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EGCaiOMt IN THE GOVEHNittiNT, 
 
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 THE ORIGIN, COMPOSITION, AND FUTURITY 
 
 OF 
 
 POLITICAL PARTIES IN CANADA. 
 
 
 ir 
 
 I'f. 
 
 •:\Na 
 
 
 In order to give a correct idea of the relative 
 position of political parties ir. Canada, it is 
 necessary to take a retrospect and briefly 
 to trace the history of events from a some- 
 what remote period. 
 
 Lower Canada, in consequence of the 
 events of 1837 and 1838, had lost the con- 
 stituton which it had enjoyed since 1791, 
 and the Imperial Government had substi- 
 tuted to it, an or^pranization designated a 
 " Special Council," an anomalous and ex- 
 ceptional state of things which could only 
 be transitory. In 18^ the Parliament of 
 the Empire voted the new Constitutional 
 Act, which re-unitefl, under one Govern- 
 ment, the two Provinces of Upper and 
 Lower Canada, separated since 1791. Eng- 
 land, in a political point of view, was wrong 
 in acceding to this first separation of the 
 Provinces, since it tended to foster, on 
 American soil, the developement of institu- 
 tions of excessive mobility and which might 
 be engrafted on any nationality and thrive 
 there. One element alone is sufficient, 
 under every zone, to favor their growth, 
 that element is — Interest. England had 
 been wrong in permitting the simultaneous 
 development of two separate nationalities, 
 arrayed, as it were, against each other — of 
 two societies, essentially differing the one 
 from the other in their ' institutions, their 
 laws, their manners, their instincts, and 
 their prejudices ; and she was again wrong, 
 and far more so, in 1840, when, in order to 
 crush one nationality, the only real and en- 
 during foundation to her power in the new 
 world, she re-united into one the two Pro- 
 
 vinces which had grov/n fifty years older in 
 the possession of those opposite institutions, 
 laws, manners, instincts, and prejudices. 
 Adopting the counsels of a perfidious man. 
 who deceived himself in his cruel calcula- 
 tions, she sought to attain her end by violent 
 measures and by extermination, whilst she 
 might infallibly have found what she sought 
 in good gorernment; and whilst justice 
 alone ought to have been the basis of her 
 domination on the broad and free shores of 
 the St. Lawrence. 
 
 The Act of 1841, by its odious division of 
 electoral districts, gave a preponderance to 
 the English race, and placed the Franco- 
 Canadians, with all their political, social, 
 and religious institutions, in a condition of 
 political dependance upon it. The popula- 
 tion of Lower Canada was by one-third 
 larger than that of Upper Canada, and yet the 
 latter had the same numberof voices in the 
 Elective Chamber. English boroughs were 
 favoured, and valueless localities containing 
 scarcely a few hundred souls, could elect 
 representatives, whilst Electoral Districts, 
 having a population of forty thousand souls, 
 were entitled to elect but one. The injustice 
 did not stop hero. Constitutional tyranny 
 had so far been perpetrated ; it now re- 
 mained to complete the measure, that un- 
 constitutional tyranny should be exercised. 
 Lord Sydenham, altered, by proclamation, 
 the limits of the cities of Quebec and Mon- 
 treal, fixed from time immemorial, by the 
 proclamation of another governor, Sir Alu- 
 led Clarke, and excluded from them the 
 almost totality of the Freoch population 
 
 !:il,' 
 
that could, indubitably, hare given the vic- 
 tory to the liberal party, and thus have con- 
 vinced England, that that party was sup- 
 ported and upheld, at the great centres of 
 information, commerce and influence. In 
 other localities, such as the tvo Counties of 
 Terrebcr>oe and Montreal, Lord Sydenham 
 triumphed through brute force, an^l by shed- 
 ding the blood of peaceable citizens. In 
 the legislative session of 1841, which was 
 the first under the new Constitution, the 
 Governor General not only had a majority, 
 but, out of eighty-four members, composing 
 the Legislative Assembly, only twenty-one 
 were franco-Canadians, two of whom were 
 partisans of the constitutional despot. The 
 franco-Canadians were not, however, des- 
 pondent, and, after solemnly protesting upon 
 the records of the House against the par- 
 tiality and injustice of the Constitution, they, 
 lik • wise men, resolved on taking a part in 
 public affairs, and await the supervening of 
 better days. To stand aloof from the Con- 
 stitution would have been suicidal, they, 
 thereiore, did no such thing, and time has 
 shown that they w.rre right. 
 
 Lord Sydenham's majority was composed 
 of the English Tories of Lower Canada, and 
 of men designated as the Liberals of Upper 
 Canada. These were favorable to the Union, 
 and hence the Governor General, by means 
 of corruption i '\ violence, had them elected 
 iij the very ' --holds of toryism, 6uch as 
 Toronto an i . • igston. The Upper Canada 
 Tories, hereiuiore the supreme rulers, were 
 adverse to the Union, because it deprived 
 them of the Government ; and the Tories of 
 Lower Canada were favorable to it, because 
 it preserved their power, and, particularly, 
 because it was to consumate the total ruin of 
 iranco-Canadian nationality and influence. 
 .Lord Sydenham obtained his Parliamentary 
 majowty especially by offering, in^ the way 
 of ameliorations, thirty-six millions of francs 
 to the coretousness of the fluctuating popu- 
 lation of Upper Canada, which is incessantly 
 recruiting and renewing itself by immigra- 
 tion. A few distinguished liberals preserved 
 their public integrity amidst so much cor- 
 ruption, and the names of a Baldwin, a 
 Price, a Durand, wiJl be handed down, hon- 
 oured and respected, in history. But in the 
 middle of his triumphs, Mr. Ponletl Thomp- 
 soa (afterwards Lord Sydenham) felt that 
 his incongruous majority was wanting in 
 those elements of cohesion that might war- 
 rant its enduring, for any length of time.— 
 
 Hence did he endeavour, mere than once, 
 to draw over to his side Mr. LaFontaine and 
 with that gentleman, the franco-Canadians. 
 Unable to do this, he attempted, but in vain, 
 to compromise Mr. LaFontaine in the eyes 
 of his party. 
 
 Thio majority, composed of elements so 
 strange and repugnant, and having no other 
 aflii'.ity amongst themselves than hatred of 
 a common object and covetouonees, was 
 about breaking up when Lord Sydenham 
 descended to his grave. His successor at 
 once understood that he could not govern 
 without the concurrence of the franco-Cana- 
 dians, whose union, independence, disinter- 
 estedness, and elevation of sentimerrty, were 
 neither unknown nor unadmired. Overtures 
 were several times made to Mr. LaFontaine 
 to obtain that concurrence, and after four 
 times coming to the charge, new concessions 
 being made on each occasion, Mr. LaFon- 
 taine now, for the second time, leader of the* 
 Adminstration, and Mr. Morin, the Speaker 
 of the Elective branch of the Legislature,, 
 accepted office with Mr. Baldwin, the pre- 
 sent Attorney General for Upper Canada. — 
 This ocurred during the first few days of the- 
 Session of 1842, and the Parliament was* 
 prorogued to give the new ministry time to- 
 prepare their measures. B'H Sir Charles 
 Bagot died before the the"- ^ meeting of 
 the Legislature, and Sir -ia Metcalfe- 
 
 came out as his successor. 
 
 Sir Charles Metcalfe, for a long time ac- 
 customed to despotic G^K^ernment, and sul. 
 mitting very distastefully to the suggestions 
 of a responsible ministry, whilst he, more- 
 over lent an ear to the advice of irresponsi- 
 ble persons and intriguing men, «uch as 
 Messrs. Wakefield and Higginson, made 
 certain important appointments without con- 
 sulting his responsible advisers, who were 
 directly accountable to the people for thosa 
 appointments. The Ministers protested and 
 retired. Their conduct was approved of by 
 nearly three-fourths of the Elective Cham- 
 ber, which declared that the right of consult- 
 ation was as much an attribute of the Min- 
 istry in Canada as of the Ministry in Eng- 
 land. Sir Charles Metcalfe, who ivas re- 
 warded for this autocratin conduct by & 
 Peerage, appealed to the people of Canada. 
 The elections were more of a personal than 
 of a political character, if we may so speak, 
 for at the very time that the recent peer was 
 loudly protesting, through the press, agamst 
 any design on his part to impair the consti- 
 
than once, 
 ntaine and 
 I!anadians. 
 tut in vain, 
 in the eyes 
 
 lements so 
 g no other 
 a hatred of 
 Hiess, was 
 Sydenham 
 uccessor at 
 lot govern 
 inco-Cana- 
 e, dlisinter- 
 letrts-, were 
 
 Overtures 
 LaFontaine 
 1 after four 
 :onces»ion3 
 ^lr. LaFon- 
 lader of the* 
 he Speaker 
 Legifilature,. 
 tn, the pre- 
 
 Canada. — 
 days of the- 
 ament wa» 
 rtry time to- 
 5ir Charles 
 
 meeting of 
 13 Metcalfe- 
 
 ig time ac- 
 it, and sul. ' 
 suggestions 
 t he, more- 
 
 rresponsi- 
 n, «uch as 
 ison, made 
 without con- 
 
 who were 
 )le for those 
 rotested and 
 raved of by 
 live Cham- 
 t of consult- 
 of the Mia- 
 itry in Eng- 
 ho -ivas re- 
 iduct by lu 
 of Canada, 
 srsonal than 
 &y so speak, 
 int peer was 
 ress, against 
 r the consti- 
 
 tution, and that he charged the Ministry 
 with having sought to make a political tool 
 of him, he lavished his treasure with a pro- 
 fuse hand upon all our benevolent institutions 
 and upon all enterprises of public utility. 
 He was, however, affected by a destroying 
 malady that was soon to terminato his ex- 
 istence. He died of a cancer in the face, 
 that inflicted upon him most acute suffer- 
 ings, which he bore with a silent courage 
 and a calmness of resignation beyond all 
 praise. All these circumstances conspired 
 to draw to him the sympathies of all those 
 who believed in the smcerity of his protest- 
 ations, and in his avowed respect for Minis- 
 terial Responsibility, and who did not 
 understand and foresee that upon the result 
 of the then contest depended the perpetuation 
 of the old despotism, or the establishment^ 
 for ever, of constitutional government in its 
 plenitude. The Tories of Upper Canada, 
 "vvho had protested with all their might 
 against popular government, ranged them- 
 selves, with ironical joy, around this other 
 Charles H., and they carried an electoral 
 triumph because they were the only compact 
 element of Lord Metcalfe's party. The 
 returning officers had been artfully chosen, 
 and by means of several dishonest decisions, 
 they gave a majority of two or three votes 
 to the Governor General. Almost the whole 
 of Upper C .nada ranged itself under his 
 banner, whilst Lower Canada almost wholly 
 took possession of the Opposition benches. — 
 The Opposition was formidable, both in 
 point of numbers «.id of talent, whilst the 
 Ministry was composed of men, either new 
 in public life or of patent incapacity. The 
 former, had they willed it, might literally 
 have arrested the march of Legislation and 
 of Government. They, however, willed it 
 not, and preferred a contest, more rational 
 and more p.itriotic, which ultimately pre- 
 vailed throughout the country. The Tories, 
 during the "three years that they were in 
 power, attempted several times, but unsuc- 
 cessfully, by their inexperience, to gain over 
 the French Canadians ; they prostrated the 
 public credit ; threw the country into inex- 
 tricable financial embarrassment, and led it 
 to the very verge of bankruptcy. They lost 
 themselves through their impotency and 
 corruption ; and tne General Elections of 
 1847 and 48 gave a brilliant victory to the 
 liberal party, and recalled to power the p*m- 
 cipal elements of the Ministry of 1842 and 
 1843 
 
 The change of Administration took plac9 
 at the commencement of the session of 1848, 
 after a vote of the Elective Chamber, which 
 placed the Tories in a humiliating minority. 
 The new Administration prorogued Parlia- 
 ment in order to prepare their measures. 
 This overthrow of one party and elevation 
 of another, took place without commotion. 
 The adversaries of the new administration 
 confiessed that it was composed of the 
 strongest and most homogenous elements 
 that could be found in the Country, and it 
 may be said, that if they did not like the 
 Cabinet, they had at least confidence in its 
 integrhy, hs ability, and expeiience. Peace 
 reigned throughout Canada, and the new 
 Government laboured with all is energies to 
 extricate the Country from the financial em- 
 barrassment into which it had been plunged 
 through the unskillfulness of the preceedi.ig 
 Administration. 
 
 Never had the Tories, as yet, found them- 
 selves so fractioned as a party ; for scarcely 
 could they, when mustering all their forces, 
 command eighteen votes in the representa- 
 tive branch, and, unhappily for them, they 
 had no bond of Union to keep them together. 
 A leader was wanting who, by his superi- 
 ority, might silence petty jealousies and 
 group his party around him, himself pre- 
 eminent in their midst. Sir A. McNab 
 seemed disposed to take the command ; but 
 hardly more than two or three consented to 
 accept as their leader a man who, at be8t,but 
 understood some of the minor Parliamentary 
 tactics. Some of the memlwjrs of the late ad- 
 minitration separately manifested the same 
 desire by their disdainful and negative si- 
 lence. — in this morbid state of existence they 
 awaited the session of 1849, which was the 
 most stormy and the longest since the Ses- 
 sion of 1792. 
 
 At the commencement of the Session the 
 Tories, numerically null and deficient in 
 cohesion, were bewailing their impotency, 
 when all at once they thought they had dis- 
 covered the way to power. — It will be teiidily 
 understood that we allude to the Rebellion 
 Losses Bill. — The Tory press multiplied 
 falsehoods in relation to that measure, and 
 the Electric Telegraph carried them to the 
 extremities of the Province with the rapidity 
 of lightning. The agitation became ex- 
 treme in Upper Canada, and in the English 
 districts of Lower Canada. The Opposition 
 knew that they could succeed best by kind- 
 ling a war of*^ races, and hence, in both 
 
4 
 
 houses of Parliament, through the press, at 
 public meetings, everywhere, they raispcl 
 the hue and cry that tiie Governor General 
 was rewarding French rebels, and, there- 
 fore, punishing the Anglo-Saxons for their 
 loyalty and devotion to the empire. They 
 moved that the hateful bill would not pass, 
 and made prodigious efforts completely to 
 «top the progress of Legislation. The House 
 of Assembly sat without adjournment for 
 twenty successive hours. Clubs were busy 
 without, plotting in the dark, and threaten- 
 ing vengeance. The bill was sanctioned on 
 the 25ih of April. — A shriek of angry pas- 
 sion burst forth. Lord Elgin, who had but 
 consulted his position and obeyed his duty 
 as a constitutional Governor, was insulted in 
 leaving the Parliament buildings ; eggs and 
 stones were thrown at him. On the night 
 of that day a meeting was held on the 
 Champ de Mars, and the multitude of gen- 
 tlemen rioters and fii bankrupt merchants 
 raoved towards the Parliament buildings 
 which soon after exhibited but one immense 
 conflagratic J. The hideous light was re- 
 flected over the whole vault of the Canadian 
 sky, and the shouts, no less hideous, of the 
 barbarian rioters were re-echoed on the ex- 
 treme shores of the St. Lawrence and in the 
 depths of the forest— they there inspired in- 
 <iescribable horror: a reaction took place 
 which brought about strong manifestations 
 favourable to the Governor-General and to 
 his administration. The latter crowning the 
 work by their prudence and their moderation, 
 smothered this civil war — this war of races 
 which threatened to be thus enkindled. 
 
 From this epoch may probably be dated 
 the dissolution of the Tory party, which by 
 its conduct lost the most respectable and 
 most incorruptible of its members, Mr. Wil- 
 son of London. Upper Canada had discover- 
 ed that the Tories had thus endangered the 
 Constitution and shaken the foundation of 
 society, but with a view of regaining that 
 power which they had possessed and tyran- 
 nically exercised during fifty years. 
 
 The party thus vanquished and brokeo up 
 by its own excesses, did not however wholly 
 despair ; they formed a political association 
 called " The League" composed of a certain 
 number of delegates from different parts of 
 the Province. " The League" held its sit- 
 tings at Kingston during the summer of 1849 ; 
 but as it was without unhy and had no 
 definite object, it soon dwindled into a vague 
 existence and noiselessly dissolved. It was 
 
 to have resumed its sittings at Toronto on th« 
 very day upon which the Parliament should 
 meet, but the League had expired ; and 
 since then a gloomy silence has reigned over 
 its grave. 
 
 The League had scarcely existed whdn 
 the merchants of -Montreal, ruined for the 
 most part by the rash speculations of 1847 
 and 1848 and by the excesses of 1849, pub- 
 lished a document since called the Annexa- 
 tion Manifesto, in which they besought their 
 Sovereign to grant them the liberty of an- 
 nexing Canada to the United States that it 
 might form part of the Federal Republic in 
 order, they said, to escape from " ruin and 
 decay ;" some other persons without due 
 reflection signed the document with them. 
 This measure, as insolent as it was insen- 
 sate, was of a nature gravely to affect the 
 public credit, if not counteracted or silently 
 condemned throughout the country. The 
 election of the County of Sherbrooke (which, 
 it must be observed, is contiguous to the 
 United States, and is in a great measure 
 peopled by Americans) was carried on the 
 Annexationist ticket ; but the victory, in that 
 large County, was obtained by a feeble 
 majority of thirty-six votes. — For the causes 
 we have already stated, the result of this 
 election passed almost unnoticed and lead to 
 no consequences. 
 
 The annexationists knew one thing ; they 
 knew that if they could once carry any of 
 those great centres of commerce and of in- 
 struction which, from their influence, usually 
 give the political impulsion, they would 
 have a fair chance of disorganizing the whole 
 country ; and hence they pounced with 
 avidity upon the City of Quebec. Mr. Cha- 
 bot had accepted office with a seat in the 
 Cabinet, and was about presenting himself 
 for re-election; they availed themselves of 
 the occasion to try their strength. In this 
 election not only was the struggle between 
 the Ministry and their political adversaries, 
 between t^e constitution, allegiance, and 
 annexation ; but moreover between social- 
 ism and the conservative principle ; and the 
 annexationist orators proclaimed the doc- 
 trines of Fonrrier at their public meetings 
 and clubs. The Tories voted with the an- 
 nexationists, demanding at the same time 
 that their protest, against annexation be in- 
 serted on the poll-books. After upwards of 
 thirty days of electoral caballing, and public 
 meetings held almost without intermission 
 by the anti-ministerialists, the constitutional 
 
ironto on thv 
 Tient should 
 :pired ; and 
 reigned over 
 
 listed whdn 
 ined for tlie 
 ions of 1847 
 f 1849, pub- 
 the Annexa- 
 Bsought their 
 iberty of an- 
 States that it 
 Republic ia 
 n " ruin and 
 without due 
 t with them, 
 it was insen- 
 to affect the 
 ed or silently 
 mntry. The 
 ■ooke (which, 
 guous to the 
 reat measure 
 jarried on the 
 ictory, in that 
 by a feeble 
 'or the causes 
 result of this 
 Pid and lead to 
 
 e thing ; they 
 
 carry any of 
 ce and of in- 
 lence, usually 
 
 they would 
 ting the whole 
 jounced with 
 ;c. Mr. Cha- 
 
 a seat in the 
 nting himself 
 themselves of 
 igth. In this 
 iggle between 
 al adversaries, 
 egiance, and 
 it ween 80<;ial- 
 jiple ; and the 
 med the doc- 
 iblic meetings 
 
 with the an- 
 :he same time 
 exation be in- 
 ter upwards of 
 ng, and public 
 ut intermission 
 
 constitutional 
 
 •candidate, himself a minister of the Crown 
 in the Province, was elected by a majority 
 of 804 votes. This was overwhelming, and 
 what was still more so, was the fact that the 
 immense majority of the French Canadians 
 •whom they had hoped so easily to draw into 
 the movement, voted against Annexation. 
 The blow was decisive and annexation was 
 extinguished. 
 
 But whilst the annexationists proclaimed 
 from the house-tops the " ruin and decay" of 
 Colonial Canada, Upper Canada gave them 
 an emphatic denial by her unexampled 
 prosperity and the growing activity of her 
 commerce. Lower Canada herself was 
 prudently emerging from that commercial 
 crisis which had swept like a hurricane over 
 the industry of nations, and her Ciistoms- 
 Revenue unequivocally gave the lie to the 
 statements of disaffected alarmists. By and 
 by the merchants became so engaged in 
 their counting-houses, with sales, canals, 
 rail-roads, and a thousand other useful specu- 
 lations, that they no longer thought of an- 
 nexation, prosperity having overtaken them 
 fio completely without its intervention. 
 
 We now come to the last phasis of our 
 political history ; we allude to dear-gritism. 
 To it, no solution has yet been arrived at ; 
 and it is very difficult to foretel what will be 
 the fate of this new political sect, which is 
 the more daagerous from its keeping within 
 the scope of the constitution, and its ostensi- 
 ble object being to urge economy in all the 
 <lepartments «f the public service. A cause, 
 very simple in appearance and very dis- 
 creditable, has given birth to this new 
 political creed, which has for it, as all new 
 religions have, the fervorof proselytism, and 
 which preaches its doctrines, naturally popu- 
 lar, however absurd, even under the roof of 
 the log-cabins. Clear -gritism is an Upper 
 Canada plant, which demagogues have 
 sought in C'sin to implant in the political 
 floil of Lower Caoada. 
 
 Dr. Park, an Upper Canadian physician, 
 had been appomted by Government as Phy- 
 sician to the Toronto Lunatic Asylum. He 
 soon after qitarrelled with the Commissioners 
 of the establishment upon a question of predo- 
 minance. Those Commissioners belonged to 
 the Tory party 5 Dr. Park on the other hand 
 was a Liberal. The difficulty was submitted 
 to the Government, and as it appeared to it 
 but just that Dr. Park should submit to the 
 subordination inherent in the office he held, 
 he was requested Jo do so— the Government 
 
 found him inflexibia and ww tbliged to 
 dismiss him. 
 
