wa ,.«^.. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I 1.25 l^|2£ 12.5 ^ 1^ 1112.0 12.2 u |7 1 w ■'I %^^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Tschnical and Bibliographic Notas/Notas tachniquas at bibliographiquas 1 t Tha instituta lias attamptad to obtain tha bast original copy availabia for filming. Faaturas of this copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagas in tha raproduction. or which may significantly changa tha usual mathod of filming, ar« chackad balow. □ Colourad covars/ Couvartura da couiaur I I Covars damagad/ Couvartura andommagia □ Covars rastorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura restauria at/ou palliculAa □ Covar titia missing/ La titra da couvartura manqua □ Colourad maps/ Cartas gtographiquss 9n couiaur D D D n D Colourad ink (i.a. othar than blua or black}/ Encra da couiaur (i.a. autra qua blauo ou noira) Colourad platas and/or illustrations/ Planchas at/ou illustrations an couiaur Bound with othar matarial/ RaliA avac d'autras documants Tight binding may causa shadows or distortion along intarior margin/ La re liura sarria paut causar da I'ombra ou da la distorsion le long de la marge intftrieura Blank laavas addad during rastoration may appear within tha text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certainas pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte. mais, iorsque cela Atait possible, ces pages n'ont pas At* filmies. Additional comments:/ Commentairas supplimentairas: L'Institut a microfilm* la meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a M possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sent paut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mAthode normale de filmage sont indiqute ci-dessous. I — I Coloured pages/ D Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagias Pages restored and/oi Pages restauries at/ou pelliculAes Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages dicolorAes, tachaties ou piquies Pages detached/ Pages ditach^es Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of prir Quality inigale de I'impression Includes supplementary matarii Comprend du material supplimentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible I — I Pages damaged/ n~| Pages restored and/or laminated/ □ Pages detached/ Pages I I Showthrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ nn Includes supplementary material/ nn Only edition available/ T s T d ei b( ri re nn Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmad to ensure the best possible image/ Les psges totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata. une pelure, etc.. ont iti fiimies d nouveau de fapon i obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmi au taux de rMuction indiqu* ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y t2X lex aox 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here hat been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library of the Public Archives of Canada L'exemplaire filmA fut reproduit grice A la gAnArositA de: La bibilothAqufi des Archives pubilques du Canada The images appearing here are the t>est quslity possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Lee images suivantes ont M4 reproduites avec le plus grand soin. compte tenu de la condition at de la nettetA de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat da filiriage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or Illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or Illustrated impression. Les exempiaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est ImprimAe sent filmte en commentpsnt par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les eutres exempiaires originaux sont fiimte en commengant par la premlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustrstion et en terminant par la darnlAre pege qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — »• (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol y (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernlAre imege de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols -^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included In one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les csrtes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte A des taux de reduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film* A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de geuche A droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mtthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 /7\ ^:i^'-'K: Vi. (>.' 'iX j. ■■"^■'' THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY IT ■nr Can /6oe I /V.5. /6CS /7/3 ^76Z , U.C. /79/ r -<- -l^->--' /a// Man /77i? > Ra. ue43 /S4/[ ->--!- -<-^ ^^7{ _>. ^CW.^ , j ^6701 y > ■ J- ^ - -'- <- /^73 /(S7/ e:/. THE FORM OF CANADIAN HISTOKY. This diagram on the opposite page, which shows the histori- cal courses of the provinces, and how they ran together to foru) the Dominion, was first published by the author in the Educational Journal, Toronto, 1895. Explanation : — A blue line nieana French sovereignty ; a red line, British sovereignty. Canada was under the French from 1608 to 176'^ ; it then came under British rule, and rundown to 1791, when it divided into two separate provinces, — Lower Canada and Upper Canada. These provinces ran independent courses down to 1841, when they reunited, and Canada, as one province, ran down to 1867. Nova Scotia was under the Frencii from 1605 to 171>{, when it became British, and, as a British province, ran down to 1867. New Brunswick, in 1784, separ- ated from Nova Scoiia, and ran a provincial course down to 1807. In 1867, the three provinces— Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia — ran together and formed a now state, the Dominion. Then the Domin- ion began an onward course. In 1770 Prince Edward Island separated from Nova Scotia, ran a provincial course down to 1873, and then joined the Dominion. Manitoba began in 1811, ran down to 1870, and joined the Doniinio!i. British Columbia began in 1843, ran down to 1871, and joined the Dominion. THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTOEY. CAREFULLY GATHERED FROM THE MOST TRUSTWORTHY SOURCES. BY JAMES P. TAYLOR. TORONTO : THE HUNTER, ROSE CO., LIMITED, PRINTERS. 1899. Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninely-nine, by Jas. P. Tatloe, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture. 4 • • I • • t ( 3 1 H 5 o WORKS CONSULTED. ^Adams's '* History of United Slates." *Appletou's " American Bio- graphy." •Bancroft's "History of United States." Bouchette's "British Dominions in Morth America." Bourinot's "Cape Breton." Bourinot's "Constitutional History of Canada." Bryce's " History of Canadian People." Campbell's " History of Nova Scotia." Campbell's •' History of Prince Edward Island." Caniff's " Settlement of Upper Canada." Charlevoix's. " History of New France." Shea's trans, Christie's " History of Lower Can- ada." Coffin's " Chronicle of War of 1812." Correspondence. Dent's " Last Forty Years." Dodsley's " Annual Register." " Dominion Year Book." *Fiske's " Discovery of America." Garneau's " History of Canada." Gavin's " Irishmen in Canada." •Gay's " Life of Madison." Harris's, Dean, " Cath. Church in Niagara Peninsula." •Headley's " Second War with England." " Jesuit Relations," in English. •Johnson's, Rossi ter, " War of 1812." •American. •Johnston's " American Politics." •Jones's " Campaign for Conquest of Canada." Kingsford's " History of Canada." Lindsey's " Life of Wm. L. Mac- kenzie. " Mackenzie's " Life of George Brown." •Marshall's, 0. H., "Early His- tory of West." Morgan's " Dominion Annual." •Parkman's Works. Poole's " History of Peterboro'." •Poor's " Manual of Railroads." RaflFrey's " Scot in Canada." •Ridpath's "History of United States." Roberts's " History of Canada." •Roosevelt's " Naval War of 1812." Ryerson's " Loyalists." Scadding's "Toronto of Old." •Schouler's " History of United States." Stewart's " Lord Duffer in in Can- ada." Todd's " Life of Sir John A. Mac- donald." Todd's "Parliamentary Govern- ment in the British Provinces." • " Treaties and Conventions," Washington, 1889. Tupper's " Life of Gen. Brock." Warburton's "Conquest of Can- ada." •Winsor's " Cartier to Frontenao." •Winsor's "Narrative and Critical History of America." Withrow's "History of Canada." PREFACE. This book contains the principal facts of Canadian History, given in the real order, the order of time It is a vade-mecum for every Canadian that takes any interest whatever in his country's history ; and, as respects quantity of information, — whether political, military, ecclesiastical, social, or commercial, —it is the very fullest History of Canada extant. It con- tains not only all the cream of all the published histories, but a good deal of valuable information obtained by correspon- dence ; and, during the War of 1812, American writers are drawn on largely to show, that, on the admissions of Ameri- cans themselves, the Canadians came out of that trying strug- gle, honourably and triumphantly. In a work of this kind absolute accuracy will be naturally expected, and, if unusual labour in testing and re-testing will ensure it, the book is not blemished with many errors. In a word, the greatest pains have been taken to make it trustworthy in every particular. J. p. T. ! THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 1492, Oct. 12, Christopher Columbus landed on one of the Bahama Islands. 1497, June 24, John Cabot, in the service of Henry VII. of England, made the mainland of America. 1498, Sebastian Cabot explored the eastern coast, from Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras. 1498, Aug. 10, Christopher Columbus first landed on the mainland of America. 1506, Denis, of Honfleur, explored the Gulf of the St. Law- rence River. 1507, WaldseemuUer, a German professor of Geography, pro- posed "America " for the name of the New World. 1510, Vasco Nunez de Balboa planted the first European colony on the Isthmus of Darien. 1512, Easter Sunday, Juan Ponce de Leon found and named Florida. 1518, Baron de Lery attempted a settlement on Sable Island. 1520, Magellan found and named Magellan Strait. 1524, John Verraiano, employed by Francis I. of France, explored the eastern coast, from Newfoundland to Carolina. 1534, April 20, Jacques Cartier left St. Malo. May 10, Cartier reached Cape Bona vista. May 27, Cartier entered the Strait of Belle Isle. July 8, Cartier reached the Bay of Chaleur. Aug. 15, Cartier sailed for France. 2 10 THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 1535, May 19, Cartier, with the "Grand Hermine," the » Petite," and the " Enierillon," the first of which was his flag-ship, the others under Mace Jalobert and Guillaume le Breton Bastille, left St. Malo. St. Lawrence Day, Cartier entered the Gulf of the St. Lawrence River. Sept. 1, Cartier reached the mouth of the Saguenay ; a few days after he was at Stadacona (Quebec). Oct. 3, Cartier reached Hoclielaga. He called the mountain Mount Royal, Montreal. He returned to Stadacona and wintered over, his men suffering ter- ribly with scurvy. 1536, In the spring, Cartier left Stadacona for France, taking with him Donnacona, whom Cartier had kidnapped. 1540, Jan. 15, Francis I. made Jean Francois de la Ro%chf or Roberval, viceroy of the country discovered by Cartier. Oct. 17, Cartier was made captain-general and pilot of the fleet to go to Canada. 1541, May 23, Cartier, with three ships, left St. Malo, for Canada Aug. 23, Cartier reached Stadacona. 1542, April 16, Roberval, with three ships and 200 colonists, left Rochelle for Canada. 1542, In July, Roberval and his colonists reached Cape Rouge ; but his colony came to nothing. 1557, Sept. 1, Cartier died. 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert took possession of Newfoundland. 1585, (Sir Richard Grenville, sent by Sir Walter Raleigh, landed settlers on Roanoke Island.) 1587, Aug. 18, (Birth of Virginia Dare, on Roanoke Island, the first white child born in America.) 1598, The Marquis de la Roche landed forty convicts on Sable Island. 1599, M. Chauvin and M. Pontgrave established a post at Tadoussac, and Chauvin built at Tadoussac the first stone house on the northern continent. 1603, March 15, Pontgrave and Samuel Champlain left Hon- fleur for Canada May 24, Pontgrave and Champlain arrived at Tadoussac. June 11, Champlain went up the Saguenay. I i THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 11 b June 23, Pontgrave and Champlain reached Stadacona. June 29, Champlain reached and named Lake St. Peter ; he then went up as far as the Lachine Rapids. 1(504, April 7, De Monts left Havre de Grace for Acadia, fol- lowed by Pontgrave. May 8, Champlain arrived at Cape de la Have. 1605. De Monts planted a French colony at Port Royal (Annapolis), Nova Scotia, the first permanent settle- ment in what is now Canada. 1606. April 10, (James I., of England, gave North Virginia, the ter- ritory between 41 degrees and 45 degrees north lati- tude, to the Plymouth Company ; and South Vir- ginia, the territory between 34 degrees and 38 de- grees nortii latitude, to the London Company.) May 13, Poutrincourt and Lescarbot, in the " Jonas," laden with colonists, left Rochelle for Acadia (Nova Scotia). July 27, The " Jonas " arrived at Port Royal (Annapolis). 1607. May 13, (One hundred and five English colonists landed in Virginia and began Jamestown.) 1608. Jan. 7, The King of France renewed De Monts' monopoly of the fur trade in Canada for one year. July 3, Champlain founded Quebec. Sept. 18, Pontgrave sailed for France, leaving Champlain with 28 men to hold Quebec. 1609. June 18, Champlain ascended the St. Lawrenre. At Lake St. Peter he fell in with a band of Hurons and Al- gonquins, who, with some Montagnais, \Nere prepar- ing to make war against the Iroquois. Champlain joined them July 30, Champlain helped the Hurons and Algonquins to defeat the Iroquois, near Lake Champlain. He thus brought upon the French the undying hatred of the Iroquois. ift: 12 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. leio. June 24, Father LaFleche baptized Chief Member tou and twenty of his kindred, at Port Royal. Dec. 27, Champlain entered into a contract of marriage with Helen Boule. 1611 Day of Pentecost, Biencourt, under the patronage of Madame de Guercheville, brought to Port Royal the Jesuits, Fathers Pierre Biard and Enemond Masse. June 10, Biard and Masse wrote the first letters ever sent to France by the Jesuits from New France. Henry Hudson was turned adrift in Hudson's Bay by his mutinous crew. . 1612. Jan. 23, A vessel brought succor to the occupants of Port Royal, and also Gilbert du Thet, a lay Jesuit, who came as administrator of Madame de Guercheville. Oct. 3, Charles de Bourbon, Count de Soissons, was made Giovernor of Canada, Champlain being lieutenant. Nov. 1, De Soissons died. Nov. 22, Henri de Bourbon, Prince de Conde, was made Governor of Canada. 