with a plural verb. Gallows is joined to a singular verb. Neivs is general!)' considered singular. EXEKCISE III. -t :v p Form the plural of the fol hiring words: — Day, hero, goose, sister-in-law, pailful, half, folio, valley, surf, genus, madness, turf, portico, two, entry, seraph, alumnus, genius, chimney, fresco, m, 50, soliloquy, tornado, postman, son-in-law, memo- randum, man-slayer, step-son. ., -.^^..,— - r--^- - Correct the errors in the following plurals: — Heres, delaies, shelfs, elfs, cherubims, stratas, kines, wharfs, cantoes, monies, folioes, twoes, childs, foots, seraphims, vert«xc8, potatos^ echos, bodys, The Misses Whartons, proovcs, dwarves, ts, is, octavoes, flagstaves, loafs. , . .^,. . 16 ETYMOLOOY. !- PERSON. 80 Person s an iiifl(;xion of the noun derived from its bein;^ tlio name of the person wlio s[)eaks, of tile person or thing spokcju to, or of the person or thing sjioken of. 81. The person speuking is said to be of the first person ; bat this person is rarely found except in pro- nouns. Nouns are in the first person, only when in apposition with a pronoun of the first person ; as, " We petty men walk under his liuge legs." 82. If the noun is the name of a person or thing spoken to, it is said to be of the second person ; as, " John, come here ;" " Must I leave thee. Paradise." 83. If the noun is the name of a person or thing spoken of, it is said to be of the third person ; as " John came here ;" "■ Eve left Paradise." 84. Person is derived from the Latin persona, a mask used in the aneient theatre. By a secondary meaninj;- it was applied to the actor himself. Tlie speaker thus becoming a jterson, the party spoken to was soon termed by Grammarians, tlic second person, and when another was introduced as the subject of their conversation, he was denominated the third person. In ancient tragedy, it may be remarked, more than three never appeared on the stage. GENDER. 85. Gender is an inflexion of the noun derived Irom its being the name of an animal of the male kind, or of an animal of the female kind. 86. Nouns are of two genders, or of no gender. ' 87 If the noun is the name of a male animal, it is said to be of the mascaline gender ; as, man, lion. 38. If the noun is the name of a female animal, it is said to be of tXm feminine gender ; as, tvoman, lioness. 89. If the noun is the name of an object which has no sex, it has no gender; as, hook, chair. ,..„_ .^- - 90. Gender, therofore, depends on sex ; sex being an attri- bute of living beings, gender, of the words which are the names of these beings. Where there is no sex, there is no gender. 91. In general, there is nothing in the form of a noun to ETYMOLOGY. 17 indicate its gender, except the terminations ess and ix of the feminine ; as, poet, poptfss ; exerntor, cxecnirix. 92. Gender is soinetirujs distitij^iiiished by havini; different words in the masCi:line and feininijie ; as, hoy, f/irl ; heHnt.cs. J"ij".s,JunaorJ«hct. EXERCISE IV ^ tJ'e yo„n. does. ''" ''^^ l''^'^'^^'' the fiHies, the drikes and irz., 'j , ''' "^""> urake, masfpv di. i j «= "^ Juai, ETYMOLOGY. .^r m in lud nr, lor. ^ CASE. _ ''•'■'•' 101. Case is an inflexion of tht noun uorivod from the rcljition vvliich tliu noun has to some other word in the sentence. 102. If the noun is the suhject of a verb, it is said to be in tlie nominative case; as, ''^ John is pr(!sent.'* If the noun is innnediately foUov/cd by a partici[)h3, and has no direct deixjndence on any otlier word in the sentence, it is said to be in the nominative absolute ; as, ^'^ John beinX.s^ ' !^1-J? ^"'^ «;>'^e, i„ y_^wui, the A,y ,y ^/,,, y^^,^.^^ ^-'? CA. Compare tJ:e Lord's "«av from ;i,„ '"'"- wpresonn.,] I,v li,,,.! ! 5 ">« "Ihcra, for tU ™,e ':„rSf?f ™P™ '■•'^ btm^7 ?;'^''"'"^ Aingvlur. f'n--Roy ,„an city iV'- .^<'.v's man's city's %• ^oy nuui city- •'^ boys EXERCISE V. boys Plural. poys men cities Jnen's cities' men cities Write tho possof^i/r^ . "'^J-ojl v^. KTTMOLOOT. Ill the |nx, 3SS, ton 3rs rnrc are Natures gift's for mans' advnntngc. The picture of her son's does not much reseinlilc him. Socrates's teachin^js were in ndviince of his npe. 1 liave not read Horace' e])i8tlcs. Ncitlicr John nor liis brother's scholarsliij) was very hifjli. The ])eacc of Westphalia closed the Thirty i'ears War. The mea- sure j^aiued the kijij; as well as the peoples npprohation. Mosea rcnl Avas turned into a Serpent. K«)r fiood/iess's sake do not go. I expect to visit his brother's John's monument. ■ PAUSING. Selectin}; the nouns from tlic followinfr sentences, iill up on slate or paper a table similar to the subjoined, making the fol- lowiuLj abba'viations : for ;'/v>y ro j >.; \'or romnion, vom.; for sitifptlar, tfitiif. ; for plnrnl, plu.\ ; ihr^/if , sermul and third tho usual abbreviations ; for the gender, muse, Jem., or no gen.; for the cases, no/rt., /JOSS., o/y. Word Cl(,ss Sub- Class Inflexion man Mary books nonn noun noun com. prop. com. SJinj;., .3d., masc, nom. sin^^, 3d., fern., nom. plur., 3d., no gen., nom. John reads. Mary writes. The ship was lost. The dog. Dash barked. John's book fell. James's slate Avas broken. Good morning, "William. The trnth of the matter is not known. She sang a sweet song. Gentlemen, do you believe the story ? I carried the parcel. Birds fly. He drove the oxen. The bells of the church riwfr. Sam broke the top. The river rises in tho f(X>t of the monntain. He stops at home. I, John, saw. He did it for conscience' sake. Birds' nests are wonderful structures. Evening's shades came on. (to away James. Men's minds are capable of conceiving great things. ■ , ADJECTIVE. 113. An Adjective is a word added to a noun to limit or qualify its meaning; as, r« book, ^2*5 book, each book, a new book, the tjood book. ~ 114. There are three sub-elasses of adjectives, Defi- nitive^ Attributive^ and Verbal. 115. Definitive adjectives are those whicli define nouns, that is, whicli refer to the number, position, ex- tent, particularity, or any limitation of the object de- noted by the uoun. I i ■I I, 22 KTYMOLOOY. o* wluoh the .,0..,,,, tli;t^^r.!f-^;'^i»tl.eobjoct 119. Tlio verbal ailiectivn ;„ !i ' * *"'**< "Pl'l"-" P"'' P'"-ticiple of a v^^^^XZ.^^'l P""""' "the occurs alone or in \u2'v ^'*-'> '"''c" tins partich, ,! I.C «ce>ne,l for .lVn-tv\.lLi' '■' '" t''^' «C"te„oo, stands. Again, i„ the " J^tenc^''^ r"'' '"■• which /,« '■n«l hope is flat despair," ",„X'/-"' "P"'""'' our passive voice/ Thus =rf.'"V '« '»nsi'lcrJd jLTf^ 122 W™^^' '"';l' " 'mmor. ■"■ '"' " '««"'' " ''l-te, a wise adjectives to modity obicc''"o('';'f''",^*'<'«'"-<'s m.,v be u^ed .. own pro,«r nature. Znt "■""«'". '"siny i„ sacli ,,. . ,1, ' moumttn rill," "A/;,- ■ ""' 'i^'9"eMtly used Z ' ""'"' »»-0|K).sitions are t,{'? """"■' " Sm^ctsc^M" A V "f' " ^ -'//-VferGauI'^.Tr'',™"-'" f ''««<'; as, "The «„/"'"'""' • ^'"' "'^" "''"■"'isti-ation/' Verhflr i""''" KTYMOLOOY. ^3 IlltlOIl Iwoid Iwith 1 wise kheir "A land It," SC8 aro used ih the sftmo wny; as, "The dihiinfJiinrf ^xAU-y," "An OHt-of-the-iviiy place," " That novvr-to-hv'HHlHcictUlij-coinmtiulvJ, coiirso. 123. Sonietiiiios, to lunn u cliiss, the «U'Hnitivu Hiljcrtnc ///« is ijivllxed to othor udjcctivos which rot'cr to ]»hiral uoutis under- stood ; and to form an al).strai:t noun, is prefixed to adjectives wliich refer to sin^juhir nouns ; as, " Men call thr fn-niul hap])y," " Tlien tlie forms of the f/«/*«;7rf/," " lie is reading; Burke on ♦ T/ic Sublime' " 124. The only inflexion which tho En«;lish tidjoc- tive admits is culiiid Comparison^ which nicjins a chan<^Q iu thcj form of tho adjeotive to ex|)i*<38s (|iiality in dif- ferent degrees. Of these, there are said to be three, Positive, Comparative, and SuperhUive, distiiii^nishin^ the various degrees hi which a quality is possessed by various objeeta. :, 125. Adjectives which do not admit of comparison are called inrarliihli' : those admitting of comparison, variable, thou^h this last term is rarely nsed. 126. In some lan^uajres the adjective is inflected like tho noun, havini; nuniher, gender and ease. This was so in tho Anj^lo Saxon. The onlv instance we have of this kind of in- fh^xion in English, is the nmiibn' of the deiinitive adjectives thin and ihat, which have, res^yectively, these and those in the plural. 127. An adjective in its simple state is said to be in tho positive degree ; as, " a tall man," " a swift horse." 128. An adjective is said to be in the comparative, degree when, on comparing two objects or classes, it expresses, relatively, an increase or diminution of the quality; as, John is taller than James, my horse is swifter than his. 129. An adjective is said to be in the superlative degree when, on comparing one object wiJi two or more, it expresses, relatively, the limit of tho increase or diminution of the (pjality ; as, John is the tallest boy in the school, my horse is the swiftest in the town. 130. Attrihntive adjectives only, admit of comj)arison. Most definitive adjectives arc invariable. However, some attri- l)utive adjectives are invariable ; those that in their simple form express the (luality as possessed l)y the ol)ject in the highest degree ;• as superior, supreine, omnrpotejit, universal, perfect, com- plete, &c.; or those which denote figure, shape, or position ; as, s^tuiie, circular, straight, horizontal, &c. Usage may be plcade(i H KTVMOLOOT. , 131. Tc:::z:,zrr' »- --ri^t;^;- »""'■<■ siii(|i„„„ .... ""! t">«"tiv(! • as ,„,„ „, ,.' """>>• |ire- 133 A,ii ,• """dwus (Jimiou. Pos. Oood ' pad or Evil Much or Many Near i' fir lorfh Late Old Coiupar. hcttiiv worse ^ess or lesser more nearer fartlier further best worst iCil.St most nearest or next farthest furthest latest or last oldest or elcJest Jater or latter •» or, ^ older or clfJ,.!- — -°i ur uist ^37. Some adieetiv.. r "'*'^'^^t or elcJest {^^^'^ - hinder 'JJ^f ^ ">• Jowcnnost n ''' upper ---- '""r^ «*- 'ii"'lormost inner ""^"^ ^^-.^Ppormost outer or utter o , I^'^ ""'' '""«''nost former ^ ?v^ .'"^^-^t' "tmost, &c, &c. , '<^iemo«£ or first In Out ETTMOf.OOT, EXERCI8B VI. Cnwpnrp the fnJlotrintj iiflji'rtlrvit. JVficn nn// onr ntnnnt row he rnmiiiir'tl, fell the rcasim : — (Jood, wist', new, loii;,^, narrow, just, j)roii(l, happy, jHTfrct, larL'c, l»aIest disposition secures most n^^nrd. The fartherest distance. Tho worser «|ualities. The laferest editions. The low'rost strata. The fartherest position. The hindest of the Hock. Virtue con- fers the suprcmest dignity on m«n. He was the more junior of the sous. I th()»iL,'ht hiiu the lucmorahlesi of thiise forj^ottcn ones. He is the reniarkahlest of mankind. He was the heauti* fulesr, hopefulest (if little I'ellows. The j^reatest maximum of tcmiKJrature was ninety-seven decrees. They were the greatest generals of any others in the army. The youngest was the comelyest and aniiahlest. His more ulterior ohjcct was to reach Athens. The (lis))uto was a more minor allair than the blows we inflicted. It whs the extremest cold of the season. The xMisr 1st PAUSING. Classify the nouns and adjectives in the following sentences according to the subjoined tabular form. For the adjective uiuler the head, inflexion, write the name of the degree of com- parison in which it is if it admit of comparison ; if not, write tho word, inonrUihh: Abbreviate as follows : adj. for (uijtctivc, flefin. for (fe/initt're, atfr. for (dtrihuUre, invar, for inrdrldltle, )H)s,
^^-^ to a„"';.:tVobiecr^^ 14^ 7? ; • ""Jtccs. (See liTYMOLOGY. 37 pro- are loun, fre- |(Sce • as, 144. The relative pro.iouns arc who, which, and that. Who is put for persons ; which for lower animals and inanimate things. 145. When the relative pronouns arc used in asking ques- tions, they always refer to the answer to the question. In such cases tlioy are sometimes ealleil intcirof/afive ])ronouns. In using these pronouns interrogatively, it is to !)e observed, that nho and 7rhirh arc each applied to persons. This difFcrence, however, is to be observed, that when the pronoun ichirh iG used interrog- atively, and applio t Thy favors may be found." i.e., that on its steep — may not be found. 148. Pronouns being put for nouns, have the same inliexions, Number, Person, Gender, Case. 149. The remurks on gender, given when speaking of the noun (See 95) will apply to the prjnoun, where the gender is not marked by the form of the word. 150. The number, person, and case of the pronouns are seen by the following : ' 1 i;:^^ Y ~ . "~^^^^^" First Person. Sing. Piur, Nom. I ■ "We PosB. My or Mine ' Our or Ours 28 ETYMOLOGY. Second Person. Shifji. Plur. Nom. You or Tliou Ye or You Poss. Your or Yours, Thy or Thine Your or Yours Obj. You or Thee You Third Person. Sing. ' Plur, He, She, It They His, hor or hers, its Their or Theirs Ilim, her, it Them Relative. Sing, or Plur, Who, which, that Whose, whose, whose Whom, which, that 151. It is customary for a Sovereign to use the first person j)hiral form instead of" the sinp:ular, in speaking formally of his or herself. Thus, the Queen at the end of a proclama ;ion, or other oflicial doeument uses this lan,.' [condition asserting action asserting being, state, or vV-'^- . ■ ; " '.-* ' . i , " ■ ■ ; . . . - .; , ■ s _. ..'-i , ■,, • \ . '., 1, ; .' 1 transitive intransitive K' ■ • ? ■>,;:} ;i • ■->:' .K-f/ :■.! • active voice ■-A active voice passive voice ^^v;^^ 4 ../.■l.i'i " , " ♦ - M OOD. !'. _.,.■*>:- -'.■y "■■ -^^': % ■;if;<' 180. -^oo€? is an inflexion of the verb, showing the mode or manner in which the action, being, state, or condition asserted by the verb, is expressed. 181* There are said to be Jive moods ; Infinitive, Indicative^ Imperative, Potential and Subjunctive, 182* The Infinitive mood expresses the action, be- ing, &c., in an indefinite or general way, without respect to number or person, and is denoted by the sign to along with the simple verb ; as, " He loves to study." Sometimes the sign to is understood ; as, " I saw him do it." 183. The word to prefixed to the infinitive is merely its sign substituted for the Anglo Saxon infinitive terminations an, 84 fttTMOLOOt. «frn, inn. Accordfnjj to Home Took, the word to in fftis sense, iti derived from n Gothic noun, si«!;nH\injr(7f7, tin. Verbs in Kn;,'li.fh are not distincuisiied, as in other hinji^uajrcs, by a iieeiilinr termi- nation ; therefore this word io, that is do, became necessary to be jnetixed instead of the Anjjlo Saxon termination of the intini- tive, in order to distinguish them from nouns, and to invest them with the vcrbnl character. Thus, " To play is plcawant, and boys love to play," is equivalent to " Play Js pleasant and boys love play ;" to distinguishing between the noun and the verbv Compare " He loves to .study " and " He loves study." 1 84. The Indicative mood asserts simply ; as^ " Halilax ta the capital of Nova Scotisf." **" He wrote the letter." 185. The Indicative mood is used in asking questions/ Thus, "Did he write the letter 1" 186. The Imperative mood is nsed for commanding^ exhorting, entreating, or permitting ; as, " 6*0, preach to the coward"j '* Keep the commandments"; " Give us this day our daily bread"; " Go in peace." ; '•. 