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■■"^■''

THE CARDINAL FACTS

CANADIAN HISTORY

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THE FORM OF CANADIAN HISTOKY.

This diagram on the opposite page, which shows the histori-
cal courses of the provinces, and how they ran together to
foru) the Dominion, was first published by the author in the
Educational Journal, Toronto, 1895.

Explanation : — A blue line nieana French sovereignty ; a red line,
British sovereignty. Canada was under the French from 1608 to 176'^ ;
it then came under British rule, and rundown to 1791, when it divided
into two separate provinces, — Lower Canada and Upper Canada. These
provinces ran independent courses down to 1841, when they reunited,
and Canada, as one province, ran down to 1867. Nova Scotia was
under the Frencii from 1605 to 171>{, when it became British, and, as a
British province, ran down to 1867. New Brunswick, in 1784, separ-
ated from Nova Scoiia, and ran a provincial course down to 1807. In
1867, the three provinces— Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia —
ran together and formed a now state, the Dominion. Then the Domin-
ion began an onward course. In 1770 Prince Edward Island separated
from Nova Scotia, ran a provincial course down to 1873, and then
joined the Dominion. Manitoba began in 1811, ran down to 1870, and
joined the Doniinio!i. British Columbia began in 1843, ran down to
1871, and joined the Dominion.

THE CARDINAL FACTS

CANADIAN HISTOEY.

CAREFULLY GATHERED FROM THE MOST
TRUSTWORTHY SOURCES.

JAMES P. TAYLOR.

TORONTO :
THE HUNTER, ROSE CO., LIMITED, PRINTERS.

1899.

Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year one
thousand eight hundred and ninely-nine, by Jas. P. Tatloe,
in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture.

4 • •

I • •

t (

3 1 H 5 o

WORKS CONSULTED.

^Adams's '* History of United

Slates."
*Appletou's " American Bio-
graphy."
•Bancroft's "History of United

States."
Bouchette's "British Dominions in

Morth America."
Bourinot's "Cape Breton."
Bourinot's "Constitutional History

of Canada."
Bryce's " History of Canadian

People."
Campbell's " History of Nova

Scotia."
Campbell's •' History of Prince

Edward Island."
Caniff's " Settlement of Upper

Canada."
Charlevoix's. " History of New

France." Shea's trans,
Christie's " History of Lower Can-
ada."
Coffin's " Chronicle of War of

1812."
Correspondence.
Dent's " Last Forty Years."
Dodsley's " Annual Register."
" Dominion Year Book."
*Fiske's " Discovery of America."
Garneau's " History of Canada."
Gavin's " Irishmen in Canada."
•Gay's " Life of Madison."
Harris's, Dean, " Cath. Church in

Niagara Peninsula."
•Headley's " Second War with

England."
" Jesuit Relations," in English.
•Johnson's, Rossi ter, " War of

1812."

•American.

•Johnston's " American Politics."
•Jones's " Campaign for Conquest

of Canada."
Kingsford's " History of Canada."
Lindsey's " Life of Wm. L. Mac-
kenzie. "
Mackenzie's " Life of George

Brown."
•Marshall's, 0. H., "Early His-
tory of West."
Morgan's " Dominion Annual."
•Parkman's Works.
Poole's " History of Peterboro'."
•Poor's " Manual of Railroads."
RaflFrey's " Scot in Canada."
•Ridpath's "History of United

States."
Roberts's " History of Canada."
•Roosevelt's " Naval War of

1812."
Ryerson's " Loyalists."
Scadding's "Toronto of Old."
•Schouler's " History of United

States."
Stewart's " Lord Duffer in in Can-
ada."
Todd's " Life of Sir John A. Mac-

donald."
Todd's "Parliamentary Govern-
ment in the British Provinces."
• " Treaties and Conventions,"

Washington, 1889.
Tupper's " Life of Gen. Brock."
Warburton's "Conquest of Can-
ada."
•Winsor's " Cartier to Frontenao."
•Winsor's "Narrative and Critical

History of America."
Withrow's "History of Canada."

PREFACE.

This book contains the principal facts of Canadian History,
given in the real order, the order of time It is a vade-mecum
for every Canadian that takes any interest whatever in his
country's history ; and, as respects quantity of information, —
whether political, military, ecclesiastical, social, or commercial,
—it is the very fullest History of Canada extant. It con-
tains not only all the cream of all the published histories, but
a good deal of valuable information obtained by correspon-
dence ; and, during the War of 1812, American writers are
drawn on largely to show, that, on the admissions of Ameri-
cans themselves, the Canadians came out of that trying strug-
gle, honourably and triumphantly. In a work of this kind
absolute accuracy will be naturally expected, and, if unusual
labour in testing and re-testing will ensure it, the book is not
blemished with many errors. In a word, the greatest pains
have been taken to make it trustworthy in every particular.

J. p. T.

THE CARDINAL FACTS

CANADIAN HISTORY.

1492, Oct. 12, Christopher Columbus landed on one of the
Bahama Islands.

1497, June 24, John Cabot, in the service of Henry VII. of

England, made the mainland of America.

1498, Sebastian Cabot explored the eastern coast, from Nova

Scotia to Cape Hatteras.
1498, Aug. 10, Christopher Columbus first landed on the
mainland of America.

1506, Denis, of Honfleur, explored the Gulf of the St. Law-

rence River.

1507, WaldseemuUer, a German professor of Geography, pro-

posed "America " for the name of the New World.
1510, Vasco Nunez de Balboa planted the first European

colony on the Isthmus of Darien.
1512, Easter Sunday, Juan Ponce de Leon found and named

Florida.
1518, Baron de Lery attempted a settlement on Sable Island.
1520, Magellan found and named Magellan Strait.
1524, John Verraiano, employed by Francis I. of France,
explored the eastern coast, from Newfoundland to
Carolina.
1534, April 20, Jacques Cartier left St. Malo.
May 10, Cartier reached Cape Bona vista.
May 27, Cartier entered the Strait of Belle Isle.
July 8, Cartier reached the Bay of Chaleur.
Aug. 15, Cartier sailed for France.
2

THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

1535, May 19, Cartier, with the "Grand Hermine," the

» Petite," and the " Enierillon," the first of which
was his flag-ship, the others under Mace Jalobert
and Guillaume le Breton Bastille, left St. Malo.

St. Lawrence Day, Cartier entered the Gulf of the St.
Lawrence River.

Sept. 1, Cartier reached the mouth of the Saguenay ;
a few days after he was at Stadacona (Quebec).

Oct. 3, Cartier reached Hoclielaga. He called the
mountain Mount Royal, Montreal. He returned to
Stadacona and wintered over, his men suffering ter-
ribly with scurvy.

1536, In the spring, Cartier left Stadacona for France, taking

with him Donnacona, whom Cartier had kidnapped.

1540, Jan. 15, Francis I. made Jean Francois de la Ro%chf or

Roberval, viceroy of the country discovered by
Cartier.
Oct. 17, Cartier was made captain-general and pilot of
the fleet to go to Canada.

1541, May 23, Cartier, with three ships, left St. Malo, for

Canada
Aug. 23, Cartier reached Stadacona.

1542, April 16, Roberval, with three ships and 200 colonists,

left Rochelle for Canada.
1542, In July, Roberval and his colonists reached Cape

Rouge ; but his colony came to nothing.
1557, Sept. 1, Cartier died.

1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert took possession of Newfoundland.
1585, (Sir Richard Grenville, sent by Sir Walter Raleigh,

landed settlers on Roanoke Island.)
1587, Aug. 18, (Birth of Virginia Dare, on Roanoke Island,

the first white child born in America.)

1598, The Marquis de la Roche landed forty convicts on Sable

Island.

1599, M. Chauvin and M. Pontgrave established a post at

Tadoussac, and Chauvin built at Tadoussac the first
stone house on the northern continent.
1603, March 15, Pontgrave and Samuel Champlain left Hon-
fleur for Canada

May 24, Pontgrave and Champlain arrived at Tadoussac.

June 11, Champlain went up the Saguenay.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

June 23, Pontgrave and Champlain reached Stadacona.

June 29, Champlain reached and named Lake St. Peter ;
he then went up as far as the Lachine Rapids.
1(504, April 7, De Monts left Havre de Grace for Acadia, fol-
lowed by Pontgrave.

May 8, Champlain arrived at Cape de la Have.

1605.

De Monts planted a French colony at Port Royal
(Annapolis), Nova Scotia, the first permanent settle-
ment in what is now Canada.

1606.

April 10, (James I., of England, gave North Virginia, the ter-
ritory between 41 degrees and 45 degrees north lati-
tude, to the Plymouth Company ; and South Vir-
ginia, the territory between 34 degrees and 38 de-
grees nortii latitude, to the London Company.)

May 13, Poutrincourt and Lescarbot, in the " Jonas," laden
with colonists, left Rochelle for Acadia (Nova
Scotia).

July 27, The " Jonas " arrived at Port Royal (Annapolis).

1607.

May 13, (One hundred and five English colonists landed in
Virginia and began Jamestown.)

1608.

Jan. 7, The King of France renewed De Monts' monopoly of
the fur trade in Canada for one year.

July 3, Champlain founded Quebec.

Sept. 18, Pontgrave sailed for France, leaving Champlain
with 28 men to hold Quebec.

1609.

June 18, Champlain ascended the St. Lawrenre. At Lake
St. Peter he fell in with a band of Hurons and Al-
gonquins, who, with some Montagnais, \Nere prepar-
ing to make war against the Iroquois. Champlain
joined them

July 30, Champlain helped the Hurons and Algonquins to
defeat the Iroquois, near Lake Champlain. He thus
brought upon the French the undying hatred of the
Iroquois.

ift:

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

leio.

June 24, Father LaFleche baptized Chief Member tou and
twenty of his kindred, at Port Royal.

Dec. 27, Champlain entered into a contract of marriage with
Helen Boule.

1611

Day of Pentecost, Biencourt, under the patronage
of Madame de Guercheville, brought to Port Royal
the Jesuits, Fathers Pierre Biard and Enemond
Masse.
June 10, Biard and Masse wrote the first letters ever sent to
France by the Jesuits from New France.
Henry Hudson was turned adrift in Hudson's Bay
by his mutinous crew.

. 1612.

Jan. 23, A vessel brought succor to the occupants of Port
Royal, and also Gilbert du Thet, a lay Jesuit, who
came as administrator of Madame de Guercheville.

Oct. 3, Charles de Bourbon, Count de Soissons, was made
Giovernor of Canada, Champlain being lieutenant.

Nov. 1, De Soissons died.

Nov. 22, Henri de Bourbon, Prince de Conde, was made
Governor of Canada.

1613.

Jan. 9, Champlain procured a license to print a book that
contained his maps.

May 16, Saussaye, a courtier, in command oi a vessel of a
hundred tons, arrived at La Have, bringing 48 sail-
ors and colonists, and Father Quentin and Du Thet.

May 27, Champlain left the Island of St. Helen, and, with
Nicholas de Vignau and three other Frenchmen,
went up the Ottawa.

June 7, Champlain lost his astrolabe.

June 17, Champlain returned to Montreal.

" In 1613, an English ship, under the command of Capt.
Samuel Argall, appeared oflF Mount Desert, where a little
company of the French, under the patronage of the Coin-
tease de Guercheville, had established themselves for the
conversion of the Indians. The French were too few to offer
even a show of resistance, and the landing of the English

THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

)t.
tie
tn-
ihe
fer
(sh

waa not disputed. By an unworthy trick, and without the
knowledge of the French, Argall obtained posseBsion of the
royal coniraission ; and then dismissing half his prisoners to
seek in an open boat for succor from any fishing vessel of
their own country they might chance to meet, he carried the
others with him to Virginia. The same year Argall was
sent back by the governor of Virginia, Sir Thomas Dale, to
finish the work of expelling the French. With three ves-
sels he visited successively Mount Desert and St. Croix,
where he destroyed the French buildings, and then, crossine
to Port Royal, seized whatever he could carry away, killed
the cattle, and burned the houses to the ground. Having
done this he sailed for Virginia, leaving the colonists to
support themselves as they best could. Port Royal was
not, however, abandoned by them, and it continued to drag
out a precarious existence. Seventy-five years later, its en-
tire population did not exceed six hundred, and in the whole
peninsula there were not more than nine hundred inhabi-
tants." — Winsor's " Narrative and Critical History of Am-
" p. 141.

erica," IV.,

1615.

May 25, Champlain, with Fathers Jamay, D'Olban, and Le
Caron, and brother DuPlessis, Recollets, arrived at
Tadoussac.

June 15, The first church in Quebec, "t Cul de Sac, was
opened and Mass celebrated.

July 1, Father Joseph Le Caron, accompanied by twelve arm-
ed Frenchmen and several HuronSj left Quebec for
tho Huron country (Simcoe County, Ont.)

July 9, Champlain, with two Frenchmen and ten Indians, left
Quebec to join Le Caron.

Aug 12, Father Le Caron said the first Mass in the Huron
country ; Champlain, his interpreter Etienne Brule,
and fourteen other Frenchmen being present.

Sept 8, Champlain set out with a body of Hurons to make
war against the Iroquois. They crossed Lake Sim-
coe, made the portage to Balsam Lake, went down
the Trent to Lake Ontario (which Champlain was
the first white man to see), and crossed it.

Oct. 10, Champlain and the Hurons attacked an Iroquois
town, Onondaga, near Syracuse ; but were repulsed,
Cliarnplain getting seriously wounded.

Oct. 16, The Hurons began their retreat from Onondaga.

Dec. 20, Champlain and the Hurons reached the Huron towns.

THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

1616.

July 11, Champlain and Father Le Caron reached Quebec,
having returned from the Huron country.

1617.

June 14, Louis Hebert, the first farmer in Canada, arrived at
'I'adoussac.

Pacifique du Plessis began a mission at Three Rivers.
Stephen Jonquest and Anne, daughter of Louis He-
bert, were married at Quebec by Father Le Caron ;
this was the fi *st marriage in Canada.

1620.

June 3, The Recollets, in Quebec, "laid the corner-stone of
the earliest stone cliurch in French America ; " it
was the church of Notre Dame des Anges.

July 7, Champlain arrived at Tadoussac, his wife being with
him.

Duke of Montmorency was made Viceroy of Canada.
Champlain built a fort on the site of Durham Ter-
race, Quebec.

Dec. 21, (The *' Mayflower," carrying the Pilgrims, landed at
Plymouth Rock, Massachussetts.)

1621.

The Iroquois obtained firearms from the Dutch.
Sept. 10, The King of England made a grant to Sir William
Alexander of " all the territory between the St.
Lawrence and the sea, which lies east of the St.
• Croix River." Then Acadia became Nova Scotia.

1623.

March 19, Violent storm of thunder, lightning, and hail in
Canada.

1624.

Aug. 15, Champlain left Canada for France, taking his wife

with him

1625.
March 27, (Charles I. began to reign in England.)

Duke of Ventadour was made Viceroy of Canada.
June 19, Charles Lalement, Jean de Brebeuf, Enemond

Masse, Francois Charton, Gilbert Burel, and another

THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

Jesuit, landed at Quebec ; these were the first
Jesuits to come up the St. Lawrence. Of. Win-
sor's " Cartier to Frontenac," p. 129. The Baronets
of Nova Scotia were created.
Sept. 1, The Jesuits selected their habitation near the St.
Charles River, Quebec.

1626.

Feb. 27, Due de Ventadour issued a patent to Louis febert,

giving him, under seignorial tenure, a domain for

himself and his heirs
Oct. 18, Father La Roche Daillon, Franciscan, left the Huron

country, and went to the Neutral Nation, north of

Lake Erie.

Father Nicolas Viel was drowned by Indians at

Saut au Recollet, near Montreal.

1627.
Hard winter, snow being four and a half feet deep.
April 19, Cardinal Richelieu signed the charter of " Hundred
Associates."

1628.

April 27, Sieur Couillard, the husband of Hebert's second
daughter, first used a plough in Canada, oxen draw-
ing it.

May 6, The Council of State ratified the charter of " Hundred

Associates."

"Their capital was 100,000 crown i ; their privileges as
follows : To be proprietors of Canada ; to govern in peace
and war ; to enjoy the whole trade for fifteen years (except the
cod and whale fishery) and the fur trade in perpetuity ; un-
taxed imports and exports. The king gave them two ships
of 300 tons burden each, and raised twelve of the principal
members to the rank of nobility. The company, on their
part, undertook to introduce 200 or 300 settlers during the
year 1628, and 16,000 more before 1643, providing them
with all necessaries for three years, and settling them after-
ward on a sufficient extent of cleared land for their future
support." — Warburton's " Conquest of Canada," I., p. 93

July 10, Kirke, with an English fleet, summoned Cham plain
to surrender Quebec ; Champlain refused to sur-
render the place.

July 18, Kirke captured seventeen French ships near Gaspe
point.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

1629.

May 16, The widow of Louis Hebert married Guillaume
Hubou. ("Relations," V., 277.)
A water mill was erected near Quebec.

July 19, Champlain surrendered Quebec to Kirke.

July 20, Kirke took possession of Quebec.

1630.

While the English were in Quebec, they gave Mrs.
Hubou a negro boy, the first negro in Canada.
April 30, La Tour and his son received from Sir William
Alexander 4,500 square miles in Nova Scotia.

1631.

Feb. 11, The King of France made Charles de St. Etienne
Lieutenant-Governor in Acadia.

1632.

March 1, Champlain was appointed the first Governor of

Canada.
March 29, By the Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, , France

recovered Canada and Acadia.
April 18, Fathers Le Jeune and De Noue, with a lay brother,

left Rouen for Canada.
May 10, Isaac de Razilly, one of "Hundred Associates," was

commissioned Lieutenant Governor of Acadia, and

instructed to eject all British subjects from his

jurisdiction.
May 29, Razilly obtained from the "Hundred Associates" a

concession at St. Croix River and Bay, 12 by 20

leagues in extent.

Razilly settled a colony at La Have.
July 5, Emery de Caen arrived at Quebec to take possession

of New France, having been given a monopoly

of the fur trade for one year, as an indemnity

for his losses ; Le Jeune and De Noue arrived at

the same time.
Aug. 28, Father Le Jeune related his experiences to the

provincial of his Order; it was the first letter of

" Relations of the Jesuits."

" At this period the fort of Quebec, surrounded by a
score of hastily -built dwellings and barracks, some poor

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

py
It

liuts on the Island ot Muiilieul, the like at Three Rivers
and Tadoussac, and a few fishermen's log houses elsewhere
on the banks of the St. Lawrence, were the only fruits of
the discoveries of Verrazano, Jacques Cartier, Roberval, and
Champlain, the great outlay of I^ Roche and De Monts, and
the toils and sufferings of their followers for nearly a cen-
tury." — VVarburton's " Conquest of Canada," I., p. 94.

1633.

March 23, Champlain loft France for the last time.

May 22, Champlain arrived at Quebec, bringing with him

the Jesuits, Brebeuf, Masse, Daniel, and Davost.
July 28, One hundred and forty canoes, carrying seven

hundred Hurons, their peltries and tobacco, came to

Quebec to trade.

" The routine of these annual visits was nearly uniform.
On the first day,, the Indians built their huts ; on the second
they held their council with the French officers of the Fort ;
on the third and fourth, they bartered their furs and tobacco
for kettles, hatchets, knives, cloth, beads, iron, arrow-
heads, coats, shirts, and other commodities ; on the fifth,
they were feasted by the French ; and at day-break of the
next morning, they embarked and vanished like a flight
of birds." — Parkman.

The Hurons lived in what is now the county of Sim-
coe, Ontario. In numbers and in bravery they a\ ere
equal to the Iroquois, with whom they were cvtn-
stantly at war, but in social life, in enterprise, and
especially political organization, they were inferior
to their great enemy.

In October, Father Le Jeune went with a hunting
party of Indians, Montagnais, into the wilderness
southeast of Quebec. His purpose was to inculcate
the Faith and to learn Algonquin, He had a rough
experience.

1634.

Jan. 15, Robert Gifart obtained the seigniory of Beauport.

He was the first seignior in Canada.
Feb. 15, The Hundred Associates granted six arpents of land

at Three Rivers to the Jesuits.

In April, Father Le Jeune and the Indians returned

to Quebec.
July 1, Fathers Brebeuf and Daniel left Three Rivers for

the Huron mission.

TIIK CAKIUNAL PACTS OP CANADIAN IIIHTOHV.

Robert (Jifart built a stone manor Iiouse at BeauporK
Fath(*r Julian Porrault bogan the Miouiac mission
on Capo Hroton [slaiid.
Aug. 4, Cluimplain selected a s^iot for a fort at Three Rivera.
The Jesuits built a iiouse for thenjselves in tho
Iltiron country.

•' The liouHo WHB const ruoto«l after the Huron nuxlel. It
\\HH thirty Nix tV«>t hmg iiiid about twenty feet \vi«hs framed
with Htroii^ Maplini; poleH phiiited in the earth to fonn the
8i(ieM, witli the enilH hent into an aruh to fornt tiie roof, —
tho wlioh> hished tirnily togetlier, hracetl with uiohh polos,
and ehmtdy covered witli overlapping Bheeta of baric." —
Parknuin.

1635.

Jan. 15, Charles do St. Ktieniio was granted the fort and

habitation of La Tour, on the River St. John.

About this time a bitter fouil originated between

Charles La Tour and Charnisay,

Fatht^rs Pijart anil Lo JSlercier went to the Huron

mission.

Dec. 25, Samuel Champliin died in Quebec.

"Christmas Day, 103.'), was a dark day in tho annals of
New Franco. In the ciiambor of tlio fort, breathless and
voU\, lay tho lumly frame wliieh war, tlio wilderness, and the
sea had butt'etod in vain. Alter two months und a half of
illness, Champlain, at tho a^e of sixty-eight, was dead. His
last cares were for his col(»ny and tho succor of its suffering
families. Jesuits, oHiccrs, soldiers, traders, and tho few
settlers ot Quebec followed his remains to the church ; Le
Jeuno pronounced his eulogy, and the feeble community
buiii a touiu to his honour." — Parkman.

1636.

Jan. 15, J Hundred Associates granted to Antoine Chef-
au't the seigniory of Cote de Beaupre, having six
leagues of river frontage, and embracing all of Mont-
morency County.

March 10, Montmagny was made Governor of Canada.

June 11, Montmagny arrived at Quebec; several "men of
birth and substance" came with him.
Montmagny marked out the Upper Town, Quebec.

July 2, Father Isaac Jogues came to Quebec.

Fathers J ogues, Garnier, and Chatelain went to the
Huron Mission.

THK CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN illHTORY.

Tlie Huron towns were visited by a wasting pesti-
lence.

1637.
A settlement of tho Montuj^nais was formed at Sil-
lery, three milas above Quoheo.

•• III 10.'17, aycjir heforo the huildinj? of Harvard College,
tlio JusiiilH intgun a woodon Htniuturu in the roar of the fort
[atQuohucj; and horo, within on<) ciioloHuro, was the Huron
seniinury and llio coUogo for Frtsnrh hoys." — I'arkinun's
"Jesuits," p. 108.

In May, Father Pijart founded the Mission of the
Imniuculato Conception, at Ossossane, tlie largest
Huron town.

Aug. 4, The Hurons hehl a council to iiujuire into the cause
of a terrible disease that was making deadly ravages
among their people; tlu^y attril)uted it to the sor-
ceries of the Je^suits, and for a time the lives of the
missionaries were in peril.

Aug. 16, The Duchess d'Aiguillon gave 22,400 livres to estab-
lish the Hotel-Dieu at Quebc*?,

1638.

April 14, Two Jesuits took up their abode at Sillery, above

Quebec.

Fatliers Lalemant and Le Moyne went to the Huron

country.
Sept. 29, Father Du Peron landed on the shore of Thunder

Bay, fifteen miles from the Huron town of Ossoss-

ane.

" Tn respect to the commodities of life, the Jesuits were
hut a step in advance of the Indians. Their house, though
well ventilated by numberless crevices in its bark walls, al-
ways smelt of smoke, and, when the wind was in certain
quarters, was tilled with it to suftbcation. At their meals,
the Fathers sat on logs around the fire, over which their
kettle was slung in the Indian fashion. Each had his wooden
platter, whioh, from the difficulty of transportation, was
valued in the Huron country at the price of a robe of beaver-
skin, or a hundred francs. Their food consisted of sagamite,
or ' mush,' made of pounded Indian corn, boiled with scraps
of smoked fish. Chaumonot compares it to the paste used
for the papering of houses. The repast was occasionally
varied bv a pumpkin or squash baked in the ashes, or, in the
season, by Indian corn roasted in the ear. They used no
salt whatever. They could bring their cumberous pictures,

THE CARDINAL FACTS OK CANADIAN UISTOUY.

Aug.

orrmniontH, and voatinentH through tho savagu journey of the
Ottawa ; l>ut tlioy couhi not Iwing the ooiiunon nouoHsarioB
of lifo. Hy day, they read and Htudiod hy tho light that
Htrt'aniod in llirougli tho hirgo HUioko-lioloH in tlio roof, at
night hy tho hhi/.u of tl>o tiro. I'hoir «^nly candhis wero a
f«'\v of wax for tho altar. Tiioy oultivatod apati-h of ground,
hut raisod nothing on it o.\i'o))t wiioat for making tho Hacra-
niontal hroad. I iioir food was auppliod hy tho ludiunn, to
whom tlioy gav« in rot urn ohith, knivoH, awls, nooiUoa, and
vari«)us trinkotM. Thoir Kupply of wino for tho Kui^luuist
waH so scanty tiiat thoy limitod tliomsolvos to four or fivo
drops f«>r oaoh mass.

*''l'iu>ir lifo was roguhitod witii a oonvontiuil strictnoes.
At four in tiio morinng a holl rousoti thorn from llio shouts of
hiuk on whioh thoy sh'pt. Massos, privato dovotions, roa»l-
ing roligioiis Itooks, and hroakfasiing, tiUod tlio timo until
oight, w hou thoy opouod tho door and a(hniltod tho ln«]iaiis.
As nuuiy of thoso provod intoh'rahU' nuisanoos, thoy took
wluit Lak'mant oalla tho hoiiitt'te. iihorty of turning out tho
most intrusivo and impraotioabk>, an act porformod with all
tai't and oourtosy, and raroly takon in dudgoon. Having
tlius wiuiu)Wod their company, tln'y oateu-hizod tlioso that
romainod, as opportunity olVorod. In tiio intervals the guests
sipuvttoil l)y the tiro and smokoil thoir pipes.

"As among tho Spartan virtues of the Tfurons that of
thieving was espooially oonspiouous, it waf nooesaary that
ono or more of tho Fathers should remain on guard at tlie
house all day. The rest wont fortli on their niissionary
lahors, haptizing and instruotinii as wo have seen. To each
priest who could speak Huron was assigned a certain nund)or
of houses, -in some instances, as nniny as forty; and as
those often had live or six tires, with two families to each, his
tlock was as numerous as it was iiilractahle. It was his care
to see that none of tho niunhor dioil willumt baptism, and
hy every moans in his power to eommond the iloctrines of
his faith to the acceptance of those in health.

" At »linner, which was at two o'clock, grace was said in
Huron, for tho honotit of the Indians present, and a chapter
of the Bihlc was read aloud during the meal. At four or
live, according to the season, the Indians were dismissed,
the door dosed, and the evening spent in writing, reading,
studying the h-.nguago, devotion, and conversation on the
atl'airs of the mission."— -I'arkman's "Jesuits," pp. 1'29-131.

U);?9.

According to the Jesuits, the Hurons at this time
had a popuhitioii of 20,000.
1, Father Viinout, Superior of the Jesuits, Fathers
Poncet and Chaunioiiot, Madaiue de hi Peltrie, Marie
de rincarnatioii, Marie de St. Bernard, and another

THE CARPINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

Ursuline arrived at Quebec. At once the Ursuline

Couv<Mit, Quebec, was founded, Marie de I'lncarna-

tion bein^ Superit)r.

Jean Ni(M)llot ascended (ireen Bay, Lake Michigan,

and crossed to the Mississippi.

In tlie Huron country the Jesuits established Sainte

Marie as a central station.

The Ilotel-Dieu was founded at Quebec.

Fathers Jofj;ues and (Jarnier went to the Tobacco

Nation, west of the llurons.

1G40.

Except a small clearing on Sieur GifFard'fi Seigniory
at Hcaupoit and another nuide by M. de Puiseaux
betwiMMi Qu»>1h'c and Sillery, the country around
Quebec was still a forest.

In France, Father Jean Ja(M]ues Olier, Baron de
Fancanip, Dauversiere, and three others organized
th<^ Society of Not re- Dame de Montreal.

Aug. 17, John De Lauson cechnl the Island of Montreal to
the Society of Notre- Danu^ de Montreal.

Nov, 2, Fathers Brelu'uf and Chaunionot left Salute Marie
to go to tli«^ Neutral Nation.

Dec. 17, The ilundi-ed Associates ceded their claim to the
Island of Montreal to the Society of Notre- Dame
de Montreal.

1611.

Feb. 1.'?, The Kiig of Fiance directed La Tour to return to
France, to answtM- charges made against him.
Now, the lro(|U()is began war against Canada.
The Iroquois, called by the Enjilish the Five Na-
tions, liveil in what is now New York State, from
the Hudson to the Cenesee. They were the Mo-
hawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and the Sene-
c'., — named in order from east to west. They called
their confederacy " The Long House ; " tlie Mohawks
guarded the eastern end, the Senecas the western.
Early in the spring Fathers Brebeuf and Chaunionot
returned to Saiete Marie.

Fathers Jogues and llaymbault went to the mission
at Saut Ste Marie, and "preached the Faith to two

^'$-

':«

THK CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

thousand Ojibwas, and other Algonquins there as-
sembled."

Aug. 8, Mademoiselle de Mance arrived at Quebec.

Oct. 14, Maisonneuve took possession of Montreal and then
returned to Quebec, where, under the hospitable roof
of M. de Puiseaux, he and his colonists, forty men
and four women, passed the winter.

Oct. 15, Maisonneuve was declared Governor of Montreal,

1642.

Feb. 21, In Acadia, Charnisay was commissioned to arrest La
Tour for contumacy and traitorous conduct.

May 8, Maisonneuve and his colonists, accompanied by Ma-
dame de la Peltrie, left Quebec for Montreal.

May 18, Maisonneuve landed at Montreal, when, Jeanne
Mance and Madame de la Peltrie having decorated
an altar. Father Yiniont celebrated mass. The same
evening Maisonneuve, guided by two old Indians,
ascended the mountain, and from its top surveyed
the surrounding country.

Two thousand wairiors of the Neutral Nation went
into Southern Michigan, and, after besieging a town
of the Nation of Fire, defended by nine hundred
warriors, took it, toi'tured many of the defenders to
death, and made the rest prisoners.

Aug, 2, Father J ogues and two young Frenchmen, Rene Goupil
and Guillaume Couture, were captured by li-oquois,
on Lake St. Peter.

Aug. 13, Montmagny, with 100 men, began to erect a fort at
the mouth of the Richelieu, to check the Iroquois.

Aug. 15, Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin was
celebrated in the first church in Mci^treal, a wooden
building now opened.

Sept. 29, Goupil, J ogues' companion, was killed by the Mo-
hawks.

Oct. 29, Jean Nicolet was drowned at Sillery.

1643.

Jan. 6, Maisonneuve, bearing a heavy cross, Madame de la
Peltrie, and citizens of Ville Marie, or Montreal,
walked in procession to the top of the mountain,
where Father Du Peron celebrated mass.

THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

" At Quebec, Three Rivers, Montreal, and the little fort
of Richelieu, that is to say in all Canada, no man could hunt,
fish, till the fields, or cut a tree in the forest, without peril
to his scalp. Ihe Iroquois were everywhere and nowhere.
A yell, a volley of bullets, a rush of screecliing savages, and
all was over. Th?s soldiers hastened to the spot to find
silence, solitude, and a mangled corpse." — " Jesuits," p. 240.

The people of Montreal, supplied with funds by
Madame de Bullion, built a hospital.

*' The hospital was intended not only to nurse sick French-
men, but to nurse and convert sick Indians ; in other words,
it v/as an engine of the mission. From Maisonneuve to the
humblest laborer, these zealous colonists were bent on the
work of conversion. To that end, the ladies made pilgrim-
ages to the cross on the mountain, sometimes for nine days
in succession, to pray God to gather the heathen into His
fold. The fatigue was great ; nor was the danger less ; and
armed men always escorted them as a precaution against the
Iroquois. The male colonists were equally fervent ; and
sometimes as many as fifteen or sixteen persons would kneel
at once before the cross, with the same charitable petition.
The ardor of theiv zeal may be inferred from the fact, that
these pious expeditions consumed the greater part of the day,
when time and labor were of a value past reckoning to the
little colony. Besides their pilgrimages, they used other
means and very efficient ones, to attract and gain over the
Indians. They housed, fed, and clotlied them at every op-
portunity ; and though they were subsisting chiefly on pro-
visions brought at great cost from France, there was ahvays
a portion for the hungry savages who from time to time en-
camped near their fort. If they could persuade any of
them to be nursed, they were consigned to the tender care
of Mademoiselle Mance ; and if a party went to war, their
women and diildren were taken in charge till their return.
As this attention to their bodies had for its object the px^ofit
of their souls, it Avas accompanied with incessant catechiz-
ing This, with the other influences of the place, liad its
effect ; and some notable conversions were made. Among
them was that of the renowned chief, Tessouat, or Le Borgne,
as the French called him, a crafty and intractable savage,
whom to their own surprise, they succeeded in taming and
winning to the Faith. H«^ was christened with the name of
Paul, and his squaw witli that of Madeleine. Maisonneuve
rewarded him with a gun, and celebrated the dav by a feast
to all the Indians present."—" Jesuits," p. 267-269.

Father Jogues, assisted by Megapolensis, minister of
Albany, escaped from the Moliawks and descended
the Hudson to New Amsterdam.
Nov. 5, Aided by the Dutch, Father Jogues left New Amster-
dam for Europe.

if.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

1644.

Feb. 13, The king of France approved the grant of the Island
of Montreal to the Society of Notre-Daine de Mon-
treal.

March 30, Maisonneuve beat off a band of skulking Iroquois
from Montreal.

April 27, Father Joseph Bressani was captured and terribly
tortured by Iroquois near Lake St. Peter,
Wheat was first sown in Canada. (Cf. Garneau's
« History of Canada," I., p. 151.)

June 19, The Mohawks, assembled in council, decided to let
Father Bressani live, and gave him to an old woman
to take the place of a deceased relative ; but she,
as he was apparently useless, having been so badly
tortured and mangled, sold him to the Dutch, who
soon gave him a passage to France.
Fathers Brebeuf, Garreau, ano Chabanel, escorted by
twenty soldiers, went to the li. ron country.

1645.

Madame La Tour drove Charnisay from Fort La
Tour.
March 6, The Hundred Associates transferred the fur trade
and their debts to the people of Canada, but the
• Associates retained their seignorial rights.

" Early in the spring of 1645, Piskaret (an Algonquin),
with six other converted Indians, some of them better
Christians than he, set out on a war party, and, after drag-
ging their canoes over tlie frozen St. Lawrence, launched
them on the open stream of the Riclielieu. They ascended
to Lake Champlain, and hid themselves in the leafless forests
of a large island, watching patiently for their human prey.
One day they heard a distant shot. 'Come, friends,' said
Piskaret, ' let us get our dinner ; perhaps it will be the last,
for we must die before we run.' Having dined to their con-
tentment, the philosophic warriors prepared for action.
One of them went to reconnoitre, and soon reported that
two canoes full of Iroquois were approaching the island.
Piskaret and his followers crouched in the bushes at the
point for which the canoes were making, and, as the fore-
most drew near, each chose his mark, and tired with such
good effect, that, of seven warriors, all but one were killed.
The survivor jumped overboard, and swam for the other
canoe, where he was taken in. It now contained eight Iro-
quois, who, far from attempting to escape, paddled in haste

THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

F
|e

for a distant part of the shore, in order to land, give battle,
and avenge their slain comrades. But the Algonquins, run-
ning through the woods, reached the landing before them,
and, as one of them rose to tire, they shot him. In his tall
he overset the canoe. The water was shallow, and the sub-
merged warriors, presently finding foothold, waded towards
the shore, and made desperate tight. The Algonquins had
the advantage of position, and used it eo well that they kill-
ed all but three of their enemies, and captured two of the
survivors. Next they sought out the bodies, carefully scalp-
ed them, and set out in triumph on their return. To the
credit of their Jesuit teachers they treated their prisoners
with a forbearance hitherto without example. One of them
who was defiant and abusive, received a blow to silence him;
but no further indignity was offered to either." — Park-
man's "Jesuits," p. 281.

April 13, Charnisay repeated his attack on Fort La Tour, and
succeeded in taking it, its heroic defender, Madame
La Tour, dying heart broken three weeks after.

Sept. 17, The Iroquois and Hurons met at Three Rivers and
concluded peace.

Sept. 21, Louis Joliet was born in Quebec.

1646.
Father Anne de Noue left Three Rivers to go to Fort
Richelieu, but, losing his way, he perished in the
snow.

Father Enemond Masse died at Sillery, above and
near Quebec.

Father Jogues left Three Rivers for the Mohawk
country, to hold the Mohawks to the peace lately
made and to establish a mission ; when, on the eve
of Corpus Christi, he reached what is now Lake
George, Ije called it Lac St. Sacrement.
Father Jogues, having finished his political mission
to the Mohawks, reached Fort Richelieu.
About this time the smallpox made dreadful ravages
among the Hurons.
La Tour arrived at Quebec.
Father Jogues, accompanied by a young Frenchman
named Lalande, left Quebec to go to the Iroquois as
a missionary, saying " Ibo et nun redibo " (I will go,
but I shall not return).

Father Gabriel Druilletes left Sillery to go to the
Abenaquis Mission on the river Kennebec.

Jan. 30,

May 12,
May — ,

June 27,

Aug. 8,
Aug. 24,

Aug. 29,
3

'■i^

THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

Oct. 17, Fatber Jogues entered Gandawague, a Mohawk

town.
Oct. 18, Father Jogues, the founder of the Mohawk Mission,

was martyred
Oct. 19, Lalande was killed by the Iroquois.
Nov. 21, Madame de la Peltrie became a novice in the Ursu-

line Convent, Quebec.

1647.

April 13, The Hurons sent nine warriors on an embassy to
the Andastes, who lived south of the Iroquois, to
secure their aid against the Iroquois.
A Council was formed at Quebec to manage the
affairs of Canada ; its memlers were the Governor-
General, the Superior of the Jesuits, and the Gover-
nor of Montreal; this Council was invested with
full legislative, judicial, and executive powers.
D'Aillebousb was made Governor of Canada.

June 20, The first horse was landed at Quebec.

Sept. 23, Montmagny left Quebec for France.

1648.

July 4, The Iroquois took the Huron Mission, St. Joseph, and
killed Father Daniel.

July 17, Two hundred and fifty Hurons, having ventured to
run down the Ottawa, reached Three Rivers to
trade ; there they were suddenly attacked by a large
body of their inveterate enemies, the uliiquitous
Iroquois, but the Hurons fought desperately and
drove the Iroquois from the place.
A temperance meeting was held at Sillery, the first
temperance gathering on the Continent of America.
A small cannon was carried in a canoe up the
Ottawa to Sainte Marie in the Huron country.

Nov. 24, The first white child was born in Montreal.

A thousand Mohawks and Senecas took the war-
path for the Hurons.

1649.

Jan. 30, (Charles I., King of England, was executed.)

At this time " there were in the Huron country and
its neighborhood eighteen Jesuit priests, four lay

THE CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

brothers, twenty three men serving without pay,

seven hired men, four boys, and eight soldiers."

March 16, The Iroquois took the Huron missions St. Ignace

and St. Louis, Fathers Brebeuf and Gabriel Lale-

mant being made prisoners and tortured to death.

' ' On the afternoon of the sixteentli,— the day when the two
priests were captured, — Brebeuf was led apart, and bound
to a stake. He seemed more concerned for his captive con-
verts than for himself, and addressed them in a loud voice,
exhorting them to suffer patiently, and promising Heaven
as their reward. The Iroquois, incensed, scorched him from
head to foot, to silence him ; whereupon, in the tone of a
master, he threatened them with everlasting flames, for per-
secuting the worshippers of God. As he continued to speak,
with voice and countenance unchanged, they cut away his
lower lip and thrust a redhot iron down his throat. He
still held his tall form erect and defiant, with no sign or
sound of pain ; and they tried another means to overcome
him. They led out Lalemant, that Brebeuf might see him
tortured. They had tied strips of bark, smeared with pitch,
about his naked body. When he saw the condition of his Supe-
rior, he could not hide his agitation, and called out to him with
a broken voice, in the words of St. Paul : ' We are made a
spectacle to the world, to angels, and to men.' Then he threw
himself at Brebeuf 's feet; upon which the Iroquois seized him,
made him fast to a stake, and set fire to the bark that enve-
loped him. As the flame rose, he threw his arms upward,
with a shriek of supplication to Heaven. Next they hung
around Brebeuf's neck a collar made of hatchets heated red-
hot ; but the indomitable priest stood like a rock. A Huron
in the crowd, who had been a convert of the mission, but
was now an Iroquois by adoption, called out, with the malice
of a renegade, to pour hot water on their heads, since they
had poured so much cold water on those of others The
kettle was accordingly slung, and the water boiled and
poured slowly on the heads of the two missionaries. * We
baptise you,' they cried, ' that you may be happy in Heaven;
for nobody can be saved without a good baptism.' Brebeuf
would not flinch ; and, in a rage, they cut strips of flesh
from his limbs, and devoured them before his eyes. Other
renegade Hurons called out to him, ' You told us that the
more one suffers on earth, the happier he is in Heaven. We
wish to make you happy ; we torment you because we love
you ; and you ought to thank us for it.' After a succession
of other revolting torturas, they scalped him ; when, seeing
him nearly dead, they laid open his breast, and came in a
crowd to drink the blood of so valiant an enemy, thinking
to imbibe with it some portion of his courage. A chief then
tore out his heart and devoured it.

" Thus died Jean de Brebeuf, the founder of the Huron

,- it '.

■f:

THE CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

mission, its truest hero, and its greatest martyr. He came
of a noble race, tlie same, it is said, from which sprang the
English Earls of Arundel ; but never had the mailed barons
of his line confronted a fate so appalling, with so prodigious
a constancy. To the last ho refused to flinch, and ' his
death was the astonishment of his murderers.' In him an
enthusiastic devotion was grafted on an heroic nature. His
bodily endowments were as remarkable as the temper of his
mind. His manly proportions, his strength, and his endurance,
which incessant fasts and penances could not undermine, had
always won for liim the respect of the Indians, no less than a
courage unconscious of fear, and yet redeemed from rash-
ness by a cool and vigorous judgment ; for extravagant as
were the chimeras which fed the fires of his zeal, they were
consistent with the soberest good sense on matters of prac-
tical bearing.

" Lalemant, physically weak from childhood, and slender
almost to emaciation, was constitutionally unequal to a dis-
play of fortitude like that of his colleague. When Brebeuf
died, he was led back to the house whence he had been taken,
and tortured there all night, until, in the morning, one of
the Iroquois, growing tired of the protracted entertainment,
killed him with a hatchet. It was said that at times he
seemed beside himself, then rallying, with hands uplifted,
he oflFered his sufferings to Heaven as a sacrifice. His robust
companion had lived less than four hours under the torture,
while he survived it for nearly seventeen. Perhaps the
Titanic effort of will with which Brebeuf repressed all show
of suffering conspired with the Iroquois knives and fire-
brands to exhaust his vitality ; perhaps his tormentors, en-
raged at his fortitude, forgot their subtlety, and struck too
near the life.

"The bodies of the two missionaries were carried to
Sainte Marie, and buried in the cemetery there ; but the
skull of Brebeuf was preserved as a relic. His family sent
from France a silver bust of their martyred kinsman, in the
base of which was a recess to contain the skull ; and, to this
day, the bust and the relic within are preserved with pious
care bv the nuns of the Hotel-Dieu at Quebec," — Parkman's
" Jesuits," pp. 388-391.

March 19, Festival of St Joseph ; the Iroquois, seized by a
panic, retreated precipitately from the Huron coun-
try.

June 14, The Jesuits, at the Huron Mission of Sainte Marie,
abandoned their house, and, with their terrified con-
verts, took refuge on St. Joseph Island.

Dec. 7, The Iroquois took the Huron Mission of St. Jean, and
murdered Father Charles Gamier ; a renegade Hur-
on also murdered Father Noel Chabanel.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

the

^ent

the

lis

ILous

m's

a
in-

[•ie,
)n-

" Thus, at the age of forty-four, died Charles Gamier, the
favorite child of wealtliy and noble parents, nursed in Pari-
sian luxury and ease, then living and dying, a more than
willing exile, amid the hardships and horrors of the Huron
M'ilderness. His life and his death are his best eulogy.
Brebeuf was the lion of the Huron mission, and Garnier was
the lamb ; but the lamb was as fearless as the lion." — Park-
man's "Jesuits," p. 407.

1650.

May 24, Charnisay perished in the basin at Port Royal ; hia
canoe having overset, he clung to it till the cold
overcame him.

June 10, The Jesuits, with a remnant of the Hurons, left the
Huron country for Quebec.

July 28, The Jesuits and fugitive Hurons reached Quebec.

" In a former chapter, we followed Father Paul Le Jeune
on his winter roamings, with a band of Montagnais, among
the forests on the northern boundary of Maine. Now
Father Gabriel Druilletes sets forth on a similar excursion,
but with one essential difference. Le Jeune's companions
were heathen, who persecuted him day and night with their
jibes and sarcasms. Those of Druilletes were all converts,
who looked on him as a friend and a father. There were
prayers, confessions, masses, and invocations of St. Joseph.
They built their bark chapel at every camp, and no festival
of the church passed unobserved. On Good Friday they
laid their best robe of beaver-skin on the snow, placed on it
a crucifix, and knelt around it in prayer. What was their
prayer ? It was a petition for the forgiveness and the con-
version of their enemies, the Iroquois. Those who know
the intensity and tenacity of an Indian's hatred will see in
this something more than a change from one superstition to
another. An idea had been presented to the mind of the
savage, to which he had previously been an utter stranger.
This is the most remarkable record of success in the whole
body of the Jesuit ' Relations ' ; but it is very far from be-
ing the only evidence, that, in teaching the dogmas and ob-
servances of the Roman church, the missionaries taught also
the morals of Christianity. When we look for the results
of these missions, we soon become aware that the influence
of the French and the Jesuits extended far be_, ond the circle
of converts. It eventually modified and softened the man-
ners of many unconverted tribes. In the wars of the next
century we do not often find thode examples of diabolic
atrocity with which the earlier annals are crowded. The
savage burned his enemies alive, it is true, but he rarely at©
them ; neither did he torment them with the same delibera-
tion and persistency. He was a savage still, but not so

THK CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

often a dovil. The improvement was not grea , but it was
distinct ; and it aecms to have taken place wherever Indian
triht's were in close relations with any respectable conunun-
ity of white men. Tiius Philip's war in New l-in^land, cruel
as it was, was loss ferociouH, judging fron> Canadian exneri-
ence, than it would have been, if a generation of civilized
intercourse had not worn down tlie sharpest asperities of bar-
barism. Yet it was to Frcndi priests and colonists, mingled as
tiioy were soon to be among the tribes of the vast interior,
that the change is chiefly to be ascriljcd. In this softening
of maimers, such as it wa*i, i.nd in the obedient Catholicity
of a few hundred tamed savages gathered at stationary mis-
sions in various paits of Canada, wo find, after a century
had elapsed, all the results of the heroic toil of the Jesuits.
The missions had failed, because the Indians had ceased to
exist. Of the great tribes on whom rested the hopes of the
early Canadian Fathers, nearly all were virtually extinct.
The missionaries built laboriously and well, but they were
doomed to build on a failing f<mndation. The Indians
iiioltetl away, not because civilization destroyed them, but
because tiieir own ferocity and intractable indolence made
it impossible that they should exist in its presence. Either
the plastic energies of a higher race, or the servile pliancy
of a lower one, would, each in its way, have preserved them ;
as it was, their extinction was a foregone conclusion. As
for the religion whicij the Jesuits taught them, however
Protestants may carp at it, it was the onh' form of Christian-
ity likely to take root in their crude and l)arbarous nature."
— Parkman's "Jesuits," pp. .318-320.

Sept. 1, Father Dniilletes left Quebec for Boston : Massachu-
setts havinj< made advancers to the French in Can-
ada for reciprocity in trade, he was sent to conduct
nejujotiations ; he had cordial conferences with Wins-
low, Gov. Dudley, Gov. Bradford, Endicott, and
Eliot.

1651.

The Senecas completed the destruction of the Neu-
trals. Father Druilletes, accompanied by Jean Paul
Godefroy, went to New Haven, and explained hia
mission to the Commissioners of the four English
colonies; but, as New England's assistance against the
Iroquois was a condition of free trade with Canada,
the conference came to nothing.
Oct. 14, M. de Lauson came to Quebec.

La Tour took possession of his old fort at the mouth
of the St. John river.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

1652.

May 10, Iroquois murdered Father But(5ux, north of Three

Rivers.
Aug. 19, Du Plessis, Governor of Three Rivers, was killed by

the Iroquois.

1G53.

Feb. 24, A marriage contract was made by La Tour and the
widow of Cliarnisay.

The Iroquois captured Father Poncet at Cap Rouge,
above Quebeo, bore liim off, tortured him, and
adopted him.

June 26, Sixty Onondagas came to Montreal to sue for peace.
They had their hands full of the Eries, with whom
they were at war.

Sept. 22, Margaret Bourgeois, who had renounced an inherit-
ance and given all she had to the poor, arrived in
Quebec.

Father Poncet, returning from the Iroquois country,
went down the St. Lawrence, being the first white
man to glide through the Thousand Islands.

Oct. 21, Father Poncet arrived at Montreal.

Nov. 6, The Iroquois made peace with the French.

Dec. 16, (Oliver Cromwell was made Protector in England.)

1654.

July 2, Father Simon Le Moyne left Quebec to visit the On-
ondagas, his visit binng political.

Aug. 16, Father Le Moyne discovered the salt springs at On-
ondaga (Syracuse).

Sept. 7, Father Le Moyne reached Montreal.

165.\

Fa thers Cliaumonot and Dablon, Jesuits, established
the mission of St Mary's of Ganentaa, at Onondaga.
The Iro(i[uois exterminated the Eries, who lived
south of Lake Erie.

1656.

May 17, Hupuys and a party of Frenchmen left Quebec to
form a settlement at Onondaga ; this was at the
request, the jommand, of the Onondagas.

May 20, Mohawks made a descent upon Orleans island, and

t ■•.,.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN III8T0HY.

bore oirsO Huron?, the French at Quebec nofcdarinj?
to attempt a rescue.

July 17, Pupuys and liiH party arrived at Onondaga.

Aug. 9, La Tour, Thoinns Temple, and Willinm Crowne re-
ceived from Cromwell a large i)art of Nova Scotia.
An Iroquoia shot Father Garreau, near Montreal.

1657.

July 29, Fathers Queylus, Souart, Galinee, and Allet, Sulpi-
tians, sent by M Olin* to found a seminary at
Montreal and to take charge of the island, arrived
at Montreal. The Society had become weary of th«
Island.

The Archbishop of Kouen made Queylus Vicar-
General of Canada.

1G58.

March, At Ste. Anne, the church of Ste. Anne de Petit
Cap, Bonne Ste. Anne, was begun

March 20, Dupuys and his men at Onondaga, having learned
that the Onondagas had made a secret resolve to
massacre tliem, invited the warriors to a feast, and,
by urging them to eat more and more, according to
the Indian fashion, surfeited them to total insensi-
bility ; then the Frenchmen took to their boats,
descended the Oswego, and made good their escape
to Montreal.

July 11, D'Argenson arrived at Quebec as Govfrnor.

Sept. 29, Margaret Bourgeois, Foundress of the Sisters of the
Congregation, accompanied by Mile, Mance, left
Montreal for France to get young girls for teachers.

Dec. 8, Francois de Montmorenci- Laval was consecrated
Bishop.

1659.

May 14, The King of France ordered Argenson to support

Laval against Queylus.
June 16, M. de Laval arrived at Quebec.

The King of France began to aid emigrants for

Canada.
Sept. 29, Margaret Bourgeois returned to Montreal.
Oct. 22, Laval sent Queylus to France.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

Nov. 25, Margaret Bourgeois began her school in Montreal,
in a stable.

1G60.

April, Adam Daulac, Sieur dea Oriiieaux, with a few followers,
French and Indians, madr a desperate resistance
against the Iroquois at the foot of the Long Saut.

May 25, (Charles II. begau to reign in England.)

The Hundred Associates sent Peronne Dumesnil to
Canada, as controller general and supreme judge,
to inquire into the Company's affairs.

July 21, Father Le Moyne, at the request of the Iroquois,
left Montreal to go to Onondaga.
First census of Canada : population 3,418.

16G1.

In Canada, two men were shot and one was whipped

for selling brandy to Indians.
Aug. 3, Queylus i-eturned to Canada, incog.
Aug. 31, D'Avaugour arrived at Quebec.

Father Le Moyne arrived at Montreal, having r«-

turned fr m Ouondaga.
Oct. 22, Queylus departed for France.

16()2.
Aug. 1 2, Laval departed for France.

1663.
Feb. 5, The great earthquake bt gan at 5.30 p.m.

"Trees in the forest were torn up and clashed against
each other with inconceivable violence ; mountains were rais-
ed from their foundations and tlirown into valleys, leaving
awful chasms behind ; from the openings issued dense clouds
of smoke, dust, and sand ; many rivers disappeared, others
were diverted from their course, and the great St. Lawrence
became suddenly white as far down as the mouth of the
Saguenay. The first shock lasted for more than half-an-
hour, but the greatest violence for only fifteen minutes. At
Tadousaac a shower of volcanic ashes descended upon the
rivers, agitating the waters like a tempest. This tremendous
earthquake extended simultaneously over 180,000 square
mile<« of country, and lasted for nearly six months, almost
without intermission." — VVarburtou's " Conquest of Can-
ada," I., p. 121.