1613. Jan. 9, Champlain procured a license to print a book that contained his maps. May 16, Saussaye, a courtier, in command oi a vessel of a hundred tons, arrived at La Have, bringing 48 sail- ors and colonists, and Father Quentin and Du Thet. May 27, Champlain left the Island of St. Helen, and, with Nicholas de Vignau and three other Frenchmen, went up the Ottawa. June 7, Champlain lost his astrolabe. June 17, Champlain returned to Montreal. " In 1613, an English ship, under the command of Capt. Samuel Argall, appeared oflF Mount Desert, where a little company of the French, under the patronage of the Coin- tease de Guercheville, had established themselves for the conversion of the Indians. The French were too few to offer even a show of resistance, and the landing of the English THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 13 n, )t. tie tn- ihe fer (sh waa not disputed. By an unworthy trick, and without the knowledge of the French, Argall obtained posseBsion of the royal coniraission ; and then dismissing half his prisoners to seek in an open boat for succor from any fishing vessel of their own country they might chance to meet, he carried the others with him to Virginia. The same year Argall was sent back by the governor of Virginia, Sir Thomas Dale, to finish the work of expelling the French. With three ves- sels he visited successively Mount Desert and St. Croix, where he destroyed the French buildings, and then, crossine to Port Royal, seized whatever he could carry away, killed the cattle, and burned the houses to the ground. Having done this he sailed for Virginia, leaving the colonists to support themselves as they best could. Port Royal was not, however, abandoned by them, and it continued to drag out a precarious existence. Seventy-five years later, its en- tire population did not exceed six hundred, and in the whole peninsula there were not more than nine hundred inhabi- tants." — Winsor's " Narrative and Critical History of Am- " p. 141. erica," IV., 1615. May 25, Champlain, with Fathers Jamay, D'Olban, and Le Caron, and brother DuPlessis, Recollets, arrived at Tadoussac. June 15, The first church in Quebec, "t Cul de Sac, was opened and Mass celebrated. July 1, Father Joseph Le Caron, accompanied by twelve arm- ed Frenchmen and several HuronSj left Quebec for tho Huron country (Simcoe County, Ont.) July 9, Champlain, with two Frenchmen and ten Indians, left Quebec to join Le Caron. Aug 12, Father Le Caron said the first Mass in the Huron country ; Champlain, his interpreter Etienne Brule, and fourteen other Frenchmen being present. Sept 8, Champlain set out with a body of Hurons to make war against the Iroquois. They crossed Lake Sim- coe, made the portage to Balsam Lake, went down the Trent to Lake Ontario (which Champlain was the first white man to see), and crossed it. Oct. 10, Champlain and the Hurons attacked an Iroquois town, Onondaga, near Syracuse ; but were repulsed, Cliarnplain getting seriously wounded. Oct. 16, The Hurons began their retreat from Onondaga. Dec. 20, Champlain and the Hurons reached the Huron towns. 14 THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 1616. July 11, Champlain and Father Le Caron reached Quebec, having returned from the Huron country. 1617. June 14, Louis Hebert, the first farmer in Canada, arrived at 'I'adoussac. Pacifique du Plessis began a mission at Three Rivers. Stephen Jonquest and Anne, daughter of Louis He- bert, were married at Quebec by Father Le Caron ; this was the fi *st marriage in Canada. 1620. June 3, The Recollets, in Quebec, "laid the corner-stone of the earliest stone cliurch in French America ; " it was the church of Notre Dame des Anges. July 7, Champlain arrived at Tadoussac, his wife being with him. Duke of Montmorency was made Viceroy of Canada. Champlain built a fort on the site of Durham Ter- race, Quebec. Dec. 21, (The *' Mayflower," carrying the Pilgrims, landed at Plymouth Rock, Massachussetts.) 1621. The Iroquois obtained firearms from the Dutch. Sept. 10, The King of England made a grant to Sir William Alexander of " all the territory between the St. Lawrence and the sea, which lies east of the St. • Croix River." Then Acadia became Nova Scotia. 1623. March 19, Violent storm of thunder, lightning, and hail in Canada. 1624. Aug. 15, Champlain left Canada for France, taking his wife with him 1625. March 27, (Charles I. began to reign in England.) Duke of Ventadour was made Viceroy of Canada. June 19, Charles Lalement, Jean de Brebeuf, Enemond Masse, Francois Charton, Gilbert Burel, and another THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 15 Jesuit, landed at Quebec ; these were the first Jesuits to come up the St. Lawrence. Of. Win- sor's " Cartier to Frontenac," p. 129. The Baronets of Nova Scotia were created. Sept. 1, The Jesuits selected their habitation near the St. Charles River, Quebec. 1626. Feb. 27, Due de Ventadour issued a patent to Louis febert, giving him, under seignorial tenure, a domain for himself and his heirs Oct. 18, Father La Roche Daillon, Franciscan, left the Huron country, and went to the Neutral Nation, north of Lake Erie. Father Nicolas Viel was drowned by Indians at Saut au Recollet, near Montreal. 1627. Hard winter, snow being four and a half feet deep. April 19, Cardinal Richelieu signed the charter of " Hundred Associates." 1628. April 27, Sieur Couillard, the husband of Hebert's second daughter, first used a plough in Canada, oxen draw- ing it. May 6, The Council of State ratified the charter of " Hundred Associates." "Their capital was 100,000 crown i ; their privileges as follows : To be proprietors of Canada ; to govern in peace and war ; to enjoy the whole trade for fifteen years (except the cod and whale fishery) and the fur trade in perpetuity ; un- taxed imports and exports. The king gave them two ships of 300 tons burden each, and raised twelve of the principal members to the rank of nobility. The company, on their part, undertook to introduce 200 or 300 settlers during the year 1628, and 16,000 more before 1643, providing them with all necessaries for three years, and settling them after- ward on a sufficient extent of cleared land for their future support." — Warburton's " Conquest of Canada," I., p. 93 July 10, Kirke, with an English fleet, summoned Cham plain to surrender Quebec ; Champlain refused to sur- render the place. July 18, Kirke captured seventeen French ships near Gaspe point. 16 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 1629. May 16, The widow of Louis Hebert married Guillaume Hubou. ("Relations," V., 277.) A water mill was erected near Quebec. July 19, Champlain surrendered Quebec to Kirke. July 20, Kirke took possession of Quebec. 1630. While the English were in Quebec, they gave Mrs. Hubou a negro boy, the first negro in Canada. April 30, La Tour and his son received from Sir William Alexander 4,500 square miles in Nova Scotia. 1631. Feb. 11, The King of France made Charles de St. Etienne Lieutenant-Governor in Acadia. 1632. March 1, Champlain was appointed the first Governor of Canada. March 29, By the Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, , France recovered Canada and Acadia. April 18, Fathers Le Jeune and De Noue, with a lay brother, left Rouen for Canada. May 10, Isaac de Razilly, one of "Hundred Associates," was commissioned Lieutenant Governor of Acadia, and instructed to eject all British subjects from his jurisdiction. May 29, Razilly obtained from the "Hundred Associates" a concession at St. Croix River and Bay, 12 by 20 leagues in extent. Razilly settled a colony at La Have. July 5, Emery de Caen arrived at Quebec to take possession of New France, having been given a monopoly of the fur trade for one year, as an indemnity for his losses ; Le Jeune and De Noue arrived at the same time. Aug. 28, Father Le Jeune related his experiences to the provincial of his Order; it was the first letter of " Relations of the Jesuits." " At this period the fort of Quebec, surrounded by a score of hastily -built dwellings and barracks, some poor THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 17 y py It |a liuts on the Island ot Muiilieul, the like at Three Rivers and Tadoussac, and a few fishermen's log houses elsewhere on the banks of the St. Lawrence, were the only fruits of the discoveries of Verrazano, Jacques Cartier, Roberval, and Champlain, the great outlay of I^ Roche and De Monts, and the toils and sufferings of their followers for nearly a cen- tury." — VVarburton's " Conquest of Canada," I., p. 94. 1633. March 23, Champlain loft France for the last time. May 22, Champlain arrived at Quebec, bringing with him the Jesuits, Brebeuf, Masse, Daniel, and Davost. July 28, One hundred and forty canoes, carrying seven hundred Hurons, their peltries and tobacco, came to Quebec to trade. " The routine of these annual visits was nearly uniform. On the first day,, the Indians built their huts ; on the second they held their council with the French officers of the Fort ; on the third and fourth, they bartered their furs and tobacco for kettles, hatchets, knives, cloth, beads, iron, arrow- heads, coats, shirts, and other commodities ; on the fifth, they were feasted by the French ; and at day-break of the next morning, they embarked and vanished like a flight of birds." — Parkman. The Hurons lived in what is now the county of Sim- coe, Ontario. In numbers and in bravery they a\ ere equal to the Iroquois, with whom they were cvtn- stantly at war, but in social life, in enterprise, and especially political organization, they were inferior to their great enemy. In October, Father Le Jeune went with a hunting party of Indians, Montagnais, into the wilderness southeast of Quebec. His purpose was to inculcate the Faith and to learn Algonquin, He had a rough experience. 1634. Jan. 15, Robert Gifart obtained the seigniory of Beauport. He was the first seignior in Canada. Feb. 15, The Hundred Associates granted six arpents of land at Three Rivers to the Jesuits. In April, Father Le Jeune and the Indians returned to Quebec. July 1, Fathers Brebeuf and Daniel left Three Rivers for the Huron mission. 18 TIIK CAKIUNAL PACTS OP CANADIAN IIIHTOHV. Robert (Jifart built a stone manor Iiouse at BeauporK Fath(*r Julian Porrault bogan the Miouiac mission on Capo Hroton [slaiid. Aug. 4, Cluimplain selected a s^iot for a fort at Three Rivera. The Jesuits built a iiouse for thenjselves in tho Iltiron country. •' The liouHo WHB const ruoto«l after the Huron nuxlel. It \\HH thirty Nix tV«>t hmg iiiid about twenty feet \vi«hs framed with Htroii^ Maplini; poleH phiiited in the earth to fonn the 8i(ieM, witli the enilH hent into an aruh to fornt tiie roof, — tho wlioh> hished tirnily togetlier, hracetl with uiohh polos, and ehmtdy covered witli overlapping Bheeta of baric." — Parknuin. 1635. Jan. 15, Charles do St. Ktieniio was granted the fort and habitation of La Tour, on the River St. John. About this time a bitter fouil originated between Charles La Tour and Charnisay, Fatht^rs Pijart anil Lo JSlercier went to the Huron mission. Dec. 25, Samuel Champliin died in Quebec. "Christmas Day, 103.'), was a dark day in tho annals of New Franco. In the ciiambor of tlio fort, breathless and voU\, lay tho lumly frame wliieh war, tlio wilderness, and the sea had butt'etod in vain. Alter two months und a half of illness, Champlain, at tho a^e of sixty-eight, was dead. His last cares were for his col(»ny and tho succor of its suffering families. Jesuits, oHiccrs, soldiers, traders, and tho few settlers ot Quebec followed his remains to the church ; Le Jeuno pronounced his eulogy, and the feeble community buiii a touiu to his honour." — Parkman. 1636. Jan. 15, J Hundred Associates granted to Antoine Chef- au't the seigniory of Cote de Beaupre, having six leagues of river frontage, and embracing all of Mont- morency County. March 10, Montmagny was made Governor of Canada. June 11, Montmagny arrived at Quebec; several "men of birth and substance" came with him. Montmagny marked out the Upper Town, Quebec. July 2, Father Isaac Jogues came to Quebec. Fathers J ogues, Garnier, and Chatelain went to the Huron Mission. THK CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN illHTORY. 19 Tlie Huron towns were visited by a wasting pesti- lence. 1637. A settlement of tho Montuj^nais was formed at Sil- lery, three milas above Quoheo. •• III 10.'17, aycjir heforo the huildinj? of Harvard College, tlio JusiiilH intgun a woodon Htniuturu in the roar of the fort [atQuohucj; and horo, within on<) ciioloHuro, was the Huron seniinury and llio coUogo for Frtsnrh hoys." — I'arkinun's "Jesuits," p. 108. In May, Father Pijart founded the Mission of the Imniuculato Conception, at Ossossane, tlie largest Huron town. Aug. 4, The Hurons hehl a council to iiujuire into the cause of a terrible disease that was making deadly ravages among their people; tlu^y attril)uted it to the sor- ceries of the Je^suits, and for a time the lives of the missionaries were in peril. Aug. 16, The Duchess d'Aiguillon gave 22,400 livres to estab- lish the Hotel-Dieu at Quebc*?, 1638. April 14, Two Jesuits took up their abode at Sillery, above Quebec. Fatliers Lalemant and Le Moyne went to the Huron country. Sept. 29, Father Du Peron landed on the shore of Thunder Bay, fifteen miles from the Huron town of Ossoss- ane. " Tn respect to the commodities of life, the Jesuits were hut a step in advance of the Indians. Their house, though well ventilated by numberless crevices in its bark walls, al- ways smelt of smoke, and, when the wind was in certain quarters, was tilled with it to suftbcation. At their meals, the Fathers sat on logs around the fire, over which their kettle was slung in the Indian fashion. Each had his wooden platter, whioh, from the difficulty of transportation, was valued in the Huron country at the price of a robe of beaver- skin, or a hundred francs. Their food consisted of sagamite, or ' mush,' made of pounded Indian corn, boiled with scraps of smoked fish. Chaumonot compares it to the paste used for the papering of houses. The repast was occasionally varied bv a pumpkin or squash baked in the ashes, or, in the season, by Indian corn roasted in the ear. They used no salt whatever. They could bring their cumberous pictures, 20 THE CARDINAL FACTS OK CANADIAN UISTOUY. Aug. orrmniontH, and voatinentH through tho savagu journey of the Ottawa ; l>ut tlioy couhi not Iwing the ooiiunon nouoHsarioB of lifo. Hy day, they read and Htudiod hy tho light that Htrt'aniod in llirougli tho hirgo HUioko-lioloH in tlio roof, at night hy tho hhi/.u of tl>o tiro. I'hoir «^nly candhis wero a f«'\v of wax for tho altar. Tiioy oultivatod apati-h of ground, hut raisod nothing on it o.\i'o))t wiioat for making tho Hacra- niontal hroad. I iioir food was auppliod hy tho ludiunn, to whom tlioy gav« in rot urn ohith, knivoH, awls, nooiUoa, and vari«)us trinkotM. Thoir Kupply of wino for tho Kui^luuist waH so scanty tiiat thoy limitod tliomsolvos to four or fivo drops f«>r oaoh mass. *''l'iu>ir lifo was roguhitod witii a oonvontiuil strictnoes. At four in tiio morinng a holl rousoti thorn from llio shouts of hiuk on whioh thoy sh'pt. Massos, privato dovotions, roa»l- ing roligioiis Itooks, and hroakfasiing, tiUod tlio timo until oight, w hou thoy opouod tho door and a(hniltod tho ln«]iaiis. As nuuiy of thoso provod intoh'rahU' nuisanoos, thoy took wluit Lak'mant oalla tho hoiiitt'te. iihorty of turning out tho most intrusivo and impraotioabk>, an act porformod with all tai't and oourtosy, and raroly takon in dudgoon. Having tlius wiuiu)Wod their company, tln'y oateu-hizod tlioso that romainod, as opportunity olVorod. In tiio intervals the guests sipuvttoil l)y the tiro and smokoil thoir pipes. "As among tho Spartan virtues of the Tfurons that of thieving was espooially oonspiouous, it waf nooesaary that ono or more of tho Fathers should remain on guard at tlie house all day. The rest wont fortli on their niissionary lahors, haptizing and instruotinii as wo have seen. To each priest who could speak Huron was assigned a certain nund)or of houses, -in some instances, as nniny as forty; and as those often had live or six tires, with two families to each, his tlock was as numerous as it was iiilractahle. It was his care to see that none of tho niunhor dioil willumt baptism, and hy every moans in his power to eommond the iloctrines of his faith to the acceptance of those in health. " At »linner, which was at two o'clock, grace was said in Huron, for tho honotit of the Indians present, and a chapter of the Bihlc was read aloud during the meal. At four or live, according to the season, the Indians were dismissed, the door dosed, and the evening spent in writing, reading, studying the h-.nguago, devotion, and conversation on the atl'airs of the mission."