187. The Potential mood implies power, liberty^ possibility, will, obligation ; as, "I can sivg^* " He may go" " It may be so," " 1 would be left to myself," " He must go." * 188. The Subjunctive mood expresses a doubt, or leaves a question undecided ; as, " If he be guilty, [a thing I doubt, or will not affirm, or cannot admit] lie belies his whole life. 189. If is the usual sign of the subjunctive mood, but all verbs preceded by that sign are not in that mood. The follow- ing sentence, in which the verb is is in the indicative mood, compaud with the sentence last given, will show the difference between the subjunctive end indicative moods. If he is not guilty, [a thing I do not question] you '• '11 be able to prove it at the trial." The following expressions are not, therefore strictly correct, the meaning being affirmative — nothing doubt- ful or undecided. " Although she he abundantly grateful to all her protectors, I observe your name most often in her mouth." '• The paper, although it be written with spirit, would have scarce cleared a shilling." But the following are correct : If thou be the Son of God, cast thyself down," " If I he in difficulty I will ask your aid." , ; ' . f r ETYMOLOGY. 8& TENSR 190» Tensv is an uiflexwu of tlie verl>, denoting the time of the action, being, state, or condition, iissertetl bv the verb. • • ;.a 191. Tense, hh it expresse.'? time, must, properly speaking, liave only tliree distinctions; Present^ Pasi^ 192. It is usual, however, to make six distinctions ; Present^ Pasty Perfect, Pluperfect^ (more correctly Prior-Perfect,) First Future, and Second Futnre. 193. The Present Tense expi-cssos, simply, timt present ; as, " I write ^^ " I tcalky 194. The Past Tense expresses time past ; as, " I wrote," "' I walked:* 195. The Perfect Tense expresses, not only that an action, being, &c., is past, but also expresses that the action, <&&, was conapleted just before the assertion was made respecting it ; as, " / /tave written the letter." In making this assertion, I am supposed to make it the moment after finishing the writin If. * 196. The sign of the Perfect Tense is have, has, or hath, 197. This tense is abo used to express a past action whose conaequmces extend to the present time ; as, " I have neg/ected my duty, and am therefore unhappy." It is also used in making an assertion regarding authors whose works are in existence, though they themselves maybe long since dead; as, "Cicero fias written orations." 198. The Pluperfect (Prior- Perfect) Tense ex- presses, not only that an action, being, state, &c., is past, but that it was finished before another point of past time ; as, " I had posted the letter before the mail ' was closed." 199. The sign of this tense is had or hadst. 200. The First Future Tense expresses that the action, being, state, &c., asserted by the verb, will take place in the future ; either mentioning the exact time " or not ; as, " The sun will rise tomorrow," " I shall see them again." 201. The sign of this tense is shall or will, shah or wilt. 202. The Second Future, or as it is sometimes 86 KTYMOLOOY. I called the Future Perfect^ expresses that the action, &c. will take [)luco in the future, but before another future! action ; as, " I shall have jwstcd the letter before the mail closes." 203. Tlio sijijn of this tense is hIkiII have or will have, shalt have or vult have. NUMRKU ANT) PERSON. 204. Verbs are said to have the same number ard person as their subjects. These inflexions properly belong to the subjecf. which is a noun or pronoun, and not to the verb, which simply signifies action. PARTICirLES. 205. A Participle is a part of the verb deriving its name from its participating in the properties of the verb and the adjective. The remarks made when speaking of verbal adjectives, ^See 119) may be referred to here. 206. There are three participles in each voice. Active Passive 1. Present Striking Struck or Being struck 2. Past Struck Been struck 8. Perfect Having struck Having been struck 207. The participle in the active voice, ending in inrj, and not connected with any part of the verb to be, will be either a noun or an adjective ; as, " And hears no sound save his own dashing" (noun) ; " Surrendering up thine individual beinjj, thou siialt jro to mix with the elements." Cadj.) 208. The past participle, not connected with have or ic, can be an adjective only. (Sec examples under 120). REGULAR, IRREGULAR, AUXILIARY, DEFECTIVE, AND IMPERSONAL VERBS. ' 209. Verbs are said to be Regular^ when they form their past tense, and past participle by the addition of ed (d if the verb end e) to the present ; as, Present Past Past Participle Favo-r favored favored Save saved saved KTTMOLOr.Y. I, and ler a own sin"'" |r be. |VE, )rm of 210. Verlw are said to be Irregular, when they do not form their past tense and past participle in this way; as, Present Past Past Participle Write wrote written 211. Irregular verbs arc somctiines cnllal stnwf/ verbs ; rcj;»ilar vcrl).s, ii-((tk\ The reason for this is jilaiii : irrej^iilar verbs form their past tense finm thcwsi'lres, hy somo internal chanfjfc in the letters which compose the word; the regular verbs rcciuirc MiXfroin without, an additional letter or letters. 212. Auxiliary verbs are those verbs which are placed before certain parts of principal verbs to express those voices, moods, tenses, &c. which, in other lan- guages, are expressed by terminations. They are be, do, have, shall, will, let, may, can, must. Of these the first six are also used as principal verbs. 213 Ouffht is sometimes called an auxiliary, but ns it does rot occasion the suppression of the infinitive sign to, it is not properly an auxiliary. 214. Defective verbs are those which have only a few forms. All the auxiliaries, except be, do, have, are defective. To these must be added, quoth for sa^d^ yclept for called. 215. Imperso7ial verbs are those which take it as their nominative ; the it referring to nothing in par- ticular ; as, " It rains" " It snows." 216. Meseems and metlduks are old impersonal verbs still in use. 217. The word it is sometimes employed as a grammatical object to a transitive verb, when nothing definite is represented oy that pronoun ; as, "Come, and trip it as you go." " He carries it with a high hand." " He lords it. It is also made a subject representing a noun or a pronouu in any number, per- son, or gender ; as " It is 7," " It is they" " It is she," " It is James." 218. The following is a list of the Irregular verbs. Present Past Past part. Abide ' abode .;. abode Am was been Awake ' awoke, awaked awaked Bear, for- bore, bare l)ome, bom 08 * ETYMOLOGY. • Preaent Past PoBt part. Beat heat bout, beaten Begin began begun . Bond, tin- bent, heniled bent, lu'ndcd Bereave hereti, l)ereavcd Itcrel't, bereaved Beseech hesought besought Bestead bestead ' bestead Bid, for- hid, liade bid, bidden Bind, UH; re- bound bound late bit bit, bitten lil<.>ed bled bled Blow blov7 Idown lireak broke broken Bree -.::,'■•■,.:;.■' Creep J , crept crept Crow crew, crowed crowed . Cut cut cut f Dare {to venture) t durst ' dared Deal dealt, dealed dealt, dealed Dig *1"K, Jife'gy^ digged, dug Do, un-, over-, out- did -' ; done Draw, with- drew drawn ■ • ^ ^ Dress dressB'' dressed or drest Drink drank. c*runk drunk Drive dro\e driven * Dwell dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelled Eat ate eaten Fall, be- fcU fallen Feed fed"";"'""':'^-- fed - Feel €•, for- Olid, re- Gird, be-, un- Give, /or- Go, uhder-fforc'* Grftve, en- Grind Grow, over- Hang,t over- Have Hear, ovrr- ilew Hide Hit Hold, he-, with; up- Hurt Keep Kneel Knit Know,ybrg- Lade, un-, over- Lay, in-, mis- Lead, wits- Leave Lend Let Lie (to restjt Ligiit . Lose Make Mean Meet Mow Pay, re-, pre- Pen(to inclose) Put Quit Read • Rend 5 » ETTBIOLOOY. Past Past Part. fled fled flung flung flew flown forsook for.snken froze frozen freighted freighted, fraught got got, gotten gill, gilded gilt, gilded girt, girded girt, girded gave given went gone graved graven grw\ed ground ground jrew lung grown hung . lad had leard heard hewed hewn, hewed ' llid hid, hidden hit hit held held, holden hurt hurt kept kept knelt, kneeled knelt, kneeled knit, knitted knit, knitted knew known laded laden laid laid led led left left lent lent let let lay lain lit, lighted lit, lighted lost los^ made made meant meant met met mowed mown, mowed paid paid pent pent put ; put ^ quit, quitted quit, quitted read read 30 «• <■ rent rent * Forego has no past tense, t Hans;, to take away life by hanging, is regular, t Lie, to tell an uutiuth, is regular. ,' 11 fp 1 1 40 ETYMOLOGY. ■ y-y . ■•■■^^.■■-' 1 1 Present . ' ■Si Past Past Part, Kid rid "t' ^.^ r Kide -rode ridden, rode King rang, rung rung Rise, a-, up- rose risen Rive rived riven , / Run, out-, fore- ran run W Saw sawed sawn, sawed Say, MM-, (jain- said said ^ See, /ore- saw seen " ^^ ;! Seek sought sought Seethe sod, seethed sodden, seethed Sell sold sold Send sent sent Set, be-, up- set set Shake shook shaken , , ShajK;, mis- shaped shapcn, shaped , Shave shaved shaven, shaved - ' Shear sheared shorn, sheared . Shed shed shed ,' Shine, out-, shone, shined shone, shined Shoe shod shod , * . Shoot, over- siiot shot , i Show or shew, /ore- showed, shewed shown, shewn Shred shrcd shred * _; X Shrink shrank, shrunk shrunk Shut shut shut. Sing sang, sung sung : Sink sank, sunk sunk ;■; Sit sat sat ' ■ " 'iY' ';. ■ Slay Sleep slew slain ; slept slept Slide slid slidden * j^ Sling slang, siung slung ^ J^: :■■ Slink slunk slunk . Slit slit, slitted slit, slitted Smite smote . smitten . Sow sowed sown, sowed _ Speak, be- spoke spoken I Speed sped sped Spend, mis- spent spent ■ s,-'— ■""'' Spill spilt, spilled spilt, spillef* §pi^ span, spun sptm Spit spit, spat spit, spitten Split split split Spread, over-, be- spread spread Sprinjj sprang, sprung sprung Stand, with; under- stood stood ^m^ ETYMOLOGY. 41 Present Past Past Part. staid, stayed stolen stuck stunjjr r stridden struck strung striven strown, strowed &c. sworn sweat, sweated 8we])t swollen, swelled swum swung taken taught • . torn told thought thriven "*^* thrown thrust trodden waxen, waxed worn woven . wept wet, wetted whet, whetted won wound wrought, worked wrung written CONJUGATION. 219. The Conjugation of a verb means either the naming of the three principal parts of the verb, the Present Tense, the Past Tense, and the Past Par- ticiple ; or an enumeration of all the parts of the verb through all moods and all tenses. 220. In the following tables are specimens of tho conjugation of a verb. Stay staid, stayed Steal . stole Stick stuck Sting ■ stung Stride, he- strode Strike struck String strung Strive strove Strow or strew he- strowed, strewed Swcar,ybr- swore Sweat sweat, sweated Sweep swept Swell swelled Swim swam, swum Swing swung Take, mis-, he-, ^c, took Teach taught Tear tore Tell, fore. told Th«k thought Thrive throve, thrived Throw, over' threw Thru:,; thrust • Tread trod • Wax waxed Wear wore Weave wove AYeep wept Wet wet, wetted Whet > whet, whetted Win won Wind, un- wound Work wrought, worked Wring wrung Write wrote 42 ETYMOLOGY. o •B a s v o 3 •a i3 S 5 a" o 0) I. «.d 3 M 53 3 >• I •O a o 3 3 O 3 3 O 1 ^ O a< 3 v O A d. +3 1) IH ,3 fU 13 3 r- 3 5* 1 b CQ a V 5 V o ■♦-> • •** s c 0Q&4 « S. Be (through all persons) P. Be (through all persons) S. Were (tliro. all nersous) P. Were (thro. all persons) .1' S. May t be, may be or mayest be, ;i.ay be P. May be (through all persons) S. Might t be, might be or mightest be, might be P. Might be (through all persons) S. May have been, may have bee*i or mayest l\ave been, may have beea P. May have been (through all pers.) S. Might have been, might have been or mightest have been, might have been P. Might have been (thro, all persons) g "5 S. 1st Pers. Am, 2nd Pers. are or art, 3rd Pers. is P. Are (through all persons) S. Was, were or wast, was P. Were (through all persons) S. Have been, have been or hast been, has been P. Have been (through all persons) S. Had been, had been or hadst been, had been P. Had been (through all persons) S. Shall be, shall be or shalt be, shall be P. Shall* be (through all persons) S. Shall have been, shall liave been or shalt have been, shall have been P. Shall have been (thro, all persons) a 04 1 1 43 1 s ^2 ra 3 «3 a tA u o S 8 5 M 8 (4 o to .5 as u o * : ■4 a -■S S A 5 rt ^ ^ O O >U ■a" ® « (U e a > s >. t, CI eSCJ c? _• ' ' ' -' ..'-- ' '" ;.-" ^' ft. ►5 • • -^ i— . o o '5'^'5'-- o£S^ "S Z 43 (0 ^S^2 A s is* -3 CL-^ C «=5«=5 > (» fri CO cJ a' 1 »? o 1 :s • t b «>4 ^ o « H ;: • « . <;a<« ' >^ 5 ■ > 43 1) II '• ♦+ t-ja ^j *j .a-r" •tJ -u l{ S-^ fcTo ^^ •S'S s ;^^ ''^^ ss Sii ^ • • a: 04 • • • • ccoJ 4- i« . — r o a '"^ V ■ * 8 C* 2 a ■ .'■: frj O b — (S |2 ° -a W «> s^ ^ a< ,C 4) f^ #* • • 11=3 ,2 SP S %> .2 4 5§ . c3 ► 4> 4J > AS ■> JSJS 4> 4> •4 « -si -a*::. > C5 •^ 0- -5^ 4) A 4> ^^ *-^ s o ♦- 5 5 7l HI II KM 11 'rt'3 .a .a OJCO a • B ■ « • ■ • m Of a, ' (»ai m Oj • COCU COOi OJOJ 4J O 43 9 V a 1 ■c a ^!s i ^ ** a -- g 3 .2^ o 3 Oi a. 04 0^ Cm {/} II 44 i «5 ETYMOLOGY. o o J a o ^ i-> ^" -^-^ 2 K o K e • •. CO Ph ►ii ,a .« ■= J3 , bC^-s tO^-N Uw tc--. « p 2 3 X C ^^ ;s ^' ti o s o c o = o ; t C o - o (-0:^0 tj .a i?^ £ -G :"^ '£ -^ ** *-* H *• ^« g_ ^ o_ o„ '3_'^ — ^ ca Oh' 5 ej;^a CO 0^ II CO Oh 5ttC 13 "O 0) V CCCli ^ es eS ^^ ■^^ -a 6CtO cn&i' en O o •»■ ;? o C 3< !« (£,'0 « 8 °;= (^^^ <- ts o rH M W J CO 0^ a o aT ar' go > > WW « S af aT CO CM -c o « -o MM ?: MM 43 o a o rt > — o 'S" og •^ •4^ ^ 1 ••• "traits" ® e K > S > ■i cj oc^ q a, ft H 6 6 6 6 C '-^ S -^^ j; /^ - ^-v 5 en S to S '/. -5 X " v^ o-^ o ■ _. ;; •.'■•. i {£ CO <0 09 1 / S 4> a? « « « n « S .'■.'' I r/5 CU • • CO &4 -4-> ^ rrj 0; r->. ^ J! 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O O "o" tT "5) v" . ■ 1 ; ^<« ^ , 1 1 1 _ i da d oi • 'A > ^ c o £ S 4; * « J3 C 6' o o •^"3 O >4j gs § 1 8 ^ >■ > o c << is B a S2 1-3. « B 2 irfoj COCb vfiJ of A." cc'i^ ajc-* 5^ k-i V 0) W b 'O 3 S - *a 1 s. §3 2 S 3 .fa-^ g^ (Xi cu & A Pc, cc a O S3 1 s 3: o g Or tt S > o to u o a ^ »i; tU ETTMOLOOr. 47 CI o a o to ft* o ■3 IS 221. Tke tenses in the potential mood have not the signifi- cation their names <1enotc. The followinpj explanation will tervc to show somcth'wg of their real meaning. Present necessity is denoted by the verb must. I must We niust Tliou must Ye must He raast They must .} wntc This verb havinoj only one tense, namely, the present, paxt necessity is expressed thus. They ffiUiJt have I ^•^*^»- I must hare Then must have He must have We must have Ye ftuust have I may We may I mij»ht We Ufiy:h<; Pros/'jU Liberty. Thou mayest Tc mav He mav ) • .. Ttey may | ^"*^ Pajit Libert J/. Thou migltieet Ye aaight Or He m^ght i . Theymigkt P" ntc I mi{?ht h«re We might hjLve I can We can I could We could I could hiv7e We could have Thou m1j!fhtest have, Le. ^ . Ye might hav«, &e. Present Ability* written* Thou cffiist Ye can Pail Abilit^^ Thou couldst Or He can They can He could I write* Theyceuld have Ye eortkl 'have, fce. wd-ite. Thott <;«mMst have, &c. ( „ ...„^ > written. 