 Dr. Park is the brother-in-law of Dr. Rolph, 
 an eloq jnt roan, who formerly took an im- 
 portant part in the politics of Upper Canada 
 and in the events of 1837 and 1838. Th* 
 Toronto Examiner, a weekly newspaper,, 
 now the most strenuous organ and advanced 
 sentinel of clear-gritism, was heaid in low 
 murmurs to blame this dismissal as a sacri- 
 fice to the enemy ; and these low murmurs 
 it was confidently asserted, proceeded from 
 Dr. Rolph. The Examiner lent an ear to 
 them with indescribable joy^ because it saw 
 with mortification and wounded self-love 
 that the Globe wore the aspect of a semi- 
 official organ, and was the medium through 
 which were sometimes refiected the views of 
 the Government. It however, for a time 
 ground its teeth in silence, watching the 
 cjcurrence of some favorable opportunity, 
 well knowing, that it might at all times lally 
 round its discontented standard the disap- 
 pointed men of all parties and the decayed 
 and forsaken leaders of the old school of 
 Radicalism. These complained that the 
 oldest and most faithful patriots had been 
 neglected to promote J^nd reward new men 
 and sometimes to puicht.ae an enemy ; whilst, 
 the others, on their side, cried aloud that tho 
 Government rewarded vi"ith places and honors 
 the rebels of 1837 and 1838 and thus insulted 
 the loyalty which, at that epoch, fought for 
 the British Flag. It must be observed that 
 the dismissal of Dr. Park took place at the 
 end of 1848 or beginning of 1849, long before 
 the burning of the Parliament Buildings ; 
 this spark remained thus incandescent be- 
 neath the ashes, until the moment of Mr. 
 Malcolm Cameron's resignation, which took 
 place in the winter of 1849-60,and which was 
 the signal for division and strife in the min- 
 isterial party. 
 
 The Hon. L. M. Viger having resigned the 
 office of Receiver-General and his seat in the 
 Cabinet, because he disapproved of the re- 
 moval of the Seat of Government to Toronto. 
 Mr. E. P. Tache, Chief Commissioner of 
 Public Works, was appointed in his stead, 
 and the situation of Chief Commissioner was 
 offered to Mr. Cameron, then Assistant Com- 
 missioner of Public Works, but he declined 
 the offer, as he sought to be appointed Com- 
 missioner of Crown Lands. Mr. Price, the 
 head of this Department, had publicly an- 
 nounced his intention of retiring from public 
 life, and had thns awakened with all its 
 
 t 
 

 I 
 
 «n«ir^7 ^'^le afTeclion of tha Assiatant Com- 
 missioner of Public Works for the office 
 which it appeared wouK) thus become Tacant. 
 Mr. Cameron, disappointed in the hope so 
 entertained, petulatrtlr left the Administra- 
 tion and threw himself unreservedly into the 
 arms of the Examiner which warmly de- 
 fended the convert, the sacrificed, the econo- 
 mic — for the ex-minister publicly avowed a 
 diversity of motives for his resi{;nation. In 
 the first placf his colleagues had shamefully 
 used him by their slight ; then, they had, 
 without consulting him, made an important 
 nomination to a ministerial ortice ; and lastly 
 he had forsaken them because he had en- 
 deavored to introduce economy into the Gov- 
 ernment and that those endeavours had been 
 repelled. It is from this moment that the 
 discontented were designated by the name 
 of Clear Grits, a name in which they much 
 gloried, although it seems in vain to seek for 
 its just significattoit or rational application. 
 The term was applied to them by an anony- 
 mous writer who ironically compared them to 
 the fine grained burr-stone of a mill which 
 rejects all as chaff that is not of the finest 
 flour. 
 
 Mr. Jean Chabot, whose Electoral tri- 
 umph at Quebec, was carried in opposition 
 to the combined efforts of annexation and 
 torytsm, had just succeeded Mr. Tache in 
 the Department of Public Works. Mr. Wet- 
 enhall a member of the Hou&e, and a large 
 landed proprietor in Upper Canada, had been 
 appointed to the place held by Mr. Cameron, 
 in the same Department ; blit Mr. Wetenhall 
 as well as the Chief Commissioner, were 
 forced to take the chances of a re-election. 
 Mr. Cameron was very popular in Upper 
 Canada ; he cast the weight of his influence 
 in the electoral balance against the Ministry. 
 He so far forgot himself as to decend to the 
 lowest Taverns in the most obscure localities, 
 to expound the motives of his resignation, 
 and to unfold to a political clubthe secrets of 
 the Cabinet to which he had belonged. The 
 Liberals divided ; the Tories, unable to elect 
 one of their own party, coalesced with the 
 Clear Grits; Mr. Wetenhall lost the elec- 
 tion of Halton by a small majority. But in 
 the midst, and at the height of the electoral 
 cabal, the excitement of the contest, and the 
 chagrin produced by the desertion of several 
 ef his old friends, so wrought upon his mind 
 that the brain of that unfortunate gentleman 
 became gravely affected. His thoughts wan- 
 dered m an unknown and fantastic world, and 
 
 he knew nought of his defeat. Ho shortljr 
 afterwards died an inmate of the Lunatic 
 Asylum. 
 
 The Clear Grits shouted in triumph. Their 
 pretext for opposing Mr. Wettenhall, had 
 been that his office was unnecessary, and 
 that one Commissioner of Public Works wa» 
 sufficient for the exigencies of the public 
 service. The contest was continued through 
 the press, but it was within the walls of the 
 Legislative Assembly that they especially 
 promised themselves success at the then ap- 
 proaching Session. Opinion was rather 
 wavering and anxious as to the result of the 
 ensuing meeting of the Parliamnet. So many 
 conversions were spoken of to the Clear Grit 
 party, and so much was said about disorder ire 
 the Ministerial ranks that it is possible that 
 even the administration which had not com- 
 puted its friends, had also some misgivings 
 as to the issue of the meeting of Parliament. — 
 The Legislature, however, met, and hover- 
 ing clouds were dispelled as by enchant- 
 ment. The parties marshalled their res- 
 pective forces on several occasions ; and 
 they were found to stand thus: MinistO'- 
 rialists 51 ; Tories 19 ; Clear-Grits 5 ; 
 Annexationists 4 ; loosefiahA) independent 
 1.— Of the four annexationists, three voted 
 alternately with the clear-grits, and with the 
 Government, accordinjr to the nature of the 
 question ; the loose Jish, political things that 
 have nc fixed piinciples, and who invariably 
 espouse that cause which pays best, ranged 
 themselves sometimes on the side of the go- 
 vernment, sometimes on that of ihe Tories,, 
 and sometimes voted with the clear-grits. — 
 As to the clear-grits they forwied a band 
 apart, now and then backins up the Torie* 
 and cordially cooperating with them in all 
 attempts to demolish the administration. 
 The Tories themselves descendina for the 
 same purpose from their aristocratic height 
 down to the vortex of clear-gritism, would 
 now and then sermonize on governmental 
 economy and advocate the elective principles 
 everywhere; divine right was abandoned 
 because it was no longer popular. 
 
 It is unnecessary to say that annexation 
 has no futurity, and that within the walls of 
 Parliament it is a mere stranger and more a 
 by-word than the designation of a party. — 
 Loose-fishism, by its very essence, can 
 never combine as a party, and cannot there- 
 fore arrive at the possession of power. All it 
 wishes for is, to live. There are, therefore^ 
 bin three parties that may look forword, witK 
 
He ahortljr 
 the Lunatic 
 
 imph. Their 
 tenhall, had 
 cessary, and 
 c Work a was 
 f the public 
 nued Ihroujth 
 walls of the 
 y especially 
 : the then ap- 
 
 was rather 
 result of the 
 net. So many- 
 he Clear Grit 
 lul disorder in 
 possible that 
 had not coin- 
 3 misgivings 
 'arliament. — 
 St, and hover- 
 by enchant- 
 ed their res- 
 3asions ; and 
 i]8 : Minisfe*- 
 ear- Grits 5 j 
 
 inuependent 
 . three voted 
 
 and with the 
 
 nature of the 
 lal things that 
 ho invariably 
 
 best, ranged 
 ide of the go- 
 of ihe Tories^ 
 clear-grits. — 
 Fined a band 
 jp the Torie» 
 
 ihem in all 
 dministration^ 
 uridine for th» 
 ocratic height 
 ;ritism, would 
 goveinmenlal 
 tive principles 
 as abandoned 
 lar. 
 
 lat annexation 
 n the walls of 
 ;er and more a 
 
 of a party. — 
 essence, can 
 I cannot there- 
 power. All it 
 are, therefore^ 
 [ for word, with 
 
 any chances, great or small, to the attair.ment 
 of power; the party that now possesses it, the 
 Tories and the Clear-grits. The lories whom 
 the general Election of 1847 had thrown into 
 a bare minority in Upper Canada, deficient 
 in leaders, oaunot triumph in that part of thu 
 Country, unless the Clear-grits should suc- 
 ceed ill a notable degree to divide the liberal 
 party ; then will toryi^m (which is but an 
 ari.stocratio depptism) have resorted to the 
 most ou^re radicalism, and to the most aban- 
 doned democracy for support in the attain- 
 ment of power. If, on the contrary, <:/«ar- 
 gritism should absorb the whole of the Up- 
 per Canadian Liberal party, they cannot 
 reach the Treasury Benches but by allying 
 themselves to the Liberals of Lower Canada, 
 the most numerous and compact portion of 
 the Liberal party. But is such an alliance 
 possible? This <|ue8tioii naturally leads us 
 to an analysis of the ingredients that compuse 
 the liberal, or, if you please, the ministerial 
 party. 
 
 As we have already stated, the liberal 
 party at the commencement of the Session of 
 1-850, had the support of fifty one members 
 out ot eighty four, >vhich is the total number 
 of the Representatives composing the As- 
 sembly. Of these 51 raerabers, 18 belong 
 to Upper and 33 to Lower Canada. Clear- 
 grilism or disappointment, had alineated five 
 members from the Upper Canada portion of 
 the liberal party, and annexation had depriv- 
 ed the same party of three members in Lower 
 Canada, so that without those losses, the 
 liberal party would now possess titty nine 
 members out of eighty fotu. But whatever 
 befalls, it may hereafter count upon from 
 thirty-two to thirty-six votes in Lower Cana- 
 da. The Liberals of Lower Canada are call- 
 ed "the French party," by their political 
 adversaries, because the great majority of 
 them are French Canadians. Nevertheless, 
 they have at all periods of the constitution, 
 elected a certain number of men of other ori- 
 gins, for they chose their representatives 
 withoiit any regard to their language, their 
 origin or their religious belief; what they 
 solely and essentially inquired into is identity 
 of political principles. In this respect their 
 liberality and their good sense are proverbial. 
 They have a raarkt'U antipathy to religious 
 proselytism, and you very seldom hear 
 Ihem ask a man what religion he profes- 
 ses, unless it be in order to avoid saying any 
 thing that might, unwittingly, wound or of- 
 fend. Favorabie as they are to all useful 
 
 and gradual reforms, they still are raoehr at- 
 tached to the institutions of their fathers ; it 
 is that noble and patriotic sentincent which 
 has been their preservation in times passed, 
 and which will prove their safeguard for the 
 future. From time to time, some partial di- 
 visions may exist among their ranks. The 
 posHessioii of power, to which they were un- 
 accustomed, and of which they do not seem 
 as yet to appreciate all Ihe advantages ; 
 the impossibdity that public men should be 
 able to satisfy all wants, all wishes, all hopes, 
 and all personal ambitions,to reward all politi- 
 cal services,to carry out all projects originating 
 in times of strife and in opposiition, all those 
 may, perhaps, for a time perplex them, and 
 lead to differences. But they know that their 
 position is exceptional on the continent of 
 North America ; they know that a work of 
 demolition is going on around them ; they 
 know that they can be saved but by union 
 and by unity of sentiments and principles, 
 and a common danger would combine the 
 sx hundievi and .'.fty thousand French Cana- 
 dians of Lower Canada as but one man, but 
 one minu, ready to act as a lever to edify or 
 overthrow, at the pleasure of that potent and 
 united will. They are undoubtedly, by 
 their nature and the circumstances attach- 
 ing to their existence, the only elements of 
 cohesion, of strength and of durability in 
 Canada, the Upper Canadian population, 
 incessantly renewing itself by immigration 
 arrd from its natural mobility and its in- 
 stincts, passing alternately from the extreme 
 of toryism to the extreme of radicalism. 
 
 No party, whatever may be its strength, 
 can dispense with computing with the 
 French Canadians ; they form the corps de 
 'elite around which at all times may bo 
 drawn up in line of battle the dispersed frag- 
 ments of^ the liberal party of Upper Canada 
 whenever they aim either at the attainment 
 of power or at presenting a formidable fror 
 as an opposition. Will England her' 
 comprehend that her strength and her e 
 tence in America are alone dependant 
 that social element ; upon French Can: 
 nationality, so steadfast in its dogmas a 
 institutionsand sentiment of self-preserv 
 and that she ought to the utmost of her 
 favor the developement of that natir 
 inytead of repressing it, as she has do 
 nearly a century and of bruising it 
 the hammer of despotism ? . ' 
 
 We remark in Upper Canada, ev • -.4. 
 the liberals, and perhapti more ' ' v^- 
 
 'n^ 
 
 V 
 
 \ ( \ 
 
M 
 
 
 th«» liny others, • rvligioua r^nalioiMn in- 
 «upiM)r:«ble auii nrovukiii^, {wirtioularly Htr 
 Catnolicii whuseek but to piactico iii |i««oo a 
 rolij>;i(m whivU ha» exisitx) Uvr how n««rly 
 <\von»y ot»iituriea. Tlie or^.xns oi l'le«r-i;nt« 
 i!«m lmv«* ill thiM rosjvtcl displaytHi luorauiew- 
 lenoe llmu «iU lh« rt>*!. Not only w rctwbyie- 
 rmniiiin, whio'i «pi*«»ra to Ihi lluur itomiiiHttl 
 rvligioua iiiffHui^ni, tha only wvratiip 
 wliioli, «llH>o^^u^ luthttin, ouight to viijoy l\\<a 
 li^tit ot liny ; but th«rt«, «l;«o, iiloiio m touiul 
 Iho li^lit of ii)telli)!:t)iiut>. They h«vt» pro> 
 olttiiiUHi thxi; UpiHtr Oaiiaia um tii« iiiteU 
 leotvial or^aii oi tho country, aiui lor^^oiiiiiK 
 that they w«m absolutely iin|H>ioiit without 
 tho Ktouoh t^auatliaiis they without pnivoi^a- 
 tio<) luvisl\tHi insult U)Hn) thoin. Thtfy hav«i 
 Mttao^ked all thoir institutions aiu'. pWi'ttii 
 IhonKoelvos to thoir obliteiution \vhHM>vor 
 •uoh a (Kuver wotiM b<» in thou haiuls. It ia 
 ©vidoul that tht»y havo uo sottloil aireotiou 
 Hiul that th^y aiH bliuiily advanciiit; towards 
 the vH>i\(i«wst of moro im}K»*sibiliii«»s. To 
 convinoo one's »t»lf of this it suttiot»a to rt»ail 
 tbw labours of the lovellui^ ooininitli*»ot last 
 Bf'saioii, oallttd \h» roiuinittHt) of Kettonoh- 
 luent oroattfd by a vutu of the House at the 
 
 instance of th» (lovernintnif, miif oodiiiomhI 
 injudioiously of the most iiiooiiKruoua atul 
 chaotio inatorittls. lUit if the Clear-(Jrit% 
 always su^HXMin^ that they ahouKi funda* 
 mentally suoslihite thoiiMelves in- the pl«o«» 
 of the Liberal* u^')>erly so eallet)^ do »«>t oo> 
 aloM-^e with the V'lonch Canadians of l<ower 
 i'anada, aixi it ia eviilent that that ottalilion- 
 i» iin|xuMibio if these are tixmltedsystemati- 
 cally III thek ^«liKiuuH senlintenkn, their na-- 
 tionality, thei': iuMitutions (.for an all-(x>wer« 
 ful instinct of >>dlNproservatioii >vill su|me«l 
 to the Kieneh CanaiUans the eiiergetio rejeo* 
 turn ot suohaoitaiitioi.) with whoiuwill they 
 ally theiUHelves i Would it be with the 
 Tories of Lower Cutuula f But then lhe«e- 
 are luinterioally null. The Kreiwh element^ 
 the tir^t ooiutition of whuse alliance will be- 
 lt condition essential to ite e)ii«tenee, will 
 unite with that element, which will be ite 
 K>st ^uarranteo for suoh an existenoe.and that 
 stujMil radioalisin, calltsi tUuii-pili*»»^ will 
 writhe in its iinixitenoy, and in the ounvttt- 
 sions ot despair. 
 
 We have thus suMinolly shown the ori];ri>i« 
 oomi-HVihion nnd prtujHKits of political pailiee 
 in Canada. 
 
 v,= 
 
 ,,i■x^!. 
 
 
 1 '■ .1 
 
 ' -^4v..«>t -J 
 
 V **^ 
 
 n 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 o 
 t! 
 
Clour -(Srits, 
 houUi fuiutti- 
 iD-lhd pl«o«» 
 
 »*K do n*" ♦'^^ 
 iana of Lowttr 
 that (Hwlitioa 
 ttH^By»tomati- 
 Ills, xhmt nn- 
 Hu «INpow«r> 
 
 will SU|lV«Mll 
 
 loitltftio rt)i«o> 
 hoiuwill tney 
 b« with tho 
 ul than thti«o- 
 «iwh etvaiwiit,. 
 iauo<p will W 
 i)»Aitt»i)«», will 
 >h will tM it» 
 )tai)OP,iiiul that 
 r- if ri/ Mills will 
 a tho cuuvttl- 
 
 [>wn lh» ori(pn, 
 lolitioiU J^l4«» 
 
 h' 
 
 'i \..*h. 
 
 i- ,f -r 
 
 ECONOMY IN THE GOVERNMENT 
 
 OF TItK PROVINCE. 
 
 Ever aiuce the birth of tho Lonjjiu«, th«t 
 Mti^ninary ftlxHtioa whioh sprsuii; (loiw tlu) 
 a«hoA of tho UoiiHOi* of I'arliumoiit, aiul now 
 ith)inl>or!i }H«AoofullY itt tho tomb, by tho 
 •iilo of ila youuijor sistor, AnuoxiUioii,- il\o 
 Tory proM, Ami with it, its holpiuuto, tlu> 
 or^jni) of tM«»«r-lJriti.«iU,that olVspriujj of vioooit 
 and wounilo^l pi iilo, n\«kin^' it* i»pp«»«i'«noe oi\ 
 the hold of biittio liko tho Aialv*, alV»r tho 
 %ht ia ovor, to si^oil tho doad ;uul plunder 
 tho vanqni.shod, bo thoy fiionda or foos, Imvo 
 not cottHOil to irnvhum tlvionnhont tho longth 
 and brosiihh of tho land, that tho pnblio o\- 
 jVMulilnro is onorinotij*, and to uiH'n!«o tho 
 
 {ir^jMMU administration of inoivasina tho 
 M-ovinoial iU>bl at their pU>asnit>, foi tho nnr- 
 ptr.4o of oivatinvf doj'H'ndanlN and oxtoudinij 
 ihviir intbionoo, a.H.<M)iting that tho oxpoiuti- 
 tnrw might Ih» ro»lnov»d ono half woro not tho 
 mon now in jv>wor, liko ihoir oitnlooossors*, 
 solely oconpnHl in advhnoiui; tnoir own iu- 
 teroM.'*, and liko thorn, di^ixviod to go on 
 wasting; tho pnblio monoy. 
 
 Tho Vr»>vinv i»l dobt has, donbtlos;*, hoen 
 considorably incroatoil jiiiuw iho Unitm, bnt 
 not, as it is pro!ondod, in ort>atin>j for tho 
 iftsptMisiblo «x»ontivo addilionid |>iitronas^o, 
 through tho inorwasa of salario.-* and innlli- 
 plioalion of otlioos. No ; tho«u>{moiitaiion of 
 that tloht arises frt>m the K»ans which havo 
 bean appliovl to tho oonstrnotitm of publio 
 works, unomiallod in ij'riiiulonr anil tho ad- 
 miration of l'oroi){nor» ; pnblio woik.-*, whioh 
 from tt;eir »noimout diineusions and thoir 
 no I»ss gijjantio destination tkw n snbjsot of 
 astonishment to the ureal nation whioh is 
 our nei^hbonr. Canada, despite the ola- 
 moura of thcaa who prophecy •• Rnin an<l 
 Docay,*' may feel mood of her Canal», and 
 defy the reai of Umi ^»wM to show their 
 
 equal. No t>no oan dony at the present day 
 that tho tMiormou."* oKsfados to the t^stahlish- 
 inont of a n»oan» of oi>iunuu»ioati(>n frtnn 
 tho ivwm to oni inlan*l soas*. whioh ha<i 
 In^onso loujj oonsitUMt\l as iusnporaMo, have 
 boon ooniplotoly am nuiunted. and oveiy one 
 kniu,s that vossol.Hof tivo hundrod tons may 
 at this Yoiy moinoul, wilhonl tho slij^htost 
 obntaole or tho nov'ossiiy of traoHhipmont, 
 tlt>j*oond tho watovj* of tho St. l.awronoo, 
 fwm tho vory htad of lako Miohigan to the 
 tH'f'an. 
 
 •hit if onr trade ts no Uwiijor arrested by 
 the rapids aovl oajtoados of tlio St. Lawrence, 
 nor oven by tho fouuidablo Kails of Niajjara, 
 rt>a.M)nablo raon will iindtMMtuiil that tlu\«o 
 *»bstach>!» have not vlisappomod lvt>fort> iho 
 inevo will of iluwo iu powoi, anvl that to re- 
 move thorn by moans of .>ijj[anlio works, it 
 has cast more than throo millions of monoy, 
 for which the country is now payiujj inter- 
 est. Novorthelos.s, ij« thoro a man in tho 
 country at all capable of approcirtling this 
 jirt»at nntlortakini;, whowtmM venture to as- 
 soil that without hcrtlobt, an*!, consequently, 
 without her canals, (lunula would bo morn 
 pitvsperous and bolter able to rival iit pro 
 j;rt\ss the noi^jhUnuinu lopublic ? ('•no man 
 alone, wo are awaie, Vias pr^itoutlod that the 
 dimensions of onr Canals i\w ovtravagant 
 and disprojHntiouato to tho wants of the 
 trade. This man, who but lately expre».<*tl 
 A wish to sOxH all our public woiks blown on, 
 is now more than sixty, yet should Hmvi- 
 dence f^\M\X him a few years longer life, 
 oommeive, which will furnish unceasinji 
 employment to our canals, will show the 
 falsity of hia views and of hia petty ind nar- 
 row Ideas. 
 
