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Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimAe sont film6s en commencant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmis en commenpant par la premiAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derni*re page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants appara?tra sur la derniire image de chaque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — E C- T FULLY I N fi V R I li E D AND (BY PEnmssioN) DEDICATED TO HIS EXCELLENCY Sir ALEXANDER BANNERMAN, Kmghl, Governor, Sfc. His Excpllency's prompt and courteous proffer to S!.?/ -r. P^t''«?'^?<^ i» his power to "A vvork of so j^reat utility and of so great necessity to our Mciriners" deserves the gratitude of every one desirous to promote i\ autical Science ; and as no one can be more desirous to promote this science, so no one can be more grateful to his Excellency than the ^ AUTHOR "^f^^ 1 .^h> PREFATORY ADDRESS To Sir A. Sannerman, Knight^ Governor^ Sfc. Sir, — Some few observations seem due to your Ex- cellency, regarding the " Questions for Exercise in Navigation" of which your Excellency so graciously accepted the Dedication, with a frauk and earnest prof- fer to give all the patronage in your power to " a work of so great utility and of so great necessity to our Mari- ners." These observations seem due also to the public, as it is hoped, through your Excellency's patronage that the expense of publication will be afforded from the public funds.* Your Excellency has declared yourself but too well aware of the deficiency of our seamen in Nautical Sci- ence, how to best remedy this deficiency has been to me a subject of much consideration. I kr'^w that to understand the Science of Navigation the. aghly, it would be necessary to learn systematically both branch- es of Trigonometry, Plane and Spherical-the first to un- derstand the Sailings, the second to understand Nautical Astronomy ; but to become masters of a science so ab- struse to them, cannot be expected from the class of men generally, who are destined to navigate the ships of the merchant service. To learn Navigation by lectures or written treatises is quite impossible, so that no ot her means seems left to acquire a practical knowledge of *The business of the Assembly having been closed before the arrival of this work in St. John's, His Excellency regretting the circumsfance, and anxious to j)romote_ the Science of Navigation by all the means in his power, suggested the publication by subscription from ]\rerchants, Ship-owners, &o., heliimself subscribing for that end ten pounds— (vide list ot Subscribers.) VI. Navigation than by practice in working out, and solv- ing questions for exercise in Navigation, to acquire an accurate knowledge of the application of the rules de- duced from the above science. These rules are conciss and easy to those who understand fu% the terms in which they are expressed, but experience enables me to say that our seamen are very deficient in this respect, and consequently have the nwrc need of questions for ex- ercise,certainly lor more than is given in Norie's Epitome of Navigation, the only work on that science used in our Schools. To find the altitude of the heavenly bodied, for example, at a given time and place, is a problem of the greatest importance to the navigator, and yet, though Norie gives the rules, he docs not give even one question for exercise on them. In these questions for exercise which I have the ho- nour to present to your Excellency, there are but four or five questions for each particular rule, the answers are given to three or four, so that one or two are left to the skill of the learner to find the answer. As the Nautical Boards of Examination in England require some particulars to find which there is no rule given in Norie's Epitome, I hav<' given the requisite rules in the Appendix, so that all of navigation required by the Ma- rine Boards of Examination established by law in Great Britain, is embraced in these exercises, and he who learns to solve these questions thoroughly, will be quali- fied to undergo an examination in navigation for a first- class blaster at any of those Boards. But questions for exercise in navigation, as your Ex- cellency must know, are not sufficient for the nautical student ; a school in which to learn to solve these ques- tions, is necessary tor him. In this school he should be tau.^'it to usp the Nautical Almanac, a thorough know- lecj;- of v/hich is indispensable to the navigator. In this school he should be taught to adjust the nautical in- ^ ^ vii. strunients and find the amount of the error arising from the want of due adjustment, with the proofs of such ad- justment or error being correctly found. In this school, in short, the young student in navigation should be taught and made to practice tak'ng altitudes and dis- tances of the heavenly bodies, « • from these altitudes and distances find the appares and mean time, and thence the error and rate of a chronometer, the great- est desideratum in the modern practice of navigation. Finally, an efficient nautical school is requisite not only for the practitioner, but also for the teacher of Naviga- tion ; the means of duly qualifying themselves for their profession should be afforded to both. Your Excellency is aware that since September 1st, 1851, no ship or vessel is allowed to clear out from any Custom-House in Great Britain, unless the Master and Mate produce Certificates of competency granted them, after a rigid examination by the Marine Board of Exa- mination established by law for that purpose. Should not the example set by England be sufficient to induce the Colonists to endeavour to raise the qualifications of the Masters and Mates of their merchant vessels? England understands well the interests of trade, com- merce and navigation, and to promote these interests, she has determined to raise the qualifications of those des- tined to navigate, her merchant vessels. Would not the interests of the trade, commerce and navigation of the Colonies be promoted by a similar procedure 1 As it is the peculiar province of persons in your Excellency's position, to inaugurate and give effect to measures cal- culated to advance the public weal, these suggestions are here respectfully submitted by Your Excellency's IVIost obedient, Most humble Servant, JAMES CAMPBELL. Vlll. N.B. — " In all our sea-port towns, Night Schools are now established, and well attended by our merchant seamen, especially the apprentices and junior officers and there receiving instructions and qualifying them- selves for the respective grades of their profession; whereas, formerly these people generally spent their nights in tippling-houses and other resorts of immora- lity. Such are some of the benefits resulting from the late amendment in our Marine Laws." — Shipping Gazette. are lant 2ers em- on ; tieir ora- the nng Part the First. Logarithms— Log-line— Trif^onometry— The vari- ous SaiUngs— Latitude by Observation of any of the Heavenly bodies — Variation of the Compass — Tides, &c. 1 Find the log for the natural number 87683. Answer— 4,942915. 2 Find the log for the decimal number .0764. ^ Answer— 8.883093. 3 Find the decimal number for the log 6.987645. Answer— .0009719. 4 Find the whole number for the log 5.989665. Answer— 976484. 5 Find the log for the whole number 36.558. " Answer- 1.562982. 6. Find the log for the number 3|. ^ Answer-0.577230. 7. Bv logarithms multiply 76.4 by 5.4. -' ° Answer— 412.56. 8. By logarithms divide 479.5 by 25.2. ■^ * Answer— 19.03. 9. If a Chronometer loses 3.7 seconds daily, required the loss in 7 weeks, 4 ds. 8h. by logarithms. Answer— 3'.17".3. 10 Find the log. co. secant for 8P 17' 41^'. Answer— 10.005032. 11 Find the log. sec. and co. sec for 105° 19' 25''. " . S sec. 10.577951. Answer— ^ ^^^ ^^^_ 10.015727. 12. Find the log. sine for 0° 21' 35". Answer— 7.797839. 13. Find the log. co.tang. for 89° 48' 43". ^ Answer— 7.516153. 14. Find the logs. co. sine, co.tang. and co. sec. for 47<^34'.35". C CO. sir. 9.829051. Answer— < co.tang. 9.960890. /co.sec. 10,131840. l\f The len«4li of the knot of the log-line depends on the nnnd)er of 'seconds the glass runs. The most common method is to see how many seconds a glass runs and to the seconds annex a cipher, then divide by G the ([uoti- ent will be the length of the knot in feet and fraction ot '^iT. Required the length of the knot when a glass rmisSl seconds, 310 divided by G gives for answer, ol feet 8 in. i , . . n i ^ 16. If a glass runs out in 27 seconds, what should De the length of the knot. '^ Answer — 45 feet. 17 If a ship is running 7}, knots an hour by a log- line of 45 feet, used with a glass that runs 29 seconds, what will be her true rate of sailing per hour. Answer — i knots. 18. A ship sails 300 miles by a log-line of 50 feet to a knot used with a glass that runs out in 29 seconds. Re- el uired the true distance run. 1 Answer— 310 miles._ In whatever direction a vessel sails off the meri(lian, the distance she runs forms the side of a triangle, and the compass indicates the anole : thus all sailings are trian- gles, the solution of which (called plane trigonometry) should be thoroughly understood by the navigator. 