222. Thougfc ntiijht, could, ic^M, sH present time, piisl liherty hulltjntio». T ou{?ht Wo ouirhl I onp^ht ^Ve oup^ht Thou ou|j;hte.st Yo ou{;ht lie ouirht I . riM 1 . Mo wnfc. J hey ou^rht ) Pmt Duft/. Thou oufjhtest lie ouf;ht } to hnro They oujjht j written. Ye ou;j;ht 223. Sfxtff nntl will are not used pronnVieuously. In tho first ]H'rHon, slioJI is future, and will is rmf>li;l»test not." Ilenee the future idea of slialf. Since d\itv imi»Hes futurity, •' I aholl warn hiu\" means, ])roperly, " 1 owv (U) to warn him." 224. 1)7// imnlies intention or desi^^n. It therefore ex- presses jr'vaier emj)nasis in the ,/iV.s/ yun-son than in the other persons, heeause we have p;reater control over nur otm than over thei}* actiiMis. On the other hand, *' thoii shalt," in tl>e nature of the case, l)CconH?s utoix) emphatic and impcnttive than " thou wilt." 225. Tlte fbllowing is tho oft-quoted rule of Dr. Wallis : In thc.^ns< ])ci'son, simply shall foretells; In WILL a thitjat or else n promise dwells ; Shall fn the srcotul and thnd does throat ; Will simply thenyy/Tf(;//.s the future feat. 226. Johnson's explanation of tho difierenee in morning;' between these two verbs is .so perspicuous, that I shall hero transcribe his words. / slioll Awr ; " it will bo so that I must love," " I am resolved to love." Shall I Ian? "will it bo per- mitted mo to love?" "will it be that I must love?" 1 hou shnit /(wv\ " I command thee to lovo ; " " it is permitted thee to love ; " " it will be, that thou must love." Shalt thwi love ? *' will it 1)0, that thou must lovo ? " " will it bo permitted theo to- love? " lie shidl l(we .• " it will ho, that ho must love ; *' " it m commanded that he hive." Shall he Iwc ? " is it peruaittcd hi»ik \ KTYMOLOOr. 49 lis : Iherc itist Iner- llOH fhco \ve.f to If 18 " it iiiUHf he, fliMf flnHi iMimt coni*!,' it hIiiiII N* tliMt tlir)i( sluilt cdriK',' to lovo'i' " Tlio i>li»riil iMirsoiifl follow tho siKnincation of tho Mii^niliir. / will rnmr : " T am willlni; to ronin," " I nrn fUitnrmincd to ronitv" 'I'linil ii'ill riHiii' liiiporliDj;- iMTCH«ity ; <»r, iin|)ortinf^ clioicr. Wilf limn rmnr i " liUHt tliou (Idtrrinincfl to coiiui ? " iiMportinjr •■'»»»i<'<'- ff'' "''// romr : " Im is nwolvnl to come; or " it imiHt Me, tliiit ho iuu8t come," imfiortirif; choice or IKiCOHNity. 227. In luMitioti to thi'sc dircctiojiH for thn iih(! of kIuiII nnrl will, if Im to l)(! ohscrvJMl, that, when the. Hccond and third jhtsotis nro nM»r(!Hcnt(!d as tho suhjcctH of their own oxprcsHions, or their own tiiouKhtH, shdll (oretolls, as in tho first perHon, thnM, " ho HavH ho shall ho a lower hy this har;raln ; " " d(» yon hii[)])Oso you Hhall K*^) ? " "lie |jope«l ho Hhould recover," ami "ho ho|K;(l 1i(! wonh! n'cov(!r" are expresHsions of difVen-nt Import. Iti tho former, tl.o two prononns noc(!SHarily refer to tho Mumo person ; in tho latter, they do not. / IEXERCI8E VIII. Coirrrf ihr pJInwiii'i rramfilcH hi/ ifiviv^i "CII tl lirO(V(' V\'l ' ^^'^^^f- AW\\ soon n.rnin .1 ii """ illy tomormiir, t p,i,,„„. T' Methoujf ht I •I cauuot, ,nv Lords, I m\\ not. ETTMOf.OCir, 51 assertion ln»W(»vrr »w '" and " Kiunv » Im'Iow. IICC iKIUH' ; and ill I lioiiilod itlwr and il»<'laNHe« i>ri/., l.st ly K'voih 3d. ind lie M you 10 toil K, Hie oikUt «till tnrt n the was. and shiill lli'ct'it air, rori^ |ht I not. jfiin fn ronunitiifntfon on niinfortimi; and disirntrf". S!ii»f? it Iki wild tliiit y«»ii ('titlciivor to cviidc fha(l Ntoml on :he hatth- tichl. Sto|i, U)y thy treiDf is on >ii. t-in- ))ir(!'s (\utiL Siirriuwtertit^ up tliiiic iiidividiml Im in;.', shalt thou ;**' to mix forever with the elemeiifs. The (xay will lain.rh when thou art };oiic. Vet tin y Hhall leave their iriirth niul hIiuII cotiio and niiike. their InvI with the«7. What conld h<. Krini; him to mc?. May you pronper. T'hc; weary traveller re- tired to sleep. < 'Opy thin letter. 'I'hey had themscFves to hinme. An? you sij'k ? If it rain. If it niins. We havi; \yaiied for you. Kvery «)rie, must recollect the tnitcicaj story of Kminet. Yon mu-«t have f)n.ssrd him. My mother halH trono Irom her cares fi» rcNt. Had tliey seen tliiMiotice ^ Stop! my .step inrj^ht hreafc his n'Ht. 'J'he little maid must have her will. IJe it enacted. 'I'h. reward ouj;ht to have eonic! to you. I am convinced. \lr. himself waw .uTiistonu'd to it. They are eominjr. T17 to ho eauf;ht. Yon la/.y fellow hates to he workinj^. IInvinj» heeii roused hy tho noise, I hastened to the door. ADVERB. 231. All adveyh is 11 word vvlii(;!i (|iiHTifi(!H a vorb, an ae one of (1) Afttnnnr ; '.XH, ffcx/ifcnffi/, fictjiif'ntfi/, nmrpfli/, Tf'pll, /iDio, fhiis,t^-r. Ai]yi'rhs ()t\) fanner i^wt iisiinlli/ formed hy adding' fi/ to tlve corrcspondriij^ adjective. Adverbs of this class nvr. some- times companid, Ih'chusp j/k/z/w't or 7'««/'otliers." 247. Suh-ordi native conjunctions are those which unite sub-ordinate clauses to principal ones. Some of these are j)ure conjunctions ; many of them lirtv^e an adverbial signification also ; as, " The crop is lieavy Aecawsc the land is good," "II; returned ivhence ho came." 248. Many of the conjunctions j;o in pairs, and may t'lerc- forc be called rorrehititw ; as, Alfhoui/h or thowjh — }iet ; Both — and ; Either — or ; Neither —nor ; So — as ; Whether — or, (f 'c. 249. • For, equivalent to heainse, is a conjunction. But, equivalent to onli/, is an adverb ; equivalent to except, a preposi- tion ; as, " All hut him had fled." 250. The conjunction than sometimes performs the office of a preposition. It should never be allowed to have this otflce, unless in the expression, than ivhom, which nothing but invete- rate custom has sanctioned. INTERJECTION. 251. An interjection is an abrupt expression of thoui^ht or emotion ; as, C! Ah! Alas! S^c. 252. Any part of speech uttered l)y itself to express a sud- den teeling may be called an interjection. EXERCISE X. Parse the adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions in the follow- ing sentences : — 111 u'red it then with Roderick Dliu. Did you get the book ? Yes. Hpeak out. On she came with a cloud of 54 SYNTAX. canvas. On went Gclcrt too. Look in now rnd then. The sliip was ji})Oiit to he wrecked. Can you po now { No. Where nre you ji.tin};? He went immediately. He has lon^ ])een ill. The Kcview eomcs out quarterly. I had not heard of that. Although it rairit'd so heavily yet he came. Not cmly the hoys, liui the '/wis also, eame. He is always very happy to see us. The ea])tain has just heen finditifr the latitude hy the meridian .'iltiti'.de of the .sun. I said I will cjill n^ain before ei;:,ht o'clock. The church was on the hill; and his house was in the valley, just helow the hill. SYNTAX. 253. Syntax treats of the arrangement and relation of words in sentences. 254. Words take their places in sentences either hy agreeins; in certain respects with other words ; or hy controlling them ; or hy depending on them. 255. Here we have two species of relation ; called Concord or Afireement^ and GovernmenL 256. A sentence is an assemhlage, expressed or nnderstood, of words, in which there is an assertion made about something. (See 1G5.) 257. The essence of a sentence consists in hs^osserfhif/ There can he no sentence where there is no assertion. (See 1 65.' 258. A phrase is an assemblajje of words jrrammatically constructed, but making no assertion; as, *' Having JinishiJ. the letter, he posted it." 259. A clause is a sentence, torming part of a sentence ; as, " You told me that he posted the letter," in which expression there are two sentences or clauses, " you told me," nnd " he posted the letter," taken tofzether forming one whole sentence. 260. In every sentence there is something of which we speak, and something which we assert regarding it. 261. A sentence therefore consists of hvo principal ])arts ; what we speak about, called the Subject; and what we say of this Subject, called the Predicate. 262. Thus, in the sentencf» " Snow melts," Snow is the S7(bject, and melts is the predicnte. In the sentence *' John struck the table," John is the subject, and struck the table the predicate. However, the predicate, struck 1 1 1 3YNTAX. 55 hen. The o. Where }X been ill. 1(1 of tllilf. y the boys, ' to see us. c meridian ht o'eloek. he valley, ' relation either by i ; or hy I ; called ssed or ssertioii 'sserlinq |Seel65V iiatically ]ish (3) In poetry, or for the sake of emphasis ; as, "Now came still evening on;*' "Great is Diana of the Ephesians.*' 284. The subject of a verb answers to a question formed by putting ri^ho or ivhnt before the verb ; as, " John sfuck the table.** " Who struck?" ./o/»/, (subj.) The object answers to a quection formed by putting ivhom or rvhat after the verb; as, "John struck the table.*' "John struck what?*' "The table, (obj.) 285. The subject of a verb may be, (1) A noun— JbA» reads. (2) A pronoun — He reads. (3) An adjective — Many sire called. (4) An infinitive verb— 7 be*- is the question. ' (5) A phrase — Seehinq for we(dth ruined him. (6) A sentence — That unu have icroncjed me doth appear in this. 286. The object may consist of a similar variety, t Rule III. 287. A noun or prouou.i . . ilic ^OoScosivc case is governed by the word denoting the thing possessed ; as, " Johns booh is on the table." " His book is on the table." 288. When a noun defined by an accessory phrase is to bo put in the possessive case, the sign of the possessive is often reserved to the last woixl of the complex expression ; as, " James the Second's reign ;" " Smith the bookseller's shop." 289. When nouns connected by a conjunction are to be put * Vfrhal noini. t The object generally cornea after tlio verb; but Boinetimefl, especfnlly In poetry, it precedes the voib; — "And all the ah- a solemn itiUuess holds," 58 SYNTAX. In the po.'stisslvo case, tlic sif^n of the possessive slionM he nchh^l to each, or only to the hist, aeeonliiij;' as they an- to he. re- spectively or conjoi?itly attril)iite(l to the j;overniii;j: noun ; as, " lienumont and Kh'tcher's ])Iays ;" "Love's and Friendship's Smile ;" '* John and .laniesV. teacher is a pood linguist ;" "John's teacher and James's are hoth good linguists." 290. To avoid harshness or inelegance, possession is sometimes hetter expressed hy <»/'with an ol)jective ease; Thus, " The soldiers of Leonidas were as hravc as himself" is more ele- gant than " Jjconidas's soldiers were, &c." So also Avhen a eomhi- Jiation of possessives would sound harshly or awkwardly, wc should rather em[)loy a similar suhstitute for some of the jjossessives ; thus, "The pro|>crty of Charles's father" sounds more agreeal;ly than " Churles's fatner's proj)erty." 291. A noun and ])ronoun applied to the same person or tiling should not hoih he used as suhjects of the same verh, except for the sake of emphasis. Thus, it is incorrect to say "For the deck // was their Held of fume ;" hut correct to say " The Lord, //e is God." 292. When words intervene hetwecn nouns represented as possessing something, or when separate possession is to he ex])ressed, the sign of the ])Ossessive is put to each ; as, " Scotland's as well as England's power depends on her manufactures." KULE IV. 293. Two nottris or a noun and a j^rononn, coniiiig to/'Nova Scoti"," " The task ((/'speaking for two hours." 296. Nouns and j.ronouns in apposition arc always in the same case, though not necessarily in the samenumher; as " We have turned, every one to his own wav." " The kings of Judah and Israel sat, each upon his throne.'' 297. A^ectives qualify nouns and pronouns, noun SYNTAX. 59 I I>o nddod ' to herc- noim ; as, icndsliip'B " "John's session 19 se; Thus, more ele- 1 a coinlii- urdly, wc e of the ■" sounds XTson or rb, excoj)t " For the he Lord, >ontcd as is to he cot hind's BS." coinintT sc, jirul tpostie^ itcnoe ; II shall lat arc Nova |in the " We fudah lOun phrases and clauses ; as, " Hie good man is hapjyy /" " That rnjiii is the tallest in the crowd. 298. Definitive adjectives which have the inflexion of nuinl)er, tniist aj^rce in numlier with the nouns to which they are added ; as, this houk, these, hooks ; that hook, those hooks, 299. When this and that are ((jntrasted, this refers to the latter or nearer, that to the ibrrner or more distant object ; as, '• In KuroiKJ are Britain and Russia; this is the lar<;er, but that the wealthier country." 300. Verbal adjectives aUays qualify the word which would be the suliject of their verb if the ])hrase in which they occur is formed into a sentence ; as, " Takint/ his son witn him, he went to Europe," in which, he would be the subject of took, (He took his sou with him) consequently takiiuj qualifies he. ' ■_:' 301. E'_7s soprano." In the sejitenccs, " Here I rest," and " She sin^xs iKtiutirully," an object fn(itf l»e stipplicd to the verhs rest and .«//k/.s, but as that object is not neceniuuHy iniplietl, it is Initter to consider them intransitive. 318. A kindre^l nonn often sunplles the object of stieh verks ; as, " He lived a blameless life- 319. A verb not tran. Itive by itself may, sometimes, when united with a fbllowinfi^ preposition, be e(iuir«lcnt to a tnuvsitivc verb ; and we shall find peculiar passive fortns arLsin;; out of this equivalence. The verb smile, for example, is never transi- tive ; we cannot s'^iile any object ; but we may smile at or on an object ; we can say " Fortune smiled on him ;" and the joint effect of this verb and prcix)sition is evidently that of a transitive verb. Tlieretore, although we cannot say " He iros smiled by fortune," because to smile is a verb intransitive, yet we can say " He was smiled on by fortune," because to smile on is equivalent to a jevh transitive. 320. When the participle in ituf takes an article, or some other modifying; word, before it, it must be followed by a prepo- sition f as, ** The sloiininrj of Badajoz cost many thousand lives." 321. When the insertion of the word o/" produces harshness or ambif^uity, other forms of expression must be chosen ; ns, " The worst eff'eet of it is, the, Jiximj on your mind ofii habit of indecision." This sentence is harsh. Better thus, *' The worst effect of it is, tliat it ^.xes on the mind a habit, «S:c." Again, the sertence. " The reading o\ our author pleases me," may mean either that our reading a certain author pleases us, or that the author's own manner of reading pleases us (more correctly the latter). The first sense will be better expressed by rejecting both the and of', thus, " Reading our author pleases me.'