 Which platt was* the wiser? To eom- 
 
10 
 
 r 
 
 \ 
 
 mence as they did with the Erie canal, in 
 the United States, on so small a scale that 
 it has been enlarged three times in fifteen 
 years, or to coiistruct, as we have done, 
 Canals which will bo sufficitint for the 
 waiits of the trade, however enormous, for at 
 least half a century to come ? Any one at 
 all conversant in matters of this nature, will 
 unhesitatingly answer, iLat the plan which 
 Canada has adopted, is by f^i° the more 
 economical and better one. 
 
 Our object, in laying before the public 
 certain facts founded upon figures the cor- 
 rectness of which is incontestible, is not to 
 convince the few evil-minded persons who 
 sigh after ruin for the sole pleasure of being 
 true prophets, and for whom the prosperity 
 of theit country is a constant cause of in- 
 tense suffering, bnt to place upon their 
 guard such well-disposed persons as maybe 
 exposed from want of information, or from not 
 having sufficiently studied the subject, to 
 echo the cro; kings of those who have but 
 one cry, that of Destruction, which they 
 represent, however, in the most seductive 
 «hape and under the most sounding names. 
 Annexation for a moment made its appear- 
 ance full of life, seemingly, and the mon- 
 ste--, clad in the filthy rags of Socialism, 
 aiti3r having laid its foul paw upon national 
 feeling and the finest and holiest institutions 
 of the country,has expired from want of food 
 and fuel, like the bankruptcy and incendia- 
 rism which gave it birth. The League, we 
 have already stated, is another child of in- 
 cendiarism and ruin, and is now a ruin h- 
 self. Next came that other monster, Clear- 
 gritism, a financial harpy which lays its de- 
 structive claws upon men and things. How 
 long shall this anomalous being last ? God 
 only knows. 
 
 Every ambitious fool, every man who has 
 been foiled in his expectations, and who is 
 able to write, like a new vender of drugs, 
 offers his panacea, which, without the slight- 
 est doubt> will prove a cure for all the ills of 
 the country, and for " all the past, present, 
 and future evils " of our political society. 
 These politico- social charlatans may be divi- 
 ded into two classes. 
 
 Some pretend that by diminishing the 
 nurnber of public functionaries by one half, & 
 their salaries in the same proportion, a reduc- 
 tion of one half the public expenditure will 
 be obtained ; the others, on the contrary, as- 
 sert that this sort of economy is hardly prac- 
 ticable, oris but a slightly palliative remedy, 
 
 and that the only mean.s of cure is to apply 
 tbe scalpel to the system itself, which is de- 
 fective. But all these economists, both great 
 and small, old and young, do not state by 
 what this system is to be replaced ; they do 
 not tell us how it can be possible to alter it 
 without bringing on an infinitely worse state 
 of things. Thus, both of them torture public 
 opinion, either to further their own purposes 
 or to parade their visionary notions, and all 
 of them labour, some intentionally, others 
 unwittingly, to revivtj those extravagant pro- 
 jects which the good sense of the people, it is 
 true, has treated as they deserved, whenever 
 they have been mooted, but which cannot 
 fail to arouse fears in the minds of strangers 
 as to the stability of our political institutions, 
 and thus coiisideiably to affect the public 
 credit. 
 
 But let us proceed to facts, and see what 
 our position was on the eve of the Union of 
 the Provinces ; let us inquire by referring to 
 the Legislative records, whether, apart bom 
 the public debt, incurred for the coiKstruction 
 of public works, the increase of grants for 
 the instruction of youth, the administration of 
 justice, the Sessions of Parliament^ the en- 
 couragement of agriculture and the support 
 of benevolent institutions,— the public ex- 
 penditure, as far as regards the administra- 
 tion of the government, has in fact increased 
 disproportionately to the increase of the popu- 
 lation and the resources of the country. 
 
 We have, in a statement forming part of 
 appendix No. 3 to the 6tli volume of the 
 journals of the Legislative Assembly for 1847, 
 (with the exception of a few items the head- 
 ings of which show that they do not form a 
 portion thereof,) the lleccipts and Expendi- 
 ture of Lower Canada from 179i, and of Up- 
 per Canada from ISvJl, to tha periotl of the 
 Union. If we take the year 16^40, as a point 
 of departure, foi both Provinces, and estab- 
 lish the amount of their respective popula- 
 tions, of their annufil revenues and of their 
 permanent expenditure at the period of the 
 Union, we shall easily discover how the pro- 
 vincial debt has gradually increased to its 
 present projxjrtions, and ascertain whether, 
 as tWe agitators afhrm, it be possible consid- 
 erably to diminish it, anil if so, the particu- 
 lar items which might be reduced or entire- 
 ly done away with — admitting that we con- 
 tinue to pay the interest of the debt punctu- 
 ally ; that we maintain the administration of 
 justice on such a footing of independence as 
 to place it beyond the reach .i* suspicion ; 
 
n 
 
 live is to apply 
 f, which is de- 
 lists, botli great 
 ) not state by 
 aced ; they do 
 iible to alter it 
 ely worse state 
 1 torture public 
 
 • own purposes 
 lotions, and all 
 ;ionally, others 
 xtravagant pro- 
 the people, it is 
 ved, whenever 
 
 which cannot 
 ids of strangers 
 cal institutions, 
 feet the public 
 
 s, and see what 
 )f tiie Union of 
 ! by referring to 
 ther, apart from 
 the construction 
 ;e of grants for 
 dnninistration of 
 iamentj the en- 
 and tlie support 
 •tlie public ex- 
 the adrniiiistra- 
 iii fact increased 
 lase of thepopu- 
 e country, 
 forming part of 
 volume of the 
 serahly for 1847, 
 items llie head- 
 ey do not form a 
 s and Expend i- 
 L792, and of Up- 
 19 periotl of the 
 
 • 1&40, as a point 
 noes, and estab- 
 ipective popula- 
 les and of their 
 he period of the 
 vrer how the pro- 
 increased to its 
 
 certain whether, 
 possible consid- 
 ■ so, the particu- 
 iduced or entire- 
 ingthat we con- 
 the debt punctu- 
 adniinistration of 
 independence as 
 ch .1 suspicion ; 
 
 that we give to the instruction of the people 
 and to agriculture that encouragement which 
 is due to them and which they have a right 
 to expect from the country ; that we continue 
 to our benevolent institutions the assistance 
 which they have up to this moment received ; 
 that we maintain the various departments on 
 an efficient fooling, and give to the public 
 officers who are indispensable to the service 
 of the administration, incomes proportionate 
 to the importance of their duties, and suffi- 
 cient to place ther^ beyond the reach of 
 temptation, and of that corruption or want 
 which begs for bread, and unblushingly and 
 fearlessly rears its shameless front at this 
 very day, in the numberless public depart- 
 ments of the United vStates, and in thd very 
 eouncils of the government; a most demor- 
 alizing state of things which bears far more 
 heavily on the people than the system of 
 reasonable salaries. 
 
 From an approximate calculation, based 
 upon the census of 1831 and 18-44, the popu- 
 lation of Lower Canada at the period of the 
 Union of the Provinces, might have been 
 650,000 souls ; and that of Upper Canada 
 436,436 ; forming altogether 1,086,436 souls. 
 The Revenue of Lower Canada for 1840 was 
 £184,132 9s. 04d., and that of Upper Canada 
 for the same year, £123,351 14s. 9d., terming 
 a total of £307,484 3s. 91d. currency. 
 
 The permanent expenditure of Lower 
 Canada at the same period (see statement A) 
 amounted to the sum of £143,312 4s. 4d., 
 leaving a disposable balance ot £40,820 4s. 
 8d. ; a less considerable one, however, than 
 there had been for several years before the 
 suspension of the Constitution, in consequence 
 of the enormous sum applied at that period to 
 the outfit and support of an armed police 
 force. But as this item for the support ofthe 
 police, and which amounted in 1S40 to 
 £35,430 4s. 4^d., is not to be considered a 
 permanent o»ie, it must be deducted from the 
 total Provincial expenditure ; in its stead, 
 however, we must place in the column of 
 permanent expenditure the amount of the 
 expenses of the Legislature, which was sus- 
 pended at this period in Lower Canada, and 
 which amount, if we take the average ofthe 
 ten last preceding years, was £15,000. This 
 leaves a balance of £20,430 4s. 4^d. out of mill 
 
 the United Provinces. Things were very 
 different in Upper Canada at the same period, 
 that Province having to pay (see statement B) 
 an annual interest of £57,724 Os. 5^6. on the 
 debt incurred for the construction ot her pub- 
 lic works ; her civil, judiciary, administrative 
 and other expenditure, amounted to a further 
 sum of £107,353 16s. ll^d., forming a total 
 which, with the grant of £33,779 lOs. Od. 
 towards the public works for the current year, 
 rendered it impossible for that Province to 
 meet its permanent expenses and continue its 
 works. The only dowry she brought into 
 the common fund, therefore, was an empty 
 coffer and a liability of nearly one million. 
 Thus it happened that on the 9th of Feb- 
 ruary, 1841, the Province of Canada with a 
 population of 1,086,436 souls and an annual 
 revenue of £.307,484 3s. 9d., had to pay a 
 sum of £357,258 Is. 7d. for the expenses of 
 the current year, in aceoidance with the 
 budget submitted to both Houses during the 
 first Session ofthe Parliament of the United 
 Provinces. This, by reducing the police 
 expenses, became an easy matter, and by 
 raising the tariff of duties during the Session 
 from 2.^ to 5per cent.,^ a liisposable balance 
 
 the item of Police, and by adding this balance 
 to that mentioned above, there will be left a 
 total annual disposable balance in Lower 
 Canada of £61,250 98. 04, which by theUnion 
 Act, became part of the consolidated fund of local im4>rovements, had not the Lower 
 
 was created, which could be applied towards 
 the payment of a portion ofthe interest cm the 
 subsequent loan which we shall now con- 
 sider, and which was raised in order to con- 
 tinue the public works. 
 
 At the very opening of the first Session, 
 Lord Sydenham, wiio wanted a majority and 
 was determined to have one at any price, 
 presented his golden calf, the million and a 
 half, a bait which produced a magic effect 
 upon all who thirsted for general and particu- 
 lar improvements. Out of the members of a 
 (so-c;illed) Reform representation, he con- 
 trived to make, with the exception of Mr. 
 Baldwin and half a dozen other men of honor, 
 so many docile creatures who left their Lower 
 Canada allies in the lurch and bowed them- 
 selves down before the idol, saying amen to 
 all the iniquitous proposals ofthe shameless 
 despot. This wholesale purchase of the Up- 
 per Canada representation was effected by 
 means of a half-million which was voted for 
 roads, harbors, and improvements of every 
 nature in Upper Canada, and for which half 
 million. Lower Canada has obtained as yet 
 no equivalent. The zeal ofthe Upper Canada 
 members, both Tories and Reformers, at this 
 period was such, that they would have ab- 
 sorbed the whole ofthe million and a half in 
 
12 
 
 Canada Tories by uniting with the French 
 Canadians, turned the scale in favor of grants 
 for the purpose of completing the iine of 
 communication between the ocean and the 
 great lakes, the very object which had served 
 as a pretext for the union of the Provinces: 
 The union must be effected, it was said, 
 because Lower Canada refuses to take her 
 nhare of this undertaking which has become 
 a necessity. 
 
 We crave indulgence for these details 
 which «ay at first sight appear a digression, 
 but are intimately connected with the history 
 of the increase of the Provincial debt, and 
 are so many important facts which occurred 
 duiing a memorable period which must not 
 be lost sight of. Let us however, if possible, 
 forget this unfortunate epoch of ouv history 
 and continue our narration. 
 
 At the period of the Union, before this 
 million and a half had been added to the 
 debt already incurred by Upper Canada, 
 Parliament had, as we have already statecr, 
 to provide for the wants of both Provinces, 
 which amounted to the sum of £357,258 Is. 
 7d. The million and a half once voted for 
 public improvements, and spent as s matter 
 of course, together with many other sums 
 which have been since voted for the same 
 purpose, the Provincial debt must needs 
 nave increased from year to year, until the 
 present day, when it rather exceeds four 
 millions ! — With such a debt on our hands, 
 with iHterest to pay on it, is it astonishing 
 that our expenditure has increased to so 
 enormous an extent ? The figures in the 
 annexed statement will explain better than 
 we can in words what appears a mystery to 
 those ignorant men who will not give them- 
 selves the trouble of studying the question, or 
 to those impostors who knowingly misrepre- 
 sent it in order the better to attain their evil 
 purposes. 
 
 f E.1MANENT f:XPENSES CHARGEABLE UPON THE 
 CONSOLIDATED FUND AND PAYABLE 
 DURING THE YEAR 1849. 
 
 Interest on Provincial debt. . . £182,727 19 11 
 
 Sinking Fiind....^ 75,000 
 
 Charitable Institutions, grants 
 for Instruction, Agriculture, 
 Penitentiary, Indians, Militia 
 Pensions and Geological Ex- 
 plorations 93,704 6 7 
 
 Expenses of the Legislature.. 64,001 7 1 
 
 Adnr?inistration of Justice. ... 02,740 14 2 
 
 Civiland Judiciary Pensions. 7,027 17 7 
 
 Militia 2,034 11 1 
 
 Executive & its Department* 32,08111 2 
 
 Printing of the Statutes, (about ' - 
 £5,000) and vau-jus other 
 items, such as re.nt of Epis- ' t 
 
 copal Palace, Losses' Com- 
 mission, Montreal Registry -, . 
 Office Commission, Mon- 
 treal Central Board ofHealth 
 rent and* repairs to Public 
 Buildings, Assistance to in- 
 habitants of Gaspe, &c. .. . 16,593 6 
 
 Total amount paid on perma- 
 nent expenses of 1849 £525,913 8 Z 
 
 Having taken the year 1840 as the point 
 of departure, and the budget of 1841 for 
 comparison, in order to obtain a correct 
 result, we must add to the above amount the 
 sum of £39,489 14s. 7d. being the unpaid 
 balance of the budget of 1849, as the above- 
 statement contains only the sums paid during- 
 the year, and several iti^ms were not claim- 
 ed or' were only in part paid* 
 
 Amount brought down £525,913 8 2 
 
 Unpaid balance of budget of 
 
 1849 39,489 14 7 
 
 Total amount Budget of 1849. £565,403 2 9 
 do. do. 1841. 357,258 1 7 
 
 Increase from 1841 to 1849.. £208,145 1 2 
 Now, it is not necessary to enter into any 
 abstruse calculation in order to prove that 
 the fignres placed opposite the respective 
 heads of expenditure will show on comparing 
 them with statements A & B, that the excess 
 of expenditure for 1849 over that of 1841, 
 does nut proceed from the increase of the 
 salaries or of the number of officials, but 
 almost solely from the following causes : — 
 
 Mrst, — The debt incurred for the 
 construction of the public works, the 
 Interest on whicVihas been increased 
 since 1840 by new loans from 
 £57,724 Os. 5id. to £182,727 19s. 
 lid., (see the Budget) forming an 
 augmentation of £125,003 19 5i 
 
 Secondly,— SinK-ng fund 75,000 
 
 7Air(i/y, Education, 1849,£39,603 
 do. 1840, 18,536 
 
 Increase £21,067 
 
 Fourthly, Agriculture '49 £8,585 
 do. »40 2,137 
 
 Increase £6,448 
 
 Fifthly, Administration of 
 
 Justice, 1849 £62,740 
 
 do. 1840, 45,907 
 
 locreaae £16,833 
 
16^93 6 
 
 E:525,913 8 2 
 as the point 
 t of 1841 for 
 ain a correct 
 ve amount the 
 ig the unpaid 
 ), as the above' 
 ms paid during' 
 'ere not claim- 
 
 £525,913 8 2 
 
 39,489 14 7 
 
 £565,403 2 9 
 357,258 1 7 
 
 £208,145 1 2 
 I enter into any 
 ' to prove that 
 the respective 
 V on comparing 
 that the excess 
 r that of 1841, 
 increase of the 
 f officials, but 
 ng causes : — 
 
 T the j 
 
 ks, the 
 Teased 
 
 from 
 7 19s. 
 ing an 
 £125,003 19 5i 
 
 75,000 
 )3 
 16 
 
 £21,067 
 
 J5 , , .,. 
 17 
 
 .£6,448 
 
 10 
 )7 
 
 .£16,833 ft 
 
 Sixthly, — Sessions of the 
 
 Legwlature, 1849, £54,001 
 
 do. 1841 23,421* 
 
 Increase 
 
 £274,931 
 Let us now take up in their order these 
 six classes of increase m the Provincial ex- 
 penditure, and examine whether it be possi- 
 ble to interfere with them with a view to 
 economy. Let us see how far it may be 
 
 13 
 
 Thirdly, — Since the Union of the Provin- 
 ces, a sum of £50,000 has been set apart 
 yearly for the support of elementary schools, 
 and this independently of the grants in favor 
 ' °" of private institutions. Can our economists 
 suggest any saving in this item ? I>o they 
 consider the people sufficiently enlightened 
 to do without thi? grant ? Se)f-conj>tituted 
 apostles of the people, do you believe that 
 your ministry obliges >ou to effect in the 
 name of the people a saving which will 
 arrest their progress? This item also, must 
 
 possible to relieve the people froni this heavy ,i,erefore remain as it is, for you are silent 
 addmonal burthen, it is indeed worth our ^^j ^ow your heads, (strvile sycophants a» 
 while to make the trial, inasmuch as from y are,) before the wants and the will of the 
 what we have first seen, the progressive in- pgople 
 
 crease of the expenditure in the items Fourthly, - Agriculture, the principal 
 above mentnned, has amounted within a means of material existence to the immense 
 J!f"'A,Aao,'^i^}lV^^^^° formidable sum majority of the people of Canada, in like 
 
 manner as Education is their intellectual 
 food, requires stimulus and encouragement as 
 well as the latter, if you wish to see it pros- 
 
 per and attain that perfection which is indis- 
 pensable. Will you deprive i* of that stimu- 
 lus? No, say you ; and it is probable also, 
 that tlie representatives of the people who 
 have received a more direct missfon and a 
 more genuine apostleship than yours, wou!'? 
 feel inclined to vote for a higher grant than 
 that authorised by law. This is, therefore, 
 another item which we must take care not to 
 
 of £274,931 Os. Od 
 
 1. In the first' plaqe is there any way in 
 which we could {',et rid of the obligation to 
 pay the interest of our debt? Is there any 
 secret by which we may attain that object, 
 which no statesman of any country has yet 
 found out, and which is only known to the 
 economists of the new school? If there be 
 any such, let it be pointed out at once, fur 
 we are sure that no one in Canada would 
 dare to pronounce the word repudiation/ 
 This hideous cry once uttered by a nation 
 her honor and credit are irretrievably lost, J*qu"j![J 
 and let her then beware of her future wants. 5,h|y. The administration of Justice, we 
 
 The debt has been incurred, and the bor- admit, costs an enormous sum at the present 
 rowed money applied to its object ; these are day. The decentralisation of the judiciary 
 facts. If the cuiials did not exist, we should tribunals and the local administration of 
 have to find means to make them, for they JiiPti '-e were long demanded by the people, 
 are indispensable to the prosperity of Canada. The Legislature has satisfied this demand 
 We shall be told tiiere has been waste, by c eating new districts, and increasing, at 
 True, but there still would be wa^'^ had we the same time, the jurisdiction of the Cir- 
 to begin them over again, i-.otwilhstanding cuit Court5. Justice has been brought to 
 the experience we have acquired ; besides the door of the litigants to save them costs 
 that cannot dissolve an existing obligation and travelling expenses ; the public chest, 
 nor annul a solemn contract. Pay then, we however, has suflfered by the change, as it 
 jnust, there can be no difficulty on this head, became necessary to appoint more judged, 
 
 Secondly, — The sinking fund is a neces- and consequently to pay more. These ob- 
 aary consequence of the debt; it is no more servations apply to Lower Canada; for, 
 possible to do away with it than to cease previous to the Union and up to 1846, the 
 paying the interest on that debt. Without cost of administering justice m Upper Ca- 
 thi's fund our public securities would soon nada were paid by the difTerent localities, 
 fall in value ; we have an interest in keeping It was only in 1846 that ihe ministry of the 
 
 this day, with shameful injustice, charged them 
 
 upjn the Consolidated Fund of both Pro- 
 
 The Union took place, and was es- 
 
 vini'.es. 
 
 it up, and it is our duty to maintain 
 guarantee in favor of our creditors. 
 
 • But the Members indemnity for 1841, .,.,_, i-i.--. 
 
 (£6,800) is not included in this sum, not having lablished upon this basis ; that the contract- 
 been paid out of the Contingencies of the Legis- ing parties should remain with their recipro- 
 lative Assembly, as it was in 1849. oal advantages and disadvantages as they 
 
: 
 
 then stood. Lower Canada had suffered 
 sufficiently in oth'ir respects; the Union 
 Act, it would seem, had done it enough of 
 injustice, and laid upon it a sufficiently 
 heavy load ; and, surely, the clauses of the 
 contract, and the trifling compensation and 
 return they granted, might have been abided 
 by. But the evil is done, and Lower Ca- 
 nada is saddled with the 'burthen until the 
 economists relieve her of it. If they do so, 
 we shall be rejoiced at their success. 
 
 6thly. The increase in the expenditure of 
 the Legislature is enormous. Here, per- 
 haps, a saving may be possible, although if 
 we may judge from the past, there is very 
 little probabilhy of it. But the matter rests 
 in the hands of the representatives of the 
 people, and it is the duty of the people 
 themselves to stale what economy they wish 
 for. 
 
 After examining as we have done, each 
 head of increase in the public expenditure 
 since 1841, it appears to us next to impossi- 
 ble to effect any reduction therein, a? the 
 increase is owing to new obligations which 
 we cannot avoid performing, and to that of 
 paying the mterest on onr debt. Neverthe- 
 less, this examination brings out a very im- 
 portant fact, — there is a considerable de- 
 crease in the administrative expenditure 
 since the Union : 
 
 Thus, the budget of 1841 amounted 
 
 to £357258 
 
 Of which, was paid for inteiest, 
 
 during the same year 57724 
 
 economy somewhere and that the Provinces 
 of Upper and Lower Canada had to pay, be- 
 fore the Union, an annual sum of £66,786 
 (being the difference between the two bal- 
 ances which we have above shown) for 
 tiie expenses of their administration, from 
 which the Province of Canada has been re- 
 lieved by means of savings which have 
 been gradually effected in the various 
 branches of the public service since the 
 Union. 
 
 Should proof be asked in support of our 
 assertion, the following will bear us out :. 
 