19 A ship from lat. 20°.35' N. sailed in a direct course between south and west 280 miles and then her depar- ture is 77 miles more than her difference ot latitude. Reciuiredthe course steered and latitude in. ^ Answer-course steered S. 5G°.13'W. lat. in 1 ^^o9'N. 20 The base of a triangle is 20. the angle opposite 48°30' the sum of the other sides 36. Required the other angles and the sides separately. ^ Answer— Angles 23°.26'. 108°. 4'. Sides 10.G2 20.39 21 Ore side of a tri-tiigle is 20. the adjacent angles are 28^ and 45°. Required the other two sides and 3 tingle. Or, a light bears from a ship E. 28^ N. then having run eastvvardly 20 miles, the same light bears W. 45° N. Reciuired the sliip's distance from the light at the time of taking each bearing. Answer — At 1st bearing (list. 14.79'. 2nd do do 9. 8'. 22. Given the two sides and the contained angle, to find the other angles md third side. Or, a shi}) is bound to a port which bears S.b.W.i.W. distant 150 miles, sails S.S.E..]E. 130 miles. Required her course and distance to her port. Answer— course S. 74°.3Jj'W. dist. 108.7 miles. 23. A ship sails from a port, (suppose St. John's N. F.) 250 miles, in the south east ([uarter : then has to heave to in a gale in which she drifts 235,5 miles in the north west quarter : when she bears up and after a run of 141 miles, anchors at St. John's. Required the courses steered and her drift. Answer — 1st course S.E.b.S. Drift W.N.W. 2nd course N.E.b.N. 24. Required the course and distance from Baccalleu island N. F. to the isle of Valencia, IreiMnd, by Merca- tors sailing. Answer— Course N. 82°.8'E._ « Distance 1G50 miles. 25. How many miles to a degree of longitude on the parallel of St. John's latitude, viz. 47°34'35^'. Answer— 44.29 miles, 26. Find by Mercator's sailing, the courses and the whole distance from St. John's N. F. to Hobart Town, Van Diemen's land by the Cape of Good Hope, Answer— Course to the Cape S. 38°.1'.20"E. dist. 6241 Do from Cape to Hobart T., S. 8 J°.9'E. dist 6O0O Distance from St. .John's to Hobart Town 12291 27. A ship sails due east 100 miles and then had made 170 miles dif. of longitude. Required on what parallel of latitude she sailed. Answer — 54°.N. or S. 28. A ship runs a direct course 11 1.7 miles and then finds her difference of latitude double her departure. Required the course, and difference of latitude and de- parture made good. ^ ^ Answer— Course 26° 23' ])if. of lat. 100 miles Dep. 00 do. 29. A ship sails N. 13° 38' E. till she had made 291 miles dif. of longitude, then dropt anchor in the narrows of St. John's N. F. Required the port sailed from. Answer — Bermudas. 30. The wind at S.W. a ship beating to windward runs 225 miles on her port tacks, and 225 miles also on her starboard tacks, and then finds she has made 150 miles directly to windward. Required the courses steered and how near the wind did the ship lie. Answer— Course on ])ort tack N. 61° 28'W. Do on starboard lacks. 2-5° 32' E. The ship lay 6i points from the wind. 31. In what latitude will one mile of departure make two miles dif. of longitude. Answer— 60°. 32. A ship sailing at the rate of 9 miles an hour and wanting to double a cape bearing from her N.W.b.W. finds she is in a current setting S.S.W C' miles an hour. What course must she steer to counteract the effect of the current. * Answer— N. 33° 50'W. ( This question is taken from JVorie's Epitome oj J^a- vigation, page 125 and the answer there given is Jy. 36^43'?^. but this ansiver is evidently wrong.) 33. The altitude of Rider's Hill, back of Trinity taken on the ice, was 5° 26' 30^' then having walked 300 steps, equal to 900 feet, in a direct line towards the hill, the altitude was then found to be 7° 4' 30^'. Re- ciuired the height of the hill over the level of the sea. * Answer— 368 feet. 34. A steam ship bound to a port bearing N.W. 60 miles, runs 11 knots an hour in a current setting N.N. V T^ E. 5 miles an hour. Retiuircd the course to be steered, and the tlistance to He run, to arrive at lier port ni the shortest time possi! ; _ Answi. -Course N. 60° 60' W. dist. to run 5i>'.4. 35 In a current known to set N.W. b N. a ship from latitude 38^ 20'N. sailed 24 hours, when by her reckon- ins she is in latitude 38° 42'N. having made 44 miles ot easting, but by observation she finds she is in latitude 38° 58'N, Required the true course and distance made good, and the drift of the current. o ' Answer— Course N4r 14' E (list. 5(y5. Drift of current 19'24. 36 The wind at N.E. the bearing of the port N. b E.|E. distant 18 miles, the ship to make her port, ran on her port tack 48 miles, with a course made good points from the wind. She now heaves about. He- quired what course she must steer, and what distance must she run to reach her port. Answer— Course N. 47° 42' W. dist. 53'. 37. Suppose the bearing and distance from Trinity to Perlican be S.S.W. 28 miles ; and the wind at b. now, if the Packet make her course good 5' points trom the wind, and purposes to fetch Perlican in two boards. Reciuired the course and distance to be run on each. Answer— Course S.W.bW.iW. dist. 33.5 miles. S.E.bE.i^E. dist. 21.4 miles. 38. A ship from latitude 48°28'N. and longitude 5°4'W. sails between south and west in a direct course, when ijy observation she is found to be in longitude 10°40^W. having made 232 miles departure to the west- ward. Required the latitude in, the course steered, and distance run. Answer— Course S. 43° 5'W. lat. in 44° 2a N, Distance run 340 miles. 39 A ship from St. John's, N.F., sailed S. and W. till her departure was 568 miles, and then she was m m ri^..^,.... c loii^ntiulo G5^58'37''W. Re(iuircd the course steered, latitude in, and distance run. , e mo ,n/ w Answer— Course st cored S. 59" W W. Lat. in41°57'2.y'N. Distance run 000.4 miles. 40. A shii) takinpf her departure from ^'s\P«/Jt. Roquc in hititvuh^ ryHS'S. lon^ntude 35oi7'W. saded N. 42°27'f^. till she made GOO miles difference ot longitude, lleciuired the lat. and long, of the ship. ^ Answer— I-at. 5° 28' Ps. Long. 2o° 17' W. 41. A clipper ship making her course good 4:| po' Is from the wind, made her port on two boards: the tn-st in the S.W. quarter on the i)ort lack 50 mdcs, and the other on her starboard tack 70 miles, and by observation the port arrived at is 42 miles southAvard of the i)ort left. Required the bearing and distance of the port and the direction of the wind. Ans\,er— Bearing of the port S. 57° L. (list. 77 miles the wind S. 42° 10' K 42. In a current setting S.S.W. 3' miles an hour, a vessel steered N.W.fW. 9 miles an hour. Required the true course, and distance made good in 24 hours. Answer— Course N.76° W. dist. 'ill miles. 43 A ship arrived at James' Town, St. Helena, after a course made good N. 49^4^34/^ W. having made 1450 miles dif. of longitude. Required the distance run and the latitude and longitude left. Answer— Diat. run 1710 miles Place left Cape of Good Hope. 44. Recpiired by Mercator's sailing the course and distance from Cape Clear, Ireland, to Sandy Hook, New York Answer— Course S. 76° 12' 45" W. Distance 2758 miles. 45. Required by Mercator's sailing, the difference to a steamer from Liverpool to New York, (making Cape Clear her departure) by calling at St. John's N. F. Answer— 49 miles shorter by Calling at St. John's 4G. A master of ship finds the true bearing of his ship to lier port to be N.h.E.|E. a current is known to set S. ,JE. 3 miles an hour — the variation of the compass is know to be 2] points W. and the ship ruiniing 8 knots. It is required to find the course by compass to run direct into port. i iRwer—N.3a.r)C'E—N.E.b.N. nearly 47. Required the diherence of latitude between two parallels on opposite sides of the ccjuator tht meridian distance in one parallel being 338 miles and in the other 19G miles, while at the etjuator, it is 358 miles. Answer— 70" 3', or 19° 15' on one side, And 56° 48' on the other side of the cquntcr. 48. Suppose a ship is Iwund to a port directly north and distant 25 miles, has the wind directly ahead. Now if the ship make her course good (> points from the wind, what distance should she run on each of two tacks to fetch her port. Answer — 32i miles on each. 49. Required by Mercators sailing, the course and distance from Cape East, New Zealand, in lat. 37° 44' 30 S. long. 178° 36' Vo" E. to Cape Horn in lat. 55° 58' 40" S. long. 67° 12'25"W. Answer— Course S. 76° 40' E. dist. 47.44' 50. A ship is in latitude by observation 51° 40' N. and longitude by chronometer 54° 50' W. the true bear- ing of a Cape was observed to be N. 44° W. and having run W.N.W . 30 miles, the Cape bore N. 12° W. Re- quired the latitude and longitude of the Cape, and find on the Chart what cape it is. Answer— Lat. of the Cape 52° 14' N. long. 55° 43' W. Cape Charles Labrador. 