Feb. 24, Canada was restored to the Crown, the Hundred
Associates giving up their charter.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

i;t

;i ■<:

April, Laval secured a royal patent for a Seminary at Que-
bec ; a tax of one-tliirteenth of all taxable prop-
erty to be paid annually to the directors of the
Seminary for its maintenance.

May I, Sieur de Mesy was made Governor of Canada.

Aug. 18, The Sulpitians acquired the seigniory of Montreal.

Sept. 15, Laval and De Mesy arrived at Quebec.

Sept. 18, The Sovereign Council was formed for the Govern-
ment of Canada ; it consisted of the Governor, the
Bishop, t te Intendantj and live Councillors; the
Couturae de Paris was made the code of law.

Sept.. 28, An edict was issued, forbidding anyone to sell or
give liquor to Indians.

1664.

May 28, The West India Company secured a royal grant of
all French colonies in America, with the right of
appointing governors and all officers.

Sept 8, ^Sir Richard Nichols took New Amsterdam, which
became New York ; the whole territory of New
Netherland, New York State, passing from the
Dutch to the English.)

About this time many young men in Canada took
to the woods and became " coureurs de bois," hunt-
ing, fishing, trapping, and living with the Indians.

1665.

May 5, De Mesy died.

Twelve horses were brought to Canada.

June 30, Marquis de Tracy, Lieutenant-General, arrived at
Quebec, four companies of the Carignan regiment
having arrived a little before him.
The Iroquois captured and bore oflf Charles Le
Moyne, of Montreal.

Sept. 2, Father Allouez reached Saut Ste. Marie, and, enter-
ing Lake Superior, he named it "Tracy" "in
acknowledgment of the obligations we are under to
that man."

Sept. 23, Sieur de Courcelles was made Governor of Canada.

Sept., Jean Talon arrived in Quebec as Intendant.

Courcelles cut the first road in Canada, from
Chambly to Montreal, and erected three forts on
the Richelieu.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

1666.

J.m. 9, Courcelles, with 100 men, left Quebec to attack the
Mohawks.

Feb. 20, Courcelles, having recruited his force on the way,
reached the Mohawk towns ; he returned, however,
without fighting.

La Salle came to Canada ; Queylus, Superior of the
Sulpitians, gave him a tract of land where Lachine
now stands, which La Salle parcelled out to what-
ever settlers would join him.

July 12, Peace was made with the Mohawks ; it was a hollow
one.

Sept. 14, Tracy set out with a strong force to chastise the
Mohawks.

Oct. 15, Tracy reached the Mohawk towns.

Nov. 5, Tracy reached Quebec.

1667.

Feb. 4, The first ball was held in Canada.

The Mohawks came to Quebec, suing for peace.
The mining of iron was begun at Three Rivers.

July 13, The Treaty of Breda ; France recovered Acadia.

Fathers Fremin and Perron began missionary work
among the Mohawks; Father Bruyas among the
Oneidas, and Father Gamier among the Onondagas.

Sept. 26, Rene Gaultier de Varennes and Marie Boucher,
daughter of the Governor of Three Rivers, were
married. She was twelve years of age. One of
their children was Varennes de la Verendrve, dis-
coverer of the Rocky Mountains.
Talon built a ship aiid sent her with a mixed cargo
to the West Indies ; he built a brewery ; he sent en-
gineers to search for coal, lead, iron, copper, and
other minerals ; he made tar, and he encouraged set-
tlers to make woollen goods and to grow hemp.
During his administration in Canada, Talon nanag-
ed to obtain from France several hundred girls as
wives for the colonists. They were carefully aeloct-
ed, country g'rls being preferred, and on their
arrival at Quebec were married in batches of twen-
ties and thirties ; each received a royal dowr) , and

THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

a gonorous one, to begin housekeeping. A royal
pension was also offered to the parents of large
families ; the parents of ten children were to have
a pension of three hundred livres a year, and the
parents of twelve children four hundred livres a
year.

16G8.

April 8, Claude de Bouteroue was made Tntendant,

Marquette founded the first mission in Michigan, at

Saut Ste. Marie.
Oct. 28, Fathers Fenelon and Trouve, Sulpitians, began a

mission among the Cayugas settled on Bay Quinte.

Population of Canada, 5,870.

1669.

The Sovereign Council declared wheat a legal tender,
three Fi nch bushels being equivalent to four francs.
Pollier de Casson and Galinee, Sulpitians, and La
Salle, with seven canoes and twenty-four men, left
Lauhine to make explorations in the west.
Father De Casson and La Salle reached Lake Onta-
rio.

Father Galinee and La Salle left Irondequoit Bay
for the chief town of the Senecas.
Father Galinee and La Salle reached a spot a few
miles north of where PLimilton now stands ; here La
Salle first met Louis Joliet, who was returning from
L.ake Superior, where he had failed to find what
Talon had sent him to find, copper.
Sept. 30, After Father De Casson had said mass, the Sulpi-
tians descended the Grand River to Lake Erie, but
La Salle, feigning sickness, held back, and his move-
ments for two years after are not surely known.
Catherine Ganneaktena, an Erie girl, who had been
adopted by the Iroquois and had become a Christian,
began the Iroquois colony, or mission, at La Prairie,
opposite Montreal, "probably at the close of 1669,"
says Shea.

1670.

May 2, Charles II. gave a charter to the Hudson's Bay Com-
pany.

July 6,

Aug. 2,
Aug. 12,
Sept. 24,

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY

Aug. 18, Talon arrived at Qucibec as Intendant; with him
came Porrot, Govei noi- of Montreal.
Ill Canada obdurate bachelors wimc forbidden to
hunt, lish, or trade.

1G71.

" Tlie winter did not Ix'giii till the middle of January,
1G71, and ended in the middle of March." — (Jharlevoix.

June 14, SieurSt. Lusson, attended by Joliet and the Jesuits,
Dablon, Druillet(!s, Allouez.and Andre, on the top of
a liill near Saut Ste. Marie, took formal possession
of the Great West in the name of the King of France.

Aug. 22, Father Charles Albanel, with two Frenchujen, left
Quebec to go up the Saguenay to Hudson's Bay.
The King of France sent 30 single men and 30 single
women to Acadia at a cost of C,000 livres.

Nov. 18, Madame de laPeltrie died in the Ursuline Convent,
Quebec.

1672.

April 30, Mother Marie de IMncarnation, first Superior of the

Ursuline Convent, Quebec, died.
June 28, Father Albanel, having gone up theSaguenay route,

readied the shore of Hudson's Bay, and, with St.

Simon ond I.a Coutre, took ceremonial possession of

the district.
Sept. 12, Sieur de Frontenac was made Governor of Canada.
Oct. 23 Tn the Jesuit church, Quebec, Frontenac convened

the three estates of Canada, — nobles, clergy, raer-

< ants, and citizens.
Nov. 2, F? r)i ->"iac wrote to the Minister, " 1 never saw any-

thiii^ more superb than the position of this town

(Quebec). It could not be better situated as the

future capital of a great empire."
Nov. 3, Talon, the Intendant, sailed for France.

1673.

May 17, Frontenac sent Louis Joliet to find the Mississippi,
Jacques Marquette accompanying him.

June 1 3, Colbert, the French Minister, disapproved of Fron-
tenac's dividing the people of Canada into three
estates, and advised him not to give a corporate
form to the people of Canada.

«v

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

I ':
III!'
lij !

In .'

June 1 7, Marquette and Joliet discovered the Mississippi.

July 13, Frontenac, on La Salle's advice, founded Fort Fron-
tenac at Cataraqui ; Raudin, an engineer, began its
construction at once.

July 17, Marquette and Joliet, having gone down the Missis-
sippi to an Arkansas village, turned on their home-
ward voyage.

Aug. 1, Frontenac, returning from Fort Frontenac, reached
Montreal, where he quarrelled with Perrot, Gover-
nor of Montreal.

Dec. 23, The Seigniory of Terrebonne was granted to Daulier
Deslandes, " two leagues frontage upon the Riviere
Jesus, formerly call r] Riviere des Prairies."

1674.

In January, Perrot, Governor of Montreal, and Abbe
Fenelon, on snow shoes, walked from Montreal to
Quebec.

Cape Breton was joined to Canada.
Charter of West India Company was revoked.
La Salle, well recommended by Frontenac, went to
France, and received the Seigniory of Fort Fron-
tenac.

Oct. 1, Laval was made Bishop of Quebec, and Quebec was
made a bishopric.

Oct. 3. The members of the Sovereign Council, Quebec, were
increased from five to seven.

Nov., Frontenac shipped Perrot and Abbe Fenelon to France.

1675.

May 18, Father Jacques Marquette died on the west shore of

Michigan.

Perrot, after being disciplined a little, was restored

to the government of Montreal.

Feast of Assumption, mas'3 was first celebrated in

the church of Notre Dame de Bon-Secours, the first

stone church in Montreal.

Father James de Lamberville began a mission among

the Mohawks.
Sept. 25, Jacques Duchesneau arrived at Quebec, as Inten-

dant.

THE CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

ron

ong
ten-

1676.

The Sulpitians began the Mission of the Mountain.
Easter Sunday, Father James de Lamberville bap-
tized Catherine Tegahkouita, a Mohawk maiden.
Oct. 26, An assembly, in the Chateau St. Louis, under the
direction of the Governor, discussed the propriety or
prudence of selling brandy to Indians. " The great
majority were for unrestricted trade in brandy ; a
few were for a limited and guarded trade ; and two
or three declared for prohibition." — Parkman.

1677.

An Ursuiine Convent was established at Three

Rivers.
May 1, Colbert wrote to the Intendant, Duchesneau, warning

him not to take sides with the Bishop against Fron-

tenac.
May 18, Colbert wrote to Frontenac, exhorting him to live

more amicably with the Intendant.

1678.

The stone church at Caughnawaga, opposite Lachine,
was finished.

May 1 2, The King of France issued letters patent, incorporat-
ing the Jesuits in Canada.

La Salle obtained a royal patent, allowing him *' to
build forts through which it would seem that a pas-
sage to Mexico can be found."

Sept. 15, La Salle and Tonty reached Quebec.

Nov. 18, La Motte and Father Louis Hennepin, under the
direction of La Salle, left Fort Frontenac for the west.

Dec. 6, La Motte and Hennepin reached Niagara.

1679.

Jan. 8, By the carelessness of La Salle's pilot, the vessel in
which La Salle's men had crossed Lake Ontario, was
wrecked east of Niagara ; this was almost a calamity,
for much of the material for a vessel to be built on
Lake Erie was lost.

Jan. 22, La Salle and his men began the construction of a
vessel at the mouth of Cayuga Creek, " two leagues
above the Falls."

lit

W^'

iiiil r

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

:i! ■ >.

Joliet received a grant of the Mingan Islands as a

reward for his discoveries.
Aug. 7, The " Grififon " left the mouth of Cayuga Creek for

the west.
Sept. 18, La Salle, at Green Bay, sent the "Grififon," laden

with furs, to Niagara. She was never seen nor

heard of afterwards.
Nov. 1, La Salle reached the mouth of the St. Joseph River.

1680.

Jan. 1, La Salle and his men celebrated the Feast of the
Circumcision at Starved Rock.
La Salle built Fort Crevecoeur.

Feb. 28, Hennepin, with two companions, at La Salle's re-
quest, went off to explore the Illinois to its mouth.

March 1, La Salle, leaving Tonty with fifteen men to guard
the vessel they had built at Fort Crevecoeur, started
oS on foot for Canada.
Father Hennepin discovered St. Anthony's Falls.

April 11, The Sioux captured Father Hennepin.

May 6, La Salle reached Fort Frontenac.

May 29, The King of France granted letters patent, con-
firming the establishment of the Iroquois mission at
Sault St. Louis.
The Iroquois dispersed the tribes of the Illinois.

Aug. 10, La Salle started off again for the west.

Joliet received a giant of the Island of Anticosti.
Du Luth rescued Father Hennepin.

Oct. 29, " Monsieur " was to be given to Frontenac as Gov
ernor, to Laval as first Bishop, and to Duchesneau
as Intend ant of Justice.

Dec, The " Great Comet" appeared, and was visible till the
end of Feb., 1681. " No comet has threatened the
earth with a nearer approach than that of 1680."

1681.

Joliet, with his wife and six servants, settled on An-
ticosti Island.
April 30, The King wrote to Frontenac, complaining of his
arbitrary conduct, and threatened to recall him
unless he mended his ways ; he also ordered that
whoever went to the woods without a license should

THE CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

be branded and whipped for the first oflFence, and
sent for life to the galleys for the second oflFence.
This was levelled against the " coureurs de bois "
May, La Salle, to his great joy, found Tonty at Mackinaw.

1682.

Feb. 6, La Salle and Tonty issued from the Illinois River
upon the Mississippi.

March 31, La Salle and Tonty, with their men, reached the
mouth of the Red River.

April 9, La Salle and his men reached the mouth of the Mis-
sissippi, when he declared the basin of the river,
Louisiana, the territory of Louis the Great.
The King recalled Frontenac and Duchesneau, their
disagreements having become intolerable.

'* When he [Frontenac] sailed for France it was a day of
rejoicing to more than half the merchants of Canada, and,
excepting the RecoUets, to all the priests, but he left behind
him an impression, very general among the people, that, if
danger threatened the colony, Count Frontenac was the man
for the hour." Parkman's " Frontenac," p. 71.

Aug. 4, At 10 p.m. a great fire broke out in Quebec.

Oct. 9, Sieur de Barre became Governor of Canada, and De

Meules became Intendant.

On the top of Starved Rock, Illinois, La Salle and

Tonty built Fort St. Louis.

1683.

La Barre sent Chevalier, de Baugis, with a compe>
ent force, to seize La Salle's Fort St. Louis.
La Barre sent Charles Le Moyne, of Montreal, to
Onondaga to prevail on the Iroquois to send forty-
three chiefs to Montreal, to meet the Governor.

1084.

Feb., A war party of Senecas and Cayugas was repulsed in an
attack on Fort St. Louis, Illinois.

April, A royal order was issued at Quebec, making it death
for a Canadian to emigrate to Albany or Manhattan
(New York City.)

July 10, La Barre, with 200 men, left Quebec to fight the Iro-
quois.

" After a long stay at Montreal, La Barre embarked his
little armv at I^achine, crossed Lake St. Louis, and began the
4

♦S

t^\

'! '

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTOHY.

ascent of the Upper St. Lawrence. In one of the three
companies of regulars which formed a part of the force was
a young subaltern, the Baron la Hontan, who has left a
lively account of the expedition. Some of the men were in
flat boats, and some were in birch canoes. Of the latter was
La Hontan, whose craft was paddled by three Canadians.
Several times they shouldered it through the forest to escape
the turmoil of the rapids. The flat boats could not be so
handled, and were dragged or pushed up in the shallow
water close to the bank, by gangs of militia men, toiling and
struggling among the rocks and foam. The regulars, un-
skilled in such matters, were spared these fatigues, though
tormented night and day by swarms of gnats and mosquitoes,
objects of La Hontan's bitterest invective. At length the
last rapid was passed and they moved serenely on their way,
threaded the mazes of the Thousand Islands, entered what
is now the harbor of Kingston, and landed under the pali-
sades of Fort Frontenac.

" Here the whole force was soon assembled, the regulars
in their tents, the Canadian Militia and the Indiaiis in huts
and under sheds of )>ark. Of these red allies there were
several hundred : Abenakis and Algonquins from Sillery,
Hurons from Lorette, and converted Iroquois from the Jesuit
Mission of Saut St. Louis, near Montreal. The camp of the
French was on a low, damp plain near the fort ; and here a
malarious fever presently attacked them, killing many and
disabling many more. La Hontan says that La Barre him-
self was brought by it to the hi^ink of the grave. If he had
ever entertained any other purpose than that of inducing
the Senecas to agree to a temporary peace, he now complete-
ly abandoned it. He dared not even insist that the offend-
ing tribe should meet him in council, but hastened to ask the
mediation of the Onondagas, which the letters of Lamber-
ville had assured him that they were disposed to offer. He
sent Le Moyne to persuade them to meet him on their own
side of the lake, and, with such of his men as were able to
move, crossed to the mouth of Salmon River, then called La
Famine."— Parkman's "Frontenac," pp. 103-104.

Sept. 4, Treaty of Famine Cove ; its terms were humiliating

to La Barre.

La Barre was recalled.
Nov. 12, The cathedral chapter, Quebec, twelve canons and

four chaplains, was inaugurated.
Nov. 14, Laval left Canada for France.

1685.

Feb. 6, (James II. began to reign in England.)
Feb. 1 6, La Salle, missing the mouth of the Mississippi, land-
ed his French settlers for Louisiana at Matagorda
Bay, Texas, and built Fort St. Louis.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

iing

tnd

,nd-
Irda

July 29, Denonville, La Barre's successor, and St. Vallier
arrived at Quebec.

As it was difficult to keep coin in the country,
Meules issued card money.

Dongan, Governor of New York, sent Johannes
Rooseboom, an Albany trader, with eleven canoes,
to the Upper Lakes, to exchange peltries with the
Indians for furs ; Rooseboom returned in three
months, the venture proving satisfactory to himself
and to the Indians.

Population of Canada, 12,263 ; of New York,
18,000.

16S6.

Denonville sent Chevalier de Troyes, with Iberville,
Sainte-Helene, Maricourt, and eighty other Cana-
dians, to expel the English from Hudson's Bay ; he
did so at the request of the Company of the North,
just formed in Canada, which desired to secure the
Hudson's Bay trade.

Going up the Ottawa, De Troyes and his men crossed
the wilderness to Fort Hayes, took it, took Fort
Rupert, and Fort Albany, and, leaving Maricourt to
command the Bay, returned to Montreal.

" No Canadian, under the French rule, stands in a more
conspicuous or more deserved eminence than Pierre Le
Moyne d'lberville. In the seventeenth century, most of
those who acted a prominent part in the colony were born
in Old France ; but Iberville was a true son of the soil. He
and his brothers Longueuil, Serigny, Assigny, Maricourt,
Sainte-Helene, and the two Bienvilles, were one and all
children worthy of their father, Charles Le Moyne, of Mon-
treal, and favorable types of that Canadian noblesse, to
whose adventurous hardihood half the continent bears
witness." — Parknian's "Frontenac," p. 388.

June 6, Denonville wrote to Du Luth, ordering him to occupy
Det.roit vith fifty " coureurs de bois ; " Du Luth
quickly did so, and built a stockade to make his
occupation good.

June 12, Denonville wrote to the Minister, Seignelay, for
troops to humble the Iroquois.
Johannes Rooseboom started with a larger trading
outfit for the Upper Lakes.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTOKY.

Canada sent three ships loaded with wheat to the
West Indies.

July, Jacques Bochart de Champigny arrived in Canada, as
Intendant.

Oct. 15, Denonville wrote to France, "Things grow worse and
worse. The English stir up the Iroquois against us,
and send parties to Mackinaw to rob us of our trade.
It would be better to declare war against them than
to perish by their intrigues."

Nov. 16, Denonville wrote to France, " I have a mind to go
straight to Albany, storm their fort, and burn every-
thing."

Population of Acadia, 885.

Dongan, Governor of New York, sent a Scotch
officer, named McGregory, with fifty men, to join
Rooseboom on the Upper Lakes, and to make a
treaty of trade and alliance with the Indians.

March 19, La Salle, while trying to make a journey from Fort
St. Louis, Texas, to Canada, was murdered near
Trinity River by some of his mutinous followers.
Denonville, dissembling his purpose, collected an
army for a descent upon the Senecas. His point of
departure was Fort Frontenac.

June 20, Champigny, having invited the Iroquois in the neigh-
borhood of Fort Frontenac to a feast, made them
prisoners to the number of thirty men and ninety
women and children.

July 3, One Perr^, with Canadians and Christian Indians,
made the Iroquois of Ganneious (near Fredericks-
burg) prisoners, to the number of eighteen men and
sixty women and children.

Some of these captives were distributed among the
missions ; the others were sent to France to work in
the galleys.

July 4, Denonville, with his army, left Fort Frontenac for
Irondequoit Bay. Here he was joined by La Duran-
taye, who brought with him a host of Indians from
the West.

July 12, Denonville, with his army, left Irondequoit Bay for
the capital of the Senecas.

La Durantaye captured Rooseboom, and, soon after,
he and Du Lhut captured McGregory.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

the
in

for
iran-
Irom

for

Eter,

July 13, Denonville's vanguard fell into an ambuscade (»f the
Senecas ; but, after some disorderly conduct, the
main body came to the front, and put the Senecas
to flight.

July 14, Denonville's men reached the heart of ihe Seneca

country, but found the " Babylon of the Senecas " in

ashes and nobody in sight.

" The soldiers killed the hogs, burned the old corn, and
hacked down the new with their swords. Next they ad-
vanced to an abandoned Seneca fort on a hill half a leasue
distant, and burned it, with all that it contained. Ten
days passed in the work of havoc. Three neighboring vil-
lages were levelled, and all their ^fields laid waste. The
amount of corn destroyed was prodigious. Denonville reck-
ons it at the absurdly exaggerated amount of twelve hundred
thousand bushels."— Parlcman's " Frontenac," p. 154.

July 24, Denonville returned to Irondequoit Bay ', and then
proceeded to Niagara, where he built a fort, and left
it under Chevalier de Troyes, with 100 men.

Aug. 13, Denonville returned to Montreal.

A mission Indian had told Denonville, that, if he
oversets a wasp's nest, he must kill the wasps, or
they would sting him. Denor v^ille had overset the
Senecas, but he had not even seriously hurt them ;
they now prepared for revenge.

Oct. 2, Denonville wrote to Dongan, promising to send back
McGregory and the other English prisoners ; he soon
did so.

Oct. 31, Dongan, Governor of New York, wrote to Denon-
ville, demanding that the Iroquois seized at Fort
Frontenac and imprisoned in French galleys, be sur-
rendered to the English Ambassador at Paris.

Nov. 10, James II., of England, owned the Iroquois as sub-
jects, and ordered Dongan to protect them.

1688.

Jan. 25, St. Vallier was consecrated Bishop of Quebec. In
the spring, the occupants of Fort Niagara were re-
duced, by want and disease, to ten men.

June 8, Big Mouth, the famous Onondaga orator, with six
Onondaga, Oneida, and Cayuga chiefs, arrived at
Montreal to confer about peace, Denonville having
promised to return the prisoners.

■M

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

" What had brought the marquis to this pass ? Famine,
destitution, disease, and the Iroquois were making Canada
their prey. The fur trade had been stopped for two years ;
and the peonle, bereft of their only means of subsistence,
could contribute nothing to their own defence. Above
Three Rivers, the whole population was imprisoned in stock-
ade forts hastily built in every seigniory. Here they were
safe, provided that they never ventured out ; but their fields
were left untilled, and the governor was already compelled
to feed many of them at the expense of the king. The Iro-
quois roamed among the deserted settlements, or prowled
like lynxes about the forts, waylaying convoys ana killing
or capturing stragglers. Their war parties were usually
small ; but their movements were so mysterious and their
attacks so sudden, that they spread a universal panic through
the upper half of the colony. They were the wasps which
Denonville had failed to kill."— Parkman's " Frontenac," p.
167.

When the " Rat," a Huron chief, lieard that Den-
onville, in the prospective peace, was not going to
include the Indians allied to the French, he " killed
the peace," by intercepting some Iroquois deputies,
firing on them, killing some others, and pretending
that he had been prompted to it by Denonville.

Aug. 10, Denonville begged the King of France to send back
the Indians captured at Fort Frontenac.

Aug. 15, Laval returned to Quebec.

Aug. 20, Denonville promised Dongan that he would demolish
Fort Niagara.

Aug. 21, Andros, Governor of New York, wrote to Denon-
ville, forbidding him to molest the Iroquois, as they
were British subjects.

Sept. 15, Denonville, at the demand of the Iroquois, aban-
doned Fort Niagara, and demolished it.

1689.

Feb. 13, (William III. and Mary began to reign in England.)
King William's war was begun.

May 8, Nicolas Perrot, Pierre le Sueur being with him, on the
Wisconsin side of Lake Pepin, took formal occupa-
tion of the country, in the name of the King of
France.

May 31, The king recalled Denonville, and made Fronter.ac
Governor of Canada the second time.

Aug. 5, Massacre of Lachine.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORT.

"On the night before the fourth and fifth of August, a
violent hail- storm burst over Lake St. Louis, an expansion of
the 8t. Lawrence a little above Montreal. Concealed by the
tempv,8t and the darkness, fifteen hundred warriors landed
at La Chine, and silently posted themselves about the houses
of the sleeping settlers, then screeched the war-whoop, and
began the most frightful massacre in Canadian history.
The houses were burned, and men, women, and children in-
discriminately butchered. In the neighborhood were three
stockade forts, called R^my, Roland, and La Presentation ;
and they all had garrisons. There was also an encampment
of two hundred regulars about three miles distant, unaer an
officer named Subercase, then absent at Montreal on a visit
to Denonville, who had lately arrived with his wife and
family. At four o'clock in the morning, the troops in this
encampment heard a cannon shot from one of the forts.
They were at once ordered under arms. Soon after they saw
a man running towards them, just escaped from the butchery.
He told his story and passed on with the news to Montreal,
six miles distant. Then several fugitives app< ared, chased
by a band of Iroquois, who gave over the pursuit at sight of
the soldiers, but pillaged several houses before their eyes.
The day was well advanced before Subercase arrived. He
ordered the troops to march. About a hundred armed in-
habitants had joined them, and they moved together towards
Lachine. Here they found the houses still burning, and
the bodies of their inmates strewn among them or hanging
from the stakes where they had been tortured. They
learned from a French surgeon, escaped from the enemy, that
the Iroquois were all encamped a mile and a half farther on,
behind a tract of forest. Subercase, whose force had been
strengthened by troops from the forts, resolved to attack
the.a ; and, had he been allowed to do so, he would probably
have punished them severely, for most of them were help-
lessly drunk with brandy taken from the houses of the trad-
ers. Sword in hand, at the head of his men, the daring
officer entered the forest ; but at that moment a voice from
the rear commanded a halt. It was that of the Chevalier
de Vaudreuil, just come from Montreal, with positive orders
from Denonville to run no risks and stand solely on the de-
fensive. Subercase was furious. High words passed be-
tween him and Vaudreuil, but he was forced to obey.

*' The troops were led back to Fort Roland, where about
five hundred regulars and militia were now collected under
command of Vaudreuil. On the next day eighty men from
Fort R^my attempted to join them, but the Iroquois had
slept off the effects of their orgies, and were again on the
alert. The unfortunate detachment was set upon by a host
of savages, and cut to pieces in full sight of Fort Koland.
All were killed or captured except Le Moyne de Longueuil,
and a few others, who escaped within the gate of Fort R4my

THK GAKDINAL PACn OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

ill ■

" Montreal was wild with terror. It had been fortified
with palisades since the war began, but, though there were
troops in the town under the governor himaelf, the people
were in mortal dread. No attack was made either on the
town or on any of the forts, and such of tho inhabitants as
could reach them were safe, while the Iroquois held undis-
puted possession of the open country, burned all the houses
and barns over an extent of nine miles, and roamed in small

?arties, pillaging and scalping, over more than twenty miles,
'here is no mention of their having encountered opposition,
nor do they seem to" have met with any loss but that of some
warriors killed in the attack on tlie detachment from Fort
R^my, and that of three drunken stragglers who were caught
and thrown into a cellar in Fort La Presentation. When
they came to their senses, they defied their captors, and
fought with such ferocity that it was necessary to shoot
them. Charlev^oix says that the invaders remained in the
neighborhood of Montreal till the middle of October, or more
than two months ; but this seems incredible, since troops
and militia enough to drive them all into the 8t. Lawrence
might easily have been collected in less than a week. It is
certain, however, that their stay was strangely long. Troops
and inhabitants seem to have been paralyzed with fear.

" At length, most of them took to their canoes, and re-
crossed Lake St. Louis in a body, giving ninety yells to show
that they had ninety prisoners in their clutches. This was
not all : for the whole number carried off was more than a
hundred and twenty, besides about two hundred who had
the good fortune to be killed on the spot. As the Iroaucia
passed the forts, thev shouted, * Onontio, you deceived us,
and now we have deceived you.' Towards evening they
encamped on the farther side of the lake, and began to tor-
ture and devour their prisoners. On that miserable night,
stupefied and speechless groups stood gazing from the strand
of La Chine at the lights that gleamed along the distant
shore of Chateaugay, where their friends, wives, parents, or
children agonized in the fires of the Iroquois, and scenes
were enacted of indescribable and nameless horror. The
greater part of the prisoners were, however, reserved to be
distributed among the towns of the confederacy, and there
tortured for the diversion of the inhabitants. While some
of the invaders went home to celebrate their triumph,
others roamed in small parties through all the upper parts
of the colony, spreading universal terror."— Parkman's
" Frontenac," pp. 177-181.

Callieres, Governor of Montreal, in France submit-
ted a scheme to tha king for the solution of all Can-
ada's difficulties. It was to coiiquer New York. It
could be done, Callieres argued, with the forces in
Canada, 1,000 regulars, and 600 militia, and two

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

royal ships of war. The king, after modifying the
scheme, adopted it. But delay in fitting out the
tvfo ships, and an exceptionally long passage across
the Atlantic, caused by head winds, ruined the
enterprise.

Sept. 1 2, Frontenac and Callieres reached Chedabucto.

Oct. 15, Frontenac reached Quebec, bringing with him thir-
teen Iroquois, taken from the galleys, all that re-
mained of those whom Denonville took at Fort
Frontenac.

Nov. 6, Frontenac sent an expedition to succor Fort Frontenac,
which soon met De Valrennes, who, having by
Denonville's orders destroyed the fort, was return-
ing to Montreal.

By the king's permission a few negroes were brought
into Canada for slaves; but slavery never flour-
ished in the colony, the climate being too rigorous
for -legroes.

1690.

Jan. 22, The Iroquois began a Grand Council at Onondaga,
and concluded a treaty of peace with the English
and the tribes of the Great Lakes.

Feb. 8, Mantet and Sainte-Helene took Schenectady and
massacred nearly all the people, as they were aroused
from sleep.

March 28, Hertel took Salmon Falls.

Frontenac sent Captain Louvignay, with 193 Cana-
dians, by way of the Ottawa, to reinforce Mackinaw,
where the Indian allies of the French were waver-
ing in their allegiance.

May 1 1, Menneval surrendered Port Royal to Sir Wm. Phips.

May 28, Portneuf took Fort Loyal.

June 14, Captain Sylvanus Davis, commander of Fort Loyal,
arrived at Quebec.

July 31, Frontenac, having left Major Prevost to strengthen
Quebec, reached Montreal.

Aug. 9, Sir Wm. Phips, with 32 ships and 2,200 men, left
Nantasket, Mass., to take Quebec.
In August, Montreal was thronged with Hurons,
Ottawas, Ojibwas, Pottawatamies, Crees, and Nip-
pissings, come to trade ; there was a great council

St:

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^iBi!

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

and a war-feast, when Frontenac, joining with the
Indians in their songs and antics, helped to devour
the two oxen and six large dogs that had been
minced and boiled with prunes ; two barrels of wine
and an abundance of tobacco were used in toning
down the feast.

Oct. 10, A messenger from Prevost, town-major of Quebec,
arrived in Montreal, with a letter to Frontenac,
telling him that the English were coming up the St.
Lawrence.

Oct. 14, Frontenac arrived in Quebec.

Oct. 16, Sir Wm. Phips entered Quebec harbor, and sent a
summons to Frontenac to surrender ; Frontenac
contemptuously refused.

In the evening, Callieres, Governor of Montreal,
arrived at Quebec, bringing 800 soldiers and troops
of " coureurs de bois," " all full of fight, singing and
whooping with martial glee as they passed the west-
ern gate and trooped down St. Louis Street."

Oct. 18, Major Walley landed 1,200 men on Beauport Shore,
and Phips began to bombard Quebec.

" Meanwhile, Phips, whose fault hitherto had not been an
excess of promptitude, grew impatient, and made a prema-
ture movement inconsistent with the preconcerted plan.
He left his moorings, anchored his largest ships before the
town, and prepared to cannonade it ; but the nery veteran,
who watched him from the Ch3,teau St. Louis, anticipated
him, and gave him the first shot. Phips replied furiously,
opening fire with every gun that he could bring to bear ;
while the rock paid him back in kind, and belched flame
and smoke from all its batteries. So fierce and rapid was
the firing that La Hontan compares it to volleys of mus-
ketry ; and old officers, who had seen many sieges, de-
clared that they had never known the like. The din was
prodigious, reverberated from the surrounding heights, and
rolled back from the distant mountains in one continuous
roar. On the part of the English, however, surprisingly
little was accomplished beside noise and smoke. The
practice of their gunners was so bad that many of their
shots struck harmlessly against the face of the clifT. Their
guns, too, were very light, and appeared to have been charg-
ed with a view to the most rigid economy of gunpowder ; for
the balls failed to pierce the stone walls of the buildings,
and did so little damage that, as the French boasted, twenty
crowns would have repaired it all. Xight came at length,
and the turmoil ceased.

iii'yi.ia>iu>M!awf-'

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY

" Phips lay quiet till daybreak, when Frontenac sent a
shot to waken him, and the cannonade began again. Sainte-
H^l^ne had returned from Beauport ; and he, with hib bro-
ther Maricourt, took charge of the two batteries of the
Lower Town, aiming the guns in person, and throwing
balls of eighteen and twenty-four pounds with excellent
precision against the four largest ships of the fleet. One
of their shots cut the flagstaff of the admiral, and the cross
of St. George fell into the river. It drifted with the tide
towards the north shore ; whereupon several Canadians
paddled out in a birch canoe, secured it, and brought it back
in triumph. On the spire of the cathedral in the Upper
Town had been hung a picture of the Holy Family, as an
invocation of Divine aid. The Puritan gunners wasted
their ammunition in vain attempts to knock it down. That
it escaped their malice was ascribed to miracle, but the
miracle would have been greater if they had hit it.

"At length, one of the ships, which had suffered most,
hauled off and abandoned the fight. That of the admiral
had fared little better, and now her condition grew des-
perate. With her rigging torn, her mainmast half cut
through, her mizzen-mast splintered, her cabin pierced, and
her hull riddled with shot, another volley seemed likely to
sink her, when Phips ordered her to be cut loose from her
moorings, and she drifted out of fire, leaving cable and anchor
behind. The remaining ships soon gave over the conflict,
and withdrew to stations where they could neither do harm
nor suffer it."— Parkman's " Frontenac," pp. 272-274.

Oct. 21, At night, Major Walley embarked his men, not be-
ing able to touch Quebec.

Oct. 24, Phips retired with his ships behind Orleans Island,
where he hove to, to mend rigging and repair his ships.
" Quebec was divided between thanksgiving and
rejoicing."

Nov. 15, Three supply ships, which had evaded Phips by go-
ing up the Saguenay, arrived at Quebec.

1691.

Aug. 10, Peter Schuyler, with 260 men, surprised the French
at La Prairie, and then retreated ; but, before he
reached his canoes on the Richelieu, Valrenne inter-
cepted him and gave him " the most hot and stub-
born fight ever known in Canada."

1692.

In February, a young officer, Beaucour, with 300
men, killed or captured a band of Iroquois who

i' il

. ! I

I::

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i . «'

THB CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

were wintering l)etwoen the St. Lawrence and tho
Ottawa.

June 10, Portneuf, the Baron dc Saint-Castin, and other lead-
ers, with 400 warriors, attacked Cawtine (Wells),
but Capt. Con vers beat them off.
During the summer caterpillars de.stroy(Hl all tho
crops in Canada; but a pro<ligi(>us number of H(|uir-
rels appeared, which the people killed for food.

Oct. 22, The Iroquois attacked Vercheres, but Madeline, tho
seignior's daughter, fourteen years of age, with two
soldiers, two boys, and an old niun, held the fort for
a week ; then help arrived and the Indians were
driven off. jg^^g

In January, Mantet, Courtemanohe, and La Noue,
with 625 men, left Chambly, and, on snow shoes,
started southward for the Mohawk towns.
Feb. 16, Mantet, Courtemanche, and La Noue t(H)k three
Mohawk towns, killed several people, and took umny
to Canada.

Quelwc, Montreal, and Three Rivers were strength-
ened by l)etter fortifications ; "a strt)ng stone redoubt,
with sixteen cannon," was built upon the summit of
Cape Diamond.

By Frontenac's skilful management, two hundred
canoes, laden with rich peltries, managed to make a
safe descent of the Ottawa. The people called
Frontenac, " Father of the People and Preserver of
the Country."
Population of Acadia, 1,009.

1694.

Jan. 16, Bishop Saint-Vallier issued two mandates, — one de-
nouncing comedies, especially " Tartuffe," and the
other condemning Sieur de Mauriel, a half-pay lieu-
tenant, who had acted the comedian and was booked
for a part of ♦* Tartuffe."

Villieu and Thury, with 230 Indians, attacked the
settlement of Oyster River, and killed over a hun-
dred people.

•' Early in the war, the French of Canada began the mer-
ciful practice of buying English prisoners, and especially

-R,

TIIK CARDINAL FACTS OE CANADIAN HISTORY.

children from their Indian allies. After the first fury of
attack, many lives were spared for the sake of this ransonh
Sometimes, but not always, the redeemed captives were
made to work for their benefactors. They were uniformly
treated well, and often with such kindness that they would
not be exchanged, and became Canadians by adoption." —
Parkman's " Frontenac," p. 377.

Dec. 8, (Queen Mary, of England, died.)

1695.

In July, Frontenac sent Chevalier de Crisasy, with
700 men, to restore Fort Frontenac.

1696.

July 4, Frontenac, with 2,200 men, left Montreal, to attack
the Onondagas.

Aug. 1, Frontenac and his men reached Onondaga. The re-
sults of this expedition were similar to Denonville's.

Aug. 15, Villieu, Saint Castin, and Thury took Pemaquid, the
commander of the post, Chubb, not being very
resolute.

Late, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville attacked and
overran Newfoundland.

1697.

March 15, Abenakis attacked Haverhill, and carried o£f
Hannah Dustan, Mary Neff, and an English boy ;
but, while on their way to the Indian village, the
three prisoners one night seized hatchets, killed
their sleeping captors, scalped them, escaped to
Haverhill, and received £50 for their ten scalps.

May 19, Serigny, Iberville's brother, arrived at Newfound-
land with five ships of war, bearing orders to Iber-
ville to proceed against the English in Hudson's Bay.
In July, Iberville and Serigny, in Hudson's Bay,
defeated four English armed merchantmen, and took
Fort Nelson.

Sept. 20, Treaty of Ryswick : France recovered Acadia.

1698.

End of May, Major Peter Schuyler, accompanied by Dellius,

the minister of Albany, came to Montreal, bearing

news of peace.

" Peter Schuyler and his colleague, Dellius, brousht to
Canada all the French prisoners in the hands of the English

•t

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IS:'

THE CARDINAL FAOT«l OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

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of New York, and asked for English prisoners in return ;
but nearly all these preferred to remain, a remarkable proof
of the kindness with which the Canadians treated their
civilized captives."— Parkman's " Frontenac," p. 426.

Sept 23, John Schuyler dined with Frontenac at Quebec.
Nov. 28, Frontenac died.

" He was greatly beloved by the humbler classes, who,
days before his death, beset the chateau, praising and
lamenting him. Many of higher station shared the popular
grief."— Parkman's '• Frontenac," p. 428.

1699.

March 2, D'Iberville entered the Mississippi from the sea, the
first white man to do so.

April 20, De Callieres, Governor of Montreal, was made Gover-
nor of Canada.

Le Moyne d'Iberville built a stockade fort at Biloxi,
Mississippi ; this was the beginning of Louisiana.

1700.

Jan. 12, Death of Margaret Bourgeois, founder of Sisters of

Congregation of Notre Dame.

" To this day, in crowded school-rooms of Montreal and
Quebec, fit monuments of her unobtrusive virtue, her suc-
cessors instruct the children of the poor, and embalm the
pleasant memory of Margaret Bourgeois. In the martial
figure of Maisonneuve, and the fair form of this gentle
nun, we find the true heroes of Montreal." — Parkman's
"Jesuits," p. 202.

Sept. 8, De Callieres, at Montreal, signed a treaty of peace

with the Iroquois, Abenakis, and Ottawas.

Population of Canada, 15,000.

(Population of New York, 30,000.)

(Population of New England, 100,000.)

1701.
July 24, La Motte-Cadillac, with 100 men, began Detroit.

1702.

March 8, (Queen Anne began to reign in England.)

May 15, England declared war against France ; then was

begun Queen Anne's War, or the War of the

Spanish Succession.
Oct. 5, Fran9ois de Beauharnois was made Intendant of

Canada.

i'l

THR CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

1703.

May 26, M. de Callieres died.

Aug. 1, Marquis de Yaudreuil, Governor of Montreal, was

commissioned Governor of Canada.
Oct. 29, The Members of the Sovereign Council were increased

from seven to twelve members.

1704.

Feb. 29, Hertel de Rouville, with 50 Canadians and 200
Indians, attacked and burned Deerfield and brought
off John Williams, the minister.
In retaliation for Rouville's conduct at Deerfield,
Col. Benjamin Church, who had been a prominent
fighter in King Philip's War, led an expedition
against Acadia, where he committed a few depreda-
tions at Grand Pr^, but hardly disturbed Port
Royal. He returned to Boston.

*' It was a miserable retaliation for a barbarous outrage ;
as the guilty were out of reach, the invaders turned their
ire on the innocent." — Parkman's " Half Century of Con-
flict," I., p. 120.

1705.

Sept. 6, Jacques and Antoine Raudot, joint Intendants of
Canada, arrived at Quebec.

1707.

June 6, Col. March, with 1,500 men from Boston, attempted
to take Port Royal.

June 16, Col. March retired from Port Royal. Being rein-
forced he was ordered to move against Port Royal

again.

Aug. 20, Col. Church retreated from Port Royal the second
time.

The Intendant granted the porpoise fishery of the
seigniory of Riviere Quelle to six of the habitana.

1708.
May 6, Death of Bishop Laval

In the summer, Hertel de Rouville and Saint Ours
de Chaillons led 100 Canadians and 300 Indians
against the New England settlements, killed several
people, captured many, and burned whatever houses
they could.

!!f

! I

1 1 ;

THR CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

1709.

Col. Nicholson failed to descend the Richelieu with
his provincial levies.

1710.

March 31, Micehl Begon was commissioned Intendant of Can-
ada
Nov. 13, Col. Nicholson took Port Royal.

1711.

In June the M icmacs and Fenobscots in Nova Scotia

killed or captured seventy English.
July 30, Sir Hovenden Walker, with a fine fleet, left Boston

to take Quebec.
Aug 22, Having failed to reach Quebec, Sir Hovenden Walker,

through criminal carelessness, lost 10 ships and

884 men in the St. Lawrence, at Isle aux (Eufs.

1712.

The Outagamies and Mascoutins besieged Detroit.
May 13, Sieur de Vincennes, with eight Frenchmen, arrived
at Detroit from the Miami country.
The French, aided by a strong reinforcement of In-
dian allies, after fighting for several days, compelled
the Outagamies and Mascoutins to surrender.

1713.

April 13, Treaty of Utrecht ; England obtained Acadia.

The Iroquois, or Five Nations, being joined about
this time by the Tuscaroras, became the Six Nations.

1714.

April 22, Louis Francois Duplessis de Mornay was consecrated

Bishop of Quebec.
Aug. 1, (George I. began to reign in England.)

Gen. Nicholson was made Governor of Nova Scotia.

1716.

Father Lafitau discovered gensing.

Louvigny defeated the Outagamies at Fox River.

1717.
Gen. Phillips was made Governor of Nova Scotia.
Card money was withdrawn from circulation in
Canada.

THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

Merchants' Exchanges were established at Quebec
and Montreal.

1720.

The French fortified Louisbourg, Cape Breton Island ;
they spent £1,500,000 on the work.
Sept. 24, Charlevoix arrived at Quebec.

1721.
June 19, Great fire in Montreal.

The Intendant granted the monopoly of carrying the
post, from Quebec to Montreal, to M. Lanouiller ;
it was the first regular post service in Canada.

1723.

Two men-of-war and six merchantmen were built in
Canada.

1724.

Aug. 12, Father Rasles was murdered at Norridgewock.

Col. L. Armstrong was made Governor of Nova
Scotia.

1725.

A stone fort was begun at Niagara.

Gov. Burnet, of New York, erected a trading post

at Oswego.
Oct. 10, M. de Vaudreuil died.
Dec. 25, Pierre Herman Dosquet was consecrated Bishop of

Quebec.

1726.

The French established a permanent garrison at Fort
Niagara.

Sept. 2, Marquis de Beauharnois was m&de Governor ot
Canada.

Dec. 31, Claude Thomas Dupuy signed his first act as Inten-
dant of Canada.

1727.

June 11, (George II. began to reign in England.)
Dec. 26, Death of Bishop Saint- Vallier.

1728.
Aug 12, Vitus Behring passed through Behring Strait, prov-
ing the insularity of America.
5

)<■ i'

,il . :^

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

-..HI

i liEJ'i

i 'if;'

11
I

I lit

life

1729.

Nov. 22, Qilles Hocquart signed his first act as Intendant of
Canada.

1731.

In this year Hocquart received his commission as
Intendant.
June 8, Verendrye, equipped by Montreal traders, left Mon-
treal to hunt, trade in furs, and to find the Pacific.
The French erected Fort Frederic, at Crown Point.

1732.

Feb. 19, In Canada, religious houses were forbidden to shel-
ter fugitives from justice.

1733.

The first forge in Canada was set up at 8t. Maurice.

1734.

A vehicle, on wheels, first went from Quebec to

Montreal.

Sazzarin, physician and naturalist, died in Quebec.

1735.

Verendrye built Fort Rouge on the site of the city
of Winnipeg.

1737.

April 22, An order-in-council was passed, permitting "La
Compagnie des Forges " to work the iron mines at
Three Rivers without dues of any kind.
In this year two Christian Brothers came to Canada
to promote education.

Nov. 24, Erasmus James Phillips, an officer of the British
army, while on a visit in Boston, was made a Free-
mason.

1738.

Sometime in this year Erasmus James Phillips
organized a Freemason Lodge at Annapolis, Nova
Scotia. (Cf. " Standard History of Freemasonry," by
Emmanuel Rebold and J. F. Brennan, p. 362 and p.
452.) Perhaps this was the first Masonic Lodge in
what is now Canada.
Dec. 3; Verendrye entered the village of the Mandans.

THE OABDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

La
at

hips
leva

1739.

Canadian tobacco was first sent to France.
Dec. 20, Fran9ois-Louis Pourroy I'Auberiviere was consecrat-
ed Bishop of Quebec.

1740.

Capt. P. Mascarene was made Governor of Nova
Scotia.

1741.

April 9, Henri-Marie Dubreuil de Pontbriand was consecrat-
ed Bishop of Quebec.

1742.

June 29, Joseph La France reached York Factory, having
floated down the Nelson River.

1743.

Jan. 1, Chevalier de la Verendrye and his brother saw the

Bighorn Range, the iirst white men to see the Rocky

Mountains.
Nov. 25, In Canada an ordinance was published, restraining

religious communities from acquiring more land

without royal permission.

1744.
King George's War, or War of Austrian Succession,
was begun.
Nov. 24, The Bishop of Quebec transferred the observance of
several holidays to the following Sunday.

1745.

June 17, William Pepperell, with an American force, took

Louisbourg, Cape Breton.
Nov. 29, Marin took Saratoga.

1746.

June 20, Due D'Anville left Rochelle with a powerful fleet to

retake Acadia and Louisbourg.
Aug. 31, Rigaud de Vaudreuil, Major of Three Rivers, took

Fort Massachusetts.
Sept. 1 4, D'Anville's fleet was dispersed by a storm near Sable

L<*land.
Sept. 27, D'Anville died of apoplexy, brought on by suspense

and trouble.

' 1.

I-

«^

lif'.

1 i

'I -:

i $'

■1r

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

1747.

May 10, La Jonquiere, with a formidable fleet for the recap-
ture of Acadia and Louisbourg, saile(] from Rochelle.

May 14, Admiral Anson and Rear- Admiral Warren captured
La Jonquiere and all the armed ships of his fleet.

Sept 19, Galissonniere arrived at Quebec.

1748.

Jan. 1 , Francois Bigot was commissioned Intendant of Canada.
Count Galissoniere advised that 10,000 French
peasants be settled in the Ohio valley.

Aug. 25. Fran9ois Bigot arrived at Quebec.

Sept, Abbe Picquet, a Sulpitian, began a fort at La Presenta-
tion (Ogdensburg.)

Oct. 8, Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle : all conquests were restored.

1749.

May 19, The King of England granted 200,000 acres of land
to the Ohio Company, the full grant of 600,000 be-
ing promised in seven years if conditions were ful-
filled.

June 16, De Celeron, sent west to mark the French occupation
by burying leaden plates at particular places, left
Lachine.

July 9, Col. Cornwallis landed 2,576 people at Halifax, N.S.,
founding the city.
Lord Cornwallis was made Governor of Nova Scotia.

July 12, The French reoccupied Louisbourg ; this galled the
" Bostonnais."

July 14, The first Council of Halifax met.

July 22, De Celeron reached Lake Chatauqua.

July 29, De Celeron buried the first leaden plate at the con-
fluence of the Conewango and the " Ohio " (Alle-
ghany.)

Aug. 3, De Celeron buried the second leaden plate on the
south bank of the Alleghany, nine miles below
French Creek.

Aug. 13, De Celeron buried the third leaden plate on the
north bank of Wheeling Creek.

Aug. 15, De Celeron buried the fourth leaden plate at the
mouth of the Muskingum.

Aug. 16, Sieur de la Jonquiere was made Governor of Canada.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

Aug. 18, De Celeron buried the fifth leaden plate on the

south bank of the Ohio.
Aug 31, De Celeron buried the sixth, the last, leaden plate

where the Qreat Miami joins the Ohio.
Sept 1, De Celeron turned back.

Portneuf, with 15 soldiers, built Fort Houille,

beginning Toronto.
Oct. 6, Do Celeron arrived at Detroit.

1750.
Col. Lawrence built a fort at Chignecto.

" Mr. Bigot, the Intendant of Canada, displayed this
year much of that license and prodigality for wnicn he be-
came notorious, and resorted to the most profligate means
for the support of his expenses, which were lavished upon a
female favorite." — Bouohette's *' British Dominions in North
America," I., p. 4.39.

1751.

Early in summer, Abbe Picquet, with six Canadians
and five Indians, began the circuit of Lake Ontario.

June 26, Picquet reached Toronto, where he found a band of
Mississagas.

June 28, Picquet reached Niagara.

July 12, Picquet reached the mouth of the Genesee, and vis-
ited the falls.

1752.

March 28, John Bushell issued the first number of the Hali-
fax Gazette, the first newspaper in Canada.
Peregrine T. Hopson was made Governor of Nova
Scotia.

May 17, La Jonquiere died in Quebec.

June 21, Charles Langlade, with Ottawas and Ojibwas, took
Pickawillany on the Miami, and killed "Old
Britain," an Indian chief, and some English traders.

Aug. 7, Marquis du Quesne was made Governor of Canada.

Sept. 2, Great Britain called Sept. 2 Sept. 14, changing Old
Style to New.

1753.

Canadians fortified themselves at Presqu'-Isle, Lake

Erie, and moved down to Venango.

Gov. Dinwiddie, of Virginia, sent George Washing-

iftS

?iF

rt'.»

lilK «*AI<IUNM. KMTN OK l*ANM»UN lllrtT«M(V.

ton to tin* Uppt^r Ohio, \o oiilnr l\\o Vt'mwU nlV
UritiMh (on'iloi'v

Mi^iiM' l.i%\vivnoo wiiM uuvtio (lovtM'hor of NnvaHoo(,in.
hoo. (, \V».Mlooi);iou. n«voiu|)tinio«( \\y Oiwl luui lliilt' Kiii^,
i*««tioh(t(i Voiuvo^t, UM«i onioriMl (\«.)t(, »loiioi«.ii'(> oil
Mi'iti.nli liMM'itorv . ll»o Ulloi- politolv l»n< n»Mo!nlolv
n^fuNtui (o ^n«)^o,

iNtpt. Tnutt lH«^iOt (o ItuiM a fort on (ho silo <»!'

ri((>tl)ur|j;, ttui iiUouiooiMi i( at ihv oonnni(i)«i of

(1(0 l*'iHMtol), who lloiMho«i i(, inul iwviimmI it l>u

ijluoMno,
Mnv V?7, WjiHhiogtoM, \vi(i> |,MU> inon, rouoho«i tho (}ro«(

Momlows,
Mrtv '^KS \V«»,Hhing(o«i, >vhih> foi'(ifyi»>K hiinnolf on tho Mono

n^tiluOa, (Mt^t^gtMl (Ih» l''i^'nol«, \vli«»n M. •hnnonviUo

>v«M kiUoU,
M«»V •U\ i^»l. l''«\v *Jving, Wtwslun^jton In^ofono «MMnnu^n<hM' of

(ho ICnulish,
Jnly 4, \V»iHhinj<(t»n, iiofoHtinl l>y IV» ViUiors, ivhtonionoW l''or(

N0v'tVHHi(V,

hVh 'JO, (Jon, Ur»»»hiook, witli Ovo ivj^in^onts, urrivod in
Vivginiji.

M{V«vl> l(\ Hishop Ponthnjuul visitor! l>oti^>i(.

»luno ^, In oUshom^t^ to a pixvhinuUion, Aomiians to th«» nmn
Ih»i" of US nhh^ l«(Hti(Hi inon n\ot in (ho ohuivh at
(Jmnii Tiv. N«>va Sooiia, whon (N>l, Winslow wmi
*• his Manvsty's (inal ivsolution/' whioh was, that
"your lan*ls and (o(»on»t»nt»s, oattU* of all kinds, and
Uvo st*H'k of all s\>rt^, aiv forfoitoil io tho (,^\»wn,
with all Vx.ur othor olVxvts. savinij vour tnonov and
h\n»st^l»old ijxHHis/'

Juno 8, Avhnind IVvsoawon t*H»k tho TnMU'h ships, " l,ys "
and " Aloido," otVtho i>Mis{ of Nowfoundlantl.