 Jn addition to his salary the Governor of 
 Lower Canada received his share of forfeit- 
 ures and fees of different kinds ; he was, 
 also, a military officer, and, as such, was in 
 the receipt of a large income, thus- making 
 his salary higher than that enjoyed' by the 
 Governor Geneva! at the present diay.. 
 1st. The salary of the Governor of 
 
 Lower Canada, for 1840 was. .£5000. Oi 
 That of the Lieutenant Governor 
 
 of Upper Canada, payable out 
 
 of the General Revenue 2222' 0> 
 
 Do. do. out of the Casual 
 
 and Territorial Revenue 3232 6 3 J 
 
 Total in 1840 £10454 6 3ji 
 
 Salary of the Governor General in 
 1849 7777 15 4 
 
 Saving in 1849 of £2676 10 Hi 
 
 2nd. Both Civil Secretarys' depart- 
 
 menis in 1840 .£ 6353 1 10 
 
 Civil Secretarys' departments in 
 
 1849 1925 8 4 
 
 Leaving for administrative expen- 
 diture a balance of £299531 
 
 Whereas in 1849 the budget being 565403 
 if we deduct the 
 total interest on the 
 debt and the addi- 
 tional grants which 
 may be considered 
 as indispensable, 
 according to the 
 above statement. £274931 
 Together with the 
 interest paid on the 
 Upper Canada debt 
 which was deduct- 
 ed above, but must 
 now be entered 
 
 Saving in 1849 of £4427 13 6 
 
 3rd. Prov. Sec. and Registrar 1840 £6048 17 9i 
 
 2 9 Do. do 1849 5367 14 4 
 
 Saving in 1849 of £ 681 3 5i 
 
 4th. E.xtcutive Council in 1840, 
 Upper Canada, out of the General 
 
 Revenue £ 1590 6 9 
 
 Do. do. Casual and Terri- 
 torial Revenue 168 6 8 
 
 Lower Canada, in do. do. ... 2235 
 
 Total in 1840 £3994 13 5 
 
 Executive Council, in 1849 2847 4 4 
 
 57724 
 
 
 £332655 
 
 We have, for the expenses of the 
 administration in 1849, a balance 
 of only s £232748 
 
 Thus clearly showing that there has 
 
 
 
 
 been 
 
 Saving in 1849 of £1147 9 
 
 5th. Receiver General's Depart- 
 
 1 
 
 ment in 1840, Upper Canada, out 
 of the General Revenue of the 
 
 Province £3341 13 
 
 Do. Casual and Territorial 
 Revenue..... 333 6 S 
 
e Provinces 
 I to pay, be- 
 of £66,786 
 lie two bal- 
 shown) for 
 ration, from 
 las been re- 
 which have 
 the various 
 e since the 
 
 pport of our 
 r 1)8 out :. 
 Governor of 
 e of forfeit^ 
 s ; he was, 
 luch, was in 
 hus- making 
 oyed' by the> 
 day. 
 
 ;5000. 0) 
 
 2222' ft 
 3232 6 31 
 
 [0454 6 31 
 7777 15 4 
 
 £2676 10 Hi 
 
 ; 6353 1 10 
 1925 8 4 
 
 £4427 13 
 E6048 17 
 5367 14 
 
 6 
 91 
 4 
 
 681 3 51 
 
 1590 6 9 
 
 168 6 » 
 
 2235 
 
 £3994 13 5 
 
 2847 4 4 
 
 £1147 9 1 
 
 £3341 13 
 333 6 S 
 
 •,'i''« 
 
 15 
 
 Lower Canada in 1840 1222 4 5 
 
 Total in 1840 £4897 4 1 
 
 Receiver General's Dep't 1849. . . 2056 
 
 Saving in 1849 of. £2841 4 1 
 
 6th. Crown Lands and Surveyor 
 
 General's Departments in 1840, 
 
 'Upper ^Canada, out of General 
 
 Revenue £2033 16 7 
 
 Do. Casual and Territorial 
 
 Revenue , 3298 13 111 
 
 Lower Canada in 1840 2958 6 41 
 
 Total in 1840 £8290 16 11 
 
 Orown Lands Dep't 
 
 in 1849 £6908 16 9 ^., 
 
 Less, Mr. Boutil- 
 
 lier's salary 666 13 4 
 
 6242 3 5 
 
 Saving in 1849 of £2048 13 6 
 
 It may be well to remark that the Crown 
 Lands I)epc;.rtment does not only comprise 
 the two departments of that name, which 
 existed in Upper and Lower Canada, before 
 the Union, but it includes also the two Sur- 
 veyor Generals' Departments. We must 
 ■also observe that as Mr. Bouthillier, the late 
 Assistant in this department, has been 
 since transferred to the Customs, the annual 
 ■expenses have been consequently reduced 
 by £666 13s. 4d. 
 
 7th. Pensions, Lower Canada, in 
 
 1840 £3825 2 21 
 
 Upper Canada, from General 
 
 Revenue 4306 9 7 
 
 Casual and Territorial do., 2615 4 7 
 
 Do. do. 1849 1900 
 
 Increase in 1849 £78 13 2 
 
 Before tho establishment of a Board of 
 Works, all public works were perforraeil 
 under the supervision of Commissioners, 
 who were allowed five per cent., vhich was 
 certainly a much more expensive plan, and 
 one which gave less security to the public. 
 
 It would be easy to take up, in the same 
 manner, all the items of public expenditure 
 and prove, that in what may be called the 
 expenses of administration, a considerable 
 saving has been effected almost everywhere, 
 but let us merely recapitulate the six heads 
 which we have above examined, and the 
 facts will strike even the dullest understand- 
 ing :— 
 
 1st. Saving on Governor General's 
 
 Salary £2676 10 It 
 
 2nd. Civil Secretary's Dep't 4427 13 6 
 
 3rd. Prov. Sec. & Registrar's dep't 681 3 5 
 
 4th. Executive Council 1147 9 1 
 
 5th. Receiver General's Dep't. . . 2841 4 1 
 
 6th. Crown Lands Dep't 2048 13 6 
 
 7th. Pensions 3718 18 91 
 
 £17,541 13 31 
 From'the saving above mentioned effected 
 under these six heads, we must deduct : — 
 
 8th. Increase of ex- 
 penses of Inspector 
 General's Dep't. . £1390 5 7 
 
 9th. Increase of ex- 
 penses of Depart- 
 ment of . Public 
 \\ori.L8 £ 7k 13 2 £1468 18 9 
 
 Pensions in 1849. 
 
 £10746 16 
 .. 7027 17 
 
 41 
 
 7 
 
 Saving in 1849 of £3718 18 
 
 8th. Inspector General's Depart- 
 ment in 1840, Upper Canada, out 
 
 of the General Revenue £1229 8 
 
 Do. Casual and Territorial 
 
 Revenue 384 18 
 
 Lower Canada in 1840 905 1 1 
 
 91 
 
 01 
 
 Totalin 1840 of ,.£2519 17 9i 
 
 InspectorGeneral's Department in 
 
 1849 3910 3 4 
 
 Increase in 1849 of £1390 5 7 
 
 The fees which were payable in the Cus- 
 toms' Department beft^'e the Union, have 
 since been done away with. 
 
 flth. Department of Public Works 
 
 1840 £1821 6 10 
 
 Saving on the above items in 1849 £16072 14 6i 
 
 In merely comparing, however, as we 
 have done, the amounts of expendhure in 
 1840 with those of 1849, we do not obtain 
 the exact amount saved, which is, in fact, 
 much greater 'han would appear, inasmuch, 
 as before the Union, many of the officers 
 attached to the Departments we have just 
 considered, were in the receipt of various 
 fees, commissions, forfeitures, and emolu- 
 ments of di ierent sorts to a considerable 
 amount, while at present not only have the 
 salaries been reduced 20 per cent., but the 
 fees have also been entirely done away 
 with. 
 
 It is not to be wondered at, that the ex- 
 panses of the offices of the Inspector General 
 and Board of Works have increased by 
 £1468 18s. 9d., inasmuch as before the 
 Uniou the number of Public Works was very 
 
16 
 
 small, and the provincial revenue which is 
 collected under the immediate surveillance 
 of the Inspector General, is now double what 
 it then was. Lei it be remembered that the 
 population of the Province, which in 1840 
 •was only 1,086,436 souls, is now at least 
 1,600,000, having increased by more than 
 one half in ten years, and it will then be a 
 matter of surprise that the expenses of these 
 Departments have not increased in a greater 
 proportion. Whoever looks fairly at these 
 facts, must confess that some economy has 
 been practised. 
 
 Now, we do not think it necessary, in or- 
 der to satisfy the candid reader, to go on ex- 
 amining farther into the various branches of 
 the public expenditure, in order to point out 
 to him each item of saving which has been 
 effected since 1840 ; but there is a class of 
 public functionaries whose position in the 
 government, and whose income have been 
 a constant subject of attack, especially since 
 the present administration has been in power; 
 we refer to the Attorneys General. A few 
 detaiis respecting the situation of these offi- 
 cials may be of some interest. 
 
 There is nothing very astonishing, how- 
 ever, in these furious invectives «f the press 
 and these violent philippics against the At- 
 torneys General. Are not these eminent 
 persons at the head of their profession, and 
 of the country ? Do they not occupy a very 
 high position in the opinion of their fellow- 
 countrymen ? Is not tiiat sufficient to rouse 
 the jeabusy of every ambitious person, no 
 matter what class he may belong to ? We 
 do not intend to discuss whether it would be 
 more advantageous that these otficers should 
 or should not wrm part of the administration. 
 The question we are discussing, being pure- 
 ly one of finance and economy, we merely 
 wish to draw the attention of the reader to 
 their saUiries. 
 
 The salary of each of the Attorneys Gene- 
 ral is at present £1,100 per annum, with 
 £250 for Contingencies, out of which they 
 pay for their messengers, stationery, post- 
 age, &c. We know that the latter sum is 
 insufficient to meet these expenses ; and we 
 know moreover, that £100 per annum is 
 barely sufficient to cover the deficiency. 
 This would then only leave to the Attorneys 
 General a salary equal to that of their other 
 colleagues, the contingencies of the latter be- 
 ing provided for by the Province. This gross 
 allowance, however, of £1,350 mr annum, 
 ceemB to be a thorn in the side ol many per- 
 
 sons, who accuse these laborious and emi- 
 nently useful men of enjoying their incomes 
 in luxury and idleness. Never at any other 
 period than the present, were these salaries 
 so cried out against as enormous : have 
 the present admin i3tra*<'on increased them? 
 Let us take up the subject a little farther 
 back ; let us consult the public accounts be- 
 fore and after the Uriion, and ascertain 
 whether the economists have any grounds 
 for their bitter complaints, and how these 
 high functionaries were paid formerly. 
 
 During the three years immediately pre- 
 ceding the Union, we find in the journals of 
 the special council that the sum of £12,307 
 15s. Od was paid to the Attorney General 
 for his salary and contingencies, which, on 
 an average, gave an annual income of £3,- 
 692 6s. Od. to the Honorable C. R. Ogden, 
 independently of another trifling sum of 
 £9,600 19s. id. for extraordinary services. 
 We need not inquire into the nature' of these 
 services ; they are sufficiently explained Ivy 
 the period at which they were performed. 
 So that according to these figures, the cor- 
 rectness of which is incontestible, Mr. Og- 
 den received, in every year, three times the 
 annual salary enjoyed by Mr. LaFontaihe. 
 This difference is eiTormous, and yet it shows- 
 but a portion if the advantages attached 
 to this office in Mr. Ogden's time. At that 
 period the Attorneys General were not 
 obliged to devote the whole of their time to 
 the public service ; they were not responsi- 
 ble ministers ; they quietly carriied on their 
 private practice, from which they received 
 heavy fees, in consequence of the position 
 which their office gave them at the Bar and 
 in the opinion of the public ; nor were they 
 even obliged to give up their practice and 
 sacrifice their private interests- to go and re- 
 side fifty or a hundred leagues from their 
 homes. The contrast between the si'.uation 
 of the Attorneys General of the old school 
 and those of the present day, is very great, 
 doubtless because the system of constitution- 
 al government has been introduced into the 
 country ; and it is doubtless, in consideration 
 of this change, and by way of reward^ that 
 these self-coijstituted spokesmenof a grateful 
 coun/ry,load with abuse men who daily make 
 enormous sacrifices for the public good. 
 
 The Uriion Act put a stop to the prodigali- 
 ties of the old regime. The salaries, never- 
 theless, remained very high ; but they were 
 afterwards reduced one-mth, as we hav« 
 already stated. 
 
17 
 
 }us and emi- 
 :heir incomes 
 
 at any other 
 hese salaries 
 mou8 : have 
 eased them ? 
 
 little farther 
 accotinta be- 
 nd ascertain 
 any grounds 
 nd how these 
 )rmerly. 
 lediately pre- 
 tie jonrnals of 
 m of X12,307 
 jrney General 
 es, which, on 
 come of £3,- 
 C. R. Ogden, 
 fling sum of 
 lary services, 
 aturo of these 
 
 explained l;y 
 re performed., 
 ires, the cor- 
 bie, Mr. Og- 
 iree times the 
 . LaFontaitie. 
 id yet it shows- 
 ages attached 
 ime. At that 
 ral were not 
 f their time te 
 ) not responsi- 
 arried on their 
 they received 
 )f the position 
 at the Bar and 
 nor were they 
 r practice and 
 8- to go and re- 
 ues from their 
 >n the si'.uation 
 the old school 
 , is very greats 
 of constitution- 
 Dduced into the 
 n consideration 
 Df reward,- that 
 \enof a gratefuC 
 vho daily make 
 public good. ^ 
 otheprodigali- 
 salaries, never- 
 ; but they were 
 1, as we bav« 
 
 It is intended, we have heard, to reduce 
 them again by one fifth, should the Imperial 
 Government consent ; at all events our min- 
 isters have made that declaration in the 
 House. As for ui||^ur opinion is well knew i 
 on this subject ; we have fcxpressed it more 
 than once. We have shown the danger of 
 yielding at every moment to the foolish cries 
 of ambitious men, of gradually bringing 
 down the ministers to a level with persons 
 who are without capacity as politicians or as 
 professional men, by reducing their salaries, 
 and of preventing men of high intelligence 
 in the country from ever taking the manage- 
 ment of public affairs. Ministers must re- 
 member that government will be necessary 
 when they are gone, and must consequently 
 avoid rendering it impossible to be carried on. 
 They will, therefore, think twice before 
 yielding to so disorganizing and so dangerous 
 a measure. Besides, neither this promised 
 reduction or any other which may follow, 
 will be a sufficient sacrifice in the eyes of 
 demagogues, and ambitious and incapable 
 men wiu always cry out for reduction, in 
 order that salaries and public honors may 
 be so lowered in value as to be placed 
 within their reach. These interested pa- 
 triots will serve the country for the tove of 
 their country, and " for the sole honour of 
 serving it," as one of our demagogues cv- 
 pressed it in the House the other day. 
 
 If then, as every one understands, no con- 
 cession -will stay the fury of the destructives, 
 if it be impossible to dispel the storm, and 
 if it be necessary sooner or later to weather 
 it, why not do seat once, while the immense 
 majority of the population of the country are 
 still in their senses and have not yet felt the 
 destructive influence of these preachers of a 
 new doctrine. Do not the people understand 
 that they ought to mistrust a patriotism so 
 disinterested in appearance, and that false 
 shew of ec'inomy practised by our neighbors, 
 which reduces the salary of a Governor be- 
 low that of a merchant's clerk, and which is 
 intended to make the people believe that.they 
 pay nothing, and yet enables the public func- 
 tionary, by maans of his secrets of office, to 
 realize a splendid fortune after he has held 
 his place for three years. Canada is to be 
 pitied if this system of government should 
 obtain ; experience will teach her when it 
 becomes too late, that the seeds of corruption 
 and public ruin have been sown in her 
 bosom. 
 
 When we have before us this plain state- 
 
 3 
 
 ment of the rsvenae and expenditure of the 
 Province, when we see that economy has 
 really been practised, and will be gradually 
 continued, (with due circumspection, how- 
 ever) by a prudent administration, what are 
 we to think of and what should we care for 
 tho pretensions of a few brawling fools who 
 contend that the public expenditare may be 
 reduced one half? Have we not snflicient 
 proof before our eyes that they know nothing 
 at all of the matter, and have no idea what- 
 ever of administration ot government ; or can 
 we not perceive that they are so anxiotis to 
 
 §et up an agitation, that they shamelessly 
 eceive the people, by pretending to com- 
 miserate their misfortunes in order the bet- 
 ter to impose upon their credulity ? They 
 are aware that a question of finance is the 
 most delicate and most advantageous one as 
 a subject of agitar ! n ; hence it is tfcat thoy 
 have adopted the Word economy as their 
 rallying cry. This was Ledrti Rollin's war- 
 cry before he was allowed in the name of 
 the French people (whose happiness was 
 of course thereby ensured) to nandle the 
 national funds. 
 
 It will be" the cry of all demagogues who 
 may come after hiin, until, by the aid of 
 barricades, they ride in their carriages as up- 
 start aristocrats, and despise the demagogues 
 who are obliged to walk, and who will cry 
 out in their turn that the people pay too 
 dearly for the said carriages. 
 
 We shall not say : reduce by one-half the 
 number and salaries of the public officials, 
 nor is that what the agitators of 
 
 dismiss the whole 
 
 agitators of every sort 
 require ; but we »ay ; '" " 
 personnel of the Administration, from the 
 Governor-General to the lowest menial, and 
 let the angels of heaven take the helm of the 
 Government into their hands. (Perhaps it 
 would be better to leave it in the hands of the 
 hungry Clear-Grits or of their younger com- 
 panions in Socialism who might steer at 
 night by their " brilliant pillar of lighi and 
 go ahead at a pace which should keep time 
 to the beating of theirgreat hearts.") What 
 saving will then have been effected? not 
 one-eighteenth of the whole public expendi- 
 ture. 
 
 People of Canada, those who promise you 
 that the public expenditure may be reduced 
 by one-half, or even by one-third or by one- 
 fourth, are fools or knaves, and just as dan- 
 gerou«t one as the other ; the former would 
 thrust you into the pit through ignorance, 
 while the latter would ientrap you into it 
 
18 
 
 like the fox in the fable, in oMer to make use 
 'of your shoulders to get out of it. 
 
 After the events ol February, a great cry 
 was got up in France ai;ainflt the civil list 
 and the government. To pacify the peoples 
 reduction was attempted. The budget con- 
 Bisted of nearly eighteen hundred millions of 
 .'raucs; the moderate.salariesof a great num- 
 ber of efficient officers, fathers of families, 
 were reduced, and the enormous bu(iget was 
 dimiiushed by /our millions of francs. What 
 I a mockery ! . 
 
 The only reduction which can be effected 
 for the present, will bo in the salaries of the 
 ministers, of those men who labour the most, 
 have the greatest responsibility, and whose 
 ,fituationsare the most precarinus: the saving 
 effected on their salaries wdl amount to 
 i; 1,000 or £1,700. To this may be addeil 
 the reduction which is fo lake place in the 
 salaries of the Judges; but this, of course, 
 • can otdy be in prospedu. 
 ^ Aher having; sliovn in the clearest manner 
 .possible, and in such detail as to tire out the 
 reader, the folly of the vetrenchinent argu- 
 ments, after having; thoroughly exposed the 
 absurd propositions of those vvho,as ihey say. 
 wish to reduce by one-half the salaries of 
 the parasites, (ventrus) (for such is the 
 term applied by 'hem to everyone holding 
 any office whatsoever) pretending thevebj to 
 effect a saving oi one-half the public expen- 
 diture for the advantage of the people whose 
 fancy they tickle with their tiresome ami 
 stupid notions of economy ; we shall now 
 examine the arguments advanced by those 
 who are opposed to the system itself, which 
 in their opinion is rotten at heart, and must 
 be immediately replaced by a sounder and 
 more sensible one. 
 
 > We have already stated that those who 
 complain of the exi.-.ing slate of things, and 
 cry out for merechange, propose nothing posi- 
 tive, nothing definhe nor tangible, far less 
 practicable instead ofthe systf^^m they find s . 
 odious; unless we consider as practicable 
 Mr. Merritl's production contained in the 
 leport of the Finance Committee. But we 
 need not study this projett very deeply, in 
 order to become convinced that it is defec- 
 tive in itself, Huconnecteil in its details and 
 has no practical end if the object of the 
 ex minister be to lighten the burthens which 
 press upon the people. The means he proposes 
 were they at all practicable, would only alter 
 the moile of levying the taxes witiioiit 
 diminishing the expenditure. On the other 
 
 hand, the anthor, who confines himself ex- 
 clusively within financial abstractions which 
 practice invariably modifies as it does all 
 other abstractions, iieema not to have given 
 the slightest conaideratidpin hiy plan, to the 
 manners and cuwoms, walnts and wishes of 
 the people of the country, in whose behalf 
 and in whose name however, he has brought 
 all his financial and other acquiiements 
 into play. Nor has he taken into co"^ ' - 
 ration their institutions and the tie-- -h 
 
 bind them to Entjland, matters w . he 
 does not seem to think of any importance. 
 
 Mr. Menitt's plan, in onr opinion may bo 
 summed up in these few words : •' Whether 
 your manners and customs and yonr institu- 
 tions and the peculiar circumstances in 
 which you are placed, be or be not incom- 
 patible with the chanire, follow the example 
 ofthe Slate of Nt^w Yoik 'u\ everything: try 
 and resmnble her as if you were her other 
 self, because she is the most perfect Slate of 
 the very best Federal Republic ; and aspire 
 to nothing belter, for you will have then at- 
 tained the perfection and vUima ratio of 
 Immnn institutions." 
 
 But if in this famous scheme we can trac& 
 no unity of principle, no connexion between 
 its paits, and nothing practical in an eco- 
 nomical sense, we can at least see at the first 
 glance that its tendency is at variance with 
 the notions of the immense majority of the 
 people. The abolition of all duties of Cus- 
 toms is recommended on the pretext of re- 
 moving impediments to trade, a measure 
 which, according to Mr, Merrift, is to draw 
 the whole commerce of North America 
 throuijh our canals and to increase the Reve- 
 nue from them to such a vast extent; as that 
 in the year 1860, they shall not only pay off 
 the pr'ncipal and interest of onr debt, but 
 ilefray also the whole Provincial Expenditure. 
 We are not however told, how in the mean 
 time, and while we are waitinir for this 
 yolilesj aue, we are to meet every half year, 
 the interest payable in London on our de,bt. 
 This is a very ijrave omission in the piiianlic 
 schemes of the ex-Commissioner of Pnblio 
 Works, and one which would iiave very 
 serious corls^•qnences for the conmiy. 
 