51 . Suppose England at war with Russia, and the Brit- ish Consul at New York sends a telegraph message to the Admiral or Governor at St. John's, N. F. to the effect that — a Russian agent at New York had purchased, and freighted with munitions of war and specie, a large (Steam ship which had sailed for St. Petersburgh and, therefore, her com •se should he lioiii S.iiuly 11(K)U, tt) ipe ....,,. Scaw, noiliiof Denmark, and her speed supposed to be 10 miles au l«oui T^Merreptthis vessel, a man of war steamer is disp. ed mm Hi. John's whose speed may be made I i kn«t> ar, and st,.rts 72 hours aller the" departure o? (hi- ku^NUu. Steamer Uvm New York. It is re([ulre<1 to fin. JHstanco to run 185 miles Time \'>h. l.'Om. Place of interception lat. 44° .')!'■ N. Long. J4"44i' W. 52 It is recpiired to find the latitude and longitude of tiie Russian steamer (in the last question) w hen in the nearest point to St. John's, and what time alter her departure from New York, the British steamer shouU start I'rom St. John's to intercept her in that point and what course should be steered and distance should be run to do so. , . • . Answer— In the 11. Str's. course, the nearest point to St John's is liitilude 4J° 31 N. Longitude 51M2'.W. British steamers course S. 17°31'.E. Ditto's distance to run 130 mues Time to start 89h. o2m. after tlie de- parture of the llussian from New York. Astlierc is no question in Norie's Epitome similar to the two last cpiestions, they are here given and explained by projection for the learner m E) t N.S The whe: tak( throt placi F hast tude i M I N.S.E.W. represent the compass. A, the centre, St. John's. B, New York, the line B G the course fr The line A B the course and distance from St. John's to New York. C, 720 miles from New York, is tl when the British steamer .started from St. Jolius. From C to D lay off 10 miles from any scale of cqua take 12 miles in the compasses, and put one leg on D, and the other leg will reach to F in the lino A through A, draw A H which is the distance the British steamer has to run, viz., 185' and H A S her place of interception in latitude 14° ol' N. longitude oi"" 44i' W. For the second question— From A let fall a perpendicular on B G at I, (hen A I is the distance, 130 has to run. S. A I her course S. 17^ '31' E. I the nearest pohit to St. John's, ii the point of intercept tudc 51° ■12' W. ?,T $ -=.E s York, the line B G the course from New York to Cape Scaw. ::, 720 miles from New York, is the place of the Russia'-i steamer ' 10 miles from any scale of equal parts. From the same scale ■ leg will reach to F in the lino A C. Join D F and parallel lo it to run, viz., 185' and H A S her course S. 28° 5' W, and H the it I, then A I is the distance, 130 miles which the British steamer it, John's, b the point of interception in latitude 45" 31' N. longi- I Noi other c the CO. tion of south, other s the m( easily well si or sexl iiieriJi taken ; the a] correc they ( inent ( 53. W. (( Uu Si 10' th Lat. in Co. lat. Decl. O's trui Error 9 Latitude by Observation, Variation of the Compass, Tides. Note. — As the Meridian altitude of the sun, or any other of the heavenly bodies, is always equal to the sum of the CO. latitude of tiie place of observation and the declina- tion of the object, when they are both north or both south, or to their difference when one is north and the other south : then when the latitude of a place is known the meridian altitude of the sun or other object can be easily found : and it would be advisable for a person not well skilled in the use and adjustment of the quadrant or sextant, to find when he knows his latitude, what the n-Rridian ultitude should be on his quadrant if correctly taken : wiien the altitude on his quadrant agrees with the altitude found by account, he may be sure of the correctness of his instrument and of his own skill, but if they do not agree, he may be certain that his instru- ment or his skill is in fault. 53. May 27, 1S57, in lat. 48^ 42^ AO" N. long. 53<^ W. (Gull Islaud, Bonavista) the meridian altitude of llu Sun's 1.1. was taken and read off the quadrant G2° 10^ the ey 18c feet over the sea. Required the error. O Bed. May 27, 18o7, N. A. 21° 20' 30" N. Correction for long. 53° W. 1.26 Reduced declination 21:21:30 N. Lat. in 48° 42' 40" N. 90 Co. lat. 41. 17. 20 N. Decl. 21. 21. oG N. O's true alt. G2. 39. IG 62. 21. 15 Observed alt. sun's 1.1. 62° 10' 0" Dip for 18 feet Refraction Q sem. diameter O's observed alt. 4.4 62. 5. 56 30 62. 6. 15 26 49 G2: 21. 15 Error 18 miles 10 04. March 21, 1858, about 15 milrs oast oi Capo Npcar, the observed meridian altitude of O is 42^ 43' the eye 20 feet. Required the error of aUitude. TVT ,-k/-. ,,- . , Answer — TA milos. Nov. 20, 18o8, lii lat. 30° 15' N. loii<>-. 120^ E. 55. the observed meridian altitude of the o is 39° 51' the eye 22 feet. Required tlie error of ahltude, if any. Answer — o miles. 56. Sept. 19, 1858, in latitude 14O20'S. lono-. 170^ VV . what sliould the meridian altitude of the 6 be on the quadrant, the eye IS feet over the sea. ~ Answer 74° 9' 43". 57. Sep. 23, 1858, in lat, 4S^ 22' N. lono- 530 w Required the altitude of the moon's centre'"^ when on' tlie meridian. KQ -1X71 t . • Ml 1 Answer— 4G° 31'. 08. What time will the star Antares be on the me- ridian, June the lOtli, and what will be its altitude at that time m latitude 51° 28.5 N. Answer— On the meridian llh. 4m. p.:\i. Mer. alt. 12° 21V 59. What star will be on the meridian about half- pjist eleven P.M., Jan. Cth, and what will be its meridian altitude m lat. 2° 12' S. 60. Juno 2nd, 1858, m longitude 129° W the ob- served meridian alt. of the O, the observer south of th(^ sun, was 07° 31' 10" index error + I' 10" the eve '>0 feet over the sea. Required the latitude. oi AT ir -i-,-^ . , Answer— On the cquafo-. .\. ^T- ^?' ^^^^' *" 1«"^'- ^^° 11' E. the observed meridian alt. of the O N. of observer 67° 43' index -f- 1' 38" the eye 18 feet over the sea. Required the la- titude. rci l\T -/ to-o . , Answer— '10^ 37' S". .Jfiir ?^''y ^' ^^^-^' "^ ^^^- 1^^ ^^' ^- ii»"'"'■•< 1.1. was .'!7° 40' .i '''« °'«e'-veo//_,i, ' •"'■ ^a. Gr, M. Time th,. Required the Vl'tmSe '^' ""^ ^^^ over'?£,,t ^^- Oct. 18. 185«5 J», Answer 3° 22' isr Si-So'""'" ■- '""- .*"i *i,,' -i-P- '"i u 89. Nov. 6, I8y8 in latitude 47 30 N. 1)^ account, and longitude 40" 50' W. tlie altitude of the sun's 1.1. was observed (o be 24° 13' 10" at lOli. 40in. apparent time A.M. his centre bearing at the time S.S.E. and at Oh. 45m. P.M., the altitude of his 1.1. was observed to be 25° 54' IG" the ship's course during the interval between the observations, was S. |E. running at the rate of 9^ knots ])cr hour — the eye 20 feet over the sea, the index error 3' 10" to subtract. Recpiired the true latitude when the last altitude vt^as taken. Answer— 47° KV N. 90. Jan. 10, 1858 in latitude 12^ 18' S. and longi- tude 150^ 0' W. the altitude of the q ^^^^ observed to be 58° 30' 38" when a Avatch shewed 9h. 52m. 15s. ap- ])arent time a.m. the sun bearing at the time E.S.E.|E. and at llh. 42m. a.m. by the same watch, the altitude of the O was observed to be 80° 12" the ships course between the observations N.b.E.^E. on her larboard tuck, making l\ points lee-way, and running 7| knots per hour. The^ index error 2' 20'' to add : the eye 22 feet over the sea. Rccjuircd the true latitude of the ship whrii the greater altitude was taken. Answer— 12° 16^' S. 01. July 12, 1858, in latitude 40° 20 vS. and longi- tude 110° 15' E. by account, the obs rved altitude of tlic O was 25° 0' 0" at lOh. 3Gni. apparent time a.m. and at 2h. Gm. p.:m., by the same watch, the altitude of the O was 20° 50' 8" bearing at the time N. N. W. |W. the ship's course during the interval 8. 8. E. on her star- board tack and making I a point lee-way, and running 10 knots per hour. No index error, the eye 22 feet over the sea. Required the latitude of the ship when the greater altitude was tiiken. Answer— 10° 4' S. 92. April 1, 1853 ui latitude 30^2' N. by account and longitude 07° 59' W. the observed altitude ot the O o — Avas 31=24' 13" bearing east, at 8h. iOm. 48s. a.m., appa- rent titue, and iit llli. Ini 54" a.m., a]), time, the ohserv-' etl altitude of liis 1.1. was (iV 0' i2()". The course and distance in the interval S.b.I'...lE, l2S miles, no lee-way — the instrument perlectly adjusted — the eye 22 feet over the sea. Ue([un-ed tiie true latitude when the greater altitude was taken. Answer — 30" 4' N. by Norie's method. 29° oH' hj TinnljuU's mclliod. 03. Aup;. 1st, 1858 in lat. 5" 18' i\. by account, and lonj^itude 42^ 24' W. the altitude of the sun's 1.1. was observed to be 08° 0' at lOh. 48m. 15s. a.m., ap. time the sun's centre bearing at the time N.E.b.N. and at Oh. 55m. 10s. P.M., the altitude of his 1.1. w\is 71° IV the course and distance in the interval S.b,E.]E. 18 miles, no lee-way — the eye 22 feet, the index error 0. Rc- (juired the latitude when the greater altitude was taken. Answer— j° 9' X. The latitude fountl by double altitudes as Avell as that by a single altitude of the sun taken near the meridian is, by the usual metliods of calculation, but an approximation to the true latitude. This approxima- tion, however, is suiliciently near the truth, for ilie prac- tice of Navigation. The calculations are rather long and intricate in all, but Ivory's method is most recommended lor practice. Students in Navigation sliould be well practised in double altitudes as the Nautical Boards in England require a thorough know ledge of them from all cantiidates for certificates of qualification as con^ patent navi >ators. Several other methods for finding tlie lati- tude are given in books and treatises on Navigation — such as Sumner's method of double altitudes,* and Towson's method by ex- meridian altitudes, &c. Variation of the Compass, Tides. 