»'uno Us l\>l, Monokton tiH>k Fort HtMiusojour, Nova Soot ia.

.Inly 5^ Oon, Hraddivk, with l,*JOO mon, wa,s dofoatod and
inorts^lly woundini no{*r Fort Ou C^ut\su«s l»y 'J50
Ftvnoh and Indians nndor IWujou.

»luU 10, IV Vjiudnnul w,«»s mado (JovK»rnorof (.^innda.

♦hilv K*^. i5t»n> Urnddivk duni

TIIK (lAMIHNAI. KAItTM Ol' CANAlrlAN IIINTOItX.

r,K

(inn. Lyiiiitii liiiihi Vuvl liyinun, lift^irwiirdN Fori

l*)ilwiu'<i, till l\w IIikInoii.
Aug. '.!l, Hliiili«y, (iovtMiiuruf Miinmiu*Iium(iUm, with 2,000 itiflii,

r(Wu<ho<l OM\v(<go, U) wiiil for Itrtuldodk.

Ill ('iiimtlii. proviHioiiN wtii'o v^ry Noarro ; tlin govorii

iiioiil. (Iitl««(l oiii. Hour (,o |ii'(«v(Mii. Ntai'vntioii.
Si«|i(, 8, OtMi, hioHltaii, «<oiiiiiiHii(linK '^ foiro of Kroiioli, Can

(iiaiiH, and liidiaiiM, wiih ilrfoattMl a(f Lako Ooorgo liy

Will. •loliiiMoii. hioMltaii WMH woiindnd and iiiiulo n

|ll'iMOI|tM'.

<)('(, V!l, Tiio ArndiaiiN \v«<t-o (MiilMirk<*d in dranNporlH an<l
(akiMi (o l.lio MngliMli rolonii<N, wlinrn iliny W(^rfi
(lirowii upon l\w lioNpitalily of HtraiignrN. IIiIh Iiiih
giMMM'idly Ih'oii foiiNidonMl a lioarMrNN, inliunian aoi,
ttul l\wvo ino drfondtM'H of it, h, lias Ikmiii hotly
diM(MiMM«Ml, and pnluipN (Jii« hiNt word Iiiin not Immmi
spok«Mi yi«t.

<>»'t. 21. Sliiiloy i««ft Owwogo for tioiiio, liMiving Ool. Mohmm* Ut
hold OMWog«) and to Mtiongtlion it.

iTnc.

May 11, MontiMilin, |)n LnviN, Hougainvillo, and ltourlaiiia({uo

arrived at QuoImu*.
May IS, l*<nf(land dtnOniod war agaiiiNt Kranoo.
Juno *.), l<^-an«MMh«rlai'(Mt war ag'titiHt Kngland.
.Inly H, Ih'adstront, who luul tak<>n Huooor to OHWogo and wan

a.soonding tln^ ()NW(»go Itivor hoiiiMward, Iwat oflF

(%nil«m I>o VillitM'H, who attacked him.
Atig. i, Montcalm, with .'1,000 imwi, h^ft Fort Frontonao to

(jiko O.swogo.
Aug. 10, Montcalm rcacluMl OHWcgo.
.\ug. 14, Montcalm took Oswego and 1,400 priHonorM, the

whole garrison, C\>1. Morcor heing killed.

" Tlio ('iu)iuliiinR luxl liuliaiiH hroko lliroiigli all roHtraint
luid foil («> ))lun<lorii)f(. 'riiorc whh nn opiMiing of rum har-
i-cIh iMul am'tntcof tlninUcnncHH, in which mmiuof tho prison-
oi'N had t licir Hharo ; whilo ollicrn tried to onunpo in the oonfu-
Mion, and w(m-o toiiiahawkod by tho oxoitod savages. Many
nu»ro wouhl have boon butclionul but for the efibrts of
Montcalm, who by unRtinted proniiHes succeeded in appeas-
ing liiH forocious allioR, whom lie dared not offend. ' It will
cost the king,' ho says, ' eight or ton thousand livrei in
proBonts.' " "I'arknian's " Wolfe and Montcalm," I., p. 413.

''m,

THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

It
1*1 1

Montcalm constructed a road from Laprairie to St.
John. J 757

Jan. 21, Rogers, the ranger, was surprised and l)eaten outside

of Ticonderoga.
March 15, De Rigaud, with 1,400 men, left Carillon, to take

Fort William Henry, at the head of Lake George.
March 20, Le Mercier, chief of Canadian artillery, demanded

the surrender of Fort William Henry ; Major Eyre

indignantly refused.
March 23, De Rigaud's men burned the vessels at Fort Wil-
liam Henry, and then retreated.
June 20, Loudon left New York to take Louisbourg, but his

expedition was a signal failure.
June 29, (Pitt again became First Minister in England.)
Aug. 1, Montcalm, with 7,606 men, began the siege of Fort

William Henry, held by Col. Monroe, who had 2,264

men.
Aug. 3, Col. Monroe sent a messenger to Gen. Webb, at Fort

Edward, asking for succor.
Aug. 9, Col. Monroe surrendered Fort William Henry to

Montcalm.
Aug. 10, Montcalm's Indians massacred many of the English

prisoners, near Fort William Henry.

"To make the capitulation inviolably binding on the In-
dians, Montcalm summoned their war chiefs to council. The
English were to depart under an escort with the honors of
war, on a pledge not to serve against the French for eighteen
months ; they were to abandon all but their private effects,
every Canadian or Fi-or.-" " jdian captive was to be liberated.
The Indians appkuu -u ; i' capitulation was signed. Late
on the ninth the French t. • ed the fort, and the English
retired to their c tTencht"4 v '>. Montcalm had kept from
the savages all in: -^•. 'it'' . aiks, but they obtained them
of the English, and ^ long were wild with dances and

songs and revelry. 1 : .3 A jenakies of Acadia inf!amed other
tribes by recalling their sufferings from English jerfidy and
power. At daybreak they gathered round the entrench-
ments, and, as the terrified English soldiers filed off", began
to plunder them, and incited one another to use the toma-
hawk. Twenty, perhaps even thirty, persons were massa-
cred, while very many were made prisoners. Officers and
soldiers, stripped of everything, fled to the woods, to the
fort, to the tents of the French. To arrest the disorder,
Levi plunged into the tumult, daring death a thousand

THE CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

•M -A

times. French officers received wounds in rescuing the cap-
tives, and stood at their tents as sentries over those they
recovered. ' Kill me,' cried Montcalm, using prayers and
menaces and promises, ' but spare the English, who are
under my protection ;' and he urged the troops to defend
themselves. The march to Fort Edward was a flight ; not
more than six hundred reached there in a body. From the
French camp Montcalm collected together more^han four
hundred, who were dismissed with a great escort, and he
sent Vaudreuil to ransom those whom the Indians had carried
away." — Bancroft's "History of the United States," II.,
p. 467.

Nov 12, Bel^tre, with three hundred Canadians and Indians*

surprised a German settlement, at the German Flats,

on the Mohawk, killed fifty people, made the rest

prisoners, and burned the place.

1758.

July 5, Abercromby embarked hip army of 15,000 men in 900
small boats and 1 30 whale boats, on Lake George,
and moved down to take Ticonderoga.

July 6, The English army disembarked at the head of the
rapids ; the same day. Lord Howe, " the soul of the
army," was killed in a skirmish.

July 8, Montcalm drove Abercromby from Ticonderoga with

great loss.

" Montcalm saw and was prepar i On the sixth of July,
he called in all his parties ; and hit. - , nole force, according
to his official return, amounted to no more than two thou-
sand eight hundred French, an<l four hundred and fifty Can-
adians. On that day he employed the second battalion of
Berry in strengtiiening his post. All the next day, the
whole French arm toiled incredibly ; the officers giving the
example, and the liags being planted on the breastwork.
That evening De Le i returned from an intended expedition
against the MohawKs, bringing with him four hundred
chosen men ; and at night the whole army bivouacked along
the entrenchment. On the morning of the eighth, the
drums of the French beat to arms, that the troops, now
thirty-six hundred and fifty in number, might know their
stations, and then they resumed their work ; the right of
their defences rested on a hillock, from which the plain
between the lines and the lake was to have been flanked by
four pieces of cannon ; but the battery could not be finishea;
the left extended to a scarf surmounted by an abattis. For
a hundred yards in front of the intermediate breastwork,
which consisted of piles of logs, the approach was obstructed
by felled trees with their branches pointing outwards.

66 THE CAKDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

stumps and rubbish of all sorts. Light troops of the Eng-
lish kept up a sharp discharge of musketry on them from the
declivities of Mount Defiance, but they would not stop their
work to return it.

••At length the English army, obeying the orders of a
commander who remained far behind during the action,
rushed forward with fixed bayonets to carry the lines, the
* regulars advancing through the openings between the pro-
vincial regiments and taking the lead. Montcalm, who
stood just within the trenches, threw oflF his coat for the
sunny work of the July afternoon, and forbade a musket to
be fired till he commanded ; then, as the English drew very
near, in three principal columns, to attack simultaneously
the left, the centre, and the right, and became entangled
among the rubbish and broken into disorder by clambering
over logs and projecting limbs, at his word, a sudden and
incessant fire from swivels and small arms mowed down
brave officers and men by hundreds. Their intrepidity
made the carnage terrible. The attacks were continued all
the afternoon, generally with the greatest vivacity. When
the English endeavored to turn the left, Bourlamarque op-
posed them till he was dangerously wounded ; and Mont-
calm, whose rapid eye watched every movement, sent rein-
forcements at the moment of crisis. On the right, the
Grenadiers and Scottish Highlanders charged for three
hours without faltering and without confusion ; many fell
within fifteen steps of the trench ; some, it is said, upon it.
About five o'clock the columns which had attacked the
French centre and right, concentrated themselves on a sali-
ent point between the two ; but De Levi flew from the
right, and Montcalm himself brought up a reserve. At six,
the two parties nearest the water turned desperately against
the centre, and, being repulsed, made a last efibrt on the
left. Thus were life and courage prodigally wasted, till the
bewildered English fired on an advanced party of their own,
producing hopeless dejection ; and, after losing in killed
and wounded, nineteen hundred and forty-four, chiefly reg-
ulars, they fled promiscuously."— Bancroft's •' History of the
United States," IV., pp. 304-306.

July 9, Abercromby retreated from Ticonderoga.

July 26, General Amherst and Admiral Boscawen, Wolfe as-
sisting, took Louisbourg, the " Dunkirk of America."

Aug. 8, Rogers, ]i*utnam, and Dalzell, with 700 provincials,
scattered 450 Canadians under Marin, near Lake
George.

Aug. 27, Lieut. -Col. Bradstreet, with 3,000 provincials, took
Fort Frontenac.

Sept. 14, Major Grant was defeated near Fort Du Quesne,
losing 300 men.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY,

Sept.' 18, Abercroniby was recalled, Amherst succeeding him.
Oct. 2, The first representative government in Canada met

at Halifax.
Nov. 25, Gen. Forbes took possession of Fort Du Quesne,

abandoned by the French ; he named it Fort Pitt.

1759.

.Jan.

June

June
June
June

June

June
July
July
July

July

July
July
July
July

By a census, the men in Canada capable of bearing
arms were lo,229.
1, The British fleet, under Admiral Saunders, bearing
Wolfe and his army, left Louisbourg for Quebec.

26, The British fleet anchored off Orleans Island.

27, A storm tossed the British fleet at Quebec.

28, Wolfe issued a proclamation to the Canadians.

At night the Canadians sent fire-ships and burning
rafts against the British fleet, but the British sailors
towed them ashore, where they were soon in cinders.

29, Monckton sent a detachment to take possession of
Beaumont church.

30, Monckton took possession of Point Levis.

1, Gen. Prideaux left Oswego to take Fort Niagara.

6, Haldimand drove La Corne from Oswego.

9, Wolfe landed 3,000 men below the cataract of Mont-
morend^ who entrenched themselves.

1 2, The British began to bombard Quebec.

At night, Dumas, with sixteen hundred soldiers,
mostly boys, crossed the St. Lawrence, intending to
surprise the British at Levis ; but, his force march-
ing in two columns, one part in the darkness fired
on the other. This fire being returned, a panic en-
sued, and the enterprise failed. It has been called
"The Scholars' Battle," most of the boys being stu-
dents.

18, Two British men-of-war passed above the city of
Quebec

19, Gen. Prideaux was killed at Niagara, by the prema-

ture bursting of a shell froni a Coehorn mortar.

21, Carleton led an expedition to Point aux Trembles,
above Quebec.

24, Sir William Johnson crushed a relief party that at-
tempted to succor Niagara, and took Aubry, De

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July
July

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Aug.

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Sept.

THB CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

Ligneria, Marin, De Montigny, and Repentigny, all

famous bush fighters, prisoners.
25, Pouchot surrendered Niagara to Sir William Johnson.
31, Wolfe landed a picked body of men at Montmorencji*r

but they were defeated with a loss of over 400.

Amherst took Ticonderoga and Crown Point, about

this time.
9, De L^vis left Quebec to guard the western frontier.

2, "In this situation, there is such a choice of difficulties, that
I am mj'self at a loss how to determine. The affairs of
(rreat Britain require most vigorous measures ; but then the
courage of a handful of brave men should be exerted only
where there is some hopi-." — Wolfe to Pitt.

Sep, 13, At one o'clock in the morning Wolfe began to land
his men at Anse au Foulon (Wolfe's Cove.) The)
scrambled up the rugged heights, the 78th High-
landers, headed by Captain Donald Macdonald, lead-
ing the way ; and soon established themselves on the
plateau above, DeVergor not keeping a good look-
out. Wolfe soon had 3,800 men in battle array
on the Plains of Abraham ; Monckton commanded
the right, Murray the centrr, and Townsend the left.

" Every officer knew his appointed duty, when, at one
o'clock in the morning of the thirteenth of September,
Wolfe, with Monckton and Murray, and about half the
forces, set off in boats, and, without sail or oars, glided
down with the tide. In three-quarters of an hour the ships
followed, and, though the night had become dark, aided by
the rapid current, they reached the cove just in time to cover
the landing. Wolfe and the troops with him leaped on
shore ; the light infantry, who found themselves borne by
the current a little below the intrenched path, clambered up
the steep hill, staying themselves by the roots and boughs
of the maple and spruce and ash trees that covered the pre-
cipitous declivity, and, after a little firing, dispersed the
picket which guarded the height. The rest ascended safely
by the pathway. A battery of four guns on the left was
abandoned to Colonel Howe. When Townsend's division dis-
embarked, the English had already gained one of the roads
to Quebec, and, advancing in front of the forest, Wolfe
stood at daybreak with his invincible battalions on the
Plains of Abraham, the battlefield of empire.

" ' It can be but a small party come to burn a few houses
and retire,' said Montcalm, in amazement as the news
reached him in his intrenchments the other side of the St.
Charles ; but, obtaining better information, — ' Then,' he

THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

i bn

cried, ' thoy have at last got to the weak side of this miser-
able garrison ; we must give battle and crush them before
mid-day.' And before ten the two armies, equal in num-
bers, each being composed of less than five thousand men,
were ranged in presence of one another for battle. The
English, not easily accessible from intervening shallow
ravines and rail fences, were all regulars, perfect in disci-
pline, terrible in their fearless enthusiasm, thrilling with
pride at their morning's success, commanded by a man whom
they obeyed with conOdence and love. The doomed and
devoted Montcalm had what Wolfe had called but ' five-
weak French battalions,' of less than two thousand men,
* mingled with disorderly peasantry,' formed on ground
which commanded the position of the English. The French
had three little pieces of artillery ; the English one or two.
The two armies cannonaded each other for nearly an hour,
when Montcalm, having summoned Bougainville to his aid,
and dispatched messenger after messenger for De Vaudreuil,
who had fifteen hundred men at the camp, to come up,
before he should be driven from the ground, endeavored to
flank the British and crowd them down the high bank of
the river. Wolfe counteracted the movement by detaching
Townshend with Amherst's regiment, and afterwards a
part of the Royal Americans, who formed on the left with
a double front.

' ' Waiting no longer for more troops, Montcalm led the
French army impetuously to the attack. The ill-disciplined
companies broke by their precipitation and the unevenness
of the ground ; and fired by platoons without unity. The
English, especially the forty-third and forty-seventh, wheie
Monckton stood, received the shock with calmness, and,
after having at Wolfe's command reserved their fire till
their enemy was within forty yards, their line began a regu-
lar, rapid and exact discharge of musketry. Montcalm was
present everywhere, braving danger, wounded, but cheering
by his example. The second in command, De Sennezergues,
an associate in glory at Ticonderoga, was killed. The
brave but untried Canadians, flinching from a hot fire in the
open field, began to waver ; and, so soon as Wolfe, placing
himself ut the head of the twenty-eighth and the Louisburg
grenadiers, charged with bayonets, they everywhere gave
way. Of the English officers, Carleton was wounded ;
Barre, who fought near Wolfe, received in the head a ball
which destroyed the power of vision of one eye, and ulti-
mately made him blind. Wolfe^ also, as he led the charge,
was wounded in the wrist, but still pressing forward, he
received a second ball ; and having decided the day, was
struck a third time, and mortally, in the breast. ' Support
me,' he cried to an officer near him ; * let not my brave fel-
lows se-> me drop.' He was carried to the rear, and they
brought him water to quenoh his thirst. ' They run, they

USi.

I
I

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

run ! ' spoke the officer on whom he leaned. ' Who run ? '
asked Wolfe, as his life was fast ebbing. ' The French,'
replied the officer, 'give way everywhere.' 'What,' cried
the expiring hero, 'do the^ run already ? Go, one of you,
to Colonel Burton ; bid him march Webb's regiment with
all speed to Charles River to cut oflF the fugitives.' Four
days before he had looked forward to early death with dis-
may. ' Now, God be praised, I die happy !' These were
his words as his spirit escaped in the blaze of his glory.
Night, silence, tlie rushing tide, veteran discipline, the sure
inspiration of genius, had been his allies : his battlefield,
high over the ocean river, was the grandest theatre on earth
for illustrious deeds ; his victory, one of the most momen-
tous in the annals of mankind, gave to the English tongue
and the institutions of the Germanic race the unexplored
and seemingly infinite west and north. He crowded into a
few hours actions that would have given lustre to length of
life ; and filling his day with greatness, completed it before
its noon.

" Monckton, the first brigadier, after greatly distinguish-
ing himself, was shot through the lungs. The next in com-
mand, Townshend, brave but deficient in sagacity and
attractive power, and the delicate perception of right,
recalled the troops from the pursuit, and when De Bou-
gainville appeared in view, declined a contest with a
fresh enemy. But already the hope of New France was
gone. Born and educated in camps, Montcalm had been
carefully instructed, and was skilled in the language of
Homer as well as in the art of war. Greatly laborious, just,
disinterested, hopeful even to rashness, sagacious in council,
swift in action, his mind was a well-spring of bold designs ;
his career in Canada a wonderful struggle against inexorable
destiny. Sustaining hunger and cold, vigils and incessant
toil, anxious for his soldiers, unmindful of himself, he set,
even to the forest-trained red-men, an example of self-denial
and endurance ; and in the midst of corruption made the
public good his aim. Struck by a muaket-ball as he fought
opposite Monckton, he continued in the engagement, till, in
attempting to rally a body of fugitive Canadians in a copse
near St, John's gate, he was mortally wounded.

" On hearing from the surgeon that death was certain —
' I am glad of it,' he cried ; ' how long shall I survive ?'
' Ten or twelve hours, perhaps less.' ' So much the better ;
I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec' To the
council of war he showed that in twelve hours all the troops
near at hand might be concentrated and renew the attack
before the English were entrenched. When De Ramsay,
who commanded the garrison, asked his advice about de-
fending the city — ' To your keeping, 'he replied, ' I commend
the honor of France. As for me, I shall pass the night with
God, and prepare myself for death.' Having written a let-

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

ter recommending the French prisoners to the generosity
of the English, his last hours were given to the hope of
endless life, and at five the next morning he expired.

" The day of the battle had not passed when De Vau-
dreuil, who had no capacity for war, wrote to De Ramsay,
at Quebec, not to wait for an assault, but, as soon as his
provisions were exhausted to raise the white flag of surren-
der. * We have cheerfully sacrificed our fortunes and our
houses,' said the citizens, ' but we cannot expose our wives
and children to a massacre.' At a council of war, Fiedmont,
a captain of artillery, was the only one who wished to hold
out to the last extremity ; and on the seventeenth of Sep-
tember, before the English had constructed batteries, De
Ramsay capitulated." — Bancroft's "History of the United
States," Vol. IV., pp. 333-338.

Major Rogers destroyed the Abenakis of St. Francis.

Sept. 21, Gen. Murray was made Governor of Quebec.

Oct. 18, Admiral Saunders, with the British fleet, left Que-
bec for England; Monckton and Townshend ac-
companied him ; and the " Royal William " bore the
embalmed remains of Gen. Wolfe.

Nov. 28, Eight French ships passed down the river in front
of Quebec, at night, and escaped to the ocean.

1760.

April 17, De Levis left Monti eal to take Quebec.

April 28, De Levis defeated Murray at Sainte Foye.

May 9, The " Lowestoff," a British frigate, arrived at

Quebec.
May 15, Admiral Swanton arrived at Quebec with a British

fleet.
May 17, De Levis raised the siege of Quebec.
July 14, Gen. Murray, with 2,200 men, left Quebec for

Montreal.
Aug. 10, Gen. Amherst, with 10,000 men, left Oswego for

Montreal.
Aug. 16, Gen. Haviland, with 3,500 men, left Crown Point

for Montreal.
Aug. 26, Amherst took Fort Levis, a little below La Presen-
tation (Ogdensburg.)
Aug. 29, Gen. Haviland took possession of St. John, deserted

by the French,
^ept. 8, At Montreal, Vaudreuil surrendered Canada to

Amherst. Military Rule was now begun in Canada.

■!i:;l

THE CARDINAL FACTA OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

'',5

,ii

Sept. 13, Major Rogers, with 200 rangers, left Montreal, by

order of Amherst, to take possession of Detroit,

Mackinaw, and other western posts.

Jonathan Belcher was made Governor of Nova

Scotia.
Sept. 16, Brig. -Gen. Burton was made Governor of Three

Rivers.
Sept. 21, General Gage was made Governor of Montreal.
Oct. 25, George III. became king of England.
Nov. 17, Major Rogers had a conference with Pontiac, an

Ottawa chief, on the site of Cleveland, Ohio.
Nov. 20, Bel^tre surrendered Detroit to Rogers.

1761.

June 6, (John Winthrop, of Harvard, Mass., at St. John's,
Newfoundland, observed the transit of ^enus over
the sun's disk.)

Captain Campbell, commander at Detroit, learned
that the Senecas were intriguing with the neighbor-
ing >Vyandots to destroy him and the garrison.

1763.

Feb. 10, Treaty of Paris : Great Britain obtained Canada,
Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton, and the West Indian
islands of St Vincent, Dominica, Tobago, and
Grenada ; the king of Great Britain was to allow
his new Catholic subjects to profess the worship of
their religion according to the rule of the Catholic
Church as far as the laws of Great Britain would
permit ; France obtained the Islands of Guadaloupe,
Martinique, and St. Lucia, and the right to fish
around Newfoundland and in the St. Lawrence Gulf.
Maddened by neglect, insult, and loss of territory,
i-everal tribes of Indians, under Pontiac, conspired
for the destruction of the British in the North-
West.

May 6, Gladwyn, commander at Detroit, received secret in-
formation that on the next day Pontiac would
attempt to capture the fort by treachery.

May 7, Gladwyn admitted Pontiac and sixty of his chiefs
into Fort Detroit; they had their shortened guns
concealed under their blankets ; but Gladwyn expos-

i\\ jl '

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

May 9,
May 16,
May 25,

May 28,

June 1,
June 4,

June 17,
June 19,
June 24,

July 27,
July 31,

Aug. 5,

Aug. 6,

Aug. 10,
Aug. 13,

Sept. 14,

ed their meditated treachery and dismissed them in
contempt.

Col. M. Wilmot was made Governor of Nova Scotia.
Pontiac attacked Detroit.
Indians took Fort Sandusky.

Indians took Fort St. Joseph, near head of Lake
Michigan.

Lieutenant Cuyler's relief detachment for Detroit
was surprised and overpowered at Point Pelee.
Indians took Ouatanon, on the Wabash.
Indians, beguiling the garrison of Mackinaw with a
game of lacrosse, at a concerted signal, when the
soldiers were oflF their guard and the gates of the
fort open, rushed inside and began an indiscriminate
massacre. Captain Etherington, the commander, es-
caping the slaughter.
Indians took Presqu'-Isle.
Indians took Le Boeuf and Venango.
A schooner, having beaten off a horde of Indians at
Turkey Island, in Detroit River, brought men, amu-
nition, and provisions to Detroit.
Indians began the siege of Fort Pitt.
Captain Dalzell was defeated and killed at Bloody
Run, near Detroit.

Colonel Bouquet, leading an army to relieve Fori.
Pitt, was, early in the afternoon, attacked by Indi-
ans at Bushy Run, Pa., who fought the weary
soldiers till night.

At daylight, the Indians renewed the fight at Bushy
Run ; at ten o'clock, by a masterly stratagem conceived
on the spot, Bouquet drew out the Indians, threw
body of men on their flank, and utterly routed them.
Bouquet relieved Fort Pitt

The schooners " Beaver " and " Gladwyn " left De-
troit to get provisions.

A train of waggons and pack horses, escorted by 24
soldiers, returning from Fort Schlosser to Fort Nia-
gara, were, at the Devil's Hole, surprised and massa
cred or driven over the precipice by the Senecas ; two
companies of light infantry that hurried to the spot
were similarly destroyed.

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THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN IIISTOHY.

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Oct. 7, By royal proclamation, the Treaty of Paris went
into effect in Canada ; Cape Breton and St. John's
Island were "annexed with the lesser islands adja-
cent thereto to our government of Nova Scotia ; "
and the king gave to "such reduced officers and sol-
diers as have served in North America during the
late war and are actually residing there," wild lands
in the following proportions : — every field officer,
5,000 acres ; every captain, 3,000 acres ; every sub-
altern, 2,000 acres ; every non-commissioned officer,
200 acres ; and every private, 50 acres.
,jQ oti 21, Gen. Murray was appointed Governor-General of
Canada.

1764.

June 21, Messrs. Brown and Gilbert issued the first number
of the "Quebec Gazette," half in French and half in
English ; this was the first newspaper in provincial
Canada. It began with 150 subscribers.
Bradstreet left Albany with an army for the Upper
Lakes.

July, Sir William Johnson held a great council at Nia-
gara, and made treaties with various tribes of Indi-
ans.

Aug. 10, Gen. Murray took office as Governor-General of
Canada. Military Rule in Canada was now ended.

Aug. 13, Bradstreet, near Presqu'-Isle, made an unauthorized
treaty with the Delawares and Shawnees.

Aug. 26, Bradstreet relieved Detroit, and sent Capt. Howard
to repossess Mackinaw.

Aug. 31, Bradstreet superseded Gladwyn at Detroit.

Oct., Captain Holland began the survey of St. John's
Island.

Nov., Colonel Bouquet led an army into the country of the
Delawares and Shawnees, humbled them, and forced
them to return all white prisoners.

1765.

March 22, (The Stamp Act received royal assent ; by this Act
"all instruments in writing were to be executed on
stamped paper, to be purchased from agents of the
British Government," to go into effect Nov. 1, same
year.)

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THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

A catechism was published in Quebec ; it was the
first book printed in Canada.

Rev. George Henry, a Presbyterian minister, began
to preach in Quebec ; his " services were conducted
in an apartment in the Jesuit college."

1766.

Lord W. Campbell was made Governor of Nova
Scotia.

March 18, (The House of Commons repealed the Stamp Act.)
iirn^. Ajwnf 28, Gov.-Gen. Murray left Canada, deputing his func-
tions to Lieut.-Col. u^iJrailius Irving.

July 23, Poiitiac met Sir Wm. Johnson at Oswego, and con-
firmed his assent to peace.

Sept. 23, Governor Carle ton arrived at Quebec, to be Lieut.-
Gov. and acting Gov.-Gen.

1767.

June 10, The " Hope," sent by the Philadelphia Company, en-
tered Pictou harbor. Nova Scotia, bringing the
" Pictou Colony."

Island of St. John (Prince Edward Island) was
granted to proprietors.

1768.

An Illinois Indian, bribed by an English trader,
assassinated Pontiac, at Cahokia, opposite St. Louis.
Oct. 25, Gen. Carleton, Lord Dorchester, became Governor-
General of Canada.

1770.

Prince Edward Island was separated from Nova
Scotia and made an independent province.
Walter Patterson was made the first Governor of
Prince Edward Island.

July 3, In Halifax, the Presbyterian ministers, Lyon and
Murdoch, and the Congregational ministers, Seccombe
and Phelps, ordained Mr. Bruin Romcas Comingoe
to the ministry ; this was the first Presbytery and
the first Presbyterian ordination in Canada.

Aug. 13, Gov. Carleton left Canada to visit England, leaving
Hector Theophile Cramahe to administer the gov-
ernment.

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THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

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1771.

Samuel Hearne discovered the Coppermine River.
Sir Gordon Drummond was born in Quebec.

1773.

Francis Legge was made Governor of Nova Scotia.

1774.

May 2, The Earl of Dartmouth introduced the Quebec Act
into the House of Lords.

June 22, Quebec Act received royal assent : it extended the
boundaries of Canada westward to the Mississippi,
and soutliward to the Ohio ; it assured to Catholics
the free exercise of their religion, and it declared
that " the clergy of the Catholic Church may hold,
receive and enjoy their accustomed dues and rights
with respect to such persons only as shall profess the
said religion " ; the Custom of Paris was to be con-
tinued in disputes relative to property and civil
rights, but in criminal matters the law of England
was to hold ; the Government was to be an Execu-
tive Council of not more than twenty-three members
nor less than seventeen.

Sept. 5, (The First American Congress met in Carpenters'
Hall, Philadelphia.)

Oct. 26, The American Congress invited the Canadians to
send delegates to represent their province in the
" Continental Congress."

1775.

April 19, (Skirmish at Lexington, the beginning \qf the
American Revolution.) — --

May 1, Quebec Act went into force.

May 10, Ethan Allan took Ticonderoga.

May 29, Congress issued an address to the Canadians.

Rev. Wm. Black settled at A mherst, Nova Scotia.
In this year the curious disease, " St. Paul's Bay dis-
ease," attained serious prominence in Canada.

June 17, (Battle of Bunker Hill or Breed's Hill.)

Aug. 2, Sir Guy Carleton was made Commander of the forces
in Canada.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

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Sept. 18, Benedict Arnold, with 1,200 men, embarked at
Newbury port for the Kennebec River, beginning
his expedition to Quebec.

Sept. 25, Ethan Allan was taken prisoner while trying to
take Montreal.

Oct. 31, Gen. Montgomery took St. John's,

Nov. 3, The Americans took Chambly.

Nov. 8, The American Congress sent Robert R. Livingston,
John Langdon, and Robert Tie'j-t Paine, to examine
the fortifications of Ticonderoga, and " to use their
endeavors to procure an accession of the Canadians
to a union with these colonies."

Nov. 9, Arnold, having led an army through the wilderness
of Maine, arrived at Point Levis.

Nov. 11, Carleton left Montreal for Quebec.

Nov. 1 3, Carleton entered Quebec, having adroitly eluded the
Americans in his flight from Montreal.
Arnold, with 650 men, crossed the St. Lawrence to
Wolfe's Cove and led his men up to the Plains of
Abraham.
Montgomery took Montreal.

Nov. 14, Arnold attacked the Gate of St. Louis, Quebec,
but was speedily repulsed.

Dec. 1, Gen. Montgomery joined Arnold at Point aux Trembles.

Dec. 20, Lord Mansfield, in the House of Lords, declared that
he " ever since the peace of Paris always thought
the Northern Colonies were meditating a state of
independency of Great Britain."

Dec, 31, Montgomery and Arnold made careful prepara-
tions to assault Quebec.

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iJau. 47 At 4 a. in the Americans began the assault of Quebec ;
Montgomery was killed ; Arnold's men, to the num-
ber of 431, surrendered at Sault au-Matelot, and
Arnold was se\erely wounded.

" When Gen. Montgomery was killed he had in his pocket
a watch which Mrs. Montgomery was very desirous to obtain.
This was made known to Gen. Arnola, and he applied to
Governor Carleton, offering any price for the watch, which
he might choose to demand. Carleton immediately sent it
out, but woUid suffer nothing to be received in return." —
Jared Sparks' " Life of Arnold," p. 54.

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78 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

Jan. 29, Gen. Schuyler took Johnson Hall, New York, the
home of Sir Wm. Johnson.

April 1, The American General, Wooster, arrived at Quebec
and superseded Arnold.

April 29, Benjamin Franklin, Chase, Carroll, and Rev John
Carroll arrived at Montreal ; they were sent • : Con-
gress to induce Canadians to rebel against Great
Britain.

May 1, Gen. John Thomas took command of the Americans
at Quebec.

May 6, Carleton, having received reinforcements, drove Gen.
Thomas and his men in headhmg flif^ht from Quebec.

May 19, Major Isaac Butterfield, American, surrendered the
post at the Cedars and 390 men to Captain George
Poster.

June 2, Gen. Thomas died of small pox and was succeeded in
command by Gen. John Sullivan.

.Fune 7, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, said, in Congress,
" Resolved that these United States are, and of
right ought to be, free and independent states."
John Adams, of Massachusetts, seconded it,

June 8, The Americans under Col. St. Clair, were defeated at
Three Rivers.

"The American loss in the battle of Three Rivers was
about two hundred prisoners and twenty-five killed, most
of the latter being from Wayne's and Maxwell's divisions,
who had borne the brunt of the fight. Chaplain McCalla,
of the 1st Pennsylvania, was among the prisoners. The
British loss was eight killed, including a sergeant of the 31st,
and three men of the 20th Regiment, and nine wounded,
eight of whom were of the 62nd regiment." — Jones' *' Cam-
paign for the Conquest of Canada."

June 11, An American Order of the Day, at Sorel : "Every
non commissioned officer or soldier who shall come to
the parade dirty, with a long beard, or his breeches
knees open, shall be mulcted of a day's allowance of
provision, and do a double tour of duty."

June 1 3, Arnold, at Montreal, wrote to Gen. Sullivan, " The
junction of the Canadas with the colonies is now at
an end. Let us quit them, and secure our own
country before it is too late "

June 15, Canadians re-took Montreal,

THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

July 4, The American Congress adopted the Declaration of
Independence.

1777.

May 6, Gen. Burgoyne arrived at Quebec.

May 20, Carleton wrote to Lord Germain, defending his mili-
tary conduct in Canada, and submitting to being
superseded by Burgoyne.

June 2^, Carleton left Canada.

July 6, Burgoyne took Ticonderoga, abandoned by the Ameri-
cans.

Sept. 13, Burgoyne crossed the Hudson.

Oct. 17, Burgoyne surrendered to Gen. Gates at Saratoga.

1778.

March 7, Capt. James Cook touched th^ west coast in latitude

44 degrees north.
June 3, The Montreal Gazette first appeared.
June 26, Gen. Frederic Haldimand arrived at Quebec, as

Governor-General of Canada.

Rev. Raphael Cohen settled in Montreal, the first

Rabbi in Canada.

Robert Land settled on the site of Hamilton, Ont.
Nov. 19, Charles Michel d'Irumberry de Salaberry was born

at Beauport, Lower Canada.
Dec. 1 7, Henry Hamilton, Governor of Detroit, took Vincen-

nes.

1779.

Feb. 24, Geo. Rogers Clark took Vincennes, making Hamil-
ton prisoner and securing for the U.S. the district
of Michigan, Indiana, etc.

1780.

May 19, "Dark Day," at 10 a.m. darkness began to shadow
the country ; at 2 p.m. no one cnuld see without
artificial light. In New England the people sup-
posed the day of judgment had come.
Mr. Tuflfey, a commissary of the 44th regiment, and
a Methodist, began to preach in Quebec.

Oct. 31, The " Ontario," a new vessel of 16 guns, with a full
crew and thirty men of the 34th regiment, left
Niagara. She was seen near the north shore of

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THE CAKDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

'i M.

Lake Ontario a day or two later, but she and all on
board were lost.

1781.

July 9, Articles of Confederation were ratified by the United

States Congress,
Oct. 19, Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown.

1782.

June 11, Rev. William Black preached the first Methodist
sermon in Halifax.
John Parr was made Governor of Nova Scotia.

1783.

Jan. 20, An armistice, declaring a cessation ( hostilities be-
tween Great Britain and the Uni d States, was
concluded.

May 4, Four hundred and seventy-one families of United
Empire Loyalists, from New York, landed at Sliel-
burne. Nova Scotia.

May 18, United Empire Loyalists froni New York landed at
the mouth of the St. John River, New Brunswick,
and began Parrtown (St. John.)

Sept. 3, Treaty of Paris : by this treaty Great Britain recog-
niz*»d the independence of the United States, ad-
mitted the right of the people of the United States
"to enjoy unmolested the right to tal<e fish of every
kind on the Grand Bank and on all the other banks
of Newfoundland, also in the Gulf of the St. Law-
rence, and at all the other places in the sea where
the inhabitants of both countries used at any time
heretofore to fish." This was signed by David
Hartley for Great Britain, and by John Adams,
Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay for the United
States.

In the fall, many United Empire Loyalists came to
Canada, and wintered, before settling on their grants.

1784.

United Empire Loyalists settled along the St. Law-
rence River and on the Bay of Quinte. Butler's
rangers settled near Niagara.
June 2, Rev. John Stuart, *' the father of the Upper Canada
Church," began pastoral duties.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY,

May 22, At Niagara, Sir John Johnson purchased the Grand
River Reserve from the Mississagas.

Aug. 16, New Brunswick was detached from Nova Scotia
and made an independent province. Thomas Carl-
ton was the first Governor of New Brunswick.

Oct 1, La Corne de St. Luc died in Montreal.

Oct. 25, At Quebec, Governor Haldimand, in the name of the
Crown, granted to the Mohawks and others of the
Six Nations the tract of land * upon the banks of
the river Ouise, commonly called Grand River, run-
ning into Lake Erie, of six miles breadth from each
side of the river, beginning at Lake Erie and ex-
tending in that proportion to the head of said river ;
which the Mohawks, and others of the Six Nations
who had either lost their possessions in the war, or
wished to retire from them to the British, with their
posterity, were to enjoy forever."

Nov. 15, Governor Haldimand went to England, leaving
Henry Hamilton to administer the government.

1785.

Feb. 22, The laws of England were declared to be in force in
Cape Breton Island.

May 18, Parrtown was incorporated and named St. John ;
this was the first town in Canada to be incorporated.
Rev. Dr. Stuart opened a classical school at Kings-
ston ; it was the first school in Upper Canada.

Oct. 9, At 4 p.m., a sudden darkness overspread the country,
" partaking of a fiery yellow colour ;" a storm fol-
lowed.

Oct. 15, At 3 p.m., there was another period of darkness, fol-
lowed by a storm.

Nov. 2, Hamilton resigned, and Hope assumed the adminis-
tration of the government in Canada.

1786.

The Mohawks, on the Grand River, built the first
church in Upper Canada.
Gen. Neal entered the Niagara district.
Seven counties were formed in New Brunswick.
Oct. 7, Louis Joseph Papineau was born in Montreal.

Geo. E. Fanning was made Governor of Prince Ed-
ward Island.

H^-:!

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

'iii

:| •

:|^

I (

■■If

Oct. 23, Carleton, Lord Dorchester, arrived as Governor-Gen-
eral of Canada the second time.
The Government of New Brunswick moved to St.
Anne's Point, beginning Frederictom

1787.

About this time the " St. Paul's Bay disease " dis-
appeared.

Aug. 12, Rev. Charles Tnglis, at Lambeth, was consecrated
the first Anglican Bishop of Nova Scotia, with juris-
diction over the other North American provinces.
Rev. John Bethune, Presbyterian, settled at Wil-
liamstown, Upper Canada.

Sept. 17, (Congress adopted the Constitution of the United
States.)

Oct. 1, Joseph Remi Valliers de St. Real, jurist, was born in
Markham, Upper Canada, or in Quebec.

1788.

July 24, Lord Dorchester divided Upper Canada into four
judicial districts : Lunenberg, from the river Ottawa
to Gananoque ; Mecklenburg, from Gananoque to
Trent ; Nassau, from Trent to Long I'oint ; and
Hesse, from Long Point to Lake St. Clair; he appoint-
ed a judge and sheriff to administer justice in each
district.

This has been called the " Hungry Year," the peo-
ple being barely able to subsist.

Nov. 1, Under the direction of Bishop Inglis an academy was
opened at Windsor, Nova Scotia ; it was the begin-
ning of King's College.

1789.

June 1 1, Bishop Inglis arrived at Quebec.

A dockyard was established at Kingston, Upper
Canada.

A ug. 5, The " first episcopal conference of the Protestant
Church " was held in the Recollets' Church, Quebec.

Nov. 9, By an Order in- Council it was declared that every son
of a Loyalist should have, when of age, 200 acres of
land ; that every daughter of a Loyalist should have,
when married, 200 acres of land : and that the

THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

son

.ve,

the

descendants of those who had been loyal to Great
Britain in the Revolutionary War should have their
names distinguished from the names of other people
by the letters " U. E."

1790.

Rev. Lossee, the first regular minister of the Metho-
dist Church in Upper Canada, began to preach in
the Bay of Quinte district.

1791.

Feb. 20, The first regular class (Methodist) in Upper Canada
was organized at Adolphustown.

March 7, Mr. Pitt introduced a Bill into the House of Com-
mons to divide Canada into two provinces.

March 14, The Constitutional Act became law : it divided
Canada into two parts, Lower and Upper ; each pro-
vince was to have an Executive Council crown ap-
pointed. Lower Canada to have no fewer than fifteen
members and Upper Canada no fewer than seven
members, and each was to have a Legislative As-
sembly, the members for Lower Canada to be no
less than fifty and for Upper Canada to be no less
than sixteen ; and it granted one-seventh of the
crown lands in each province " for the support and
maintenance of a Protestant clergy within the same."

July 26, Birth of John Beverley Robinson.

Aug. 17, Lord Dorchester returned to England, leaving Major-

General Clarke to administer the government.
Nov. 18, By a royal proclamation, made at Quebec, it was

declared that the Constitutional Act should go into

effect, Dec. 26, 1791.
Dec. 26, The Constitutional Act went into effect.

1792.

May 7, Lower Canada was divided into fifty counties.

•' The Montreal congregation (Presbyterian) erected the
church known afterwards aa St. Gabriel Street Church, ac-
commodation having been furnished up to that time in a
church belonging to the Order of the RecoUets." — Robert-
son's '* History of Presbyterian Missions in Canada."

July 8, Lieut.-Col John Graves Simcoe v/as sworn in as
Lieut. -Gov. of Upper Canada,

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

l!,?

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July 29, Hon. William Osgonde was made Chief Justice of
Upper Canada.

Sept 15, The Methodist Church in Upper Canada was organ-
ized at Bay Quinte.

Rev. Mr. Addison opened a school at Newark
(Niagara.)

Sept. 17, Lieut. -Gov. Simcoe convened the first parliament of
Upper Canada at Newark. In a month it intro-
duced English law, established trial by jury, regu-
lated millers' tolls, legislated for the recovery of
small debts, for erecting a jail and court-house in
each district, and for re-raming the districts, for the
regulation of weights and measures, for regulating
the court of common pleas, and to prevent accidents
by fire.

Nineteen counties were formed in Upper Canada.
John Wentworth was made Governor of Nova Scotia.

Oct. 16, In Upper Canada, Hesse was changed to Western
District, Nassau to Home District, Mecklenburg to
Midland District, aud Lunenburg to Eastern Dis-
trict.

Dec. 17, The first parliament of Lower Canada met in Quebec.

Dec. 18, M. J. A. Panet was elected President of Lower
Canada Parliament.
Population of Upper Canada 20,000.
Population of Lower Canada 130,000.

Dec. 20, A fortnightly mail was established between Canada
and the United States.

1793.

April 1, Brant obtained for one Mohawks the Bay of Quinte

Reserve.
April 18, The first number of the Upper Canada Gazette

appeared at Niagara ; it was the first newspaper in

Upper Canada. Its size was fifteen by nine and a

half inches ; its price $3 a year.
June 14, Lieut. -Gov. Simcoe gave the Mohawks, and others

of the Six Nations, an official patent to their reserve

on the Grand River.
July 7, The Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of London,

the Bishop of Bangor, and the Bishop of St, David's

consecrated Dr. Jacob Mountain, Bishop of Quebec.

ri I

THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

July 9, By an Act of the Legislature of Upper Canada, all
slave children born in Upper Canada after this date
shall be free at the age of 25.

July 22, On the Pacific Coast, Mackenzie wrote in letters of
red vermilion, on a bold rock, " Alexander Mac-
kenzie, from Canada by land, the twenty-second
of July, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-
three.'*^

Aug. 27, Toronto became York, the change of name being
proclaimed by the first royal salute from the garrison.
Joseph Bouchette surveyed the harbour of York,
Upper Canada.

Some of Lord Selkirk's settlers began " Baldoon,"
Kent, Upper Canada.

Rev. Jabez Colver settled in Norfolk, Upper
Canada.

Nov. 1, Lord Dorchester arrived in Quebec.

1794.

A Baptist Church was organized at Caldwell's Manor,

Lower Canada.

Captain Samuel Ryerson settled in Norfolk, Upper

Canada.

Rev. Robert Dunn settled near Niagara.
May 31, The Alien Act was passed in Upper Canada.
Sept. 14, William Osgoode was sworn in Chief Justice of

Lower Canada.
Nov. 19, A Treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation, "Jay's

Treaty," was concluded between Great Britain and

the United States.
Dec. 5, Lieut. -Gov. Simcoe went from York to Kingston in

an open boat.

1795.

Sept. 5, Etienne Paschal Tache, statesman, was born at St.
Thomas, Lower Canada.

1796.

Jan. 29, The last English Court of General Quarter Sessions
was held in Detroit.

Augustus Jones, surveyor, reported : " Went to the
garrison, York, and waited on His Excellency the
Governor, and informed him that Yonge Street

i
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■ I.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTOKY.

is opened from York to the Pine Fort Landing, Lake
Simcoe."

A part of the North- West Company formed an in-
dependent trading company, which became known
as the X. Y. Z. Company.

Mr. Silas Knowlton, of Vermont, settled in the
township of Stukeley, Lower Canada.
July 9, Lord Dorchester left Canada.

Rev. John Bethune, at Williamstown, built the

first Presbyterian Church in Upper Canada.

500 Maroons were brought from Jamaica to Nova

Scotia.

April 27, Major-General Prescott became Governor-General
of Canada.

Upper Canada Parliament moved from Newark to
York.

July 21, David McLane was executed at Quebec, for conspir-
ing against the Government.

1798.

April 20, Sir William Edmond Logan, geologist, was born in

Montreal.

Newark became Niagara.
Dec. 1, The Gazette and Oracle, at York, said :

" Last Monday William Hawkins was publicly whipped,
and Joseph McCarthy burned in the hand, at the market
place, pursuant to their sentence."

1799.
March 2, The Gazette and Oracle, at York, said :

"Married on Tuesday last, by William Willcocks, Esq.,
Sergeant Mealy, of the Queen's Rangers, to Miss M.
Wright, of this town." Mr. Willcocks was a layman.

June 3, By proclamation He Saint Jean became Prince Ed-
ward Island.

July 31, Mr. Ralph Merry, of Massachusetts, settled on
1,000 acres of land at Magog Outlet, Lower Canada.

Dec. 31, John Strachan arrived at Kingston.

The Danforth road was finished from York to Hope
Township, sixty miles.

Jan. 3, Behind the government building in York, John White,
Attorney-General, and John Small, Clerk of the

THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

Executive Council, fought a duel, the former being

mortally wounded.
March 15, Father Jean Joseph Casot, the last Jesuit in Ca-

ada, died in Quebec ; then the Crown appropriated

the remaining possessions of the Order in Canada.
March 20, The Quebec Gazette said :

"On Sunday last, the 15th Inst., died the reverend father
Jean Joseph Casot, priest, of the company of Jesus, pro-
curer of tne missions and colleges of the Jesuits in Canada,
the last of the Jesuits of this I'rovince. Thft immense
charities which he bestowed assure him for a long time the
blessing of the poor. He was one of those men whose life
is a hidden treasure, and his death is a public calamity."

The Maroons, not doing well in Nova Scotia, were
shipped to Sierra Leone.

Lieut. -Governor Simcoe granted 8,000 acres of land
in the County of York, tJ.C, to Timothy Rogers, a
Quaker.

The first Baptist Association in Canada was organ-
ized at Granville, L.C.

July 18, College of New Brunswick, Fredericton, was char-
tered.

Dec. 4, Sir William Fenwick Williams, the defender of Kars,
was born at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia.
Mr. David Thompson, of Montreal, crossed the
Rocky mountains, in latitude 51 degrees north.

1801.

Jan. 25, Joseph Octave Plessis was consecrated Bishop of
Quebec.

Mr. Sawyer built the first Methodist church in Up-
per Canada.

Mr. Ogilvie erected a flour mill at Jacques Cartier,
near Quebec.

Rev. Daniel W. Eastman settled near Niagara.
Rev. Mr. Benton organized the first Congregational
church in Quebec.

1802.

Jan. 3, The Niagara Herald announced :

" For sale : A negro man slave, 18 years of age, stout and
healthy ; has had the small-pox, and is capable of service
either in the house or out of doors. The terms will be made

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88 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HIHTORY.

easy to the purchaser, and cash or new lands received in
payment. Enquire of the printer."

Three hundred Highlanders settled at Sydney, Cape
Breton Island. ■, o/^o

March 24, Adolphus Egerton Ryerson was born in Charlotte-
ville, Norfolk County, U.C.
Dr. McCulloch came to Nova Scotia.

May 21, Thomas Talbot began liis settlement at Port Talbot,
U.C.

Chief Justice Osgoode, in Montreal, declared slav-
ery inconsistent with the laws of Canada.

July 12, Augustin Norbert Morin was born in St. Michel, L.C.

August, Eight hundred colonists from Skye, Uist, Ross,
Argyle, and Inverness, under the direction of Lord
Selkirk, landed on Prince Edward Island.

1804.

March 2, Four mutineers and three deserters, of the 6th, 41st,
and 49th regiments were executed at Quebec early
in the morning. It was a revolting spectacle, being
badly managed.

Rev. Alexander Macdonald settled Glengarry.
Sedition Act was passed in Upper Canada.

Oct. 8, The Government schooner, " Speedy," was lost on
Lake Ontario ; all her passengers were also lost,
namely, Mr. Justice Cochrane j Robert J. D. Gray,
Solicitor - General ; Angus Macdonell, member of
Assembly ; Mr. Jacob Herchmer, merchant ; M.*.
John Stegman, surveyor; Mr. George Cowan, In-
dian interpreter ; James Ruggles, Mr. Anderson,
Mr. John Fisk, and an Indian, who was being
taken to Newcastle to be tried Tor murder.

Dec. 13, Joseph Howe, statesman and orator, was born near
Halifax. jgQg

Jan. 1, First number of Quebec Mercury was issued.

Col. Des Barres was made Governor of Prince Ed-
ward Island.

April 19, Rev. Reuben Garlick, the first clergyman of the
English Church in the Eastern Townships, died at
Waterloo, L.C.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

Ln-
lar

The North- West Company and the X.Y.Z. Com-
pany amalgamated.
Dec. 25, John Anthony Baptist Ferland, priest and historian,
was born in Montreal.

1806.

May 16, (Great Britain passed Orders-in-Council declaring a
blockade of the European coast from the Elbe to
Brest.)

The first timber raft was floated down the Ottawa
River.

Sept. 27, Colonel Brock took command of the forces in Canada.

Oct. 10, William Weeks, member of Assembly for York,
Durham, and Simcoe, was killed at Niagara by Mr.
Dickson in a duel.

Nov. 21, (Napoleon, at Berlin, declared British ports block-
aded.)

Nov. 22, Le Canadien^ the first French newspaper in Canada,
appeared.

1807.

June 1, Rev. Dr. Okill Stuart opened the " Home District
School," on King Street, the first public school in
Toronto.

June 22, (The British frigate " Leopard " fired into the Ameri-
can " Chesapeake," and took four seamen from her.
Soon after, England made ample reparation for the
"outrage.")

The Parliament of Upper Canada made provision
for eight Grammar Schools, the master of each school
to receive an annual salary of £100.

In August, Joseph Willcocks began 7%e Upper Canada Guar-
dian, or Freeman's Journal in Toronto.

Oct. 24, Sir James H. Craig began his duties as Governor-
General of Canada.

Nov. 24, Joseph Brant died at Burlington, U.C.

Dec. 22, (The American Congress passed '* JeflFerson's Em-
bargo," torbidding any vessel to leave an American
port.)

1808.

Jan. 15, Sir George Prevost was made Lieut. -Governor of
Nova Scotia.
7

i!;i

I'ill'.:

■!,!'

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTOhY.

March 2, John Henry wrote his first letter to Sir James Craig,
through H. W. Ryland, Craig's Secretary, from
Swanton, Vt., describing the condition of the coun-
try and the feeling of the people.

April 25, Malcolm Cameron was born in Three Rivers,
L. C.

June 14, Governor Craig took from Lieut -Col. T. A. Panet,
Capt. Bedard, Aide-Major Taschereau, Lieut. Borgia,
and Surgeon Blanchet, their militia commissions.
He did so, he said, because he considered them pro-
prietors of Le Canadien, a seditious paper.
■ The first Methodist Church in Montreal was erected.

1809.

Jan. 9, Jonathan Sewell was made speaker of the Legisla-
tive Council, Jjower Canada.

Jan. 31, Lemuel Allan Wilmot was born inSunbury County,
New Brunswick.

March 3, (The American Congress repealed the Embargo
Act, and passed the Non-Intercourse Act, for-
bidding Americans to trade with Great Britain or
France.)

June 15, Fran9ois Xavier Garneau, historian, was born in
Quebec.