 According to Mr. Menitt's scheme, the 
 expenses of the administration of Justice 
 are to be defrayed by the municipalities, 
 who are also to nrnish the ai(t hitherto 
 granted to Charitable and Educational In- 
 stitutions; apian which would, of course, 
 work admirably, more especially in those 
 
bimself ex- 
 actions which 
 IS it does all 
 o have Riven 
 9 plan, to the 
 mil wishes of 
 whose behalf 
 e has brought 
 acquiiements 
 into 00"^ ' - 
 e tie-- !h 
 
 ers w . he 
 rnportance. 
 )inion may be 
 ; " Wheiher 
 j-onr institu- 
 innslances in 
 b« iiol inrom- 
 r the example 
 rf I Jibing : try 
 ere her other 
 erfeot Slate of 
 ; and aspire 
 have then at- 
 ima ratio of 
 
 i we can trace 
 jxion between 
 al in an eco- 
 see al the first 
 variance with 
 lajority of the 
 duties of Cus- 
 pretext of re- 
 e, a measure 
 rift, iti to draw 
 ui-th America 
 sasethe Reve- 
 ^xtent; IIS that 
 it only pay off 
 onr debt, but 
 1 Expenilifnre. 
 V in tile mean 
 iitiii<r for this 
 .'ery half year, 
 n on onr de^bt. 
 in the pii^anlic 
 iier of Publics 
 Id iiave very 
 )nuiiy. 
 
 1 scheme, the 
 on of Justi«'e 
 lunicipalities, 
 aid hitherto 
 lucational In- 
 1(1, of course, 
 iaIJy in those 
 
 19 
 
 localities where people burn school -houses, 
 because they are asked to pay a moderate 
 coalributiori whicli id to procure for their 
 children the I read of knowl«?dj;e, but the 
 payment of which tliey resist almost by open 
 violence. Tne animal aid granted for ele- 
 mentary education and the eiieour.igement 
 of agriculture, is to be provided for out of 
 the Jesuits' estates, and the waste binds of 
 the Crown, which prodir;e scarcely enouirh 
 to pay for surveying them ! In slioit, Ca- 
 nada is to er^oy the ble.sKiiiiis of direct tax- 
 ation instead of Customs' duties ; and this 
 is not to be done for the purpose of obtain- 
 injr the supposed advantages, or even the 
 vain glory of independence, but the im- 
 mense majority of the people, whether they 
 choose or do not choose to wear foreiirn 
 stuffs or indu ge in foreign lu'curies, are to 
 have direct taxes imposed on them, and 
 upon their farms and lands, for the sake of 
 removing every check to the spirit of tiadinir* 
 and in order that the traders (who are 
 pleased to call themselves the country) may 
 vith mo."e impunity,' iridulite their arnbi- 
 lious taste for dashing risks and flimiiig 
 speculations. In Mr. Merrittt's ines, the 
 masses of the people are but of extremely 
 secondary moment compared with the tra- 
 ding class : he has but one idol, — rpaterial 
 interests ; the moral, or even the physical, 
 necessities of humanity, the wants of the 
 heart or the soul touch him not ; worshiping 
 the god of trade alone, he woidd saciitice, 
 upon the altaf of his deity, almost every real 
 interest of soeiely, and if he had his way 
 society would one day call him to a strict 
 account for the distress and ruin he vi'ould 
 hive worked. 
 
 But there is uo occasion to expose further 
 this economical scheme which made so 
 much noise while hatching, and which now 
 it is hatched, can find no one to protect its 
 frail and silly existence, against the attacks 
 of reason, economical science and adminis- 
 trative experience ; the Destructives of every 
 name and sort have repudiated it, and re- 
 fused to adopt it as their platform, doubtless 
 because their sole object is to destroy, and 
 not to reconstruct, but to sit down in the 
 cruel pride of victory among the ruins they 
 have made. Their motto is, " Never mind 
 onr country so we have our own way," now 
 their way is the way of destjuction, and 
 they etitertain a horror of rebbilding or re- 
 constructing. Yet Mr. Merritt's scheme 
 would, after all, have answered their pur- 
 
 pose. For though its economical pretensions 
 ar a mere illusion, though it could take 
 nothing from the public burthens but would, 
 as soon as adopted, have made them heavier 
 and more irksome ; it would not the less 
 have had the merit of destroyuig utterly the 
 public cretiit and security, an(l of driving 
 into resistance the people of this Piovince, 
 who are far from bcuig ready for such a 
 change. * 
 
 Sta'.cnmnt (A) of Exprndilure in Lower 
 Canada before the Union, in 1840. 
 
 £ t. D. 
 
 Governor, Lieut. Governor, or per- 
 son administering the Govern- 
 ment 5000 
 
 Office, Chief Secretary 400 12 OJ 
 
 Office, Civil Secretary 5744 9 \o\ 
 
 Officfc, Provincial Secretary and 
 
 Registrar's Department 1478 9 4 
 
 Receiver General's Department. . 1223 4 5 
 Office, Inspectors and Auditors of 
 
 Public Accounts 905 11 1 
 
 Ex-eculive Cointcil 2235 11 1 
 
 Office, Board of Works 1832 9 2 
 
 Adminiiitration of Justice 38617 5 
 
 French Translator 55 11 1 
 
 Special Council 37fi5 16 6 
 
 Office, Surveyor General 1624 19 8^ 
 
 Office, Crown Lands 1 333 6 8 
 
 Emiijrant A?ent 1209 13 7 
 
 Giarrd Voyeis • 488 17 9 
 
 Inspector of Chimneys. 27 15 6 
 
 Miiitia and Militia Pensions 2339 '* 
 
 Education 562617 i^ 
 
 Supporting and Improving the Na- *•'* 
 vigation of the River St. Law- 
 rence (Trinity Houses) 5818 6 3^ 
 
 Encouragement of Agriculture.. . 504 4 6 
 
 Destruction of vVolves 105 
 
 Pensions and Allowances 3825 2 2J' 
 
 Printing, Stationery &c., for Gov- 
 ernment 3398 11 Ok 
 
 Distrib\ition of the Laws 150 
 
 Court Houses and Gaols 3878 17 6 
 
 Erection of Custom Houses Ill 2 6 
 
 Repairs, Rent and care of Public 
 Buildings, Assessments and 
 
 otherchargesattendinglhesame 4031 19 10 
 Quarantine, Health Officer, Board 
 of Health, Vaccine Inoculation, 
 Hospital and other charitable 
 
 institutions 8509 8 2 
 
 Literary and Historical Societies, 
 Museums and other public in- 
 
 , stitmions 200 
 
 Residents on Anticosti, and Depots 
 
 of Provisions 100 
 
 Carried forward £ 34541 » t i 
 
» 
 
 Brought over... £34541 3 1) 
 
 Mahigementof JetuiU'EaUtes.. 635 2 3j 
 
 £ini({nnt Societies 87 8 
 
 Police 36430 4 4^ 
 
 Board of Militia Land Claims... 88116 7 
 
 MiseeUaneous ..,......«•.... • 1736 10 
 
 i:i43312~4~41 
 
 Stattntent (B) oj Bkpenditure in Upper 
 
 Canada, before the Union, out of the 
 General ReverMefor 1B40. 
 
 £ 8. D. 
 
 Lieutenant Governor 2222 4 6 
 
 Extcutive Council aiid Office 1590 6 9j 
 
 Civil (or Private) Secretary, , . , . 208 
 
 Government Office ,.., 2516 1 2i 
 
 Receiver General's Office 3341 13 
 
 Inspector General's " ,, 1229 8 7 
 
 Surveyor General's " 1648 18 6i 
 
 Provincial Secretary's and Regis- 
 trar's Offloe 1954 7 3 
 
 Contiogepciosof Public Offices.. 1141 17 1 
 Government Printing and Print- 
 
 ingtheLaws 1303 6 2i 
 
 Repairs of Government House. . . 252 17 lol 
 
 Vice Chancellor and Judges 7633 9 4^ 
 
 Crown Officers , 1800 
 
 Queen's Counsel 693 5 
 
 Clerk of the Crown... 182 4 llj 
 
 Clerkof Assize 260 6 
 
 Usher and Keeper of Court of 
 
 Kine's Bench 40 
 
 Miscellaneous Expenses connect- 
 ed with administration of Justice 28 
 
 Penitentiary .., 6300 
 
 Legislature 8421 14 IJ 
 
 Pensions 4306 9 7% 
 
 Education 10841 19 3i 
 
 Interest 57724 5J 
 
 Light Houses 2350 12 8 
 
 Militia 1398 15 7 
 
 Militia Court Martials 239 9 
 
 :# "i !«'.* -sU^ --Tv.;. '' ;''^: 
 
 Agncultnral Societies IflSS 8 4 
 
 Charitable Grants(toHospitalB,&c) 400 
 
 Repayments 18 5 
 
 £121,730 6 6| 
 
 Statement of Expenditvrt for Upbtr Cana- 
 da, before the Union, out of the Casual 
 and Territorial Revenue for 1840. 
 
 £ 8. D. 
 
 Lieutenant Governor..... 3232 6 3) 
 
 Executive Council and Office... 168 6 8 
 
 Speaker of Legislative Council. .. 600 
 
 Receiver General 333 6 8 
 
 Inspector General and Office 384 17 9j 
 
 Surveyor General and Office 384 18 0| 
 
 Commissioner of Prown Lands & 
 
 Surveyor General of Woods. . . 3298 13 Hi 
 
 Surveys and Explorations. ...... 1148 3 2 
 
 Secretary and Registrar and Offiea 1436 10 7J 
 Public Buildings (Erection and 
 
 Insurance) 4 40 
 
 Allowments to Clergymen and re- 
 ligious Teachers, and Grants for 
 
 building Churches and Chapels. 9846 11 7J 
 
 Schools and Colleges 2630 1 Oi 
 
 Pensions 2615 4 71 
 
 Public Improvements. , 1958 1 9 
 
 Emigration Expenses 4323 4 5 
 
 Location of Commuted Pensioners 2196 7 8 J 
 
 Indians 6727 5 91 
 
 Fees on Public Instruments and 
 
 ■ Land Patents ,. 57 17 lOi 
 
 Travelling Expenses and Trans- 
 mission of Despatches 829 4} 
 
 Commif "on of Enquiry on Public 
 
 Departments 884 6J 
 
 Sums refunded or improperly 
 
 credited and charges transferrea 
 
 from other funds 17 3 4 
 
 Contingencies and miscellaneous. 235 8 6} 
 
 , ,,;,,., „.,^. £43,347 10 lOJ 
 
 ■ ;to. '■!■'■ 
 
 '».-. I 
 
 r.'i»ti^ 
 
 mfii^«:i>-!.^- Pi 
 
1689 8 4 
 
 400 
 
 18 5 
 
 1,730 6 
 
 «l 
 
 Upbtr Cana- 
 
 ' iht Casual 
 
 '1840. 
 £ a. D. 
 
 3232 6 3) 
 168 6 8 
 600 
 333 6 8 
 384 17 9f 
 384 18 Oi 
 
 3298 13 Hi 
 1148 3 2 
 1436 10 7J 
 
 « 40 
 
 
 
 9846 11 
 2630 1 
 2615 4 
 1958 1 
 4323 4 
 2196 7 
 6727 5 
 
 7J 
 
 Oi 
 
 7i 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 8i 
 
 9i 
 
 57 17 lOJ 
 
 829 
 
 Al 
 
 884 
 
 6i 
 
 17 3 
 235 8 
 
 4 
 6f 
 
 3,347 10 lOJ 
 
 ^>Ai:Ui4^ 
 
 .);.•«,* }.r>¥f5BW 
 
 .i**4to>.fcVii^-^ 
 
 a* 
 
 THE ST. LAWRENCE ROUTE. ^ 
 
 For a long time a struggle has been carried 
 on between the St. Law fence route and the 
 ■everal other routes which intersect this 
 magnificent river at variou8 points, leading 
 to different parts in the United States, and 
 principally to Boston, New York, and New 
 Orleans. We cannot exactly tell to which 
 side victory will finally incline in this com- 
 mercial contest ; what we do know is this, 
 that if we have but the will, and if England 
 but prove faithful to us, the triumph will bo 
 ours, for nature and the deep fresh waters of 
 the majestic St. Lawrence are with us. 
 
 But whence comes it that the St. Lawrence 
 has been hitherto depreciated ? It ie owing 
 to the many reasons into which we are about 
 to examine in the course of the present 
 article. Suffice ii to say in the meantime 
 that the most beautiful river in the world has 
 been calumniated by superficial observers 
 who, nevertheless, have done it immense 
 injury to the advantage of the stranger, be- 
 cause they were vested with an official and 
 Bcientifio character. Thus it was that Mr. 
 Stevenson wrote as follows to the British 
 Government in 1838: — 
 
 "The navigation of the Gulf of St. Law- 
 " rence, through which ihe river flows into 
 " the Atlantic, is full of risk. To the dangers 
 "occasioned by the masses of ice which are 
 '* constantly found floating on its broad waters 
 " throughout nearly half the year, must be 
 " added the thick, impenetrable fogs of its 
 « rocky shores and dreary islands that offer 
 " neither hope nor shelter to the ship-wreck- 
 "ed mariner." 
 
 After this solemn judgment, pronounced in 
 the face ot the world, under the imperial 
 authority, against the St* Lawrence, can it be 
 « matter of surprise to see it judged unfavor- 
 ably by the very men who have an interest 
 in depreciating it. Thus, the editor of Hunt's 
 Merchants* Magazine, after quoting Mr. Ste- 
 Tenson, remarks : — 
 
 "New York happily occupiesr a middle 
 "position between the insalubrious heat of 
 " tha Miisiuippi and the ezcessiye «old oi 
 
 " the St. Lawrence, and excels them both by 
 "the excellence and extent uf its market. 
 " Will the commerce of the lakes turn away 
 " from this favored port and from the safe: 
 " route of the Erie Canal and the Hudson, ic^ 
 '' expose itself to the hazardous navigation oi 
 " the Gulf of St. Lawrence ?" 
 
 And if he adds, after putting this question' 
 for the purpose of answering it in the nega- 
 tive, — " Thut is even possible to a certaia 
 extent," is it not because the St. Lawrence 
 possesses advantages with which it is neces- 
 sary to contend whether they will or nut? 
 It is these advantages that we now proceed 
 to analyse. 
 
 If we take Chicago as a point of depart- 
 ure, situated as it is at the extreme end of 
 Lake Michigan, we will have the following 
 results: — 
 
 From Chicago to New York 1600 milei. 
 
 From Chicago to Quebec 1600 " 
 
 But Quebec is by 360 miles nearer to 
 Great Britain than New York. 
 
 We have therefore for New York. . . 1960 miles. 
 Quebec 1600 " 
 
 In favour of Quebec 360 
 
 Vessels going to New York, will have to 
 pass through 668 feet of lockage, 81 locks 
 and 364 miles of canal. 
 
 Those that descend to Quebec will only 
 have to pass through 5383 feet of lockage, 
 49 locks and 28 miles of canal (70 in ascend- 
 ing-) 
 
 A steamboat of six hundred tons can make 
 the voyage from Chicago to Quebec in ten 
 days, six from Chicago to Port Maitland, and 
 four from Port Maitland to Quebec. The 
 passage from the same place (Chicago,) to 
 New York is made in sixteen days, of which 
 ten are from Buffalo to New York. 
 
 This gives a difference of six days in favor 
 of Quebec. 
 
 But, observes Mr. Tache, in his report of 
 the Department of Public Work* for 1848 :— 
 " Although the advantages of the St. Law~ 
 "reuce appear incontastible, the Coramii-' 
 
I) 
 
 a 
 
 **»ion«r« are of opinion ihey hare r?pres«»nt- 
 "e<i them in tlie most iiut'iivdrabie li::lit, 
 "becnusie they linve, in companii;; the time 
 " wliioli vesttels (alie to |>:i4> ltir«i(i<;li \Ue>o 
 "Tespective routes, alluwivl six tiavs of 
 ** navigHt'on fioiii Chii'a;;ot'.>llie tool ot Lako 
 ** Kiie, while tlie pa}isa::e is viitually the 
 ** same for Aint'ritMU ve^st^ls anJ oni:«. 'i'iit're- 
 '' fure, ill ui'iler the bclier to inuli'rMaiitl tiie 
 " iinpuitniice of the Canatlian roi.le, it i:$ 
 *' necessary to lake another |H)iiii of (ieparl> 
 "' nre. ; it is from Port Maitlutiil on the one 
 "side, ami '^rom nutlaluon the othi^r, tiiat we 
 ** must, in justice to our route, tix the |X5iii!.s 
 ** of ilepartuie, because it i-» at ttiese two 
 "points alone that the natural (lifficnllit's 
 " «'(«nineiioe whicli have lo Ih* vanqui.slietl 
 **on eillier siile. A car^o ol threo humlred 
 "toil", arrivinj; at Bullalo, will hare to lie 
 •'re-rthippeil in five small barren which will 
 "take twelve ilavs, geneiaily sjHMkniir. to 
 "arrive at New Yoik, while a similar caruo, 
 " perfectly omiro ami without beiit;; tliMuib- 
 " eti in ine sli^liteM, wi.l pass lhroii:;!i llu» 
 ** VVellaiul Cnnal and arrive in four days, at 
 " Quebec, that is, in one-third thi* time 
 " wliicli the car<ro, divided into parcels, will 
 "occupy in reachini; New York ; and, sup- 
 erposing that the iHiai, having urrivetl at 
 "Quebec, tranships its car::© on bonrtl a 
 ■" vessel ready to sail tor Euu>|)e, this vessel 
 " with a fair wind would have reiiched the 
 " Banks of Newfoundland l)efore the rar:ro 
 " thai passed through the Krie Canal had 
 " been dischar!,'ed at New York." 
 
 The vessels which navii;ate the I2iie 
 Canal, «,ro on an average ot alxMil sixty tons, 
 vrhil <t our canals admit vessels uf upwards of 
 fiVM hundred tons, or eight and one-thiid 
 limes larger than the former. Sj that a 
 <^e«selof five hundrnd toiis, arrivinji at Unl'- 
 fa"'i, »vou!d have to divide hercar;»o amongst 
 eii»ht barfjes, which, arriving at Albany, 
 must either deposit their contents in vessels 
 made for the navigation of the Hudson or 
 proceed slowly to N. York. The same vesf^l 
 will run through the Welland Canal in iwelve 
 hours, and arrive without obstacle at Quel>ec. 
 The cargo will undergo only ori? tranship* 
 meiU from Chicago to Liverpool, and thus 
 will much time and money be sprfM^ 
 
 A barrel of flour costs from Butlalo to 
 Albany: — 
 
 FPBiaht 31 cents. 
 
 Ctnal Tolb 46 " 
 
 " ' Total n " 
 
 From Mailland to Quebec: — 
 
 Frei;.'ht 20 cents. 
 
 Canal Tolls 15 " 
 
 Total 33 " 
 
 IIKH'IIN FftKIOIIT. 
 
 A cwt. of iiieichanilise costs from Albany 
 to Hniiiilo: — 
 
 Fr.ijlit 15 cents. 
 
 Caiiil Tolls 24 " 
 
 Total ■ 39 " 
 
 or $7.80 per ton. 
 
 A fwt. from Quebec to Mailland, costs: — 
 
 Frt- iuht 5 cenu.. 
 
 Canal Tolls 10 " 
 
 Total 13 " 
 
 or $3 per ton. 
 
 So we have $t.SO in favour of the St. 
 l/iwrciu't', without counting the storage at 
 Albany and Hiiirilo,nMd the lieighl from New 
 York to Albany. Yes, aiul the cool deep 
 waters of St. L;iwroMi't% no matter what .Mr. 
 IVWilt Cliiiion may say to tho contrary, 
 preserve grain and Hour tnnoh better than 
 tl"-* warm, irniildy water of the Krie Canal. 
 
 The Misxis-iippi and its tributaries, which 
 water a valley of 7S5.->(X),(K)0 snperlii-ial 
 aeres, cajiabltMif containing a population of 
 50,()00.(KI(» ol souls, acoordiiig to IVlr. Kee- 
 fer's calcnhilions, piosent dangers and in- 
 convenieiicrs whicii the genius of man will 
 never be able to ovi>rcotno. 'J'iie river itself, 
 narrt)W imd not very deep, runs with a uniform 
 rapidity of three mill's an hour. When its 
 waters ait' swelled by poriodioal floods, they 
 drag with them in their course large trunks 
 of trees which \^\c\\ the bottom at almost 
 every point and adhere there by their heavi- 
 est ends ; the other extremities inclined to- 
 wards the current and invisible to the eye of 
 tlie navigator, present themselves like so 
 many lived laiicfs to the ve-^sel ascending 
 tho stream and pierce it immodiatolv. 
 These trunks ol trees, to which the old 
 Canadian royip^um gave the picturesquo 
 name of chiro.'s, destroy in this manner about 
 a hundred vessels a year, or a tilth of nil the 
 vessels that navigate the Mississippi ; an 
 annua! loss of :noro than a million ot dollars. 
 The pieminin of insuraiico averages from 
 twelve to fifteen per cent, nnd the greater 
 part of the steam boats, the only vessels 
 that nnvii:ate oi that can navicatc effectual- 
 ly the Mississippi, cost more than tliey yield. 
 The capital which repraseiiti these tesMle^ 
 
. 29 centt. 
 .33 >' 
 
 from Albany 
 
 ..15 cent*. 
 ..24 » 
 
 .39 •« 
 
 nnd, costs: — 
 . 5 cenu.. 
 . 10 " 
 
 ..13 " 
 
 ir of the St. 
 irt storatre at 
 rill from New 
 iti rnul deep 
 ler wlial Mr. 
 1 10 colli mry, 
 I hotter tliaa 
 Erie Canal, 
 tarios, which 
 
 5iiperHi'ial 
 r»opulrtlion of 
 
 tit ivl r. K>e- 
 Lrers ami in- 
 of man will 
 e river itself, 
 itlia nniform 
 '. Wliuii its 
 
 1 Hoods, thpv 
 largo trniiks 
 
 rn at almost 
 their lieavi« 
 inclined to- 
 10 ilie eye of 
 Ives like so 
 il ascondinjf 
 n mod lately, 
 ieli the old 
 picfuiesqno 
 miner ai>out 
 fthofniltbe 
 lissiippi; ati 
 Mini dojlnra. 
 nraires from 
 the greniOT 
 n\y veasels 
 te effect un I - 
 > they yield. 
 