— -I'arkman's "Jesuits," pp. 1'29-131. U);?9. According to the Jesuits, the Hurons at this time had a popuhitioii of 20,000. 1, Father Viinout, Superior of the Jesuits, Fathers Poncet and Chaunioiiot, Madaiue de hi Peltrie, Marie de rincarnatioii, Marie de St. Bernard, and another THE CARPINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 21 Ursuline arrived at Quebec. At once the Ursuline Couv1h'c and Sillery, the country around Quebec was still a forest. In France, Father Jean Ja(M]ues Olier, Baron de Fancanip, Dauversiere, and three others organized th<^ Society of Not re- Dame de Montreal. Aug. 17, John De Lauson cechnl the Island of Montreal to the Society of Notre- Danu^ de Montreal. Nov, 2, Fathers Brelu'uf and Chaunionot left Salute Marie to go to tli«^ Neutral Nation. Dec. 17, The ilundi-ed Associates ceded their claim to the Island of Montreal to the Society of Notre- Dame de Montreal. 1611. Feb. 1.'?, The Kiig of Fiance directed La Tour to return to France, to answtM- charges made against him. Now, the lro(|U()is began war against Canada. The Iroquois, called by the Enjilish the Five Na- tions, liveil in what is now New York State, from the Hudson to the Cenesee. They were the Mo- hawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and the Sene- c'., — named in order from east to west. They called their confederacy " The Long House ; " tlie Mohawks guarded the eastern end, the Senecas the western. Early in the spring Fathers Brebeuf and Chaunionot returned to Saiete Marie. Fathers Jogues and llaymbault went to the mission at Saut Ste Marie, and "preached the Faith to two ^'$- ':« 22 THK CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. thousand Ojibwas, and other Algonquins there as- sembled." Aug. 8, Mademoiselle de Mance arrived at Quebec. Oct. 14, Maisonneuve took possession of Montreal and then returned to Quebec, where, under the hospitable roof of M. de Puiseaux, he and his colonists, forty men and four women, passed the winter. Oct. 15, Maisonneuve was declared Governor of Montreal, 1642. Feb. 21, In Acadia, Charnisay was commissioned to arrest La Tour for contumacy and traitorous conduct. May 8, Maisonneuve and his colonists, accompanied by Ma- dame de la Peltrie, left Quebec for Montreal. May 18, Maisonneuve landed at Montreal, when, Jeanne Mance and Madame de la Peltrie having decorated an altar. Father Yiniont celebrated mass. The same evening Maisonneuve, guided by two old Indians, ascended the mountain, and from its top surveyed the surrounding country. Two thousand wairiors of the Neutral Nation went into Southern Michigan, and, after besieging a town of the Nation of Fire, defended by nine hundred warriors, took it, toi'tured many of the defenders to death, and made the rest prisoners. Aug, 2, Father J ogues and two young Frenchmen, Rene Goupil and Guillaume Couture, were captured by li-oquois, on Lake St. Peter. Aug. 13, Montmagny, with 100 men, began to erect a fort at the mouth of the Richelieu, to check the Iroquois. Aug. 15, Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin was celebrated in the first church in Mci^treal, a wooden building now opened. Sept. 29, Goupil, J ogues' companion, was killed by the Mo- hawks. Oct. 29, Jean Nicolet was drowned at Sillery. 1643. Jan. 6, Maisonneuve, bearing a heavy cross, Madame de la Peltrie, and citizens of Ville Marie, or Montreal, walked in procession to the top of the mountain, where Father Du Peron celebrated mass. THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 23 LS in " At Quebec, Three Rivers, Montreal, and the little fort of Richelieu, that is to say in all Canada, no man could hunt, fish, till the fields, or cut a tree in the forest, without peril to his scalp. Ihe Iroquois were everywhere and nowhere. A yell, a volley of bullets, a rush of screecliing savages, and all was over. Th?s soldiers hastened to the spot to find silence, solitude, and a mangled corpse." — " Jesuits," p. 240. The people of Montreal, supplied with funds by Madame de Bullion, built a hospital. *' The hospital was intended not only to nurse sick French- men, but to nurse and convert sick Indians ; in other words, it v/as an engine of the mission. From Maisonneuve to the humblest laborer, these zealous colonists were bent on the work of conversion. To that end, the ladies made pilgrim- ages to the cross on the mountain, sometimes for nine days in succession, to pray God to gather the heathen into His fold. The fatigue was great ; nor was the danger less ; and armed men always escorted them as a precaution against the Iroquois. The male colonists were equally fervent ; and sometimes as many as fifteen or sixteen persons would kneel at once before the cross, with the same charitable petition. The ardor of theiv zeal may be inferred from the fact, that these pious expeditions consumed the greater part of the day, when time and labor were of a value past reckoning to the little colony. Besides their pilgrimages, they used other means and very efficient ones, to attract and gain over the Indians. They housed, fed, and clotlied them at every op- portunity ; and though they were subsisting chiefly on pro- visions brought at great cost from France, there was ahvays a portion for the hungry savages who from time to time en- camped near their fort. If they could persuade any of them to be nursed, they were consigned to the tender care of Mademoiselle Mance ; and if a party went to war, their women and diildren were taken in charge till their return. As this attention to their bodies had for its object the px^ofit of their souls, it Avas accompanied with incessant catechiz- ing This, with the other influences of the place, liad its effect ; and some notable conversions were made. Among them was that of the renowned chief, Tessouat, or Le Borgne, as the French called him, a crafty and intractable savage, whom to their own surprise, they succeeded in taming and winning to the Faith. H«^ was christened with the name of Paul, and his squaw witli that of Madeleine. Maisonneuve rewarded him with a gun, and celebrated the dav by a feast to all the Indians present."—" Jesuits," p. 267-269. Father Jogues, assisted by Megapolensis, minister of Albany, escaped from the Moliawks and descended the Hudson to New Amsterdam. Nov. 5, Aided by the Dutch, Father Jogues left New Amster- dam for Europe. if. 24 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 1644. Feb. 13, The king of France approved the grant of the Island of Montreal to the Society of Notre-Daine de Mon- treal. March 30, Maisonneuve beat off a band of skulking Iroquois from Montreal. April 27, Father Joseph Bressani was captured and terribly tortured by Iroquois near Lake St. Peter, Wheat was first sown in Canada. (Cf. Garneau's « History of Canada," I., p. 151.) June 19, The Mohawks, assembled in council, decided to let Father Bressani live, and gave him to an old woman to take the place of a deceased relative ; but she, as he was apparently useless, having been so badly tortured and mangled, sold him to the Dutch, who soon gave him a passage to France. Fathers Brebeuf, Garreau, ano Chabanel, escorted by twenty soldiers, went to the li. ron country. 1645. Madame La Tour drove Charnisay from Fort La Tour. March 6, The Hundred Associates transferred the fur trade and their debts to the people of Canada, but the • Associates retained their seignorial rights. " Early in the spring of 1645, Piskaret (an Algonquin), with six other converted Indians, some of them better Christians than he, set out on a war party, and, after drag- ging their canoes over tlie frozen St. Lawrence, launched them on the open stream of the Riclielieu. They ascended to Lake Champlain, and hid themselves in the leafless forests of a large island, watching patiently for their human prey. One day they heard a distant shot. 'Come, friends,' said Piskaret, ' let us get our dinner ; perhaps it will be the last, for we must die before we run.' Having dined to their con- tentment, the philosophic warriors prepared for action. One of them went to reconnoitre, and soon reported that two canoes full of Iroquois were approaching the island. Piskaret and his followers crouched in the bushes at the point for which the canoes were making, and, as the fore- most drew near, each chose his mark, and tired with such good effect, that, of seven warriors, all but one were killed. The survivor jumped overboard, and swam for the other canoe, where he was taken in. It now contained eight Iro- quois, who, far from attempting to escape, paddled in haste THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 26 F |e for a distant part of the shore, in order to land, give battle, and avenge their slain comrades. But the Algonquins, run- ning through the woods, reached the landing before them, and, as one of them rose to tire, they shot him. In his tall he overset the canoe. The water was shallow, and the sub- merged warriors, presently finding foothold, waded towards the shore, and made desperate tight. The Algonquins had the advantage of position, and used it eo well that they kill- ed all but three of their enemies, and captured two of the survivors. Next they sought out the bodies, carefully scalp- ed them, and set out in triumph on their return. To the credit of their Jesuit teachers they treated their prisoners with a forbearance hitherto without example. One of them who was defiant and abusive, received a blow to silence him; but no further indignity was offered to either." — Park- man's "Jesuits," p. 281. April 13, Charnisay repeated his attack on Fort La Tour, and succeeded in taking it, its heroic defender, Madame La Tour, dying heart broken three weeks after. Sept. 17, The Iroquois and Hurons met at Three Rivers and concluded peace. Sept. 21, Louis Joliet was born in Quebec. 1646. Father Anne de Noue left Three Rivers to go to Fort Richelieu, but, losing his way, he perished in the snow. Father Enemond Masse died at Sillery, above and near Quebec. Father Jogues left Three Rivers for the Mohawk country, to hold the Mohawks to the peace lately made and to establish a mission ; when, on the eve of Corpus Christi, he reached what is now Lake George, Ije called it Lac St. Sacrement. Father Jogues, having finished his political mission to the Mohawks, reached Fort Richelieu. About this time the smallpox made dreadful ravages among the Hurons. La Tour arrived at Quebec. Father Jogues, accompanied by a young Frenchman named Lalande, left Quebec to go to the Iroquois as a missionary, saying " Ibo et nun redibo " (I will go, but I shall not return). Father Gabriel Druilletes left Sillery to go to the Abenaquis Mission on the river Kennebec. Jan. 30, May 12, May — , June 27, Aug. 8, Aug. 24, Aug. 29, 3 .1 '■i^ if I 26 THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY. Oct. 17, Fatber Jogues entered Gandawague, a Mohawk town. Oct. 18, Father Jogues, the founder of the Mohawk Mission, was martyred Oct. 19, Lalande was killed by the Iroquois. Nov. 21, Madame de la Peltrie became a novice in the Ursu- line Convent, Quebec. 1647. April 13, The Hurons sent nine warriors on an embassy to the Andastes, who lived south of the Iroquois, to secure their aid against the Iroquois. A Council was formed at Quebec to manage the affairs of Canada ; its memlers were the Governor- General, the Superior of the Jesuits, and the Gover- nor of Montreal; this Council was invested with full legislative, judicial, and executive powers. D'Aillebousb was made Governor of Canada. June 20, The first horse was landed at Quebec. Sept. 23, Montmagny left Quebec for France. 1648. July 4, The Iroquois took the Huron Mission, St. Joseph, and killed Father Daniel. July 17, Two hundred and fifty Hurons, having ventured to run down the Ottawa, reached Three Rivers to trade ; there they were suddenly attacked by a large body of their inveterate enemies, the uliiquitous Iroquois, but the Hurons fought desperately and drove the Iroquois from the place. A temperance meeting was held at Sillery, the first temperance gathering on the Continent of America. A small cannon was carried in a canoe up the Ottawa to Sainte Marie in the Huron country. Nov. 24, The first white child was born in Montreal. A thousand Mohawks and Senecas took the war- path for the Hurons. 1649. Jan. 30, (Charles I., King of England, was executed.) At this time " there were in the Huron country and its neighborhood eighteen Jesuit priests, four lay THE CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 27 brothers, twenty three men serving without pay, seven hired men, four boys, and eight soldiers." March 16, The Iroquois took the Huron missions St. Ignace and St. Louis, Fathers Brebeuf and Gabriel Lale- mant being made prisoners and tortured to death. ' ' On the afternoon of the sixteentli,— the day when the two priests were captured, — Brebeuf was led apart, and bound to a stake. He seemed more concerned for his captive con- verts than for himself, and addressed them in a loud voice, exhorting them to suffer patiently, and promising Heaven as their reward. The Iroquois, incensed, scorched him from head to foot, to silence him ; whereupon, in the tone of a master, he threatened them with everlasting flames, for per- secuting the worshippers of God. As he continued to speak, with voice and countenance unchanged, they cut away his lower lip and thrust a redhot iron down his throat. He still held his tall form erect and defiant, with no sign or sound of pain ; and they tried another means to overcome him. They led out Lalemant, that Brebeuf might see him tortured. They had tied strips of bark, smeared with pitch, about his naked body. When he saw the condition of his Supe- rior, he could not hide his agitation, and called out to him with a broken voice, in the words of St. Paul : ' We are made a spectacle to the world, to angels, and to men.' Then he threw himself at Brebeuf 's feet; upon which the Iroquois seized him, made him fast to a stake, and set fire to the bark that enve- loped him. As the flame rose, he threw his arms upward, with a shriek of supplication to Heaven. Next they hung around Brebeuf's neck a collar made of hatchets heated red- hot ; but the indomitable priest stood like a rock. A Huron in the crowd, who had been a convert of the mission, but was now an Iroquois by adoption, called out, with the malice of a renegade, to pour hot water on their heads, since they had poured so much cold water on those of others The kettle was accordingly slung, and the water boiled and poured slowly on the heads of the two missionaries. * We baptise you,' they cried, ' that you may be happy in Heaven; for nobody can be saved without a good baptism.' Brebeuf would not flinch ; and, in a rage, they cut strips of flesh from his limbs, and devoured them before his eyes. Other renegade Hurons called out to him, ' You told us that the more one suffers on earth, the happier he is in Heaven. We wish to make you happy ; we torment you because we love you ; and you ought to thank us for it.' After a succession of other revolting torturas, they scalped him ; when, seeing him nearly dead, they laid open his breast, and came in a crowd to drink the blood of so valiant an enemy, thinking to imbibe with it some portion of his courage. A chief then tore out his heart and devoured it. " Thus died Jean de Brebeuf, the founder of the Huron ,- it '. ■f: 28 THE CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. mission, its truest hero, and its greatest martyr. He came of a noble race, tlie same, it is said, from which sprang the English Earls of Arundel ; but never had the mailed barons of his line confronted a fate so appalling, with so prodigious a constancy. To the last ho refused to flinch, and ' his death was the astonishment of his murderers.' In him an enthusiastic devotion was grafted on an heroic nature. His bodily endowments were as remarkable as the temper of his mind. His manly proportions, his strength, and his endurance, which incessant fasts and penances could not undermine, had always won for liim the respect of the Indians, no less than a courage unconscious of fear, and yet redeemed from rash- ness by a cool and vigorous judgment ; for extravagant as were the chimeras which fed the fires of his zeal, they were consistent with the soberest good sense on matters of prac- tical bearing. " Lalemant, physically weak from childhood, and slender almost to emaciation, was constitutionally unequal to a dis- play of fortitude like that of his colleague. When Brebeuf died, he was led back to the house whence he had been taken, and tortured there all night, until, in the morning, one of the Iroquois, growing tired of the protracted entertainment, killed him with a hatchet. It was said that at times he seemed beside himself, then rallying, with hands uplifted, he oflFered his sufferings to Heaven as a sacrifice. His robust companion had lived less than four hours under the torture, while he survived it for nearly seventeen. Perhaps the Titanic effort of will with which Brebeuf repressed all show of suffering conspired with the Iroquois knives and fire- brands to exhaust his vitality ; perhaps his tormentors, en- raged at his fortitude, forgot their subtlety, and struck too near the life. "The bodies of the two missionaries were carried to Sainte Marie, and buried in the cemetery there ; but the skull of Brebeuf was preserved as a relic. His family sent from France a silver bust of their martyred kinsman, in the base of which was a recess to contain the skull ; and, to this day, the bust and the relic within are preserved with pious care bv the nuns of the Hotel-Dieu at Quebec," — Parkman's " Jesuits," pp. 388-391. March 19, Festival of St Joseph ; the Iroquois, seized by a panic, retreated precipitately from the Huron coun- try. June 14, The Jesuits, at the Huron Mission of Sainte Marie, abandoned their house, and, with their terrified con- verts, took refuge on St. Joseph Island. Dec. 7, The Iroquois took the Huron Mission of St. Jean, and murdered Father Charles Gamier ; a renegade Hur- on also murdered Father Noel Chabanel. THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 29 to the ^ent the lis ILous m's a in- [•ie, )n- " Thus, at the age of forty-four, died Charles Gamier, the favorite child of wealtliy and noble parents, nursed in Pari- sian luxury and ease, then living and dying, a more than willing exile, amid the hardships and horrors of the Huron M'ilderness. His life and his death are his best eulogy. Brebeuf was the lion of the Huron mission, and Garnier was the lamb ; but the lamb was as fearless as the lion." — Park- man's "Jesuits," p. 407. 1650. May 24, Charnisay perished in the basin at Port Royal ; hia canoe having overset, he clung to it till the cold overcame him. June 10, The Jesuits, with a remnant of the Hurons, left the Huron country for Quebec. July 28, The Jesuits and fugitive Hurons reached Quebec. " In a former chapter, we followed Father Paul Le Jeune on his winter roamings, with a band of Montagnais, among the forests on the northern boundary of Maine. Now Father Gabriel Druilletes sets forth on a similar excursion, but with one essential difference. Le Jeune's companions were heathen, who persecuted him day and night with their jibes and sarcasms. Those of Druilletes were all converts, who looked on him as a friend and a father. There were prayers, confessions, masses, and invocations of St. Joseph. They built their bark chapel at every camp, and no festival of the church passed unobserved. On Good Friday they laid their best robe of beaver-skin on the snow, placed on it a crucifix, and knelt around it in prayer. What was their prayer ? It was a petition for the forgiveness and the con- version of their enemies, the Iroquois. Those who know the intensity and tenacity of an Indian's hatred will see in this something more than a change from one superstition to another. An idea had been presented to the mind of the savage, to which he had previously been an utter stranger. This is the most remarkable record of success in the whole body of the Jesuit ' Relations ' ; but it is very far from be- ing the only evidence, that, in teaching the dogmas and ob- servances of the Roman church, the missionaries taught also the morals of Christianity. When we look for the results of these missions, we soon become aware that the influence of the French and the Jesuits extended far be_, ond the circle of converts. It eventually modified and softened the man- ners of many unconverted tribes. In the wars of the next century we do not often find thode examples of diabolic atrocity with which the earlier annals are crowded. The savage burned his enemies alive, it is true, but he rarely at© them ; neither did he torment them with the same delibera- tion and persistency. He was a savage still, but not so 30 THK CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. often a dovil. The improvement was not grea , but it was distinct ; and it aecms to have taken place wherever Indian triht's were in close relations with any respectable conunun- ity of white men. Tiius Philip's war in New l-in^land, cruel as it was, was loss ferociouH, judging fron> Canadian exneri- ence, than it would have been, if a generation of civilized intercourse had not worn down tlie sharpest asperities of bar- barism. Yet it was to Frcndi priests and colonists, mingled as tiioy were soon to be among the tribes of the vast interior, that the change is chiefly to be ascriljcd. In this softening of maimers, such as it wa*i, i.nd in the obedient Catholicity of a few hundred tamed savages gathered at stationary mis- sions in various paits of Canada, wo find, after a century had elapsed, all the results of the heroic toil of the Jesuits. The missions had failed, because the Indians had ceased to exist. Of the great tribes on whom rested the hopes of the early Canadian Fathers, nearly all were virtually extinct. The missionaries built laboriously and well, but they were doomed to build on a failing f"iac wrote to the Minister, " 1 never saw any- thiii^ more superb than the position of this town (Quebec). It could not be better situated as the future capital of a great empire." Nov. 3, Talon, the Intendant, sailed for France. 1673. May 17, Frontenac sent Louis Joliet to find the Mississippi, Jacques Marquette accompanying him. June 1 3, Colbert, the French Minister, disapproved of Fron- tenac's dividing the people of Canada into three estates, and advised him not to give a corporate form to the people of Canada. 1 «v 1= m 38 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. I ': III!' lij ! In .' June 1 7, Marquette and Joliet discovered the Mississippi. July 13, Frontenac, on La Salle's advice, founded Fort Fron- tenac at Cataraqui ; Raudin, an engineer, began its construction at once. July 17, Marquette and Joliet, having gone down the Missis- sippi to an Arkansas village, turned on their home- ward voyage. Aug. 1, Frontenac, returning from Fort Frontenac, reached Montreal, where he quarrelled with Perrot, Gover- nor of Montreal. Dec. 23, The Seigniory of Terrebonne was granted to Daulier Deslandes, " two leagues frontage upon the Riviere Jesus, formerly call r] Riviere des Prairies." 1674. In January, Perrot, Governor of Montreal, and Abbe Fenelon, on snow shoes, walked from Montreal to Quebec. Cape Breton was joined to Canada. Charter of West India Company was revoked. La Salle, well recommended by Frontenac, went to France, and received the Seigniory of Fort Fron- tenac. Oct. 1, Laval was made Bishop of Quebec, and Quebec was made a bishopric. Oct. 3. The members of the Sovereign Council, Quebec, were increased from five to seven. Nov., Frontenac shipped Perrot and Abbe Fenelon to France. 1675. May 18, Father Jacques Marquette died on the west shore of Michigan. Perrot, after being disciplined a little, was restored to the government of Montreal. Feast of Assumption, mas'3 was first celebrated in the church of Notre Dame de Bon-Secours, the first stone church in Montreal. Father James de Lamberville began a mission among the Mohawks. Sept. 25, Jacques Duchesneau arrived at Quebec, as Inten- dant. THE CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 39 ron ong ten- 1676. The Sulpitians began the Mission of the Mountain. Easter Sunday, Father James de Lamberville bap- tized Catherine Tegahkouita, a Mohawk maiden. Oct. 26, An assembly, in the Chateau St. Louis, under the direction of the Governor, discussed the propriety or prudence of selling brandy to Indians. " The great majority were for unrestricted trade in brandy ; a few were for a limited and guarded trade ; and two or three declared for prohibition." — Parkman. 1677. An Ursuiine Convent was established at Three Rivers. May 1, Colbert wrote to the Intendant, Duchesneau, warning him not to take sides with the Bishop against Fron- tenac. May 18, Colbert wrote to Frontenac, exhorting him to live more amicably with the Intendant. 1678. The stone church at Caughnawaga, opposite Lachine, was finished. May 1 2, The King of France issued letters patent, incorporat- ing the Jesuits in Canada. La Salle obtained a royal patent, allowing him *' to build forts through which it would seem that a pas- sage to Mexico can be found." Sept. 15, La Salle and Tonty reached Quebec. Nov. 18, La Motte and Father Louis Hennepin, under the direction of La Salle, left Fort Frontenac for the west. Dec. 6, La Motte and Hennepin reached Niagara. 1679. Jan. 8, By the carelessness of La Salle's pilot, the vessel in which La Salle's men had crossed Lake Ontario, was wrecked east of Niagara ; this was almost a calamity, for much of the material for a vessel to be built on Lake Erie was lost. Jan. 22, La Salle and his men began the construction of a vessel at the mouth of Cayuga Creek, " two leagues above the Falls." w lit W^' ,1 iiiil r 40 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. :i! ■ >. Joliet received a grant of the Mingan Islands as a reward for his discoveries. Aug. 7, The " Grififon " left the mouth of Cayuga Creek for the west. Sept. 18, La Salle, at Green Bay, sent the "Grififon," laden with furs, to Niagara. She was never seen nor heard of afterwards. Nov. 1, La Salle reached the mouth of the St. Joseph River. 1680. Jan. 1, La Salle and his men celebrated the Feast of the Circumcision at Starved Rock. La Salle built Fort Crevecoeur. Feb. 28, Hennepin, with two companions, at La Salle's re- quest, went off to explore the Illinois to its mouth. March 1, La Salle, leaving Tonty with fifteen men to guard the vessel they had built at Fort Crevecoeur, started oS on foot for Canada. Father Hennepin discovered St. Anthony's Falls. April 11, The Sioux captured Father Hennepin. May 6, La Salle reached Fort Frontenac. May 29, The King of France granted letters patent, con- firming the establishment of the Iroquois mission at Sault St. Louis. The Iroquois dispersed the tribes of the Illinois. Aug. 10, La Salle started off again for the west. Joliet received a giant of the Island of Anticosti. Du Luth rescued Father Hennepin. Oct. 29, " Monsieur " was to be given to Frontenac as Gov ernor, to Laval as first Bishop, and to Duchesneau as Intend ant of Justice. Dec, The " Great Comet" appeared, and was visible till the end of Feb., 1681. " No comet has threatened the earth with a nearer approach than that of 1680." 1681. Joliet, with his wife and six servants, settled on An- ticosti Island. April 30, The King wrote to Frontenac, complaining of his arbitrary conduct, and threatened to recall him unless he mended his ways ; he also ordered that whoever went to the woods without a license should THE CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 41 be branded and whipped for the first oflFence, and sent for life to the galleys for the second oflFence. This was levelled against the " coureurs de bois " May, La Salle, to his great joy, found Tonty at Mackinaw. 1682. Feb. 6, La Salle and Tonty issued from the Illinois River upon the Mississippi. March 31, La Salle and Tonty, with their men, reached the mouth of the Red River. April 9, La Salle and his men reached the mouth of the Mis- sissippi, when he declared the basin of the river, Louisiana, the territory of Louis the Great. The King recalled Frontenac and Duchesneau, their disagreements having become intolerable. '* When he [Frontenac] sailed for France it was a day of rejoicing to more than half the merchants of Canada, and, excepting the RecoUets, to all the priests, but he left behind him an impression, very general among the people, that, if danger threatened the colony, Count Frontenac was the man for the hour." Parkman's " Frontenac," p. 71. Aug. 4, At 10 p.m. a great fire broke out in Quebec. Oct. 9, Sieur de Barre became Governor of Canada, and De Meules became Intendant. On the top of Starved Rock, Illinois, La Salle and Tonty built Fort St. Louis. 1683. La Barre sent Chevalier, de Baugis, with a compe> ent force, to seize La Salle's Fort St. Louis. La Barre sent Charles Le Moyne, of Montreal, to Onondaga to prevail on the Iroquois to send forty- three chiefs to Montreal, to meet the Governor. 1084. Feb., A war party of Senecas and Cayugas was repulsed in an attack on Fort St. Louis, Illinois. April, A royal order was issued at Quebec, making it death for a Canadian to emigrate to Albany or Manhattan (New York City.) July 10, La Barre, with 200 men, left Quebec to fight the Iro- quois. " After a long stay at Montreal, La Barre embarked his little armv at I^achine, crossed Lake St. Louis, and began the 4 ♦S t^\ '! ' 42 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTOHY. ascent of the Upper St. Lawrence. In one of the three companies of regulars which formed a part of the force was a young subaltern, the Baron la Hontan, who has left a lively account of the expedition. Some of the men were in flat boats, and some were in birch canoes. Of the latter was La Hontan, whose craft was paddled by three Canadians. Several times they shouldered it through the forest to escape the turmoil of the rapids. The flat boats could not be so handled, and were dragged or pushed up in the shallow water close to the bank, by gangs of militia men, toiling and struggling among the rocks and foam. The regulars, un- skilled in such matters, were spared these fatigues, though tormented night and day by swarms of gnats and mosquitoes, objects of La Hontan's bitterest invective. At length the last rapid was passed and they moved serenely on their way, threaded the mazes of the Thousand Islands, entered what is now the harbor of Kingston, and landed under the pali- sades of Fort Frontenac. " Here the whole force was soon assembled, the regulars in their tents, the Canadian Militia and the Indiaiis in huts and under sheds of )>ark. Of these red allies there were several hundred : Abenakis and Algonquins from Sillery, Hurons from Lorette, and converted Iroquois from the Jesuit Mission of Saut St. Louis, near Montreal. The camp of the French was on a low, damp plain near the fort ; and here a malarious fever presently attacked them, killing many and disabling many more. La Hontan says that La Barre him- self was brought by it to the hi^ink of the grave. If he had ever entertained any other purpose than that of inducing the Senecas to agree to a temporary peace, he now complete- ly abandoned it. He dared not even insist that the offend- ing tribe should meet him in council, but hastened to ask the mediation of the Onondagas, which the letters of Lamber- ville had assured him that they were disposed to offer. He sent Le Moyne to persuade them to meet him on their own side of the lake, and, with such of his men as were able to move, crossed to the mouth of Salmon River, then called La Famine."