Nov. 3, JohnMolson, of Montreal, sent the "Accommodation,"
the first steamboat on the St, Lawrence, from Mon-
treal to Quebec ; she made the trip in 36 hour*.

1810.

March 17, A magistrate, two constables, and a party of sol-
diers, suppressed Le Canadien in Quebec ; it was a
very arbitrary proceeding.

March 19, Messrs. Bedard, Blanchet, and Taschereau were
arrested in Lower Canada for alleged seditious ten-
dencies.

Barnabas Bidwell and his son, Marshall Bidwell,
came from the United States and settled in the
County of Addington, U.C.

Rev. Dr. Kier settled at Princetown, Prince Ed-
ward Island, and took charge of the first Presby-
terian congregation on the Island.
The News, Kingston, U.C., now appeared.

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THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

ition,
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1811.

May 16, (The "President" fired into the "Little Belt.")
June 12, The Earl of Selkirk, for 10 shillings, purchased from

the Hudson's Bay Company 116,000 square miles of

land in the Red River district.

Bishop Asbury, Methodist, came to Upper Canada.

Sir John C. Sherbrooke was made Lieut. -Gov. of

Nova Scotia,
June 19, Governor Craig embarked for England, leaving Mr.

Dunn to administer the Government in Canada.
Sept. 12, Sir George Prevost landed at Quebec.
Oct. 9, Sir Isaac Brock assumed the Government of Upper

Canada.

Captain Miles Me-Donell landed the first contingent

of Selkirk's settlers at York Factory.

1812.

Feb. 10, President Madison gave John Henry $50,000 for the
correspondence between Henry and Sir Jas. Craig,
which Henry pretended contained evidence of Brit-
ish attempts to corrupt the loyalty of New Eng-
landers.

Feb. 21, The Lower Canadian Parliament met, and soon
granted £1 2,000 for drilling the militia, £20,000 for
means of defence, and .£30,000 for the Governor's
use, should war be declared.

March 9, Henry's correspondence was read in Congress.

May 28, Lower Canada passed a general order, to embody four
regiments of militia.

June 18, The United States declared war against Great Britain.

" In June, 1812, the reasons for declaring war on Great
Britain, though strong enough were weaker than they had
been in June, 1808, or in January, 1809. In the interval
the British Government had laid aside the arrogant and de-
fiant tones of Canning's diplomacy, had greatly modiOed the
Orders -in -Council, had offered further modifications, and
had atoned for the Chesapeake outrage." — Adams' " History
of U.S.," VI., p. 225.

The Orders-in-Council which almost ruined the for-
eign trade of the United States and the searching
of American ships by British men-of-war for desert-
ers, were intolerable to the Americans ; and were, if

it !

■V

lit
I

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

impossible to adjusl by negotiation, seemingly good
reasons for war ; but the " war hawks," the Cal-
houns. Clays, etc., disclosed the great reason for the
declaration of war when they averred that Canada
could be conquered in a shcrb campaign by raw Am-
erican militia. The time was opportune, for Great
Britain was in a death struggle in Europe. Still
the Americans were at their wits' end to give a decent
pretext for declaring war.

" In the war message of June 1, these charges (British
intrigues disclosed by Henry's letters) are repeated as
among the reasons for au appeal to arms. . . . The Henry
e^air was declared an ' act of still greater malignity' than any
of the other outrages against the l^ited States of which Oreat
Britain had been guilty, and that which ' excited the great-
est horror.' ... It was easy, therefore, to alarm the public
with confessions of a secret emissary, as he pretended, who
ha^ turned traitor to the government which had employed
him, and to the conspirators to whom he had been sent ; and
the more reprehensible waus it, therefore, in a President of
the United States, to make the use that was made of this
story, which an impartial examination would have shovm
was essentially absurd, and infamously false. Mr. Madi-
son's intelligence is not to be impugned. He was too saga-
cious, as well as too unimpassioned a man to be taken in by
the ingenious tale of such an adventurer as Henry. . . . He
accepted, then, the Henry story, in spite of his deliberate
opinions, as a help to invoke the country in a party war." —
Gay's " Life of Madison," pp. 309-315.

But, be it remembered, if Great Britain had been some-
what high-handed, the Americans had not been passive
sufferers.

" The fitting out of privateers, and the capture of prizes
by these privateers, as well as the seizure of British vessels
within our waters, all leading to expostulation and demands
for redress on the part of the English minister, confronted
the administration in a constant succession of cases." —
Lodge's " Life of Alex. Hamilton," p. 157.

June 23, Great Britain repealed the Orders-in- Council.

When it was known that war was declared, Lower

Canada passed a Bill to legalize the issue of Army

Bills to the amount of £250,000.

At this time the population of Canada was about

400,000 ; the population of the United States was

fully 8,000,000.

A college was established at St. Hyacinthe, L.C.

ii; ■ :

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

jtses." —

I Lower
Army

about
38 was

Ic.

July 3, Lieut. Rolette, at Maiden, seized Gen. Hull's schooner
" Cayahoga," which carried " his most valuable
papers," plan of his campaign, etc.

July 3, All Americans were ordered to leave Canada.

July 12, Gen. Hull, with 2,500 Americans, crossed from De-
troit to Sandwich.

July 15, Col. Lewis Cass vainly tried to pass the" River aux
Canards, below Sandwich.

July 17, Captain Roberts, with 33 Royal Veterans and 160
Canadian voyageurs, took Mackinaw.

July 19, The Americans were again foiled at River aux Canards.

July 24, The Americans were the third time checked at River
aux Canards.

Aug. 5, Brock left York for Fort George, on his way to Am-
herstburg.

Aug. 8, Hull re-crossed to Detroit.

Aug. 1 3, Brock, with 300 men, reached Amherstburg, having
traversed Lake Erie in open boats.
Miles McDonell and his settlers arrived at Red River.

Aug. 14, Tecumseh, the Shawnee Chief, met Brock at Am-
herstburg.

Aug. 16, Hull surrendered Detroit to Brock on summons ; by
the terms of the capitulation. Brock obtained pos-
session of Detroit, Michigan, the '' Adams '' brig of
war, 2,500 prisoners, 33 cannon, a large quantity of
stores, the military chest, and what was especially
valuable, 2,500 stand of arms.

Adams' "Hist, of U.S.," VI., p. 333, gives the following
from the evidence of Major Snelling, at Hull's court-martial
in Albany. It refers to Hull's conduct while he considered
Brock's summons to surrender :

" He unconsciously filled his mouth with tobacco, putting
in quid after quid more than he generally did ; the spittle,
colored with tobacco juice, ran from his mouth on his neck
cloth, beard, cravat and vest."

Aug. 19, The "Constitution" captured the "Guerriere" on
the ocean. Although this occurrence is not strictly
Canadian, yet as Americans are steadily mindful of
the circumstance and even speak of it sometimes, it
may not be amiss to present the rough particulars
of it.
The comparative forces of the two ships is given by

■11

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iii'

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»■ ■. I ' •

94 THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

Roosevelt, " Naval War of 1812," p. 92, as follows :
" ConHtituUon," 1,576 tons, 27 guns, 684 lbs. broad-
side, 456 men.

" (tuerriere,'* 1,338 tons, 26 guns, 556 lbs. broad-
side, 272 men.

This preponderance of force should have been suffi-
cient to ensure a victory for the " Constitution " in
any water or weather ; but she had an advantage
still greater. She had 17 twenty-four pounders,
long guns, against the 14 eighteen pounders, long
guns of the " Guerriere," and, by standing off beyond
the range of the eighteen pounders, she overcame
the " Guerriere." In the same way the " United
States " defeated the " Macedonian," and the " Con-
stitution " the " Java." But during the whole war
of 1812, whdn the conditions were equal, the Ameri-
cans never won a single encounter.

Aug. 20, Mr. Molson, at Montreal, launched the " Swiftsure,"
his second steamer on the St. Lawrence.

Aug. 24, Brock reached Fort George, having left Proctor in
command at Detroit.

Sept. 1, Commodore Isaac Chauncey was appointed com-
mander of the U.S. naval forces on the Great Lakes.
He made Sackett's Harbor his headquarters.

Oct. 10, Isaac Brock was made Knight of the Bath.

Oct. 13, Gen. Van Rensselaer, before daybreak, sent 600 men
across the Niagara River to Queenston. Captain
Denis with a few men tried in vain to prevent their
landing. After the Americans were heavily rein-
forced, Gen. Brock came up from Fort George, and
while charging up Queenston Heights was shot,
and also Lieut.-Col. McDonell. In the afternoon
Gen. Roger H. Sheaffe drove some of the Americans
over the Heights, and took the res>, 900 men,
prisoners.

In the afternoon Fort George and Fort Niagara
exchanged a heavy fire of big guns.

" The Americans lost this day about 90 killed, and 100
wounded ; nearly 900 prisoners surrendered. The British
loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners was about 130." —
Schouler's " Hist, of U.S.," XL, p. 360

*' The military importance of the Heights, of which Wool

I^M

THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

Wool

was thus left in quiet possession [between the death of Brook
and the arrival of Sheafife] was the assistance the battery
could give to the army in its advance on Queenston. But
the army made no such advance. Indeed, save about six
hundred militia and three hundred and fifty regulars, not a
man crossed the river. Officer after officer came to the
bank and shouted and beckoned to them to come over. Van
Rensselaer [a cousin of the Gen.], wounded though he was,
crossed and implored them to be men. Some well-known
politicians, who were prnsent, went about entreating them
to fight. But it was of no avail. No sooner did the militia
behold a ( oal battle, no sooner did they see the dead brought
back in boats, and hear the groans of the wounded, than
fear overcame them, and they refused to cross. Soldiers
who the day before were clamorous to be brought face to
face with what they called the British hirelings now stood
on their constitutional rights and refused to help their
fighting countrymen. They were, they said, militia, and
the only services for which the militia could be called out
were to uphold the laws, to put down insurrection, to repel
invasion. The Constitution did not give the President
power to send them out of the United States, and they
would not go. Holding such views, they stood quietly on
the American side, saw the Britiiih gather in force, and
march up the hill, saw their countrymen overwhelmed bi
numbers driven back foot by foot to the edge of the
and down the side to the river bank, where, as no one would
row a boat across, the little band of six hundred threw down
their arms ti,nd surrendered. With them was captured some
three hundred skulkers and cowards, who had been crouch-
ing at the river edge all day." — McMaster's "History of
People of United States," IV., p. 12.

Oct. 25, The "United States " took the " Macedonian " on the
ocean.

Roosevelt, "Naval History of 1812," p. 112, gives
their forces as follows :

" United States," 1576 tons, 27 guns, 786 lbs. broad-
side, 478 men.

"Macedonian," 1325 tons, 25 guns, 547 lbs. broad-
sid*», 301 men.

" United States " had 17 twenty -four pds. long guns,
and the " Macedonian "14 eighteen pds. long guns.

Nov. 7, Louis V. Sicotte, jurist and statesman, was born at
St. Famille, L.C.

Commodore Chauncey, an American, on Lake On-
tario took a schooner, on which was Capt. Brock, of
the 49th, a brother of Sir Isaac, and the plate and

3li&

! (

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

effects of the dead General. Chauncey generously
paroled his prisoner and restored the property.

Nov. 20, Gen. Dearborn, with nearly 2,000 Americans, at-
tacked Odelltown, but Major de Salaberry drove him
back to Champlain.

Nov. 28, Gen. Smyth, successor of Van Rensselaer, on the
Niagara, said to his army of 4,500 men, " Come on,
my heroes, and when you attack the enemy's batter-
ies, let your rallying word be ' The cannon lost at
Detroit — or death ;' " then he sent his men into
Canada, and instantly called them back. The people
of Buffalo hooted and pelted him ; his government
cashiered him.

Dec. 8, Gen. Porter and Gen. Smyth, Americans, fought a
duel on Grand Island ; but, as their seconds had
carefully drawn the balls from their pistols, both
generals survived the encounter.

Dec. 12, John Sandfield Macdonald was born at St. Raphael's,
XTpper Canada

" The Loyal and Fatriotic Society of Upper Canada "
was formed to care for the wounded, help destitute
families, and provide comforts for the soldiers.

Dec. 29, The Legislature of Lower Canada met, and soon re-
newed the Army Bill Act, which authorized the cir-
culation of £500,000 ; a grant of £15,000 was made
to equip the militia, £1,000 to provide hospitals, and
£25,000 for general purposes of defence.
The " Constitution " took the " Java " on the ocean.
Roosevelt, " Naval History of 1812/' p. 126, gives
their forces as follows :

"Constitution," 1,576 tons, 654 lbs. broadside, 475
men.

"Java," 1,340 tons, 576 lbs. broadside, 426 men.
The " Constitution " had 17 twenty-four pds. long
guns ; the "Java" had 14 eighteen pds. long guns.

" Though the thrilling sensation of touching an enemy's
soil had been repeatedly felt, it took the fruitless campaign
of this first year to teach our people that the British Pro-
vinces could not be carried at a dash, nor Canada pierced by
an army of raw, though enthusiastic recruits, officered by
political generals and the invincibles of peace." — Schouler's
"Hist, of U.S.," II., p. 361.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

tier's

1813.

Heretofore, only Madison's party, the Republicans,
bad been zealous in prosecuting the war ; but now
that the honour of the nation was at stake, that a
national disgrace had to be wiped out, all the people
of the United States were hot belligerents. New
England had been opposed to the war, because it
was unjust ; but, says Gay, " Life of Madison,"
" Massachusetts contributed, in the second campaign,
more recruits than any other single State, and New
England more than all the Southern States together."

Jan. 22, Colonel Proctor, with 500 soldiers and 800 Indians,
under Roundhead, defeated Gen. Winchester at
French town, on the Raisin river, and made him and
495 of his men prisoners.

Feb. 6, Captain Forsythe crossed from Ogdensburg to Brock-
ville (Elizabeth town), and carried oflf 52 people.

Feb. 22, Major Macdonnell, with 480 men, crossed from Pres-
cott to Ogdensburg, and, after a sharp fight, took
the place. It was defended by Forsythe, who had
500 men and eleven guns. Macdonnell secured the
cannon and a large amount of military stores, and
burned four war vessels. Macdonnell's men were
mostly Glengarry men.

Feb. 25, Gen. Sheaflfe convened the Legislature of Upper Can-
ada, which made the Army Bills issued in Lower
Canada a legal tender, prohibited the export of
grain, and restrained distillation.

March, The 104th regiment. New Brunswick regulars, march-
ed from Fredericton to Quebec through the snow-
covered wilderness.

March 27, Commodore Oliver H. Perry arrived at Erie, Pa.,
to fit out a squadron.

April 27, The Americans took York, Upper Canada, the Am-
erican General, Pike, being killed by an accidental
explosion.

" The fleet and army arrived at York early in the morn-
ing of April 27. York, a village numbering in 1806, accord-
ing to Britibh account, more than three thousand inhabit
ants,* was the capital of Upper Canada, and contained the

•Kingsford, "History of Canada," VIII., p. 253, says, " Bishop Bethune
tells us that seven years later it did not exceed 1,000."

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THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

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renidence of the Lieutenant-Governor and the two brick
buildings where the Legislature met. For military pur-
poses the place was valueless, but it had been used for the
construction of a few war vessels, and Chauncey represented
through Dearborn, that ' to take or destroy the armed ves-
sels at York would give us the complete command of the
lake.' The military force at York, according to British
account, did not exceed six hundred men, regulars and mil-
itia ; and of these, one hundred and eighty men, or two
companies of the eighth or King's regiment, happened to be
there only in passing. Under the tire of the fleet and rifle-
men. Pike's brigade was set ashore ; the British garrison,
after a sharp resistance, was driven away, and the town
capitulated. The ship on the docks was burned ; the ten gun
brig, 'Gloucester,' was made prize ; the stores were destroyed
or shipped ; some three hundred prisoners were taken ; and
the public buildings, including the Houses of Assembly,
were burned."— Adams's " Hist, of U. S.," VII., p 154.

May 1, Proctor, with 1,037 regulars and 1,500 Indians, began
to attack Fort Meigs, on the Maumee, defended by
Gen. Harrison. Proctor displayed poor generalship,
failed to take the place, and incurred the deadly
enmity of the Americans by alleged connivance at
the massacre of forty prisoners by his Indians.
Tecumseh stopped the massacre.

May 5, Sir James Yeo, with 450 seamen, arrived at Quebec.

May 8, The Americans left York.

May 27, Chauncey and Gen. Dearborn, with 7,000 men, took
Fort George, Gen. Vincent retreating towards Bur-
lington with what were left of his 1,400 men.

May 29, Gov. Prevost and Sir James Yeo assaulted Sackett's
Harbor ; but, as Prevost checked an assured success
by an order to retreat, the expedition was a dis-
graceful failure.

" If the enemy had persevered twenty minutes longer, the
sloop of war, 'General Pike,' and our depot at Sackett's Har-
bor would have fallen into their hands If the enemy had

prevailed, and the sloop of war * Pike ' had been destroyed,
we must have taken a long farewell of the superiority on
Lake Ontario."— Wilkinson's "Memoirs," I., pp. 585-586.

Mc Master, "Hist, of People of U.S.," IV., 46, says:
" Prevost was far from being a bold and energetic comman-
der. But the sight of Sackett's Harbor, with its naval
stores, its military stores, its shipyard, with the twenty-
eight gun ship, ' General Pike,' on the stocks almost ready
to be launched, was too tempting, and he determined to at-
tack the place. On the night of May twenty-sixth, accord-

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

ingly, at the very time that Chauncey was making his sound*
inga off Fort George, Prevost embarked eight hundred men
on board the fleet of Sir James Yeo, sailed from Kingston,
and soon after daybreak on May twenty-eighth sighted
Saokett 8 Harbor. Had he entered the harbor boldly, landed
his troops without a moment's delay, and stormed the forts,
the pluce would have been his by noon. But he waited
twenty-tour hours ; the militia of the neighborhood rushed
in, and, what was far more important, Jacob Brown had
arrived and taken command."

Adams's, "Hist, of U.S.," VII., 169-170, says : " What-
ever were the true causes of Prevost's failure, Americans
could not admit that an expedition which cost the Ameri-
cans so much, and which so nearly succeeded, was dis-
creditable to the British aovernor-general, or was abandoned
without sufficient reason.

But some Americans say that, had Prevost remained
fifteen minutes longer, he and all his men would
have been captured.

June 3, Major Taylor captured two American vessels, the
" Growler " and the " Eagle," on Lake Champlain.

June 5, Colonel Harvey, under General Vincent, defeated the
Americans at Stony Creek, and captured two Amer-
can Generals, — Winder and Chandler.

" After the capture of Fort George, the Americans in-
vaded Canada ; but their advance guard, 1,400 strong, under
Generals Chandler and Winder, was surprised in the night
by 800 British, who, advancing with the bayonet, broke up
the camp, capturing both the eenerals and half the artillery.
— Roosevelt's " Naval War of 1812," p. xvii., 5th edition.

Adams's, " Hist, of U.S.," VII., 160, says : "The whole
American force, leaving the dead unburied, fell back ten
miles, where Major-General Lewis took command in the
afternoon of June 7. An hour later the British fleet under
Sir James Yeo made its appearance, threatening to out off
Lewis' retreat. Indians hovered about. Boats and baggage
were lost. Dearborn sent pressing orders to Lewis directing
him to return, and on the morning of June 8 the division
reached Fort George."

June 10, The de Watteville regiment arrived in Canada.
June 19, Maj.-Gen. De Rottenburg took command of the

forces in Upper Canada, Sheaffe being transferred to

Montreal.
June 24, Lieutenant Fitzgibbon captured Colonel Boerstler,

and his men at Beaver Dam (Thorold.)

" Galled by complaints of the imbecility of the army,
Boyd, with Dearborn's approval, June 23, detached Colonel

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100

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

Boerstler, of the 14th infantry, with some four hundred men
and two field pieces, to batter a stone house at Beaver Dam,
some seventeen miles from Fort George. Early in the morn
ing of June 24, Boerstler marched to Beaver Dam. There
he found him.self surrounded in the woodu, by hostile Indi-
ans, numbering, according to British authority, about two
hundred. The Indians, annoying both flank and rear,
caused Boerstler to attempt retreat, but his retreat was stop-

Sed by a few militiamen, said to number fifteen. A small
etachment of 160 men came to reinforce Boerstler, and
Lieutenant Fitzgibbon, of the British 49th regiment, with
forty seven men, reinforced the Indians. Unable to extri-
cate himself, and. dreading dispersion and massacre, Boerst-
ler decided to surrender ; ana his five hundred and forty
men accordingly capitulated to a British lieutenant with
two hundred and sixty Indians, militia, and regulars." —
Adams's "Hist, of U.S.," VII, p. 162-163.

We must not forget that Mrs. Secord, the wife of
a wounded Canadian militiaman, at great personal
risk, had walked 20 miles through the woods to
apprise Lieut. Fitzgibbon of Boerstler's approach.

July 4, Lieuti.-Col. Thos. Clark, of the 2nd Lincoln Militia,
with 40 of his men, crossed from Chippewa to Fort
Schlosser, surprised and took the place, and recros-
sed the river, having secured a six pound (brass)
gun, several stands of arms, 15 prisoners, and a large
quantity of pork and flour.

July 11, Col. Bisshopp was killed in an attack upon Black
Bock.

July 31, Commodore Chauncey visited York again, " set fire
to the barracks and public store-houses, liberated the
prisoners in jail, ill-treated some of the inhabitants,
and retired with the few stores he could find."
Such is said ; but, if true, it was exceptional conduct
- for Chauncey. who, in his general undertakings, was
a respectable enemy.

At this time, on Lake Ontario, Chauncey had 14
ships, 114 guns, and 1,193 seamen ; Yeo had 6 ships,
92 guns, and 717 men.

July 31, Col. Murray took Plattsburg, and Capt. Everard and
Capt. Bring destroyed four American vessels outside
of Burlington, Vt.

Aug. 2, Col. Proctor was repulsed in an attempt to take Fort
Stephenson on the Sandusky River, Major Croghan
defending it.

THE CABDIMAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

101

Aug. 10, Yeo and Chauncey had a running fight on Lake
Ontario, Yeo capturing the "Julia" and the " Growl-
er." (This is Roosevelt's date ; some put it Sept. 4.)
To prevent further loss, Chauncey took shelter under
the guns of Niagara.

Roosevelt, "Naval War of 1812," pp. 240-241, eays :
" The British had acted faultessly and the honor and profit
gained by the encounter rested entirely with them. On the
contrary, neither Chauncey nor his suoordinates showed to

advantage As it was, the British commander

had attacked a superior force in weather that just suited it,
and yet had captured two of its vessels without suffering
any injury beyond a few shot holes in the sails."

Aug. 20, Gen. Hampton, with 5,000 men, entered Canada.
Sept. le. Commodore Perry defeated Captain Barclay, on

Lake Erie.

In Roosevelt's "Naval History of War of 1812,"

p. 260, the comparative strength of the two fleets is

given as follows :

Barclay's ships.

" Detroit," 19 guns, throwing a broadside of 138 lbs.

" Queen Charlotte," 17 guns, throwing a broadside

of 189 lbs.

"Lady Prevost," 13 guns, throwing a broadside of

75 lbs,

" Hunter," 10 guns, throwing a broadside of 30 lbs.

" Chippeway," 1 gun, " " 9

"Little Belt," 3 guns, " « 18

,13

Total

459

((

PERRY S SHIPS.

"Lawrence," 20 guns, throwing a broadside of 300 lbs.

"Niagara," 20

300

"Caledonia," 3

" Ariel." 4 guns *

" Scorpion," 2 guns •

"Somers," 2 "

"Porcupine," 1 gun '

"Tigress," 1 gun ♦

Trippe," 1 gun
Total

102

THB CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

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"The superiority of the Americans in long-gun metal M'as
therefore nearly as three is to two, and in carrona le metal
greater than two tc one. . . . The ' Niagara' might be con-
sidered a match for the ' Detroit,' and the ' Lawrence ' and
' Caledonia ' for the five other British vessels ; so the Ameri-
cans were certainly very greatly superior in force." — Roose-
velt's " Naval War of 1812," ^. 261.

"In number of guns the British fleet was superior to the
American. But in other respects — in ships, in tonnage, in
men, in weight of metal thrown in a broadside, whether at
long range or at short range — Perry had a most decided ad-
vantage.^'— Mc Master's "History of People of U.S.," TV.,
36.

" Perry's superiority was decided, as it was meant to be.
The Americans had thirty-nine thirty-two pound carron-
ades ; the British had not a gun of that weight, and only
fifteen twenty-four pound carronades. The lightest guns on
the American fleet were eight long twelve-pounders, while
twenty-four of th^ British guns threw only nine pound shot,
or less. The American broadside threw at close range about
nine hundred pounds of metal ; the British threw about four
hundred and sixty. At long range the Americans threw two
hundred and eighty-eight pounds of metal ; the British threw
one hundred and ninety-five pounds. In tonnage the Am-
ericans were superior as eight to seven. In short, the Navy
Department had done everything reasonably necessary to
insure success. "—Adams's " Hist, of U.S.," VII., 120.

Barclay, however, lost the battle solely for the
want of seamen tc work his ships^. England's sail-
ors were too much needed in Europe at this time
to be spared for service in America.
On the other hand, the Americans had an abund-
ance of young, active seamen anxious for service.

" Her [U.S.] commerce being temporarily suspended to
a large degree, there was an abunduiice both of ships and
sailors, from which to build up a navy and fit out a fleet
of privateers." — Rossiter Johnson's " War of 1812," p. 23.

Kingsford,"Hist.of Canada," VIII., p. 313, says, that

Barclay lost 38 killed and 85 wounded out of a total

of 384 men, and that Perry lost 27 killed and 96

wounded out of a total of 650 men.

Sept. 26, Proctor left Sandwich, beginning his retreat.

Sep. 27, Gen. Harrison landed 5,000 men near Amherstburg.

Sept 28, Yeo and Chauncey had an indecisive action on Lake
Ontario.

Oct. 2, Harrison, with 4,000 men, began to pursue Proctor.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

103

Oct. 4, Harrison ccptured all of Proctor's ammunition and

stores.
Oct. 4, John Armstrong, U.S. Secretary of State, wrote to

McClure, commanding the U.S. troops at Fort

George :

" Understanding that the defence of the fort committed
to your charge may render it proper to destroy the town of
Newark, you are hereby directed to apprise the inhabitants
of the circumstance, and to invite them to remove them-
selves and their effects to some place of greater safety."

Oct. 5, At Moravian Town, Harrison, with 3,500 men,
defeated Proctor, with 407 soldiers and 800 Indians
under Tecumseh. Tecumseh was killed.

Major Richardson, "Operations Division,"

p. 123, speaking of his experience in the battle of the Thames,
says : " In this affair I had an opportunity of witnessing the
cruel dexterity and despatch with which the Indians use
the tomahawk and scalping knife. A Kentucky rifleman,
who had been dismounted within a few yards of the spot
where I stood— and the light company, to which I was at-
tached, touched the left flank of the Indians — was fired at
by three warriors of the Delaware tribe. The unfortunate
man received their several balls in his body, yet, although
faint from loss of blood, he made every exertion to save
himself. Never was fear so strongly depicted on the human
countenance, and the man's hair (for he was uncovered) ab-
solutely seemed to me to stand on end, as he attempted to
double a large fallen tree, in order to elude the weapons of
his enemies. The foremost of his pursuers was a tall, ^ow-
erful man — a chief whom I well knew, having, only a few
days before we commenced our retreat, obtained from him
a saddle in exchange for a regimental coat, purchased at the
sale of the effects of Lieut. Sutherland, wounded at Magu-
aga. When v/ithin twelve or fifteen paces of the rifleman,
he raise.', and threw his tomahawk, and with such precision
and force, that it immediately opened the skull, and extend-
ed him motionless on the earth. Laying down his rifle, he
drew forth his knife, and after having removed the hatchet
from the brain, proceeded to make a circular incision through-
out the scalp. This done, he grasped the bloody instrument
between his teeth, and placing his knees on the back of his
victim, while at the same time he fastened his fingers in the
hair, the scalp was torn off without much apparent difiiculty,
and thrust, still bleeding, into his bosom. The warrior then
arose, and after having wiped his knife on the clothes of the
unhappy man, returned it to its sheath, grasping at the same
time the arms he had abandoned, and hastening to rejoin
his comrades. All this was the work of a few minutes."

104

TIIK CARDINAL PA0T8 OF CANADIAN HI8T0UY.

v' "

Drake, ''Life of TeouniBeh," p. 198, says: "Mr, Jamea
aaaeitB that IVuuinHeh was not onl^ aoalped, but that hia
bo<iy was actually ^aye(/, and tho tikin oonvertod into razor-
■traps by the Kentuokians. Wo f»ar there is too niuoli truth
in ttiia statement. It is confirmed by the tcBtimony of
aeveral American officers and privates, who were in the uat-
tie of the Thames."

" He [Proctor] was tried by court-martial for his share in
this disaster, and sentenred to l>e Huspended from rank and
pay for six months. i{e was reinstated, commanded again
during tho war, and rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Gen-
eral. He was much admired by the peoi)le of Canada, and
the sentence that was paH8e<l upon him was regarded as arbi-
trary and unmerited." — Appleton's Uiog. Diet.

Proctor's bravery, despite tlie iiiHinuations of hostile
critios, was unquestioned ; hut tliat he was more so-
licitous for tho safety of his family and personal effects
than for success in the field, may bo a just charge.
He might have made a better retreat perhaps,
and a bettor disposition of his force for battle, but,
with his few worn-out men, he could not possibly
have withstood Harrison's army.

Oct. 6, Harrison burned Moravian Town.

" Harrison destroyed Moravian Town the day after the
battle, and tlien marched back to Detroit." — Rossitor John-
son's ♦' War of 1812," p. 147.

Oct. 26, At Chateauguay, Lieut. -Colonel De Salal)erry, with a
handful of men, threw Hampden's army into head-
long flight by a chilling blast of trumpets and a few
shots.

"The defeat of three thousand five hundred by the
three hundred and fifty was overwhelming in its complete-
ness. The victory of Chatueguay, let it be remembered,
was a victory of the French -Canadian militia led by their
own officers, and it was perhaps the most glorious in the
whole course of a war which Drought much glory to our
arms."— Roberts' " History of Canada," p. 246.

" A few hundred Canadian militia, with a handful of
regulars, stopped this army of more than four thousand
men with ten pieces of artillery, so that it was forced, with
a loss of but thirty men killed, wounded and missing, to
retreat twent>-four miles along the road it had out with so
much labor through the forest."— Headley's "The Second
War with England," I., 296.

Kingsford says, *' With the exception of Colonel McDon-
nell, Captain Ferguson, and three or four others, there was
not a person of British blood in the field."

THB CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN IIIHTORY.

106

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Nov. 1, Gen. Wilkinson, with 8,000 men in battcaux, loft
Sackott'H Harbor to deHoond th« Ht. Lawronce, form
a junction witii l^iniptUMi, and then take Montreal.

Nov. 11, Ool. MorriHon defeated (len. lioyd at ChryHtler'H
Farm, and the American (jeneral, Covington, waH
killed.

" A uounoil of wnr wan now (mlled to coiiHiilor what to do,
for uuw dangorH niirang up at uvur^' Htup. Ohauucuy, who
had been left to bfoukude the entrance to the river, did hiH
duty 8o badly that Captain MulcaHter, of the HritiHh navy,
ran the bloukadu and hung upon ihe rear of the army with
hid gun-boatH. Joined by eight hundred men from King-
ston and ProHoott, who lined the l)ank at every narrow pasci
and tired on the Hank of the army with muukotry and artil-
lery, while the gun-boats threatened itH rear, Muloauter be-
oame a dangerous enemy. At White Houro, therefore,
twelve hunilred men were landed on thu Canadian shore
with onlors to drive him away. The uouncil, meantime,
having decided to push on, (General Brown witli more
troops was landed and ordered to march ahead of the Hect
and clear the bank, while (Jeneral Boyd, with the remainder
of the troops, protected the rear. In this manner, the ex-
pedition went slowly down the river, making not more than
twelve miles a day, till the night of November 10th, when
it hailed at a place called Chrysler's Farm. On the follow-
ing morning, just as Brown sent word that the river l)ank
was clear ahea<l, a messenger hurried in from Boyd, declar-
ing that the British were advancing in column. But, as
Wilkinson and Lewis were auk, and Brown and Scott far in
advance, lioyd was left to 6ght as he pleased, and after a
stubborn resistance his force of two thousand men, beaten
and almost routed by Mulcaster an<l his eight hundred, fled
over the river in the dusk of the evenuig, and, without
waiting for orders, clandiered on board the ships. Next
day the flotilla ran the Long 8aut Rapids, joinetl Brown at
Cornwall, and so terrified the army that within twenty-
four hours the entire expedition had fled up the Salmon
River, and wassafe within the United States — McMaster's
•• History of People of U.S.," IV., 5 L

*' The flotilla stopped, on the night of Nov. 10th, near a
farm called Chrysler's on the British bank, and the next
morning. Nov. 11th, at half-past ten o'clock, Brown having
announced that all was clear below, Wilkinson was about
to order the flotilla to run the rapids, when fJeneral Boyd
sent word that the enemy in the rear were advancing in
column. Wilkinson was on his boat, unable to leave his
bed ; Morgan Lewis was in no better condition ; and Boyd
was left to flght a battle as he best could. Boyd never
had the confidence of the army ; Brown was said to have

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106 THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTOUY.

threatened to resign rather than serve under him, and Win-
fiold Scott, who was that day with Macomb and Brown in
the advance, described Boyd as amiable and respectable in
a subordinate position, but ' vacillating anu imbecile beyond
all endurance as a chief under high responsibilities. ' The
opportunity to capture or destroy Mulcaster and his eight
hundred men was brilliant, and warranted Wilkinson in
turning back his whole force to accomplish it. Boyd actual-
ly employed three brigades, and made an obstinate but not
united or well -supported attempt to crush the enemy. Col-
onel Ripley, with the 21st regiment, drove in the British
skirmishers, and at half-past two o'clock the battle became
general. At half-past four, after a stubborn engagement,
General Covington was killed ; his brigade gave way, and
the whole American line fell back, beaten and almost rout-
ed. This defeat was the least creditable of the disasters
suffered by American arms during the war. No excuse or
palliation was ever offered for it. The American army con-
sisted wholly ;of regulars, and all the generals belonged to
the regular service.- Wilkinson could hardly have had less
than three thousand men with him, after allowing for his
detachments, and was alone to blame if he had not more.
Boyd, according to his own account, had more than twelve
hundred men and two field-pieces under his immediate
command on shore. The reserve, under Col. Upham of the
lllh regiment, contained six hundred rank-and-file, with
four field-pieces. Wilkinson's official report admitted that
eighteen hundred rank-and-file were engaged ; Col. Wal-
bach, his Adjutant- General, admitted two thousand, while
Swartwout thought that twenty-one hundred were in action.
The American force was certainly not less than two thou-
sand, with six field -pieces. The British force, oflBcially re-
ported by Lieut. -Col. Morrison of the 89th regiment, who
was in command, consisted of eight hundred rank-and-file
and thirty Indians. The rank-and-file consisted of three
hundred and forty-two men of the 49th ref^iment, about as
many more of the 89th, and some Canadian troops. They
had three six-pound field-pieces, and were supported on
their right flank by gun-boats. On the American side the
battle was ill fought both by the generals and by the men.
.... The American loss was twice that of the British, and
Wilkinson's reports were so little to be trusted that the
loss might well have been greater than he represented it."
—Adam's "History of U.S.," VII., 188-190.

*• It [invasion of Canada] was mismanaged in every pos-
sible way and was a total failure ; it was attended with
but one battle, that of Chrysler's Farm, in which 1,000
British, with a loss of less than 200 men, beat back double
their number of Americans, who lost nearly 500 men, and
also one piece of artillery." — Roosevelt's "Naval War of
1812," p. xviii.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

107

"The loss of the British in this engagement [Chrystler's
Farm] was 22 killed, 150 wounded, and 15 missing. The
Americans lost 102 killed, and 237 wounded."- Lossing's
(American) " War of 1812," p. 654.

Dec. 11, Gen. McClure, at Fort George, fearing the approach

of the British, burnt Newark and crossed to Fort

Niagara. He burned 149 houses, compelling 400

women and children to seek shelter in the woods.

'* McClure, at Fort George, hearing that Murray had ap-
proached within ten miles, evacuated the post and crossed
the river to Fort Niagara ; but before doing so he burned
the town of Newark and as much as he coiildof Queenston,
turning the inhabitants, in extreme cold, into the open
air."-Adams's " History of U.S.," VII., 202.

Dec. 18, Colonel Murray, with 550 men, crossed the Niagara
River and took Fort Niagara.

Dec. 19, General Riall, with 500 men, crossed to Lewiston,
took it, burned it, and also Youngstown and Man-
chester.

Death of James McGill, founder of McGill Univer-
sity, Montreal.

In December, Lieutenant Medcalf, of the Norfolk militia,
having learned that an American marauding party of U.S.
regulars was stationed at a farm hiuse near the River
Thames, hastily collected 28 militiamen and made a forced
march to attack the enemy. Sergeant McQueen broke
in the door of the barricaded house with the butt of
his musket ; the Norfolk militia rushed in, killed two
Americans and took 41 prisoners. Lieutenant Larwell, the
American officer included. Only two Americans escaped.
— Cf. Kingsford's "History of Canada," VIII., p. 445.

Dec. 30, Riall crossed the Niagara to Black Rock, routed the
opposing forces, and the next day burned Buffalo.

" The final military operations of this year on the north-
ern border were the most disappointing, and on the whole
the most disgraceful, of any that had been undertaken." —
Rossiter Johnson's " History of War of 1812," p. 149.

" All that the Americans had gained on the northern
frontier during the year 1813, with the exception of the
territory of Michigan, restored by Harrison's victory, had
now been lost, and, on New Year's Day of 1814, the settlers
along the whole length of the Niagara — those of them who
survived — were shivering beside the smouldering embers of
their homes." — Rossiter Johnson's "History of War of
1812," p. 167.

"New Year's Day found the Cross of St. George floating
over Fort Niagara, and the whole American side of the

108

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

river a ruined country."— McMaster'a " History of People
of U.S.," IV., 54.

1814.

Feb., A part of the 8th regiment marched from Frederictoii,
New Brunswick, to Quebec.

March 15, The Governor, at the Castle of St. Louis, Quebec,
had a " Talk," a conference, with chiefs and war-
riors of the Mohawks, Ottawas, Chippewas, Sacs,
Foxes, Shawnees, Kickapoos, and Winabagoes.
When they departed for the West they were loaded
down with presents.

March 30, Gen. Wilkinson, with 4,000 men, crossed the boun-
dary line to La Colle Mill ; but Major Hancock, with
340 men, compelled him to retreat to Plattsburg.

April 15, The "Prince Regent," 58 guns, and the " Princess
Charlotte," 42 guns, were launched at Kingston.
A printing press for Upper Canada was purchased
at Ogdensburg, for £84 7s. 6d., to replace the one
destroyed by the Americans at York in 1813.

May 3, Sir Adams Geo. Arciiibald, jurist, was born in Truro,
N.S.

May 6, Sir Jauios Yeo and Gen. Drummond took Oswego.

May 15, A Canadian squadron bombarded Charlotte, at the
mouth of the Genesee.

May 15, Col. Campbell, of the 11th U.S. infantry, with 500
men, crossed from Erie, Pa., and, after robbing the
people of Port Dover, burned the place, " a sawmill
and tannery, 5 distilleries, 6 stores, 13 barns, 3
gristmills, 19 dwelling houses." Col. Winfield Scott
callrd the performance an "error of judgmejit."

May 30, Sir James Yeo sent two gun-boats up Sandy Creek
to capture naval material on the way to Sackett's
Harbor ; but the Americans captured them.

July 1, Adams' "History of U.S." says, that on this day Gen.
Brown's army in Buffalo consisted of Ripley's bri-
gade, 1,415 men all told ; Porter's brigade, 830 men
all told; Scott's brigade, 2,122 men all told, and
Hindman's artillery, 413 men all told. Total, 4,780
rank and file, all told.

July 3, Gen. Frown led his army across the Niagara to Fort
Erie, which he soon took.

THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

109

en
nd

July 5, Gen. Brown defeated Riall at Chippewa or Street's
Creek. Riall, although a Ney in a fight, was an
indifferent general. With only 1,800 men he
abandoned a strong position and attacked Brown's
entire army, which was advantageously posted and
defended by powerful artillery.

" No one couhl have been more Burprised than Bro\ i or
more inoreduluutt than 8oott, at Riall's extraordinary move-
ment. The idea that a Britis)) force of two thousand men
at most should venture to attack more than three thousand,
with artillery, covered hy a deep, miry cn-ck, had not en-
tered their minds."— Adams' " History of U.S.," VIII., 41.

The British lost 611 killod and wounded ; the United
States over 308.

July 11, Sir Thomas Hardy and Col. Pilkington took Moose
Island.

July 12, Gen. John Swift, American, was killed in a skirmish
near For*3 George. There is credible authority for
the statement, that the best spoons of the Niagara
peninsula, mostly silver, were found in his pockets.
During Brown's short campaign on the peninsula,
the border men that were in his army, all crack
shots, suffered at the hands of the Canadian Militia,
who were their equals with the rifle, and altogether
their superiors at individual tactics in the woods.

July 15, Gen. Brown began the investment of Fort George.

July 19, The Americans burned St. Davids, 40 houses, near
Queenston.

July 20, Gen. Brown, not being aided by Chauncey in an at-
tack on Fort George, retired to Queenston.
Eight traitors, Americans who had settled in Upper
Canada, were hanged at Ancaster.

July 24, In the afternoon Gen. Drummond left York on the
" Netley," arriving at Niagara the next morning.

July 25, At daybreak, Col. Tucker, with 1,500 men, crossed
the Niagara and took Lewiston, destroying the pub-
lic stores. At six o'clock p.m. the battle of Lundy's
Lane was begun; Drummond, with 2,800 men, de-
feated Gen. Brown with 4,000 Americans. This
battle, which ended at midnight, was the most stub-
born and sanguinary contest, in proportion to the
numbers engaged, that has ever been fought in Am-

110

THE CARDINAL FAOTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

K ;.■ 'Mil"

J; I

iii'^

erica, and ever since the engagement two facts have
been stoutly disputed, the number of men in each
army and the result of the contest.
(I.) The British army was 2,800 men; the Ameri-
can was 4,000 men or more.

Gen. Drummond, in a letter of July 27, two days
after the battle, which is given in Dodsley's " An-
nual Register/' says :

" The darkness of the night, during this extraordinary
conflict, occasioned several uncommon incidents ; our troops
having for a moment been pushed back, some of our guns
remained for a few minutes in the enemy's hands ; they
were, however, not only quickly recovered, but the two
pieces, a six pounder and a five and a half inch howitzer,
which the enemy had brought up, were captured by us, to-
gether with several tumbrils, and in limbering up our guns
at one period, one of the enemy's six pounders was put, by
mistake, upon a limber of ours, and one of our six pounders
limbered on one of his, by which means the pieces were ex-
changed, and thus, though we captured two of his guns, yet,
as he obtained one of ours, we have gained only one gun.

The enemy's efforts to carry the hill were continued

until about midnight, when he had suffered so severely from
the superior steadiness and discipline of his majesty's troops
that he gave up the contest, and retreated with great pre-
cipitation to his camp beyond the Chippewa. On the fol-
lowing day he abandoned his camp, threw the greatest part
of his baggage, camp equipage and provisions into the
rapids, and having set fire to Streets' Mills and destroyed
the bridge at Chippewa, continued his retreat in great dis-
order towards Fort Erie The number of troops un-
der my command did not for the 6rst three hours exceed
sixteen hundred men, the addition of the troops under Col.
Scott did not increase it to more than two thousand eight
hundred of every description."

'* At five o'clock, July 25, the British army was nearly
concentrated. The advance under Biall at Lundy's Lane
numbered nine hundred and fifty rank and file, with three
field pieces which had been in the battle of Chippewa, and
either two or three six pounders. Drummond was three
miles below with eight hundred and fifteen rank and file,
marching up the river, and Col. Scott, of the one hundred
and third regiment, with twelve hundred and thirty rank and
file and two more six pound field pieces, was a few miles be-
hind Drummond. By nine o'clock in the evening the three
corps, numbering three thousand rank and file, with eight
field pieces,' were to unite at Lundy's Lane." — Adams'
"Hist, of U.S.." VIIL, 60.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

Ill

This, for an U. S. estimate, is almost satisfactory ;
Riall's force, though, was exactly 825 men.
But Drummond's statement of his own force should
be final -2,800 men.

Brown's force was 4,000 or more. He entered Can-
ada July 3 with all his men, nearly 5,000 He lost
some at Chippewa, some in scouting, and some may
have deserted. But he had been reinforced too. On
July 24 he was joined by 520 men from Fort Erie,
etc. He must, then, have had 4,000 or more at
Lundy's Lane.

" The Americans engaged in the battle numbered about
four thousand ; their loss in killed, wounded and missing
was more than eight hundred." — Ridpath's "Popular His-
tory of United States," p. 408.

(II.) The Canadians won the battle.

" It is proper here to mention that having received advices
as late as the 20th from Gen. Gaines that our fleet was then
in port, and the commodore sick, we ceased to look for co-
operation from that quarter, and determined to disencumber
ourselves of baggage and march directly for Burlington
Heights. To mask this intention, and to draw from Hchlos-
ser a small supply of provisions, I fell back upon Chippewa."
— Extract from Gen. Brown's report of the battle of Lundy's
Lane, given in Niles' •• Weekly Register," No. 26 of Vol.Vl.

Why, then, after the battle, did not Gen. Brown
march to Burlington Heights ? It was because
Drummond compelled him to flee to Fort Erie.

"Across the river, at Chippewa, and next at Niagara
Falls, or Lundy's Lane, were famous victories, the latter a
conquest, however, only by the arithmetic of slaughter.
The field and captured cannon were not retained, for which
reason the British have claimed the fight as theirs ever since."
— Schouler's "Hist, of U.S.," IL, 405.

This is really an admission that the Americans lost
the battle, for even the " arithmetic of slaughter "
was against them

Rossiter Johnson, " Hist, of War of 1812," p. 244, says
that in the battle of Lundy's Lane the Americans lost 174
killed and 565 wounded, and that the British lost 84 killed
and 557 wounded, which is almost correct for the British side.

" Nearly eight hundred Americans and as many English
had fallen on and around that single hill." — Headley's
" Second War with England," II., 95.

112

THE CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HlflTORT.

S:|i

" To hold out longer was impossible, and about midnight
Brown led his troops back in good order to camp." — Mo-
Master's " Hist, of People of U.S." IV., 60.

"The time was then about 11 o'clock, and everyone felt
that the army must soon retreat. Farther in the rear Gen.
Brown met Major Hindman of the Artillery, who was bring-
ing up his spare ammunition wagons. Brown ordered
Hindman to collect his artillery as well as he could, and
retire immediately ; ' we shall all march to camp.' He said
that they had done as much as they could do ; that nearly
all their officers were killed or wounded ; that he was him-
self wounded, and he thought it best to retire to camp." —
Adams's " History of U.S.^', VIII., 58. On page 64, same
vohime, Adams says that Brown ordered Riplepr, morning
of the 26th, to return to Lundy's Lane, " to regain a battle-
field which Brown had felt himself unable to maintain at
midnight."

Roosevelt, " History of Naval War of 1812," p. 21, says,
"it is equally beyond question that it was a defeat and not
a victory for the Americans. They left the field and retired
in perfect order to Fort Erie, while the British held the
field and the next day pursued their foes."

If the Americans captured the British guns, they
neither took them off, destroyed them, nor spiked
tliera ; they left their dead and wounded on the field ;
and, to expedite their flight to Fort Erie, they threw
camp equipage an<i provisions into the Niagara. In-
stead of going to Burlington, as Brown had intended,
he was forced to make all speed in an opposite direc-
tion.

Aug. 4, Capt. Sinclair, Commander of American vessels on
Lake Eric, attempted to take Mackinaw, but was
driven off with loss.

In J'lly and August, 16,000 regulars arrived inCan-
adr,.

Aug. 12, Captain Dobbs, who had carried boats overland
from Ontario to Erie, captured the U.S. schooners
" Ohio " and " Somers " at Fort Erie.

Aug. 15, Gen. Drummond assaulted Fort Erie, but the acci-
dental explosion of an ammunition chest nearly
destroyed the storming party, and failure ensued.
His nephew, Col. Drummond of the 104th, was
killed.

Aug. 24, Gen. Ross took Washington and burned the public
buildings. Some writers, British and American,

lip'

THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

113

id
brs

have used '* vandalism " in speaking of this exploit.

It was a justifiable offKet to the burning of Newark,

York, St. Davids, Moravian Town, and Port Dover.
Sept. 3, Lieutenant VV'orsley captured the American vessel

" Tigress," oflF Nottawassaga.
Sept. 6, Lieutenant Worsley captured the American vessel

'' Scorpion," oflf Nottawassaga.

George Etienne Cartier, statesman, was born at St.

Antoine, Lower Canada.
Sept. 11, Capt. Downie was defeated and killed at Plattsburg,

and Gov. Prevost made a hasty retreat from the

same place.

•• The squadron which the British vessels were now bear-
ing down to attack was much their superior in men, ton-
nage and weight of metal, beuides being supported- by
powerful land batteries. Still Downie relied upon Prevost's
assurance that the enemy's position would be assailed by
land while he attacked his fleet, and bore gallantly down to
action. But, instead of supporting this movement, Prevost
directed his men to cook their breakfasts. The result was
what might naturally be expected. Alter a desperate battle
the ' Contiance,' ' Linnet ' brig, and ' Chub' sloop were com-
pelled to strike their colours. The 'Finch' struck on a
reef, and was of no use during the action, and nine of the
gunboats fled. Prevost at length put his attacking columns
in motion, but, on finding that he could not expect succor
from the fleet, he immediately withdrew them and resolved
to retreat. The works would have boen easily carried ; a
success in this way would have been a set-off to the disaster
of the fleet, and nothing could have equalled the indignation
of the troops when they were ordered to retreat. Many of
the officers indignantly broke their swords, declaring they
would never serve again, and the army sullenly retraced its
way to the Canadian frontier, undisturbed by the enemy.
The disgraceful course pursued on this occasion effectually
destroyed the military reputation of the Governor-in-Chief ,
and as he died before he could be tried by court-martial, the
stain still rests on his memory." — McMuUen's " Hist, of
Canada," p. .314.

McMullen gives the following, as the comparative
strength of the fleets engaged at Plattsburg :

British. American.
V esseis * .

Broadside guns

Weight of metal, Iba. . .
Aggregate of crews ....
Tons 1,425

765

1,194

537

950

425

2,540

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t i

'i r'"'t'

HP;

i If;, j

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f'fin:

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114 THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

" He [Macdonough] forced the British to engage at a dis-
advantage by his excellent choice of position, and he pre-
pared beforehand for every possible contingency." — Roose-
velt's •• Naval War of 1812," p. 398.

" Madonongh anchored his four large vessels across
riattf^burg Bay, where it was a mile and a half wid^, and

{>laced his gunboats in their rear to till the gaps. Cuniber-
and Head, on his left and front, and Crab Island on his
right, obliged the enemy to enter in a line so narrow that
Downio would find no room to anchor on his broadside out
of carronade range, but must sail into the harbor under the
raking fire of the American long guns, and take a position
within range of the American carronades," — Adams's *' Hist,
of U.S.," VIII, 107.

Sept. 17, The Americans made a useless sortie from Fort Erie.

Sept. 29, Sir James Lucas Yeo wrote to the Secretary of the
Admiralty, submitting the correspondence between
Prevost and Pownie, which showed that Prevost
had urged Downie into action too soon, and had not,
simultaneously with the naval action, assaulted
Plattsburg, as he had promised.

Oct. 10, The " St. Lawrence," 100 guns, was launched at
Kingston. Yeo then commanded Lake Ontario.

Nov. 5, The Americans evacuated and destroyed Fort Erie
and re-crossed the Niagara River.
Gen. Drummond wrote to Prevost concerning the
conduct of the Americans on the Niagara peninsula:

" The wanton outrages, robberies and excesses lately com-
mitted by the enemy's army on this frontier demand a
severe retaliation, and I would recommend to your Excel-
lency to make the necessary communications to Sir Alexan-
der Cochrane on the subject, unless you would prefer that it
should be inflicted on the opposite frontier, a service which
I consider this division is perfectly equal at any time
effectually to perform."

Dec. 21, Col. Proctor was tried by court-martial in Montreal.

"But of all these sanguinary conflicts the miserable re-
compense was the capture of the one British fort opposite
Buffalo, which Izard, who arrived with reinforcements in
September to assume command, had to abandon and blow
up, after in vain offering battle to the enemy, for it was cer-
tain that the American army could not safely quarter for
the winter on the Canada side. ' The most that can fair-
ly be hoped,' wrote Madison gloomily in October, ' is that
the campaign may end where it is.' " — Schouler's " Hist, of
U.S.," II., 405.

THE OARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

116

Dec. 24, Treaty of Ghent ; this diplomatically ended the war
between Great Britain and the United States.
It is supposed by pome people that, on the whole,
the war resulted favorably to the United States ;
such, however, is not an easy inference from the
sober statements of the best American historians.