 23 
 
 •ecordinffto Mr. Keefer, is exhau!«ted every 
 fouth year. Tho cost of t.aiispoit of a bar- 
 rel of flour from Cinciimatli to New-Orleans 
 is two shillinsjs and siv peniu'. 
 
 The flimate is likewise aiioth(>r obstacle 
 to the future success of tho Mississippi route ; 
 tohacoo, wheat, llour, poik, lard Imltcr, 
 chetise, &c.., U'como dania;L;L'd by the action 
 of a warm teniperaturo ; and, in. t lis res- 
 pect, tho route is much inferior even to the 
 Erie Canal. . ' '' 
 
 So f.ir, then, tho Sf» Lawrence possi>sscs 
 immense advantaijos over all other routes 
 possible; but whence comes ii lliat wilh 
 these ailvanlaees so little of tlio prodiice of 
 the West has hithcrlo pa-sed linoimU our in- 
 comparable canals' This is tlie question 
 which w^! now proceed to solve. 
 
 Tho reason why the Wosioni traders keep 
 aliwf from the St. Lawrence can only be 
 found in the relative prices of transatlantic 
 freiuht Irom No.v Yo-k and fmm Qiu'hec; 
 and this dilleienco in the prices from New 
 York »nd from Quebec must bo such as to 
 compensate the disadvantULres alleiidiuL' the 
 Erie Canal lonie. Hut why is the Ireiiiiil sd 
 hiirh at Queltec and Montreal ? Hocanse 
 the premium of insurance is nnreasoiKihly 
 high, and there is no rolnrn iVei^rht. And 
 tho insurance is hij>h because the damroisof 
 the (iiilf have been exair^erated, and we 
 have no rolnrn froiirht bt'canse the advan- 
 taurefl of this ijiand navi'jablo hi.'»h-way over 
 all others, to leaii.to tho ceiiiro of Ninth 
 America, and ol those vast territories into 
 which the old world pours in successive 
 waves the sui'ioraliundanctMif its [lopnlation, 
 are not sniiici nitly known in Kiiiope. 
 
 When ther;* was a (piestion a i>'Oi)d while 
 since of buildinuf tho jjie ("anal, the colo- 
 braleii DeWilt Clinton proiiruiiKcd in favour 
 of the direct ronle tVom Ibillaloto i\ew-Voik 
 against that of Oswf'<rt) and the Kivei .^'ene- 
 ca : ** Hecause," said he, ** if tho com- 
 merce of the we^t onco dcsceims into l^ako 
 Oiitaiio, we shall lose it forovor." lie un- 
 derslood thorouirlily the advimlaycs of the i^\. 
 Lawrence ronle over all others. 
 
 Quebec alone is able to export ns much 
 flour and wheat as all the ports of lti(> Dniled 
 Slate* toset her. This opinion iniL'ht appear 
 at first piylit to be exa^r^eialed : to be con- 
 vinced that it is not, it issniiicient lo cast a 
 frianoe over tho immense extent of tho val- 
 ey of tho St. Lawrence svhich ascends, deep 
 and naviiiable, even lo ll.o very henit oi the 
 ferlile oikI boundless plains of the we8t, and 
 
 to the no less fertile and boundless valley of 
 the Missisippi. 
 
 Tiio extent and importance of this com" 
 meico is uiiivei«illy acknowledaied ; takiiig, 
 thcrelbre, into oonsideration tho existence of 
 our ina:;ni(icoiit canals, which have cost 
 millions of money, one inijLj;ht reastuably 
 ask why I his very trade which, befflft the 
 bnildiiiu;of tho Krie Canal, followed its na- 
 tural route, takes it.s* course towanls New- 
 York, and eve.. drap:s in its train auonsidor- 
 ablo poition of tho products of Upper Cana- 
 da. .'I'liis iie:>lect most not bo allriliuted 
 to tho price of iniorior lieijiht, for, as wo 
 have shown, the IVoryht fiom Lake Erie 
 to Qneliec is by ono-half le>s than what 
 it costs lo New-Ycrk or any other part of tho 
 IJnilod States. We repeat iho que^ion, 
 then, why does the transport of a bartel of 
 llmr from Moiilieal to Liverpool by the way 
 of Now- York, civ>l less than by the St. 
 Lawrence? The uiiswot is this, because 
 the iVoiyhl of a barrel of flour from Montreal 
 to Livorpo(d by th(! St. Lawrence is 3s. 9d., 
 while Irom New-York lo Liveipool 'tis only 
 Ls. 3d. 
 
 This dinerence, as we liavo already ob- 
 served, is owini; to iho want of a return 
 Ireiiilu. Out of 1151 vessels which an ived 
 at the port of Quebec in 1850, ns many as 
 7})'S were in ballast. It is worthy of exami- 
 nation why tliis absence of a leiurn freifiht 
 to (inebec exists, while (lieat Hritain fur- 
 nishes her largo contingt.Mil to that of New- 
 York. . 
 
 A thoioii;;:h knowIedL'eof lIiB St. Lawrence 
 will easily coiiviiico tho most sceptic that 
 th(> dainrcis attendinir tho navinulion of the 
 Si. Lawrence have boi>n enormously exag- 
 <_'eialeil and (hat nothiiiir can jnslify tho o.v- 
 orl'ilaiit rates of insurance. 
 
 Tho followin;^ lablo, for whicli we are 
 iiideblinl lo IVlr. Lindsay, Soorolary of the 
 Trinity lli>nse of (inehcc, imlicales tlur 
 nnniber of vessels that arrived at the Port of 
 QuoluM'. in a periiul of ten years ; the collec- 
 tive ton iiau'o of these ves.■^els ; the nnmborof 
 shipwrecks that occurred in lb > Hivor St. 
 Lawrence frym IMII to 1819 .nchisively f 
 the number for each of these years and for 
 each month ofiKuiouiion in each year taken 
 separately ; the average of vessels loft each 
 yi'ar, and each month of iiavi^alion iu eauh 
 year. 
 
 I'libli' .rciTtfrrfi.'? (he rrssdit enpufccd in ike 
 Trade of bluebcc, imlicaltng ike nuinbet 
 
34 
 
 wrecks in each month. 
 
 of voyages in the years 1840 to 1849 number of ressels belonging to Pollock 
 respectively, and the^ numbir of ship- Gilraour and Co. that frequented the Port of 
 
 Quebec during a period ol eleven years, f lom 
 1839 to 1849 inclusively j their collective 
 tonnage for each of these eleven years and 
 for the whole together ; also the number of 
 ship-wreck^ during that period. 
 
 Table indicating the number of vessels en- 
 gaged in the Trade of Quebec, each 
 year, from 1839 to 1849 inclusively, he- 
 longing to Messrs. Pollock, Gilmour ^ 
 Co., of Glasgow. 
 
 i 
 
 g 
 
 £. 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 » 
 
 oooooooooooooooooooo 
 
 <O00MO5Ol4».CO»v3"-O 
 
 Years. 
 
 Ol 
 
 Oi 
 
 1 
 
 ;orf^ui^<;oco;ooccoi^ 
 
 1 
 Vessels. 
 
 Outward voy- 
 age. 
 
 s 
 
 oouiac^oooioitoco*. 
 J-^tD^^^cooooooo 
 ta*»oocoo'Oo*>.aicioc' 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 •^^ 1 lU ' 1 
 
 ;_, 1 H' 1 0> ■(>. CO W ^ CO bO it^ CO o< 1 
 
 April. 
 
 May. 
 
 June. 
 
 July. 
 
 1 
 
 3 K' 
 
 3s| 
 
 oi|i.&o*>.'w*-cow 
 
 51 ««w-m: : : m: I August. 
 
 ^1 
 a, Q- 
 
 n\ 
 
 CO0>K>hS>-'* ^CoCn- 1 
 
 Septem. 
 October. 
 Novem. 
 
 
 00- Oioohsos' —bowl 
 
 3 
 
 ri 
 
 SI 
 
 . . . . 1.^ . . . 1 
 
 • • • • CO • • CO • to 1 
 
 Decemb. 
 
 f» 
 
 CO 
 
 
 Total number 
 of vessels lost. 
 
 CO 
 
 M ^ ^ CO CO ^ _ tc ^ I"* 
 
 i-»coajk3b"-«cO"bi*» 
 0>t^'fc>'Oaicoo>cno>u 
 
 Per centage of 
 vessels lost. 
 
 
 1839 
 1840 
 1841 
 1842 
 1843 
 1844 
 1845 
 1846 
 1847 
 1848 
 1849 
 
 o 
 
 27 
 29 
 28 
 20 
 43 
 49 
 61 
 61 
 45 
 59 
 56 
 
 It will be seen from this table that the 
 greatest number of ship-wrecks occurred 
 in the month of November, the last and most 
 rigorons of the navigation season. 
 
 Total 11 
 
 458 
 
 
 Kemarks. 
 
 18614 
 20312 
 19892 
 13422 The 
 
 31342 
 36234 
 39147 
 36980 
 33477 
 44007 
 47170 
 
 Carlton 
 lost on Mani- 
 cuagan shoal. 
 The Pekin lost 
 at Riviere an 
 Renard (Foi 
 River.) 
 
 340697 
 
 This wealthy company never insures its 
 And in vessels, for the amount of premium which it 
 truth what kind of vessels, what captains, would have to pay each year would exceed 
 what crews have we had these late years ? by far its annual loss. Its vessels are of the 
 Frequently, it must be acknowledged, ship- first class, and, as it is deeply interested in 
 wreck was a speculation ; the captain was losing as few of them as possible, as much 
 either ignorant or a drunkard; the crew care is taken in selecting'their crews as intheir 
 equally profligate or incapable. Good ves- construction. Above all, the company takes 
 sels had no difficulty in finding. a cargo, care that the vessels should have passed 
 while the bad ones remained unchartored through the Gulf before the season of storms 
 ^till the season of tempests, of snow storms, and dangers. Hence it is that in a period of 
 of thick fogs; and they perishdd on our eleven years, out of 458 vessels which (re- 
 coasts aa they would have perished else- quented the Port of Quebec, it has to reckon 
 where under simihar circumstances. At but two ship- wrecks, to wit : the CaW/on on 
 present there is a visible change for the bet- Manicuagan shoal, and the" Pekin at Riviere 
 ter 5 the vessels are better built, the captains au Renard (Fox-river.) 
 are better chosen and more respectable ; I f you cast a glance over Captain Bay- 
 hence it is that shipwrecks hjve decreased field's admirable 8ea»charts, you will discov- 
 in proportion. During the year 1850, Quebec er good harbours on the Straits of Belle-Isle ; 
 had to deplore only two ship- wrecks, and good anchorage and good soundings along 
 oconrring as they did during the summer the south shore of the St. Lawrence, where 
 season, they must be attributed to a want the water becomes gradually and uniformly 
 of precaution rather than to any natural de- shallow up to the lieach. So that with good 
 fects in the navigation of the river. anchors and the sounding-lead, the first and 
 
 At present, let us compare this general last lesource of the prudent marmer, the rivei 
 table with the following, which indicates the navigation presents no real dangers. A Tea- 
 
S5 
 
 g to Pollock 
 ted the Port of 
 jn years, fiora 
 eir collective 
 ven years and 
 he number of 
 1. 
 
 of vesseb en- 
 Quebec, each 
 nclusively, be- 
 , Gilmour If 
 
 Kemarks. 
 
 'he Carlton 
 »t on Mani- 
 aagan shoal, 
 he Pekin loat 
 Riviere ao 
 enard (Fox 
 iver.) 
 
 ir insures its 
 urn which it 
 'ould exceed 
 sis are of the 
 interested in 
 )le, as much 
 ws as intheir 
 npany takes 
 jave passed 
 in of storms 
 1 a period of 
 i which fre- 
 asto reckoa 
 Carlton on 
 n at Riviere 
 
 aptain Bay- 
 will discov- 
 Belle-Isle ; 
 ilings along 
 nee, where 
 1 uniformly 
 t with good 
 ie first and 
 Bt, the river 
 rs. A Te»- 
 
 •el ts frequently lost because the sounding- 
 lead was left lying idly on the deck, or bc- 
 «ause *he captain, in his hurry to arrive at 
 Port, compelled the pilot to weiirh anchor and 
 net sail, in the middle of a dark night or a 
 dense fog. If the pilot could be freed from 
 the captain's influence, as reiranU his living, 
 the proportion of ship-wrecks would be con- 
 siderably less than they have hitherto been, 
 and in a short time the St. Lnvvrt/nce would 
 regain its reputation for security. 
 
 Does not the tide, which flows into the 
 river for a distance of ninety miles above 
 Quebec, ascending and descending at an 
 average speed of four knots an hour, ijive to 
 this magnificent Route mvaluable advan- 
 tages by making up for the inconstancy of 
 the evei-varying wind? 
 
 Many persons would be surprised at learn- 
 ing that the St. Lawrence route is the most 
 direct and shortest from the West to Europe, 
 for hitherto they have been in the habit of 
 judgnigofthe relative position of the coun- 
 tries of America accoiding to Mercator's pro- 
 jection of maps; but by alancinar ata ulobe and 
 by tracing the map lately published by au- 
 thority of the Legislature of the S:atB of 
 Maine in order to indicate tlio position of the 
 rail road which this State purposes to build 
 from Portland to the Gut of Canso, running 
 through New-Brunswick and Nova-Scotia, 
 the only map we know of which do»?s justice 
 to the geographical position of the St. Law- 
 rence, — one will be readily convinced of this 
 truth, hitherto unknown in a commercial 
 point of view. Paris is further North than 
 Quebec, which is situateil in latitude 46', 
 49' 12", a latitude many de-rrees south of 
 Great Britain. In going from America 
 to Euiope, it is evident that the shoitest 
 route must be that whose two extreme points 
 are under the same latitude. Hence it is 
 that Quebec is by many hundred miles near- 
 er to Europe than New-Yoik. 
 
 England has just learned that the traverse 
 of the Atlantic, by means ol steam, would be 
 shortened by one-half, by passinj Ihrnn^h 
 the straits of Bel!e-Isle,^nr by Cape-Breton, 
 wliere there is an abundance of coal : that 
 the quantity of coal would be lessened oue- 
 hnlf, and consequently the freiaht wnulil buin 
 created by o.ie-haif. Why, then, with 
 all these a<lvantaaes, has this dire(rt route 
 between Great Britain and the centre of 
 of America been so long left to itself, so 
 long neglected ; and why tlo those who 
 «X|iort goods from Europe to Ameriua choose 
 
 almost exclusively the New York route T 
 This preference must be looked for in 
 other than n.itural causes, for nature is with 
 us, and let us add that she favoured us in 
 quite a special manner during at least the 
 last sea.«on of navigation. 
 
 It is now some years since a number of 
 Packet boats of a superior quality were 
 bi'ilt iu the ship-yards of New-York, lo sail 
 between New-Yoik and Liverpool at fixed 
 and regulated periods. These v»»ssel8 hav- 
 ini; been encouraged by the trading public 
 were eminently succeiisful. Afterwards, Mr. 
 Cunard succeeded in inducinc the British 
 Government to give a considerable premium 
 to encourase the eMabli^hment of a line of 
 Steamers to sad between Liverpool, Boston 
 and New-York, touching at Halifax. Thesa 
 were equally successful. But the American 
 merchants and builders endeavoured in vain, 
 at different times to establish a similar 
 line. Finally, after many uusucceHsful 
 attempts, the government of the United 
 Statch was induced to grant a simdar pre- 
 mium, anil Collins' line of steamers came 
 into existence, which succeeded in conipe- 
 tin^r successfully with Cunard's line, though 
 the latter was permitted by the impel iai go- 
 verumort to sail directly between Liverpool 
 and New-York. Here, then, are two mng- 
 ficent lines of steamers arriving on a fixe<l 
 day every week at the two favoured ports of 
 Europe & America.independentof the various 
 lines of Packets that are as resrular as sailing 
 vessels could possibly be, besides a consider- 
 able number of superb merchantmen aver- 
 aging from 1000 to 1800 tons. 
 
 It will be said that the steamers transpoit 
 neither flour nor lail-road iron, but have al- 
 ways for car;»o passeuijers and valuable 
 goods, the exact object for which packets 
 were intended, anil consequently these latter 
 are necessarily used as merchant vessels. 
 They biinar emigrants and heavy goods 
 10 Ameiira, which enable them to car- 
 ry flour to Liverpool at a quarter or n third 
 tiip price that it can be carried from Quebec 
 or Montreal. 
 
 It is thus that the aovernments of Great 
 Britain and of the United States have agreed, 
 by a system of premiums, to uriant mlvan- 
 tnyes to New York to the prejudice of Que- 
 bec. But we must go firther in order lo 
 trace the ultimate results of the systein of 
 exclusive encouracrement. 
 
 Theemimants and merchandize destined 
 for the Stales of the West, are conveyed iher* 
 
i 
 
 in American yesaels and vice, versa, whilst 
 if these emigrants and this merchandize had 
 been deposilwd at Quebec, they would have 
 been carried into the interior by Enuliahand 
 Canaciian vessels, and th^se vessels would 
 thus have a return fieight of which they are 
 •t present deprived. Tiiis return freijjht 
 would enable our vessels to transport flour to 
 Liver|wol at Is. 3d., or nearly as cheap as 
 Ironr. New-York, and thus to monopolize for 
 the greater part the export trude. This trade 
 would bring in a revenue on the products ex- 
 ported, in the shape of Canal Tolls; each 
 lar<»e vessel passin<j throutjh our Canals with 
 a carjio of 15,000 rninots of wheat havinj; to 
 pay JEIOO This impost (which, however, 
 wou d be more than compensated by ttie low 
 price of freiyht in the interior, on the St. Law- 
 rence) wo'ild fall on theforei^^n pro<lucerarid 
 consumer, and not on the iiihahitants of Ca- 
 nada ; and the customs' duties coald be pro- 
 portionally diminished. 
 
 But, it will be asked : what is to be done 
 in order to draw through the St. Law rente 
 the import and ex(>ort trade? Is it the inter- 
 est of tl e Imperial Government to aid us ; 
 or ougtit we to have recourse to difTeienlial 
 duties? Seeins that our Canals are at pre-iciit 
 nearly ronnpleted, and lliat we are on the 
 point of beinir able, at the cost of a trifliiiof 
 outlay, to afford a passage fmm the vast 
 Lakes to the ocean, to vessels carijing from 
 4,000 to 5,000 barrels of flour, why cannot 
 fTei<>ht be taken on cheaper condition^, by 
 this pame route, fiom Toionio or Oswe;uo 
 even to New-York, than by usinsthe narrow 
 Frie Canal or rail- roads ifor the same pur- 
 poses? Once that we shall have opened 
 tnis export trade from the vast prodncitis; 
 enuntries of the West to Europe, in how short 
 a time would DeVVitt Clintcn's prophelic 
 fears be realized ! 
 
 Lower Canada is almost indifferent about 
 t^ie granting of reciprocity, and it will inter- 
 est Upper Canada only so lonar as the cost of 
 trnnsportintj its produce to the European 
 markets, by whi'^h the American markets 
 are reiTulated, shall behiirheral t.he maratirne 
 ports of Canada than at N. York ; and this 
 diffffenco exists because the inipoit an 1 ex- 
 I'Ort trade has taken its way through the 
 S at«s ; and this trade has taken its way 
 If rmizh the Slates because Great Britain and 
 tl e United Slates have jjiven it an impulse 
 in that direction by means of peeuniaiy en- 
 
 courajjement ! At present, however, Eng- 
 land, after having powerfully contributed by 
 her <<old to the inrerior and exterior commerce 
 of the States, itt wounded in her most delicate 
 susceptibilities, in her most vital interests ; ia 
 menaced iu her power and even in her 
 American possessions, by that veiy people 
 so favoured by her to the jletriment of her 
 own subjects, by their proudly clftiraing do- 
 mination over all British America, rely- 
 in;! i" so doinyr on these very favors and in- 
 comparable advantages that England has so 
 liberally bestowed upon them iu the prose- 
 cution of their commerce through the St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 The Neto York Tribvne has taken 
 on itself to express the thoughts of the Ameri- 
 can people and Congress on this subject : — 
 " It is only," he observes, ''in giving to 
 the Canadian pe-)ple the strongest a8sur?.nce, 
 through Mr Hincks, that measures had 
 been taken to com lel the United States 
 to <,'raiit reciprocity, that the Canadian Min- 
 ]>try succeeded in arresting the annexation 
 movement last winter." He wishes to 
 starve us into annexation. 
 
 In the face of such ea;otism, in the pre- 
 sence of i)rovocatious and hostile intentions 
 so audaciously expressed by a Iriendly peo- 
 people, what should England do? VVhat 
 ouiiht wo to do ourselves Willi the incompara- 
 ble advantages which our geographical posiHk 
 tioii and our majestic river aflbrd us? The 
 Americans themselves are the first who have 
 sliown us how much neaier to Europe vve are 
 than they. If the Imperial Government ap- 
 pears disposetl to abandon Liverpoo', an im- 
 mense commercial mait, which the New- 
 World has calieil into existence, in order to 
 choose a comparatively «le**eiled poit in Ire- 
 land because it happens to be nearer than 
 the ottier to America, what is there to preve-.. 
 it from abandoning New Yoik and direct its 
 course in a straijihi line towards the St. Law- 
 rence, which is the most direct ami shortest 
 route to the centre of the vast producing and 
 consumingcountrieK. of the West. To oHaii. 
 this result, at leastuto hasten it, two things 
 are essential, to win the enconraarement of 
 a line of steamers *o sail from Great Britain 
 to the St. Lawrence, and, for the w nter, Jha 
 rail-road from Queliec to Halifax, which 
 would gradually and indifinilely be prolong- 
 ed toward:* the West. 
 
^ 
 
 werer, Eng» 
 ontribnted by 
 ior commerce 
 most delicate 
 
 intere!<ts; ia 
 0ven in her 
 
 veiy people 
 imeiit of her 
 cliiiming tio- 
 nerica, rely- 
 Ivors and ir»- 
 )^lari(l has so 
 iii the prose- 
 uugh the St. 
 
 has taken 
 of the Ameri- 
 is subject : — 
 ' in givinjB: to 
 }st n8sur?.nce, 
 leasures had 
 hiited States 
 iriHdiiin lVIin> 
 e annexation 
 
 wishes to 
 
 , in the pre- 
 ile intentions 
 iriendly peo- 
 do? What 
 le incompara- 
 raphical posi-4 
 rd us? The 
 Srst who have 
 <!uropo we are 
 vernment ap- 
 rpoo', an im- 
 ch the New- 
 p, in order to 
 lI poit in Ire- 
 ' nearer than 
 Bre to preve-. 
 and direct its 
 H the St. Law- 
 and shortest 
 (fodncirip ami 
 t. To ohiaii. 
 it, two things 
 iirajfcment of 
 Great Britain 
 le w nter, 2na 
 liifHX, which 
 y be prolong- 
 
 I 
 
 v«». «► I* J 
 
 hf<t: rt' »^f?'' ,--'>» 
 
 '^'^^:; PUBLIC TNSTOUCTION. 
 