— Parkman's "Frontenac," pp. 103-104. Sept. 4, Treaty of Famine Cove ; its terms were humiliating to La Barre. La Barre was recalled. Nov. 12, The cathedral chapter, Quebec, twelve canons and four chaplains, was inaugurated. Nov. 14, Laval left Canada for France. 1685. Feb. 6, (James II. began to reign in England.) Feb. 1 6, La Salle, missing the mouth of the Mississippi, land- ed his French settlers for Louisiana at Matagorda Bay, Texas, and built Fort St. Louis. THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 43 iing tnd ,nd- Irda July 29, Denonville, La Barre's successor, and St. Vallier arrived at Quebec. As it was difficult to keep coin in the country, Meules issued card money. Dongan, Governor of New York, sent Johannes Rooseboom, an Albany trader, with eleven canoes, to the Upper Lakes, to exchange peltries with the Indians for furs ; Rooseboom returned in three months, the venture proving satisfactory to himself and to the Indians. Population of Canada, 12,263 ; of New York, 18,000. 16S6. Denonville sent Chevalier de Troyes, with Iberville, Sainte-Helene, Maricourt, and eighty other Cana- dians, to expel the English from Hudson's Bay ; he did so at the request of the Company of the North, just formed in Canada, which desired to secure the Hudson's Bay trade. Going up the Ottawa, De Troyes and his men crossed the wilderness to Fort Hayes, took it, took Fort Rupert, and Fort Albany, and, leaving Maricourt to command the Bay, returned to Montreal. " No Canadian, under the French rule, stands in a more conspicuous or more deserved eminence than Pierre Le Moyne d'lberville. In the seventeenth century, most of those who acted a prominent part in the colony were born in Old France ; but Iberville was a true son of the soil. He and his brothers Longueuil, Serigny, Assigny, Maricourt, Sainte-Helene, and the two Bienvilles, were one and all children worthy of their father, Charles Le Moyne, of Mon- treal, and favorable types of that Canadian noblesse, to whose adventurous hardihood half the continent bears witness." — Parknian's "Frontenac," p. 388. June 6, Denonville wrote to Du Luth, ordering him to occupy Det.roit vith fifty " coureurs de bois ; " Du Luth quickly did so, and built a stockade to make his occupation good. June 12, Denonville wrote to the Minister, Seignelay, for troops to humble the Iroquois. Johannes Rooseboom started with a larger trading outfit for the Upper Lakes. 44 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTOKY. Canada sent three ships loaded with wheat to the West Indies. July, Jacques Bochart de Champigny arrived in Canada, as Intendant. Oct. 15, Denonville wrote to France, "Things grow worse and worse. The English stir up the Iroquois against us, and send parties to Mackinaw to rob us of our trade. It would be better to declare war against them than to perish by their intrigues." Nov. 16, Denonville wrote to France, " I have a mind to go straight to Albany, storm their fort, and burn every- thing." Population of Acadia, 885. Dongan, Governor of New York, sent a Scotch officer, named McGregory, with fifty men, to join Rooseboom on the Upper Lakes, and to make a treaty of trade and alliance with the Indians. March 19, La Salle, while trying to make a journey from Fort St. Louis, Texas, to Canada, was murdered near Trinity River by some of his mutinous followers. Denonville, dissembling his purpose, collected an army for a descent upon the Senecas. His point of departure was Fort Frontenac. June 20, Champigny, having invited the Iroquois in the neigh- borhood of Fort Frontenac to a feast, made them prisoners to the number of thirty men and ninety women and children. July 3, One Perr^, with Canadians and Christian Indians, made the Iroquois of Ganneious (near Fredericks- burg) prisoners, to the number of eighteen men and sixty women and children. Some of these captives were distributed among the missions ; the others were sent to France to work in the galleys. July 4, Denonville, with his army, left Fort Frontenac for Irondequoit Bay. Here he was joined by La Duran- taye, who brought with him a host of Indians from the West. July 12, Denonville, with his army, left Irondequoit Bay for the capital of the Senecas. La Durantaye captured Rooseboom, and, soon after, he and Du Lhut captured McGregory. THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 45 the in for iran- Irom for Eter, July 13, Denonville's vanguard fell into an ambuscade (»f the Senecas ; but, after some disorderly conduct, the main body came to the front, and put the Senecas to flight. July 14, Denonville's men reached the heart of ihe Seneca country, but found the " Babylon of the Senecas " in ashes and nobody in sight. " The soldiers killed the hogs, burned the old corn, and hacked down the new with their swords. Next they ad- vanced to an abandoned Seneca fort on a hill half a leasue distant, and burned it, with all that it contained. Ten days passed in the work of havoc. Three neighboring vil- lages were levelled, and all their ^fields laid waste. The amount of corn destroyed was prodigious. Denonville reck- ons it at the absurdly exaggerated amount of twelve hundred thousand bushels."— Parlcman's " Frontenac," p. 154. July 24, Denonville returned to Irondequoit Bay ', and then proceeded to Niagara, where he built a fort, and left it under Chevalier de Troyes, with 100 men. Aug. 13, Denonville returned to Montreal. A mission Indian had told Denonville, that, if he oversets a wasp's nest, he must kill the wasps, or they would sting him. Denor v^ille had overset the Senecas, but he had not even seriously hurt them ; they now prepared for revenge. Oct. 2, Denonville wrote to Dongan, promising to send back McGregory and the other English prisoners ; he soon did so. Oct. 31, Dongan, Governor of New York, wrote to Denon- ville, demanding that the Iroquois seized at Fort Frontenac and imprisoned in French galleys, be sur- rendered to the English Ambassador at Paris. Nov. 10, James II., of England, owned the Iroquois as sub- jects, and ordered Dongan to protect them. 1688. Jan. 25, St. Vallier was consecrated Bishop of Quebec. In the spring, the occupants of Fort Niagara were re- duced, by want and disease, to ten men. June 8, Big Mouth, the famous Onondaga orator, with six Onondaga, Oneida, and Cayuga chiefs, arrived at Montreal to confer about peace, Denonville having promised to return the prisoners. ■M 46 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. " What had brought the marquis to this pass ? Famine, destitution, disease, and the Iroquois were making Canada their prey. The fur trade had been stopped for two years ; and the peonle, bereft of their only means of subsistence, could contribute nothing to their own defence. Above Three Rivers, the whole population was imprisoned in stock- ade forts hastily built in every seigniory. Here they were safe, provided that they never ventured out ; but their fields were left untilled, and the governor was already compelled to feed many of them at the expense of the king. The Iro- quois roamed among the deserted settlements, or prowled like lynxes about the forts, waylaying convoys ana killing or capturing stragglers. Their war parties were usually small ; but their movements were so mysterious and their attacks so sudden, that they spread a universal panic through the upper half of the colony. They were the wasps which Denonville had failed to kill."— Parkman's " Frontenac," p. 167. When the " Rat," a Huron chief, lieard that Den- onville, in the prospective peace, was not going to include the Indians allied to the French, he " killed the peace," by intercepting some Iroquois deputies, firing on them, killing some others, and pretending that he had been prompted to it by Denonville. Aug. 10, Denonville begged the King of France to send back the Indians captured at Fort Frontenac. Aug. 15, Laval returned to Quebec. Aug. 20, Denonville promised Dongan that he would demolish Fort Niagara. Aug. 21, Andros, Governor of New York, wrote to Denon- ville, forbidding him to molest the Iroquois, as they were British subjects. Sept. 15, Denonville, at the demand of the Iroquois, aban- doned Fort Niagara, and demolished it. 1689. Feb. 13, (William III. and Mary began to reign in England.) King William's war was begun. May 8, Nicolas Perrot, Pierre le Sueur being with him, on the Wisconsin side of Lake Pepin, took formal occupa- tion of the country, in the name of the King of France. May 31, The king recalled Denonville, and made Fronter.ac Governor of Canada the second time. Aug. 5, Massacre of Lachine. THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORT. 47 "On the night before the fourth and fifth of August, a violent hail- storm burst over Lake St. Louis, an expansion of the 8t. Lawrence a little above Montreal. Concealed by the tempv,8t and the darkness, fifteen hundred warriors landed at La Chine, and silently posted themselves about the houses of the sleeping settlers, then screeched the war-whoop, and began the most frightful massacre in Canadian history. The houses were burned, and men, women, and children in- discriminately butchered. In the neighborhood were three stockade forts, called R^my, Roland, and La Presentation ; and they all had garrisons. There was also an encampment of two hundred regulars about three miles distant, unaer an officer named Subercase, then absent at Montreal on a visit to Denonville, who had lately arrived with his wife and family. At four o'clock in the morning, the troops in this encampment heard a cannon shot from one of the forts. They were at once ordered under arms. Soon after they saw a man running towards them, just escaped from the butchery. He told his story and passed on with the news to Montreal, six miles distant. Then several fugitives app< ared, chased by a band of Iroquois, who gave over the pursuit at sight of the soldiers, but pillaged several houses before their eyes. The day was well advanced before Subercase arrived. He ordered the troops to march. About a hundred armed in- habitants had joined them, and they moved together towards Lachine. Here they found the houses still burning, and the bodies of their inmates strewn among them or hanging from the stakes where they had been tortured. They learned from a French surgeon, escaped from the enemy, that the Iroquois were all encamped a mile and a half farther on, behind a tract of forest. Subercase, whose force had been strengthened by troops from the forts, resolved to attack the.a ; and, had he been allowed to do so, he would probably have punished them severely, for most of them were help- lessly drunk with brandy taken from the houses of the trad- ers. Sword in hand, at the head of his men, the daring officer entered the forest ; but at that moment a voice from the rear commanded a halt. It was that of the Chevalier de Vaudreuil, just come from Montreal, with positive orders from Denonville to run no risks and stand solely on the de- fensive. Subercase was furious. High words passed be- tween him and Vaudreuil, but he was forced to obey. *' The troops were led back to Fort Roland, where about five hundred regulars and militia were now collected under command of Vaudreuil. On the next day eighty men from Fort R^my attempted to join them, but the Iroquois had slept off the effects of their orgies, and were again on the alert. The unfortunate detachment was set upon by a host of savages, and cut to pieces in full sight of Fort Koland. All were killed or captured except Le Moyne de Longueuil, and a few others, who escaped within the gate of Fort R4my 48 THK GAKDINAL PACn OF CANADIAN HISTORY. ill ■ " Montreal was wild with terror. It had been fortified with palisades since the war began, but, though there were troops in the town under the governor himaelf, the people were in mortal dread. No attack was made either on the town or on any of the forts, and such of tho inhabitants as could reach them were safe, while the Iroquois held undis- puted possession of the open country, burned all the houses and barns over an extent of nine miles, and roamed in small ?arties, pillaging and scalping, over more than twenty miles, 'here is no mention of their having encountered opposition, nor do they seem to" have met with any loss but that of some warriors killed in the attack on tlie detachment from Fort R^my, and that of three drunken stragglers who were caught and thrown into a cellar in Fort La Presentation. When they came to their senses, they defied their captors, and fought with such ferocity that it was necessary to shoot them. Charlev^oix says that the invaders remained in the neighborhood of Montreal till the middle of October, or more than two months ; but this seems incredible, since troops and militia enough to drive them all into the 8t. Lawrence might easily have been collected in less than a week. It is certain, however, that their stay was strangely long. Troops and inhabitants seem to have been paralyzed with fear. " At length, most of them took to their canoes, and re- crossed Lake St. Louis in a body, giving ninety yells to show that they had ninety prisoners in their clutches. This was not all : for the whole number carried off was more than a hundred and twenty, besides about two hundred who had the good fortune to be killed on the spot. As the Iroaucia passed the forts, thev shouted, * Onontio, you deceived us, and now we have deceived you.' Towards evening they encamped on the farther side of the lake, and began to tor- ture and devour their prisoners. On that miserable night, stupefied and speechless groups stood gazing from the strand of La Chine at the lights that gleamed along the distant shore of Chateaugay, where their friends, wives, parents, or children agonized in the fires of the Iroquois, and scenes were enacted of indescribable and nameless horror. The greater part of the prisoners were, however, reserved to be distributed among the towns of the confederacy, and there tortured for the diversion of the inhabitants. While some of the invaders went home to celebrate their triumph, others roamed in small parties through all the upper parts of the colony, spreading universal terror."— Parkman's " Frontenac," pp. 177-181. Callieres, Governor of Montreal, in France submit- ted a scheme to tha king for the solution of all Can- ada's difficulties. It was to coiiquer New York. It could be done, Callieres argued, with the forces in Canada, 1,000 regulars, and 600 militia, and two THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 49 royal ships of war. The king, after modifying the scheme, adopted it. But delay in fitting out the tvfo ships, and an exceptionally long passage across the Atlantic, caused by head winds, ruined the enterprise. Sept. 1 2, Frontenac and Callieres reached Chedabucto. Oct. 15, Frontenac reached Quebec, bringing with him thir- teen Iroquois, taken from the galleys, all that re- mained of those whom Denonville took at Fort Frontenac. Nov. 6, Frontenac sent an expedition to succor Fort Frontenac, which soon met De Valrennes, who, having by Denonville's orders destroyed the fort, was return- ing to Montreal. By the king's permission a few negroes were brought into Canada for slaves; but slavery never flour- ished in the colony, the climate being too rigorous for -legroes. 