04. Jan. 21, 1858 at Ch. 15m. 20s. A.ai., ap. time in 10° 20' S. longitude 72° 15' W. the sun's rising ampti- •Tlie rules for this method are given in the Appendix. 17 tude !)> compass was S-E-.^E. Ilcciuircd the variation. ^ ,«o-, o<"/\v Answer— 19 i' 2C" W. 95 Dvv. 4, 1858, at 'ill. 57m. p.m., ap. time, in lat. 47° 20' N. and lon<«itu(le 51° 18' W. tho observed alti- tude of the sun's l.l. was 10^ iMV bearing; at tlie time S. CG° W. l)y compass. The index error 2' 41'' to add, tlie eve 19 lect. Required the variation. '' Answer— 20" 54' W. 96 April 5, 1858, at Gh. 2m. a.m., ap. time, in lat. 50 30' S. loni'itude 140° E. the sun's rising amplitude by compass was observed to be N. 73° E. Recpiired the variation. ,«o,-, ,1/, r. Answer— 10° 57' 11" E. 97 May 20, 1858, at 9h. 10m. 20s. a.m., ap. time, at ship in kit. 38° 40' S. long. 108° W. the altitude of O was 18° 54' 45" bearing by compass N. 42° 14' E. no index error, the eye 20 feet. Required the variation. Answer — No variation. 98. April 10, 1858, required the a.m. and p.m. tides at New York. Answer— A.M., Tide. p.m., lide -(h 49m. 6I1. 13ra. Noric's 1st. method 6h. 14m. Cli. 38m. do's 2nd. method 6h. !3ni. 6h. 27ra. Turnbull's method. 99. Aug. 15, 1858, required the p.m., tide at Rio Janeiro (Brazil) and at Hamburgh (Germany.) Answer— r.M, T. at Kio. 6h. 50m. None's do. do. do. do. 6b. 29m. TurnbuU's do. do. do. Hamburg 9h. 69m. Norie's do. do. do. do. 9h. 44m. TurnbuU's. 100 Dec. 15, 1858, required the time of high water P.M., at St. John's N. F., and at St. John, N. B. Answer— 11. W. at St. John's N. F. 2h. o8m. ap. time P.M. Norie's 2nd method do. do. do, 2h. 55ra. Turnbulls 2nd do. St. John N. B. 6h. 4(im. ap. time, p.m. 18 Tlie tinifs of liij-h water cannot he lound and deter- mined u Jth ])reci.sion, owini? to tlu' influence of tlie winds. I'urnbuli observes " From tin; influence of llie winds &.c. on the ocean, the time Ibnndby t!ie most accurate com- putations will l)e seldom found to ap;ree witli the actual time of high water found by ol)servation in any port." The time of high water found by computation will, howev(T, be sulllciently accurate for nautical i)uri)o.ses. i 11(1 (Icicr- Ik; winds, iviiuls &.C. nvtt; com- tlio actual my port." ation will, )iirpt)se.s. Part the Second. Chronometer— Its error nnd rate— Equation of lime — Appurt'iit time irum iy> iiltituile of •'•' sun, moon, star or planet— (ireenwich mean time by Lunars— (heat Circle Sailing. , /• i Time is the great, the jmramount object to be louml —to be accuratily determined in all the calculations and problems of Nauti( d Astronomy. If the time be accurately known tlie skilful navigator, with good nauti- cal instruments, will have no difliculty in findmg what he w ishes to know h\ his observation. As the learner will find suHicient for his instruction in the article " Time" of his Epitome, and in the INau- tical Almanac it is enough to say here, that Time and Longitude may ''6 considered as convertible terms, it one "ije known the other can be found. For, as the Earth or Cilobc always turns fully round on its axis in e(nial spaces of time, which space is divided into twenty- four eciual parts, or hours, and as the circumference of the globe is divided into 3G0°, then we have the fol- lowing : i?4h. Om. Os. equal to 360° 0' 0^' 12 180 1 15 4 1 1 15 4 1 1 1^,. From these figures any other interval of time or longi- tude can easih be founil, when either of them is known bv the simple rule of proportion ; for example, what will be the time at St. John's, N.F. longitude 52^ 38' 37'' VV when it is noon or 12 o'clock at Greenwich. Answer— lo" • Ih. : 52" 38' 37" : 3h. 30m. 34is. ifei,. 20 xvhifh is the difference of lime between St. John's Avhicn i5> tiic Tohn's is to the west ot ^' '"'"T'^NSn £^^ sSacted from 12h. leave ^r29r2i' A tthe\ime at St., John's. But the ^ost convenient way of turning time into longitude, and longitude into time, aije these Uvo 1st -To turn time hito longitude reduce the time to • ;.« Mml divide by 4, the (luotient will be the de- r^ m£i;i.;^:^4n^ on nglUule. Example, re- quired the longitude for 9h. 2om. 41s. ^ h. m. s. 9 25 41 GO 4 1 5G5 41 , .. T 1415 25^" 15'' = the longitude. n 1 Tn turn lon^Ti'^ 4 aiTd V de the degrees by GO, the quotient ^■'m^^ f \lt hours the remainder the minutes and corresponding to 74 ^ oi . 4h. 56m. 14s. 4-tenths = the time. Tt can now be easily comprehended that whenl|ie same moment, ho can, bj the . Baen ^^^ ^^^^ 21 . V Ti.o fVppiiwich mecn time, is fouml 1)} I'ne bodies. Tlie ^''^'=™!'=" ;';,,„ „^oou anil the sun or '•^f;i.n;.i?\tSTlnae|.ono.ete^isfast On >'-.s ovi G 111. t. ami gaining daily 1.4s. On »lay 10 the same chronomete? shewed 7h. S^m**^;,^-"^ Sif Sn" lleqnired the con-espond«,g ap.^ime at St. John's, N.r., that is, Iong,tude^o2^_^a8 J._^ VV . ^ ^_ 102. Sep. 29. 1858, at noon a ctaiometer ^s^4n^ ISs. slow in G. m. t. and gaming '"'fe 2.7s^ VV^I^cn t^s^^' ^ xr:^i s erspj:;ung ap."time on that mendjan.^__;.^^ ^^^ „,.,.„. 43, ..>. 103. April 14, 1858, (eivil time) in l»nS'^'J« 7«j 12' W. it is 7h. 17m. 10s. a..«., ap. time. Required the eorresponding -t™>'0-;-> ^iZ. L .,..0. »,... :Le:/1^:'5t.T.°:;.%r.-^ttl4^I•ol■ the Chrcnomcter. An.wev-Losln, 0.1s. cL^,ly. 105 March 17, 1858, in longitude 170^ W L. at bh. ; T- ; .t. ";„, i4 ,, M. ap. time, it shcwal March 24ds':' lOli l3m 4^ ■ RcquiLd the ilaily rate o. the chronometer. Answer-Gaining CO.. daily. 4 1 iQ\Q .,t 7h 'lim I'is. A.M., ai). tune at lOG. Aug. 1, 18oo, at /n. wiiu. i-^- i trnin :- ---j-uitfiLw aa w-j I f 22 Trinity, longitude 53^ IC' oiV' W. a chronometer shew- ed July 31ds. 2'2h. 57m, 13s. Ile{[uired the error of the chronometer on G. m. t. Answer — Chron. shewed G. m. t, — no error. 107. Feb. 1, 1858, at 18h. 40m, 15s. G, m. t. Re- quired the sun's right ascension and declination. ^ Answer— R. A. 21h. 2m. 39s. Dccl. lU^' 52' 21" S. 108. April 12, 1858, at Gh, 30m. 10s. p.m., ap. time in longitude 20° 30' 15'' W. Required the sun's R. A. and declination. Answer — R. A. Ih. 23m. 3js. Decl. 8° 47' oS" X. 109. July 25, 1858, at 6h. 15m. p.m., ap. time, in longitude 86° 18' 0" E. Required the R. A. and decl. of the planet Venus. Answer— R. A. lOli. 44m. 27s. Decl. 9== 22' oS" N. 110. June 1, 1858, at 14h. 10m. 10s. G. m. t. Re- ciuired the moon's right ascension and declination. Answer— K. A. 20h. 51m. ols. Decl. 20° 2& 41s. S. 111. July 25, 1858, required the G. m. t. when the moon will be on the meridian of St. John's, N. F., (lat, 47° 34' 35" N. longitude 52° 38 ^ W.) and what will be its altitude at that place and time, and also its R. A. decl. sem. diameter and hor. parallax at that time. Answer— On Mer. of St. Jchn's at 12h. 16ra. 12s, Alt. at that time, and place, 19° 53' 14" ■R.A 2()h.23m. 17s. Decl 22° 32' 11" S. Sem. diam 14' 54" Hor. I'ar 54' 34" 112. Feb. 12, 1858, required the ap. time when the sun bears due east, and due west in lat. 34° 30' 5". Answer — ])ue East at 7h. 25m. A.M. do. AVest at Ih, 35m. r.M. iTieier shew- tlie error of -no error. , m. t. Ke- lt ion. 2m. 39s. 52' 21" S, M., ap. time B sun's R. A. 23m. 3,5s. 47' 5S"N. ap. time, in R. A. and . 44m. 27s. 22' oS" N. . m. t. Re- in ation. 1. 51m. jls. 29' 41s. S. , t. when the ■■>, N. P., (lat. id what will also its R. A. lat time. 1. 16m. 12s. ' 53' 14" 1.23m. 17a. '•32' 11" S, ' 54" 34" me when tlie . 25m. A.M. I, 35m. P.M. 2S The Apparent Time from the allUudeofthe Sun, Moon, .yc. THE ARTIFICIAL HOlllZON. As already observed, time is the all-impoi mt object in Nautical Astronomy. The artificial horizon seems to afford the most convenient means to attain this object. Turnbull observes, (and other authors of Navigation use language to the same effect) that " Of all the me- thods for ascertaining the rate and error of a chronome- ter that by equal aUitudes of the sun, or an artihcial horizon is to be preferred in practice, both on account of the simplicity of the computation and the great de- oree of accuracy attainable by it. This method is also free from the instrumental error" and None says,— "The rate of a chronometer may be found nearly as correct as with an astronomical clock, by equal or sin- o-le altitudes taken on shore with a sextant and an arti- Scial horizon ; indeed these two instruments may be considered a portable observatory, and a person with their assistance will be enabled to regulate chronome- ters wherever he may chance to stop a iew days. 113 Sep. 1, 1858, at Trinity, in lat. 48^ 22' N. and lon«- 53^ 17' W. the following double altitudes were taken on an artilicial horizon, with the corresponding time« by a watch which was at the time of observation, 3h 92m. 203. slow of a chronometer whose eiTor on ix. m time, was required to be determined. The instru- ment was truly adjusted. Required the error. A, L^ by^ .atci. Olierd. doubl. alt Q's conU-o. 8h. 35m. 10s. A.M. 02<^ 41' 44" « 36 52 62 42 4 « 30 32 62 42 24 Answer— M. T. at Trinity by observation 8h. 35m. 5s. Long. 53M7' in time <3 .53 S G. m. time 12 8 13 TimebyChron ^2 18 H Chrn. fast on G. m. time. 