 Before the Union of the Provinces, the 
 Legislature of Lower Canada voted annually 
 considerable 8um» fur the encouriiirement cf 
 elementary scfiools, to the snpjiort of which 
 the people contributed but volinitarily. Since 
 the Union, parliament has devoted to this 
 object an annual urant of 200,000 dollars, at 
 prfetterit equally divided between Upper and 
 Lower Canada, and has made provision for 
 imposin;^ a direct tax on the inhabitants for 
 the benefit of public instruction. That a 
 locality may hav»* a riijht tw paiticip^ie in 
 this grant, it is necessary that a sum equal to 
 that, annually erranteil by government, be 
 levied by a direct tax on the people of that 
 locality. 
 
 AmoiijGf the numerons public functionaries 
 who form the Provincial Cabinet, it is to be 
 regretted that one specially charged with the 
 department of public instrnction is not to be 
 found. It is an important hiatus and one 
 that considerably impedes the progress of 
 public instiuction. Let us hope, however, 
 that Canada will shortly enjoy the ser- 
 vices of H minister of public instruction and 
 of ns;ricuUure. 
 
 Up|)er antl Lower Canada have each a 
 differently organized system of public iin^triic- 
 tioij. In Upper Canada this systena is in- 
 Tolved with that of munici|>al authority ; in 
 Lower Canada, it is altoaether apart from it. 
 In each section of the Province, there is a 
 principal functionary called a Superintendent 
 of education, acting separately, and indepen- 
 dently of c e another, inconsequence of the 
 difference in the organiaalion of public in- 
 struction in each section. 
 
 The following are the principal features of 
 the law which governs public instruction in 
 Lower Canada. 
 
 1st. The establishment of elementary 
 schools in each locality under the contiol of 
 commissioners elected by the inhabitants of 
 buoh locality. The powers and dntie* of 
 these commissioners are : to take charge and 
 possession of all effects belonging to the 
 schools of their locality. They can acquire 
 TOO /cable and immoveable property to a 
 limiled extenU They engage the teachers, 
 
 Ml-- 
 
 regulate the course of studies, decide all dis- 
 putes relating to the public schools, and 
 cause a sum equal to that ^rranled to their 
 locality by irovernment to be raised by a tax 
 on the inhabitants. Besides elementary 
 8ch(H)ls, tfiey can establish a model-school, 
 and fix the amount which each house-hold- 
 er shall contribute for every child of age to 
 attend the schools over and alwve the tax on 
 his immoveable property. Finally, they are 
 charp.ed to sue for such sums as may be ne- 
 cessary for the support of the schools, and 
 to divide their locality into districts. 
 
 2iid. Honorary visiJors established by law 
 to visit the schools. — This arrangement is a 
 dead letter. 
 
 3id. Nomination of a superintendent for 
 Lower Canada with a yearly salary of $2,000^ 
 besides the expenses of the office. It is the 
 duty of this officer to tMviile between each 
 locality, according to its population, the sum 
 granted by government, to examine the ac- 
 counts-sent in by the commissioners, and to 
 make an annual report to the Le<.Msiature. 
 
 4th. In each of tho cities of Quebec and 
 Montreal, a Board composed of fuuiteen 
 persons is charged with examining thequali" 
 fications of teachers. Unfoilunalely, this 
 important provision is rendered a complete 
 nullity, because the teacheis are not as yet 
 obliged to undergo an examination. 
 
 In Upper Canada, the organization of pub- 
 lic instruction is in every respect superior to 
 that of Lower Canada. Its principal provi- 
 sions are the<!e: — 1st. Election of Commis- 
 sioners to regulate the adirrinistiation of the 
 Schools: 2iid. forced qualification of teach- 
 ers: 3rd. nomination oi a superintendent of 
 public instruction : 4th. the establishment of 
 model schools by the municipal council of 
 each county which isauthori.sed to levy atax, 
 for that purpose as well as for the support of 
 elementary schools and the formation 6l 
 county libraries, and to divide the township 
 into scholastic districts \ also, to ap|)oint 
 county and township superintendents: 6th. 
 separate schools for Catholics and Protestants: 
 6th. the establishment of a Board of publlo 
 instruotioD in each county, chargeJ with th« 
 
£S 
 
 flzamination of teachers and the granting; of 
 certifioates of qualification, the chooMng of 
 books to be -used iti the suhoolt*, and the 
 miperinlendenc'S of form inar school libraries: 
 7th. obligation of county and township super- 
 intt^ndHnta to visit each school at least once 
 in Ihrpe months, to decide disputes arising 
 out of the rnanaijement of the schools; an 
 appeal from snc!i deiMsions to the general 
 RoperintenrlKnt for UopfT Canada, whose 
 nalary is fixed at $2,000 a-year, excdnsive of 
 office expenses. The ilnlies of this func- 
 ti-^nary, besides those which are common to 
 him with the Superintendent for Lower Ca- 
 nada, are : to appoint a deputy and special 
 visitor, to oversee the Normal School, to sub- 
 mit to the approbation of the mnnicipHl coun- 
 cils the books and manuscripts which may 
 be addressed to him, to divide the money 
 voted by the Legislature for the establish- 
 nient of libraries, to appoint competent per- 
 sons to pre>ii!e over the Teachois' county 
 associati')ns : 8th. the establishment of a 
 j;eneral Board of publi; instruction. This 
 Board is charged with the establishment and 
 cotitrol of a Normal School : 9th. $6,000 
 taken annually from the funds voted by the 
 Leui^lalure ft.r the sup|-M)rt of the Normal 
 iSclinnl and the salaries of its professors; 
 $4,000 drawn from the same source and 
 grunteil each 5'ear as aid to the teacthers who 
 attend this school : lOlh. the Governor in 
 Council is autliorized to take annually from 
 the Upper Canada poition of the school grant, 
 a Hum of $12,000 for the purchase and pus- 
 port of school libraries. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Tablf, indicn ing the Progress of Public 
 Inslruction in Canada. 
 
 LOWER CANADA. 
 
 Total No, ofelemer'ury schools in 1849. 
 " " model " " . . 
 " " Colleges am! Cntholic Institu- 
 tions liir the higher branch- 
 es ol education 
 
 Grand total of educational establish- 
 ments* 2,509 
 
 • The number of private schools in Lower 
 Canada, not being accurately known, is omitted 
 in this calculation ; consequently, the number of 
 children attending them is not included in the 
 123,180 mentioned in the Table. 
 "i 
 
 2,416 
 75 
 
 18 
 
 Total No. of children Trom 5 to 16 jeara 
 
 attending elementary schools. . 123489 
 " " of Students in the Institutions for 
 the higher branches of edu- 
 cation about 3,500 
 
 Amount allowed to elementary 
 
 schools £14,500 
 
 Amount granted hy Government 
 
 for school-houses* £ 3i),511 6 
 
 Amount paid by the inhabitants 
 
 for ditto £ 53,210 15 2 
 
 Total No. of school-houses for which aid has 
 been given by government 915' 
 
 In nearly ail the parishes, libraries have 
 been founded, throui/h the solicituile, zeal, 
 and ofTerings of the Clergy and the inhabi« 
 tants. 
 
 UPPER CANADA. 
 
 Total No. of elementary schools in 1849. 2,871 
 
 " " model " ".. 1 
 
 " " normal " " .. 1 
 
 " " private " " .. " 157 
 
 " " Colleges " " . . 7 
 " " Academies and grammar 
 
 schools 39 
 
 Grand total of educational establish- 
 ments 3,077 
 
 Children attending elementary schools.. 138,465' 
 " " private do... 2,648 
 " " model do... 40a 
 " " academies and gram- 
 mar dilt- 1,120 
 
 " " Colleges and Univer- 
 sities 772 
 
 Grand total of students and scholars. ... 144,409 
 
 Adult population 725,879 
 
 Population between the age of 5 and 16. 355,478 
 
 Total number of m'\le teachers of ele- 
 mentary schools. 2,505 
 
 " " female 707 
 
 Number of School Libraries. . . 605 
 
 " of Volumes in these libraries. . 1 1 ,624 
 
 " of School-houses 1,972 
 
 Roman Cathelic Teachers a35 
 
 Total annual salarv of Teachers £,107,713 
 
 Method of instruction: individual, simultane- 
 ous and monitorial. 
 
 •This amount is composed jf the various 
 sums allowed from time to time since 1841, to 
 aid in the building of school-houses, which surnn 
 were taken from the annual grant to Lower Ca- 
 nada for the encouragement of elementery edu- 
 cation. 
 
16 yean 
 
 fhools.. 123,189 
 tions for 
 of edu- 
 3^00 
 
 ry 
 
 £ 14^00 
 nt 
 
 £ 3^,511 6 
 hts 
 
 £ 53,210 15 2 
 hich aid has 
 915 
 
 ibraries have 
 alicitiiile, zeal, 
 )d the inhabit 
 
 n 1849. 2,871 
 1 
 1 
 " . . • 157 
 7 
 amtnar 
 
 39 
 ablish- 
 
 3.D77 
 
 :hooIs.. 138,466 
 Ho. . . 2,648 
 do. . . 40O 
 I gram- 
 
 1,120 
 
 Jniver- 
 
 772 
 
 irs — 144,40& 
 
 725,879 
 
 ind 16. 355,478 
 
 of ele- 
 
 :hool8. 2,505 
 
 707 
 
 605 
 
 ries. . 11,624 
 
 1,972 
 
 a36 
 
 ....£,107,713 
 Dal, simultane- 
 
 f the various 
 since 1841, to 
 8, which sums 
 to Lower Ca- 
 imentery edu' 
 
 CATHOLICITY IN CANADA. 
 
 Should history make menl ion hereafter of 
 Canada, it will testify that it owes its exist- 
 •encH to secular priests and to the Jesuils, as 
 France does to her Bishops, and En-jland «o 
 her monks. 
 
 Thijs.ihe first centnrythat fullowed the a<l- 
 Terit of Europeans in New Friiiire, she>vs ns, 
 on the one si<ie,the Jesuits scouiinir the count- 
 ry in all directions, penetratinjr its most ilistant 
 parts,explorin;i its natural resources, esliihiish- 
 ing fraternal relaiions between the aborigines 
 and the European stianirer, and plant iny: 
 the standard of civilization from the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence to the mouths of the Mississip- 
 pi. On the other side, it presents to our 
 view the secular clerjiy conducting into the 
 heart of the forest resolute bands of hardy 
 pioneers, directinc their labours, sustaininyr 
 their hop^s, presidinpr at the foundation of 
 the humble village, rea.injr on the banks 
 of the river the steeple of its chapel, and 
 organizing little by little the Canadian par- 
 ish. Acting by turns the part of j"ul;ie, doc- 
 tor, legislator and school-master, the mis- 
 sionary priest was the soul of the new 
 establishments that grew up on both shores 
 of the St. Lawrence. Cast in the midst of 
 the desert, forced to stru^rgle with nature in 
 its wildest state, continually exposed to the 
 incursions of the Iroquois, these infant com- 
 munlies had need of the authority and de- 
 votedness of the Catholic Priest to sustain 
 themselves. His wo'ds full of hope were a 
 barrier to despair, and his peaceful exhorta- 
 tionh prevented anarchy and confusion from 
 gliding into the midst of the heterogeneous 
 elements of which these little societies were 
 sometimes composed ; whilst his learning 
 and experience enabled him to gi<'e useful 
 advice with regard to works to be executed, 
 fnd the regulations which the common -rod- 
 vantage required. 
 
 The just influence thus acquired among 
 his parishioners was employed in the service 
 of morality and religion. This formed the 
 chief object of his mission ; and all his en- 
 ergies and resources were devoted to it. 
 Thus, through the watchfulness of the Ca- 
 
 nadian priest, the national character in its 
 (levelopement remained deeply stamped 
 with morality and its attachment to Catholi- 
 city 
 
 Louis XIV. had cherished the idea of 
 seeing New France become a powerful em- 
 pire, in the midst of Northern America; be 
 was anxious to oppose it as a counter-weight 
 to the English power in the new world } 
 even in his dreams, the protection and in- 
 crease of the colony occopied his mind. 
 Under the reiajn of his successor, the negli- 
 gence of governors, the speculations of fm~ 
 pfoyes, followed by a di.^astrous defeat, 
 shattered the favourite plarts of the Great 
 King; Canada fell into the hands of the 
 English. Thereupon the learned and high- 
 er classes of society emigrated for the greater 
 part ; the lawyers, principal merchants, 
 ship-owners, and the officers of the old go- 
 vernment returned to Europe. The cleigy 
 remained on their country's soil, with 70,000 
 French Canadians, belt nging nearly alto- 
 gether to the working and agricultural 
 classes. 
 
 Thus abandoned by their protectors and 
 civil leaders, at the moment when they 
 passed into the hands of a hostile power, this 
 small population "vas threatened with being 
 crushed beneath the weight of foreign erai- 
 {iialion. The Canadians wished to preserve 
 their religion, their language, their customs 
 and their laws. The secular clergy came 
 to their aid ; they proved themselves what 
 they had been since the first settlement was 
 made in the country, the guices, the ad- 
 visei^, the protectors of their co-patiiots; 
 they directed them in their struggles for the 
 maintenance of their rights; they en'ight- 
 ened them on their duties as citizens ; they 
 contended for their liberty of conscience ; 
 they watched over the preservation o}' their 
 languasti and their religion ;they encou.'aged 
 according to their means the establishment 
 of elementary schools among the people. 
 The Jesuits, who had hitherto been occupied 
 in teaching the higlier branches of educa- 
 tion, were swept away by the storm; th* 
 
Seminary of Quebec undertook to preserve 
 amc>iia[st us the precious liahl of science ; 
 and ot'tiiis task it has worthily acquitted it- 
 «elf even to this day, with the most perfect 
 disinterestedness. At present it is aided in 
 the good work by numerous colleges, nearly 
 all of which were founded by Ecclesiastics. 
 
 During the ninety yenrs that have rolled 
 by since the conquest of the country down 
 to the present time, Canada has made rapid 
 progress in the way of ameliorations; con- 
 siderable cities have sprun;: up ; commerce 
 has e\tended itself; forests have been trans- 
 formed into verdant plains and fruitful gar- 
 den? ; the population has risen to the num- 
 ber of 1,600,000 souls. During the year just 
 ■ended 200,000 children h ve attended the 
 numerous schools throtuhout the Province. 
 With regard to its material progress, we are 
 happy to be able to prove by the followii g 
 •tatistieal details, that the interests of the Ca- 
 tholic roliafion have not been neirlected. 
 
 The dio(!ese of Quebec, established in 
 1674, by Pope Clement X., embraced all 
 that part of America wiiich lies North of 
 Mexico and the Gulf of that name. Con- 
 £ne<l to the British possessions of North 
 America, after the establishment of the Re- 
 public of the United States, without ceasing 
 1o be one of the largest dioceses in the world, 
 eighteen new ones have been cut off from it 
 since the beginning of the present centnry. 
 
 Eight of these ecclesiastical divisions are 
 in Oregon. Six belong to the ecclesiastical 
 Province of Quebec, erectod in 1844; they 
 af« the dioceses of Montreal, Kingston, 
 Bytown, Toronto, the Nortti- West and Now- 
 Foundland. The bishops of Frederickton, 
 Halifax, Arichat, and Char'ottetown, are 
 ealled on to take part in the conventions of 
 the bnihops of the province of Quebec, until 
 «nch time as a similar organization is estab- 
 lished amonir themselves. 
 
 In the foHowinu remarks we will confine 
 ourselves to an expose of the stale of Calho- 
 lioity in those dioceses which form the 
 eocliaiiastical province of Quebec : — 
 
 DIOCESE OF QUEBEC. 
 
 The Diocete of Qmbec embraces the 
 Bistiiots cA Quebec, Three-Rivers, Gaspe, 
 «ivi a portion of St. Francis ; the Catholic 
 
 riulation amounts to about .S(X),000 souls. 
 i« governed by the Metnipolitan Arch- 
 bishop of the ecclesiastical province. The 
 praeent Inetimbent is Mttnseigneur P. F. 
 vHirgsoa, coneeorated bishop of Sidyme the 
 
 11th June, 1834, and become Archbishop of 
 Quebec by the death of Monseigneur Joseph 
 SiL'nay, which occurred on the 3rd October, 
 1850. 
 
 The diocese of Quebec has a clergy com- 
 posed of 220 prie ts, charu'ed with the care 
 of 120 parishes, about tvrenty missioua, and 
 the supervision of the studies in three large 
 establishments of education. 
 
 The Greek and Latin lan^uaaes. Belles- 
 lettres, and Moral and Natural Philosophy, 
 are taught in the Seminariesof Quebec, Nico- 
 let and St. Anne. These institutions con- 
 tain upwards of .50 professors, 43 students in 
 theology, and 700 lay students, boarders and 
 externs. 
 
 The Christian Brothers keep flourishing 
 schools, in which the children receive a 
 
 gratuitous education. 
 At Quebec. . . 
 At Three-Rivers. 
 At Kamnnraska , 
 At. St. Thomas . 
 
 They instruct : 
 , . 850 children. 
 , . 2S0 « 
 , . 200 « 
 .180 « 
 
 The Sisters of the conare vration of Nofre 
 Dame have charse of seven houses of edu- 
 cation for youn<jr girls; in their beautiful and 
 useful establishment in St. Rocl^'a Suburb, 
 they count already 725 scholars. 
 
 Three other institutions, to wit : theUrsu- 
 lines of Quebec, those of Three Rivers, and 
 the Nuns of the General Hospital, like th 
 Sisters of the Congregation of Notre Dame, 
 give a dislinguislied education to young 
 ladies. These three establishments are at- 
 tended by 610 scholars. 
 
 Three Hospitals are under the control of 
 cloistered nuns : the hospital of Three-Rivers 
 under the care of Ursuline ladies, is devoted 
 to the sick of the town and adjac'ent countty ; 
 the Gei:eral Hospital of Quebec serves as an 
 Asylum for 67 old persons of both sexes; 
 the Hotel Dieu, also of Quebec, receives an- 
 nually about 650 sick persons, who are tend- 
 ed and supported gratuitously during their 
 illness. 
 
 A branch of the Grey Nuns of Montreal, 
 has been lately established in the St. John's 
 suburb, by Monseigneur P. F. Turgeon. 
 These good and pious ladies have become 
 Sisters of Charity, and undertake every 
 description of good works. They visit the 
 sick at their residence, and teach 250 
 children ; and notwilhstandinar their poverty 
 
 and the smallness of their lodgi 
 
 they 
 
 support 36 orphans whom they endeavour to 
 inspire with a taste for industry aodthe lov* 
 
 \y' 
 
Archbishop of 
 ijrneur Joseph 
 B 3rci October, 
 
 a cleri^y com- 
 with the care 
 missions, and 
 ill three larse 
 
 aires, Belles- 
 I Phr'o.sophy, 
 3;uel«p, Nico- 
 litutioiis con- 
 43 students in 
 , boarders and 
 
 p flourishing 
 en receive a 
 struct: 
 iO children. 
 10 « 
 10 « 
 10 « 
 
 ition of Notre 
 oui«eg of edu- 
 beautiful and 
 icf\'6 Suburb, 
 
 it : the Ursu- 
 } Rivers, and 
 )ital, like th 
 Notre Dame, 
 on to young 
 aents are at- 
 
 31 
 
 be control of 
 Ihree-Rivers 
 ;s, is devoted 
 ;ent country ; 
 serves as an 
 both oe.ves ; 
 , receives an- 
 vho are tend- 
 duiing their 
 
 of Montreal, 
 he St. JohiiV 
 F. Turgeon. 
 lave become 
 itafce every 
 ley visit the 
 teaoh 250 
 their poverty 
 Igitigs, they 
 endeavour to 
 and the lov» 
 
 ef order rhcI virtue. If the eflorts of the 
 benevolent founders of this establishment 
 are seconded by the citizens of Quebec, a 
 Tast building already in progress of con- 
 struction, will be finished next summer, and 
 will enable these excellent nuns to become 
 still more useful to the poorer cla-s of 
 society. 
 
 Within the hist year Qnebec has witness- 
 ed the erection of an insliliiliun ilestined to 
 restore to virtue those nnfortiiiiate females 
 who, by their wicked and depraved lives, 
 have fallen into contempt and ileariadation. 
 Some charitable ladies have formed them- 
 selves into a community, without, however, 
 making any vows. They have cnniaqreoiis- 
 ly undertaken this repuirnaiit task, and they 
 have already succeeded in rt'sciiinij from 
 proititotion 18 poor creatures, whom they 
 shelter, whom they support and en<leavour 
 to restore to honour and reli<rion. ' 
 
 Many other societies, due to the reliaions 
 sentiment of Canadians, have been latterly 
 organized in the diocese of Quebec, liavinL' 
 at the same time for their object, material 
 and moral ameliorations. 
 
 The most useful and most important of 
 these institutions is, without contradiction, 
 the Temperance Society, which has produced 
 .such immense benefits amon<j our fellow 
 countrymen. All true patriots contemplated 
 with regret during many years, the frighful 
 progress of intemperance amonii the Cana- 
 dians ; they deplored the disastrous effects 
 which this vice had caused, and the conse- 
 quences still more lamentable with which it 
 threatened us in times to come. A portion of 
 the popuiation were making rapid strides 
 towards demoralization, dishonour and luin ; 
 afld it needed a viiroions effort to arrest this 
 tfurrent of evil. Some zealous priests, in- 
 fluenced by the spirit of true patriotism, at- 
 tempted it, and with this view they organ- 
 ized an association whose meml)ers pledpre 
 themselves to abstain from the use of intoxi- 
 cating liqnor«. God shed abnndant bless- 
 insrs on their labours ; the temperance socie- 
 ty has irrown strong, it spreads far and wide 
 in every direction, and it numbers at present 
 more than 100,000 members in the diocese of 
 'Quebec. 
 