1690. Jan. 22, The Iroquois began a Grand Council at Onondaga, and concluded a treaty of peace with the English and the tribes of the Great Lakes. Feb. 8, Mantet and Sainte-Helene took Schenectady and massacred nearly all the people, as they were aroused from sleep. March 28, Hertel took Salmon Falls. Frontenac sent Captain Louvignay, with 193 Cana- dians, by way of the Ottawa, to reinforce Mackinaw, where the Indian allies of the French were waver- ing in their allegiance. May 1 1, Menneval surrendered Port Royal to Sir Wm. Phips. May 28, Portneuf took Fort Loyal. June 14, Captain Sylvanus Davis, commander of Fort Loyal, arrived at Quebec. July 31, Frontenac, having left Major Prevost to strengthen Quebec, reached Montreal. Aug. 9, Sir Wm. Phips, with 32 ships and 2,200 men, left Nantasket, Mass., to take Quebec. In August, Montreal was thronged with Hurons, Ottawas, Ojibwas, Pottawatamies, Crees, and Nip- pissings, come to trade ; there was a great council St: It ff i!!!'' ^iBi! 60 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. and a war-feast, when Frontenac, joining with the Indians in their songs and antics, helped to devour the two oxen and six large dogs that had been minced and boiled with prunes ; two barrels of wine and an abundance of tobacco were used in toning down the feast. Oct. 10, A messenger from Prevost, town-major of Quebec, arrived in Montreal, with a letter to Frontenac, telling him that the English were coming up the St. Lawrence. Oct. 14, Frontenac arrived in Quebec. Oct. 16, Sir Wm. Phips entered Quebec harbor, and sent a summons to Frontenac to surrender ; Frontenac contemptuously refused. In the evening, Callieres, Governor of Montreal, arrived at Quebec, bringing 800 soldiers and troops of " coureurs de bois," " all full of fight, singing and whooping with martial glee as they passed the west- ern gate and trooped down St. Louis Street." Oct. 18, Major Walley landed 1,200 men on Beauport Shore, and Phips began to bombard Quebec. " Meanwhile, Phips, whose fault hitherto had not been an excess of promptitude, grew impatient, and made a prema- ture movement inconsistent with the preconcerted plan. He left his moorings, anchored his largest ships before the town, and prepared to cannonade it ; but the nery veteran, who watched him from the Ch3,teau St. Louis, anticipated him, and gave him the first shot. Phips replied furiously, opening fire with every gun that he could bring to bear ; while the rock paid him back in kind, and belched flame and smoke from all its batteries. So fierce and rapid was the firing that La Hontan compares it to volleys of mus- ketry ; and old officers, who had seen many sieges, de- clared that they had never known the like. The din was prodigious, reverberated from the surrounding heights, and rolled back from the distant mountains in one continuous roar. On the part of the English, however, surprisingly little was accomplished beside noise and smoke. The practice of their gunners was so bad that many of their shots struck harmlessly against the face of the clifT. Their guns, too, were very light, and appeared to have been charg- ed with a view to the most rigid economy of gunpowder ; for the balls failed to pierce the stone walls of the buildings, and did so little damage that, as the French boasted, twenty crowns would have repaired it all. Xight came at length, and the turmoil ceased. iii'yi.ia>iu>M!awf-' THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY 51 " Phips lay quiet till daybreak, when Frontenac sent a shot to waken him, and the cannonade began again. Sainte- H^l^ne had returned from Beauport ; and he, with hib bro- ther Maricourt, took charge of the two batteries of the Lower Town, aiming the guns in person, and throwing balls of eighteen and twenty-four pounds with excellent precision against the four largest ships of the fleet. One of their shots cut the flagstaff of the admiral, and the cross of St. George fell into the river. It drifted with the tide towards the north shore ; whereupon several Canadians paddled out in a birch canoe, secured it, and brought it back in triumph. On the spire of the cathedral in the Upper Town had been hung a picture of the Holy Family, as an invocation of Divine aid. The Puritan gunners wasted their ammunition in vain attempts to knock it down. That it escaped their malice was ascribed to miracle, but the miracle would have been greater if they had hit it. "At length, one of the ships, which had suffered most, hauled off and abandoned the fight. That of the admiral had fared little better, and now her condition grew des- perate. With her rigging torn, her mainmast half cut through, her mizzen-mast splintered, her cabin pierced, and her hull riddled with shot, another volley seemed likely to sink her, when Phips ordered her to be cut loose from her moorings, and she drifted out of fire, leaving cable and anchor behind. The remaining ships soon gave over the conflict, and withdrew to stations where they could neither do harm nor suffer it."— Parkman's " Frontenac," pp. 272-274. Oct. 21, At night, Major Walley embarked his men, not be- ing able to touch Quebec. Oct. 24, Phips retired with his ships behind Orleans Island, where he hove to, to mend rigging and repair his ships. " Quebec was divided between thanksgiving and rejoicing." Nov. 15, Three supply ships, which had evaded Phips by go- ing up the Saguenay, arrived at Quebec. 1691. Aug. 10, Peter Schuyler, with 260 men, surprised the French at La Prairie, and then retreated ; but, before he reached his canoes on the Richelieu, Valrenne inter- cepted him and gave him " the most hot and stub- born fight ever known in Canada." 1692. In February, a young officer, Beaucour, with 300 men, killed or captured a band of Iroquois who ^ i' il . ! I I:: ti!'i w i . «' 52 THB CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. were wintering l)etwoen the St. Lawrence and tho Ottawa. June 10, Portneuf, the Baron dc Saint-Castin, and other lead- ers, with 400 warriors, attacked Cawtine (Wells), but Capt. Con vers beat them off. During the summer caterpillars de.stroy(Hl all tho crops in Canada; but a prous number of H(|uir- rels appeared, which the people killed for food. Oct. 22, The Iroquois attacked Vercheres, but Madeline, tho seignior's daughter, fourteen years of age, with two soldiers, two boys, and an old niun, held the fort for a week ; then help arrived and the Indians were driven off. jg^^g In January, Mantet, Courtemanohe, and La Noue, with 625 men, left Chambly, and, on snow shoes, started southward for the Mohawk towns. Feb. 16, Mantet, Courtemanche, and La Noue t(H)k three Mohawk towns, killed several people, and took umny to Canada. Quelwc, Montreal, and Three Rivers were strength- ened by l)etter fortifications ; "a strt)ng stone redoubt, with sixteen cannon," was built upon the summit of Cape Diamond. By Frontenac's skilful management, two hundred canoes, laden with rich peltries, managed to make a safe descent of the Ottawa. The people called Frontenac, " Father of the People and Preserver of the Country." Population of Acadia, 1,009. 1694. Jan. 16, Bishop Saint-Vallier issued two mandates, — one de- nouncing comedies, especially " Tartuffe," and the other condemning Sieur de Mauriel, a half-pay lieu- tenant, who had acted the comedian and was booked for a part of ♦* Tartuffe." Villieu and Thury, with 230 Indians, attacked the settlement of Oyster River, and killed over a hun- dred people. •' Early in the war, the French of Canada began the mer- ciful practice of buying English prisoners, and especially -R, TIIK CARDINAL FACTS OE CANADIAN HISTORY. 68 children from their Indian allies. After the first fury of attack, many lives were spared for the sake of this ransonh Sometimes, but not always, the redeemed captives were made to work for their benefactors. They were uniformly treated well, and often with such kindness that they would not be exchanged, and became Canadians by adoption." — Parkman's " Frontenac," p. 377. Dec. 8, (Queen Mary, of England, died.) 1695. In July, Frontenac sent Chevalier de Crisasy, with 700 men, to restore Fort Frontenac. 1696. July 4, Frontenac, with 2,200 men, left Montreal, to attack the Onondagas. Aug. 1, Frontenac and his men reached Onondaga. The re- sults of this expedition were similar to Denonville's. Aug. 15, Villieu, Saint Castin, and Thury took Pemaquid, the commander of the post, Chubb, not being very resolute. Late, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville attacked and overran Newfoundland. 1697. March 15, Abenakis attacked Haverhill, and carried o£f Hannah Dustan, Mary Neff, and an English boy ; but, while on their way to the Indian village, the three prisoners one night seized hatchets, killed their sleeping captors, scalped them, escaped to Haverhill, and received £50 for their ten scalps. May 19, Serigny, Iberville's brother, arrived at Newfound- land with five ships of war, bearing orders to Iber- ville to proceed against the English in Hudson's Bay. In July, Iberville and Serigny, in Hudson's Bay, defeated four English armed merchantmen, and took Fort Nelson. Sept. 20, Treaty of Ryswick : France recovered Acadia. 1698. End of May, Major Peter Schuyler, accompanied by Dellius, the minister of Albany, came to Montreal, bearing news of peace. " Peter Schuyler and his colleague, Dellius, brousht to Canada all the French prisoners in the hands of the English •t •i>l ':4 w. IS:' 54 THE CARDINAL FAOT«l OF CANADIAN HISTORY. '4' 1 8l:;: ifi'' if. Ill I : I II., It: 'rsl: It:'. J! Il'i 'I of New York, and asked for English prisoners in return ; but nearly all these preferred to remain, a remarkable proof of the kindness with which the Canadians treated their civilized captives."— Parkman's " Frontenac," p. 426. Sept 23, John Schuyler dined with Frontenac at Quebec. Nov. 28, Frontenac died. " He was greatly beloved by the humbler classes, who, days before his death, beset the chateau, praising and lamenting him. Many of higher station shared the popular grief."— Parkman's '• Frontenac," p. 428. 1699. March 2, D'Iberville entered the Mississippi from the sea, the first white man to do so. April 20, De Callieres, Governor of Montreal, was made Gover- nor of Canada. Le Moyne d'Iberville built a stockade fort at Biloxi, Mississippi ; this was the beginning of Louisiana. 1700. Jan. 12, Death of Margaret Bourgeois, founder of Sisters of Congregation of Notre Dame. " To this day, in crowded school-rooms of Montreal and Quebec, fit monuments of her unobtrusive virtue, her suc- cessors instruct the children of the poor, and embalm the pleasant memory of Margaret Bourgeois. In the martial figure of Maisonneuve, and the fair form of this gentle nun, we find the true heroes of Montreal." — Parkman's "Jesuits," p. 202. Sept. 8, De Callieres, at Montreal, signed a treaty of peace with the Iroquois, Abenakis, and Ottawas. Population of Canada, 15,000. (Population of New York, 30,000.) (Population of New England, 100,000.) 1701. July 24, La Motte-Cadillac, with 100 men, began Detroit. 1702. March 8, (Queen Anne began to reign in England.) May 15, England declared war against France ; then was begun Queen Anne's War, or the War of the Spanish Succession. Oct. 5, Fran9ois de Beauharnois was made Intendant of Canada. i'l THR CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 56 1703. May 26, M. de Callieres died. Aug. 1, Marquis de Yaudreuil, Governor of Montreal, was commissioned Governor of Canada. Oct. 29, The Members of the Sovereign Council were increased from seven to twelve members. 1704. Feb. 29, Hertel de Rouville, with 50 Canadians and 200 Indians, attacked and burned Deerfield and brought off John Williams, the minister. In retaliation for Rouville's conduct at Deerfield, Col. Benjamin Church, who had been a prominent fighter in King Philip's War, led an expedition against Acadia, where he committed a few depreda- tions at Grand Pr^, but hardly disturbed Port Royal. He returned to Boston. *' It was a miserable retaliation for a barbarous outrage ; as the guilty were out of reach, the invaders turned their ire on the innocent." — Parkman's " Half Century of Con- flict," I., p. 120. 1705. Sept. 6, Jacques and Antoine Raudot, joint Intendants of Canada, arrived at Quebec. 1707. June 6, Col. March, with 1,500 men from Boston, attempted to take Port Royal. June 16, Col. March retired from Port Royal. Being rein- forced he was ordered to move against Port Royal again. Aug. 20, Col. Church retreated from Port Royal the second time. The Intendant granted the porpoise fishery of the seigniory of Riviere Quelle to six of the habitana. 1708. May 6, Death of Bishop Laval In the summer, Hertel de Rouville and Saint Ours de Chaillons led 100 Canadians and 300 Indians against the New England settlements, killed several people, captured many, and burned whatever houses they could. !!f ! I I: t4 It 1 1 ; 56 THR CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 1709. Col. Nicholson failed to descend the Richelieu with his provincial levies. 1710. March 31, Micehl Begon was commissioned Intendant of Can- ada Nov. 13, Col. Nicholson took Port Royal. 1711. In June the M icmacs and Fenobscots in Nova Scotia killed or captured seventy English. July 30, Sir Hovenden Walker, with a fine fleet, left Boston to take Quebec. Aug 22, Having failed to reach Quebec, Sir Hovenden Walker, through criminal carelessness, lost 10 ships and 884 men in the St. Lawrence, at Isle aux (Eufs. 1712. The Outagamies and Mascoutins besieged Detroit. May 13, Sieur de Vincennes, with eight Frenchmen, arrived at Detroit from the Miami country. The French, aided by a strong reinforcement of In- dian allies, after fighting for several days, compelled the Outagamies and Mascoutins to surrender. 1713. April 13, Treaty of Utrecht ; England obtained Acadia. The Iroquois, or Five Nations, being joined about this time by the Tuscaroras, became the Six Nations. 1714. April 22, Louis Francois Duplessis de Mornay was consecrated Bishop of Quebec. Aug. 1, (George I. began to reign in England.) Gen. Nicholson was made Governor of Nova Scotia. 1716. Father Lafitau discovered gensing. Louvigny defeated the Outagamies at Fox River. 1717. Gen. Phillips was made Governor of Nova Scotia. Card money was withdrawn from circulation in Canada. THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 67 Merchants' Exchanges were established at Quebec and Montreal. 1720. The French fortified Louisbourg, Cape Breton Island ; they spent £1,500,000 on the work. Sept. 24, Charlevoix arrived at Quebec. 1721. June 19, Great fire in Montreal. The Intendant granted the monopoly of carrying the post, from Quebec to Montreal, to M. Lanouiller ; it was the first regular post service in Canada. 1723. Two men-of-war and six merchantmen were built in Canada. 1724. Aug. 12, Father Rasles was murdered at Norridgewock. Col. L. Armstrong was made Governor of Nova Scotia. 1725. A stone fort was begun at Niagara. Gov. Burnet, of New York, erected a trading post at Oswego. Oct. 10, M. de Vaudreuil died. Dec. 25, Pierre Herman Dosquet was consecrated Bishop of Quebec. 1726. The French established a permanent garrison at Fort Niagara. Sept. 2, Marquis de Beauharnois was m&de Governor ot Canada. Dec. 31, Claude Thomas Dupuy signed his first act as Inten- dant of Canada. 1727. June 11, (George II. began to reign in England.) Dec. 26, Death of Bishop Saint- Vallier. 1728. Aug 12, Vitus Behring passed through Behring Strait, prov- ing the insularity of America. 