* The second sense will be better expressed by using the possessive phrase; thus, " Our author's reading pleases us." HULE VIII. 322. The verb to be has the same case after it as that which next precedes it; as, "/am /ie ;" "You believed it to be Am." 323. When the verb to he stands between tho nominatives, one singular and the other plural, it agrees with the one before it, unless the other stands nearer, or seems more nature: Uy the subject of it ; ^as, " The food of the Moigoli is chiefly «ilk, STNTAX. C3 or some eficcsc, and ffcsli." "Lyin;? lips are an ahoniinatlon fo the Lord." 324. V(>rl)8 of culllni;, npjxitifiiif/, rnnsirlrrinff, Hrrmititf, op- pedfin;/, mnhintj, hecomnuj, follow the suiimj rule; as, " //c becam« a ^reut man." 325. The verb in the passive voice should always have for >t» sulyect, the ohject of the tmii-sitivc verb from which it is (Verived ; as, — Active voice, " Tljcy ottered him this command;" Passive, " This co^mmand was offered him " — not *' He was offered this command." The following sentences are, conse- quently incorrect : " He was ])aid a lar;,'e snm for his .services ;" " He valued the favor when he was granted it;" "He was shown the picture gallery." RlJLK IX. 326. One verb governs another that follows it or depends tipon it in the infinitive mood ; as, " John loves to study." 327. The infinitive is sometimes governed by a noun, adjective or proposition ; as, " His anxicti/ fu improre was verv laudable;" *' He was anxious to improve;" " He was about to (jo)' 32l8, When a word governing the infinitive implies refer- ence \:(' the future, we should not employ what is called tlia perfect infinitive. Thus, it is wrong to siiy " I arpected to have <;one ;" " His intention to have been one of the party." We should say " I expected to go." " His intention to be." 329. The present infinitive denotes time contemporary tvith that of the governing verb, or subseut not soon enough ;" that is, " It is cciinw/y knotvn that." I'erhajhs is parsed in a similar way, 334. It is commonly recommended that adjectives should not bo used as adverbs, nor adverbs as adjectives. When it is intended to express the quality of the object as seen in any act, or after tiie act, ratlier than the (luality of the act itself, the adjective should be used ; as, " It looks beautiful,*' " It sounds tjrand." So, " lie spoke distincfli/." 335. In ]KK!try, however, the use of an adjective for an adverb is very common ; thus Milton speaks of *' The angels winning chcup the high repute." 336. It is recomfnendwl thatyj>»m should not be used with the adverbs hence, thence and whence ; as, " WJience comest thou V* (not from whence). However, we often see the expressions, from hence, from thence, from ichence. Some granmiarians would parse the words, hence, thence, and whence, in such cases, as nouns 337. The woi-d no should not be used with reference to a verb, not is the proper one ; fts, " Tell me whether you will go or no" (should be not). Rule XI. 338. Prepositions show the relation between words ; as, " He sailed /rom Halifax to Liverpool." 339. The natural place of the preposition is bctwee|i the words it relates to each other. This, however, is not always its position. For example, in the sentence " Jamaica was taken fVom the Spaniards by the English ;" from shows the relation between taken and Spaniard ; by, taken and English. BULE XII. 340. Prepositions govern the objective ease ; as, " The plague raged in London, during the reign of the Second Charles." " I sent to him, for it." 341. Certain words must be followed by particular prcpo- sititions ; as, " I confide in (not to, on, or throufjh) your promise.*' 342. Generally, derivatives (see App. 3.) are followed by the same prepositions as their roots; as, rely upon, reliance upon. But there are some exceptions. We say, for example, dependent on, but independent of; derogate from, but derogatory to. BYNTAX. ^ 343. The following Ust contains cxafrnplcsofsuch coaiW- nations:' — Abhorrence of Al)oum\ in Abridge of Accede to Accord {it}tra}}s) with (hmti) to Accuse of, by Acquiesce in Adapt to Adequate to Admonish, RottiTml, W«m,t)f Atlinity to, between Ajrreeablo to Alienate from Ambitious of Antipathy to, against Attend (listen) to, {^nxiit) upon Averse from, to Avert from Bestow «i)on, oa Boast of Blush at Call upon, on Clear of, from Compatible with (rersf), with Confer (bestow) on, upon '((Stn- Confide in Conformahle, Congenial, to Consonant to, with Convince of Correspond with, to Deficient in Depend upon, on Derogate from Derogatory to Devolve on, upon Ditt'er with, from Different from, Similar to Diminution of Discouragement to Dissent from, Assent to DIstingaished from Enamoured of Endeared to Endowed, Endited, with Knjoin uj/on Exception to Exclusive of Fall under, fix)ni, upon Fawn upon, on Foreign, Ot){JOsite, ta Frown at, on (iree to me f »» »f e tenses } but Ml of the ive case ?rnt'(l fir 10 ala» Ircssing, re des- ey did lor the )e iiseri )rrecl, I bad Tt i« also rncorrect to say ** I rfowe,*' ** I teen** It «liould b<3 1* wonis or |)hra'.4r'« "wbir}! in point of tiim^ rrlatf^ to rarli (»tln r, the; order suid coiisiHUMx^y of tin\o h1iou1«1 hv ()l)s«»rv('d ; a>*, " Th(^ Lord hatli ffivcn and tlie Lord hdth Uilen away." IJalh given hIioijM be ^avc. ^ And lie tbut %0(ts doad Rat up and be;^an to »p(nik." ]Vas Hb(ml(l Ik? had been. " After I left, ho went away," shouhl l)e, " After T bad left." 77ie follow in ff re/narks and rules have reference more pnrticnlarly to compos itifm. 353. The logieal order of the principal elements of tlio Sentence h: first, the subject with its attributes; next, the 'verb', and, last, the completion and extension of the verb, if any; as, "The sun shines." "To ac- quaint us with ourselves may be one use of the pre- cept ;" "That his care for his works closed at their publication is hardly credible." To this jyen«r.d nde there are many exci'i|)tions, as other principh^ come in to modify the application of it. The rule should bo obser*'ftd, Jiowevi 68^ &TNTAX., (d.) For emprmtic distinction, an5 in p»asM)f)ste expression, the preaicate, or part of tlie predicate, may be placed first ; as, ** Fallen, fallen, fallen, is Babylon the great." '• Great is Diana of the Ephesians.'' **Upon lis, then, devolves the dnty.'' Note. — To soften the rcpalsiveness of an inversion of the Top^iical onJer of the assertive sentence, when emphasis or passion does not prompt it, the words there and if are used to introduee the sentence. They are mere cxpletifves when so used, having no- particular meaning, and only senc to indicate a departure iroiK the regular OTder of (ronstruetJon. (See 217.) " There is a pleasure in the pathless woods." " It is I." (e.) The order may be inverted to show a reference to the preceding sentence ; as, " This was at first re- solved, if we were wise." (f.) The logical order, once more, yields to the demands for consistency ; as in the sentence, *' Silver and gold have I none," emphasis having inverted the order by placing the object of the action first ; the sub- ject and the verb also in consistency change places, have /instead of I have. (ff,) Finally, in poetry there are much wider de- partures from the logical order than in prose. Tliis arises from the necessities of the metre, form, &c. Rule XIX. 354. Tt is generally improper to omit the subject of the verb, unless the verb is in the imperative mood, or closely connected with another verb relating to the same subject. Thus : — He was a man had no influence. There is no man knows better how to make money. Am sorry to hear of your misfortune ; but hope you will recover. Bulb XX. 355. "Words should not be pluralised when the sense does nofc require it. Thus : — Few persons are contented with their lot«. Let us drive on und get our suppers at the next hovirje. He SYNTAX. 69 went a long ways from home. They then took th leaves. I will go anywheres you like. Rule XXI. 356. Nouns and pronouns should be so used as not to leave the case ambiguous. Pronouns should be so used that it may not be doubtful for what they stand. Thus :— The settler here the savage slew. (Which slew the other?) Pyrrhus the Romans shall I say subdue. And thus the son the fervent sire addressed. You well the children knew. Poetry has a measure as well as music. If the lad should leave his father he would die. Religion will afford us pleasure when others leave us. John told James that his horse had run away. They flev/ to arras, and attacked Northumber- land's horse, whom they slew. Rule XXII. 357. It is improper to mix different kinds of pro- nouns in the same construction. Thus : — Know thyself, and do your duty. Ere you remark another's fault, bid thine own conscience look within. But what we saw last and which pleased us most was she farce. Rule XXIII. 358. Do not make transitive verbs intransitive, by inserting a needless preposition. Thus : — Pharoah and his host pursued after them. We had just entered into the house. I will consider of the matter. His salary will not allow of such extrava- gance. Rule XXIV. 359. Avoid needless passive forms, and the passiye forms of intransitive verbs. Thus :- - He is possessed of great talents. We are agreed on this. What is become of him ? The tumult is en- tirely ceased. The greater part of the forces were retired into winter quarters. M I' n| : .i r 1 SYNTAX. Rule XXV. 360. It is generally improper to use different forms of the verb in the same construction. Thus : — Did you not borrow it, and promised to return it soon? To profess regard, "and acting differently, dis- covers a base mind. Spelling is easier than to parse. To say he is relieved is saying he is dismissed. 361. There are many words whose classification is different in different circumstances. The number of such words is ever increasing. The following,' are amongst the most important. A : adjective ; " A book," A great many," " A hundred voices," fin the last two examples ap- plied to the aggregate). preposition; ** He went a hunting." Am : adjective; " An apple." conjunction ; " Nay an thou dallicst, then I am thy foe." (Sje Appendix, 20). About : preposition ; " He is ambitious about reputation." adrerb ; " How it came ahout, 1 am unable to tell." Above: preposition; "The Sun was just aboi^e the horizon." adverb; "Look aJjove," (may be regarded as a prep, with object understood). adjective; " The aJ)ove discourse," (reprobated, but found m good writers). Adieu : interjection ; " Adieu, adieu, my native land." noun; " He bade adieu to his friends." After : preposition ; " I will come after dinrer." adverb; "He came soon offer." (See remark under the adverb above). ; adjective ; " His after fate no more was heard." Again : adverb ; " Call again." conjunction ; " A(/ain, it may bo remarked, &c." Alike : adjective ; " They are aJike " adverb ; " They please alike." All : adjective ; " All places," " all this," all ye," "wealth, pleasure and honor must all be given up." noun ; " Our little all," " take him for all in all." (noun phrase \ adverb ; " Cheeks a' paie." Ant: adjective; "^wyper ju." adverb; " Ar. > ,a any oetter?" As ; . adverb; " II • .6 as proud as poor," (deg.) " And cts he plucked his cursed steel away," (time) "The field was as they left it." (Conjunctive adverb— See 235.) ''As yet" (adv. phr.) SYNTAX. 71 As : conjunction . pronoun rel.; Aye : adverb ; 7ioun ; Bbfore : preposition ; . adverb ; Below : preposition ; adverb ; noun ; Beside or Besides '.preposition; adverb : Best : adjective ; advei'b ; noun : Better : adjective ; adverb ; Both : But : By, Close Deep: verb ; adjective ; conjunction ; conjunction ; preposition ; adv< b; preposition ; adverb ; verb ; noun ; adjective ; adverb ; adjective ; noun ; As the rain has ccnsod I will take a walk." " As if;* (conj. phr.) (See 162,312.) AH this ? aye more." The aijes have it." Is that a dagger which I see before me ?" I knew him before" (See remark undei adverb altove.) "I was there 66/we he left." (Conjunctive adv.— See 235). His answering was beloto the average." He went below." (See remark under adverb above.) He came from below." " That is beside the mark." " And 6*?- sides this, there was another success." "All the world besides." (See adverb above). " He took the best means." " He best can tell." " He did his best." " At best it is but rhyme." (In the last two sentences, best may be considered as an adj. quali- fying a noun understood.^ " A l)€tter man." " I could have letter spared." '• To get the better of." " For better or worse." ** I will better the instruction." '^ " Doth hands." " We both." " Doth the one and the other cause, &c." " She is both amiable and intelligent. " I both sent and wrote." " He came but did not remain long." " He lost all but honor." " Man is but as summer's grass." " He can but refuse." " That pass by me as the idle wind." "He laid it by." (See remark under adverb above.) " Close the door. " At the close of the day." " The close season." " Close on his heels." (The last two are, in reality, from pronunciation, different words from the first two.) " In deep distress." " Deep called on deep." 1 72 Elsb : SYNfTAX. luljcrtirfi ; *' Any one else." adverb ; " How rise can I do it ?" " Ho lias not returned, e/ne liy would write to U8.'* (Conjunctive adv. — See 236.) Enouuii ; (ulrerb; *' 1 am well i'mmijh. adjective; "Now it is Homo indeed and room enotiff/i," voun; *' Ho hn8 evomf/i." Except : conjunction; " Except he study hard, ho will not suc- ceed." verb ; " If we e.tcept a few, tlio juipils were at* tentive." preposition ; " In nothing rj*(r/)<* honesty was ho rich." Fair; «?»>«» ; "Ayr///- wa.s held on Monday." adjective; " A fair day." adverb; " He bids /a«V to succeed." Far: adjective; "Ho came from afar country." "A far-oJ/\a\u\." adverb ; "It hfar better." " Thus far into the land have we marched." Fareavell : interjection ; " Farewell! my friends." noun ; " A long fareivdt to all my greatness." adjective; " A farewell adilress." Fast : noun ; " Proclaim iijast." adjective ; " A fast horse." " Tie the knot fast" adverb ; " He read too J'astJ' " Ho was Just asleep." First : adjective; " In the first place," adverb ; " Firsty Fear her hand its skill to try." For : preposition ; " Bought./or Cash." conjunction ; " For I can raise no money by vile Ml cans." Full : adjective ; '* He spoke from a fall heart " adverb ; " Full many a flower is born to blush unseen." " And that they know full • well." Half : adjective ; " We want no half measures." noun; " //ff//' of tlio day was misspent." . adverb ; " Ho was taken up /taZ/dead." Hard : adjective ; " It is a hard saying." adverb ; " It will go hard with me." " He worked hard" " Ho lives /la/t/ by." High: adjective; "A A/yi mountain." noun ; " God from on hi?," (properly an adjective.) " He had mnch difficulty."" " It is much better." " To whom much is givon, &c." [Vxo- parly an adjective.) "Nay, do not weep." " He could not say nay to the proposal.*, " The nays have it" " No soundsof labor vexed the quiet air." '• I can feci no longer." " vVill you come? No." "Now is the acceptable time." " Now Barabl)a8 was a robber." ' He went o//tbi,s morning." " They got" o/T the track." "The ojf side." "The off horse.' (Colloquial.) " On a rock." " Mammon led them on.