'J ^^ M 21 114. Sep. \-\ 1H5S, to (letermino tlic rate ol' the rluonometer in the last (luestioii, the following double altitude of the O were taken on an artificial iiorizon in the same place, Avith the corresponding times by the chronometer. Tiie sextant, as before, truly adjusted. Required the rate. Times !)y chron Double alt. O llh. 43m. 18S.A.M 45^ 42' 8^' 11 43 48 45 47 30 11 44 28 45 52 15 Answer — Chron. gaining 1.2t5d. daily. 115. June 2, 1858, equal altitudes of the sun were taken in lat. 48° 22' N. and long. 53° 17' W. (Trinity) on an artificial horizon, to determine the sea rate of a chronometer, purchased in I^ondon April 25th, on which day at noon, it was set to G. m. t. its rate, gaining 4.8s. daily. The means of the times corresponding to equal altitudes were, by Chron. June Id. 22h. 53m. 22s. and June 2d. 8h. 12ni. 5Gs. Required the true sea rate of the chronometer. Answer — Gaining 5.3s. daily. IIG. June 8, 1858, at Calcutta in lat. 22° 35' N. and long. 88^ 21' E. equal altitudes of the sun were taken in artificial horizon, when the corresponding times by chronometer were 8d. 13h. 4Gm. 36s. and 8d. 22h. 26m. 38s. Required the error of the chronometer on m. t. at Calcutta and also on m. t. at Greenwich. Answer— Chron. slow on m. t. at Calcutta oh. o2m. Us. do. fast on m. t. at Green. Oh. Im. 13s. 117. Aug. 8, 1858, at Valparaiso lat. .3-3° 2' S. long. 71° 41' W. equal altitudes of the sun were taken, when the corresponding times were 8d. 2h. 23m. 22s. and 8d. 6h. 48m. 38s. by a chronometer wliich was slow on G. m. t. 8in. 25s. June the 30th at G. mean noon. Required the error of the Chronometer on m. time at ^L 25 . time at Greenwich, and its daily ^'alpuraiso, also on ni ''''^''' A^swer-Chvcn. f.sl on n.. t. at Valparaiso 4h. 30m 28s do Blow on Cm. t «''•'''"• ^S' daily Its rate losing Alt. O IG^ 4'. IG. 17. IG. 26. Time from altitudes taken on the Sea Horizon. 118 March 17, 1858, a,m., at ship, in lat. 47° 30' N. the Ibllowino- altitudes were taken with tlie com^s- nondino- times by a chronometer, which was ast lim. ?r n"G. m. t., Feb. 25th at G. m. noon, and gainnig ch Iv 2 4s. The eye IG feet over the sea. Index error 7^^ t<; subtract, Required the ap. time, and m. time at shii) when the observation was made, the G. m. t. Dy chronometer, and the longitude. Times 16d. 23h. 3m. 10s. 23. 3. 58. 23 4. 24. 'Answer-Ap. time of observation 7h. 4.3m. 10s A.M. M. time 7h. o3m. 4o«. Sep. 30, 1358," pIm., at ship in latitude 34° m' » the mean of several aUitudes of O was, Z6 W the eve 21 feet, index error + 3' 17- the corres- pon lino- im; bv chronometer 30d. Oh. 20m. 15s which n sbw 14m. 28s. on G. m. t., July 10th, and losing diily 2.7s. Required the longiUide.^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^,, ^ ion March 25, 1858, p.m., at ship in lat. 4^ 56' N. th^mcan o a set of altitudes of the O was 23o 24'. In- d^^- en'or 0. eye 22 feet. The mean o the times was '^5d 7h Oni. 14s. by chronometer which had been ra- Zd Jul. 19, at G. m. noon when it was last 18m. 10;:. on G: m. t. and gaining daily 1.9s. Required the lon- S^t^^^^e. Answer-In long. 31" oH' W. 119. 10' S. ¥' rt 20 1^1. Oct. 12, 1858, A.M., atsliip in lut. 2!)^^ 2^ S. tlic observed alt. of the O was 16^ 2\)' wacn Ihl. 8li. 7m. 15.S. were shewn by a chronometer which was slow Gm. 42s. on G. m. t. at noon, June 20, and losinii; daily 3.2s. Index error + 1''.18''^ — the eye 24 feet. Reciuired the longitude. Answer — In lonp;. l.jC 50' E. 122.— April 12, 1858, a.m., at ship in lat. 3iP 2V N. the observed alt. O was IG^ 20' at 12d. Gh. 44m. 48s. by chronometer which was fvst 10m. 40.s. on G. m. t. Jan. 20, at G. m. noon, and gaininj^ daily 0.7s. Index error 2' 20'' to subtract — the eye 24 feet. Required the lonf^^itude. Answer— In long. 171° 8' 4J" W. 123. Jan. G, 1858, in lat. 48^ 22' N. long. 52^ 17' W. the alt. of the star Aldebaran was observed to be 41° 14' 42" (east of meridian) when a Avatch shewed 6h. IGm. 22s. ap. time, p.m., the eye 20 feet. Index error 1' 4" to add. Required the error of the Avatch on ap. time, and the G. m. t. when the altitude was taken. Answer — Watch fast on ap. time I7s. G. m. t Oh. ylm. 32s. 124. July 15, 1858, p.m., at ship in lat. 9° 10' S. the observed alt. of the star Arcturus west of meridian, was 29° 6' when 15d. 13h. 48m. 21s. were shewn by a chro- nometer which was fast on G. m. t. 12m. 20s. June 1 at G. m. noon, and gaining daily 1.2s. — the eye 20 feet — Index error 2' 10" to subtract. Required the lon- gitude. Answer— In long. 50° 33' 15" W. 125. April 9, 1858, in lat. 30° 42' S. about midnight the alt. of the star x\ntares, east of meridian was observ- ed to be 49° 45' — the eye 22 feet. Index error 1' 10" to add: The time 9d. IGh. 33m. 6s. by chronometer, which was slow 45m. 25s. on G. m. t. January' 20, at noon, and losing daily 3.7s. Required the longitude. Answer— 79° 40' 45" W. 126. Feb. 1, 1858, in lat. 6° 4' N. and long. 160° W. 27 at Oh. 37111. i».-'J-, iip- *i»^ic by watch, the ol)servcd alti- tiuic of the ceulre of the planet Jupiter west of meri- dian, was 20° 31' 51'' a chronometer at the tmie shew- ing id. 2()h. 31m. Sextant truly adjusted. The eye 20 feet, lletpiired the error of the watcli on ap. time at shir), and the error of chronometer on G. m. t. Answer— Watch showed ap, time correctly. Chron. Khowed U. m . t. no error. 127. Oct. 13, 1858, in lat. 15^ 50' S. the observed altitude of the centre of the planet Venus, west of me- ridian was 42° 0' 44" when a chronometer corrected lor error and rate, shewed Oct. 13d. Ih. 3m. 53s. Index error 3' 35" to add— the eye 24 feet. Requn'cd the longitude. _ „ „„, t, ^ Answer-Long. 76° 2(y E. 128. May, 10, 1858, lat. 4V^ 10' S. the observed al- titude of the planet Mars, east of meridian, was 27° 5' when lOd. 13h. 55m. 34s. were shewn by a chronome- ter, which was fast, 15m. lOs. on G. m. t. March 12th at G. m. noon, and gaining daily 3.8s. Index error ^ 3/ 3()//_the eye 24 feet. Required the ap. time at ship, and the longitude. Answer— Ap. time at Ship 7ii. '12m. Gs. r.Ji. Longitude 89= 3(1' W. 129. Oct. 31, 1858, lat. 4° 10' S. the observed alt. of the centre of the planet Venus, west of meridian, was 9° 28^ 43"— the eye 20 feet. Index error 2' 40" to add— the time 31d. 7h. 49m. 52s. by chronometer which was slow IGm. 24s. on G. m. t. when the altitude was taken. Required the longitude. ^ Answer— Long. 0° (V 0". 130. Aug. 27, 1858, in lat. 26° 36' N. the alt. of the moon's 1.1. was observed to be 24° 24' 0" east of meri- dian. Index error 3' to add,— the eye 18 feet. The G. m. t. by chronometer Avhcn the alt. was taken 27d. 12h. 54in. 34s. Required the ap. time at ship, and the longitude. Answer— Ap. time at Shin lOh. 4m. I'.M. Long 42° 20' W. 28 131. Nov. 15, 1S5S, in lat. o^ IC S. the obscrvod alt. of the moon's l.l.west of meridian, was 41° 50' 4 F'— the sextant adjusted, the eye 19 {eet,theG. m. t. 15d. 12h. 4Gm. 27s. by chronometer corrected for error and rate. Re(iuired the ap. time at ship, and the longitude. Answer — Ai). time at. shiu llli. Om, Os. i-.M. Long 30° 24' ^V. 132. Dec. 21, 1858, in lat. 15° 27 N. the observed alt. of the moon's 1.1. east of meiidian, was 39^ 20' 15", index error 2' 18' to snl)tract, eye 22 feet. Time l)y chronometer 21d. 21h. 50m. 27s. wliich wasrated Oct. 18th at noon, w hen it was IGm. 10s. fast on (I. m. t. and gainins daily 4.2s. Required the longitude. o o J Answer -1 GG° W. Jit a given lime to find the AUitudc of the Sun, Moon, Star or Planet. 133. June IS, 1858, at St. John's i.e. lat. 47° 34' 35" N. long. 52° 38' 37" W. at5h.20m. 15s. p.m., ap. time. Required the true alt. of tlie sun's centre, and also the ap. alt. of his l.l. above the horizon. Answer— True alt. Q's centre 23° 3'/ 08" Ap alt. O 23 18 9. 134. Dec. 20, 1858, in lat. 34° 30'S. andijng. 150° E. Required the true altitude of the sun's centre at 7h. 15m. 20s. a.m., ap. time at ship. Answer— True alt. O's centre 27° 59' 40" 135. Oct. 2, 1858, in lat. 4° 45' N. and long. 34° 20' W. Required the true and ap. altitudes of the centres of the sun and moon, at 8h. 45m. ap. time a.m. at ship. Answer — True alt. sun's centre 40° 3,V .jO" Ap. alt. do. do. 40° 3()' 49" True alt. moon's do. 73° 32' 15" Ap. alt. do. do. 73° 15' 34" 136. March 24, 1858, in lat. 4G° 40' N. long. 52° 59' W. (Cape Race, N. F.) at 7h. 30m. p.m. ap. time at place. Retiuired the true altitude of the plane 29 served a\t 50/41//— m. t. 15(1. error and loii Moon's true alt. 01° 51/ (V'^ True ilistance H'2° 21' 4 137 Nov. 12, 1858, in lat. UP 14' N. long. 78^ 45' E when a chronometer shewed 12d0h.35. lOs.G. m. t. Required the true al . of Venus and of the moon, and the true distance betx^'een them at that inoment. Answer-Venus' true alt. '2h° oh J Moon's do. tlo. V'.° W 2" True di.t. ^ . ^ 53' 28" 138 Au-. 