5 )<■ i' ;i ,il . :^ V § 58 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. -..HI i liEJ'i i 'if;' 11 I I lit life 1729. Nov. 22, Qilles Hocquart signed his first act as Intendant of Canada. 1731. In this year Hocquart received his commission as Intendant. June 8, Verendrye, equipped by Montreal traders, left Mon- treal to hunt, trade in furs, and to find the Pacific. The French erected Fort Frederic, at Crown Point. 1732. Feb. 19, In Canada, religious houses were forbidden to shel- ter fugitives from justice. 1733. The first forge in Canada was set up at 8t. Maurice. 1734. A vehicle, on wheels, first went from Quebec to Montreal. Sazzarin, physician and naturalist, died in Quebec. 1735. Verendrye built Fort Rouge on the site of the city of Winnipeg. 1737. April 22, An order-in-council was passed, permitting "La Compagnie des Forges " to work the iron mines at Three Rivers without dues of any kind. In this year two Christian Brothers came to Canada to promote education. Nov. 24, Erasmus James Phillips, an officer of the British army, while on a visit in Boston, was made a Free- mason. 1738. Sometime in this year Erasmus James Phillips organized a Freemason Lodge at Annapolis, Nova Scotia. (Cf. " Standard History of Freemasonry," by Emmanuel Rebold and J. F. Brennan, p. 362 and p. 452.) Perhaps this was the first Masonic Lodge in what is now Canada. Dec. 3; Verendrye entered the village of the Mandans. THE OABDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 59 La at hips leva by m 1739. Canadian tobacco was first sent to France. Dec. 20, Fran9ois-Louis Pourroy I'Auberiviere was consecrat- ed Bishop of Quebec. 1740. Capt. P. Mascarene was made Governor of Nova Scotia. 1741. April 9, Henri-Marie Dubreuil de Pontbriand was consecrat- ed Bishop of Quebec. 1742. June 29, Joseph La France reached York Factory, having floated down the Nelson River. 1743. Jan. 1, Chevalier de la Verendrye and his brother saw the Bighorn Range, the iirst white men to see the Rocky Mountains. Nov. 25, In Canada an ordinance was published, restraining religious communities from acquiring more land without royal permission. 1744. King George's War, or War of Austrian Succession, was begun. Nov. 24, The Bishop of Quebec transferred the observance of several holidays to the following Sunday. 1745. June 17, William Pepperell, with an American force, took Louisbourg, Cape Breton. Nov. 29, Marin took Saratoga. 1746. June 20, Due D'Anville left Rochelle with a powerful fleet to retake Acadia and Louisbourg. Aug. 31, Rigaud de Vaudreuil, Major of Three Rivers, took Fort Massachusetts. Sept. 1 4, D'Anville's fleet was dispersed by a storm near Sable L<*land. Sept. 27, D'Anville died of apoplexy, brought on by suspense and trouble. ' 1. I- i «^ lif'. 1 i II 'I -: i $' UK ■1r 60 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 1747. May 10, La Jonquiere, with a formidable fleet for the recap- ture of Acadia and Louisbourg, saile(] from Rochelle. May 14, Admiral Anson and Rear- Admiral Warren captured La Jonquiere and all the armed ships of his fleet. Sept 19, Galissonniere arrived at Quebec. 1748. Jan. 1 , Francois Bigot was commissioned Intendant of Canada. Count Galissoniere advised that 10,000 French peasants be settled in the Ohio valley. Aug. 25. Fran9ois Bigot arrived at Quebec. Sept, Abbe Picquet, a Sulpitian, began a fort at La Presenta- tion (Ogdensburg.) Oct. 8, Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle : all conquests were restored. 1749. May 19, The King of England granted 200,000 acres of land to the Ohio Company, the full grant of 600,000 be- ing promised in seven years if conditions were ful- filled. June 16, De Celeron, sent west to mark the French occupation by burying leaden plates at particular places, left Lachine. July 9, Col. Cornwallis landed 2,576 people at Halifax, N.S., founding the city. Lord Cornwallis was made Governor of Nova Scotia. July 12, The French reoccupied Louisbourg ; this galled the " Bostonnais." July 14, The first Council of Halifax met. July 22, De Celeron reached Lake Chatauqua. July 29, De Celeron buried the first leaden plate at the con- fluence of the Conewango and the " Ohio " (Alle- ghany.) Aug. 3, De Celeron buried the second leaden plate on the south bank of the Alleghany, nine miles below French Creek. Aug. 13, De Celeron buried the third leaden plate on the north bank of Wheeling Creek. Aug. 15, De Celeron buried the fourth leaden plate at the mouth of the Muskingum. Aug. 16, Sieur de la Jonquiere was made Governor of Canada. THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 61 Aug. 18, De Celeron buried the fifth leaden plate on the south bank of the Ohio. Aug 31, De Celeron buried the sixth, the last, leaden plate where the Qreat Miami joins the Ohio. Sept 1, De Celeron turned back. Portneuf, with 15 soldiers, built Fort Houille, beginning Toronto. Oct. 6, Do Celeron arrived at Detroit. 1750. Col. Lawrence built a fort at Chignecto. " Mr. Bigot, the Intendant of Canada, displayed this year much of that license and prodigality for wnicn he be- came notorious, and resorted to the most profligate means for the support of his expenses, which were lavished upon a female favorite." — Bouohette's *' British Dominions in North America," I., p. 4.39. 1751. Early in summer, Abbe Picquet, with six Canadians and five Indians, began the circuit of Lake Ontario. June 26, Picquet reached Toronto, where he found a band of Mississagas. June 28, Picquet reached Niagara. July 12, Picquet reached the mouth of the Genesee, and vis- ited the falls. 1752. March 28, John Bushell issued the first number of the Hali- fax Gazette, the first newspaper in Canada. Peregrine T. Hopson was made Governor of Nova Scotia. May 17, La Jonquiere died in Quebec. June 21, Charles Langlade, with Ottawas and Ojibwas, took Pickawillany on the Miami, and killed "Old Britain," an Indian chief, and some English traders. Aug. 7, Marquis du Quesne was made Governor of Canada. Sept. 2, Great Britain called Sept. 2 Sept. 14, changing Old Style to New. 1753. Canadians fortified themselves at Presqu'-Isle, Lake Erie, and moved down to Venango. Gov. Dinwiddie, of Virginia, sent George Washing- iftS I ?iF rt'.» lilK «*AI oil Mi'iti.nli liMM'itorv . ll»o Ulloi- politolv l»n< n»Mo!nlolv n^fuNtui (o ^n«)^o, iNtpt. Tnutt lH«^iOt (o ItuiM a fort on (ho silo <»!' ri((>tl)ur|j;, ttui iiUouiooiMi i( at ihv oonnni(i)«i of (1(0 l*'iHMtol), who lloiMho«i i(, inul iwviimmI it l>u ijluoMno, Mnv V?7, WjiHhiogtoM, \vi(i> |,MU> inon, rouoho«i tho (}ro«( Momlows, Mrtv '^KS \V«»,Hhing(o«i, >vhih> foi'(ifyi»>K hiinnolf on tho Mono n^tiluOa, (Mt^t^gtMl (Ih» l''i^'nol«, \vli«»n M. •hnnonviUo >v«M kiUoU, M«»V •U\ i^»l. l''«\v *Jving, Wtwslun^jton In^ofono «MMnnu^ny IV» ViUiors, ivhtonionoW l''or( N0v'tVHHi(V, hVh 'JO, (Jon, Ur»»»hiook, witli Ovo ivj^in^onts, urrivod in Vivginiji. M{V«vl> l(\ Hishop Ponthnjuul visitor! l>oti^>i(. »luno ^, In oUshom^t^ to a pixvhinuUion, Aomiians to th«» nmn Ih»i" of US nhh^ l«(Hti(Hi inon n\ot in (ho ohuivh at (Jmnii Tiv. N«>va Sooiia, whon (N>l, Winslow wmi *• his Manvsty's (inal ivsolution/' whioh was, that "your lan*ls and (o(»on»t»nt»s, oattU* of all kinds, and Uvo st*H'k of all s\>rt^, aiv forfoitoil io tho (,^\»wn, with all Vx.ur othor olVxvts. savinij vour tnonov and h\n»st^l»old ijxHHis/' Juno 8, Avhnind IVvsoawon t*H»k tho TnMU'h ships, " l,ys " and " Aloido," otVtho i>Mis{ of Nowfoundlantl. »'uno Us l\>l, Monokton tiH>k Fort HtMiusojour, Nova Soot ia. .Inly 5^ Oon, Hraddivk, with l,*JOO mon, wa,s dofoatod and inorts^lly woundini no{*r Fort Ou C^ut\su«s l»y 'J50 Ftvnoh and Indians nndor IWujou. »luU 10, IV Vjiudnnul w,«»s mado (JovK»rnorof (.^innda. ♦hilv K*^. i5t»n> Urnddivk duni TIIK (lAMIHNAI. KAItTM Ol' CANAlrlAN IIINTOItX. 08 r,K (inn. Lyiiiitii liiiihi Vuvl liyinun, lift^irwiirdN Fori l*)ilwiu'»'t. 21. Sliiiloy i««ft Owwogo for tioiiio, liMiving Ool. Mohmm* Ut hold OMWog«) and to Mtiongtlion it. iTnc. May 11, MontiMilin, |)n LnviN, Hougainvillo, and ltourlaiiia({uo arrived at QuoImu*. May IS, l*n Huooor to OHWogo and wan a.soonding tln^ ()NW(»go Itivor hoiiiMward, Iwat oflF (%nil«m I>o VillitM'H, who attacked him. Atig. i, Montcalm, with .'1,000 imwi, h^ft Fort Frontonao to (jiko O.swogo. Aug. 10, Montcalm rcacluMl OHWcgo. .\ug. 14, Montcalm took Oswego and 1,400 priHonorM, the whole garrison, C\>1. Morcor heing killed. " Tlio ('iu)iuliiinR luxl liuliaiiH hroko lliroiigli all roHtraint luid foil («> ))lun. Montcalm had kept from the savages all in: -^•. 'it'' . aiks, but they obtained them of the English, and ^ long were wild with dances and songs and revelry. 1 : .3 A jenakies of Acadia inf!amed other tribes by recalling their sufferings from English jerfidy and power. At daybreak they gathered round the entrench- ments, and, as the terrified English soldiers filed off", began to plunder them, and incited one another to use the toma- hawk. Twenty, perhaps even thirty, persons were massa- cred, while very many were made prisoners. Officers and soldiers, stripped of everything, fled to the woods, to the fort, to the tents of the French. To arrest the disorder, Levi plunged into the tumult, daring death a thousand THE CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 66 •M -A times. French officers received wounds in rescuing the cap- tives, and stood at their tents as sentries over those they recovered. ' Kill me,' cried Montcalm, using prayers and menaces and promises, ' but spare the English, who are under my protection ;' and he urged the troops to defend themselves. The march to Fort Edward was a flight ; not more than six hundred reached there in a body. From the French camp Montcalm collected together more^han four hundred, who were dismissed with a great escort, and he sent Vaudreuil to ransom those whom the Indians had carried away." — Bancroft's "History of the United States," II., p. 467. Nov 12, Bel^tre, with three hundred Canadians and Indians* surprised a German settlement, at the German Flats, on the Mohawk, killed fifty people, made the rest prisoners, and burned the place. 1758. July 5, Abercromby embarked hip army of 15,000 men in 900 small boats and 1 30 whale boats, on Lake George, and moved down to take Ticonderoga. July 6, The English army disembarked at the head of the rapids ; the same day. Lord Howe, " the soul of the army," was killed in a skirmish. July 8, Montcalm drove Abercromby from Ticonderoga with great loss. " Montcalm saw and was prepar i On the sixth of July, he called in all his parties ; and hit. - , nole force, according to his official return, amounted to no more than two thou- sand eight hundred French, an me drop.' He was carried to the rear, and they brought him water to quenoh his thirst. ' They run, they USi. I I I: 70 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. run ! ' spoke the officer on whom he leaned. ' Who run ? ' asked Wolfe, as his life was fast ebbing. ' The French,' replied the officer, 'give way everywhere.' 'What,' cried the expiring hero, 'do the^ run already ? Go, one of you, to Colonel Burton ; bid him march Webb's regiment with all speed to Charles River to cut oflF the fugitives.' Four days before he had looked forward to early death with dis- may. ' Now, God be praised, I die happy !' These were his words as his spirit escaped in the blaze of his glory. Night, silence, tlie rushing tide, veteran discipline, the sure inspiration of genius, had been his allies : his battlefield, high over the ocean river, was the grandest theatre on earth for illustrious deeds ; his victory, one of the most momen- tous in the annals of mankind, gave to the English tongue and the institutions of the Germanic race the unexplored and seemingly infinite west and north. He crowded into a few hours actions that would have given lustre to length of life ; and filling his day with greatness, completed it before its noon. " Monckton, the first brigadier, after greatly distinguish- ing himself, was shot through the lungs. The next in com- mand, Townshend, brave but deficient in sagacity and attractive power, and the delicate perception of right, recalled the troops from the pursuit, and when De Bou- gainville appeared in view, declined a contest with a fresh enemy. But already the hope of New France was gone. Born and educated in camps, Montcalm had been carefully instructed, and was skilled in the language of Homer as well as in the art of war. Greatly laborious, just, disinterested, hopeful even to rashness, sagacious in council, swift in action, his mind was a well-spring of bold designs ; his career in Canada a wonderful struggle against inexorable destiny. Sustaining hunger and cold, vigils and incessant toil, anxious for his soldiers, unmindful of himself, he set, even to the forest-trained red-men, an example of self-denial and endurance ; and in the midst of corruption made the public good his aim. Struck by a muaket-ball as he fought opposite Monckton, he continued in the engagement, till, in attempting to rally a body of fugitive Canadians in a copse near St, John's gate, he was mortally wounded. " On hearing from the surgeon that death was certain — ' I am glad of it,' he cried ; ' how long shall I survive ?' ' Ten or twelve hours, perhaps less.' ' So much the better ; I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec' To the council of war he showed that in twelve hours all the troops near at hand might be concentrated and renew the attack before the English were entrenched. When De Ramsay, who commanded the garrison, asked his advice about de- fending the city — ' To your keeping, 'he replied, ' I commend the honor of France. As for me, I shall pass the night with God, and prepare myself for death.' Having written a let- THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 71 ter recommending the French prisoners to the generosity of the English, his last hours were given to the hope of endless life, and at five the next morning he expired. " The day of the battle had not passed when De Vau- dreuil, who had no capacity for war, wrote to De Ramsay, at Quebec, not to wait for an assault, but, as soon as his provisions were exhausted to raise the white flag of surren- der. * We have cheerfully sacrificed our fortunes and our houses,' said the citizens, ' but we cannot expose our wives and children to a massacre.' At a council of war, Fiedmont, a captain of artillery, was the only one who wished to hold out to the last extremity ; and on the seventeenth of Sep- tember, before the English had constructed batteries, De Ramsay capitulated." — Bancroft's "History of the United States," Vol. IV., pp. 333-338. Major Rogers destroyed the Abenakis of St. Francis. Sept. 21, Gen. Murray was made Governor of Quebec. Oct. 18, Admiral Saunders, with the British fleet, left Que- bec for England; Monckton and Townshend ac- companied him ; and the " Royal William " bore the embalmed remains of Gen. Wolfe. Nov. 28, Eight French ships passed down the river in front of Quebec, at night, and escaped to the ocean. 1760. April 17, De Levis left Monti eal to take Quebec. April 28, De Levis defeated Murray at Sainte Foye. May 9, The " Lowestoff," a British frigate, arrived at Quebec. May 15, Admiral Swanton arrived at Quebec with a British fleet. May 17, De Levis raised the siege of Quebec. July 14, Gen. Murray, with 2,200 men, left Quebec for Montreal. Aug. 10, Gen. Amherst, with 10,000 men, left Oswego for Montreal. Aug. 16, Gen. Haviland, with 3,500 men, left Crown Point for Montreal. Aug. 26, Amherst took Fort Levis, a little below La Presen- tation (Ogdensburg.) Aug. 29, Gen. Haviland took possession of St. John, deserted by the French, ^ept. 8, At Montreal, Vaudreuil surrendered Canada to Amherst. Military Rule was now begun in Canada. m ii ■!i:;l 72 THE CARDINAL FACTA OF CANADIAN HISTORY. id I; f "! '',5 ,ii '1 Sept. 13, Major Rogers, with 200 rangers, left Montreal, by order of Amherst, to take possession of Detroit, Mackinaw, and other western posts. Jonathan Belcher was made Governor of Nova Scotia. Sept. 16, Brig. -Gen. Burton was made Governor of Three Rivers. Sept. 21, General Gage was made Governor of Montreal. Oct. 25, George III. became king of England. Nov. 17, Major Rogers had a conference with Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, on the site of Cleveland, Ohio. Nov. 20, Bel^tre surrendered Detroit to Rogers. 