** 74 STNTAX. Over : ItlOIlT Short Since : He only can adverb ; preposition : adverb ; adjeciive. ; noun ; OvCB : adoerh ; " Ho spoke bnt once." noun ; " Do it just this once." Omlt : adjective ; " The only course." the work." "He is cautious only, not fearful " What he said was only to coinuieud my prudence." " Over the sea." " All is or*./-." ** He is the riyht man." " God and my ri(;ht." adverb ; " Riyht well he knew it." " I only speak riffht on." " All is going right." adjeciive ; ^' Slutii. days." adverb; " He stopped short." noun ; " The short and the long of it." conjunction; "Since wo are to part) let us part in peace." preposition ; " Since that time I liave seen him but once." adverb; '* A short time since." So : adverb; *' So work the honey-bees." conjunction; ** His speech was very wearisome, so I came away." That : adjective; " That sun." pronoun; " Solomon was the wisest man that ever lived." conjunction; " That he was in error, appeared at once." Then : adverb; " Then came still evening on." conjunction; " I am then to conclude that you will go." adjective; "'The then administration." Up : adverb; " He came up to the house." noun; " The ups and downs of life." While • adverb; " He came while I was there." conjunction; " While I am prepared to admit some of the arguments, I cannot assent to all." verb; " To while away a dull hour.' noun; " It is not worth while." "Worse : adjective; " There could be no zvorse employment." nouu; " For better or worse." Worth : noun; " [Votih makes the man." adjective; " The book is iwrth a dollar." (Prep.) verb; " Woe ivorth the chase, woe woith tho day." (Betide). Yet : conjunction; " Yet though destruction sweep thoes fertile plains, rise fellow men, &c." adverb; " He was yet alive." Yonder : adjective; " Yonder hallowed fane." adverb; " He lives yonder." 8TNTAX. EXERCISE XI. The pupil will parso in fall, according to the specimens given below, a sentence selected from any hook. CO be .5 c3 1 tb CO •a > to i-i -2 "3 5" 5< c , 0. ti , d « ^ • Q. ^ < ^ 4, 4, ^ £ > •« ;p £ -< "— "'^^ Cu -«; CLi P'I oi Cui .nj -< -< Mh a a ^ tiO ^^ /arZon. •5 •2 1 Q "0 •« e S .byo/ rel. betweei ai'd riggin 1 ■5 3 JS -w '5 1 a •• 1 1 c «^ t w 3 CO a.5 00 s I .11 "3 s > a 1 • •3 *• ^ ► a r * • • • 1 i > .a g i 1 '• • > G i 1 a *9m tX) c •s T3 1 6 a • 1 s i • 1 3 1 > • ® 8 • c V > s • > 1 i c c s .a H tt c 1 V -rs to ■s ? ' 5 to a tfj 'u fl CD 1 "3 c tt c 1 76 SYNTAX. •r5 CO ID o a « o a a u >% b' o a JS JS a. 1 e 1 • a; s p. o 2 St o 00 01 13 c ^J^ ^^ PM ^^ o > tc o > 3 c4 o (u c3 3 p* o be p< 1 p. o to p. ^ J5* ^ ^ i. ► In £ -«J "«5 < < Ph Ct, -<5 (ll Ph (5 K - 1 s $5 >•« ■2 3 • c s VI <4I 5 B *> fc 1 « s e , . _•> • . « !! lO -*-' (8 13 '^ -3 c^ rt 13 > 5 > 1^ 3 O J3 3 ^. ») o ►- C o O" C f c o* 1^ r fcC 1-2 be • ? • i > • • a 0^ •i (0 ■;.:- -^i 1 a o is a to o a >■ a 09 §0 o R be o c ►5 01 'O' •3 SJ •d O P3 CO '3 eo Q* 1 . a o P4 b'o .S OB •s 60 1 • • s "3 • s £ • a ^^ V QJ O ■*; o 03 o t -o •o V ^ e« u i u p. -3 4-> (U 1 eS a 13 a a a a o 1 u .2 a p 1 €TNTA.X. 77 V i ^ I ♦a .:a 3 o o «^ OJ •< -< ••J -< H •< 0) o •kS ti» 1 * o «c Cj S V V B aj a 71 ^ — < d8 "3 " *» "J (C o S o a> 0) M v a; f^ w P4 10 •» .tr „ < e 5 e e >r -: ts t 5 S ^ S = »; rt rS >-' "3 r"- C to 3 S o :: •^ ts c cr tjt cr 5JP 5 « *€ rii -^ -S es ■fc • -5 ^ -• 9 3 bp ^ ^ s B o OS B 'T3 QJ a a e ^O "C a* Xi \>- »=, O pi, ^ « w - ^ « ^ S 2 -o 2 -S o " - o a § ■ J ® v^ ^ 3 5 u (8 >fl .S O & .S •«-< c 7» MTTTAX. I t<5 :5s ^ -Si- 3- « ^ S ^ 1 s S o ^ j5 tS es ~ ^ -- c O C 'O >^ s oj e8 c* 5 ~ c *;«« — •* ,o _ s « «3 O c .5 § c "^ - 3 ^ tiS ••« "^ ^ to 83 S O S„ a o ^^ £ ® ? "S S « « £ — ii tt J* ^ 'St;-- c T3 •— ^ S P '^>;=? C o «3 ^ «« « 1 ■ § u • II a i 4i 1 I a S' 3 > f 1 • • •3 9 s o s 3 bi -f4 K i - O — If (3 i u » ^ • > • ^3 ^ • •9^ m a. i a ^ "3 • >>. KN u \ V) c CB (Jt c ^* « 'w- ^ « si rt « i^; • fji' >> o 'I to 60 1^ ac "4 * c8 1 > -« ! 'e 'O « 1 4 '^ a. O CO _io 2 1^ c 1 , •0 o o Q O a a. P* 4» n o t fllTITVX. 75 i • o S o • • • • c '4 «y •y « > w (A g 0) e « 3 £ 1 s c 8 s * 3 o 5 B «^ 1 § 13 be ■3 "3 >-5 1 • B 3 8 5" 1 ll 5< • id §• > ^ s § >• ^ c«y ^ > CH ^ ^ o 2: ^ S H u -ti -t) --3 -fl ^ — . -< < O oi < 5 T? "3 a *** •1 . ft; •» 1 •> ■5 > o 3 •a ^ 5 is & a. •> 5* • 1 9> tc S 3 ff £.to § is- - 1 5 % o S S 5. o S "3 4/ s to 3 S S3 (0 1 £ lO « • "O • 4-1 • s .;? , 1 o B o B ^ ? • • 5 •r4 •0 S 0) c 4> (/J • v o • to s tc o B •9 CO to 8 1 a rr -C B « O tfi 1 B t to • a ^ .^ & X G S o > s « u ♦^ % 1 1 § 1 8 i 4^ 8 i a ^ 0) .3 1 o •• eS s K > P. u B. e3 o a •w « • _o -w £> ■*» ,q ■1 B o E O 1 CD 1 i o .<» to a a ce * so 3TWTAX. «j ~ O u « a i tfi s 3 o a* ^ i « 1 3 O a (3 ft 3 3 i 3 K 3 5* js a 1 -a f i H 1 u P4. •<• 5 > •3 1 t •3 U «l /•N • elation. • •• "3 "A 1 1 > Si o •» 1 • Hi •a • "3 • c ■t- ►~4 1 § ^ o ^ s a* > o a -*> • -3 •a 3 & 1 & 3cr "3 •d • eo • ^, # :? S^ 3" o bii o i o *. ^ _c •« « •» s 4 00 a & * 00 o a 3 i So ^3 > .2 a d a ^ a P5 a •4-' • ^4 .13: »«^ 00 1 o 0* (A •• • 3* t« ^ •t a o * en a 4 s o u * Pi 1. it a 5' 1 a » CQ B is i 6 • a ei d a o a t d' J- o > % •3 £ -M CJl 1 o a "3 1 5 « o 1 f 1 §■ a u a eo QQ a* 3 P. I a S o tA. if lo- ts o I .a -s ef o 1\ 3 3 . STNTAX. 81 1 J9 • U u t! § < 4 • • ■ 's 1 • • • • hi > • 1 • 1 * -a 1 (4 B O 1 a o 5« /) 3 <^ §«% o* u o« • ■ ^ ^ d. £- 0) > ¥ • •5' o ^ 3 -«} -^ ^k ^'' *^ -«t -< O < - i a P. 01 « ■ cd <» S 2 s CO 4-> to .a o si r-* rS "5 1 ti a , '3 e * ^ .v4 (0 cS CS • 6 i • 2 1^ • c te 2 1 (9 (3 1 i i OS CO s. '43 9 o • 2 3 ^ « -*j «0 * • • Sg • • c* c C £» x> •? .o ^ *!? ■«-^ ••—J 6 cj a; o o p« •^ > s o > 3 TS t g is «2 g o M 00 >« § § •1-1 u .1/ 6 es a o a to o •• o o 7 ft 1 o i 1 3 cr to rt 3 c 5- 5 o o B f IK > 'w o >• '•v' ^ •< Oi 0^ -1 -^ o •< < -1 < 6 -< < H< «9^ • •9 r 4 e a Sk • .^-N • • s ■i o S 1 • •ft i & o e A. a tl to ft. 'i •4^ s * C "i § 1 > o '5 • ♦3 3 a* 1 o a' o w '5 s *« & ••• • 1 s 1 ^ c: • «■ o • eo to • E (3 o 60 o xion. a to a o "3 •§ j| a a' ^ o a & M 9 p. o 1 a to CO tt a •5 Q« a a n 1 a ••-1 ■s -I 1 a • tl to V « 6 1 • S o • 03 a to O 1 o e '-3 • 4) 13 > o t e o • a « p c«a -S ^ *3 1 ^ . , • L. , lass a s o a •£ > *a'' o • a •4 • o 'p . a 1' 1 '^ 1 a Qi c p- rt u a >■ > a « es "3 1 tS •O a 1 ^ c o o o a ■fc> S 5 CO 1 § 42. a •1^ -d a C9 I'' o a fl O) d "5 S •e tt a -' 2 a s 4> a o V fl o .5 3 CO 'S .^ 1. H.J c s is a a a V s > e e a S CO «3 V JS a a a o a o ■>-> es p- rs 3 V n * t< t8 i SYNTAX • »li , • • i s • • • «« ■n 2 u <^ M ^ 3 • "3 «y -2 c* • a a • X a 3 « ft; is ^;^ > a, s <^ s ^co cs to "3 "5 > 15 cS 3 ■ • 5 »« a • a tc 3 s 5 3 a i' »- • 0< , 6* • u ^ « t,l4 t^ ^ ;=» ftH-lJ • Ol ~~~' -0 < Ch ^ cu ■< -■— ' n j. a ►«q . #> « -^ ■>♦■ a; 1 n « y 3:^ - - 2 1 c c si's s P4t0 •6 3 'a 5* 5- 3 2t s 3 a ■0 2' *** 5 « > til "3 3 a" s • • a • ? • 03 s ^ « S,g Sil • S • a ^ r*^ .2 2 » W^ ••'5 1^ • s * to • E 1 ?5 a <£ ^ .5 s 0. 01 r-l i S ^ 7 ^'^ 5 f&o,^ i to a •3 i C .1^ § §3 & g 1 • i * a P. C3 S, a oT i 1; c > 3 ^*' 1 ^ 3 3: 6 u C3 s P. C4 cs P. a" ^ s "5 +> >> rs Q St H 3 ♦J > 3 JS c £ ill «4 SYNTAX. V : . , ^ , u u V o O ^ « 1 « «y • • c .5 •id i a • 1 a a • i c B .5 ft; <3 a 8 o c a' «5 *^ ^ (-1 tt o tr. OJ C 3 O c a" * a P c a o u •• O a s '^ . ft a •o u ^ O »*" ^ o V o C5 < < S ^^ «A ^-N • ••* C2 00 ■■/) •• 13 c be sr 3 tic 5 1 •J es 1.. o •sis O JO 4hk 0^ o 1 03 O 5 'a E3 cs • -a 3 C 3 es H so ft, ftUi 2 i cf cr • s s • a o a o • S o s i a w en a n.' , a OQ a o Q <^ **" to • c OQ B o • f 1 U 0-. •4-1 -t-t 1^ C8 s a IN a 30 s • a • 2 p. tn 8 « u 5^ • u c c 9 o • i is of a • FN •5 *-^ CO •* ^ p ■•-> s c ,o s .o ,• S -^ S -^ s <5<-. 6 5 o o OS o k> 111 > eS o ft £3 OJ o S3 2 > ft 1^ o s s a .28 ^ A ^ 5 n r3 t-l o s •1 •= t SYNTAX. 85 y I •=5 u u CJ o ■ •a <^ ^ ?o in P C • «y c O O • *** -a o ^ ^ >- 5 ^ s x> i-« • b. •<-» u ^ ■* bCO tfc O •^ , u • fc* • ^ ^ , tc o « I' ii O 5 -a 53 o O 'rt 3 cr > a o u ii -3 V &. a •^ o (i.-'i V A H — -~ < -< H
  • rt S rt 1 a. £-^ -t-> > 3 O o. tc 0) rt P.« 13 3 O to C § —V— ^ o •" S i • • s O • § Pi • to '3 tn a o a • i a s S "3 'S «B U tlo «» o 1) , o ■*i o 1 o >-:i o 0, Cm s -o w T3 O u cs u o u '^ ti % s a o 5 ,6 ^ ;g> rP 2 ^ a ■^ = 5 pS o h ^ i) c5 o o ^ V o C3 o s J-^ c O a P. P< > *-< > n u P. a > to ■u 0/ to 1 1—4 s o s a o a iA s O a u o a a a a o (0 'S. cs if o a r3 s S5 .a 4> I* 86 i SYNTAX. EXERCISE XII. Tfip pupil will cnrrrrt. the ert'ors in the folUnniuj sentevcea, fjirh in each rase the particular part of the rule of syntax emploi/ed ig correction. Rules I. II. Children requires instruction. Tlie streets is very dirty. Ilii friends has forsaken him. The valiant never tastes of death buj onre. Not one in a hundred eitlier rend or speak with pfopriefyj I always learns my lessons before I goes to sehool. lie can (Id it as well as me. Thou ouglit to overcome evil withj^ood. W^ was <,'Iad to hear it. He reads better than me. Them are tlia best apples. Here be them tliat perceive it. Has the artickl bicn sent iavav ' He is taller than me, bnt I am taller thail her. Was von refused a hearitm ? Was you there. John and! me went toj^ether. Him and James staid at home. Who werdS present on the occasion '? Him and me. Who saw the eclipse!! Us. The horse and carrin<;i; was .sold. Fru<,raliiy and industry! is the handmaid of fortune. We ou<]:ht always to act as justicfi! and honor requires. Each hour and moment are to be irn-i proved. Every bayonet and every sword plisten in the sunlipht, Neither precept nor discipline are so forcible as example./ Johnj or James are to do it. Neither . '■ ,n holar nor the master werel present. Either disposition or power were wanting:. No treaty and no signature are able to bind them. John as well as James j were present. The regiment was tall. The company werej large. The assemblage were numerous. The council was' not agreed on that point. The number of soldiers in arms were I more than two thousand. The legislature have adjourned The fleet were seen sailing up the channel. The people i.? sometimes punished for the guilt or ignorance of their rulers. John vr I is to go, James or the servants has done it. Either thou or he deservest to be punished. I or thou am the person who must engage in that business She cr I am lost. I or AVilliam am in fault. He or they is in fault. Neither poverty nor riches was injurious to him. The m.-rn or his coun-selSors is to be censured. Whom did he think was r.bsent ? Whom three lioiirs since were wrecked upon this shore. Whom do yon suj)pose was the (irst we saw there ? Rule III. I will meet you at Mason's the apotheearv's. John's, James'Sj and Henry's conduct incurred the master's dis^pieasure. Smith's and Crowe's store is at (lie comer. My daughter's husband's sister is married to njy sou's wife's brother. Po yc»» r;sp Webster or Worcester's Dictionary ^ My banks thoy .ur lurr.ish^ i vith bees. Whatever is most uitractivc, it if« yixia isk^i-e K-st. SYNTAX. «7 7 fcntenrct, qirh t'• ile can (Jo vnh good. W( TJiem arc xhi. "« the articJtl iim taller rhaij '•e. John anc l^c- Who wercS w the eclipse J y and industry > act as justice »5'e to be ini-i f5 the sunlight. I ?• No treaty well as James I >mpany were! council was I in arms were i B adjourned, |f^e people i., their rulers, fit. Either ' the person I lost. I or ther poverty txmseilors is ^Viiom three >m do ^'on 's, James'sj '• ^'mith'ij bi)sl)aRd's J"^ Webster '•^sIh'I Willi ifcri^e best. Rule VL Virtue forces her way through obscurity : and sooner or later lit is sure to be rewarded. His form had not yet lost all her |original brightness. The plaintiff's Counsel, now had a hard task imposed on it. They which seek wisdom will certa nly find her. I love the boy which is diligent. The man of which he complains is honest. France, who was in alliance withEngland, sent an army. Was it thou or the wind, who shut the door? Tliey are exactly like so matiy puppets who are moved by wires, lie has a soul who cannot be intluenced by such motives. The horse and rider which we saw fell in battle. Who is the man who dares to liiake these charges? Pitt was the pillar who up- held the State? The court who gives currency to manners, ought to be exemplary. He cannot see one in prosperity with- out envying them. John and James are faithful to his studies. The committee were divided in its sentiments. One or the other will take their time. My brother and I, together with two cousins, wen? at their respective tasks. Each man of the country came with anas in their hands. Everybody is bound Ui do dili* 88 SYNTAX. '""Shinir, like one o„?„f ,'^ * P'" •» the," phj sT''' '«"■ »'e'-op„„is),e,|f"°r'°f "leir right mind S' "^'"= -'°" <4 "»'»ti»..„ ,ijrS!;\'""''"s"'cn,. YZzV;zx^:d He invited mv I, ■ ^"'■'^ '^"- oxampJe. fiJ fh '^""''^ ^^^'arplj.. Let fhn J"«^'0'>•nff his self ^vise rSan wTlf aJo J'^T"'''*"^ ^"^^ judder; ".^^ ^ '""'tute h ^ benefit T,av h IJ; *^^ showing,, an v exo^Ilfi • ^ '" ^"^es. A speech. *= ""''.^^^^« clearly understood 7s L ^'^'/l "^'^^akes. ' ^ ^^c chief end of It is me I tho ^^"^^ ^^^^' i«e hut him I «,„ " ^'"1- Was ft hfm n. K ^ ^* ^^ be he "--. v^„rs4'rtXr..f;3^u-,^.f'i-:]- TT Rule IX -^'■™ ■•' - -: ■•- «™ero:;t t- "■•'■" V-". err: SYNTAX. 89 :;tc(l aj^rccable to the dictates of prudonoc. Such genius is cx- ucdlnj^ rare. You behave very l)ad. Apples are more plenty ^mn jKJaches. From whence arose the niisunderstandinj,' 1 ^rom tlience proceeded all these misfortunes. lie is like to be In exceeding useful member of society. Twelve o'clock is (he soonest time at which 1 can go. Rule XIT. John thinks himself above thou aud I. With who do you live ? Does that boy know wlio he sjjcaks to. Associate not irith those who none can speak well of. Who was it from, and t'hat was it about ? He spoke of Solomon, he who was the nsest of men. For poor I, there is not much hope remaining. Rule XIV. What would he say if he were to come and saw me idle 1 Did I not tell thee and bcsouo;ht thee to do better"? Profes.sinjj cgard and to act differently, discover a base mind. My brother ind hitn are tolerable grammarians. On that occasion he could lot have done more, nor offer less. Whatever others do, let you nd I act wisely. You and me have enjoyed many a pleasant alk together. If he prefer a virtuous ^ife and is sincere in his [)rofossion, he will succewi. Neither you nor them can answer iroi)erly. It is so clear as I need not explain it. Neither d©- ipise or oppose what you do not undei-siaud. A metaphor is nothing else but a short comparisoi*. Rule XVI. I don't see nobody. He will never be my better. I cannot walk no farther. I cannot by no means iHirmit you to do it. He says he cannot give no more. KuLE XVIL I [done so. They done the besi they could. The sun has rose. I never seen it, I am wore oat. He might have went. They begun wrong. They come home long ago. I had drove the cattle to pasture. The bird has forsook its nest, lie growed very much. Ue has sjioke but once. Five were took Prisoners. The river had sank below the ordinary level. He ad mistook the way. Rule XVIII. Be that as it will, he cannot justify his conduct. His sickness was so great that I often feared he would have died before our arrival. He would have assisted one of his friends if he couid do it without injuring the other, but as (hat eouUl not have been Idone^ he avoided all interference. 90 N IK: it 11 SYNTAX. ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES. 362. It has been shown (Sec 200, 261) that Benteiice is complete which does not include a suhj\ and a predicate. 363. The simplest sentence consists of two worJ the one a subject and the other a predicate ; as, dol bark. 