29, 1858, in lat. 5° 30' S. long. 1G3° 30' W. when a chronometer shewed Aug. 30d. 3h. 28m 42s G m t Required the altitudes of the stars Lomalhaut and Pollux, and iheir distance each from the moon at that time. Answer-Fomalhaut's alt. 24" 31' 4" Pollux's alt. 17' 17' 42" l-omalhaut's dlsl. 81° 58' 19" V\ . I'oUux'd do. 59° 41' &' E. To find the Greemvich Mean Time and thence the Longitude by Lunar s. 139 Sep. 10, 1858, in lat. 48° 20' N. at 5h. 42m. PM ap. time by watch at ship— a set of observations of tiie sun and moon were taken, of which the means were,— the observed alt. O 6° 31' 23" the observed alt. ?_ 12° 14' 24" the observed distance of nearest limbs 40° 22' 6" the mean of the times by chronometer lOd. 8h. 50m. 8s.— the instrument adjusted— the eye 20 feet. Required the error of the watch on ap. time at ship, the errorofclironometeron G. m. t. and the longitude. Answer — The watch showed ap. lime Chron. slow "in. 28s. on G. m. t. Long. 49M1'45"\V 140. Aug. 2, 1858, a.m., at ship in lat. 3^ 45' N. the observed alt O 34° 14' 56" the observed alt. -^" 47° 21' 54" the observed distance between their nearest limbs if 30 88° 52' 1 1'' tlie time by chronometer 2(1. 4li. i>7m. Os. the eye 24 feet, instruments error of the clironometer i adjusted. Required the G. m. t. and the loniritude by hm; U'S. Answer — Chron. fust Im. 4 Is on 0, m. t. liOns J 19° 40' W 141. Nov. 11, lSo8, at 5h. 38m. 50s. p IM., ap. time. by watch at ship, in lat. 10^ 15' S. the observed alt moon's 1.1. 08° 7' the observed alt. of Venus's centre (west of meridian) 44° 42' tlie observed distance be- tween the centre of Venus and the moon's nearest limb 24° 19' 24"— the eye 24 feet. The instruments ad- justed — the time by chronometer lOd. 21h. I7m. 40s. Required the error of the watch on ap. time at ship — the error of the chronometer on G. m. t. and the longitude. Answer — Watch slow 2.5s. on ap. time. Cln'on, fast Im. Os. on G. ni. t. Longitude 121° 41' 15" E. 142. March 21, 1858, suppose a shi]) bound for Si. John's, N. F., in lat. 47° 31" N. and longitude by ac- count 51° 30' W. took a set of altitudes and distances of the moon and Jupiter, with the corresponding times by watch, the means of which Avere — alt. moon's uj). 1. 58° 44', Jupiter's centre 21° 42' fwest of meridian) dis- tance between Jupiter's centre and moon's farther limb 41° IG' 25". Time by watch 7h. 48m ap. lime, p.m. No index error — eye 16 feet. Required the error of the watch on ap. time and the true longitude by lunars. Answer — Watch slow 3Gs. True longitude 60° 42' 30" W. 143. April 28, 1858, in lat. 40° 40' S. and by account in longitude 88° 45' W. at iOh. 40m. p.m., ap. time by watch at ship, the observed altitude of the moon's 1.1. was 55° 21', the observed alt. of Antares, (a Scorpii) 46° 24' 30", east of meridian. The observed distance of moon's nearest limli 16° 46' 30". Instruments ad- justed — eye 15 feet. Required the error of the watch ii 4 I 'f 'f ' 31 on ap. time at ship, the G. m. t. and the longitiule hf luiiurs. Answei-— Wntch fast 27s. on np. time. 0. m. t. 28d. 16li. 33m. 7s. Lonff. 80^ 4' ;K)" VV. 144. Nov. 29, 1858, in lat. 12<^ 10' N. suppose the observed alt. of the jnoon's l.l. was 9^ 4(V the alt. of the star Regulus, cast of meridian, was 48° 57' the observ- (>(1 distance of moon's nearest limb 39^ 2.3' 45'' when 2!)d. 1 111. Om. 55s. were shewn by a chronometer, which was slow on G. m. t. lOm. 8s. on the 5th at noon, and losing daily 3.8s.— eye 21 feet. Instruments adjusted. Retpiired the longitude by lunars and by chrono- meter- Answer— Long, by lunars 6° 1-5' 30" E. do. by chron. Q° 13' 30" E, if f Miscellaneous questions such as are put by the Min- tical Boards in Kntj^laml, to Camiulates for Certi- ficates of Qnaltficaiion as competent A'avigators. 151. Dec. 21, 1R5S, at noon, llio c(iimtioH of liinc is Om. lis. 42 and on the 2">lli it is + Dm. IHs. Hi wl»at will l)c the time wlien the apparent and mean time co- incide, and what will be the eijiiation at mi(h»i^ht. 1">2. The true course is N.hE.^H. the distance 250 miles, tlie variation of the coinpass 1 { poiiifs K. a cur- rent scttini^N.^VMiW. 2^ miles an hour. Jlequired the course by comp:iss which a steamer, runninii; 9\ knots an hour, should steer and what distance she must run to reach her ])ort in the shortest ])ossibi(! time. 1;3;3. If the sun's alt. be 10^ 20' at 7h. loni. 48s. and 11° 49' 25" at 7h. 31m. IGs. what will be its alt. at 7h. 21m. 33s. 151. A ship at neon is in lat. 4^ 10' S. and long. ITS'" 40' Fj. and next 'l;^v -M )u;on found b> observc.fion that she was in lut. ii '/' S. -uk' Ion,-;- I'/Vf W. having run b} log 15(> miles, steering E.N.E. Retjuirid the course ond force of the current, su])posing it the only ca'- 1.;... !'.:,]., ap. time at place, llv; observe 1 :Ca. oi' Polaris was 48° cC fv;et, ind.ex error -y HV' to add, longitude ! '■.y'\V. Required the latitude. • " I).';-, r' ;■-''■'-' •:-■•■ "■'». l")rn. n'n. i'<-'^ rt s'.do tiie eye i22 )}' account 1;. • .: :■, r;.:;. 'n ktv-itudc £.> :)./ W. tii;^ ob- sarvv:.! ...t. Oi .ie iiiiLi^s \A. was T 10' at nudidght, the eye 17 feet, index error r 10" in add. Required the lati- tude. an the J\'mi- rr Certi- ;alors. dC tiiiu' is .to wluit I time co- i^ht. hwwxi 2'j() K. a (Mir- [iiircd tlic 9^ knots list run to . 4Ss. and its alt. at and long. l)st'r\t.tion ■V. iiuving [uii'ctl the it the oi)ly r. time wt tlie eye i22 y a'jcount "^ nt shin ^\ th;ob- ,i..,i'ic eye L>d t he lati- 1.58. Required the natural wliole number corrcsj)ond- ing to the lo«r. ;3. 805437 . 150. Reijuired the lenjj^th of a degree of longitude on the parallel of Cape Farewell in lat. 59" 49' 12" N. KiO. Oct. 7, 1858, in longitude 00° 40' E. the observ- ed meridian alt. ot Procyon (a con. min) was 55° 35' observer soutli otstar — eye 21 feet, index error + 2' 15'' Required the latitude. 101. A sliip from lat. 34° 20' S. ruiming in the south east (piarter for 24 hours found Ihm- difference of lat. and difference of long, were equal. Required the course steered. 162. Nov. 18, 1858, (astronomical time) in lat. 48^ 2^' N. and long. 52^ 20' W . what will be the ap. time at plaee when tlie moon bears due west. 103. April 2, 1858, in lat. by account 30° 2' N. long. 07° 59' W. th(; observed alt. O was 31° 24' 13" (bear- ing east by compassj at 8h. 10m. 48s. a.m., ap. time and at llh. Im. 54s. a.m., the observed alt. was 01° ()' 20" — course and distance in the interval S.bE^E. 28 miles — the eye 22 f(?et. No index error. Required the lat. when the latter alt. was taken 104. IVIarch 24, 1858, p.m., at ship lat. 9° 4' S. the ol)served alt. O is 29° 50' 30". Index error 1' 10" to add, eye 17 feet, the time by chronometer 24d. Ih. 3m. 10s. which had been rated Jan. 2, when it was fast 3r 13s. on G. m. t. at noon, and losing daily 3s. Requir the longitude. 105. Nov. 18, 1858. Required the times of high water p.m., and a.m., at Croqu arbour, N. F. 160. Dec. 15, 1858, required the ap. time when the moon will be on the meridian of St. John's, N. F. and what will be her true and apparent alt. at tuat time, and also her semi-diameter horizontal parallax, R. A. and declination. 167. March 25, 1858, lat. 18° 20' N. long. 140" ^0' W. I I equal altitudes of the sun were taken on an urtiflciul horizon when the corresponding times by chronometer were 25d. 6h. 31m. 20s. and 25d. U\i. SOrn. 35s. Re- quired the error of the chronometer on ap. and mean time at place, and also its error on G. m. t. 168. Siipposing the wind at S.W. and a ship beating to windward, runs on lier port tacks !22l) miles and then on her starboard tacks 2-25 miles, and now finds she has made IGO miles directly to windA\ .ird. Required the courses steered on each tack, an.l how near the wind did the ship lie. 169. May 1st, 1858, the meridian altitude of the star Dei;eb(acignus) below the pole is 12° 40Uhe eye 18 feet — index error + 3' 12". Required the latitude. 170. Nov. 4, 1858, lat. 0° long. 177° 30' W. the observed alt. O 14° 18'' at 5h. ap. time at ship — the magnetic azimuth of the sun's centre was S. 74° 7' W, Index error — 1' 20'-', eye 19 feet. Required the varia- tion of the compass. 171 Required the arithmetical compliment of the log, corresponding to the decimal number. 87604. 172. April 3, 1858, in lat. "5° 36' S. about half past four A.M., at ship. Several sets ot altitudes and distances of the moon and Spica were taken, of which the means were — observed alt. moon's 1.1. 63° 45', observed alt. of spica, (west of meridian) 30° 19' 41", observed distance between star and moon's nearest limb 32° 32' 0", mean of times by chronometer, corrected for error and rate — 2d. 18h. 15m. 49s. the eye 22 feet, index error + 1' 20". Required the error of the chronometer on G. m. t- and the longitude. 173. July 21, 1858, in lat. by account, 12° 28' S. and long. 20° 10' W. the observed alt. O near the meridian was 50° 30' 40" when 21d. Ih. 48m. 54. were shewn by a chronometer corrected for error and rate, the eye 16 feet. Index error — 3' 2". Retniired the true latitude. ary 174. A ship from lat. 10^ 10^ S. sailed in a direct course between north and west, for several days, when it was found by observation, that her difference of lat, her difference of long, and her departure were equal, and the degrees and minutes of her latitude, were also ecpial to those of her longitude. Re([uired the course steered, the distance run, the lat. and long, in, and the longitude left. 175. Sep. 21, 1858, in lat 46° 20' N. long. 160° W. at 9h. 20m. 30s. p.m., ap. time at place. Required the apparent and true altitude of the moon, and a Arietis, and also the true distance between them at that time. 176. Required the ap. time at Port Jackson, New Zealand long. 174^^ 23' 30" E. and at San Francisco, California, long. 122° 27' 23" W. when it is noon May 1st, at St. John's, N. F. 177. A man of war, bound to tl e Western Isles, Whose distance then S.E. was ninety miles, With flying topsails bent her watry way In a swift current through the briny spray : Fifty miles on her larboard tack she bore ; Sixty on her starboard,and then reached the shore From hence, ye sons of the raging main. The course made good upon each tack explain. 