 The Society of the Propagation of the 
 Taith, estal'Iislied in 1837, is already com- 
 
 {)osed of 16,000 memtters. It has particu- 
 arly fw object to supply new establishments 
 witn spiritual aid, and to eranirelize the 
 •borgine* of the eountry. By means of the 
 
 resources vhich it furnisher, missions art 
 undertaken every year to the savaaes of Ab- 
 bilihbi and of Mosse, a distance of POO miles 
 from Quc'hec ; to the Round-Hoads at th© 
 source of the St. Maurice, 600 mi ct* ficm 
 Quebec: to the Montagnais anil ihe Nas- 
 kapis, who inhabit the country to the North 
 of the low'r part of the St. Lawrence. 
 These tribes, though speakinnr <litrerent 
 dialects, belong to the crrcat Algonquin na- 
 tion, who occupied at the disfovery of Cana- 
 da the North-VVest portion of North America. 
 
 Within a few ycais, three colonization 
 sicieties have been foinied under the auspi- 
 ces of the Catholic Clergy. Two of these 
 societies have c immenced their operations 
 on the borders of Lake St. John. The labors 
 of the one are directed by the Rev. Mr. 
 Boucher, curate of St. Ambroise; and of the 
 other by the Rev. Mr. Hebert, curate of St. 
 Paschal. A larire evtent of tertitoiy, W'll 
 be ready in a short time to receive a part of 
 the superitbnndant population of L'Islet, 
 Kamoniaska, and Saguenay. The third 
 society underthe superintendence of the Very 
 R(>v. Mr. Maillouv, has commenced to make 
 a clearance in the Townships lying to the 
 south of the St. Lawrt-nce. 
 
 The Society of St. Vincent de Paul, found- 
 ed in 1846, is employed in visiting and 
 sncconiina the sick, and in procurinir work 
 forthose fathers of families who are of them- 
 selves unable to find any. 
 
 DIOCKSE OF MONTREAL. 
 
 The diocese ofMontieal was founded on 
 the 13th of May, 1836. It is iroverned by 
 Msr. lirnace Pourjret. who was consecrated 
 under the title of bishop of Telmes?e, the 
 25lh Jiiiy, 1837; and who became bishopof 
 Montreal, the •23r(l Ausnst. 1840. Mgr. J. 
 C. Prince, his coadjutor, was consecrated 
 bishop under the title of Martyiopolis, the 
 25ih Jii'v, 1845. 
 
 This diocesecontains about 350,000 Catho- 
 lics; 125 parishes canonically erected, and 
 12 missions. The Cieriry is composeil of 270 
 priests, inclndinnr the members of different 
 reliirions communities The number of 
 students in theology amounts to about 60. 
 
 A chapter has been established in the 
 Cathedral. It is composed of four Cnnns of 
 honour, four titulary Canons, eight honorary 
 Canons and three chaplains. 
 
 The colleges of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, 
 Assomption, St. Theiese, Chambly and the 
 Jesuit College, give a clasbical education to 
 900 student.s. 
 
The villages of Terrebonne, Joliette and 
 St. Lawrence posiste&s High-Schools that en- 
 joy an excellent reputation. All the above 
 mentione<l institutions aie under the direc- 
 tion of members of the Catholic Clergy. 
 
 In their houses at Montreal, St. Clement, 
 Sorel and the Lake of Two-Mountains, the 
 Christian Brothers have generally about 
 2,200 scholais. 
 
 The Congregation of Notre Dame, founded 
 about the year 1650 for the instruction of' 
 young girls, haa 13 hou es of edncallon, in- 
 dependent of their principal establishment in 
 the City of Montreal, and the number of 
 scholars for the currrenl year averages 4,500. 
 
 The Ladies of the Sacred Heart have two 
 houses and 300 scholars. 
 
 The SiMers of the Sacred names of Jesus 
 and Mary have four houses and about 300 
 Hcholara. 
 
 The Sisters of OnrLady of Seven Sorrows 
 have two establishments opened and 160 
 scholars. 
 
 The Hoiel-Dieu has every year under its 
 care and protection about 1,800 sick people. 
 
 The Grey Nuns afiord halatual shelter 
 under their hospit."«ble roof to from 125 to 150 
 infirm old men and women ; from 90 to 100 
 foundlings ; from 75 to 80 orphans, and pay 
 for the board and lodgings of from 60 to 80 
 children. 
 
 The Refuge of Mercy, the widows' home, 
 under the direction of nuns, is open for 
 difTerent classes of the distressed, both 
 spiritually and temporally. 
 
 The town of St. Hyjicinthe he: also a 
 Hotel-Dieu, founded ii 1840, 
 
 The Conferences ol St. Vincent de Paul, 
 Ihe Association for the Propagation of the 
 Faith, and the Temp^Tance Sociel>, have 
 existed for many years in the district of 
 Montreal. The Temperance Society reckons 
 more than 200,000 members. 
 
 CANADA WEST. 
 
 Canada West contains about 150,000 
 Catholics, scattered thronjrhout the dioceses 
 of Kingston, Toronto, and liytown. 
 
 The diocese of Kingston, established the 
 17lh January, 1826, has for bishop Mgr. 
 Remi Gaulin, consecrated the 20th October, 
 1833, under the title uf Tabr .f^a, and become 
 Jitular in 1840. M'zt. Paliiidc Phelan is his 
 coadjutor,, and was consecrated bishop of 
 CarrhoB the 20th Auirust. 1843. 
 
 The clergy of this diocese number 32 
 
 priests, 
 lotions : 
 
 and it contains ihe following insti- 
 
 The College of Regio|x>lis situated in th» 
 most elevated part of the City of Kingston ; 
 it was opened to receive students in 1846 and 
 can accommodate 150 boarders. 
 
 The Hotel-Dieu, founded in 1845 for the 
 indirrent sick and for orphans. 
 
 The Congregation of Notro Dame ; an 
 establishment conducted by four Nuns who 
 keep a boarding-school, in which young 
 ladies receive a solid and comprehensive 
 education, and a school for externs in which 
 girls of the humbler classes are taught. 
 The total number of scholars is about 250. 
 
 The establishment of the Grey Nuns at 
 St. Andrew's, Glengarry, under the direction 
 of three of the Sisterhood, who have an ex- 
 cellent school there. 
 
 Tlic Diocese of Toronto, founded the 17th 
 December, 1844, is governed by Mgr. A. F. 
 M. de Chai-bonnel, who was consecrated by 
 His Holiness Pope Pius IX in 1850. 
 
 Forty priests have charge of the missions 
 of this dioces... 
 
 The Convent of Notre Dame de Loretto 
 established at Toronto for the education of 
 young ladies, is directed by Nuns of that 
 order. 
 
 The Diocese of Btjtown, founded the 25th 
 July, 1847, has for Bishop Mgr. J. C. E. 
 Guignes, consecrated the 30th July, 1848. 
 The Clersy is composed of 20 priests. 
 
 The RR. PP. Oblals established at Bytown 
 in 1843, are charged with visiting the mis- 
 sions of the lumbering-posts on th6 Ottawa 
 and its tributaries. They have also the di- 
 rection of a College at Bytown, which was 
 opened the 26th wSeptember, 1848. The 
 number of students is 90. 
 
 Another religious house has been found- 
 ed at Bytown. It is a Grey Nunnery, and 
 there are at present twenty-five Nnns in it. 
 Seven of these eood ladies have charge of 
 the schools, and instruct about 150 children. 
 The others are occupied in taking care of 
 the hospital and in visiting the sick at their 
 domiciles. 
 
 The dinrese of ihe North-West, formerly 
 known under the name of the Vicarship- 
 Apostoiic of the Red River, was founded the 
 4th June, 1847, and annexed to the eccle- 
 siastical province of Quebec. It contains 
 all the territory comprised between Canada, 
 the Rocky Mountains, the 49° degree of 
 North latitude and the North Pole. It is 
 under the spiritual diiection of Mgr. J. N. 
 Provencher, consecrated the 12th May, 1822» 
 under the title of Juliopolis. His clergy is 
 
as 
 
 itiiated in th» 
 ■ of Kinirston ; 
 ts in 1846 and 
 
 i 1845 for the 
 
 B Dame; an 
 ur Nona who 
 which young 
 omprehensive 
 eins in which 
 » are taught. 
 i about 250. 
 irey Nuns at 
 r the direction 
 ) have an ex- 
 
 nded the 17th 
 )y Mgr. A. F. 
 on sec rated by 
 1850. 
 the miasions 
 
 le de Loretto 
 
 education of 
 
 Nuns of that 
 
 comiwsed of seven priesta. 
 
 Tlie Grey Nuns have an establishment at 
 St. Boniface on the Red River since 1844; 
 ttiey are occupied in giving instruction to 
 vounjj girls. 
 
 The diocese of Newfoundland, annexed to 
 (he ecclesiastical province of Quebec in 1847, 
 comprises besides the island of Newfound- 
 land, that of Antioosti and the Labrador 
 territory. Mgr. J. T. Mulloch, titular bishop 
 .-.i'-.ce the 14th July, 1850, has tli priests in 
 the service of the diocese. 
 
 There are two convents in the City of St. 
 .John. The Sisters of the Presentation give 
 i[ii3truction to the female children of the poor ; 
 llie Sisters of Charity are occupied in visit- 
 in:; the sick. 
 
 To sum up, exclusive of the diooetes of 
 Newfoundland and the North-VVest, we will 
 find that Catholic Canada contains : 1 arch- 
 bishop ; 6 bishops ; 572 priestT ; more than 
 100 stutlents in theology ; 8()0,(K)0 members 
 of the Catholic Church; 1,81K) young men 
 who receive a collegiate education in eleven 
 institutions kept by ecclesiastics ; 3 religious 
 orders engaged in the elementary education 
 of boys ; 50 female communities charged 
 whh the instruction of children of their own 
 sex, with the care of the sick and ui orphans ; 
 400,000 members of the Temperance So- 
 ciety, &c. 
 
 This is the position in which the penal 
 laws, with which wo are menaced iti Eng- 
 land, will And Catholicity in Canada. 
 
 nded the 25th 
 ^gr. J. C. E. 
 I July, 1848. 
 priests, 
 ed at Bytown 
 ing the mis- 
 1 thfe Ottawa 
 e also the di- 
 1, which was 
 1848. The 
 
 s been found- 
 gunnery, and 
 e Nuns in it. 
 ve charge of 
 150 children, 
 iking care of 
 sick at their 
 
 'est, formerly 
 
 e Vicarship- 
 
 s founded the 
 
 to the eocle- 
 
 It contains 
 
 I'een Canada, 
 
 '° degree of 
 
 Pole. It is 
 
 " Mgr. J. N. 
 
 ih May, 1822, 
 
 His clergy is 
 
 v-w"w"»- V»*'\,-'v/'VVX'''v--^"v'VX-'V-*U • 
 
 '^'■\.-K/^^':y-\y 
 
 ■' '. • r 
 
 THE PROVINCIAL PENITENTIARY. 
 
 " The table which we publish below is in- 
 teresting in a moral and pecnniary point of 
 view. The parties who thrcuv Upper Cana- 
 da into commotion in their efforts to attain 
 power, bring frequently on the tapis a salary 
 of £100 (the relic of a by-gone stale of 
 things) given to au old inspector of chimnies 
 in Lower Canada, which, according to their 
 statements, is an enormous charge entailed 
 on Upper Canada. The. Penitentiary item, 
 it would appear to us, may serve as a coun- 
 ter-balance to this extravagant sum. As to 
 the balance of crime, although it should bear 
 
 5 
 
 testimony to a superior degree of civilization, 
 since the Examiner has stated that " Upper 
 Canada is the brain of the country," we do 
 not covet it — we gladly and fully concede it 
 to our fellow-unionists, even at the risk of be- 
 ing considered less intelligent and less pro- 
 gressive than they. 
 
 The number of convicts sent to the Peni- 
 tentiary, military and civilians, since the Ist 
 of October, 1840, to the Ist of October, 1849, 
 is 2345, of which 1168 were soldiers, and 
 1177 civilians. Of this number only 110, or 
 the 21st part, were of French origin. But 
 
34 
 
 lh« Franoh populttion is to the British popu. 
 Inlion as 6 is to 10 ; we mean throughout both 
 th« Ciinaila*. If the morahly of both popu- 
 lations wa.s equul, the number of convicU of 
 French origin wuuld be to lliose of British 
 origin as 12 id to 20 ; but it is not even in the 
 proportion of 1 to 21. 
 
 But, perha'w, it will be observed, that the 
 xnilit-iry shouKI not bo considered as forming 
 part of the population of Cunuda, because 
 they are here to-day and away lo-morrow in 
 Borne other portion of the Empire. Although 
 this kind of reasoning appears defective to us, 
 since it does not athoi in the slightest our 
 calculation, which has reference only totho 
 morality of the two origins who inhabit in 
 common the same country, we have no ob- 
 jection to deduct from the number of convicts 
 the 1 168 soldiers who were sent to the Peni- 
 tentiary since the 1st of October, 1840. The 
 grand total of non-military being 1177, and 
 the number of convicts of French origin be- 
 ing only 110, it follows that the laiter do not 
 form over a tenth part of the whole. If the 
 morality of both origir>s was the same, the 
 number of convicts of French descent would 
 be to those of British desiceiit as 6 is to 10, 
 whereas it is only as 1 is to 10^. 
 
 So far we have taken as our point of de- 
 parture the collective population of both Pro- 
 vinces, placing on one side the whole jropu- 
 lation of British origin, and on the other the 
 whole population of French origin ; but, let 
 us now compare them as they are found in 
 Lower Canada alone. 
 
 The total number of convicts from Lowei 
 Canada, who have been sent to the Peniten- 
 liaiy since IS^iO, is 283, of which 170 are 
 of British ori;,'in and 110 of French origin ; 
 but the population of British origin is to 
 the other as 1 is to 3, at the very most. 
 If the morality of both origins was the 
 Mme, the number of convicts ot French origin 
 would be b:i5; whereas it is not over a fifth 
 part of that. Therefore, the French Cana- 
 dians are five times more moral than their 
 compatriots of the other origin, inhabiting, 
 Iik» them, Lower Canada. 
 
 If the question of morality was the only one 
 at stake,we mii{ht stop at thi8,for we have ful- 
 ly accomplished an act of justice towards n 
 race which is sought to be annihilated, but 
 whose viitues protect it in the sight of God. 
 It is the work of that Catholicity which the 
 sects would wish to destroy — it is the work 
 of Catholicity, with its salutary teachings and 
 nnsleepirig vigilance, searching into the folds 
 of the human heart to nourish it with the 
 balm which soothes moral sufferings and 
 restrains brutal passions. If, we repeat again, 
 the only question were that of comparing 
 the morality of the two races, our task would 
 be at an end ; but there is by the side of this 
 question of morality a question of money, 
 which is thfi only one of any importance in 
 the estimation of our pure dear-grits, and 
 which, consequently, we cannot but appreci- 
 ate. 
 
 The number of Upper Canada convicts is 
 894, while those of Lowe' Canada amount 
 to only 283, although the population of Lower 
 Canada, at least up to the psesent year, ex- 
 ceeded that of Upper Canada. The support 
 of the Penitentiary since 1840, has cost 
 £96,257 7s. 9d. In comparing the number 
 of convicts belonging respectively to each 
 section of the United Province, we find that 
 Upper Canada has cost for the support of its 
 portion the sum of £73,112 Os. Od., while 
 Lower Canada has only reauived for the same 
 purpose £23,145 Os. Od. That is to say, Up- 
 per Canada has cost in ten years £49,9t)7 
 more than Lower Canada for the sup|x)rt of 
 its convicts, or, at the rate of £5,000 a year. 
 It will be seen that this sum is a sutHcient 
 equivalent for the salary of the ex-inspector 
 of chimnies, to w' jm we alluded in the be- 
 ginning of this article, and wh "^ salary shall 
 occupy a place in the annual budget until the 
 death of the pensioner. 
 
 We have to remark, in concluding, to avoid 
 all misunderstanding, that the military con- 
 victs are supported at the expense of the 
 military chest, and consequently are not in- 
 cluded in the foregoing calculation. 
 
 li 
 
35 
 
 wa« Iheonly one 
 j.W wehaveful- 
 islice towards a 
 annihilated, but 
 e sight of God. 
 icity which tho 
 — it is the work 
 y teachings and 
 iig into the folds 
 i^h It with the 
 sufTeriiigs and 
 we repeat again, 
 
 of connparing 
 
 our task would 
 
 the side of thia 
 
 tioii of money, 
 
 iniportance in 
 dear- grits, and 
 not but appreci- 
 
 lada convicts io 
 
 Canada amount 
 ilatioij of Lower 
 iesent year, ex- 
 i. The support 
 1840, has cost 
 ng the number 
 ctively to each 
 ;e, we find that 
 e suppoit of its 
 
 Os. Od., while 
 red for the same 
 at is to say.Up- 
 
 years £49,967 
 r the supjwrtof 
 
 £5,000 a year. 
 I is a sufficient 
 he ex-in.spector 
 Luled in the be- 
 
 ='> salary shall 
 budget until the 
 
 ludin^, to avoid 
 e military con- 
 jxpense of tho 
 >tly are not in- 
 atioD. 
 
 I'able uf tht No. o/cun\icl$ luhnUted. liitnited, 
 aiui reiMunin^ detained in the I'rov. Feniten'y. 
 from Oct. I, 1840, to Oct. I, 1849, i(c. 
 
 During the year ending 
 1st October, 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 K , . , 
 
 na ooeO'Xoooooocxoooo 
 
 B go .^ its. ^ 4:> |lk 4k i^ 4^ 4.» 
 
 o . 
 
 3 
 
 §5 
 
 JO hO"- — '— — — 
 
 (a ~ Sio05<ji?coo 
 
 Military. 
 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 hs ^s "-' — !-• — 
 
 ;COU<C030>i(k^O 
 
 Military 
 in U.Cf. 
 
 
 ;^ 
 
 ooooo>cu<coo 
 
 Military 
 ill L.C. 
 
 
 ^-1 
 
 ^ 
 
 o> to 
 
 '3 — cwai*-co^cn 
 
 63COCOa)^-0 0<4'CO 
 
 Civilians 
 
 > 
 a 
 
 00 ^.^ "-^ 
 
 Jk CO — 
 
 M« 1.^ 1-^ 
 
 O-J-JQOC — OOiOt 
 
 ^5coou3(;l0ouloo 
 
 Upper 
 Canada. 
 
 -4 
 
 CO 
 
 
 Lower 
 
 W 
 
 coiucoit^^mcocoi-' 
 
 Canada. 
 
 
 
 t-i 
 
 
 i..c.,Brit. 
 
 
 -J 
 
 CO 
 
 ►- hs to hs CO '— «-' 
 »^co~<*>.~*«o--io 
 
 ish orign. 
 French 
 
 
 i-i 
 
 
 
 © 
 
 1-4 1-4 M^ ^2 MA N' Mk 
 
 ►-coa>ooo*»ii— -JO 
 
 ongin,LC 
 
 
 2192 
 
 CO CO (o ro CO Ks to 
 
 — ^O'OJOOiOtOCJX 
 
 — coiU(ocoui4k,^co 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 
 K3 to — — '-' I-' 
 
 to *' *» cj' ui 00 I-" 
 
 4*-^^0CW"-i3>CO© 
 
 Military. 
 
 
 05. 
 
 wto — ©WCncjT-^jcs 
 
 ►-tC!Otoo3aia.ooio 
 
 Civilians 
 
 a 
 hi 
 
 01 
 
 CO 
 -4 
 
 00;O«O00COWCJ»-^Oi 
 
 «oo — oooeoojooto 
 
 Upper 
 Canada. 
 
 Lower 
 
 ^.A 
 
 
 58 
 
 to 
 
 1^ Co to to *"-^ 
 
 hscooocoooco©©© 
 
 Canada. 
 L.c, Brit- 
 
 > 
 H 
 
 g 
 
 toooooo^^©©o 
 
 ish origin 
 "French 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Vt 
 
 •^ 
 
 0«000 — 00 — ©©o 
 
 or'gn L.c 
 
 
 
 
 ^•^^©^©tO-^-JO* 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 s 
 
 coooiKoi — -JtoMO 
 
 Military. 
 
 it 
 
 CO 
 
 oocococo^-4i^c;ioco 
 
 Civilians 
 
 > 
 
 N4 
 
 ^•A 
 
 tpCOCOCOCOKSt-"-"-"-' 
 
 c;<«oooo>ac;tto©©co 
 
 Upper 
 Canada. 
 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 g 
 
 N.4 h^ N4 )-4 h-t 
 
 co^w^Sjo&wo© 
 
 Lower 
 Canada. 
 
 5 
 
 
 ooooQooooico^^^^^ 
 
 to — Opt^CO'O^OOOO 
 
 L.c, Brit- 
 ish origin 
 
 CO 
 
 00 
 
 4k CJt CJT lU 1^ CO — 
 
 — coco— ^9cooo•>40© 
 
 French 
 or'gn L.c 
 
 M 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 1-4 
 
 — — -1 « 00 m IX. (0 © w 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 KKCUMTl'LAilON. 
 
 ADMITTXn. 
 
 Military 1168 
 
 Civilians 1177 
 
 Up|)er Canada 894 
 
 Lower Canada 283 
 
 Do of British origin. . 173 
 
 Do of French origin. . 110 
 
 LIBERATED. 
 
 Military 1129 
 
 Civilians 796 
 
 Upper Canada 637 
 
 Lower Canada 159 
 
 V>Q of British origin.. 102 
 
 Do of French 01 igin. . 57 
 
 REMAININO I.M PRISON ED. 
 
 Military 43 
 
 Civilians 368 
 
 Upper Canada 245 
 
 Lower Canada 123 
 
 Do of British origin. . M 
 
 Do of French origin. . 41 
 
 Died during the above period 13 
 
 EXPENSE. 
 
 Paid out of Consolidated fund, 1841 £1.0,143 18 
 
 Do do do 1842 3,150 
 
 Do do do 1843 3,950 
 
 Do do do 1844 10,901 8 
 
 Do do do 1845 12,700 
 
 ■ Do do do 1846 13,850 2 
 
 Do do do 1847 12,762 1 8 
 
 Do do do 1848 15,000 
 
 Do do do 1849 13,800 
 
 Total Expense £96,257 7 8 
 
 If Upper and Lower Canada had contributed 
 in proportion to their respective number of Con- 
 victs, the result would be as follows, to wit : — 
 
 Upper Canada.... £73,112 
 Lower Canada. . . . 23,146 9 
 
 £96,267 7 8