'J'he subject of the sentence is dogs ; the prci] cate, bark. 364. In sentences like the following— ^//gether forniJi what is called, the logical subject. 368. The enlargement is, therefore, some qualifyii word or exjjression, added to the grammatii;al 8ubj<;<; so as to give greater distinctn.ss to it# meaning, »< called an adjunct. 369. The enlargement of the subject may be ; (1) An adjective — The little boy speaks the truth. (2) A participial phrase — The boy, being a good speaks the truth. SYNTAX. 01 3 been explaiul (3) A noun in poss. case — The farmer' a l»oy spcnks the truth. (4) Preposition and its ohject — the boy of excellen habits s()eiiks tiic truth. * (5) A noun in ajiposition — The boy, t lie. "ion of virtuous parents, si)eak.s the truth. Wofe. — The whole or any number of those may unite to form Icnlart^ed subject ; as, " The farmer's little boy, in the school, lug a good boy, the son of virtuous parents, speaks the truth. PREDICATE. |370. Tlie Pre«licate may consist of an intransitive rl) only ; as, the boy runs. |371. If the Predicate contains a transitive verb, it is iiu that an object is wanted to complete the sense, liicli object may be a noun, pronoun &c., (See 286) \i{)ly, or with adjuncts ; the whole forming what is |le(l the completion. 1372. The adjuncts of the object may be any of )se which we have seen attached to the subject. )\vever, it is not usual, in Analysis, to break up the mpletion intg object and eidargement. |373. Manv verbs take what is called an indirect oh/Wf. ns is an object, which, although not governed in the objective kc hy the verb, is still required lo complete the sense; and p(»ut which the sentence would appear wanting. Thus in sentence "The judge declared the jtrisoncr to /;« itwormt;' \ prisoner is the direet object, and to he innocent, the indirect, us '[//////w;//y completes the verb //^c/a/pf/. Again in the sentence hoy in-A/Ui Edward kintj \" Edward is the direct and kin;/ the ^4re/f ohj^jftt. This is a peculiarity of the verb make. And in sent^fflce " Mm, gave a tar(/e down/ to his daughter," a larae m/ is ti>*; diff/f^, to his daughter, the indirect object. This is Jed the da/ive CAnuplemeM. (74. " Th*^ Vrafyi/iate, Jn addition to being com- iUA hv an Ofjj^/Jt, ur^ay also be more accurately ined by enurneratiiig any of the cirsumstances of, )ie, place, manner, &/;., whidj tend to render our idea the action more exfyiicit and distinct. These we fm — Extensions of ttie 'predicate.** 92 SYNTAX. 375. These oxteiiHions nmy be any words phraHoa, adverbial or prepositional that will exprej circumstances of time. pla<*e, manner, cause and efrJ (subdivided into ijjround or reason, condition, concoj sion, purpose, material, and conse(pience.) Thus .— TiMK : Sul)(]ivii)it of ti/ii" ; as, " I snw him this vinrniiu/.'* (When.) diirdiioit " ; us, " Hu roijriiucUrw//rr/rs," (How lonj;.) j repetition " ; as, " Ho visits us (/ti/7_y." (How often.) Plack : SulKlividcd into rest in (I jtlace ; as, " He put his hat on his head." (Where! ni'>tionto " ; as, " He went /» .sr/H»>/. (Whither.) mot -on from" ; as, " He cAmc/roni toivn. (Wlieuec.) Mannt.r : Suhdivided into manner simply ; as, " Ho speaks eJoque^Jy.^' (How.) decree ; as, " He speaks liit/e," measure ; as, " The iiook cost a shil/inr/." a?•- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /& <'/ „^ ^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 1^ 1^ 2.5 2.0 u !.4 1.6

    > "3 ,,y y Photographic Sciences Corporation ^ "^ <^ #%. Is V ^^ <^ »'"^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ •4' m e o^ .::«te^'- n SYNTAX. •wick malt. The glntton lives to eat. TIkj wise mftn «iit8 to live, Tl)oui;h deep, yet clear. Thanks to God for mountains. Now came the last and most wonderful sign. Cradled in the field, he was to the last hour the darlin}^ of the army. It is natural for •every man to wish for distinction. We siioiild hiborto fulfil the purposes of our beinj;. The vvikl quadruiwds were driven from tfieir accustomed haunts. I am blamed without reason. Wc •shall have finished before your arrival. Three years she grew !ii ■sun and shower. The child was playing with some beads, Halifax is in Nova Scotia. Up the hill he heaves a hugh round stone. With much difficulty we brought our ships to land. His poetry I prefer for thefc tvro reasons. He came from home. By sheer steel and siieer courage, the soldiers were winning their way. Twice fell his eye. I should be much for open war, O peers. Man marks the earth with ruin. You have condemned Lucius Pella for taking bribes here of the Sardians. COMPLEX AND COMPOUND SENTENCES, 377. Although every sentence contains one subject and one predicate, yet a sentence may include secondary or accessory sentences or clauses, and each such clause will necessarily coatain its own subject and predicate, 378. A distinction must therefore be made between simple sentences and tliose which are not simple. 379. Take for example the two following sentences, (a) 77ie man tells me that it will raitu (b) The sky is dark and the weather threatens^ Each contains two complete sentences, but in (a) they are much more dependent on one another than in (b). In (a) the second clause is subordinate to the first, being, in fact, necessary to the completion of the senti- ment intended to be conveyed. In (b) the second clause is co-ordinate with the first, and is not needed for the completion of its sense. We call (a) Complex, (b) Pure Compound. These terms have been already explained. (See 265, 266, 267.) NOUN SENTENCE. 38C. The second sentence in (a) is called a noun tentence, because it *^ occupies the place and follows the STNTAS. 8f5 canBtrneixan of a nottn.** It ia, m fjrct, the object of tells: The man tells wha?:? (Question to find out the object of the verb) " it will rain." The noun sentence may be the subject of a verb ; thus, " That you have wronqp.d me doth appear in this." What doth appear ? (Question to find out subject of the verb) " that you have wronged me." The noun sentence may be in apposition to a noun or pronoun ; thus, " My excuse is, I was delayed.^* '•^ It is certain that he uill not corned The noun sentence miiy form a predicate witli t"he verb "to be;" thus, "My hope is, that 1 shall succeed** The noun sentence may be the object of a preposition ; thus, " He spoke oi what I saw J* It will be observed that all these positions which the noun sentence has been made to occupy, are natural positions for a noun.* 381. The noun sentence ia very often introduced by the conjunctiou 'Aa^ * - ^ EXERCISE XIV. Give, according to the tabulated form on next page, xherfeneral and particular analysi" of the following complex sentences con- tiiining sub-ordinate iioun sentences. NoSe — That general analysis means the breaking up of a Complex or Compound sentence into the clauses of which it is composed ; and parttcu/ar analysts means the breaking up of these clauses into their several parts. * It mny be easily seen that the noun clause will not make sense of ifciolf. Used ftloiie, it tells at once it is only a fragment, thus showing its subordinate position. The principal clause makes sense of itself, thus showing that it holds the chief position in the whole sentence. This fact may be used wHh advanta<;e in rfistinj,'ulfthing what clauses are princijM], and what are sub-ordinaie, as it halda for the a4\jective, and adrerkial dauses also. ,.;. .- .. .,^. .... ,..,., .. . ■.-,. ,.• ;.■.,.'•,.■,, • - -•».-;. ,.. . it -. ., , '■-:' ■-': i ■ ■ I. ■r- .< -*v;,>; 96 SYNTAX. I ** He never told me that he was going away.'* 1 ,_, ^_^ H H 1 i away (place § 1? 1*^ £ < 1 H^-',>A 1 1 s r' '.'•■■:.;■ 1 M 1 1 tn o o Simple Pred. ■■ y ,'■■ • t, '* .1 V't ''.. • 8 » ■ Simple Sxihj. :i.' ; : JS 1 . < ■ - ' - -■ ■'■:• 'i'"'-^.-) *. ,,.i. ■■•■•,-.- . -':- , HI b ^ i o ^S « :■ '.-, ■ ■■ -.'.; -, . o 4^ ♦J o Kind of Sentence " "V 1 »« c ,■' |. , I: ;--■';■■• 1 t ^4 O) &£ ^\ ? S fc B ^/'> » ■^ « H ^^ ? « <■ -' ''•' jr ^ W3 m -«-> -«^ i He replied that such symptoTis could only have one meaning. Why ho did it is unknown to me. Say to the widow, I grieve, and can but grieve for her. Whether ne goes or stays interests me not. I did mark how he did shake. 'Tis true, this god did shake. Methought that I had broken from the tower. I could not see why it happened so. How ! will you tell me you have done this t Heaven airid earth will witness taat we are mnocenl. I perceive you feel the dint ot pity. That there is a power above us, all Nature cries aloud through all her works. 'Tis not enough no harshness gives offence. Of man's miraculous mis- takes, this bears the palm : — That all men are about to live. He should know that time must conquer. You think, no doubt, he SYNTAX. 97 fills and muses. That he never will is sUre. Have yoii heard the saying, " Man was made to mourn." It is not meet that wq should leave thee thus, alone. It is easy to show that there is a 1K)sitive gratification resulting from the study of the Sciences. .t may he you shall burst out into light and glory at the last. T!ie difficulty was that he did not unc'crstahd the language* The fact is, the position grows more dangerous every day. ADJECTIVE SENTENCE. 382. The adjective sentence is so called> because, " in reference to the principal sentence it occupies the place and follows the construction of an adjective." As an adjective qualifies a noun or pronoun, the adjec- tive sentence will always be found to do the same. In the sentence " Yon sun, that sets upon the sea^ we fol- low in his flight," we have two assertions ; " We follow yon sun in his flight;" and " that sets upon the sea." This last sentence tells us something, some quality, about the sun, a noun, and is consequently an adjective sentence. Again, in the sentence ** It blesseth him that gives," we have tv o assertions, ** It blesseth him" and " that gives." This last sentence tells us some- thing about him, a pronoun, and, is consequently an adjective sentence. The assertions can be destroyed, and they become, simply, adjectives. Thus, "Yon setting^upon-the-sea sun, we follow &c. " It blesseth a giving him." Such expressions do not sound as idio- matic, but they show the adjective nature of these sen- tences.* 383. An adjective sentence is often introduced by a relative pronoun. EXEBCISE XV. Analyze the following, containing adjective subordinate clauses, as in Exercise 14. Mountains interposed make enemies of nations, who had else like kindred drops, been mingled in one. I venerate the man whose heart is warm. I have often wished to revisit the place where I was born. . Who, that saw the accident, could fail to sympathize with the suflferers. They that sow in tears, shall reap in joy. Who steals my purse steals trash. They that are whole need not a physician. This spirit shall return to Him who gave its heavenly spark. O thou! that, with surpassing glory crowned, look'st from thy sole dominion. Our sweetest songs *See note under page 95, leading adjective for noun 08 SYNTAX. i!i: u I are those that leU tff Scrfhtest thoutrht. Teach me half the ph^- Ue88 that thy hrnfn imint know. The sci[\\c\ of to-day unsolders all the -poodlicst fellowship of famous Knights wlicreof thii* world holds reeonW I jjcrish hy this peo])lc which I made. Happy arc they, my son, who shall learn from thy example not to despair. With three steps I compass thy grave, O thou Mho wast so grent l)c(ore. There are chaiij^es which may happen in a single instant ot time. Silent is the tongue to whose accents we surrendered up the soul. These are ties which, though light as air, yet are as strong as links of iron. That principle, which tells him, that resistance to power usurped is not merely a dutv which he owes to himself and to his neighbor, but a duty which he owes to God. ADVEKBIAL SEllfTENCE. • 384/ This sentence, " in reference to the principal sentence, occupies the place, and follows the construc- tion ot an adverb.** It expresses the time, place, man- ner, reason f purpose &c* of the action expressed by the verb or simple predicate of the principal sentence. Thus, in the sentence " When Jes»js was twelve years ot age, he went into the temple wiih his brethren," we liave two sentences, " Jesus went into the temple" and " when he was twelve years of age/' This last is an adverbial sul)-ordinate scHtence of time^ because it tells us tlie time at which the principal action ot going took place. Again, in the sentence, " The ostrich is unable to fly, because it has not wings in proportion to its body,*' the last clanse " because it has not wings &c./* is the ground or reason of the truth of the first asser- tion. It is called, therefore, an adverbial sub-ordinate sentence, ot grouna or reason, to the principal sentence.* 385. Of adverbial suliordinatc clauses there are four principal kinds — clauses of thne, of place, of manner, of cause and effect, 386. Adverbial subordinate clauses of time are subdivided into three classes— clauseif expressive of point of time Canswerina to the question, when ?) ; as, 1 came ^chen the sun o'er that beach, was declininq : duration of tim ' (answering to the question, how lorn}?) ; as, 1 watched tchdt he slept : repetition (answering to the question, how often ?) ; as, I drove whenever the weather irasjine. 387. Adverbial subordinate clauses of place are subdivided into three classes — clauses expressive of /vs^jm a place (answering to the question, tchere?) ; as. Near yonder copse, ivhere once the * See note under page 05, readiug adverbial for noun. the pTacf- uii solders ;reof thii* I mack', imple not thou who appen in 3 accents ugh lipht lie, which ]y a dutv [iy which )rincipal oiistruf- 3e, niau- i by the eutence, re years ren," we ^le" and is an it tells ng took unable to its 2s &c.;' asser- Drdinate [itence.* irincipal ml effect. bdivided nswerina hat beach tion, how ig to the irasjine. bdivided iswering J once the SYNTAX. 93 fftiTflen ihiileci, the niotlest mivnsion rose.: motion to (answering to the question, whither?); as, lie goes whither he is fed: motion from (answering to the question, wheurcf^ He ortlinafe clamses of nuuvm- are suh- tliTided into two classes — clauses c.\j>rcssivc ©f manner simply )(ftnswering to the qut^tion, /Kwr?*) ; as. He Q\n\e(\ at; he had ln- (fun : manner hy roni)->arison ; as, A bin! (lies swifter than a hnrse YYin run. A third class is sometimes given — det/ree ; as, In summer it soTntainics t'mm^tsrs, so Titrit the rerij windows inttl^. The subordinate clause here n'ay beconsi«lei«edoneof cojjsf^wfwcft. 389. Adverbial sul)OFdiiiate clauses of cause and effect are subdivided into ^re classes— clauses of condition ; as, If utins were there they had ecame poor, he con- tinued honest. We should have gone, had it not rained heavily. Though Milton is most distinguished for his sublimity, there is much of the beautiful, the tender, the pleasing, in many parts of his work. Blessed are the merciful for they shall obtam mercy, Wherefore should not strength and might there fail where virt^Q fails. It is now thre'ii years since I last saw hiiQ, ■a 100 8TNTAX. EXERCISE XVII. Analjrze a sentence from any book given below. according to 8pecimei» li ►.