" While the bells were ringing and the cannon booming,
none, save a few old Federalists, thought it necessary to stop
and enquire what the terms of the treaty might be. The
feelings of the people, as expressed in their actions, were :
We have peace, and peace is all wo want. But now that
the treaty was made public, and the first outburst of joy
had subsided, the terms were read by the Federalists witn
shouts of exultation, by the Republicans with humiliation
and shame. ' Bad as it is,' said the Federalist journals, ' we
hail it with delight. To our country, pining for peace, it is
a sweet restorative. To our people, harassed by war and
impoverished by taxes, it is a welcome relief. To our bank-
rupt treasury, whose every resource was gone, it is a happy
escape. In truth, it is not too much to say that the coming
of peace has saved the country and the Government from
disunion. But when the sweet delirium we now all enjoy
has passed away the day of reckoning will come, and we
shall then hear asked on every hand. What have we gained
by war ? Can Mr. Madison tell us ? Into that war he
draggod us in defence of Free Trade and Sailors' Rights.
Have they been secured ? No ! Are they reserved for future
negotiation ? No ! Are they silently surrendered, and with
them, according to the declaration of war, the honor and in-
dependence of the nation ? They are, indeed. But we also
fought e gainst certain doctrines of Great Britain in the mat-
ter of paper blockades, which were too outrageous to be
borne any If. ager. These surely have been settled in our
favor ? No, not a word is said about them. But those im-
pressed sailors, those sixty-two hundred and fifty-seven
American citizens shut up in the ' ' floating hells of England,"
have they been relieved and compensated ? No, they are
not even alluded to. Well, at all events, we have lost
nothing. Not so ; we have lost much. We have lost Moose
Island ; we have lost our rights to the fisheries claimed by
us ir ihe treaty of 1783 and recognized by it ; we have lost
the West India trade, and, most shameful of all, we have
submitted the boundaries of the United States to the revi-
sion of monarchical umpires, sceptered brothers of the Brit-
ish King. The limits of our republic now depend on the
honesty of kings ! ' The Republicans, on the other hand,
had nothing to say in defence. They contented themselves,
therefore, with dwelling on the blessings of peace, on the
happy result of the war, o- *'(«* orreat lessons it had taught

!€'

,!. i

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I, til.:

\ V.

i'l

116

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

the people and the world, and on the bright era of pros-
perity that seemed to be at hand." — McMaster's '* Hist,
of People of U.S.," IV., 276.

" Never before was an administration so loudly called
upon to ask that public thanks might be offered for deliver-
ance from great perils." — Headley's '* Second War with
England," II., 190.

" In America so great was the universal joy that the Fed-
erals and Democrats forgot their differences and their hates,
and wept and laughed by turns in each other's arms and
kissed each other like women." — Gay's "Life of Madison,"
p. 331.

"It [peace] was welcome to the Administration, whose
inexperience in the conduct of the war had involved it in
great financial straits, to the Federalists, who considered the
war iniquitous, and even to the war party, who had begun
to anticipate a single contest with England. Therefore, the
peace, which actually secured not one of the objects for
which war had l^een declared, occasioned rejoicings which
would have been 'more appropriate for a more successful ter-
mination of the war."— Johnston's '* American Politics,"
p. 86.

" Great Britain, after the war, though not bound by the
Treaty to do so, put a stop to the irritating and unjust prac-
tice of searching vessels flying the American flag. And
warlike Americans, from that day to this, have not dreamed
of easily conquering any part of the British provinces." —
Ed. Egglestou's " Life of Tecumseh," p. 319.

Yes, Great Britain ceased the practice of search, not
on account of the war nor of the Treaty, but because
the necessity of doing so had passed away, the Euro-
pean wars being over.

1815.

Jan. 8, Gen. Pakenham was defeated and killed at New Or-
leans.

Jan. 30, Bishop Strachan, of York, wrote his famous letter to
Thos. JeflFerson, Esq., of Monticello, ex-president of
the United States.

March 3, The United States repealed the Non-intercourse and
Non-iraportation Acts.

March 27, The entire amount of Army Bills outstanding was
£1,249,996.

April 3, Sir George Prevost left Quebec, Gen. Drummond as-
suming the government.

May 22, Fort Niagara was restored to the Americans.

■i m m mmiism '* m t i.wttt i -<0

Tfi^

IS
IS-

THK CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

117

Sept. 1 6, The Montreal Herald said : " Yesterday between the
hours of 9 and 10, pursuant to their sentences, An-
dre Latulippe, Henry Leopard, and John Quin re-
ceived 39 lashes each, in the new Market Place."

lolo.

Jan. 8, Sir Geo. Prevost died in England.

Feb. 5, Day named for Prevost's trial.

May 22, Gen. Drummond went to England, leaving Maj.-Gen.
Wilson administrator.
Myer's Creek became Belleville.
Shipman's Corners became St. Catharines.

June 18, Mr. Semple, Governor of Hudson's Bay Company,
and some of his men, were fiercely attacked by em-
ployees of the North-West Company, at "Seven
Oaks," Red River, and Mr. Semple was killed.
Earl Dalhousie was made Gov.-Gen. of Nova Scotia.
The Durham boat came into use in Canada.

July 13, Sir John Sherbrooke was made Lieut.-Gov. of Canada.

Aug., The Earl of Selkirk, with De Meuron's regiment, took
possession of Fort William and its contents, the
property of the North- West Company.

Sept. 7, AtEarnestown, U.C., the " Frontenac " was launched,
the first Canadian steamor on Lake Ontario.

Sept. 20, A stage began to run from York to Niagara.

Nov. 7, A constable and twelve men, with warrants from
Upper Canada, attempted to arrest Selkirk and his
officers at Fort William, but Selkirk withstood the
constable, seized him, and imprisoned him.

1817.

Jan., Samuel Purdy put on the first stage from Kingston to
York.

April 29, Mr. Bagot, for Great Britain, and Mr. Rush, for
the United States, made an agreement for their re-
spective governments that each nation should main-
tain " on Lake Ontario one vessel not exceeding one
hundred tons burden, and armed with an eighteen
pound cannon. On the Upper Lakes two vessels not
exceeding the like burden each, and armed with like
force, and on the waters of Lake Champlain one
vessel not exceeding like burden and armed with
like force."

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118

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

April 30, A mandamus was issued which gave Mgr. Plessis a
seat in the Legislative Council as Catholic Bishop of
Quebec.
Robert Gourlay came to Canada.

June 23, The Bank of Montreal was founded ; its capital was
limited to £250,000 currency.

July 3, The Synod of the Presbyterian Church of Nova
Scotia was formed.

July 12, Samuel Jar vis killed John Ridout in a duel in Tor-
onto.

1818.

Jan. 17, Antoine Aime Dorion, statesman, was born in Ste.

Anne de la Perade, L.C.
May 2, Bishop Plessis sent Fathers Provencher and Dumou-

lin to Red River.
May 8, Samuel Leonard Tilley, statesman, was born at Gage-
town, N.B.
June 9, Quebec Bank was founded ; its capital was limited

to £75,000 currency.

In this year the first Methodist Church in Toronto

was built.

It is said that wolves and fallow deer were unknown

in New Brunswick before this year.
July 5, Father Edmund Burke, western missionary, was

consecrated Bishop of Halifax, N.S.
July 15, The first of a series of letters on agriculture, by

"Agricola " (John Young), appeared in the Acadian

Recorder. They gave an impetus to farming.

*' There are Junius like touches in the letters of Agricola,
which are rarely met with even in the best authors, and
which would have done credit to an Addison or a Macauley,
and have all the more merit as coming from a merchant who
wrote only during his leisure hours."— Campbell's •' History
of Nova Scotia," p. 223.

July 18, The first shower of grasshoppers fell in Red River;
they hid the sun and devoured every green i hing.

July 29, Duke of Richmond arrived in Canada as Governor-
General.

Aug. 15, Robert Gourlay, a Scotch immigrant, who made
himself too inquisitive about public matters, to suit
the upper-crust people of Upper Canada, was tried

BK aiii.;a'j K Bt^jiiMji^a jfe^aaeagK--

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

119

" for libel " in Kingston ; but, being a capable man,
he argued out. his dismissal.

Sept. Earl of Selkirk was tried in Sandwich for breaking
into Fort William and for resisting arrest.

Oct. 20, Frederic John Robinson and Henry Goulbourn, for
Great Britain, and Albert Gallatin and Richard
Rush, for the United States, signed a convention,
" London Convention," which restored to the United
States the right to fish around Newfoundland, and
to cure fish on any of the unsettled bays or harbors;
and made, provisionally, the 49th parallel of north
latitude the boundary from Lake of Woods to the
Stony Mountains ; a joint occupation of Oregon was
also agreed on.

Dec. 15, A Provincial Agricultural Society was formed in
Nova Scotia, the Governor of the province. Lord
Dalhousie, being president.

1819.

Jan. 4, Robert Gourlay was put in Niagara gaol.

Jan. 12, Father Alexander Macdonell was made Vicar- Apos-
tolic of Upper Canada. St. Boniface College, Red
River, was founded. Upper Canada Association of
Baptists was formed.

July 12, The Bank of Kingston was incorporated.

Locusts devoured every green thing in the Red
River district.

Aug. 28, The Duke of Richmond died from the effects of a
fox-bite, the fox being afflicted with hydrophobia.
Mr. Monk assumed the government.

Nov. 15, The Law Officers of the Crown, the question having
been referred to them, decided that the Church of
Scotland had a claim for a share of the rents and
profits of the Clergy Reserves, but no claim for
parochial endowments.

1820.

Jan. 29, Geo. IV. began to reign.

The Bank of New Brunswick was founded.

About this time the " Family Compact " is said to

have been formed in Upper Canada.

[»i

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if

120

THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORT.

June 18, Earl Dalhousie assumed the Government of Can-
ada. Sir J. Kempt was made Lieut.-Gov. of Nova
Scotia.

July 22, Sir Oliver Mowat, statesman, was born in Kingston,
U.C.

Aug, 28, The Montreal Bible Society was established.

Rev. Mr. West, Anglican, settled at Red River, the
first Protestant clergyman in the country.
The Recorder^ Brockville, U.C, now appeared.

OcL 9, Cape Breton was reunited to Nova Scotia.

Oct. 13, Sir John William Dawson, geologist, was born at
Pictou, Nova Scotia.

Dec. 24. The Army Bill Office was closed, the Army Bills
being redeemed.

Dec. 31, Father Alexander Macdonell received Episcopal con-
secration in Quebec, Bishop of Regiopolis (Kingston.)

1821.

March 26, The Hudson's Bay Company and the North- West

Company amalgamated.
March 31, McGill College, Montreal, obtained a royal charter.
April 21, The Bank of Upper Canada was incorporated by

proclamation.
June 6, Corner-stone of Montreal General Hospital was laid.
July 2, Sir Charles Tupper was born at Amherst, N.S.
Ju^y 17, Ground was broken for the Lachine Canal, Telford

being the engineer.
Nov. 14, Thos. C. Keefer, engineer, was born in Thorold,

Upper Canada.

1822.

May 1, The General Hospital, in Montreal, was opened ; it

had accommodation for 80 patients.
June 20, A Bill was introduced into the Imperial Parliament,

to facilitate trade in, and with. Canada, ''Canada

Trade Act," and to incorporate the legislatures of

Lower and Upper Canada. The Trade Act passed ;

the second clause was defeated.

The Law Society of Upper Canada was incorporated.
July 16, Charles Sangster, author, was born in Kingston,

U.C.

Father Provencher was made Bishop of Red River.

THB CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

121

Sept. 3. The Bank of Kingston failed.

Oct. 2, Matthew Crooks Cameron, jurist, was born in Dun-
das, U.C.

1823.

Nova Scotia, the first of the
issued a penny and a

coinage.

During this year,
Provinces to issue
half-penny.

June 12, The steamer "De Salaberry," which left Quebec at
2 a.m. for Montreal, took tire off Cape Rogue, but
of 240 passengers only 6 were lost.

Oct. 17, Samuel Sobieski Nelles was born at Mount Pleasant,
Upper Canada.

Nov. 23, Receiver General Caldwell, Lower Canada, being
£96,000 in arrear, was suspended from office.

Dec. 4, The following professors were appointed for McGill
College : Rev. G. J. Mountain, D.D., Principal and
Professor of Divinity ; Rev. J. L. Mills, D.D., Pro-
fessor of Moral Philosophy and Languages ; Rev. J.
Scrachan, D.D., Professor of History and Civil
Law ; Rev. G. J. Wilson, M A., Professor of Mathe-
matics and Natural Philosophy ; Thomas Fargues,
M.D., Professor of Medicine.

1824.

Jan. 4, Peter Mitchell, statesman, was born in Newcastle,
N.B.

Jan. 6, The Historical Society of Quebec first met. Lord Dal-
housie presiding.

March 9, " An Act to promote the progress of useful arts in
this Province," Canada, received royal assent. It
was the beginning of the patent system in Canada.
Common School Act passed in Upper Canada.
The '• Fabrique Act " was passed in Lower Canada,
empowering the priest and church-wardens of every
parish to provide a school for every 100 families.

May 18, Wm Lyon Mackenzie issued the first number of
the Colonial Advocate, at Qoeenston, U.C.

June 1, The foundation stone of Brock's monument was laid

with Masonic honors, Wm. Lyon Mackenzie acting

a foremost part, and putting a copy of his Advocate

in the hollow of the foundation stone ; when Sir

122

THB CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

g J

Peregrine Maitland heard of it, he ordered that the
Advocate be extracted ; Mackenzie took it out.

June 8, Noah Cu»hing, of Quebec, received a patent for a
washing and fulling machine ; it was the tirst patent
issued by Canada.

Sept. 1, The foundation stone of Notre Dame Church, Mon-
treal, was laid.

Sept. 13. The remains of Sir Isaac Brock and Lieut. Col. Mc-
Donell were deposited in the vault beneath the
monument on Queenston Heights.

Nov. 25, \Vm. Lyon Mackenzie, having moved from Queens
ton to York, first published the Advocate in York.

1825.

Jan. 24, James MacPhersou Le Moine, author, was born in
Quebec.

Feb. 28, Great Britain and the United States made a treaty,
agreeing that fishing, navigation, and trade be free,
"in any part of the ocean commonly called the
Pacific Ocean."

June 16, Bishop Mountain died at Marchmont, near Quebec.

July 22, Lord Bathurst, Colonial Secretary, wrote to Sir
Peregrine Maitland, Upper Canada, authorizing
him to erect a parsonage in every parish, and to
endow it with a land grant proportionate to its
importance.

July 23, It was determined, under the terms of the Canada
Trade Act, " that for the four yeaid next succeeding
the 1st July, 1824, one-fourth part of the duties
levied in the Province of Lower Canada, under the
authority of any act or acts passed therein, upon
goods, wares, and commodities f iported therein by
sea, shall be paid to the province of Upper Canada,
as the proportion of the same duties arising and
due to the said province."
Lachine Canal was completed.
Directed by Hon. Peter Robinson, 415 Irish famil-
ies came from Cork, and settled in the Newcastle
district of Upper Canada, Peterboro'.
Oct 7, Miramichi Fire.

" In the autumn of 1825, a terrible disaster overwhemed
the province [New Brunswick.] A long drought had

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HI8T0BT.

123

parched the forest to tinder. For two months not a drop
of rain had fallen, and the streams were shrunken to rivu-
lets. Numerous tires had laid waste the woods and farms,
and filled the air with stifling smoke. The Government
House at Fredericton was burned. But a still greater cal-
amity was impending. On the 7th of October a storm of flame
swept over the country for sixty miles, from Miramiohi to the
Bay of Chaluurs. A pitchy darkness covered the sky, lurid
flames swept over the earth, consuming the forest, houses,
barns, crops, and the towns of Newcastle and Douglas, with
several ships upon the stocks. Resistance was in vain and
escape almost impossible. The only hope of eluding the
tornado of fire was to plunge into the rivers and marshes,
and to cower in the water or ooze till the waves of flame
had passed. The roar of the wind and fire, the crackling
and crashing of the pines, the bellowing uf the terrified
cattle, and Uie glare of the conflagration, were an assem-
blage of horrors sufiicient to appal the stoutest heart.
When that fatal night had passed, the thriving towns, vil-
ages and farms over an area of five thousand square miles
were a charred and blackened desolation. A million dol-
lars worth of accumulated property was consumed, and the
loss of timber was incalculable. One hundred and sixty
persons perished in the flames or m their efforts to escape,
and hundreds were maimed for life. The generous aid of
the sister provinces, and of Great Britain and the United
States, greatly mitigated the sutferirgs of the hapless in-
habitants, made homeless on the eve of a rigorous winter."
— Withrow's " History of Canada," pp. 502 603.

1826.

Anticosti was re-annexed to Canada.

Jan. 27, The Pope set off Upper Canada as a separate dio-
cese, making Kingston the See.

Feb. 14, Bishop Macdonell took charge of his See at King-
ston, U.C.

Col. John By came to construct the Rideau Canal.
Peterboro, Upper Canada, was laid out.

June 8, A "genteel mob" wrecked Mackenzie's Advocate in
York.

June 11, James Colledge Pope, statesman, was born in Be-
dequp, Prince Edward Island.

Aug. 19, Tiie Canada Company was chartered; its capital
was £1,000,000 in nearly 3,000,000 acres of land in
Lower and Upper Canada, conditional to road mak-
ing and general development.

Aug 26, Sir Hector Louis Langevin was born in Quebec.

M ■

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1
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124

THE OARDINAL FAOTid OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

''ill

1827.

March 15, A royal charter was obtained for establishing at
York, U.C., a college, with the privileges of a uni-
versity, to be called King's College.
Shade's Mill became Gait.

April 23, John Gait began Guelph, U.C.
Goderich, U.C., was laid out.
The first steam engine in Nova Scotia.
The Shubenacadie Canal Wius begun, to connect
Halifax Harbor with the Bay of Fundy.

Nov. 20, The corner-stone of Wolfe's and Montcalm's monu-
ment was laid at Quebec, Earl Dalhousie directing
it.

Dec. 3, The Presbyterians in Montreal made application to
tiie home government for a share of the clergy re-
serves ; their demand was soon granted.

1828.

April 10, While Francis Collins, editor of the Freeman^ in
York, was explaining to Judge Willis, in open court,
the reasons why Attorney-General Robinson bad
preferred indictments for libel against him, a bitter-
ness originated between the Judge and the Att.-Gen.

June 6, Judge Willis was suspended by the Imperial Govern-
ment.

July 11, Judge Willis left York for England.

The Methodists of Upper Canada separated from the
Methodist Church of the United States.

Sept. 8, Earl Dalhousie departed for England, and Sir James
Kempt assumed the government.

1829.

Jan. 8, In Upper Canada, Messrs. Bid well. Perry, Rolph,
Matthews, and Dr. Baldwin took seats on the Oppo-
sition benches

Feb. 14, Mr. Robert Christie, member for Gaspe, was expelled
from the Assembly of Lower Canada " for having
advised the dismissal of a number of magistrates
from the Commission of the Peace on account of
their votes and speeches in the Assembly." He was
expelled several times afterwards on the same alle-
gations.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN H18T0BT.

125

Heretofore only clergymen of the English Church
could legally perform the marriage ceremony in
Upper Canada ; but in this year Marshall Bidwell
passed a Bill that empowered any Christian clergy-
man to perform the marriage rite.

June 7, Notre- Dame Church, Montreal, was dedicated; it is
the largest church in America, having a seating
capacity of 10,000.

Thomas Chandler Haliburton wrote " History of
Nova Scotia."
The wheat midge first appeared in Lower Canada.

Nov. 21, The Christian Guardian, Methodist, first appeared,
Rev. Adolphus Egerton Ryerson, editor.

Nov. 30, The Welland Canal was formally opened.

1830.

Jan. 1, In Brock ville, Upper Canada, Ogle R. Gowan opened
the first Orange Lodge, No. 1, L.O.L., in Canada.

Jan. 8, Upper Canada College, York, was opened.

June 26, VVilliam IV. began to reign.

Oct. 13, Lord Aylmer arrived at Quebec.

Oct. 20, Sir James Kempt went to England, transferring the
Government to Lord Aylmer.

1831.

Jan. 10, The King of the Netherlands gave his decision on
the " Maine Boundary," to which the United States
would not submit.

Feb. 3, Lord Aylmer was made Governor-General.

March 26, John Herbert Sangster, scientist and author, was
born in London, Upper Canada. In this year 34,000
immigrants came to Canada. The " Royal William"
was built at Quebec ; she was the first steamship to
cross the Atlantic.

Dec. 12, William Lyon Mackenzie was expelled from the
House of Assembly, Upppr Canada, for libel.

1832.

Jan. 2, Wm. L. Mackenzie, in York, was presented with a
gold medal, worth £60, by his constituents of York,
"as a token of their appreciation of his political
career."

»ii

111*

^l!u

-■ll: •
'. t ;

126

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CAVADIAN HISTOHV.

Jan. 8, Wm. L. Mackenzie was expelled from the Uppfr

Canada Assembly, the second time for libel.
April 5, Brock ville, U.C, was incorporated into a town.
May 2, First Protestant church in Red River, St Andrew's,

was opened at Grand Rapid.
May 21, Election riot in Montreal.
May 29, The propeller " Pumper " made the first trip through

the Rideau canal from By town (Ottawa) to Kingston.

New School Act was passed in Lower Canada.

London district, U.C, was now settled.

During this year some prominent men of Upper

Canada urged that the Island of Montreal bo added

to Upper Canada, so that a seaport could be secured

for the younger province.

The quarantine station, Grosse Isle, was established.

" The Tallow ■ Company " was organized at Red

River, to raise cattle and export hides and tallow.
June 7, The corner stone of Upper Canada Academy

(Methodist) was laid in Cobourg.
June 9, The cholera reached Quebec, brought by the ship

" Carrick " from Dublin.
June 10, The cholera reached Montreal.
Oct. 4, Felix P. C. Geoflfrion, statesman, was born in Varen-

nes, Lower Canada.

1833.

Gov. Simpson, Red River, advised his people to

engage in stock-raising, especially sheep.
June 2, Hector Cameron was born in Montreal.
June 5, The corporation of the city of Montreal first met, Mr.

Jacques Viger, mayor.

The penitentiary, Kingston, U.C, was first opened.
Aug. 5, The " Royal William " left Quebec for London ; this

was the first ship, depending on the motive power of

steam alone, that crossed the Atlantic.
Oct. 13, Edwfird Blake was born in Adelaide, Middlesex

county. Upper Canada
Nov. 2, Wm. L. Mackenzie was expelled from the U.C

Assemblv, the third time.
Nov. 7, Louis Fran9ois Roderique Masson, statesman, was

born in Terrebonne, L.C

■p

THB OARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HI8T0RT.

127

Quebec, Lower Canada, was incorporated as a city,
Mr. Elzear Bedard first mayor.

Dec. 16, Wm. L. Mackenzie was re elected by York.

Dec. 17, Wm. L. Mackenzie was re-expelled from the Assem-
bly for "publishing a false and scandalous libel"

1834.
Jan. 23, The Chateau, St. Louis, Quebec, was burned.
Feb. 11, Wm. L. Mackenzie, having taken the oath prescribed
for members of the Legislature, entered the House,
but the serjeant-at-arms forcibly ejected him.

Feb. 21, Mr. Bedard, in L.C. Assembly, introduced ninety-
two resolutions, expressing grievances against the
Government.

March 6, Yo'-k was made a city and re-named Toronto.

March 27, Wm. L. Mackenzie was elected first mayor of
Toronto.

April 15, Mr. Roebuck, in the Imperial Parliament, moved
for a select committee to enquire into the political
conditions of the Canadas, adding that these Prov-
inces, in consequence of continuous bad Government,
are in a state approaching to open revolt.

Aug. 4, Mr. Hume presentvd to the Imperial Parliament,
Mr. Bedard's ninety-two resolutions, signed by 18,083
people.

Aug. 23, Lord Gosford arrived at Quebec.

Quit Rents were commuted in Nova Scotia.
The Whig, Kingston, U.C, now appeared.

Aug. 26, Louis Fran9ois George Baby, statesman, was born
in Montreal.

Nov. 4, The last number of the Colonial Advocate appeared.

Nov. 20, The Constitutional Society of Montreal framed an
address, expressing the political views of the ultra
British element.

Dec. 9, The " Canadian Alliance Society " was formed in
Toronto, an organization with democratic tendencies.

1835.
"Sam Slick," the clockmaker, written by Judge
Haliburton, appeared in the Nova Scotian.
Lord Aylmer erected a monument to Wolfe on the
Plains of Abraham, and a slab to the memory of
Montcalm in the Ursuline Convent, Quebec,

128

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

;i =

5 • li

Aug. 23, Lord Gosford arrived at Quebec.

Hudson's Bay Company paid the Earl of Snlkirk
£"<4,u00 for the land the Company liad granted in
1811 to Thomas, Earl of Selkirk, and for costs of
settlers and settlements.

Aug. 23, Samuel Hume Blake was born in Toronto.

The settlers at Red River began to complain against
the monopoly and the oppressive rule of the Hud-
son's Bay Coiapany.

Sept. 15, Lord Aylmer went to England.

Dec. 4, Sir Richard John Cartwright, statesman, was born in
Kingston.

1836.

Jan. 15, Sir John Col borne, at the instance of the Executive
Council of Upper Canada, created and endowed
forty four rectories in U.C.
John A. Macdonald was called to the degree of bar-

Feb. 6,
Feb. 14,
Feb 20,

March 4,

June 30,

Au«. 20,
Aug. 27,
Sept. 8,

Oct. 3,

rister-at-law.

Rev, George Jehosophat Mountain was made the
first Anglican bishop of Montreal.
Sir Francis Bond Head called Messrs. John Henry
Dunn, Robert Baldwin, und John Rolph to the Ex-
ecutive Council of Upper Canada.
Messrs Dunn, Baldwin, Rolph, Peter Robinson,
Geo. H. Mark land, and Joseph Wells resigned from
the Executive Council of Upper Canada.
A horse railway was put in operation between La-
prairie and St. John's, L.C.

A meeting of rural Reformers, at Lloyd town, U.C,
resolved that as oppression could not be constitution-
ally resisted, every Reformer should arm himself to
defend his rights.

Thomas Moss, jurist, was born in Cobourg, U.C.
The Upper Canada Academy, Cobourg, was opened.
Jean Jacques Lartigue was made the first Catholic
bishop of Montreal.

The Assembly of Lower Canada, in an address to
the Governor, declined to vote a supply for govern-
ment expenses, until there was an electiveJegislative
council and other reforms.

THE OARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

129

1837.

March 6, Lord John Russell laid before the House of Com-
mons his Ten Resolutions.

March 8, The Bank of British North America was opened in
Montreal.

May, The banks of Lower Canada suspended specie payment ;
it was due to the financial panic in the United States.
Geri. Sir J. Harvey was made Lieut.-Gov. of New
Brunswick.

June 21, Queen Victoria began to reign.

July 28, At a meeting of Reformers, held in John Doel's
brewery, Toronto, Wm. L. Mackenzie moved, sec-
onded by Dr. Morrison, " that the thanks of the
Reformers of Upper Canada be tendered to Hon. L.
J. Papineau and his compatriots for their devoted,
honorable, and patriotic opposition to the oppressive
rule of the Imperial Government."
Locomotives began to be used on the railway from
Laprairie to St. John's.

Oct. 24, Bishop Lartigue, of Montreal, issued a mandament,
to DO read in the churches, condemning all revolu-
tionary proceedings.

Nov. 6, Thomas Storrow Brown led the " Sons of Liberty"
in an attack upon members of the Doric Club, in
Montreal ; it was the beginning of the Rebellion in
Lower Canada.

The office of the Vindicator^ a patriot paper, was
wrecked in Montreal.

Nov. 16, Warrants were issued for the arrest of Papineau,
Brown, O'Callaghan, and others.

Nov. 23, Col. Gore attacked Dr. Nelson at St. Denis, but was
forced to retire. The rebels brutally murdered
Lieutenant Weir..

Nov. 25, Col. Wetherall drove Brown out of St. Charles.

Dec. 2, Col. Gore entered St. Denis, Nelson having withdrawn.

Dec. 4, About 800 rebels collected on Yonge Street, ncrth of
Toronto ; Col. Moodie was shot.

Dec. 5, The Governor declared the district of Montreal under
martial law.

Dec. 7, Sir Francis Head and Col. McNab, with 500 militia,
marched from Toronto to Montgomery's Tavern on

i'if

I'M

130 THB OAKOINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

;-il

I III

•■ v ■

I Jh

Yonge Street, when, after driving off 800 rebels,

they burned the tavern ; William Lyon Mackenzie

took to flij»lit.

A reward of £1,000 waM offered for the apprehension

of Mackenzie, and £500 for that of (Hbson, Lount,

Jesse Lloyd, and Silas Fletcher.
Dec. 11, Mackenzie reached Buffalo.
Deo. 12, Mackenzie addressed a large audience in Buffalo,

appealing for help.
Dec. 14, Sir John Col borne crushed a large gathering of

rebels at St. Eustache, Lower Canada.
Dec. l!9. Lieutenant Drew, directed by Col. McNab, cast the

"Caroline," which had carried munitions and stores

from the United States to the rebels on Navy Island,

over the Niagara Falls.

1838.

Jan 5, President Van Huren issued a proclamation forbidding
Americans to aid " patriot " Canadians.

Feb. 10, The Imperial Government suspended the constitution
of Lower Canada.

March 1, Six hundred "patriots" under Dr. Nelson, surren-
dered in Vermont to Gen. Wool, of U.S. army.

March 26, Lount and Matthews, in Toronto, were arraigned
before Chief Justice Robinson for participation in
the rebellion.

March 29, Lount and Matthews were condenmed to death.

April 12, Lount and Matthews were executed in Toronto.

May 27, Lord Durham arrived in Canada as High Commis-
sioner.

May 29, Members of *' Hunt(n''s Lodges," an American organi-
zation in sympathy with Canadian rebels,^ burned
the steamer '* Sir Robert Peel " on the St. Lawrence.
The Bank of Montreal issued a penny, now a very
rare coin.

June 28, Lord Durham, by an ordinance of a special council
created by himself, sent Wolfred Nelson, R. S. M.
Bouchette, and other rebels to Bermuda, making
death the penalty for returning ; Louis Joseph Papi-
neau, Dr. O'Callaghan, George Etienne Cartier, and
thirteen others, who had fled to the United States,
were to get the death penalty if they returned of

THK CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN UIHTUUV.

131

their own accord. Tlie Tinperial Oovoninierit prompt-
ly disallowed the ordinance. Lord Durham soon
went to Kngland, and during the paHHage ho made
his famous "Jlpj)ort" on Canadian affairs.

July 14, Allan Napier MacNai* was knighted.

Nov. 1, Colborne began to administer the government.

Nov. 3, Rebels at B(>auharitoiH attacked the steamer " Henry
Brougham."

Nov. 4, Rebels attacked Oaughnawaga Village, while the In-
dians were in church ; but the Inxjuois rushed out,
seized their arms, and put the rebels to flight.
Mr Hincks began the Toronto Examiner^ having
for its motto, " Responsible Government and the?
Voluntary Principle."

Nov. 9, Col. Charles C. Taylor defeated Nelson and 800 rebels
at Odelltown.

Nov. 11, William Von Schoultz landed a body of men at
Prescott, and took possession of a wind mill.

Nov. 13, Col. Young forced Von Bchoultz and his men to sur-
render.

Dec. 4, "Gen." Bierce led 400 men from Detroit to V^indsor,
where they burned a steamer, several houses, and
killed some unarmed people; Col. Prince, with 170
militia, huiried up from Sandwich, killed 24 of the
filibusters, and took four prisoners whom he immedi-
ately shot. He was sharply reprimanded for doing
'■ however.

Dec. 8, V . ; ;noultz was executed at Kingston.

Dec. 21, In 1 , t»*eal, two rebels, Joseph Narcisse Cardinal
and Jo ph Duquttte, were hanged

1839.

Jan. 17, Sir John Colborne took the oath of ofttce as Gov.-
General of Canada.

Jan. 18, Decoigne, two Sanguinets, and Hamelin, rebels, were
hanged in Montreal.

Jan. 31, Lord Durham issued his report in London.

Owing to the undecided boundary between New
Brunswick and Maine, the New Brunswick and
Maine lumbermen came co blows. Gov. Fairfield,
of Maine, called on the State militia ; Sir John
Harvey, Governor of New Brunswick, sent two regi-

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THB CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

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ments to the Aroostook. War seemed imminent.
But, in a short time, Sir John Harvey and Gen.
Scott compromised the matter. It has been called
the " Aroostook War."

Feb. 11, Lord Melbourne laid Lord Durham's report on the
table of the House of Commons.

Feb. 25, Lorimer, Hindenlang, Narlxmne, Nicholas, and
Daunais, rebels, were hanged in Montreal.

Aug. 4, In the chapel of Lamlieth Palace, the Archbishop of
Canterbury, the Bishop of London, the Bishop of
Chichester, and the Bishop of Nova Scotia conse-
crated Rev. John Strachni Bishop of Toronto, his
diocese being Upper Canaan.

Aug. 15, Gov. Colborn?, under the seal of the province, issued
letters patent, constituting Mgr. Jean Jacques
Lartigue Bishop of the Catholic diocese of Mont-
real, with perpetual succession for him and his
successors.

Oct. 17, Mr. Charles Poulett Thomson, Lord Sydenham,
arrived in Canada, to obtain the concurrence of the
Canadians to a reunion of the two provinces, in which
after a fashion he succeeded.

Nov. 12, Jonathan Sewell, jurist, died in Quebec.

Nov. 16, Louis Honore Frechette, author, was born in Levis,
Lower Canada.

1840.

Feb. 10, In the Chapel Royal, the Archbishop of Canterbury,
at 10 a.m., married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-
Gotha and Queen Victoria.

March 31, William Meredith, jurist, was born in Westminster,
Upper Canada.

April 17, Benjamin Lett, a renegade Canadian, blew up
Brock's Monument

July 4, The " Brittania," the pioneer of the Cunard steamship
line, left Liverpool for Halifax and Boston.

July 7, James Bethune, jurist, was born in Glengarry, Upper
Canada.

July 23, Lord John Russell's Bill, " An Act to reunite the
provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and for the
Government of Canada," Act of Union, received
Royal assent.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

ir.3

" The Act provided for a legislative council of not leas
than twenty members, and for a legislative assembly in
which each section of the united provinces would be repre-
sented by an equal number of members — that is to say, forty-
two for each, or eighty-four in all. The Speaker of the
Council was appointed by the Crown, and ten members, in-
cluding the Speaker, constituted a quorum. A majority of
voices was to decide, and in case of an equality of votes, the
Speaker had a casting vote. A legislative counsellor would
vacate his seat by continuous absence for two consecutive
sessions. The number of representatives allotted to each
province could not be changed except with the concurrence
of two-thirds of the members of each house. The quorum
of the assembly was to be twenty, including the Speaker.
Ihe Speaker was elected by the majority, and was to have
a casting vote in case of the votes being equal on a question.
No person could be elected to the assembly unless he pos-
sessed a freehold of lands and tenements to the value of five
hundred pound sterling over and above all debts and mort-
gages. The English language alone was to be used in the
legislative records. A session of the legislature should be
held once, at least, every year, and each legislative assembly
was to have a duration of four years, unless sooner dissolved.
— Bourinot's "Constitution of Canada," pi 36. .

Aug. 9, Royal assent was given to an act which empowered
the Governor of Canada to sell certain of the Clergy
Reserves, and to apply the proceeds for the benefit
of the Churches of England and Scotland.
In this year, the Advertiser was begun in Montreal,
the first daily newspaper in Canada.

Sept. 21, Chas. Mair, poet, was born in Lanark, Upper Canada.

Oct. 15, Honore Mercier was born in St. Athanase, Lower
Canada.

Population of Upper Canada, 465,000.
Population of Lower Canada, 691,000.

Nov. 12, Alexander McLeod was arrested in Lewiston, N.Y.,
for the murder of Durfee, when the "Caroline"
was sent over the Falls, and for arson.
The Imperial Government established a magnetical
■ and metereological observatory at Toronto.

1841.

Feb. 5, A proclamation was issued, declaring a reunion of

Lower and Upper Canada.
Feb. 10, Lord Sydenham, in Montreal, after taking the oath

of ofBce, proclaimed the reunion of the two provinces.

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134

THE CARDINAL FACTA OF CANADIAN HI8T0RT.

Feb. 13, Lord Sydenham, after making Kingston the capital

of Canada, named Messrs. Sullivan, Dunn, Ogden,

Draper, Baldwin, Day, Daly, and Harrison for his

Council.

Mar. 12, Mr. Fox, British Minister, demanded McLeod's

release
Mar. 17, Mr. H. H. Killaly was added to Lord Sydenham's

Council.
April 6, Steps were taken to organize a Board of Trade in

Montreal, Hon. Peter McGill in the chair.
April 10, Halifax, N.S., received a city charter.
May 17, Thirty-two people were killed in Quebec by a land-
slide from the Citadel Rock.
June 14, The first Parliament of Canada met in Kingston.
The members of the Executive Council were William
Henry Draper, Attorney -General, and Robert Bald-
win, Solicitor-General.

Mr. Baldwin's suggestion that French Canadians be

included in the Ministry being rejected, he resigned.

July 14, Mr. Harrison presented the Municipal Act to the

Assembly.
July 30 Sir Geo. Arthur presided over a meeting of 8,000
people beside the ruined monument of Gen. Brock,
to restore the monument at public expense.
Aug. 10, James David Edgar, statesman, was born in Hartley,

L.C.
Aug. 19, The Municipal Act passed its third reading.
Aug. 27, Upper Canada Academy, by royal charter, became
Victoria College, and endowed with university
powers.
Sept. 3, Resolutions were passed in the Canadian Parliament

recognizing responsible government.
Sept. 4, Lord Sydenham had a leg broken, by the falling of

his horse.
Sept. 18, An Act for the establishment and maintenance of
public schools in Canada, introduced by Solicitor-
General Day, wa^ assented to ; it provided that an
annual sum of $80,000 be appropriated for schools
in Upper Canada, and $120,000 for schools in Lower
Canada.
Sept. 18, Royal assent was given to Canulian Copyright Act.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

136

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Sept. 18, Canadian Parliampnt was prorogued.

Sept. 19, Lord Sydenham died.

Oct. 4, Alex. McLeod was put on trial in Utica, N.Y.; after
eight days he was discharged.

Oct. 16, Queen's College, Kingston, received a royal charter.

Oct. 21, Victoria College, Cobourg, was opened by its prin-
cipal. Rev. Egerton Ryerson, D.D.

Nov. 9, Birth of the Prince of Wales.

Nov. 20, Sir Wilfrid Laurier was born at St. Lin, Lower
Canada.

Sixty -four seagoing vessels, with an aggregate of 23,-
122 tons, were built in Quebec during the year.

Dec. 1, The first copyright was granted by Canada ; it was
for the " Canadian Spelling Book," prepared by
Alex. Davidson, Niagara district, and published by
Henry Roswell, King St., Toronto.

1842.

Jan. 1, The Municipal Act went into force.

Jan. 10, Sir Charles Bagot arrived at Kingston.
Jan. 12, Chief Justice Robinson and two puisne judges —
Jonas Jones and Archibald Maclean,— swore Sir
Chas. Bagot into office.

John Ings began the Islander^ a newspaper, in Prince
Edward Island.

March 7, Queen's College, Kingston, was opened.

April 23, Sir Charles Bagot, in Toronto, laid the foundation-
stone of King's College.

May 8, Rev. Michael Power was made the first Catholic
bishop of Toronto.

May, The Jesuits, Fathers Chazalle, Martin, Tellier, Hani-
paux, Luiset, and Duranquet, came to Canada,
" renewing the tradition of their name in Canada."

May, Jean Baptiste Meilleur was made Superintendent of
Education in Lower Canada.

June 9, Mr. Hincks was made Inspector-General of Public
Accounts.

July 9, The steamer " Shamrock " was lost in the St. Law-
rence, twelve miles above Lachine, and many people,
mostly immigrants, were lost.

July 23, Mr. Henry Sherwood was made Solicitor-General
for Upper Canada.

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136

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

Aug. 9, Iiord Ashburton and Daniel Webster, at Washing-
ton, concluded the " Ashburton Treaty," which fixed
the boundary line between New Brunswick and
Maine and re-affirmed its continuation westward to
the Rocky Mountains ; and provided for the extra-
dition of criminals " charged with the crime of
murder, or assault with intent to commit murder, or
piracy, or arson, or robbery, or forgery, or the ut-
terance of forged paper, committed within the
jurisdiction of either." Lord Palmerston called it
the " Ashburton Capitulation."

Sept. 8, Parliament met in Kingston.

" In Canada, so recently as on Sept. 8, 1842, the Gover-
nor-General, in his speech from the Throne at the opening
of the Legislature, announced that the Imperial Parliament
had framed a tariff for the British possessions in North
America, which, it was anticipated, would promote essenti-
ally their financial and commercial interests. But this was
the last instance of Imperial interference in a matter so
vitally affecting the welfare and internal development of
the Canadian people." — Todd's " Parliamentary Govern-
ment in the British Colonies," p. 176.

Sept., Mr. Lafontaine got a seat in the Cabinet, the first
French- Canadian to enter the Cabinet since the Re-
union.
Oct. 5, Rampant ruffianism defeated Mr. Baldwin's election

in Hastings County.
Oct. 12, Mr, Draper having tendered his resignation, the
Canadian Government was reconstructed as follows :
Hon. L. H. Lafontaine, Att.-Gen. for Lower Canada.
" Robt. Baldwin, Att.-Gen. for Upper Canada.
R. B. Sullivan, President of the Council.
J. H. Dunn, Receiver-General.
Dominick Daly, Provincial Secretary for Lower
Canada.
S. B. Harrison, Provincial Secretary for Upper

Canada.
H. H. Killaly, President of Department of

Public Works
F. Hincks, Inspector-General of Public Ac-
counts.
T. C. Aylwin, Solicitor-General for Lower
Canada.

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THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

137

Hon. J. E. Small, Solicitor- General for Upper Can-
ada.
" A. N. Morin, Commissioner of Crown Lands.
This was the first Lafontaine Baldwin Ministry.

1843.

Jan. 19, William Mulock, statesman, was born in Bond
Head, U.C.
Mount Allison College, Sackville, N.B., was opened.

Jan. 30, Mr. Baldwin was elected by Rimouski County, L.C.

March 15, Father Bolduc landed on Vancouver Island, the
first priest on the island.

March 16, James Douglas, with 15 men, began the first set-
tlement work on Vancouver Island, the building of
Fort Camosun (Victoria.)

March 29, Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, in Kingston, was
sworn in as Governor of Canada.

July 4, Lord Stanley's Bill, to reduce the admission of Can-
adian wheat into the English market from 5s. a
quarter to Is. a quarter, was passed by the Imperial
Parliament.

July 12, At the Governor's request, the Orangemen did not
parade in Kingston, but at night repealers attacked
the lodge rooms, when Robert Morrison was shot.
The first issue of the Chronicle^ Halifax, N.S.,
appeared.

Aug. 18, George Brown and his father began the Banner ^ a
free church paper, in Toronto.

Aug. 28, With respect to Dr. Nelson, Dr. E. B. O'Callaghan,
and Thomas S. Brown, a nolle prosequi was entered
in the Court of Queen's Bench, in Montreal.

Sept. 1, John A. Macdonaid married Miss Isabella Clark.

Sept. 28, Parliament met in Kingston.

Nov. 26, As the Governor held that appointments to office,
without consulting his Council, was his prerogative,
thus acting in the face of responsible government,
the Ministry, except Mr. Daly, resigned. Then
" Dominick Daly was the IVl inistry and the Ministry
was Dominick Daly."

Dec. 9, Bishops' College, Lennoxville, L.C., was incorporated.

Dec. 9, Parliament of Canada was closed.
10

138

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

1844.
About this time Lieut.-Gov. Falkland resisted the
principles of responsible government in Nova Scotia
against Messrs. Howe, Uniake, and McNab.

March 5, George Brown issued the iirst number of the Globe,
in Toronto.

The Government moved from Kingston to Montreal,
the Governor changing Alvington House, Kingston,
for Monklands, Montreal.

May 1 6, Sir Charles Bagot died

May 30, Mr. Roebuck, in the House of Commons, condemned
Sir Charles Metcalfe's administration in Canada.

July 1, Parliament met in Montreal.

Julyj In Kingston, 68 Presbyterian ministers held to the
Scottish establishment; 23 formed themselves into
the Free Church Synod.

Rev Egerton Ryerson was made Chief Superintend-
ent of Education for Upper Canada.

Sept. 23, Parliament ^as dissolved.

Oct. 14, John A. Mtcdonald was elected Member of Parlia-
ment by Kingston.

Nov. 5, Knox. College, Toronto, was opened.

Nov. 10, John Sparrow David Thompson was born in Hali-
fax, N.S.

Nov. 12, General election in Canada; "such an election has
never been witnesssed in Canada."

Nov. 28, Parliament met in Montreal.

1845.

Feb. 13, Mr. Draper, having resigned hi'^ seat in the Legisla-
tive Council to be Government leader in the Assem-
bly, was elected by London.

March 29, Parliament was piorogued in Montreal.

" About this time the French press of Lower Canada be-
gan to seriously a<ivocate an iden which eventually came to
be known as ' the double majority principle.' The existing
Government, ever since its £■ rmation, had been kept in
power by a large Upper t^anada majority, acting in concert
with a small minority from Lower ( anada. It was now pro-
posed that it should be recognized as a vital principle of the
constitution that a Government, in order to its continuance
in power, must be sustained, not merely by a majority of
votes .in the entire Assembly, but by a majority of votes

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

139

from each section of the Province. The object sought to
be attained was to prevent either section of the province
from imposing unpalatable legislation upon the other.
I'here were repeated attempts to apply this principle, but
contrary to what is asserted in most histories of Canada, it
did not obtain general recognition until more than ten
years subsequent to the date at which this narrative has
arrived [1845.]"— Dent's "Canada Since the Union," II., 20.

May 4, Louis Henry Davis, statesman, was in Charlottetown,

P.E.I.
May 28, Two thousand houses were destroyed by fire in

Quebec.
June 11, Rev. Dr. Medley, the first Bishop of the English

Church in New Brunswick, arrived at Fredericton.
June 28, There was a greater conflagration in Quebec, 15,000

people being made homeless.
Nov. 24, Lord Metcalfe appointed six commissioners to

enquire into the losses sustained by the loyal people

of Lower Canada during the rebellion.
Nov. 26, Lord Metcalfe left Montreal for England, having

deputed his functions to Earl Cathcart.

1846.

Jan. 5, The first number of the Weekly Witness, Montreal,
was issued.

Feb. 9, The United States Congress passed resolutions giving
advice to Great Britain that joint occupation of
Oregon would cease in twelve years from notice.

March 16, Lord Cathcart was commissioned Governor of
Canada.

March 20, Parliament met in Montreal.

April 18, The commissioners, appointed to enquire into the
losses sustained by the loyal people of Lower Can-
ada, gave their report : " They had recognized two
thousand one hundred and peventy-six claims,
amounting in the aggregate to ,£241,965. . . . The
commissioners were of opinion that the sum of
£100,000 would be sufficient to pay all real losses."

April 27, John A. Macdonald made his maiden speech in
Parliament, advocating a repeal of the usury laws.

May 18, Kingston, U.C, received a City Charter.

Sir J. Harvey was made Lieut.-Governor of Nova
Scotia.

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140

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

At this time the popular cry in the United States
was " Fifty-four-forty or fight," meaning that, un-
less fifty-four degrees and forty minutes be the divid-
ing line between Oregon and Britiuh America, there
would be war.

In June, Hamilton, Upper Canada, was, by Act of
Parliament, incorporated into a city.

June 9, Parliament adjourned in Montreal.

June 15, Lord Pakenham, for Great Britain, and James Buch-
anan, for the United States, concluded a Treaty
which made the 49th parallel of north latitude the
boundary line between British America and the
United States, from the Rocky Mountains west-
ward " to the middle of the channel which separates
the continent from Vancouver's Island ; and thence
southerly through the middle of the said channel, and
of Fuca's Strait, to the Pacific Ocean."

July 15, The first number of the Spectator, Hamilton, U.C.,
was issued.

Aug. 17, Mr John Hillyard Cameron, hnvint; been appointed
Solicitor-General, was elected by Cornwall.

Sept 5, Lord Metcalfe died in England.

1847.

Jan. 29,
March 1

Lord Elgin arrived in Montreal, as Governor of Ca-
nada.
, There was an election riot at Pinette, Prince Ed-
ward Islnnd.

John A. Macdonald was appointed Receiver-General.
Mr. Sherwood wa»« made Attorney-General for Up-
per C&nada and Prime Minister.
Parliament was opened in Montreal.
Parliament adjourned.

In this year, 100,000 immigrants came to Canada ;
but, being victims of ship-fever, nearly 10,000 had
hospital care ; hundreds and hundreds died. Grosse
Isle, the quarantine station, was the most pestilent
spot in the country.
Aug. 3, The electric telegraph was introduced into Canada,
connecting Quebec, Montreal, and Toronto
Normal School was opened at Fredericton, N.B.

May 21,
May 28,

June 2,
July 28,

THE CARDINAL FACJTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

141

Ca-

Ed-

ida ;
had

Nov. 1, The Normal School, Toronto, was opened.
Dec. 6, Parliamen*: of Canada was dissolved.

1848.

Jan. 24, At the general election, thp Reformers swept the

country.
Feb. 25, Parliament met in Montreal.
March 4, The Government of Canada resigned.
March 10, "Mr. Lafontaine accepted office as Premier and
Attorney-General, and for twenty four hours was
sole Minister."
March 11, The second Lafontaine-Baldwin Ministry came
into power. The Ministers were : —
Hon. L. H. Lafontaine, Att.-Gen. for Lower Canada.
" Robert Baldwin, Att.-Gen. for Upper Canada.
James Leslie, President of Executive (Jouncil.
R. B. Sullivan, Provincial Secretary.
R. E. Caron, Speaker of Legislative Council.
Francis Hincks, Inspector-General.
E. P. Tache, Chief Commissioner of Public

Works.
J H. Price, Commissioner of Crown Lands.
T. C. Aylwin, Solicitor-General.
Malcolm Cameron, Assistant Commissioner of

Public Works.
L M. Viger, Receiver-General.
March 27, Fredericton, N.B., was incorporated into a city :

it is the " Celestial City."
March 29, The Niagara River nearly ran dry, the water being
held back by an ice jam at Lake Erie.
Responsible government was now assured in Canada,
Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.

July 29, " The last plank of the Suspension footbridge over the Niag-
ara Falls was laid, and the engineer, Mr. Ellet, drove over
and back in a buggy, and subsequently in a carriage with
two horses, weighing in all over a ton and a- half. 500 feet
of the bridge are without railing on either side. The
flooring is 220 feet high, 762 feet long, and 8 feet wide." —
American Almanac.

The Normal School, St. John, N.B., was opened.

Nov. 24, William Stevens Fielding, journalist and statesman,

was born in Halifax, N.S.

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142

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

1849.

Jan, 13, The Crown granted Vancouver Island to the Hud-
son's Bay Company for colonization.

Jan. 18, Parliament met in Montreal. Rebellion Losses Bill
was introduced into the House.

Feb. 1, The Governor of Canada gave his assent to the

Amnesty Bill. William Lyon Mackenzie quickly

returned to Canada.

April 25, Lord El^in gave his assent to the Rebellion Tiosses
Bill. When he left the House to ro to Monklands,
frenzied mob"*, in Montreal, pelted his carriage witn
every abominable missile, and strove to do him per-
fional injury ; but. by rapid driving, he escaped them ;
then, in their mad rage, they burned the House of
Assembly, the public records of the Upper and Lower
Canada Parliaments, and the records of the Parlia-
ment since the Union.

April 30, Lord Elgin drove into Montreal, and was soon sur-
rounded by a hostile mob, which pelted him with
stones, and drove him back to Monklands.

May 30, The College of B) town (Ottawa) was chartered.
Parliament was prorogued.

England repealed the Navigation Laws, freeing
Canada from "preferential duties."
A body of radical reformers made the " Clear Grit
Departuie," agitating for universal suffrage, vote by
ballot, biennial parliaments, free trade, direct taxa-
tion, etc.; in Lower Canada Mr. Papineau was
the recognized leader of a party still more radical,
" Le Partie Rouge."

The " University of King's College," Toronto, be-
came the University of Toronto.

Oct. 1, Wm. H. Blake was made Chancellor of Uppei Canada.
In Octobev it was decided that the two remaining
sessions of the existing parliament should be held in
Toronto, after which the government would be in
Quebec and Toronto, alternately, every four years.
In November the government mt»ved from Montreal
to Toronto.

Dec. 14, John Sandfield Macdonald was made Solicitor-
General for Upper Canada.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORT.

143

be-

1850.

March 10, Gov. Blanchard arrived in Victoria, B.C.

April 19, Great Britain ami the United States made the Bul-
wer-Clayton Treaty, " for facilitating and prot» ct-
ing the construction of a ship canal betweea the
Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans."

May 14, Parliamont met in Toronto. It was announced in
the sp'^ech from the throne that the control of the
internal post office of British North America had
been ve-sted in the provincial authorities.

June 29, The last part of Table Rock, Niagara, fell.
Coal was discovere-J in Vancouver Island.

July 25, In Westminster Abbey Rev. Francis Fulford, D.D.,
was consecriited Bishop of Montreal.

Aug. 10, Pailiament at Toronto was prorogued.

In October the first Agricultural Exhibition in
Canada was held in Montieal

Dec. 19, Ml*. Brown publi-^hed, in the Glohe, a copy of
Cardinal Wiseman's manitesto, and some very caus-
tic comments thereon.

1851.

Feb. 22, Hon. James Morris was mide Postmaster-General,
being the first postmaster to enter the Ministry.

April 6, The Canadian Government took control of the
post ortice of Canada.

M.4y 20, Parliament met in Toronto.

First postage stamp was issued by Canada.

Aug. 2, Royal assent wan given to an Act which abol shed
the law of primogeniture in Canada,
St. Mary's College, Montreal, was opened.

Aug 31, Parliament, Toronto, was prorogued.

Oct. 4, A violent storm swept over Prince Edward Island,
doing great damage.

In October the Lafontaine-Baldwin Ministry, " The
Great Ministry," resigned.

In October the government offices were moved from
Toronto to Quebec, the Governor making Spencer-
wood his residence.

Oct. 15, Lady Elgin turned the first sod for the Northern
Railway.

THE CA&DINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORV.

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Oct. 28, The Hincks-Morin Ministry took office.
Its members were : —

Hon. iTrancis Hiucks, Premier and Inspector-Gen-
eral, U.C.

A. N. Morin, Provincial Secretary, L.C.
W. B. Richards, Att.-Gen., West.
L. T. Drummond, Att.-Gen., East.
Malcolm Cameron, President of Council, U.C.
John Young, Commissioner of Public Works,

L.C.
John Rolph, Commissioner of Crown Lands,

U.C.
R. E. Caron, Speaker of Legislative Council,
L.C.