178. Oct. 13, 1858; the sun, Venus, Antares, Fomal- haut, and a Pegasi are given in the Nautical Almanac for lunar observation ; required to which of these pre- ference should be given in order to obtain the greatest degree of confidence in the accuracy of the time found by observation. 179. Nov. 22, 1858, (civil time) about 2h. 50m. a.m. at ship, supposing a vessel bound for St. John's, N. F. after a long continuance of fog, got a clear sky and hori- zon, and took the altitude of the star Sirius on the meri- dian, and found it 26° 41' 15", at the same time the altitude of Dubhe (a Ursae Majois) east of meridian, >t I .')G was observed to be Sl*^ 40' IG^', when a clirononietei* corrected for error and rate, shewed 2 Id. 18h. Om. 28s. the error of the sextant + 3'' 10'', the eye 16 feet. Required the hit. and long, of the vessel when the altitudes were taken, and her course to, and distance from Cape Spear. 180. Suppose the vessel in the last question sees Cape Spear bearing N.W. distant 25 miles the wind W.N.W. blowing fresh, and the vessel making one point lee-way, lying within 5} points of the wind, and run- ning at the rate of 6 knots an hour. Suppose a current setting N.bE. 2 knots an hour, and a swell from N.E.bE. 1 knot an hour, and it is purposed to fetch the Cape in two tacks, the first on the starboard. Required the course made good, the distance to be run on each tack add in what time she will fetch the Cape. Great Circle Sailing. It is a great defect in Norie's Epitome of Navigation, that there is nothing of Great Circle Sailing in it. In the present advanced state of Nautical practice, Avhen ships are rendered almost independent of wind and tide by the use of steam as a propelling power, it becomes indispensable for masters of vessels on long voyages, to make themselves familiar with the mode of conducting their ship the nearest way to her intended port ; and this can be accomplished only on the principles of Great Circle Sailing. The shortest track snould be matter of importance, now that the time occupied in the voyage is reckoned not alone to days but even to the hours and minutes. To masters of sailing vessels a knowledge of Great Circle Sailing is useful when adverse winds ren- der it impossible to run the ship on her direct course, then Great Circle Sailing teaches on which side of the plane track to lay the ship with most advantage in order to make the shortest course ; under any circumstances 37 it is impossible to run a ship directly on the Great Cir- cle course ; but by changing the course at every 5 or 6 degrees of longitude, a very close approximation to it, can be effected. There are but six cases in Great Cir- cle Sailing, and two of these require no calculation whatever, for the first case is sailing due east or west on the equator so that the difference of longitude is the shortest distance ; in like manner when a ship sails due north or south, her difference of latitude is the shortest distance which is the second case ; so that four cases only require calculation — and these aie as follow : — 1st. Case — ^When the place of departure and that of des- tination are on the same parallel of latitude N. or S. but differing in longitude. 2nd Case — When one of the places is on the equator in a given longitude, the other N. or S. of it, in a diffe- rent longitude. 3rd Case — When the places are on different sides of the equator and on different meridians. 4th Case — When both places are on the same side of the equator, having different latitudes and longitudes. This last case is the most important, an example is here given. Required the Great Circle Course and distance, (the ship changing her cc .u at every five degrees of longi- tucfe) fi«om St. Joh- uj. 47° 34' N. long. 52° 38' W. to Galway, lat. 53° 1/' N. long. 8° 51' W. the calcula- tions are tabulated as follows : — St. John's. No. Courses DiST. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 N. 61° 45' E. " 62. 32 • " •• 66. 17 " " 70. 8 " '• 74. 2 '• " 77. 59 " " 81. 58 " « 85. 59 " S. 85, 59 " " 83. 47 " 48 220 207 197 189 187 180 178 178 98 Lat. '47°5r 49. 31 50. 48 51. 49 52. 35 53. 7 53.25 53. 32 53. 25 63. 17 Long. 61° 35' W. 46. 35 41. 35 36. 35 31. 35 26. 35 21. 35 16. 35 11.35 8.61 Galway. A diagram is here given, shewing the Great Circle Track which is pricked off from the foregoing table of latitude and longitude ; the Vertex or highest latitude is 53° 32' N. and 16° 35' W. longitude ; the point of maximum seperation is 52° 38' N. lat. and 31° 5' W. long. In this case of Great Circle Sailing it is worthy of particular remark, that the Great Circle Course is alway in a higher latitude, be that latitude N. or S. than the plane or Mercator's course. As this work is intended for exercise in applying the various rules by which all the problems of Navigation are solved, it is necessary the learner should have these rules before him to work the questions, and as these rules are not in Norie's Epitome, the only work of Na- vigation used in our schools, exercise in Great Circle Sailing would be useless here. The learner is referred to Towson's, Turnbull's or Mrs. Janet Taylor's works on Great Circle Sailing. : ; 3 Great Circle egoing table of lighest latitude I ; the point of and 31° 5' W. ng it is worthy ircle Course is itude N. or S. n applying the of Navigation )uld have these , and as these ly work of Na- n Great Circle [•ner is referred Faylor's works # K , ■iiwirf-""^!i f55 W I o sV- Tr'Ct'P.,^,. ■•'""****" ■'? «P 25 - ^0 " — — 1 1 ■ — \ 15 10 1 ■- -J- O "^60 %. -55 / 76S0i MMfJ.. /^ T-rap.A ' " -60 lCsJ:^. • -TT^tfT"^^^^^" ' ',71 C ^ ' t • .), call this sum or difference the elapsed time (c) for the /ess lat. Proceed in t he same manner, using the results of (c) and {d) to find the elapsed time (/ ) for the ^eater lat. Rule 7th.— Take the difference of elapsed time (e) for the less lat. and the true apparent elapsed time, calling the remainder too little .if the former is less than the latter but too much if the reverse is thee ase. Find also the difference of the elapsed time (/), for the greater lat. and the true apparent time, naming the remainder on the same principle as before. Rule 8th. — ^When one elapsed time is too much and the other too little, take their sum, but if both arc too much or both too little, take their dijfercnce for the er- ror of elapsed time, caused by an error of one degree of lat. Rule 9th.— Make this proportiox. which can be com- puted by proportional logarithms : thus As the error of elapsed time on 1° of lat. I8 to 1° So is the error of elapsed for the less or greater assut d .at. To a correction to be applied to that assumed lat. It will be seen that when the elapsed time of one as- sumed lat. is too little and that of the other too much, the true lat. is between the two assumed ones, conse- sequently the correction must be ailded to the less or subtracted from the greater lat. according to which is used for the determining of the correction. But both * } tlie elapsed times ol' the two assumed latitudes, may be too much or botli loo little, each case is jiossihle, then the correction must be applied to satisfy the tbilowing conditions — if the elapsed ol' the less assumed lat. dirters from the true elapsed time by a given ((uantity, and that ol'the greater assumed lat. by a less (piantity, then the true lat. iiiust be greater tlian the greater assumed one; also if the elapsed time of the great(!r assumed lat. differs from the true elaps(;d time by a given (quantity, and that of the less assumed lat. by a less (juantity, then the true lat. must be less than the less assumed one. Question^ SO, JM), 91, 92, and 93, will serve lor exer- cise by thi iuethod. Steamers Lights and the Laiv of passing Vessels or the Rules of the Road. 1. — All steamers, when under way, must show the Ibl- lowing Lights between sun set and sun rise. A Bright light at the fore-mast head. A Green light on the starl)oard bow. A Red light on the port bow. Reaiark. — The bright light should be seen at least 5 miles in a dark night, with a clear atmosphere, and the lantern so constructed that the light may be seen round an arc of the horizon of 20 points, that is, 10 points on each side, being from right-a-head to 2 points abaft-the-beam on each side. The colored lights should be seen at least 2 miles, and round an arc of the horizon of 10 points, being from right-a-head, to 2 points abaft the beam. The colored lights are seen only on their own side ; as to prevent them being seen across the bow, an inboard screen, of at last 3 feet in length is fitted to each light ; they being placed in a fore-and-aft line with the inner edge of the side light. MM mmm lol- 43 2.