<» O e8 o HHoQ o 1^ ^ § n. S (3 u ■•5 S <35 H CO I 3 P ■< O !• CO QQ (0 _ u ©•■CO g O « 3 5 I I 2 I '3" "3 •*'c " ^" s •2 -is « S " .-I u .•ts |s H 2 § . e S >! o « "^ u » a « GQ to (Vi s- 102 SYNTAX. 2J I w o * 2 i "O » S u S g » bo s o -' s an .2 •2 di r? r^. g * j3 g g 2J 5)^ «^ or3'^ aj S S •o a; .13 5- ■^ CO Pi 4> 2 SB'S Mi3 fii y^ 11 _ ^-Z-w c^. 0. s^ S^IS 1 H S ^ — . ^ art long (man e 8 lately b (place) tf. es js Is- flj •*■ .ft CO M 2^1 m a a _♦ i 1 p^ 1-^ V •Si -tt V 4* ♦ J i a a. B 1 CQ ■V • y ■ S C» *» V 0^ e« V i 5 A 2 ^ CO << ' ' •0 r-NO> ^ 5 • • adj. sent, s to a. qiial. 1 prin. to c. adv. sent, s toft {concessi prin. to «. 1^ §« Iss'ai ?5 2 N^ fe+5 >»*^^ •^ 00 a^ til 11 tn J3"3 -^^ -< til • ^ sr^TAX. 103 l« CO e e sal § 5 C « Is ■S V S2 «5 ^1 £ * I- in 09 I 2 I o 60 I I a « i cS c4 5 I I I $8 35 '•w •9 ^ CJ O o .s 09 S c f f o a .v. ■^21 o S- -(J a,.-. >4 P4 s ♦^ * P (3 -^ i 00 -*^ ! o .4 S a ",2 o J &5 ^ ■•-> ►«: 5*4 m it O 9 0) .a en a 4> !^ -^ 6»» 09 > ^% «a 8 104 SYNTAX. ii n 4* ." 1 ♦3 *' OQ e« ""S-s 111 H O » CO a '0 a « m .a « J5 I > c •3 o 4 f 4>* ■5« 4 1 •s M 1 M rt 5 ». 3 CO 1 \ R K f«l e H .5 8 04 •229 ■S St) s Oi a « ** •^ >• o o s CO V 4^ O tc §2 B « 1 s 3 s. a <» s a »4 a ^a ^ 213 2 o II s s .c S if •o o CE .a § SYNTAX. 105 i ■a a tn ii i' ■a r fi-i ^•a >. — » N •1 • '^ ,^ t«i (j i • ^ H •*i« < e. M .a Q CS 1 64 CL4 '93 ■8 OB ■*-> (t •3 a 9 is 0< ct .a .* .a OB •P4 .3 JS J9 w i < a '/3 1 .9 •§ » • jf^ *» ^ -43 w ••«* •P4 i: « •a CI • 4 t 2 Vj ^ • «* V ^ & ) 1 • • F-W ^ • "S s w « if CQ • i CQ • 3 55 • 1 \ a « • a 'C a % a -si g Q. o a p. P.« "8 S Ck ■ • a •3 * 1 '? 1 ^■tqS g "^^"^ & 'x .s ^ .S o o u 1 , i? /■^ s a *»« H3 •a CS a g c"^ u <» Ol .i: ^^ B ,H o 5^ l*^ a •;i 3 .i V 3 /'*\ '< .^ -< •e* •ci:' « a J3* li « .3 II 3 u O * '/) ^-' Z: ^ • e ^ y "9 •c2 fs .c •>^ •o n a c D ^ f » "•J" SYNTAX. 107 « a a a a « a aT 2 CO (4 3 0^ 03 ■a » J a s ^ O w • V c: u 0; v->- ■3 , SB •to o i -i £•§8 1 ■4i> 1- "?« C8 • P4 p-N 3 ..o ?^*- lO S ^ H>« c 5 •w .« ^ •♦» O 1 ^ C CI* a (« ■•J > £ a * «t ■<-• ^ 2 "5 A ^ I. 1 2 a M •<» •s V CQ "8 C .-t; §2 •-^ 3 B o S ^ w_0,ps_>>_4>^T5 108 SYNTAX. i EXERCISE XVIII. Sentences for Analysis. 1. Still, in the vale, the village bells ring round 2. List ! war-peals thunder on the battle-field. 3. Slacken not sail yet at inlet or island. 4. How often have I paused at every charm ;— The sheltered cot, the cultivated farm, The never failing brook, the busy mill, The decent church that topped the neighboririg hill. 5. He advanced towards the light, and, finding that it proceeded frott^ the cottage of a hermit, he called humbly at the door and obtained admission. 6. Wo rise in the morning of youth, full of vigor, and full of expectation. 7. Pursuing these ideas, I sat down close by my table, and leaning my head upon my hand, I began to figure to myself the miseries of coiifinement. 8. The Sacred Services in which the Soul Adores with awe the Power whence she sprung, l^ay well the culture of the tongue demand. 9. The messenger of God will whisper, peace. 10. Room for the leper ! room. 1 1 . The voice was like the master-tone of a rich instrument — most strangely sweet. 12. But Linden showed another sight, When the drum beat at dead of nighl, Commanding fires of death to light • The darkness of her scenery. 13. He stood — fleet, army, treasure, gone — Alone and in despair ! While wave and wind swept ruthless on, For they were monarchs there. 14. The clouds are divided in he-aven ; over the green hill, flies the inconstant sun ; red,through the stony vale comes down the stream of the hill. 15. A breath of vind tears it from its stem, and it lights on the stream of watei vrhich passes underneath. JL^ SYNTAX, 109 II. at it It the all of , and f the lent lill, wn on 16. We have already slated our doubts whether direct pecuniary aid, had it been offered, would have been aoccptcu, or could have proved very effectual. ' •» 17. Awake ! 'tis the terror of war. 18. The stir — the tramp — tiro bugle call — he heard their tumults grow. 19. I see before me tfie Gladiator lie ; II« leans upon his hand ; his manly brow CoQsen 18 to death Imt conquers i^ny. 20. No man suffers by bad fortune, but he who has been deceived by good. 21. A pale light, like that of the riskig oioon, quivered on the horiaon. J22. He heard the sound, and coald almost teU The sullen words ot the sentinel, ^ As his measured steps on the stone below Clanked, as he paced it to and fro. SSL For Fame is there to say who bleeds; And Honor's eye on daring deeds. 24. O thou that my boyhood's guide didst take fond joy to be. S5. There was a man, A Roman soldier, for s^me daring deed That trespassed on the laws, in dungeon low Chained owm. 2€. Grand, gloM»y, and peculiar,, he sat u|x>n the throne, a €ceptred liermit, wrapped iu tlie solitude of his own originality. 27. Witfaout dividing, hedes^yed party; without corrupt- ing, he made a venal age unamnaous. 28 A character so exalted, so strenuous, so various, so authoiitative, astouifihod a corrupt age. 29. Crafty men ccatemn studies, siirpk men admire them, and wise men use them. 30. To spend too much time in studies, is sloth ; to use then too much for ornament, is aif'ectation ; to make judgm:;nt «rholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. S\ , And Ardennes waves above them her green leaves. Dewy, with nature's tcur-drops; as they pass, Grieving — if aught inanimate e'er grieves — Over the uoreturniu^ brave. no 8TNTAX. 32. Sap^e » imui g8t» all the world, what is ft that hft gets? 33. If I were an American, as I am an Eng:lishman, while a forcijjn trpop was Ian (led fn my country, 1 never would lajr ihown ii»y arma-; — never, ncrer, never. 34. 1 come now to speak upon what indeed 1 wonld have jjladly avoitlx'd, had I not been 'particularly pointed at for the part I have taken. * 35^ I trust that, at length, the time is come, when parlia- ment will no longer bear to be told that sfavc owners- are the liest lawgivers on slavery. 36. Of the Tliree Ilnndred, grarrt 5nt r^ree- To make a new Thermopylwv 37. Thrfce is he omred wi.o» hath his quarrel juslr. S9, Is this « ila!jrji»er whieh I see l)efore me, Tlie handk toward my hand 1 3^. Allfegcntle: nottght S>th!9 rudely ; Wt, contrevipial with the niglitt Whatever walks, is glkiing like a spirit. 4fO. Alas, poor conntFy, Almost ftfraiid to know itself; — it can»04 Be called our mother, but our grave. 41. I have but cui« Tamp hy vrluch ray feet are gnnced^ and that 16 the ramp of experience. 42. Although I am neither his counsel, Vhov deahe to hav» anything to do with his guilt or innocence ; yet in the defence of rny drent, I am driven to state matter which may be eonsidered by many as unnecessary. 43. Is there amongst yon any one friend to- freedom t 44. Be't their comfort We're comint they es^eeute the whotesoiae ajMl nevciwary severity of the law. SrNTAJf* 111 47. I have admitted, they must necessarily be always the «ame, because they were founded in wfiat was eternal^trttCh. 48. I mast own, I have such an indiflFerent opinion of the \'ul(^ar, that I aiH ever led to suspect that merit which raises tiieir shout. 49. Here he paused for a wbMe that ha raij^ht «0Hsider whether it were lonj^er safe to ibrs^ke the knowu Aiid ^'oiu- snoii track. 50. I that denied thee gold^ wilt pire mv licart; Strike as thou didst at Ca»sar ; for \ know When thou didst hate him worst, tkou lovcdst him letter Thftn ercr tliou loredst Cassiua. ANALYJSIS OR PARAPHU4-SE OF POETRY. 390. Poetry i& not prose arranged after a certain measure, and sometimes terminating lice by line in the £ame sounds ; but it i>osses$es ]yhra8es and irt83ago in from Mi?tor>. Our supreme foe in time iimy much remit IIIn mi^ur; nrxl ]H>r)>upH, tliiM fur removed, Not mind »is not oIKfudinfjf, HntiHlled With wluit m i>tinb>hereath stir not their Humes. Our pui"or essence tlx>n will ovl'n^onw This noxious VHpor: or, inured, not feel. Or ohun^od nt length nnd to the ])lncu eonfornM}il In temper und in nuture, will rccoivo Fiuuiliikr the fierce lu'ftt, rtnd void of pain ; This horror will j;it>w mild, this diirkness light ; Besides what hope the nover-endinjf flight Of ftituix} (lays may bring, what ehanco, what change Worth waiting ; sim^e our T>ro8ent lot nppenrs For luippy though but ill, for ill not worsts If wo procura not to ourselres tnore woe. The paraphrase ia as follows : Our Sovereign fbc may, in time, greatly miifgnte his anger, and, perliam, ceasing to heed u» at so remote a distance, if we nvoid giving lum offence, may l)ecomo satisfied with the amount of punishment inflicted, and then those fires will abate their fien^cncss, wl>en his breath teases to excite their flumes. The purer essence of our natura will then overpower the hurtful in- fluence of their va|)or, or, through being inured, grow insensible of it, or may become eventually so changed nnd so adapted to the situation, in temper and constitution, as to sustain tho fierce heat with familiHr indtifT'orcnce, and without actual pain ; thin stern aspect of things will becoino mild ; this darkness will grow light ; and, morco-ver, the never-ending prospect of futurity may bring us some lio{)e, some op})ortun>ty, some alteration tha't is worth waiting for ; since, though our present state is positively ill, or tho reverse ot hnppy, yet it is bv no means ill in tho degree called worst, so long as we aro careful rK>t to bring upon ourselves additional calamity." 395. By paraphrasing we mean Romething more than merely rendering into prose. We are at liberty to expatiate and to make the origiiial clear by cxpaosiou. FR080DT. 113 PROSODY. . 393. Prosody treats of metre or rJiythm, 397. Metre or rhythm^ in its widc^st w'lise, ifl *'• tlio recurrence at certain regular intervals, of syllableB Biinilarlr affected." 398. The syllables may be affected in their quanti- ties^ as in classic motives ; in their sounds^ either initialy as in Anglo Saxon and sometimes in old English, or final as in our common rhyme ; or in iXmxv accents only^ as in all English blank verse. 399. Metre, as far as the English tongue is con- cerned, is that kind of composition in which accented syllables recur at certain regular intervals ; as, j " Tlio way was long, the wfnd was c<)ld ** / I'i845e78 400. Prose is that kind of composition in which the accented syllables recur at no particular interval ; as, " To i)fis8 onr time in the sttfdy of the 8cfencc», hrfs, in lill 1 SI 8 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 18 14 16 10 acos, l)een ri^ckoned one of the most (irjrn'fied and hrfppy of 17 18 19 at) 21 !» 28 24 26 20 SR 28 29 9) 31 82 88 M hdman occupations.** 86 80 97 88 89 40 40L Poetry is written in metMy and may be rhym» or blank verse, 402. The term, rhyme, is applied to lines which terminate in the same sound. 403. To form a perfect rhyme, three things aro essential : — (1) That the vowel sound and the letters following i^ be the same. 2) That the letters preceding the vowel be different 3) That the rhyming syllnbles be accented alike. Thus ; bravt, save ; tenderly, alemlerly 114 PROfiODir 404. Two lines rhyming together make a couplet, also called a distich. Three lines rhyming together make a triplet. 405. The term Blank Verse is applied to poetry which does not i*hvme. 406. A verse is properly a line of i)oetiy. 407. A hemistich is half or other portion of a verse. 408. A stanza is a gi'oiip of rhyming lines. 409. A strophe in tlie ancient tlieatre was that part of the song or dance around the altar which was per- formed by turning from tlie right to the left. It was followed by the antistrophe in tUe contrary direction. Hence, in many lyric (See 478) poems we see the former of two stanzas called the strophe and the latter the antistrophe. For example, Collins's "Ode to Mercy." \ 410. Ap' dccented syllable taken with the syllable or syllables before it or after it which are not accented, constitutes a measure ov foot. 411. Feet are so called, because it is by their aid that the voice, as it were, steps along through the veiise in a measure 1 pace. 412. A measure or foot may vary in its size, that IS, in the number of syllables it contains. It may com- j^rise either two or three syllables, but all lines in poetry may be divided into some such feet. The num- ber of accented syllables in a line determines the number of feet. 413. The feet of* which English verse is chiefly composed are of five kinds : two, dissyllabic ; three, fcri-syllabic. 414. Dissyllabic feet, (1) Iambus; unaccented, accented ; <-^ — ; as control. (2) Trochee; accented, uuaccen ted; t 3w — as, preserver. Note. — Dr. Latham has .arlopted a new system of markiiifj^ ircccnted and unaccented syllaWes in scannirijj. In a efis^yllabic foot, the accented 8yl)ftble is murked by the letter « ; the iin» accented, by ar. X a ax / Thus, control — measure. In tri-syllabic feet, * marks the ass s s a s a s nnacccnted syllable. Thus, l)cautifnl»-rejn) yield \\ .v.ii :.,j|jL, lini^rhtJlii' seem'ie^l/ nnd lf«*rj(li«l sit. J Vor knightly jousts, and ficiifcu]cncounfters fit. 432. Thomson in hia Ca8th of Jndofence, and Byron in Childe Harold^s PUgrimage, are chief amony the more modern writei's of this Stanza. 433. Elegiac, metre is composed of Stanzas of four heroic lines rhyming alternately ; as in Gray's Elegy^ of which the following is the first Stanza ; Tho Cnircw toUsjthe knclliof partinp day ;\ . The lmviii<> hcrdj winds slowfly 'o'cif the J^a / . The plonniiVnnn honKWrd pldds|his'weHi[y way;/ And lcavis,thc worm! to darWntss and|iJb me./ ' 434. Seven Heroic lines, the first five rhyming fl!ternatelv, and tne two last in succession form the Rhynm Royal, of Chaucer, and writers of the Elizabethan period. The following is from Chaucer : rno8oi»v. >r Siirroj, IlHH l)(;eil in SImko 0|K5 luiv© ft >Staiiza X i'vv.t or IiiH% an lie J2fh I posed ill It. TIl€f > kind of fit. •«, and among^ of four n the the ■cer : Fly frojtho pro«HC, ami i\mA\ with SotWrtstncuso, Siitnuopintnjthy ^f»«Ml!tlioiiKH it|lH; miiiill,' For hohlcjhrttli liutifj Hn<1.; Ami triitl urtrrrliiinti/ irrtilfh, hllnd flfHire, hcnrjit coitnar I he bi;^ve, 435. Ki;;ht ir<'r<)i(! lines, tin? first six iliyminj;^ alternately, aM.tro is fonnd in trans- lations and in Byron's JJon Juan. The following is from Don Juan : , Then ro.Mc from wa tonkv tho wild'farcvrc]!- Theii HhVi^iJiMl/tho.trff uydjHfr)<>(i HtU^ ^^ Then HomKilo((^'i u\i;a|R^iinl wrth ilnii^dfnl yull, Ah eatar^U) antiqif)im!