James Morris, Postmaster-General, U.C.
Hon. E. P. Tache, Receiver-General, L.C.
Nov. 6, Parliament was dissolved.

Dec. 9, The Young Men's Christian Association was estab-
lished in Montreal ; this was the first entrance of
the Society in America.
Dec. 1 4, George Brown was electe \ to Parliament by Kent
and Lambton.

1852.

Jan. 1, The Act abolishing the law of primogeniture in Can-
ada went into effect.

Jan. 28, Bishop's University, Lennoxville, L.C, received a
royal charter.

The Baptist Missionary Society of Canada was
formed.

May 4, Rev. William Walsh was made the first Catholic
Archbishop of Halifax, N.S.

Responsible government was now assured in Prince
Edward Island.

Mrs. Moodie's " Roughing it in the Bush " was
published.

July 6, McGill College, Montreal, received a new royal charter.

July 8, A large part of Montreal was destroyed by fire.

July 16, Trinity University, Toronto, received a royal charter.
A few Fathers of St. Basil began St. Michael's Col-
lege, Toronto.

Aug. 19, Parliament met in Quebec.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

145

Aug. 25, The Attorney-General of Upper Canada, at the in-
stance of the Legislative Assembly, filed a Bill in
the Court of Chancery, to test the validity of " cer-
tain letters-patent granted by Sir John Colbome,
bearing date 15th January, 1836, and purporting to
constitute a rectory within the township of York, to
be known as the rectory of St. James, and to set
apart 800 acres of the Clergy Reserve Lands as an
endowment for said rectory, to be held and enjoyed
forever as appurtenant thereto."
Mr. Hincks obtained for Upper Canada the Muni-
cipal Loan Fund Act.

" It enabled municipalities to obtain money for local im-
provements, roads, bridges, and railway construction, which
proved of great and permanent value to the country." —
Withrow's " Hist, of Canada."

Oct. 18, Thos. Cooke, D.D., was made the first Catholic
Bishop of Three Rivers, L.C.

Nov. 10, Parliament adjourned, cholera being in Quebec.
From this date down to March 20, 1862, the Presi-
dents of the Executive Council were ex officio Minis-
ters of Agriculture.

Dec. 8, Laval University, Quebec, received a royal charter.

1853.

Feb. 14, Parliament reassembled in Quebec.

April 16, The Toronto Locomotive Works completed the
" Toronto," the first locomotive built in Canada.

June 6, Father Gavazzi, an ex-monk, lectured in the Free
Church, Quebec, but a mob drove him from the
building.

June 9, Father Gavazzi gave a lecture in Zion Church, Mon-
treal, which excited a riot ; Mr. Wilson, Mayor,
ordered the military to fire into the rioters; five
men were killed.

The Upper Canadians, before now and down to
Confederation, demanded representation by popula-
tion, " Rep. by Pop.," Mr. Brown being particu-
larly insistent.

June 13, The Northern Railway was opened from Toronto to
Bradford.

June 14, Parliament, Quebec, adjourned.

146

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

Dr. Alex. Tache was made Archbishop of St. Boni-
face, Red River.

July 18, The Grand Trunk Railway was opened to Portland.
In September, the College de Levis, opposite Que-
bec, was openf d.

Nov. 1, Tho Great Western Railway was opened from
Nia<;ara River to Hamilton.

Dec. 31, The Great Western Railway was opened from Ham-
ilton to London.

1854.

Jan. 27, The Great Western Railway was opened from Lon-
don to Windsor.

Feb. 1, The Parliament Building, Quebec, was burned.

June 5, Lord Elgin and Wm. L. Marcy, in Washington,

signed the Reciprocity Treaty.

"The treaty provided for a free exchange of the pro-
ducts of the Sea, the fields, the forest and the mine. It ad-
mitted Americans to the rich Canadian fisherit-s, and to the
advantages of Canadian river and canal navigation. To
Canadian farmers, lumbermen, and miners, it was bene-
ficial ; but to the Maritime Provinces it refused the only
boon worth being considered in exchange for the fisheries,
namely, the admission of provincial ships to the American
coasting trade. On the whole the treaty was a g- od thing
for Canada, though peihapH more advaiitageous to the
Americans. Its provisions were to remain in force for ten
years, after which either party to the agreement was left
free to end it by giving one year's notice." — Roberts' " His-
tory of Canada," p. 324.

June 13, Parliament met in Qu* bee.

At Richmond, near Halifax, the first sod was turn-
ed for the railway from Halifax to Truro.

June 22, Parliament was dissolved.

Right Rev. Colin F. McKinnon, Bishop of Arichat,
founded St. Francis Xavier's College, at Antigonish,
N.S.

Aug. 11, Royal assent was given to an Act which made the
Legislative Council of Canada elective.

Sept. 5, Parliament met in Quebec.

Albert College, Belleville, U.C, was established.

Sept. 8, The Hincks Morin ministry resigned.

Sept 11, The MacNab-Morin Government, a coalition, took
office ; its members were : —

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

147

Hon. Sir Allan N. MacNab, President of Council
and Minister of Agriculture, U.C.
Hon. A. N. Moriij, Commissioner of Crown Lands,
LC.

Hon. John A. Macdonald, Att -Gen., West.
L. T. Drummond, Att.-Gen., Ea'^t.
William Cayley, Inspector General, U.C.
P. J. « ». Chauveau, Provincial Secretary, L.C.
Robert Speiice, Postmaster-General, U.C.
E. P. Tache, Receiver-General, I. C.
Jno. Ross, Speaker of Tjeg'slative Council, U.C.
J. Chabot Commissionerof Public Works, L.C.
Sept. 21, London, Upper Canada, received a city charter.
Oct. 17, John A. Macdonald introduced a Bill to securalize
the Clergy Reserves, providing that the proceeds of
the sales of such reservcM be apportioned among the
municipalities of cities and counties in proportion to
population.
Oct. 20, Attorney General Drummond introduced a Bill for
the abolition of seignorial tenure in Lower Canada.
Oct 27, There was a collision between a passenger train and
a gravel train on the Great Western Railway, be-
tween Chatham and Windsor ; 47 people were killed.
Dec. 1, P.O. Money Order offices were fifst opened.
Dec. 18, The Bills for the secularization of the Clergy Ra-
serves and the alxtlition of seignoiial tenure in
Lower Canada received royal assent.
Dec. 18, Parliament, Quebec, adjourned.
Dec. 19, Sir Edmund Walker Head was sworn into office as
Governor of Canada.

1855.

On the first Monday in January, Ottawa, U.C, was

incorporated as a city.
Jan. 26, Hon. A. N. Morin retired from the Ministry, his

health being bad.
Feb. 1, P.O. Registration system was inaugurated.
Feb. 8, Six new Legislative Councillors, Messrs. Ebenezer Perry,

David M. Armstrong, Benjamin Seymour, Eusebe

Cartier, Walter H. Dickson, and Joseph Legare

were appointed.
Feb. 23, Parliament re-assembled in Quebec.

148

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN BISTORT.

March 8, The first locomotive crossed the Suspension bridge at
Niagara.

March 16, The Reciprocity Treaty with the United States
went into eflfect.

The Militia Act, the beginning of our Volunteer
System, was pass^ during this session ; it made the
Governor the Commander-in Chief of the militia.

May 30, The Tach^ Separate School Bill for Upper Canada
received Royal assent.

May 30, Parliament was prorogued.
Prosperity in Canada.

Rev. Alexander Forrester, D.D., was made Super-
intendent of Education in Nova Scotia.
Hon. Pierre Joseph Olivier Chauveau was made
Superintendent of Education in Lower Canada.
Sir John W. Dawson published " Acadian Geology."
In October, the Government offi es were moved from
Quebec to Toronto.

Oct. 17, At St. Sylvester, L.C., Robert Corrigan was murdered
by a mob at a cattle fair.

In November, the Normal School at Truro, N.S.,
was opened.

Dec. 3, The Great Western Railway was opened from Ham-
ilton to Toronto.

1856.

Feb. 15, Parliament met in Toronto.

Feb. 26, Mr. John A. Macdonald and Mr. Geo. Brown had a

bitter altercation in the Canadian Assembly.
March 7, John Hillyard Cameron, in parliament, moved for a

copy of the charge delivered to the jury by Judge

Duval, relating to the trial of several men at Quebec,

tried for the murder of Robert Corrigan, a Protestant
March 10, The Government was defeated on the " Corrigan

murder " investigation.
April 16, Mr. John A. Macdonald and Mr. Rankin, of Essex,

had a bitter dialogue in Parliament.
April 16, Mr. John Sandfisld Macdonald's motion, that after

1859 Quebec should be the permanent capital of

Canada, was carried.
May 11, Rev. John Farrell was made the first Catholic Bishop

of Hamilton.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

149

May 22, The MacNab-Tach^ Government resigned.

May 24, The Tach^-Macdonald Government was formed.

July 1, Parliament adjourned.

Aug. 12, The first Legislature of Vancouver Island met at
Victoria.

The Allan Line of steamships was established ; the
pioneer ships were the " Canadian," " North Ameri-
can," " Indian," and " Anglo-Saxon."

Oct. 27, The first passenger train went from Montreal to
Toronto.

Nov. 5, A violent hurricane swept over Montreal.

1857.

Feb. 26, Parliament met in Toronto.

March 12, A passenger train went through a bridge over the
Des Jardins Canal, near Hamilton ; 60 people were
killed.
Gold miners flocked to British Columbia.

April 27, Mr. Brown, in the Assembly, re-introduced a resolu-
tion " that in the opinion of this House the repre-
sentation of the people in Parliament should be
based on population, without regard to a separating
line between Upper and Lower Canada."
St. Hyacinthe, Lower Canada, was incorporated as
a city.

About this time the " Double Majority " principle
was silently dropped.

The Jacques Cartier Normal School in Montreal,
the McGill Normal School in Montreal, and the
Laval Normal School in Quebec, were established.

June 26, The steamer " Montreal " was burnt near Cap Rouge,
and 250 immigrants, mostly Scotch, lost their lives.
Financial panic : hard times.

July 9, Rev. Benjamin Cronyn, D.D., was consecrated the
first Bishop of Huron.

July 23, The Grand Jury, at Quebec, reported bills for man-
slaughter against the owner and officers of the
steamer "Montreal."

Aug. 5, The shore end of the Atlantic submarine telegraph
cable was, by the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, taken
from the U.S. war frigate " Niagara," and made fast
ashore.

bf'y^

150

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

fW"'

Aug. 11, The Atlantic Cable, being laid out by the U.S.
frigate " Niagara," broke, after 335 miles had been
laid on the bottom of the ocean.

Oct. 27, The British Commissioners, Captains Prevost and
Richards, and the American Commissioners, Archi-
bald Campbell, John G. Parke, and George C. Gar-
diner, met at Semiahmoo Bay, to confer respecting
the boundary line as given in the Treaty of 1846 ;
the conference had no result.

Nov. 25, Col. Tach^ retiring from the Government, John A.
Macdonald became Premier.

Nov. 26, The Macdonald-Cartier Government took control of
affairs.

Nov. 28, Parliament adjourned.

Dec. 30, The railway from Port Hope to Lindsay was opened.

1858.

Jan. 27, The Queen named Ottawa for the Capital of Canada.

Feb. 25, larliament met in Toronto.

In this year, Canada first legislated for protection to
home industries.

May 8, John Brown, the American abolitionist, held a con-
vention at Chatham, Upper Canada.

May 28, The railway from Goderich to Fort Erie was opened.

July 28, The Queen having selected Ottawa for the Capital of
Canada, Mr. Piche, in the House, proposed the
amendment " that in the opinion of this House the
City of Ottawa ought not to be the permanent seat
of Government of this Province," which was carried
by 64 to 50. Mr. Brown proposed an adjournment
to try the strength of the Government ; 50 voted
for it and 61 against it.

July 29, The Macdonald Cartier Government resigned.

Sir Edmund Head called on Mr. George Brown to
form a Ministry.

Aug. 1, The Brown-Dorion, or " The Short Administration,"
was formed ; its members were : —
Hon. George Brown, Premier and Inspector- General,
U.C.
'* A. A. Dorion, Commissioner of Crown Lands,

L.C.
" J. S. Macdonald, Att.-Gen., West.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

161

((

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Hon. L. T. Drumroond, Att.-Oen., East.

James Morris, Speaker of Legislative Council,

U.C.

L. H. Holton, Commissioner of Public Wo:ks,

L.C.

M. H. Foley, Postmaster General, U.C.

F. Lemieux, Receiver-General, L.C.

Oliver Mowat, Provincial Secretary, U.C.

J. E. Thibaudeau, President of Council, L.C.
Aug. 3, Of 52 members in the House, 27 voied non-conddence

in the new administration.
Aug. 4, Members of the Government waited on the Governor
and asked for an immediate dissolution of Parlia-
ment. Sir Edmund Head gave several solid reasons
for refusing to dissolve Parliament.
" The Short Administration " resigned.
During the year the 100th Regiment was recruited
in Canada.
Aug 6, The Cartier-Macdonald administration was formed of
the old members, not one of them holding the same
portf«»lio that he held prior to July 29.
Aug. 7, The Ministers made a general exchange of portfolios,
"The Double Shuffle." This exasperated the mem-
bers of the Opposition ; but competent judges after-
wards decided that the Ministers had acted within
the law. The members of the new Ministry were :
Hon. G. E. Cartier, Premier and Att.-Gen., East.

J. A. Macdonald, Att.-Gen., West.

A. T. Gait, Inspector General, L.C.

P. M. Vankoughnet, Commissioner of Crown
Lands, U.C.

N. F. Belleau, Speaker of Legislative Council,
L.C.

Sidney Smith, Postmaster- General, U.C.

L. V. Sicotte, Minister of Public N\orks, L.C.

John Ross, President of Council, U.C.

Chares Alleyn, Provincial Secretary, L.C.

George Sherwood, Receiver-General, U.C.
Aug. 16, Royal assent was given to an Act that abolished im-
prisonment for debt in Canada.
Parliament, in Toronto, was prorogued.

((

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162

THE CARDINAL PACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

Sept. 1, The Act abolishing imprisonment for debt in Canada

went into effeqt.

Decimal currency, 20 cts. silver, 10 cts. silver, 5 cts.

silver, and 1 cent copper, was introduced into Canada.
Dec. 9, Hon. Robert Baldwin died.
Dec. 15, The railway from Halifax to Truro was opened.

18.59.

Jan. 10, The Prince of Wales, at Shorncliife, gave the 100 th
Regiment its colors.

Jan. 29, Parliament met in Toronto.

Feb. 14, Queensboro, the capital of British Columbia, was
laid out.

Feb. 24, In Westminster Abbey Rev. George Hills was con-
secrated Bishop of Columbia.

May 4, Parliament was prorogued.

In May the Government offices were moved from
Toronto to Quebec.

June 4, There was a severe frost throughout Canada.

June 30, Emile Gravelet Blondin walked a tight-rope over the
Niagara River.

July 27, Captain Pickett, with American soldiers, took pos-
session of San Juan Island.

Nov. 20, Rev. John Joseph Lynch was consecrated Catholic
Bishop of Toronto.

Nov. 28, The bodies of Lount and Matthews were removed
from the " potter's-tield " to the Necropolis, Toronto.

Dec, John Sheridan Hogan, journalist, was murdered at
River Don, Toronto.

Dec. 28, The Nor^ -Wester appeared at Fort Garry, the first
newspaper in Red River district.

1860.

Feb. 28, Parliament met in Quebec. V

The Baptists opened a college at Woodstock, U.C.
The first oil well was sunk at Petrolea, U.C.
The Assembly purchased the Earl of Selkirk's
estates in Prince Edward Island.

May 1 9, Parliament was prorogued in Quebec.

The British and the Americans nearly came to
blows, on the west coast, over the San Juan bound-
ary question.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

163

Aug. 8, The Prince of Wales arrived at Quebec.

Aug. 13, The first number of the Daily Witness in Montreal,
was issued.

Aug. 26, The Prince of Wales drove the last rivet of the
Victoria Bridge, Montreal.

Sept, 1. The Prince of Wales laid the foundation stone of the
Parliament Building, in Ottawa.

Sept. 20, The Prince of Wales entered the United States, at
Detroit.

Oct. 12, The Governor of Canada went to England, leaving
Sir Wm. Fenwick Williams to administer the Gov-
ernment.

Oct. 19, The Prince of Wales visited Bunker Hill.

1861.

Jan. 9, (The Southerners, Confederates, fired into the Federal
steamer ' Star of the West," beginning Civil War
in the United States.)

Jan. 22, Sir Edmund Head again took the chief adminis-
tration in Canada.

March 16, Parliament met in Quebec.

May 13, Queen Victoria issued a proclamation, enjoining all
her subjects to maintain a strict neutrality in the
civil war juat beginning in the United States

May 18, Morrin College, Quebec, was chartered.
Parliament was prorogued in Quebec.

June 10, Parliament was dissolved

Gold was discovered in Nova Scotia.

The "Pioneer " was the first steamer on the Red

River.

Aug. 26, Yonge Street Line, the first street railway in Can-
ada, was opened.

Aug. 18, Wm. Lyon Mackenzie died.

Aug. 29, Dr. Joseph Morrin, founder of Morrin College,
Quebec, died in Quebec.

Oct. 23, Lord Monck arrived in Quebec, as Governor of Can-
ada.

Nov. 8. (Captain Charles Wilkes, of the U.S. warship " San
Jacinto," took from the British mail ship " Trent,"
the Confederates John Slidell and John Y. Mason.)

Dec. 14, Death of the Prince Consort.

Three thousand imperial troops came to Canada.
11

154

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

1862.

Jan. 1, (The United States released John Slidell and John

Y. Mason.)
Mar. 20, Parliament met in Quebec. Heretofore, the Crown
had appointed the Speaker from the Council, but
now the first election of the Speaker took place, Sir
Allan Mao Nab being chosen.
March 25, In Kingston, Rev. John Travers Lewis, D.D.,
was consecrated Bishop of Ontario ; this was the first
Episcopal consecration, of English Church, in Canada.
April 25, John A. Macdonald presented a Bill to Parliament
to promote a more efficient organization of the Can-
adian Militia.

During the Civil War in the United States, the
Canadian farmer had a good market for his produce
and stock, es}iecially horses ; m ny young Canadians
were also att racted across the border by the heavy
bounties paid for "Hubsiitutes."
May 20, The G<»vernment was defeated on Mr. Macdonald's

Militia Bill
Mny 21, The Cartiei -Macdonald Ministry resigned.
May 21, Messrs. John San<ltield Macdonald and L. V. Sicotte
formed a Mini>tiy ; its members were : —
Hon. Jolm 8. Macdonald, Premier and Att.-Gen.,
West.
L. V. Sicotte, Att.-Gen., East.
M. H. Kolev, Postmaster-General, U.C.
A. A. Dor ion, Provinciiil Seci'etar>, L.C.
W. P. Howland, Mini«*ter of Finance, U.C.
T. D. McGee, Piosident of the Council, L.C.
W. McUougall, Commissioner of Crown Lands,

U.C.
U. J Tessier, Commissioner of Public Works,

L.C.
James Morris, Receiver-General, U.C.
Francois Evanturel, Minister of Agriculture,
L.C.
Adam Wilson, Solicitor-General, West
J. J. C. Abbott, Solicitor-General, East.
May 31, The Hank of British Columbia received a royal

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charter.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF OAKADIAN HISTORY.

105

ire,

June 9, Parliament was prorogued.

Aug. 2, Victoria, B.C., was incorporated into a city.

Aug. 8, Sir Allan MacNab died.

Oct. 6, Hon. William iVlcDougall, at Manitowaning, made

the Manitoulin Island Treaty, with Ottawas, Chip-

pewas, etc.

1863.

Jan 31, Death of Sir John Beverley Robinson.
Feb. 12, Parliament met in Quebec.

About this time Mr. Brown's " Rep. by Pop." cry
was at its height.
March 10, The Prince of Wales and Princess Alexandra of

Denmark were married.
May 5, Royal assent was given to Mr. R. W. Scott's Separ-
ate School Bill.

In the general election in June, the Government just
held its own.
Aug. 12, The Ministry was readjusted as follows : —

Hon. John S. Macdonald, Premier and Att.-Oen.,
West.
A. A. Dorion, Att.-Gen., East.
Wm. McDougall, Commissioner of Crown

Tiands, U.C.
L. H. Holton, Minister of Finance, L.C.
W. P. Howland, Receiver-General, U.C.
Isidore Thibaudeau, President of Council, L.CJ.
A. J. Ferguson- Blair, Provincial Secretary,

U.C.
L. Letellier, de St. Just, Minister of Agricul-
ture, L.C.
Oliver Mowat, Postmaster-General, U.C.
L. S. Huntingdon, Solicitor General, East.
Maurice Laframboise, Commissioner of Public
Works.
Aug. 13, Parliament met in Quebec.

Sept. 5, Hon. L. V. Sicotte was made Judge of the Superior
Court of Lower Canada.
Milton and Cheadle crossed the continent.
Sept. 18, The Gleaner^ Huntingdon, L.C., first appeared.
Oct. 15, Parliament was prorogued.

Oct. 28, The first number of the Advertiser^ London, Ont
was issued.

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156

THE CARDINAL FA0T8 OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

1864.

((

Jan. 21, The first Legislative Council of British Columbia met

at New Westminster, nine members being present.
Feb. 1 9, Parliament met in Quebec.
Feb. 26, Mr. La Fontaine died in Montreal.
March 21, The Government resigned.

March 30, The Tach^ Macdonald Administration took office.
Its members were : —

Hon. Sir E. P. Tach^, Premier and Receiver-Gen-
eral, L. C.
J. A. Macdonald, Att -Gen., West.
G. E. Cartier, Att.-Gen., East.
Alex. Campbell, Commissioner of Crown

Lands, U. C.
A. T. Gait, Minister of Finance, L.C.
M. H. Foley, Postmaster-General, U.C.
J. C. Chapais, Commissioner of Public Works,

L.C.
Isaac Buchanai', President of Council, U.C.
T. D. McGee, Minister of Agriculture, L C.
John Simpson, Provincial Secretary, U.C.
H. L. Langevin, Solicitor-General, East.
James Cockburn, Solicitor-General, West.
March 31, Parliament adjourned.

Dr. Tupper improved the School System in Nova
Scotia.

The land question was settled in Prince Edward
Island.
May 3, Parliament reassembled.
June 14, The Ministry was defeated on a very unimportant

matter. There was a " Dead- Lock."
June 17, Messrs. John A. Macdonald and Gait waited upon
Mr. George Brown in the St. Louis Hotel, Quebec,
to confer with him respecting the constitutional
difficulties between the two sections of the province,
the result being that Mr Brown joined hands with
the Government to assist in effecting some improve-
ment.
June 29, An emigrant train fell into the Richelieu River,

near Beloeil, L.C., 86 people being killed.
June 30, The Dunkin Act was passed.

((

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

167

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ove-

ver,

Mr. George Brown was made President of the Coun-
cil, Mr. Mowat, Postmaster-General, and Mr. Mc-
Dougall, Provincial Secretary.
In September, Messrs. John A. Maedonald, George
Brown, G. E. Cartier, A. T. Gait, T. D. McGee, H.
L. Langevin, Wm. McDougall, and Alex CampV)ell,
went to Charlottetown, P.E.I., to point out to the
Unionists of N.S., N.B. and P.E.I, (who were then
in Charlottetown consulting about a union of the
three Maritime Provinces) the greater and more com-
plete scheme of a union of all the provinces.

Oct. 10, The Quebec Confereiice met in Quebec. The repre-
sentatives of Lower Canada that attended were
Messrs. E. P. Tache, G. E. Cartier, A. T. Gait, J.
C. Chapais, T. D. McGee, and H. L. Langevin ; of
Upper Canada, Messrs. John A. Maedonald, George
Brown, Alex. Campbell, Oliver Mowat, Wm. Mc-
Dougall, and James Cockburn ; of Nova Scotia,
Messrs. Chas. Tupper, Wm. Alex. Henry, Jonathan
McCully, Robert B. Dickey, and Adams Geo. Archi-
bald ; of New Brunswick, Messrs. Samuel Leonard
Tilley, John M. Johnson, Wm. H. Stoeves, Edward
Barron Chandler, Peter Mitchell, John Hamilton
Gray, and Charles Fisher ; of Prince Edward Island,
Messrs. John Hamilton Gray, Edward Palmer, Wil-
liam H. Pope, A. A. Maedonald, Edward Whelan,
George Coles, and T. H. Haviland ; and of Newfound-
land, Messrs. F. B. Carter and John Ambrose Shea.
The object of the conference was to effect a Confedera-
tion of the British American provinces.

Oct. 19, About forty Southerners, living in Canada, headed by
Bennett H. Young, made a raid into Vermont as far
as St. Alban's, where they killed one man, robbed
the banks, and returned to Canada.

Oct. 28, The Quebec Conference closed ; all agreed to recom-
mend confederation to the provincial legislatures.

1865.

Jan. 19, Parliament met in Quebec.

March 10, The Parliament of Canada passed an address to the
Imperial Parliament, praying that the Imperial
Parliament grant a measure to unite the Colonies of

'■J

158

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORT.

Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward
Island, and Newfoundland in one Government.

March 18, Parliament was prorogued.

March 23, The Imperial Parliament granted £50,000 for the
defence of Canada.

March 30, The St. Alban's raiders were discharged.

In April Messrs. John A. Macdonald, Brown, Cartier,
and Gait went to England, to advance the scheme of
Confederation.

April 9, Gen. Lee surrendered to Gen. Grant, virtually end-
ing the civil war in the United States.
Gen. Sir Fenwick Williams was made Lieut. -Gov. of
Nova Scotia.

April 14, Wilkes Booth, an actor, shot President Lincoln in
Ford's Thsatre, Washington.

May 1, Trinity College School was opened at Weston, U.C.

June 23, There was a very destructive tire in Quebec.

July 30, Sir E. P. Tach^ died.

Aug. 8, Parliament met in Quebec, to consider the report of
the four delegates that had returned from England.

Sept. 18, Parliament was closed in Quebec.

Dec. 21, Hon. George Brown withdrew from the Ministry.

1866.

Feb. 10, The Governor of Canada informed the Americans
that their fishing privileges had ceased.

March 17, Reciprocity with the United States ended.

The volunteers were under arms all day, expecting

untry.

> of Fenians into Cana-
'^rt Erie.

,^eway, U.C, the Cana-
Ay outnumbered.

a Fenian invasion
May 31, " General" O'Neil >ed a ]

da, crossing from ^^uffalc
June 2, There was a skirm '•. '^

dian volunteers beii ,, -i .
June 8, " General " Spear, with 2,000 Fenians, crossed the

boundary near St. Alban's, and occupied Pigeon

Hill, but the Hochelaga Voltigeurs soon drove him

across the border.
June 8, The last session of the Provincial Parliament met in

Ottawa ; this was the first Parliament in Ottawa.

Gold was discovered in Hastings County, Upper

Canada.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

159

July 29, The Atlantic cable having been successfully laid, the
first message passed through it.

Aug. 1, The Civil Code of Lower Canada went into effect.

Aug. 15, The College of Ottawa, by royal charter, became
the University of Ottawa.

Aug. 15, The last session of the Provincial Parliament closed.

Nov. 1 7, British Columbia and Vancouver Island were united.

Dec. 4, Messrs John A. Macdonald, Gait, Cartier, Rowland,
McDougall, and Langevin, from Canada ; Messrs.
Tupper, Archibald, McCully, and Ritchie, from
Nova Scotia ; and Messrs. Tiiley, Fisher, Mitchell,
Johnston, and R. D. Wilmot, from New Brunswick,
" The Fathers of Confederation," met at "Westmin-
ster Hall to frame an act to unite the provinces they
represented.

Dec. 24, The Conference at Westminster Hall ended.

1867.

Feb. 7th, The Earl of Carnarvon introduced the Confedera-
tion Hill in the House of Lords.

March 8, The Imperial Parliament passed the Confederation
Bill.

March 29, The Confederation Bill received royal assent.

April 12, The Imperial Government passed an Act authorizing
the commissioners of the trea* ■; to guarantee in-
terest on a loan not exceeding ^3,000,000 for the
construction • f an intercoknial railway from Hali-
fax to the St. Lawrence.

May 22, Her Majesty, 1 - proclamation, issued at Windsor
Castle, declared hat the Confederation Act should
go into effect the first day of the next July ; she
also gave the names of seventy two Senators, thirty-
six Conservatives and thirty six Reformers.

June 27, Reform Convention in Toronto.

June 28, The first yearly meeting (of Quakers) in Canada
was constituted.

July 1, DOMINION DAY. Lord Monck announced his
appointment as Governor-General of tlie Dominion
of Canada, and, V>y Her Majesty s authority, con-
ferred the Or<ler of Kni^'htliood on Hon. Jolm A.
Macdonald, and the honor of Companionship of the

if.

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160

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

((

Bath on Messrs. Tilley, Tupper, Cartier, Gait,
McDougall, and Howland.
July 2, LORD MONCK was sworn in as Governor-General
of Canada, by Chief Justice Draper.
Sir John A. Macdonald, at the request of the
Governor-General, formed a Coalition Ministry ; its
members were : —
Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, Premier and

Minister of Justice.
Hon. Alexander Campbell, Postmaster-General.

A. J. Fergusson- Blair, President of Privy

Council.
W. P. Howland, Minister of Inland Revenue.
Wm. McDougall, Minister of Public Works.
G. E. Cartier, Minister of Militia and Defence.
A. T. Gait, Minister of Finance.
J. C. Chapais, Minister of Agriculture.
H. L. Langevin, Secretary of State of Canada.
S. L. Tilley, Minister of Customs.
Peter Mitchell, Minister of Marine and

Fisheries.
A. G. Archibald, Secretary of State for the

Provinces.
Edward Kenny, Receiver-General.
Aug., Champlain's astrolabe was found in Ross Tp., County of
Renfrew ; it had " Paris," "1603 " on it.
In September, there was a Dominion election, the
Conservatives winning.
Nov. 1, Bishop Strachan died in Toronto.
Nov. 7, The First Session of the First Parliament of the
Dominion met at Ottawa, Mr Cauchon being made
Speaker of the Senate, and Mr. Cockburn being
elected Speaker of the Commons.
Nov. 8, Hon. John Rose was made Minister of Finance.
Dec. 4, Hon. Wm. McDougall proposed a series of resolutions,
praying that Rupert's Land and the North- West
Territories be added to the Dominion.
Dec. 21, A Bill was passed empowering the Government to
raise money for the construction of the Intercolonial
Railway.
Dec. 21, Parliament adjourned.

((

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

161

Dec. 29, Hon. A. J. Fergusson- Blair, President of the Privy
Council, died in Ottawa.

1868.

Feb. 28, The Canada Southern Railway was chartered.

March, Canada issued a three-cent letter stamp.

The Legislature of Nova Scotia passed an address to
the Queen, praying for a repeal of " so much of the
Act for the Union of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New
Brunswick, as relates to Nova Scotia."

April 1, Post-Office Savings Banks were first opened.

April 7, Patrick James Whalen shot Hon. D'Arcy McGee in
Ottawa. Parliament adjourned.

April 13, Hon. D'Arcy McGee's funeral was in Montreal.

April 14, Parliament reassembled.

May 22, Lord Monck assented to a Bill passed in the House,
that empowers the Senate to examine witnesses on
oath at its Bar.
The Militia Act was passed.

May 22, The First Session of the First Dominion Parliament
was prorogued.

May 26, The Great Seal of Canada was prescribed by Royal
Warrant.

June 4, The Duke of Buckingham informed the Governor-
General that the Home Government would not allow
Nova Scotia to withdraw from Confederation.
Trinity College School was moved from Weston to
Port Hope.

Oct 1, Sir Patrick L. McDougall was made Commander of
the Militia.
13, Lord Monck relinquished the Governor-Generalship

of Canada.
29, Lord Lisgar was appointed Governor-General of
Canada. ^g^^

Jan. 16, The first number of the Star^ Montreal, was issued.

Jan. 25, By an Order in Council, " better terms " were grant-
ed to Nova Scotia, the provincial debt assumed by
the Dominion being increased from the original $8,-
000,000 to $9,186,756 and an annual subsidy of
$82,698, granted to the Province for ten years, be-
ing computed from July 1, 1867.

Nov.
Dec.

J'.*

mmmmmmmm

162

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

Jan. 30, Hon. Joseph Howe was made President of the Privy
Council.

Feb. 2, LORD LISGAR took office as Governor-General of
Canada.

Feb. 11, Patrick James Whalen was hung in Ottawa, the
last public execution in Canada.

April 15, The Second Session of the First Dominion Parlia-
ment was opened.

May 5, Lieub -Col. P. Robertson Ross was made Commander
of the Militia.

June 23, The Second Session of the First Dominion Parlia-
ment was prorogued.

Lieut.-Col. Dennis was sent to the Red River coun-
try, to begin public surveys.

Aug. 7, Royal assent was given to an Act which fixed the
salary of the Govern<»r-General at £10,000, or $48,-
66rt.6'^, to be paid out of the consolidated revenue
of Canada

Sept. 28 Hon. Wm McDougall was made Lieut.-Gov. of the
North- West Territories.

Oct. 9, Hon. Sir Francis Hincks was made Minister of Finance.

Oct. 11, Half-breeds, und<'r Louis Riel, compelled Mr. Webb,
surveyor, to stop surveying in Manitoba.

Oct. 31, Hon. Wm. McDougall was stopped at Pembina, by a
half-breed, who forbade him to enter Manitoba.

Nov. 16, Hon. Christopher Dunkin was made Minister of
Agriculture
Hon Joseph Howe was made Secretary of State for
the Provinces.
" Alexander Morris was made Minister of Inland

Revenue.
" J. C. Chapais was made Receiver-General.
" E ( ward Kenny was mnde President of Council.

Nov. 24, Lonis Riel, "President of Provisional Government
at Red River," took Fort Garry, and appropriated
its contents.

I'ec. 1, Canada, by paying Hudson's Bay Company £300,000,
the transaction heing made by the Imperial (Govern-
ment, received the North West Territories and
Rupert's Land.

Dec. 7, Louis Riel made Dr. Schultz a prisoner.

THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HI8T0HY.

163

Dec. 8, Hon. Hector L. Langevin was made Minister of Pub-
lic Works.
" James Cox Aikins was made Secretary of State
of Canada.

1870.

Jan. 28, The " City of Boston " left Halifax, but was never

again heard of.
Feb. 15, The Third Session of the First Dominion Parliament

was opened.
Feb. 17, Louis Riel captured Major Bolton and 47 men.
March 4, Louis Riel enforced the brutal murder of Thomas

Scott at Fort Garry.
March 20, John Joseph Lynch, D D., was made the first

Catholic Archbishop of Toronto.
May 11, £300,000 was paid to Hudson's Bay Company.
May 12, The Third Session of the First Dominion Parlia

ment was prorogued.
May 25 " Gei.eral " O Neil made another " Fenian invasion "

into the Eastern townships.
June 21, Sir Charles Tupper was made President of Council.
June 23, An order of the Queen-in Council transferred

Rupert's Land and the North- West Territory to

Canada.

The Dominion Line of Steamships was estaV)lishf d.
July 15, Manitoba and the North- West Territories were ad-
mitted to the Dominion.
Ausf. 9, Canada Defences Loan Act was passed.
Aug. 24, Colonel Wolseley, who had led 1,3' men through

a wilderness route, arrived at Fort Garry.
Oct. 20, An earthquake shook the country.

1871.

Feb. 15, The Fourth Session of the First Dominion Parlia-
ment met.
Feb. 27, The Joint High Commission met in Washington
March 19, Archbishop Lynch, of Toronto, consecrated Rev.
Elzear Alexandre Taschereau Ar/hbishop of Quebec.
Professors Bryce and Hart established Manitoba
College.

The Minister of Inland Revenue introduced a
measure •' to render permissive the use of the met-

164

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

ric, or decimal, system of weights and measures,"
which became law.

April 14, The Fourth Session of the First Dominion Parlia-
ment closed.

May 8, The Joint High Commission concluded the Treaty of
Washington, which provided for the settlement of
the Alabama claims by a Board of Arbitration, to
be held at Geneva, Switzerland ; the San Juan
boundary was to be settled by the Emperor of Ger-
many ; the fisheries were to be open for ten years,
fish and fish oil to be admitted free into Canada and
the United States ; and it was agreed that a Com-
mission should settle the money compensation to
Canada by the United States ; the Americans were
accorded the free navigation of the St. Lawrence
and the Canadian canals, and the Canadians were to
have free navigation in Lake Michigan.
Ontario School Act was improved.
New Brunswick adopted a School System similar to
Ontario.

May 16, An Imperial Order-in-Council was passed, authoriz-
ing the admission of British Columbia into the
Dominion.

May 17, The New Brunswick School Bill, introduced into the
New Brunswick Legislature by Hon. Geo. E. King,
Premier of the Province, was passed. The Catholics
complained of its terms. After much discussion in
the Dominion Parliament, the case was sent to Eng-
land for settlement ; but the Imperial Government
refused to interfere.

June 29, The Imperial Parliament passed " the British North
America Act, 1»71," empowering the Parliament of
Canada to create new provinces.

July 1, Dominion currency was made uniform.

Parliament Library, Ottawa, was founded.

July 20, British Columbia was admitted to the Dominion.

Oct. 5, Messrs. W. M. Simpson, S. J. Dawson, and W. J.
Pether made the " North- West Angle Treaty,'' with
the Ojibbeways.

O'Neil and O'Donohue led Fenians into Manitoba,
but U.S. troops followed them and captured them.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

165

Oct. 25, Hon. John Henry Pope was made Minister of Agri-
culture.

Nov. 28. The Post Office Department of Canada first issued
Post Cards.

1872.

April 11, The Fifth Session of the First Dominion Parliament

was opened.
May 22, The Earl of Dufferin was appointed Governor-
General of Canada.
June 1 4, The Fifth Session of the First Dominion Parliament

was prorogued.

The Mail^ Toronto, first appeared.
June 22, There was a railroad disaster near Belleville,

Ontario j 30 killed.
June 25, The EARL OF DUFFERIN took office as Gov

ernor-General of Canada.
July 2, Hon. Charles Tupper was made Minister of Inland

Revenue.

Hon. John O'Connor yas made President of Council.
July 8, Parliament was dissolved.
July 29, Dominion election ; Conservatives won.

" The elections came off through the summer and early
autumn, and the Government found itself confronted by
staunch opposition. The ghost of poor Scott, murdered in
the Northwest, rose against it ; the Washington Treaty
' was shaken in the face of the country ' ; the gigantic rail-
way building, a duty to which the country had been pledged,
was declared by the Opposition to be a mad and impossible
scheme ; and the Reform party in Ontario was made sturdy
by the strength of Mr. Blake and the Provincial Ministry.
The Government came shattered, though not defeated, out
of the contest." — Collin's " Life of Sir John A. Macdonald,''
p. 383.

Sept. 14, The Tribunal of Arbitration, Switzerland, decided
that Great Britain pay to the United States $15,500,-
000 for losses by Confederate cruisers.

Oct. 21, William, Emperor of Germany, decided that, accord-
ing to the Treaty of June 15, 1846, the boundary
line should pass through the Haro Channel j this
gave San Juan Island to the United States.

Oct. 25, Hon. Oliver Mowat was made Premier of Ontario.

Dec. 24, The Quebec Legislature decided that the Lieutenant-

166

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

Governor has power to nominate Queen's Counsel
from the Provincial Bar.

1873.

Jan. 30, Hon. Theodore Robitaille was made Receiver-Oeneral

Feb. 19, A railroad company, the Canadian Pacific Railway
Company, Sir Hugh Allan, President, obtained a
charter.

Feb. 22, Hon. Sir Chas. Tupper was made Minister of Customs.

Feb. 24, Hon. Sir S. L. Tilley was made Minister of Finance.

March 4, Hon. John O'Connor was made Minister of Inland
Revenue.

March 15, The First Session of the Second Dominion Parlia-
ment was opened.

March 29, The Ontario Legislature passed an Act which de-
clared that the Lieutenant-Governor, der the
great seal of the province, can lawfully select Queen's
Counsel from the Ontario Bar.
The a.>orthwest Police was organized.

April 1, The White Star steamer "Atlantic" struck on
Meagher rock, west of Sambro ; 560 people were lost.

April 2, Mr. Huntingdon declared in the Commons that the
Government had chartered Sir Hugh Allan's Com-
pany on the understanding that Sir Hugh advance
money to defray expenses of electing Ministers and
their supporters. This began the " Pacific Scandal."

April 8, Sir John A. Macdonald's motion, that a select com-
mittee of five members be appointed by the House
to examine the charges made by Mr. Huntingdon,
was passed. The House named Hon. Mr. Blanchet,
Macdonald and Cameron, supporters of the Govern-
ment, and Hon. Edward Blake and Hon. M. Dorion,
members of the Opposition.

April 18, Hon. John Hillyaid Cameron introduced an Oaths
Bill into the House, so that the Select Committee
could examine witnesses on oath.

May 3, Office of Minister of Interior was created.
The ' )ath8 Bill received royal assent.

May 18, St. Vincent d« Paul Penitentiary, near Montreal,
Quebec, was opened.

May 20, Sir George Cartier died in London.

THB CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

167

May
May
June
June

June

July

Aug.

Sept
Oct.

Oct.

Nov.
Nov.

2.3, Parliament adjourned.

24, Mr. J. W. Bengough began the Grip, Toronto.
1; Hon. Joseph Howe died in Huhfax.
14, Hon. Hugh McDonald was made President of
Council.

Hon. T. N. Gibbs was made Secretary of State for
the Provinces.
27, At Quebec the Governor-General received a telegram
from the Earl of Kimberley, ''Oaths Bill is dis-
allowed."
1, Hon. Hugh McDonald was made Minister of Militia
and Defence.
John O'Connor was made Postmaster- General.
Thos. N. Gibbs was made Minister of Inland

Revenue.
Alexander Campbell was made the first Minis-
ter of Interior.
18, McMuUen, an American contractor, published letters
in Canadian papers, which, if true, told hard against
members of the Government
13, Parliament reassembled ; but the committee ap-
pointed to investigate the charges as^ainst the Ad-
ministration not having completed their report, the
Gov.-Gen., at the request cf the Ministerialists, and
against the appeals of the Opposition, prorogued
Parliament.
20, Wesleyan Theological College, Montreal, was opened.
23, The Second Session of the Second Dominion Parlia-
ment met.
31, The [iiternational Bridge across the Niagara river

near Lake Erie, was opened.
5, The Government* resigned.

7, Hon. Alexander Mackenzie formed a Liberal Minis-
try ; its members were : —

Hon. Alex. Mackenzie, Premier and Minister of
Public Works.
David Laird, Minister of Interior.
Isaac Burpee, Minister of Customs.
R. J. Cartwright, Minister of Finance.
Luc Letellier de St. Just, Minister of Agricul-
ture.

168

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN BISTORT.

l!i

ill;

Ii
it

it
ii
ii
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Hon. David Christie, Secretary of State of Canada.
Sir A. J. Smith, Minister of Marine and

Fisheries.
William Ross, Minister of Militia and Defence.
A. A. Dorion, Minister of Justice.
Telesphore Fuurnier, Minister of Inland

Revenue.
Donald A. Macdonald, Postmaster- General.
Thomas Coffin, Receiver-General.
Edward Blake, no portfolio.
R. W. Scott, no portfolio.
Nov. 15, The Canada Southern Railway was opened.

187$^^

Jan. 3, The Second Session of the Second Dominion Parlia-
ment was dissolved.

Jan. 9, Hon. R. W. Scott was made Secretary of State.

Jan. 20, Hon. L. S. Huntingdon was made President of
the Council.

Jan. 22, Dominion election ; Liberals won.

March 26, The First Session of the Third Dominion Parlia-
ment was opened.

March 30, Louis Riel, elected for Provencher, Manitoba, ap-
peared at Ottawa.

April 15, Hon. Mackenzie Bowell moved Riel's expulsion
from Parliament.

April 16, Parliament expelled Riel from the House.

An Agricultural College and Experimental Farm
was established at Guelph, Ont.
Hansard was begun.

May 26, An Act was passed that introduced vote by ballot,
simultaneous elections, ,the abolition of property
qualifications for members of the Commons, and
stringent enactments against " corrupt practices "
at elections.

The First Session of the Third Dominion Parliament
was prorogued.

June 2, Dominion Grange was formed in London, Ont.

July 6, The first numl^r of the Daily Free Pre88, Winni-
peg, was issued.

July 8, Hon. Telesphore Fournier was made Minister of
Justice and Attorney-General.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY

169

Hon. Felix Geoffrion was made Minister of Inland
Revenue.

Sept. 11, Maj.-Oen. Edward Selby Smith wuh made Com-
mander of the Militia.

Sept. 15, Hon. Alex. Morris, Hon. David Ljiird, and Hon.
W. J. Christie made the Qu'Appelle Treaty with
the Crees and Chippewas at Fort Qu'Appelle.

Sept. 30, Hon. W. 13. Vail was made Minister of Militia and
Defence.

Oct. 15, The Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba issued a
warrant of outlawry against Lr>uis Kiel.

Nov. 17, Lord Carnarvon gave his final judgment, " Carnar-
von Terras," respecting the complaints of British
Columbia against the Dominion.

Dec. 18, An Order-in-Council was sent to England, expressing
satisfaction with Earl Carnarvon's terms respecting
the treatment of British Columbia by the Dominion.

1876.

Jan. 14, The first number of the Halifax Herald^ Halifax,
N. S., was issued.

Feb. 4, The Second Session of the Third Dominion Parlia- /

ment was opened. //^

Winnipeg, Manitoba, was made a city.

Sir John W. Dawson published " The Dawn of Life."

April 25, Hon. Alex. Mackenzie secured a general amneshy
for all the participants in the Red River trouble,
except Riel, Lepine, and O'Donoghue.
Icelanders settled in Manitoba.

May 19, Hon. Edward Blake was made Minister of Justice.
Hon. Telesphore Fournier was made Postmaster-
General.

June 15, In Montreal, the Presbyterian Church of Canada
in connection with the Church of Scotland, the Can-
ada Presbyterian Church, the Presbyterian Church
of the Lower Provinces, and the Presbyterian Church
of the Maritime Provinces in connection with the
Church of Scotland, united, and became the General
Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Canada.

July 19, The Imperial Parliament repealed section eighteen
of the British North America Act, 1867, and sub-
stituted another section.
12

■■[{■■HJ.

170

THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

Sept. 18, The Supremo Court of Canada was organized.
Sept., Hon. Janiep McKay and Lieut.-Gov. Morris made the

Winnipeg Treaty with the Indians
Sept. 26, A Catholic procession was mobbed in Toronto.

The Normal School, Ottawa, was opened.
Oct. 3, A Catholic procession in Toronto, escorted by a strong

body of police, was again mobbed.
Oct. 9, Hon. L. S. Huntingdon was made Postmaster General.
Dec. 7, Hon. Joseph Cauchon was made President of Council.
Dec. 24, Sherbrooke, Quebec, received a city charter.

Dominion debt, $116,(i08,378.

1876.

Jan. 26, Hon. Gideon Ouimet was made Superintendent of
Education for Quebec.

Feb. 10, The Third Session of the Third Dominion Parlia-
ment was opened.

Feb. 19, Hon, Adam Crooks was made Minister of Education
for Ontario.

April 12, The Third Session of the Third Dominion Parlia-
ment was prorogued.

April 27, Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India.

May 1, St. Catharines, Ontario, was incorporated into a city.

May 10, President Grant opened the Centennial Exhibition
in Philadelphia.

May 19, British Columbia passed an Act to support Public
Schools, requiring every male resident of the Pro-
vince to pay $3 a year for educational purposes.

June 1, The Royal Military College, Kingston, was opened.

June 5, Manitoba abolished its Legislative Council.

Keewatin was separated from the other North-
West Territories and put under the government of
Manitoba.

July 1, The Intercolonial Railway was opened.

July 31, The Earl and the Countess of DuflFerin took a car
at Ottawa for a trip to British Columbia.

Sept. 3, Fire destroyed ''jOO houses at St. Hyacinthe, Quebec ;
loss $2,000,000.

Oct. 24, Hon. David Mills was made Minister of Interior.

Nov. 9, Hon. Rodolphe Laflamme was made Minister of In-
land Revenue.

Nov. 14, John Hillyard Cameron died in Toronto.

THE CARDINAL FACTS 07 CANADIAN HISTORY.

171

1877.

A strike of the G. T. R. engine drivers interrupted
business, checked the mails, and finally called fur the
intervention of the militia.

Jan. 26, Hon. Charles Alphonse P. Pelletier was made Min-
ister of Agriculture.

Feb. 8, The Fourth Session of the Third Dominion Parlia-
ment was opened.

April 28, The Fourth Session of the Thini Dominion Parlia-
ment was prorogued.

May 20, Rev. Dr. Hannan was consecrated Catholic Arch-
bishop of Halifax, N.S.

May 31, Brantford, Ontario, was made a city.

In June, the Halifax Fishery Commission met at
Halifax, N.S. : Sir A. T. Gait for Great Britain ;
Hon. E. H. Kellogg for the United States, and M.
Delfosse, Belgian Minister at Washington. Canada
claimed $14,880,000.

June 8, Hon. Rodolphe Laflamme was made Minister of Jus-
tice.

Hon. Edward Blake was made President of Council.
Hon. Joseph Edouard Cauchon was made Minister
of Inland Revenue.

June 20, St. John, New Brunswick, was almost destroyed by
fire.

The first business telephone in Canada was establish-
ed at Hamilton, Ont.
The University of Manitoba was established.

Sept. 22, Hon. David Laird and Col. McLeod, on Bow River,
made *' Treaty Number Seven," or the Blackfeet
Treaty.

Oct. 8, Hon Wilfrid Laurier was made Minister of Inland
Revenue.

Nov. 3, Hon. William H. Draper died in Yorkville, Ont.

Nov. 27, The Halifax Fishery Commission ended its labors,
and concluded that the United States pay $5,500,-
000 for fishing privileges for twelve years.

1878.

Jan. 1, Belleville, Ontario, received a city charter.
Jan. 21, Hon. A. G. .'^ones was made Minister of Militia and
Defence.

% ! li

172

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

r .1

Feb. 7, The Fifth Session of the Third DominioKi Parliament

was opened.
Feb. 11, The first Branch of the Catholic Mutual Benefit As-
sociation in Canada was organized at Windsor, Ont.
March 12, Sir John A. Macdonald, in Parliament, expressed
his opinion that Canada to be prosperous must ar.c t
a " National Policy," a protection of home industi lot*.
March 24, Luc Letellier de St. Just, Lieutenant-Governor of
Quebec, being at variance with the provincial
premier, Hon. M. de Boucherville, and members of
the Administration, dismissed the Provincial Cabinet.
May 10, The Homestead Exemption Act was passed.

The Scott Act was passed.
May 10, The Fifth Session of the Third Dominion Parliament

was prorogued.
June 26, Harvard University conferred LL.D. on Earl of

Duflferin.
July 12, Riot in Montreal, Hackett being killed.
Aug. 17, Parliament was dissolved
Aug. 28, The first number of the Examiner, Sherbrooke,

Quebec, was issued.
Sept. 28, Dominion Election, the Conservatives won, the

result being 146 Conservatives and 60 Liberals.
Oct. 5, Marquis of Lome was appointed Governor-General of

Canada.
Oct. 16, The Mackenzie Ministry resigned.
Oct. 17, Sir John A. Macdonald formed a Ministry ; the
members were : —

Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, Premier and Minister
of Interior.
Hon. Sir S. L. Tilley, Minister of Finance.

Sir Charles Tupper, Minister of Public Works.
J. H. Pope, Minister of Agriculture.
John O'Connor, President of Council.
James Macdonald, Minister of Justice.
Sir Hector L. Langevin, Postmaster-General.
F. R. Masson, Minister of Militia and De-
fence, (Oct. 19.)
James C. Aikens, Secretary of State, (Oct. 19.)
Mackenzie Bowell, Minister of Customs, (Oct.
19.)

((

{(

THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

173

((

({

Hon. J. C. Pope, Minister of Marine and Fisheriep,
(Oct. 19.)
L. F. G. Baby, Minister of Inland Revenue,

(Oct. 26.)
A. Campbell, Receiver-General, (Nov. 8.)
R. D. Wilmot, President of Senate.
Oct. 19, Earl of Dufferin left Canada, Gen. Sir P. L. Mac-

dougall assuming the reins of Government.
Nov. 21, The United States paid the Halifax Award.
Nov. 25, MARQUIS OF LORNE took office as Governor
General of Canada.

1879.

Jan. 25, Rev. William B. Bond was consecrated Bishop of

Montreal
Feb. 9, The North Shore R.R., north of Ri-er St. Lawrence^

from jVIontreal to Quebec, was completed.
Feb. 13, The First Session of the Fourth Dominion Parliament

was opened.
Feb. 23, The first number of La Patrie, Montreal, was

issued.
March 14, Sir S. L. Tilley laid a new tariff before Parliament.
March 15, The National Policy went into effect.
April 23, Guelph, Ontario, was incorporated into a city.
May 1, Rev. Arthur Sweatman was consecrated Bishop of

Toronto.
May 15, The First Session of the Fourth Dominion Parliament

was prorogued.
May 20, Sir H. L. Langevin was made Minister of Public

Works.

Sir Charles Tupper was made Minister of Railways

and Canals.

Hon. Sir A. Campbell was made Postmaster-General.
May 24, Authorized by Her Majesty, the Governor-General

held an investiture of " the most distinguished

order of St. Michael and St. George," at Montreal,

when six Canadian gentlemen were created Knights

Commanders of the order.
July 25, The Dominion Government deposed Luc Letellier de

St. Just from the offiice of Lieut. -Gov. of Quebec.
July 26, Hon. Theodore Robitaille was made Lieutenant-
Governor of Quebec.

I j,i,J,

174

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HIHTORT.

i 1 '1

in
W

Aug. 5, A devastating cyclone swept through New Brunswick.

Aug. 14, Sir John A. Macdonald was sworn in as a member
of Her Majesty's Privy Council.
In the City of Quebec, the Irish and French sections
of the Ship-Labourers' Union had several severe con-
flicts.