— All steamers v'iiPii at anchor, must show a i)ri/j;!it light at tlie foremast hciul, visible all round the hori- ssel lo th *„... Sailing 3.— Sailing vessels at night, a])|)r()a(hing an} other ves- sel, must show a light so as to be best seen by that other vessel. , .,• i 4.— In meeting vessels, steamers and sauing vessels ' with the wind free, have to comply ^vith the same rule, that is, they must give wa} to those on a wmd on either tack. - , i i 6.— Sailing vessels close hauled on the starboard tack always keep their wind. 6.__Sailing vessels close hauled on the port tack must give way to those on the starboard tack. 7._1„ passing vessels, whether they are proceeding in the same or in an opposite direction, pass them on )Our port hand. 8.- -In passing a vessel which is proceeding across your bow, go astern. Examimtions of Masters and Mate, f Utblk: cd hi con- sequence oj the Mercantile Murine 'U-t oj 1850. After the first day of September, 1852, no foreign- going vessel will be permitted to clear out from any Custom-house in the United Kingdom without thtj Mas- ters and Mates respectively being in possession of Certi- ficates either of service or of comjietency. The Certificate of service entitles an officer, vho has already served as either Master or Mate, in the British Merchant Service before the first day of January 1851, to go in those capacities again, and may be had by application to the Registrar-General of seamen, Custom plouse, London, on the transmission of the necessary Certificates and testimonials. Certificates of competency will be granted by the I :i 44 Board of Trade to all Mates and Masters who have passed examination, whether under the old or the Dre- sent regulations, and also to all officers who have passed Lieutenants Masters' and second Masters' examination n he Royal Navy and East India Company's Service, unless special reasons to the contrary exist; and an^ person desirous of exchandng a passing Certificate- obtained under the former Boards of Eximiners-for a competency Certificate, should send it to the Registar- Gcneral, as before mentioned, with a request to that effect, and state the port to which he wishes it to be sent, where it will be delivered to him b/ hrCollector of Customs or the Shipping Master ^ ^ol^ector f h.T." 1 ''l^^'' ""^T"' ^"^^""S ^^^ the first time upon heir duties, whether as mat.' or master, will be requLl to undergo an examination before one of the Local Marine Boards before they can act in either of ThoTe The qualifications required for the several ranks un- dermentioned, are as follows :— A Second Mate must be seventeen years of age and must have been four years at sea. ^ ^ ' In Navigation.— He must write a legible hand nnrl understand the first four rules of arithmetl and^ he u e of logarithms. He must be able to correc the courses steered for variation and lee-way, and find the difference of latitude and longitude therefrom, be able to co^ect the sun's dec ination for longitude, .nd find the laSe by the meridian altitude of the sun ; and work such other easy problems of a like nature, as may be put to hTui ^' T'' ""^^r'^t-"^! the use of the sextant, and be able to observe with it, and read off" the arc. as \'l^tho^^:'''"''~^^ """^^ ^^^ satisfactory answers Tolds^P Z:?^"'^ ?^ """gging of ships, stowing of holds kc &c. -must understand the measurement of the log-lme, glass, and lead-line, be conversant with the *i ^^^ffis 45 rule of the road, as regards both steamers and sailing- vessels, and the lights carried by them. An Only Mate must be eighteen years of age, and have been four years at sea. In Navigation. — In addition to the qualification re- quired for a Second Mate, an Only Mate must be able to work a day's work complete, including the bearings and distance of the port he is bound to, by Mercator's method. He must know how to lay off the place of the ship on the chart, both b} bearings of known objects, and by latitude and longitude ; must be able to observe and calculate the sun's amplitude, and deduce the vari- ation of the compass therefrom. He must be able to use a sextant and determine its error, and adjust it, and find the time of high water from the known time at full and chanjje. In Seamanship. — In addition to what is required of a Second Mate, he must know how to moor and unmoor, and to keep a clear anchor ; to carry out an anchor ; to stow a hold, and make the requisite entries in the ship's log, A First Mate must be nineteen years of age, and have served five years at sea, of which one year must have been as cither Second or Only Mate, or as both. (Service in a superior capacity is in all cases to be equi- valent to service in an inferior capacity.) In Navigation. — In addition to the qualification required for an Only Mate, he must be able to observe azimuths and compute the variation ; to compare chro- nometers and keep their rates, and find the longitude by them from an observation of the sun ; to find the lati- tude by a single altitude of the sun off* the meridian ; and be able to use and adjust the sextant by the sun. In ^Seamanship. — In addition to the qualification required of an Only Mate, a more extensive knowledge of seamanship will be recpiircd, as to shifting large spars 46 and sails, managing a ship in stormy weather, taking in and making sail, shifting yards and masts, &c., and get- ting cargo in and out ; especially heavy spars and weights, &c, ; casting ship on lee-shore, and securing the masts in the event of accident to the bowsprit. A Mastkr must be twenty-one years of age, and have been six years at sea, of which one year must have been as First IMate, and one year as Second Mate ; or two years as First and Only Mate. In addition to the qualification for a First Mate, he must be able to find the latitude by a Star, &c. he will be inquired of as to the nature of the attraction of the ship's iron upon the compass, and as to the method of determining it. He must pos^^ess a sufficient knoAv- ledge of what he is required to do by law ; as to entry and discharge, and the management "^of his crew ; as to penalties and entries to be made in the official lo<' «>- to day until al?the' ?an Hi .'.f Y ''"""""ed from day "pon the Shippi ' S ' , 'wt/ T T""' "PP'^'"'^^ tion, are cxamfned. "" "''= ''"•>' "f examiua- applicants, and "rthou? wl .1 ' ' ""^ '''^'i"'"''^ "f"" ined : and as tesConi K 1 T P'^"'™' "'" ''« ^xam- the office ofthe S".t, rJ ^TZ '^ '*« '"n™ded to for verificatiorbefoffa,^; rertfi "["^""'V'' ^"''o" it f desirable that caldates shouu7„"l ''^f ™'<'''' early as possible ITnJ r !•"''' '"dge them as Ma/ter, LdiSes wSlbe £jL:ri '1 "? ^''''f "'^ they will bereouired tn fill . i'^ 1 1 V"'' ''Z"™' ''''"■eh ti.noniak in the' SV:/:',!;^^'^ '""' '"-• «- Mas er If" c\" Hda?e""v"1 "^ P="''''° '^e Shipping fee he has paW w t Jt ' ed "^ ??"T"»«™> ^"^"''f Master on his nrodm-i^fvhlte-Ilcd roof. Hou.e ^.^hlte. To^ver brick, detached. . ,,.ed .1th alternate bands of red & .hlte-House separate -rower iron-paintcd ^"^^ ^j ' Til .a »a »«.e-Bw.BU-. a.-ed, -.. Tower Iron painted m stripes rea roof red. Tc«.tripea red .nd white -rertWly. H„u.e.dTo.e.»,«0,ee„I...«d,,...ea.U.e-K.or«d. Tower detached t..« dwelling-P-ted white rootred. (Not yet finished.) ^ Lights ill Gulf of St. Lawrence and Straits of Belle Isle. Name of Liglit Position Lat. N. Belle Isle Point Amour Anticosti Cape Rozier (East coast ofi Oaspe) I Long. W. Description of Light. S.W. Point of Island S.E.Point of FortcauBay 51° 53' 155° 26' JA sinple fix- I j cd white 51°27'30" 56°43'40" Single fixed white West end of •I9''52'30",C4° 35' Island Point of Cape 48° 51' 64° 15' Single fixed white Single fixed white 20 18 15 17 4-> Cj ■s o CO O '470 112 136 '35° W. 34° W. 27i°W 26° W. iMi ■■MHiiii IX Heu^vbks. Whole Horizon lighted from sun rise to sun set. Circular stone tower, faced with Jire brick of light colour | of horizon illumiiiated. Tower &c,, same as Point Amour. Tower and light same as Anticoste. -J SUBSCRIPTION LIST. Government House, April 14, 1859. I consider that such a work as Mr. Canipbcll pro- pu.^es to publish would be very useful in this colony for those }ounjij men who may wish to accjuire a know- le(l<;e of Navijration. I have not read the work, but as Mr. C. intends to publish by Subscription I shall readily contribute towards that end iJlO. * NERMAN, Governor. Walter Grieve J. McGregor .... MclJride & Kerr C. F. Bennett ScCo Erooking Son & Co Harvey, Fox & Co W. & If. Thomas & Co Job BrotlicTH & Co Clift, WoodvV Co 1'. 'I'askcr F.B.Carter Dr. Winter S. March .... .... R. 0;Dwy<-r Uovviing iJrothcrR .... . . . Newibundland ^Marine Assurance Company. , St. .Tolm's [Marine Insurance C\;mi)any. . . . William llounscll & Co W. W. , .cMcs.suricr John Kuvunaj^h. ... John llogsett Iv. Alsop & Co. . . . .... .... W.F.Wilson James Cormack .... John Munn .... .... Ridley & Sons W. Donnelly John liorke. ... .... 1 s. d. 5 3 3 ■,> , (i 2 2 2 10 3 1 1 1 1 10 1 2 5 5 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 (i 1 3 a 2 1 1 u i 1 I ml