1761. June 6, (John Winthrop, of Harvard, Mass., at St. John's, Newfoundland, observed the transit of ^enus over the sun's disk.) Captain Campbell, commander at Detroit, learned that the Senecas were intriguing with the neighbor- ing >Vyandots to destroy him and the garrison. 1763. Feb. 10, Treaty of Paris : Great Britain obtained Canada, Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton, and the West Indian islands of St Vincent, Dominica, Tobago, and Grenada ; the king of Great Britain was to allow his new Catholic subjects to profess the worship of their religion according to the rule of the Catholic Church as far as the laws of Great Britain would permit ; France obtained the Islands of Guadaloupe, Martinique, and St. Lucia, and the right to fish around Newfoundland and in the St. Lawrence Gulf. Maddened by neglect, insult, and loss of territory, i-everal tribes of Indians, under Pontiac, conspired for the destruction of the British in the North- West. May 6, Gladwyn, commander at Detroit, received secret in- formation that on the next day Pontiac would attempt to capture the fort by treachery. May 7, Gladwyn admitted Pontiac and sixty of his chiefs into Fort Detroit; they had their shortened guns concealed under their blankets ; but Gladwyn expos- i\\ jl ' THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 73 May 9, May 16, May 25, May 28, June 1, June 4, June 17, June 19, June 24, July 27, July 31, Aug. 5, Aug. 6, Aug. 10, Aug. 13, Sept. 14, 6 ed their meditated treachery and dismissed them in contempt. Col. M. Wilmot was made Governor of Nova Scotia. Pontiac attacked Detroit. Indians took Fort Sandusky. Indians took Fort St. Joseph, near head of Lake Michigan. Lieutenant Cuyler's relief detachment for Detroit was surprised and overpowered at Point Pelee. Indians took Ouatanon, on the Wabash. Indians, beguiling the garrison of Mackinaw with a game of lacrosse, at a concerted signal, when the soldiers were oflF their guard and the gates of the fort open, rushed inside and began an indiscriminate massacre. Captain Etherington, the commander, es- caping the slaughter. Indians took Presqu'-Isle. Indians took Le Boeuf and Venango. A schooner, having beaten off a horde of Indians at Turkey Island, in Detroit River, brought men, amu- nition, and provisions to Detroit. Indians began the siege of Fort Pitt. Captain Dalzell was defeated and killed at Bloody Run, near Detroit. Colonel Bouquet, leading an army to relieve Fori. Pitt, was, early in the afternoon, attacked by Indi- ans at Bushy Run, Pa., who fought the weary soldiers till night. At daylight, the Indians renewed the fight at Bushy Run ; at ten o'clock, by a masterly stratagem conceived on the spot, Bouquet drew out the Indians, threw body of men on their flank, and utterly routed them. Bouquet relieved Fort Pitt The schooners " Beaver " and " Gladwyn " left De- troit to get provisions. A train of waggons and pack horses, escorted by 24 soldiers, returning from Fort Schlosser to Fort Nia- gara, were, at the Devil's Hole, surprised and massa cred or driven over the precipice by the Senecas ; two companies of light infantry that hurried to the spot were similarly destroyed. f'l '1 m 74 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN IIISTOHY. if'" k i ■m lis ■f' 'if % li"' J^' Oct. 7, By royal proclamation, the Treaty of Paris went into effect in Canada ; Cape Breton and St. John's Island were "annexed with the lesser islands adja- cent thereto to our government of Nova Scotia ; " and the king gave to "such reduced officers and sol- diers as have served in North America during the late war and are actually residing there," wild lands in the following proportions : — every field officer, 5,000 acres ; every captain, 3,000 acres ; every sub- altern, 2,000 acres ; every non-commissioned officer, 200 acres ; and every private, 50 acres. ,jQ oti 21, Gen. Murray was appointed Governor-General of Canada. 1764. June 21, Messrs. Brown and Gilbert issued the first number of the "Quebec Gazette," half in French and half in English ; this was the first newspaper in provincial Canada. It began with 150 subscribers. Bradstreet left Albany with an army for the Upper Lakes. July, Sir William Johnson held a great council at Nia- gara, and made treaties with various tribes of Indi- ans. Aug. 10, Gen. Murray took office as Governor-General of Canada. Military Rule in Canada was now ended. Aug. 13, Bradstreet, near Presqu'-Isle, made an unauthorized treaty with the Delawares and Shawnees. Aug. 26, Bradstreet relieved Detroit, and sent Capt. Howard to repossess Mackinaw. Aug. 31, Bradstreet superseded Gladwyn at Detroit. Oct., Captain Holland began the survey of St. John's Island. Nov., Colonel Bouquet led an army into the country of the Delawares and Shawnees, humbled them, and forced them to return all white prisoners. 1765. March 22, (The Stamp Act received royal assent ; by this Act "all instruments in writing were to be executed on stamped paper, to be purchased from agents of the British Government," to go into effect Nov. 1, same year.) '/ (}■"' \ ct )n le THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 75 A catechism was published in Quebec ; it was the first book printed in Canada. Rev. George Henry, a Presbyterian minister, began to preach in Quebec ; his " services were conducted in an apartment in the Jesuit college." 1766. Lord W. Campbell was made Governor of Nova Scotia. March 18, (The House of Commons repealed the Stamp Act.) iirn^. Ajwnf 28, Gov.-Gen. Murray left Canada, deputing his func- tions to Lieut.-Col. u^iJrailius Irving. July 23, Poiitiac met Sir Wm. Johnson at Oswego, and con- firmed his assent to peace. Sept. 23, Governor Carle ton arrived at Quebec, to be Lieut.- Gov. and acting Gov.-Gen. 1767. June 10, The " Hope," sent by the Philadelphia Company, en- tered Pictou harbor. Nova Scotia, bringing the " Pictou Colony." Island of St. John (Prince Edward Island) was granted to proprietors. 1768. An Illinois Indian, bribed by an English trader, assassinated Pontiac, at Cahokia, opposite St. Louis. Oct. 25, Gen. Carleton, Lord Dorchester, became Governor- General of Canada. 1770. Prince Edward Island was separated from Nova Scotia and made an independent province. Walter Patterson was made the first Governor of Prince Edward Island. July 3, In Halifax, the Presbyterian ministers, Lyon and Murdoch, and the Congregational ministers, Seccombe and Phelps, ordained Mr. Bruin Romcas Comingoe to the ministry ; this was the first Presbytery and the first Presbyterian ordination in Canada. Aug. 13, Gov. Carleton left Canada to visit England, leaving Hector Theophile Cramahe to administer the gov- ernment. m w '0, i Mi 'IP •I' .■■■ 'f. ' !i'-.l : pi 76 THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY. ; : 'Is :\ s'i I Ml 1771. Samuel Hearne discovered the Coppermine River. Sir Gordon Drummond was born in Quebec. 1773. Francis Legge was made Governor of Nova Scotia. 1774. May 2, The Earl of Dartmouth introduced the Quebec Act into the House of Lords. June 22, Quebec Act received royal assent : it extended the boundaries of Canada westward to the Mississippi, and soutliward to the Ohio ; it assured to Catholics the free exercise of their religion, and it declared that " the clergy of the Catholic Church may hold, receive and enjoy their accustomed dues and rights with respect to such persons only as shall profess the said religion " ; the Custom of Paris was to be con- tinued in disputes relative to property and civil rights, but in criminal matters the law of England was to hold ; the Government was to be an Execu- tive Council of not more than twenty-three members nor less than seventeen. Sept. 5, (The First American Congress met in Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia.) Oct. 26, The American Congress invited the Canadians to send delegates to represent their province in the " Continental Congress." 1775. April 19, (Skirmish at Lexington, the beginning \qf the American Revolution.) — -- May 1, Quebec Act went into force. May 10, Ethan Allan took Ticonderoga. May 29, Congress issued an address to the Canadians. Rev. Wm. Black settled at A mherst, Nova Scotia. In this year the curious disease, " St. Paul's Bay dis- ease," attained serious prominence in Canada. June 17, (Battle of Bunker Hill or Breed's Hill.) Aug. 2, Sir Guy Carleton was made Commander of the forces in Canada. I THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 77 sr. bia. Act Ithe ippi, lolics iared tiold, ights s the con- civil ;land cecu- ibers ters' to the the Sept. 18, Benedict Arnold, with 1,200 men, embarked at Newbury port for the Kennebec River, beginning his expedition to Quebec. Sept. 25, Ethan Allan was taken prisoner while trying to take Montreal. Oct. 31, Gen. Montgomery took St. John's, Nov. 3, The Americans took Chambly. Nov. 8, The American Congress sent Robert R. Livingston, John Langdon, and Robert Tie'j-t Paine, to examine the fortifications of Ticonderoga, and " to use their endeavors to procure an accession of the Canadians to a union with these colonies." Nov. 9, Arnold, having led an army through the wilderness of Maine, arrived at Point Levis. Nov. 11, Carleton left Montreal for Quebec. Nov. 1 3, Carleton entered Quebec, having adroitly eluded the Americans in his flight from Montreal. Arnold, with 650 men, crossed the St. Lawrence to Wolfe's Cove and led his men up to the Plains of Abraham. Montgomery took Montreal. Nov. 14, Arnold attacked the Gate of St. Louis, Quebec, but was speedily repulsed. Dec. 1, Gen. Montgomery joined Arnold at Point aux Trembles. Dec. 20, Lord Mansfield, in the House of Lords, declared that he " ever since the peace of Paris always thought the Northern Colonies were meditating a state of independency of Great Britain." Dec, 31, Montgomery and Arnold made careful prepara- tions to assault Quebec. la. dis- rces iJau. 47 At 4 a. in the Americans began the assault of Quebec ; Montgomery was killed ; Arnold's men, to the num- ber of 431, surrendered at Sault au-Matelot, and Arnold was se\erely wounded. " When Gen. Montgomery was killed he had in his pocket a watch which Mrs. Montgomery was very desirous to obtain. This was made known to Gen. Arnola, and he applied to Governor Carleton, offering any price for the watch, which he might choose to demand. Carleton immediately sent it out, but woUid suffer nothing to be received in return." — Jared Sparks' " Life of Arnold," p. 54. } n7i> n'- ■m M S:5 i i i I 78 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. Jan. 29, Gen. Schuyler took Johnson Hall, New York, the home of Sir Wm. Johnson. April 1, The American General, Wooster, arrived at Quebec and superseded Arnold. April 29, Benjamin Franklin, Chase, Carroll, and Rev John Carroll arrived at Montreal ; they were sent • : Con- gress to induce Canadians to rebel against Great Britain. May 1, Gen. John Thomas took command of the Americans at Quebec. May 6, Carleton, having received reinforcements, drove Gen. Thomas and his men in headhmg flif^ht from Quebec. May 19, Major Isaac Butterfield, American, surrendered the post at the Cedars and 390 men to Captain George Poster. June 2, Gen. Thomas died of small pox and was succeeded in command by Gen. John Sullivan. .Fune 7, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, said, in Congress, " Resolved that these United States are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." John Adams, of Massachusetts, seconded it, June 8, The Americans under Col. St. Clair, were defeated at Three Rivers. "The American loss in the battle of Three Rivers was about two hundred prisoners and twenty-five killed, most of the latter being from Wayne's and Maxwell's divisions, who had borne the brunt of the fight. Chaplain McCalla, of the 1st Pennsylvania, was among the prisoners. The British loss was eight killed, including a sergeant of the 31st, and three men of the 20th Regiment, and nine wounded, eight of whom were of the 62nd regiment." — Jones' *' Cam- paign for the Conquest of Canada." June 11, An American Order of the Day, at Sorel : "Every non commissioned officer or soldier who shall come to the parade dirty, with a long beard, or his breeches knees open, shall be mulcted of a day's allowance of provision, and do a double tour of duty." June 1 3, Arnold, at Montreal, wrote to Gen. Sullivan, " The junction of the Canadas with the colonies is now at an end. Let us quit them, and secure our own country before it is too late " June 15, Canadians re-took Montreal, THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 79 July 4, The American Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. 1777. May 6, Gen. Burgoyne arrived at Quebec. May 20, Carleton wrote to Lord Germain, defending his mili- tary conduct in Canada, and submitting to being superseded by Burgoyne. June 2^, Carleton left Canada. July 6, Burgoyne took Ticonderoga, abandoned by the Ameri- cans. Sept. 13, Burgoyne crossed the Hudson. Oct. 17, Burgoyne surrendered to Gen. Gates at Saratoga. 1778. March 7, Capt. James Cook touched th^ west coast in latitude 44 degrees north. June 3, The Montreal Gazette first appeared. June 26, Gen. Frederic Haldimand arrived at Quebec, as Governor-General of Canada. Rev. Raphael Cohen settled in Montreal, the first Rabbi in Canada. Robert Land settled on the site of Hamilton, Ont. Nov. 19, Charles Michel d'Irumberry de Salaberry was born at Beauport, Lower Canada. Dec. 1 7, Henry Hamilton, Governor of Detroit, took Vincen- nes. 1779. Feb. 24, Geo. Rogers Clark took Vincennes, making Hamil- ton prisoner and securing for the U.S. the district of Michigan, Indiana, etc. 1780. May 19, "Dark Day," at 10 a.m. darkness began to shadow the country ; at 2 p.m. no one cnuld see without artificial light. In New England the people sup- posed the day of judgment had come. Mr. Tuflfey, a commissary of the 44th regiment, and a Methodist, began to preach in Quebec. Oct. 31, The " Ontario," a new vessel of 16 guns, with a full crew and thirty men of the 34th regiment, left Niagara. She was seen near the north shore of ;1! 1 if ^ I # i ■m I I 80 THE CAKDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. t I 'i M. l\ Lake Ontario a day or two later, but she and all on board were lost. 1781. July 9, Articles of Confederation were ratified by the United States Congress, Oct. 19, Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. 1782. June 11, Rev. William Black preached the first Methodist sermon in Halifax. John Parr was made Governor of Nova Scotia. 1783. Jan. 20, An armistice, declaring a cessation ( hostilities be- tween Great Britain and the Uni d States, was concluded. May 4, Four hundred and seventy-one families of United Empire Loyalists, from New York, landed at Sliel- burne. Nova Scotia. May 18, United Empire Loyalists froni New York landed at the mouth of the St. John River, New Brunswick, and began Parrtown (St. John.) Sept. 3, Treaty of Paris : by this treaty Great Britain recog- niz*»d the independence of the United States, ad- mitted the right of the people of the United States "to enjoy unmolested the right to tal