Nov. 4, The Supreme Court of the Dominion decided t at the
Queen or her representative, the Governor* meral,
has the sole right to appoint Queen's Counsel.

1880.

Jan. 15, Hon. Sir Alex. Campbell was made Minister of
Militia and Defence.

Hon. John O'Connor was made Postmaster-Genei al.
Hon. L. F. 11. Masson was made President of
Council.

Feb. 12, The Second Session of the Fourth Dominion Parlia-
ment was opened.

Feb. 25, The Parliament Buildings at Fredericton, New
Brunswick, were destroyed by fire.

March 25, George Bennett, a discharged employee, shot Hon.
George Brown, in the Globe office, Toronto.

March 20, Mr.j.-Gen. R. G. A. Luard was made Commander
of the Militia.

April 27, Hon. Alex. Mackenzie ceased to be Leader of the
Opposition.

May 7, The Second Session of the Fourth Dominion Parlia-
ment was prorogued.

May 9, Hon. George Brown died.

May 11, Sir Alexander T. Gait was appointed the first High
Commissioner for Canada, to reside in England.

July 31, An Imperial Order in Council declared that " from
and after the 1st of September, 1880, all British
territories and possessions in North America, not
already included within the Dominion of Canada,
and all islands adjacent to any of such territories or
possessions shall (with the exception of the colony of
Newfoundland and its dependencies) become and be
annexed to and form part of the said Dominion of
Canada ; and become and be subject to the laws, for
the time being in force in the said Dominion, in so
far as such laws may be applicable thereto."

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

175

Aug. 19, The first number of the World, Toronto, was isRued.
Oct. 2 1 , The contract was signed for the construction of the

C.P.K.
Nov. 8, Hon. John O'Connor was made Secretary of State of
Canada.
" Joseph A. Mousseau was made President of

Council.
" Sir A. P. Caron was made Minister of Militia

and Defence,
" Sir A. Campbell was made Pobtmaster-CJeneral.
" James Cox Aikins was made Minister of
Inland Revenue.
Nov. 12, An explosion in the "Foord" pit, at Stellarton,

Nova Scotia, killed 50 miners.
Nov. 21, Rev. James Vincent Cleary was consecrated Bishop

of Kingston, Ontario.
Dec. 9, The Third Session of the Fourth Dominion Parlia-
ment was opened.
Dec. 10, At midnight, the contract for building the C.P.R.

was laid before the House.
Dec. 23, The Dominion Parliament adjourned.

1881.

Jan. 4, The Dominion Parliament reassembled.

Jan. 17, Sir Charles Tupper submitted to Parliament the offer
of a new syndicate, which would build the C.P K.
for $22,000,000 and 22,000,000 acres of land ; the
Government declined the oflFer

Feb. 16, Letters patent were issued to the Canadian Pacific
Railway Company ; and, for building the C.P.R.,
the Government gave $25,000,000, and 25,000,000
acres of land.

March 4, St. Thomas, Ontario, received a city charter.

March 21, The Third Session of the Fourth Dominion Parlia-
ment was prorogued.

May 2, The C.P.R. Co. broke ground for the great trans-con-
tinental railway.

May 20, Hon. John O'Connor was made Postmaster-General.
" Joseph Alfred Mousseau was made Secretary of

State of Canada.
" A. W. McLelan was made President of Council.

;'.;'

176

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

Hon. Sir Alex. Campbell was made Minister of Jus-
tice

May 21, The Gov. -Gen. in Council disallowed the "Streams
Bill," which the Legislature of Ontario had passed.

May 24, The steamer " Victoria," on the Thames, London,
Ontario, collapsed, over 200 people being lost.

June 8, The suburb of St. John, Quebec, was nearly destroyed
by lire.
Population of the Dominion 4,324,810.

1882.

Feb. 9, The Fourth Session of the Fourth Dominion Parliament
was opened.

Feb. 19, Dr. Ryerson died in Toronto.

During the session, Mr. Costigan introduced a mo-
tion in the Commons that a petition be sent to the
Queen, favoring Home Rule for Ireland and a re-
lease of the suspects. Both Houses passed it with-
out a dissenting voice. The Government received a
very curt acknowledgment of it from Lord Kimberly,
the Colonial Secretary.

Feb. 23, Sir Hector L. Langevin introduced a Bill to re
organize the Civil Service.

March 5, A violent blizzard swept over Manitoba.

May 2, The Government passed the Civil Service Bill.

May 8, Four new districts — Alberta, Assiniboia, Athabasca,
and Saskatchewan — were formed in the Northwest.

May 17, The Fourth Session of the Fourth Dominion Parlia-
ment was prorogued. It has been called the
" Long Session."

May 18, Parliament was dissolved.

May 23, Hon. John Costigan was made Minister of Inland
Revenue.
Hon. John Carling was made Postmaster-General,

May 25, The Royal Society was formed, and met, Sir John
W. Dawson being its first President.

June 14, The Redistribution Bill was framed ; it altered the
forms of the constituencies for the Commons ; the
Opposition called it " Gerrymandering,"

June 20, Dominion election ; Conservatives won.

July 10, Hon. A. W. McLelan was made Minister of Marine.

THE CARDINAL PACtS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

177

the
the

July 29, Hon. Joseph Adolphe Chapleau was made Secretary

of State of Canaua.

Hon. Sir Frank Smith entered the Ministry, with-
out portifoHo.
Aug. 12, The Grand Trunk Railroad and the (Ireat Western

Railroad amalgamated, under the title of Grand

Trunk Railway Co.
Aug. 23, Regina was made the capital of the Northwest

Territories.
Sept. 20, 'Ihe Gov.Gen. in Council again disallowed the

"Streams Bill," which the Ontario Legislature had

reaffirmed.
Sept. 21, Rev. Jean Fran9oi8 Jamot was made the first

Catholic Bishop of Peterboro, Ontario.
Dec. 12, The Michigan Central R.R. agreed to operate the

Canada Southern R.R. and its leased and controlled

lines for 21 years, beginning on Jan. 1, 1883.

1883.

Feb 8, The First Session of the Fifth Dominion Parliament
was opened.

March 16, The Gov.-Gen. in Council once more disallowed
the " Streams Bill," which the Ontario Legislature
had reaffirmed.

April 19, Parliament Buildings, Quebec, were burned.
5,000 settlers entered the North-West.

May 25, The First Session of the Fifth Dominion Parliament
was prorogued.

May 30, Sir Charles Tupper was appointed High Commis-
sioner to England.

Tuly 18, The Privy Council of Great Britain and Ireland
decided Escheats in Real Property in favor of
Ontario.

Aug. 18, The Marquis of Lansdowne was appointed Governor-
General of Canada.

Aug. 29, The Methodist Church of Canada, the Methodist
Episcopal Church in Canada, the Primitive Meth-
odist Church in Canada, and the Bible Christian
Church of Canada, at Belleville, Ontario, united, and
became the Methodist Church of Canada.
The Salvation Army began to work in Canada.

178

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

(•--S

Oct. 17, Hon. Sir David L. Macphorson was made Minister of
Interior.

lit. Mon. Sir John A. Mucdonald was made Presi-
dent of Council.

Oct. 23, MAKQUIS OF LANSDOWNE took office as Gov
ernorOeneral of Canada.

Nov. Hon. George W. lloss was made Minister of Education
for Ontario. i ftfti

Jan. 2, Tliore was a collision on the G.T.R. near Toronto ; 25
people killed.

Jan. 17, The Second Session of the Fifth Dominion Parliament
was opened.

April 7, The Imperial Privy C'ouncil overruled the disallowance
re " Streams Bill," made by the Gov. -Gen in Council,
sustaining the Legislature of Ontario. '* Escheats in
Real Property" and the " Streams Bill " were marked
triumphs for Hon. Oliver Mowat, Premier of Ontario.

April 19, The Second Session of the Fifth Dominion Parlia-
ment was prorogued.

May 23, Maj. Gen. F. D. Middleton was made Commander of
the Militia.

June 16, Centennial of the settlement of the U.E.L.'8 in
Upper Canada was held at Adolphustown.

July 8, Louis Kiel arrived at Duck Lake, and began to inflame
the discontent of the half-breeds and Indians, who
feared dispossession of their lands by the incoming
of settlers.

Oct. 1, 1 he International prime-meridian conference opened in
Washington, D.C., at which Sir Sandford Fleming
represented the Dominion of Canada.

Oct. 20, The first number of La Presse, Montreal, was issued.

Nov. 18, Imperial Federation League was established in Lon-
don.

Dec. 17, A great Conservative Convention was held in the
Grand Opera House, Toronto; ten thousand delegates
were present. laftPi

Jan. 12, A great Conservative Convention was held in Mont-
real.

Jan. 29, Statue of Sir George E. Cartier was unveiled at
Ottawa.

THB CARDINAL FAOTfl OF OANADIAW HISTORY.

179

Jan. 29, The Third Session of the Fifth Dominion Parliament
was opened.

March 18, The half-breeds imprisoned the Indian agent at
Duck Lake, and some ttmmsters.

March 24, Maj.-Gen. Middleton left Ottawa for the North-
West.

March 25, The half-breeds seized the public stores at Duck
Lake.

March 26, The half breeds, under Gabriel Dumont, defeated
Major L. N. F. Crosier, Superintendent of the North-
West Police, two miles from Duck Lake, killing four-
teen of his men and forcing him to retire.

March 29, Indians murdered farm-instructor Payne.

April 3, Big Bear's Indians, at Frog Lake, murdered Fathers
Marchand and Fafard, Indian agent Finn, and six
others ; and imprisoned Mrs. Gowanlock and Mrs.
Delaney.

April 24, Gen. Middleton engaged the rebels at Fish Creek,
losing 11 killed and 48 wounded.

May 1, Col. Otter, to bring Poundmaker to an engagement,
left Battleford for Cut Knife Hill, Poundmaker's
reserve.

May 2, Col. Otter fought Poundmaker's Indians at Cut-Knife
Creek, losing 8 killed and 13 wounded.
Maj.-Gen. T. B. Strange relieved Edmonton.

May 9, Gen. Middleton attacked the rebels, entrenched in
rifle-pits, in front of Batoche.

May 13, Gen. Middleton, by a daring charge, drove the rebels
out of Batoche, when the prisoners were rescued.

May 16, Louis Riel surrendered.

May 26, Poundmaker and his principal men were arrested.

June 30, Gen. Middleton massed his forces at Battleford, hav-
ing stamped out the rebellion.

The fishery clauses of the Washington Treaty expired.
During this Parliament, the " Electoral Franchise
Act " was passed, making voters' qualifications in the
Dominion uniform, and granting the franchise to
Indians ; it was stoutly opposed by the Opposition.

July 2, Big Bear was captured

July 20, The Third Session of the Fifth Dominion Parliament
was prorogued.

180

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

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Aug. 5, Hon Thomas White was made Minister of Interior.
Aug. 18, Sir Francis Hiiicks died in Montreal
Sept. 25, Hon. John Carling was made Minister of Agriculture.
John Henry Pope was made Minister of Rail-
ways and Canals.
Sir A. Campbell was made Postmaster General.
Sir J. S. D. Thompson was made Minister of
Justice.

Nov. 7, The last spike of the C.P.R. was driven in Eagle Pass.
Nov 16, Louis Riel was hung at Regina.
Dec. 10, Hon A. W. McLelan was made Minister of Finance.
" Geo. E. Foster was made Minister of Marine.
Dominion Debt. $196,407,692.

1886.

Feb. 18, Archbishop Tach^ baptized Poundmaker and 28 of
his braves in Stony Mountain Penitentiary.

Feb. 25, The Fourth Session of the Fifth Dominion Parlia-
ment was opened.

March 20, Canada warned American fishermen not to trans-
gress the treaty of 1818.

June 2, The Fourth Session t»f the Fifth Dominion Parliament
was adjourned.

June 13, The town of Vancouver was destroyed by fire.

July 14, A new Extradition Treaty was signed by Great Brit-
ain and the United States.

July 21, In the Basilica, Quebec, Archbishop Lynch, of Toron-
to, invested Cardinal Taschereau with the beretta.

July 29, Most Rev. Joseph Thomas Duhamel was made the
first Archbishop of Ottawa.

Oct. 13, Monument to Joseph Brant was unveiled at Brant-
ford, Ontario.

1887.

Jan. 15, Parliament was dissolved.

Jan. 17, Hon. A. W. McLelan was made Postmjister-General.

Jan. 27, Hon. Sir Charles Tupper was made Minister of
Finance
" Honore Mercier was made Premier of Quebec.

Feb. 22, Dominion election ; Conservatives won.

April 13, The First Session of the Sixth Dominion Parlia-
ment was opened.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN BISTORT,

181

April 23, McMaster University (Baptist), Toronto, was char-
tered.

May 1 2, The Quebec Government incorporated the Society of
Jesus.

May 26, The main line of the C.P.R. was opened throughout,
2,904.8 miles.

The Imperial Government empowered the Dominion
to negotiate its own commercial treaties with foreign
countries.

June 14, The first C.P.R. steamer from Yokohama, Japan,
reached Victoria.

June 23, The First Session of the Sixth Dominion Parliament
was prorogued.

July 15, Railway collision at St. Thomas, Ontario; 13 killed.

July 30, The railroad bridge across the St. Lawrence, at La
chine, was completed.

Oct. 17, Samuel S. Nelles, D.D , President of Victoria Col-
lege, Cobourg, died.

In October, delegates from Quebec, Ontario, Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, and Manitoba, met in Que-
bec, to consider propositions for the amendment of
the B.N. A. Act, of 1867.

1888.

Jan. 24, The Grand Trunk Railway Company united with
the Northern Railway Company and its leased line,
the Hamilton and Northwestern Railway.

Feb. 23, The Second Session of the Sixth Dominion Parlia-
ment was opened.

May 1, Lord Stanley was appointed Governor-General of
Canada.

May 22, The Second Session of the Sixth Dominion Parlia-
ment was prorogued.

May 23, Sir Charles Tupper was appointed High Commissioner
to England.

May 24, Queen Victoria Park, Niagara, was opened.

May 29, Hon. George E. Foster was made Minister of Finance.

May 31, Hon. C. H. Tupper was made Minister of Marine.

June 11, LORD STANLEY took office as Governor-General
of Canada.
The Equal Rights Party appeared.

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July 12, The Quebec Goyernment passed the Jesuit Estates
Bill, partially compensating the Jesuits for thtir
spoliation by the Crown.

Aug. 3, Hon. Edgar Dewdney was made Minister of Interior.
Hon. Juhn Haggart was made Postmaster-General.

1889.

Jan. 31, The Third Session of the Sixth Dominion Parliament

was opened.
Feb. 27, Railway disaster near St. George, Ontario; 10 killed.
March 3, The Commons sustained " An Act respecting the

settlement of the Jesuits' Estates," by a vote of 188

to 13.
March 20, By Act of Pa;*liament the Baptist Convention was

organized.
March 21, Sorel, Quebec, obtained a city charter.
May 2, The Third Session of the Sixth Dominion Parliament

was prorogued.
Sept. 19, In Quebec, 45 people were killed by a land-slide

from the Citadel Rock.
Nov. 5, The Province of Quebec paid the Society of Jesus

$400 000, $60,000 being turned over to the Protest-
ant Board of Education.
Nov. 28, Rt. Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald was made Minister

of Railways and Canals.
Nov. 28, Hon. C. C. Colby was made President of Council.

1890.

Jan. 16, The Fourth Session of the Sixth Dominion Parliament
was opened.

7 Feb. 1, The Canada Atlantic Railway opened its bridge over
the St. Lawrence, at Coteau.

Feb. 1 4, Toronto University was damaged by ire ; loss $500,000.

March 31, The Manitoba Legislature passed Hon. Joseph
Martin's Act to suppress Separate Schools in
Manitoba.

May 6, Lunatic Asylum at Longue Point was destroyed by
fire; 70 lives lost.

May 16, Royal assent was given to the Dominion Bank Act;
this regulates the managemeiit of banks, and forbids
them to issue notes of a lo.ver denomination than $5,
and compels all their notes to be multiples of $5.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 183

Hon. Clarke Wallace's Bill to incorporate the Grand
Orange Lodge of British America was passed.

May 16, The Fourth Session of the Sixth Dominion Parlia-
ment was prorogued.

Aug. 15, Delegates from the Anglican Synods of British
North America met at Winnipeg to establish a Gen-
eral Synod for the government of the Anglican
Church in Canada.

Sept. 14, Petroleum was discovered along the Athabasca
River.

Sept. 27, Major Gen. T. J. C. Herbert was made Commander
of the Militia.

La Grippe became epidemic, and laid up a good part
of the people.
Oct. 6, The McKinley Tariflf went into eflfect.

189L

Jan. 12, Canada brought suit before the U. S. Supreme Court
concerning seizures of vessels in Behring Sea.

Feb. 3, Parliament was dissolved. /

March 5, Dominion elections ; Conservatives won. ''^

March 8, The people of Quebec, a Provincial election being
held, overthrew the Mercier party and^ut the Con-
servatives in power.

April 29, The First Session of the Seventh Dominion Parlia-
ment was opened.

June 6, Sir John A. Macdonald died in Ottawa.

June 10, The body of Sir John A. Macdonald was conveyed
from Ottawa to Kingston, and deposited in the
Cataraqui cemetery.

June 16, Hon. J. J. C. Abbott became Premier of Canada,
and President of Council.
Hon. C. H. Tupper was made Minister of Marine.

July 1, The Dominion Bank Act went into eflfect.

July 14, Annual Convention of the National Education As-
sociation of the United States met in Toronto.

Aug. 14, Hon. Sir Frank Smith was made Minister of Public
Works.

Sept. 19, St. Clair Tunnel was opened.

Sept. 30, The First Session of the Seventh Dominion Parlia-
ment was prorogued.

184

THE CARDINAL PAC'::S OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

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Dec. 16, Lieut.-Gov. Angers, of Quebec, dismissed the Mer-
cier Ministry for alleged bribery and corruption,
Pacaud's name being freely used.
Population of the Dominion, 4,832,679.

1892.

Jan. 11, Hon. John G. Haggart was made Minister of Rail-
ways and Canals.

Hon. Joseph A. Ouimet was made Minister of Pub-
lic Works.

Jan. 25, Hon. Joseph A. Ohapl^au was made Minister of
Customs.

Hon. James C. Patterson was made Secretary of
State for Canada.

Hon. Sir A. P. Caron was made Postmaster General.
Hon. Sir Mackenzie Bo well was made Minister of
Militia and Defence.
Hon. W. B. Ives was made President of Council.

Feb. 25, The Second Session of the Seventh Dominion Parlia-
ment was opened.

March 14, A Royal Commission was appointed. Sir Joseph
Hickson, Chairman, to investigate the liquor traffic.

April 14, Windsor, Ontario, got a city charter.

April 17, Hon. Alexander Mackenzie died.

May 3, Newfoundland renewed a tariflf,
against Canada.

May 7, Behring Sea Arbitration agreement was ratified by
Great Britain and the United States.

July 9, The Second Session of the Seventh Dominion Parlia-
ment WPS prorogued.

Aug. 15, The Government terminated the canal tolls system.

Sept. 28, New Brunswick abolished its Legislative Council.

Sept. 30, Close of the Pan- Presbyterian Council in Toronto.

Oct. 1 7, Hon. Thomas M. Daly was made Minister of Interior.

Nov. 25, Sir John S. D. Thompson became Premier of Canada,
Sir J. J. C. Abbott having resigned on account of
failing health.

Dec. 3, The Minister of Inland Revenue became Controller
of Inland Revenue.

Dec. 5, Hon. N. Clark Wallace was made Comptroller of
Customs.

discriminating

THE CARDINAL FACTS OP CANADIAN HISTOBT.

185

Hon. Sir John Carling entered the Ministry, with-
out a portfolio.
Auguste R. Angers was made Minister of Ag-
riculture.
John Costigan was made Secretary of State of
Canada.

Sir C. H. Tupper was made Minister of Marine.
John F. Wood was made Controller of Inland
Revenue.

Dec. 7, " J. C. Patterson was made Minister of Militia
and Defence.
" Sir Mackenzie Bowell was made Minister of
Trade and Commerce.

1893.

Jan. 26, The Third Session of the Seventh Dominion Parlia-
ment was opened.

March 23, Behring Sea Tribunal of Arbitration met in
Paris.

April 1, The Third Session of the Seventh Dominion Parlia-
ment was prorogued.

May 1, (The World's Columbian Exposition was opened in
Chicago.)

May 22, Earl of Aberdeen was appointed Governor-General
of Canada.

June 1, The Baie Des Chaleurs Railway was opened.

June 21, A Liberal convention was held in Ottawa.

July 15, Lord Stanley left for England, and Lieut. -General
Montgomery-Moore took the administration of the
Government.

Aug. 15, The Behring Sea Tribunal of Arbitration gava the
decision that Behring Sea be kept open and that
seals be protected.

Sept. 13, The Montreal Presbytery found Professor Campbell
guilty of heresy.

Sept. 18, The EARL OF ABERDEEN took office as Gov-
ernor General of Canada.

Oct. 30, Sir J. J. C. Abbott died.

Nov. 1, Statue to Sir John A. Macdonald was unveiled in
Hamilton ; Sir John Thompson gave the speech of
the occasion.

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186

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

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In this year Canada raised 50,000,000 bushels of
wheat, of which 39,800,000 were for home consump-
tion.

1894.

Feb. 6, Prohibition Plebiscite was carried in Ontario.
March 15, The Fourth Session of the Seventh Dominion

Parliament was opened.
June 28, The Colonial Trade Conference opened at Ottawa, to
effect commercial interchange between the British
colonies.
July 23, The Fourth Session of the Seventh Dominion Par-
liament was prorogued.
Oct. 23, Hon. Honore Mercier died in Montreal.
Dec. 12, Sir John S. D. Thompson, Premier of Canada, died

at Windsor, England.
Dec. 21, Sir Mackenzie Bowell became Premier of Canada.

Hon. Arthur R. Dickey was made Secretary of

State of Canada.

'- John Costigan was made Minister of Marine.

Sir ( '. H. Tupper was made Minister of Justice.

W. B. Ives was made Minister of Trade and

Commerce.
W. H. Montague entered the Ministry, with-
out a portfolio.
D. Ferguson entered the Ministry, without a
portfolio.

1895.

Jan. 2, Sir John S. D. Thompson's funeral was celebrated in
the Catht'dral of St. Mary, Halifax.
The Privy Council reversed the decision of the Cana-
dian Supreme Court, in the Manitoba school case,
and decided that the Dominion Government has
power to legislate in the matter.

March 1 8, Th« Fifth Session of the Seventh Dominion Par-
liament was opened.

March 26, Hon. Walter H. Montague was made Secretary of
State of Canada.

March 29, The royal commission, appointed in 1832 to in-
vestigate the liquor traffic, presented its rep -rt, a
very voluminous one. One of its cunclusions was

((

THE CARDINAL PACTS OP CANADIAN HISTORY.

187

that prohibitory laws do not lessen the sale of in-
toxicating beverages.

April 1, Hon. R. B. Dickey was made Minister of Militia and
Defence.

April 10, Hon. Pierre Boucher de la Bruere was made Super-
intendent of Education for Quebec.

April 16, Chatham, Ontario, was incorporated into a city.

June 5, Mr. Davin introduced a motion in the House, favour-
ing woman suffrage ; it was defeated by a majority
of 54.

June 6, Sir John A. Macdonald's Memorial, Montreal, was
unveiled.

June 13, The Sault Ste. Marie Canal was opened.

Manitoba refused to obey the Remedial Order.

July 11, Hon. J. A. Ouimet became acting Minister of Agri-
culture.

July 22, The Fifth Session of the Seventh Dominion Parlia-
ment was prorogued.

Oct. 2, Maj.-Gen. W. J. Gascoigne was made Commander of
the Militia.

Oct. 14, Treaty with France went into operation : it allows
21 Canadian articles to enter France at a minimum
duty and French wines to enter Canada at low
rates.

Nov. 25, Successful close of Copyright Conference in Ottawa.

Dec. 19, Hon. John F. Wood was made Controller of Customs.

Dec. 24, Hon. G. E. Prior was made Controller of Inland
Revenue.
Dominion Debt, $253,074,927.

1896.

Jan. 2, The Sixth Session of the Seventh Dominion Parlia-
ment was opened.

Jan. 6, Sir Mackenzie Bowell was made Minister of Militia
and Defence.

Jan. 7, Sir Adolphe Caron announced the resignation of seven
Cabinet Members.

Jan. 11, Canada agreed to arbitration of Behring Sea seizure
claims.

Jan. 15, Hon. W. B. Ives was made Minister of Trade and
Commerce.

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THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HI8T0BT.

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Hon. A. R. Dickey was made Minister of Justice.
" W. H. Montague was made Minister of Agri-
culture.
Sir Charles Tupper was made Secretary of State of
Canada.
Jan. 16, Hon. L. G. Desjardins was mcde Minister of Militia

and Defence.
Feb. 11, The Remedial Bill was introduced into the Com-
mons, to restore Separate Schools to Manitoba.
Feb. 27, The Legislature of Manitoba protested against the
interference of the Dominion in Manitoba School
affairs.
March 3, Sir Charles Tupper moved a second reading of the
Remedial Bill ; Hon. Wilfrid Laurier moved a six-
months' hoist.
March 20, Death of Alexander McLaughlin, poet.
April 14, There was a dead-lock in the Commons on the

Remedial Bill.
April 15, The Government withdrew the Remedial Bill.
April 23, The Sixth Session of the Seventh Dominion Parlia-
ment v/as prorogued
April 24, Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal was appointed
High Commissioner to England.
Parliament was dissolved.
April 27, Sir Mackenzie Bowell, Premier of Canada, tendered

his resignation.
April 27, Hon. John Costigan was made Minister of Marine.
" A. R. Angers 'was made President of Council.
" L. O. Taillon was made Postmaster-General.
May 1, Sir Charles Tupper became Premier of Canada.

Hon. D. Tisdale was made Minister of Militia and
Defence.
Alphonse Desjardins was made Minister of

Public Works.
Hugh John Macdonald was made Minister of
Interior.

May 10, The Imperial Privy Council announced that " the
province of Ontario had the right to enact local pro
hibition under the Federal Constitution, but that the
province can neither stop the manufacture of liquor
for sale outside of its boundaries, nor trench on the

((

THB CARDINAL FACTS OF OANADIAL HISTORY.

189

the

hat the
liquor
on the

right of the Federal Government to govern the
importation of liquor into the several provinces of
the Dominion."
May 26, The Point Ellice Bridge disaster, B.C., took plaie ;

several lives were lost.
June 23, Dominion election ; the Liberals woi.> a great victory.
June 25, Death of Sir Leonard Tilley.
July 8, Sir Charles Tupper, Premier of Canada, resigned.

The Governor General refused to endorse the Or-
ders-in Council, made by the Ministry before retiring.
July 1 3, Hon. Wilfrid Laurier, Premier of Canada, formed a
Ministry ; its members were : —
Hon. Wilfrid Laurier, Premier and President of
Privy Council.
' W. S. Fielding, Minister of Finance (July 20.)
A. G. Blair, Minister of Railways and Canals

(July 20.)
Sir Oliver Mowat, Minister of Justice.
Sir L. H. Davis, Minister of Marine.
S. A. Fisher, Minister of Agriculture.
J. Israel Tarte, Minister of Public Works.
Sir Richard Cartwright, Minister of Trade and
Commerce.
W. S. Borden, Minister of Militia and Defence.
William Mulock, Postmaster-General.
William Paterson, Controller of Customs.
Richard W. Scott, Secretary of State of Canada.
Joly de Lotbiniere, Controller of Inland
revenue (July 14.)
Aug. 16. Death of Sir David L. Macpherson.
Aug. 19, The First Session of the Eighth Dominion Parlia-
ment was opened.
Aug. 24, 25, 26, the " Canada," of Toronto, beat the " Ven-
cedor," of Chicago, at Toledo.
About this time, the Government axe made cruel
havoc among the placemen for alleged interference
in electioneering work. The Opposition called it
"Spoils System."
Sept. 21, The Central Exposition was opened in Ottawa.
Sept. 29, Telegraph operators and despatchers of the C.P.R.
went on strike.

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190

THB CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY.

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Oct. 5, The First Session of the Eighth Dominion Parliament

was prorogued
Nov. 17, Hon. Clilford Sifton was made Minister of Enterior.

1897.

Feb. 11, A wing of the Parliament Building, Ottawa, was
burned.

March 25, The Second Session of the Eighth Dominion Par-
liament was opened.

March 31, The U.S. Congress passed the Dingley Tariff Bill.

April 22, Hon. W. S. Fielding, in a budget speech, introduced
a new tariff.

June 16, The Behring Sea Commission met in Montreal.

June 20, First day of Queen Victoria's Jubilee : it was joy-
ously celebrated throughout the Dominion.

June 29, Hon. v7m. Paterson was made Minister of Customs.

July 28, A royalty was imposed on the gold taken from the
Klondike mines.

July 29, The G.T.R. steel arch bridge, Niagara, was com-
pleted.

Aug. 1, One half of the reduction of the Tariff Act went into
effect : it provided that goods entering Canada from
Great Britain or her Colonies should have a tariff
rate 25 per cent, less than that collected on goods
from other countries.

Aug. 6, The Government took steps to enforce the Alien Labor
law against the United States.

Aug.8,Mgr. Bruchesi was consecrated Archbishop of Montreal.
Monseigneur Merry del Val, papal legate, made a
general enquiry into the School question.

Aug. 12, British naval authorities permitted the United
States to dry dock the battle ship " Indiana," at
Halifax.

Aug. 31, First meeting of the British Medical Association was
held in Canada at Montreal.

Oct. 21, The World's W.C.T.U. met in Toronto.

Nov. 11, In Washington, Sir Wilfred Laurier, Premier of
Canada, and Secretary Sherman had a conference
respecting the differences between Canada and the
United States.

Nov. 18, Hon. David Mills was made Minister of Justice.

THE CARDINAL FACTS OF CANADIAN HIgTORT.

191

Dec. 22, The Behring Sea Arbitrators, in Ottawa, decided
that the United States pay $464,000 to Canadian
sealers.

1898.

Feb. 3, The Third Session of the Eighth Dominion Parliament /^^
was opened. '-^

April 1 2, Death of Cardinal Taschereau.

June 13, The Third Session of the Eighth Dominion Parlia-
ment was prorogued.

July 25, The Earl of Minto was appointed Governor-General
of Canada.

July 31, Death of Archbishop Walsh, Toronto.

Aug. 1, The other half of the reduction made bj' the Tariflf
Act went into eflP«ct.

Aug. 18, Maj.-Gen. E. T. H. Hutton was made Commander of
the Militia.

Aug. 23, The Anglo-American Commission met in Quebec.

The questions for discussion were : " Reciprocity of
trade ; fur seals in Bering Spa and the North Pacihc Ocean ;
Atlantic and Pacific coast fisheries and fisheries in inland
waters contiguous to the frontier ; mining rights of citizens
of one country within the territory of another : alien labor
laws ; war vessels on the lakes ; delimitation of the Alaska-
Canadian boundary ; transportation of merchandise in bond
through the United States and Canada ; the conveyance of
persons in custody of officers of one country through the
territory of the other."—" Appleton's Annual "

Sept. 11 New Westmitister was destroyed V)y fire.

Sept. 2', Champlain's Monument, Quebec, was unveiled.

Sept 29, Prohibition plebiscite was cai'ried in Canada.

Oct. 10,'*The Anglo American Commission finished its sitting
in Quebec.

Nov. 12, The EARL OF MINTO took office as Governor-
General of Canada.
Lord and Lady Aberdeen left Canada.

Dec. 29, Two-cent letter postage was announced.

1899.

Jan. 1, Letter postage was reduced from 3 to 2 cents.

Jan. 20, 2,300 Doukhobors from the south of Russia landed
at Halifax, on their way to settle in the North-
West.

193

TBI CARDINAL FACTS OV CANAOIAK HIBTORT.

March 16, The Fourth Session of the Eighth Dominion Parlia-
ment was opened.

Aug. 11, The Fourth Session of the Eighth Dominion Parlia-
ment was prorogued.

Oct. 1, Mgr. Falconio, apostolic delegate, arrived at Quebec.

Oct. 21, Hon. Geo. W. Ross was made Premier of Ontario.

Hon. Richard Harcourt was made Minister of Edu-
cation for Ontario.

Oct. 30, The Second Battalion, Royal Canadian Regiment of
Infantry, Colonel Otter in command, left Quebec, on
the " Sardinian," to serve in the Boer War, South
Africa.

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THE

BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT,

1867.

An Act f»r the Union of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New
Brunswick, and the Government thereof ; and for purposes
connected therewith.

['29th Afarch, 1867.]

WHEREAS the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Bruns-
wick have expressed their Desire to be federally united into One
Dominion under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, with a Constitution similar in Principle to that of
the United Kingdom :

And whereas such a Union would conduce to the Welfare of the Pro-
vinces and promote the Interests of the British Empire :

And whereas on the Establishment of the Union by Authority of
Parliament it is expedient, not only that the Constiy-ation of the Legis-
lative Authority in the Dominion be provided for, but also that the
Nature of the Executive Government therein be declared :

And whereas it is expedient that Provision be made for the eventual
Admission into the Union of other Parts of British North America :

Be it therefore enacted and declared by the Queen's Most Excellent
Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual
and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled,
and by the Authority of the same, as follows :

I. — Preliminabt.
I. This Act may be cited as The British North America Act, 1867.

9. The Provisions of this Act referring to Her Majesty the Queen
extend also to the Heirs and Successors of Her Majesty, Kings and
Queens of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

(193)

194

THB BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACl'.

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II.— Union.

3. It shall be lawful for the Queen, by and with the Advice of Her
Most Honorable Privy Council, to declare by Proclamation that, on
and after a Day therein appointed, not being more than Six Months after
the passing of this Act, the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and
New Brunswick shall form and be One Dominion under the Name of
Canada ; and on and after that Day those Three Provinces shall form
and be One Dominion under that name accordingly.

4. The subsequent Provisions of this Act shall, unless it is otherwise
expressed or implied, commence and have effect on and after the
Union, that is to say, on and after the Day appointed for the Union
taking effect in the Cjueen's Proclamation ; and in the same Provisions,
unless it is otherwise expressed or implied, the Name Canada shall be
taken to mean Canada as constHuted under this Act.

5. Canada shall be .divided into four Provinces, named Ontario,
Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.

6. The Parts of the Province of Canada (as it exists at the passing
of this Act) which formerly constituted respectively the Provinces of
Upper Canada and Lower Canada shall be deemed to be severed, and
shall form Two separate Provinces. The Part which formerly constituted
the Province of Upper Canada shall constitute the Province of Ontario ;
and the Part which formerly constituted the Province of Lower Canada
shall constitute the Province of Quebec.

y. The Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick shall have the
same Limits as at the passing of this Act.

8. In the General Census of the Population of Canada which is here-
by required to be taken in the Year One thousand eight hundred and
seventy -one, and in every Tenth Year thereafter, the respective Popula-
tions of the Four Provinces ehall be distinguished.

III.— EXBCUTIVB P0WB«.

9. The Executive Government and Authority of and over Canada is
hereby declared to continue and be vested in the Queen.

10. The Provisions of this Act referring to the Governor General
extend and spply to the Governor General for the Time being of Canada,
or other the Chief Executive OfRcer or Administrator for the Time being
carrying on the Government of Canada on behalf and in the Name of
the Queen, by whatever Title he is designated.

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THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT.

195

11. There shall be a Council to aid and advise in the Government of
Canada, to be styled the Queen's Privy Council for Canada ; and the
Persons who are to be Members of that Council shall be from Time to
Time uiiosen and summoned by the Governor General and sworn in as
Privy Councillors, and Members thereof may be from Time to Time
removed by the Governor General

IfS. All Powers, Authorities, and Functions which under any Act of
the Parliament of Great Britain, or of the Parliament of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, or of the Lef^islature of Upper
Canada, Lower Canada, Canada, Nova Scotia, or New Brunswick, are
at the Union vested in or exerciseable by the respective Governors or
Lieutenant Governors of those Provinces, with the Advice, or with the
Advice and Consent, of the respective Executive Councils thereof, or in
conjunstion with those Councils, or with any Number of Members
thereof, or by those Governors or Lieutenant Governors individually,
shall, as far as the same continue in existence and capable of being
exercised after the Union in relation to the Government of Canada, be
vested in and exerciseable by the Governor General, with the Advice
or with the Advice and Consent of or in conjunction with the Queen's
Privy Council for Canada, or any Members thereof, or by the Governor
General individually, as the Case requires, subject nevertheless (except
with respect to such as exist under Acts of the Parliament of Great
Britain or of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland) to be abolished or altered by the Parliament of Canada.

13. The Provisions of this Act referring to the Governor General in
Council shall be construed as referring to the Governor General acting
by and with the Advice of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada.

14* It shall be lawful for the Queen, if Her Majesty thinks fit, to
authorize the Governor General from Time to Time to appoint any Per-
son or any Persons jointly or severally to be his Deputy or Deputies
within any Part or Parts of Canada, and in that Capacity to exercise
during the Pleasure of the Governor General such of the Powers, Authori-
ties, and Functions of the Governor General as the Governor General
deems it necessary or expedient to assign to him or them, subject to
any Limitations or Directions expressed or given by the Queen ; but the
Appointment of such a Deputy or Deputies shall not afiect the Exercise
by the Governor General himself of any Power, Authority, or Function.

15. The Command-in-Chief of the Land and Naval Militia, and of
all Naval and Military iorces, of and in Canada, is hereby declared to
continue and be vested in the Queen

",nie-i^jf»'a K.i luuw

196

THB BRITISH NORTH AMBRIOA ACT.

Hi''

16. Until the Queen otherwise directs, the Seat of Government of
Canada shall be Ottawa.

IV.— Legislativb Power.

17. There shall be one Parliament for Canada, consisting of the
Queen, and Upper House styled the Senate, and the House of Commons.

18. The Privileges, Immunities, and Powers to be held, enjoyed, and
exercised by the Senate and by the House of Commons, and by the
Members thereof, respectively, shall be such as are from Time to Time
defined by Act of the Parliament of Canada, but so that the same shall
never exceed those at the passing of this Act held, enjoyed, and
exercised by the Commons House of Parliament of the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Ireland and by the Members thereof.

19. The Parliament of Canada shall be called together not later than
Six Months after the Union.

{QO. There shall be a Session of the Parliament of Canada once at least

in every Year, so that Twelve Months shall not intervene between the

last Sitting of the Parliament in one Session and its first Sitting in the

next Session.

The Senate.

at. The Senate shall, subject to the Provisions of this Act, consist
of Seventy-two Members, who shall be styled Senators.

ftfi. In relation to the Constitution of the Senate, Canada shall be
deemed to consist of Three Divisions —

1. Ontario;

2. Quebec ;

3. The Maritime Provinces, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ; which
Three Divisions shall (subject to the Provisions of this Act) be equally
represented in the Senate as follows : Ontario by Twenty-four Senators ;
Quebec by Twenty-four Senators ; and the Maritime Provinces by
Twenty-four Senators, Twelve thereof representing Nova Scotia, and
Twelve thereof representing New Brunswick.

In the Case of Quebec each of the Twenty-four Senators represent-
ing that Province shall be appointed for One of the Twenty -four Elec-
toral Divisions of Lower Canada specified in Schedule A. to Chapter
One of the Consolidated Statutes of Canada.

fi3. The Qualifications of a Senator shall be as follows : —
(1.) He shall be of the full Age of Thii-ty Years :

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THE BRITIOH NORTH AMEHIOA ACT.

197

k ; which
e equally
Senators ;
vinces by
:otia, and

represent-
Four Elec-
> Chapter

(2.) He shall be either a Nctural-born Subject of the Queen, or a
Subject of the Queen naturalized by an Act of the Parliament
of Great Britain, or of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
of Oreat Britain and Ireland, or of the Legislature of One of
the Provinces of Upper Canada, Lower Canada, Canada, Nova
Scotia, or New Brunswick, before the Union, or of the Parlia-
ment of Canada after the Union :

(3. ) He shall be legally or equitably seised as of Freehold for his own
Use and Benefit of Lands or Tenements held in free and com*
mon Socage, or seised or possessed for his own Use and Benefit
of Lands or Tenements held in Franc-alleu or in Roture, with-
in the Province for which he is appointed, of the Value of
Four thousand Dollars, over and above all Bents, Dues, Debts,
Charges, Mortgages, and Incumbrances due or payable out of
or charged on or affecting the same :

(4. ) His Real and Personal Property shall be together worth Four
thousand Dollars over and above his Debts and Liabilities :

(6.) He shall be resident in the Province for which he is appointed :

(6.) In the Case of Quebec he shall have his Real Property Qualifica-
tion in the Electoral Division for which he is appointed, or
shall be resident in that Division :

it4. The Governor General shall from Time to Time, in the Queen's
Name, by Instrument under the Great Heal of Canada, summon quali-
fied Persons to the Senate ; and, subject to the Provisions of this Act,
every Person so summoned shall become and be a Member of the Senate
and a Senator.

95> Such Persons shall be first summoned to the Senate as the
Queen by WK.rrant under Her Majesty's Royal Si^n Manual thinks fit
to approve, and their Nameu shall be inserted in the Queon's Proclama-
tion of Union.

96. If at any Time on the Recommendation of the Governor Gen-
eral the Queen thi; ks fit to direct that Three or Six Members be added
to the Senate, the Governor General may by Summons to Three or Six
qualified Persons (as the Case may be), representing equally the Three
Divisions of Canada, add to the Senate accordingly.

8T. In case of such Addition being at any Time made the Governor
General shall not summon any Person to the Senate, except on a further
like Direction by the Queen on the like Recommendation, until each of

198

THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT.

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the Three Divisions of Canada is represented by Twenty-four Senators
and no more.

S8. The Number of Senators shall not at any Time exceed Seventy*
eight.

29. A Senator shall, subject to the Provisions of this Act, hold his
Place in the Senate for Life.

30* A Senator may by Writing under his Hand addressed to the
Governor General resign his Place in the Senate, and thereupon the
same shall be vacant.

31. The Place of a Senator shall become vacant in any of the fol-
lowing Cases : —

(1.) If for Two consecutive Sessions of the Parliament he fails to give
his Atteitdance in the Senate :

(2.) If he takes an Oath or makes a Declaration or Acknowledgment
of Allegiance, Obedience, or Adherence to a Foreign Power,
or does an Act whereby he becomes a Subject or Citizen, or
entitled to the Rights or Privileges of a Subject or Citizen, of
a Foreign Power :

(3.) If he is adjudged Bankrupt or Insolvent, or applies for the
Benefit of any Law relating to Insolvent Debtors, or becomes
a public Defaulter :

(4.) If he is attainted of Treason or convicted of Felony or of any
infamous Crime :

(5. ) If he ceases to be qualified in respect of Property or of Resi-
dence ; provided, that a Senator shall not be deemed to have
ceased to be qualified in respect of Residence by reason only
of his residing at the Seat of the Government of Canada while
holding an Office under that Government requiring his Pres-
ence there.

3<3* When a Vacancy happens in the Senate by Resignation, Death,
or otherwise, the Governor General shall by Summons to a fit and
qualified Person fill the Vacancy.

33* If any Question arises respecting the Qualification of a Senator
or a Vacancy in the Senate the same shall be heard and determined by
the Senate.

34. The Governor General may from Time to Time, by Instrument
under the Great Seal of Canada, appoint a Senator to be Speaker of the
Senate, and may remove him and appoint another in his Stead.

THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT.

199

Senators

Seventy-

I, hold his

ed to the
9upon the

>{ the fol-

lils to give

vledgment
gn Power,
[]!itizen, or
Citizen, of

es for the
)r becomes

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led to have
eason only
nada while
I his Pres-
ton, Death,
I a fit and

' a Senator
ermined by

[nstrument
»aker of the
Bad.

35. Until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, the Pres-
ence of at least Fifteen Senators, including the Speaker, shall be neces*
sary to constitute a Meeting of the Senate for the Exercise of its
Powers.

36. Questions arising in the Senate shall be decided by a Majority
of Voices, and the Speaker shall in all Cases have a Vote, and when the
Voices are equal the Decision shall be deemed to be in the Negative.

The House ofCommona.

3Y. The House of Commons shall, subject to the Provisions of this
Act, consist of One hundred and eighty-one Members, of whom Eighty-
two shall be elected for Ontario, Sixty-five for Quebec, Nineteen for
Nova Scotia, and Fifteen for New Brunswick.

38. The Governor General shall from Time to Time, in the Queen's
Name, by Instrument under the Great Seal of Canada, summon and
call together the House of Commonn.

39. A Senator shall not be capable of being elected or of sitting or
voting as a Member of the House of Commons.

40. Until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, Ontario,
Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick shall, for the Purposes of
the Election of Members to serve in the House of Commons, be divided
into Electoral Districts as follows : —

1.— ONTARIO.

Ontario shall be divided into the Counties, Ridings of Counties,
Cities, Parts of Cities, and Towns enumerated in the First Schedule of
this Act, each whereof shall be an Electoral District, each such District
as numbered in that Schedule being entitled to return One Member.

2.-QUEBE0.

Quebec shall be divided into Sixty-five Electoral Districts, composed
of the Sixty-five Electoral Divisions into which Lower Canada is at the
passing of this Act divided under Chapter Two of the Consolidated
Statutes of Canada, Chapter Seventy-five of the Consolidated Statutes
for Lower Canada, and the Act of the Province of Canada of the
Twenty-third Year of the Queen, Chapter One, or any other Act
amending the same in force at the Union, so that each such Electoral
Divisiou shall be for the Purposes of this Act an Electoral District
entitled to return One Member.

200

THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT.

' I

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3.— NOVA 8C0TIJ.
Each of the Eighteen Counties of Nova S'jotia shall be an Electoral
District. The County of Halifax shall be entitled to return Two
Members, and each of the other Counties One Member.

i.—NEW BRUNSWICK.

Each of the Fourteen Counties into which New Brunswick is divided,
including the City and County of St. John, shall be an Electoral Dis-
trict. The City of St. John shall also be a separate Electoral District.
Each of those Fifteen Electoral Districts shall be entitled to return
One Member.

41. Until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, all Laws in
force in the several Provinces at the Union relative to the following
Matters or any of them, namely, — the Qualifications and Disqualifica-
tions of Persons to be .elected or to sit or vote as Members of the House
of Assembly or Legislative Assembly in the several Provinces, the
Voters at Elections of such Members, the Oaths to be taken by Voters,
the Returning Officers, their Powers and Duties, the Proceedings at
Elections, the Periods during which Elections may be continued, the
Trial of controverted Elections, and Proceedings incident thereto, the
vacating of Seats of Members, and the Execution of new Writs in case
of Seats vacated otherwise than by Dissolution, — shall respectively
apply to Elections of Members to serve in the House of Commons for
the same several Provinces.

Provided that, until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, at
any Election for a Member of the House of Commons for the District
of Algoma, in addition to Persons qualified by the Law of the Province
of Canada to vote, every male British Subject, aged Twenty-c^e Years
or upwards, being a Householder, shall have a Vote.

4/8. For the First Election of Members to serve in the House of
Commons the Governor General shall cause Writs to be issued by such
Person, in such Form, and addressed to such Returning Officers as he
thinks fit.

The Person issuing Writs under this Section shall have the like Pow-
ers as are possessed at the Union by the Officers charged with the
issuing of Writs for the Election of Members to serve in the respective
House of Assembly or Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada,
Nova Scotia, or New Brunswick ; and the Returning Officers to whom
Writs are directed under this Section shall have the like Powers as are
possessed at the Union by the Officers charged with the returning of

THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT.

201

Electoral
irn Two

i divided,

oral Dia-

District.

to return

II Laws in
following
Bqualifica-
the House
inces, the
by Voters,
eedings at
rinued, the
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its in case
ispectively
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he District

e Province

o.^e Years

I House of
3d by such
Lcers as he

B like Pow-
with the
respective
of Canada,
rs to whom
ivers as are
stnming of

Writs for the Election of Members to serve in the same respective
House of Assembly or Legislative Assembly.

43. In case a Vacancy in the Representation in the House of Com-
mons of any Electoral District happens before the Meeting of the Par-
liament, or after the Meeting of the Parliament before Provision is
made by the Parliament in this Behalf, the Provisions of the last fore-
going iSection of this Act shall extend and apply to the issuing and
returning of a Writ in respect of such vacant District.

44. The House of Commons on its Srst assembling after a General
Election shall proceed with all practicable Speed to elect One of its
Members to be Speaker.

45. In case of a Vacancy happening in the Office of Speaker by
Death, Resignation, or otherwise, the House of Commons shall with
all practicable Speed proceed to elect another of its Members to be
Speaker.

46. The Speaker shall preside at all Meetings of the House of Com-
mons.

4T. Until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, in case of
the Absence for any Reason of the Speaker from the Chair of the House
of Commons for a Period of Forty-eight consecutive Hou'S, the House
may elect another of its Members to act as Speaker, and the Member
so elected shall during the Continuance of such Absence of the Speaker
have and execute all the Powers, Privileges, and Duties of Speaker.

48 The Presence of at least Twenty Members of the House of Com-
mons shall be necessary to constitute a Meeting of the House for the
Exercise of its Powers; and for that Purpose the Speaker shall be
reckoned as a Member.

49. Questions arising in the House of Commons shall be decided by
a Majority of Voices other than that of the Speaker, and when the
Voices are equal, but not otherwise, the Speaker shall have a Vote.

50 Every House of Commons shall continue for Five Years from
the Day of the Return of the Writs for choosing the House (subject to
be sooner dissolved by the Governor General), and no longer.

51. On the Completion of the Census in the Year One thousand eight
hundred and seventy-one, and of each subsequent decennial Census, the
Representation of the Four Provinces shall be readjusted by such Auth-
ority, in such Manner, and from such Time, as the Parliament of Can

202

THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT.

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J'i

III i

I I
III

ada from Time to Time provides, subject and according to the follow*
ing Rules : —

(1 ) Quebec shall have the fixed Number of Sixty five Members :

(2.) There shall be assigned to each of the other Provinces such a
Numl)er of Members as will bear the same Proportion to the
Number of its Population (ascertained at such Census) as the
Number Sixty-five bears to the Number of the Population of
Quebec (so ascertained) :

(3. ) In the Computation of the Number of Members for a Province a
fractional Part not exceeding One Half of the whole Number
requisite for entitling the Province to a Member shall be dis-
regarded ; but a fractional Part exceeding One Half of that
Number shall be equivalent to the whole Number :

(4.) On any such Reradjustment the Number of Members for a Pro-
vince shall not be reduced unless the Proportion which the
Number of the Population of the Province bore to the Number
of the aggregate Population of Canada at the then last preced-
ing Re- adjustment of the Number of Members for the Province
is ascertained at the then latest Census to be diminished by
One Twentieth Part or upwards :

(5.) Such Re-adjustment shall not take effect until the Termination
of the then existing Parliament.

5^- The Number of Members of the House of Commons may be from
Time to Time increased by the Parliament of Canada, provided the
proportionate Representation of the Provinces prescribed by this Act
is not thereby disturbed.

Money Votes; Royal Assent.

53> Bills for appropriating any Part of the Public Revenue, or for
imposing any Tax or Impost, shall originate in the House of Commons.

54' It shall not be lawful for the House of Commons to adopt or pass
any Vote, Resolution, Address, or Bill for the Appropriation of any
Part of the Public Revenue, or of any Tax or Impost, to any Purpose
that has not been first recommended to that House by Message of the
Governor General in the Session in which such Vote, Resolution, Ad-
dress, or Bill is proposed.

55- Where a Bill passed by the Houses of the Parliament is presented
to the Governor General for the Queen's Assent, he shall declare, ac-
cording to his Discretion, but subject to the Provisions of this Act and

foUow-

rs :

I such a

n to the

as the
iation of

ovince a
Number

1 be dis-
of that

)r a Pro-
hich the
I Number
t preced-
Provinoe
lished by

mination

y be from

rideS. the

this Act

ue, or for
>mmons.

pt or pass
an of any
Purpose
ige of the
ition, Ad-

presented
iclare, ac-
ts Act and

THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT.

203

to Her Majesty's Instructions, either that he assents thereto in the
Queen's Name, or that he withholds the Queen's Assent, or that he re-
serves the Bill for the Signification of the Queen's Pleasure.

56 Where the Oovemor General assents to a Bill in the Queen's
Name, he shall by the first convenient Opportunity send an authentic
Copy of the Act to One of Hnr Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State,
and if the Queen in Council within Two Years after Receipt thereof by
the Secretary of State thinks fit to disallow the Act, such Disallowance
(with a Certificate of the Secretary of State of the Day on which the
Act wiis received by him) being signiBed by the Governor General, by
Speech or Message to each of the Houses of the Parliament or by Pro-
clamation, shall annul the Act from and after the Day of such Signifi-
cation.

5T. A bill reserved for the Signification of the Queen's Pleasure shall
not have any Force unless and until within Two Years from the Day
on which it was presented to the Governor General for the Queen's
Assent, the Governor General signifies, by Speech or Message to each
of the Houses of the Parliament or by Proclamation, that it has received
the Assent of the Queen in Council.

An Entry of every such Speech, Message, or Proclamation shall be
made in the Journal of each House, and a Duplicate thereof duly
attested shall be delivered to the proper Officer to be kept among the
Records of Canada.

v.— Provincial Constitutions.

Executive Poxoer.

58. For each Province there shall be an Officer, styled the Lieuten-
ant Governor, appointed by the Governor General in Council by Instru-
ment under the Great Seal of Canada.

59* A Lieutenant Governor shall hold Office during the Pleasure of
the Governor General ; but any Lieutenant Governor appointed after
the Commencement of the First Session of the Parliament of Canada
shall not be removable within Five Years from his Appointment, except
for Cause assigned, which shall be communicated to him in Writing
within One Month after the Order for his Removal is made, and shall
be communicated by Message to the Senate and to the House of Com-
mons within One Week thereafter if the Parliament is then sitting,
and if not then within One Week after the Commencement of the next
Session of the Parliament.

204

THE BRITISH NORTH AMBRIOA ACT.