|the|r ^ruvec] ' .j ' And thi^fiua yhwn'n aroi^nd'hcr li^cjii hidUj it AikI ai^wnjflhe HUi'ked wifh her the whiriin;^ wave,// Like oiiejwLi4 ^rapujes With his cnjimy, ?: yf ' And HtrifeiMto Nlrai/|Jo hiinm'torwhe die./ 436* lamut'c PeMameter^ IJypermetricaL •>-• — \^ v-/ — >»• s-/ P(H5t I and Saint | to thee | al<»ne | are jriv I en The two I ino8t 8a | creU names | of earth | and heav | en 437. Iambic Hexameter, S-/ ^ -Jl_ \^ . \^ N,^ ^. Celrs I ttaj as | thou art | () do | not love | that wron^ | To sing I thohoav | cn'spraJHo | withKuch | unearth | lytongucu 438. This is the Alexandrine measure. It is seldom used except to complete the Spenserian Stanza, or occiisionally vary heroic verse. DraytorCs Poly Olbion is written in this metre. The following is from that poem : Then from her burnished jrat«; the {goodly f;litterinn: East Gilds every lofty top, which late the humorous nif^ht Bespanj^led had witli pearl to plense the morninfj's Light; On which the mirthful ipiires, with their clear oj en throats Unto the joyful morn so strain their warblinj; notes, That hills and valleys ring, and even the echoing air Seems all composed of sounds, about them everywhere. j 120 PROSODY, 439. lamhtc Heptametsr, He lo'-sed | the rein | his slack | hand fell I upon I the si | lent face He cast I one long | deep mourn | ful glance | ana fled | from that { sad place | 440. This kind of '^erse is generally divided into four lines ; the first and third of four feet eaclj ; the uecoud and fourth of three ; as, Oh call I Tiy broth | er back | to me | I can I not play | alone | The sum I mer comes | with flower | and bee | Where is | my broth | er gone. — 441. Thib is called Ballad Metre, al^.o Commx)n Metre. 442. Iambic Odometer, The hour | is come | the cher | ished hour | when from | the bu | sy world I set free | . I seek j at length j my lone | ly bow*r | and muse | in si- | lent thought I on thee | 443. Couplets of this kind are now generally written as a Stanza of four lines of equal length, forming what is called Long Metre. In Short Metre the stan/a is composed of four lines ; the first, second, and fourth, consist of three Iambuses, and the third of four; as, "-^ Give to j the winds | thy fears | Hope and | be un | dismay'd | God hears | thy sighs | and counts | thy tears | God shall | lift up | thy head | TROCHAIC METRE. 444- This metre is more lively than tlie Iambic, In scanning Trochaic metre, when there is an additional syllable, the line may be called either hyjiermetrical^ counting only the complete feet ; or catalectic (wanting a syllable) counting the additional syllable as a foot. This will be seen below. * MDI si I lent face I from that f tivided into eacl?; the ee I Cfommon the bu I sy n si- I lent generally I length, rt Metre f second, third of iambic, litional etrtcal, anting i foot. PROSODY. 121 445. Trochaic Monometer, Turning Burning 44C. Trochaic Monometer Hyper, or Dimeter Catatectit, Music I floats Mir-^^ t' ". ' ^ In soft j notes k,^ , Trochaic Dimeter. =1^ c"«/. --h Rich the | treasure ( Sweet tlie | pleasure j Troclmic Dimeter Hyper, or Trimeter Cat. Give the | vengeance | due To the I valiant j crew 449. Trochaic Trimeter. 447. 448. 450. When a | round thee | d^'ing | Autumn | leaves arc | lyinjj j Trochaic Trimeter Hyper, or Tetrameter Cat. Aid the I dawning | to^r„c ^i] i p^ Aid It I hopes of | honest | men 451. Trochaic 2\trameter. Spring goes | by with | ^st^l | w^rniX's I Moonlit I e.enings | sunlight } mornings j 452. Trochaic Pentameter. O ye I voices | round my j own hearth I singing I As the I winds of | Mav to | mem'ry I sweet f A^r , J •^®' ^^ ' '"''" * • •'^^"^ ^»'^«»'t I ^>"nging I Would those | vernal | tones the | wand'rer | greet Once again ? In this stanza the second and fourth lines arc catalectic. 453. Trochaic Hexameter. On a I mountain I stretched he | n"eiitli^| h^a^ I ^\\^' I l.ay a | shepherd j swain and | viewed the j rolling | Uliow 122 piiosgDY. 454. Trochaic Ileptameter. Hnsten | Lord to | rescue | me and | set nie | safe from | trouble | Shame Thou | those who | seek my | soul, re | ward their | mischief | double | 455. Trvchaic Ortometer Catalectic. From their | nesis be neath ti^e | rafters | sang the j swallows wild and | hij^h And the | world be J neath me | sleeping, | seemed more | distant | than the | sky 456. Trochaic Octomcter, Once up I on a | midnight I dreary | while I j pondered | weak and | weary DACTYLIC METRE. 457. This metre is suited to lively or impassioned sentiment. It is not of such frequent use as Iambic or Trochaic. Below are a few examples of Dactylic Metre. Dactylic Dimeter. 458. Forward the J Light Brigade | Was there a | man dismayed 'i \ 459. Dnctijlic Trimeter Hyper -s^ V«^ V-*' S«/ — .-• s-/ Morn on the | waters and | purple and | bright Buidts on the | billows the | flashing of | light 460. Dactylic Hexameter Catalectic. >_• \.y \^^ \^ S-^ V«^ Ns^ \^ V.^ \^/ This is the j forest pri | meval. But | where are the | hearts that ben j eath it. Lenp'd like the j roe when he | hears in the \ woodland the | voice of the | huntsman. 461. The Dactylic Hexameter is the Heroic Metre of the classic tongues. It does not suit the genius of the English language. Longfellow's Evangeline, from which the above extract is given, is, perhaps, the most successful attempt at its use in English poetry. I from I rd their | the I etl more | idercd J mssioned anibic or Dactylic \rtBi that the I [etre fius of from most PROSODY. ANAP^STIC METRE. 123 48? yfy. This metre was originally introduced into long odes for the sake of relieving the ear and exciting the attention of the listener. Like Dactylic metre, it is not of such frequent use as Iambic or Trochaic. 463. Anapa'stic Dimeter, Hi/per. He is gone | on the mount I ain He is lost I to the for | est Like a sum | mer-dried fount | ain When our need | was the sor | est. 464. AnapcEstic Trimeter. I am mon | arch of all j I survey | My right | there is none j to dispute j From tlie cen | tre all round | to the sea } I am lord | of the fowl | and the brute | 465. Anapcestic Tetrameter. To the feast ( to the feast | 'tis the mon | arch commands | AMPIIIBRACHIC METRE. 466. This metre is rarely found. tv 467. Amphibrachic Tetrameter. v«^ — s^ s^ — \^ s-*' — v-^ \~y s-/ Magregor | Magregor | remember | our foemen | The moon r*" | es broad from | the brow of | Ben" Lomond | • 468. It often occurs that a line of poetry consists of feet which are not all of the same kind. It is usual in such cases to name the line from the kind of foot which predominates, or that we know prevails through- out the rest of the lines ; name it as if all the feet were of the kind predominating, and prefix the word " Mixed " to this name, afterwards mentioning the Kx^d of foot which is mixed with the predominant one. V.^ S^ V.^ S^ \w/ Thus — My right | there is none | to dispute | is Mixed Anapaestic Trimeter (first foot an Iambus) 124 PROSODY. THE Cil^SURA. 469. Tha C fable) tho melody becomes grave, the movement of the verso is more solemn and measured. Kx. " The f/rnth of PelcnH' son l| the iHreful spring Of all tho Grecian woes, || O Goddess sing/* 475. The grave cadence becomes still more sensible when the pause follows the seventh syllable. This kind of verse seldom occurs ; and its effect is to diver- sify the melody. Kx. " Long lovod, adored ideas, I| all adieu." IThe following remarks on Poetry and Figures of Speech^ are taken, chiefly, from the works of Bain, and Blair, to whi<'h works tho pupil is referred for a thorough treatment of these subjects.] • POETRY. 476. Poetry is *' an art which has the creation of intellectual pleasure for its object; which attains its end by the use of language natural in an excited state of the imagination and the feelings ; and generally, though not necessarily, expressed in numbers." 47 7. Poetry is divided into three principal species ; I^ric, Epic and Dramatic, 478. The L/yric poem is an expression or effusion of some intense feeling, passion, emotion, or sentiment ; such as devotion, love, military ardor, &c. 479. The word lyric shows that these poems wero orimnally sung or pronounced with instrumental ac- companiment. 480. Lyric poems may be classed as follows, (1) The Song, sacred or secular, (2) The Ode, (3) The Elegy, (4) The Sonnet, (5) The Nondescript Lyric. 481* The Song Is usually short, simple in measure, broken up into stanzas each complete in meaning, yet falling into a place in the general arrangement. 482. The Ode is the lofliest effusion of intense feeling. Its chief mark is its elaborate versification. 12« PROSODY, We have examples of this class of lyric fyoetry in Milton's " Hymn on the Nativity," Gray's " Bard." Collins's "Ode to the Passions" is an ode, in form only ; it is not so mucli the display, as the description of feeling. 483. The Elegy in its original form in Greece, was an expression of plaintive, melancholy sentiment. It is now connected chiefly witli the expixjssion of regret for the departed. Of the same nature is the Dirge^ We have an example of the Elegy in Milton's " Lycidas." Gray's Elegy is a diffused expression of feeling on mortality in general. 484. The Sonnet is sometimes descriptive, but is most commonly a concentrated expression of a single phase of feeling. It consists of fourteen lines. 485. The Nondescript Lyric comprehends a variety of effusions wanting in any of the specific aims above mentioned. Ex. — Burns' " Mountain Daisy." Eric POETRY. 486. An Epic Poem is the recital of some one,, great, interesting action or subject, in poetical form, and in language suited to the sublimity of the subject. 487. Epic composition is distinguished from history by its poetic form and its liberty of fiction. The author appears in his own person ; lays the scenes ; introduces the actors ; and narrates the events. In this it differs from Dramatic poetry where the author does not nai- rate nor appear in his own person. 488. . The leading form of this class of poetry is styled The Great Epic or The High Epic, This is the Epic where supernatural agency is permitted, which supernatural agency is called the machinery of the piece. 489. The usual examples of the Great Epic are as follow : PROSODT. 127 oetry in " Bard." in form iscriptioii 3ece, was lent. It 3f regret e Dirge^ Milton's ession of e, but is a single a variety QS above )me owe, al form, subject. a history le author troduees it differs not nai- oetry is ds is the J, which of the c are as Name of Poem The IIMad The Odyssey The^ncid The Divine Comedy The Lusiad Jerusalem Delivered Paradise Lost Language Author Greek Gi-eek Homer Homer Latin Virgil Italian Portuguese Dantd Camoens Italian Tasso English Milton Subject Sie^'e of Troy Wandcrinjis of Ulysses Wanderings of jli^neas The future world Voyage of Vasco di (iama to India Recovery of Jerusa- lem from infidels Ix)ss of Paradise &c 490. The Pharsalia of Lucan (subject — the triumph of Caesar over Boman liberty) is an example of the Great Epic degenerating into bombast, oratorical dis- play, and prosaic feebleness. The Henriade of Voltaire (subject — triumph of Henry IV of France over the arms of the League) is sometimes classed with the Great Epic poems. But the French language is not suited Epic poetry ; and, besides, the subject is of too recent date, and too much within the bounds of well-known history. DRAMATIC POETRY. 491. The Drama is guided in external form by its being acted on the stage. There is a story as in the Epic, but the author does not narrate nor appear in his own person. He appoints and groups the charac- ters, lays the scenes, Lad provides the dialogue. 492. The Drama is divided into Tragedy and Comedy. • 493. Tragedy is a direct imitation of what is great and serious in human manners and actions, the high passions, the virtues, crimes, and sufferings of mankind, by setting the persoijages before us, and making them act and speat for themselves. 494. Comedy is the adaptation ot the Drama to the 128 PROSODY. exhibition of the follies, and vices, and whatever in the human character exposes to censure or ridicule. 495. The Greek Dramatists, and the French, following them, have laid down certain rules for the guidance of dramatic authors. 496. These are known by the name of " the three unities." 497. A tragedy, they say, should be characterized by, " unity of time," " unity of place," and ** unity of action." 498. By " unity of time " was meant, that the events recorded in the play should take no more time for their natural occurence, than was taken up with their representation. Later critics extended the time to 24 hours. 499. By " unity of place " was meant that all the events should take place in one house, street, &c. 500. English Dramatists aiming at giving higher enjoyment have disregarded these two unities, and change the scene from country to country, and put the events of years into one play. Tiius, Shakespeare, in the play of " Macbeth," spreads his events over 14 or 16 years, and shifts the scene from Scotland to Eng- land and back again. But the third unity, " unity of action," is most important. This consists in the rela- tio:u which all the incidents introduced, bear to some design or eiFect, combining them naturally into one whole. This unity of suoject is most essential to tragedy. 501. The rules of dramatic action that are prescrib- ed for tragedy belong also to comedy. The imitation of manners ought to be even more exact than in tragedy, for the subjects of comedy are better known. FIGURES OF SPEECH. 502. A Figure of Speech is a deviation from the plain and ordinary mode of speaking, with a view to greater effect. in the i'rench, for the e three ;terized nity of lat the re time :en up £. tended ; all the ;c. I higher es, and put the eare, in 14 or to Eng- [nity of ^e rela- some I to one itial to rescrib- litation Ithan in lown. rom the riew to PttOSODY. 129 503. This deviation is effected, eitlicr by using a peculiar form of expression, or by uiing words to signify something different from their original meaning. 504. Thus, when, instead of saying " that is very strange," we use the expression "how strange," ive use a figure, the figure consisting in the form of ex- pression being different from tlie natural one. 505. Again, when we say, " Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer" the words winter and summer are diverted from their original meaning, seasons of the year, to express conditions of the human feelings. In this exi^rcssion, therefore, we use a figure, the figure consisting in using certain words to signify something difierent from their original meaning. 506. The two examples now given will explain the distinction made by Ancient Rhetoricians between figures and tropes. The first example, where the words are used in their literal sense, but where there is the peculiar form of expression, they would call a figure. The second example, where a word is turned from its proper signification to another signification, they would call a trope. 507. The distinction is more in appearance than in substance, and has no practical value. The term figure is applied to both kinds. When we use the word trofe^ however, it can be applied to the latter kind only. 508. Figures first arose from the barrenness of language. Names were wanted for mental concep- tions. Names already given to objects of sense were given to these mental conceptions, from some fancied similarity between them. Hundreds of words in the English language are of this kind, but from frequent use their figurative meaning has been quite forgotten. 509. Again, figures arose from the influence which 5 130 l'KO»ODY. the imaginntion has over all language. The imagina- ation never contemplates any i