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i
II' I h

60. The Salaries of the Lieutenant Governors shall be fixed and
provided by the Parliament of Canada.

61. Every Lieutenant Governor shall, before assuming the Duties of
his Office, make and subscribe bofuro the Governor General or some
Person authorized by him. Oaths of Allegiance and Otlice similar to
those taken by the Governor General.

6S. The Provisions of this Act referring to the laeutenant Governor
extend and apply to the Lieutenant Governor for the Time being of
each Province or other the Chief Executive Officer or Administrator for
the Time being carrying on the Government of the Province, by what-
ever Title he is designated.

63. The Executive Council of Ontario and of Quebec shall be com-
posed of such Persons as the Lieutenant Governor from Time to Time
thinks fit, and in the tirst instance of the following Officers, namely, —
the Attorney General, the Secretary and Registrar of the Province,
the Treasurer of the Province, the Commissioner of Crown Lands, and
the Commissioner of Agriculture and Public Works, with in Quebec,
the Speaker of the Legislative Council and the Solicitor General.

64. The Constitution of the Executive Authority in each of the Pro-
vinces of Nova Scotia and New BrunsM'ick shall, subject to the Provi-
sions of this Act, continue as it exists at the Union until altered under
the Authority of this Act.

65. All Powers, Authorities, and functions which under any Act of
the Parliament of Great Britain, or of the Parliament of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, or of the Legislature of Upper
Canada, Lower Canada, or Canada, were or are before or at the Union
vested in or exerciseable by the respective Governors or Lieutenant
Governors of those Provinces, with the Advice, or with the Advice and
Consent, of the respective Executive Councils thereof, or in conjunction
with those Councils, or with any Number of Members thereof, or by
those Governors or Lieutenant Governors individually, shall, as far as
the same are capable of being exercised after the Union in relation to
the Government of Ontario and Quebec respectively, be vested in and
shall or may be exercised by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario and
Quebec respectively, with the Advice or with the Advice and Consent
of or in conjunction with the respective Executive Councils, or any
Members thereof, or by the Lieutenant Governor individually, as the
Case requires, subject nevertheless (except with respect to such as exist

THE BRITISH NORTH AMRRICA ACT.

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under Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, or of the Parliament of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,) to be abolished or
altered by the respective Legislatures of Ontario and Quebec.

66' The Provisions of this Act referring to the Lieutenant Governor
in Council shall be construed as referring to the Lieutenant Governor
of the Province acting by and with the Advice of the Executive Coun-
cil thereof.

6T< The Governor General in Council may from Time to Time
appoint an Administrator to execute the office and Functions of Lieu-
tenant Governor during his Absence, Illness, or other Inability.

68* Unless and until the Kxecutive Government of any Province
otherwise directs with respect to that Province, the Seats of Govern-
ment of the Provinces shall be as follows, namely,— of Ontario, the City
of Toronto ; of Quebec, the City of Quebec ; of Nova Scotia, the City
of Halifax ; and of New Brunswick, the City of Fredericton.

Legislative Power.

\.— ONTARIO.

69. There shall be a Legislature for Ontario consisting of the Lieu-
tenant Governor and of One House, styled the Legislative Assembly of
Ontario.

70> The Legislative Assembly of Ontario shall be composed of
Eighty-two Members, to bo elected to represent the Eighty-two Elec-
toral Districts set forth in the First Schedule to this Act.

2.— QUEBEC.

71. There shall be a Legislature for Quebec consisting of the Lieu-
tenant Governor and of Two Houses, styled the Legislative Council of
Quebec and the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

IfJ. The Legislative Council of Quebec shall be composed of Twenty-
four Members, to be appointed by the Lieutenant Governor in the
Queen's name, by Instrument under the Great Seal of Quebec, one
being appointed to represent each of the Twenty- four Electoral Divi-
sions of Lower Canada in this Act referred to, and each holding Office
for the Term of his Life, unless the Legislature of Quebec otherwise
provides under the Provisions of this Act.

73. The Qualifications of the Legislative Councillors of Quebec shall
be the same as those of the Senators for Quebec.

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THB BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT.

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74. The Place of a Legislative Councillor of Quebec shall become
vacant in the Cases, mutcUis mutandis, in which the Place of Senator
becomes vacant.

75' When a Vacancy happens in the Legislative Council of Quebec
by ReHignation, Death, or otherwise, the Lieutenant Governor, in the
Queen's Name, by Instrument under the Great Seal of Quebec, shall
appoint a fit and qualified Person to fill the Vacancy.

76. If any Question arises respecting the Qualification of a Legis-
lative Councillor of Quebec, or a Vacancy in the Legislative Council of
Quebec, the same shall be heard and determined by the Legislative
Council.

77- The Lieutenant Governor may from Time to Time, by Instru-
ment under the Great Seal of Quebec, appoint a Member of the Legis-
lative Council of Quebec to be Speaker thereof, and may remove him
and appoint another in his Stead.

78. Until the Legislature of Quebec otherwise provides, the Presence
of at least Ten Members of the Legislative Council, including the
Speaker, shall be necessary to constitute a Meeting for the Exercise of
its Powers.

79. Questions arising in the Legislative Council of Quebec shall be
decided by a Majority of Voices, and the Speaker shall in all Cases
have a Vote, and when the Voices are equal the Decision shall be
deemed to be in the negative.

80. The Legislative Assembly of Quebec shall be composed of Sixty -
five Members, to be elected to represent the Si^ty-five Electoral Divi-
sions or Districts of Lower Canada in this Act referred to, subject to
Alteration thereof by uhe Legislature of Quebec : Provided that it shall
not be lawful to prur *. to the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec for As-
sent any Bill for alio ug the Limits of any of the Electoral Divisions
or Districts mentioned in the Second Schedule in this Act, unless the
Second and Third Readings of such Bill have been passed in the Legis-
lative Assembly with the Concurrence of the Majority of the Members
representing all those Electoral Divisions or Districts, and the Assent
shall not be given to such Bill unless an Address has been presented by
the Legislative Assembly to the Lieutenant Governor stating that it
has been so passed.

3.— ONTARIO AND QUEBEC.

.81. The Legislatures of Ontario and Quebec respectively shall be
called together not later than Six Months after the Union.

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207

8fS- The Lieutenant Governor of Ontario and of Quebec shall from
Time to Time, in the Queen's Name, by Instrument under the Great
Seal of the Province, summon and call together the Legislative Assem-
bly of the Province.

83> Until the Legislature of Ontario or of Quebec otherwise provides,
a Person accepting or holding in Ontario or in Quebec any Office, Com-
mission, or Employment permanent or temporary, at the Nomination
of the Lieutenant Governor, to which an annual Salary, or any Fee,
Allowance, Emolument, or profit of any Kind or Amount whatever
from the Province is attached, shall not be eligible as a Member of the
Legislative Assembly of the respective Province, nor shall he sit or vote
as such ; but nothing in this Section shall make ineligible any Person
being a Member of the Executive Council of the respective Province, or
holding any of the following Offices, that is to say, the Offices of At-
torney General, Secretary and Registrar of the Province, Treasurer of
the Province, Commissioner of Crown Lands, and Commissioner of
Agriculture and Public Works, and in Quebec Solicitor General, or shall
disqualify him to sit or. vote in the House for which he is elected, pro-
vided he is elected while holding such Office.

84. Until the Legislatures of Ontario and Quebec respectively other-
wise provide, all Laws which at the Union are in force in those Pro-
vinces respectively, relative to the following Matters, or any of them,
namely,— the Qualifications and Disqualifications of Persons to be
elected or to sit or vote as Members of the Assembly of Canada, the
Qualifications or Disqualifications of Voters, the Oaths to be taken by
Voters, the Returning Officers, their Powers and Duties, the Proceed-
ings at Elections, the Periods during which such Elections may be con-
tinued, and the Trial of controverted Elections and the Proceedings
incident thereto, the vacating of the Seats of Members and the issuing
and Execution of new Writs in case of Seats vacated otherwise than by
Dissolution, shall respectively apply to Elections of Members to serve
in the respective Legislative Assemblies of Ontario and Quebec.

Provided that until the Legislature of Ontario otherwise provides, at
any Election for a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario for
the District of Algoma, in addition to Persons qualified by the Law of
the Province of Canada to vote, every British Subject, aged Twenty-
one Years or upwards, being a Householder, shall have a Vote.

85« Every Legislative Assembly of Ontario and every Legislative
Assembly of Quebec shall continue for Four Years from the Day of the

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THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT.

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1 1

Return of the Writs for choosing the same (subject nevertheless to
either the Legislative Assembly of Ontario or the Legislative Assembly
of Quebec being sooner dissolved by the Lieutenant Governor of the
Province), and no longer.

86> There shall be a session of the Legislature of Ontario and of that
of Quebec once at least in every Year, so that Twelve Months shall not
intervene between the last Sitting of the Legislature in each Province
in one Session and its first Sitting in the next Session.

87 • The following Provisions of this Act respecting the House of
Commons of Canada shall extend and apply to the Legislative Assem-
blies of Ontario and Quebec, that is to say, — the Provisions relating to
the Election of a Speaker originally and on Vacancies, the Duties of
the Speaker, the absence of the Speaker, the Quorum, and the Mode of
voting, as if those Provisions were here re-enacted and made applicable
in Terms to each such Legislative Assembly.

4.— NOVA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK.

88. The Constitution of the Legislature of each of the Provinces of
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick shall, subject to the Provisions of this
Act, continue as it exists at the Union until altered under the Author-
ity of this Act ; and the House of Assembly of New Brunswick exist-
ing at the passing of this Act shall, unless sooner dissolved, continue
for the Period for which it was elected.

5.— ONTARIO, QUEBEC, AND NOVA SCOTIA.

89. Each of the Lieutenant Governors of Ontario, Quebec and Nova
Scotia shall cause Writs to be issued for the First Election of Members
of the Legislative Assembly thereof in such Form and by such Per»<on
as he thinks fit, and at such Time and addressed to such Returning
Officer as the Governor General directs, and so that the First Election
of Member of Assembly for any Electoral District or any Subdivision
thereof shall be held at the same Time and at the same Places as the
Election for a Member to serve in the House of Commons of Canada
for that Electoral District.

6.— THE FOUR PROVINCES.

00. The following Provisions of this Act respecting the Parliament
of Canada, namely, — the Provisions relating to Appropriation and Tax
Bills, the Recommendation of Money \ otes, the Assent to Bills, the
Disallowance of Acts, and the Signification of Pleasure on Bills reserved,

THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT.

209

—shall extend and apply to the Legislatures of the several Provinces
as if those Provisions were here re-enacted and made applicable in
Terms to the respective Provinces and the Legislatures thereof, with
the Substitution of the Lieutenant Governor of the Province for the
Governor General, of the Governor General for the Queen and for a
Secretary of State, of One Year for Two Years, and of the Province for
Canada.

VI. — Distribution of Leoislative Powers.

Powers of the Parliament.

91. It shall be lawful for the Queen, by and with the Advice and
Consent of the Senate and House of Commons, to make Laws for the
Peace, Order, and good Government of Canada, in relation to all Mat-
ters not coming within the Classes of Subjects by this Ac* assigned
exclusively to the Legislatures of the Provinces ; and for greater Cer.
tainty, but not so as to restrict the Generality of the foregoing Terms
of this Section, it is hereby declared that (notwithstanding anything in
this Act) the exclusive Legislative Authority of the Parliament of Can-
ada extends to all Matters coming within the Classes of Subjects next
hereinafter enumerated ; that is to say : —

1. The Public Debt and Property.

2. The Regulation of Trade and Commerce.

3. The raising of Money by any Mode or System of Taxation.
The borrowing of Money on the Public Credit.
Postal Service.
The Census and Statistics.

Militia, Military and Naval Service, and Defence.
The fixing of and prosiding for the -alaries and Allowances of

Civil and other Officers of the Government of Canada.
Beacons, Buoys, Lighthouses, and Sable Island.

10. Navigation and Shipping.

11. Quarantine and the Establishment and Maintenance of Marine
Hospitals.

12. Sea Coast and Itiland Fisheries.

13. Ferries between a Province and any British or Foreign Country
or between Two Provinces.

14. Currency and Coinage.

15. Banking, Incorporation of Banks, and the Issue of Paper Money.

16. Savings Banks.

17. Weights and Measures.

18. Bills of Exchange and Promissory Ks-.::-

4.
5.
6.

7
8.

fmrn

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THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT.

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19. Interest.

^. Legal Tender.

21. Bankruptcy and Insolvency.

22. Patents of Invention and Discovery.

23. Copyrights.

24. Indians, and Liands reserved for the Indians.

25. Naturalization and Alieas.

26. Marriage and Divorce.

27. The Criminal Law, except the Constitution of Courts of Criminal

Jurisdiction, but including the Procedure in Criminal Matters.

28. The Establishment, Maintenance, and Management of Peniten-

tiaries.

29. Such Classes of Subjects as are expressly excepted in the Enum-

eration of the Classes of Subjects by this Act assigned exclu-
sively to the Legislatures of the Provinces.
And any Matter coming within any of the Classes of Subjects enumer-
ated in this Section shall not be deemed to come within the Class of
Matters of a local or private Nature comprised in the Enumeration of
the Classes of Subjects by this Act assigned exclusively to the Legisla-
tures of the Provinces.

Exclusive Powers of Provincial Legislatures.

99. In each Province the Legislature may exclusively make Laws in
relation to Matters coming within the Classes of Subjects next herein-
after enumerated, that is to say, —

1. The Amendment from Time to Time, notwithstanding anything

in this Act, of the Constitution of the Province, except as
regards the Office of Lieutenant Governor.

2. Direct Taxation within the Province in order to the raising of a

Revenue for Provincial Purposes.

3. The borrowing of Money on the sole Credit of the Provi'^ce,

4. The Establishment and Tenure of Provincial Offices and the Ap-

pointment and Payment of Provincial Officers.

5. The Management and Sale of the Public Lands belonging to the

Province and of the Timber and Wood thereon.

6. The Establishment, Maintenance, and Management of Public

and Reformatory Prisons in and for the Province.

7. The Establishment, Maintenance, and Management of Hospitals,

Asylums, Charities, and Eleemosynary Institutions in and for
the Province, other than Marine Hospitals.

8. Municipal Institutions in the Province.

THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA AOT.

211

9. Shop, Saloon, Tavern, Auctioneer, and other Licenses in order to
the raising of a Revenue for Provincial, Local, or Municipal
Purposes.

10. Local Works and Undertakings other than such as are of the foU

lowing Classes, —
o. Lines of Steam or other Ships, Railways, Canals, Tele-
graphs, and other Works and Undertakings connecting
the Province with any other or others of the Provinces,
or extending beyond the Limits of the Province :

b. Lines of Steam Ships between the Province and any Brit-

ish or Foreign Country :

c. Such Works as, although wholly situate within the Pro-

vince, are before or after their Execution declared by
the Parliament of Canada to be for the general Advan-
tage of Canada or for the Advantage of Two or more of
the Provinces.

11. The Incorporation of Companies with Provincial Objects.

12. The Solemnization of Marriage in the Province.

13. Property and Civil Rights in the Province.

14. The Administration of Justice in the Province, including the

Constitution, Maintenance, and Organization of Provincial
Courts, both of Civil and of Criminal Jurisdiction, and includ-
ing Procedure in Civil Matters in those Courts.
. 15. The Imposition of Punishment by Fine, Penalty, or Imprison-
ment for enforcing any Law of the Province made in relation
to any Matter coming within any of the Classes of Subjects
enumerated in this section.
16. Generally all matters of a merely local or private Nature in the
Province.

Education.

93. In and for each Province the Legislature may exclusively make
Laws in relation to Education, subject and according to the following
Provisions : —

(1.) Nothing in any such Law shall prejudicially affect any Right or
Privilege with respect to denominational Schools which any
Class of Persons have by Law in the Province at the Union :
(2.) All the Powers, Privileges, and Duties at the Union by Law
conferred and imposed in Upper Canada on the Separate
Schools and School Trustees of the Queen's Roman Catholic
Subjects shall be and the same are hereby extended to the Dis-

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THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT.

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sentient Schools of the Queen's Protestant and Roman Catholic
Subjects in Quebec :

(3 ) Where in any Province a System of Separate or Dissentient
Schools exists by Law at the Union or is thereafter established
by the Legislature uf the Province, an Appeal shall lie to the
Governor General in Council from any Act or Decision of any
Provincial Authority affecting any Right or Privilege of the
Protestant or Roman Catholic Minority of the Queen's Sub>
jects in relation to Education :

(4.) In case any such Provincial Law as from Time to Time seems to
the Governor General in Council requisite for the due Execu-
tion of the Provisions of this Section is not made, or in case
any Decision of the Governor General in Council on any Appeal
under this Section is not duly executed by the proper Provin-
cial Authority in that Behalf, then and in every such Case,
and as far only as the Circumstances of each '^ise require, the
Parliament of Canada may make remedial L. s for the due
Execution of the Provisions of this Section and of any Decision
of the Governor General in Council under this Section.

Uniformity of Laws in Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.

94' Notwithstanding anything in this Act, the Parliament of Can-
ada may make Provision for the Uniformity of all or any of the Laws
relative to Property and Civil Rights in Ontario, Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick, and of the Procedure of all or any of the Courts in those
Three Provinces, and from and after the passing of any Act in that Be-
half the Power of the Parliament of Canada to make Laws in relation
to any Matter comprised in any such Act shall, notwithstanding any-
thing in this Act, be unrestricted ; but any Act of the Parliament of
Canada making Provision for such Uniformity shall not have effect in
any Province unless and until it is adopted and enacted as Law by the
Legislature thereof.

Agriculture and Immigration,

95. In each Province the Legislature may make Laws in relation to
Agriculture in the Province, and to Immigration into the Province ;
and it is hereby declared that the Parliament of Canada may from
Time to Time make Laws in relation to Agriculture in all or any of the
Provinces, and to Immigration into all or any of the Provinces ; and
any Law of the Legislature of a Province relative to Agriculture or to
Immigration shall have effect in and for the Province as long and as far
only as it is not repugnant to any Act of the Parliament of Canada.

THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT.

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VII. —Judicature.

96. The Governor General shall appoint the Judges of the Superior,
District, and County Courts in each Province, except those of the
Courts of Probate in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.

9T- Until the Laws relative to Property and Civil Rights in Ontario,
Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, and the Procedure of the Courts in
those Provinces, are made uniform, the Judges of the Courts of those
Provinces appointed by the Governor General shall be selected from the
respective Bars of those Provinces.

98. The Judges of the Courts of Quebec, shall be selected from the
Bar of that Province.

99. The Judges of the Superior Courts shall hold office during good
Behaviour, but shall be removable by the Governor General on Address
of the Senate and House of Commons.

100' The Salaries, Allowances, and Pensions of the Judges of the
Superior, District and County Courts (except the Courts of Probate in
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick,) and of the Admiralty Courts in
Cases where the Judges thereof are for the Time being paid by Salary,
shall be fixed and provided by the Parliament of Canada.

101> The Parliament of Canada may, notwithstanding anything in
this Act, from Time to Time, provide for the Constitution, Mainten-
ance, and Organization of a General Court of Appeal for Canada, and
for the Establishment of any additional Courts for the better Adminis-
tration of the Laws of Canada.

VIII. — Revbnueh; Debts; Asstxs; Taxation.

109. All Duties and Revenues over which the respective Legisla-
tures of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick before and at the
Union had and have Power of Appropriation, except such Portions
thereof as are by this Act reserved to the respective Legislatures of the
Provinces, or are raised by them in accordance with the special Powers
conferred on them by this Act, shall form One Consolidated Revenue
Fund, to be appropriated for the Public Service of Canada in the Man-
ner and subject to the Charges in this Act provided.

103> The Consolidated Revenue Fund of Canada shall be perman-
ently charged with the Costs, Charges, and Expenses incident to the
Collection, Management, and Receipt thereof, and the same shall form
the First Charge thereon, subject to be reviewed and audited in such

'mmm

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THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT.

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Manner as shall be ordered by the Governor General in Council until
the Parliament otherwine provides.

104. The annual Interest of the Public Debts of the several Pro-
vinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick at the Union shall
form the Second Charge on the Consolidated Revenue Fund of Canada.

105. Unless altered by the Parliament of Canada, the Salary of the
Governor General shall be Ten thousand Pounds Sterling Money of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, payable out of the
Consolidated Revenue Fund of Canada, and the same shall form the
Third Charge thereon.

106. Subject to the several Payments by this Act charged on the
Consolidated Revenue Fund of Canada, the same shall be appropriated
by the Parliament of Canada for the Public Service.

lOY- All Stocks, Cabh, Banker's Balances, and Securities for Money
belonging to each Province at the Time of the Union, except as in this
Act mentioned, shall be the Property of Canada, and shall be taken in
Reduction of the amount of the respective Debts of the Provinces at
the Union.

108. The Public Works and Property of each Province, enumerated
in the Third Schedule to this Act, shall be the Property of Canada.

109. All Lands, Mines, Minerals, and Royalties belonging to the
several Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick at the
Union, and all Sums then due or payable for such Lands, Mines, Min-
erals, or Royalties, shall belong to the several Provinces of Ontario,
Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick in which the same are situ-
ate or arise, subject to any Trusts existing in respect thereof, and to any
Interest other than that of the Province in the same.

1 10- AH Assets connected with such Portions of the Public Debt of
each Province as are assumed by that Province shall belong to that
Province.

111. Canada shall be liable for the Debts and Liabilities of each Pro-
vince exi ?ng at the Union.

11^. Ontario and Quebec conjointly shall be liable to Canada for the
Amount (if any) by which the Debt of the Province of Canada exceeds
at the Union Sixty-two million five hundred thousand Dollars, and
shall be charged with Interest at the Rate of Five per Centum per An-
num thereon.

THE BRITISH NORTH AMBRIOA ACT.

215

113. The Assets enumerated in the Fourth Schedule to this Act
belonging at the Hnion to the Province of Canada shall be the Property
of Ontario and Quebec conjointly.

114- Nova Scotia shall be liable to Canada for the Amount (if any)
by which its Public Debt exceeds at the Union Eight million Dollars,
and shall be charged with Interest at the Rate of Five per Centum per
Annum thereon.

115. New Brunswick shall be liable to Canada for the Amount (if
any) by which its Public Debt exceeds at the Union Seven million
Dollars, and shall be charged with Interest at the Rate of Five per
Centum per Annum thereon.

116. In case the Public Debts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
do not at the Union amount to Kight million and Seven million Dollars
respectively, they shall respectively receive by half-yearly Payments in
advance from the Government of Canada Interest at Five per Centum
per Annum on the Ditference between the actual Amounts of their
respective Debts and such stipulated Amounts.

11T> The several Provinces shall retain all their respective Public
Property not otherwise disposed of in this Act, subject to the Right of
Canada to assume any Lands or Public Property required for Fortifica-
tions or for the Defence of the Country.

118. The following Sums shall be paid yearly by Canada io Ihe sev-
eral Provinces for the Support of their Governments and Legislatures :

Dollars.

Ontario Eighty thousand.

Quebec Seventy thousand.

Nova Scotia Sixty thousand.

New Brunswick Fifty thousand.

Two hundred and sixty thousand ;
and an annual Grant in aid of each Province shall be made, equal to
Eighty Cents per Head of the Population as ascertained by the Census
of One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, and in the Case of Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick, by each subsequent Decennial Census until
the Population of each of those two Provinces amounts to Four hundred
thousand Souls, at which Rate such Grant shall thereafter remain.
Such Grants shall be in full Settlement of all future Demands on Can-
ada, and shall be paid half-yearly in advance to each Province ; but the

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Government of Canada shall deduct from such Grants, as against any
Province, all Sums chargeable as Interest on the Public Debt of that
Province in excess of the several Amounts stipulated in this Act.

119. New Brunswick shall receive by half-yearly payments in ad-
vance from Canada for the Period of Ten Years from the Union an
additional Allowance of Sixty-three thousand Dollars per Annum ; but
as long as the Public Debt of that Province remains under Seven million
Dollars, a Deduction equal to the Interest at Five per Centum per An-
num on such Deficiency shall be made from that Allowance of Sixty-
three thousand Dollars.

1^0- AH Payments to be made under this Act, or in discharge of
Liabilities created under any Act of the Provinces of Canada, Nova
Scotia, and New Brunswick respectively, and assumed by Canada, shall,
until the Parliament of Canada otherwise directs, be made in such
Form and Manner as may from Time to Time be ordered by the Gov-
ernor General in Council.

181. AH Articles of the Growth, Produce, or Manufacture of any
one of the Provinces shall, from and after the Union, be admitted free
into each of the other Provinces.

188. The Customs and Excise Laws of each Province shall, subject
to the Provisions of this Act, continue in force until altered by the
Parliament of Canada.

lfS3. Where Customs Duties are, at the Union, leviable on any
Goodt, Wares, or Merchandises in any Two Provinces, ♦hose Goods,
Wares, and Merchandises may, from and after the Union, be imported
from one of those Provinces into the other of them on Proof of Payment
of the Customs Duty leviable thereon in the Province of Exportation,
and on Payment of such further Amount (if any) of Customs Duty as is
leviable thereon in the Province of Importation.

184' Nothing in this Act shall affect the Right of New Brunswick
to levy the Lumber Dues provided in Chapter Fifteen of Title Three of
the Revised Statutes of New Brunswick, or in any Act amending that
Act before or after the Union, and not increasing the Amount of such
Dues ; but the Lumber of any of the Provinces other than New Bruns-
wick shall not be subject to such Dues.

1/85. No Lands or Property belonging to Canada or any Province
shall be liable to Taxation.

THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT.

217

196> Such Portions of the Duties and Revenues over which the re-
spective Legislatures of Cannda, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick had
before the Union Power of Appropriation as are by this Act reserved
to the respective Governments or Legislatures of the Provincs, and all
Duties and Revenues raised by them in accordance with the special
Powers conferred upon them by this Act, shall in each Province form
One Consolidated Revenue Fund to be appropriated for the Public
Service of the Province.

IX. — Miscellaneous Provisions.

General.

19T. If any Person being at the passing of this Act a Member of the
Legislative Council of Canada, Nova Scotia, or New Brunswick, to
whom a Place in the Senate is offered, does not within Thirty Days
thereafter, by Writing under his Hand addressed to the Governor Gen-
eral of the Province of Canada or to the Lieutenant Governor of Nova
Scotia or New Brunswick (as the Case may be), accept the same, he
shall be deemed to have declined the same ; and any Person who, being
at the passing of this Act a Member of the Legislative Council of Nova
Scotia or New Brunswick, accepts a Place in the Senate shall thereby
vacate his Seat in such Legislative Council.

1^8. Every Member of the Senate or House of Commons of Canada
shall before taking his Seat therein take and subscribe before the Gov-
ernor General or some Person authorized by him, and every Member of
a Legislative Council or Legislative Assembly of any Province shall
before taking his Seat therein take and subscribe before the Lieutenant
Governor of the Province or some Person authorized by him, the Oath
of Allegiance contained in the Fifth Schedule to this Act ; and every
Member of the Senate of Canada and every Member of the Legislative
Council of Quebec shall also, before taking his Seat therein, take and
subscribe before the Governor General, or some Person authorized by
him, the Declaration of Qualification contained in the same Schedule.

199. Except as otherwise provided by this Act, all Laws in force in
Canada, Nova Scotia, or New Brunswick at the Union, and all Courts
of Civil and Criminal Jurisdiction, and all legal Commissions, Po . ers,
and Authorities, and all Officers, Judicial, Administrative, and Minis-
terial, existing therein at the Union, shall continue in Tatario, Quebec,
Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick respectively, as if the Union had not
been made ; subject nevertheless (except with respect to such ae are
15

218

THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT.

ti it

ill _

i ;ii

enacted by or exist under Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain orot
tlio Parliament of tlie United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland), to
be repealed, abolished or altered by the Parliament of Canada, or by
the Legislature of the reBpective Province, according to the Authority
of the Parliament or of that Legislature under this Act.

130> Until the Parliament of Cana'la otherwise provides, all Offi-
cers of the several Provinces having Duties to discharge in relation to
Matters other than those coming within the Clasises of Subjects by this
Act assigned exclusively to the Legislatures of tbt Provinces shall be
Officers of Canada, and shall continue to discharge ;he Duties of their
respective Offices under the same Liabilities, Responsibilities, and Pen-
alties as if the Union had not been made.

13 !• Until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, the Gov-
ernor General in Council may from Time to Time appoint such Officers
as the Governor General in Council deems necessary or proper for the
effectual Execution of this Act.

13^< The Parliament and Government of Canada shall have all
Powers necessary or proper for performing the Obligations of Canada
or of any Province thereof, as Part of the British Kmpire, towards For-
eign Countries, arising under Treaties between the £mpire and such
Foreign Countries.

133. Either the English or the French Language may be used by
any Person in the Debates of the Houses of the Parliament of Canada
and of the Houses of the Legiblature of Quebec ; and both those Lan-
guages shall bo used in the respective Records and Journals of those
Houses ; and either of those Languages may be used by any Person or
in any Pleading or Process in or issuing from any Court of Canada
established under this Act, and in or from all or any of the Courts of
Quebec.

The Acts of the Parliament of Canada and of the Legislature of Que-
bec shall be printed and published in both those Languages.

Ontario and Quebec.

134. Until the Legislature of Ontario or of Quebec otherwise pro-
vides, the Lieutenant Governors of Ontario and Quebec may each
appoint under the Great Seal of the Province the following Officers, to
hold Office during Pleasure, that is to say, — the Attorney General, the
Secretary and Registrar of the Province, the Treasurer of the Province,
the Commissioner of Crown Lands, and the Commissioner of Agricul-

^11

THB BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT.

219

lin orot
und), to
1, or by
4thority

all OfB-
ation to
3 by this
Hhall be
of their
ind Pen-
he Gov-
i Officers
r for the

have all

Canada

irds For-

ind such

used by
Canada
lose Lan-
of those
Person or
Canada
Z)ourt8 of

e of Que-

wise pro-
nay each
fl&cers, to
leral, the
Province,
Agricul-

ture and Public Works, and in the Case of Quebec the Solicitor General;
and may, by Order of the Lieutenant Governor in Council, from Time
to Time prescribe the Duties of those Officers and of the several De-
partments over which they shall preside or to which they shall belong,
and of the Officers and Clerks thereof ; and may also appoint other and
additional Officers to hold Office during Pleasure, and may from Time
to Time prescribe the Duties of those Officers, and of the several De-
partments over which they shall preside or to which they shall belong,
and of the Officers and Clerks thereof.

135' Until the Legislature of Ontario or Quebec otherwise provides,
all Rights, Powers, Duties, Functions, Responsibilities, or Authorities
at the passing of this Act vested in or imposed un the Attorney Gen-
eral, Solicitor General, Secretary and Registrar of the Province of
Canada, Minister of Finance, Commissioner of Crown Lands, Commis-
sioner of Public Works, and Minister of Agriculture and Receiver
General, by any Law, Statute or Ordinance of Upper Canada, Lower
Canada, or Canada, and not repugnant to this Act, shall be vested in
or imposed on any Officer to be appointed by the Lieutenant Governor
for the Discharge of the same or any of them ; and the Commissioner
o^ Agriculture and Public Works shall perform the Duties and Func-
ticns of the Office of Minister of Agriculture at the passing of this Act
imposed by the Law of the Province of Canada, as well as those of the
Commisbioner of Public Works.

136. Until altered by the Lieutenant Governor in Council, the Great
Seals of Ontario and Quebec respectively shall be the same, or of the
same Design, as those used in the Provinces uf Upper Canada and
Lower Canada respectively before their Union as the Province of
Canada.

137. The Words " and from thence to the End of the then next en-
" suing Session of the Legislature," or Words to the same Effect, used
in any temporary Act of tlie Province of Canada not expired before the
Union, shall be construed to extend and apply to the next Session of
the Parliament of Canada, if the Subject Matter of the Act is within
the Powers of the samv?, as defined by this Act, or to the next Sessions
of the Legislatures of Ontario and Quebec respectively, if the Subject
Matter of the Act is within the Powers of the same as defined by this
Act.

138. From and after the Union the Use of the Words ** Upper
Canada" instead of "Ontario," or " Lower Canada " instead of " Que-

220

THl BRITISH NORTH AMKRIGA ACT.

^ii

b«o," in any Deed, Writ, Prooeaa, Pleading, Document, Matter, or ,
Thing, shall not invalidate the aame.

139. Any Proolamation under the Oreat Seal of the Province of
Canada issued before the Union to take effect at a Time which is sub-
sequent to the Union, whether relating to that Province, or to Upper
Canada, or to Lower Canada, and the several Matters and Things
therein proclaimed shall be and continue of liice Force and Effect as if
the Union had not been made.

140. Any Proclamation which is authorized by any Act of the Leg-
islature of the Province of Canada to be issued under the Oreat Seal
of the Province of Canada, whether relating to that Province, or to
Upper Canada, or to Lower Canada, and which is not issued before the
Union, may be issued by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario oi of
Quebec, as its Subject Matter requires, under the Great Seal thereof ;
and from and after the Issue of such Proclamation the same and the
several Matters and Things therein proclaimed shall be and continue of
the like Force and Effect in Ontario or Quebec as if the Union had not
been made.

141. The Penitentiary of the Province of Canada shall, until the
Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, be and continue the Peniten-
tiary of Ontario and of Quebec.

149. The Division and Adjustment of the Debts, Credits, Liabilities,
Properties, and Assets of Upper Canada and Lower Canada shall be
referred to the Arbitrament of Three Arbitrators, One chosen by the
Government of Ontario, One by the Government of Quebec, and One by
the Government of Canada ; and the Selection of the Arbitrators shall
not be made until the Parliamont of Canada and the Legislrtures of
Ontario and Quebec have met ; and the Arbitrator chosen by Ui j Gov-
ernmeut of Canada shall not be a resident either in Ontar o or in
Quebec.

143. The Governor General in Council may from Time to Time order
that such and so many of the Records, Books, and Documents of the
Province of Canada as he thinks fit shall be appropriated and delivered
either to Ontario or to Quebec, and the same shall thenceforth be the
Property of that Province ; and any Copy thereof or Extract therefrom,
duly certified by the Officer having charge of the Original thereof, shall
be admitted as Evidence.

144. The Lieutenant Governor of Quebec may from Time to Time,
by Proclamation under the Great Seal of the Province, to take effect

THI BRITISH NORTH AMBRIOA ACT.

221

from a day to b« appointed therein, constitute Townships in those
Parts of the Province of Quebec in which Townships are not then
already constituted, and 6x the Metes and Bounds thereof.

X.— Intercolonial Railway.

145* Inasmuch as the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New
Brunswick have joined in a Declaration that the Construction of the
Intercolonial Railway is essential to the Consolidation of the Union of
British North America, and to the Assent thereto of Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick, and have consequently agreed that Provision should
be made for its immediate Construction by the Government of Canada :
Therefore, in order to give effect to that Agreement, it shall be the
Duty of the Government and Parliament of Canada to provide for the
Commencement within Six Months after the Union, of a Railway con-
necting the River St. Lawrence with City of Halifax in Nova Scotia,
and for the Construction thereof without Intermission, and the Comple-
tio thereof with all practicable Speed.

XI. — Admission of Other Colonies.

146. It shall be lawful for the Queen, by and with the Advice of
Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, on Addresses from the
Houses of the Parliament of Canada, and from the Houses of the respec-
tive Legislatures of the Colonics or P' evinces of Newfoundland, Prince
Edward Island, and British Columbia, to admit those Colonies or Pro-
vinces, or any of them, into the Union, and on Address from the Houses
of the Parliament of Canada to admit Rupert's Land and the North-
western Territory, or either of them, into the Union, on such Terms
and Conditions in each Case as are in the Addresses expressed and as
the Queen thinks fit to approve, subject to the Provisions of this Act ;
and the Provisions of any Order in Council in that Behalf shall have
effect as if they had been enacted by the Parliament of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

14T> In case of the Admission of Newfoundland and Prince Edward
Island, or either of them, each shall be entitled to a Representation in
the Senate of Canada of Four Members, and (notwithstanding anything
in this Act) in case of the Admission of Newfoundland the normal
Number of Senators shall be Seventy-six and their maximum Number
shall be Eighty-two ; but Prince Edward Island when admitted shall
be deemed to be comprised in the Third of the Three Divisions into
which Canada is, in relation to the Constitution of the Senate, divided

Hi'

222

THE BRITISH VORTB AMERICA ACT.

by this Act, and accordingly, after the Admission of Prince Edward
Island, whether Newfoundland is admitted or not, the Representation
of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in the Senate shall, as Vacancies
occur, be reduced from Twelve to Ten Members respectively, and the
Representation of each of Those Provinces shall not be increased at
any Time beyond Ten, except under the Provisions of this Act for the
Apj^ointment of Three or Six additional Senators under the Direction
of the Queen.

m I

I'MJIii i

ard
;ion
cios
the
I at
the
tion

INDEX.

Abercrombie, def., 1768.

Aberdeen, 1893.

Acadia became N.S., 1621.

Acaiians, 1755.

Act of Union, 1840.

Adam Daulac, 1660.

"Advocate ' wrecked, 1826.

Alberta, 1882.

Algonquin biavery, 1646.

Amnesty Bill, 1849.

AndasteM, 1647.

Argall, 1613.

Argenson, 1658.

Articles of Confederation, 1781.

Army Bills, 1812, 1820.

" Aroostook War," 1839.

Assiniboia, 1882.

Athabasca, 1882.

♦•Atlantic," 1873.

Atlantic Cable, 1866.

Avaugour, 1661.

Aylmer, 1830.

Bagot, 1842,

Ballot Act, 1874.

Bank Act, 1890.

Bank of Montreal, 1817.

Bank of Kingston, 1819.

Baptists, 1794, 1800, 1819, 1862,
1860, 1887.

Baronets of N.S., 1625.

Battles : Beaver Dam, 1813 ;
Bloody Run, 1763; Bushy Run,
1763 ; Chateauguay, 1813 ; Chip-
pewa, 1814 ; Chrystler's Farm,
1813 ; Frenchtown, J 813 ; Lake
Champlain, 1814 ; Lake Erie,
1813; Lake Ontario. 1813;
Lundy's Lane, 1814 ; Moravian
Tn., 1813 ; Plains of Abraham,
1769 ; Queenston, 1812 ; 8te.
Foye, 1760 ; Stony Creek, 1813 ;
Three Rivers, 1776; Ticonder-
oga, 1768.

Beauharnois, 1726.

Behring Sea Arbitration, 1893.

Behring Strait, 17^8.

Berlin Decree, 1806.

Better Terms to N.S., 1860.

Bishopp, 1813.

Bonne St. Anne, 1668.

Braddock def . , 1766.

British Columbia, 1871.

British N. A Act, 1867, 1876.

Brock, 1806, 1812.

Brock's Monument, 1824, 1840.

Brown, Geo., 1843-1880.

Caldwell, 1823.

Callieres, 1699.

Can. Alliance Soc, 1834.

Can. Company, 1826.

Can. P.R.K., 1881, 1886.

Can S.R.R., 1868, 18/3.

Can. Trade Act, 1822.

Canals : Lachine, 1821, 1825 ; Ri-

deau, 1832 ; Sault Ste. Marie,

1896; Shubenacadie, 1827; Wel-

land. 1829.
Canal tolls, 1892.
Card money, 1686.
Carignan Regt., IddO.
Carleton, 1766.
"Carnarvon Terms," 1874.
" Caroline," 1837.
" Carrick," 1832.
Car tier- Macdonald Ad., 1868.
Census, 1867.
Champlain married, 1610 ; died,

1635.
Chapter, Cath., 1684.
Charlevoix, 1720.
Chateau St. Louis, 1834.
Cholera, 1832, 1862.
Christian Bros., 1737.
Civil Code of L.C., 1866.
Civil Service, 1882.
Civil War in U.S., 1861-1865.

223

224

INDEX.

I 1

' i

l1 »

i M I

m F

n'l

«' Clear Grit," 1849.
Clergy Reserves, 1791, 1840, 1854.
Colbonie, 1^39.
Colonial Conf., 1894.
Common Sch Act, 1824.
Congregational, 1801.
Congress, 1774, 1775, 1776.
Constitutional Act, 1791.
Constitution of U.S., 1787.
Copyright Conf., 1895.
Corrigan murder, 1855.
Courcelles, 1665.
Coureurs de Bois, 1664.
Coutume de Paris, 1663.
Covington, 1813.
Craig, 1807.

D'Ailleboust, 1647.
Dalhousie, 1820. ^

Danforth Road, 1799.
Dark Afternoon, 1786.
Dark Day, 1780.
*• Dead Lock," 1864.
De Celeron, 1749.
Decimal Currency, 1858.
Dec. of Independence, 1776.
Deerfield, 1704.
De Mesy, 1663.
Denonville, 1686.
" De Salaberry," 1823.
Pes Jardins Canal, 18^7.
Detroit, 1701.
Devii'd Hole, 1763.
Dieskau, 1755.
Dobbs, 1814.
Dom. Grange, 1874.
Dorchester, 1786.
Double Majority, 1845.
Double Shuffle, 1858.
Due d'Anville, 1746.
Duchess d'Aiguillon, 1637.
Duels, 1800, 1806, 1817.
DuflFerin, 1872.
Dunkin Act, 1864.
Dupuys, 1656.
DuQuesne, 1754, 1758.
Durham boat, 1816.

Earthquakes, 1663, 1870.
Elections, Dom., 1867, 1872, 1874,
1878, 1882, 1887, 1891, 1896.

Elgin, 1847.

English Ch., 1787, 1789, 1804. 1805,
1820,1836,1839,1843, 1890,1895.
Equal Rights Parly, 1888.
Eries, 1655.

Escheats in Real Property, 1883.
Extradition, 1842, 1886.

Fabrique Act, 182t.

Family Compact, 1820.

•* Fathers of Confederation," 1866.

Fenians, 1866, 1870.

" Fiftj -four-forty or Fight," 1846.

First things : - Agric. Exhib., 1860,
Agric. Soc, 1818, Ball. 1667;
Bank, 1817, Birth, 1587. Bishop,
1674, Book, 17^5, Brewery, 1667,
Church, 1615, 1786, C.M.B.A.,
1878, Coinage, 1823, Copyright,
1841, Daily Newspaper. 1840
Dominion Day, 1867, Farmer,
1617, Forge, 1733, Governor,
1632, High Coram., 18S0, Horse,
1647, Locomotive, 1853, Hos-
pital, 1643, Marriage, 1617, Ma-
sonic Lodge, 173S, Mass, 1616,
Mill, 1629, Negro, 1630, News-

Eaper, 1752, 1764, 1793, Orange
lodge, 1830, Patent, 1824,
Ploughing, 1628, Post, 1721,
Postage Cards, 1871, Postage
Stamps, 1851, P.O. Money Or-
ders, 1824, P.O. Registration,
1855, Rabbi, 1 778, Railway, 1836,
Rep. Gov't., 1758, Road, 1666,
School, 1637, 1786, Seignior,
1634, Settlement, 1606, Steam-
boat, 1809, 1816, Steam Engine,
1827, Steamship, 1826, Stone
House, 1599, Street Railroad,
1861, Submarine TeL, 1866, Tele-
graph, 1847, Telephone, 1877,
Temperance Meeting, 1648, To-
bacco Export, 1739, Wheat,
1644, Y.M.C.A., 1861,

Fitzgibbons, 1813.

Fort Beausejour, 1766.

Fort Edward, 1765.

Fort Erie, 1814.

Fort Frontenac, 1673, 1689, 1696,
1758.

INDEX.

225

Fort George, 1813.
Fort Massachusetts, 1746.
Fort Necessity, 1754.
Fort Pitt, 1758, 1783.
Franchise Act, 1^85.
•♦ Frontenac," 1816.
Frontenac, 1672, 1689.
Galissonniero, 1747.
Gavazzi Riot, 1853.
Geneva Arbitration, 1872.
Gensing, 1716.
Gosford, 1835.
Gourlay, 1817, 1818.
Grand River Reserve, 1784.
Grand Trunk, 1853.
" Creat C met," 1680.
•• Or jat I.iiuistry," 1851.
Great Seal of Can., 1858.
Great Western R.R., 1853.
" Griffin," 1679.
Guibord, 1875.

Hackett, 1878.

Haldimand, 1778.

Halifax Award, 1878.

Halifax Commission, 1877.

Halifax Founded, 1749.

Hansard, 1874.

Head, 1855.

Henry, John, 1803, 1812.

Hincks-Morin Ad., 1851.

Historical Soc, t ^^4.

Homestead Ac i >'78.

H6tel Dieu, 16:;.'

Hudson's Bay, l(n?, ■ ;97, 1686.

Hudson's Bay Co. , ii.] J .21, 1835,

1869.
Hull, 1812.
Hundred Associates, 1627, 1645,

1663.
Hundredth Regt., 1R5S, 1859.
"Hungry Year," 17.S8.
Hunter's Lodges, 183f<.
Hurons dispersed, 1649.

Iberville in K*ld., 1696, entered

Mississippi, 1699.
Icelanders, 1875.
Imperial Fed. League, 1884.
Imprisonment for debtabol., 1858.
Intendants, 1P65, 1668, 1670, 1675,

1682, 1686, 1702, 1706, 1710,

1726, 1729, 1748.
Intercolonial R.R., 1867, 1876.
Iroquois, 1641.

Jamestown, 1607.
Jefferson's Embargo, 1807.
Jesuits, 1611, )625, 1678, 1800,

1842, 1887, 1889.
Joint High Com., 1871.
Jonquiere, 1749.
Judge Willis, 1828.
Jumonville, 1754.

Keewatin, 1876.
Kempt, 1828.
Kirkc, 1628, 1629.

La Barre, 1682.

Lachiue Massacre, 1689.

La Compagnie des Forges, 1737.

Lafontaine-Baldwin Ad. , 1848.

La France, Joseph, 1742.

La Grippe, 1890.

Land Grants, 1763.

Lansdowne, 1883.

La Presentation, 1748.

La Salle, 1666, 1669, 1673, 1674,

1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682,

1085, 1687.
Laurier, 1896,
Lauson, 1651.
Laval, 1659, 1663.
Law Soc, 1822.

Law of Primogeniture, 1851, 1852.
''Le Canadien," suppressed 1810.
Legislative Council, Elective, 1854.
Letellier, 1879.
Letters of Agricola, 1818.
Library, Parliament, 187L
Lincoln shot, 1865.
Lisgar, 1868.
London Company, 1608.
Lord Durham's Report, 1839.
Lome, 1878.
Louisbourg fortified, 1720 ; taken

17-15, 1758.

Macdonald, JohnA., 18441891.
Macdonald-Cartier Ad., 1857.
Macdonald Sicotte Ad. 1862.

226

INDEX.

|H ■

Mackenzie, Alex., 1703.
MacNab-Morin Ad., 1854.
Madame de la Peltrie, 1639, 1646,

1671.
Madame La Tour, 1645.
Mademoiselle de Mance, 1641.
Maiue Boundary, 1831, 1842.
Man. entered Dom. 1870.
Margaret Bourgeois, 1653, 1659,

1700.
Marie de rincarnation, 1639, 1672
Marquette, 1668, 1673, 1675.
Maroons, 1796, 1800.
Marquis de Tracy, 1665.
Martyrs : Brebeuf, 1649 ; Buteux,

1652 ; Chabanal, 1649 ; Daniel,

1648 ; Gamier, 1649 ; Garreau,

16d6;Goupll, 1642; J9gues, 1646;

Lalande, 1646 ; Lalemant, 1649 ;

Rasles, 1724.
McGee, 1868.
McGillCoU., 182.3.
Mennonites, 1874.
Medcalf, Lieut., 1813.
Merchants' Exchange, 1717.
Metcalfe, 1843.
Methodism, 1780, 1782, 1790,

1791, 1792, 1801, 1808, 1811,

1818, 1828, 1836, 1841, 1854,

1873, 1883.
Metric System, 1871.
Military Rule, 1760, 1764.
Militia'Act, 1855, 1868.
Miramichi Fire, 1825.
Mission of La Prairie, 1669.
Mission of Mountain, 1676.
Mississippi found, 1673.
Monck, 1861.

Montcalm, 1756, 1757, 1758, 1759.
Montgomery, 1776.
Montmagny, 1636.
Montreal, 'l640, 1642, 1776, 1760,

1849.
•• Montreal," 1857.
Muncipal Act, 1841.
Municipal Loan Fund Act, 1852.

National Policy, 1878.
Navigation L»w8, 1849.
N. B. School Bill, 1871.
Neutral Nation, 1626.

Ninety-two Resolutions, 1834.
Non-Intercourse Act, 1809.
Northern R.R., 1851.
North Shore R.R., 1879.
North- West Co., 1805, 1821.
North West Police, 1873.
N. W. Territories entered Do-
minion, 1870.
Notre Dame Church, 1829, 1824.

Oaths Bill, 1873.

Ohio Co., 1749.

Olier, 1640.

"Ontario" ^.1., 1780.

Orangeism, i890.

Orders in Council, 1806, 1812.

Osgoode, 1792, 1794.

Oswego, 1725, 1757.

Ottawa, 1858, 1867.

" Pacific Scandal," 1873.

Parrtown, 1873.

P. E. I. entered Dominion, 1873.

Phips, 1690.

Pictou colony, 1767.

Pike, Gen., 1813.

Pilgrims, 1620.

Plymouth Co., 1608.

Pontiac's conspiracy, 1763.

Port Royal, 1605, 1690.

Post Office, 1851.

Premiers of Dominion, 1867, 1873,
1878, 1891, 1892, 1896.

Presbyterianisra, 1765, 1770, 1787,
1792, 1796, 1810, 1817, 1819,
1827, 1842, 1844, 1875, 1892.

Prescott, 1796.

Provost, 1811.

Prince Consort, 1861.

Prince of Wales, 1841, 1860.

Prohibition, 1894, 1896, 1898.

Quakers, 1867.

Quarantine, 1832.

Quebec, 1608, 1629, 1690, 1769,

1760, 1775.
Quebec Act, 1774.
Quebec Bank, 1818.
Quebec Conference, 1864.
Queen's Counsel, 1872, 1873, 1879.
Queen Victoria, 1837, 1840, 1897.

INDEX.

227

Quit Rento, 1834.

" Rat," 1688.

Rebellion in Canada, 1837.

Rebellion in North-West, 1886.

Rebellion Losses Bill, 1840.

Reciprocity, 1650, 1854, 1866.

Recollets, 1615.

Redistribution Bill, 1882.

Red River, 1811, 1812.

•« Relations of Jesuits," 1632.

Remedial Bill, 1896.

Representation by population,

1853.
Responsible Government, 1848.
Richmond, 1818.
Riot in Montreal, 1849.
Royal Military College, 1876.
Royal Rule, 1663.
Royal Society, 1882.
"Royal William," 1831, 183,3.

Salvation 4riny, 1883.
" Sam Slick," 1835.
San Juan Boundary, 1871, 1872.
Saskatchewan, 1882.
Scott Act, 1878.
Scott, Thos., 1870.
Secord, Mrs., 1813.
Sedition Act, 1801.
Seignorial Tenure, 1854.
Selkirk, 1811, 1816, 1818.
Separate Schools, 1841, 1843, 1855.
" Seven Oaks," 1816.
" Shamrock," 1842.
Sherbrooke, 1816.
Ship Fever, 1847.
" Short Administration," 1858.
Sieur St. Lusson, 1671.
'Sir Robert Peel," 1838.
Six Nations, 1713.
Slavery, 1689, 1793, 1802, 1803.
Society of Notre Dame of Montreal,

1640.
Sovereign Council, 1655, 1684,1703
" Speedy " lost, 1804.
Stamp Act, 1765, 1766.
St. Alban's Raid, 1864.
" St. Lawrence," 1814.
" St. Paul's Bay Disease," 1775,

1787.

Stanley, 1888.

Steamships, 1840, 1856.

Streams Bill, 1881, 1884.

" Strikes," 1877, 1896.

Submarine Telegraph, 1857, 1866.

Sulpicians, 1657.

Supreme Court of Canada, 1875.

Swift, Gen., 1814.

Sydenham, 1839.

Tache-Macdonald Ad., 1866, 1864

Talbot, 1803.

Tallow Company, 18,32.

Talon, 1667.

Tariff Act, 1897.

Tariff, McKinley, 1890.

Tariff, Dingley, 1897.

Tax for Education, 1663.

Tecuniseh, 1812, 1813.

Ten Resolutions, 1837.

Thompson, David, 1800.

" Three Estates," 1672.

Tobacco, 1739.

Tobacco Nation, 1639.

Toronto, 1749.

Tracy, 1665, 1666.

Transit of Venus, 1761.

Treaties : Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 ;
Ashburton, 1842 ; Breda, 1667 ;
Bulwer-Clayton, 1850 ; Conven-
tion of, 1817 ; •• Famine Cove,"
1684; French, 1895; Ghent,
1814; "Jay's Treaty," 1794;
" London Convention," 1818 ;
Manitoulin Island, 1862 ; North-
west Angle, 1871 ; Oregon
Boundary, 1846 ; Pacific Ocean
1825; Paris, 176.3, 1783; Qu'
Appelle, 1874 ; Ryswick, 1697
St. Germain - en - Laj-e, 16,32
"Treaty Number Seven," 1877
Utrecht, 1713 ; Washington,
1871.

U. C. divided into four parts,

1788.
United Empire Loyalists, 1783,

1789.
Ursuline Convent, 16.39.
Vaudreuil, 1703.
Vaudreuil, 1755.

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4 ''V

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228 INDEX.

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I- J

1 1

1': J

Vercheres, 1692.
Verendrye, 1731, 1736.
"Victoria," 1881.
Vincennes, 1778, 1779.
Virginia settled, 1607.

Walker, Sir Hovenden, 1711.

Wars : American Revolution, 1775-
1783; King George's, 1744; King
William's, 1689; Queen Anne's,
1702; War with U.S., 1812-1814.

Weir, Lieut., 1837.

West India Company, 1664-1674.

Wives for Colonist8,*1667.

Wolfe, 1768, 1759.

Woman Suffrage, 1896.

X. Y. Z. Co., 1796, 1805.

Y.M.C.A., 1861.
York taken, 1813.

LiiiS^Mi*

(4-1674.